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VOLUME II
Nos. 1 and 2
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL
INSECTS
OF
CALIFORNIA
By E. O. ESSIG
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1913
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
January and February, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II
Nos. 1 and 2
DEVOTKI) TO THK DICSCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS
FUNGOID DISEASES AND >0X10US WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATION*; TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY 1111 IMIRK FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS:
A. J. ( OOK
E. 0. ESSIG -
G. E. MERRILL -
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
H. S. F\WCETT
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Satririento
Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Frfvicisco
Plant Pathologist, ^i^hittie'^
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar natjre.
Kntered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post afllce at .Sapranieato, California.
under the act of July 10. 1804.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, california
lpl3
LIBRARY
pfEW YOfUC
BOTANICAL
QARBEN
INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL
Insects of California
BY
E. O. ESSIG
Secretary State Commission of Horticulture
:)
2%%
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
There have always been repeated requests at this office for publica-
tions on California insects, suitable for use by the orchardist and horti-
cultural inspector. To meet these demands Mr. 0. E. Bremner, then
secretary of the State Commission of Horticulture, issued a bulletin on
"Destructive Insects and Their Control" in the year 1910. That the
work was popular is shown by the fact that the large supply printed has
l)een entirely exhausted for nearly a year and with urgent requests con-
tinuing to arrive at the office for a similar treatise. The present bulletin
has been printed to meet these demands.
It has been the aim to make this issue as clear, concise and practical
as possible. Only insects of the most economic importance known to
occur in California are considered, so this is in no wise a work on general
entomology, and such limitations will better enable an orchardist or
horticultural official to get a more thorough grasp of the field of insect
life as it actually exists in this State.
Much of the information contained herein has been compiled from
entomological publications of the State University, the many state ex-
periment stations, Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and of private authors.
The cuts alreadj^ in the office have been used for illustrative purposes
as far as available. Most of these are reproductions from publications
of the United States Department of Agriculture. The State University
has also loaned us a generous supply. The author's illustrations for-
merly used in the Pomona College Journal of Entomology have also
been procured, while many new cuts appear herein for the first time.
E. 0. ESSIG.
Sacramento, California.
January 1, 1913.
CONTENTS.
Page.
HOST INDEX "^ii
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION 1
ARACHNIDA 3
INSECTA OR HEXAPODA H
ORTHOPTERA 1-
acridiid.^ ^'^
locustid^ -^
Gryllid^ -"^
PLATYPTERA 27
Termitid^e -'
THTSANOPTERA 29
HEMIPTERA 38
HOMOPTERA 38
CiCADID.E 39
Membracid^ 39
Jassid.e ■*
PsyLLin.E ^'^
Apiiidiu.e ■^^
COCCID^ '^^
Aleyrodid.e 1^"-'
HETEROPTERA 145
PARASITA OR ANOPLURA 150
NEUROPTERA 150
LEPIDOPTERA 1-54
Sphingid^ l'^4
NOCTUID^ ' 159
COLEOPTERA 199
199
Elaterid.e -^
I
Syrphid.e "^
252
Cocci NELLID.E
DIPTERA 241
Syrph]
Drosophilid.e
Tachinid.e 258
HYMENOPTERA 261
True Parasites 262
POTATO EELWORM 282
INSECT COLLECTIONS 285
STATE INSECTARY 295
SPRAYS AND POISONS 297
FUMIGATION 318
HORTICULTURAL LAWS AND QUARANTINE ORDERS RELATING
TO INSECTS 337
INDEX 1 353
HOST INDEX OF INJURIOUS INSECTS DESCRIBED OR
CITED.
Acacia (Acacia sps.)- Page.
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Ivy scale, Aspidiottis hederce 128
Red scale, Chnjsoniphalus aurantii 133
>Egopoclium podograria.
Parsnip louse, Hyadaphis pastinacw oo
Agave.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce J-^o
Red scale, Ghrysomphalus aurantii 134
Ageratum.
(ii-eenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis o6
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporarioru ni 145
Agrostis.
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor --io
Alder (Alnus sp.).
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Alfalfa crane fly, Tipula simplex 243
Alfalfa looper, Autogropha gamma caUfornica 162
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Clover mite, Bryohia pratertsis 7
Grain thrips, Euthrips tritici 33
Grape leaf-hopper, Typhlocyba comes ^ 42
Grasshoppers 16, 17, 18, 24
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Western army worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis 163
Allamanda (Allamanda neriifolia) .
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Almond {Primus amygdalus) .
Almond mite, Bryohia pratcnsis 7, 302
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 91
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw 79
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus pernidosus 130
Aloe umbellata.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 1-8
Amsinckia spectabilis.
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw 79
Andromeda sp.
Florida wax scale, Geroplastes floridensis 113
Angelica sylvestris.
Parsnip louse, Hyadaphis pastinacw 86
Anise {Carum kelloggii) .
California orange dog, Papilio zolicaon 199
Anthurium sp.
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis 113
Antidesma sp.
Black scale. Saissetia olew 119
viii HOST INDEX.
Apple (I'yrus malus). Page.
liti^t army worm, Laphygma exigua 163
BliU'k sralo. SaiKsctia olcw 119
California peach borer, Sanninoidca opalescens 195
California tussock moth. Ilcmerocanipa vetusta 179
Cankcrworm, fall. Aluopliila pometaria 187
Cankorworm, spring, I'aJcacrita vcrriata ■ 185
Canlalonpc Hy, Euxcsta notata 249
Citrns rod spider. Tctraiu/chus mytilaspidis 9
Clover mite, liryubiu protciisis 7
Codling moth, Vydia pomonella 177
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Cottony niaiile scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Euroi)eaM fruit scale, Leeanium corni 120
Fals(^ cliiut'ii hug, Ny-sius aiir/iistatns 150
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, Chryftohothris feniorata 236
Florida wax scale, Ccroplastea floridensis 113
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum 116
Greedy scale, AspidiotKs camelliw 127
Green ajjple aphis. Aphis ponii 70
Leaf-hoi)i)er. Empoa.sca mali 41
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes uhni 139
Pear-leaf blister-mite, Eriophyes pyri 6
Pear scale, Epidiaspis piricola 126
Pear thrips. Eiithrips pyri 36
Red-huniijed caterpillar, Schiztira concinna 188
Red scale, Clirysomphalus aurantii 133
Rosy or purple apple aphis, Aphis sorhi 71
San Jose scale, A.ipdiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfiira 123
Striped cucumber beetle, Diahrotica vittata 230
Tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis 148
Tent caterpillar, eastern, Malacosoma americana 181
Tent caterpillar, western, Mahicosoma disstria 182
Walnut mealy bug, I'seudococciis hakeri 99
Apple, Thorn, {Datura sp. ).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
White-lined sphinx. Celerio lineatn 1.56
AVoolly apple a|)his. Eriosoma hnrigrra 50
Apricot {I'niiius arinciiiaca) .
Black scale, Sain.srtia olew 119
Citrus thrips, Eiithrips citri 34
Clover or almond mite, Bryobia pratensis 7
Common termite, Termes hicifugus 28
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
European fruit scale, Leeanium corni 120
Fall cankerworm, Ahophila pometaria 187
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum 116
^lealy plum louse, Ilyaloptcrus arundinis 86
Orange tortrix, Tortri.r citrana 176
Peach borer, Sanninoidea opalescens 195
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
Spring cankerworm, Paleacrita vcrnata 185
While peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 124
Aralia japonica.
• 'oiloiiy itiaple scale. I'uhinaHa vitis 111
Archangelica atropurpurea.
I'arsiiii, louse, Hyadaphis pastinaciE 86
Argyreia speciosa.
While ]Mach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 12.5
Arrow-wood ( \'ihurnuw deiitatum).
• Ollony maple scale, I'ulrinaria vitis 111
Arrow -wood, see Laurestinus
HOST INDEX. IX
Ash {Fraxinus svs.). ^^-^^^(^
Black scale, Saissetia olcw 11^
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum H"
Ash, Mountain {Sorbus sps.).
Peai'-leaf blister-mite, Eriophyes pi/ri _ 6
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi ^ -°-'-
Rosy or purple apple aphis, Aphis sorbi ^^1
Scurfy scale, Ghionaspis furfura 12^
Ash, Prickly {Xanthoxylum clava-hercuUs) .
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Asparagus (Asparagus sps.)-
Asparagus miner, Agromyza simplex 251
Common asparagus beetle, Grioceris asparagi 2-7
Hemispherical scale, tiaissetia hemisphrerica 117
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus liederw 128
Aspen (Fopuhis tremuloides) .
Popular-stem gall louse. Pemphigus popuUcaulis o4
Aspidistra lurida. ^„^
Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum -I'jJ-
Aster (Asier sps.).
Black scale, Saissetia olew H^
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum 145
Australian Blackwood {Acacia melanoxylon) .
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Red scale. GhrysoiiiphaJus aurantii 133
Aucuba sp. . ^„_
Red scale. Vhrysomphalus aurantii J-*J"^
Azalea {Rhododendron sp.).
(ireenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Bamboo {Arundinaria sp.).
Bamboo louse. Myzocallis arundicolens 83
Cottony bamboo scale, Antonina crawi 108
Banana Shrub {Magnolia fuscata) .
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Banana {Musa sapientinm) .
Displacus ceroputo, Geropnto yuccce 96
Florida red scale, Ghrysomphalus aonidum 132
Lesser fruit flies, Drosophila sps 2.54, 25o
Banksia integrifolia.
Purple scale, Lcpidosaphes heckii 13(
Barley {Hordeum sp.).
Alfalfa looper. Autographa gamma californica 162
Angonmois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella 173
Corn leaf-aphis, Aphis maidis *54
Grasshoppers I''
Basswood, see Linden.
Bay {Laurus sps.).
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 144. 350
Florida wax scale, Gcroplastes floridensis 113
Bay, California, see California Laurel.
Bean {I'hnseohis sps.).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 11
Bean thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Bean weevil, Acanthoscelides ohtectus 237
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum 145
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Lima bean pod-borer, Etiella zinckenella 1"4
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus bimaculattis 8
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
Bear's Breech {Acanthus sp.).
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 1-5
X HOST INDEX.
„ . ,. Page.
Beech ( / </.'/<'x sji. i .
Black scale, Saisscfia olete f:|^
Cottony iiiaple scale, Puhinaria vitis , m
Beet [ Hitii iiil/iiiris). .
Hean thrips, lliViolhrips fasciatus ^^
Beet ai)liis. I'ciiiphiuits bdw ^d
Beet army worm. /aii>I> !/!/>» a crif/iia lO'^
Harlequin cahhafr.- bus, Muryuutia histrioiiica 1^(>
Hop flea beetle. I'si/Uiodes ininctulata -^1
MiiHiK- falsi' (bincb buji. Xi/siiis <nipiistatiis niiinitus 150
'Pw.'lv.'-siiotted c-ueumber beetle. IHahrotica >turor 229
Wfsicni .iniiy woi'mi. (liorhduruti)^ uijrcsiis 163
Begonia sp.
Ciirus mealy Imu. I'scudococcus cttn ^^^
I-Morida red scale i'liiiisoinphnUis aonidum 132
(Ji iilhMisc lliriiis. Hcliothriiis hanwrrhoidaUs 32
Bermuda Grass {Ciiintdun ductiilon) .
('.)tiiiny I'ushion scale, Icenja piirchasi 91
Bidens sp.
Ui-an llirii)s. llfliothriiht fasciatus 30
Ki'd scab', ('hii/soiiiplu/his aiirantii 134
Bignonia sp.
<"iinis mraly buu. I'sciidococcus citri 102
lli-mispberical scale, Saissetia hrwisphwrica IIT
Billbergia zebrina.
I'irM'.ipplf sc;ilc. Diaspis hromeliw 1-3
Birch ( Hi tula sps. I.
.Vplilc l('af-b()i)i)er. Einpoasca mail 11
Frosted scale. Eutccaniinn pruinosum 116
< )ysri'r sbcll scale. Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Bird of Paradise t Stnlitzia sps.).
Citrus mealy luiu'. Pscndocdvciis citri 102
Greedy scale Aspidiotiis camellia' 127
Blackberry [I'tilius sp.).
Appli' lcat'-lioi)))er. Em poasca mall 41
Cottony maple scale. I'lilvinaria vitis 111
Oyster shell scale. Lcpidosaplics ulmi 139
Itaspbi-rry born-tail. JIartigia crcssoni 280
Kose scale, A nlacaspis rosa- 125
Snowy tri'e-cricket, (Ecanthiis nivciis 26
Strawberry crown moth, Sesia riitilans 191
Bottle-brush ( Callixtcmon lanceolatiis) .
('itriH mealy buy. I'sciidococciis citri 102
Bouvardia sp.
('inns iMeal.\ liuii, I'.scadococcus citri 102
Box-elder t Xif/inidn aceroides) .
.\pple leaf-bopper. Empoasca maU 41
Cotiuiiy maple scale. J'lilriiiaria vitis 111
Ked scale. Cliri/soiiipliahis aurantii 134
Soft brown scale, (.'occus hesperidum 114
Boxwood {Hums sp.).
Iv.\ scale. Aspidiotiis hederw 128
Bread Fruit i Artix-arpiis sp. ).
Kill ^laje. ('hnjxduiphaJus aurantii 1.34
Broad Bean { \i(ia faha).
I'.road-bean weevil. Laria nifimaiia 239
Broom iCpstiHiis sp. I.
< »yster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Brussels Sprouts, see Cabbage.
Bryophyllum calycinum.
White peach scale. Aulacaspis pentagona 125
Buckeye {.IJsculiis sps.).
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
HOST INDEX. XI
Buckthorn {Rhamiis s\).) . P^^^-
Apple leaf-hopper, Einpousca iiiali ^
Black scale, Saissetia olew |^J^
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce "
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes vlmi ^^"f
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi
Buckwheat {Fagopiirum esculentum) .
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali ^^
Clover mite, Brijohia prateiisis *
Bur Marigold, see Bidens.
Burning Bush, see Euonynius.
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus).
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce -^"^
Buttercup (Ranunculus calif ornicus) . ^
Woolly buttercup louse. Pemphigus californicus ^^
Butternut (Juc/huis ciucrea).
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi ^•^'^
Button-bush (Cephalanthus sp.).
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi -^
Cabbage {Brassica olcracea).
Alfalfa looper, Autographa gamma californica io-
Cabbage louse, Aphis brassicw --^ ,_^^X
Cabbage maggot. Phorbia brassicw -'^", ^o(
Cabbage worm, Pontia rapw V^
False chiuch bug, Nijsius angustafiis 15||
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw '^
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia hisfrionica 14b
Hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata^- ^^1
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror --o
Western army worm, Chorizagrotis agresfis 16^
Cajanus sp. -.-.q
Black scale, Haissetia olew ^^^
Cajaput Tree (Melaleuca sp.).
Black scale, Saissetia olew H'^
Calla (Zantedcschia a^thiopica).
Six-spotted mite. Tetranijchus bimaculatus o
Callacarpa lanata. ^^-■
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona J^— J
Calotropis procera. -,,,^
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona -L— ^
Camellia sps. oo
Black citrus louse, Toj;optcru aurantiw **
Black scale, Saissetia olew 11^
Florida red scale. Chrysomphalus aonidum l-J^
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri 240
Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camelliw ^^^
Hemispherical scale. Saissetia hemispharica 11^
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 1^^
.lapanese wax scale, Ceroplastes ceriferus 111
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Camphor (Camphoru officinalis).
Florida red scale, Chrijsomphalus aonidum 1^-
Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camelliw 12<
Red scale. Chrysomphalus aurantii 1^3
Canna sp. ,-,<()
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri -*^
Pineapple scale, Diaspis bromeliw 1—"*
Cantaloupe (Cuenmis sp. ).
Cantaloupe fly. Euxesta notata -'^
Striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata 230
Caraway (Carum carui) .
Celery caterpillar. Papilio polyxenes 1^^
Carob Tree (Ceratonia sp.)
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus hederw 1-^
Xii HOST INDEX.
Carnation iDidiitlnis iiniiophiilhis) . Page.
(Jn'cii iK'iH'li npliid. Myzus pcrsicw 79
Onion tlirii)s. 'I'luiiis tahaci 38
Carpodetus serrata.
Iv.v sfiilc. A.ipidiotiis hcderw I'^o
Carrot (l)aciis carota).
CMory caterpillnr. I'opilio iioJii-iciics 198
Parsiiii) lovis(\ 1/ i/dddphis jxisliiiacw 86
Castor Bean {liicinus sp.).
("ottoiiy ciisliion scale, Jcerya purchasi 89
Cat-tail (Ti/phd aiujustifolia) .
rutnto tuber moth. Phthoiinuni oprrciilella 167
Cauliflower, see Calihajie.
Ceanothus sps.
Citrus nical.v bu,^-, I'scudococcus citri 102
Diplacus ceroputo, Ceroputo yiiccw 96
(ireed.v scale. Aspidiotns camelUw 127
Oyster shell scale. Lepidosaphes ulnii 139
Celery {Apimn (/mrcolcns).
Apple leaf-hopper, Bmpoasca mali 41
Celery caterpillar, Papilio polyxenvs 198
Parsnip louse, Hydaplm pasUnacw 86
Western army worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis 163
Cerasus sps.
California peach borer, Saniiinoidea opalescens 195
("ilnis white Hy. Alryrodes citri 350
Cercidiphyllum Japonicum.
I'urple scale, Lcpidasaphcs heckii 137
Chaerophylium temulum.
Parsiii]) louse, II ii<id<iplriii pasUnacw 86
Chemise, see Greasewood.
Cherry (I'niniis cera.tiis).
Apple leaf-hi>i)])er, l-hupoasca mali 41
P>lack cherry louse, Myzus cerasi 77
California tussock moth, Hemerocampa vetiista 179
Cherry scale, Eiilccanium cerasorum : 115
Cherry slug, Caliroa cerasi 281
Clover mite, Bryohia pratensis 7
Eastern tent calerpillar, Malacosoma americana 181
European fruit scale. Lecaniiim corni 120
Fall cankerworm. Alsophila pometaria 187
Frosted scale, Enlecanium pruinosum 116
(Jreedy scale, Aspidiotns catnclJiw 127
Oreenhouse thrips, Nclioflirips h(cmorrhoidalis 32
(Jreen i)each aphid, Myziis persicw 79
Harlequin cabbaj;e bu.?, Miirgaiifia histrionica 146
Ivy scale, Aspidiotns hcderw 128
Oyster shell scale. Lepiodosaphes ulmi 139
Peach borer. Sanninoidea opalescens 195
Pear thrips. hhithrips pyri ^ 36
lied-luunped caterijillar, Hchiziira concinna 188
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, dhionaspis fnrfiira 123
Walnut scale, Aspidiotns juglans-regiw 129
White ]ie;K'h scale, Aulacaspis pcntagona 124
Cherry, Choke (J'ruiius rirginiana).
Apple leaf-hopi)er, Kinpousca mali 41
Scurfy seale. Chionnspis fnrfnrn 123
Cherry Laurel ( I'niniis lanroccrusns) .
Citrus white |ly. Aleyrndcs citri 350
Chestnut, Spanish {<'astun(a satira).
European fruit scale. Lecaninm corni 120
Chinaberry. see ITmbrella Tree.
Christmas Berry, .see Mountain Holly,
HOST INDEX. Xin
Chrysanthemum sps. ^^^q<)
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthesia insignis • '^-
Greeuhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum 145
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicce '^9
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murguntia histrionica 140
Hemispherical scale, Sai^setia hemisphwrica 117
Six-spotted mite, Tctrangchus bimaciilatus _ 8
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
Cissus sp. . ^,-,_
(ireedy scale, Aspidiotiis camelhw -L-'
Citron {Citrus medica) . -tno
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 10-
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Citrus sps. See Orange and Lemon.
Barnacle scale, Ceroplastes cirrlpcdiformis 112
Black citrus louse, Toxoptera auruntar 88
Black scale, Saissctia olew H^
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudoeoccus citri 102
Citrus red spider, Tetranychys mytilaspidis 9. 302
Common termite, Tcrmes lucifugus 28
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum 132
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis 113
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri 240
Glover's .scale, Lcpidosaphes gloverii 138
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
Greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hwmorrhoidaUs 32
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw '''8
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemisphwrica 117
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hederw 1-8
Long tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Melon aphis. Aphis gossypii ^^
Minute false chinch bug, Nysius angustatus uiinutus 150
Orange chionaspis, Chionaspis, citri 121
Purple scale, Lepidosaphcs heckii 137
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii 133
Silver mite, Eriophyes oleivorus 4
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Woolly citrus aphid, Aphis cookii 61
Yellow scale, Chrysomphalus citrinus 135
Clematis sp.
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus himaeulatus ^
Soft brown scale, Coccus hesperidum 114
Clover {TrifoUum sps.). ^
Alfalfa crane fly, Tipula simplex 24o
Alfalfa looper, Autographa gamma californica 162
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Bean thrips, Heliothrips faseiatus 30
Clover mite, Bryohia pratensis '
Grape leaf-hopper, Typhlocyha comes- 42
Grasshoppers '\ ^
Hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata -pi
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 1-8
Western army worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis 103
Cocoanut {Cocos nucifera) .
Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum 132
Kentia mealy bug, Pseudococcus pseudonipw 107
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii 134
Coffee (Cofea arabica).
Black citrus louse, Toxoptera aurantiw 88
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 10-
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 144, 350
o
Xiv HOST INDEX.
-> , Page.
Coleus sp. . ^f.(y
Grecnhouso orthezia, Orthezia insignis 92
Grwnliouso white fly, Aleyrodes vaporaiiorum 145
Lonji-taikHl inoaly bug. Psciidococcus loiigispinus 106
Corn (/<•« iiKiiis).
Augouniois jirain moth, Sitotrof/d ccrcalella I'o
Apple Icaf-hoppor, Empoasca mali 41
Beet army worm, Laphygma cxigita 163
Chinch bui;. Blisniis Inicopterus 149
Corn-ear worm, Ucliothis obsohta 165
Corn loaf-aphis. Aphis maidis 64
Grasshoppers 1^
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror ^^»
Wcsli'rn army worm. Vhorizagrotis agrestis 163
Cotoneaster sp.
I't-ar-lcaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyrt o
Cotton ((jossypiiim sp. ).
Beau thrips, HcUothrips fasciattis 30
Cantaloupe fly, Eu.vesta notata 249
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 102
Cotton-boll worm, Hcliothis obsoleta 165
Melon aphis. Aphis gossypii 62
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 125
Cottonwood {Populus sps. ).
Ai)ple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Bead-like cottonwood gall-louse. Pemphigus populimonilis 58
Common cottonwood louse, Thomasia populicola 84
(ireedy scale, Aspidiotus camclliw 127
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosnphes iilmi 139
Poplar-stem gall-louse, Pemphigus populicaulis 54
Walnut scale, Auspidiotiis juglans-regiw 129
Cowpea i\igii<i cat Jang).
Six-siiottcd mid', '/'( tr<nii/cli iis biiiuicitlatus 8
Croton sp.
(Jreenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Purple scale, Lcpidosaphes beckii 136
Cucumber ((.iicinnis satirus).
(irei'iiliouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporaiiorum 145
Hop flea beetle, PsylHodes punctulata . 231
Six-spotted mite, Tetranyehus bimaculatus 8
Stri|)cd cucumber l)eetle, Diabrotica vittata 230
Twclvi'-spot ted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
Cudweed {(Jtiaphalium califoniiacum) .
Beau thrips, Heliothrips f-asciatus 30
Cuphea sp.
(Ji-cenhousc orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
C u rra nt ( llibes sp. ) .
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Imported currant borer, Hesia tipuliformis 193
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes uhni 139
Pear scale, Kpidiaxpis piricola 126
San .lose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, (Jhionaspis furfura 123
Custard Apple (Anona reticulata).
Florida wax scale, C'eroplastes floridensis 113
Cycas sps.
Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemisphwrica 117
Long-tailed mivily bug. Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce 128
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii 133
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
White iH'ach scale, Aulascaspis pentagona 124
HOST INDEX. XV
Dahlia sp. Page.
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mall 41
Greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hcemorrhoidalis 32
Daisy {Bellis perennis) .
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Dialrotica soror 229
Dammara sps.
Golden mealy bug, Pseudococcus aurilanatus 98
Daphne gnidium.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hedeue 128
Devilwood (Osmanthns americainis).
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Dew Drop {Duranta sp. ).
Black scale. Saissetia olew 119
Dill {Anathum graveolens) .
Celery caterpillar, Fapilio poJtjxencs 198
Dock {Rumex sp. ).
Alfalfa looper, Autographa gamma caUfoniica 162
Beet louse. Pemphigus hetcr 53
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 3-4
Hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata 231
Dogwood {Cornus sp. ).
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Easter Lily (Liliiim Inngifiorum var. exiniium) .
Six-spotted mite, Tetranijchus himaculatus 8
Egg Plant (Solanum melongena).
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum 145
Harlequin cabbage bug, Margantia histrionica 146
Six-spotted mite, Tetranijchus himaculatus 8
Elaeagnus sp.
Purple scale, Lepidosaphes hecJcii 137
Elder (Samhucus sp. ).
Alfalfa looper, Autographa gamma calif ornica . 162
Elm ( Ulmus sps.).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
European elm scale, Gossyparia spuria 93
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum 116
Grapevine flea beetle, Haltica carinata 230
San Jose scale. Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura 123
Elymus sps.
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor 245
Wild rye ripersia. Ripersia smithii 108
English Dwarf Bean, see Broad Bean.
Eucalyptus sps.
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camellicr 127
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus h^derw 128
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantU 133
Eunanus brevipes.
Bean thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Euonymus sps.
Buonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi 122
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camellia 127
Orange chionaspis, Chionaspis citri 121
Red scale, Chrysomphahts aurantii 134
Yellow scale, Chrysomphalus citrinus 135
Eupatorium sp.
Barnacle scale, Ceroplastes cirripediformis 112
Euryptera lucida.
Bean thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
False Bitter Sweet {Celastrus scandens) .
Euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi 122
Fennel (Forniciihtm. vulgare).
Celery caterpillar, Papilio polyxenes 198
Xvi HOST INDEX.
Ferns (Filices sps. ). ^^^^y
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 1^2
Florida wax scale. Ceroplastes floridensis 113
(Tret'iiliousc thi-ips. llcliothrips hcnnorrhoidalis 32
II(Miiisi)h('i-i(al scale. Saissetia hemisphwrica 118
Ivy scale. Asiiidioftis hederw 12°
Lonji-lailcd mealy bus. Pseudococcus longispinus !"*>
Fern, Maidenhair (.Adidiitum sp. ) .
Ivy scale, .[■•ipidiotus hederw 1-8
Fern, Staghorn { I'latiiecrinm sp.).
Lon.tj-tailcd mealy hug, Pseudococcus longispinus l'">
Fern, Wood {.\si)idium sp. ).
(iieenhouse thrips, HcHothrips hwinorrhoidalis 32
Feverfew, see Chrysanthemum.
Fig ( Ficus sps).
Blast 01 iliaga. lildxIopluKja grossorum 268
Citrus white Hy, Aleijrodes citri 350
Cottony cushion scale. Icerya piirchasi 89
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis 113
Greenhouse thrips, HcHothrips hamorrhoidalis 32
Lesser fruit fly, Drosophila ampclophila 254
Long-tailed mealy bus. Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
Purple scale, Lepidosaphes heckii 137
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii 133
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Filaree (Erodium sp.).
(Ii'ape leaf-hopi)er, Typhlocyha comes 42
Flacourtia sepiaria.
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Four-o'clock (Mirabilis calif ornica) .
15ean thrips, HcHothrips fasciatus 30
Fuchsia sp.
(.'itrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 102
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camcUiw 127
Greenhouse thrips, HcHothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodcs vaporariorum 145
Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii 184
Six-s[)0tted mite, Tetranychus himaculatus 8
Gardenia sps.
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodcs citri . : 350
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
.lapanese wax scale, Ceroplastes ceriferus 111
Genista sp.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 127
Geranium {Pelargonium sp. ).
<'()ti()ny cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodcs vaporariorum 145
Six-si)0tted mite, Tetranychus himaculatus 8
White peach sale, Aulaeaspis pcntagona 124
Godetia sp.
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus himaculatus ' 8
Golden Rod {fiolidago sp. ).
Orange tortrix, Tortrix citrana 176
Red scale. Chrysomphalus aurantii 1.34
Gooseberry ( Rihcs gross ularia) .
.\l)pl(" leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
European fruit scale, Lecanium corni 120
Imi)orted currant borer, Scsia tipuliformis 193
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura 123
Goosefoot {Chenopodium sp.).
I'.ean thrips, HcUothrips fasciatus 30
Gourd {('ncurhita pcpo var. ovifera) .
Squash hug. Anasa tristis 147
HOST INDEX. XVI 1
Gourd, Powder Horn ( Laneiiaria vulgaris) . Page.
Moluii aphis. Apliis (jussypii 62
Grape ( Viiis sp. ) .
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Achemon sphinx, Pholiis achemon 158
Black scale, Saissctia olew 119
California grape root-worm, Adoxus obscunis 226
Citrus thrips, Eiithrips citri 34
Common cut worm. Eiixoa atomarin 161
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis HI
European fruit scale, Lecanitim coriii 120
False chinch bug, Nysiiis angitstatus 149
I"'rosted scale. Eiilecaniuni pruinosum 116
Grapevine flea beetle, Haltica cariudtu 230
Grapevine hoplia, Iloplia callipyge 1 233
Greedy scale. Aspidiotiis camelliw 127
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporarionim 145
Greenhouse thrips. Hcliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Leaf-hopper, Typhlocyha comes 42
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
Phylloxera, Phyllojcra vastatrix 48
Red scale. Chrysoiitplniliis aurantii 133
Rose snout beetle, llliynchites bicolor 241
White-lined sphinx, Celerio lineata 156
White peach scale. Aiilacaspis pentagoiia _ 125
Grapefruit, see Pomelo.
Grass {G ra min ece ) .
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Beet army worm, Luphygina exigtia 163
Chinch bug. Blissus Icucopterus 149
Clover mite, Bryohia pratensis 7
False chinch bug, Xysiiis angiistatus 149
Grape leaf-hopper. Typhlocyha comes _ 42
Grasshoppers 16, 24
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hcdcrw 128
Mealy plum louse. Ilyalopterus anindinis 86
Onion thrips, Thrips tahaci 38
Tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis 148
Western army worm, (Jhorizagrotis agrcsHs 163
Greasewood (Adenostomn fasciculatiim).
Grapevine hoplia, Hoplia callipyge 233
Grevillea sp.
Black scale, Saissetia olew — . 119
Grewia sp.
Black scale, Saissctia olew ny
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).
Green peach aphid. Myziis persicie 79
Groundsel Tree (Baccharis sps.).
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Greedy scale, Aspidiotiis camelliw 127
Guadeloupe Palm {Erythea edulis).
Citrus mealy bug, Psciidococcus citri 102
Guaguma ulmifolia.
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 127
Guava {Psidium sp. ).
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Florida red scale, Vhrysomphalus aonidmn — . 132
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridetisis 113
Guava mealy bug, Pseudococcus nipw 106
Hemispherical scale. Saissetia hemisphwrica 117
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispiniis 106
-HM
Xviii HOST INDEX.
Gumbo (JJibiscus sps.)- '^'^*l^'
Japancso wax scale, Ceroplastes ccrifcni-s 111
riiu'niiplc scale, Diaspis hromcUw 1^^
Wliilc peach sale, Aiilacaspis pentagona l25
Habrothamnus sp. „
lllack st-aic, SSaifisctia olcw 11^
Citrus mealy bug, Pseiidococcus citri . ^ 1'^-
Hawksbeard {Crepis sp.)- „„
r.taii llirips. Heliothrips fasciatiis ^^
Hawthorn (Rham mis sp.) see Bucktliorn.
Cotldii.v maple scale, Pulvinuria riti.s 111
Frosted scale, Eidecanium pruinosnm 11"
Green apple aphis. Aphis pomi '"
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw l'^^
Oyster shell scale, Lejndosaphes ulmi l39
Ked-luimped caterpillar, Schizura concinna 188
Rosy or purple apple aphis. Aphis sorhi 171
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfvra 1-3
Hazel (Caryl us sp.).
Ai)i)le l(>af-hopper, Empoasca luali 41
Heath ( Erica sp. ).
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camellice l^l"
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus hedercE 128
Heliotrope {HeUotropium sps.).
Beau thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus himaculatiis 8
White peach scale, Aiilacaspis pentagona 125
Hemp (Cannabis sp. ).
.\l)ple leaf-hopper. Empoasca mali 41
Heracleum sphondylium.
rarsiiip louse, Hyadaphis pa.itinac<e 86
Hex glabra.
Florida wax scale. Ceroplastes floridensis 113
Holly (Osmanthus ilicifolius) .
P.lack scale, Saissetia olew 119
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Orange chionaspis, Chionaspis citri 121
Soft brown scale. Coccus hespcridum 114
Holly, Mountain (Heteromeles arbutifolia) .
lilack scale, Saissetia olece 119
(Ji'crdy scale, Aspidiotus eiiiii<H]<r 127
Hollyhock (Althwa rosea).
.\pplc ]<'af-hopi)er, Empoasca mali 41
Honeysuckle, see Lonicrera.
Hop illunnilus lupnliis).
II(>i) flea beetle. Psi/lUodes punctulata 231
Hop louse, I'horodon humuli 85
Six-spotted mite, !'( trani/elius bimaculafus S, 302
Hop-tree (J'tclea buldirinii var. erenuUitu) .
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Horse Bean, see Broad Bean.
Horse-chestnut (.Eseulus hippocasfdnuiii ).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Oyster shell scale. Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Horse Radish (Covhlearia annoracia) .
Ci\\)\MiH' worm, Pontia rapw 196
IIarle(|uin cabbage bug, Margantia histrionica 146
Wi'stdii army worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis 163
Hound's Tongue (('ynoglossum sp. ) .
(Jreeu peach aphid, Myzus persicce 79
Iris sp.
White flies, Aleyrodes sps 275
Ivy, Boston (Ampelopsis tricuspidata).
Cjiriis white fly, Aleyrodes citri 3.50
HOST INDEX. XIX
!vy, English (Hedera helix). ^^^m
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citn ^^-
Citrus white fly. Alei/rodes citri l"**- ^^^
Greedy scale. Aspidiotiis camellim 1-'
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicce j^^
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hederce 1-°
Pineapple scale, Diaspis iromeliw 1'-^
Soft brown scale, Coccus hesperidum H*
Ivy, German (Senecio sp.), see Groundsel.
Green peach aphid, Mijsus persicce '^
Japan Plum {Biotrites japonica).
Florida wax scale, Veroplastes floridensis -L-^o
Japonica sp. -■ .r,
Chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandii -l-*-
Jasmine {Jasminnm sps. ). „p^
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri '^-^^
Soft brown scale, Coccus hesperidum 1^4
White peach scale, Aidacapis pentagona 1-5
Jessamine, see Gardenia.
Jimpson Weed, see Thorn-apple.
Jujube (Zizyphus sp.). ^ _
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona J-o
June-berry, see Service-berry.
Juniper, Irish {Jinnperus sp.). ^
Black scale, ,S(iissetia olea- i^-J
Kennedya sp. ^.^_,
Red scale, Chriisomphahis aiirantii ^•^'^
Kentia sp. .,, _
Kentia mealy bng, Pseudococcus pseudompw ^^'
Palm scale, Eueahjinnutus perforatus 11^
Knotweed (^I'olygonum urricuJare).
Beet louse. Pemphigus betw ^'^
Kumquat {Citrus japonica). „
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri '^-^^
Lambsquarters {Chenopodium albmn).
Beet army worm, Laphygma exigua 163
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Hop flea beetle, PsyUiodes punctulata ^'*-'-
Lantana sp. „P
Diplacus ceroputo, Ceroputo yuccw ^^
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis •'-
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum I'lS
Latania bonbon ica. -,o
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce _ |-^
Red scale, Chrysomphalus ouraiitii ^'^^
Laurel {Laurus sps.). „
Black scale, Saissctia olew ||^
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum ^^^
Greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hcemorrhoidalis 32
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 125
Laurel, California (UmheUularia calif ornica).
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce 1-"^
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Laurel, Cherry {Prunus laurocerasus) .
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri •=»^^
Laurestinus {Viburnum tinus).
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri "^^Y
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis HI
Lavatera sp. ^r>7
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw l-^'
Lemon {Citrus rnedica var. limon), see Citrus.
Chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandii 142
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 1^^
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Silver mite, Eriophyes oleivorus ' 4
Walnut mealy bug, Pseudococcus hakeri "^
XX HOST INDEX.
Lettuce {Lactuca sps.). Page.
Bonn thrips, Ileliothrips fasciatns ■ 30
False chinch bug, Nysius a iipii. status 140
( Ji-(M'iih(iiiso wliite fly, Alci/rodcs viiporu riorum 145
IIiirl('(juiu cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
Lignum vitae.
Ilariiaclc scale, Geroplastes cirripediformis 112
i'Morida wax scale, Cerophistr.s floridensis 113
K(m1 scale, (Jlirj/somphalua auraiitii 134
Lilac {St/riiiga sps.).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Citrus white fly, Alei/rodes citri 144, 350
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
(Jrain thrips, Euthrips tritici - 33
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes uhui 139
Lime (Citrus iimetta).
Diplacus ceroputo, Ceroputo yuccw 96
Linden {Tilia sp. ).
Apple leaf-hopi)er, Empoasca mali 41
Cottony maple scale, PuUiiiaria vitis 111
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Locust (Robinia pseudacacia) .
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Ilarlequiu cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
^\'alllut scale. Aspidiotus jmjlans-regice 129
Locust, Honey (Oleditschia triacauthos).
Itlack scale, Haissetia olece 119
Loganberry (Ruhus vitifolius) .
Frosted scale, Eulecanium pruinosum 116
Hasjiberry horn-tail, Hartigia cressoni 280
Lonicera sp.
(ircciihouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
Lucerne, see Alfalfa.
Lupine iLupiinis sps.).
California tussock moth, Hemcrocauipa vetusta 179
Lupine aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons 72
Madder (Rubia peregrina) .
I\y scale. Aspidiotus hederw 128
Magnolia sps.
I'.lack scale, Saissetia olew 119
Citrus white fly, Alei/rodes citri 350
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi-- 89
Glover's scale, Lepidosaphes gloverii 138
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Mallow {Malva sps.).
Alfalfa looper, Autographa gamma californica 162
Beet army worm, Laphygma exigua 163
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw 179
Mango i Mnngifera sp.).
Florida wax scale, Geroplastes floridensis 113
Greenhouse thrips. HcUothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Japanese wax scale, Geroplastes ceriferus 111
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.).
<{rain thrips. Euthrips tritici .33
Maple. {Acer sp. I.
A])ple leaf-hopper Empoasca mali 41
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi-^ 139
HOST INDEX. XXI
Melons {Ciicurbita, Cucumeris, etc.)- Page.
Black scale, Saissetia olew ■ 119
Cantaloupe fly, Euxesta notata 249
Greenhouse white fly, Alei/rodes vaporariorum 145
Melon aphis, Aphis gossypii 62
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
White-lined sphinx, Celerio lineata 156
Mesembryanthemum sp.
I>il)lacus ceroputo, Ceroputo yuccee 96
Mignonette (Reseda sp.).
Cabbage worm, Pontia rapw 197
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus iimaculatns 8
Mistletoe {Phoradendron flavescens) .
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camellia' 127
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus hederw 128
Monkey Flower (Diplacus glutinosiis) .
I>iplacus ceroputo, Ceroputo yuccw 96
Moonflower {Ipomaa boiia-nox).
Lonu-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Six-spotted mite, Tetranychus iimaeulatus 8
Morning-glory {Ipomoca purpurea) .
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Mulberry [Morus sp. ).
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis HI
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 124
Mullein {Vcrhascum rirgatum) .
Benn thrips, Heliothnps fasciatus 30
Mustard (Brassica sps.) .
Cabbage louse. Aphis brassicw 60
Cabbage worm, Pontia rapw 196
False chinch bug, Nysius angustatus 150
Grape leaf-hopper. Typhlocyba comes 42
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata 231
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror 229
Western army worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis 163
Myoporum sp.
Black scale. Saissetia olew ; 119
Myrica cerifera.
Japanese wax scale, Ceroplastes ceriferus HI
Myrsine retusa.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Myrtle (Myrtus sps. )
Barnacle .scale, Ceroplastes cirripediformis 112
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri : 144, 850
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridciisis 113
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Soft bi'own scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Nasturtium (Tropwolum major).
Bean thrips. Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Cabbage worm, Pontia rapw 197
Nectarine {Prunus persica) .
Black peach aphis. Aphis persicw-niger 67
Common termite, Termes lucifugus 28
Nephrodium sp.
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Nettle (Urtica urens) .
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw 79
Hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata 231
Xxil HOST INDEX.
Nettle, Horse {Solanum carolinense) . Page.
( "niitnloiipe Hy. Euxesta notafa 249
Nightshade {Solanum sp.).
IMack scale, Saissetia olew 119
('itnig mealy bujj, Pseudococciis citri 102
t'itrus thrips, Enthrips citri 34
Cottouy cushion scale, Icerija purchasi 91
Greedy scale, Aspidiotiis cameHiw 127
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hederw 129
Potato tuber moth, Phthorimwa operculella 167
Red scale. Vhriisomphaliis auraiitii 133
Solnnum root louse, Trifidaplus radiricola 5'S
Nipa fruticans.
(iuava mealy bug, Pscudococcus nipw — 100
Norfolk Island Pine {Aiiracaria excelsa) .
(Joldcii mealy bug, Pscudococcus aurilauatus 98
(Jreenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Oak ( Q ucrcus sps. ) .
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri 240
Orange tortrix, Tortrix citrana 176
Oyster shell scale, Lcpidosaphes ulmi 139
Purple scale, Lcpidosaphes beckii 137
Red scale, Vhrysomphalus aurantii 133
Rose snout beetle, Rhynchites bicolor 241
Oak, Live (Qucrcus agrifolia) .
California tussock moth. Hcmcrocampa vetusta 179
Oak, Water {Qucrcus aqiiatica).
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri i 350
Oak. White (Qucrcus alha) .
("ottony cushion scale, Iccrya iiunhusi 91
Oats {Avctui satira).
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mall 41
(Grasshoppers 16
Okra, .see Gumbo.
Oleander {?(crium oleander).
Black scale. Saissctia ole(e 119
Citrus mealy bug, Pscudococcus citri 102
Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum 132
Florida wax scale, (Jcroplastcs fioridciisis 113
Hemispherical scale, Saissctia heinispluerica 117
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hedera' 128
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pscudococcus longispinus lOG
Oleander aphid. Aphis nerii 6G
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperiduin 114
Olive (Oica sps.).
Plack citrus louse, To.ropfcra aurantiw 88
P>hick scale. Saisscfia olcw 119
(lirynoiiiphalus rossi 13(>
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus hcdcra' 128
Pineapple scale. Diaspis hromelim 123
Purple scale, Lcpidosaphes lieckii 137
Red scale, ('hrysoHiphalus aurantii 133
Olive, Mock ( Prunus caroliniana).
Citrus white fly. Aleyrodes citri 350
Olive, Wild, see Devilwood.
Onion (Allium ecpa).
lleet army woi'm, Luphygina r.tigua 103
Cantaloupe fly, Euxesta notata 249
Onion thrips. Thrips tahaci 37. 38
Western arm.\- worm, Chorizagrotis agrestis l(i8
Opuntia littoralis.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
HOST INDEX. XXlll
Orange (Citrus uinaiitiiiin ) . sc ■ ("irnis. '^'*'°i^
Black scale, Saissetia ole(F 119
Cantaloupe fly, Euxesta notata --^9
Chaff scale. Parlatoria pergandii _^ 1^^
Citrus mealy bus. Pseud (xocciis citri 1*^'"— -'^
Cottony cushion scale. Iccrija piirvliusi ^^
Cottony maple scale, Piilvinaria vitis 111
Frosted scale, Eiilccauium pniinosiun 11^
Grain thrips, Euthrips tritici J^^
Ivy scale. Aspidiotiis hrdrni' 1;^^
Japanese wax scale. Ccroplastes ccrifenis 111
Katydid. Microcri(tn(iii Jaiirifoliiini --
Orange chionaspis, Vhioiianpis citri 1^1
Orange tortrix, Tortrix citrana 1^^
Woolly citrus aphid. Aphis cookii ■ "1
Orange, Mexican {Choisi/a ternata).
Citrus white fly, Alcyrodes citri 350
Orange, Osage (Toxylon pomiforum) .
Cantaloupe fly. Euxesta notata ^3^
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
San Jose scale, Aspidiotiis perniciosiis 130
Orchids (Cattlcya sp.).
Greenhouse thrips, Hcliothrips hwniorrhoidalis *>^
Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemisphoerica H'''
Pa\m. cy.f.
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri ^^^
Glover's scale. Lcpidosaphes gloverii 139
Greenhouse thrips, Hcliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Guava mealy bug, Pseudococcus nipw 106
Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemisphcerica H*^
Kentia mealy bug, Pscudococctis pseudonipce '■ 1"'^
Marlatt scale, Phwnicococciis marlatti 94
Orange chionaspis, Chionaspis citri 121
Palm scale, Eucuhjmnatus perforatus 113
Palm. Curly {Howea hclnioreana) .
Palm scale, Eucahjmnatus perforatus 113
Palm. Date (Phwnix dactylifera) .
Date palm scale, Parlatoria blanchardii 140
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hederce l'^^
Marlatt scale, Phosnicococciis marlatti 94
Red scale. Chrysomphalus auraiitii 133
Palm, Fan, see Latania horbonica.
Palm, Fish-tail {Garyota cumingii).
Palm scale, Eiicalymnatus perforatus 11<J
Palm, Fortune's (Trachycarpus excelsus).
Palm scale, Eiicalymnatus perforatus 113
Parsley (Carum. petroselinum) .
Parsley caterpillar, Papilio polyxenes 198
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa).
Celery caterpillar, Papilio polyxenes 198
Parsnip louse. Hyadaphis pastinacw 86
Parsnip, Golden Meadow (Zizia aurea) .
Parsnip louse, Hyadaphis pastinacfp 86
Passion Flower {Passifiora sps.).
Citrus mealy bug. Pseudococcus citri 102
Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camellia. 127
Red scale. Chrijsomphalus aiiratitii 133
Six-spotted mite. Tctranychus himaciilatiis 8
Pea (Pisiun sp. ).
Alfalfa looper. Autographa gamma californica 162
Bean thrips. Hcliothrips fasciatns 30
Bean weevil, Acanthoscelides ohtcctus 237
Beet army worm. Laphygma cxigua 163
Clover mite. Bryonia prateusis '
XXIV HOST INDEX.
Pea — Continued. Page.
Deslructivo pea louse, Muvrosiijhiiin destructor 74
Pea weevil, Laria pisorum 238
Striped cucumber beetle, Diahrotica vlttuta 230
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Western army worm, ('horizayrofis agrcstis 1()3
Peach (I'runus -pcrxicd).
Black peach aphis, Aphis persicw-nif/er 67
Citrus red spider, Tetrani/chiis mi/tilaspidis 9
Citrus thrips, Eiithrips citri 34
Cloxer mite, Bri/ohiii prutcnsis ! 7
Common termite, Tcniics hififuf/iis 28
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya ptirchasi 89
Cottony maple scale, Pulrinaria vitis 111
Eastern tent caterpillar, Maktcosoma americana 181
European fruit scale, Lccanium conii 120
Flat-beaded apple-tree borer, Chnjsohothris femorata 23G
P"'rosted scale, Eiilccaiiiiim. pruinosum 116
Fruit tree pulvinaria, Pulvinaria amygdali 110
(Jreen peach aphid, Mi/ziis persicw 79
Hemispherical scale, Saissefio hemisphwrica 117
Peach borer, Saniiiiioideo opah-sceiis 194
Peach twig-borer, Anarsia lineateUa 171
Pear scale, Epidiospis piricola 120
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
San Jose scale, Aspidiotiis periiiciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Vhionaspis furfura 123
Spotless fall webworm. Hyphantria textor 190
White peach scale, Aiikieaspis penfayona 124
Peanut (Arachis hypoywd) .
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Pear (Pynis communis) .
Apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali 41
Bean thrips, HcUothrips fasciatiis 30
Black scate, Saissetia olew 119
Blister mite, Erioplycs pyri 6
Cherry scale, Eiilccaniiim cerasorum 115^
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Citrus white fly, Alcyrodes citri 3.50
Codling moth, Cydia pomoneUa 177
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, Chrysohothris femorata 236
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis 113;
Frosted scale, Eulccaninm pruinosum 116
Greedy scale, Aspidiotiis camellia' 127
Green apple aphis. Aphis pnmi ^ 70
Oyster shell scale, Lvyidosaphcs ulmi 139
Pear scale. Epidiaspis piricola 126
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi 281
Psylla, Psylla pyricola 44-
Red scale. Chrysoiiiphalus aurantii 133
San .Jose scale, Aspidiotiis perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Vhionaspis furfura 123'
Tarnished plant bug, Lyyus pratcnsis 148
Walnut mealy bug, Pscudococcus hakcri 99
Walnut scale, Aspidiotus juf/laiis-reyiir , 129'
White-lined sphinx, Velerio lineata 156
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentayona 124
Woolly apple aphis, Eriosoma lanigera - 50
Pecan (Carya olivirformis) .
CdttDiiy cushion scale. Icerya purchasi 91
Pellaea hastata.
Greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
HOST INDEX. XXV
Peony (I'uoiiia sy. ). Page.
Citrus mealy bug. Pseudococcus citri 102
Pepper {Capsicum a)niuum).
Cottouy cushion scale, Iccrtja piirchasL 89
Green peach aphid, Mi/ziis persicw 79
Six-spotted mite. Tctnnn/cluts hintaculatus 8
White peach scale. Auhicaspis pentagona 125
Pepper Tree (<S'f7i/'«ws molle) .
Black scale, Saissetia olecr 119
Citrus thrips. Euthrips citri 34
Ivy scale. Aspidiotiis hedcrw 1-8
Pepperwood, see Califoi'nia Laurel.
Persimmon (Diospyros sps.).
Banana scale, Diaspis hromeliw 112
Citrus white fly, Alei/rodes citri 144, 350
White peach scale, Aitlacaspis pentagona 125
Phlox sp.
Black scale. Saissetia olav -t-ty
Greenhouse thrips. HcUothrips luemorrhoidaUs 32
Soft brown scale. Coccus hesperidum 114
Pig Weed {Amaranthus sps.).
Beet army worm, Lapluigma crigua 163
Cottony cushion scale, Iccrya purchasi 91
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthesia insignis 92
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Hop flea beetle. Psi/lliodes punctulata 231
Snlanum root louse. Trifiduphis radicicola 58
Pimpinella sps.
I'arsiiip louse. Hi/adapliis pastiimcw 8o
Pine, Monterey (Pinits radiata) .
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hedcrw 129
Monterey pine louse, Essigella culifornica 58
Pineapple {Amtinis sp.).
Pineapple scale. Diaspis hromeliw 123
Pink {Silciic sp.).
Greenhouse thrips, HcUothrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Six-spotted mite. Tctramjchus himaculatus 8
Pistacia vera.
Iii'd scale. Chriisomphains aurautii 134
Pittosporum sp.
(ireedy scale. Aspidiotus camcUiw 127
Plantain (Plaxtago sp. ).
Beet army worm, Lapliijgiiia c-vigini 103
Plum (Primus domestica) .
Apple leaf-hopper. Empoasca mali 41
Black scale. Saissetia olew 119
Black peach aphis Aphis persicw-niger 07
Citrus thrips. Euthrips citri 34
Clover mite, Bri/ohia pratensis 7
Cottony maple scale. Pulvinaria vitis HI
Eastern tent caterpillar. Malacosoma uiiicricana 181
European fruit scale. Lccanium corni . 120
Flat-headed apple-tree borer. Chri/sohothris femorata 236
Frosted scale, Eulecaiiium pruinosum 116
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicw : 79
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica 146
Hop louse, Phorodon hutnuli 85
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 127
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
Mealy plum louse, Hyalopterus arundinis SO
Oyster shell scale, Lcpidosaphes ulmi 139
Pear scale, Epidiaspis piricola 120
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi 281
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 30
XXVl HOST INDEX.
Plum — Ciintinued. Page.
Itcd-humped caterpillar, >!<hi^iii<t foncinmi 188
Red scale, Chrijsomphahis aiiraiitii 131
San Jose scale, Asitidiotiis pcmiciosus 130
Scurfy scale. Vhioiiasi)iti furfura 123
White peach scale, Aulacaspis poitagona 124
Podocarpus sp.
lied scale. (Jhri/somphalus aurantii 534
Poinsettia { Eiipliorbia piilcherrima) .
Citrus Mealy Iniu', I'seinlococcus citri lOl*
Pomaderris apetala.
I'lU'iile scale. Li piihisaphes heckii l.'JT
Pomegranate (Fiinica granatum) .
Ulack scale, ^aissctia olece 119
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Citrus white fly, Alci/rodes citri 350
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridcnsis 113
Greedy scale, Aspidiotiis camelUw 127
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hedcrw 129
Pomelo (Citrus decuniana ) . see Citrrs.
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 102
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 350
Poplar (Populus sps. ), see Cottonwood.
Black scale. tSiassctia olece 119
Oyster shell scale. Lepidosaphcs uJmi 139
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus pcriiiciosus 130
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura 123
Potato (iSolnnum tuberosum).
.Vpple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mail 41
Beet army worm, Laphi/f/ma exifrua 163
Cottony cushiou scale, Irrri/a purchasi 91
Drosophila husckii 255
False chinch bug, Nysius angustatus 149
Grasshoppers 17
Green peach aphid, My::us prrsicw 78
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgautia histrionica 146
Hop flea beetle. Psylliodes punctulata 231
I'otato eelworm, H'etcrodcra radicirola 284
I'otato tuber moth, Phthorinura oprrcnlelki 167
Sand or Jerusalem cricket, Hteuopcliuatus irrrgularis 25
Solanum root louse. Trifidaphis rudivivolu 5S
Tomato sphinx, Phlegetliontius sexta 156
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Western army worm, Ghorizafirotis agrcstis 163
Primrose (Primula sp.).
(Jreenhouse white fly, Aleyrodes vaponirioruiu 14."')
Privet (Ligustrum sps.).
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri . 144. 3.50
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 1.30
Prune ( Prunns sp. ).
Black scale, l^aissctiu olew 119
Brown day moth, Pseudohasis eglanterina 184
Citrus red spider. Tetranychus mytilaspidis 9
Clover mite, Bryohia pratciisis 7
Common cut worm. Eu.roa atomaris 164
European fruit scale, Lecanium corni 120
Fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria 187
Frosted scale, Euleeanium pruinosuni 116
Fruit tree pulvinaria. Pulviiiaria amygdali 110
Mealy plum louse, ffyalopterus arundinis 86
Peach borer. Haniiinoideu opalesccns 195
Pear thrips. Euthrips pyri ,36
HOST INDEX. XXVll
Prune — Continued. Page.
Red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinixi 188
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Spring- cankerworm, I'aleacrita vernata 18o
White poacli scale, Aulacaspis pentagova 124
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) .
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 102
Squash bug, Anasa tristis 14"
Striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata 230
Purslane { Portulaca oleracea) .
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purcMsi 89
False chinch bug, Nysius angiistntnH , 150
Quince {Gijdonia vulgaris).
Barnacle scale, Geroplastes cirri pcdiformin 112
Clover mite, Bri/oiia pratensis '
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi- 89
Florida wax scale. Geroplastes florideiisis 118
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camellia; 12'
Green apple aphis. Aphis pomi jO
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Pear slug, Caliroa cerasi "-81
Red scale, Chri/somphahis aurantii 133
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Scurfy scale. Chioiiospis furfura 1-3
Radish (Kaphaiius safirus).
Beau thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Cabbage louse, Aphis brassicw *^0
Cabbage worm. Pontia rapm l''^
False chinch bug. Nysius aiigustatus 1^0
Harlequiu cabbage bug, Murgantia hisfrloiiica 146
Hop flea beetle, Psi/lliodes punctulatu _ -31
Radish maggot, Phorbia brassicn' '^^' 7^7
Western army worm. Chorizagrotis agnstis Ibo.
Ragweed ( Amhrosia sp.).
Grape leaf-hopper, Typhlocyba comes 42
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia liisfrioiiica 14H
Rape (Brassiea napus) .
Harlequin cabbage bug. Murgantia histrimiira 146
Raspberry (Rubus sp.).
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Flat-headed apple-tree borer. Chrysobofhris fcnioratii 236
Snowy tree-cricket. CEcanthiis niveiis 26
Oyster shell scale. Lepidosaphes ulmi 139
Raspberry horn-tail. Hartigia cressoni -, 280
Rose scale, Aulacaspis rosw 1-'^
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 130
Strawberry crown moth, Sesia rutilatis 191
Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) .
Ivy scale. Aspidiotus hederw 129
Reed Grass (Phragmites vulgaris).
Mealy plum louse, Hyalopterus ininidiuis 86
Rhubarb (Rheum rhapoiiticuiii) .
Apple leaf-hopper. Einpoasea mali 41
Hop flea beetle. Psylliodes pinietulata 231
Western army worm. Chorizagrotis agrestis 165
Rose {Rosa sps. ).
Apple leaf-hopper. Empoasca mali 61
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Frosted scale. Eulecanium pruinosum 116
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fulleri 240
Gi-ain thrips, Euthrips tritici 33
XXVm HOST INDEX.
Rose — Continued, Page.
(irapevine hoplin. Tlopliti cnUiitjific 233
Groody scale. Asi)i<Ii(jfiis ciiniclUw 127
(itrccnhousc wliite fly, Alcyrodcs rapordrionnii 145
liarloquiii cabbage bug, M uryunita histrioniea 146
Large rose aphid, Macrosiplmm roscp 76
Onion thrips, Thrips hihaci 38
Oyster shell scale, fjcpidosaphes ulmi 139
Raspberry horn-tail, Hnrtigin cressoiii 280
Red scale, Chrysoinphalns auritntii 133
Rose scale, Anlacospis rosw 125
Rose snout beetle, Rhi/nchitcs hicolor 241
San Jose scale. As/tidiofiis jicnii<iosus 1.30
Six-spotted mite. Tcfnniychiis himacidatus 8
Small green rose louse, Myzus rosarum , ,'iO
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Rubber, India (Ficns sp.).
r.lack s;/ale. Saissclia olece 119
Citrus white fly. Alcyrodrs citri 144
Soft brown scale, Coccus hesperidinn 114
Rutabaga (lirasslca campeslris).
( "ahliage maggot. I'linrhid hriissicw 257
Sage {Sal rid sp. ).
(irccdy scale. Asiiiilluttis cdmcUlic 11
Greenhouse orthezia. Ortlieziu insignis 93
Greenhouse white fly, Alcyrodcs vaporarioriim 145
Six-spotted mite. 'rcfrdin/c1ni.<! hiiiidciiJdfiis 8
Sage, Black (L'dHio)ui sfdchyoidca) .
niplnciis ceroputo, (Jcroputo ynccir 95, 96
Sage, California {Artemisia californica) .
Artemisia mealy bug, Pseudococciis urtcmisiir 97
Grain thriiis, Eiifhrips tritiri 33
Sage, White (Jidiiioiid i)()lysiachyd ) .
^^'lli(e sage mealy bug. Pseudococciis crdicii 105
Sago Palm, see Cycas.
Salt Bush (Atriplcr sp. ).
I'.fct army worm, Ldjihi/fiiiid cpigiid 163
Sand Pear (fiiriis sinensis).
San .lose scnli'. AsfiidiDtns pcrniciosiis 130
Sassafras officinale. ^
Oyster sliell scale, Lcjtidoi^u plies iihni 139
Sedum sp.
Greedy scale, Aspidiotiis camelliw 127
Wliitc ]ieach scale, A idacuspis peiildfioiid 125
Service-berry ( Amehniehier canadensis) .
I'ear-Ienf lilister-mite, Eriophyes pyri 6
Shepherd's Purse (Bursa hiirsa-pastoris) .
.Melon ;i|ilns. A/>his yussi/pii (32
Smilax sp.
Citrus while fiy. Alei/rodes citri 350
(Jreenhouse thrijis. Ileliolhrips hwmorrhoidalis 32
Six-spotted mite, 'retriin yehus hiindciildfiis 8
Snowball ( \'iliiiniiiin s|).).
A]jplc Iear-hoi)])cr. Hiiipoiisca iiiali 41
Sorghum sj).
('oni-lcaf aphis. Apiiis iniiidis (34
Sow-thistle { Sdiielnis sps. ).
(frci'ii peach n])his, Myzus persicw 79
Spearmint {M cut lid sp. ).
Cottony cushion scale, Iccrya purchasi 87
Spinach iHjiinacid olerdccd) .
Twelve-spotted cucuniber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
Spindle Tree, see Buonymus.
Cahhaij:*' worm, Pontia rapw ^^'
HOST INDEX. XXIX
Squash {('itcurbitu sp. ) . '
Itrosophila husckii ^^^
Ilarlequiu cabbage bug. MuryunUa histrionka 1'*':^
Six-spotted mite, Tvtninijclius blmnciikitiis *
Squash bug, Aiiasa trisiis 1^'
Striped cucumber beetle, Uiahroikii rlttuta -'^J^
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica soror ^'— J
Stangeria schizodon. _ ^^
Long-tailed mealy bug. Pseiidococcus longtsptiiiis J-UO
Strawberry (Fixnidiia sp. ) .
False chinch bug, Nysiiis aiKjustatiis 1^-'
Fuller's rose beetle, Aramigus fiiUcri -40
Grain thrips. Eiifhrips tritici ^^
Greenhouse orthezia. Orthezia insiyiiis ^-J
Strawberry crown borer, Sesia riitikin>s 191
Strobilanthes sp. „._,
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia iiisigiiis -J'^
Sunflower {HcUtnifhiis aniinus). ^
Beau thrips. HduAhnps fasciatus /J_^
Beet army worm, LapJn/fiina exigiia l'^'^
Harlequin cabbage bug, Miirgantia histrionica 146
Sumach (Rhus sp. ).
Apple leaf-hopper. Empoasca mali 41
Black scale. t<aissctia olew ll^
Cantaloupe fly. Eii.rcsfa notaia -■49
Cottony maple scale, Puhinarki vitis 111
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hcderw 1—'
Sweet Alyssum iAhjssiim maritimiim)
Cabbage worm, Pontia rapw
Sweet Gum (TAquiddnibiir styracifliia) .
("oUony cushion scale. Iccnja purchasi °-^
Sycamore (Platanus sp.).
Black scale, Saissetia olece H"^
Cottony maple scale, Piilvinarm vitis HI
Frosted scale. Eiilrcnniiim pruinosum H*''
Tacsonia mollissima. „^
Bean thrips, HelkjtJirips fasciatus ^^
Tallow Tree {:><apiiini sebifcrum).
O.vster shell scale, Lcpidosaphcs iihni 139
Tangerine, see Citrus.
Tea ( 'riica sp.). " i-io
Florida wax scale. Ceroplastes fiorideiisis H'^
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
Japanese wax scale, Ceroplastes cerifertis HI
Red scale. Chrifsomphahis aitrantii l'^«^
Thespesia sp. ^^„
Black scale. Saissetia olece 14J
Tobacco (Nicotiaiia tabacinn) .
Citrus mealy bug, Pseiidococcus citri 1^;
Potata tuber moth, Phthorimwa operculella 16T
Tobacco sphinx. Phlegethoiitius quinqueniacuhita 15'''
Tomato sphinx. Phhgrtliontius sexta 156
Tobacco, Tree ( Xii-otiaua ghuica).
Bean thrips, HcJinthrips fasciatus 3"
Tobacco, Wild {Miiinilus bolanderi).
Beet army worm, Laphygma exigua l^-J
Thorn-apple (Datura sp.).
Apple leaf-hopper. /'J(»yjort.5Cfl mali 41
Thunbergia sp. „
Greenhouse orthezia. Orhtezia iiisigiits .J-, do
Six-spotted mite. Tetranychiis bimaculatus 8
Tick, Bean, see Broad Bean.
Tomato (Lijcopersicum csculentum).
Greenhouse orthezia. Orthezia insignis 93
Greenhouse white fly, Aleyrodcs vaporariorum 145
XXX HOST INDEX.
Tomato — Continued. Page.
Green peach aphid, .][!/zus persicw 79
Six-spotted mite, 'J'ctnnii/chiis himiicithitiis 8
Tobacco sphinx, FJihgethontius (/iiiiniiK iiiiniildta 157
Tomato sphinx. Phlegethonfiiis ■•<!(.it(i 156
Tomato worm, Ilcliothis ohsolctu 165
Western army worm. Chorizagrotis uyrcstis 163
White-lined sphinx, C'elerio linvata 156
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus glandulosa) .
Citrus wliite fly, Alcyrodes citri 141, 350
Trumpet Vine (Tecoma radicans).
Citrus white fly, Alcyrodes citri 350
Tulip {TuHini sp.).
Bean thrips, HcUothrips fasciatus 30
Turnip {Brussica rapa).
Bean thrips, HcUothrips fasciatus 30
Cabbage maggot. Phorhia hrassica' 256, 257
Cabbage worm, Poiitia rapcc 196
False chinch bug, Nysiiis angiistatiis 150
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murganita histriouica 146
Hop flea beetle. PsyUiodes piinctuluta 231
Western army worm, Ghorizagrotis agrcstis 163
Tylophora asthmatica.
White peach scale, Aulacaspis peiitugona 125
Umbrella Plant {Cypenis alternifoliiis).
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococciis citri 102
Ivy scale, Aspidiotiis hederce 128
Long-tailed mealy liug. Pseudococciis longispinus 106
Umbrella tree (Melia a^cdaracli) .
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri 144, 350
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hrderw 128
Verbena sp.
Cottony cushion scale, Iccrya purchusi 89
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insiguis 92
Greenhouse thrips. HcUothrips humorrhoidaUs 32
Six-siiotted mite, Tctrauychns himacalatus 8
Veronica sp.
Cottony cushion scale, Iccrya purchasi 89
Greenhouse orthezia, Orthezia insignis 93
Vetch {Vicia sativa) .
Destructive pea louse, Macrosiphinii destructor 74
Violet ( Viola sp. ).
Six-si)otted mite. Tetranychus hiuiaculatus 8
Violet louse, Rhopalosiphuin viohr 76
Vitex littoralis.
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederce 128
Vriesia splendens.
Ivy scalr, Asiiidiot lis hidrr(F -i 12S
Wall Flower { Erysiuiii ui nilgarc).
I'nisni)) louse. H yadaphis pasi iiiacir 86
Walnut, Black (Jiiglaiis californica).
Apple leaf-hopper. Kmpoasca maJi 41
Orange tortrix. Tortrix citrana 176
Scurfy scale, Chiouasftis furfura 123
Wild walnut louse. MoncUia californica 83
Walnut, English (Juglans regia).
Broad-necked bonu', Prioiins laticoUis 234
California tussock moth. Hemerocampa vetusta 179
Cottony cushion scale. Iccrya purchasi 89
Frosted scale. Eulccanittm pruinosiiin 116
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus cameUiw 127
Pear thrips, Euthrips pyri 36
Red scale, Chrysouiphalus aiirautii 133
HOST INDEX. XXXI
Walnut, English— Continued. Page.
Sau Jose scale, Aspidiotus pcrniciosus 130
Walnut mealy bug, Psciidococciis bakeri 99
Walnut plant louse, Chromaphis jin/landicola 81
Walnut scale, Aspidiotus juglans-regiw 129
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentngoiia 124
Wandering Jew (Tradescaiitia sp.).
Citrus mealy bug, Pseudococcus citri 102
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), see Melon.
Black scale, Saissetia olew 119
Striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata 230
Wattle {Acacia melanoxylon) , see Acacia.
Ked scale, Chrysomplialus aurantii 133
Wheat {Triticum sp. ).
Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella 173
Grasshoppers 16
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor 245
White Beam Tree, see Sorbus.
Wild Pea {Lotus americanus).
Bean thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Willow {Salix sps. ).
Citrus thrips, Euthrips citri 34
Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi 89
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis 111
Greedy scale, Aspidiotus camelliw 127
Orange tortrix, Tortrio! citrana 176
Oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulnii 139
Parsnip louse, Hijadaphis pastiiiaccc 86
Red scale, C'hrysomphalus aurantii 133
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus pcrniciosus 130
Spotless fall webworm, Uyphantria te-rtor 190
White peach sale, Aulacaspis pcntagona 125
Wire Grass {Pohjgoimiu arcicularc) .
Beau thrips, Heliothrips fasciatus 30
Yarrow {Achillea millcforuim).
Beet louse. Pemphigus hctw 53
Yew {Taxus sp.).
Purple scale, Lepidosaphes hcckii 137
Yucca sps.
Diplacus ceroputo, C'croputo yurcw 96
Ivy scale, Aspidiotus hederw 128
Zamia sp.
Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemisphwrica 117
Long-tailed mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus 106
White peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona 125
Zinnia sp.
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror 229
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.
Insects belong- to the phylum Arthropoda. a group of animals hav-
ing jointed bodies and jointed legs. In the same phylum are to be
found the following classes :
1. Crustacea. — Water-breathing animals, with many legs and hard
exoskeleton ; head and thorax united.
Examples : era])s. lobsters, crayfish
and sowl)ngs.
2. Arachnida. — Land forms;
eight legs, head and thorax united.
Examples: scorpions (Fig. ]), sol-
pugids, spiders, mites (Fig. 2) and
ticks.
8. Malacopoda. — Land f o r m s ;
bod>' worm-like with numerous legs.
A very peculiar animal which is sel-
dom met with. Exam|)l(': Peri pat us.
4. Diplopoda. — I^and f o r m s ;
body long, cylindrical, many seg-
mented; two pairs of short legs to
each segment; antennie short. Ex-
ample: thousand-legged worms (Spi-
roholus). (Fig. 3.)
5. Chilopoda. — Land forms;
l)ody long, fiat, many segmented ; one
pair of rather long legs to each seg-
ment ; antenna? long. Example : cen-
tipedes {Scolopendra) . (Fig. 4.)
6. Insecta or Hexapod a. —
Aquatic and terrestrial, but prima-
rily the latter. Body of the adults
divided into three distinct regions : head, thorax and abdomen. Adult
forms with six legs and many are winged. Transformations or meta-
morphoses occur in all except the two lowest orders, Tlnjsamira and
Collemhola. Example : insects.
Fig. 1. — A scorpion, Buthus sp.
(After Folsom. )
-PI
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 2. — A mite, Rhyncolophus arenicola
Hall. (.After Hall.)
Fig. 4. — A centipede, Scolopendra heros.
(After Folsom. )
Fig. ?,. — A diplopod, Spirobolus
■warr/inatns. (After Folsom.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ARACHNIDA (Class).
SPIDERS AND MITES.
^''r^'^'v^-^
Because of their economic importance we have thought it best to in-
clude here the common injurious mites of California, even though they
are not insects. As pointed out in the general classification, mites
usually have eight legs and have the head and thorax united. Some
species, however, especially the
blister mites, have only four legs,
while the young red spiders have
six legs before the first molt.
All forms feed by piercing the
plant tissues and extracting the
juice. They multiply very rap-
idly and thus are capable of
much damage.
The winters are usually passed
in the adult stage, under buds
and bark scales. As soon as the
first leaves appear the mites
begin work. The eggs are laid
singly on the outside or inside of
the plant tissues, or in clusters
upon the bark ; in the latter case
they may be deposited around
the buds, some time before they
begin to open. The young de-
velop very rapidly and are soon
capable of bringing forth new
broods. Tlie breeding continues
throughout the summer — t h e
greatest number of mites being evident during the hottest and dryest
weather. Cold, damp weather seems to retard all activities.
Fig. 5. — Mite eggs deposited around a bud.
Greatly enlarged. (Original.)
Control. — The control of mites has been no little task and con-
siderable work has been done with exceedingly satisfactory results.
Mites are generally controlled either by the application of dry flowers
of sulphur alone, finely powdered dehj^drated lime and flowers of sul-
phur in equal proportions, by hand or with a blower, or a two per cent
solution of commercial lime-sulphur wdth spraying machines. A late
development in the control of mites on truck crops has resulted in the
discovery by the United States Department of Agriculture of a flour
paste, made by mixing four pounds of flour in one hundred gallons of
water and adding one gallon of lime-sulphur solution. This is applied
as a spray.
4 THE MOX'niI.V RT'M.KTIX.
Strong solutions of commercial lime-sulphur (1 to 11) ;is used for
Bcale insects will greatly aid in i-idding deciduous trees of the over-
wintering mites.
Thorough application is essential to obtain good residts. A tine mist
under high pressure is especially desirable in applying the spray.
THE SILVER MITE OF THE LEMON.
Eriojili ti< s (th'ironis Ashm.
{ I'In/topfKs olcironis Ashm.)
(Fig. 6.)
General appearance. — The adult mites are so small as to be invisible
except with the aid of a lens. They are light yellow in color, long and
jiointed anteriorly with two pairs of legs near the head. The eggs are
exceedingly small, circular and faintly yellow in color. The presence
of the mite is easily told by the charac-
teristic silvery chafing of the skin of the
lemon, due to the destruction of the oil
cells. In Florida the oranges are also
chafed, causing a russeting.
Life History. — The eggs are depos-
ited singly or in small clusters on the
leaves or fruit. They hatch in less
than a week in hot weather but require
twice as long in cold w-eather. After
several molts the mites liecome full
grown in from two to three weeks. The
young and adults feed ui)on the oil in
the succulent parts of citrus plants.
Fig. 6.— The silver mite (BWo2j7ii/es which is ()])taiii('d l)y piercing the oil
,we/i-ojHs Ashm.) ;« and?;, dorsal and f,^\\^ ^y\x\\ their bcaks. The adults are
lateral views of adult ; c, egg. (After • i r? • t i , • i
Hubbard.) Capable 01 ra[)id locomotion and move
freely. They breed from spring until
iatc fall, giving rise to many overlapping broods a .^'ear.
Distribution. — Though this mite was introduced into San Diego
County in 1889. it has spread very little, and is still confined to the ex-
treme southern part of the State.
Food plants. — AVorks upon ])ark, foliage and fruits of citrus trees.
Tn California its attacks are usually confined to the lemon.
Control. — Same as for the citrus red spider {Tcfrdiiijcli lis niytUus-
pklis).
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 7. — Work of the pear-leaf blister-mite {Eriophyes pijri Pgst. ) on pear leaves.
(Cal. Hort. Com.)
6
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE.
Eriophyes pt/ri Pgst.
(Figs. 7, S.)
General Appearance. — The work of this mite makes its presence
easily distinguishable from all others. Pear leaves are so affected as
to produce reddish or dark brown spots which become darker with age
and may spread so as to entirely cover and destroy the foliage. On the
apple the galls remain the color of the leaves. The younger shoots suffer
most. The mites are very minute and can be seen
only with the aid of a microscope. The body is
elongated with roughened surface, transparent and
having but two pairs of legs near the head.
Life History. — The mites pass the winter on the
trees under the bud scales and begin to work upon
the leaves as soon as they appear in the spring. The
eggs are deposited in holes bored into the under-
sides of the leaves. The work of the young after
hatching causes the galls or swellings. The destruc-
tiveness continues throughout the summer and until
the leaves begin to fall in winter. There are several
generations each year.
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the San
Jna(|uiii and Sacramento valleys.
Food Plants. — The pear and apple are seriously i^a^fbiisto-mue.^r^r
affected, the mites attacking the foliage as well as ophyes pyn 'pgst.
the stems of the leaves and fruit. On the foliage of
the pear the galls are made along the sides of the midribs of the leaves ;
on the apple at the base and along the margins of the leaves. Other
plants found as hosts are white beam tree, European mountain ash, wild
service berry, common cotoneaster.
Control. — Same as for the common red or six-spotted spider or
mite. {Tetranychuf! himonilafus Ilarv.)
THE CLOVER OR ALMOND MITE.
Bryobia pratensis Garman.
(Fig. 9.)
General appearance. — The young mites are red, becoming bro^vn
when fully developed. Though very much smaller than a pinhead this
species is much larger than any of the connnon destructive mites in this
State. The eggs are very minute, so small as to be scarcely visible to
the naked eye; globular and red.
Life History.— The eggs deposited in the fall hatch with the first
warm spring weather and the mites at once begin to work. Their de-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. '
velopnient is very rapid and reproduction exceedingly great, so by sum-
mer there are often sufficient numbers to do great damage. Breeding
and worlc continue until fall, when the eggs are laid and operations sus-
pended until these hatch in the spring.
Distribution. — Abundant in all parts of the State.
Food Plants. — This mite is an omnivorous feeder and may be found
upon a great variety of plants. Peas, clover and alfalfa are severely
ViG. 9. — The clover or almond mite, Bryuhia pratensis
Gar. (After Riley and Marlatt.)
attacked, while they also feed upon grass, grains and buckwheat.
Peach, apple, plum, apricot, prune, cherry, almond and quince trees
are also among the food plants.
Control.— For this pest Mr. W. H. Volck especially recommends the
following formula : water, 100 gallons ; flour paste, 4 gallons ; lime-sul-
phur solution, 5 quarts ; iron sulphate, 2 pounds. The flour paste and
lime sulphur are thoroughly mixed in the spray tank after which the
iron sulphate is added and all thoroughly agitated.
Natural Enemies — The larvae of the minute black ladybird beetles
[Stethorus vagans Blackb. and Stethorus picipes Casey) and the
green lacewing {Chrysopa calif ornica Coq.) prey upon the clover mite
hut they do not appear to be important factors in keeping it down.
8
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE COMMON RED OR SIX-SPOTTED SPIDER OR MITE.
*Tctn/in/cJni.s hiiiKtciihii iix Ilarv.
( 'I'cf )•(!)) i/cli lis scj'iiKicuUitiis Kilcy.)
(Pig. 10.)
General Appearance. — This species dike the other mites) is exceed-
ingly small and individuals are seldom noticed exceptiny' when they
collect in ^reat numbers. The color is red with a yellowish tinge and
usually with two darker spots on each side of the body. The young
greath^ resemble the adults but have six rather than eight legs.
Life History. — The mites usually begin to appear after the first
warm weather in the spring, the winter having been spent in the ground.
They spin threads so as to conceal themselves, their eggs and young,
on the undersides of the leaves and feed directly upon the tissues of the
plant by sucking which gradually stunts and kills the latter. The
common red mite is a serious greenhouse
pest, where, under favorable conditions,
it is able to woi'k throughout the entire
year.
Distribution. — Though of foreign
origin this mite has become thoroughly
distributed over the entire State and is
met alike in field and greenhouse.
Food Plants. — This mite is an omniv-
orous feeder, apparently without any
favorite food. The plants which it is
known to attack are sugar beets, beans,
sage, tomato, eggplant, pepper, cucum-
ber, squash, cowpea, hops, berries, violet.
rose, clematis, mignonette, pink, fuchsia,
pelargonium, godetia, passiflora, fever-
few, thunbergia, verbena, heliotrope,
moon-fiower, calla. smilax and easier
lil^'. Via. 10. The common i-ed .spider
' ^ ( Tet7-(tvijrhus bimaculatus Harv. ).
Control. — Sull)hur and dehydrated «. tidult; t, tarsus; c, beak and pal-
liiiiQ i^iivrwl ;,, ^ ^1 A- " J P"^> ''• tip f*f palpus. (L^. S. Dept.
lime mixed m equal proportions and Agrci.)
thoroughly sprinkled over the plants are
recommended. Sprays such as emulsions, resin wash and soap solu-
tions are efficient remedies, but these are usually too destructive to the
tender leaves of the food plants to be practicalile. The flour paste
spray is especially recommendt'tl iu such cases.
Natural Enemies.— The minute black ladybirtl beetles {Stet horns
vagans and Stethorus picipes) and the larva^ of the syrphid flies
])rey upon this mite.
*We are informed by Dr. H. E. Ewing tliat the correct name of this species is
Tetranychus telarius lAnn.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 9
THE CITRUS RED SPIDER.
Tctran.i/chus inytllaspidis Riley.
(Fig. 11.)
General Appearance. — The adult insects are cardinal red and
scarcelj^ larger than a pin point. They often occnr so abundantly as to
give the fruit and foliage a red color. The eggs are globular and red,
as are also the younger stages.
Life History. — The eggs are suspended upon minute stalks with
guy webs as supports. They hatch in from nine to twelve days, being
laid from ]\Iay on throughout the warm summer months. The first
born are six-legged l)ut after the first molt acquire another pair, making
the usual number. In two weeks they are full grown and begin egg
Fig. 11. — The citru.s red spider, Tetrnni/chus nii/tilaspidis Riley. Much enlarged.
(After Volck. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
laying. They live from thirty to thirty-five days, thus making the life
cycle cover a period of about six weeks. By far the greater numbers
occur during the warm summer months when most of the damage is
done, but great damage often occurs until late in winter. On deciduous
fruit trees the eggs are deposited at the bases of the last year's shoots
and do not hatch until the following spring.
Distribution. — Occurs throughout most of the State, but is particu-
larly destructive in the southern citrus-growing sections.
Food Plants. — Primarily a citrus pest, working uniformly upon the
foliage and fruit. Other food plants are as follows : apple, prune,
peach.
Control. — The first methods of control consisted in the application
of dry flowers of sulphur thrown upon the tree by hand. Later power
blowers were employed and these are still used, but to the sulphur is
10 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
added an equal amount of dehydrated lime. The applications are
preferably made early in the morning when the foliage is damp and
the dust readily adheres to it ; however in large groves it is often impossi-
ble to delay for such favorable conditions. In cold weather the dry
sprays do little or no good, due to the slow liberation of the fumes.
During the past few years liquid sprays of the commercial lime-
sulphur have met Avith great favor and promise to completely do aw^ay
with the dust sprays. The commercial product is reduced to from 2 to
2^ per cent and applied as a fine mist under a pressure of from 150 to
200 pounds. Care must be taken not to use the spray stronger than is
absolutely necessary, for in some cases severe burnings occur to young
lemons.
Applications of both the dry and liquid sprays should be made as
soon as the spiders appear in any considerable number.
Natural Enemies. — Natural enemies pla^^ an important part in the
control of the citrus red spider and are often responsible for keeping
its numbers so small as to do little damage. Conventzia hageni Banks,
the green lacewing (Chrysopa calif ornica Coq.) and the brown lace-
Mdngs (Symplierohius angnsfus Bks. and Hemerohiiis pacifimis Bks.)
are important enemies belonging to the order Neuroptera. The
jninute black ladybird beetles {Stethorus vagans and S. picipes), a
staphylinid beetle (Oligota oviformis Casey), the thrips {Scolothrips
sexmaculatus Perg.), the larvee of a fly (Arthroconodax occidentalis
Felt) and the carnivorous bug {Thriphleps insidiosus Say) prey upon
the red spiders.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 11
INSECTA OR HEXAPODA (Class).
INSECTS.
^'ORDERS.
The following study is based upon the order as a unit of classification.
This is done to avoid confusion and to aid in the more systematic study
of these important animals.
The following is a list of orders and suborders, beginning with the
lowest :
1. Thysanura. — Silver-fish or silver moth, spring tails, bristle tails.
2. Collembola. — Achorutes, Sniinthurus.
3. Orthoptera. — Earwigs, cockroaches, praying mantids, -walking
sticks, grasshoppers, katydids, crickets.
4. Platyptera. —
1. Suborder Corrodentia — AVhite ants or termites, psocids or
bark lice and embiids.
2. Suborder Mallophaga — Biting bird lice.
5. Plecoptera.— Stone flies.
6. Ephemerida. — May flies.
7. Odonata. — Dragon flies.
8. Thysanoptera. — Thrips.
9. Hemiptera. — Bugs.
1. Suborder Homoptera — Cicadas, plant lice, scale insects, white
flies.
2. Suborder Heteroptera — True bugs.
3. Suborder Parasita — Head and body lice.
10. Neuroptera. — Lacewings, including brown and green lace-
wings so well known as beneficial insects.
11. Mecoptera. — Scorpion flies (Bittacus sp.).
12. Trichoptera. — Caddis flies.
13. Lepidoptera. — Moths and butterflies.
14. Coleoptera. — Beetles and weevils.
15. Diptera. — Two-winged flies.
16. Siphonaptera. — Fleas.
17. Hymenoptera. — Horntails, sawflies, wasps, bees, and many
small and large parasites.
"This classification is based upon that of Dr. J. W. Folsom.
12 ' THE MONTHLY BULLETIN'.
Because of their ^on-^sef^ln(^s.s in snob a work as this, the following
orders will not he considered :
TInjsaiiufa
Collemhola
Plecoptcra
Epliemerida
Odonata
Mecopfera
Trichoptera
Siphonaptera
ORTHOPTERA (Order).
STRAIGHT-WINGED INSECTS.
EARWIGS, COCKROACHES, PRAYING MANTIDS. WALKING STICKS, GRASS-
HOPPERS, KATYDIDS AND CRICKETS.
All of the members of this order, with the exception of the praying
mantids {Mantid(e) and certain exceptions among the earwigs (ForficH-
lid(c), are destructive to vegetation and most of them are serious pests
to cultivated crops. Though most of them possess four wings, a few
genera and species have none at all. The fore wings are called tegmina
and differ from those of most insects in that they are leathery being
a means of protection for the delicate thin hind wings which are used
for flying. All the members have strong and well developed month-
parts for biting and chewing. The metamorphosis or change from the
young to the adult is gradual and scarcely noticeable. The first born
always resemble the adult, with the exception that they have no \vings
and undeveloped sexual organs.
To follow out the systematic arrangement of this order, the families
are usually arranged as follows :
L ^Forficulidce;
2. Blaftidm;
8. M ant idee;
4. Fliasin>d(r :
5. Acridildce;
6. Locustidxc;
7. Gryllidce.
While practically all of these are of great interest and often of
economic value, only the last three are deemed of sufficient importance
to be included in a work of this character. These will be considered
in the order as given above.
*The ForficitUdw are placed in a .^I'parate order Euplexoptcra by many entomologists.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
13
ACRIDIIDyE (Family).
SHORT-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS OR TRUE LOCUSTS.
The insects of this family include the most destructive members of
the entire order and are common practically everywhere. They are
separated from the other families by their short antenna^ which are
never as long as the body; by the three-jointed tarsi; and by the short
plated ovipositor. The hind legs are large and long to enable them to
travel rapidly by jumping. With the exception of a few species all have
well-developed wings and are al)le to make long and continuous migra-
tory tiights.
¥
^.\
Fig. 12. — The Rocky Mountain Locust (Melanophis sprc-
tiis) laying eggs. (After Riley.)
The members of this family are very prolific and increase in such
numbers as to cause great ruin to vegetation. Many species migrate
long distances, leaving a trail of devastation in their wake. The eggs
are usually laid at the bottom of a hole drilled into the soil by the
abdomen of the female (Fig. 12). As the winter is passed in this stage,
the eggs are thoroughly protected from cold and moisture by a fluid
cement secreted by the female for this purpose. In the spring the
young hoppers emerge from the holes and begin to feed upon the first
green vegetation and develop very rapidly. In the early fall they
begin to mate, the females depositing their eggs before winter.
Control. — The control of grasshoppers is often a perplexing problem,
due to their great numbers and migratory habits. Their appearance is
often so sudden as to take the farmer wholly unawares and the damage
done before he can defend his crops. Extensive experiments on control
work have been conducted by trained men all over the world, the results
of which have made the hopper invasions less dreaded. The reclamation
of arid lands and the extension of agriculture to the foothills and deserts
14 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
have eliminated many of the old and favorite breeding places, and
greatly reduced the size and numbers of migrations. In this State
the most destructive species are controlled as follows :
Poisoned Bran. — In California the poisoned bran bait has proven
exceedingly effective. This is recommended by J. S. Hunter (Bull.
170 Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta.), as follows:
Bran 40 pounds.
Molasses (cheapest) 2 gallons.
Arsenic 5 pounds.
The bran should be wet so that water can be just squeezed out of
a lump held in the hand. After this, stir in the molasses and then the
arsenic. Let stand over night and stir well before placing in the field,
so as to allow the poison to penetrate every particle. The poison should
be scattered in small piles, about the size of an egg, in front of the path
of the hoppers throughout the infested area. In orchards bait should
be placed at the trunk of each tree. This bait should be either occa-
sionally moistened or renewed.
Griddle Mixture. — This is one of the poisons used in the East and
Middle West with such eft'ectiveness and is prepared as follows :
Paris green 1 pound.
Common salt 2 pounds.
Fresh horse dung 60 pounds.
The paris green is first mixed with Avater to form a paste and then
thoroughly stirred into the horse dung with the salt. The mixture is
then scattered in some such manner as is the poisoned bran.
Protecting Orchard Trees. — The general practice has long been to
whitewasli the trunks of trees to prevent the grasshoppers from crawl-
ing up into the trees. If occasionally renewed this wash does great
good in this way and is worthy of recommendation.
A broad tanglefoot band near the base of the trunks will catch manv
of the hoppers but if not applied very thickly the larger and stronger
ones will pull out.
Poison baits placed at the bases of the trees will keep mo.st of the
hoppers from attempting to ascend to the foliage.
Cultivation. — As previously stated the grasshoppers lay their eggs
in the fall in small holes in the soil an inch or two deep. The eggs hatch
in the spring and the young easily escape. Late fall or winter plowing
from four to six inches deep will so cover the egg sacs as to make the
escape of the newly hatched hoppers impossible. The greatest menaces
are the places held by speculators, M^ho are indifferent to the ravages of
these pests. Such localities afford excellent breeding places and in
every community where the hoppers are bad, steps should be taken to see
that such places are plowed at least during the winter months.
A thorough harrowing or disking after a rain serves to fill up the
burrows and to crush many of the egg masses.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
15
Burning. — Another means of reducing the pests is to burn the grass
or stubble of the breeding places or infested field when hoppers are the
most plentiful or when the females are collecting on the
breeding grounds to begin egg laying. The best time for firing is during
the night when the hoppers are less active and are unable to escape the
approaching flames by flight. Of course only waste stubble, or pasture
lands, can be so treated, but these are usually the breeding places.
Great care should always be exercised to see that sufficient help is ready
to keep such a fire under complete control.
Hopper-dozer. — The use of the hopper-dozer has become an impor-
tant factor in the control of grasshoppers, especially in grain and hay
fields, in pastures and even in cultivated crops. The hopper-dozer is
constructed as shown in Fig. 13. The back and sides are made of thin
sheet iron or cloth and the pan at the bottom constructed to hold about
two inches of kerosene. These dozers may be made any length but a
two-horse size is the most practicable. They are simply drawn across
the fields and capture the hoppers as the latter endeavor to escape their
Fig. 13. — Plan of a very good hopper-dozer. (After Urbahns. 1
approach. Though the hoppers may escape from the kerosene bath
they are doomed.
The best time of operation is on warm days if possible, early in the
season before the hoppers have acquired wings.
A brief description of some of the most common and destructive Cali-
fornia species follows.
THE YELLOW-WINGED OR PELLUCID GRASSHOPPER.
Camuiila pcllucida Scudd.
(Fig. 14.)
General Appearance. — The adults are slightly over one inch in
length and are quite variable in color, varying from light yellow to dark
ashy brown, with well defined black markings and two amber lines down
the angles of the tegmina, noticeable when resting. These lines merge
about one third the distance from the base. The head and thorax
are darker than the abdomen. The basal halves of the antenna? are
light while the apical halves are dark. The first two pairs of legs and
hind femora are concolorous with the body — the hind femora with darker
markings, while the hind tibiae are light yellow. The young are very
dark in color, often almost black.
If)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History, — This is one of the most famous migratory species,
often Hying in great swarms, and was formerly a serious pest in the
states west of the Mississippi River and often those just east. The
eggs are laid in small sacs in sandy or gravelly soils. They are
deposited during August and hatch in May and June. The growth of
the young hoppers is very rapid so that within a month they have
acquired wings and are ready to migrate. The breeding places are often
located in the higher altitudes, and the adults migrate to the lowlands,
many remaining along the path to deposit their eggs for tlie following-
year. In the fall the species returns to old or selects new breeding
grounds to deposit the over-wintering eggs.
Distribution. — Throughout the State, especially prevalent in the
Sierra foothills from whence they migrate into the Sacramento and
San Joaquin valleys. Considerable numbers were collected around Lake
Tahoe during the months of July and August of last year.
Fig. 14. — The yelow-winged or pellucid gnisshopper,
Camnula pellucida Scudd. (Original.)
Food Plants. — This species is especially destructive to the grasses,
including oats, wheat, barley, etc. Alfalfa is seldom injured, not being a
favorite food. At present no serious outbreak of this pest has been
definitely recorded in California, though in the earlier days it must
have done considerable damage to the wheat crops in the interior valleys.
THE VALLEY GRASSHOPPER.
(h'dti'Icoiittt IIS iiiif/iiKf Scudd.
(Fig. 15.)
General Appearance. — One of the smaller species, the adults being
about one fourth of an inch long. The general color is rich amber
with reddish hue around the eyes. The dorsum and carimp of the thorax
are dark. The tegmina are mottled with l)lack and dusky spots. The
antennae and first two pairs of legs are concolorous with the body, while
the femora of the hind legs are richly marked with black and the tibia?
are pale blue. The young are nearly of the same general color, with
the dark markings less pronounced.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
17
Life History.— The holes in which the eggs are laid are usually
drilled in hard or compact soil. The eggs are laid regularly and horizon-
tally and cemented together, as well as being surrounded with a liquid
cement which renders the mass waterproof. The young hatch the fol-
lowing spring, as soon as it becomes warm and they begin to reach
maturity early in June. Pairing begins soon after and eggs are
deposited from August to October. There are two forms of the adults,
Fig. 15. — The valley srasshopper, Q^daleonotus enigma
ScucM. (Original.)
characterized by long and short wings. The species is very prolific
and does much damage. It is only occasionally migratory.
Distribution.— Throughout the lower San Joaquin Valley especially
in the Turloek region.
Food Plants.— All forms of vegetation, including the foliage of
orchards and vineyards, uncultivated field crops, such as alfalfa, clover,
grain, etc., and cultivated crops, such as vegetables, corn, potatoes, etc.,
are attacked.
THE DIFFERENTIAL GRASSHOPPER.
Melanoplus differ entialis Thomas.
(Fig. 16.)
General Appearance.— This is one of the larger hoppers, averaging
one and five eighths inche.s from front to the tip of the tegmina or wing
covers. A very beautifully colored insect when fully matured. The
head, thorax, abdomen and first two pairs of legs are amber or rich
brown, the sutures being dark. The wing covers are brownish gray— the
true wings being transparent. The hind femora are yellow with black
cross lines, while the tibial and tarsi are bright red, the former with
black spots near the outer base. The spines and claws are black. The
antennffi are reddish with dusky tips. The nymphs are green.
Life History.— Egg-laying begins about the middle of the summer.
The holes for the eggs are drilled into the soil in bare and vacant
places, especially in alfalfa fields. From sixty to eighty eggs are laid
by each female. They are protected from winter rains and freezes by
an excretion of the female which makes the capsule containing them
waterproof. They begin to hatch in the warmer spring months, appear-
2— H
18
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ing early in June Miid keep up their destructive work until Aujiust.
The young green hoppers, as they mature, acquire wings and asraine a
yellowish tint, thus causing the l^elief that there are two distiiict sj^ecies.
The largest brood appears early in the sunnnci-, and the greatest amount
of damage is done h^• the first of August.
Fig. 16. — The differential grasshopper, Melanonlus diffevevtktUs
Thomas. ( Original. )
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the San Joaquin Valley,
though the species has a somewhat wider range throughout the State.
Outbreaks have been recorded at Newman and Los Banos in past
years. This year it was especially abundant in ^ladera County.
Food Plants. — Practically all kinds of green vegetation, including
most of the forage and truck crops. Especially destructive to alfalfa.
Orchard trees and vineyards are also attacked, some trees and vines
being completely defoliated and many killed.
THE CONSPICUOUS DEVASTATING GRASSHOPPER.
M cldiKi/ihis dci'd.sfiiidr cuiisiiicims Scudd.
(Fig. 17.)
General Appearance. — This is one of the smaller hoppers, averag-
ing about one inch in length. The general color is amber or brownish
with dark markings on the sides of the prothorax, on the tegmina and
hind femora on which there are three distinct spots and a dark tip.
The hind tibige are distinctly blue at their bases, gradually becoming
amber tow'ards the tips. The hind or true wings are transparent. The
antenna" are light amber. The young are lighter in color and usually
without markings.
Life History. — A partially migratory species which at times works
from the foothills to the cultivated lands below. The eggs are deposited
in the ground in the foothills, which are the special breeding grounds.
Late in June the hoppers often become very destructive and though
they feed mostly upon the ranges, fruit trees and small crops in those
resfions are often comnletelv destroved. In the late summer and fall
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
19
the adults collect in the breeding places and deposit their eggs for the
next year's l)roods.
Distribution.— In the foothill regions of the San Joaquin Valley,
especially below Mariposa.
Food Plants.— The food plants of this pest are about the same as
for most grasshoppers and include grasses, foliage of deciduous trees,
cultivated and wild, nearly all cultivated crops and succulent vege-
tation. Grain and hay crops usually suffer mo>:t from their attacks.
Fig. 17. The devastating gras.shopper, Melanopliis
devastator conspicnvs Scudd. (Original.)
Control Measures. — Control is necessary only when this species
develops the migratory habit. Its attacks are -so sudden as to make
control measures very necessary and prompt. In the fields the hopper-
dozers may be used. Burning over the breeding grounds is recom-
mended, as the most effective remedy, but great care must be exercised
to avoid range and timber fires. Such treatment affects only the next
vear's broods. Poisoning may be used effectually in cultivated areas.
THE PALE-WINGED GRASSHOPPER.
MclanopUiH iniif(jnnis Scudd.
(Fig. 18.)
General Appearance. — This species is characterized by the light
uniformly colored bodies, which vary from dark straw to amber. The
wing covers are grayish. The tips of the hind femora have two long,
lateral, dark spots, and there are indications of the three dark blotches
usually present. The tibia^ of the hind legs are very pale blue. The
length of the adult is slightly over one and one fourth inches. The
young are slightl}^ lighter in color.
20
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — This is a truly migratory species, being very restless
and hardly remaining long enongh in one place to become harmful.
The first migration occurs in the Turloek and Newman districts* during
the early part of June. The swarms continue to move about through
September. The young reach maturity slowly and pairing begins in
August. The eggs are deposited in October and November and hatch
as soon as the ground becomes warm the following spring.
Fig. 18. — The pale-winged grasshopper, Melanopliis uniformis
Scudd. (Original.)
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the central San Joaquin Val-
ley, in the region southeast of Turloek, but the range compris&s much
of the central part of the State.
Food Plants. — Practically the same as for Melanoplus cliff ere ntialis,
though not so destructive to tfee crops.
LOCUSTID^ (Family).
THE LONG-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS.
KATYDIDS.
The members of this family are characterized by having long
filiform antennffi, four jointed tarsi and a six-pieced, fiat, sickle-
shaped ovipositor. The usual color is pale or bright green though
many members are quite dark. All are great singers. The wings Avhen
present are large but thin and delicate. Practically all of the species
are vegetable feeders and while more or less destructive are not so
much so as the short-horned grasshoppers {AcrklUdcc) .
The control of the members of this family is practically the same as
for the short-horned grasshoppers.
*Bull. No. 170, p. 5, Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta. 1905.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
21
THE CALIFORNIA ANGULAR-WINGED KATYDID.
Microcentriim laurifoli/um Linn.
(Fig. 19.)
General Appearance. — Large green long-horned grasshopper or
katydid, from one and a half to two and a half inches long. Easily
distinguished from the ordinary grasshoppers by the long, thin an-
FiG. 19. — The California angular-winged katydid, Microcentriim laurifoliuvi Linn.
(Original.)
tenna^ and slender hind legs. The eggs are oval and flat, white in
color, laid so as to overlap like shingles. They may be laid in a single
row around the edge of the leaves or on the young stems (Fig. 21) or in
Fig. 20. — Orange showing work of katydid.
double rows on the latter. The young katydids are bright green and
appear to be all legs and antenna. The adult females have a character-
istic sickle-shaped ovipositor.
22
TKE xMONTIlLV BULLETIN.
Life History. — Tho eggs are deposited in the fall and constitute the
winter stage. In the spring the young katydids escape from the
exposed ends and immediately begin work upon the foliage, continuing
their destructiveness throughout the spring, summer and fall. The
broods <\ro uneven so ^dl stayes mav Ik^ found throngliout the summer.
Fig. 21. — Katydid <:ggs, showing exit lioles
of tlie egg-parasite, Eupehivus inirahilis.
■ (Original.)
Distribution.— Throughout the entire State, but especially common
in the.citrus-growing'sections. More damage is done in the Sacramento
Valley than anywhere else.
Food Plants. — Particularl.y destructiv(^ to orange trees. Usually
the foliage is the only part affected, but occasionally they gnaw into
the young fruit, producing deep and ugly scars, which render it
unfit for market. (Fig. 20.)
Control and Natural Enemy. — The egg parasite (EupebuKs iiiirah-
ilis) is practically responsible for the control of this pest and may be
relied upon to keep it down to where great or excessive damages can
not resnlt. It is wise to collect the eggs during the winter and place
them into boxes covered with screen. As the small parasites gnaw their
way out of the egg through small holes at the top they may escape to
continue their good work, while any young katydids that may hatch
out cannot escape because of their long legs and antenniv. It is very
difficult to secure colonies of the eggs without finding many showing
the holes made by the parasites.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
23
THE LONG-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER.
*Cliiiot)h'iir<i incJanopIeiira Scudd.
{Steiroxys melcuiopleiira Scudd.)
(Fig. 22.)
General Appearance. — This insect is one. of the nearly wingless
long-horn grasshoppers, the wings being rednced to mere pads on the
l)aek. The general color is light yellowish-brown with dark brown
variations. The abdomens are slightly darkened on the sides; the onter
surfaces of the hind femora are also dark. The lower portions of the
pronotum are bright yellow; the legs are very long, the hind femora
being over three times as long as the pronotum. The females are easily
recognized by their straight ovipositor, which is abruptly pointed at
the apex and is not as long as the posterior femora. The full-grown
forms are from one and a quarter to one and one half inches long, the
ovipositor making the female much longer.
Pig. 22. — The long-legged grasshopper, Clinopletira inelano pleura Scudd..
(After Hunter. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
Female.
Life History. — The life history of this species is not well known, but
is probably as follows : The females deposit their eggs in the late fall
upon various kinds of vegetation. The young, light-colored forms hatch
in the spring and begin feeding in the grassy fields and woodlands
immediately upon emergence and continue to become numerous until
summer when mating and egg-laying begin, continuing until autumn.
Distribution. — This species is more often met with in the San
Joaquin Valley and southern parts of the State, having been collected
in Fresno. Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Tulare counties.
*Clinopleura melanopleura var. infuscata Caudell is smaller and darker than
the above species and somewhat resembles C. flavomarginata Scudd., but smaller
and with the lateral lobes, of the pronotum more distinctly margined and yellow
posteriorly. . - • - ^
Clinopleura flavomariyinata Scudd., a dark brick-red and yellowish form closely
resembling the long-legged grasshopper and C. minuta Caudell, also a dark species
but much smaller than any of the others, also occur in the central and southern
parts of the State.
24
THE MONTHIjY bulletin.
Food Plants. — These hoppers, though not as destructive and numer-
ous as the common grasshoppers, have done considerable to aid in the
destructive work of the latter. They feed on various sorts of vegeta-
tion, especially forage crops, including grasses, alfalfa, clover, etc.
Control. — The control of this pest is practically the same as that
outlined for grasshoppers {Acridiidce).
THE SAND OR JERUSALEM CRICKET.
Stcnopclmfitiis irregularis Scudd.
(Fig. 23.)
General Appearance. — The adults never have wings and are of a
light brown or amber color, with the abdomen dark excepting an
extreme posterior baud around each segment, which is amber and gives
'^^^
J|B|^^^^B\ «^
^
7%
,-/
\
//
I '
?
KSiG '
Fig. 23. — The sand or .Jerusalem ciicket (^Steno-
pelmatus irregularis Scudd. Slightly enlarged.
(Original.)
a decided striped appearance. (Fig. 23.) The antennas are long and
filiform; legs large and strong. There are two noticeable horn-like
processes on each side of the posterior end, which stand perfectly up-
right. They are light in color and slightly hairy. The ends of all
spines are black. The length of the adults varies considerably, but the
largest are one and three quarters inches long. This species is
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
25
separated from others by having five inner spines above on the hind
tibiffi, the third and fourth of which have the greatest interspace
between them.
Life History.— The life history of this species is not well known,
as practically its entire existence is spent underground. All stages,
from young to adult, appear the same, except in size. They feed upon
the roots of plants.
Distribution. — This species is more particularly confined to the
central and southern parts of the State, though they probably also occur
in the northern part, especially in the Sacramento Valley.
Food. — The feeding habits of these peculiar insects are not well
known. Some are carnivorous, while others are believed to feed upon
decaying vegetable or animal matter. However, we do know that they
are often responsible for considerable damage to potatoes before they
are dug. The tubers are gnawed so as to be unfit for keeping or selling.
Occasionally a large proportion of the crop may thus be injured, but
this is more likely to happen only in small places.
Control. — The most injury is done in fields placed under cultivation
for the first time or lands left for some time to sod or pasture. Well
cultivated fields seldom if ever suffer from the attacks of this pest.
Clean cultivation around the fences so as to break up the breeding
places will practically eliminate all possibilities of injury.
GRYLLID^ (Family).
CRICKETS.
The members of this family, like the LocustidcB, have long filiform
antennsB, but the tarsi are three-jointed and the ovipositor is spear-
shaped. Many of the species are wingless. When the wings are
present they are deflexed on the outer edge and fold closely to the sides
and back. This is also a musical family. All species are injurious to
vegetation.
The common field crickets are most abundant and familiar. They
seldom do enough damage to deserve special treatment here. The tree
crickets are almost arboreal in habits and do considerable damage to
economic plants by making incisions in the smaller branches and stems
into which the eggs are deposited.
THE SNOWY TREE-CRICKET.
OEcanthus niveus DeGeer.
(Fig. 24.)
General Appearance. — The adult insects are slightly more than
half an inch long and light yellow or greenish in color. The antennge
are very long and hair-like. There is one black dot on the face beneath
each antenna. The females appear narrow, because the wings are
26
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
folded along- the sides and over the backs, while in the males they are
spread out flatly on the back. The black-tipped ovipositor also helps
to distinguish the female. The eggs are about one eighth of an inch
long, slender, slightly curved and white. They are inserted in the
stems of the host.
Life History. — The eggs are placed singly in tlic canes or twigs in
tlie autumn and remain dormant during the winter. The first warm
spring days cause them to hatch and the young, wingless, green
crickets begin feeding upon i)lant lice or other soft-bodied insects.
Throughout its entire life, from the time it leaves
the egg until egg-laying commences in the fall the
insect is working for the benefit of the farmer,
l^y autumn all forms are mature and egg-laying
l)egins, the adults disappearing soon afterwards.
Cistributicn. — Throughout the entire State.
Food and Host Plants. — The damage done by
the snowy tree-cricket is due almost entirely to its
method of puncturing the small stems and canes in
( 'U-laying. It often happens that so many eggs
are placed in the canes as
to cause considerable loss.
Raspberries and blackber-
ries receive the most in-
jury, though young decid-
uous fruit nursery stock is
also often severely injured.
The feeding habits of
this species places it among
the beneficial insects and
partially offset the damage
done in depositing the
eggs. The young and old
alike feed upon soft-bodied
insects, principally plant
lice, and due to their ravenous appetites they are able to consume great
numbers of other injurious pests.
Control. — The method of eliminating subseciuent broods and attacks
consists in cutting out all canes showing the characteristic signs of
having been punctured for egg-laying (Fig. 24a). It has been said by
inany reliable authorities that the good done by the snowy tree-cricket
in destroying injurious plant lice and other soft-bodied insects more
than recompenses the farmer for the harm done and that only in rare
cases should the eggs be destroyed, even after the injured canes or
branches have been removed.
Fjg. -4. — Left, esiis uf (lU-diitluix sp. «. t\vif> show-
ing punctures ; h. twig split open to show eggs :
c, egg; (1. cap of egg. Enlarged. (After Kiley. )
ITpper right, female of (JJcinitlnix iiircus DeGeer.
l.,ower right, male of (Kctnitliiis f<i.<ici(/fiis Fitch,
which greatl.v resembles male of snow.r tree-
cricket. (After Lugger.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
27
PLATYPTERA (Order).
The members of this order have direct or incomplete metamorphosis,
the larva.' and nymphs not varying greatly in structure from the adults.
The wings, when present are two pairs, membraneous, delicate, equal
or front wings slightly larger. There are two suborders, Corrodentia
and Mallnphaga. Only the family Termitidcf of the Corrodentia will
l)e ( onsidered here.
TERMITID^ (Family
TERMITES OR WHITE ANTS.
(Fii
25.)
These insects, though commonly called white arits, are not ants at all,
being more closely related to the lower groups of insects rather than
to tlie true ants. Some entomologists have placed them in a single
order — Isoptera.
Fig. 2 5. — Termes lucifugus Rossi. A, adult worker; B, .soldier; C, perfect
winged insect ; D, same insect after shedding the wings ; E, young queen ;
F, old queen. (After Grassi and Sandias. )
The eyes of the termites are faceted or made up of many apparently
individual eyes; antenna^' 9-31 jointed; prothorax large and well devel-
oped ; abdomen elongated with ten segments ; wings long, slender, mem-
braneous, equal and delicate. The habits are social, there being
abortive female workers, soldiers, males and sexual females or queens.
28
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE COMMON TERMITE.
Termes Iticifugus Rossi.
(Figs. 25, 26.)
General Appearance. — The workers of this species are rather small,
being shown as natural size in Fig. 26. They are transparently white
in color, the contents of the alimentary canal giving a yellowish or
brownish cast. The head is darker yellow
and mandibles brown. The soldier ants have
large brown heads, comprising at least one
third of their entire bodies. The queen ant
is much larger than the other forms, while
the males are small. It is claimed that there
are no less than fifteen kinds of individuals in
this species.
Life History. — These termites usually live
in dead or decaying wood but often work into
the living and growing tissues. They make
very extensive galleries through all parts and
thus often destroying buildings, fences, etc.,
as well as fruit trees. The queen gives rise
to all the young, which appear in great num-
bers, especially during the summer months.
In the fall or autumn winged or migratory
forms appear and often fly by thousands on
dark days and towards evening. In habits
and life history they greatly resemble true
ants and bees.
Distribution, — This species may be found
in almost every section of the State.
Food Plants.— As previously stated, these termites usually work
upon dead or decaying wood, Init then usually only in the presence of
moisture. In the southern parts of the State these insects have often
become destructive to fruit trees, working upon the roots underground
and making galleries up the trunk. No doubt they usually begin to
work in the decaying tissues but often continue into the healthy por-
tions of the tree. Nectarines, peaches and apricots seem to suffer most,
while citrus and other trees and plants are also attacked.
Control. — Due to their secluded work the damage is usually done
before their presence is known and too late to effect a remedy. How-
ever, if close observations are made in infested districts and their work
discovered the colony may be almost entirely exterminated by the use
of a liberal dose of carbon bisulfid applied in cotton or a sponge
directly within their burrows or under the base of the tree.
I
J
M
">
t^-
B
■ ',
l^'> "'
1
1
P
r
' -.
V^^
Ik
i
i
r
^
r
Fig. 26. — Termes lucifugus
Ro.ssi, working on roots of
nectarine tree. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
29
THYSANOPTERA (Order).
THRIPS.
The numerous species of the minute f ringed-winged jnsects, known
as thrips, are placed in a single order as given above. These insects,
though exceedingly small, may be readily observed by simply shaking
almost any flower, especially the sunflowers and their allies, into the
hand and observing the small yellowish or brownish slender individuals
crawling out in the palm of the hand. They hop and fly very readily.
The eggs are laid upon the outside, or within the tissues of the plant.
In the latter case the female inserts the egg with her sharp ovipositor.
The insects have direct or incomplete transformations, the larva greatly
resembling the adults. The pupa of some species have a quiescent stage,
thus differing from most insects having incomplete metamorphosis, in
which this stage is very active, differing from the adults only by the
small wing pads. Those species having a quiescent pupal stage are
characterized by the larvae going into the ground for pupation and
remaining there during the winter, the adult insects emerging in the
early spring. The mouth-parts are modified so that the insects chafe
rather than bite, and due to their constant work and tremendous num-
bers are able to accomplish very disastrous results. They work prin-
cipally upon the young buds and flowers, though they often do consid-
erable damage to fruits and foliage.
In this State thrips are among the mo.st serious pests, especially in
the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, where thousands of dollars
are spent each year in protecting the orchards.
The control measures vary somewhat and are given under each indi-
vidual species. Several species have been known to be attacked by
internal hymenopterous parasites, but the exact amount of this para-
sitism for the various species is not well known.
THE BEAN THRIPS.
Heliothrips fasciattis Pergande.
(Fig. 27.)
General Appearance. — The adult insect is black with head and
thorax dark brown ; antennaB are whitish with tips dark ; legs are black
and yellow ; front wings are blackish with white base ; posterior wings
uniformly yellow with dark fringes. The young stages are lighter in
appearance than the adult.
Life History. — According to Mr. H. M. Russell the insects hiber-
nate in the adult stage only, under leaves, rubbish, etc. They begin
to emerge about January and immediately begin egg-laying. The eggs
are inserted in the leaves or tender stems. The young begin feeding
soon after hatching. When ready to pupate the larvae seek shelter
under rubbish or in the ground, where the nymphal stage is completed
and the adults emerge. There is an overlapping of broods so that
30
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
during the summer months all stages may be found. A complete life
cycle from egg to adult occupies about two mouths. The adults begin
to hibernate during the months of October, November and Decemlier.
Distribution. — The bean thrips are distril)uted throughout the
entire State. It was first collected by Geo. W. Harney, present horti-
cultural commissioner of Yuba County, in 1894.
Pig. 27. — The bean tlirips, Heliothrips fasciotus Perg. Greatly enlargvil.
( After Russell. )
Food Plants. — Due to its large numbers this insect has proved
n serioiLs pest to oranges, alfalfa, pear trees and various garden crops,
the work being the same as that of other members of the family. !ii
addition to these, the following plants are also attacked by this i)e^t:
beans', burr-clover, beets, radishes, pea, lettuce, wild lettuce, sow-thistk'.
w^ld heliotrope. Euryptera Incida, Gnaphalium caJifornicut». Mirabllls
califoDnca, Ex nanus brevipcs, Chcnopodiioii inurale, wild sunflower.
wild turnip, wild pea, nasturium. NicofiaHa glauca, Bidens pilosa, Ver-
bascum virgafuni, Polygo)n(i)i (iriculare, Ci'cpis sp. Tacsoiiia nioUis.siina,
tulip, jjcar, cotton.
Control. — Control measures for this pest are the same as recom-
mended for pear, citrus or grain thrips, depending u]>on th<' plants
which are infested.
A flour paste consisting of from six to eight })()unds of eheap flour
to one hundred gallons of water and applied thoroughly has given
excellent results in controlling this pest upon truck crops, such as beMiis,
peas, beets, etc., which have tender foliage.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
31
THE GREENHOUSE THRIPS.
HcUoflniii.s InniKJirhoiddlix Bouche.
(Fig. 28.)
General Appearance. — The adult insect is characterized by having
the antennje eight-segmented and twice as long as the head, while the
surface of the body is distinctly reticulated. The abdomen is yellowish
brown, with head and thorax dark brown and antenna?, legs and wings
colorless.
Fig. 2 8. — The greenhouse tlirips { Ileliothrius hirmorrhoidalis Bouche) ;
adult female and antenna. (After Russell.)
Life History. — The very minute, bean-shaped, colorless eggs are
inserted in the leaf tissues cf the food plants, usually on the underside.
They hatch in about ten days. Each female lays from ten to twenty
eggs. The first hatched larva? are colorless, with seven-segmented an-
tennae As they age they become darker in color and the antenna'
i)ecome eight-articulated. The larval and pupal stages occupy from
four to six weeks. All stages feed throughout their life cycles. There
are continuous and overlapping generations, estimated by H. M. Russell
to be twelve a year.
Distribution. — In greenhouses throughout the State. Also abund-
ant in the open, especially in the central and southern parts of the State.
32 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Food Plants. — Citrus, azalea, Aspidhmi, crotons, dahlias, phlox,
verbena, pink, ferns, vines, cherry, lanrel, laurestinus, palms, Ficus
sps. Fellcea hastata, Liliacece, fuchsia, mango, begonia, cattleya, grape,
Norfolk Island pine, smilax. On citrus the fruit as well as the foliage
is scarred.
Control. — Sprays recommended for pear thrips {Eiithrips pyri) are
also applicable for this pest, ])ut in spraying tender greenhouse plants
these should be weakened to two thirds normal strength. In spraying
for the greenhouse thrips on citrus trees, use the formulae recommended
for citrus thrips {Eutlirips citri).
Fumigating may be employed if the greenhouses can be made reason-
ably tight, using one third to one half of an ounce of potassium cyanide
to every one hundred cubic feet of space, proceeding as directed for
orchard fumigation work.
Natural Enemies. — Mites prey upon this species to a considerable
extent, but render little reliable aid.
THE GRAIN OR STRAWBERRY THRIPS.
Euthrips tritici Fitch.
(Fig. 29.)
General Appearance. — Very minute, being from 0.029 to 0.031 of an
inch in length. The color is yellow, with orange-tinted thorax.
Life History. — The eggs are very minute, globular in shape and
red in color. They are inserted within the tissues of the host and
hatch within a few days. The nymphs or young greatly resemble the
Fig. 29. — The grain or strawberry thrips,
Euthrips tritici Fitcli. (After Folsom.)
adults, and begin to feed at once. The principal damage is done to the
blossoms of the host. Strawberries especially suffer from their attacks.
According to Professor Quaintanee, the pistil is the portion of the
blossom destroyed. The winter is probably passed in the soil, as in
the case of the pear thrips {Euthrips pyri) .
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
33
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — Strawberry, orange, rose, lilac, alfalfa, grass, Cali-
fornia sage {Artemisia calif ornica) and manzanita.
Control. — This insect is seldom destructive enough to warrant
control, but sometimes this is necessary. The sprat's used for pear
thrips (excepting whitewash) are equally effective in controlling this
pest.
THE CITRUS THRIPS.
Euthrvps citri Moulton.
(Fig. 30.)
General Appearance. — The adult thrips are orange-yellow in color,
with the thorax and the second antennal segment orange-brown. They
are very minute ; so small as to be scarcely observed by the average
orchardist, being less than one thirtieth of an inch in length and one
one-hundredth of an inch in width. The presence of this insect is
Fig. 30. — Citrus tlarips (Enthrips citri Moult.). Pliotomicrograph of adult female.
(Plioto by Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.)
3— H
34
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
usually ascertained by the work, which consists m scarring the fruit in
such a way as to form nearly regular circles around the stem and blos-
som ends, although these scars may extend almost over the entire
surface. They also cause a characteristic crinkling and thickening of
the young citrus foliage, just as the buds are unfolding.
Life History. — The winter is spent in the adult form, which hiber-
nates in various protected places. The thrips become especially abun-
dant about the time the citrus trees are in bloom and begin their work as
soon as the petals fall and continue throughout the summer. The eggs
are laid from May to August, hatching in six or ten days. The larvae
greatly resemble the adults but are at first somewhat lighter in color.
In from six to eight days they change into the pupal stage, and in
another three to five days become adult insects. The entire life cycle,
from the laying of the egg to the beginning of the egg-laying of the
adults of the second generation, is about twenty days. There are from
eight to ten generations a year in the San Joaquin Valley, as estimated
by Jones and Horton.
Fig. .31 — Oranges showing the work of the citrus thrips. (LT. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
Distribution. — Up to the present lime the distribution of the citrus
thrips is limited to the citrus sections in the San Joaquin Valley, along
the western border of the Sierra foothills. This includes the Porter-
ville and Bakersfield citrus belts.
Food Plants. — Citrus, Funica (jranatum (pomegranate), Yitis vin-
ifera (European grape varieties), Schimis molle (California pepper
tree), "umbrella tree," Pyrus communis (pear), Pnonis armeniaca
(apricot), Prunus persica (peach). Primus domestica (European plum
varieties), Salix sp. (willow), Rumex sp. (dock), Porfulaca oleracea
(purslane), Olea europma (olive), Euhus idanis (European raspberry),
Rosa sp. (ro.se), Solmiimi sp. The work upon oranges sometimes results
in great losses. Fig. 31 shows characteristic chafing.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
35
Control.— So far the best results in controlling the citrus thrips have
come from spraying; experiments being conducted in California and
Arizona with very good results. Two sprays were used in the work,
lime-sulphur diluted at the rate of one part to eighty parts of water,
and tobacco extract (40 per cent nicotine) diluted one part to eighteen
hundred parts of water. The lime-sulphur causes slight burnings, but
otherwise is as effectual and much less expensive than the tobacco
extract. Four applications are recommended : the first just after most
of the petals have fallen; the second in ten to fifteen days after the
first; the third from three to four weeks after the second and the
fourth during the months of August or September, wheu the thrips
are numerous on the foliage. In spraying for this insect it is advisable
to use angle nozzles and from 175 to 200 pounds pressure, care being
taken that every portion of the tree is thoroughly drenched.
THE PEAR THRIPS.
Eiithiips pijri Daniel.
(Fig. 32.)
General Appearance. — The eggs are very minute, white and bean
shaped. They are embedded in the tender tissues of the host. The
first born larvae are white, with distinct red eyes, and move slowly.
They are often very thick on the trees and are known as "white thrips."
Pupation takes place in the ground, the pupai being white and .seldom
met with except by careful investigation. The adult insect is dark in
Fig. 32. — The pear thrips ( Euthrips pyri Dan.).
(After Moulton. )
Adult female and nymph.
color, varying from an amber to a dark brown or almost black. The
presence of this species is usually told by ravages on the tender tissues.
of the expanding flowers and leaf buds and later by the attacks on the
young fruit. In badly infected orchards the buds often fail to openi
and the whole orchard may present a brown fire-swept appearance.
36 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. '
The fruit may be scabbed and curled or otherwise deformed by the
constant chafing.
Life History.— As stated above, the eggs are inserted in the stem,
leaf or small fruits of the host. They hatch in from four to five days,
the larvffi or "white thrips" beginning to feed at once and to do damage.
When full grown, which takes from two to three weeks, they drop to
the ground and after penetrating several inches enclose themselves in a
small cell, where they remain throughout the transforming or pupal
period. This period usually begins about September and continues
throughout the months of October, November and December, when adult
insects are formed. These remain in the ground until February before
emerging. The transformation from the larval to the adult stage
occupies several months, the slow growth being probably due to the
cold winter season.
Distribution.— The pear thrips is distributed throughout the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys, and particularly in the following
counties: Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Solano,
Sacramento. Yolo, Napa and Sonoma. It has also been reported from
the Sierra foothills in Placer County.
Food Plants. — This insect is particularly a deciduous tree pest and
works great damage upon the leaf and flower buds as well as the
young fruit. The initial damage is done just before or after blossom-
ing time. The pear suffers probably more than any other tree due to
ravages of this insect, although prunes and plums are also severely
attacked. Peaches, apricots and almonds also receive serious damage
some seasons. The following are other hosts of this pest :• apple,
cherry, fig, grape and English walnut.
Control. — ^Government Formula. — "The formula which has given
the best results is made up of the 3 per cent distillate oil emulsion, to
which is added from 1 per cent to If per cent of tobacco extract No. 1
(black leaf containing 2.75 per cent nicotine) or tobacco extract No. 2
(sulphate of nicotine or black leaf 40), which is 40 per cent nicotine,
at the rate of one part to from 1,500 to 2,000 parts of the spray mixture.
The distillate oil emulsion may be obtained from several dealers in
chemical and spraying supplies, or may be made at home. By the use
of the homemade emulsion, a considerable proportion of the cost of
spraying is saved and, what is more important, the quality of the emul-
sion is above reproach, when good materials are properly used in its
manufacture. ' '
Whitewash. — Mr. Earl Morris, horticultural commissioner of Santa
Clara County, has had remarkable results in controlling pear thrips on
pear trees by the use of a whitewash spray. His work covers a period
of two years. The trees were sprayed with thick whitewash when the
buds were just beginning to open. Some of his results as published in
Bull. No. 238, Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta-. are as follows:
"We used eighty (80) pounds of quicklime for one hundred (100)
*From G. E. Merrill, M. B. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. I, No. 2, p. 54.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
37
gallons of spraying material. The whitewash was strained through a
one fourteenth "(1-14) inch mesh wire screen and the same sized screen
used on the suction hose of the pump. The ordinary Bordeaux nozzles
worked well, but it was necessary to enlarge slightly the opening in
the disks of vermorel type nozzles. We found it very important to
have the lime properly slaked. Good lime properly slaked is of creamy
consistency, with a negligible amount of grit. It forms a smooth,
uniform, creamy coating on the tree. An attempt to use improperly
slaked lime will usually result in complete failure. No amount of
written instruction will teach one to slake lime. The knowledge must
come from actual work with some one who has had the experience.
In orchard practice we found it convenient to have our slaking vat,
which was 1 by 4 by 6 feet, elevated al)Out three feet, with one end
slightly lower than the other. In the lower end we arranged a sliding
door through which the whitewash flowed by gravity into a containing
vat. The lower vat was shorter, narrower and deeper than the slaking
vat to facilitate the removal of the material to the spray tank. Be-
tween the two vats we arranged a piece of window screen, of one four-
teenth inch mesh, sui)ported by chicken fencing, through which the
whitewash passed in flowing from the slaking vat.
The cost of material ranges from one (1) to one and one half (1^)
cents per gallon, depending upon the cost of lime and labor. One appli-
cation proved sufficient to protect the blossoms and permit setting of
fruit. We did not find it necessary to spray a second time for larvffi,
although in the first experiment enough larvae appeared to lead us to
believe that in some cases a second spraying would he necessary with
some good contact spray."
THE ONION THRIPS.
Thrips tahaci Lindeman.
General Appearance. — The adult female is pale yellow in color
with an elongated dusky spot on the dorsal surface of the middle
thoracic segment. The length of the body varies from 1 to 1.2 mm.
The eyes are brown, while the antenna^ and legs are dusky. The wings
are faintly yellowish, their fringes being dusky. The antennti' are
seven jointed. The male larvK are somewhat smaller than the female
and of a darker color and often with a greenish tint. The eyes are
red.
Life History. — The life history of this pest has not been thoroughly
worked out, but no doulit greatly resembles those previously described.
Distribution. — This species is generally distributed throughout the
entire State.
Food Plants. — The onion thrips is especially destructive to onions
grown for seed. It damages the seed buds before the seeds have hard-
ened and in many instances causes a complete failure of the seed crop.
38 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
It is also destructive to roses, carnations and other flowers (wild and
cultivated), grasses, fruit blossoms and truck crops.
Control. — Nicotine extracts or the Government formula as recom-
mended for pear thrips are efficient control methods for this species.
The thrips are most active on tlie outside of the buds early in the
morning, so that is the best time for applying a spray. The flour
paste as recommended for the bean thrips is also applicable to this
species.
HEMIPTERA (Order).
HALF-WINGED INSECTS.
CICADAS, LEAF-HOPPERS, TREE-HOPPERS, PLANT LICE, SCALE INSECTS AND
TRUE BUGS.
This is one of the largest orders of insects as well as one of the most
destructive known. There are nearly twenty thousand species.
The term Hemiptera comes from the fact that the fore wings of one
of the suborders are thickened at the base, the tips being membranous
and overlapping, thus appearing like half wings. Not all of the mem-
bers possess these thickened wings, in fact a great many of them have no
wings at all. This is specially true of some plant lice and of the female
scale insects. The mouth-parts are formed for piercing and sucking
and not for chewing. The metamorphoses are incomplete ; that is, the
young and nymphs differ from the adults only by the lack of wings in
those species having well developed wings, while the young in those
individuals not having wings appear almost identical with the adults.
The order Hemiptera is usually divided into the three following sub-
orders : Homoptera, Heteroptera and Parasita or Anoplura, each of
which will be considered separately.
HOMOPTERA (Suborder).
This suborder includes insects of the order Hemiptera, all of which,
without exception, are very destructive to plant life. Wherever wings
are present they are usually membranous and held roof-like over the
body when at rest. The front of the head is lient under so as to touch
the bases of the fore legs.
The families of this suborder are :
CicadidcB (Cicadas).
Fulgoridce (Lantern flies).
Memhracidce (Tree-hoppers).
Cercopidce (Spittle insects).
JassidcB (Leaf -hoppers).
PsyllidcE (Jumping plant lice).
Apliididce (Plant lice).
Coccidce (Scale insects).
Aleyrodidce (Mealy wings or white flies).
The Fulgoridce and Cercopidm will not be considered here.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
39
CICADID^ (Family).
CICADAS.
The cicadas are well-known insects, being commonly called harvest
flies or locusts in the eastern states. The proboscis rises plainly from
the head ; there are ocelli present ; the males have musical organs ; feet
with three segments and the antennaB are very small and bristle-like.
The eggs are laid by the female in small twigs, punctures being made
Fig. 33. — The periodical cicada. {Tibicen septendecini
Linn.), a, pupa ready to transform; b, old pupal skin;
c, adult; d, egg-punctures; e, eggs. (After Riley.)
by the ovipositor for their insertion. The damage is caused by these
egg-punctures. The young larvae hatch within a few weeks and con-
tinue throughout their existence under the ground, where they remain
for two or more years, depending upon the species : the so-called 17-year
locusts requiring about seventeen years in which to transform from the
larva to the adult. The pupa stage is passed in a small cell, also in
the earth. When ready to change into the adult the pupa or nymph
leaves the ground and crawls up some tree or shrub. The back splits
and the adult issues. These insects appear in such great numbers
during certain years as to become terrible pests, their depredations
being known as plagues. There are many species in California,
though none of them are as destructive as the 17-year locusts or the
periodical cicada of the eastern states.
MEMBRACID^ (Family).
TREE-HOPPERS.
The membracids are rather small insects and generally characterized
by the prolongation of the prothorax which covers nearly the entire
40 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
abdomen. The antennae are minute and bristle-like; the beak plainly
inserted in the head and feet with three segments. The most common
species of this family in California is the Buffalo tree-hopper.
THE BUFFALO TREE-HOPPER.
Gcresa hidiaJiis Vi\\>.
CFig. 34.)
General Appearance. — A small oreen hoi)per, scarcely one fourth of
an inch long. The body is distinctly thin and tall, with pro thorax
widest in front and two horns above the head.
Life History. — The females deposit their two or three hundred eggs
in large holes made through the bark of the limbs with their saw-like
ovipositors. They usually select the two or three
years' growth, which they often completely kill. The
wingless n^ymphs emerge in the spring, having hiber-
nated over the winter in the eggs, and begin feeding
, uiioii the leaves.
Pig. .34. — The Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
buffalo tree-hop-
Tis'Fab^^"' ^"^"' -^^^^ Plants.— The principal injuries are due to the
puncturing for egg laying in the smaller limbs of
various trees ; this process being very destructive to nursery trees.
Deciduous fruits as well as many other trees and .shrubs are attacked
in this way.
The insects feed upon all kinds of succulent vegetation, including
vegetables and weeds.
Control. — Control measures are very difficult and impracticable, due
to the wide distribution and great variety of food plants, but in cases
where great damage is done in making the egg punctures in the twigs,
the pest may be reduced for the following year by an application of
kerosene or distillate emulsion as soon as the young appear. The
cutting out of punctured branches during the winter and practicing
clean culture also aid in checking their ravages.
JASSIDv^ (Family).
LEAF-HOPPERS.
The leaf-hoppers are also small insects and are specially active,
being able to jump very freely and great distances. They greatly
resemble the tree-hoppers but the prothorax does not extend back over
the abdomen. The hind tibige have two very characteristic rows of
spines below. The members of this family are exceedingly numerous
and may be found upon most any kind of vegetation. There are two
common and destructive species in California: the npple leaf-hopper
and the grape leaf-hopper.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
41
THE APPLE LEAF-HOPPER.
Empoasca mail LeB.
(Fig. 35.)
General Appearance.— The presence of the insect is made known by
the curling and twisting of the infested leaves, especially on nursery
stock : it being primarily a nursery pest. The adult insect is pale
j^ellowish-green in color, with white marking and is about one eighth
of an inch long. The young appear nuieh like the adults except that
they lack wings.
Life History. — The winter is passed both in the adult and egg stage.
The winter eggs are white, very delicate and curved in the middle.
They are inserted under the bark of young apple trees ( preferably"
under bark of two or three years' growth).
These eggs hatch in the early spring so that
the young nymphs and hiberating adults
attack the first green foliage. During th^"
summer, eggs are deposited in large numbers
on the food plants in the leaf petioles or in
the larger veins. Favorite places are the
leaf petioles of apple trees and alfalfa. The
position of the egg under the bark or epider-
mis is made known by a slight swelling of
the surface.
Distribution. — Throughout the State; sel-
dom becoming a serious pest in any locality,
though occasionally it may do great damage.
Food Plants. — As previously stated, the
apple leaf-hopper is primarily a nursery pest
affecting especially young apple trees, thus
dwarfing them. The work is particularly on
the leaves. Besides the apple it feeds upon
currant, gooseberry, blackberry, pear, cherry,
plum, thorn-apple, black walnut, grapes, Cot-
tonwood, elm, birch, maple, box-elder, hazel,
choke-cherry, sumach, oak, syringa, snowball, canaigre, basswood, buck-
thorn, rose, buckeye, corn, beans, potatoes, sugar beet, clover, grasses,
buckwheat, dahlia, rhubarb, hemp, alfalfa, oats, celery and hollyhock.
Without doubt other plants are also attacked.
Control. — The difficulty of control lies in the impossibility of killing
the eggs without injuring the young trees. Successive sprayings with
the oil emulsions, whale oil soap solution of 1 pound to 8 gallons of
water, or tobacco decoctions, as often as the young become apparent,
will prevent serious attacks and hold the pest in subjection. Affected
nursery stock should be thoroughly dipped in such solutions before
shipping. To prevent attacks nurseries should not be located near
\
\
/
\\
^
7 ''^C^^^l^^l
IV
/w^ ^^^^^^H
^^B ^
^^V
■ ^"^
H 4-
['"■■"
'
Fig. 35. — The apple leaf-
hopper, Empoasca inali
LeB. (After Forbe.s. )
42
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
orchards or fields in wliieli tlie liopper breeds. All food plants should
be kept out of the nursery. Sticky shields and hopperdozers may be
used with good effect.
Natural Enemies. — The most effective natural enemy is the small
dark bug (TripJdeps insidiosus Say), which preys upon the nymphs by
puncturing their bodies and extracting the contents.
The larvffi of the green lacewings also prey upon the young hoppers.
THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER.
Typlilocyha comes Say.
(Fig. 36.)
General Appearance.— The adult insects are very small scarcely
more tlian one eighth of an inch long. During the summer they
appear light yellow with the wing covers or elytra mottled with red.
As the season advances the color becomes
darker until winter it is dark red — this
change is due to the increasing brightness of
the red markings, which are very faint dur-
ing the summer months. The young appear
very much like the adults, excepting that
their wings are not fully developed and there
are less of the red markings.
Life History. — The eggs are bean-shaped
and so small as to be almost microscopic.
They are inserted .just beneath the epidermis
on the underside of the grape leaves and
hatch in from fifteen to twenty days. The
young nymphs begin at once to feed upon
the first appearing foliage by extracting the
juices from the leaves with the sharp beaks.
There are two broods a year — winter and
summer. The adults of the former hibernate
and begin feeding upon the first foliage in the spring. During May
they begin egg-laying, which gives rise to the summer brood. This
brood grows very rapidly and lays eggs within a few weeks, dying off
in the fall. Their eggs give rise to the coming winter brood. Thus
the destruction may begin in May and end only when all of the leaves
have fallen.
Fig.
hopper
(After
3 6. — The f
Much
Johnson.)
:i'ape leaf-
enlarged.
all of the
in the San
vnie-growmg
sections of the
Joaquin and Sacramento
Distribution. — Throughout
State. Especially abundant
valleys.
Food Plants. — The principal and practically the only food during
the summer months is the foliage of the grape, but during the winter
many other plants are attacked, such as grasses, clover, alfalfa,
mustard, ragweed and filaree.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
43
Control.— A spray containing .02 of one per. cent nicotine has proven
to be the most effective contact insecticide for this pest. This must
be applied when the nymphs begin to appear about the first of June,
and great care fallen to drench the under sides of the leaves. High
pressure is necessary for good work.
Screen cages have been used very successfully in many localities in
the State. Plowing and cultivating close to the vines and practicing
clean culture aid in reducing the numbers.
Natural Enemies. — So far no internal parasites of this pest are
known. The larva of the California green lacewing {Chrysopa cali-
fornica Coq.). devour the young nymphs. Ladybird beetles also prey
upon the young, but are of little consequence in the matter of control.
PSYLLID^ (Family).
JUMPING PLANT LICE.
The adults of the members of this family greatly resemble minute
cicadas and are exceedingly like the large Avinged plant lice. They
differ from the former in having the proboscis rising from the middle
of the sternum and being much smaller, and from the latter in having
the hind femora greatly developed, enabling them to .jump freely.
The pupffi are also characterized by the large and conspicuous wing
pads. These insects, like plant lice, feed upon the tender foliage and
bark of various plants. The most important member of this family
in California is the pear psylla.
THE PEAR PSYLLA,
Psylla pjjricola Foerst.
(Fig. 37.)
General Appearance.— Adults are small, orange yellow, jumping
insects, not unlike miniature cicadas. More common than the adults
are the nymphs, which are queer looking creatures with wide flat
bodies and large heads. The general color is orange with dark striped
Fig. 37. — The pear psylla (Psylla vyricola Foerst). Young, nymph and adult.
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
44 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
thorax and blaekish-ln-own alidomeii. In the mature winged form the
abdomen is greenish.
Life History. — The insects appear with the first healthy growing-
shoots, which they attack vigorously. They increase rapidly and
often do great damage. All stages are to be found throughout the
summer months.
Distribution. — Tliroughout the State, especially in the Sacramento
Valley.
Food Plant. — The pear.
Control. — Same as for plant lice {Aplddidce), consisting of soap and
emulsion spra.ys.
Natural Enemies. — The two-spotted ladybird beetle (Adalia hipunc-
tata Linn.) and the green lacewing {Clirysopa calif ornica Coq.) feed
upon the eggs and larvas of the pear psylla.
APHIDIDv^ (Family).
PLANT LICE.
The members of this family comprise one of the most important
groups of destructive insects known. Every one is familiar with the
soft-bodied winged and wingless lice which gather so a])undantly upon
all sorts of plants. The proboscis appears to rise in the middle of the
sternum, the legs being rather long and slender; the wings when pres-
ent are membranous and with few veins. Many of the females of this
family have the power of producing living young without sexual inter-
course, though true sexual forms usually appear sometime during the
life cycle. Winged or migratory forms also appear. Some species live
almost entirely underground while others are aerial in habits. As this
family plays such an important part in the role of insect pests, we are
including a large number of the most common species.
The life history of the green apple aphis {Aphis pomi De Geer) is
given as an example on page 67.
METHODS OF CONTROL.
Plant lice are more subject to the attaclvs of other insects than per-
haps any other one group of insects, but several species are by no means
held in subjection by these natural enemies. In considering methods of
control, then, we should take into account the natural as well as the
artificial.
Natural Enemies.
Three families of insects are recognized as effectual predaceous
enemies of plant lice. They are, Syrphidce, Coccinellidce and CJiry-
sopidce.
SyrpJtidce. The larva of th(^ syrphid flies are legless, worm-like
animals, which are usually found among the plant lice upon which they
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
45
feed. These larvte vary from lirown, yellow, or orange to dark green
in color, according to the species. They are true maggots, with one end
bhnit and the other pointed. In feeding, they clasp their support by
the blunt end, lift the plant louse bodily into the air with the pointed
end and suck out the juices. The most common adult insects have
yellow bodies with dark transverse stripes across the abdomen. The
small syrphid {Allograpfa obliqua Say), the very large syrphid
{Lasiophthicus pyrastri L.) and Sijrphus amencanus Wied. are com-
mon in California.
Coccinellidce. The work of the ladybird beetles on plant lice is known
to all. The red ladybird beetles {Cydoneda sanguinca Linn., and Cocci-
nclla calif ornka Mann.), the black-spotted ladybird beetle {Hippo-
damia convergens Guer.). Hippodamia amhigua Lee, Megilla maculata
DeG., the eyed ladybird {Olla oculata Fab.), OUa ahdominalis Say and
the two-spotted ladybird {Adalia Upunctata Linn.) are the most com-
mon California species.
Chrysopidcv. One of the most common insect predators, preying on
all sorts of soft-bodied insects, is the common green lacewing, called
aphis lion because of its destructiveness to all plant lice. The eggs,
larvffi, pupte and adults are to be found everywhere in the fields, woods
and orchards; wherever there are infestations of plant lice. In the
orchards of California they are very abundant and play an important
part in the control of many bad pests, but more important in keeping
down the aphids. When there is no prey in the orchards they go to
the fields and brush to seek other game and return as soon as the lice
begin to appear.
Internal Parasites.
Internal parasites are those which develop within the body of the
host. The adult female, by means of a sharp ovipositor, deposits her
eggs within the bodies of the lice. These eggs hatch, and the resulting
young develop into legless, maggot-like individuals which live on the
body juices of the aphids, thereby completely destroying them. When
fully developed, a small hole cut in the backs of the lice liberates the
adults, which immediately attack other living lice.
To these parasites, more than to all others, is due the credit of com-
pletely controlling many aphids which would otherwise become very
destructive. They do not usually get in their work until rather late in
the season, after the aphids have done most of their damage, but though
late, it is sure. Though the natural enemies are very efficient in a
majority of cases, yet all of the real pests (pests because they are not.
so held in check) must usually be controlled by artificial methods, of
which spraying is recognized as the most efficient.
Artificial Methods of Control.
Sprays. Treatment for insects which are both aerial and subter-
ranean in habits naturally calls for entirely different methods for each
46 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
form. Of the species named above, two stand out as splendid examples
of the subterranean form. They are woolly aphis and the black peach
aphis, but both of these have aerial generations. The beet aphis {Pem-
phigiis hetce Doane) and {Trifidaplns radicicola Essig) are not known
to be other than strictly subterranean in their habits. In considering
methods of control we shall take the woolly aphis {Eriosoma lanigera
Hausm.) as an example.
Methods for Controlling Underground Forms.
Prevention. In setting out a young orchard one of the first things
to consider is how to prevent the introduction of certain serious pests
and diseases which may be carried on nursery stock. Both the peach
aphis and the woolly aphis are easily distributed on young trees. The
following precautions should be taken in setting out any new apple or
peach orchard :
1. Set out clean stock. Do not buy trees which have the roots puddled
unless the mud is washed off — it may hide the woolly aphis or black
peach aphis and such infested trees would be severely handicapped and
are not worth planting.
2. Woolly aphis does very little damage to the Northern Spy; espe-
cially is this true regarding the attacks on the roots, therefore, if possi-
ble, buy apple trees grafted on Northern Spy roots, if your section is
troubled with the woolly aphis.
3. Set trees fairly deep, keep soil thoroughly cultivated so as to get
roots down as far as possible. The woolly aphis seldom works lower
than ten (10) inches below the surface.
Sprays. Before making applications around the crown of the tree
for the controlling of root forms, first remove earth around the roots to
a depth of six or seven inches and a distance of two or three feet from
the crown. Use two or three gallons of liquid per tree, spraying
thoroughly on exposed roots. When the liquid is nearly all soaked into
the soil cover up the basin. The sprays which have given the most
satisfaction in these cases are as follows:
Tobacco Leaves. A large number of tobacco leaves placed around
the roots of the trees in the fall will do much to keep out underground
lice.
Tobacco Decoction. Tobacco stems, dust or waste, 2 pounds ; water,
3 gallons. Steep tobacco stems in water for at least one hour before
applying. If whole leaf tobacco is used, 1 pound is sufficient for 3
gallons of water.
Black Leaf. Black leaf in proportions of 1 to 70 of water is also
effective on the root forms.
Tanglefoot. If the dormant trees are sprayed with a strong solution
of kerosene emulsion or lime-sulphur just before the buds open in the
spring, it is well to put a tangle-foot band around the trunk of the tree
to keep root forms from migrating to the top. In order to prevent
injury to the tree the tangle-foot is smeared on heavy joaper, which is
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 47
placed around the tree in the form of a band with a thin layer of cotton
beneath to keep any from crawling under.
Carbon Bisulfld. In light sandy or porous soils, carbon bisulfid
is used very effectively. The treatment should be made early in the
spring about April, as follows : Make 4 or 5 holes 8 inches deep from
18 inches to 2 feet from the tree. Into each pour from 3 to 4 liquid
ounces of carbon bisulfid, and immediately cover the hole. See that the
liquid does not come in contact with the roots.
Kerosene Emulsion. Kerosene emulsion is often used successfully on
the roots, but is rather a severe treatment and should be avoided except
by those experienced in its application.
Methods for Controlling Aerial Forms.
Winter Sprays for Dormant Trees. In order to destroy the eggs
deposited by the sexual females in the fall, strong sprays should be
applied in the winter when the trees are dormant, so as to prevent
infestations for the coming year. The following sprays are recom-
mended for this purpose :
Commercial lime sulphur, diluted 1 gallon to 6 gallons of water.
Kerosene emulsion.
Spring and Summer Sprays for Trees and Plants in Foliage.
Sprays for foliage cannot be as strong and severe as those used
on dormant trees, and care must be taken to prevent serious burn-
ings. In view of this, experience has proved the following sprays to
be practical:
Kerosene emulsion.
Resin wash.
Soap and fish-oil wash.
Carbolic acid emulsion.
The above sprays should be used on hardy plants and particularly
on orchard trees. While the following formula is specially recom-
mended for tender plants, such as melon vines, vegetables, flowers, etc.,
it is equally good for fruit trees:
Soap and Tobacco Wash. Soap, 1| pounds; tobacco decoction (as
prepared on page 46), 1 quart; water, 5 gallons.
Dissolve the soap in five gallons of hot or boiling water; add the
tobacco decoction ; boil together five or ten minutes. If the mixture has
boiled down, add enough water to make five gallons of spraying material.
This spray is specially recommended as a remedy for the melon aphis
{Aphis gossypii Glover).
THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.
*Fhi)Jloxcra vastatrir Plauchou.
(Fig. 38.)
General Appearance. — The presence of this pest is usually mani-
fested by its work, which consists in the formation of rough wart-like
galls upon the leaves and small knots upon the roots. The lice pro-
*According- to priority rules tlie scientific name of tliis species sliould be Peritymbia
vitifoliw (Fitcli).
48
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
dueing the galls are very small and orange-colored. White eggs and
the yonng are also to be found within the galls, which are seldom
found in California. The root lice are about one twenty-fifth of an
inch long and greenish-yellow in summer and a little darker in winter.
Life History. — During the months of July and August some of the
eggs laid by the females of the root forms hatch into individuals which
acquire wings. These seek the foliage of the vines and lay large eggs
which produce true females and small eggs which produce males.
These mate and each female lays a single winter egg upon the bark of
the two-year old wood. In the spring this egg hatches into a root
form (or gall-making form) which gives rise to the root forms in other
stages. These lay eggs which give rise to the many summer genera-
tions of devastating root insects. In California the latter hibernate in
the soil and may continue for at least four years without reverting to
the sexual forms.
Distribution.— While this pest has been supposed to be limited to
the central portions of the State, its appearance in the north seems to
indicate that it occurs to some degree in most grape-growing sections
north of the Tehachapi.
Fig.' 38. — The grape phyUoxera (Phylloxera
vastairix Planch.). A, Infested grape root; B, galls
on leaf ; C, the root louse.
Food Plants. — This insect feeds upon practically all varieties of
grape vines, but is most damaging to the European varieties. Many
cultivated varieties and hybrids as well as wild species are slightly
attacked, but not so as to greatly impair their growth. These latter
are known as resistant vines and are important factors in the selection
of roots for vines set out in Phvlloxera-infested districts. While the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
49
leaves are damaged to some degree, the main source of injury is due
to the attacks upon the young and vigorous roots which are completely
destroyed. The roots of the so-called "resistant stock" do not mate-
rially suffer from such attacks.
Control. — By far the most impoi'taut method of control is the use
of resistant root stocks ui)on which are grafted the desired varieties.
Of course care must be exercised in selecting stock for the various
varieties and expert advice obtained before making extensive selec-
tions or plantings.
Dirct remedies for infestations are unsatisfactory. Flooding the
vineyards if the water can be held for a month will almost exterminate
the pest, if done in the winter, but such a method is impracticable in
most of the grape-groAving sections of the State.
Carbon bisulfid is an efficient remedy in loose sandy soil, but in such
places the pest is usually less abundant.
Natural Enemies. — In the eastern states nuiny predaceous insects
feed upon the gall form, ])ut as this stage does not occur to any extent
in California there are practically no results from these or other nat-
ural cheeks.
THE WOOLLY APPLE APHIS.
Eriosoiiiu l<ini(jcra (Hausm. ).
{Scliizoneura hiiiigcra Hausm.)
(Figs. 39, 40, 41.)
General Appearance. — To the average orchardists this insect is of
too connnon occurrence to need any suggestions to recognize it. The
dark red or purplish louse covered with the long white cottony wax
or flocculence is the most serious apple pest in many of the northern
comities. The winged forms are distinguishable by their dusky pro-
truding wings. The fall and early winter lice are dark yellowish or
brown in color.
Life History. — In the summer, especially during the months of July
and August, the woolly aphis is. exceedingly abundant upon the limbs
of the trees, covering large patches with their extensive colonies.
Towards winter they gradually disappear, only a few individuals
remaining hidden under protecting bark or in crevices. In the
fall the winged viviparous females give birth to true males and females
which mate, each female laying a large egg which hatches into an
over-wintering form. These have very little cottony covering and
appear to be able to stand severe weather. The diminishing of the
aerial forms usually accompanies the increasing of those working
under ground upon the roots around the bases of the tree trunks.
Here they may be fomid in great numbers during the winter and also
during the early spring and even the summer months. These root
4— II
50
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
lice prove as destructive to the tree and often more so than do those
commonly observed above ground, but their work is often unknown
to the orchardist.
In the spring the over-wintering lice give birth to young which
mature in about ten days and which continue to repeat the process of
bringing forth living lice until thousands appear upon the trees. How
many of the aerial lice winter in the soil and how many of the root
lice appear above ground in the spring is not known, but there are
probably some which migrate in this manner.
Fig. 39. — Apple twigs showing tlie work of tlie woolly
aphis, Eriosoma lanigera (Hausm. ). (Original.)
Distribution. — In practically every section where apples are grown
in the State.
Food Plants. — The apple is the favorite food of this insect, though
it does also feed upon the roots of the pear trees. The old limbs,
young shoots, suckers and roots are attacked. Characteristic knots
are produced upon the shoots and others somewhat difit'erent upon the
roots, while upon the older limbs great rough enlargements appear
and become nearly a foot in diameter and look considerably like a
burl. In these -many of the lice spend the winter. '
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
51
There is considerable difference in the' attacks upon varieties of the
apple. The Northern Spy is practically immune and for this reason
is much sought after as a resistant root stock for grafting purposes.
Vigorous growing varieties such as the Rhode Island Greening and
Bellflower are very much injured. In Humboldt County the former
is decidedly undesirable because of the great injury from woolly aphis.
Fig. 4 0. — The
woolly aphis, Erio-
soma I an i g era
(Hausm.) on twig of
apple. (After Hall.)
Fig. 41. — The work of the
woolly aphis xipon the roots of an
apple nursery tree. (Original.)
Practically all other commercial varieties are affected in a more or
less degree, the King of Tompkins County being injured the least in
the north.
Control. — The control of the pest is given quite fully on pages 46
and 47. The important factors to be taken into consideration are
to procure a spray that will dissolve the cottony covering; to maintain
a pressure from 150 to 200 pounds; to apply a coarse driving spray
and to do the work thoroughly, making as many repeated applications
as necessary.
52
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Natural Enemies.— While many of the natnral enemies previously
listed do much work upon this species they are no great factor in its
control.
Fig. 42. — The woolly buttercup louse {Pemphigus calif ornicus Davidson). A,
winged female ; B, apterous female ; C, antenna of winged female ; E, fourth and
fifth and F, third antennal articles of winged female ; D, antenna of apterous female ;
G, tarsi; 1, style; 2, lateral and 3, front view of lateral tubercle of compound eye.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
53
THE WOOLLY BUTTERCUP LOUSE.
Pemphigus calif ornicus Davidson.
(Fig. 42.)
General Appearance.— Light green or yellow, covered with long
white floccnlence. The winged forms have dark head and thorax.
Quite a large form being 3.3 mm. in length.
Life History.— Appears early in April on the lower leaves and at
the bases of the stems of the common buttercup. Both apterous and
winged forms are abimdant. Completely disappears in the fall. It
must have some alternate host which is still unknown.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern part of the
State. Collected by Wm. Davidson at Palo Alto in Santa Clara
•County, and by the writer at Nordhoff in Ventura County.
Food Plant. — The common California buttercup {Ranunculus cali-
fornicus) .
THE BEET LOUSE.
Pemphigus hetce Doaae.
General Appearance. — The adult wingless lice are about one eighth
of an inch long; somewhat rounded or elongated in shape; whitish or
pale yellow in color with a large tuft of white floccnlence covering the
posterior end of the body. The legs, antenna?, and spots on the top of
the head are brown. The winged lice are a little larger, more elon-
gated and much darker in color. The head, antennge, legs and thorax
are black and being usually covered with a fine, white powder appear
bluish-black; abdomen dark green. The presence of this pest is easily
told by the white floccnlence which covers the lice as well as surround-
ing infested areas on the roots.
Distribution.— Appears to be distributed only in the sugar beet
growing sections of the central and southern parts of the State.
Food Plants.— As this is a subterranean aphid, only the roots are
affected, but often in such a way as to ruin portions of the crop.
Sugar beets are the only economic plants attacked to any injurious
degree. Wild yarrow, dock, knotweed {Polygonum aviculare) are also
attacked.
THE POPLAR-STEM GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus popidicaulis Fitch.
(Figs. 43, 44.)
General Appearance. — Stem mother is slightly green or yellow,
covered with distinct rows of small cottony patches, one eighth to one
fourth of an inch long, and nearly as wide. Winged females are much
smaller, dark in color and covered with fine wax and long white
floccnlence.
54
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — The stem mother starts the peculiar gall on the stem
at the base of the leaf, and produces young until the large gall is com-
pletely filled. So tightly closed is the entrance of the gall that few,
if any, parasites get in. When the inhabitants are ready to migrate
in the late summer a distinct opening is made, through which they
escape in great numbers.
Fig. 43. — Galls on cottonwood leaves produced by the poplar-stem
gall-louse (.Pemphigus popuUcauUs Fitch). (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the State, wherever the host plants are
found.
Food Plants. — Common cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) , P. monili-
fera and L\ tremuloides.
Natural Enemies.— Preyed upon by internal parasites in late sum-
mer, but more often the food of a small bug belonging to the family
Acantltiiche.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
55
Fig. 44. — Cross-section of
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
?alls, showing all stages of the lice inside.
THE BEAD-LIKE COTTONWOOD GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populimonilis Riley.
(Figs. 45, 46.)
General Appearance. — The body is dark and covered with rather
long white flocculence, which gives it a bluish appearance. The
presence of the lice is easily told by the very characteristic reddish,
bead-like galls formed on the margins and centers of the leaves of the
Cottonwood trees which they infest.
Life History. — The female louse or stem mother either deposits the
eggs or brings forth offspring which give rise to the spring genera-
tions. There is usually but one winged female to be found in each
gall, but often there are also present several larvae of a syrphid fly,
which feed upon the lone occupant. For this reason many of the galls
will be found empty during the later summer months. However, in
56
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 45. — The bead-like galls on cottonwood leaves produced by the
gall-lou.se i PempMoiiS popuUmnnilis Riley). (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. >
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
57
Fig. 46. — The under side of a cottonwood leaf showing the opened galls of Pemphigus
populivionilis Riley. The various stages of the lice and also a syrphid larva are
visible. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
58 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the fall all of the adult forms leave the galls and either hibernate in
the adult or egg form. The life history has not been fully worked out.
Distribution. — Throughout the State, wherever the host plants
grow.
Food Plants.— The common cottonwood {Populus trichocarpa) , Fopu-
lus fremontii, P. halsamifera var. angustifolia.
SOLANUM ROOT LOUSE.
Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig).
General Appearance.— The apterous females are distinctly globular
in shape and vary from amber to cream-color and often with a fine,
white, powdery covering. The winged forms are amber with head and
thorax dark. The wings are also dusky. Length, 1 to 2 mm.
Life History. — The lice are subterranean in their habits and are
evident during the early spring and the entire summer. The winged
forms appear in July and August. It has not been determined whether
eggs are deposited or not, but so far the writer has been unable to find
any.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State; especially abundant in the south.
Food Plants. — Roots of Solannm douglasii, Amaranthus retroflexus
and potato tubers.
MONTEREY PINE LOUSE.
Essigella caUfornica* (Essig).
(Pig. 47.)
General Appearance. — Very slender; light green; covered with
minute red dots ; slightly pruinose ; and with noticeably long hind legs.
Length 1.6 to 2 mm.
Life History. — So far as known all stages are passed on the pine
trees where they are not abundant until the summer, although specimens
were taken in the winter. Two forms, apterous and winged females, are
present.
Distribution. — Throughout the State.
Food Plant. — Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). The insect works on
the needles around which it clasps its long hind legs for support.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites and predators hold this species
in check so that it does little or no damage.
''The specific name has been changed to agree with tlie new generic name.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
59
Fig. 47. — The Monterey pine louse, Essigella calif ornica (Essig). A, winged
female; B, nymph of the winged female; C, apterous female. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Bnt.)
THE CABBAGE LOUSE.
Aphis brassicw Linn.
(Fig. 48.)
General Appearance. — Dark greenish yellow to brownish, with dark
transverse bands across the abdomens of some individuals. All covered
with a fine white powder, which gives them a silvery or frosted appear-
ance.
Life History. — The lice appear with the first plants in the spring and
increase with such rapidity as to soon almost entirely cover the host.
This condition prevails throughout the early summer, after which the
parasites begin to reduce their numbers. It is a disgusting pest on
cabbage, cauliflower and brussels sprouts.
60
THE MONTHIjY bulletin.
fS
Fig. 48. — The cabbage louse (Ai)his hrassicw Linn.). A, winged female; B and
C, apterous females ; D, F and H, cornicle, style and antenna of winged female ;
E, G and I, same of apterous female. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — All members of the Criiciferce including cabbage,
cauliflower, lirussels sprouts, mustard, radish, etc.
Natural Enemies. — The ladybird beetles, Hippodamia convergens,
Megilla maculata and Coccinella californica, prey to some extent upon
this pest. The real check, however, is the internal parasite, Diceretus
calif orniciis Baker.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
61
WOOLLY CITRUS APHID.
Aphis cookii Essig.
(Fig. 49.)
General Appearance.— The bodies vary from light gray to very dark
brown or almost lilack, and are covered with short or rather long white
cottony wax, which is arranged in transverse rows across the abdomen.
This covering often almost completely hides the insects.
'CSISSISSD
Fig. 49. — The woolly citrus aphid (Ai)his cookii Essig). A and B, adult forms;
C, third antennal articles ; D and E, antennse of winged and apterous females ; F
and G, cornicles of winged apterous females ; H and I, pygidium and style of winged
female ; J and K. pygidium and style of apterous female ; 1-4, fourth antennal
articles; 5-6, fifth antennal articles; 7, proce.ss of sixth antennal article. (Essig,
P. C. Jr. Bnt.)
Life History.— Is not well known. The insect was first discovered
by C. H. Vary at Pomona, California, in April, 1910. He brought
specimens to the writer, stating that the original infestation wa^
destroyed. Attempts to find other specimens proved futile. Whether
the insect was introduced or came from native shrubbery is unknown.
Distribution. — Only one locality, near Pomona, California.
Food Plants.
-Navel orange trees.
THE MELON APHIS.
Aphis (jossijpii Glover.
(Fig. 50.)
General Appearance. — The lice are small and very dark in color,
varying from dark green or brown to black. The apterous female is
usually dark green with often irregular lighter markings on the abdo-
62
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
men. The nymphs are usually somewhat lighter than the apterous
females.
Life History. — The lice appear early in the spring, infesting all sorts
of plants and often becoming a most serious pest before the farmer is
aware of their presence. They continue to work until about the middle
of the summer, when they gradually decrease and are apparently all
gone by wdnter.
E. .O. ESSIO.,
Fig. 50. — The melon aphis (ApJiis gossijpii Glover). A, winged female; B, apter-
ous female ; a and b, dorsal and ventral aspects of pygidium of winged female ;
c, antenna, g, cornicle, h, third antennal article of same ; d and e, px^gidium of
apterous female; f, style and i, cornicle of same. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Distribution. — Tliroughout the entire State. Without doubt this is
one of the commonest black aphids met with.
Food Plants. — The foliage and young shoots of the plants are
attacked. On citrus trees the tender shoots are often entirely destroyed
by the lice. Vines are injured throughout. The plants attacked
by this pest are: all citrus species, shepherd's purse {Bursa hursa-
pastoris), melons, gourds and cotton.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
63
Natural Enemies.— The ladybird beetles, Hippodamia convergens
Guer. and Hippodamia amhigua Lee. ; the internal parasites, Ai)hidius
testaceipes (Cresson) and Charips xantkopsis (Ashm.) and the larvae
of the green lacewing {Chrysopa calif ornka Coq.) all prey upon this
louse.
THE ENGLISH IVY PLANT LOUSE.
Aphis hederw Kalt.
(Fig. 51.)
General Appearance.— The apterous females are usually abundant
on tender shoots of the English ivy, and vary from brownish to black,
often with a pruinose coat which gives them a gray appearance. The
Avinged forms are very dark.
Life History.— The apterous forms begin to appear in early spring
and continue to breed until late summer, when the work of internal
Fig. 51. — The ivy louse (Aphis liederw Kalt.). A, adult winged female and
antenna; B, adult apterous female and antenna. (Bssig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
parasites becomes such as to almost exterminate the pesl. Winged
forms also occur until late summer. The louse does some damage
early in the summer, but is not a serious pest.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire .State, but more abundant in
the southern part.
Host Plant. — English ivy.
Natural Enemies. — Held in complete check by a small internal
parasite. The mummied bodies appearing in the fall show the efficient
work of this natural check.
THE CORN LEAF-APHIS.
Aphis maidis Fitch.
(Fig. 52.)
General Appearance. — The adult aphids are bluish-green in color.
Young lice vary from a reddish brown to the color of the adults.
64
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — The life history of this louse is very imperfectly
known, several stages being entirely unobserved. In the early summer
the lice appear in great -numbers upon the young ears, leaves and tas-
sels of the corn stalks and continue to breed and feed there until
the foliage begins to dry and the corn to ripen. Where they go, upon
what they feed afterwards and how they pass the winter are unknown.
Due to the fact that this louse does little direct injury, no extended
studv has been made.
Pig. 52. — The corn leaf-aphis (Aphis maidis Fitch). A and B, adult lice; 1, third
antennal article of winged louse ; 2 and 3, fourth antennal articles of winged louse ;
.5 and 6, cornicles of winged and apterous females ; 7 and 8, antennae of apterous
and winged lice. (Bssig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — This aphid is well distributed throughout the entire
State and may be found in almost every growing cornfield.
Food Plants. — The known food plants of this louse are corn,
sorghum and occasionally barlej'.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
65
Natural Enemies.— While practically all of the enemies enumerated
in the beginning of the article on plant lice work upon this louse, the
writer found it to be specially heavily parasitized by an internal para-
Ym 53— The oleander aphid (Aphis nerii Fonsc). A and B, adult females; C,
D and E, antenna, cornicle and lateral aspect of pygidium of winged female; P, G
and H, same for apterous female. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
site. The larva? of the small syrphid fly, Allograpta ohliqua, were also
responsible for destroying great numbers of lice. These natural
enemies must certainly be responsible for keeping the corn leaf-aphis
from becoming a pest.
5— H
66
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE OLEANDER APHID.
Apliis nerii Fonsc.
(Pig. 53.)
General Appearance. — Deep yellow apterous forms with dark an-
tenme, cornicles, dusky head and tips of leg- joints. The winged form
has dark head, black spots on the thorax and a black blotch at the
base of each cornicle, as well as dark antenna, cornicles and tips of leg
joints.
Life History. — Young appear in the early spring on the young shoots
and buds of the oleanders. Great colonies are soon produced, which
continue throughout the early summer, when the natural enemies begin
to appear. Winged and apteroas forms may be found in nearly equal
numbers.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Food Plant. — Oleander, works on the buds and terminals of the
young shoots.
Natural Enemies. — The common ladybird beetles prej- upon this
species to some extent, but the internal parasites, Aphidius testaceipes
and Charips xanthopsis, aid in holding it in check. Syrphid flies,
especially Syrphiis americanus, also prey upon it.
THE BLACK PEACH APHIS.
ApMs persicw-niger Smith.
(Fig. 54.)
General Appearance. — The full-grown winged and apterous forms
are of average size, robust and shiny black in color. The young are
reddish yellow or brownish and are always
more abundant than the shiny black adults.
The characteristic shape as shown in Fig.
54 and the color make the determination
of the species quick and certain. Like the
woolly aphis, this insect has a root and
a?rial form and is responsible for much
damage.
Life History. — The insect winters over
on the roots of peach trees, where it may
also be found in the summer. The first lice
appear above ground very early in the
spring and begin attacking the tender leaf-
less shoots or suckers — usually those at the
base of the tree or nearest the ground.
These lice are all wingless. As soon as the
buds, young fruit and leaves appear they
are promptly attacked, often the entire
crop being almost completely ruined. The
leaves are curled and weakened while the young fruit is so distorted as
to be killed or rendered unfit for market. During the months of April
Pig. 54. — Adults of the black
peach aphis, Aphis persicw-
niger Smith. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 67
and May, winged migratory females appear, which start colonies upon
other trees. The work continues until about the middle of July, when
most of the lice leave the tops and again go to the roots.
Distribution. — This louse is at the present time found in nearly
every peach growing county in the State and may be expected to
appear in practically any such locality.
Food Plants. — So far as knowai this louse attacks only peach, plum
and nectarine trees, working above ground upon the leaves, twigs and
fruit and below ground upon the roots.
Control. — The control of this louse has caused considerable anxiety
in some sections of the State, while in others it is feared no more than
the green peach aphid (Myzus pcrsiccn) . The treatment is the same as
for the ordinary atrial and root forms.
Natural Enemies. — Natural enemies play an important part in its
control. In Tehama County the larv^ of the syrphid fly {Syrphus
americanus) were present in great numbers feeding upon the aphids.
THE GREEN APPLE APHIS.
Aphis pomi DeGeer.
{Aphis mali Fab.)
(Figs. 55, 56.)
In order that the readers may get a true idea of the development
and habits of plant lice the full life history of this species is given as
an example :
Eggs. — We shall first begin with the small black shiny eggs which
are found in great numbers on the smooth bark of the rapidly growing
twigs or water sprouts of the apple tree. When these eggs were first
deposited, some time during the months of October, November, or as
late as December, they were of a beautiful green color, but with age
turned to a shiny metallic black. A careful examination in winter
of the young twigs and water sprouts of an orchard w^hich was infested
with this insect in summer will often show great numbers of these
eggs — in some cases completely covering the twigs.
The eggs themselves are very tiny, not nearly as large as a pin-
head, and are long and oval in shape. Only a small percentage of
them hatch, and this accounts for the large number necessary to pro-
duce so many lice for the coming spring. In the eastern states, where
the winters are very severe, it is estimated that only one per cent hatch.
In California, however, a much larger percentage is able to withstand
our milder climate, and so the succeeding infestations are even more
severe here than they are in colder climates. Since such a small per-
centage hatch you may marvel at the rapidity in which this insect multi-
plies, but this will be brought out in a further study of the life history,
68
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Just before the apple buds show green the eggs begin to hatch. This,
of eonrse, depends entirely npon the weather, and an early spring
will bring a much more rapid development than will a cold, late
spring.
Stem Mothers. — The young which hatch from the eggs in the early
spring give rise to all succeeding generations, and are known as "stem
mothers" when fully developed. The first young are darker green
than any of the succeeding broods. In seeking food they work into the
newly opening buds and on the first tender leaves. Due to their small
size they can scarcely be noticed except by very
careful observation. They seek the young buds
for two reasons : first, because the tender leaves
furnish the first food; second, because hid down
in the folds of the luids they are free from the
attacks of natural enemies, and incidentally out
of reach of sprays. In warm weather the young
will develop in two or three weeks and become
adult stem mothers. These stem mothers still
appear dark green and have a distinct, dark
head, feet, tail and honey tubes. They do not
have wings, a characteristic of this brood.
Second Generation. — Every stem mother
when full grown has the power (which we call
parthenogenesis) to give birth to living young
without intercourse with a male, for no males
appear at all until late in the fall. The young
thus born alive constitute the second generation.
They are light green in color, are all partheno-
genetic females, and though most of them are
wingless, a very few winged individuals appear,
Imt these like the apterous forms are females.
mgam^ Third Generation. — The new broods of the
Ir'JL'^ffi ;^^iW I second generation develop in a few weeks and
in turn give birth to living young like them-
selves, but this generation is accompanied by a
large number of winged females. The apterous
and winged females of the succeeding genera-
tions are those most usually observed in the orchards and cause the
great(^st amount of damage. A brief descriptions of each is as follows :
Wingless Female.— This form is somewhat larger than the original
stem mother, and is lighter green in color, with a yellowish tinge. The
cornicles (honev tubes), tail, part of the antenUcT and the extreme tips
of the feet are dark. This form has the power to give birth to both
living wingless and winged lice.
Winged Female.— These are recognized at once by their wings,
which are usually folded roof-like over the back. The general color
is black and green (the head, thorax, cornicles and portions of the
Fig. 55. — Eggs of
the green apple aphis
(Aphis pomi DeGeer )
on young apple twig.
(Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
69
legs and antenna being black and the remainder green). Like the
apterous forms they have power to produce both winged and wingless
forms.
The appearance of the winged individual is very significant in that
this migratory form is the principal means of distribution and of the
formation of new summer colonies. Many plant lice winter over on
Fig. 56. — The green apple aphis ( Ajihis pomi DeGeer) infesting young
apple shoot.s. (After U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
fruit trees as does the hop louse, and the winged forms later migrate
to the hop fields and produce the l^roods which so trouble the hop
liTowers. Late in the fall the winged forms migrate back from the
liop fields to the plum and produce the egg-laying females which
deposit their eggs on the trees. The eggs give rise to the next year's
broods.
70 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Throughout the entire summer months broods upon broods, each
in turn producing other broods, give rise to millions of this destructive
pest, and this accounts for their great and infinite numbers. It
has been estimated that a single stem mother will give rise to one
billion insects during a single season. With the coming of cold weather,
and after the first frost, there is a rapid diminution in numbers, and
soon practically all of the winged individuals disappear. This is
brought about, especially in the case of the apple aphis, by the
devefopment of true sexual forms, male and female.
Sexual Forms.— The parthenogenetic females of the late fall, instead
of producing individuals of their own kind, give birth to true sexual
forms, male and female, both of which are apterous.
Sexual Female. — The egg-laying female is much smaller than the
summer form, and varies from a rich green to a brownish or reddish
color. The head, cornicles, feet and tips of antennie are dark.
Sexual Male.— The males are very small, hardly half as large as
the other lice. They are easily recognized by their frail and slender
bodies, long legs and light yellowish color. The head and tail are
noticeably dark. They are much more active than are the sexual
females, with which they associate and may be confused. These sex
forms copulate and the female produces the eggs which give rise
to the first stem mother already referred to. "While -the life history
of this insect is typical in the number of generations, there are no
root forms, as in the cases of the woolly aphis and black peach aphis ;
neither do winged sexual forms appear as in the case of some other
species.
Distribution. — Common throughout the entire State. A serious pest
in the central and northern parts.
Food Plants. — The host plants of the apple aphis are not many. It
is found on the apple, pear, haw^thorn, quince and flowering crab. Of
the apples, those which appear to be the favorites are the Missouri
Pippin, Rome Beauty, Black Twig, Ben Davis, Greening, though it
works just as effectively on many other varieties. The Northern Spy
is fairly free from its attack.
THE ROSY OR PURPLE APPLE APHIS.
Aphis sorhi Kalt.
{Aphis pyri Boyer. )
(Aphis malifoliw Fitch.)
General Appearance. — This insect gets its common name from its
rosy or purplish color, which readily distinguishes it from the green
apple aphis. The head and thorax of the winged forms are dark. The
bodies of all are slightly covered with white powder which often gives
a grayish cast.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
71
Life History. — The life history of this species is very imperfectly
known. The eggs laid upon the trees the previous fall hatch in the
spring about blossoming time and the young lice at once begin to attack
the young leaves and fruit. The work upon the leaves is similar to
that of the green apple aphis, causing them to curl and turn yellow.
The work upon the fruit is even more destructive, causing deformity
and non-maturity. In most of the apple growing sections of the State
the attacks of this louse have been exceedingly severe. About June
the species leaves the fruit trees and migrates to unknown host plants
and does not return until fall in time to give birth to the true sexual
forms, which produce the over-wintering eggs. As in the case of green
apple aphis many successive and overlapping broods occur each year.
Distribution. — Widely distributed in practically every apple grow-
ing section of the State.
Food Plants. — Especially attacks the foliage and young fruit of the
apple, but also works upon the hawthorn and Sorhus sps.
Fig. 57. — The lui)ine aphid (Macrosiphuin albifroiis Essig)
on wild lupine. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Eat.)
72 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE LUPINE APHID.
Macrosiphum alhifrons Essig.
(Fig. 57.)
General Appearance. — Large green lice, completely covered with
fine white powder, which makes them appear silvery-gray; length, 3
to 4 mm.
Life History. — The lice appear in the spring, soon after the lupines
are well started, and are especially abundant about flowering time.
The younger shoots and especially the flowering tips are attacked
and many lice continue to work upon the green seed-pods. The species
collects in large colonies and works great havoc upon the hosts.
Distribution. — In the southern part of the State.
Food Plants. — ^Wild lupine {Lupinus albifrons). The insect is men-
tioned here because of its liability to infest lupines used for cover crops.
Natural Enemies. — The writer was able to breed out a large internal
parasite from this species, which has not been determined.
THE GREEN CITRUS LOUSE.
Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashm.).
(Fig. 58.)
General Appearance. — A large green louse, about the size of and^
greatly resembling the destructive pea louse {Macrosiphum destructor)
in color and shape. Under the microscope it will be found that the
tips of the cornicles (honey tubes) of the pea louse are perfectly
plain, while there are mosaic markings on those of fhe green citrus
louse.
Life History. — The young lice appear on the tender shoots early
in April and are especially abundant upon young orange trees in the
nursery. Winged and apterous forms continue to appear throughout
the entire summer, but only in the spring and early summer is this
species a pest.
Distribution. — Throughout the citrus belt of Southern California.
Food Plants. — Found especially abundant upon young orange seed-
lings and on suckers of large seedling orange trees. It is probable
that the older foliage of most of the orange trees is attacked.
Natural Enemies. — The larvae of the predaceous ladybird beetle
{Hippoclamia convergens) feed upon this species in limited numbers.
The most efficient predators are the larvse of the green lacewing (Chry-
sopa calif arnica) and the large syrphid fly {Lasioplitliicus pyrastri).
The internal parasite Charips xanthopsis also works upon this pest.
These natural enemies are usually sufficient to hold it in perfect
control.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
73
PiQ 58. — The green citrus louse, Macrosiplmm citrifolU (Ashm.;.
Adult winged and apterous females. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
THE DESTRUCTIVE PEA LOUSE.
Macrosiplium destructor (Johnson).
(Fig. 59.)
General Appearance.— A large, light-green apterous arid winged
form, 3 mm. long. Head and thorax of winged lice amber to yellow ;
red spots often occur on the abdomen.
Life History.— These lice occur practically throughout the entire
year. In the winter they feed upon legumes in the mountains and in
summer migrate to the cultivated fields. Due to their great prolificacy
much damage is done, especially to pea crops during the summer
months. In many localities entire fields have been ruined.
74
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
A
Pig. 59. — The destructive pea louse, Macrosiphiiui destructor (Johns.). A, adult
winged female; B, lateral aspect of apterous female; 1, antenna of apterous female;
2, antenna of winged female; 3, antenna of nymph; 4, cornicle of adult; 5 and 6,
cornicles of nymphs. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — Peas, vetch and other legumes.
Control. — Natural enemies do not hold this species in check at all.
It is sometimes necessary to spray with a tobacco or emulsion spray.
Such spraying can most profitably be done with a drive-geared spray-
ing machine.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
75
E. o. rssro.
Fig. 60. — The large rose apKid (Macrosiphum rosce Linn.). A and B, adults; C,
E and G, third antenna article, cornicle and style of winged female ; D, F and H,
same of the apterous female. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
76 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE LARGE ROSE APHID.
Mactusipliuin rosw Linn.
(Fig. 60.)
General Appearance. — A large aphid, being green and pink in color.
The apterous forms have dark cornicles and the joints of the legs and
antenna^ dusky, while in addition to these the thorax, entire antennie
and l)lotehes on the sides of the abdomen of the winged forms are dark.
Length, 2 to 3 mm. Readily distinguished from the other common
green rose aphid by the large size and pink forms.
Life History. — Works on the young shoots and buds of the roses,
almost throughout the entire year. Especially troublesome in the early
spring during the months of April and May. Not so serious a pest on
roses as is the small green louse {Myzus rosarum).
Distribution. — ^Throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — Roses, wild and cultivated.
Control. — In order to save the buds it is sometimes necessary to
spray the bushes with a soap and tobacco spray. Washing the bushes
every day with a high pressure of water will keep them off and is a
practical method of control.
Natural Enemies. — Natural enemies completely eliminate the attacks
of this ]iest by the middle of sunnner.
RED VIOLET LOUSE.
Rliopalosiphum violw Perg.
General Appearance. — All forms are dark red ; the wings are notice-
ably clouded along the veins which easily distinguishes this species
from all others infesting violets.
Life History. — Viviparous females, winged and apterous, bring forth
young continually throughout the early spring and summer months.
Evidently the entire life cycle is passed upon the violet.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State; works on the tender
shoots and undersides of the leaves.
Food Plants. — Cultivated violets.
Natural Enemies. — This species is usually held in perfect control by
internal parasites.
BLACK CHERRY LOUSE.
Myzus cerasi Fab.
General Appearance. — A sliining jet black louse, congregating in
great numbers on the young and tender foliage. Particularly charac-
terized by the long swollen cornicles or honey tubes. The young greatly
resemble the adults, but are somewhat lighter in color.
THE MONTHLY BULIjETIN. 77
Life History. — The lice hatch as soon as the buds open in the spring
from over-wintering eggs deposited on the branches of the cherry
trees and previous fall. Throughout the entire summer only females
appear which have the power to reproduce their like — these being the
destructive forms. In the fall, however, they give birth to true males
and females, which mate, the females depositing the over-wintering
eggs. The lice breed very rapidly and occasionally cause considerable
trouble.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State.
Food Plants. — The attacks of this pest are practically confined to
the cherry, so it may readily be distinguished from all other black lice.
Control. — On old trees spraying with the emulsions, soap sprays
and tobacco decoctions will control the pest. Young shoots which may
liecome seriously infested near the tips, especially on nursery stock
or small trees, can be dipped into a solution of these sprays.
Natural Enemies. — Natural enemies practically control the cherry
louse. Many species of syrphid and green lacewing tlies feed upon
this species, while ladybird beetles share a large part in the work.
In the east Praon cerasaphis Fitch is parasitic upon the lice and
destroys great numbers.
THE GREEN PEACH APHID.
Myzus persicas Sulzer.
(Fig. 61.)
General Appearance. — The color of this species varies from yellow-
ish to rich green. The winged forms have dark olive-green head,
thorax, and markings on the abdomen, as shown in Fig. 61. The
apterous forms have no markings at all. This species is medium in
size, varying from 1.5 to 1.9 mm. in length.
Life History. — The spring forms hatch from eggs deposited the
former fall, and bring forth young just M^hen the new foliage begins
to appear. All twigs, and especially the tender growths are quickly
attacked. Breeding continues throughout the entire spring and sum-
mer. In the fall males and females appear, and, copulating, give rise
to the wintering eggs and the next year's broods.
78
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
IT,. O. ESdiO
Fig. 61. — The green peach aphid (Myzus persicw Sulz. ). A and B, adult females;
C, dorsal view of the pygidium of the winged female ; D, side view of pygidium of
apterous female ; E and F, cornicles of winged and apterous females ; G and H,
antennte of winged and apterous females. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. It is doubtful if there
is a single locality where this species does not exist.
Food Plants. — "Works on almost every kind of vegetation. Among
the most common are: citrus trees (orange and lemon), potatoes,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
79
Malva parviflora L.. and tomatoes. It has also been reported as feed-
ing upon the folloAving plants : Amsinckia spectahilis F. & M., Brassica
oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower), celestial pepper {Capsicum annuum var.
abhreviatum Fing.), Chrysanthemiim indicmn L., Cynoglossum sp.,
carnation {Dianthus caryophyllus L.), English ivy {Hedera helix
L.), plum {Primus domestica L.), peach (P. persica B. & H.), ground-
sel {Senecio vulgaris h.) , Sonchus asper Vil, HoncUus oleraceus L.,
nettle {Urtica urens L.), Prunus amygdalus, cherry (P. cerasus h.),
German ivy, Pruuus insititia, Malva rotundifolia.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites and predaceous enemies usu-
ally make it unnecessary to adopt artificial methods of control.
SMALL GREEN ROSE LOUSE.
Myzus rosarum Walk.
(Fig. 62.)
General Appearance. — A very small species, not nearly as large as
MacrosipJium rosw ; green throughout except dark markings on the
winged forms. It is often mistaken for the larger species.
Life History. — A very serious rose pest at times, and especially bad
in the summer months. It breeds very rapidly, collects in great num-
bers upon the leaves and excretes a great amount of honeydew which
smuts the bushes. The worst rose pest in many parts of the State.
Fig. 62. — Small green rose louse {Myzus rosarum Walk.). A and B, adult females;
1 and 2, antennal articles, 3, cornicle, 4, style, 5, third antennal article of winged
female; 6, style, 7 and 9, front and antenna, and 10, cornicle of apterous female.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
80
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — Roses, usually more serious on climbing varieties. At-
tacks the leaves and buds and may prevent the production of flowers.
Natural Enemies. — Syrphid flies do considerable work upon this
species, but the natural enemies are not numerous enough to check
the ravages until late in summer.
Fig. 63. — V^alnut plant louse, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kalt.). A, adult winged
viviparous female ; B. adult apterous viviparous female ; C, nymph of winged female ;
1-3, antenna of winged female; 4, cornicle (honey tube) of winged female; 5, cornicle
of apterous female; 6, style; 7, anal plate; 8, antenna of apterous female. (Essig,
M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 81
THE WALNUT PLANT LOUSE.
Ghromaphis juglandicola (Kalt).
(Fig. 63.)
General Appearance.— The presence of this louse is usually mani-
fested by the smutting of the walnut trees during the early summer
months. ' Close examination, especially of the under sides of the leaves
will reveal the minute, light yellow lice. When magnified the winged
lice will be found to have black markings on the antenna, the middle
and hind femora, and on the abdomen. The true wingless lice have
two distinct broad black bands across the bodies.
Life History. — The sexual forms in the fall deposit eggs upon the
branches. These hatch in the spring and give rise to great numbers
of young which follow. The growing lice excrete a large amount of
honeydew which covers the foliage and ground beneath the tree. This
honeydew is responsible for the smutting. Late in July and in August
the numbers gradually diminish and when the leaves begin to fall only
the freshly laid eggs remain upon the branches.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State.
Host Plant. — So far as known this louse works only upon the cul-
tivated walnut.
Natural Enemies. — The most effective natural foe of this louse is the
ashy gray ladybird beetle {Olla abdominalis Say). The work of this
beetle is often phenomenal, so much so that in not a few seasons all
of the lice disappear by midsummer.
THE WILD WALNUT LOUSE.
*Monellia californica Essig.
(Fig. 64.)
General Appearance. — This louse is often confused with the walnut
louse {CJiromaphis juglandicola Kalt), which is so troublesome in the
walnut orchards of Southern California. The difference in markings
easily separates the two lice. All of the adult females appear to be
winged, the young n^^mphs being the only apterous individuals
observed. The adults are bright yellow in color with antennae, a band
*Tlie ending of tlie specific name should be "a" instead of "us," as first described.
6 H
82
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
on each side of the prothorax, the wing veins, the tibia? and feet are
dark — norie of these markings being pronounced in the young.
Pig. 64. — The wild walnut louse (Moncllin calif ornica Essig). A, adult female;
B, nymph ; C, anal lobe or plate ; D, base of antenna, showing black ring around the
first segment ; E, head of nymph ; F, antenna of nymph ; G, antenna of adult ; H,
third antennal article of adult, showing sensorial I. style. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Distribution. — Occurs in great numbers upon the wild walnut
throughout the southern part of the State.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
83
Food Plants.— The lice work upon the Tinder sides of the leaves of
the California black walnut (Juglans calif ornka) . Great colonies
may often appear so as to completely cover the foliage and the amount
of "honey secreted is sufficient to cause smutting-, rendering the trees
very unsightly.
THE BAMBOO PLANT LOUSE.
Myzocallis arundicolcns (Clarke).
(Fig. 65.)
General Appearance. — The adult lice are about one tenth of an inch
long and pale yellow in color. INIiscroscopic examination reveals the
facts that the antenna^, the sides of the thorax, two rows of tu1)ercles
upon the abdomen, the wing veins and feet are light brown or dusky.
The young lice show little or no markings. There appear to be no
apterous females.
Distribution. — This pest is usually found w^herever the bamboo is
grown. It has been collected at Santa Barbara, San Francisco, and
Sacramento, and probably occurs very generally over the central and
southern parts of the State.
Fig. 65. — The bamboo plant louse, Myzocallis arundicolens (Clarke). A, adult
female ; 1, third antennal article ; 2, sixth antennal article ; 3, anal lobe or plate ;
4, style; 5, cornicle. (Original.)
Food Plant. — The lice feed upon the under sides of the leaves or
blades of bamboo, often collecting in large colonies and doing much
damage by weakening the plants and smutting the foliage.
84
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE COMMON COTTONWOOD LOUSE.
Thoinasiu popuUcoIa (Tlios.).
General Appearance.— The adults are dark red or wine colored,
many appearing- nearly black and are distingnished from other poplar
lice by the clouded wings. The winged forms are nuich darker than
the apterous, which are distinctly robust and are characterized by a
yellow blotch on the back, not unlilce an inverted "Y." This species
clusters in great colonies at the terminals of young shoots.
Life History. — So far as known the entire life cycle is passed upon
Cottonwood trees. During the early summer months the young shoots
of the host plants are seriously attacked, but by fall all entirely dis-
appear. It is not known how the winter is spent.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State wherever the food plants
grow
Food Plants. — The common cottonwood {Populus trichocarpa) and
poplar are invariably infested by this louse.
Natural Enemies. — Though this pest does considerable damage to
young growth during the summer months, it is finally checked by
many natural enemies, chief of which is the native ladybird, Seym » us
nehulosKS.
THE HOP LOUSE.
Phorodon humuU Schrauk.
(Fig. 66.)
General Appearance. — The wingless lice are pale yellowish-green;
the winged lice being of the same general color with head, dorsum of
the mesothorax and spots on the abdomen, dark.
Life History, — The life history of this louse greatly resembles that
of the mealy plum louse. The over-wintering eggs are laid upon the
fruit trees in the fall. The
spring broods breed and
feed upon the leaves
until the hops begin to
appear. By this time
winged forms occur in
large numbers and these
migrate to the hop fields
where the summer is spent.
The young plants and foliage
of the hop vines are severely
damaged by this pest, so as to completely ruin portions of the fields.
In the fall, migrants again return to the fruit trees, and give birth
to the sexual forms which produce the over-wintering eggs. The
sexual forms occur in the hop fields while the lice may be found upon
the plum trees during the summer, so in all probability they can exist
upon either of these hosts through the season.
Fig. 66. — Winged nnd apterous females
of tlie hop louse, Phorodon humuli Schrank.
(After Riley.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
85
Distribution. — Very common and destructive, especially in the cen-
tral hop -growing districts of the State.
Food Plants. — This is primarily a hop pest and is certainly one of
the worst enemies of that crop. It also feeds upon plum trees, occur-
ring upon either hops or plums throughout the summer.
THE PARSNIP LOUSE.
Hyadaphis pastinacw (Linn.).
(Fig. 67.)
General Appearance. — The apterous forms are pale apple green,
occasionally with small red spots on the dorsum. The winged forms
are green with dark head, antennae, thorax, middle of the abdomen,
tips of cornicles and leg joints. The species is recognized by the small
tubercle on the posterior of the abdomen just above the style.
Life History. — This is one of the most widely spread species, occur-
ring on many hosts throughout the early spring and summer months.
Due to its varied host plants it seldom becomes serious on any one of
them.
Pig. 67. — The parsnip louse, Hyadaphis pastinacw (I^inn.), winged female and
detailed drawings of characteristic appendages. (Bssig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
86 THE MONTHIiY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire ^tate.
Food Plants. — Carrots, parsnips, celery, willows, ineludinu' KSalix
anna, >S'. luckla, 8. nigra, S. caprea, S. hahijlonica, »S'. alha, and S.
amygdaloides, Pimpinella magna, P. saxifraga, Erysimum vulgare,
Archangclica atropurpurea, Zizia anrca, Cicxita virosa, Hcracleum
spliondyJunn, J^]gnpodium podagraria, ('han-ophyllum tcmuJiim, Ange-
lica sylvrstris.
Natural Enemies. — Especially preyed upon hy the larvae -of syrphid
flies.
THE MEALY PLUM LOUSE.
J/ i/alopfcrns (iruudiitis Fab.
General Appearance. — The adult lice are long and slender, light
green with three dariver longitudinal stripes on the back and covered
Avith a white powder from whence it gets its name. It usually' occurs
in large colonies on the under sides of plum and prune leaves, causing
them to turn yellow and drop hut not to curl.
Life History. — The first broods hatch in the spring from the black
shining eggs deposited upon the twigs of the trees the previous fall
by the sexual females. These lice settle upon the under side of the
first leaves and bring forth young which soon mature and produce
others. During the summer in July and August the lice, most of
which have accpiired wings by this time, leave the trees and feed upon
grasses ; the fall migrants returning to the trees to give birth to the
true sexual winged males and wingless females, which mate — the
females laying the over-wintering eggs.
Distribution. — Especially al)undant in the central part of the State
in the fSacramento and San Joaquin valleys, as well as along the coast
and in the Sierra foothills.
Food Plants. — The only fruit trees attacked appear to be the prune,
apricot and plum. The common reed grass {Phragmites vulgaris) is
also infested.
«
THE BLACK CITRUS LOUSE.
Toxoptcra innantiw Koch.
(Fig. 68.)
General Appearance. — A small dull black louse, scarcely over 1.5
mm. in length. The apterous forms often appear brown, while the
young are a decided reddish-brown to black. Some of the adults are
shim' black and have been mistaken for the black peach aphis {Aphis
persica'-uiger) . It is easy to distinguish the winged individuals of
this species by the very dark and prominent stigma and the single
branching of the third discoidal vein.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
87
Fig. 68. — The black citrus louse {Toxoptera aurantice Koch). A and B, adult
females; C, cornicle and D, antenna of winged female; E and F, same for apterous
female; G, third, and H, fourth antennal articles of winged female. (Essig, P. C.
Jr. Ent.)
Life History. — This species may be found in the citrus groves
throughout the entire year, all stages being present. The greatest
numbers occur during the spring months, when all the new growth
may be destroyed on the young trees by them. Older trees are also
attacked. The presence of the insects on the larger and older leaves
is easily told by their curled appearance, a condition produced by
the lice.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire citrus growing section of
the State. Especially abundant in the southern coast counties.
88 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Food Plants. — All species of citrus trees, camellia, Oleo straiissia
and coffee.
Natural Enemies. — This insect would be a far greater pest were it
not for its many natural enemies. Two internal parasites. Aphidius
iestaceipes Cress, and Charips xanthopsis, have been bred from adalt
lice, while the California ladybird beetle {Coccinella califoniica) and
the larva? of three syrphid tiies {Allograpta ohliqua Say, Syrphus
americanus Wied. and LasiopMMcus pyrastri Linn.) were observed in
large numbers feeding upon the lice.
COCCID.E (Family).
SCALE INSECTS.
To the California horticulturist, and especially to the citrus
grower, the scale insects are by far the most destructive and persistent
pests. More money is spent in combating them than all other insects
together.
Many members of the family have the ability to produce a scale-like
covering, from whence the name scale insect comes, while others,
though unable to form a scale, secrete a hardened chitinous shell ; while
still others secrete an abundance of white, cottony wax for protective
purposes.
The young are either born alive or from eggs previously laid by
the female. They always have legs, enabling them to move about
freely. In many species the legs are retained throughout the entire
life cycle, enabling the adults to move as freely as the young, but in
the scale-bearing species the legs disappear in the females, there being
but a small body under the shell, while in the case of the males the
moults are undergone under the scale, the adult appearing as two-
winged, very delicate insects.
Control. — The control of scale insects has long been one of great
importance throughout the entire country. Formerly only sprays
were used in combating them, l)ut during the past few years fumiga-
tion, especially in the citrus growing sections of the state, has become
the principal control method. Scale insects occurring on deciduous
fruit trees are most efficiently and cheaply controlled hy the use of
sprays, and the mealy bugs on citrus and other trees are also sub.jected
to a similar treatment. All armored scales as well as such unarmored
scales, as the black and soft-brown, on citrus trees are most effectively
controlled by fumigation.
Natural Enemies. — One of the most noted examples of the control
of a serious insect pest by natural enemies is that of the cottony
cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, by the Vedalia, Novius cardinalis.
Other ladybird beetles and internal parasites also form an important
part in the control of scale insects, being responsible for the complete
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 89
subjection of certain non-economic species. Many other insects also
prey upon coccids, as will be noted in the discussion of the various
species.
In this work five subfamilies will be considered as follows :
Monophlehince.
Ortheziinm.
Dactylopiince.
CoccincB.
DiaspincE.
MONOPHLEBIN.E (Subfamily).
The females belonging to this subfamily are characterized by secret-
ing, behind the soft and unprotected bodies, a large white cottony egg-
sac. The bodies of the young scales are almost entirely without pro-
tective covering, as are also those of the adult females. The males
are delicate, two-winged insects. In California we have but one
species, Icerya purckasi, including two varieties of crawii and mashelli,
of economic importance.
THE COTTONY CUSHION OR FLUTED SCALE.
Icerya purchasi Mask.
(Figs. 69, 70.)
General Appearance. — The adults are distinguished by large, white
fluted cottony masses with distinct red or yellow bodies, varying from
one fourth to one half inch in length and three fourths as wide. There
are two varieties as follows: Icerya purcliasi var. crawii Ckll., of which
the body proper is yellow or light brown, and Icerya purchasi var.
maskelli Ckll., the body of which is very dark brown or almost black.
The eggs and young are bright cardinal red.
Life History. — The large cottony masses are the egg-sacs of the
females, and may contain from four hundred to a thousand eggs.
The males soon after hatching secrete themselves in a white cocoon for
transformation, M^hich requires nearly one month. The females are
matured in from three to four months. There are several broods
during the summer, when the scale increases enormously and may do
great damage.
Distribution. — Throughout the citrus growing section of the entire
State, but due to its natural enemies is seldom seen in some localities
while in others it may become serious.
Food Plants. — All citrus trees. Acacia haileyana, Acacia melanoxylon,
pomegranate, quince, apple; peach, apricot, fig, walnut, locust, willow,
pepper, grape, rose, castor bean, spearmint, rose geranium, purslane,
ambrosia. Polygonum, nettle, sweet-gum. Verbena, Veronica, Magnolia,
90
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 69. — Young: cottony cushion scale on lemon leaf, showing honey
threads and drops secreted by them. ( Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
91
Avhite oak. flowering almond, pecan, potato, nightshade, Amaranthus,
CJi€ no podium, Bermnda grass.
Control. — Artificial control by
sprays and fumigation are never
practiced because of the efficiency
of natural enemies. This is the
one case where nature controls per-
fectly a serious pest.
Predaceous Enemies. — The com-
mon Vedalia {Xoviiis cardiualis)
and the Koebele's ladybird {Novius
ka'helei) are the ladybird beetles
which keep the cottony cushion
scale in complete subjection. In
many localities the former is the
most efficient, but in some places,
and especially in Ventura County,
the writer found the latter doing
most of the control work.
While these ladybirds are usu-
ally present in limited numbers in
most sections, yet at times they
completely disappear and the cot-
tony cushion scale increases so as
to cause considerable damage be-
fore the beetles can again be
established. It is always well to
keep a close watch of this pest, and
if it appears without being accom-
panied by the larvti? of the Vedal-
ias, adults of the latter should be
obtained and liberated as soon as
possible.
True Parasites. — There are two
true parasites which also prey upon
this coccid : the hymenopterous
enemy, Ophelosia crawfordi, and
the dipterous parasite, CryptocJice-
fioii {Lesiophonus) iceryce Will.
The latter is often responsible for
as much effective work as are the
Fig. 70. — Cottony cu-shion scale Vprlfllifl« thnno-li +liio -Fa/i+ ic n/^+
ilcerya purchasi Mask.) on ovange Veaaiias, tnougll tlllS tdCtlSUOt
twig. (Cai. Hort. Com.) generally known.
92
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ORTHEZIIN.E (Subfamily).
The members of this subfamily are soft-bodied insects without
special protection. The females are characterized by their long white
egg-sacs at the posterior end of the body as shown in Fig. 71, and their
long legs. The bodies are also slightly covered with a white wax.
Throughout the entire life cycle the females are very active. But one
species, Orthezia insignis, is of economic importance in California.
THE GREENHOUSE ORTHEZIA.
Orthezia insignis Dougl.
(Fig. 71.)
General Appearance.— Body ochreous to dark green, covered with
plates of Avhite waxy secretion, which are extended posteriorally in a
large rectangular plate, to hold and protect the eggs and young.
Length 1.5 mm. Males are small and darker in color with two long,
white wax filaments posteriorally.
Fig. 71. — The greenhouse orthezia (Orthesia insignis
Dougl.). Immature forms at left (after Britton) ; adult
females at right (after Craw.).
Life History.— There are several generations a year. The eggs of
the female are carried in the white egg-sac fastened to the posterior
end of the abdomen. The young females vary from yellow to green
in color. As they grow the white covering forms around the edges
and as a distinct middle longitudinal ridge. When full grown the
bodies are completely hidden. • All stages are active.
Distribution. — In greenhouses throughout the entire State and
country.
Food Plants.— Is especially destructive to Colcus sps. It also attacks
Amaranthus sp.. Chrysanthemum, Lantana, Vcrlena, Ipomoea, Thun-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
93
bergia, Sirohilanthes, Achillea, Salvia, Cupliea, Capsicum, Ageratum,
Vernonia, Gardenia, Lonicera, Citrus sp., tea, strawberry and tomato.
DACTYLOPIIN^ (Subfamily).
The members of this subfamily are much more varied than those of
the two preceding. In some species the power of locomotion is retained
throughout the entire life cycle, while in others the legs disappear early
and the insect soon becomes fixed in position. The bodies are entirely
unprotected except by the secretion of a white cottony powder or wax.
The eggs may be enclosed in the secretion covering the females or they
may be deposited in cottony masses. The chief members of this sub-
family are the mealy bugs, which are very troublesome in this State.
THE EUROPEAN ELM SCALE.
Gossijparia spuria (Modeer).
(Pig. 72.)
General Appearance. — Adult females are readily distinguished by
the white cottony borders around the reddish-brown bodies. They
are from one fourth to nearly
three eighths of an inch long, and
are usually clustered in the cracks
and crevices in great numbers and
from a distance appear to be white
rings. The male cocoons are white
and less than one twelfth of an
inch long. The young scales are
very minute and grayish.
Life History. — The eggs are
oblong in shape, pale yellow and
hatch very quickly. The young
appear during the early spring
months and settle upon the leaves
until August or September. When
nearly grown, they move to the
twigs and branches for hibernation.
The males appear in the spring to
mate with the females before they
bring forth the summer brood.
There is but one brood a year.
Distribution. — ■ The spread of
this pest is at present limited to the
following localities: San Rafael,
Ukiah, Stockton, Colusa, Palo Alto,
Santa Clara and San Jose.
Food Plants. — White or Ameri-
can elm {Ulmus americana) , and cork elm {Ulmus racemosa) .
Control. — Washing with an extension nozzle under high pressure
during the period of hatching will control the pest, if thoroughly done.
Fig. 72. — The European elm scale,
Gossyparia spuria (Mod.) on cork
elm. (After Doten. )
94
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distillate canstie-soda water mechanical mixture or lime-sulphur (1-9)
when the trees are dormant are etficient.
Natural Enemies. — Dr. A. J. Cook found that the two-stabbed lady-
bird beetle {Chilocorxs hindiicnts) was prejdng upon the elm scale at
San Rafael.
THE MARLATT SCALE.
FIktiucococciis iitorlaffi Ckll.
(Fig. 73.)
General Appearance, — The young scales oidy have power of locomo-
tion, Avhich they lose as they grow older. The adult females are not
protected by a shell or scale, but secrete around and partially over
themselves a white wax. They are about 1 mm. long, oval, wine red
in color, and assembled in great colonies at the base of the leaves.
Life History. — Very lit-
tle of the true life history
of this coccid is known,
except that it is a very
troublesome pest to the
date pahn. The females
give birth to living young,
which appear in great num-
bers in the early spring.
These seek the base of the
palm leaves, where they are
thoroughly protected be-
fore they settle to feed.
Gradually the legs disap-
pear and white wax is
secreted to cover and pro-
tect the naked body. The
male is unknown. The pro-
lifica-cy of this species is a
pronounced characteristic.
Distribution. — Limited
to the southern part of the
State, in Riverside and
Imperial counties, where
dates are commercially
grown.
Food Plants.— Feeds at the base of the leaves of the commercial
dates.
Control. — Carbolic acid emulsion poured in large quantities at the
bases of the leaves until the trunk is thoroughly saturated has afforded
best results, according to County Horticultural Connnissioner W. H.
Wilsie.
Natural Enemies. — No natural enemies have been found working
upon this scale.
Fig. 73. — The Marlatt scale, Phwnicococcus
marlatti Ckll. (After Cockerell.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
95
THE DIPLACUS CEROPUTO.
L'croputo yuccw Coq.
(Fig. 74.)
General Appearance. — This insect is continually mistaken for the
regular mealy bugs belonging to the genus Pseudococcus. It differs
in having a tooth on the inner surface of the claw, and a row of spine-
groups on each side. The cottony covering is very dense and arranged
in broad segmental plates. The males are nearly half an inch long,
with dark and orange colored bodies, and long anal filaments. The
cocoons are elliptical in shape, white in color and scattered among the
females.
Life History. — The young are born alive and soon secrete wax
enough to completely cover them. The broods appear in the late
Fig. 74. — Adult females of the diplacus ceropiito, Ceropnto yuccw Coq. (Essig, P. C.
Jr. Ent.)
spring and early summer, and are especially abundant during the
months of April, May, June and July. The males mature Avhen the
females are about two thirds grown ; the life period of the females
being from three to five months. This species lives under the ground
on roots of black sage {Bamona stacliyoides) and above ground on
other plants. As an aerial form it does not appear until late in the
season. The adults in all probability hibernate under ground in
winter.
Distribution. — From Santa Cruz County south along the coast and
96
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
in the interior. So far it has been taken in the following counties:
San ]\rateo, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Orange.
Food Plants. — Black sage (Bamona stachyoides) , the mountain
monkey Hower {Diplacus glutinosus) , Mesemhryanthemum sps. The
species was taken on the first two hosts by the writer, and on the last
by B. B. Whitney, who found it in great quantities along the foothills
of San ]\Iateo County. First taken by Coquillett on Yucca whipplei.
Also on Y. filifera, Y. australis, Lanlana, Ceanothus Jiirsutiis, banana,
orange, lime.
Natural Enemies. — Coquillett bred an internal parasite from speci-
mens taken in Los Angeles County. This he named Blastofhrix
yucccB Coq.
THE ARTEMISIA MEALY BUG.
I'scudococcus urtemisiw Essig.
(Fig. 75.)
General Appearance. — Much narrower than the usual forms, though
Fig. 75. — The artemisia mealy bug
(Pseiidococcus arteniisiw Essig) on brancli.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
97
rather small, being from one eighth to three eighths of an inch long.
The color is slate but the fine powdery covering makes it appear gray.
The segmentation is clearly seen through the white coat.
Life History. — The female deposits her eggs in a small sac in which
she encloses herself. The species appears in the spring and summer
months, but is very limited in numbers.
Distribution. — In the vicinity of Claremont, Los Angeles County.
Food Plant. — The California sage {Artemisia calif ornica) is the
only known food plant. The mealy bugs hide and feed under the bark
and in wounds.
THE GOLDEN OR ARAUCARIA MEALY BUG.
I'scudococcus aiirilaiintus (Mask.).
(Fig. 76.)
General Appearance. — The body is deep red and covered with
bright yellow or golden flocculence or waxy secretion. This species
has no prominent anal appendages. The males are very minute and
deep purple in color.
Life History. — The deep red or wine-colored eggs are deposited in
loose masses of yellowish cottony wax. The young and adults move
■%. . .JK^M' ,-. . r^ , , f^BjmiJM
B^^^HbriE'^^Sfetoi ^ ';^ ''*^^jl^^^H
''uM^
^:^5^^M
^Mk'i'S^ fly -^^^^r
' 4BBL'
■' ■■'-■-^,=v
iS^
M^y
%
^^^^^pS"" ^ '■ t
Fig. 76. — The golden or araucaria mealy bug, Pseudococcus auri-
lanatns (Mask.) on twigs of Norfolk Island pine. (Original.)
slowly and feed on the branches, crowding down between the needles
or leaflets, often in great numbers. In such cases considerable smut-
ting of the foliage results.
7 — H
98
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — Throughout tlie State in greenhouses and in the open
in the southern part.
Food Plants. — Norfolk Island pine (Aravcaria excelsa), the Mon-
key I'uzzler {Araucaria hidwiUii), Damrnara ovata and D. vitiensis
are attacked.
Control. — Same as for the citrus mealy bug.
THE WALNUT MEALY BUG.
Pseudococcus bakeri Essig.
(Pig. 77.)
General Appearance. — Slightly larger than the citrus and long-
tailed species. Does not secrete as much cottony covering and has
tails half as long as the body.
Life History. — Eggs are deposited in loose masses similar to those
Fig. 77. — Walnut mealy bug (Pseudococcus
bakeri Essig) under bark of the English walnut.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
of the citrus mealy bug. Does not multiply nearly as rapidly as
the other species.
Distribution. — So far it has been found only in Ventura County at
Santa Paula and Oxnard.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
99
Food Plants. — ^Walnut, apple, pear and lemon. "Works under the
bark and in crevices upon the tender cambium layer.
Control. — Same as for the citrus mealy bug.
CITRUS OR GREENHOUSE MEALY BUG.
Pseudococcus citri (Risso).
(Pigs. 7S-S4.)
c£. i>- c.
Pig. 78. — Immature stages of the male citrus mealy bug. a, young just hatched
from egg; b, young after cocoon is finished; c, nearly matured. (Essig, P. C.
Jr. Ent.)
Fig. 79. — Adult males of citrus mealy bug. A, with wings folded in normal attitude;
B, wings spread. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
General Appearance. — Small mealy-coated soft-bodied insects, from
one fourth to three eighths inches long and two thirds as wide. They
100
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
are specially characterized by a large amount of white waxy secretion
coverinti" the bodies. There are no perceptible wax tails or appendages.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited in loose cottony masses by
the females upon the food plants, mostly during the late fall and winter
months, though some may be laid in summer. The young upon hatch-
ing move about very freely seeking suitable feeding places upon the
tender foliage or young fruit. The females continue to move at will
throughout their existence, but the young males soon spin a small
white cocoon (Fig. 81) in which to pupate. Transformation requires
but a short time, the two-winged males (Fig. 79) emerging when the
Fig. 80. — Drawings showing development of tlie female citrus mealy laig. A,
egg ; B, young before first moult ; C, adult witli cottony covering removed to sliow
body. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
females are about half grown. After copulation the males die and
the females continue to develop for some weeks or months before egg-
laying begins.
During the spring months the young are to be found in great num-
bers, but by summer they have so hidden themselves as to give the
general impression that the pest leaves the trees during that period.
In the fall the adults begin to deposit the large masses of eggs which
make them more conspicuous. The entire strength of the female is
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 101
converted into eggs, only the shriveled and dry skin remaining after
all have been deposited.
The insect natnrally hibernates during the winter in the egg state,
but due to the uneven hatching caused by the warm weather in the
southern part of the State, practically all stages of the young and
the adult males and females may be also abundant during the winter
months.
Fig. 81. — Cocoons of the male mealy bugs. Immature females
also visible. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. Present in nearly all
the citrus sections, excepting in the counties of the warmer interior
regions.
Food Plants.— Works on a great variety of plants, including
102
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
begonia, Bignonki sp., Bouvardia sp., CalUstemon lanceolatus, Ceano-
thus integerrimus, Citrus aurantium, Citrus lirnonum, Citrus decu-
mana. Citrus wrdica, Coleus sp.. CucurUta pepo, Cyperus alternifo-
lius, Erythca tdulis, Euphorhki pulcherrima, Filicales, Fuchsia sp.,
Xeriuw. P(ronia sp., Passiflora violacca, Strelitzia regina, S. gigantea,
Solainon (hnigUisii, Tradescaniia Hiulticolor, Xicotiana tabacum, Coffea
arabica. Gossypiuiu sp.. Hedera helix, Ipomona sp., Solanum jasmin-
oidcs and HabrotliauDius sp. The fruit as well as all tender grow-
ing- parts of the plant are attacked.
Control. — The control of this pest has been somewhat complicated
and nnsatisfaetory, although at the present time considerable or com-
plete success attends the efforts of careful work. Without doubt the
best control measure is the application of a carbolic acid emulsion
spray, which should be applied plentifully, from ten to fifteen gallons
to an average size tree, and under a pressure of two hundred pounds.
Fig. S2. — Egg masses of the citrus mealy bug on lemon. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Bnt. )
"We have found that two angle "Bean Jumbo" nozzles on a "Y" to
each rod give best results. Large-holded discs should be used in the
nozzles to insure a coarse driving spray.
If the mealy bug is present in great numbers it may be necessary
to make two, three or even four applications a week or so apart.
During the winter, when there are large numbers of egg-masses, or
in the spring when the young are hatching, is the best time for apply-
ing the sprays.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
103-
Fumigation has often given excellent killing results, but is not at
all recommended for this pest, unless some other destructive scale
insect, such as red, yellow, black or purple scale, is present and needs
that treatment. Experience has shown that an excessive dose gives
little better result than the ordinary black-scale dosage (one half to
three fourths of Schedule No. 1).
||>"|PJ
Fig. 83. — Adult females of the citrus mealy bug on a lemon leaf.
(Essig-, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Natural Enemies. — The ladybird beetle, Cryptolmnus montrouzicri.
is the most important natural check, though the following insects prey
upon this pest: the ladybird beetles, EJiizohlus ventralis, Lindorus
lopanthce, Scymnus guttulatus, S. sordidus, S. margimcollis, Crypto-
gonus orbiculus, Hyperaspis lateralis ; the green lacewing, Chrysopa cali-
fornica Coq. ; the brown lacewing, Sympherohius angustus Bks. ; the
hymenopterous parasites. CJirysoplatycerus spleitdens How.. Clieilo-
neurus dactylopii How. and the dipterous parasite, Leucopis hella Loew.
104
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
^^
Fig. 84. — Adult females and egg masses of the citrus mealy bug
(Psendococcus citri) on orange. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
105
THE WHITE SAGE MEALY BUG.
Pseudococcus crawii (Coq. ).
(Pig. 85.)
General Appearance. — The same as P. citri, but with anal appen-
dages conspicuous, being less
than half as long as the body.
The male is blackish-brown.
Life History — The young
are brought forth alive in
great numbers. The females
usually settle on the leaves,
which are slightly curled to
afford protection. This spe-
cies is most abundant during
the months of May, June and
July, and is rarely found at
other times.
Distribution — Throughout
the white sage belt of South-
ern California.
Food Plant.— White sage
{Ramona polystachya). The
foliage is attacked, causing
the leaves to curl.
Natural Enemy. — This
insect is usually held in
check by a native ladybird
beetle {Scymnus moerens).
Fig. 85. — The white sage mealy bug, Pseu-
dococcus crawii (Coq.). (Original.)
THE LONG-TAILED MEALY BUG.
Pseudococcus longisputiis (Targ. ).
(Pseudococcus adonidum Linn.)
(Fig. 86.)
General Appearance. — The same as the citrus mealy bug in size,
shape and color, but is readily distinguished from it by the long white
anal appendages as long, or longer, than the body, from which it gets,
its name.
Life History.— No eggs are laid by this species, the young being-
born alive. Several generations appear each year, in fact in the
106
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
sontlu'1'11 pni't of tlio State the breeding extends throughout praetieally
the entire year. The life cycle
(tccupies about two months.
Distribution Occurs generally
throuiilidul the State, but is pai'-
tieularly l.nid in orecnhonses and
oi'nanu^ntal uai'dens.
Food Plants. — Is especially des-
tructive to Dravana sps.. but also
occurs on ni'jonvine, citrus, coleus,
sago ])alni {Cycas revoluta), ferns,
oleander, plum, staghorn fern
{Platyco-iam), Cypcrus alcriii-
folius. mango, guava, fig, croton,
FJacourfia scpiaria, Ncplirodium,
Staiujt ria scliizodon, Zamia sp.
Control — The same as for the
citrus nu^aly bug.
Fig. S6. — The long- tailed mealy bug
(Psendococcus longispmus Targ. ).
(Essig. Bull. 1, C. Pom. CI.)
Fig. S7. — The guava
mealy bug (Pseudococcus
nipw Mask. ) on guava
leaf. (^ Essig, P. C Jr.
Ent. )
THE GUAVA MEaLY BUG.
I'scudococcus n iixr ( Mask. ) .
(Fig. 87.)
General Appearance. — Greatly resembles
the diplacus ceroputo (Ceroputo yuccce) , but
somewhat smaller and the covering is slightly
cream-colored.
Life History. — Same as other members of
this family. The male cocoons are stiff-
wallecl and very numerous, being cylindrical
in shape.
Distribution. — Taken in quarantine, It
is especially abundant in Mexico and Ha-
waii Territory, and is included here because
of the probability of its being located within
the State at any time.
Food Plants. — Destructive to guavas, in-
festing all parts of the plants. Also works
on palms, Nipa fruticans.
Control. — Same as for the citrus mealy
bug {Pseudococcus citri) .
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
107
i THE KENTIA MEALY BUG.
Pseudococcus pseudonipiv (Ckll.).
(Fig. SS.)
General Appearance. — This species is readily distinguished from
the other mealy bugs b}^ the cream colored fioceulence or wax which
is not smoothed over the body but arranged on the segments in rows
of small columns or patches and by the seven-jointed antenna^. The
bodies are rich amber which lends the creamy color to the fioceulence.
The males are pale yellow.
Fig. 88. — The Kentia mealy bug, Pseudococcus pseudonipw (Ckll.') on the
under side of palm leaf. Natural size. (Original.)
Distribution. — Occurs in greenhouses in many parts of the State
and sometimes in the open in the southern sections.
Food Plants. — This insect is often quite a pest, doing much damage
to tender palms of the species Kentia and Cocos. It collects in great
colonies upon the under sides of the leaves, as shown in Figure 88,
and produces smutting and so weakens the plants as to make them
unfit for sale or use.
THE WILD RYE RIPERSIA.
Ripersia smithii Essig.
(Fig. 89.)
General Appearance.^ — This insect resembles the common mealy bug,
but is much more slender and has a very fine cottony covering. It
108
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
differs Iruiu nidst oi" the true mealy bugs by having but seven articled
antenna\
Life History.— The eggs are deposited in loose cottony masses
beneath the female or ])ehind her within the culm of the infested
grass. They are small, elliptical in form and yellow in color. The
young or(>at]y resemble the females, being light or pink in color.
Lenth -4 to 6 mm. Males have not
been taken. The females enter the
grass stems through holes bored by
other insects.
Distribution. — Taken only in Ven-
tura County.
Food Plant. — This insect works on
the tender shoots and between the
blades and culms of the common wild
rye {Elymns condensatus).
Natural Enemy. — Held in check by
the larva? of a small native ladybird
beetle belonging to the genus
Scym)n<s.
THE COTTONY BAMBOO SCALE.
Antoniiia craivi Ckll.
(Fig. 90.)
General Appearance. — The full-
grown female scales are completely
covered with a thick, compact white,
cottony coat, which makes them very
conspicuous. The body proper varies
from one eighth to nearly one fourth
of an inch long; broadly oval or
rounded and deep purplish-red in
color. The white coating may be
nearly one half inch in diameter.
The females collect in colonies form-
FiG. 89.— The wild rye ripersia • i„,,o.p pnftnnv Tnn<«csps in the leaf-
{Ripersia smithii Essig) witliin tlie '"" ^^^^^ C0tt0n\ maSSeS HI XUL ICai
plant stems. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.) axils of the CaUCS.
Distribution. — This insect has often been taken in cpiarantine. It
now occurs in many greenhouses and gardens, where bamboo is grown
and is confined to the central and southern parts of the State. The
writer collected large quantities of it in a private garden in Ventura.
Food Plant. — It works upon the bamboo where it collects in large
colonies in the crotches and leaf-axils of the canes and is especially
damaging to young growths.
THE MONTHLY BULTjETIN.
109
Fig. 90. — The cottony bamboo scale, Antonina
crawi Ckll. (Original.)
Control. — Due to the thick cottony covering it is exceedingly diffi-
cult to kill the adults, but frequent spraying with emulsions or soap
solutions will eliminate the young as fast as they appear.
COCCIN^ (Subfamily).
The members of this subfamily may be grouped as follows: Those
having soft, naked bodies and retaining power of locomotion, such as
the soft brown scale; those having naked oval bodies with hard
chitinous coat, with power of locomotion only in the young stages,
such as. black and hemispherical scales; and those being naked with
waxy secretions behind or around them, with oval or fiat bodies and
having power of locomotion only in the young stages, such as wax and
cottony maple scales.
THE FRUIT-TREE PULVINARIA.
Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll.
(Pig. 91.)
General Appearance. — The general appearance of this insect is well
shown in Figure 91. The body proper is yellowish to brownish and
110
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
tlio laro-e egg-sac white. The entire length, including egg-sac, is nearly
one half inch.
Distribution. — The distribution of this scale is exceedingly limited,
being so far reported only from Los Angeles and Tehama counties. It
was collected in Los Angeles County by C. H. Vary and in Tehama
County by Chas. B. Weeks. However, it may be met with in any part
of the State, especially in the central and southern sections.
Fig. 91. — The fruit-tree pulvinaria ( Pulvianaria amyg-
dali Ckll.). Natural size. (Original.)
Food Plants. — The specimens taken by Mr. Vary and Mr. "Weeks
w^ere feeding upon the foliage of the prune. The scale also attacks
peach trees.
COTTONY MAPLE SCALE.
Pulvinaria vit is (Linn.).
(Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. )
(Fig. 92.)
General Appearance. — This species can be easily
recognized in early summer by the large white
cottony egg-sacs which are posterior to the brown
female bodies.
Life History. — The eggs are very small, oval,
and white to yellow in color. They are deposited
in the large, loose, cottony sacs, which are secreted
by the females. The young first settle on the leaves
and later move to the limbs. The males appear
late in the fall to mate and die. In the spring the
females increase very rapidly and after egg-laying
shrivel and die. There is but one generation a
year.
Distribution. — Not at all extensive and of no
economic importance in this State.
Fig. 92. — The cot-
tony maple scale,
Pulvinaria vitis
a^inn.) (After
Comstock. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Ill
Food Plants. — Maple, pear, apple, plum, peach, grape, sumach, lin-
den, s3'caniore, locust, beech, elm, oak, orange, box-elder, spindle-tree,
mulberry, alder, hawthorn, lilac, blackberry, willow, Msculus flava,
Aralia japonica, Viburnum dentatum.
Control. — Kerosene and carbolic acid emulsions, or resin wash, ap-
plied when the young are hatching will aid in reducing the coming
broods.
Natural Enemies. — There are many natural enemies, including
lihizobius ventralis, Coccopliagus lecanii and Encyrtus flavus, which
prey upon this coccid.
THE JAPANESE OR MEXICAN WAX SCALE.
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson).
(Fig. 93.)
General Appearance. — The adults look like lumps of dough stuck to
the branches. The body proper is black and about the size of a garden
pea, with a prominent posterior tubercle or pygidium. The waxy cov-
ering is very thick, making the diameter of the scale from one fourth
to three fourths of an inch. The color of the protecting coat varies
from white to cream. Fig. 93.
Life History. — Practically the same as Ceroplastes floridensis.
Fig. 93.- — The Japanese or Mexican wax scale, Ceroplastes ceriferus
(Anderson). (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — In greenhouses, and taken in quarantine from Japan,
Mexico, India, Australia. Ceylon, Hawaiian Islands and South
America.
Food Plants. — Hibiscus , Camellia, Gardenia, Myrica cerifera, tea,
mango and orange.
Control. — The same as given under Ceroplastes floridensis.
112
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE BARNACLE SCALE. '
Vcroplastes cirripctlifoniiis Conist.
(Fig. 94.)
General Appearance. — This wax scale greatly resembles the Florida
wax scale in shape. The body is dark red
or brown, and the white waxy covering is
mottled with shades of gray. There is a
spine-like projection at the posterior end of
the bod}', which is hid by the wax. The
length is one fifth of an inch; width one
sixth of an inch ; height the same as the
width. This species is larger and particu-
larly higher than the Florida wax scale.
Life History. — Eggs reddish brown,
darker than those of the Ceroplasfes flori-
densis. Young are dark brown in color.
The development and work are practically
the same as that of Ceroplastcs fJoridensis.
Distribution. — Principally in greenhouses
in the central and southern part of the
State.
Food Plants. — Citrus trees, quince, Eiipa-
torium, myrtle, persimmon, Solanum. Lig-
num vitcE.
Control. — The same as for C. floridensis.
Fig. 94. — The barnacle
scale, Ceroplastes cirripedi-
f or mis Com.st. (After Corn-
stock. )
THE FLORIDA WAX OR WHITE SCALE.
Ceroplastes fioridensis Comst.
(Fig. 95.)
General Appearance. — White or pinkish waxy scales, oval in form,
convex aljovc and concave beneath, from one twelfth to one eighth of
an inch in diameter. The upper surface is evenly and beautifully
lobed, as shown in Fig. 95. The body is red and seen through the
white wax gives the pinkish color.
Life History. — The eggs, one hundredth of an inch long, are dark
red and vary from seventy-five to one hundred to each female. The
young hatch beneath the scale and soon after leaving settle to feed,
first upon the leaves, and then upon the stems and smaller branches.
The wax shell forms with the growth of the females. There are from
three to four broods a year, covering a period from April to November.
Distribution. — Very limited in hothouses.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
113
Food Plants. — Citrus trees, quince, apple, pear, fig, guava, Japan
plum [Biotrites japonica), myrtle, ferns, oleander, mango, red bay,
Lignum vitce, pomegranate, tea,
Hex glabra, Anona reticulata,
A'}} droin eda, Anthurium.
Control. — It is seldom that this
insect becomes so numerous as to
be destructive, but this has
occurred. Spraying should be
done before the waxy covering
is formed. Resin wash or kero-
sene emulsion is recommended.
THE PALM SCALE.
Euculi/ninatits perforatus (Newst. ).
(Fig. 96.)
General Appearance. — A large
tlat, soft scale resembling the soft
brown scale {Coccus hesperi-
dum), but much darker and
Fig. 95. — The Floiida wax or wliite
scale, CeropUistes Jioridensis Comst.
(After Comstock. )
more irregular in outline. The surface is cov-
ered with yellowish or greenish mosaic markings.
Life History. — Resembles much that of Coccus
hesperidmn, but is usually confined to green-
and lath-houses ; however, not a serious pest.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and
southern part of the State.
Food Plants. — Kentia and other palms,
Caryota cumingii, Eugenia jamhos, Howea
helmoreana, Trachycarpus excelsus.
Control. — Spraying with carbolic acid, kero-
sene or distillate emulsions. In treating tender
greenhouse plants these sprays should be diluted
considerably to prevent injury.
I
/
f .-,
/;■
Fig. 96. — The palm
scale, Eucalymnatiis per-
foratus (Newst.). (After
Craw. )
114
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE SOFT BROWN SCALE.
Coccus hesperidum (Linn.).
(Fig. 97.)
General Appearance. — Oval, flat, soft scale, varying from straw to
dark brown color; often with distinct darker markings. The largest
attain one fourth of an inch or over in length and three fourths as
much in width.
Life History. — The young are born alive in great numbers. The
male scales are many times smaller
than the females and much lighter
in color. All stages are bark and
leaf feeders. On citrus trees they
crowd in such numl^ers as to overlap
on the younger limbs and the mid-
ribs of the leaves. The life cycle
covers from three to five months.
Distribution.^Throughout the en-
tii-e State. A serious pest to many
plants and very troublesome in green-
houses.
Food Plants. — Citrus, oleander,
camellia, clematis, morning-glory,
holly, ivy, laurel, box elder, myrtle,
jasmine, mulberry, Cycas revoluta,
india rubber, Phlox, California laurel
(Umhcllularia calif or niaca) . It does
nuich damage to young citrus trees
and at Pomona is seriously attacking
the old trees. The work is confined
to the stems and foliage.
Control.— Same as for black scale.
Natural Enemies.— The internal
parasites, Apltycus flavits, Encyrtus
jlavus, Coccophagus Iccaiu'i, Cocco-
phagus lunulatus, contribute to hold
this pest in check but remedial
measures are nearly always necessary
wherever it appears.
Fig. 97. — Soft brown scale (Coc-
cus hesperidum Linn. ) on orange
twig. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
115
THE CHERRY SCALE.
Eulecanium cerasorum (Ckll.).
(Pig. 9S.)
General Appearance.— The full-grown scales are exceedingly large,
often obtaining a height of three eighths of an inch, though the average
Fig. D8. — The cherry scale,
Eulecanium c e r a s o r u m
(Ckll.), on pear. Slightly re-
duced. (Original.)
is slightly over a quarter of an inch. The general shape is hemispher-
ical, and the bodies are very irregular and lobed. The general color
is rich brown, mottled with creamy white. The markings are more or
less regular and constant. The entire surface is highly polished and
shiny.
Distribution.— In the bay region, especially in Contra Costa County.
Food Plants.— This scale works upon the branches of cherry and
pear trees, collecting in such great numbers as to do considerable
damage.
Control.— Same as for black scale on deciduous fruit trees or for
the European fruit scale.
THE FROSTED SCALE.
Eulecanium pruinosum (Coq.).
(Figs. 99, 100.)
General Appearance.— This is one of the largest unarmored scales,
often one half an inch long, and three fourths as wide. The full grown
scales are nearly hemispherical in shape (Fig. 99), while the young and
116
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
Fig. 99. — Frosted scale, Eulecanium
(Essig
pruinosum (Coq. ).
P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Mature scales on walnut.
Fig. luo. — Immature specimens
of the frosted scale on loganberry
cane. (Original.)
lialf-grown forms are very flat
(Fig. 100). The surface is covered
with white frost-like wax. which
readily distinguishes it from all
other common species.
Life History. — Eggs are white to
yellowish in color and are deposited
in the early summer months. The
species is not as prolific as many of
the others of this genus, and because
of parasites scarcely does any damage.
Distribution. — Throughout the
central and southern parts of the
State.
Food Plants. — Apricot, prune,
peach, plum, cherry, pear, apple,
walnut, laurel, ash, birch, sycamore,
cork-elm, grape, rose, orange, logan-
berry and hawthorn. The branches
are usually the parts attacked.
Control. — Same as for European
fi'iiit scal(> ( Lrcaniu>n corni)
Natural Enemies. — Comys fiisca
and at least two other internal para-
sites were bred from this species, and
keep it in complete subjection.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
117
THE HEMISPHERICAL SCALE.
Saissetia hemisphwrica (Targ. )•
(Fig. 101.)
General Appearance. — This species is not quite as large as the black
scale. Regular and oval in shape with polished surface and rich brown
color without markings.
Life History. — The eggs are very minute and vary from pearly-white
to cream color. The life history is practically tlje same as that of
Saissetia olece. On citrus trees the scales are often found around the
margins of the leaves, but on other plants the stems and foliage are
attacked. Not a serious pest.
Fig. 101. — Hemispherical scale, Saissetia hemispharica (Targ.),
on bignonia. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Distribution. — A general greenhouse scale throughout the State.
In Southern California it is quite common, especially in parks and
ornamental gardens.
Food Plants. — Citrus, palm, orchid, camellia, guava, chrysanthe-
mum, asparagus fern, bignonia, oleander, peach, sago palm, Zamia sp.,
118 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ferns. Works upon the foliage and stems, but is occasionally found
upon citrus fruits.
Control. — Same as for black scale {Saissetia olece).
Natural Enemies. — The black ladybird beetle, BJiizohius ventralis,
the egg parasite, Scutellista cyanea, and the internal parasites, Corny s
fusca and Coccophagus lecanii, aid greatly in keeping down the num-
bers of this insect.
THE BLACK SCALE.
Saissetia olew (Bern.).
(Fig. 102.)
General Appearance. — Black, oval, tough-skinned scales with a dis-
tinct "H" on the back of half- and full-grown females. From one
eighth to one fourth of an inch in diameter. The young vary from
Fig. 102. — Full grown specimens of black scale, Saissetia olew (Bern.),
at base of nightshade plant. Many of these were under the surface of
the soil. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 119
light yellow to brown. The males are very minute and scarcely ever
seen. The eggs are nearly globular and slightly amber in color.
Life History. — The females deposit from fifty to three hundred eggs,
covering a period of from two to four weeks. The most are laid dur-
ing the months of May, June and first half of July, though in some
sections all stages of the insect may be found. Young half-grown
scales are most abundant from September 15th to December 15th and
the full-grown females from February 15th to July 15th. They work
principall}^ upon the leaves of the trees, when they are young, but later
are found almost wholly on the limbs.
Distribution. — Occurs throughout the entire State and is particu-
larly abundant and destructive in the citrus growing sections of the
southern part along the coast, and may well be termed the worst of
citrus insect pests.
Food Plants. — All citrus trees; olive, apricot, guava, honey locust,
Irish juniper, pomegranate, Lombardy poplar, apple, prune, plum,
almond, pear, sycamore, oleander, pepper (Sckinus niolle) , sumach,
(Rhus), mountain holly or Christmas berry {Heteromeles arbutifolia) ,
Baccharis viminea, rubber tree, Habrothamnus, Myoporum, Melal-
euca, laurel, holly, beech, ash, buckthorn, maple, Grevillea, Ligustrum,,
nightshade, Anfidesma, Duranta, Grewia, Thespesia, Cajanus, mag-
nolia, eucalyptus, grape, camellia, phlox, watermelon and asters.
Control. — Fumigation : On citrus trees fumigate with from one half
to three fourths schedule No. 1, between September 1st and January
1st. If the hatch is very even and the work can be done early, the one
half schedule is sufficient, but for ordinary work three fourths of the
schedule is required.
Sprays : On deciduous fruit and olive trees the following sprays may
be used when the scales are not more than half -grown : Water distillate
caustic soda mechanical mixture and distillate emulsion.
Natural Enemies. — The ladybird beetles, Rhizohms ventralis, steel
blue {Orcus cJialybeus), Olla plagiata and Axion plagiatus work on
the young scales; the parasites, Scutellista cyanea and Tomocera cali-
fornica Haw., on the eggs and the internal parasite, Aphycus flavus
How., on the male scale.
THE EUROPEAN FRUIT SCALE.
Lecanium conii Bouche.
(Eulecanium armeniacum Craw.)
(Pig. 103.)
General Appearance. — Similar to that of the soft brown scale {Coc-
cus hespcridum) but the adult forms are much more oval and of a
more reddish and darker color.
Life History. — Gpeat quantities of very small eggs are laid under
120
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the scale of each female. The vouiig reach maturity in from three
to six weeks and usually settle on
the smaller limbs of deciduous
fruit trees.
-Throu"hout the
Distribution.
entire State.
Food Plants. — Prune, apple,
apricot, plum, cherry, peach,
pear, grape, gooseberry and
Spanish chestnut. The limbs and
young twigs are attacked.
Control. — Spraying with caus-
tic soda distillate water mechani-
cal mixture or distillate emulsion,
when the trees are dormant, as
early as possible, gives excellent
results. In many cases it is
advisable to spray before all the
leaves fall.
Natural Enemies. — The inter-
nal parasite, Comys fusca, is the
most efficient natural check. It
is given credit of completely con-
trolling this pest in many local-
ities.
DIASPIN^ (Subfamily).
The females of this family are
all characterized by the formation
of a scale which afl'ords complete
protection for the body under-
neath. They are termed armored
scales and are very small and
exceedingly variable in shape. Representatives of this family are
abundant in every section and comprise some of the most destructive
and difficult pests to control known. The San Jose scale, purple scale,
red scale and rose scale are examples.
Pic. 103. — -The European fruit scale
(Lecanium C07'ni Bouche) on branch of
apricot. (Essig, Bull. 2, Vent. Co. Hort.
Com.)
THE ORANGE CHIONASPIS.
Chionaspis citri Comst.
(Fig. 104.)
General Appearance. — The female scales are elongated, blackish-
brown in color, with gray margins and dark yellow exuvia:\ The male
scales are very small, long and narrow, white with exuviae yellow. They
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 121
are often grouped so thickly as to almost hide the females and make the
branches appear white.
Life History. — Practically the same as that of C. cuonymi.
Fig. 104. — The orange chionaspis, Chionaspis citri
Comst. (Orig-inal. )
Distribution. — Though this scale has often been taken in quarantine,
it has become established only in San Diego County, and there to a
very slight degree.
Food Plants. — Its favorite food plant is the orange, though other
species of citrus trees are attacked as well as holly (Osmantkus ilici-
foJius), palms and Euonymus sps.
Control. — Fumigation as for red or purple scales will easily control
this pest.
THE EUONYMUS SCALE.
Chionaspis euotujmi Comstock.
(Fig. 105.)
General Appearance. — The female scale is dirty brown with yellow
exuviee, convex and broader posteriorly. The scale of the male is snow-
white, long and narrow, slightly shorter than the diameter of the
female scale, which is from 1.75 to 2 mm. and strongly tricarinated.
122
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — The young insects are yellow and soon settle to pro-
duce the scales of the male and female. So thick are they that plants
and entire hedges are ruined by the sapping of the females, while
the srnie may appear to be covered with fine flakes of snow due to the
great numbers of minute white scales of the males. The insects attack
all parts of the host and are very destructive.
Fig. 105. — The euonymus scale, Chionaspis
euonymi Comst. (After Sanders.)
Distribution. — In greenhouses and taken in cjuarantine.
Food Plants. — Euonymus latifoUus, E. japonicus, E. eiiropceus, E.
afro pur pur ens, Celastrus scandens, orange.
Control. — Spray with kerosene or distillate emulsion or resin wash
every two weeks between the months of May and June or until the
scale has disappeared. The spraying should be done during the hatch-
ing period. Care should be taken to see that the sprays are not strong
enough to injure the foliage.
In the winter when the plants are dormant much stronger solutions
of the same sprays may be used Math lasting effects.
THE SCURFY SCALE.
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch).
(Fig. 106.)
General Appearance.— The female scale is irregular and broadly
pear-shaped; from white to light gray in color. The exuvias is yellow-
ish and from one eighth to one tenth of an inch in length. The male
scale is white, very small, long, tricarinated and with yellow exuviae at
the pointed end.
Life History. — The winter is passed by the females under the scales
where the purple or wine-colored eggs are laid and hatch in the spring
shortly after blooming time. The young begin at once to cover their
bodies with a scale.
This insect is sometimes confused with the oyster shell scale, but is
broader and much lighter in color, having dark red eggs, while those
of the oyster shell scale are yellowish-Avhite.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
123
Distribution. — Limited, but present in the State on apples.
Food Plants. — This species attacks many plants, chief of which are
apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince, Japanese quince, currant, mountain
Fig. 106. — The scurfy scale, Chionuspis fur-
fura (Fitch). Adult females at left and males
at right. (After Qualntance and Sasscer. )
ash, hawthorn, peach, poplar, gooseberry, crab-apple, chokecherry, black
walnut and elm.
Control. — Same as for San Jose scale.
THE PINEAPPLE SCALE.
Diaspis bromeliw (Kern.).
(Fig 107.)
General Appearance. — The outer shells or scales of the females are
thin, circular and nearly pure white in color, with exuviae yellow. The
bodies proper are yellow or orange, sometimes with blue or purple
tints.
Life History. — The females usually attack the leaves into which
they burrow and may become almost entirely hidden under the epi-
dermis. The fruit is also infested.
Distribution. — Occurs in greenhouses and often taken in quarantine.
Food Plants. — Pineapple, Bromelia pinguin, Hibiscus, canna, ivy,
Billbergia zehrina, Olea fragrans.
124
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Control. — Spraying when the pest occnrs in the field with kerosene
emulsion and resin wash offers effectual control.
KS!S
i''ii;. 107. — The pineapple scale, Diaspis
hromeliw (Kern.). (Original.)
Natural Enemies. — Aspidioiipliafiu^ citriniis has been bred from
this species.
THE WEST INDIAN OR WHITE PEACH SCALE.
Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.).
General Appearance. — The scale of the adult female is circular with
exuvia' near one side, and gray in color. The male scales are elongate,
white, and with distinct rib down the middle. They are longer than
the diameter of the female scale'.
Life History. — The life history of this scale greatly resembles that
of the rose scale {Aulacaspis rosct). There are three broods a year.
Distribution. — So far this coccid has not been a serious pest though
it has been known to exist in this State since 1888. It occurs in the
central and southern parts.
Food Plants. — Peach, mulberry, plum, prune, apricot, walnut, gera-
nium, cherry, pear, Guaguma uhnifolin, Cycas media, C. circinalis,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
125
Capsicum (pepper), grape, persimmon, heliotrope, cotton, laurel, wil-
lows, Argyreia spcciosa, BryopliyUum calycinum, Pelargonium, Jas-
minum, Zizyphus, TylopUora asthmatica, Calotropis procera, Hibiscus
esculentus, Acanthus, Seclum, Zamia mexicana, Callacarpa lanata,
Ricinus communis.
Control. — Same as for San Jose scale.
Natural Enemies. — The two-stabbed ladybird beetle, Cliilocorus
Ijivulnerus, feeds upon this scale.
THE ROSE SCALE.
Aulacaspis rosw (Bouchg).
(Fig. lOS.)
General Appearance. — The female scales are nearly circular with
very irregular edges and white to gray in color with reddish body.
IS - ^tm The diameter varies from one sixteenth to
r Jf" one eighth of an inch. The male scales
k- ^ .1 >" are long and narrow, very minute, with
• * '^feLA three longitudinal creases, or carina?, and
the bodies reddish white.
Life History. — All stages of this scale
occur practically throughout the entire
year, including the eggs, and its spread is
very rapid. The females cluster in great
numbers on the canes of berries and roses,
especially around the crown of the roots.
It is especially abundant during the spring
and summer months. It attacks wild and
cultivated plants.
Distribution. — Through the entire State
and common in the southern and central
parts.
Food Plants. — Blackberries, raspberries
and roses. Abundant on wild blackberries'
in the Sacramento Valley.
Control. — As the eggs are present at
practically all seasons and are hard to kill,
by either spraying or fumigation, this is a
somewhat difficult scale to control. The
Avorst infected canes should be cut out and burned and the remaining
sprayed successively with kerosene, distillate or carbolic acid emulsion,
or with lime-sulphur when the plants are dormant in the winter.
Fig. 108. — The rose scale
Aulacaspis rosce (Bouche)
on blackberry. (Essig. P. C.
Jr. Ent. )
126 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE PEAR SCALE.
Epidiaspis piricola (Del Guercio).
General Appearance. — The female scale is circular or oval with first
exuviae dark brown and in the center. The color is dark gray with
glossy finish. The male scales are readily distinguished by their small,
pure M^hite, elongated shells, with single median longitudinal carina.
They are much flattened posteriorly. The larval skin is brown or
yellow.
Life History. — This species resembles the San Jose scale in its habits
and is often mistaken for it.
Distribution. — In the Santa Clara Valley.
Food Plants. — Pear, plum, apple, peach and currant.
Control. — Lime-sulphur spray (1-9) when the trees are dormant is
a good remedy. The crude oil emulsion is also highly remommended
for this scale.
THE GREEDY SCALE.
Aspidiotus cameUicB Sign.
(Aspidiotus rapax Comst. )
(Pig. 109.)
General Appearance. — This scale greatly resembles the San Jose
scale, but is somewhat lighter in color, larger, much more convex,
being noticeably high and with exuvise near one side. The shell is thin
showing the vellow bodv beneath.
Fig. 109. — Greedy scale (Aspidiotus cuvielUw Sign.) around
calyx of apple. (Cal. Hort. Com.)
Distribution. — One of the commonest scale insects and found in
wild as well as cultivated areas throughout the State.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
127
Food Plants. — This species attacks a very large list of plants, though
it has never yet become a serious pest to any horticultural or agri-
cultural product. The food plants reported in California are Acacia,
Baccharis pilularis, camellia, camphor, Ceanothus, Cercis sp., Cissus
sps., quince, Dioscorea, sp.. Erica sp., eucalyptus, euonymus, fuchsia,
English ivy, mountain holly, walnut. Lavatera sp., umbrella tree,
myrtle, olive, passion vine, mistletoe, pittosporum, cottonwood, almond,
cherry, pomegranate, pear, apple, rose, willow, Salvia sp., Seduni sp.,
nightshade, Strelitzia sps., California bay or pepperwood and grape.
Natural Enemies. — An undetermined internal parasite has been
bred from this species.
IVY OR OLEANDER SCALE.
Aspidiotus hederw (Vail.).
(Figs. 110, 111.)
General Appearance. — Circular flat scale, one sixteenth to one
eighth of an inch in diameter, the male scales being very much smaller.
The color varies from light to dark gray. On lemons this species often
Pig. 110. — The ivy scale (.Aspidiotus hederw Vall.) on Englisli ivy leaf. (Original.)
appears quite red and is occasionally^ taken for red scale (CJirysom-
pJtalus auraiitii), but the lack of the small, central dark exuvife together
with its smooth, flat surface makes it easily distinguishable from red
scale and also from the greedy scale {Aspidiotns camellice) , which is
decidedly pointed.
128
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History.— Same as the other species of this genus of which
the San Jose scale is given as typical. This species is cosmopolitan
and is everywhere throughout the State. It is a greenhouse pest and
often causes alarm to citrus growers by appearing on the fruit, but
we find it attacks only old ''tree ripes." It is perhaps most serious
Fig. 111. — Aspidiotns hcderw (Vail.) on lemon
and in such cases known as the lemon peel scale.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
in many of the olive orchards in the Sacramento Valley, where it
infests the fruits so as to make them unfit for pickling purposes.-
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State and country.
Food Plants. — Ivy, oleander, holly, boxwood, orange and other citrus
species, olive, plum, cherry, currant, maple, camellia, grass, clover,
yucca, asparagus fern, pepper tree, Buscus aculeatus, Ceratonia, Cer-
cis, Erica, Ruhia peregrina, Genista, Daphne gnidium, Quercus
ilex. Aloe unihellata. Agave palmeri, Acacia sps., Cycas revoluta, Myv-
sine retusa, Vriesia splcndens, Carpodetus serratus, Vitex littoralis,
ferns {Filicales), maidenhair fern, Cyperus alternifoUus, Eucalyptus
sps., fan palm {Latania horhonica) , magnolia, umbrella tree {MeJia
azedarach) , mullierry, Opuntia liltoraUs, Fhaniix dactylifera, mistletoe.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
129
Pinus radiata, pomegranate, buckthorn, sumach, redwood {Sequoia sem-
pervirens), nightshade, California laurel {Umhellularia calif ornica) .
Control. — Same as for San Jose scale.
Natural Enemy. — A small chalcid parasite works effectively upon
this scale.
THE ENGLISH WALNUT SCALE.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiw Comst.
(Fig. 112.)
General Appearance. — Scales grayish to brownish, circular with
exuvi^ near one side. The position of the first
skin is marked by a pink or reddish brown
prominence. Body is yellow ; diameter of shell
one sixteenth of an inch. The male scale is
elongated, the same color as the female, and
one third as large.
Life History. — The young settle on the ten-
der shoots or tough bark on the trunks and
limbs. The adults secrete themselves so closely
to the bark as to be almost hidden. In many
cases they appear to mine into it.
Distribution. — Throughout the southern
part of the State in limited numbers, but has
never become a serious pest. Taken by the
writer in Ventura County, but found only on
Cottonwood trees there.
Food Plants. — English walnut, cottonwood,
locust, pear and cherry.
Control. — Lime sulphur (1-9) during the
winter months will easily control this scale.
Fig. 112. — English walnut
scale (Aspidiotus juglans-
reffice Comst.). (Original.)
THE PERNICIOUS OR SAN JOSE SCALE.
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
(Figs. 113, 114.)
General Appearance. — The female scales are circular, light gray
and less than one eighth of an inch in diameter. The body is yellow.
The male scale is much smaller than the female, somewhat longer, and
of the same color. The males are very delicate pink insects with two
frail wings.
8— H
130
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — Occurs in every part of the entire State and has
become a very common pest.
Food Plants. — Practically all of the deciduous fruit trees are
attacked, as well as shrubs, ornamentals, etc. The following food
Fig. 113. — The pernicious or San Jose scale
on peach twig. (After Quaintance. )
plants are recorded in California: quince, walnut, almond, cherry,
plum, prune, peach, pear, apple, sand pear, currant, rose, raspberry,
hawthorn, privet, poplar, willow, osage orange, elm.
Control. — The application of commercial lime-sulphur sjiray ( 1 to 9
or 1 to 11 of water) during the dormant season in the winter. The
lime-sulphur should be applied as a driving spray at a pressure of
from 150 to 200 pounds, care being taken to thoroughly cover every
portion of the tree.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
131
Natural Enemies. — The internal parasites, Aplielinus fuscipennis,
Aphelinus mytilaspidis, Aspidiotiphagus citrinn<< and the predaceous
Fig. 114. — Apples infested with pernicious scale {Aspidiotus per-
niciosus Comst. ). (After Britton. )
ladybird beetles, Chilocorus biuulnerus, Lindorus lopanthoi, Orcus
chalybeus, prey upon this scale very effectively.
THE FLORIDA RED OR CIRCULAR SCALE.
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.).
(Ghrysomphalus ficus Ashm.)
(Pig. 115.)
General Appearance. — The scales are characterized by their exceed-
ingly regular and circular shapes, shining dark brown surface and
median circular exuviw. They are slightly larger, more regular, and
darker than the common red orange scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii).
Distribution.— Though this species is troublesome in the southern
Gulf States as an outdoor pest, its attacks in California are almost
entirely confined to greenhouses in the central and northern parts and
to subtropical ornamental gardens in the southern part of the State.
It is not an orchard pest.
Food Plants.— The favorite food plants of this species are palms
and rul)brr trees. (3ther plants attacked are Araucaria bidwillii, Aspi-
132
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
distra lurida, camellia, Citrus sps., oleander, camphor, cocoanut, begonia,
sfuava and banana.
Control. — Same as for the red or orange scale.
Fig. 115. — Florida red or circular scale,
ChrysomiJhahis aonidnm (Linn.), on
orange leaf. (Original.)
THE RED OR ORANGE SCALE.
Chrysomphalns avrantii (Mask.).
(Figs. 116, 117.)
General Appearance. — Distinctly circular and flat, the female scales
varying from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in diameter. The
scale or shell is transparent, allowing the red female body, which
gives it a distinctly red color, to show through. The male scales are
elongated, very much smaller and gray or dark brown in color.
Life History. — The young are born alive in great numbers. They
are usually produced during the warm summer months from June to
September, but in the milder sections may continue to appear much
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
133
longer. Like other coccids the males are winged and so small as to be
scarcely observed. The females settle on the trunks, limbs, foliage
and fruit, and cause great damage. Trees may be entirel}^ killed by
their attacks. It is one of the most serious pests known to citrus fruit
culture.
Distribution. — Throughout the southern citrus belt, and particularly
bad in sections of San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Eiverside, San Ber-
nardino and Santa Barbara counties.
*.\j
.ir^
^1 •
Pig. 116. — Large portion of orange tree killed by two
years' Infestation of reil scale, Chrysomphalus auranUi
(Mask.). (After Quayle, Courtesy Cal. Exp. Station.)
Food Plants. — All citrus trees, camphor, tig, olive, rose, pear, plum,
apple, quince, willow, oak. grape, acacia, tea plant, wattle, sago palm,
nightshade, English walnut, Eucalyptus, passion vine, date palm, Call-
134 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
fornia fan palm, Podocarpus, golden rod, Ligustrum, Artocarpus,
Bidens, Kennedya, Euoiiymus, lignum-vitge, fuchsia, box elder, agave,
cocoanut, and pistacia.
Control. — Fumigation with full schedule No. 1. Spraying is only
efficacious on deciduous fruit trees M'ith lime-sulphur (1-9), caustic
soda distillate water mechanical mixture or distillate emulsion.
Natural Enemies. — The ladybird beetles, steel-blue {Orcus chahj-
beus Boisd.), Lindonis lopanthce Blaisd., the twO:.stabbed {Chilocorus
Fig. 117. — Red scalu, Clirijiiotnijluclus uttrantii (Mask.),
on orange. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
bivuhttfus Mul.), Bcijmnus marginicoUis Mann., Scymnus nehulosus
Lee., Ilippodamia convergens Guer., Hippodamia amhigua Lee,
CoccineUa calif ornica Mann.; the green lacewing {Chrysopa cali-
fornica Coq.) ; the brown lacewing {Symplierohius angustus Bks.) ;
some of the members of the hemipterous family Eednviidce; the
internal parasites, Prospaltella aurantii How., Coccophagus lunulaius
How., Aspidiotipliagus citrinus Craw., Siguiphora occidentalis How.,
ApJiyciis innnactdatus How., Alaplus criococci Girault, Physcus ftavi-
ventris How., all prey upon this pest.
THE YELLOW OR CITRUS SCALE.
C'liri/soiii phalit.s cltriiiKs (Coq.).
(Fig. lis.)
General Appearance. — Flat, circular scales resembling the red scale
{Cliry.soiiiphalns aurantii) in shape and size, but are decidedly yellow
in color.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
135
Life History. — Practically the same as red scale, the chief difference
being in the feeding habits: the red scale usnally attacks the trunks,
small limbs, leaves and fruit, while the yellow scale attacks all but the
trunlcs and small limbs. Some county commissioners consider this
more serious than red scale on citrus trees. While this may be true
in some sections, yet as a general citrus pest it cannot be compared
with red scale, especially in the coast counties.
Fig. lis. — Yellow or citrus scale, Chrysoniphalus citrinns (Coq.),
on orange leaf. (Original.)
Distribution. — Throughout the entire citrus growing sections of the
State, and especially abundant in the interior vallej^s.
Food Plants. — Citrus trees, Eiionymus, Aumiha and Ficu& sps.
Control. — The same as for red scale.
Natural Enemies. — The predaceous insects are the same as those
\
\
136 THE MONTIIIA' BULLETIN.
working upon red scale, AspidiotipJiagus cifriiius Craw, is the most
effective internal parasite.
Cliii/.soitipJidhis rossi (Mask.).
(Aspidiotiis rossl Mask.)
(Fig. 119.)
General Appearance. — The scale of the adult female is circular or
--, irregularly oblong with ragged margins;
flattened; reddish to dark brown, with
inner surface around and including exuvite
almost black. The male scale is smaller
and lighter in color. The female body is
f % ^K reddish yellow and about 1.5 mm. long.
* '^ The eggs are light purple and hatch soon
after being laid. The first hatched larva3
are pink.
Distribution. — Imported into California
from Asia and Australia and' now occurs
in the central and southern parts of the
State.
Food Plants. — Attacks Araucan'a hid-
iriUtl in Los Angeles. Also works upon
olives.
Natural Enemy. — The steel-blue lady-
bird beetle. Orcus cJialybeus, preys upon
this scale.
THE PURPLE SCALE.
Lepldosaphes ieckii (Newm. ).
[ fl/ (Fig. 120.)
\ y General Appearance. — The female scales
I // are elongated, oyster-shaped, varying
■ from one sixteenth to one eighth of an
M inch in length, and one third as wide.
Fio. U9.~chr,sompnaius ^he male scales are much smaller than
rossi (Mask.) on Araucaria the females. The scalc or covcring varies
bidwiiiii. (After Craw.) f^om a reddish brown to a rich purple
color, giving rise to the name.
Life History. — The pearly white eggs are laid in the large sac under
the protecting scale. From these are hatched males and females, which
mature in from four to six months. The fruit, limbs and foliage
are attacked.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
137
Distribution. — Throughout the coast citrus belt of Southern Cali-
fornia. Also occurs in various places in the San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento valleys.
Fig. 12 0. — Purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.),
on leaf. (Essig, Bull. 2, C. Pom. CI.)
Food Plants. — All citrus species, fig, olive, croton, oak, Elceagnus,
Bauksia intcgrifoUa, Taxus cuspidata, C ercidiphyllum japonicum and
Pomaderris apetala are attacked.
Control. — Fumigate with full schedule No. 1. This is usually done
when the black scale {Saissetia olece) is in good condition to kill.
Natural Enemies. — The ladybird beetles, Orcus clialyteus, Scymnus
marginicollis, Lindorus lopanthce; the larvfe of the green laeewing,
Chrysopa calif ornica Coq., and brown lacewing, Sympherobius angustus
Bks., and the internal parasite, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw., prey
upon this pest.
138
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GLOVER'S OR LONG SCALE.
Lepidosaphes gloverii (Pack.).
(Pig. 12L)
General Appearance. — Greatly resembles the purple scale, Lepido-
saphes hrckii, but is much straighter, longer and very narrow. The
color is also somewhat lighter.
Life History. — Practically the same as the purple scale, but not so
prolific or destructive.
Fig. 121. — Glover's or long scale, Lepidosaphes gloverii (Pack.), on
orange. A, scale of female ; B, scale of male ; C, ventral view of scale,
showing eggs. (After Comstocic. )
Distribution. — Occurs only in the most southern coast counties,
writer has received it from San Diego and Orange counties.
The
Food Plants. — Citrus trees, foliage and fruit; palms and Magnolia
fuscata are attacked.
Control. — Same as for purple scale.
THE OYSTER SHELL SCALE.
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linn.).
(Fig. 122.)
General Appearance. — The scales are like small miniature oyster
shells, one eighth of an inch or less in length, and varying from light
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
139
purple to almost black. The lighter body is situated at the small end.
The male scales are very much smaller than the female.
Life History. — The females deposit their white pearly eggs, num-
bering from forty-five to a hundred, underneath the scale. The insect
occurs in the colder climates and
there are usually only two or three
broods a year. The winter is spent
in the egg state. This species works
principally upon the bark, where it
collects in great masses. Occasion-
ally it attacks the fruits.
Distribution. — Throughout the
apple growing sections and more par-
ticularly in the northern part of the
State.
Food Plants. — Apple, plum, pear,
quince, maple, cherry, linden, willow,
lilac, poplar, hawthorn, buckthorn,
raspberry, rose, currant, hop-tree,
horse-chestnut, blackberry, cotton-
wood, birch, butternut, dog wood,
oak, Ailanthus glandulosus, Cean-
othvs americanus, Sassafras offici-
nale, Syringa persica, Cystisus, tal-
low tree.
Control. — As this species usually
occurs on deciduous fruit trees,
spraying with lime-sulphur (1-9)
during the winter is a very etifective remedy
Fig. 122. — The oyster shell scale,
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linn.), on apple
twig. (Original.)
THE DATE PALM SCALE.
Parh/foria hidiichardii (Targ.).
(Fig. 123.)
General Appearance. — The female scales are very small, somewhat
elongated in shape, and dark gray or almost lilack with white edges.
The body beneath the scale is rose-colored. The male scales are white
and considerably smaller than the females.
Life History. — Like other scales this species collects in great colo-
nies, thus working much damage to the host plant. These colonies
are most destructive during the summer months as the females are
more or less dormant during the winter. Egg-laying begins early in
the spring and continues through the early summer at least. Only a
140
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
few eggs are laid by each female, l)iit there are so many of these that
the progeny is always tremendous. The eggs are protected under the
posterior portion of the scale and as they hatch the young crawl forth
to seek suitable feeding places. The males develop much quicker than
do the females, and copulate immediately before dying. There are
probabl}^ several uneven generations a year.
Distribution. — As this i^est is confined to the date growing sections
of the State, it is found only in the southern part and more particu-
larly in Riverside and Imperial counties.
IP),^ «;^;;-' J^0.
< ''^ . ■ ' J, .
FiG. 123. — The date palm
scale, Parlatoria blanchardii
(Targ. ), on leaf of date palm.
(Original.)
Food Plants. — So far as known this scale feeds only upon the com-
mercial varieties of date palms.
Control.— Burning over the trunks of the palm trees has proved an
effective remedy for this scale.
Natural Enemies. — The principal enemies of this pest are the
larvae of the ashy gra^^ ladybird beetle (Olla ahdom.inalis), Chilocorus
cacti and Scymnus sps. Internal parasites do very little to cheek it ; in
fact none of the natural enemies play an important part in its control.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
141
THE CHAFF SCALE.
Parlatoria pergandii Comst.
(Fig. 124.)
General Appearance. — Small, circular, elongated, irregular scales
with first exuviae near the side, Male scales are decidedly longer than
broad. The color is a light gray.
Pig. 124. — The chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandii Comst., on orange fruit at left and
on orange twig at right. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Life History. — Quite a prolific species which does not spread very
rapidly. The breeding continues through the summer and fall months
and the broods overlap as in the other armored scales. The trunk,
large and small limbs, foliage and fruits are attacked.
Distribution. — This species is limited to only a few localities in the
State. It was first shown to the writer by C. H. Vary at Pomona, and
was later found at Ventura. A. S. Hoyt reports it from Los Angeles.
142
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
It has also been found in a few other localities in the southern part
of the State, having been imported from Florida.
Food Plants. — Orange, lemon, Japonica sp. All parts of the plants
and the fruits are attacked.
Control.— Fumigation with full schedule No. 1. This is not a very
difficult pest to combat.
ALEYRODID.E (Family).
MEALY WINGS OR WHITE FLIES.
This family is composed of very small insects closely allied to the
coccids and plant lice. The beak seems to be inserted between the fore-
]eo-s; the feet are two-segmented; antennae seven-articled in adults^
'^: y^t
^^
Fig. 125. — LarvEe and pupae of the citrus white fly (Alei/rodes
citri R. & H. ) on the under side of an orange leaf. Enlarged
three times. (Original.)
prominent or wanting. There are four opaque, white wings which are
present in males and females and are held flat over the body when at
rest. The larvae and pupas are flat and greatly resemble scale insects.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
143
^They are usually found only upon the foliage — the under sides of the
leaves being favorite feeding places.
The distribution of the ordinary and indestructive members of this
family is wide throughout the State, but the citrus infesting white
fly is exceedingly limited and every possible means are being exer-
cised by the State Commission of Horticulture to completely eradicate
Aleyrodes citri, the only species now present.
The control of the white flies is the same as recommended for
scale insects, and consists of spraying and fumigation.
Ladybird beetles and hymenopterous parasites prey upon these
insects.
THE CITRUS WHITE FLY.
Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard.
(Figs. 125, 126.)
General Appearance. — The adult white flies are about one tenth of
an inch long; have yellow bodies and opaque wings covered with a
fine white powder. The males have a characteristic tuft on the under
side of the abdomen. The pale yellowish-green eggs are suspended on
short stalks. The first hatched young have legs and antennae like a
small scale insect, but after moulting these disappear and the body
becomes flat, greatly resembling a soft scale.
The development of the insect takes place in
the flattened shell which gradually becomes
raised, showing segmentation and yellowish
color. The adult emerges by breaking through
the top of the skin.
Life History. — The wnnter is passed in the
miature larval stage on the under sides of the
leaves. Early in the spring the pupae appear
and in ]March and April the adults emerge.
The eggs are deposited upon the foliage, the
larvae beginning to hatch in about three weeks.
The first hatched have legs and appendages
and greatly resemble a young scale. They soon
settle to feed and after several months move
no more until the adult stage is reached. There
are several overlapping broods each year.
Distribution. — At the present time this pest is known to exist only
in the city of Marysville where it infests yard trees. Continuous con-
trol measures have reduced it to almost a minimum. The white fly
lias been known to exist at Oroville and near Bakersfield, but in both
places seems to have been exterminated. It has been found in a number
of localities in the city of Sacramento, but all infested trees have been
promptl}' destroyed.
Fig. 126. — Adult citrus
white fly {Aleyrodes citri
R. & H.). Enlarged fif-
teen times. (After Quayle.
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
144
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Food Plants. — The principal food plants of economic importance are
citrus trees, but the following are some of the other principal ones:
Umbrella tree {Melia azedaracli), Chinaberry {Melia azedarach um-
hraculifera) , Cape jessamine, yellow jessamine, privets, Japan persim-
mon, lilac, coffee, English ivy, rubber tree, bay, tree of heaven. Cape
myrtle and many minor ones.
Control. — By far the most effectual control measure is fumigation, as
used for scale insects, two thirds of Schedule No. 1 being recommended.
Emulsions and resin sprays are also effective remedies.
THE COMMON OR GREENHOUSE WHITE FLY.
Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw.
(Pig. 127.)
General Appearance. — The adult white flies are about three fiftieths
of an inch long, the males being slightly smaller than the females. The
bodies are yellow and the wings pure white. The eggs are exceedingly
Fig. 127. — The common or greenhou.se wliite fly {Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw.).
a, egg ; b, young larva ; c, pupa, top view ; d, pupa, side view ; e, adult. All greatly
enlarged. (After Morrill.)
small, oblong in shape, at first light green, growing black with age and
attached by a short stipe. The larvae are light in color, transforming
to fiat pupffi about three hundredths of an inch long; oblong-oval in
shape ; light green and supporting noticeable wax-like rods or spines,
which makes this species readily distinguishable from all others.
Life History. — The eggs are laid upon the leaves of the plants, each
female depositing over one hundred. These hatch in about two weeks
into larvffi which begin feeding verj^ shortly and after three moults,
covering nearly a week, they become pupse, which after two more weeks
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 145
ate ready to emerge from the old pupal skins as adult insects. The
adults feed constantly throughout their existence of some thirty days.
Distribution. — This species occurs in greenhouses in almost every
part of the State. Due to the mild climate it also occurs in the open
in nearly every section, especially in the central and southern parts.
Food Plants. — Tomatoes and cucumbers seem to suffer most from the
attacks of this pest, though a large number of other plants are infested,
including the bean, eggplant, melon, lettuce, grape leaves, aster, chrys-
anthemum, salvia, lantana, fuchsia, rose, coleus, geranium, primrose,
ageratum, etc.
Control. — The same as for the citrus white fly {Aleijrodes citri).
HETEROPTERA (Suborder).
TRUE BUGS.
The members of this suborder comprise those commonly known
as bugs. Most of them have wings which are thickened at the base
and folded so as to make a distinct "X" upon the back. The young
differ from the adults by lacking wings or by their small size.
Though most of them are destructive to vegetation, many are car-
nivorous and wage continual warfare upon injurious insects and ani-
mals.
In habits there is also a great variance, there being aquatic as well
as land forms.
Many of them are known as "stink bugs," because of the peculiar
and offensive odor which is secreted for protective purposes.
There are too many families comprising this suborder to admit of a
description of each, so the families of the insects treated will be desig-
nated at the beginning of each description.
THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG.
Murgantia histrionica Hahn. (Family Pentatomidie).
(Fig. 128.)
General Appearance. — The adult bugs are black with bright red
markings, as shown in Fig. 128. They are one half inch long and
two thirds as wide. The eggs are almost imitations of miniature white
barrels with black hoops and black spots in the proper places for bung-
holes. They are arranged in clusters side by side. The young greatly
resemble the adults, but lack wings and yellow predominates. This
color gradually changes to orange and red as the nymphs reach ma-
turity.
Life History. — The adults hibernate in various sheltered places over
winter and appear with the first warm weather in the spring to feed.
The first plants to furnish food are wild mustard, radish and other
146
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
members of the cruciferous weeds. Upon these also the eggs are laid
and the young soon appear in great numbers in time to migrate to
the cabbage plants and work upon them throughout the summer. Suc-
cessive broods may appear in the cabbage fields and the numbers so
increase as to cause much damage. In the southern part of the State
the adults continue active throughout the winter.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, but more often met with
in the central and southern sections.
•N.^
Fig. 12S. — The cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn.). a and b,
young; c, d and e, eggs; aduUs at right. (After Riley.)
Food Plants. — This bug is especially fond of all cruciferous plants,
including mustard, radish, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, rape, horse-
radish, etc. Other food plants are potatoes, eggplant, okra, beans,
beets, roses, sunflowers, chrysanthemums, squash, ragweed, pigweed,
wild lettuce, lambsquarters and most of the plants belonging to the
caper family. Occasionally nursery trees, citrus, locust, cherry, and
plum are injured, and the fruit of the grape and corn ears also suffer.
Control.^ — Methods recommended for the squash bug are also
applicable to the control of the cabbage bug. Planting an early crop
of cabbage, rape, mustard or radish is especially recommended. The
eggs are laid in great numbers upon these plants and together with the
adults may be destroyed. This practice greatly lessens subsequent
attacks.
Natural Enemies. — Great numbers of the eggs are destroyed by two
small internal parasites, Trissolcus murgantim Ashm. and Oceiicyrtus
johnsoni How. The wheel bug, Arilus cristatus Linn., feeds upon the
young nymphs in the Eastern States.
THE COMMON SQUASH BUG.
AtKi.sa triatis DeGeer. (Family Coreidse).
(Fig. 129.)
General Appearance. — The small, somewhat three-sided eggs are
dark metallic brown in color and laid in groups of from fifteen to
forty. The freshly hatched bug is light green with pinkish appendages.
As it ages the thorax becames black and the abdomen gray. The adults
are dark grayish-brown above, mottled yellowish beneath, and about
three fourths of an inch long. They secrete a very offensive liquid, the
odor of which has led to their being called "stink bugs." They hiber-
nate in winter in any dry protected place; under boards, rubbish,
etc.. or in barns or outhouses.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
147
Life History.— The eggs are laid in the spring and early summer
upon the under or upper surface of the leaves, or upon the stems of
the vines. They hatch in about two weeks and the young bugs begin
work upon the small plant, and continue throughout the larval and
adult stages, often causing great damage. The period from egg to
adult occupies from one to two months. The latter hibernate over the
winter and are ready to begin egg-laying as soon as the vines are suit-
able. There is only one generation each year.
Fig.
129. The common squash bug (Anasa tristis DeGeer). A-E, showmg
various stages in tlie development of the young; F, adult.
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
Distribution.— Throughout the State, but especially abundant in the
central and southern parts.
Food Plants.— Most of the members of the squash family {Cucur-
lito!), including the pumpkin, squash and gourd are attacked.
Control.— Hand picking is recommended early in the spring, as soon
as the adults appear ancl begin egg-laying. The vines are so tender
that spraying is impracticable. The bugs may be trapped by placing
through the garden, boards, pieces of bark or similar material under
which they may find shelter. They may then be collected in the early
mornings and destroyed. Young plants may be covered to afford
protection until they are able to resist the attacks. Repellants, such as
gypsum saturated with kerosene or turpentine, scattered on the land
help to drive them away. Clean culture is also an important aid —
care being taken to burn all vines and rubbish in the fall. Thoroughly
fertilizing the land may so stimulate plant growth as to make the
attacks of the bug of little avail.
Natural Enemies. — In the eastern states the egg parasites, Hadrono-
Uis anasce and Ocencyrtus anasce, aid in controlling the pest. Parasites
also work upon the growing and adult insects.
148 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG.
Lygus pratensis Linn. (Family CapsidsB).
(Fig. 130.)
General Appearance.— The mature bug varies from pale green to
grayish brown, marked with yellow, black and red. The legs are
pale brown or yellow with dark rings. The young bugs are lighter in
color than the adults, without pronounced markings. All forms are
exceedingly common and very active.
Life History.— Hibernation is usually passed in the adult stage,
under any convenient shelter. In the early spring the females deposit
their eggs directly upon the food plants. The young begin to feed as
soon as hatched, and continue
throughout their life history.
This species is exceedingly prolific
and its ability to travel rapidly
and the large variety of food
plants make it a constant menace.
Food Plants. — This bug feeds
on almost every kind of plant. It
is especially abundant in grain or
Fig. 130. — The tarnished plant-bug,
Lyffus pratensis Linn, a, adult, b, nymph, hay fields. All vegetable gardens
(After Chittenden.) ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ppj^ ^f f^^^ j^
is often destructive to apple, pear and other fruit trees.
Control. — Because of its omnivorous habits and wide spread it sel-
dom becomes a serious pest of any one crop. For the same reasons, con-
trol measures are most difficult. The presence of the insect need cause
no alarm unless it is concentrating its attacks to a damaging degree
upon cultivated crops. In such cases contact insecticides, such as emul-
sions, soap washes, tobacco sprays, resin washes, etc., may be used with
deadly effect. These insecticides should be applied early in the morning
and great care taken that they are not strong enough to injure the
foliage of tender plants.
Clean culture serves to rid them from the fields before planting and
to lessen the attacks the coming year.
THE CHINCH BUG.
BUffsns IcHcopterus Say (Family Lyga^idae).
(Fig. 131.)
General Appearance. — The chinch bug is a very small black and
white insect about 3 mm. long. The eggs are about one third as long
as the adults, oval, and amber in color. The young vary from yellow
and red to the color of the adults, depending upon the age.
THE MONTHIjY bulletin.
149
Life History. — The winter is passed in hibernation by the adult
insects. The eggs are laid into the grass sheaths or upon the stems
above or below the ground in the early spring, several hundred being
laid by each female. They hatch in a very short
time and the young begin work immediately,
collecting in dense colonies and doing great
damage. They moult four times before full
grown, there being two generations each year.
The insects migrate very quickly when food
becomes scarce in any locality.
Distribution. — The writer has been informed
by Mr. John Isaacs, former secretary of the
State Commission of Horticulture, that the
chinch bug has been present in the central part
of the State for over twenty years, but during
all that time it has not become a serious pest in
a single locality.
Food Plants. — This insect feeds upon grains,
grasses and corn. The destruction by it has been exceedingly great in
the Middle States.
Natural Enemies. — A fungous disease works upon the chinch bug
during wet w^eather and while it does great execution, it is not au
important controlling factor.
Fig. 131. — Adult fe-
male of the chinch
bug, Blissiis leucopte-
rus Say. (After Ri-
ley.)
THE FALSE CHINCH BUG.
JS'i/siiis aiujiistatus Uhl. (Family Lygseidse).
(Fig. 132.)
General Appearance. — The adults are very small grayish-brown
bugs, about one eighth of an inch long. The young are somewhat lighter
in color, having reddish-brown abdomens and lacking wings. The legs
and antennse appear very long and are dark.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited in the spring and early sum-
mer by the adults which have
hibernated during the win-
ter. The young are dull
gray or brownish-red, and
collect in great numbers
upon the host plants. The
life cycle is short, there
being many successive broods
Fig. 132. — The false chinch bug (Nysius an- each year.
gustatus). a, potato leaf showing work; ta,
nymph; c, adult. (After Riley.) Distribution.— Throughout
the entire State. One of the commonest destructive insects.
Food Plants. — Many plants are seriously attacked, particular dam-
age being done to grapevines, lettuce, potatoes, strawberries, grasses.
150 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
purslane and foliage of apple trees. Cruciferous plants, including
cabbage, turnips, mustard and radishes are favorite foods.
Control. — As this bug breeds largely upon wild plants, such as mus-
tard, radish, purslane, etc., clean culture should be practiced to eliminate
these food plants. Severe attacks to grapevines and young trees have
resulted from allowing such weeds to grow in the orchards.
Soap emulsions and tobacco sprays are excellent remedies. Pyre-
thrum is also recommended, but is too expensive for large plantings.
THE MINUTE FALSE CHINCH BUG.
Nyskis angtisiatus minutus Uhl. (Family Lyga?idae).
General Appearance. — The appearance of this insect is so much
like the false chinch bug that it is commonly believed to be the same
species. In fact it is the size that is the main difference, the minute
variety being only about half as large (one sixteenth of an "inch long).
Life History. — Practically the same as for the larger form.
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the southern part of the
State, though the species occurs in all parts.
Food Plants. — The insect is especially destructive to sugar beets
grown for seed. In the southern part of the State it works upon many
wild plants and occasionally attacks citrus trees after the cover crop has
been plowed under. Such attacks are forced, due to the destruction
of the native food plants. It has been collected in large numbers on
cultivated flowers.
Control. — Same as for the false chinch bug.
PARASITA OR ANOPLURA (Suborder).
TRUE LICE.
To this family belong the true lice, which are parasitic upon warm-
blooded animals, including human beings. A discussion of the various
members is of no value to a w^ork of this sort.
NEUROPTERA (Order).
LACE OR NERVE-WINGED INSECTS.
BROWN LACEWING, GREEN LACEWING, ANT-LIONS, CADDIS FLIES, ETC.
The members of this family have quite large membranous wings
with lace-like veins. They have complete metamorphosis — the larvae
being entirely different from the pupas and adults. The mouth-parts
are for biting. Practically all the insects of this order are beneficial,
being predaceous upon other insects.
The larvffi of many of the families are aquatic in habits but the
adults of all species live in the air and upon the land.
The most important and beneficial family is the Clirysopidce, but
the Hemerohiidcp, Baplndiidce and Myrmeleonidce are efficient destroy-
ers of many injurious insects.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
151
THE BROWN LACEWING.
SympheroUus angustus Banks (Family HemerobiidEe).
(Figs. 133, 134.)
General Appearance.— The general appearance and shape are con-
siderably like the well-known green lacewing, but the wings are not
so slender. The ground color is brown with many darker blotches on
the wings.
Life History.— The eggs are deposited among or near suitable prey
and hatch into slate-gray and tan-colored larv^, which are very active.
One very noticeable characteristic is the constant movements of the
head when searching for food. When full grown they are nearly one
half an inch long. The larvae. spin thick white cocoons, in which to
pupate. This requires but a few days or weeks when the adults emerge.
Fig. 133. — The brown lacewing. A, larva; B and C, pupse in tlie cocoons. Much
enlarged. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Distribution.— Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State.
Hosts.— Many soft-bodied insects including plant lice and scales. It
is a very efficient predator on the young of the citrus mealy bug
{Pseudococcus citri) .
Natural Enemies. — This insect would be far more iLseful if it were
not in turn preyed upon by a hymenopterous parasite (Isodromus
152
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
a
H
O
to
-a
bo
a
o
3
0)
.is!
C
a
O
(0
SQ
60
a
<u
o
o
®
<0
■3
3
iceryce How.), which works on the pupae in the cocoons. In not a few
instances fifty to seventy-five per cent are parasitized.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
153
THE GREEN LACEWING.
Chrysopa californica Coq. (Family Chrysopklae).
(Fig. 135.)
General Appearance. — The adult form is well known to all by its
delicate green lace wings and long hair-like antennge. The body is also
green with a longitudinal yellow stripe extending the full length on
the dorsum, which distinguishes this species from all other forms.
Life History. — The eggs are oblong, pearly-white and attached to a
fine stalk, which suspends them nearly one half inch in the air. The
young vary from one eighth to nearly an inch in length; are yellow
P
1 I
B
Fig. 135. — The green lacewing {Chrysopa californica Coq.). A, larva; B, eggs
on the slender stalks ; C, cocoon opened ; D, cocoon closed ; E and F, adult females.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
with reddish markings and characterized by their long sickle-like jaws.
The larviB are great feeders upon all small soft-bodied insects and are
efficient aphid destroyers. The cocoons are globular and white, being
fastened by supporting threads. All forms are abundant in summer
and may be found throughout the entire year in the southern part of
the State.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Hosts. — Preys upon all soft-bodied insects, including plant lice, mealy
bugs, young scales, larvae of many coccinellids and upon all of our
common mites. They are also cannibalistic. Their work is usually
the destruction of insect pests, but they often do great damage in
destroying the larvae of introduced ladybird beetles. The pupal forms
are preyed upon by internal parasites, which keep down their num-
bers to a considerable degree.
154 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
LEPIDOPTERA (Order).
SCALE WINGED INSECTS.
MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES.
The members of this order are among the most familiar of all insects.
INIost of the adults have four well developed wings which are charac-
terized by being covered with scales or modified hairs, the arrangement
of which is responsible for the varied and beautiful color pattern in
so many species. The bodies are covered with tine soft hair. All
have complete metamorphosis — the larvae being known as cut worms,
army worms or caterpillars, and the pup^ as chrysalids. The mouth-
parts of the larvae are for biting and chewing while those of the adults
are abortive or for sucking.
The larva^ of all species are very destructive to plant life and all
may be considered injurious with the exception of the silkworm moth,
which is of great commercial importance in other countries.
SPHINGID.^ (Family).
SPHINX OR HAWK MOTHS.
The adult moths of this family are primarily night-flyers, though
occasionally one may be seen on dark days. Just before nightfall
numbers may also be observed as they begin their night's work. They
are among the largest moths, some individuals having a wing expanse
of from four to six inches, though the ones discussed here are medium
sized.
The caterpillars are very large and robust, being beautifully marked
with bright colors, especially with characteristic colored spots around
the breathing spiracles, along the sides of the bodies.
The chrysalids or pupa? are easily distinguished from all other
species by the proboscis which is curved from the head to the body
like a pitcher handle.
The caterpillars of all these moths are very harmful. Their great
size and ravenous appetites enable them to devour great quantities of
vegetation.
General Life History.— The winter is passed in the chrysalis stage
of the second brood. The adults emerge early in the spring and soon
begin egg-laying, the eggs being usually deposited directly upon the
leaves, singly or in small groups. These hatch in about a week— the
young caterpillars beginning to feed upon the tender foliage first.
When full-grown they descend from the plants and either pupate in
the earth or among leaves or refuse. There are usually two broods a
year— the moths of the first brood emerging about the middle of the
summer, while those of the second brood do not emerge until the fol-
lowing spring.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
155
Control. — Though the various members of this family are very
common, it seldom happens that the young are seen in any great
numbers, but individuals are often met with. The work is usually
evident long before the worms are detected. Because of their large
size and characteristic work they are comparatively easy to locate and
upon these facts are based the method of hand picking as a control
measure. The worms are either gathered and destroyed or simply cut
in two with a pair of scissors.
Poison spraj^s will also serve to hold them in check, but such a
method is not practical in dealing with pests of fast growing plants
like tomatoes, tobacco, grapevines, etc., because of the great number
of applications necessary to keep all the foliage properly poisoned.
THE WHITE-LINED SPHINX.
Celerio lineata (Fab.) (Family Sphingidae).
{Deilephila lineata Fab.)
(Fig. 136.)
General Appearance. — This is a very common insect. The adult
moths are quite large, having a wing expanse of nearly three and one
Fig. 136. — The striped morning or white-lined sphinx, Celerio lineata
(Fab.). Larva and adult. (After Riley.)
half inches. The fore-wings are green with broad brown bands on
the front and apical margins and in the middle of each. The veins
are white. The hind wings are very small, dark brown with a
wide lighter band across the middle of each. The thorax is grayish
with distinct white lines, while the abdomen is dark green marked with
black and white spots. The larvae are quite large, often more than
three inches long. The color varies considerably, but is usually light
156
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
green with a row of spots along each side of the back. The spiracles,
just above the feet, are margined with black and yellow. A pale
yellow line extends down the middle of the back. The chrysalis is dark
brown.
Distribution. — Common throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — The larvie of this species are so common as to be
often mistaken for other members of the family. They are usually
found feeding upon the foliage of the apple, grape, pear, melon and
tomato vines.
THE TOMATO SPHINX.
Phlegethontius sexta Jolian. (Family Spbingidse.)
{Protoparce sexta Johan.)
(Protoparce Carolina Linn.)
(Fig. 137.)
General Appearance. — The larvae of this moth are exceedingly
large, often attaining a length of nearly four inches. They are green
in color with showy oblique, white stripes, and highly colored spiracles
Fig. 137. — Larva of the tomato sphinx (Phlcfjcthontius sexta Jolian.).
Natural size. (After Folsom.)
along the side. They always have the characteristic curved spine on
the last segment, which is red in this species. The crysalis is rich
brown and nearly two inches long. The adults are two inches long,
having a wing expanse of from four to five inches. The general color
is gray with orange or yellow spots on each side of the abdomen.
Figure 138 shows the color patterns very well.
Distribution. — Exceedingly common throughout the entire State.
Food Plants. — The larvae work largely upon tomato plants, often
defoliating large areas. They also attack potato, tobacco and various
Solaiiacece.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites perform an important part
in the control of this pest and are resj)onsible for the comparatively
small amount of damage done.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
157
THE TOBACCO SPHINX.
rhiegethontius quinquemaculata Haw. (Family Sphingidse. )
(Protoparce quinquemaculata Haw.)
(Protoparce celeus Hiibn.)
(Fig. 138.)
General Appearance. — All forms of this species greatlj^ resemble
those of the tomato worm in size and general appearance. The lateral
oblique, white stripes of the larvae do not extend as far up the back
in the tobacco worm as in the tomato worm. There are also longi-
\^:'^,^-^i^'
ESSJG
Fig. 138. — The tobacco sphinx (Phlec/ethonthis quinquemamilata Haw.)
at left and the tomato sphinx (Phlegethontius sexta Johan.) at right.
The chrysalis and larva are of the tobacco sphinx. (Original.)
tudinal white stripes below the spiracles, forming "V's" with the
oblique stripes. The horn at the tip of the body is black. The
chrysalis has a much longer tongue case in this species than has that
of the tomato worm. The adults are about the same size, this species
being duller and with less distinct white markings. The abdomen is
more pointed ; the spots are lighter orange in color and two less in
number than in the tomato spinx.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. One of the common
insects.
Food Plants. — The principal food plants of this insect are tobacco
and tomato, though they feed upon various varieties of the Solanacem.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites prey upon the larva3 and
greatly aid in keeping down the numbers.
158
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
THE ACHEMON SPHINX MOTH.
(Pholii.s uvhemon (Drury) (Family 8phiugidBe).
( I'll Horn pel 11 )i achcmon Drury.)
(Fig. 139.)
General Appearance. — The aclvilt moth is of a brownish-gray color
with light and dark variegations and well defined dark brown spots.
The hind wangs are rich pink with brown border and dark spots. The
body is reddish gray with two deep brown triangular spots on the
thorax. The expanded wings measure easily four inches across. The
larva or caterpillar is first green, changing to reddish-brown as it
grows older. The dorsum is brown with from six to eight whitish,
oblique bars along the sides. The pupse are rich brown.
Fig. 139. — Tlie Acliemon spliinx, Pholus achemon (Drury). (After
Riley.)
Life History. — The eggs are green and round. The winters are
passed in the chrysalis stage, the adults emerging about the time the
foliage appears upon the gravepines. The eggs are glued to the leaves
and hatch in a comparatively short time into small green caterpillars.
These are ravenous feeders, grow very rapidly and do much damage
to the foliage of the vines. In about one month they are full grown
and go into the ground to pass the winter in the pupal stage.
Distribution. — Common throughout the entire State, but most
troublesome in the central part.
Food Plants. — The caterpillars feed upon wild and cultivated
grapevines and the Virginia creeper.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
159
NOCTUID.E (Family).
ARMY AND CUT WORMS.
The adult members of this family are practically all night-flyers. The
5 oung caterpillars of many are known as cut and army worms and are
among the most destructive insect pests, due to their great numbers
which often advance from field to field like an army devastating as
they go. Like the grasshoppers they attack
practically all kinds of plants, including field
and truck crops, vineyards and orchards, as well
as flowers and weeds.
The esfgs are laid in the spring by the adults
and the larvae become exceedingly numerous in
early summer, when most of the damage is done.
The pupal stage is passed underground; the
light or dark-brown, naked chrysalids being
housed in small earthern cells. There are
several broods a year. The winter is usually
spent in the pupal stage, but some adults also
hibernate.
Control. — The control of these insects has
afforded difficult prolilems for years, and even
to-day the methods worked out do not always
afford the necessary relief.
Clean culture during the fall of the year and
thorough plowing of infested fields to break up
the hibernating pupa? cases often greatly reduce
the next year's broods. This is especially im-
portant in pea fields.
When the worms begin to march, trenches
should be plowed across and ahead of their paths
with a perpendicular wall in front of the
advance. The worms not being able to cross
will gather in great masses in these trenches and can be easily killed
with crude oil or by crushing with a narrow disk or roller. Arsenical
sprays applied as soon as the worms begin to appear will also materi-
ally aid in protecting crops like potatoes, tomatoes, young trees, vines,
etc., but are seldom practical for forage crops.
Fig. 140. — A climb-
ing cutworm, fuUy
matured. (U. S. Dept.
Agrcl. )
160
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Poisoned bait, composed of a pound of paris green to forty or fifty
ponnds of bran and sweetened either with cheap sugar or molasses
Fig. 141. — Pupse into which tlie army worms
transform after they have burrowed into the
ground. The adult moths come from these chrys-
alids; a, natural size. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
with sufficient water added to make a stitf mash, placed in the
infested areas, will kill countless numbers of the worms.
Pig. 142. — The red-tailed Tachina fly (Winthemia i-pustiilata Fab.)
which is an effective parasite of cutworms and army worms ; a, fly
natural size ; b, fly much enlarged ; c, army worm upon which the fly
has laid eggs, natural size ; d, parasitized army worms, enlarged.
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
161
Natural Enemies. — By far the most important factors in the con-
trol of army and cut worms are natural enemies. The parasitic tachinicl
Hies kill countless numbers of the worms. Hymen-
opterous parasites of the family Ichneumonida' also
prey upon the young. The predaceous ground
beetles of the family Carahidce devour the worms
and destroy great numbers. That these worms are
not injurious every year is due wholly to the work
of these natural enemies.
THE ALFALFA LOOPER.
Aufograplia gamma califondca Speyer (Family Noctuidse).
(Fig. 144.)
General Appearance. — The adult moths have a
wing expanse of about one and one fourth inches
with the body a little over one half an inch long.
The fore wings are light bluish-gray with rose or
rust-colored and light markings, a very distinctive
feature of which is one shaped like the Greek
letter gamma near the middle. The hind wings
and body are dull gray. The eggs are hemispherical
and pale yellow.
The young caterpillars are light green while the fully developed
forms are dark olive-green; head light green; three dark longitudinal
Fig. 143. — A car-
abid beetle (Calo-
soma c a li d u m
Fab. ) whicli preys
upon army and cut
worms in the Mid-
dle a n d Eastern
States. This bee-
tle does not occur
in California, but
there are m any
carabids here look-
ing like this ex-
cept that they are
wholly black.
(Aftei Lugger.)
(
(
-■'^^m^
*^^*^Sm
WS^
'"^^m
\~'
.^Mp,|U
■k
#^1^
^
' ',■ -:T
«*^' ^^
"l^
' '''^■^
Fig. 144. — The alfalfa looper (Autoc/rapha gamma calif ornica Speyer). a and b,
dorsal and lateral views of the larvEe ; adult moth at the right. All enlarged.
(After Hyslop. )
lines on the body ; a dark spot back of the eye. There are three pairs
of well-developed front legs, two pairs of abdominal legs just back
of the middle, and one pair at the extreme posterior end. When full
grown the larv» attain a length of about one inch. The cocoon is locsely
spun of white silk ; the chrysalis being brownish black in color, or paler.
9— II
162
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History.— According- to J. A. Hyslop, of the United States
Department of Agriculture, this insect passes the winter in the pupal
and adult stages, the moths appearing early in the spring and are espe-
cially active, laying eggs in May and June in the alfalfa fields. The
young larvffi or loopers are plentiful in June, feeding upon the leaves of
the plants. In about two weeks they are full-grown and spin a loose
white cocoon among the leaves, in which to pupate. After twelve days
the adult moths emerge. The entire life cycle requires about a month.
There are two generations a year— the second broods coming on in July.
Distribution.— Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State, having been collected in Placer, Alameda, Kern, Fresno and
Los Angeles counties. It is probably quite widely distributed in other
sections.
Food Plants.— The larvte are very destructive to alfalfa, working
upon the leaves and blossoms. They also feed upon clover, garden peas,
cabbage, barley, elder, dock and wild malva.
Natural Enemies.— As very well shown by Mr. Hyslop, this insect is
so held in check by natural enemies that artificial remedies are yet
unnecessary. Internal hymenopterous parasites and tachinid flies are
responsible for the good work. In the State -of Washington five of the
former and two of the latter have been recorded.
THE BEET ARMY WORM.
Laphygma exigua Ilubn. (Family Noctuidae.)
{Garadrina exigua Hiibn.)
(Fig. 145.)
General Appearance.— The adult moth is mottled gray with distinct
light markings on the fore wings. It is about one inch in length, with a
wing expanse of one and
one half inches. The larvae
are slender, dark green in
color and distinctly striped.
Life History. — The adult
moths appear during the
months of April and June
and deposit eggs, the cater-
pillars hatching out in May
and the last of June and
becoming most abundant in
August. There are probably
three generations a year —
the first and last doing the
least amount of damage.
Fig. 145.- — The beet army worn, Laphjjgniu
exigua Hiibn. a, adult motli ; b, larva, lateral Distribution. GrCnerally
view; c, larva, dorsal view; d, head of larva; . . t ii' i i j-i,
e, dorsal view of egg; f, side view of egg. distributed throughout tiie
Enlarged. (After Chittenden.) State, but more abundant in
the middle and southern parts.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
163
Food Plants.— The favorite food of the caterpillars is the sugar beet
and it bids fair to become quite a serious pest to that crop. Table
beets, corn, potatoes, peas, onions, sunflower, lambsquarters, pigweed,
saltbush and the leaves of the apple, mallow, wild tobacco, plantain
and wild grasses are also attacked.
THE WESTERN ARMY WORM.
Chorizagrotis agrcstis Grote (Family Noctuidsfi).
(Fig. 146.)
General Appearance. — The adult moth is about one inch long and
dark brown with graj^ markings
attain a length of two inches
and vary from pale green to
dark brown.
Life History. — The general
life history is practically the
same as that of the varie-
gated cutworm {Peridroma
margaritosa var. saucia
Hiibn.).
Distribution. — Occurs in
all parts of the State.
Food Plants. — This is a
rather serious vegetable pest,
attacking beets, cabbage,
horse-radish, radish, mustard,
turnip, peas, tomatoes, pota-
toes, onions, celery, rhubarb,
corn, grasses, clover, alfalfa
and forest and frnit trees.
The caterpillars or army worms
Pig. 146. — The western army worm, Choris-
agrotis agrestis Grote, showing adult moth and
larvse. Enlarged. (After Chittenden.)
THE COMMON CUT WORM.
Euxoa atomaris (Smith) (Family Noctuidae).
{Agrotis atomaris Smith.)
(Fig. 147.)
General Appearance.— The caterpillars are light gray in color,
smooth, and, when full-grown,
measure about one and one half
inches in length. The adult moth
is about one inch long with a wing
expanse of two inches. The color
of the fore wings is almost uni-
form gray with paler markings,
while the hind wings are much
lighter.
Life History. — The eggs are laid
early in April by moths shortly
emerged from the over-wintering
Fig. 147. — Larva and adult of the mi , -n
common cutworm, Euxoa atomaris COCOOllS. The yOUng Caterpillars
(.Smith) (Cal. Hort. Com.).
164
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
burrow into the loose soil during- the day and feed at night. When
f nil-grown they go into the soil, transform into dark brown chrysalids
and thus pass the winter in small cells, the moths hatching out the
following spring.
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the San Joaquin Valley,
though the species is widely scattered throughout the State.
Food Plants. — Particularly injurious to grapevines and prune trees
though the larvae feed upon a great many other plants.
THE TOMATO, CORN EAR-WORM OR COTTON BOLL-WORM.
Heliothis ohsoleta Fab. (Family NoctuidtB).
(Ilcliothis armiyer Hiibn.)
(Fig. 14 8.)
General Appearance. — The adult moths are day as well as night
flyers and are exceedingly common. They are nearly one inch long
Fig. 148 — The corn ear-worm. Heliothis ohsoleta
Fab. (U. S. Dept. AgrcL).
and grayish or brownish in color, with or without markings upon tiie
fore wings. The eggs are dirty yellowish-white in color. The larvae
are nearly two inches long when full-grown and vary from yellowish
to brownish in color with longitudinal gray and white stripes and with
eight dark spots or tubercles on each segment. The pup« are rich
brown.
Distribution. — Exceedingly common in all parts of the State.
Food Plants. — This species is perhaps most commonly known in
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
165
California as the corn ear- worm from .its attacks upon the ears of
sweet corn. The larvte enter near the silk end and destroy either the
tip or the whole ear. The damage done is often enormous. The fruit
of the tomato is also attacked, the worm eating large holes into the
bottoms or sides and thus causing decay. In the Southern States this
species works upon the cotton bolls and is there known as the cotton
boll-worm.
Control. — The control of this pest is somewhat more complicated
than in the case of the ordinary cutworms, due to the fact that the
young worms work in the ear of the corn, in the tomato or cotton boll
and are thoroughly protected from external remedies. The use of early-
ripening varieties as well as a trap crop is highly recommended. Spray-
ing the young ears, tomatoes, or bolls with poisoned sprays gives relief
if the work is done thoroughly and often, but it must be begun before
the worms are inside.
Natural Enemies. — Natural enemies do little effective work in con-
trolling this pest. The tachina fly {Frontina armigera Coq.) preys
upon it in California.
THE VARIEGATED CUTWORM.
Peridroina margaritosa var. saacia Hlibn. (Family Noctuidae).
(Fig. 149.)
General Appearance. — The adult moths, or millers, are grayish-
brown with light nuirkings, measuring about one inch in length. The
Fig. 149. — The common cutworm, Peridronia margaritosa var.
saucia Hiibn. (Original.)
cutworms are rather dull brown, mottled with gray or dark above with
a row of from four to six yellow spots on the middle of the back. The/
are about one and three fourths inches long when fully developed.
166
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — The small, white, ribbed, hemispherical eggs are laid
in lai'ge irregular clusters, usually upon the stems of plants. The young
worms begin to feed as soon as hatched and attack practically all vege-
tation, even burrowing into the ground and eating the roots and tubers,
or gnawing the bark of trees. The pupal stage is passed in the soil,
the chrysalis being rich brown in color and nearly an inch long. The
winter is passed in this stage. The adults emerge early in the spring
and begin egg-laying immediatel.y.
Distribution. — This is one of the most common and important cut-
worms in this State, and occurs in all parts, being most abundant in the
central and southern districts, but is also present in great numbers
in the north.
Food Plants, — As stated above, this species works on practically
every kind of vegetation including forage, cereal, root and truck crops,
flowers and orchard trees, while wild plants share in furnishing it food.
THE POTATO TUBER MOTH.
Phthorimwa opcrculella Zeller (Family Gelechiidse).
(Figs. 150-153.)
General Appearance. — The larvie.vary from white to slightly pink —
the head being black. When full grown they are about one inch
Fig. 150. — Potato tuber moth (Phthorimwa operculella Zeller). Larvae on the left,
cocoons containing chrysalids in the middle and the bare chrysalids on the right.
Enlarged. (Essig, M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
167
long. The cocoon is spun of fine white web, the chrysalis being light
brown in color and about three eighths of an inch in length. The wings
of the adults are decidedly gray in color with the bodies silvery. They
are about one inch long.
Life History. — The small pearly-white eggs are laid on the stems of
growing potato plants or upon exposed tubers in early summer, or upon
the tubers at digging time. Within fifteen days they hatch into cater-
pillars, which feed upon the leaves, stems or tubers, or only upon the
latter when they are stored in bins. It requires from three to five weeks
to mature, when it seeks a sheltered place and spins a cocoon, in which
to pupate. During the w^inter the pupal period may occupy several
months, but in the summer and fall from fourteen to twenty days are
Fig. 151. — Adults of the potato tuber moth {Phthorimwa operculella
Zeller) enlarged several times. (Essig, M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
required. The adults are night flyers and are especially abundant in
the fall, particularly when early potatoes are dug. If the tubers are
exposed over night the females lose no opportunity to deposit their
many eggs, generally over all of them, so as to make a serious infesta-
tion. The adults live but a few days.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State.
Food Plants. — Potatoes, tobacco, nightshade, and cat-tails are
attacked.
168
THE MONTHLY BULIiETIN.
Fig. 152. — Work of the potato tuber moth
( Phthoj-imwa operculella Zeller) on potato.
(Essig, M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
169
Control. — All host plants should be kept from growing in or around
the potato fields. Deep planting and hilling should be practiced to pre-
vent access to the tubers. The potatoes should be dug as early as pos-
sible and not allowed to remain in the fields over night, unless sacked.
In places of general infestations the tubers may be thoroughly disin-
FiG. 153. — Cross-sections of potato, showing the interior worlc
of the potato tuber moth. (Essig, M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
fected before storing, by soaking them in water for thirty-six hours.
In the storage bins, two pounds of carbon bisulfid to every one thousand
cubic feet of air space will prevent injury, provided this is done four
or five times, or as often as adult moths appear.
170
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE PEACH TWIG-BORER.
AiKiisid liiHdtclhi Z'.'H. (Family (Ji-lefhiidsB).
(Figs. 154-156.)
General Appearance. — The adults of this insect are seldom if ever
observed l\v the average orchardist. They are small, between one
fourth and one half inches long, and dark silvery gray in color. The
presence of the larva^ is easily told in the spring by the dying-back of
the young buds and twigs. The larvffi are small, scarcely more than one
half an inch long when full grown. The color varies from pink or
dusky white to dark brown or almost black. The cocoons are dark
brown and are hid away in small protected places.
Fig. 154. — The peach twig-borer
(Ancnsia luieatella Zell. ) in winter
quarters, a, twig, showing in crotcli
minute masses of chewed bark above
the larval chambers ; b, same, much
enlarged ; c, larval cell enlarged ; d,
larva greatly enlarged. (U. S. Dept. of
Agrcl. )
Life History. — The adults lay the eggs giving rise to the hibernating
larviE after August. These over-wintering caterpillars make minute
burrows in the bark in which to hibernate. They are very small but
their chambers are quite easily located by the minute piles of frass
above (Fig. 154). In the spring as soon as the leaf buds open the
larvae leave their winter quarters and at once begin to bore into the
new buds or shoots, completely killing them (Fig. 156). They often
appear in such great numbers as to do much damage. They reach
maturity about May and pupate in cracks or crevices of the bark.
Their hiding places are easily located by a loose white web spun over
the entrance by the larva^ before pupation takes place (Fig. 155).
Within a week or so the adults emerge and deposit their eggs at the
bases of the young shoots, the larvae beginning to work upon them as
soon as hatched. These summer caterpillars also bore into the fruit
and cause much destruction in this way. They pupate in the fall and
emerge as adults in time to deposit the eggs, giving rise to the hibernat-
ing young, which begin to appear in September. There are three gener-
ations a vear — the hibernating winter brood and two summer broods.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
171
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, excepting in the north-
ern coast counties where peaches are not grown extensively. Particu-
larly harmful in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.
'■ '*i^ "-t
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w s
IK'^^MfrWara
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ra
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enter
work
Fig. 155. — The web spun across the chamber
occupied by the pupa of the peach twig-borer in
summer. This web is spun by tlie larva and is
a quiclt and sure way of locating the pupa.
(Original.)
Food Plants. — The larva? work in the early spring upon the young
buds and shoots and during the summer on these, and on the fruit. The
twigs are also attacked. In all cases the larva* enter near the tip
and work toward the base, During
the early spring the young start-
ing huds are often killed before
they are more than two inches
In attacking the fruit they
at the stem end and may
completely around the pit,
thus causing rapid decay and com-
plete ruin. '
Control. — Though once a most
serious pest, control methods have
been perfected which make it no
longer a menace to the peach
grower. These consist of a
thorough application of lime-sul-
phur spray when the blossoms
begin to open. Spraying when the
trees are in full bloom is preferable to an application before the blossoms
begin to appear. The commercial preparation diluted one part to
ten of water and applied as a strong spray under a pressure of from
150 to 200 pounds is found to give excellent results. Mr. Chas. B.
Weeks, horticultural commissioner of Tehama County, has been using
this formula for a number of years and finds it satisfactory in every
way.
156. — Tlie peach twig-borer,
a, new shoot kille:! by larva early
in the spring ; b, larva ; c, pupa ; d,
tip of same. All enlarged.
Dept. Agrcl.)
(U. .S.
172
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH.
Sitotroga ccrealclln OVw. (Family Gelechiidae).
( Fig. 157.) /
General Appearance. — The adult females are light-yellowish, irides-
cent brown with few darker markings on the fore wings. They average
about one inch in length, including folded wings. The very small eggs
are oval elongate and slightly i)inkish in color. The larvre are scarcely
over one fourth of an inch long but more often small enough to com-
fortably occupy the inside of a wheat or barley kernel. They are
robust and white. The pupa? are pale j^ellowish-brown.
Fig. 157. — The angoumois s'lfiin moth (Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. ), showing larvse,
pupae, adults and tlie worlv on Ivcrnels of popcorn. (Original.)
Life History. — In grains, the eggs are deposited on the outsides of
or between the kernels in the head or on the cob. They are laid in the
field in late summer and fall, but in storehouses egg-laying maj^ con-
tinue throughout the year. As soon as the young hatch they bore a very
minute hole and work their way into the interior of the kernel. In
wheat and barle.y only one individual occupies the interior, w^hile in
corn there may be several or many. The larval and pupal stages are
passed within the kernel, which is completely destroyed. The adult in-
sect emerges through a small circular hole cut in the thin wall and
escapes to mate, soon to start other broods. The life cycle occupies
about forty days, there being many overlapping broods a year. In
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
173
bins of grain, breeding is very rapid and great destruction is wrought
in a very short time.
Distribution. — Throughout the southern part of the State.
Food Plants. — This is primarily a grain pest, attacking the kernel
and comi>letely destroying the inside. Corn, wheat and barley are
infested.
Control. — Crops should be harvested as soon as possible to prevent
infestation in the field. After they have been stored is when the
greatest damage may be done before the presence of the pest is known.
Fumigation with carbon bisulfid as soon as any adults appear is thp
best remedy.
THE LIMA BEAN POD-BORER.
Etielhi zhivl-ciicUa (Treit. ) (Family Pyralidae).
(Fig. 158.)
General Appearance. — The adult moths are gray with ocherous
blotches on the fore wings. There is a plain, broad, white band along
Fig. 158. — The work of the lima bean pod-borer, Etieila zinckenella (Treit.), on bush
lima beans. (Original.)
the margins of these wings and an ocherous band with brown spots
across the inner fourth. This band is especially conspicuous. The
hind wings are light gray. The moths are small, scarcely more than
174 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
one half inch long. They are exceedingly active on wing and foot. The
pupa is rich brown and usually enclosed in a thin white cocoon. The
young larvffi are white or light green. When full grown they are
white or distinctly reddish above and greenish beneath. The head is
dark as is also the prothoracic plate and the legs. They average about
one inch in length. "When disturbed they wriggle violently,
Life History.^ — The writer has never seen the eggs so is unable to
state where they are deposited, but judging from the observance of
their work they are probably laid upon the bean plants and the pods as
soon as they are formed. As soon as hatched the young caterpillars
bore through the pods and begin feeding upon the beans inside, all
of which are usually gnawed into or destroyed before fully developed.
AVhen ready to pupate the larvte either do so in the pod or select some
other place. Very often they crawl into the ground and pupate under
clods or any convenient shelter. As a protection a thin white cocoon
is spun. In this stage some of the insects hibernate though many
appear as adults in late summer and fall. There is but one brood a
year. The adults appear in the spring about May.
Distribution. — Most of the records concerning this pest have come
from the southern part of the State where it is apparently well estab-
lished. As early as 1885 Albert Koebele collected it in El Dorado
County, and it probably occurs in limited numbers in the central part
as well. The moth is probably of European or Asiatic origin, having
been imported into this county.
Food Plants. — The beans in the pods of the small bush lima beans
are the favorite food for this moth, though it occasionally attacks those
of the large limas. This has been observed in Ventura County, but is
not common there.
Control. — Early beans are the ones suffering from the attacks of the
caterpillars, though the latter plantings do not escape. As the bush-lima
is usually the only crop attacked it would be well to plant the large and
later varieties instead.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
175
THE ORANGE TORTRIX.
Tortrix citrana Fern. (Family Tortncidse).
(Figs. 159, 160.)
General Appearance.— The adult insects are gray in color and hardly
,^^'
Fig. 159. — The larva of the orange tortrix (Tortrix citrana Fern.)
emerging from a burrow in an orange. Other burrows are also visi-
ble. (Original.)
one half inch long. The eggs are cream-colored, circular, flat and cov-
ered with fine mosaic-like mark-
ings. They are laid so as to over-
lap like the scales of a fish. The
larvffi when full grown vary
from one half to three quarters
of an inch in length and are
white or dusky in color. The
chrysalids are brown.
Life History. — The eggs are
laid in clusters in early spring,
usually upon the undersides of
the leaves, each moth depositing
about fifty. The larvae hatch
in about two weeks and feed
upon the surface of the orange
fruit or upon the foliage or
tips of the shoots of the other
hosts. Burrows are also made
in the fruit, especially through-
out the peel, thus causing decay
and ruin. The voung reach maturity in about two months. The
Fig. 16U. — The adult of tlie orange
tortrix (Tortrix citrana Fern.) near
entrance of larval burrow. (After
Quayle. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
176 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
pupal stage is passed within the old burrow or any protected place
outside. The adults emerge in from one to two weeks. The' broods
overla]). ])ut there are probably three generations a year. /
Distribution, — Common throughout the citrus growing sections of
the southern part of the State. /
Food Plants. — The greatest damage is done to the fruit of the orange,
by making burrows throughout the peel and often into the pulp.
According to H. J. Quayle the larvte also work upon the foliage of the
apricot, willow, oak. wild walnut, goldenrod and many greenhouse
plants.
Control. — Though the destructiveness to oranges has been quite great
in a few instances, yet not enough actual damage has been done to war-
rant the application of poison sprays or other methods necessary for
control. The parasitic braconicls which work upon the larva? no doubt
play some part in the subjection of the pest.
Natural Enemies. — The tachina fly {Phorocera parva Bigot.) has
been reared from this tortrix at Los Angeles. Internal braconid para-
sites also work upon it.
THE CODLING MOTH.
Cydia ponionclla (Lhm.) (Family Tortricidfe) .
{Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.) '
(Figs. 161, 162.)
General Appearance. — The eggs are small, flattened to oval in shape,
and not larger than a pinhead. When freshly laid they are pearly
white. The larva? or so-called "worms" are very minute when first
hatched but when full grown are nearly an inch long. They are usually
pinkish above and whitish underneath. The cocoon is made of white
silk and is usually hid away in some sheltered place. The pupa,
scarcely over one half inch long, is first yellowish, turning with age to
a dark rich brown. The adult moths are small being much less than
one inch long with a wing expanse seldom greater than three fourths of
an inch. The fore wings are grayish brown with several gray or lighter
cross lines. Near the tip of each is a small lirown spot in which two
irregular golden lines appear. The hind wings are slightly lighter
than the fore wings, with fringed borders. The color harmonizes well
with the gray bark of the apple trees.
Life History. — The winter is passed in the larval stage upon the
trees, in such protected places as under the bark, in split holes, crotches,
etc., or beneath trash or litter on the ground, as well as in storehouses
where the larva? have escaped from stored fruit. In the spring they
spin their whitish cocoons and enter the pupal stage, which occupies
about twenty days. The first adult moths are ready to emerge about the
time the apples bloom and many continue to appear throughout the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
177
spring and summer. The first to appear oviposit mainly upon the
leaves ar.d twigs, very few eggs being laid upon the fruit. The eggs
of the second generation are usually placed upon the fruit. The larvae
hatching from the first eggs usually begin to work immediately upon
the leaves while those of the second generation gain entrance to the
fruit almost immediately at the calyx end. It requires about twenty
days for the larvae to mature.
The generations overlap greatly
throughout the summer. Adidts
appear about the middle and in
a few days begin egg laying. The
entire life cycle occupies nearly
fifty days, there being two broods
each year in the Western States.
Distribution. — In all parts of
the State, excepting the northern
coast counties and even these are
not entirely exempt.
Food. — All varieties of the fruit
of apples and pears.
Control. — The accepted treat-
ment for this pest is spraying
with arsenical sprays. The first
application should be made just
as soon as the petals of the blossoms
fall and the sepals of the calyx are open (Fig. 162). It will be
difficult to find a time when all of the calyx cups are the same, but
Fig. 161. — The codling moth, Ci/dia
pomonella (Linn.), a, apple cut to .show
the borings of the larva; h, place
where the egg was laid and the larva
started ; d, pupa ; e, larva ; f and g, adult
moths ; ?i, head of larva ; 1, cocoon.
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
Fig. 162. — Young apples at tlie left are just right to spray for the codling
moth, the calyx lobes being extended and open, while the apples at the right
are too mature, tlie lobes being closed and too late to treat for codling moth.
(After Quaintance. )
work should be started as soon as possible, and the entire orchard
sprayed within a few days. Thorough work with high pressure and
178
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
liberal application usually make one spraying sufficient for the control
of the pest in this State and two are seldom necessary. However, in
cases where the first spraying is not sufficient a second application
should be made at from three to four weeks later. It is a common
practice to combine Bordeaux mixture with the arsenical sprays to
control fungous diseases, such as scab, with the one application.
Natural Enemies. — So far natural control of the codling moth has
proven very luisatisfactory. Through Mr. George Compere the State
has secured a hymenopterous parasite (Calliephialtes messor), which
preys upon the larva^ just after the cocoons are spun. This parasite
may be secured from the State Insectary.
THE CALIFORNIA TUSSOCK MOTH.
Hemirocdiiipii rvfii><t<i Boisd. (Family Liparidse) .
(Figs. 163-165.)
General Appearance. — The eggs are small, oval, white and are laid
in closely woven clusters, usually upon the old female cocoon. The clus-
FiG. 163.— -The caterpillars of the California tus-
sock moth ( Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd.) on apple.
(After Volck.)
ters or egg masses are nearly spherical, grayish brown in color and
between one fourth and three eighths of an inch in diameter. The full
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
179
grown larvae or caterpillars vary from one and one half to two inches
in length. They are generally gray in color with niimerons colored
spots and many tufts, consisting of four prominent white ones on the
dorsum and two distinct black tufts or horns on the head and one near
the posterior end. The adult females are wingless and light silvery-gray
in color. The males are winged and gray in color.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited by the freshly emerged females
during the months of May, June and July. The caterpillars upon
hatching begin to feed upon the young fruit and foliage and continue
Fig. 164. — The California tussock moth. A and B, adult
wingless females ; D, cocoons ; E, egg masses attached to the
cocoons ; P, eggs ; G, internal parasite working upon cocoons.
(Original.)
their depredations for from forty to sixty days, when they spin cocoons
singly or in large colonies. The moths emerge the following spring,
mate, and the females begin egg laying. The winter is passed in the
egg stage.
Distribution. — Occurs throughout the central part of the State, espe-
cially along the coast.
Food Plants. — The principal food of this insect is the foliage or
young fruit of the apple, but it also feeds upon live oak, the yellow
perennial lupin, cherry and walnut.
Control. — Spraying with poison sprays have proven unsatisfactory,
due to the fact that the caterpillars are able to eat large doses without
apparent injury. Hand picking of the egg masses has been followed
180
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
with considerable success in the Pajaro Valley. This is done during
the winter months, after the leaves have fallen. Great care must be
exercised in getting' all the egg masses, to insure profitable results. The
eggs should be destroyed by immersing in oil or by burning.
When the caterpillars are on the trees great numbers may be removed
by jarring. Bands around the tree trunks, such as are recommended
for eankerworms, will keep those jarred off from again ascending the
trees. In addition to the cotton and tanglefoot bands. Volck recom-
FiG. 165. — Dead caterpillar of the Califor-
nia tussock moth moved to show the pupa
cases of internal parasites, which after kill-
ing it pupated underneath the dead body.
(Original.)
mends a rope saturated with tanglefoot, or crude oil rich in asphaltum
and tied around the trunks, while bands soaked in a mixture of equal
parts of pine tar and molasses have given satisfaction.
Steep earth cones around the bases of the trunks may prove satisfac-
tory in keeping the caterpillars from reaching the foliage.
Natural Enemies. — Mv. B. B. Whitney has succeeded in breeding
three distinct hymenopterous parasites from the larvas and pupa*. In
addition to these there is the egg parasite {Telenomvs orgym). A
dermested beetle also works upon the eggs. The tachina fly (Tachina
mella Walk.) preys upon this species and has been bred out in large
numbers from the masses of young and pupae.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
181
THE EASTERN APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR.
Malacosonia uincruaiw Fab. (Family Lasiocampidiie).
(Fig-. 166.)
General Appearance. — The eggs are cylindrical to oval in shape and
are laid in compact clnsters around the smaller twigs so as to form a
cylindrical-shaped mass over which the female spins a dark water-
proof web. The caterpillars hatch in the spring and begin work upon
the tender leaves and shoots, but rarely bec( me abundant until early
summer. When full grown the caterpillars are hairy, about one and
three quarters inches long, black in color with distinct yellow and w^hite
stripes along the back and with blue and white dots along the sides.
The cocoons are spun of- yellow silk and the pupa^ are rich reddish
brown. The adults are about one inch long witli a wing expanse of
from one and one tenth 1o one and
one half inches. The general color
is purplish brown, the front wings
having two white bands which are
parallel to the wing margin and each
other. The hind wings are plain.
Life History. — The winter is
passed in the egg stage, the young
caterpillars hatching out in the
spring after tlie leaves begin to
appear, but may sometimes be fo.und
on the trees before the blosscms are
gone. The caterpillars attack the
foliage. They are social in their
habits and soon spin a large web on
which they collect when not feeding.
"When ready to pupate the larvae seek
some sheltered place near the host,
Distribution. — Limited to few localities,
eastern nurser^^ stock.
Food Plants. — Apple, cherry (cultivated and wild), plum and
peach, the foliage and young fruit being attacked. •
Control. — Destroying the egg masses during the winter months is one
method of getting rid of the pest, but the usual arsenical sprays for
codling moth or canker worm are sufficient to keep it in check.
The tents may be destroyed by burning with an asbestos torch when
the voung congregate in them.
Fig. 166. — The nest of the ap-
ple-tree tent caterpillar, Mala-
cosoma americana Fab. (After
Moore.)
Probably imported on
182
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE WESTERN APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR.
Mahivoxoiiin disi^tria Iliibu. (Family Lasiocampidfe).
(Figs. 167, 168.)
General Appearance. — In general appearance this species resembles
the eastern apple-tree tent caterpillar {M. americana) in all stages.
Life History. — The life history is also like
that of the eastern species, except that it
collects in great colonies upon the trunks
and larger limbs of the trees instead of
making tents as does its eastern relative.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and
northern parts of the State.
Food Plant. — The foliage and young fruit
of apple trees.
Control. — Practically the same as for the
eastern form, except that burning is not as
efficient for the California species. When
disturbed, most of the caterpillars fall to the
ground and may be kept from again reaching
the tree by a suitable band around the trunk.
Colonies on the trunks are easily and quickly
killed by a liberal application of strong
whale-oil soap with a large brush. Strong
Fig. 167. — Egg masses poison sprays are also recommended as soon
of the western apple-tree ,i i i • i
tent caterpillar. (Original.) as the larvoi begin ,to appear.
Fig. 168. — The Western apple-tree tent caterpillar (AJalacosoina disstria
Hiibn. ). Caterpillars in a characteristic group on an apple tree. (Original.
Cal. Hort. Com.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
183
THE BROWN DAY MOTH.
Pseudoha::is ccjUtnterinu Boisd. (Family Saturniida?).
(Figs. 169, 170.)
General Appearance. — The eggs are salmon-colored and laid in clus-
ters around small stems or branches, as shown in Fig. 169. The larv*
are dark or nearly black with fine lateral, red stripes and spots on the
dorsum.- The bodies are
-covered with long tufts of
"black and light-brown hairs.
When full-grown they are a
little over two inches long.
The chrysalids are dark red-
dish-brown and about one
inch long. The adults are
l)eautiful yellow motlis blend-
ed with red or salmon color
and regularly marked with
l)lack. The wing markings
are shown in Fig. 170. The
thorax is deep orange ; the
dorsal half of the abdomen is
yellow and the ventral half
red. A black band encircles
«ach segment. The posterior
end has a long tuft of yellow
and red hairs. The antennas
of the female are orange, and
brown in the male. The legs
are yellow with black spines.
Life History. — The eggs
are deposited in the spring of
the year upon various fruit
trees, wild trees and bushes.
The young attack the foliage,
almost entirely defoliating
the plants. When full grown
the larvae seek the ground
where they pupate and thus
pass the winter, emerging
early in the spring as adults.
These are often seen flying during the day.
Fig. 169. — Eggs and young caterpillars of
the brown day moth (Pseudohasis eglan-
terina Boisd.). The caterpillars are shown
in a characteristic colony attacking the
lowest prune bud. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl. )
184
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, ])iit more abundant in
the Sierra foothills and in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.
Food Plants. — This species attach a great variety of both wild and
cultivated trees and shrubs. Prune trees have often been severely
attacked, the young larvae destroying the first appearing buds.
Fig. 170. — The brown day moth (Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisd. ). Larva covered
WiL.x cocoons of an internal para-site and the adult male. (Larva after U. S. Dept.
Agrcl. Adult original. Cal. Hort. Com.)
Control. — The egg masses are very conspicuous and great numbers
of them may be easily destroyed by hand piclving in the spring.
Arsenical sprays applied when the larvns become apparent are also
effective.
Natural Enemies. — Internal humenopterous parasites perform a very
important role in checking the ravages of this pest. Caterpillars are
often found wnth the cocoons of these parasites attached to the bodies
as shown in Fig. 170. The eggs are also destroyed in large numbers
by small parasites.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
185
Fig. 171. — The spring cankerworm {Palea-
(rita vernata Peck), a, adult male; b, fe-
male ; c, larva ; d, egg enlarged and in egg-
mass. (After Riley.)
THE SPRING CANKERWORM.
Paleacrita vernata Peck (Family Geometridse).
(Figs. 171, 172.)
General Appearance.— The larva? are dark olive-green, brown or
nearly blat-k. vc^ry slender and abont one ineh long. Because of their
looping method of traveling they are often called measuring worms.
Ill this species they possess
but two pairs of legs en the
under side of the posterior
half of the body. The cocoon
is composed of tough silken
w^eb. which is not ea.sily
broken. The pupa is grayish
brown. The female is wing-
less and covered with soft
gray down. The male is
winged and gray in color. The eggs are regularly oval.
Life History.— The female of the spring cankerworm oviposits in the
spring "before the buds of the apple trees start. The eggs are laid
singly or in irregular masses in crevices or under the bark-scales on
the limbs, trunks, twigs or
leaves. The young cankerworms
hatch out jvist in time to begin
destroying the first young leaves.
They often occur in such num-
bers as to almost entirely defoli-
ate the trees and cause great
loss. After they mature they
drop to the ground and pupate
in a cocoon, just beneath the
surface, where they hibernate
through the winter, and the
adults appear early the next
spring. There is but one genera-
tion each year. The females,
not having wings, must crawl up
the trunk in the spring to
deposit their eggs in suitable
places during March and April.
Distribution. — Throughout
the apple-growing sections of
the central part of the State.
Food Plants. — Apples, apri-
cots, cherries, prunes, the foliage
, •-. ^, IT Fig. 172. — Work of cankerworms on
being attacked. apricot. (After Craw.)
Control.— Inasmuch as the female is wingless the spread of this pest
186
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
is not very rapid and control is not so difficult as is the case with many
of the orchard caterpillars. The female must crawl up the tree trunk
in the early spring to oviposit and any methods adopted to prevent this
will reduce subsequent injury by the pest. Bands of adhesive paper
or cotton around the trunks have proven effective, while one of tree
tanglefoot, about two inches wide, has been satisfactory. Any of these
devices will cause the females to oviposit below the bands and the
young can be easily and readily killed with a soap wash. The bands
should be made about the first of March.
In cases where the young caterpillars are already on the trees or
where the above methods have not kept them from the foliage, arsenical
sprays should be applied.
Plowing and harrowing close to the trees in the fall during Sep-
tember or October will crush great numbers of the pupoe in the cocoons
and aid in reducing the next spring's broods.
Natural Enemies. — The eggs are parasitized by calcid flies and
preyed upon by mites, while birds, ichneumonid parasites, tachina flies
and predaceous beetles prey upon the larvge.
THE FALL CANKERWORM.
Ahophila pometaria Harris (Family Geometridis).
(Figs.173, 174.)
General Appearance. — In all of its stages this insect greatly resem-
bles the spring cankerworm {Paleacrita vernata Peck), but differs
in that the larvte have three pairs of legs on the posterior half of the
Fig. 173. — The fall cankerworm ( Alsophiln pometaria Harris),
a, adult male ; b, adult female ; c, side and d, top view of egg ; e,
egg-mass ; f, larva or cankerworm. All natural size except c and d.
(After Riley.)
body instead of two and the bodies are more distinctly striped. The
primary wings of the males also have an extra light band near the
middle. The eggs are shaped like small flower pots, being smaller at
the bottoms than at the tops, with distinct darker circles at the tops
(Fig. 173 c and d). They are deposited in regular clusters of from
fifty to two hundred, standing side by side in exposed places.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
187
Life History. — The life history is practically the same as that of
the spring cankerworm, but the eggs are deposited in a compact mass
and glued to the twigs and covered with hairs from the female's body
in the late fall or during the milder portions of winter, as late as
March. The young hatch about the same time as those of the spring
forms and work about the same. The adults issue from October to
December, or as late as spring, and immediately crawl up the trunks
to deposit their eggs.
/'I
7 r-"
■•./
■r . . '•,' ,
/%!
^?>^
sn
1*
frwik
^^fe
%W.
Wr%
.« ,. ^■■Mlipsj^
nKt-. '^
Fig. 174. — The work of cankerworms on
cherry. (After Craw.)
Distribution. — Found in the central and northern parts of the State.
Food Plants. — The foliage of the apple, prune, cherry, apricot and
other fruit trees are attacked.
Control. — Control measures as adopted for the spring cankerworm
may be used for this. Bands around the tree trunks will not prove as
effectual, because of heavy winter rains, unless they are occasionally
renewed. These barriers must be put in place during September and
October and continued until spring.
Natural Enemies. — The species is subject to the same natural enemies
as is the preceding insect.
188
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE RED-HUMPED CATERPILLAR.
Schi::i(ra conciiniu S. & A. (Family Notodontidiie) .
(Fig. 175.)
General Appearance. — The full grown oalerpillar is covered with
black tubercles, which makes it appear dark. The body is alternately
lined with white and black stripes along the back and with waved black
and yellow stripes along the sides. The head is bright red as is the
fourth segment (first abdominal segment), which is also larger than
any other segment, and has a distinct hump, on the top of which are
four prominent black spines or tubercles. From this hump the name is
derived. The length varies from one and one fourth to two inches
when ready to pupate. The pupa varies from tan to dark-brown in
color and is scarcely one inch in length. The adults are very plain
brown or grayish moths and are seldom, if ever, seen by the grower.
E^IQ
Fig. 175. — The red-liumped caterpillar (Schizura concinna S. & A.). Larva, much
enlarged (original), and adult. (Cal. Hort. Com.)
Life History. — The eggs are deposited upon the leaves after the trees
have put forth a good growth in early summer — May and June. The
young caterpillars are thickest during June and July but may continue
to appear until late in September, showing that eggs are often laid quite
late. Their work consists in destroying the foliage, the midribs of
the leaves being all that usually remain. They work rapidly and
thoroughly, making the attacks easily discovered by a careful observer.
Late in July and during the months following many of the larvie
become full grown and drop to the ground^ where they spin a thin
cocoon and transform. The cocoons are located from one to three
inches under the surface of the ground, among the thickly fallen leaves,
or in the grass if it is allowed to grow in the orchard. The winter is
passed in the pupal stage, the adults emerging in the spring to oviposit
after the foliage is well out.
Distribution. — In the central part of the State.
Food Plants. — Apple, hawthorn, prune, plum and cherry are
attacked, and much damage is often done to these trees because of the
destruction of the foliage by the large colonies of caierpillars.
Control. — Entire colonies may be exterminated by hand picking,
which is especially recommended for small trees. In large orchards
where this is impossible, arsenical sprays should be used. Hoeing or
cultivating close to the trees in the fall and winter will kill many of
the wintering pupas.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
189
THE SPOTLESS FALL WEB-WORM.
HijphanirUi fc.rfor Harris (Family Aretiidae).
(Fig. 176.)
General Appearance. — The adults are slightly over one half inch
long with a wing expanse of one and one half inches. The body is
light and the wings pure or dusky white. There are no spots upon
wings or body. This species is distinguished from the fall webworm
{Hyphantria cunea Drury) of the Eastern States by the pure white
Fig. 176. — The spotless fall webworm {Hyphan-
tria textor Harris). Top, female; bottom, male.
Enlarged. (Original.)
antenna and the absence of spots on the abdomen. The full grown
larvffi are very hairy, yellowish or greenish in color, with a darker
stripe along the back, a yellow stripe along the side and covered with
whitish hairs which arise from black and orange-yellow tubercle.s.
Life History. — This species hibernates in the pupa stage within a
cocoon attached to tree trunks, fences, rubbish or under the ground.
The moths emerge in the spring, mate and during the nights the
females deposit from four hundred to five hundred eggs in clusters
upon the leaves of the food plants. The caterpillars feed in colonies
and spin webs large enough to accommodate all the members which
190
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
may include a large limb of a tree. When full grown the larvae leave
the web nnd descend to suitable pupal quarters. There are two broods
a year, the second appearing late in the summer.
Distribution. — Common throughout the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys and is the webworm most often encountered.
Food Plants. — This species feeds upon the foliage of a great number
of wild and ornamental trees and shrubs, as well as upon fruit trees.
During the past year much damage was done to willows in the San
Joaquin Valley, while peach trees suffered in Sutter County.
Control. — The application of arsenical poisons, the collecting of the
cocoons and the burning of the nests or webs containing the larvae with
a torch are the remedies used against this pest.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites play a very important part in
the control of this moth.
THE STRAWBERRY CROWN MOTH.
Sesia rutilans (Edw.) (Family Sesiidgg).*
(Synanthedon rutilans Edw.)
(Fig. 177.)
General Appearance. — The adults are clear-winged moths, the
females having a wing expanse of about seven eighths of an inch, the
males being somewhat smaller. The ground color of the body is black
with oblique longitudinal stripes on the thorax and yellow bands
around the abdomen. The antennge are bluish black and the legs yellow
with black rings. The fore wings are almost entirely covered with
brown and black scales having a purple iridescence. There are yellow
strawberry crown
moth, Sesia rutilans (Edw.). A, crown
of strawberry plant showing chrysalis
from which the adult has escaped ; B,
larva; C, adult. (After Klee. )
stripes between the veins and the outer border is brown and yellow.
The hind wings are nearly all transparent with brown border. The
tuft at the tip of the abdomen is yellow and black. The males are
much darker than the females, having fewer and narrower yellow bands
on the body and the anal tuft is larger and all black. The larvie are
*The name ^^^^geridse is still applied to this family by many entomologists.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
191
cylindrical ; white with reddish-brown head, black legs and mandibles ;
covered with brownish hair and slightly over one half inch long. The
pupffi are formed in brownish cocoons, the chrysalids being reddish
brown with several rows of dark spines across the back and. sides.
They are about one half inch long and are usually found within the
old burrows.
Life History.— The adult moths begin to issue about April, continu-
ing until the latter part of July. The eggs are laid soon after the adults
appear and the young larvge apparently hatch and work during the
winter and spring, most of the damage being done in the spring, about
February, soon after which pupation begins so that adults may begin to
issue in April. The broods overlap considerably as pup^ may be
found as late as June.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State, though specimens may occur quite far north in the Sacramento-
Valley.
Food Plants. — The larvae work within the stems near the base or in
the roots near the crown of the host plants. They are exceedingly
destructive to strawberry plants, working within the crowns and roots.
They also feed within the roots and canes of raspberry and blackberry
plants. Their presence usually means the complete destruction of the
plants unless control measures are promptly adopted.
Control. — Submersion, when possible, is a quick and thorough means.
of exterminating the pest but of course this is limited to irrigated dis-
tricts. The fields should be flooded soon after the crop is harvested
and the water left standing over the vines for four or five days. The
destruction of weakened and infested plants is also recommended to
prevent the spread of the moth. Valuable plants can be protected
with screens or netting to prevent the moths depositing their eggs upon
them.
THE IMPORTED CURRANT BORER.
Sesia tipuliformis (Clerck) (Family Sesiidae).
{Mgeria tipuliformis Clerck.)
(Figs. 178, 179.)
General Appearance. — The adult females are clear-winged moths
with delicate, slender bodies about three eighths of an inch long and a
wing expanse of from five eighths to three fourths of an inch. The
general color is jet black with deep blue iridescence. There is a yellow
band around the base of the head; three distinct and two indistinct
yellow bands around the abdomen and two oblique longitudinal yellow
stripes on the thorax. Because of sunshine these lines and bands are
misleading in the photograph (Fig. 178) excepting the last two abdom-
inal rings in the left-hand specimen. The areas on the thorax just
below the wings are also yellow. The fore wings are opaque along
the borders, with a small band enclosing a clear area near the opaque
192 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
tips which are bronze. The hind wings are clear, exceptino^ a brown
Fig. 178. — Adult ft males of the imported currant borer, Sesia tipuli-
formis (Clerck). The light-bands on the bodies are somewhat confusing,
due to extremely bright light when the photograph was taken. (Original.)
bord(^r. The legs are banded yellow and black with the inner sides of
tibia; and tarsi yellow and the outer sides blaclv. The larvaB are slightly
Fig. 179. — The pupae cases of the imported currant
borer, Sesia tipuliformis (flerck), from which the adult
moths have emerged. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. , 193
more than half an inch in length and yellowish white, with dark
heads. The chrysalids are amber brown.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited in the early summer and the
young upon hatching bore into the canes of the currants and work
upon the inner pith during the summer and winter, eventually destroy-
ing the bushes. Late in the spring the pupa; are found within the old
burrows near an opening through which the adult emerges, drawing
nearly all of the pupal case after it. The winter is passed in the larval
stage.
Distribution. — The imported currant borer is limited to the northern
and central parts of the State and more particularly to the Sierra foot-
hill regions.
Food Plants. — The young caterpillars work on the pith within the
stalks or canes of the currant and gooseberry, doing much damage to
the fruit-bearing wood. In not a few cases entire patches have been
rendered worthless before the unsuspecting grower was aware of the
real cause of the dying bushes.
Control. — Control is rather difficult and consists in cutting out and
burning the sickly-looking canes as often as they appear.
THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER.
Saiijiliiuidca opalescens Edw. (Family Sesiidse).
(Figs. 180-182.)
General Appearance. — The adult moths are nearly one inch in length
with somewhat greater wing expanse. They greatly resemble wasps
in coloration and shape ; the clear areas in the wings adding to the
deception. The color is steel blue, the fringes of the wings and
appendages are jet black — the legs having white tufts. The females
have a bronzy hue with the fore wings entirely covered with dark scales.
The dark-brown eggs are depressed on the sides and one end. The full
grown larva? are white or dusky in color with brown heads and attain a
length of from one to one and one half inches. The pupge are light
brown and are found in the bark or around the bases of the trees.
Life History. — The eggs are always laid on the lower trunks of the
trees a few inches above the surface of the soil. They are arranged
singly or in small groups of from three to fifteen. Each moth lays
from two hundred to over four hundred eggs and it requires from
fifteen to thirty days for them to hatch. The newly hatched larvae
immediately seek shelter in cracks or crevices of the bark or beneath
the ground and at once begin to enter the trunk of the tree by boring
with great rapidity through the bark, or in infested orchards they
enter the old burrows. During the summer the young work upon
10— H
194
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the growing inner l);irk, moving downward or upward at will. The bur-
rows are usually made under the surface of the ground but occasionally
they are extended quite far up the trunks. This is especially true on
the silver prune. The frass and exuding gum are forced out of exit
holes through the sides of the trees, thus greatly facilitating the location
of the burrows. The larvre remain in the burrows during the winter
montlis and continue fairly active. About January and February they
begin to transform into pupa?. These remain in the old burrows for
Fig. 180. — The California peacli borer ( Sanninoidea opalescens Edw. ). a, lai-va ; &,
cocoon and pupal skin ; c, pupa ; c', abdominal segments of same ; c", caudal end of
same; d, adult female; e, adult male. Much enlarged. (U. S. Dept. AgTcl.)
about one and one half months, when the adults emerge in the spring
and mate to begin egg laying. There is but one generation of over-
lapping broods each j^ear.
Distribution. — At the present time the peach borer as a pest is
confined to the Santa Clara Valley, and to Alameda and San Mateo
counties.
Food Plants. — This insect is limited, as a pest, to a very small area
of the State and is much dreaded because of the character of its
work and the great damage it does to the trees it infests. Though
principally a peach tree borer it works almost equally as destructively
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
195
Upon apricots, prunes, cherries, plums, western chokecherry {Cerasus
demissa). Apple stock is attacked to some degree also.
Control. — Trees budded or grafted
upon stocks of any of the host plants are
sure to become infested, while it has been
found that the borer will not injure
trees grafted upon the Myrobalan plum
{Primus cerasifera) . The use of this
stock is becoming a sure means of con-
trolling the pest in the future.
Protective washes of lime-crude oil
mixture, lime-sulphur-salt mixture ; or
lime, coal tar. and whale-oil soap are
recommended by Dudley Moulton as
sprays to be applied before the middle of
June. Digging out the worms or killing
them with a crooked wire should be
practiced in the winter months.
Earl ]\Iorris, horticultural commis-
sioner of Santa Clara County, has
invented a method of control that promises to be better than anything
else yet tried. His method consists in applying grades " C " and " D "
Fig. 181.— Adult male of the
California peach borer. (Orig-
inal.)
Fig. 182. — Peach tree showing the asphaltum treatment
at the base for the peach borer (Sanninoidea opalescens
Edw. ). (After Morris, Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta. )
of hard asphaltum. This is done early in the spring to infested trees
and a heavy coating prevents both the issuance and entrance of from
ninety-five to ninety-eight per cent of the insects. The material when
warm is applied from five to six inches below and above the soil surface
with a brush. Two coatings are recommended. This method should
follow fall and spring digging for the borers.
196
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE IMPORTED CABBAGE WORM.
I'untia rapa' Sob. (Family Pieridse).
{Pieris rapw Linn.)
(Fig. 183.)
General Appearance. — Though this is an imported insect it has
become as common as if it had always been here. The adult butterflies
are about one and one fourth inches long with a wing expanse of two
inches. The color is white with two small black spots near the middle
and a large black spot at the tip of each fore wing. The caterpillars
are light velvety green in color and very finely dotted with minute dark
spots. The length when full grown varies from one to one and one
half inches. The chrysalis is about one inch long and varies in color
from yellow to green, light or dark gray.
Life History. — In the northern part of the State the species win-
ters over in the chrvsalis stage, while in the south adult butterflies
Fig. 183. — Adult and larva of the
imported cabbage worm {Pontia rapw
Sch.). (U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
may be seen almost any time of the year. Thej^ become very much
in evidence early in March and are active throughout the entire summer
and fall. Egg laying begins soon after the adults leave the chrysalis
stage. The eggs hatch in about a week and the young caterpillars
begin feeding at once. They first feed upon the outer leaves, making
them ragged and holey. l)ut gradually work through towards the heart
of the cabbage, leaving the dark-green excrement to mark their paths of
destruction. The growth is very rapid so that in from one to two
weeks they are ready to select some secluded spot beneath an old cabbage
leaf or some nearby object and prepare for the chrysalis stage, Avhich,
during the first two generations in the summer months, lasts little
longer than the larval stage, but which in the fall continues throughout
the winter. There are several generations a year. In fact in the
southern part of the State it seems as if the breeding is only slightly
checked during the winter months.
Distribution. — Very common in every part of the State.
Food Plants. — The principal economic food plants are cabbage, cauli-
flower, brussels sprouts, turnip, radish, mustard, and horseradish.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
197
Other plants attacked are wild mustard, wild radish, nasturtium, mig-
nonette and sweet alyssum.
Control.— The larvie, working as they do into the heads of the
cabbages, make control methods practically imptis.sible after they
have once begun. Young plants may well be protected by arsenical
sprays which are applied with safety until the heads are half-grown.
Prof. L. Bruner claims that cornmeal dusted on the cabbages causes
the worms to leave. Clean culture should be practiced and no cabbage
or host plants allowed to grow during the interval between crops unless
they are freely sprayed with strong solutions of arsenical sprays.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites, working upon the chrysalids,
are important factors in the control of the pest. In this State the small
parasite (Pteromalus puparum) is quite widely distributed and is bred
and sent to all parts of the State by the State Insectary. In the
Eastern States a chalcid {Apanteles glomeratus) does excellent work
in killing off the caterpillars, but this has not been established in this
State. A bug {Phymata wolffii) preys upon the butterflies, which they
capture on flowers while the wasp {rolistes paUipes) destroys large
numbers of the worms.
THE CELERY OR PARSLEY CATERPILLAR.
Papilio t>()li/xrn<:s Fab. (Family Fapilionidfe).
{Pdjiilio asierids Fab.) ,
(Fig. 184.)
General Appearance. — The most evident forms of this insect are the
feeding caterpillars, which are indeed very .striking. The youngest of
Fig. 184. — Caterpillar and chrysalis of the parsley butterfly {PaiJilio
polyxenes Fab.). (Original.)
these are noticeably darker with yellow spots. When full grown they
are yellowish green with distinct black bands and dots on the bodies.
If disturbed they throw out a forked, orange-colored scent organ behind
198 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the liead. which exhales a very pungent and characteristic odor. The
eggs are about 1 mm. in length, at first yellow and later reddish brown
in color, and flattened at the attached end. The adult butterflies are
commonly known as tlie black swallowtails, being black with yellow
markings. The chrysalids vary from green to dull gray and are more
or less mottled.
Life History. — The eggs are laid upon the food plants from spring
to early summer and hatch in about ten days. The caterpillars are
voracious feeders and develop very rapidly, being ready to form chrysa-
lids in about one month after hatching. Chrysalids hatch in about two
weeks. The adults being strong fliers are able to scatter their broods
over large areas. There are several generations a year.
Distribution. — The caterpillars are to be found in nearly every gar-
den in the State. This is especially true of the central part.
Food Plants. — In many localities this caterpillar is a serious pest of
celery and parsley, but feeds also upon carrots, caraway, parsnips, dill,
fennel and related wild plants.
Control. — Though the caterpillars may be controlled by poison
sprays on some crops, these are not safe for celery and parsley. The
larvffi are so conspicuous as to make hand picking one of the best meth-
ods of control. If care is exercised to collect and destroy the first
larvffi the second and more damaging brood will be greatly reduced.
Concerted action on the part of all growers is necessary to bring satis-
factory results.
Natural Enemies. — The ichneumon parasites, Trogus vulpimis Grav.
and T. cxidianator Brulle, destroy great numbers of the chrysalids.
THE CALIFORNIA ORANGE DOG.
Papilio zoJuMOH Boisd. (Family rapilionidie. )
General Appearance. — The adult butterfly is one of the smaller swal-
low-tails Jiaving a wing expanse of from two to three and one half
inches. The color is black and orange-yellow, each being about equal
in extent — the yellow being distributed along the edges and in the
middle of the wings.
Life History. — The eggs are laid singly upon the lower surfaces of
the leaves, there being from five to seven on a tree. Upon hatching the
larva; at once begin to feed upon the foliage. Development is rapid.
The chrysalids are found in sheltered places and form the over-winter-
ing stage. The adults appear early in the spring.
Distribution. — One of the most widelj^ distributed species, being espe-
cially abundant in Tulare County, in the San Joaquin Valley and other
parts of the State.
Food Plants. — The natural food plants of this insect are various
species of IJmhelliferce, the most favored ones being Fmnculvm vulgare
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 199
and Carum kelloggii. In the Porterville section, as well as in the vicin-
ity of Riverside, the larvae feed upon orange trees and in the former
district promise to be a pest.
Control. — The larvae occur singly and in rather few numbers upon
the trees, but their ravenous appetites and ability to consume great
amounts of foliage often makes control necessary. As they are easily
located hand picking is the remedy recommended.
Natural Enemies. — Fortunately natural enemies play a large part in
the control of this insect, otherwise greater damage would be done.
Mr. Karl E. Coolidge, who first called attention to it as an orange pest,
states that a tachinid fly and a species of Apanteles prey upon the
larvae.
COLEOPTERA (Order).
SHEATH-WINGED INSECTS.
BEETLES AND WEEVILS.
The insects of this order are easily recognized by their hard, leathery
elytra, commonly known as wing covers. The true wings are folded
underneath these. All forms have complete metamorphoses, the young
being wormlike and known as grubs. They usually have but six func-
tional legs. The pupal stage is quiescent. The mouth-parts are for
biting and chewing.
All of the members of this order are extremely destructive, the grubs
and adults working throughout their entire existence. There are great
numbers of destructive beetles and weevils in California but we can in-
clude only a few of the more important ones.
COCCINELLIDtE: (Family).
LADYBIRD BEETLES.
This family of beetles is one of the most important and 'beneficial
among insects. Only one genus of a few species is destructive, while
the rest are particularly noted for their work upon scale insects {Coc-
cidoe.) and plant lice (AphididcB) .
Eggs. — The eggs vary considerably with the different members of
the family and are seldom if ever observed. Those most often met
with are the salmon-colored masses (Fig. 189B) of the Hippodamia
sps., which are laid on ends not unlike bunches of cigars. Others
are deposited singly upon or underneath individual scale insects, in
the egg-masses of mealy bugs or among plant lice.
Larvae. — The young grubs or larvae are exceedingly active and begin
to feed soon after hatching. As the period of growth is short their
ability to consume food must be great, and we find them unexcelled as
predators. They have rather long, pointed and flattened bodies (Fig.
189 C), well developed mouth-parts and six legs. The colors are exceed-
ingly variable, the bodies are hairy, some being covered with long,
200
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
white threads of wax (Fig. 208). Besides the coverings they are pro-
tected by offensive secretions and are not generally preyed upon by
insectivorous animals. During their growth they moult four times
and when fully matured seek shelter to pupate.
Pupae or Nymphs. — The larvte not having a waxy or exceedingly
hairy or spiny covering, usually hang by the tail and pupate with the
head downward (Fig. 189D), while the covered ones pupate within
the larval skins which give ample protection. Offensive liquids are
Fig. 1S5. — Two species of CocchielUdw (Hippodamia convergens Guer. and H. ambigua
Lee.) emerging from hibernating quarters in tlie spring. (After Carnes. )
also secreted for protective purposes. The naked nymphs have the
ability to move the suspended body very rapidly when disturbed.
Adults.— The adult beetles emerge through slits in the pupal skins.
Ttiey are exceedingly active, feeding throughout their existence. In
size they vary from one sixteenth to nearly one half inch in length.
The color is usually showy and of many shades and combinations. The
males are somewhat smaller than the females and sometimes with
slightly different colorations. The winter is passed in hibernation.
In some species thousands of individuals collect in the mountains in
great colonies. With the first warm spring weather these emerge from
the winter quarters and migrate to the lower valleys and disperse to
give rise to succeeding generations.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
201
*THE STRIPED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Paranwmia vittigera (Maun.).
{McgUla vittigera Mann.)
(Fig. 186.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles vary from a straw or light
pink to almost bronze and have
three broad, longitudinal, black
stripes on the back, dark head, and
two black blotches on the prothorax.
Distribution. — The adults hiber-
nate in quite large colonies and are
found in most parts of the State,
and especially in the southern part.
They seem to prefer damp places
and are usually common in sugar
beet fields. At Oxnard, California,
the writer found this species in
great numbers.
Hosts. — Feed upon root lice,
such as the beet louse {Pampliigus
hetce), and other soft-bodied insects.
Fig. 186. — The striped ladybird beetle,
Paranwmia vittigera (Mann.). (Origi-
nal. DraAving by Birdnekoff. )
Hippodamia 5-signata Kirby.
(Fig. 187.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are slightly more than
three sixteenths of an inch long
and rather robust. The head is
black with white front and margins ;
thorax black with white margins
and sometimes two white spots near
the middle; elytra, or wing covers,
yellow or red with a broad black
band extending nearly across the
base, a wide black band behind the
middle and a black spot near the
tip of each. There is sometimes a
very small black spot near the mar-
. " , 1 J, 1 . Fig. 187. — Hippodamia 5-signata
gm and base of each wmg cover. Kirby. (Original. Drawing by Bird-
The body proper and legs are black. 'i«*koff.)
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the northern part of the State,
but is also found in all other sections, though only in limited numbers.
Hosts. — Prey particularly upon j)lant lice.
*Tlie writer is indebted to Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher for the correct naming of these
species.
202
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Hippodaniia lecontii Mul.s.
(Fig. 188.)
General Appearance. — About the same size and shape as Hippo-
daniia convergens. The head is black with a white spot in middle;
thorax entirely black with lateral
and front margins white ; elytra red
with one very faint small black and
two well defined spots near the
base of each — the two spots near
the middle front of the elytra often
unite with the scutellar spot at the
extreme middle base to form an
inverted "Y" (Fig. 188). Near
the tip of each wing cover there are
two spots, the hind one being small,
while the other is large and often
appears to be two spots united. In
some individuals the markings may
appear almost identical with those of Hippodamia convergens, but the
slender white spots are always lacking on the middle of the prothorax.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, but not abundant.
Hosts. — Preys principally upon plant lice.
Fig. 188. — Hippodaniia lecontii Muls
(Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff.)
THE COMMON BLACK-SPOTTED RED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Hippodamia convergens Guer.
(Fig. 189.)
General Appearance. — The commonest of all ladybird beetles in this
State and easily distinguished by the red color and the twelve black
spots on the elytra. The head and thorax are black, the latter with
two narrow lateral white margins and a very small medium white spot
at the base.
Life History. — The eggs are salmon-colored and deposited in clusters
not unlike bunches of cigars on their ends. The dark larvae
soon after emerging search for food, which at first consists of very
small insects, such as young scale insects. Full grown larvae are
nearly one half inch long and have several reddish or salmon-colored
spots on the thoracic segments. The pupa varies from yellow to red-
dish with l)lack markings. All stages of the species exist throughout
the summer months and may be found almost anywhere.
■ Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. The species hibernates
in great colonies in the high Sierras, from whence it descends into the
lowlands as soon as warm weather melts the snow.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
203
Hosts. — Soft bodied insects, such as plant lice, young scale insects,
other species of ladybird beetles, and they may even be cannibalistic.
The principal food consists of plant lice, chief of which are the melon
B
Pig. 189. — The common black-spotted red ladybird beetle (Hi\)podamia convergens
Guer.). A and E, adults; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
aphis {Aphis gossijpii Glover), the pea louse {Macrosipkum destructor
Johns.), the bean aphis {Aphis rumicis Linn.) and the woolly aphis,
Eriosoma lanigera (Hausm.)
204
THE MONTHLY EULLETIN.
THE COMMON RED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
^JfipiKxIdiiiid iniihii/ini Lec.
(P'igs. 19 0, liil. )
General Appearance.— The adult beetles greatly resemble the black-
spotted red ladybird beetle (Hippodaniia convergens) in size and
shape. The wing covers are entirely red with a single black spot at
the middle of their bases and an indistinct light area on each side of
Fig. 190. — The common red ladybird beetle (Hippodaniia
ambigua Lec). A, adult; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. (Essig,
P. C. Jr. Ent.)
this spot. The thorax is black with narrow lateral margin and two
narrow median spots white. The head is black with median and mar-
ginal light spots. The eggs and immature forms are practically the
same as those of Hippodamia convergens.
Distribuiion. — Throughout the entire State. A very common
species, hibernating with and accompanying Hippodamia convergens.
*This is now being considered as a varietal form of Hippodamia convergens Guer.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 205
Hosts. — Feeds upon practically the same hosts as does Hippodamia
Fig. 191. — Adult of the common red
ladybird beetle, Hippodamia ambigua
Lee. ( Original. Drawing by Birdne-
koff. )
convergens, and has also been reported as preying upon young cottony
cushion scale {Icerya purchasi) .
THE TWO-SPOTTED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Adaliu hipunctata Liuu.
(Fig. 192.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are red with a black spot
on each wing cover; thorax black with white margins and two small
light spots near the middle base ; head black with light antenna? and
palpi ; legs black with pale feet.
Distribution. — This beetle was sent to California by ]\Ir. B. ]\I. Lelong
in the year 1889, and has become established more particularly in the
Fig. 192. — The two-spotted ladybird
beetle, Adalia hipunctata Linn. (Origi-
nal. Drawing by Birdnekoff. )
central part of the State. The writer has specimens collected in
Alameda Comity.
Hosts. — The larvae and adults of this ladybird beetle feed almost
entirely upon plant lice.
206
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Adulia hipiuictatu var. humeralis Say.
(Fig. 193.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are oval-elongate in shape
and three sixteenths of an inch
long. The color is shiny black
with the spots on the face and
margins of the prothorax red.
There are two large red spots at
the marginal bases and two
smaller circnlar red spots back of
the middle of the wing covers.
Distribution. — Occnrs in the
central part of the State, though
not at all numerous.
Fig. 193. — Adalia bipunctata var.
humeralis Say. (Original. Drawing by
Birdnelioff. )
Hosts. — Works principally upon
plant lice.
Coccinella trifasciata var. Juliana Muls.
(Fig. 194.)
General Appearance.— The adult beetles are oval in shape; convex
and three sixteenths of an inch long.
The head is white except a narrow
])lack line near the prothorax and
the black eyes; prothorax black
with all the front and lateral
margins, except the extreme base,
white; elytra, or wing covers,
yellow or red with a single wide
black band extending nearly across
at the base. The body and legs
are black.
Distribution. — Occurs more
abundantly in the northern and
central parts of the State.
Hosts.— Works principally upon plant lice and other soft-bodied bugs.
Fig. 194. — Coccinella trifasciata var.
Juliana Muls. (Original. Drawing by
Birdnekoff. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
207
THE CALIFORNIA RED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Coccinella callfornica Mann.
(Fig. 195.)
General Appearance. — Average sized ladybird beetle, rather short,
being about three fourths as wide
as long. The head is black; thorax
black Avith a white or pale spot on
each margin; elytra, orange or
scarlet-red with no other marking
than a small rhomoidal dark spot
at their middle base, known as the
scutellar spot.
Distribution. — A very common
species to be found throughout the
State and especially abundant in
the northern coast counties.
Fig. 19.5. — The California red ladybird
Hosts. — Feeds largely upon beetle, Cocdnella callfornica Mann,
aphids. In the northern and central ^ Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff.)
parts of the State the cabbage aphis {Aphis hrassicce Linn.) is a favorite
host. It also feeds upon young scale insects.
THE BLOOD-RED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.).
(Fig. 196.)
General Appearance. — The adults are about three sixteenths of an
inch long and rounded oval, some-
what convex in shape. The elytra
are dark red or yellowish in color
with margins and bases paler. The
head is black with front of male
white and two white spots on the
female ; thorax is black with front
white and in the shape of a broad
"W," but sometimes having two
lateral black spots in the white
area. The body proper is entirely
black, the feet being a little paler.
Distribution. — Common through-
out the entire State.
Hosts. — Preys upon plant lice
and young scale insects.
Fig. 196. — The blood-red ladybird
beetle, Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.).
(Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff.)
208
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE ASHY-GRAY LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Olla ahdoiniiialis Say.
{Cycloneda ahdonniialis Say.)
(Pigs. 197, 198.)
General Appearance. — Yellowish-gray ground color with many
small dark spots on the dorsum. The body is average size, being about
one fourth inch long and is distinctly broad or almost globular in shape.
Fig. 197. — Ashy-gray ladybird beetle {OUa abdomivalis Say),
sliowing eggs at top, adults at right-hand middle, pupa at left-hand
middle, larvae at the bottom. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Life History. — Greatly resembles that of Hijjpodamia convergens.
The larva:" have yellow spots on the dorsum instead of red and the
pupa is much lighter in color. It is not known to hibernate in such
numbers as the red forms and is not nearly as common. Works
throughout the summer months.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
209
Distribution. — Throughout the State, but abundant only in the
southern part, especially in the walnut orchards of Ventura County.
Fig. 198. — Adult ashy
gray ladybird beetle,
Olla abdominalis Say.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Hosts. — On many species of plant lice, but is the most effectual
check on the walnut plant louse, which it often entirel}^ subdues before
winter.
THE EYED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Olla oculata Fab.
(Cycloneda oculata Fab.)
(Fig. 199.)
General Appearance. — The adults of this species are often mistaken
for the two-stabbed ladybird {Chilocorus hivulnerus). They are
somewhat larger with the spots on the wing covers reddish-yellow and
larger. The head and lower edges of the thorax are also reddish-vellow.
Fig. 199. — The eyed ladybird beetle,
Olla oculata Fab. (Original. Drawing
by Birdnekoff.)
Distribution. — Quite common throughout the State and most abun-
dant in the central and southern parts.
Hosts. — This species feeds upon scale insects.
210
THE MONTHIA' BULLETIN,
OUa plagiata Casey.
(Fig. 200.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are broadly rounded; about
three sixteenths of an inch long and three
fourths as wide. The head is pale; pronotum
l)laek with pale lateral margins ; wing covers
black with a large, irregular, red blotch slightly
in front of the middle of each. The under
surface of the head and thorax and bases of
the legs are black ; tips of legs and abdomen
pale.
Distribution. — -Throughout the central and
southern parts of the State, but not abundant.
Hosts. — This species preys principally upon
plant lice.
e
Fig. 200. — OUa pla-
giata Casey. (After
Quayle. Courtesy Cal.
Exp. Sta.)
THE SMALL GRAY LADYBIRD BEETLE.
General Appearance. -
Psyllobora twdata Lee.
(Fig. 201.)
-A very small gray beetle with man}- fine
dark brown irregular spots or
blotches on the elytra. Scarcely
one eighth of an inch long and
oblong in shape. The larvi^ are also
small and vary from straw to gray
in color.
Life History. — This species is so
small that only the first hatched
scale insects are devoured, but the
great numbers of the beetles enables
them to do much good. The young
and adults alike are very active
and feed almost constantly.
Fig. 2 01. — Tlie small gray ladybird
beetle, PsjjUobora twdata Lee. (Orig-
inal. Drawing by Birdnekoff. )
Distribution.— A native species
especially a1)uudant in the southern
part of the State in the coast counties from Santa Barbara to San Diego.
Hosts.— Young black scale, aphids and mites.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
211
THE TWO-STABBED LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Ohilocoriis bivulnerus Muls.
(Fig. 202.)
General Appearance. — The adults are broadly oval and about three
sixteenths of an inch long. The
color is shiny black with two round
blood-red spots upon the elytra.
The extreme margins of the pro-
thorax are pale. The under side of
the abdomen is red. The larvffi are
very shiny, dark in color, with a
yellow transverse band across the
middle.
Distribution. — This is one of the
native ladybird beetles and is to be
found in almost every part of the
State.
Hosts. — The larvae and adults are voracious feeders upon the San
Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosns), young of the black scale {Sms-
setia olece), mealy bugs {Pseudococcus citri and P. longispinus) , oyster
shell scale (Lepidosaphes tilnii) , European elm scale (Gossyparia
spuria) and other scale insects.
Fig. 202. — The two-stabbed ladybird
beetle, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls.
(Original. Drawing by Blrdnekoff. )
THE STEEL-BLUE LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Orcus chahjheus (Boisd.).
(Fig. 203.)
General Appearance. — The adults of this beetle are metallic steel-
blue or green in color, almost hemispherical in
shape and between one eighth and three eighths
of an inch in diameter. The head of the male is
yellow.
Distribution. — Originally distributed through-
out the entire southern part of the State, but is
now almost entirely confined to the districts
around Carpinteria in Santa Barbara County,
where it is well established. Introduced into
California by Albert Kcebele.
Hosts. — Feeds upon many armored coccids,
including red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii),
yellow scale {Ghrysomphalus citrinus) , Chrysom-
phalus rossi, purple scale {Lepidosaphes heckii),
San Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus) and black scale {Saissetia
olece).
Fig. 203. — The steel-
blue ladybird beetle,
Orcus chalybeus
(Boisd.). Top natural
size. (Agrcl. Gaz. N.
S. W.)
212
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
General Appearance.
Aj'ion phif/iatiis Oliv.
(Fig. 204.)
The aclnlt beetles are quite large, attaining
one fourth of an inch in length and nearly
that much in width. The shape is broadly
oval and convex, being almost hemis-
pherical ; color, shining black throughout
with two large red blotches nearly covering
the basal halves of the wdng covers. These
spots are smaller on the males. The apical
margins of the pronotum are pale.
Distribution. — Apparently limited to the
southern part of the State.
Hosts. — Feeds upon young black scale
and other young scale insects.
Fig. 20L — Axion plagia-
Uts Oliv. (After Quayle
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
PILATE'S LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Awian pilatii Muls.
{Exnchomns pilatii Muls.)
(Fig. 205.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles resemble the two-stabbed
and also the eyed ladybird, but are
larger than the former and have smaller
and darker red spots than the latter. They
also differ from the two-stabbed ladybird
beetle by having the under extremity of
the abdomen black instead of red. The
larvfe are larger and lighter than the
young of the two-stabbed beetle but other-
wise greatly resemble them.
Distribution. — Occurs in limited num-
bers in the southern part of the State.
Hosts. — Feeds upQu scale insects — young black scale seeming to be
preferred.
Fig. 2 05. — Pilate's ladybird
beetle, Axion pilatii Muls.
Enlarged and natural size.
(Cal. Hort. Com.)
Exochomus californiciis Casey.
(Fig. 206.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are broadly oval, convex in
shape and about three sixteenths of an inch long. The color is shiny
black with a long reddish spot at the marginal base and a rounded
spot of the same color near the tip of each wing cover.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
213
Distribution. — Occurs throughout the entire State from Siskiyou to
San Diego counties.
Fig. 206. — Exochomus californicus
Casey. (Original. Drawing by Birdne-
koff.)
Hosts.— The young and adults feed upon plant lice, scales and other
small soft-bodied insects.
Cryptogonus orbicnhis Schon.
(Fig. 207.)
General Appearance.— The adults appear at first sight to be black
but upon closer examination it will be found that there are two quite
large reddish-brown spots upon the back as shown in Fig. 207. They
are elongate or oval in shape, scarcely one eighth
of an inch long and are exceedingly active. The
eggs are very small, oblong, yellow and laid
singly. The larva? have yellow bodies which are
entirely covered with long white cottony-like fila-
ments. The pupal stage is passed within the old
larval skin.
Distribution. — The ladybird beetle was intro-
duced into California by Geo. Compere from the
Philippine Islands during the year 1910 and
liberated in the central and southern parts of the
State, where it has become established.
Hosts. — The larva? and adults work primarily
upon the eggs and young of the citrus mealy bug {Pseudococcus citri)
and the long-tailed mealy bug {Pseudococcus longispinus).
Fig. 2 07. — Crypto-
gonus orbiculus Sclion.
(Bsslg, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
214
THE MONTHLY BT^LLETIN.
THE MEALY BUG DESTROYER.
Cryptolcemus montrouzieri Muls.
(Pigs. 208, 209.)
General Appearance. — Adults are as large as the ordinary red lady-
bird beetle, but decidedly pointed posteriorly. They are black with
head, prothorax and posterior fourth of the elytra cinnamon red. The
larvte are yellow and covered with long filaments of white flocculence
(Fig. 208A).
Fig. 20S. — Larvse of ladybird beetles. A, Cryptolcemus montrousieri Muls. B, Cryp-
togonus orbicnlus Schon. ; C, Scymnus guttulatus Lee. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Life History. — The eggs are lemon yellow and deposited early in the
summer among the egg masses of the
mealy bugs. The young prey upon the
eggs, young and adults of the host and
work great havoc. They are *most
plentiful during the months of August
and September. The pupal stage is
passed within the old larval skin. The
adults hibernate over winter.
Distribution. — Throughout the mealy
bug infested districts of the State. This
species was introduced into California
by Albert Koebele and is redistributed
Fig. 209.— Adult female of from time to time bv the State
Cryptolwmus montrousieri Muls.
(Essig, P. c. Jr. Ent.) luscctary.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
215
Hosts. — This is by far the most important natural enemy preying
upon the various species of mealy bugs including Pseudococcus citri,
P. longispinus P. nipa> as well as other species. In not a few cases it
las done excellent work in destroying the citrus mealy bug.
Hypcraspis lateralis Muls.
(Pig. 210.)
General Appearance. — A rather small, black ladybird beetle, nearly
hemispherical in shape and slightly more than one eighth of an inch in
diameter. There are two red or yellow spots on the wing covers near
the apex, two on the disc and two long narrow blotches on the front
lateral margins. The edges of the thorax and front of head are yellow.
The larva? are yellow and entirely covered with long, white, cottony-like
filaments. The pupaj of this ladybird are destroyed in great numbers
by an internal hymenopterous parasite which keeps the species from
doing effective work on the mealy bugs.
Fig. 210. — Hyperaspis lateralis Muls.
(Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Distribution. — One of the commonest of the coccid feeders, being
more abundant along the coast in the central and southern portions of
the State.
Hosts. — Adults and larvae feed upon the mealy bugs and also upon
the young of other scale insects.
Hyperaspis undiilata Say.
(Pig. 211.)
General Appearance. — A very small species, the adults being less
than one eighth of an inch long. The body is elongate-oval and shining
black. The face and sides of thorax of the male are yellow, while in the
female the former is black. Each wing cover has three yellow narrow
spots on the margin and one oval yellow spot near the middle.
216
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — A common species, especially in moist locations^
throughout the State.
Fig. 211. — Hyperaspis undulata Say.
(Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff. )
Hosts. — The larv^ and adults feed upon plant lice, coccids and other
small soft-bodied insects.
Hyperaspis dissoluta Cr.
(Fig. 212.)
General Appearance. — This is one of the very small species, being
little more than one sixteenth of an inch long. The body is elongate-
oval and quite convex; shiny black; lateral margins of wing covers
Avith narrow broken border which may appear as three distinct spots
on each side. The legs are brownish.
Fig. 212.- — Hyperaspis dissoluta Cr.
(Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff . )
Distribution. — Occurs in limited numbers in southern and central
parts of the State, as specimens have been collected in Alameda and
Los Angeles counties.
Hosts. — Feed upon young scale insects.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 217
Hyperaspis mccrens Lee.
(Pig. 213.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are very small, averaging
.■about one tenth of an inch in length for the males and one eighth of
.an inch for the females. They are elongated in shape and shiny black
with yellowish or reddish markings as shown in Fig. 213.
Distribution. — Common in the southern part of the State, especially
in Ventura County.
Fig. 213. — Hyperaspis niarens
Lee. (Original.)
Hosts. — Large numbers of this species were taken in lemon orchards
where they were feeding upon young black and purple scale.
Hyperaspis spiculinota Fall.
(Fig. 214.)
General Appearance. — The largest adult beetles are about one eighth
■of an inch long ; elongated in shape ; shiny black with yellowish or
reddish markings as shown in Fig. 214 and with pale legs, antennae
and palpi.
Distribution. — Limited to the southern part of the State.
•=3a"<
Fig. 214. — Hyperaspis spiculinota
Fall. (Original.)
Hosts. — This species preys upon young scale insects.
218
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE SMALL BROWN LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Scymiiits sordidus Horn.
(Fig. 215.)
General Appearance.— Very small light brown beetle, scarcely more
than one eighth of an inch long.
Life History. — The eggs are very minute and deposited in suitable-
feeding grounds. The larva cover themselves with a thick coat of
long white waxy flocculence and greatly resemble mealy bugs. Though
small they are voracious feeders, especially upon the smaller species
of plant lice and also upon young scale insects. The pupte are formed
within the old larval skins.
Fig. 215. — LarvEe and adult of Scytnnus sordidus Horn. The former slightly
and the latter greatly enlarged. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, but more abundant in
the south.
Hosts. — This species preys upon mealy bugs, the young of the
armored scales, plant lice {Aphis gossypii) and other soft-bodied
insects. Large numbers of these ladybird beetles are to be found in
the citrus groves of Ventura County.
• Scymnus gutttilatiis Lee.
(Fig. 216.)
General Appearance. — The adult insects are oval-elongate in shape
and scarcely one eighth of an inch in length. The
general color is black, mottled with reddish-brown
as shown in Fig. 216. The larva? are about one
fourth of an inch long with yellow bodies entirely
covered with long, white, cottony filaments. (Fig.
208C.) The nymphs remain in the old larval
skins in secluded fpiarters throughout the pupal
stage.
o
Fig. 216. — Adult of
Bcymnns Quttulatns
Lee. (Essig, P. C. Jr.
Ent.)
Distribution. — This is a native species, occur-
ing throughout the entire State, having been
often distril)uted by the State Insectary.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 219
Hosts. — The larva? and adults work upon various native mealy bugs
as well as upon the citrus mealy bug {Pseudococcus citri) and the long-
tailed mealy bug {Pseudococcus longispinus) .
Scymniis iichulosiis Lee.
(Fig. 217.)
General Appearance.— The adult beetles are exceedingly small,
being less than one eighth of an inch in length. They are somewhat
■elongated in shape and vary from light to dark brown in color, with
indistinct dark markings. The larva^ are covered with long, white
cottony filaments.
Distribution. — Throughout the southern part of the State.
Fig. 217. — Scyninus
nehulosus Lee. (After
Quayle. Courtesy Cal.
Exp. Sta. )
Hosts.— The writer has collected the larva? of this species in large
numbers in the canyons of Ventura County, where they were feeding
upon a small native plant louse {Eichochaitophorus populifolii Essig).
Quayle reports it as feeding upon red and purple scale. It also preys
upon various species of mealy bugs doing effectual work upon the
citrus species {Pseudococcus citri).
ScymiiKs iiiarfnnicolUs Mann.
(Fig. 218.)
General Appearance.— A small dull-black ladybird beetle with red-
dish prothorax and head— the former having a black spot at the base m
the males and nearly all black at the base in the females. It is less than
one eighth of an inch long and distinguished from Lindorus lopanthcB
by its dull color, the latter being shiny.
Life History.— The young feed throughout the spring and summer.
The adults which hibernate over winter begin to work early in the
spring and continue until the next winter. They do nearly as much
feeding as do the larvfp.
Distribution.— Throughout the entire State, especially along the
coast. A native species.
220 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Hosts. — This beetle feeds upon many species of aphids and coccids.
Fig. 218. — Adult female
of Scymnus marginicolUs
Mann. (Essig, P. C. .Jr.
Ent.)
and are especially destructive to San Jose scale in the north and to
red and purple scales in the south.
THE MINUTE BLACK LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Slcthonis vagans Blaekb.
{Scymnus vagaiis Blackb. )
(Fig. 219.)
General Appearance. — One of the smallest common species, so small
as to be scarcely ever noticed, being scarcely one sixteenth of an inch
long. Jet black in color and oblong in "shape.
Life History. — The larvte are not usually met with because of their
small size and occurrence upon native shrubbery. The adults follow
the infestations of mites, and feed almost entirely upon them. They
are very active through the entire life history and become very
numerous.
Fig. 219. — The minute
black ladybird beetle,
Stethorus vaguns Blackb.
(Original.)
Distribution. — A native species plentiful in the southern part of the
State, and also abundant in the coast counties.
Hosts. — Small mites and spiders. Often abundant in citrus,
orchards, feeding upon the red spider (TetranycJius mytilaspidis-
Riley), and the common mite {Tetr any elms himaculatus Harv.). They
also prey upon the clover mite {Bryohia pratensis Garman).
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
221
THE VEDALIA.
Nocitis cardinalis ^Nlnls.
(Fig. 220.)
General Appearance. — Slightly less than one quarter of an inch in
length and oval in shape. The color pattern is very pronounced and
striking, being red and black, as shown in Fig. 220. In the females
red predominates while in the males there is more black. The larvae
are often over one half of an inch long and lead-gray in color M^ith
reddish sides. They are often covered with whitish powder from the
egg-sacs of the cottony cushion scale.
Pig. 220. — The vedalia (Novhis cardinalis Muls. ). Upper left picture shows eggs
laid upon the egg-sacs of the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Mask.) ; upper
riglit, adult beetle. In the lower picture A, adult beetles; B. pupee ; C, larvae; D,
cottony cushion scale to show comparative size. (Oiiginal. Drawing of adult by
Birdnekoff. )
222
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Life History. — The eggs are a little larger than those of Novius
koehclci, but are the same color and laid in similar places. The young „
feed upon the eggs and young scales and do great execution. The pupa
stage is passed in the larval skin upon the leaves and limbs of the trees.
Soon after the adult stage is reached copulation takes place and other
broods are brought forth. The great prolificness and appetite of this
species enables it to do what no other predator has yet done.
Distribution. — Throughout the citrus growing sections of the State.
Disappears with the host and is constantly being sent out by the State
Insectary. Introduced into California by Albert Koebele.
Hosts. — It feeds entirely upon the eggs and young of the cottony
cushion scale (Icerya piirchasi) . To this beetle is accredited the salva-
tion of the citrus industry in California, which was threatened with
destruction by the above scale.
KCEBELE'S LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Novius kachelei Olliff.
(Fig. 221.)
General Appearance. — A very small species being not longer than
■one eighth of an inch ; the males are bright red with dark markings as
shown in Fig. 221 ; the females red with dark head, prothorax, and
marginal spot near the middle of each wing cover. The larvge are dark
red and about one fourth of an inch long.
''^ \ 1
IB '
*'* 1 m
m%
■■
-' li
ttf
*
^: 1
X
r^^-
v
%=
i£ .
Wf^
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mL
i
if
■Hfak
■Mbig
Fig. 221. — Koebele's ladybird beetle (Novius krrhelei Olliff). Larvae, pupa and
adults at left. Enlarged four times. Adult male at right. Greatly enlarged. (Orig-
inal. Drawing of male by Birdnekoff. )
Life History. — The small oblong red eggs are deposited by the
females on the egg-sacs of the host and hatch within a few days. The
young immediately enter the egg-sac and begin feeding upon the eggs
and young hatched scales. They pupate within their larval skins on
the trees and emerge as adults within a week or more. The adults
mate and soon bring forth another brood. The females are very
prolific and egg-laying continues throughout the entire spring and
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
223
summer until late fall. The adults hibernate during the colder winter
months.
Distribution. — Throughout the citrus growing sections of the State.
It was first introduced by Albert Koebele and is continually being
redistributed by the State Insectary.
Hosts. — Cottony cushion scale {Icerya purchasi) . This species is
often more numerous and does greater execution than does the Vedalia
{Novius cardinalis) , for which it is usually mistaken.
BLACK LADYBIRD BEETLE.
Rhizohius ventralis. Er.
(Fig. 222.)
General Appearance. — The adults are smaller than those of the
common red ladj^bird; rather oval in shape; black and covered with
Fig. 222. — The black ladybird beetle {Rhizohius ventralis Er. ). A, larva; B, pupa; C,
ventral aspect of adult; D, dorsal aspect of adult. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
224 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
fine hairs which give them a grayish appearance. The abdomen is
sahnon colored. The young are dark brown or black and covered with
many spines.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited singly or a few at a place
among the egg masses of mealy* bugs, under the bodies of the black
scale or among other scale insects. The young begin feeding as soon as
they emerge upon the smaller hosts first. The numbers of the host are
so great that the actual good done is not so marked as in the cases of
many other predators. The adults move little except when annoyed.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. This species was
imported by Albert Koebele, especially as an enemy of black scale
{Saissetia olem).
Hosts. — The young feed upon the eggs of the black scale, mealy bugs,
hemispherical scale and other similar insects.
Lindorufi loiHiiithw Blaisd.
(RMzohiiis lopanthw Blaisd.)
{RJihohius foowoomice Blackb. )
(Fig. 223.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are rather broadly-oval in
shape and about one eighth of an inch long. The color is bright
metallic black or bronze. The head and thorax are reddish brown
with a dark spot at the middle base of the latter. This species is very
often confused with Scymmis marginicolUs but may readily be distin-
guished from it by the lustrous bronze color. The larva; are light
brown in color with an elongated yellow spot on the middle of the back.
Fig. 223. — Lmdorus lopanthw Blaisd.
(Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff. )
Distribution. — This species was introduced into California by Albert
Ktebele and lias become generally established in the southern part of
the State.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
225
Hosts. — The larvas and adults of this beetle are voracious feeders
upon red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii), yellow scale {Chrysomphalus
citrinus), ivy scale {Aspidiotus hederce), pernicious scale {Aspidiotus
perniciosiis) , purple scale {Lepidosaphes heckii), the citrus mealy bug
(Pseudococcus ciiri) and black scale {Saissetia olece).
THE CALIFORNIA GRAPE ROOT-WORM.
*Adoxus ohscurus Linn. (Family Chrysomelidae).
(Figs. 224, 225.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are about three sixteenths
of an inch long, jet black in color and partially covered with fine
whitish hairs giving them a grayish cast. The prothorax is noticeably
narrower than the rest of the body. The antennjB and legs are usually
black, but are sometimes brown. The eggs are elongated, yellowish-
white and one twenty-fifth of an inch long. The full-grown larvas are
white with brown heads and about one fourth of an inch long. The
heads are usually curved in towards the ventral surface of the body.
The pup* are white and about the same size as the fully developed
larvae.
Fig. 224. — Work of the California grape root-
worm iAdoxus obscurus Linn.) on leaf. (Cal. Hort.
Com.)
Life History.— The eggs are laid early in the spring, usually in
clusters of from one to two dozen in cracks or crevices beneath the bark
upon the trunk of the vines, anywhere within six inches above the
surface of the ground. They hatch in from eight to ten days and the
young larv£e immediately seek the roots of the vines underneath the
ground and attack first the small rootlets which are often entirely
*Tlie light-colored form has the wing covers, tibiae and basal half of the antennae
brown, while the rest of the body is black. This species is known as Adoxus vitis
Fourc, and the life history and habits are almost identical with those of Adoxus
oiscurus Linn.
11— H
226
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
destroyed. The large roots are also attacked and large patches of bark
removed. They continue to feed underground until fall, when they
are full grown and remain dormant dviring the winter, transforming
into delicate pup^e in the spring and after about two weeks emerge
as adult insects. The larvas and pupae are
usually found within a radius of fifteen
inches from the trunks and at a depth from
two feet to less. The adults appear about
May to begin egg-laying and disappear
in June.
Distribution. — This beetle occurs through-
out the northern and central parts of the
State, as far south as Tulare County.
Food Plants. — The larval forms work
upon the roots and the adults w^ork upon the foliage and fruit of prac-
tically all the commercial varieties of grapes.
Control. — -Thorough cultivation, close to the bases of the vines, will
kill many of the larvae and pupa?. The adults may be kept in check
by repeated applications of arsenical sprays. Jarring them into recep-
tacles, containing oil, is also recommended.
Fig. 225. — Adoxus obscurus
Linn. (Original.)
THE COMMON ASPARAGUS BEETLE.
Crioceris asparagi Linn. (Family Chrysomelidse).
(Fig. 226.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are slightly less than one
fourth of an inch in length and very slender. The color is metallic
bluish-black with red thorax marked with black dots. The reddish-
FiG. 226. — The common asparagus beetle {Crioceris asparagi Linn.), a, adult; b,
egg on leaf; c, newly hatched larva; d, full-grown larva; e, pupa (all much enlarged) ;
f, eggs on asparagus buds — slightly enlarged. (After Chittenden.)
yellow or cream colored wing covers are marked with black. The eggs
are elongate, about one tenth of an inch long, dark brown or black
and stuck to the shoots by one end. The larvae are shiny olive gray
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
227
with black head and legs. The pupal stage is passed in the ground in
a thin cocoon, the pupre being yellowish in color.
Life History.— The adults hibernate during the winter under any
protective covering and appear in the spring about the time the young
asparagus shoots are coming through the ground. The adults imme-
diately begin to feed upon the tender sprouts and to lay their eggs
upon them. The eggs hatch in about a week and the grubs begin to
feed upon the sprouts. The broods continue to work throughout the
summer eating all parts of the asparagus plants. After about two
weeks the larvae are ready to pupate. They then leave the plant and
work into the soil where pupation takes place and within eight or nine
days they emerge as adults. The entire life cycle requires about one
month but there are many overlapping generations each year.
Distribution. — In the year 1904 the insect was reported as occurring
at Bouldin Island, California. In 1906 it was reported to occur in
great numbers at Oakley. It is now likely to be quite widely distrib-
uted throughout the central part of the State.
Food Plant. — So far as known in this State the pest feeds only
upon asparagus, attacking principally the tender shoots but also work-
ing upon the rind and stems of the older seed plants.
Control. — The control of this pest is not so difficult as it would seem
in view of the fact that arsenical sprays cannot be used upon the tender
marketable shoots because of the poisonous effects to the consumers.
In the spring when harvesting the shoots it is advisable to leave
some of them for the beetles to lay their eggs upon ; cutting and burn-
ing these before the eggs hatch. Another practice is to keep all the
seedlings, except a few for traps, cut down. Upon those left the beetles
will collect in great numbers and may be easily killed. In the spring
or after they are covered with eggs the plants should be cut down and
burned.
As soon as the crop is harvested the seedlings and feathery plants
should be thoroughly sprayed with arsenical sprays, which will serve to
kill many of the mature beetles before they go into winter quarters.
One pound of lead arsenate to sixteen gallons of water has given excel-
lent results.
Dusting air-slacked lime of pyrethrum upon the larvge or spraying
plants infested by them with kerosene emulsion or tobacco extract are
exceedingly effective as the larvae are very delicate. Brushing to the
ground also destroys large numbers of them. Burning the rubbish in
the winter destroys many of the hibernating beetles.
Natural Enemies. — The young of the ladybird beetles, Megilla macu-
lata and Hippodamia convergens, prey upon the young larvae. In the
east the spined soldier-bug {Fodisus maculiventris Say.) and the bor-
dered soldier-bug {Stiretrus ancliorago Fab.) as well as certain other
insects also feed upon the larvae.
228
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE WESTERN TWELVE-SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE.
Diahrutka suror Lee. (Family Chrysomelidae) .
(Fig. 227.)
General Appearance. — A small green black-spotted beetle about the
size of, and often mistaken by farmers for a ladybird beetle. The
ventral surface is entirely black. The larvae are white and subter-
ranean in habits, so are seldom met with.
Life History. — The eggs are laid in early spring around the bases
Fig. 227. — The work of the western twelve-spotted
cucumber beetle (Diabrotica soror Lee.) on orange
leaves. (After Quayle. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta. )
of the food plants from one half to one fourth of an inch under the
ground. They hatch quickly and the white grubs begin feeding upon
the roots. The pupal cells are made near the surface and in about
two weeks the adult beetles emerge. The broods overlap throughout
the summer, there being two distinct generations. The adults hiber-
nate during the winter.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
229
Distribution.— Throughout the entire State. One of the most com-
inon of all field insects.
Food Plants.— The adult beetles often become serious pests. Dur-
ing the past year much damage was reported in the central part of
the State to young alfalfa in newly mown fields. The beetles also
severely attack the tender foliage of citrus trees. The following other
plants are subject to its ravages: beets, melons, cucumbers, squashes,
beans, corn, cabbages, peas, zinnias, daisies, peanuts, potatoes, spinach,
lettuce, mustard, roses and chrysanthemums.
Control.— It is seldom necessary to resort to control measures for the
larval forms, though they often do much damage. For the adults,
however, control measures are often urgent. Quantities of them can
be shaken from the trees upon a sticky or oil screen early in the
morning. Poison sprays applied to the tender growth are very
effective.
Natural Enemies.— Two natural enemies prey upon this beetle -, one
a tachinid fiy, Celatoria diahroticce Shim., and the other a spider,
Xysticus gulosus Keys.
THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE.
Dialrotica vittata Fab. (Family Chrysomelidai ) .
(Fig. 228.)
General Appearance.— The adult beetles are small, measuring about
two fifths of an inch in
length, and half as much in
width. The color is yellow
above with black head and
three black longitudinal
stripes on the wing covers.
The under surface as well as
parts of the legs and antenna
are black. The larvae are very
small white grubs with head,
anal and thoracic plates
brown. They live in the
h
Fig. 228. — Striped cucumber beetle {Diahrotica
, . vittata Fab.), a, adult beetle; b, larva; c, pupa;
earth. The eggs are oval m d, egg greatlv enlarged; e, sculpture of same.
1 1 1, • -u^ 1 +^ All highly magnified. (After Chittenden.)
shape and bright lemon to s ^ =
orange in color and are laid in the soil.
Life History.— The adult beetles hibernate over winter under rub-
bish or in other protected places, and emerge during the early sprmg
months of April and May. As soon as the host plants appear the eggs
are deposited in the soil around the bases and hatch in about nine days.
The larvge upon hatching feed at the base of the plants upon the roots
230 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
and stems. The greatest damage is done by the adults boring down
into the soil and feeding upon the tender appearing foliage. Through-
out the entire summer they continue as foliage destroyers and do much
damage. They also act as carriers of the bacterial wilt disease of
cucumbers.
Distribution. — Throughout the State. Not as common as Diabrotica
soror but enough so to do much damage.
Food Plants. — Squashes, cucumbers, cantaloupes, pumpkins and
watermelons are its favorite food* plants and suffer most from its
attacks. Peas, blossoms and leaves of the apple and numerous other
cultivated and wild plants are devoured.
Control. — In many instances control measures are necessary. Cheap
coverings are especially desirable for small plantings and may be very
practicable for extensive tields. When no coverings are used the plants
;may be started early in hot houses and set out after they are well
established. If the plantings are made directly in the field an excess
of seed should be used to allow for the destructiveness of the beetles.
Poison sprays, such as arsenate of lead or paris green aid much in
controlling it, but successive applications are necessary, because of the
rapid growth of the plants. The poisons are sometimes added to
Bordeaux mixture and serve as a remedy for fungous diseases as well.
In small patches pyrethrum is an excellent remedy.
Repellents such as land plaster or gypsum soaked in turpentine or
kerosene or tobacco dust placed around the hills will tend to drive the
beetles away. Bordeaux mixture is also considered a good repellent.
THE SMALL STEEL-BLUE GRAPEVINE FLEA BEETLE.
Haltica cariiiata Goriii. (Family Chrysomelidae) .
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are less than one fourth of
an inch long, metallic bluish or purplish in color with antenna and
legs black. The last ventral segment of the males has a deep elongated
depression.
Life History. — The adult beetles emerge from hibernating quarters
in the spring and deposit their eggs upon the vines. These hatch very
soon and the young grubs begin to feed upon the foliage, completely
skeletonizing the leaves. When full-grown they drop to the ground
and spin a cocoon in the soil in which to pupate. The adult beetles
are very active, jumping quickly when disturbed. They also fly freely.
Distribution. — This beetle has been especially abundant in the grape
growing sections of the southern part of the State, where much damage
has been done in years past.
Food Plants. — All stages of the pest are very destructive to the
young and tender foliage of the grapevine — though they also attack
various vegetables and elms.
Control. — Same as for the grape root-worm {Adoxus ohscurus).
Poisoned sprays are especially recommended for the flea beetle.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 231
THE HOP FLEA BEETLE.
Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. (Family Chrysomelidse).
General Appearance. — A very small, black metallic beetle with
greenish tinge; oval in form; one tenth of an inch long and half as
wide. The eggs are very small, oval in shape and yellow. The larvse
are small white grnbs abont 5 mm. long. The white pupa3 as well as
the larvffi are found in the soil.
Life History. — The adults appear early in the spring and are ready
to attack the first hop plants as soon as they come through the ground.
They feed upon the upper surfaces of the leaves, completely skeletoniz-
ing them. The vines are attacked when young and are often com-
pletely destroyed before they have reached a heighth of three or four
feet. When disturbed the beetles hop or fall to the ground. They
are able to make their way through the soil without much difficulty
and lay their eggs upon the roots of the food plants.
The larvEe are very small and white in color with dusky markings.
They live in the ground feeding upon the roots of various plants.
When full grown they pupate in the soil from which the adults emerge
throughout nearly the entire year, the largest number appearing from
early spring to August. There are probably tw^o generations a year.
Distribution. — Generally throughout the entire State. In the Sac-
ramento Valley considerable damage is done to hops by this pest. It
is also common in the beet fields of the southern part of the State.
Food Plants. — This species feeds upon hops, cabbage, potatoes, beets,
turnips, dock, lambsquarters, pigweed, clover, rhubarb, cucumber,
radish, mustard and nettle.
Control. — There have been numerous methods of control recom-
mended for this pest. The measures directed against the hibernating
beetles consist in killing all on the poles or burning up the rubbish.
In the spring the first step consists in capturing the adult beetles on
the young vines. A tarred board or hand hopper-dozer is used on or
into which the beetles are shaken. Tanglefoot bands around the bases
of the tresseled vines, as well as around the poles, not only keep the
beetles from the foliage but capture great quantities of them. Various
contract sprays, such as tobacco extract, emulsions, soaps, resin wash,
and arsenic also have been used with good effect, but the cost due to
great numbers of applications necessary, makes them almost prohibitive.
232
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE GRAPEVINE HOPLIA,
*Hoplia callipyge Lee. (Family Scarabseidse ) .
(Fig. 229.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles vary from five sixteenths
to three eighths of an inch in length. The head and thorax are dark
brown, being the darkest portions of the entire body. They are often
covered with fine golden pubescence, giving them a mottled appear-
ance. The wing covers or elytra are brown — nearly as dark as the
Fig. -!:i9. — The grupi'vine hoplia {Hop-
lia callipyge Lee), showing dorsal and
ventral aspects.
head and thorax or considerably lighter in some species. They are
also pubescent and often appear white mottled, due to the fact that
the fine hair or powder is removed in certain places. The entire ven-
tral surface, excepting the head, is beautifully iridescent silvery green,
as are also the blunt posterior end of the abdomen, the coxfe and
femora of the legs. The rest of the legs and antenna? are brown. The
larvae are white grubs and live in the soil.
Life History. — The life history of this beetle has not been worked
out, but it probably resembles that of the other chafers. The glossy
white eggs are laid in old pastures. The grubs feed upon the plant
roots and grow very slowly, requiring from one to two years to become
♦Another species, Hoplin sackenii Lee, also occurs in the central and southern part
of the State and works upon the grapevine.
Hoplia pubicollis Lee. is lighter in color than H. callipyge Lee. and occurs in the
Sierra foothills, but apparently is not a pest.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 233
full-grown. They remain in the larval or pupal stage throughout the
winter and emerge as adult beetles early in the spring and attack many
kinds of vegetation.
Distribution. — This beetle seems to be most abundant in the San
Joaquin Valley and more particularly to the southern part. It is
also found in the southern part of the State.
Food Plants. — The usual food appears to be the young buds and
older foliage of rose bushes, which often suffer greatly from the
attacks. As early as 1893 it has been known to do considerable damage
to the buds and leaves of grapevines. Occasionally large areas of
vineyards are completely stripped. Last year considerable damage
was done in Madera County. It also feeds upon greasewood.
Control. — The larval and pupal forms are found in the soil, espe-
cially in unplowed pastures and places around fences, ditches, etc.
Thorough cultivation of these places will not only kill the young then
present, but will keep the adults from laying eggs there. Poison
sprays applied when the beetles begin to appear in considerable num-
bers and repeated every week will aid materially in saving the buds
and foliage. Jarring the beetles into a suitable receptacle containing
oil may also prove effective, especially if only small areas are badly
infested.
THE BROAD-NECKED BORER.
Prionus laticollis Drury (Family Cerambycidse).
(Fig. 230.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are very large, attaining
a length of from one and one fourth to two inches. The color is very
dark brown. The larva3 or grubs are exceedingly large, yellowish
white with small reddish-brown head and
a pale bluish line down the body.
Life History.— The life history of this
insect has not been fully known. Adults
appear late in summer about July and
August, and give rise to the destructive
larvas which bore into the roots and trunks
of trees and vines and work just beneath
the bark. Their presence can only be
ascertained after much harm has been done
and the sap begins to run from the burrows.
"When full-grown the larvse pupate within
their burrows. The winter is passed in the ^ ^^«- 230.— The broad-necked
^ borer, Prionus laticollis Drury.
larval stage, pupation not occurring until (u. s. Dept. Agrci.)
early summer, the adults emerging as indicated above.
Distribution. — Found in nearly all parts of the State, but has caused
damage in the southern part in particular.
234
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Food Plants. — This beetle has become a pest to walnut" trees, which
are often greatly injured by the attacks of the grubs.
Control. — As the burrows are not very deep the grubs can be easily
cut out or killed with a wire as soon as discovered.
ELATERID.E (Family).
WIREWORMS.
(Fig. 231.)
Wireworms are the larvae or grubs of the click beetles belonging to
the family Elateridce. They are cylindrical in shape with hard shiny
cuticle enabling them to slip easily through the soil. There are six
small legs near the head and many segments. The color varies from
yellow to dark brown.
In some species the larvse develop into adults in one year while
in others several years are spent in the larval stage.
Fig. 231. — Wireworms or larva of the click beetles
(.Elateridce). f Original.)
Food Plants. — Wireworms work upon the planted seed and roots of
a great variety of plants destroying the former before germination
and often killing the plant when it is very young, or greatly reducing
its vigor. Corn, beans, beets and many other crops suffer seriously in
California, while a great variety of other crops are also attacked.
Control. — The fact that the larvfe work in the soil makes control
uncertain and difficult. Salty fertilizers, such as Kainit or nitrate of
soda have been used with good effect as repellents to wireworms.
Clean cultivation and the use of poisoned baits, such as green alfalfa
treated with strychnine and placed under boards or buried in the
ground are effective; poisoned slices of potatoes, carrots or other
vegetables are also excellent baits.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
235
THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.
Chrysohothris femorata Fab. (Family Buprestidse).
(Fig. 232.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetle is oblong, flattened and
the body color metallic greenish black. On each wing cover are three
raised longitudinal lines which are traversed by two brass-colored
depressions, dividing the surface into three nearly equal dark areas.
The under side is metallic copper, and the feet green. The eggs are
Fig. 232. — The larva; of the flat-headed apple-tree
borer (Chrysobothris femorata Fab.) and iheir work
on young apple trees. (Original.)
yellow, ribbed, but one fiftieth of an inch long and oval in form with
one end flattened. The mature larvae are dark yellow and without
legs. The anterior portion, just behind the head, is enormously
enlarged and flattened, giving the insect its common name, though in
reality the head proper is very small and easily distinguished by the
black jaws. The pupa is first white, but becomes darker until it
assumes the color of the mature beetle.
Life History. — The eggs are fastened with a cement in the crevices
and under the loose scales of the bark, either singly or in groups. After
hatching the small grubs bore into the sap wood upon which they
236 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
feed. Young trees may thus be completely girdled by their wide flat-
tened burrows. As the larvae develop they work into the older and
firmer wood. When ready to pupate they work upward to the bark,
eating nearly through. After pupation the adults emerge early in the
spring and begin egg laying. The trees selected are usually unhealthy '
or are afflicted with wounds and sunburns. Upon or around such
affected places the eggs are laid. The presence of the larvte in healthy
tissue may be told by the discoloration of the bark and the exudation
of sap from the burrows.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, but causes more dam-
age in the foothill sections.
Food Plants. — Especially injurious to weak or wounded trees, but
occasionally attacks young nursery stock. It is especially destructive
to the apple, but also attacks the pear, plum and occasionally the peach
and raspberry.
Control. — Though this pest burrows in the trunks and limbs of
large trees it is most destructive to young trees, the bases of which are
often completely girdled. Therefore young trees should be protected
from sunburn and injury to prevent attacks of the borer. A very good
preventive is to paint the trunks and larger limbs with a solution
prepared by reducing soft soap to the consistency of paint, by the
addition of a strong solution of washing soda in water. This should
be applied early in the spring (May or June) and again in the middle
of the summer (July or August). The young burrowing larva may
be destroyed with a knife-blade or crooked wire.
Natural Enemies. — Internal parasites play an important role in the
control of this pest in the East. A small chalcid and two ichneumonid
parasites {Bracon charus Riley and Cryptns grallator Say), prey
upon the larvte, while woodpeckers also dig out great numbers of them.
The work of these natural enemies is responsible for its not doing
more damage.
THE BEAN WEEVIL.
Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Family Bruchidse).
{Bruchus ohtcctus Say.)
(Figs. 233, 234.)
General Appearance. — The adult weevils are very short and robust,
measuring about one eighth of an inch in length. The odd shape is due
to the wing covers being shorter than the abdomen, and the head being
carried at right angles to the body. The color varies from gray to
brown with a velvety greenish tinge. The eggs are white and less than
a millimeter long. The grubs are very small, a number of them being
able to occupy a single small white bean. They are light cream colored
and robust. The pupa are first light, gradually becoming darker with
age.
Life History. — The adult beetles after hibernating or breeding in
stored beans over winter appear in the spring about the time the beans
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
237
ffmm
J
are blooming and lay their eggs upon the pods, in cracks at the end
or in slits made by the female's jaws. Upon hatching the young
larvse bore through the pod or reach the beans within through a natural
crack and begin to enter them by drilling a small
hole, the entrance of which either heals over or is
so small as to be unobserved. Once within the bean
the entire life history is spent there, the adults
emerging at will by cutting a circular hole in the
side. The adults of the first brood immediately
begin egg-laying upon the pods as did the hiber-
nating females in the field, but if in storage bins or
sacks the eggs are laid upon the seed beans or in
old burrows. They thus continue to breed through-
out the entire summer and winter if the weather is not too cold, many
generations appearing each year.
Distribution.— This insect is generally distributed throughout the
State, and is particularly troublesome in the central and southern
counties where small beans are raised.
Foods.— Nearly all varieties of beans are attacked by this weevil,
though the small white and brown varieties are preferred. Limas
are not usually affected, but occasionally they are attacked. Peas are
also included as a host.
Fig. 233. — The
bean weevil, Acan-
thoscelides obtectus
(Say). (U. S.
Dept. Agrcl. )
Fig. 234. — The work of the bean weevil on
small white and lima beans. (Original.)
Control.— The first step in the control of this pest is to harvest the
beans just as soon as possible, for those left in the fields are sure to
become largely infested. If any of the insects are discovered the
beans should be thoroughly fumigated with carbon bisulfid before
they are stored. If weevils appear in the bins or sacks, fumigation
should be resorted to at once.
238 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE PEA WEEVIL.
*Laria pisorum (Liun.) (Family Bruchidse).
{Bruchus ■pisorum Linn.)
(Fig. 235.)
General Appearance. — The adult beetles are about three eighths of
an inch long, brownish black in color with well defined light spots on
the wing covers and a distinct white spot on the hinder part of the
thorax near the base of the wing covers. The eggs are very small
(1.5 mm. long) and deep yellow in color. The larva3 are yellowish in
color with a dark head. The pupse are first light, gradually becom-
ing darker with age.
Life History. — The adult hibernating weevils appear in the spring
and as soon as the pods are formed on the vines begin egg-laying.
The eggs are thrust inside of the pod by the females, thus being
thoroughly protected and out of sight. The young grubs, as soon as
hatched, bore into the tender peas and remain inside, drilling out
CL
Fig. 235. — The pea weevil, Laria pisorum (Linn.), a, adult
beetle; b, larva; e, pupa. (After Chittenden.)
sufficient room until they are ready to emerge as adults in the fall.
This is accomplished by cutting a circular hole in one side of the pea.
Unlike the bean weevil, this species works only upon the peas origi-
nall.y attacked when green and does not continue to breed upon dried
and stored seed. There is but one uneven brood a year.
Distribution. — Common throughout the State, but not troublesome
in all the pea-growing sections.
Foods. — "Works upon all varieties of garden and flower peas.
Control. — As the seed is infested before harvesting, control measures
are of little avail, except to prevent a reinfestation b}'- means of the
seed. A thorough fumigation with carbon bisulfid is a sure way of
accomplishing this.
*NoTE. — The pea weevil greatly resembles the broad-bean weevil, Laria rufimana
Boh. The principal differences are given by F. H. Chittenden in the following
tabular form :
Posterior femora acutely dentate ; thorax broad ; pattern of elytra well
defined ; pygidium with a pair of distinct apical black spots pisorum L.
Posterior femora obtusely or obsoletely dentate ; thorax narrow ; pattern
of elytra more or less suffused ; pygidium with black apical spots lacking
or illy defined rufimana Boh.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 239
THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL.
Laria rufimana (Boh.) (Family Bruchidse).
{Bruchus rufimanus Boh.)
(Fig. 236.)
General Appearance. — The adults are from fourteen to eighteen
hundredths of an inch long and a little more than half as wide. The
color is black with indefinite light markings on the elytra and
pygidium. The head and antenna? are dark with the basal four
joints of the latter rufous. The fore legs are rufous and piceous
while the middle and hind pairs are black. The eggs are light or
greenish yellow in color. The larvfe are pale yellow or white with
dark heads.
Life History.— According to Chittenden the eggs
are deposited singly and indiscriminately upon the
outside of the pods, where they are plainly visible
and are laid in the blossoms on the seed vessel
before or after the pods are formed. Upon hatching
the larvffi gnaw through the pod into the growing
seeds, where they continue to feed until ready to
transform into the pupal stage. This stage is
passed within the bean and the adult emerges by fig. 23 6. — The
cutting a circular hole in the skin. This species broad-bean w e e v 1 1,
hibernates in the adult stage, there being but one (Boh.). (After chit-
generation a year. Egg-laying begins in March and tenden).
April ; hence the adults live for a period of from eight to nine months.
Distribution. — This species seems to be quite generally distributed
throughout the central and southern part of the State. It has been
taken by W. B. Parker at Sacramento, Berkeley, Richey, Amador
County and by J. T. Condit at San Luis Obispo. It has also been
taken at Watsonville.
Food. — The broad-bean weevil gets its name from its work upon
the broad beans (Vicia faha), which are also known as horse, Windsor,
tick and English dwarf beans.
'o'
Control. — While many remedies have been recommended for the
control of bean and pea weevils, there is nothing that will compare
with fumigation in an air-tight receptacle. Carbon bisulfid at the
rate of three pounds to each one thousand cubic feet of air space for a
period of forty-eight hours is recommended.
240 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
FULLER'S ROSE BEETLE.
Aramigus fulleri Horn (Family Otiorhyuchidsie).
(Fig. 237.)
General Appearance. — The adults vary from gray to very dark
brown in color and from three eighths to one half an inch in length.
The eggs are about one twentieth of an inch long, pale yellow and
laid in rows. The larvje are milky white and without legs. The
pupffi are also white.
Life History. — The eggs are laid in clusters in secluded places on
the trunks of trees or at the base of the trees or
plants often close to the ground. The young white
grubs are subterranean in their habits, doing great
damage to the roots of many plants. The adults
when seen during the day are very sluggish. They
have no power of flight. Much damage is done to
rose weeviiT Amwi- pl^nts bv this pest uuknown to' the farmer, owing
gus fulleri Horn. to the fact that the larvfe work underground and the
Natural size at left. -^ ^, n -, , • i .
(After Riley.) adults feed at night.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State, particularly harmful
in the central and southern parts.
Food Plants. — Foliage of citrus trees, roses, oaks, camellias, palms,
Canna indica and the roots of strawberries. Young or newly budded
citrus trees are often greatly damaged by this pest.
Control. — The larvae, like all subterranean pests, are difficult to con-
trol, but thorough cultivation and hoeing close to the plants are great
aids. In light sandy soil, carbon bisulficl is efficient. The adults being
unable to fly are easily kept from trees by means of a cotton or tanglefoot
band around the trunk, but are very troublesome to low plants and
bushes where such methods are impracticable. Poison sprays such as
asenate of lead must be resorted to in such cases to save the foliage.
THE ROSE SNOUT BEETLE.
Rln/iichifes hicolur Fab. (Family Rliyneliitidae).
(Fig. 238.)
General Appearance. — A small bright red snout beetle, with head,
snout and legs black. The average length of the females is about one
inch. The males are noticeably smaller than the females.
Life History. — The beetles hibernate over winter in sheltered places
and appear early in the spring. The females roll up the edges of the
leaves into small pockets like miniature thimbles into which the eggs
are laid and the young reared. The larv^ and adults feed upon the
foliage, the latter also puncture the fruit of blackberries and rasp-
berries with their snouts or bills.
Distribution — Especially abundant in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys and in the Sierra foothills.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
241
Food Plants. — The beetles confine their attacks almost wholly to
the wild rose, though they may occasionally work great damage to
cultivated roses and to berries. The adults also feed upon oak leaves
and grapevines.
Control. — As this pest is normally a leaf eater it may be controlled
Fig. 238. — The rose snout beetle {Rhyn-
chites Mcolor Fab.). The two left indi-
viduals are females ; the right, a male. All
slightly enlarged. (Original.)
by liberal applications of arsenical sprays. These meet all require-
ments, except where they damage the fruit of berries, but even such
attacks could have been prevented by spraying the vines before the
berries began to ripen.
DIPTERA (Order).
TWO-WINGED INSECTS.
TRUE FLIES.
This order probably comprises more numbers than any other and is
one of vast importance to health as well as to agriculture. Most of the
members are injurious, though certain ones, due to their predaceous
and parasitic habits in the subjection of other injurious insects are
beneficial, but these are of little consequence in consideration of the
great numbers of their pestiferous relatives.
The members of this order are particularly characterized by having
only two wings, if wings are present at all. The male coecids and a
few May flies are the only other insects being thus characterized.
All have complete metamorphosis, the larvse being legless and headless
maggots and the pupa with free limbs or enclosed in a skin. In either
case the latter are known as puparia. The mouth parts are for lapping
and piercing and sucking.
The life histories and habits of flies vary considerably. Most species
lay eggs while a few give birth to living larvae, and still others bring
forth young developed to the puparia stage, the latter being usually
parasitic. The maggots feed upon plant tissue, fruits and flesh, and are
242
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
■adapted either for living upon land or in the water. The piiparia may
be formed in the home of the larvae, but they are usually found in the
soil. The adults are exceedingly numerous, and, with the exception of
the mosquitoes, are diurnal in habits, preferring bright sunshine.
The control of this group is very difficult, due to the great productive-
ness of the females and the secluded work of the larvae. A contact
spray is usually recommended for sucking insects, but are of little avail
against the maggots, while poison baits and sprays are readily lapped
up by adult flies and give some aid as control measures. The reduction
of the number of maggots is only accomplished by the destruction of
the adults.
Natural enemies play an important role in checking the tremendous
increase of a great many species. Predaceous insects prey upon the
larvge and adults while internal parasites attack nearly all stages.
The classification of this large order is very complicated, being com-
posed of many suborders, families and subfamilies, so that no attempt
will be made to designate any but those which are of economic impor-
tance to the agriculturists in California.
THE ALFALFA CRANE-FLY.
Tipula simplex Doane (Family Tipulidse).
(Fig-s. 239, 240.)
General Appearance. — The adults are long-legged, slender-bodied
insects of a light brown color. The females are wingless while the
males are winged and somewhat smaller, lighter in color and with
longer, frailer legs. The average length of the adult female is about
one half of an inch.
Fig. 239. — Adult male and female of the
alfalfa crane-fly, Tipula simplex Doane. (After
Carnes and Newcomer.)
Life History. — The small, oval, dark gray eggs are deposited as
deeply into the soil as the length of the female's abdomen will allow.
They are laid throughout the early spring and summer. These soon
hatch into light colored maggots, M^hich begin to feed upon the roots
of plants. When full grown they are from three fourths to nearly an
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
243
inch in length— the color being a very dark brown. The maggots
remain in moist or wet places, breathing water through spiracles at the
posterior end. The pnpa^ greatly resemble the larvas in shape and color
until nearly time to develop into the adults, when the wings and legs
begin to appear. The body segments are provided with sharp spines
which project backwards and by which they are able to wriggle to the
surface when ready to emerge. The broods overlap so that all stages
may be found. The insect probably hibernates in the larval forms
and pupate early in the spring, giving rise to the adults. These bring
forth young larvae, which become destructive early in the summer.
B
EJN
Fig. 240. — The alfalfa crane-fly. A, esg ; B. larva; C,
pupa; D, head of larva. (Drawing by New-comer.)
Distribution. — This insect is connnon in the central and northern
parts of the State.
Food Plants. — The larvae feed entirely upon the roots of plants.
Undoubtedly a great variety are attacked. Serious damage has been
reported, due to its ravages in alfalfa and clover fields.
Control. — The greatest amount of damage is usually done in fields
which have long been seeded to alfalfa or clover, where the breeding
has not been disturbed. Plowing and thorough cultivation will destrc/
most of the larvee, which are either crushed or die for lack of sufficient
moisture. The females being wingOess are unable to migrate snffi-
244
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ciently to cause serious damage in one year. A cultivated crop once
in two or three years as a rotation with clover or alfalfa is recommended
when the destructiveness of the pest warrants strict remedial measures.
Natural Enemies. — Carnes and Newcomer report a tachinid fly as
parasitic upon the larvfe.
THE HESSIAN FLY.
Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Family Cecidomyiidse).
(Cecidomyia destructor Say.)
(Fig. 241.)
General Appearance. — This insect when fully developed is a small
brown fly about one tenth of an inch in length. The eggs are about
Fig. 241. — The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor
(Say). Healthy wheat stock at left and infested stock
at right ; a, egg ; h, larva ; c, puparium or "flaxseed" ; d,
pupa exposed ; e, adult female laying eggs ; f, female ; g,
male ; li, puparia or "flaxseed" in natural position be-
tween leaves and stalk; i, parasite {Merisus destructor).
(Slightly enlarged, excepting e, which is smaller than
natural.) (After Riley, Burgess and Forbes.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 245
one fiftieth of an inch long, cylindrical and shining red. The maggots
are greenish-white in color and work between the sheaths and stems of
the host. The pnparia are rich brown and located among the roots at
the bases of the plants.
Life History. — The adults appear in the fall and deposit their eggs
upon the stems of the young growing wheat as soon as it is well above
the ground. The larvae work between the blade sheath and stem during
the winter, changing to puparia in the spring and to adults a little
later. These adults, known as the spring brood, lay eggs in the growing
stalks, weakening and causing them to fall. After the grain is cut the
maggots remain in the stubble, transforming into adults, known as
the fall brood, which lay their eggs upon the young growing wheat.
Distribution. — This insect was introduced into the central part of
the State many years ago but for some reason has spread very little
and in no sense become at all a serious pest.
Food Plants. — Wheat is the crop most seriously injured by this pest
and the damage done to that crop in the central wheat-growing states
has been tremendous. It also Avorks on Elymus sp. and Agrostis sp.
Control. — Fortunately the ravages of this fly in California have not
been great and it is to be hoped that it will never become a serious pest
Tiere. Control is extremely difficult, consisting in burning and plow-
ing under the stubble as soon as the wheat is cut and planting as late
in the fall as possible. Early trap crops of wheat are also planted
about August. Such crops attract the flies and after the eggs are laid
they are plowed under, destroying the oncoming broods.
Natural Enemies.- — Parasites also play an important part in the
■control of the pest. In the Eastern States the parasite, Merisus des-
tructor works upon it. The internal parasite, Semiotellus destructor,
has been bred from the flv in California.
SYRPHID^.
FLOWER, HONEY OR SWEAT FLIES.
Always among the plant lice are to be found greenish, flat, sticky-
looking "worms" which are decidedly pointed at one end and do
not have distinct head, eyes or legs. These so-called "worms" are
the larvae or maggots of flies belonging to the family SyrphidcB, which
are commonly called syrphid or flower-flies. The larvge vary from the
minutest first-hatched maggot to nearly an inch in length, according to
the species to which they belong. They are usually light or dark green,
but some may be brown, orange, very light or nearly black. Those feed-
ing upon plant lice and herein described are green with a longitudinal
darker green or brownish stripe on the dorsum. The mouth is situated
at the small end and all of the food is obtained by puncturing the body
Myalls of the lice and then sucking out the contents. This operation is
246 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
easily observed in the field. The maggot firmly supports itself by the
large posterior end, raises itself up and begins to blindly move its mouth-
end about in quest of food. If it touches a plant louse it immediately
lifts it into the air and suelvs it dry. This is very rapidly repeated, with
very disastrous results to the lice. When the larva is full grown it seeks,
some sheltered spot in which to pupate (transform into the adult fly).
This it may do on the stems or upon the surface of a leaf. The puparium
is a long, roundish, or oval, brown body, showing no signs of life.
The adult fly removes one end of the case to escape. The adults are
usually dark with transverse yellow bands across the abdomen. They
are very swift fliers and are often mistaken for bees. They are com-
mon around flowers, feeding upon the nectar and from this habit get
the names ''flower or honey flies." On hot days they are sometimes
very numerous and are called "sweat flies" in the Eastern States.
They deposit their eggs singly upon leaves and twigs which are infested
with plant lice and these give rise to the green larv^.
While these insects do much to prevent the spread of the plant lice,
they are in turn preyed upon by other insects. Ants, which foster and
protect the plant lice, kill and carry off the larvae in large numbers and
greatly reduce their efficiency. Internal parasites also prey upon them.
There are three species here which are doing good work in keeping
down plant lice : a very large species, Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn., the
American syrphid, Syrphus americanus Wied. and the small species
Allograpta ohliqua Say.
THE LARGE SYRPHID FLY.
Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linu.
(Fig. 242.)
General Appearance. — This is one of the larger syrphid flies, being
nearly one half of an inch long. The large compound eyes occupy most
of the head and are dark Indian red or brown. The face is yellow and
hairy, with median dark line ; antenna are black with long dorsal arista ;
thorax iridescent dark blue or green, covered with long, fine hairs or
pubescence; scutellum same color as the mesothorax; legs — coxa? dark;
femora dark with tips light; tibia^ amber or yellowish, slightly darker at
tips; tarsi dusky; abdomen velvety black with three pairs of marginal
curved transverse bands on the dorsum. These bands do not come
together in the middle and so really form six broken bands. The eggs
are very small and white. The larva?, when full-grown, are nearly three
fourths of an inch long and vary from light green to light brown in
color. The puparia are brown.
Distribution. — This is an exceedingly common species found all over
the State.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 247
Hosts. — The larvae appear to make little or no distinctions as to aphid
species and feed upon a great many, among which are : the green citrus
aphid {Macrosiplvum citrifolii Ashm.), the orange aphid (Toxoptera
aurautke Koch), the melon aphis {Aphis gossypii Glover) and the black
peach aphis {Aphis persicce-niger Smith).
Fig. 242. — The large syrphid fly (Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn.). A, larvae; B, pupa-
riiim from which adult has emerged; C, adult. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
THE AMERICAN SYRPHID FLY.
Syrphus americaniis Wied.
(Fig. 243.)
General Appearance. — In general this species greatly resembles
Lasiophtliicus pyrastri Linn, in shape and color, though it is somewhat
smaller. The eyes are dark reddish-brown ; face amber yellow with a
dark band in the middle extending from the base of the antenna to the
mouth ; antennse black, with dorsal arista ; thorax iridescent green,
covered with fine, long hair ; legs amber with bases dark ; abdomen rich,
shiny black with three pairs of transverse yellow broken bands along
the dorsal margins. These bands do not unite in the middle by one half
their lengths. There are also two very narrow transverse yellow bands
extending across the dorsum near the posterior end of the abdomen.
248
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution. — ^Very common in all sections of the State.
Hosts. — The larvfe feed upon a great number of plant lice, including-
the black peach aphis {Aphis persiccB-niger Smith), the melon aphis
Fig. 243.- — The American syrphid fly, 8i/rphus ameri-
canus Wied. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
{Aphis gossypii Glover), the green citrus aphid {31acrosiphum citrifolii
Ashm.), the orange aphid {Toxoptera aurantice Koch).
THE SMALL SYRPHID FLY.
Allograpta oMiqua Say.
(Pig. 244.)
General Appearance.— This is one of the smallest syrphid flies met
with in the State, being seldom over one fourth of an inch long. The
body is slender; eyes dark red; face yellow with dark median line;
antenna amber brown; thorax iridescent green; scutellum and legs
light yellow; abdomen dark with four transverse yellow bands on the
dorsum, and yellow longitudinal markings at the base of the amber or
dark brown abdominal tip.
Distribution.— This is one of the most widely distributed and com-
mon species found in the State, being present in practically every
locality.
Fig. 244. — The small syrphid
fly, Allograpta obliqua Say. (Es-
sig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
Hosts. — The larvae of this fly works upon a great number of different
lice and adults have been bred from those feeding upon the corn-leaf
aphis {Aphis maidis Fitch.), the orange aphid {Toxoptera aurantice
Koch), the melon aphis {Aphis gossypii Glover).
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 249
THE CANTALOUPE FLY.
Euxesta notata Wied. (Family Ortalidse).
(Pig. 245.)
General Appearance.— The adult flies are slightly over one eighth
of an inch long, beautiful metallic green in color with eyes dark brown.
The wings are transparent with a distinct black spot near the middle
of the front margin and a similar spot near the tip of each. The
maggots vary from white to dusky brown, the blunt end being often
darker than the rest of the body. They are about one fourth of an
inch long when fully matured.
E. ft ESS15
Fig. 245. — The cantaloupe fly {Euxesta notata Wied.). Wing and maggot. Enlarged
five times. (Original.)
Life History. — The eggs are laid in the tissues of injured or dam-
aged fruits and vegetables and while the maggots work principally
upon such tissue they are often found in sound and living portions
and occasionally in apparently uninjured fruits. The pup[e are found
in the decayed hosts or in the soil, the adults emerging in a very short
time. Due to the peculiar habits of the larvae, they have often been
mistaken for the maggots of the true fruit flies of the family Trypetidce
and have been the occasion of great alarm.
Distribution. — Occur quite commonly over the State, but are more
abundant in the warmer sections of the central and southern parts.
Foods. — This species caused considerable alarm some years ago when
it was found working upon cantaloupes in Tulare County, but investi-
gation showed that only the injured or decayed melons were attacked.
No less anxiety was aroused this summer when maggots were found in
apparently sound oranges in Los Angeles County, but they also proved
to be of this harmless fly. According to Prof. J. M. Aldrich the mag-
gots are also known to attack onions, osage orange, cotton bolls, sumach
fruits, berries of Solanum carolinense and apple.
250
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE COTTONY CUSHION SCALE.
Cryptochwtum iccrinv Will. (Family AgromyzidiE).
{Lestophontis iceryce Will.)
(Fig. 246.)
General Appearance. — The adults of this very beneficial insect are
exceedingly small two-winged flies about one sixteenth of an inch long.
The head and thorax are metallic blue and the abdomen bright irides-
cent green. The antenna are black; legs black or dark brown with
feet light ; wings grayish hyaline with dark brown veins.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited by the females in the egg-sacs
of the cottony cushion scale and the young maggots feed upon the
Fig. 246. — The dipterous parasite (Cryptoclur-
ium iceryce Will.) of tlie cottony cushion scale.
Adult and egg. Very greatly enlarged. (After
Williston. )
eggs of this pest. The entire life history is passed within the protect-
ing sac of the host, the adults emerging as by magic from the masses
of the scale.
Distribution. — This fly is practically confined to the citrus-growing
sections of Southern California and is more often found in Los
Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.
While it is not as consistent and reliable in its work upon the cottony
cushion scale as are the ladybird beetles {Novius cardinalis and N.
koehelci) yet its work is often phenomenal. During the summer of
1912 Mr. A. S. Hoyt, Deputy State Quarantine Officer, bred quantities
of this species in Los Angeles County. He believes that the fly is often
responsible for the good name of the Vedalia. Certainly its rearing
and distribution is well worth while.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
251
THE ASPARAGUS MINER.
Agromyza simplex Loew (Family Agromyzidis).
(Fig. 247.)
General Appearance. — The adult flies have a wing expanse of about
one-sixth of an inch and are metallic-black in color. The maggots are
one fifth of an inch long and white. The puparia are one seventh of
an inch long and red.
Life History. — The first adult insects appear early in the spring,
other broods appearing later. The larvge mine beneath the epidermus
of the stalks near the bases and may penetrate eight inches under-
ground. The injury is often so severe as to completely girdle the stems
and thus do much damage. The puparia are formed in the burrows,
especially on the roots and bases of the stalks. There are at least two
generations each year.
Fig. 24 7. — The asparagus miner {Agromyza simplex Loew). Adult flies at left
and immature forms at right as follows : a, larva, lateral view ; b, thoracic spiracles,
and c, anal spiracles of larva ; d, side view and e, top view of puparium ; f, section
of asparagus stock, showing injury and location of puparia. All much enlarged
except f which is slightly reduced. (After Chittenden.)
Distribution. — This fly has been reported by Mr. I. J. Condit of the
United States Department of Agriculture at Antioch, in Contra Costa
County, and at Oakley. It appears to be generally distributed in the
central part of the State.
Food Plant. — This pest works only upon asparagus plants.
Control. — The control of the fly is somewhat difficult and consists
in the use of trap crops early in the spring, which should be removed,
roots and all, and burned in June. Other traps should be allowed to
grow up immediately' and similarly destroyed in the fall.
Ciitting out all infested stalks as often as they appear is also advis-
able.
252
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
DROSOPHILID.E (Family).
THE LESSER FRUIT FLIES.
(Figs. 248-252.)
Though the members of this family are of little or no importance,
they are considered here so as to clear up the numerous misapprehen-
sions that the larvae of these small flies are not those of the true fruit
flies {Trypetidce). We have received great numbers of the maggots
with inquiries concerning them. The larvae work upon soured or
decayed fruits and vegetables and are commonly taken on shipments of
bananas, thus the reason for mistaken conclusions.
Fig. 24 8. — The eg^- of Drosoiiliila ampelophila Loew
at top, greatly enlarged. Larvae and pupae at bottom.
(Original.)
The adults are usually small, yellowish flies with bright red eyes.
They are common throughout the entire summer, hovering around
pickled, preserved or sound fruits, decayed vegetables, etc., though the
larvae of one species is a leaf miner. A typical insect illustrating the
habits and life history is the lesser fruit fly, a description of which
follows.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
253
THE LESSER FRUIT FLY.
Drosophila ampelophila Loew.
(Figs. 248-251.)
General Appearance. — Very small, amber to reddish in color, with
bright red eyes. The posterior tip of the abdomen of the males is
dark. The maggots are white. The puparia have two prominent pos-
B'lG. 249. — Puparia and maggots of
Drosophila ainpelophila Loew on soured
banana peel. Natural size. (Original.)
terior tubercles not unlike horns and vary from yellow to brown in
color. This species can always be distinguished from all others by the
comb of black spines on the upper side of the front metatarsus near the
tip of the male.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited in suitable feeding places for
maggots, on canned, pickled or soured fruit. The maggots work upon
254
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the above fruits until they are ready to pupate. This takes place among
the refuse, the adults appearing within a few days. The entire life
history seldom covers more than fifteen or twenty days.
Fig. 250. — Adults of Drosophila ampelopliUa Loew. Enlai'ged
twice. (Original.)
Distribution. — Common everywhere throughout the State.
Food. — Canned, pickled or soured fruits. The writer bred this
species from pickled figs and soured bananas.
*FiG. 251. — The wing' of Drosophila ampelO'
phila Loew. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)
Control. — Kemedial measures are seldom necessary. It is advisable
to keep pickled fruits securely covered to prevent entrance of the flies.
*The wings of the three species of Drosophila are drawn on the same scale for
comparison.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
255-
Drosophila Ijtiscku Coq.
(Fig. 252.)
General Appearance. — This species greatly resembles Drosophila.
mnpelophila, but is smaller. The general color is light reddish yellow,
the abdomen being transversely striped with fine dark lines.
Fig. 252. — "Wing of Drosophila busckii Coq. at top. Wing of D
repleta Woll. at bottom. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)
Distribution. — Widely distributed over the entire State.
Food. — Specimens were reared from decaying squash in Ventura
County. They have also been reared from spoiled bananas and potatoes.
Drosophila repleta Well.
(Drosophila punctulata Loew.)
(Fig. 252.)
General Appearance. — This species is considerably larger than the
two previously described, being about one eighth of an inch long and
rather robust. The bodies are considerably darker, the abdomens being
heavily striped with black.
Distribution. — This is a tropical species which is probably introduced
with practically every shipment of bananas and may be found in any
part of the State. The specimens bred out by the writer were from Cen-
tral American bananas shipped to the office from a small town in Sis-
kiyou County by the County Commissioner there.
Food. — Works upon soured and decaying bananas.
256
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE CABBAGE OR RADISH MAGGOT.
Phorhia hrassicw Bouclie (Family An thorny idifi).
(Pigs. 253-255.)
General Appearance. — The adult flies are greenish-brown in color
and slightly larger than the common house flies. The maggots are white
or cream colored and only about one half inch long. They are found
Fig. 253. — The cabbage maggot (Phorbia hrassicw
Bouche). Larvae and puparia at left and adult at
right. ( Original. )
in cabbage stems or in radishes, turnips, etc. The pupge are smooth,
elongate-oval and rich reddish brown in color. They are located in
the old burrows or more' often in the soil.
Life History. — The eggs of this fly are laid near the root in the soil
in the spring after the plants have come up in the fields or after they
Fig. 254. — Wing of the cabbage maggot, Phorhia hrassicw Bouche. (Original.)
have been transplanted. The small maggots begin to bore into the root
of the plant as soon as hatched and remain inside throughout the larval
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
257
period, makiny numerous burrows, causing rot and injury to the plant.
In about three weeks they are ready to pupate either in the old burrows
or in the soil. They form a smooth brown puparia from which the
adult flies emerge in one or two weeks and at once begin to lay eggs
for another brood. The winters are passed in the pupal and adult
stages. There are several generations a year.
Distribution. — This insect occurs as a pest particularly in the north-
ern part of the State, but its distribution is wide.
Fig. 2.5.5. — Work of the cabbage maggot on Swedish turnips. (Original.)
Food Plants. — The maggots burrow into the roots of many of the
cruciferous plants, including the cabbage, cauliflower, radish, turnip
and rutabaga. The young plants sufi^er most from their attacks, entire
fields being badly injured. This is particularly true of young cabbage
plants. Radishes and turnips not killed, when young continue to afford
food for the maggots.
Control. — The control of such a pest is extremely difficult and relief
measures are usually employed as preventatives. Among the most
efi^ective of these are the placing of sand, soaked in kerosene, around
the bases of each plant as soon as transplanted or well up in the field.
12— H
258 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
This is to prevent egg-laying by the female. A weak solution of carbolic
acid emulsion sprayed repeatedly over the plants will keep the flies
away. Fertilizers such as kainit, nitrate of soda and superphosphate
applied at the rate of from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of kainit, 100 pounds
of nitrate of soda, and 200 pounds of superphosphate per acre are
recommended. Gas lime applied around each plant has afforded some
protection.*
Carbon bisulfid, though an expensive remedy, is effectual. A special
tarred card placed around the base of cabbage and cauliflower plants
prevents the flies depositing their eggs upon the stem.
Plowing and thorough cultivation are recommended as giving excel-
lent results in the control of this pest. A badly infested field should be
thoroughly plowed and cultivated as early as possible to destroy the
pupffi.
Natural Enemies. — A small parasitic insect has been reared from the
puparia. Twelve were obtained from a single one. This has not been
determined and is probably responsible for the maggots not doing more
serious damage in this State.
TACHINID^ (Family).
THE TACHINA FLIES.
This is one of the most beneficial families of insects, because of the
parasitic habits of the larvae upon destructive caterpillars, grasshoppers,
bugs, beetles, sawflies, etc.
The adults are little larger than house flies, being striped and gray-
ish in color with hairy bodies. They are only active on Avarm days.
The eggs are usually white and stuck to the living larvae (Fig. 142)
upon which the coming maggot is to feed. Upon hatching the larvae
bore through the skin of the host, nourishing themselves throughout
their development upon the internal tissues, avoiding the destruction
of the vital organs until ready to pupate. When the host is destroyed
they leave the old carcass and form hard brown puparia near the sur-
face of the ground. The adults issue from these in a very short time.
Breeding is rapid, there being several generations each year.
THE DIABROTICA PARASITE.
Celatoria diahroticcc Shim.
(Celatoria crawii Coq.)
(Fig. 256.)
General Appearance. — Grayish black flies with white face, black
antenme and legs, grayish black thorax and abdomen. The adult males
have a peculiar large flattened process on the underside of the second
abdominal segment. The length is about one eighth of an inch. The
larvffi are white and the puparia dark brown.
♦Circular No. 63, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agrcl. p. 3.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
259
Life History.— The maggots of the fly work within the adult beetles,
parasitizing in many instances at least one
third of them. The larvce appear about
May and continue as late as October ; the
first brood pupating for about the first two
weeks in June. The adults appear most
numerous in July and August — a few no
doubt surviving the winter. The period of
hibernation is usually spent in the pupal
stage.
Distribution. — Throughout the southern
part of the State, being first reported at
Los Angeles by Mr. Alexander Craw.
Hosts. — "Works upon the adults of the
western cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror.
Fig. 256.- — The diabro-
tica parasite, Celatoria
diabroticw Shim. (After
Coquillett.)
THE TUSSOCK MOTH TACHINID.
Tachina niella Walk.
(Fig. 257.)
General Appearance. — The adult flies appear dark gray in color.
The eyes are brown ; face white ; thorax black with dull gray markings ;
Fig. 257. — The tussock moth tachinid
(Tachina mella Wallt.). Male at left and
female at right. Slightly enlarged. (Origi-
nal.)
halteres white ; abdomen black with regular gray spots on the sides of
the dorsum ; legs and antenna black. The females are three eighths of
an inch long and the males considerably smaller, as shown in Figure 257.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State. Quite a common
species.
Hosts. — This fly preys upon the tussock moth (Hemerocampa vetusta
Boisd.), the western apple-tree tent caterpillar {Malacosoma disstria
Hubn.) and other species of Malacosoma.
260 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE PLAGUE GRASSHOPPER PARASITE.
Mat<:ic(i(i iKicIn/tili Skuse.
(Fig. 258.)
General Appearance. — The adult flies are somewhat smaller than the
ordinary house flies and dark gray in color with white face and light
halteres.
Fig. 258. — The plague grasshopper parasite
(Masicera pachytili Sliuse). A\ natural
size ; A, enlarged.
Distribution. — This fly was introduced into California V)y Geo.
Compere from Australia, where it does great execution on the plague
h)cust or grasshopper. To what extent it has become established is not
k-nown.
Hosts, — Works upon grasshoppers.
Peletcria robusta Wied.
(Fig. 259.)
General Appearance. — The adults are about one half inch long.
The
Fig. 259. — Peleteriu robusta
Wied. Enlarged. (Original.)
face is white; antenna^ brown and black; eyes brown; thorax metallic
black and dull grayish along the sides ; the abdomen brick-red or yellow-
ish with ])lack dorsal and median hmgitudinal stripe.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
261
Distribution. — Common throughout the entire State, having been
reported from Lake, Santa Cruz, Calaveras, Los Angeles and San
Bernardino counties.
Hosts. — This species works upon the larva? and pupa? of the tussock
moth {Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd.) and other moths.
Paradejeania rutilioides Jaen.
(Fig. 260.)
General Appearance. — The adult of this species is large, measuring
nearly three fourths of an inch in length. The abdomen is especially
large and covered with long black hairs. The face is black with a
Fig. 260. — Paradejeania rutilioides Jaen.
Enlarged. (Original.)
silvery luster ; eyes dark l)rown ; antenna? black ; thorax black with
yellow margin and scutellum ; ba^al half of the abdomen yellow with a
longitudinal median line and the apical half black; wings dusky
throughout with yellow base ; legs black.
Distribution. — Throughout the central and southern parts of the
State.
Hosts. — Caterpillars.
HYMENOPTERA (Order).
MEMBRANOUS-WINGED INSECTS.
BEES, WASPS, GALL-FLIES, SAW-FLIES AND ANTS.
This is without doubt the most important order of insects known,
comprising not only the most beneiicial insects like the honey bees and
parasitic insects, but some very injurious forms like the sawflies and
Argentine ant. The transformations are complete, the larva being
maggot- or grub-like and the pupa quietescent. The adults usually
have four well developed membraneous wings and are powerful
fliers, but a great many members have no wings at all. The mouth-
262 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
parts are for biting or modified for lapping. There is a very extra-
ordinary phenomenon of sex abortion and the development of a sting
in the females of certain families, while the phenomena of virgin-birth
and the formation of galls are no less wonderful.
Due to the great specialization of the members, this order is extremely
complicated and no attempt at classification will be undertaken here,
and only a very few of the families will even be represented.
TRUE PARASITES.
Of the beneficial insects, by far the most effective are the true para-
sites belonging to the superf amities Ichneiimonoidea, Cynipoidea, Chal-
cidoidea and Proctotrypoidea. Not all of the members of these super-
families are beneficial. Some prey upon seeds as the seed chalcis and
Fig. 261. — Soft brown scale (Coccus hes-
perichim (Linn.), showing exit holes of true
parasites. (After Quayle. Courtesy Cal. Exp.
Sta.)
many others upon beneficial predaceous and parasitic insects. And not
all the true parasites belong to these four superf amities, for as we have
seen many dipterous insects are very efficient parasites. In all the
superfamilies, except the Iclnwumonoidea, many of which are quite
large, the members are usually exceedingly small; a hand lens or
microscope being necessary for the study of them.
The females usually deposit their eggs within, beneath or attached
to the outer surface of the host or within the egg, by means of an
ovipositor specialized for such purposes. Upon hatching, the young
legless larvffi begin feeding upon the l)ody or juices of the host or egg;
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
263
the vital tissues of the former being reserved until the larvae are nearly
ready to pupate.
The entire larval period is passed within or upon the host. The
pupal stage may be passed within the host or attached or not attached
to it.
There are great variations in the time of development, there being
but one generation a year in some and many in others. The adults are
usually four-winged insects with quick power of flight and great
^,,--.^IJm
^ J
^
Fig. 262. — Mummied bodies of tlie citrus apliid (Toxoptera aurantia' Kocli), sliow-
ing exit holes of the internal parasites. (Bssig, P. C. Jr. Ent. )
activity. Many of the smaller species have the ability to jump not
unlike fleas.
The work of all true parasites is rather spasmodic because of the very
nature of their existence. Naturally with the decrease in the numbers
of the hosts, the parasites die from lack of food and may be so reduced
in numbers that they are not able to check the rapidly increasing
numbers of the hosts and a plague of grasshoppers, army worms or
scale insects may result.
Unfavorable weather conditions and the work of secondary parasites
are also often responsible for the poor showing of these beneficial
friends.
264
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
PARASITE OF THE COMMON MELON APHIS.
Apliidiiix Irxhici iiics (("rt'ssoul (Family Braconida^).*
{L[/.sii)lil<hii.s tesfoceipes Cresson.)
(Fig. 263.)
General Appearance. — The adults are exceedingly small to develop
within the bodies of the plant lice, being but seven hundredths of an
inch long. The liodies are very slender, dull nr shiny black, with legs.
Fig. 26o. — ApJiidius testaceipes (Cr. ) on left; Churipft xdnthiipsis (Ashm. ) on right.
A, wings; B and C, antennae; D, abdomen of female; E, abdomen of male. (Essig,
P. C. Jr. Ent.)
antenna^ and base of abdomens pale amber. The wings are hyaline and
iridescent with pale amber stigma. The adult females of these true par-
*The writer is indebted to Harry S. Smith for information concerning these
h.ymenopterous parasites, and for aid in placing them in the proper families.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 265
asites deposit their eggs within the living tissues, inside the bodies of the
plant lice, by means of a long, sharp-pointed ovipositor, which pierces
the body walls of the lice. The outside wound heals over in a short
time, leaving the egg tightly sealed within the body ready to hatch.
As soon as the egg is hatched the small, legless larva begins to feed upon
the tissues of the aphid and its development means the extinction of a
louse. When it is fully developed and ready to leave the "mummied"
lou-;e, it cuts a circular hole in the top of the body and escapes an adult
winged insect, ready to produce more eggs and thereby to destroy more
lice. The life-cycle varies according to the time of year. In the colder
months it covers from about ninety to one hundred days, while during
the summer months it covers from eight to fifteen days.
The so-caDed "mummied" plant lice (Fig. 262) are easily recognized
before the adult parasite escapes by the inflated and discolored bodies
which appear among the healthy individuals. These bodies are usually
of a lighter color and finally become entirely bleached. The circular
hole cut by the escaped parasites is always a sure sign of the presence
of these beneficial insects. The "mummies" are fastened to the leaf,
as soon as the louse is dead, by the larva of the parasite, which cuts a
slit in the lower side of the body and fastens the sides to the leaf or twig
by excreting a mucilaginous or weblike substance for this purpose.
Distribution. — Very common throughout the entire State.
Hosts. — This species preys upon many of the common plant lice.
So far it has been bred from the orange aphid {Toxoiitera aurantice
Koch.), the cotton aphis (Aphis gossypii Glover) and the green apple
aphis (Aphis pomi De Geer).
THE CODLING MOTH PARASITE.
Calliephialtes messor Grav. (Family klineumonidse ) .
(Fig. 264.)
General Appearance. — The minute eggs deposited in the cocoons of
the codling moth are shiny white, almost transparent in color and long
and narrow, with one end slightly enlarged. The adults are very active,
four-winged parasites, averaging three eighths of an inch in length,
exclusive of the ovipositor which is slightly longer than the body in
the females. The males are slightly smaller. The general color is black
with reddish-yellow legs.
Life History. — The female, with her long ovipositor, inserts an egg
into the cocoon of the codling moth. In a few days this egg hatches
into a small, legless grub, which begins to feed upon the larva. The
subsequent development is very rapid and at the end of from nine to
sixteen days the larva spins a cocoon within the old shell and after
another like period emerges as an adult. The males emerge first and
await the females, when mating occurs and the life cycle repeated;' the
females continually searching for cocoons into which to deposit their
supply of eggs.
Distribution. — This parasite wa-s discovered in southern Europe by
266
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
freorge Compere, who collected large numbers and sent them to the
State Insectary some eight years ago. During this period the Insectary
has been breeding and sending it out to all parts of the State where the
Fig. 2 64. — The codling moth para-
site {Calliephialtes inessor Grav. >.
Male at left and female at right.
Slightly enlarged. (Original.)
codling moth is a factor in fruit growing. It was especially thoroughly
distributed in the central and southern parts.
Hosts. — The larvae enclosed in the cocoons are the only stages of
the codling moth attacked. These are carefully searched out by the
females which have a wonderful instinct to locate them as well as to
ascertain whether they have already been parasitized or not.
THE CITRUS APHID PARASITE.
Charips xanthopsis (Ashm.) (Family Figitidse).
(Allotria xanthopsis Ashm.)
(Fig. 263.)
General Appearance. — This small parasite belongs to a family closely
allied to tlie gall makers. The adults are exceedingly small, being less
tlian one tenth of an inch long. The general color of the body is black,
with legs, bases of the antennae and ovipositor light amber.
Life History. — The life history is practically the same as that of
Aphidius testaceipes Cresson.
Distribution. — Common in the southern part of the State, especially
in Ventura County.
Host.— This parasite preys effectually upon the citrus aphid
( Toxoptcra aurantice) .
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 267
THE CLOVER SEED CHALCIS.
Bruchophagus funebris How. (Family Em-ytomidse).
(Fig. 265.)
General Appearance. — From the fact that this insect works within
a clover seed it must be very small in size. The adults are black with
dark brown eyes and light ])rown feet. The eggs are slightly elongated
with a long, slender pedicle and polished white. The larvffi are white
and just large enough to fill the empty shells of the clover seeds. The
pup« are first white, afterwards changing to brown. The entire life
cycle from the egg until the adult emerges is spent within the seeds,
the contents of which are completely devoured by the larvce. However,
occasionally a larva may work upon several different seeds.
Fig. 265. — The clover-seed chalcis, Bru-
chophagus funebris How. Adult female
greatly enlarged. (After Webster.)
Life History. — The winter is spent in the seeds either as larvaj or
pupa3. About blooming season the adults emerge and begin egg-laying.
The eggs are inserted within the forming seeds by the ovipositor.
There are probably several generations each year.
Distribution. — Although this insect is reported as existing in the
State, it is difficult to give the exact areas infested. It is liable to be
met with in any section where clover and alfalfa seed are extensively
raised. Due to the small size the pest may exist for some time in a
locality without being discovered. It is now known to occur in the
central and southern parts.
Food Plants. — So far the chalcis has been reported as working upon
the seeds of red and crimson clover and alfalfa. The seeds are either
entirely eaten out or rendered worthless and in both cases are usually
blown out with the chaff, so that the amount of damage will pass for
years unobserved.
Control. — So far this pest has received little or no attention^ — there
being no requests for help, but in spite of this, great damage is being
done. This is unfortunate, as control measures are difficult and poorly
worked out. Pasturing the fields or destroying all clover and alfalfa
heads in the winter, as well as the destruction of the straw after thresh-
ing, are check measures well worth adopting.
^An expert of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agrcl., is now working
upon this insect in California.
268 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
*THE BLASTOPHAGA.
Hld.stoiiliiii/ii firhssunnii (ira\-. (Family A.naonicUi?).
General Appearance. — The adults are exceedingly small, being about
one sixteenth ( f an inch long, the male being brown or amber and the
female shiny black in color. The female is winged, has large compound
eyes and three ocelli ; ten-articled antennae ; well developed gnawing
mouth-parts and sharp ovipositor, which, when fully extended, is exceed-
ingly long. The male is always wingless, has small compound eyes and
no ocelli. The eggs are white, elliptical, with a short petiole and
0.092 mm. long. The larvre are legless and white with brown mandibles.
They are exceedingly small.
Life History. — This very important beneficial insect is propagated
cnly in certain nonedible figs, known as caprifigs. In these the females
lay their eggs in the ovaries of the flowers by pushing the ovipositor
down through the hollow style. The ovaries inhal)ited by the larva? are
called galls, as in them the insects feed and develop. The males issue
first and crawl about over the galls, gnawing holes in those containing
the females with their powerful jaws, into which the abdominal pro-
jection is inserted and the females fertilized. Next day the mature
and fertilized females enlarge the openings and crawl out. Leaving the
fig by the eye they enter the next crop of figs on the same capri tree,
which are more in a receptive condition, unless the caprifigs containing
the mature insects are hung in the Smyrna trees, when tliey enter the
Smyrna figs. They wander about in a vain effort to get rid of their
eggs and in doing so distribute the pollen adhering to their bodies to
the female fiowers and then crawl out of the fig.
The capri tree, the crop of which is the only one in which the insect
can lay its eggs, on account of the shape of the flowers, produce three
distinct crops, called, respectively, mamme, profichi, and mammoni.
The first, the over-wintering crop, contains no pollen and can not, there-
fore, be used to fertilize the Smyrna figs. The profichi contain an
abundance of pollen which is available at the time the insect reaches
maturity, and as at this time (June) the young Smyrna figs are in a
receptive condition, it is the one used to pollinate the Smyrna crop.
As the Smyrna fig will not develop to maturity without pollen and as
the flowers are inside the fig, some method must be used to carry the
pollen to them. For this purpose the Blastopliaga is utilized, and the act
<;f placing the caprifigs on the female trees is called caprification. The
whole Smyrna fig industry is absolutely dependent upon this process.
In order to provide a supply of the Blastopliaga, caprifigs are planted
convenient to the commercial fig orchards. These caprifig trees usually
hold their fruit during the winter. Occasionally, however, severe frosts
destroy the over-wintering caprifigs and the BlastopJiaga perishes with
them. To avoid such losses the mamnie crop of caprifigs, in which the
*Tho writer is indebted to Mr. G. P. Rlxford. Bur. Plant Industry, U. S. Dept.
Agrcl., for tliis information regarding Blastophaga grossorum.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
269
BlastopJiaga hibernates in the larval stage, may be picked in December
and packed in layers in boxes of clean, damp sand and kept in a place
where the temperature is about 55 or 60 deg. Fahr. In the spring these
figs are taken to the caprifigs and the Blastophaga allowed to issue when
the young caprifigs are ready for fertilization, which is about April.
At this time the proficJii crop is receptive. This crop is exceedingly rich
in pollen which sticks to the bodies of the females and is carried thus
into the Smyrna tigs.
Distribution. — This insect is now distributed throughout the com-
mercial fig growing sections of the State, which are practically con-
fined to the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.
PARASITE OF THE BROWN APRICOT SCALE.
Coiiii/s fiisca Howard (Family Encyrtidae ) .
(Fig. 266.)
General Appearance. — The adults of this parasite are about one
eighth of an inch long and rich brown throughout in color. The wings
are clouded with brownish markings, the bases remaining clear and
when folded over the back, form a silverlike spot which is very notice-
FiG. 266. — Corny s fusca Howard, the parasite of
the brown apricot scale. (Original. Drawing by
Birdnekoff).
able when the insects are walking. The veins are black. The tips of
the legs are yellowish with dark claws.
Distribution. — One of the most common parasites occurring in all
parts of the State.
Hosts. — Of all the internal parasites of scale insects this is one of
the most efficient and is often ciuite a controlling factor in keeping down
the brown apricot scale (Lecaniuni corni). The writer has also bred
this para'-ite from the frosted scale (Eulecanium pnmiosum) and a
native scale {Lecanium sp.) in Ventura County.
270
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
PARASITE OF THE SOFT BROWN SCALE.
Encyrtus flavus Howard (Familj? Eiicyrtidse) .
(Fig. 267.)
General Appearance. — A small parasite scarcely one sixteenth
of an inch long. The general color of the female is ochre; compound
eyes brown ; ocelli red ; antennae yellow with tips black ; the tips of the
feet black. The basal third of the fore wings are clear with the
remainder clouded with brown ; the hind wings are clear. The males
are considerably smaller than the females, and shiny metallic green in
color with legs and antennae very light; wings clear with brown veins.
Distribution. — Quite common throughout the State, but especially
abundant in the southern part.
Fig. 267. — Encyrtus flavus Howard, parasitic on the soft
brown scale. (Original. Drawing by Birdnekoff. )
Hosts. — Reared from the soft-brown scale (Coccus hesperidum)
which is often very effectually checked by its attacks.
THE SCUTELLISTA.
Scutellista cyanea Motsch. (Family Encyrtidse).
(Fig. 268.)
General Appearance. — The adult is a small four-winged parasite,
less than one eighth of an inch long, robust and metallic steel-blue to
nearly black in color.
Life History. — The small oblong white eggs are placed under the
shell of the black scale. They are somewhat larger than the eggs of
the scale and hatch in from five to six days into crescent-shaped white
legless larvfe, which feed upon the eggs of the black scale for fifteen
to twenty days, when they pupate and after another like period emerge
as adults from the shells of the scale through circular holes cut for this
purpose. The adult lives a little over a week.
Distribution. — Throughout the entire State.
Hosts. — Introduced especially to prey upon black scale (Saissetia
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
271
olece). It does very effective work on this pest in certain sections, but
its woik is so uncertain and sporadic as to make it extremely unreliable.
Fig. 268. — Scutellista cyanea Motsch.
Howard. )
(After
However, if judicially distributed, it is a great help in checking this
pest. It also works on the hemispherical scale {Saissetia hemisphcerica) .
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG PARASITE.
Chrysoplatycerus splendens Howard (Family Encyrtidse).
(Fig. 269.)
General Appearance. — This very small internal parasite is but 2
mm. long. It is easily distinguished by its iridescent black color, shiny
scutellum and large and geniculate antennae. The scutellum has a very
noticeable tuft of bristles at the apex. The pointed abdomen also has
a tuft of bristles upon each side. The apical two thirds of the fore
wings are very black while the basal third and the hind wings are
lighter.
Life History. — The female is rather deliberate in her actions and
may remain in a very small area for an hour or so, all the time busy
examining the host. In doing this she holds her antennae as is shown
in the lateral view in Fig. 269, and does all of the feeling with the tips.
These she moves very rapidly and when a suitable host has been found
she turns around and punctures it with the ovipositor and deposits the
egg. From observations it is very probable that she deposits but one
272
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
eo'O' ill an individual. When touched or di.stiirljed she jumps and may
even ily away. She rests with the body elose to the siii)portino' fruit
or leaf, with the legs spread out at the sides and the antennte flattened
out in front, not unlike two long' front legs. It was possible to obtain
a large nundjer of these internal parasites from small breeding cages
filled with adult mealy bugs and their egg masses, but the good they do
is very difficult to estimate. Great number.s were kept confined for a
year, but the number of mealy bugs increased enormousl^' while the
parasites almost entirely disappeared. In mounting hundreds of adult
mealy bugs I have been unable to procure one that contained the larval
Fig. 269. — Dorsal and lateral aspects of the mealy bug parasite, Chrysoplatycerus
splPinlens How. ( Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent.)
form of the parasites, but the empty skins from which they have issued
are plyentiful on the trees in the orchards.
Distribution. — In the southern part of the State and reported only
in Ventura County.
Hosts. — Half-grown and adult mealy bugs {Fseudococcus citri.).
BLACK SCALE PARASITE.
'^'/'(jiiK/ccra (■(ilifoniica Howard (Family Eucyrtidtie) .
(Pig. 270.)
General Appearance. — The females are slightly more than one six-
teenth of an inch long. The general color is metallic bluish-black, with
head, base of antenna^ and the undersides of the legs rich reddish
brown ; thorax metallic black ; abdomen metallic bluish-black with brown
spot near the base ; upper portions of legs and tips of antennae black
and the latter distinctly hairy. Wings dark with short fringe. The
males are metallic black ; base.s of antenna' ])rown and tips black ; all
parts of legs except black hind tibia are amber; wings perfectly clear.
*The correct name of this parasite is Dilophognstcr cdlifornicn How.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
273
Cistribution. — Al)nndaiit in most of the southern citrns growina^
sections of the State.
Hosts. — The larvte work npon the eggs and young of the black scale
"^ ;^
Fig. 270 — Th«^ male and female of the black scale parasite, Toviocera raliforvica
Howard. (V. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
{Saissetia olece) . This year R. S. Vaile, Horticultural Commissioner of
Ventura County, reports that this parasite has wrought great execution
upon the black scale in certain citrus orchards near Ventura.
Aphjiciis pdiua lloward (Family Encyrtidse ) .
(Fig. 271.)
General Appearance. — This is a small, yellow four-winged insect as
shown in Fig. 271.
Fig. 2 71. — Aphycus flavus How. (After Howard. Couitesy
Cal. Exp. Sta.)
Distribution. — Especially abundant in the southern part of the
State, but also found further north.
Hosts. — This species is a very important enemy of the soft brown
scale {Coccus hcsperidum Linn.) and when aliundant is a very eifieient
check to this pest.
274 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Aphjjcits immaculatus Howard (Family Encyrtidse).
(Fig. 272.)
General Appearance. — A small dark parasite, slightly over .05 mm.
in length. The general color is dark yellowish-brown with light yellow
head, dusky legs and antennae and hyaline wings.
CZXOOocco^
^•o?;s^-^«;..,,.
Fig. 272. — Aphycus imviaculatus How. (After
Howard. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
Distribution. — So far as known this species occurs only in the
southern part of the State.
Hosts. — Parasitic upon red scale (Chrysomplialus aurantii) .
THE KATYDID EGG PARASITE.
Eupelmus mirabiUs (Walsh) (Encyrtidae) .
General Appearance. — The adult parasites are a little more than
one eighth of an inch long and of a metallic green color. The wings
are dusky. The insect has a peculiar way of elevating the abdomen
over the thorax.
Life History. — The eggs are deposited within the eggs of the katydid
by the female. The entire contents of the eggs are devoured by the
larvcP and the transformations to adults occur within the eggs, the
adults issuing through circular holes in the sides. (Fig. 21.)
Distribution. — Common throughout the entire State.
Hosts. — This parasite works upon the eggs of various katydids.
PARASITE OF WHITE FLIES.
Gyrolasia flavimedia Howard (Family Eulophidae).
(Fig. 273.)
General Appearance. — An extremely minute parasite about one
twenty-fifth of an inch long. The general color is rich metallic black,
the second and last abdominal segments being bright orange with bases
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
275
of antennaj, the legs and the under side of the abdomen yellow. The
fore wings are clear with a distinct dark spot near the middle of the
front margin. The veins are black.
Distribution. — Keported only from the southern part of the State
in Los Angeles County.
Fig. 273. — Gyrolasia flavimedia Howard. (U. S.
Dept. AgTcl.)
Hosts. — This insect is parasitic upon the species of white flies
{Aleyrodes sps.) infesting iris and fuchsia.
THE PURPLE SCALE PARASITE.
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw (Family Eulophidse).
(Figs. 274, 275.)
General Appearance. — An exceedingly small insect, almost micro-
scopic in size, light and brownish yellow in color with wings, antennae
and legs pale.
Fig. 274. — The purple scale parasite, Aspidio-
tiphagus citrinus Craw. (After Howard.)
Distribution. — Generally distributed throughout the purple scale-
infested citrus districts in the southern part of the State, but often
limited or totally absent in certain localities. Most abundant in San
Diego County.
Hosts. — Works uncertainly but often very effectually on purple
276
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
scale {Lcpidosaphes heckii) in small localities, 1)\it of little consequence
in controlling' this pest. It also works on yellow scale [ChrysomphoJm^
Fig. 2?f). — Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw. 1.
egg ; 2, larva ; 3, larva within the body of a yellow
scale; 4, pupa. Greatly enlarged. (After Quayle.
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
citrinus), red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii) , and pernicious scale
( Aspidiotiis perniciosus) .
r'roxpdlhlhi uarantii Howard (Family Eulophidif I .
{ I'rospalta nuKiiifii Howard.)
{('orcophnfiiis aiiKintii Howard.)
(Fig. 276.)
General Appearance. — A very small brownish-yellow parasite with
lilack compound eyes ; red ocelli ; legs reddish and veins of wings dusky.
Distribution.— First discovered by D. W. Coquillett at San Gabriel,
California, in 1887 and is more or less generally distril)uted in the
southern part of the State.
Fig. 276. — Prospaltelhi aurantii Howard. (Alter
Howard. Onirtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
Hosts.— Parasitic upon yellow scale {Chrysomphalus citrinus) in
California but has also been bred from purple scale {Lcpidosaphes
heckii), pine scale {Aspidiotus pini), Aspidiotus ancylus, walnut scale
{Aspidiotus juglans-regice), Eidecanium persica' and Chionaspis sps.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
277
Sif/iiitihuni ocvidviitdlifi Howard (Family EuloijliicUe) .
(Fig. 277.)
General Appearance. — One of the smallest parasites, being scarcely
over half a millimeter in length and rather robust. The general color
is dark brown or nearly black; eyes dark red, mesonotum yellow; legs
and antennge amber, wings dusky with long fringe; forewings with
indefinite dark blotch near the middle.
Fig. 277. — Signiphora occidentalis Howard. (After
Howard. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta. )
Distribution. — In the southern part of the State.
Hosts. — Parasitic on yellow scale {Chrysomphalus ciirinus).
Apheliiiitx hiiitihispidix LcISaion (Family Fiilophid.'P ) .
(Fig-. 27 8.)
General Appearance. — The adult parasites are exceedingly small.
being about one thirty-second of an inch long. The color is bright
lemon yellow ; base of antenna dusky ; eyes dark ; ocelli red ; mandibles
l>rown ; legs and wing veins bright yellow.
Distribution. — Quite common throughout the State.
Fig. 278. — Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le
Baron. (After Howard.)
Hosts. — This parasite preys upon a number of scales, among which
are the oyster shell scale {Lepidosaphes idmi), pine scale {Chionaspi^
pinifolice). San Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus) and Diaspis carueli.
278
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE GOLDEN CHALCID.
Aphelinus diaspidis Howard (Family Eulophidae).
(Fig. 279.)
General Appearance. — The adults are exceedingly small and deli-
cate, bright yellow insects.
<::
S^^^^4i^^
Fig. 279. — Aphelinus diaspidis Howard. (After Howard.
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)
Distribution. — Common throughout the southern part of the State,
though it probably occurs in many central and northern sections.
Hosts.— Parasitic upon red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii) and rose
scale {Aulacaspis rosce).
Coccophagus lunulatus Howard (Family Eulophidje).
(Fig. 280.)
General Appearance.— IMinute parasites less than 1 mm. long. The
#".■,".• •-■
•TV^'*^NV\vc»a.\s^
.i^^^y^'"^^
'W0
f^
Fig. 1%f).— Coccophagus lunulatus Howard. (After Howard. Courtesy Cal.
Exp. Sta.)
general color is black ; apical two thirds of scutellum orange with black
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
279
tips; antennfe dark; legs yellow with hind femora dusky in middle;
wings hyaline with dark brown veins.
Distribution. — Occurs in the southern part of the State.
Hosts. — Parasitic upon red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii).
Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch.) (Family Eulophidse).
(Fig. 281.)
General Appearance.— The adults are scarcely one eighth of an inch
long, dark bluish-black in color with a very noticeable and character-
istic yellow scutellum. The antenna? and the legs, excepting the dark
femora, are amber.
Distribution. — Exceedingly common throughout the entire southern
and central parts of the State.
v'^^'^r^.y
Fig. 281. — Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch). (After Howard. Courtesy Cal.
Exp. Sta.)
Hosts. — A very effective parasite on soft-brown scale {Coccus hes-
peridum), European fruit scale {Lecanium corni) and frosted scale
{Eulecanium pruinosum). In fact it may be reared from almost any
of the members of the above genera.
THE RASPBERRY HORN-TAIL.
Hartigia crcssoiii (Family Siricivlse).
{Hartigia ahdominalis.)
(Fig. 282.)
General Appearance. — The adults are slender wasp-like insects, little
more than one half inch long and very active fliers. The females are
yellow with dark markings, while in the males black predominates with
very little yellow. The eggs are pearly white and oblong with a curved
point at one end. The full-grown larvse are white with dark head and
tip and are nearly one inch long. They are almost the shape of a letter
"S" and have a very noticeable point at the tail end. The pupae vary
from the color and shape of the larvae to those of the adults.
Life History. — The winter is passed within the canes of the host
plants in the larval and pupal stages. The adults emerge in April and
280
THE MONTHLY BITLLETIN.
after mating' the females begin to insert their eggs into the tender tips
of the young shoots. The eggs hatch in a short time into larvie which
work up the shoots until the latter are killed, when they turn and go
down the middle pith of the stems and transform in the late fall and
winter into pupa?. There is but one brood each year.
Fig. 28:i. — The raspberry horn-tail, Hartigia cressoni. a.
adult female ; b, adult male ; c, well developed pupa ; d, very young
pupa; e and f. larva^. ( Essig, M. B. Cal. Hort Com.).
Distribution. — The central part of the State, more particularly in
the foothill regions east of the Sacramento River.
Food Plants. — The native host of this insect is i)ro])al)ly the wild
rose. Raspberries suffer most from the attacks. Cultivated roses,
blackberries and loganberries are also food plants.
Control, — Measures necessary to remove or destroy the eggs before
the young larva^ hatch should be inaugurated. As the eggs are very ten-
der and their locations plain, great numbers may be quickly destroyed
by exerting a slight pressure over them with the fingers, which in no
way injures the shoot. C'utting out infested canes is also recommended.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
281
THE PEAR OR CHERRY SLUG.
Ciilirod cerasi Linn. ( T'lunily 'i'cnthrcdiniclae) .
( /'Jriixd III i)i)iil<s lliiiiiciiKi Itetz. I
(Fig. 283.)
General Appearance. — The adult is a glossy, black, four-winged
insect about one fifth of an inch in length. The larvte are dark olive
green, slimy and from three eighths to nearly half an inch in length.
Their work is very uoticeable and consists in the removal of all of the
upper green surface of the leaf, causing the injured areas to turn
brown. Badly infested trees appear scorched as if by fire.
Life History. — The eggs are oval, slightly flattened on one side and
deposited under the epidermis of the leaves,
usually on the under sides, by the sharp
ovipositor of the female. They hatch in about
two weeks. The young larva^ cut a semi-circular
hole in the upper surface of the leaf and begin
to feed. They are first white and later become
dark green, because of the slimy secretion. The
entire green upper surface of the leaves is removed
by the larva^ until only skeletons are left. The
remaining under-surface turns brown. When
full grown the larvfe crawl an inch or .so into
the ground and spin a cocoon in which to jnipate
and hibernate throughout the winter. The
adults appear in the early spring.
Distribution. — Generally distriliutcd through-
out the State.
Fig. 283. — The
pear or cherry slug
{ C a I ir o a cerasi
Linn. ) and its worlv
upon the leaf. (After
Ewing. )
Food Plants. — Pear, cherry, plum, quince, button-bush, thorn, moun-
tain-ash, Amdancliier canadensis.
Control. — This is one of the easiest pests to control. The larvae
readily suceuml) to the ordinary soap or emulsion sprays and may be
effectually destroyed by l)lo\viiig dust upon the infested leaves.
Natural Enemies. — Without doul)t the reason for this pest not becom-
ing more serious in California is due to the natural enemies which hold
it in check. In this State these enemies have never been recorded but
in the Middle States the egg parasites, Pentarthron minulnn) Riley and
Closterocerus cinctipeunis Ash., are quite common.
There are probably also para-ites working on the larva^. This,
however, has never been definitely ascertained. The predaceous bug,
Podisus niaculiveiitris Say, and the Reduviid, Sinea diadema Fab., are
active enemies of the larvtv and adults. The larva' of the green lace-
wing also devour many of the young.
282 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE COMMON NEMATODE OR POTATO EELWORM.
Ileterodera radicicola Greef.
(Pigs. 284, 285.)
Eelworms belong to a phylum of animals far below insects and are
never considered in a general work on entomology, but due to the seri-
ousness as well as the wide distribution of this worm as a pest of crops,
a brief account of it is herein included.
General Appearance. — The presence of this pest is told by such
characteristic injuries as root knot on nursery trees, galls on tomato
vines and the rough warty surface of potato tubers. The animal
causing the injuries is commonly known as the nematode worm and was
recently given much prominence as the potato eelworm. The males and
young, the usual forms of the animal, are microscopic, transparent and
shaped much like minute eels. The female is pear-shaped and pearly-
white. The eggs are oval in shape and laid in great numbers.
Life History. — The young eelworms feed upon the roots of various
plants causing galls or knots which may greatly impair growth. The
female develops within the affected areas and begins egg-laying, the
young hatching in a very short time afterwards. The winter is passed in
the original ho.st if it remains growing in the soil, such as nursery stock,
but if the host is removed they feed upon various plants left in the
fields. The young have the ability to encyst themselves so as to resist
great extremes of weather and unfavorable conditions, so once in the
soil it is very difficult to eradicate them.
Distribution. — As a producer of root knot this animal is very com-
mon throughout the state, but somewhat more abundant in the central
and southern parts. As a potato pest it has been discovered only in
Los Angeles, Nevada, Monterey and Inyo counties.
Food Plants. — According to Dr. E. A. Bessey there are four hundred
and eighty species and subspecies of plants affected by root-knot. The
list includes members of practically every flowering plant. Most of
the garden plants are affected, as are many of the field crops and fruit
trees. For definite information concerning the host plants the reader
is referred to pp. 10-22, Bulletin 217, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, by Dr. Bessey.
Control. — The control of this pest is extremely difficult and eradica-
tion almost impossible. In greenhouses the soil may be sterilized with
steam or formaldehyde (one part to one hundred parts of water).
Rotation of crops which are not attacked by the nematode is perhaps the
best control measure in the field. Summer fallow, frequently turning
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
288
Fig. 284. — The common nematode or potato eelworm (Heterodera
radicicola Greef). 1, egg, magnified 200 times; 2, egg, sliowing develop-
ing larva within; 3, young larva, magnified 200 times; 4, same, magni-
fied 350 times; 5, adult female and gall, magnified 70 times; 6, same,
opened, showing organs of female, and eggs and young larvae as they
are found in the gall ; 7, head of female, greatly enlarged ; 8, part of
egg tube, showing forming eggs ; 9, another part of tube, with a fully
foi-med egg in it. a, alimentary canal ; e, egg tubes ; h, head ; o, oesopha-
gus ; s, spear. (Drawing by Newcomer.)
284
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
lip tilt' :s(iil ;iii(l jiUowiiiii' it to dry out, will help to reduce the numbers.
Irrigated districts are more liable to become infested and are very
favorable to sju'cad and diffi( iilt of control.
Fig. 285. — Potatoes showing the work of the common nematode or eelworm, Hetero-
dera radicicola Greef. ( Photograph by Bremner. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
285
INSECT COLLECTIONS.
A collection of the representative economic insects of California is
of great value to the office of a connty horticultural commissioner and
the building up of such a collection is easy and exceedingly instructive.
Every State or county official who is required to have a knowledge of
insects cannot improve his spare moments to a greater advantage to
himself or to his work.
Most of such officials thoroughly realize this and have already col-
lected and preserved the most important insects of their respective
counties. It is with the desire that all parties interested in building
up an entomological collection will be helped that the following sug-
gestions are made.
Fig. 2 86. — Insect net. The
shape is excellent, but the netting
is too frail. (After Riley.)
COLLECTING.
Most of the horticultural officials do not have time to greatly develop
the collecting of insects as a specialized part of their work, and feeling
this, some do not bother with it at all. It is not necessary or possible
to build up a complete insect collection in one year, even by the most
thorough and persistent efforts, but it is possible to gradually acquire a
very representative lot of insects by careful observation in the orchards,
286
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
1 S on
vineyards, gardens and fields and capturing all specimens met with.
Such officials should always carry suitable boxes or
bottles for the preservation of insects thus acquired.
Inspectors can greatly aid in this work. Fruit growers
also bring in large numbers of insects for determina-
tion, which if kept and carefully mounted, add greatly
to any growing collection. A true entomologist never
goes anywhere in the open country without bringing
back at least a few good specimens.
Nets. — A good net is indispensable for collecting
insects. Most manufactured nets are entirely too frail
for ordinary field work. A suitably shaped net is
shown in Fig. 286, but the material should be heavy
cheesecloth or coarse, loosely woven muslin. Such a net
is especially recommended for sweeping or for cap-
turing hard-bodied insects, as grasshoppers, crickets,
katydids, beetles, bees, wasps, etc. For delicate and
swift-flying insects, such as butterflies, moths, dragon-
flies, lacewings, etc., a durable netting should be used.
An ordinarj^ circular frame will do very well, but a
more convenient style is the manufactured steel col-
lapsible frame of a dip or landing fish net, which also
has a jointed handle, and the whole can be easily
carried in a traveling bag.
Fig. 287. — Pocket
cyanide killing bot-
tle. (After Riley.)
)\
f'n'
Fig. 288. — A temporary insect box.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
287
KILLING.
Insects to be mounted and preserved should be killed as soon after
collected as possible. The most popular method of killing is the use of
a jar or can containing potassium or sodium cyanide. The cyanide
may be kept in the bottom of the jar or can with plaster paris, or better,
with suitable pieces of blotting paper, which absorb the moisture. The
lid should be tight, so as to retain all of the fumes, and enough cyanide
used to make the killing rapid. Small killing-vials, suitable for the
pocket (Fig. 287), are very desirable and easily made. Baking powder
Fig 289. — Glass covered exhibition case for pinned insects.
cans are also excellent containers, as they cannot be broken, but due to
the poor fitting of the lids need often to be refilled. In preparing such
a can, cut a circular piece of blotter to cover the bottom ; add the cyanide
and pack cotton or other material tightly around it; cover all with
several circular, tight-fitting pieces of blotter, and then cut another
piece large enough to form a lining inside the can, reaching from the
pieces holding the cyanide to the top. When the lid is on. this lining
will hold the cyanide in the bottom of the can and is also an excellent
absorbing surface for any excess moisture. All cyanide killing recep-
tacles should be plainly marked poisonous.
288
THE MONTIIIA' BITLLETIN.
B
A
D
E
Fig. 290. — Methods of pinning insects. A, Coleoptera (beetles) ; B, Coleoptera and
Hemiptera (beetles and Heteroptera — true bugs) ; C, Ortlioptera (grasshoppers, katy-
dids, crickets, etc.); D, Hymenoptera (w.-isps, bees, etc.); B, Diptera (two-winged
flies).
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
MOUNTING.
289
There are various ways of mounting insects so as to show them off
to the best advantage, to preserve them longest and most perfectly and
to admit of their study. The most common methods are pinning
directly into suital)le cases, mounting in glass tubes or plaques, in
glycerine or balsam on slides and in alcohol or formalin in specimen
jars. All mounting work should be done as soon after the insects are
killed as possible, to avoid breaking the appendages. However, if they
are allowed to become dry and stiff they may be relaxed and safely
mounted by being placed for from twelve to forty-eight hours in a
moist chamber. In such cases care should be exercised to see that the
specimens do not mould. A piece of blotting paper in the bottom
treated with weak formalin will aid in avoiding this.
Pinning. — Nearly all insects are pinned, especially the larger and
more chitinous ones, such as grasshoppers, beetles, true bugs, flies,
butterflies, bees, etc., but the position on the pin varies considerably.
All the members of certain orders are pinned, no matter how small,
while in many, the small chitinous ones are stuck on points which are
supported liy pins. The usual method of pinning insects is to thrust
the pin through the thorax, as shown in Fig. 290. All members of the
oiders Dipt era, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera (except the
exceedingly small forms), Neuroptera and Platyptera, are thus pinned.
The Orthoptera and many of the Hymenoptera are usually pinned
through the prothorax, while the others are pinned through the meso-
thorax.
True bugs of the suborder Heteroptera should be pinned through the
scutellum, a small, usually triangular area just at the base of the
abdomen (Fig. 290 B). '
All beetles, except the small ones which are mounted upon points,
are pinned through the right elytrum or wing cover near the base, as
shown in Fig. 290 A and B.
Secondary Pinning-. — Very small insects, especially Diptera and
Lepidoptera, are mounted upon exceedingly fine pins supported upon
one end of small pieces of pith, cork or cardboard, which are in turn
supported upon regulation pins at the other ends. This allows the
smallest specimens to be placed in the collection in a position not out of
harmony with the largest ones.
Spreading. — Insects whose identity depends largely upon the vena-
tion and colorations of the wings are placed upon stretching boards
(Fig. 291 D and E) when fresh or relaxed and the wings properly
spread and allowed to thoroughly dry before they are placed into per-
manent cabinets. The hind margins of the front wings of a stretched
insect should be at right angles to the main axis of the body, as shown
in Fig. 291.
Butterflies and moths collected in large numbers may be safely pre-
13— H
290
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
XAX.
<
z i^
B
s>
E
F
Fig. 291. — Mounting Lepidoptera. A, triangle sliowing metliod of folding paper.
First fold on line A B, then on A D and C B, and then on B F and B A ; B, speci-
men in folded triangle ; C, pinned specimen ; D, method of stretching ; E, cross-section
of stretching board ; F, specimens placed in permanent cabinet.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 291
served in small paper triangles, as shown in Fig. 291 B, until ready
for spreading. If so kept they ])ecome dry and brittle and should be
kept in a moist chamber until completely relaxed before they are placed
upon the stretching board.
Points. — All small insects which are chitinous enough to retain their
original form when dry, such as small members of the orders Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera and of the suborder Homoptera (excepting the families
Aphididce and Coccidm), in fact practically all small insects excepting
true flies (Diptcra) should he mounted upon small cardboard or
celluloid points (Fig. 292). White shellac or beetle glue* is used to
h--;:
Fig. 292. — A speci-
men properly mounted
upon a point. (After
Riley.)
fasten the insects to the tips of the points. The size of the points vary
somewhat but one adapted to all needs should be 9 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide at the base and gradually tapering to a blunt point. The insect
should be mounted so that it faces from you when the pin is to the
right of it, as shown in Fig. 292. Care should be exercised to see that
the specimen is straight, at right angles to the point and that all appen-
dages are free. Ladybird beetles {CoccinelUdce) should be mounted so
that the points do not reach quite to the middle of the sternum.
CASES FOR PINNED INSECTS.
By far the most satisfactory containers for pinned insects are the
Schmitt insect boxes which are dust and insect proof. Specially con-
structed cases with glass tops are excellent for exhibition purposes.
Small sacks or balls of naphtha should be pinned in the corners to
aid in keeping out insects destructive to specimens.
* Beetle glue is prepared as follows:
Water 45 parts
Alcohol (95 per cent) 8 parts
Carbolic acid 2 parts
Sugar 30 parts
Gum arable 60 parts
292
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GLASS TUBES.
Scale insects {Coccida) are easily handled and preserved in small
olass shell vials, as shown in Fig. 298. Life histories of other insects for
exhibition purposes may also be mounted in small or large glass tubes.
Fig. 293. — Speci-
mens of scale insect
in a glass vial. (Cal.
Hort. Com.)
PLAQUES OR GLASS MOUNTS.
Nearly all insects may be mounted in plaques with glass facing and
cardboard backs. These make excellent exhibits to hang upon the walls.
Special mounts are prepared in the form of small cardboard boxes filled
with cotton upon which the specimens rest and fitted with a glass faced
cover.
GLYCERINE.
Certain small soft-bodied scale insects, plant lice, young bugs, larva?,
etc., are often mounted directly on glass slides under a glass cover in
glycerine prepared by adding one part of acetic acid to ten parts of
glycerine jelly. Specimens may be mounted directly into this or
previously prepared as directed for mounting in Canada balsam.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
CANADA BALSAM.
293
For microscopical study, scale insects, plant lice, thrips, mites, etc.,
are permanently mounted on slides in Canada balsam which has been
dissolved in xylol. Specimens are mounted directly in the balsam
either alive or freshly killed, and when so done usually retain their
original shapes perfectly, but are not suitable for microscopic study for
several months. By far the most satisfactory method of mounting
scale insects is to first boil them in potassium hydroxide (KOH) or
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ; thoroughly wash them in water; dehydrate
by carrying through solutions of 30 per cent, 78 per cent and 95 per
cent or absolute alcohol; clear in xylol, cedar oil or clove oil and mount
directly into balsam.
An excellent method of mounting the others listed above is as fol-
lows : Kill by pouring over them boiling 95 per cent or absolute alcohol ;
clear in xylol cedar oil or clove oil, and mount directly into balsam.
Glass slides and cover glasses are necessary for such mounts.
PRESERVING LARV.^.
Caterpillars or the larvae of moths and butterflies are very often
preserved by the inflating method, which consists in removing the
viscera, inflating the body and drying them over an oven until rigid.
The original color and much of the vestiture are thus retained in almost
perfect condition. The caterpillar of the red humped caterpillar, shown
in Fig. 175, has been thus cured.
Caterpillars and the larvae of other insects are also excellently pre-
served by first boiling them in water and placing them directly in a
permanent solution prepared as follows :
Alcohol (1)7 per cent) 15 c.c.
Formalin (40 per cent) 15 c.c.
Water (distilled) 120 c.c.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
295
THE STATE INSECTARY.
For the iutrodiietioiL breedinii' and dissemination of beneficial pre-
daceovis and parasitic insects a special department has been created in
the ofifice of the State Commissioner of Horticulture, known as the
insectary division. The officers of this division are provided for by
law, the chief of which is known as the Superintendent of the State
Insectary. The State Insectary was constructed especially for the
Fig. 295. — Beneficial insects are expressed from the insectary directly to the growers.
(Carnes. M. B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
rearing and breeding of beneficial insects and is located in the Capitol
Park at Sacramento. It is supported by appropriations of the State
Legislature, and is, therefore, a free institution to all the citizens of
the State.
The operations of the insectary are briefly as follows : Expert ento-
mologists are kept in the fields in California and in other states and
countries, who collect natural enemies of destructive insects. These
are forwarded to the insectary where they are supplied with the proper
hosts and reared in sufficient numbers to be sent out into the sections
of the State where the destructive insect pests, upon which they prey,
296 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
are found. To properly conduct the work requires great skill upon
the i);)rt of the collectors and those in charge of the breeding work.
At the present time a very strenuous effort is being made to bring
this work in cIohov touch with the great pro])lems of insect control.
]Mr. Harry S. Smitli, who has for many years been in charge of para-
sitic -work for the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, became superintendent January 1. 1913, and is thoroughly
organizing the work along up-to-date and scientific lines. A specialist
is to be sent to foreign countries in the spring, while local assistants
are to explore the State for native species. Mr. Smith will also make
it a point to secure all possible parasites and predaceous insects in the
United States. He is thoroughly qualified for the position he now
holds and is alive to the great needs and possibilities along these lines.
All fruit growers are invited to keep in close touch with the State
Insectary and to make their wants known. It must be remembered,
however, that results from breeding insects are often exceedingly slow
and uncertain, and that it will be some time before new importations
can 1)(^ placed in the orchards. Likewise parasites and predaceous
insects sent out into the orchards require several years at least before
they are thoroughly established and become controlling factors.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 297
SPRAYS AND POISONS.
Sprayiiiii' for insect pests has become a very important factor in the
growing of all crops and especially in horticultural work. As such it
is now a regular and well established business, which has received a
tremendous amount of investigation work, with the results that there
is on the market a spray for every individual ailment a tree or plant
is heir to. This is true of both the home-made and commercial products
and it has become an exceedingly diiKcult task for the orchardist or
farmer to select a spray which is to give the best results for the financial
outla.y.
It is beyond the limits of any ordinary work to give a complete list
of the formula^ and uses of all these preparations, and should this be
done the results would prove unsatisfactory. It is therefore the aim of
the writer to include only those preparation.s which are known to give
definite and reliable results.
In general insecticidal sprays and powders are listed in three main
classes, viz: poison sprays, contact sprays and repellents. The poison
sprays are used in controlling biting and chewing insects which are
capable of taking the poison internally ; while the contact sprays are for
piercing and sucking insects which cannot be controlled by poison
sprays. The repellents do not kill, but applied to the plants or soils,
serve to drive the pests away and thus prevent attacks.
POISON INSECTICIDES FOR CHEWING INSECTS.
Poisoned sprays are usually made of arsenical compounds and are
therefore known as arsenical sprays or insecticides. Formerly Paris
green and London purple were used but of late years it has been found
that lead arsenate and zinc arsenite are as efficient, cheaper and do less
damage to the fruit and foliage.
These sprays are used in combatting leaf eating insects, such as
grasshoppers, army and cut worms, tent caterpillars, red-humped
caterpillars, tomato and tobacco worms, cabbage worms, pear slugs,
beetles, etc.
LEAD ARSENATE.
No. 1. ('omniei-cially prepared.
Lead arsenate (paste) G to S pounds
Water 100 gallons
No. 2. Arsenate of lead (powder) 2 to 8 pounds
Water 100 gallons
Preparation. — Simply dissolve the paste or powder in the required
amount of water or in a small amount and add the remainder for use.
No. 3. Home-made preparations.
Acetate of lead _i._l__^_ ' 44 ounces
Arsenate of soda ^__^ 10 ounces
Water lOO saHons
298
TTTE MONTHIjY BULLKTIN.
Preparation. — Dissolve the acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in 4 gal-
lons of water in a wooden container; in another pail dissolve the
arsenate of soda in 2 gallons of water. These two solutions poured
together will make 100 gallons of spraying material.
»,
iWt\
\^
Fig. 296. — Top picture shows the young apples .just right to spray for
the codling moth — the caly.v lobes are open. The lower picture shows
apples too far advanced to spray for this pest — the calyx lobes are closed.
'After Slingerland. )
ARSENATE OF LEAD AND BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
It is often desirable to use a combination arsenical spray with a
fungicide for scab and codling moth. With Bordeaux mixture use
four pounds of arsenate of lead to one hundred gallons of the prepara-
tion when ready to apply to the trees.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
299
LEAD ARSENATE AND LIME-SULPHUR.
A combination arsenical and fungicidal spray may also be made by
adding five pounds of arsenate of lead to every one hundred gallons
of the lime-sulphur after it is properly diluted for spraying.
PARIS GREEN.
If lead arsenate cannot be had, Paris green may be used as follows:
Paris green 10 ounces
Air-slaked lime 2 pouuds
Water tOO gallons
First slake the lime, stir the poison into a thin paste with a little
water, add this to the lime, then strain the mixture through a sieve
into a tank containing the required amount of water. If it is desired
to spray for bo'Ji fungi and ins-scts on peu-hes cr other tender foliage
two hundred gallons of water should be used. It is necessary to keep
this mixture well agitated while spraying.
As a dust Paris green is mixed as follows :
Paris green 5 ounces
Air-slaked lime 1 I'ound
The Paris green and lime are thoroughly powdered, mixed and dusted
upon the plants through a muslin bag or by means of a blower.
In combination with Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur add eight
ounces of Paris green to every one hundred gallons of the diluted spray.
POISON BAITS.
Poison baits occupy a very important place in the control of certain
insects, such as grasshoppers, army and cutworms, wireworms, etc.,
and are especially useful to the small gardener though they have often
been used with excellent results in large fields and orchards.
POISON BRAN MASH.
No. 1.
Bran 25 pounds
Paris green * pound
Cheap molasses 1 quart
No. 2.
Bran -1<> pounds
Arsenic •'"> pounds
Molasses 2 gallons
In preparing these mix the arsenic or Paris green and bran dry, and
add the molasses, which has been diluted in water. Add enough more
water to moisten the bran so that it will appear between the fingers
when the mixture is squeezed in the hand.
Some prefer to moisten the bran first and afterwards stir in the
molasses and poison.
300 THE MONTH];Y BULLETIN.
CRIDDLE MIXTURE.
Though this mixture is somewhat disagreeable to make and handle,
it is exceedingly cheap and affective, especially for grasshoppers.
Frt'sh horse diuig GO pounds
Common salt 2 pounds
Paris green 1 pound
The Paris green is mixed with enough water to form a paste and
is then stirred thoroughly into the horse dung with the salt.
These poisoned baits are scattered about in fields infested with
grasshoppers, army and cutworms and various other destructive chew-
ing insects or they nmy be placed in advance of the oncoming hordes.
A very important thing in handling the poisoned baits is to see that
they are kept moistened all the time, as they become worthless when,
dry. To prevent this drying out the mixture should be put out in
small piles and occasionally moistened. They may also be placed under
boards or in the shade, while for cutworms and wireworms it is often
advisable to bury them in the ground.
CONTACT INSECTICIDES FOR SUCKING
INSECTS.
LIQUIDS.
Lime-sulphur is easily the most important insecticidal spray now
used and its fungicidal properties make it even more useful to the
orchardist. It is especially valuable for controlling scale insects and
fungi on deciduous fruit trees, though if properly weakened it may also
be used as a summer spray, particularly for the citrus and almond
spiders.
Formerly lime-sulphur spray was a home-made product, but today the
commercially prepared product is so superior to the home-made mixtures
that the latter have almost ceased to exist.
HOME-MADE LIME-SULPHUR.
Formula.
Lime 40 pounds
Sulphur (flowers) 30 pounds
Water to make 100 gallons
Preparation. — Heat in a cooking barrel or vessel about one third of
the total quantity of water required. When the water is hot, add all
of the lime, and at once add all the sulphur, which should previously
have been made into a thick paste with water. After the lime is slaked,
another third of the water should be added, preferably hot, and
tlie cooking should be continued for an hour, when the final dilution
may be made, using either hot or cold water as is most convenient.
The boiling due to the slaking of lime thoroughly mixes the ingred-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
301
ients at the start, but subsequent stirring' is necessary if the wash is
cooked by direct heat in kettles. After the wash has been prepared it
must be strained throuoh a fine sieve as it is being run into the spray
tank.
COMMERCIAL LIME-SULPHUR.
The commercial spray is a perfectly clear liquid, easy to handle and
needing only to be properly diluted for use. It is usually sold in barrel
lots. There are two common brands upon the market in California,
sold under the trade names. "Rex" and "Ortho," though there are
other sprays equally as good manufactured elsewhere.
For spraying scale insects on dormant, deciduous fruit trees in the
winter, the commercial lime-sulphur should be diluted one to nine of
water. It is advisable to spray just as early in the winter, after the
leaves have fallen, as possible. If there is to be no confusion relative
to the proper dilution of the commercial sprays a Baume hydrometer
should be employed. For winter spraying the following table by W. C.
O 'Kane is of great value :
Reading of hydrnnieter in degrees Baume.
Number of gallons of water
to one gallon of the
concentrate.
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
,28
27
26
9
81
8i
8
7i
7k
61
6^
6
51
^0
24
04
5
23
U
22 ...
4i
21
31
20
19
31
18
3
17 . .
28
24
16
15
2*
14
2
For red spider on citrus trees these products are applied as a two
per cent solution.
LIME-SULPHUR AND FLOUR PASTE.
For spraying trees in foliage and tender plants a lime-sulphur flour
paste spray has given remarkably good results. The following formulie
are recommended :
No. 1.
Water 200 gallons
Flour pa.ste. S pounds flour in 8 gallons water
Sublimed sulphur 10 pounds
Lime-sulphur solution 2^ gallons
The flour is first made into a thin paste by adding one pound to
302 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
each gallon of water, aceortlin.u' to tlie above formula. The sulphur is
. made into a paste also and added with the flour paste and lime-sulphur
solution to the two hundred gallons of water in the spray tank. This
spray is excellent for tlie red spiders on almond and citrus trees. Minus
the lime-sulphur solution it is a very effective spray for the yellow mite
{Tcfranychvs himaculatus) on hops.
Xo. 2. (Iron Sulphide).
Water 200 gallons
Flour paste. S pounds flour in 8 gallons water
Linie-.sulphur solution 2i gallons
Iron sulphate 4 jiounds
This spray is mixed as the preceding, and the iron sulphate after
being dissolved is added directly to the diluted mixture in the tank.
The above spray is especially recommended for late summer sprayings
for red spider on almond and citrus trees, but should not be applied to
fruit trees just before the fruit is ready to pick, as the fruit might be
stained.
EMULSIONS.
Emulsions are oily sprays in which soap is used as an emulsifying
agent. They are especially valuable where high power of penetration
is necessary or where there is a waxy covering to overcome, as in the
ease of woolly aphis, mealy bugs, etc. They also have the power of
rapid and even distribution over the sprayed surface. If properly
prepared, emulsions and water mix easily without agitation and are
suitable for spraying tough and tender foliage alike.
Certain commercial emulsions are made by breaking up the oils into
exceedingly small particles, thus forming a creamy liriuid which readily
mixes wifh water.
KEROSENE EMULSION.
Whale oil soap 40 pounds
Water 2 gallons
Kerosene 4 gallons
First dissolve the pound of soat) in two gallons of hot soft water.
When this is accomplished add the kero ene and agitate vigorously by
pumping it back into itself until a thick creamy liquid results. This
makes the stock solution.
P^or use on dormant trees and plants in the winter dilute the stock
solution one to five of water. On trees or plants in foliage dilute with
ten parts of water.
In giving directions for diluting kerosene emuhion many writers
recommend the use of a certain per cent. This is exceedingly confusing-
to the average orchardist, and in ordei' to liave the information neees-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
303
sary to follow these recommendations the following dilutions showing
per cent of strength are taken from O'Kane.*
For 4% strength add 155 gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For o% strength add V2i gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock sohition
For 7% strength add Si gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For 10% strength add 5§ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For 12% strength add 4^ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
P'or 15% strength add Si gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For 18% strength add 2s gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For 2076 strength add 2i gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
For 25% strength add !§ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution
DISTILLATE EMULSION.
Distillate (28 degrees Baume ) 20 gallons
Whale oil soap 30 pounds
Water to mix 12 gallons
Dissolve the whale oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling
point; add the distillate and agitate thoroughly while the solution is
hot. For use add twenty gallons of water to each gallon of the above
mixture
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION.
Whale oil soap 40 pounds
Crude carbolic acid 5 gallons
Water to mix -10 gallons
Dissolve the soap in hot water (the soap must be entirely dissolved) ;
add the carbolic acid and heat to the boiling point for twenty minutes
(reserve some water to add in case the mixture begins to boil over).
For use add twenty gallons cf water to every gallon of the above stock
solution. The emulsion needs little or no agitation.
This spray is especially recommended for mealy bugs, but is also suit-
able for plant lice and soft brown scale. It is also a good contact insec-
ticide for ants.
CRUDE OIL EMULSION.
Water 1"5 gallons
Liquid soap 3 gallons
Crude oil 25 gallons
Fill the spray tank with the 175 gallons of water; add the liquid
soap ; agitate thoroughly for one minute, after which add the crude oil,
continuing the agitation.
If the liquid soap cannot be had, use 20 poiuids whale oil soap, dis-
solved in 10 gallons of boiling water, to which three pounds of lye have
been added.
During the spraying operation this mixture should be thoroughly
agitated and great care taken to wet all of the twigs. From 8 to 15
gallons should be used on a tree. The application should be made from
November to February.
The crude oil emulsion is especially recommended for black scale
*Injinious Insects, W. C. O'Kane, p. 7 4.
304 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
{Saissetia olece), European fruit scale (Lecaiiiuin conii). European
pear scale {Epidiaspis piricola), cherry scale [Eul( <(iiiiuin arnsontm)
and other scales infestini>' deciduous fruit trees. It should be applied
in the winter, when the trees are dormant.
To also kill moss or lichens on fruit trees add two pounds of lye to
the formula of the stock solution.
DISTILLATE OIL MECHANICAL MIXTURE.
Water LlOO ■iulloiis
Caustic soda (95 per cent) 7 pounrls
Distillate (28 degrees Banme ) 10 gallons
Fill spray tank with the required amotint of water; add the caustic
soda, which has been dissolved in a small amount of water and then the
distillate. Keep agitator going rapidly while applying the spray.
This spray has been thoroughly tested by the writer and is one of the
cheapest and best for spraying black scale (Saissetia olece) or the Euro-
pean fruit scale {Lecanium corni) on apricot and olive trees.
DISTILLATE EMULSION AND TOBACCO.
(Government Formula for Pear Thrips.)
Water T2 gallons
Whale oil soap '.>(} pounds
Distillate (32 to 34 degrees Baume ) 20 pounds
The above emulsion is prepared in the ordinary way as a stock solu-
tion. For use in the orchard dilute one to twenty parts of water. To
every two hundred gallons of this diluted spray add one pint of tobacco
extract containing forty per cent nicotine or about three and one half
gallons of tobacco extract containing 2f per cent nicotine.
This spray is especially recorhmended for pear thrips.
RESIN WASH.
Though not a true emulsion and fast losing prominence as a spray,
this wash is included here because of its value as a spray and dip for
plants with tender foliage.
Kcsin 10 pounds
Caustic soda (76 per cent) ."> pounds
Fish oil — di^^^i^ : li pounds'
Water _. . 50 gallons-
Put oil, rt^sin and a gallon of water in an iron kettle and heat until
the resin is softened; add the lye (dissolved in a small amount of water)
and stir thoroughly, after which add enough water to make fifty gallons
of spraying material.
This wash is only effective for young scale insects, plant lice, or otho-
soft-bodied insects.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 305
SOAP WASHES.
A simple and easily prepared spray for use in small gardens is made
from soap as fellows :
Whale oil or hard laundry soap 1 i)oiind
Water 15 gallons
The soap is lirst dissolved in a small amount of hot water and the
remainder added afterwards. This spray will not injure tender plants
or foliage, and is recommended only f( r young s;ale inse'-ts, plant liee
and other soft-bodied insects.
TOBACCO DECOCTIONS.
For soft-bcdied insects in greenhouses, conservatories, or on house
plants, as well as for plant lice, leaf hoppers and other similar insects
in the open, the tobacco decoctions are invaluable because they do not
injure the foliage and give excellent killing results.
Home-made Extract.
Tobacco leaves or stems 1 pound
Water 4 gallons
Steep the tobacco in the hot water and apply directly.
Commercial Extracts.
The extract containing 2f per cent nicotine should be diluted to sixty
parts of water. The extract containing 40 per cent nicotine should be
diluted from one to one thousanci parts or one to fifteen hundred parts
of water.
DUSTS.
A number of valuable insecticides are applied dry as dusts. We
have already referred to Paris green and lime as being used in this way.
Dusts are easy to mix and handle and are often of great service to the
farmer and orchardist.
FLOWERS OF SULPHUR.
For a number of ^-ears tiowers of sulphur was used alone as a remedy
for mites on citrus and almond trees. It was distributed over the trees
by hand or with a blower in the earl}- morning when the foliage was
damp, thus enabling it to adhere. The warm sunshine oxidizes the
sulphur, the liberated sulphur-dioxide being the killing factor. Accord-
ingly sulphur is of little avail in the cool summer weather of the coast
counties ( r during the winter months anywhere. However, in the warm
interior districts this is still a verv etfective remedv for mites.
306 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
LIME AND SULPHUR.
Even l)etter than snlphur alone is dehydrated lime and flowers of
.sulphur mixed in equal parts and blown n|)on the trees with a power
machine, as is shown in P^ig'. 304. In the citrus orchards this is a very
important method of controlling the citrus red spider {Tetranychus
iiiytUasiAdis) and the six-spotted or yellow mite {Tetranychus himacu-
latus).
LIME, SULPHUR AND SAL BORDEAUX.
This mixture is prepared as fellows:
Dehydrated lime (finely powdered slaked liui') 40 pounds
Flowers of sulphur 5 pounds
8al Boi'deaux (a mixture of bluestone. charooal and
uaphthol) •"» pounds
^lix these ingredients thoroughly and apply with a power blower.
This is one of the most efficient preparations now being used in con-
trolling the almond red spider {Bryubia prat ens is).
PYRETHRUM.
This is commonly known as Persian or Dalmatian insect powder, or
Buhach, and comes as a finely ground yellow powder with a pleasant,
rather pungent odor. It is a contact poi.son and most larv.i? and soft-
!)Gdied insects are thrown into convulsions when they come under its
influence. Unfortunately it is not only expensive but quickly loses its
effectiveness when exposed to the air. Its practical range is therefore
limited, and it is chiefly used on house plants, in the conservatory and
in the garden. It is entirely harmless to vegetation of all kinds and
does not spot or mark even the most delicate flowers when used dry.
It acts a little more promptly and effectively if applied to the insects
while they are moist, or at least damp. If the dusty appearance is
objectionable, a decoction may be made by steeping- one ounce in one
quart of boiling water, and then adding two or three quarts of cold
water. Into this material potted plants may be dipped, or it may be
applied with an atomizer. Against plant lice on house plants this
makes a very clean and effective application.
HELLEBORE.
Powdered white hellebore has been used for many years as a specific
remedy against "currant worms," "rose slugs" and other saw-fly larva?,
and is very effective, either dusted on as a powder, or in the form of a
decoction. In the field it is now quite generally replaced by arsenate
of lead or even Paris green, but in the garden it still holds its own.
When applied, it may be used pure, or it may be mixed with two or
three times its own weight of dust, cheap flour, lime, or almost any
other light, finely powdered material. When used as a spray, steep
one ounce in one quart of boiling water and add another quart of cold
water when ready to apply.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
307
It is also quite effective against certain root maggots, like those
iffecting cabbage and cauliflower. For these it is used in the form of
a decoction, one ounce in one gallon of water and about half a pint
poured around an infested plant, from which the earth has been drawn
away to facilitate soaking directly around the plants. To be effective,
the material must be brought into direct contact with the insects.
Hence, it should be liberally used and applied before the maggots get
down too far, or into the plant too deeply. In the garden its use is
quite practical; in the field it has not been found so satisfactory.
REPELLENTS.
It is apparent that certain materials, applied to the foliage of plants,
are somewhat repulsive to some insects. One of the most important
of these repellents is the well known fungicide, Bordeaux mixture.
Because of this and its use as a combined insecticide and fungicide the
formula and directions for making are here presented quite fully.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
rnslakcd lime 4 pounds
Copppr siili)lial(" (bhicstone) 4 pounds
Water 50 gallons
The task of mixing these chemicals, where large quantities of the
spray is used, is no small thing in itself. "A great deal of study has
been given to the construction of suitable mixing apparatus.
Fig. 297. — Apparatus for preparing Bordeaux mixture. Tlie lime is first slalted
in tiie siiallow vat above and mixed witlr tiie required amount of water in the lower
tank from which it is drawn off into the spray tank containing the diluted bluestone.
A cross-section of the mixing tank is shown in Figure 298. (Original.)
308
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
The first cuusideratioii is to get the materials hiyh enough on a plat-
form so that they can be easily and rapidly placed in the spraying
tanks of the power machines. This is done l)y constructing at conven-
ient places in the orchard, platforms large enough to hold a large
box for slaking lime, a lime solution agitator, and a vat for dissolving
the bluestone. Such a platform is about 12 feet square and 4| feet
high (Fig. 297). A large standpipe for filling the tanks is desirable
or the water must be pumped into the tank while the solutions are
being added.
The lime is first slaked in a common vat for that purpose. The
great troulile has always been to keep the slaked lime agitated properly
when it was being drawn off to mix with the bluestone in the spraying
tank. This problem has been solved by the use of a special agitator for
this purpose (Pig. 298). The lime from the slaking vat is strained into
Fig. 298. — Apparatus for prepaiing Bordeaux mixture. Tank for receiving lime
after it has been slaked and is ready to mix with the copper sulphate or bluestone.
The agitator is the special feature of this tank. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Bot. )
this tank through the slanting bottomed strainer. The agitator works
by means of a hand lever and the contents of the tank may be
thoroughly mixed in a few minutes before it is drawn off for use.
Here it is again strained through the strainer shown in Fig. 299 B, as
well as is the bluestone.
The bluestone vat contains slats, across the entire box as shown in
Fig. 299 D, or simply across one end. These slats must be low enough
so that the bluestone, which is placed upon them in sacks, will be com-
pletely immersed in the water. This method admits quick dissolving
of the bluestone, much more rapidly than if simply poured into the
tank and stirred.
The lime and bluestone are mixed with a given amount of water so
that the proper quantities of the resultant solutions can be measured
so as to give the mixture the strength of the above formula.
The sieve used should be made of l)rass wire and contain twenty
meshes to the inch.
This spray is usually used as a repellent for the flea-beetles, cucum-
ber beetles, diabrotica, and other leaf-eating insects.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
309
BANDS.
To prevent insects from crawlinu' up the trunks of trees and plants
various bands have been devised which have proven exceedingly suc-
cessful in many instances.
Tanglefoot. — Tree tanglefoot is a thick, sticky substance which, when
applied as a band, remains moist for several weeks and is a very effec-
tive barrier against cankerworms, caterpillars, cutworms. Fuller's rose
beetle and other crawling insects.
The material is put up in cans. It should be applied directly to
the trunk of the tree several feet above the ground.
Sticky Rope. — In the work on the California tussock moth. W. H.
Fig. 299. — Apparatus for preparing Bordeaux, mi.\tuie. B. slanting-bottom sieve
for straining lime Into spray tank ; a, side view showing screen nailed to slanting
bottom ; h. top view of same ; C, round wire sieve for straining lime into spray tank.
«. round wooden bottom with hole covered with wire screen, b, cylindrical sides
made of fine screen and tacked around the top and bottom, c, square frame used as
a top ; d, box for dis-solving bluestone, sacks of this material being placed upon the
slats and just covered with water. ( Essig, P. C. Jr. Bot. )
Volck recommends the use of rope bands saturated in an easily pre-
pared mixture as follows :
oil_-
Castor
Resin
(or any fraction thereof),
1 gallon
10 pounds
The resin and castor oil are gently heated until the former is com-
pletely melted. If too thick more oil may be added. The bands
310 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
dipped in this mixture should be replaced by new ones about every
ten days.
Crude oil rich in asphaltnm or a mixture of equal parts of pine tar
and molasses have also given satisfactory results.
Cotton Bands. — Bands of loose cotton fastened around the trunks
of the trees are excellent in preventing the ascent of insects.
Oiled Paper. — Oiled paper tied around the trunks of small vines
and plants is an old method which sometimes proves practical to-day.
WHITEWASH.
Whitewashing tlie limbs of trees has been an old practice of consid-
erable merit because it serves somewhat as an insecticide and a fungi-
cide. It also prevents sunburn.
Lately whitewash has been used with considerable success in the
control of pear thrips, as follows :
Quick lime 80 pounds
Water 100 pounds
After the lime is slaked and mixed the material should be strained
through a fine sieve into the spray tank.
THE APPLICATION OF SPRAYS.
EQUIPMENT.
The proper application of any spray is without doubt the most
important factor in all spraying work. A very poor product well
applied often gives much better results than a good product poorlj^
applied. How much better, then, the thorough application of a relia-
ble product.
Pumps. — The procuring of a good pump is the first step. In this
the purchaser must be guided entirely ])y the amount of spraying he
has to do. For small yards and gardens or for young orchard trees the
ordinary foot and bucket pump (Fig. 300) is satisfactory. The knap-
sack pump (Fig. 800) is also a convenient apparatus, especially for
spraying young orchard trees where there is much walking and little
spraying.
For small orchards of from five to ten acres luiiid pumps with pressure
tanks and from one to two leads of hose, such as shown in Fig. 301, do
very well and give complete satisfaction if great care is taken to keep
the solution in the tank well stirred and the application is made
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
311
thorough. The absence of an agitatt)r is a great handicap to any hand
machine.
For orchards of from ten to twenty acres small power pumps are
adequate but even in such orchards a good power machine will pay for
itself in a very short time. High pressure and thorough agitation, the
great essentials in spraying work, can only be had with a good power
machine. Such a machine is shown in Fig. 302 and is able to supply
two or four leads of hose with an adequate pressure. Orchardists own-
FiQ. 3C0.— The oidinarv hand, foot and bucket spray pump at left and a
knapsack lump at the light. The pikes of such pumps range from $2.00
to $10.00. (Cal. Hoit. Com.)
ing only small orchards are clubbing together and buying a power
sprayer for several orchards and find this a convenient way of getting
first class work done cheaply.
For truck crops an entirely different machine has been devised.
Some growers have mounted the ordinary power pumps upon a satis-
factory wagon and have made attachments for spraying rows. A geared
sprayer such as shown in Fig. 303 is certainly a most commendable
machine, making it possible to spray rapidly, thoroughly and with little
cost of operation. Such a pump is recommended for spraying potatoes,
tomatoes, corn, peas or any ether crops sown in rows or broadcast.
312
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Blowers. — For the api)lieation of clu.st sprays, liaiid and power
nuiehines are manufactured. With the blower shown in Pig. 30-1 it is
Fig. sol — A good hand pump with
pressure gauge costing from .$20.00
to $2.5.0 0.
possible to cover from twenty to sixty acres in a sin'^lc day. thus reducing
the cost of application to almost nothing.
Fig. 302. — An excellent type of a power spi'a.ver costing $o.'iO.OO. (Courtesy
Bean Spray Pump Co. )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
313
Pressure. — With a good pnmp there will be little dittieulty about
maintaining sufficient pressure which is a very great consideration in
obtaining good work. For general spraying the pressure should not
fall below 150 pounds, while 200 pounds to the square inch is not too
nuich. Such pressure enables the operator to reach every part of the
tree or foliage in a very sliort time.
Nozzles. — There are at present'many more types of nozzles than any
Fig. 303. — A geared sprayer which is excellent for spraying garden
and truck crops. This machine costs $82.50.
one man can ever hope tt) test the merits of. And as a matter of fact
some of the present types are adequate for all kinds of spraying work.
The large type (Fig. 305 b and c), known as the "Jumbo," "Whirl-
pool," "Misty Jr." and "Friend" will meet the needs of almost any
work by simply changing the disc and thus enlarging or reducing the
size of the hole. For the application of very fine sprays for small
animals like red spiders and mites the cyclone type as shown in Fig.
305a is verv good.
314
TUB MONTHLY BTTIJ.ETIN.
It has been fouiKl that the aiiyle nozzle (Fig. 305b) is far superior to
the straight form in tliat it admits of a much greater range of work
allowing the operator to spray up. down or straight into the tree by a
simple turn of the wrist.
Fig. 304. — A power blower for applyinj;- dust sprays in
orchards. About forty acrts can he treated in one day with
such a machine. It costs $115.00.
For a povi-er pump and two leads of hose, two angle nozzles (Fig.
305 a or b) on a straight "Y" (Fig, 306) or two straight nozzles (Fig.
305c) on an angle "Y" (Fig. 306) to each lead of hose have given the
most satisfactory results in the thoroughness, quickness and cheapness
of application.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
315
THOROUGHNESS.
Great care should be taken to make the application thorough in
every respect. The material should not only be well agitated but applied
to every portion of the tree. JMost of the unsatisfactory results in
Fig. 305. — Spra.v nozzles, a, side cyclone, ii splendid nozzle
for spraying trees and plants infested with red spiders or
mites ; b, angle and c, straight "Jumbo" nozzles, excellent for ■
general work.
spraying are due to inefficient and careless operators. Every portion of
the tree should be thoroughly drenched. The tips of the side branches
and the tops should receive the same careful consideration as is usually
Fig. 30 6. — Straight and angle "Y."
The "LT" shaped form is much better
than one with a "V" shaped fork as
shown at the right, because the spray is
forced straight ahead instead of side-
ways. Angle nozzles should be used on
the straight "Y" and straight nozzles on
the angle "Y."
given to the trunk. No one can hope for good results who neglects this
important phase of spraying work.
TIME OF APPLICATION.
Of course the time of application varies somewhat with each particular
pest, but there is a time for every one. The grower should carefully
ascertain when that time is and do the work then and not wait until
his efforts bring little or no avail. Those who spray for codling moth
can appreciate what the time element means.
316 THE MONTHLY BT'LLETIN.
APPROXIMATE COST OF SPRAYING
MATERIALS.
The follow] n,u' prices have been secured from a large number of
dealers and represent the average retail cost of these materials. Such
prices, though exceedingly variable, enable the grower to arrive at the
approximate cost of a spray and also show that it is desirable to buy
in as large quantities as possible.
Commercial Lime-Sulphur Solution.
In lot.s of frum 1 tu li.j barr.'ls .$10 OU per barrel.
In lots of 20 barrels 9 00 per barrel.
In lots of 100 barrels S 00 per barrel.
There is an extra charge of from -i^l.OO to $1.50 on each barrel which
if returned is refunded.
These prices are f. o. b. at point of destination.
Copper Sulphate (bluestone).
The price of this commodity is exceedingly variable but at present is
as follows :
In 5 or 25 pound lots 2."> cents per pound.
In 100 pound lots 0 cents per pound.
In 450 pound lots 7i cents per pound.
In 2000 pound lots . 7 cents per pound.
In car load lots 0 cents per ])ound.
Arsenate of Lead (paste 15 per cent).
In 5 i)Ound steel containers 13i cents per pound.
In 10 pound steel containers 12J cents per pound.
In 25 pound steel containers 12 cents per pound.
In .50 pound steel containers 10^ cents per pound.
In 1((0 pound steel containers 10 cents per pound.
Arsenate of Lead (dry).
In 1 pound lots 32 cents per pound.
In 5 or 10 pound lots 30 cents per pound.
In .50 ])ound lots 2(5 cents per pound.
In ton lots these prices are reduced 10 per cent.
Arsenite of Zinc (powder).
2 or 2 iK)und cartons 20 cents per pound.
48 pound cartons 18 cents per pound.
Paris Green.
1 pound lots 30 cents per pound.
5 or 10 pound lots 27 cents per pound.
.50 or 100 pound lots - 2.5 cents per pound.
Lime (unslaked).
In 5 to 25 pound lots 2 cents per jiound.
In 100 pound lots .$1 15 per 100 pounds.
In barrels of 220 pounds .$1 50 to $1 85 each.
THE MONTHLY BUIiLETIN.
317
Sulphur (flowers or resublimed).
In .-) poniKl lots -t c-"ts per poiuicl.
In 25 pound lots ^A cents per pound.
In 100 pound lots '^'i cents per pound.
In nud i)ound lots $2 65 per 100 pounds.
In ton lots 2 50 per 100 pounds.
Caustic Soda (powdered, 98 per eent).
In 5 pound lots 5* cents per pound.
In 25 pound lots T) cents per pound.
In 100 pound lots -i* cents per pound.
In 500 pound lots -I cents per pound.
In ton lots 3i cmts per pound.
Whale Oil Soap.
In 5 pound lots 10 cents per pound.
In 25 pound lots T4 cents per pound.
In 40 to 45 iiound lots 4 cents pi-r pound.
Tobacco Extract (40 per cent).
1 gallon cans •$ 1 !•"> Pt'i' gallon.
5 gallon cans '•><> l>*^i" gallon.
lOi gallon cans 1- 00
Crude Carbolic Acid (lii to 20 per cent phenols).
In 1 pound lots 25 cents per pound.
In 5 pound lots 23 cents per pound.
In 25 pound lots 22 cents per pound.
In 50 pound lots 20 cents per pound.
Resin.
In 5 pound lots 5 cents per pound.
lu 25 pound lots ii cents per pound.
In 100 pound lots 4 cents per pound.
In 500 pound lots -$3 S5 per 100 pounds.
In ton lots 3 75 per 100 pounds.
Kerosene (cheap grade).
In 1 to 5 gallon lots 15 cents per gallon.
In 25 gallon lots 13^ cents per gallon.
In .50 gallon lots 12 cents per gallon.
Distillate (28 degrees Baume).
In 1 gallon lots_, 10 cents per gallon.
In 5 gallon lots 8 cents per gallon.
In 25 gallon lots T cents per gallon.
In 50 gallon lots 0 cents per gallor.
Containers extra.
Crude oil may be purchased at from .3 to 5 cents a gallon.
Pyrethrum ( powdered ) .
In 1 i)Ound lots 36 cents per pound.
In 5 pound lots 3i cents per pound.
In 10 pound lots 32 cents per pound.
In .50 pound lots -- 30 cents per pound.
318 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
CALIFORNIA SPRAY CHEMICAL COMPANIES.
Balfour Guthrie Company, San Francisco, California.
Bean Spray Pump Company, San Jose, California.
Braun Corporation, Los Angeles. California.
Braun-Kneeht-Heimann, San Francisco, California.
California Drug and Chemical Company, Los Angeles, California.
California Rex Spray Company, Beni( ia, California.
California Spray-Chemical Ccmpany. Watsonville. California.
Fruit Growers' Supply Company, Los Angeles, California.
Haas, Baruch & Company, Los Angeles, California.
Kirk-Geary, Sacramento, California.
Mountain Copper Compauy, San Francisco. California.
Monarch Oil Refining Company, San Francisco, California.
The American Agricultural Chemical Company, Los Angeles, Cal.
CALIFORNIA SPRAYING MACHINE COMPANIES.
Baker & Hamilton, San Francisco, California.
Bean Spray Pump Company. San Jose, California.
Crane Company. San Francisco, California.
Household Supply Company. San Francisco, California.
Smith-Booth-Usher. Lcs Angeles, California.
Theo. Poindexter, San Francisco, California.
^FUMIGATION.
Fumigation consists in the generation and uses of gases to kill destruc-
tive insect pests. Formerly such practices were limited to the uses of
carbon bisulfid, sulphur dioxid and tobacco fumes. The use of hydro-
cyanic acid gas in citrus orchards has lately l)een so perfected as to
become of very great importance and has opened up a remarkable field
in the control of orchard pests.
CARBON BISULFID.
Carbon bisulfid is a lic[uid which evaporates into a heavy, highly
explosive gas. It was first used for fumigating beans, grains or cereals
for weevils, and is still a very efficient method of controlling such pests.
Tu handling the liquid great care should be taken to keep it away from a
flame on account of its being highly explosive.
*For further information relative to fumigation, see
Bull. No. 76, Bur. Ent, U. S. Dept. Agrcl., by A. W. Morrill.
Bull. No. 79, Bur. Ent, U. S. Dept. Agrcl., by R. S. Woglum.
Bull. No. SO, (Part I.) Bur. Ent.. U. S. Dept. Agrcl., by R. S. W^oglum.
Bull. No. 90, (Part II.) Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agrcl., by R. S. Woglum.
Bull. 152, Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., by C. W. Woodworth.
Circular No. 11, Cal. Agrcl. E.xp. Sta., by C. W. Woodworth.
Circular No. 50, Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., by C. W. Woodworth.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 319
For storehouse Pests.— Before fumigation is begun care should be
taken to see that the room or container is made as tight as possible.
The temperature should be 70 deg. Fahr. or above, as poor and unsatis-
factory results are sure to follow even excessive doses at a lower tem-
perature. In a tight compartment five pounds to every thousand cubic
feet gives excellent results in killing weevils. If the compartments
cannot be made tight, increase the amount of carbon bisulfid.
For Root Pests.— In the field this liquid is used to kill root pests as
woolly aphis, black peach aphis, phylloxera, grubs, maggots, etc., but
is practical only in sandy or porous soils. For a small plant a single
hole is made near the base and a teaspoonful of the lirpiid poured in
and the hole covered to prevent outside evaporation. For larger plants
several or many holes should be made, deep enough to allow the liquid
to evaporate around the infested roots. A syringe-like instrument is
sometimes used to inject the liquid around the roots.
For Borers. — Injections of carbon bisulfid into the burrows of wood
borers and stopping the entrance of the burrows will kill all the insects
reached by the gas.
For Ants and Wasp Nests. — A small amount of this liquid poured
into underground nests of ants, wasps, etc., will suffice to destroy the
inhabitants very quickly.
TOBACCO FUMES.
For very tender house and greenhouse plants infested with plant
lice, thrips, etc., it is sometimes advisable to fumigate them with slowly
burning tobacco, but even in such cases hydrocyanic acid gas is replacing
the more uncertain tobacco fumes.
HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS.
Hydrocyanic acid gas is generated by the addition of diluted sul-
phuric acid to sodium or potassium cyanide. The generation is made
in an earthenware jar, the gas being confined in a fumigation house
or, if the work is being done in the orchard, in a teat thrown over the
tree. For many years the methods of fumigation depended entirely
upon each fumigator, there being no uniform or common procedure.
The results of this early work so clearly showed the need of systematism
that the United States Department of Agriculture set experts to work
out a reliable and uniform system of procedure. Dr. A. W. Morrill
inaugurated our present system of marked tents and a system of dosage,
which is known as "The INIorrill System." This work w^as done in
Florida. Later Mr. R. S. Woglum began operations in California and
greatly perfected this system so as to make it at once practical and
available to all the orchardists.
320
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
321
TENTS.
Shape. — In order to conform as near as practicable to the form of
a tree, fumigation tents are made in the shape of an octagon (8-sided)
(Fig. 308). If the tents were square the corners would be a constant
and unnecessary annoyance.
For small trees bell tents (Fig. 307) were formerly made by cutting
Fig. 308. — Showing shape and method of marking tent. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
the tents circular and sewing a strong hoop around the bottom. Such
tents are seldom if ever used at the present time.
Size. — The size of a tent naturally depends upon the size of the tree.
For young orchards a twenty-foot tent will serve until the trees are
about four years old and the tents can then be enlarged by simply
sewing a border around the edges. This border might just as well be
made of lighter and less expensive materials. In this way an orchard
may be carried over until the ordinary orchard tents can be used. In
fact many fumigators do use a large tent upon a small tree by placing
a suitable square or triangular frame around the tree to support the
14— H
322
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
tent or if the trees are strong enough to allow them to support the
tents unaided (Fig. 320).
For ordinary work forty-five-foot tents are commonly nsed and
meet all requirements of a full grown orchard, except for unusually
large trees, many of which require seventy or eighty-foot tents. It is
customary, however, to use two or even three tents together when
there is only an occasional large tree.
Materials. — The life and nature of a fumigation outfit depends
upon Ihc quality and care of the tents. Many materials have been
P'lG. 309. — Marked fumigating tent over tree. (After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
recommended- and )lriedj; army duck; and drills of .various weights
being those most used. Special tight-woven drill tents were recom-
mended' by fumigating investigators, but these materials, though
allowing but a small- escape of gas, have not been able to stand the
rough usage. • After several years of trial with the drills it is becom-
ing the unanimous opinion of fumigators that by far the best all
around tent material is the eight-ounce army duck. Though some-
.what coarse and open it is able to hold the gas well and may l>e used
almost twice as long as the drills.
Tents should be ordered a little larger to allow for shrinkage when
dipped.
Dipping. — To prevent moulding antl rotting, new tents are usually
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
323
treated in a tannin bath. A suitable outfit for this work is shown in
Fig. 310.
The tank shouhl have a capacity of from two hundred and fifty to
three hundred gallons. Oakbark extract of tannin is used at the rate
of one pound to every five gallons of water. Six or eight pounds of
tannin and the amount of water removed with the tent should be added
after each is dipped.
The tannin solution should l)e lirought to a boil and the tents im-
Wf^.' W' '
Fig. 310. — Apparatus for clipping tents in tannin to prevent mildew. (Aftt^r
Woglum. J
mersetl for half an hour after which they are removed andspread out
to 'drv.
A forty-five-foot tent will shrink about one foot all around in dipping
( avowing for some stretching. by use afterwards).
The cost of dipping for tannin, fuel, labor, etc., amounts to about
$1.2(Vto $1.^- outside of equipment. :
The wi'it'gr'is indebted to INIr. R. S. Yaile, horticultural commissioner
of Ventura County, for the information on shrinkage and cost of work.
324
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Marking. — Because of the shrinkage it is preferable to mark the
tents after dipping.
The usual practice consists in marking three one and a half or two-
inch parallel lines across the tent three feet apart. Three lines are
made in preference to one, so that when the tent is put over the tree
one of these lines will be sure to pass over the center. The measure-
ments over the tree are ascertained by numbering each foot across the
tent, beginning in the middle, and numbering each way, as shown in
Fig. 308. The first four numbers are not designated because they are
seldom if ever used. The cost of marking and stenciling the numbers
averages about seventy-five cents a tent.
Number for Outfit. — The ordinary fumigating outfit consists of
from thirty to forty tents, a number which five men are capable of
throwing and dosing at hourly intervals. An increase in apparatus
or men for handling and dosing will naturally admit of an increase in
this number.
Care. — Greatest care should be exercised to prevent acid coming in
contact with the tents for every contact results in a large or small
hole. Every day each tent should be carefully examined and all holes
covered with sewed patches. Failure to follow these suggestions
means poor and unsatisfactory work.
CHEMICAL WAGONS.
Under the old system of scheduling and estimating, the dosage for
every tree was made up at some central point in the orchard and dis-
tributed in carriers by hand (Fig. 319). The new system of determin-
FiG. 311. — A cheap and satisfactory hand chemical cart. (Photo by Vaile. )
ing and making the dosage of every tree separately gave rise to the
chemical cart or wagon, which carries a full supply of acid, cyanide and
water in easily available shape.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
325
The sulphuric acid should be kept in an earthenware or lead-lined
container and drawn off through a rubber siphon or outlet. An ordi-
nary keg or barrel with faucet will hold the water and a tight box is all
that is necessary for the cyanide. Dosage schedules, graduates, clamps,
rubber gloves, scales and sufficient light complete the outfit. (Pigs. 311,
312, 313.)
Acid Container. — For ordinary work a three, five or ten-gallon
earthenware jar is sufficient. A lead lid for the top and a three fourths
inch iron pipe inserted through a hole in the side near the bottom with
Fig. 312. — A splendid but expensive eliemical cart. (After The Braun Corporation.)
a piece of pure rubber tubing six inches long and closed by an acid
clamp is a cheap and practical device. Lead-lined tanks are more
durable, but also much more expensive.
Water Tank. — As there is three times as much water used as acid
the water tank must necessarily be larger. For a hand cart a pickle
keg is excellent, while a twenty-five or fifty-gallon barrel may be neces-
sary for a large wagon. An extension pipe and faucet furnish the
outlet which should be near that of the acid tank.
Graduates. — The quantity of acid and water used depends entirely
upon the amount of cyanide required for a dose. For every ounce of
potassium cyanide one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid and three fluid
326
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ounces of water are used, while for sodium cj^anide one and a half liquid
ounces of sulphuric acid and two liquid ounces of water are used. As
this is a fixed ratio in each case, graduates have been made to measure
out the exact amount of the liquid required in the terms of the number of
ounces of cyanide ; for instance if it required twelve ounces of sodium
cyanide for a dose the acid graduate is so scaled that it would be filled
to the twelve ounce line, which would mean eighteen liquid ounces and
the water graduate to the twelve-ounce line, which would be twenty-
four liquid ounces. Such a scheme makes it -unnecessary to make men-
tal calculations and thus avoids mistakes. ....
ACID GENERATORS.
Acid generators are earthenware pots usually made in gallon, two-
gallon and three-gallon sizes and with or without lids (Fig. 314). The
lid has long been recognized as a valuable adjunct to a generator by
throwing the gas outward, thus preventing burnings directly above the
generator. It also prevents the sputtering over of the acid due to the
violent chemical reaction vv'hen the cyanide is added. So far there ap-
FiG. 313. — A specially constructed chemical wagon. (Photo by. Fawcett. )
pears to be no lid manufactured which is entirely satisfactory, though
nearly all fumigators prefer those on the market to the open generator.
A suitable lid should be light and hinged so as to admit of easy
emptying.
The two-gallon generator is more generally used because it more
nearly meets the requirements of large and small doses. Care should
be exercised not to fill a single pot more than one third full of acid and
water before the cyanide is added as the contents may boil over and nuich
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
327
of it be wasted. For large doses use two or more generators to a tree.
To prevent unnecessary sputtering, especially when open generators are
used, small cheap paper bags are excellent to contain the cyanide when
it is dropped into the acid.
MEASURING THE TENTS.
The air space of the tents is determined by a schedule based upon the
cubical contents which in actual field operations is determined by the
distances over and around the,, tent when it covers a tree. The distance
over is easily ascertained by the marked lines across the tent — the sum
Fig. 314. — Acid generatoi-.s showing residue remaining because of careless emptying.
(After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
of the two figures nearest the ground being taken. The distance around
is often paced, but careful fumigators use a tapeline which is certainly
the only procedure to be recommended. The tapeline should be nunij
bered in feet on both sides, the numbering of each side being opposite so
as to admit of the use of either end without subtraction. A small, light
snap is usually sewed to each end to be fastened to the ring at the top
of a short iron pin stuck in the ground to hold the loose end while th^
tape is carried around the tent.
DOSAGE SCHEDULES.
These schedules are printed on fairly stiff paper so that they may
be tacked upon a board for the use of the cyanide man. The figures
are black and large enough to be plainly seen by the light of a torch
or lantern on the darkest night. Half and quarte-r ounces are omitted,
328
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
because of the difficulty in reading the small fractions at night and
beeanse few scales are made to register these small amounts accu-
rately. All less than half ounces are placed in the lower figure,
while half ounces or over are placed in the next higher figure. A
more convenient way of fixing up the schedule is to have a cylinder
made of zinc, with a narrow slot, the width of a row of figures, covered
b}^ a glass, and a wooden roller on the inside, similar to a rolling pin.
Each end of the cylinder is closed by a cap with a hole in the center,
in which turns the handles of the wooden roller. The chart or schedule
is attached to the roller so as to revolve in the cylinder. The figures
Fig. 315. — A water supply wagon for a large fumigating outfit.
P. C. Jr. Ent.)
(After Pierce,
of the distances around are pasted along the top of the slot to conform
with the like numbers on the schedule. In finding the dosage one has
only to turn the roller until the distance over shows at the left-hand
end of the slot, the figure at the top of the slot shows the distance
around. In this way, the chart is kept perfectly dry and bright and
the possibilities of making a mistake are reduced to a minimum. This
arrangement was first invented by Mr. McFadden, who uses it on all
of his chemical carts.
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT.
Rubber gloves for handling the acid graduate and generators, pure
rubber tubing for drawing off the acid, acid clamps or cut-offs to
control the flow, a pair of scales registering ounces, thermometer and
good lights are as necessary as any of the other equipment.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
329
CHEMICALS.
The chemicals used for generating hydrocyanic acid gas in fumigat'
ing work are potassium or sodium cyanide, commercial sulphuric acid
and water. The cyanide is usually handled in the 200-pound cases and
the acid in steel drums weighing from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds.
Cyanide. — For many years potassium cyanide 98-99 per cent pure
was thought to be the best and only reliable source of hydrocyanic acid
gas. It was formerly used to the exclusion of all others and is still
preferred by many who do not wish to add the injurious residue of
Fig. 316. — The McFadden tent-hoisting machine. (After W^oghim. )
sodium cyanide to their soil, and also by those who do not see enough
advantages in sodium cyanide to warrant a change.
There are two grades of sodium cyanide ; the 98-100 per cent pure,
which is totally unfit for fumigation purposes because of the impurities
it contains, and the pure 129-130 per cent sodium cyanide, which is used
almost exclusively for fumigation work. This product, though some-
what more expensive than the potassium cyanide per pound, has much
more available hydrocyanic acid gas and consequently a smaller amount
is necessary, which is enough smaller to make the cost of dosage less
than that for potassium cyanide, and is therefore fast displacing it.
Much has been said for and against the sodium cyanide relative to the
burning of fruit and foliage, but this is still an unsettled point.
330
THE MO^"l'lll.^• BULLETIN.
Both of the cyanides are good and reliable, and the deciding features
\\ ill |)r()l)ab]y always be the supply avai]al)le and the price.
Sulphuric Acid. — Fumigating sulphuric acid has a specific gravity
of about (i6 degrees Baume and often containing traces of nitric acid
and arsenic, lead or zinc. It has been the current belief that especially
nitric acid caused the burning of the fruit and foliage so often the
results of fumigating work, but R. S. Woglum in Bull. No. 90, Part I,
page 42, U. S. Dept. Agrcl. Bureau, Entomology, states that this is an
erroneous ])elief. It should always be the aim of every fruit grower to
get good grades of sulphuric acid, which is not at all difficult at the
l>resent time.
CHEMICAL PROPORTIONS.
Potassium Cyanide:
Potassium c.\;uiide 1 ounce.
Suliiluu'ic acid__^, 1_ : 1 fluid ounce.
\Vater .iz 3 fluid ounces.
Sodium Cyanide:
Sodium cyanide_! 1 ounce.
Sulphuric acid — ^>»^ li fluid ounces.
Water JV .2 fluid ounces.
METHODS OF PROCEDURE.
For an outfit of thirty or thirty-five tents five men arc re([uired to
operate to an advantage. Two men pull the tents and Idck in the edge^
around the bottom. One man, the taper, takes the measiirements of the
tree and calls them off to the man who weighs out the cy-anide. After
determining the dosage this man also empties the generators from the
row just finished and has them ready for the next trees- by the time the
chemical cart arrives. The man who weighs the cyanide determines the
dose on the schedule from the measurements called out by the man who
measures the tents. The cyanide man. also lifts :tlie Tent-so- that the
last man who measures out the acid and water in the generators may
place them well under the tree, after which the cyanide is added. In
no case should the acid man touch the tents! While the chemical men
are dosing one tree the taper is getting the measurements for the next
tree ready in advance. In brief, the procedure is as follows: putting
the tents over the trees, measuring and dosing. The string of thirty
tents can be easily dosed within forty-five minutes or an hour. Methods
of procedure vary considerably, the above being general.
For extra large trees a special tent-hoisting apparatus (Fig. 316)
has been devised by Mr. C. E. McFadden, with which a 70 or 80-foot
tent can be easily and quickly put over the largest citrus trees.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
331
DOSAGE.
The amount of cyanide used depends upon the pest to be treated.
Accordingly several schedules (Figs. 317, 318) have been made, based
Di.stance around tre&.
Fig. 31 1
-Schedule No.
1. The ttrst few dosages should be doubled.
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)
upon dosage schedule No. 1 for purple or red scale made by R. S.
Woglum. This dosage consists of one and a half ounces of potassium
cyanide to every one hundred cubic feet of air space. The schedule
dosage for black scale usually consists of three fourths of schedule
No. 1 and is designated dosage schedule No. f .
If sodium cyanide is used the dosages are reduced 25 per cent.
Black Scale.— Either dosage schedule No. f or ^ for potassium
332
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
cyanide or ^ for sodium cyanide. The smaller dosage is recommended
only where there is an even hatch of very young scale insects.
Purple, Red, Yellow Scale. — Use dosage schedule No. 1 for potassium
cyanide and No. f for sodium cyanide.
Mealy Bug. — The same dosage as for black scale gives almost as good
results as the heavier doses.
LENGTH OF EXPOSURE.
The time required to complete the generation of the gas is not long,
but it is advisable to leave the tents upon the trees for at least forty-five
minutes after the dosage is placed under the tent. Some prefer thirty
minutes, while others insist upon a full hour.
VENTURA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL. COMMISSIONER
E. O. ES3IG
FUMIGATING SCHEDULE FOR BLACK SCALE
SODIUM CYANIDE
DISTANCE
AROUND,
IN FEET
16
IS
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
10
1
1
1
1
1
10
12
1
1
2
2
2
2
12
U
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
14
16
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
IS
13
2
2
2
3'
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
13
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
02
54
56
58
60
20
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
20
22
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
22
24
4
4
4
S
S
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
24
26
4
B
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
?0
28
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
04
66
68
30
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
11
11
U
11
12
12
30
32
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
32
34
8
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
34
36
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
38
38
9
9
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
66
53
GlJ
62
C4
06
08
40
9
10
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
40
41
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
16
16
15
16
42
42
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
44
43
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
17
46
44
13
14
14
14
16
15
16
15
17
17
48
50
52
64
56
5S-
CO
62
64
66
68
45
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
IT
50
46
14
14
16
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
62
47
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
18
54
48
14
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
56
49
.
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
19
58
NOTE. — Quarter and hall ounces are omitted to
froporttons for mixing chemlcalc — Sodium Cyai
make
nide 1
the schedule more practical for
, Sulphuric Add I'.'j. Water 2.
fictd conditions.
Fig. 318. — ^Dosage schedule No. J for black scale using- sodium cyanide as prepared
by Woglum. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
333
TIME OF OPERATION.
For red, purple and yellow scale fumigation work is usually done
during the winter or spring months. If black scale is present the time
of operation covers the period from the middle of August to the middle
of January, depending somewhat upon the individual locality.
TEMPERATURE.
To avoid the heat of the sun, fumigation is ordinarily done during the
night, when the atmosphere is cool. Cloudy cool days may admit of
some work, but all day operations are liable to cause severe burnings of
fruit and foliage.
Excessive coldness is also liable to cause disastrous results. Keep a
thermometer on the wagon and do not operate under the following
conditions : when the temperature is 70 degrees Fahr. or more above
zero or when it is 36 degrees Fahr. or less. This latter temperature
should be carefully avoided especially upon damp or wet nights.
Hot, electric winds also aid to produce severe burning and all work
should be suspended on nights they are blowing.
Orchards subsequently sprayed with Bordeaux mixture should not be
fumigated as there results a chemical reaction which is exceedingly
damaging to the fruit and foliage.
BUYING MATERIALS.
Fumigating acid and cyanide are usually bought in large lots by the
fumigating contractor, the various associations, the counties and large
Pig. 319. — Method of dosing under the estimating system, which is fast being replaced
by the Morrill system. (After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
334
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
orchard companies who are able to get the benefits of a much reduced
price. Until within the last few years the owner of a small orchard
was not thus benefited unless the association to which he belonged or
the county bought his materials. A cooperative company in the southern
part of the State composed of the citrus growers themselves and known
as the Fruit Growers' Supply Company, now gives its members the
advantage of the prices obtained l)y making large purchases.
BLOCK FUMIGATION.
The spread of scale insects in citrus orchards is very rapid and under
ordinary methods of fumigation, where only part of a district is treated
each year, there is always a source of re-infestation from the trees which
have not been fumigated for from one to several years. To eliminate
this -condition it is exceedingly desirable to fumigate large blocks or
I racts of orchards the same year and thus place each upon the same
basis. ' This is known as block fumigation and should be encouraged in
every possible way, as it has great advantages over the usual haphazard
i'umigation of a district.
Fig. 320. — Using large tents for small trees. Nut a good practice for the tents.
(After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Bnt.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
335
COST OF MATERIALS.
The following prices are a fair idea of average cost of supplies used
in fumigating work :
TENTS.
Sizes
Double Filled.
24 X 24 63 ounce dr
30x30 CA ounce dr
36x3(J 6i ounce dr
41 X 41 6i ounce dr
45 X 4.''> C>i ounce dr
64 X (U (U ounce dr
11 $8 60 8 ounce Army duck $11 25
11 13 65 8 ounce Army duck 17 85
11 19 50 8 ounce Army duck . 25 50
11 25 60 8 ounce Army duck 83 45
11 29 90 8 ounce Army duck 39 10
11 62 40 8 ounce Army duck 81 60
80x80 6* ounce drill 98 50 8 ounce Army duck_
128 70
Fig. 321. — Row of fumigating tents showing the great difference in the size of the
trees and emphasizing the need of measuring to ascertain the individual dosages.
(After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)
MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES.
Generators.
1 gal. 1 1-2 gal. 2 gal. 3 gal.
Dozen $3 60 .$6 00 $7 20 $10 20
Crating per dozen (extra) 65 65 70 70
Hinged covers to fit : $0.30 each ; $3.00 per dozen.
Graduates.
Water $0 75.
Acid 8 ounces, $0 20; '16 ounces, $0 30.
336 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES— Continued.
Pure rubber tubing, i inch $1 05 per yard.
Pure rubber tubing, ^ inch 1 35 per yard.
Acid cut-offs 50c each; $6 00 per dozen
Acid tanks, lead, 5 gallons $15 00
Acid tanks, stone, 5 gallons 6 00
Acid tanks, stone, 10 gallons 7 00'
Made up 5-gallon stone jars cost from .$4 00 to $5 00.
Tape cloth, 75-foot $ 3 30
Tape-cloth, 100-foot 3 90
Tape steel, 75-foot 5 00'
Tape steel, 100-foot 5 75
Rubber gloves $2 50 per pair.
Cyanide Scales $3 50 to $4 00
Thermometer .$1 25 to $3 15
Acid hand cart (Mfg.) 90 OO
Acid hand cart made up 35 00
Acid wagon (Mfg.) $100 00 to $200 00
Acid cart for horse made up 35 00 to 100 OO
Sulphuric Acid.
The price varies somewhat but is about li cents per pound.
Cyanide.
Potassium cyanide averages from 25 to 25^ cents a pound in large lots, while .
sodium costs from 2 to 4 cents more per pound.
CALIFORNIA COMPANIES CARRYING FUMIGATING
SUPPLIES.
The Braun Corporation (General) : Los Angeles, Cal.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann (General) San Francisco, Cal.
California Drug and Chemical Co. (General) Los Angeles, Cal.
P'ruit Growers' Supply Co. (General) Los Angeles, Cal.
Haas, Baruch & Co. Los Angeles, Cal.
Melius Bros. (Tents) Los Angeles, Cal.
Mountain Copper Co. (Acid) San Francisco, Cal.
The American Agricultural Chemical Co. (Acid) Los Angeles, Cal.
Wm. Hoegee Co. (Tents) Los Angeles, Cal.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 337
CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL LAWS
AND OUARANTINE ORDERS RE-
LATING TO INSECTS.
(Repealed quarantine orders and those covered by State and national laws are not
included here.)
AN ACT RELATING TO THE STATE COMMISSIONER OF
HORTICULTURE.
[Approved April 26, 1911.]
§ 2319, Political Code. The State Commissioner of Horticulture of California
shall be a citizen and resident of this State, and his term shall be for four years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified. The Governor may remove such
Commissioner from office at any time upon filing with the Secretary of State a certifi-
cate of removal signed by the Governor. In the case of vacancy in said office by
death, resignation, removal from office, or other cause the Governor shall fill the
vacancy for the unexpired term. In appointing such Commissioner and his successor
or successors It shall be the duty of the Governor to disregard political affiliations
and to be guided in his selection entirely by the professional and moral qualifications
ot the person so selected for the performance of the duties of said office. Said Com-
missioner shall be a civil executive officer. The salary of said Commissioner shall be
tour thousand dollars per annum, and he shall be allowed his traveling and incidental
expenses necessary in the discharge of his duties. For the direction and accomplish-
ment of his work tlie said Commissioner may and is hereby empowered to appoint
certain deputies, secretary, quarantine officers, superintendents, assistants, and clerk
as hereinafter provided, who shall hold office at the pleasure of said Commissioner
and perform any and all duties pertaining to their office or employment which the
said Commissioner may require of each of them, and may be removed from office or
position at any time by said Commissioner filing with the Secretary of State a certifi-
cate signed by said Commissioner so removing such deputy, secretary, quarantine
officer, superintendent, assistant, or clerk. The traveling and other necessary ex-
penses incurred by the officers and employees herein provided for in the performance
of their duties shall be paid from the funds appropriated for the support of the office
of State Commissioner of Horticulture. Said Commissioner may arrange his office
into three divisions, to wit : executive office, quarantine division, insectary and
pathological division. Said Commissioner may appoint a chief deputy who shall be
an expert entomologist and horticulturist and shall have charge of the work in the field
and shall represent the Commissioner ex officio with the county horticultural com-
missioners when so authorized in accordance with the provisions of the law. Such
chief deputy shall receive a salary of two thousand four hundred dollars per annum.
Said Commissioner may appoint a secretary, who shall be a civil executive officer.
Said secretary shall be versed in horticulture and entomology and shall compile such
bulletins and such pul)lications as may issue from the office of said Commissioner
from time to time, and shall perform all other duties as may be required of him by
said Commissioner. Such secretary shall receive a salary of two thousand four hun-
dred dollars per annum. Said Commissioner may appoint a clerk whose salary shall
be one thousand five hundred dollars per annum. The main office of such Commis-
sioner shall be at the city of Sacramento. The Secretary of State shall furnish and
set aside at the capitol a room or rooms suitable for offices for said Commissioner,
and if the Secretary of State shall make and file an affidavit with the said Commis-
sioner stating that it is not possible for him, as such Secretary of State, to provide
and set aside an office for said Commissioner in the Capitol or in any State building
under his control, because there is no such office room or rooms available, then, and
after the making and delivery of such affidavit to such Commissioner, the said Com-
missioner may rent rooms convenient and suitable for his offices at a rental not to
exceed one thousand dollars per year. The office of said Commissioner shall be kept
open every day except holidays, and shall be in charge of the secretary, during the
absence of the Commissioner. Said Commissioner may also keep and maintain an
office in the city and county of San Francisco at a yearly rental not to exceed the
sum of five hundred dollars. Said Commissioner may appoint for the work of the
quarantine division a cliief deputy quarantine officer who shall be a skilled entomolo-
gist and particularly conversant with the nature of foreign insect pests and diseases
338 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
and effective means of preventing their introduction, and sliall have cliarge of the
Commissioner's San Francisco office provided for in this section of this act. Such
chief deputy quarantine officer shall receive a salary of two thousand four hundred
dollars per annum. Said Commissioner may appoint a deputy ciuarantine officer who
shall be a competent entomologist for the purpose of quarantine work. Such deputy
quarantine officer shall receive a salary of one thousand eight hundred dollars per
annum. Said Commissioner shall also properly maintain and operate the State Insec-
tary located on the State Capitol Grounds in Sacramento from funds provided by
law for such purpose, and shall appoint for the work of the insectary division a
superintendent of the insectary, who shall be an expert entomologist able to perform
all the necessary duties with reference to the importation, rearing and distribution of
beneficial insects. The salary of the superintendent of the State Insectary shall be
two thousand four hundred dollars per annvuTi. Said Commissioner may appoint an
assistant superintendent of the insectary, who shall be an economic entomologist, at
a salary of one thousand eight hundred dollars per annum. Said Commissioner may
appoint a field deputy for the insectary division, who shall be a practical entomol-
ogist and whose salary shall be one thousand five hundred dollars per annum. The
salaries of all the officers above mentioned shall be paid at the same time and in
the same manner as the salaries of other State officers. Said Commissioner may
plso appoint, by and with the approval of the Governor, such temporary deputies
from time to time as may be required and such temporary deputies shall receive such
reasonable compensation per diem as may be fixed by said Commissioner.
§ 2319«. Svich Commissioner shall collect books, pamphlets and periodicals and
other documents containing information relating to horticulture and shall preserve
the same ; collect statistics and other information showing the actual condition and
progress of horticulture in this State and elsewhere ; correspond with horticultural
societies, colleges and schools, and with the county horticultural commissioners exist-
ing or that may exist in this State, and with all other persons necessary to secure
the best results to horticulture in this State. He shall require reports from county
horticultural commissioners in this State, and may print the same or any part thereof
as he may select, either in the form of bulletins or in his annual reports or both, as
he shall deem proper. He shall issue and cause to be printed and distributed to
county horticultural commissioners in this State, and to such other persons as he may
deem proper, bulletins or statements containing all the information best adapted to
promote the interest and protect the business and development of horticulture in this
State. Such Commissioner shall be deemed to be the State horticultural quarantine
officer mentioned in that certain act entitled, "An act for the protection of horticul-
ture, and to prevent the introduction into this State of insects, or diseases, or ani-
mals injurious to fruit or fruit trees, vines, bushes or vegetables, and to provide for
a quarantine for the enforcement of this act," which became a law under consti-
tutional provisions without the Governor's approval on March 11th, 1899, for the
purposes of that act, and shall be empowered to perform the duties which under that
act are to be performed by the State horticultural quarantine officer ; provided, that
in any case where it shall become necessary in the judgment of the State Com-
missioner of Horticulture to quarantine a county or districts within the State against
another or other county or counties or districts within the State, or to quarantine
the State or a county or district of the State against another state or a foreign
country or countries then it shall be necessary that said quarantine shall be made
by and with the approval of the Governor as provided in this chapter.
The State Commissioner of Horticulture may issue commis-sions as quarantine
guardians to the county horticultural commissioners, deputies and inspectors ap-
pointed by them.
§ 2319 T). Said Commissioner may, by and with the approval of the Governor,
establish, maintain and enforce such quarantine regulations as may be deemed neces-
sary to protect the nurseries, trees, shrul)S, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions,
buds, fruit-pits, fruit, seeds, vegetables or other articles of horticulture, against
contagion or infection by injurious disease, insects or pests, by establishing such
quarantine at the boundaries of this State or elsewhere within the State, and he may
make and enforce, with the approval of the Governor, any and all such rules and
regulations as may be deemed necessary to prevent any infected stock, tree, shrub,
plant, vine, cutting, graft, scion, bud, fruit-pit, fruit, seeds, vegetable or other article
of horticulture, from passing over any quarantine line established and proclaimed
pursuant to this act. and all such articles shall, during the maintenance of such
quarantine, be inspected by such Commissioner or by deputies appointed in writing
by said Commissioner, and he and the deputies so conducting such inspection shall
not permit any such article to pass over such a quarantine line during such quaran-
tine, except upon a certificate of inspection signed by such Commissioner or in his
name by such a deputy who has made such inspection. All approvals by the Gov-
ernor given or made pursuant to this act shall be in writing and signed by the Gov-
ernor in duplicate, and one copy thereof shall be filed in the office of the Secretary
of State and the other in the office of said Commissioner before such approval shall
take effect.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 339
§ 2319r. LTpon information received by sucli Commissioner of the existence of any
infectious disease, insect or pest, dangerous to any article, or to tlie interests of
horticulture within tliis State, or tliat tliere is a probability of the introduction of
any such infectious disease, insect or pest into this State or across the boundaries
thereof, he shall proceed to thoroughly investigate the same and may establisli, main-
tain and enforce quarantine as hereinbefore provided, with such regulations as may
be necessary to circumscribe and exterminate or eradicate such infectious diseases,
insects or pests, and prevent the extension thereof, and is hereby authorized to enter
upon any ground or premises, and inspect any stock, tree, shrub, plant, vine, cutting,
graft, scion, bud, fruit-pit, fruit, seed, vegetable or other article of horticulture or
implement thereof or box or package pertaining thereto, or connected therewith or
that has been used in packing, shipping or handling the same, and to open any such
package, and generally to do, with the least injury possible under the conditions to
property or business, all ai'ts and things necessary to carry out the provisions of
this chapter.
§ 2319d. Upon the discovery of any infectious disease, insects or pests, such
Commissioner shall immediately report the same to such quarantine guardians,
county horticultural commissioners or county boards of horticulture of such counties
as are affected or liable to be affected by the disease, insect or pest, together with
a statement as to the best known rneans or method for circumscribing, exterminating
Or eradicating the same, and shall state therein specifically what treatment or
method should be applied in each case, as the matter may require, with a detailed
statement or prescription as to the method of making or procuring and of applying
any preparation or treatment so recommended therefor, and the time and duration
for such treatment, and if chemicals or articles be required other than those usually
obtainable in any town, the place or places where they are most readily to be
obtained, and upon the receipt of such statement by any quarantine guardian,
county horticultural commissioner or county board of horticulture, or any member
thereof it shall be the duty of such ciuarantine guardian, county horticultural com-
missioner or county board of horticulture to distribute such statement in written or
printed form to every person owning or having charge or possession of any orchard,
nursery stock, tree, shrub, plant, fruits or article of horticulture within their county,
where there may be or be likely to be any danger to the interests of horticulture,
and such a statement must be served with or be a part of the notice to be given to
the owner or owners or person or persons, in possession of any orchard, nursery,
tree, shrub, plants, fruits or other articles of horticulture, referred to, provided for,
and required to be served in and by section 2 of chapter 183 of the Laws of 1897 or
any amendments which have been or may be made thei'eto.
§ 2319e. Whenever it shall be necessary to establish quarantine under this chap-
ter, if there be any authorities or officers of the United States having authority to
act in such matter, or any part thereof, the said State Commissioner of Horticulture
shall notify such authorities or officers of the United States, seeking their coopera-
tion as far as possible wheresoever the jurisdiction of the United States extends and
is being exercised. The said Commi-ssioner shall at once notify the Governor of all
ciuarantine lines established under or pursuant to this chapter, and if the Governor
approve or shall have approved of the same or any portion thereof the same shall
be in effect and the Governor may issue his proclamation proclaiming the boundaries
of such quarantine and the nature thereof, and the order, rules or regulations pre-
scribed for the maintenance and enforcement of the same, and may publish said
proclamation in such manner as he may deem expedient to give proper notice thereof.
§ 2319/". The said State Commissioner shall be ex officio a county commissioner of
horticulture wherever such county commissioner has been appointed or may hereafter
be appointed or exist in this State pursuant to law, whenever he is present and
acting with said county horticultural commissioner within . such county where such
commissioner has been appointed.
§ 2319j7. It shall be the duty of Superintendent of State Printing to print and
deliver to the State Commissioner of Horticulture, upon the written request of said
Commissioner, all such bulletins, orders, rules, regulations, statements, reports and
other printed matter, as the said Commissioner may deem necessary to have and use
for carrying out the purpose of this chapter, and it shall be the duty of the Secretary
of State to cause to be prepared and furni.shed to such State Commissioner all station-
ery, paper, blank forms, envelopes, and writing material needful and convenient for
use in the office of such Commissioner.
§ 2319/^. It shall be the duty of the State Commissioner of Horticulture to report
in the month of January in each even-numbered year to the Governor, and in each
odd-numbered year to the legislature of this State the horticultural conditions of
the State with statistics regarding the same, the efficiency of the work of the county
horticultural commissioners of the State, and such other matters as he may deem
expedient or as may be required either by the Governor or legislature, and to include
a statement of all the persons employed and moneys expended under this chapter by
itemized statement thereof.
340 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
§ 2319?. Any person wilfully refusing to comply with orders lawfully made under
and pursuant to this chapter shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
shall be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars.
§ 2319i. All moneys paid hereunder shall be paid by the State Treasurer from
moneys appropriated for the support of the office of State Commissioner of Horticul-
ture, and expenses other than the salary of the Commissioner, the compensation of
his deputies, secretary, quarantine officers, superintendents, assistants, and clerk, as
allowed and provided by this chapter, must be certified by the said Commissioner and
be approved by the state board of examiners before being audited and paid.
AN ACT RELATING TO THE COUNTY COMMISSIONER OF
HORTICULTURE.
[Approved March 25, 1911.]
The peoiJle of the State of California, represented in Senate and Assemblij, do enact
as follows:
§ 2322, Political Code. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of super-
visors of any county, or city and county, and signed by twenty-five or more persons
each of whom is a resident freeholder and possessor of an orchard, or greenhouse or
nursery, stating that certain or all orchards, or nurseries or trees or plants of any
variety ' are infested with any serious infectious diseases, or insects of any kind
injurious to fruit, fruit trees, vines, or other plants or vegetables, or that there is
growing therein the Russian thistle or saltwort ( Salsoli kali var. tragus), Johnson
grass (^ Sorghum halepense) or other noxious weeds, codlin moth or other insects that
are destructive to trees and plants ; and praying that a commissioner be appointed
by them, whose duties shall be to supervise the destruction of said insects, diseases
or Russian thistle or saltwort, Johnson grass or other noxious weeds, as herein pro-
vided, the board of supervisors shall immediately notify the state board of horticul-
tural'examiners to furnish them a list of eligibles or competent persons as herein-
after provided, and from such list the said supervisors shall appoint a Commissioner
in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, whose term of ofRce shall be for
four years and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified and who shall
give a bond in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his
duties. The said term of office of any and all county commissioners heretofore or
hereinafter appointed shall commence on the date of appointment, and be for a
period of four years and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, at the
end of which period the said term shall terminate, and said term shall run with and
be attached to said office. In any case where such petition has already been pre-
sented or submitted, or is on file at the time of the passage of this act, as the basis
for the appointment of a board of horticultural commissioners under this chapter as
heretofore existing, such petition shall continue in full force and effect and the board
of supervisors of any county, or city and county with which any such petition has
been filed, or in which any board of horticultural commissioners has heretofore ex-
isted, must appoint a county horticultural commissioner. The person appointed to
such position must be specially qualified for his duties and must be chosen and
appointed by the board of supervisors from a list of eligible persons recommended
and nominated to said board as hereinafter provided, such appointment to be made
within thirty days after receipt of said list by said board of supervisors, and the said
board of supervisors shall provide a suitable office for the said commissioner and all
necessary expenses in the maintenance of said office shall be paid by said board of
supervisors. A state board of horticultural examiners is hereby created consisting
of the Dean of the Agricultural College of the University of California, the State
Commissioner of Horticulture and the superintendent of the State Insectary, who are
ex officio members of said board. They shall serve without pay and said board shall
provide convenient means for the examination of candidates for appointment as hor-
ticultural commissioner. While in the performance of their duties as members of
said board they shall be allowed all their necessary expenses for traveling, printing,
postage and other incidental matters to be paid out of any appropriations made for
the support of the office of the State Commissioner of Horticulture. At least thirty
days before the date of the examination of candidates for the said appointments the
state board of horticultural examiners shall post or cause to be posted in three pub-
lic places in said county notice of the time and place at which such examination will
be held, setting forth the conditions and subjects of said examination. At the time
and place stated and agreed upon such examination shall be held. Said examination
shall be in writing and the board of horticultural examiners may appoint one of
their own number, or some other reliable, competent person to conduct the holding
of such examination in each county and forward the papers of each applicant to the
board for consideration. Within twenty days after the examination is held said
examiners shall certify to the board of supervisors of the county, or city and county
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 341
for which the examination was liad, the names of such persons examined as tliey
deem competent and qualified for the office and from the list of names so certified
the supervisors shall within thirty days after the receipt of said list of names appoint
a horticultural commissioner. As far as possible the board of horticultural exam-
iners shall consult the resident horticulturists of the county in determining the
responsibility and moral qualifications of candidates for appointment as commis-
sioners and whose names they certify to the boards of supervisors of the several
counties. If no person or persons present themselves for examination before said
board of horticultural examiners or if after such examination no person is found
qualified, the state board of horticultural examiners shall name five competent per-
sons and certify them to the board of supervisors and fi'om these names the board
of supervisors shall within thirty days after the receipt thereof appoint a county
horticultural commissioner, and in such event the commissioner so appointed shall
hold office for the term of one year. In case of a vacancy in the office of horticul-
tural commissioner, the vacancy shall be filled first from the list of eligibles
certified to the board of supervisors under the provision of this chapter, and if
there be no person named on the said list of eligible persons as in this section first
above provided, then said vacancy shall be filled from the list of competent persons
named as in this section last above provided, and if said vacancy shall be filled from
the said list of eligibles the said person so appointed shall hold for the balance of the
unexpired term, but if the said vacancy be filled from the said list of competent
persons, the said person shall hold for the balance of the unexpired term, if the said
unexpired term be not longer than one year, but if said unexpired term be longer than
one year then such person shall not by virtue of such appointment hold longer than
one year from the date of his appoinLment. Whenever elsewhere in the laws of this
State reference is made to a county board of horticultural commissioners such
reference must be understood to mean or relate to the county horticultural com-
missioner herein provided for and said county board of horticultural commissioners
and the members thereof shall cease to exist as such ; provided, that all county
boards of horticultural commissioners existing at the time of the passage of this
act shall continue in office, with full power as heretofore existing until the election
or appointment to succeed them, of a county horticultural commissioner under the
provisions of this act. Upon the petition of twenty-five resident freeholders who
are possessors of an orchard, greenhouse or nursery the board of supervisors may
remove said commissioner for neglect of duty or malfeasanse in office after hearing
of the petition. In case of such removal upon such hearing, the board shall
immediately proceed to fill said office for the unexpired term as in cases of vacancy
as hereinbefore provided.
§ 2322a. It shall be the duty of the county horticultural commissioner in each
county, whenever he shall deem it necessary, to cause an inspection to be made of
any premises, orchards or nursery, or trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or fruits, or
any fruit-packing house, storeroom, salesroom, or any other place or article in his
jurisdiction, and if found infected with infectious diseases, scale insects, or codlin
moth, or other pests injurious to fruit, plants, vegetables, trees, or vines, or with
their eggs, or larvae, or if there is found growing thereon the Russian thistle or salt-
wort, Johnson grass or other noxious weeds, he shall in writing notify the owner or
owners, or person or persons in charge, or in possession of the said places or orchards
or nurseries, or trees, or plants, vegetables, vines, or fruit, or article as aforesaid,
that the same are infected with said diseases, insects, or other pests, or any of
them, or their eggs or larvae, or that the Russian thistle or saltwort, Johnson grass
or other noxious weeds is growing thereon, and require such person or persons, to
eradicate or destroy the said insects, or other pests, or their eggs or larvae, or Rus-
sian thistle or saltwort, Johnson grass or other noxious weeds within a certain time
to be therein specified. Said notices may be served upon the person or persons, or
either of them, owning or having charge, or having possession of such infested place
or orchard, or nursery, or trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or fruit, or articles, as
aforesaid, or premises where the Russian thistle or saltwort, Johnson grass or other
noxious weeds shall be growing, or upon the agents of either, by any commissioner,
or by any person deputed by the said commissioner for that purpose in the same
manner as a summons in a civil action ; provided, however, that if any such infected
or infested articles, property or premises as hereinabove specified belong to any non-
resident person and there is no person in control or possession thereof and such
non-resident person has no tenant, bailee, depositary or agent upon whom service
can be had ; or if the owner or owners of any such articles, property or premises can
not after due diligence be found, then such notice may be served by posting the
same in some conspicuous place upon such articles, property or premises, and by
mailing a copy thereof to the owner thereof at his last known place of residence, if
the same is known or can be ascertained. Any and all such places, or orchards, or
nurseries, or trees, plants, shrubs, vegetables, vines, fruit, or articles thus infested,
or premises where the Russian thistle or saltwort or Johnson grass or other noxious
weeds shall be growing, are hereby adjudged and declared to be a public nuisance ;
and whenever anv such nuisance shall exist at any place within his county, and the
proper notice thereof shall have been served, as herein provided, and such nuisance
342 THE MONTHLY^ BULLETIN.
shall not have been abated within the time specified in such notice, it shall be the
duty of the county horticultural commissioner to cause said nuisance to be at once
abated, by eradicating or destroying said diseases, insects, or other pests, or their
eggs, or larvae, or Russian thistle or saltwort or Johnson grass or other noxious
weeds. The expense thereof shall be a county charge, and the board of supervisors
shall allow and pay the same out of the general fund of the county. Any and all
sum or sums so paid shall be and become a lien on the property and premises from
which said nuisance has been removed or abated in pursuance of this chapter. A
notice of such lien shall be filed and recorded in the office of the county recorder of
the county in which the said property and premises are situated, within thirty days
fifter the right to the said lien has accrued. An action to foreclose such lien shall
be commenced within ninety days after the filing and recording of said notice of
lien, which action shall be brought in the proper court by the district attorney of
the county in the name and for the benefit of the county making such payment or
payments, and when the property is sold, enough of the proceeds shall be paid into
the county treasury of such county to satisfy the lien and costs ; and the overplus,
if any there be, shall be paid to the owner of the property, if he be known, and if
not, into the court for his use when ascertained. The county horticultural commis-
sioner is hereby vested with the power to cause any and all such nuisances to be at
once abated in a summary manner.
§ 2322b. Said county horticultural commissioner shall have power to divide the
county into districts, and to appoint a local inspector, to hold office at the pleasure
of the commissioner, for each of said districts, and may with the consent and ap-
proval of the board of supervisors, appoint a deputy horticultural commissioner from
a list of qualified persons certified to the board of supervisors by the state board of
horticultural examiners, such deputy to hold office at the pleasure of the commis-
sioner. The State Commissioner of Horticulture may issue commissions as quaran-
tine guardians to the county horticultural commissioner, the deputy and inspectors
appointed by him. The said quarantine guardians, local inspectors, deputies or the
said county horticultural commissioner, have full authority to enter into any orchard,
nursery, place or places where trees or plants or fruit are kept and offered for sale
or otherwise, or any house, storeroom, salesroom, depot, or any other such place in
their jurisdiction, to inspect the same, or any part thereof.
§2322c. It is the duty of the said county horticultural commissioner to keep a
record of his official doings and to make a report to the State Cohimissioner of Hor-
ticulture on or before the first day of October of each year of the condition of the
horticultural interests in their several districts, what is being done to eradicate
insect pests, also as to disinfecting, and as to quarantine against insect pests and
dieases, and as to the carrying out of all laws relative to the greatest good of the
horticultural interests, and to furnish from time to time to the State Commissioner
of Horticulture such other information as he may require. Said State Commissioner
of Horticulture may publish such reports in bulletin form or may incorporate so
much of the same in his annual report as may be of general interest. It is also
made the duty of the county horticultural commissioner to advise him.self with refer-
ence to all infectious diseases, scale insects or codlin moth or other pests injurious
to fruit, plants, vegetables, trees or vines, and with their eggs or larvae and all
noxious weeds or grasses that may exist in his county or be likely to exist tlierein
and for the purpose of so advising himself and of eradicating and preventing injury
from such causes, and for the purpose of advising himself on the best and most
efficacious methods of performing his duties and conducting his office he shall attend
the annual meeting of the state association of county horticultural commissioners,
and such other meetings as the State Commissioner of Horticulture shall reciuire,
and he shall be paid his per diem compensation and traveling expenses while so
engaged.
§ 2322f?. The salary of all inspectors working under tlie county lioi'tieultural com-
missioner is three dollars and fifty cents per day. The salary of the deputy shall
be five dollars per day when in the actual performance of his duties and the neces-
sary traveling expenses. In the case of the commissioner himself his compensation
shall be six dollars per day when actually engaged in tlie performance of liis duties,
and the necessary traveling expenses incurred in tlie discliarge of liis regular duties
as described in this chapter.
§ 2322e. It is the duty of the county horticultural commissioner to keep a record
of his official acts, and make a monthly report to the board of supervisors ; and the
board of supervisors may withhold warrants for salary of said commissioner, deputy
and inspectors until such time as such report is made.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 343
STATE QUARANTINE LAW.
[Approved January 2, 1912.]
The people of the State of California do enact as folloivs:
Section 1. Any person, persons, firm or corporation who sliall receive, bring or
rause to be brought into tlie State of California, any nursery stock, trees, slirubs.
plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds or fruit pits, or fruit or vegetables, or
seed, shall immediately after the arrival thereof notify the State Commissioner of
Horticulture, or deputy quarantine officer, or quarantine guardian of the district or
county in which such nursery stock, or fruit or vegetables or seed are received, of
their arrival, and hold the same without unnecessarily moving the same, or placing
such articles where they may be harmful, for the immediate inspection of such State
Commissioner of Horticulture, or deputy quarantine officer or guardian. If there is
no quarantine guardian or state horticultural quarantine officer in the county where
such nursery stock or fruit or vegetable, or seed is received, it shall then be the
duty of such person, persons, firm or corporation to notify the State Commissioner
of Horticulture, who sliall make immediate arrangements for their inspection. The
State Commissioner of Horticulture, deputy quarantine officer, quarantine guardian
or such person or persons as shall be commissioned by the State Commissioner of '
Horticulture to make such inspection, or to represent said Commissioner, is hereby
authorized and empowered to enter at any time into any car, warehouse, depot or
upon any ship within the boundaries of the State of California whether in the
stream or at the dock, wharf, mole, or any other place where such nursery stock or
fruit or vegetables or seed or other described articles are received or in which such
nursery stock or fruit or vegetables or Seed is imported into the State, for the pur-
pose of making the investigation or examination to ascertain whether such nursery
stock, trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, gi-afts, scions, buds, fruits, pits, fi'uit, veg-
etables or seed is infested with any species of injurious insects, or their eggs, larvee
or pupae or- other animal or plant disease.
If after such examination or inspection, any of the said described articles are
found to be so infested or infected as aforesaid, then it shall be the duty of the
owner, owners, or persons, firm or corporation having charge or possession thereof
to so disinfect at his or their expense such portion or portions of the ship, dock,
wharf, mole, car, warehouse or depot where said articles may have been located in
such a manner as to destroy all infection or infestation present or that is liable to
be present, and all articles or packages or soils apt to be so infested or infected
shall be held until the said articles or packages or soils have been thoroughly disin-
fected and all injurious insects, or their eggs, larvpe or pupae or other animal or
plant disease have been eradicated and destroyed ; provided, however, that all arti-
cles of nursery stock, trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit
pits, fruits, vegetables or seed which are infested or infected with such species of
injurious insects or their eggs, larvae or pupae or other animal or plant ' disease
which may be or be liable to be injurious to the orchards, vineyards, gardens or
farms within said State, shall be destroyed or reshipped out of the State as herein-
after provided. The said officer so making such inspection shall not permit any of
the described articles so coming in contact with said infested or infected articles or
any articles which might convey infection or infestation to be removed or taken
from any such car, warehouse, depot, ship, dock, wharf or any other place until
after such infection or infestation shall have been destroyed.
Sec. 2. Each carload, case, box, package, crate, bale or bundle of trees, shrubs,
plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit-pits, or fruit or vegetables or seed,
imported, or brought into this State, shall have plainly and legibly marked thereon
in a conspicuous manner and place the name and address of the shipper, owner, or
owners or person forwarding or shipping the same, and also the name of the person.
firm or corporation to whom the same is forwarded or shipped, or his or its respon-
sible agents, also the name of the country, state or territory where the contents were
grown and a statement of the contents therein.
Sec. 3. When any shipment of nursery stock, trees, vines, plants, shrubs, cut-
tings, grafts, scions, buds, friut-pits or seed or vegetables or fruit, imported or
brought into this State, is found infested or infected with any species of injurious
insects, or their eggs, larvte or pupae or other animal or plant disease or there is
reasonable cause to presume that they may be so infested or infected, which would
cause damage, or be liable to cause damage, to the orchards, vineyards, gardens
or farms of the State of California, or which would be or be liable to be detrimental
thereto or to any portion of said State, or to any of the orchards, vineyards, gardens
or farms within said State such shipment shall be immediately destroyed by the
State Commissioner of Horticulture, his deputy quarantine officer, quarantine
guardians or other person or persons, who shall be commissioned by the State Com-
missioner of Horticulture to make such inspection ; provided, however, that if the
nature of the injurious insects, or their eggs, larva?, pupae or animal or plant
disease be such that no damage or detriment can be caused to the said orchards,
vineyards, gardens or farms of California or any of the same by the shipment
344 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
of the same out of the State, then the said State Commissioner of Horticultui-e,
his deputy quarantine officer, quarantine guardians or otlier person or persons wlio
sliall be commissioned by tlie State Commissioner of Horticulture to malce such
inspection, and wlio sliall make such inspection, shall notify the owner or person,
firm or corporation having possession or control of said articles to sliip the same
out of the State witliin forty-eight hours after such notification, and it shall be
the duty of such owner or owners, or person, firm or corporation, to so ship said
articles, but such shipment sliall be under the sole direction and control of the
officer so making the inspection and shall be at the expense of the owner or owners,
his or their agent or agents, and for a failure to comply with sucli notice such owner
or owners, his or their agent or agents shall be deemed guilty of a violation of
the terms of this act and be punished accordingly and immediately after the
expiration of the time specified in said notice said articles shall be seized and
destroyed by said officer at the expense of the said owner or owners, his or their
agent or agents.
Sec. 4. When any shipment of nursery stock, trees, vines, plants, shrubs, cuttings,
grafts, scions, fruit, fruit pits, vegetables or seed, or any other horticultural or
agricultural product passing through any portion of the State of California in
transit, is infested or infected with any species of injurious insects, their eggs,
larvae or pupae or animal or plant disease, which would cause damage, or be liable
to cause damage to the orchards, vineyards, gardens or farms of the State of
California, or which would be, or be liable to be, detrimental thereto or to any
portion of said State, or to any of the orchards, vineyards, gardens or farms within
said State, and there exists danger of dissemination of such insects or disease while
such shipment is in transit in the State of California, then such shipment shall be
placed within sealed containers, composed of metallic or other material, so that the
same can not be broken or opened, or be liable to be broken, or opened, so as to
permit any of the said shipment, insects, their eggs, larvae or pupae or animal or
plant disease to escape from such sealed containers and the said containers shall
not be opened while within the State of California.
Sec. .5. No person, persons, firm or corporation shall bring or cause to be brought
into the State of California any fruit or vegetable or host plant which is now known
to be, or hereafter may become a host plant or host fruit of any species of the fruit
fly family Trypetidw from any country, state or district where such species of
Trypetidxe is known to exist and any such fruit, vegetable, or host plant, together
with the container and packing, shall be refused enti-y and shall be immediately
destroyed at the expense of the owner, owners or agents.
Sec. 6. No person, persons, firm or corporation shall bring or cause to be brought
into the State of California any peach, nectarine, or apricot tree or cuttings, grafts,
scions, buds or pits of such trees, or any trees budded or grafted upon peach stock
or roots that have been in a district where the disease known as "peach yellows"
or the contagious disease known as "contagious peach rosette" are known to exist,
and any such attempting to land or enter shall be refused entry and shall be
destroyed or returned to the point of shipment at the option of the owner, owners
or agent, and at his or their expense.
Sec. 7. No person, persons, firm or corporation shall bring or cause to be brought
into the State of California any injurious animals known as English or Australian
wild rabbit, flying fox, mongoose or any other animal or animals detriemntal to
horticultural or agricultural interests.
Sec. 8. Any person, persons, firm or corporation violating any of the provisions
of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by imprisonment
in the county jail for a period not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding
five hundred dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Sec. 9. It is hereby determined and declared that this act and each and all of
the provisions thereof, constitute and is an urgency measure necessary for the
immediate preservation of the public safety and health. The facts constituting such
necessity are as follows : There now exists in various islands and territory in close
proximity to the State of California dangerous and injurious fruit and plant diseases
and insects and animals, and heretofore fruits, vegetables, plants, seeds and other
articles of horticulture and agricultm-e from said islands and territory have been
and now are being shipped and brought into the State of California, which are to
a large extent infested and infected with dangerous and injurious fruit and plant
diseases and insects, their eggs, larvae and pupae, and which if continued to be
brought into the State will cause great danger to the public health, and will greatly
damage the horticultural and agricultural interests of said State, and will also be
detrimental to the public health, and this act is necessary to provide ample power
to prevent the introduction of such insects and diseases and injurious animals into
the State and to prevent the spread of such disease, insects and animals.
Sec. 10. That certain act entitled "An act for the protection of horticulture,
and to prevent the introduction into this State of insects, or diseases, or animals,
injurious to fruit or fruit trees, vines, bushes, or vegetables, and to provide for a
quarantine for the enforcement of this act," approved March 11, 1899, is hereby
repealed.
Sec. 1 1. This act, being an urgency measure as above set forth, shall take effect
and be in full force immediately from and after its passage.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 345
STATE INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE LAW.
[Approved May 1, 1911.]
Section 1. That it shall be unlawful tor any person to manufacture within this
State any insecticide, paris green, lead arsenic, or fungicide which is adulterated
or misbranded within the meaning of this act ; and any person who shall violate
any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall,
upon conviction thereof, be fined not to exceed two hundred dollars for tlie first
offense, and upon conviction for each subsequent offense be fined not to exceed three
hundred dollars, or sentenced to imprisonment for not to exceed one year, or both
such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Said fines and those
specified in section 2 of this act to be paid into the school fund of the county in
which conviction is had.
Sec. 2. Any person who shall offer to deliver to any other person or any person
who shall sell or offer for sale in this State any such adulterated or misbranded
insecticide or paris green or lead arsenate or fungicide which is adulterated or
misbranded within the meaning of this act, or export or offer to export the same to
any foreign country shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for such offense be fined
not exceeding two hundred dollars for the first offen.se, and upon conviction for each
subsequent offense not exceeding three hundred dollars, or to be imprisoned not
exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court ; iirovided, that no article
shall be deemed misbranded or adulterated within the provisions of this act when
intended for export to any foreign country and prepared or packed according to the
specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser ; but if said article shall be in
fact sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption, then this proviso shall
not exempt said article from the operation of any of the provisions of this act.
Sec. 3. The examination of specimens of insecticides, paris greens, lead arsenates
and fungicides shall be made by the director of the agricultural experiment station
of the University of California in person or by deputy, for the purpose of determin-
ing from such examination whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded
within the meaning of this act ; and if it shall appear from any such examination
that any of such specimens are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of
this act, the said director shall cause notice thereof to be given to the party from
whom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall be given an opportunity
to be heard under the rules and regulations adopted by the United States Govern-
ment for the enforcement of the national insecticide act of 1910, and if it appears
that any of the provisions of this act have been violated by such party, then the
said director shall at once certify the facts to the proper district attorney, with a
copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article duly authenti-
cated by the analyst or oflScer making such examination, under the oath of such
officer. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by publication in such
manner as the said director may determine.
Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the said
director shall report any violation of this act or present satisfactory evidences of any
such violation, to cause appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in
the proper courts of the State of California without delay, for the enforcement of the
penalties as in such case herein provided.
Sec 5 In any action, civil or criminal, in any court in this State, a certificate,
under the hand of said director, and the seal of said university, stating the results
of any analysis purporting to have been made under the provisions of this act, shall
be prima facie evidence of the fact that the sample or samples mentioned in said
analysis or certificate were properly analyzed as in this act provided; that the sub-
stances analyzed contained the component parts stated in such certificate and
analysis; and that the samples were taken from the parcels or packages or lots
mentioned or described in said certificate.
Sec 6 That the term "insecticide" as used in this act shall include any substance
or mixture of substances intended to be used for preventing, destroying, repelling or
mitigating any insects which may infest vegetation, man or other animals, or house-
holds or be present in any environment whatsover. The term "pans green as
used in this act shall include the product sold in commerce as pans green and chem-
ically known as the aceto-arsenite of copper. The term "lead arsenate as used m
this act shall include the product or products sold in commerce as lead arsenate and
consisting chemically of products derived from arsenic acid (H3ASO4) by replacing
one or more hydrogen atoms by lead. That the term "fungicide" as used in this act
Shall include any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used tor pre-
venting, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any and all fungi that may infest vege-
tation or be present in any environment whatsoever.
Sec. 7. That for the purpose of this act an article shall be deemed to be
adulterated —
3-46 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
In case of paris green : first, if it does not contain at least fifty per rentum of
arsenious oxide ; second, if it contains arsenic in water-soluble forms equivalent to
more than three and one half per centum of arsenious oxide ; third, if any substance
has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its
ciuality or strength.
In the case of lead arsenate : first, if It contains more than fifty per centum of
water ;■ second, if it contains total arsenic equivalent to less than twelve and one
half per centum of arsenic oxide (AsoO^) ; third, if it cnotains arsenic in water-
soluble forms equivalent to more than seventy-five one-hundredths per centuin of
arsenic oxide (AsoOj) ; fourth, if any substances have been mixed and packed with
it so as to reduce, lower, or injuriously affect its quality or strength : provided,
hoivever, that extra water may be added to lead arsenate (as described in this
paragraph) if the resulting mixture is labeled lead arsenate and water, the per-
centage of extra water being plainly and correctly stated on the label.
In the case of insecticides or fungicides, other than paris green and lead arsenate :
first, if its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality under
which it is sold ; second, if any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for
the article ; third, if any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in
part abstracted ; fourth, if it is intended for use on vegetation and shall contain any
substance or substances which, although preventing, destroying, repelling, or miti-
gating insects, shall be injurious to such vegetation when used.
Sec. 8. That the term "niisbranded" as used herein shall apply to all insecticides,
paris greens, lead arsenates, or fungicides or articles which enter into the composition
of insecticides oi' fungicides, the package or label of which shall bear any statement,
design or device regarding such article or the ingredients or substances contained
therein which shall be false or misleading in any particular, and to all insecticides,
paris greens, lead arsenates, or fungicides which are falsely branded as to the state,
territory, or country in which they are manufactured or produced.
That for the purpose of this act an article shall be deemed to be mishranded —
In the case of insecticides, paris greens, lead arsenates, and fungicides : fi7-st, if it
be an imitation or offered for sale under the name of another article ; second, if it be
labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or if the contents of
the package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part and
other contents shall have been placed in such package ; third, if in package form, and
the contents are stated in terms of v/eight or measure they are not plainly and cor-
rectly stated on the outside of the package.
In the case of insecticides (other than paris greens and lead arsenates) and
fungicides : first, if it contains arsenic in any of its combinations or in the elemental
form and the total amount of arsenic present (expressed as per centum of metallic
arsenic) is not stated on the label ; second, if it contains arsenic in any of its com-
binations or in the elemental form and the amount of arsenic in water-soluble forms
(expressed as per centum of metallic arsenic) Is not stated on the label; third, if i.t
consists partially or completely of an inert substance or substances which do not
prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate insects or fungi and does not have the names and
percentage amounts of each and every one of such inert ingredients plainly and cor-
rectly stated on the label ; provided, hoivever, that in lieu of naming and stating the
percentage amount of each and every inert ingredient the producer may at his dis-
ci-etion state plainly upon the label the correct names and pecrentage amounts of
each and every ingredient of the insecticide or fungicide having insecticidal or fungi-
cidal properties, and make no mention of the inert ingredients, except in so far as to
state the total percentage, of inert ingredients present.
Sec. 9. That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act when
he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer, or other
party from whom he purchased such articles, to the effect that the same is not adul-
terated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, designating it. Said guaranty
to afford protection shall contain the name and address of the party or parties mak-
ing the sale of such articles to such dealer, and an itemized statement showing the
'articles purchased ; or a general guaranty may be filed with the secretary of the
United States department of agriculture by the manufacturer, wholesaler, jobber or
other party in the United States and be given a serial number, which number shall
appear on every package of insecticide or fungicide sold under such guaranty with
the words "guaranteed by" (the name of the guarantor) under the insecticide act of
1910 ; and in such case said party or parties shall be amenable to the prosecutions,
fines, and other penalties which would attach in due course to the dealer under the
provisions of this act.
Sec. 10. That the word "per.son" as used in this act shall be construed to mean
both the plural and the singular, as the case demands, and shall include corporations,
companies, societies and associations. When construing and enforcing the provisions
of this act, the act, omission or failure of any officer, agent, or other per.son acting
for or employed by any corporation, company, society or associatin, within the scope
of his employment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act. omission,
or failure of such corporation, company, society, or association, as well as that of the
other person.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 347
Sec 11 Evei-y lot, parcel, or package, of commercial insecticides or fungicides or
materials to be used for fungicidal or insecticidal purposes, sold, offered, or exposed
for sale, witliin this State, shall be accompanied by a plainly printed label, stating
the name, brand, and trademark, if any there be, under which the insecticide or
fungicide is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer, importer, or dealer, the
place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis, stating the percentages claimed to be
tlierein, of the substance or substances alleged to have insecticidal properties, speci-
fying the form or forms in which each is present, and the materials from which all
constituents of tlie insecticides are derived. All analyses of substances for which
methods have been agreed upon by the American Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, are to be made by such official methods. In the case of those insec-
ticides the selling price of which is less than one half cent per pound, said label
need only give a correct general statement of the nature and composition of the
insecticide it accompanies.
Sec. 12. The manufacturer, importer, agent of. or dealer in any commercial
insecticide, or materials used for insecticidal purposes, the selling price of which
to the consumer is not less than one half cent (J cent) per pound, shall, before the
same is offered for sale, obtain a certificate of registration from the secretary of
the board of regents of the University of California, countersigned by the said
university, authorizing the sale of insecticides in this state, and shall securely fix
to each lot, parcel, or package of insecticide the word "registered" with the number
of registry. The manufacturer, importer, agent, or dealer obtaining such registry
shall pay to the secretary the sum of one (.$1.00) dollar, to be applied as provided in
section 18 of this act; such registration shall expire on the thirtieth day of June of
the fiscal year for which it was given ; provided, the provisions of this section shall
not apply to any agent whose principals shall have obtained a certificate of registra-
tion as herein provided. Every such manufacturer, importer, agent, or dealer, who
makes or sells, or offers for sale, any such substances, under a name or brand,
shall file, on or before the first day of July, in each year, a statement, under oath,
with the director of the agricultural experiment station of the University of Cali-
fornia stating such name or brand, and stating the component parts, in accordance
with the provisions of section 11 of this act, of the substances to be sold or offered
for sale, or manufactured under each such name or brand.
Sec. 13. The said director shall annually, on or before the first day of Septem-
ber take samples in accordance with tlie provisions of section 14 hereof, of the sub-
Ftance made, sold, or offered for sale, under every such name or brand, and cause
analyses to be made thereof in accordance with the provisions of section 11 hereof,
and said analyses may include such other determinations as said director may at any
time deem advisable. Dealers in or manufacturers of insecticides must give free
access to the director of the agricultural experimnt station, or his duly authorizd
deputy, to all materials which they may place on the market for sale in California
Whenever the analysis certified by the said director shall show a deficiency of not
more than five per cent of the substance alleged to have insecticidal properties, the
statement of the manufacturer or importer, as required in section 11 of this act,
shall not be deemed to be false in the meaning of this act; provided, that this act
shall not apply to sales of insecticidal materials made to a registered manufacturer
of insecticides or to sales for export outside of this state; provided further, that the
said director of the agricultural experiment station of he University of California
shall upon the receipt of a sample of insecticide, accompanied with a nominal tee ot
one dollar furnish to the user of said commercial insecticide such examination or
finalysis of the sample as will substantially establish the conformity or non-conformity
of the said insecticide to the guarantee under which it was sold.
Sec 14 The director of the agricultural experiment station of the University of
California, in person or by deputy, is hereby authorized to take a sample, not
exceeding two pounds in weight for analysis by the said director or his deputies,
from anv lot, parcel or package of insecticide or fungicide, or material, or mixture
of materials used for insecticidal or fungicidal purposes, which may be in the pos-
session of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer; but said sample shall De
drawn in the presence of said party or parties in interest, or their representatives.
In lots of five tons or less, samples shall be drawn from at least ten packages, or,
if- less than ten packages are present, all shall be sampled; in lots of over five
tons, not less than twenty packages shall be sampled. The samples so drawn shall
be thorouglilv mixed, and from it two equal samples shall be drawn and placed in
glass vessels, carefully sealed and a lebel placed on each, stating the name oi
brand of the insecticide or material sampled, the name of the party from whose
stock the samnle was drawn, and the time and place of drawing; and said label
party who.se stock was sampled, and the other by the director of the agiicultuial
experiment station of the University of California.
Sec. 15. The director of the agricultural experiment station of tlie University
348 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
of California shall publish in bulletin form, from time to time, at least annually, the
results of the analyses, hereinbefore provided with such additional information as
circumstances may advise.
Sec. 16. There is hereby provided for carrying out the purposes of this act, out
of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of Ave
thousand dollars for each fiscal year hereafter, beginning with the first day of
July, 1911.
Sec. 17. All persons charged with the enforcement or execution of any of the
provisions of this act shall not directly or indirectly be interested in the sale, manu-
facture or distribution of any insecticide or fungicide affected by this act.
Sec. 18. All moneys, whether receved from registry and analytical fees or special
license fees shall be paid to the secretary of the board of regents of the University
of California for the use of said board in carrying out the provisions of this act.
Sec. 19. An act to prevent fraud in the sale of paris green used as an insecti-
cide, chapter LIU, page 69, Statutes of 1901, is hereby repealed.
Sec. 20. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after July 1, 1911.
QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 7.
Sacramento, December 2 3, 1911.
(POTATO EELWORM.)
WhereaSj We have reason to believe that several districts more or less restricted
in area, in the three counties of Nevada, viz. : Lyon, Churchill, and Washoe, which,
on November 27, 1911, were quarantined against the potato eelworm, are free from
this pest and ought not in justice to the growers and to our people, as well, be
denied entrance to California ; and
Whereas^ It is impracticable to exclude said districts from the ciuarantine ; there-
fore,
Resolved, That we declare the said quarantine revoked and permit all potatoes from
Nevada to enter this State, but all such potatoes must be carefully inspected upon
arrival and if a single potato is found to harbor the eelworm, the entire car will be
ordered out of the State or destroyed, at the option of the shipper.
A. J. COOK,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Approved :
HIRAM W. JOHNSON,
Governor of State of California.
QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 8.
Sacramento, January 25, 1912.
(TULARE COUNTY.)
Whereas. Quarantine Order No. 3, Tulare County, California, only permitted
fruit to be delivered at Porterville, Lindsay, IDxeter, Tulare, Visalia, Ducor, Dinuba,
Cutler, Pixley, Angiola, and Terra Bella as other railroad stations of the county are
without agents ; and
Whereas, Strathmore, Sultana, Tipton, Goshen, and Farmersville now have
agents at each of these places ; therefore,
It is declared that all the stations named above be places for delivery of nursery
stock, fruit trees, fruit and plants, and which, if found free from insects or disease,
will be released by the deputy quarantine officer of said county.
A. J. COOK,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Approved :
HIRAM W. JOHNSON,
Governor of State of California.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 349
QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 20.
Sacramento, February 27, 1913.
(ALFALFA WEEVIL.)
Quarantine Order No. 16, under date of October 15, 1912, is hereby amended to
rear as follows :
Whereas, Alfalfa fields in the states of Utah, Wyoming and Idaho and infested
with the alfalfa weevil {Phytonomus posticus) ; and
Whereas, The devastation of this insect is very serious, often ruining the entire
crop ; and
Whereas, Our alfalfa product is very important, its estimated cash value for the
present year being a little short of $50,000,000; and
Whereas, There is danger of our receiving this pest through the importation of
all kinds of hay, including alfalfa from the aforesaid states ; and
Whereas, It is a menace to the interests of California alfalfa growers to introduce
either nursery and ornamental stock or other plants from the states aforesaid if
packed in tule, hay or straw, or shipped in boxes or cars that have not been
disinfected ; therefore, it is hereby
Ordered and declared that a quarantine be, and is, hereby established against
the importation into California of colonies of bees in hives, all hay, including
alfalfa and other hay and straw in cattle cars from the states of Utah, W^yoming
and that portion of Idaho bounded as follows: On the north by the 43d parallel
north latitude, on the east by the State of Wyoming, on the south by the State of
Utah, on the west by the 113th meridian west longitude and on the northwest by the
Snake River in the State of Idaho. All state quarantine guardians and deputies of
the State Commissioner of Horticulture are hereby instructed and required to refuse
admission into the State of California of all colonies of bees in hives and all hay
from the said quarantined states. If such hay and colonies of bees in hives be shipped
into the State in violation of this order they must at once be destroyed or returned
to the shipper as required by law ; it is hereby further
Ordered and declared that all nursery and ornamental stock and other plants-
imported into the State of California from the aforesaid states of Utah, Wyoming and
portions of Idaho must be packed in fresh shavings, excelsior or other suitable packing
(excepting tule, hay and straw), and the box containers and cars must be disin-
fected by fumigation with chemically pure cyanide of potassium, using three
ounces to each one hundred cubic feet of space, such fumigation to be given both at
the point of shipment and at the point of delivery. Every lot of said nursery and
ornamental stock or other plants from the infested states must be shipped either to
a quarantine officer of the State of California or to a quarantine guardian or other
person authorized in writing by the State Commissioner of Horticulture to receive it ;
and every lot of such nursery and ornamental stock or other plants must be deliv-
ered at such freight or express office as shall be designated by said state quaran-
tine officer, quarantine guardian or other authorized person, and held by him in
quarantine and fumigated as provided for above. All expense incurred in treating
for disinfections of such lot of nursery and ornamental stock or other plants shall
be paid by the consignee or owner, and the nursery and ornamental stock or other
plants shall not be released until the same is paid ; and it is hereliy further
Ordered and declared that no alfalfa seed from the infested states shall be
received into California except upon compliance with the following conditions :
Every lot of alfalfa seed from the infested states must be enclosed In a container
sufficiently tight to prevent the egress of any alfalfa weevils, should any be enclosed,
and must be shipped either to a quarantine officer of the State of California or to a
quarantine guardian or other person authorized in writing by the State Commis-
sioner of Horticulture to receive it; and every lot of such seed must be delivered
at such freight or express office as shall be designated by said state quarantine
officer, quarantine guardian or other authorized person, and held by him in quar-
antine and sufficiently treated until in his judgment the lot should be released
All expense incurred in treating for disinfections of such lot of alfalfa seed shall
be paid by the consignee or owner, and the alfalfa seed shall not be released until
the same is paid.
A. J. COOK,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Approved :
HIRAM W. JOHNSON,
Governor of State of California.
350 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 21.
Sacramento. March 4, 1913.
(CITRUS WHITE FLIES.)
Quarantine Orders No. 15, under date of August 30, 1912, and IS. under date of
December 17, 1912, are hereby amended to read as follows:
Whereas, The fact has been determined by the State Commissioner of Horticul-
ture that the white fly (Aleyrocles citri) is widely distributed in the states of North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and
Texas, and that tlie white fly (Aleyrodcs mibifera) exists at the present time in the
State of Florida; and
Whereas, Both Aleyrodes citri and Aleyrocles nuMfera are primarily serious pests
of, and worlv great injury to, citrus trees ; and
Whereas, Tliere is great danger of introducing Aleyrocles citri and Aleyrocles
iiubifera into the citrus groves of California by the importation of sucli plants, trees
or ornamental nursery stoclc as are known to be liosts or food plants of any or all
species of citrus wliite flies from eacli of tlie states aforesaid. Now, tlierefore, it
is hereby
Ordered, directed and declared, that a horticultural ciuarantine be, and tlie same
is, hereby established in accordance witli tlie provisions of Section 2319-5 of tlie
Political Code of tlie State of California, against all the Icnown host plants of
Aleyrodes citri and Aleyrodes mibifera as follows;
Allamanda (Allamanda neriifolia)
Banana shrub (Magnolia fuscata)
Boston ivy (Ampelopsis tricuspidata)
Citrus (Orange, lemon, citron, grapefruit, kumquat, tangerine and all other
citrus plants)
Cape jessamine (Gardenia florida)
Cape jessamine (Gardenia jasminoides)
California privet (Ligustrum amurense)
Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)
Cultivated pear (Pyrus sp.)
Crape myrtle (Myrtus lagerstrwmia)
China berry (Melia asedarach)
Coffee (Coffea arabica)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Ficus ^nacropliylla
Golden privet (Ligustrum sp. )
Green ash (Fraxinus lanceolata)
Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
Jasminum fruticans
Laurestinus (Vibur^ium tinus)
Lilac ( Syringa vulgaris)
Mexican orange (C'hoisya ternata)
Mock olive (Prunus caroliniana)
Myrtle (Myrtus communis)
Osage orange (Madura aurantiaca)
Portugal cherry (Cerasus sp. )
Pomegranate ( Punica granatum)
Prickly ash (Xanthoxylum clava-herculis)
Smllax (Smilax sp. )
Texas umbrella (Melia asedarach var. umhraculiformis)
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosa)
Trumpet vine (Tecoma radicans)
Water oak (Quercus aqxiatica)
yvWA persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
Wild olive or devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)
Yellow jessamine (Jasminum odoratissimum)
•or any other that may hereafter become a host plant, imported from the states
of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis-
iana and Texas, or any other section known to harbor either Aleyrodes citri or
Aleyrodes nubifera, into the State of California. All quarantine guardians and
deputies of the State Horticultural Commissioner are hereby instructed and required
to hold any and all of the aforesaid host plants, nursery and ornamental stock, which
are host plants of this Aleyrodes citri and of this Aleyrocles nubifera, subject to the
order of the shippers or owners thereof for exportation out of the state, or to be
destroyed, and to take every necessary precaution for the prevention of the issuance
•of the said wliite flies while the same are being held in quarantine.
Provided, that all plants, nursery and ornamental trees, other than the host
plants enumerated in this order, (excepting coniferous species) imported into
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 351
the State of California from the aforesaid states of North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, or any other section
known to harbor either Aleyrodes citri or Aleyrodes nuhifera, or both, shall be
completely defoliated and failure upon the part of the shippers or importers to
comply with this ruling shall result in the holding of such shipment by the state
quarantine authorities, subject to return or destruction at the discretion of the
shippers or importers. And, it is hereby further
Provided, that orange seed and fruit pits may be received into the State of Cali-
fornia upon compliance with the following conditions : Every lot of orange seed
or fruit pits brought into the State of California from North Carolina, South Carolina,
""Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, or other territory
infested with either Aleyrodes citri or Aleyrodes nuhifera, or both, must be enclosed
in a container sufficiently tight and secure to prevent the egress of these pests, should
any be enclosed ; and every lot of such orange seed or fruit pits must be shipped
to the Deputy Quarantine Officer of the California State Commissioner of Horti-
culture in Los Angeles or to any other person authorized in writing by the State
Commissioner of Horticulture to receive it. Every such lot must be delivered at
such freight or express office as shall be designated by said Deputy Quarantine
Officer, or any other authorized person, and held by him in quarantine and suffici-
ently treated until in his judgment the lot may be released. All expense incurred
in treating for disinfections of such lot of orange seed or fruit pits shall be paid
by the consignee or owner, and the orange seed or fruit pits shall not be released
until the same is paid.
A. J. COOK,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Approved :
HIRAM W. JOHNSON,
Governor of State of California.
QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 19.
Sacramento, .January 31, 1913.
(COTTON BOLL WEEVIL.)
Whereas, The growing of cotton has become a very important industry in this
state, and the area of cotton culture is rapidly growing in extent ; and
Whereas, The cotton boll weevil (Anthnomus grandis Boh.) does not, nor ever
has, existed in this state ; and.
Whereas, The cotton boll weevil (A. grandis Boh.), while not attacking the seed
of the cotton plant, may hibernate in small deformed bolls and in cells which are
very difficult to distinguish from the cotton seeds by inspection, or may be, and is
carried in the mass of cotton seed and is not separated from the cotton seed by the
process of ginning ; and,
Whereas, According to the autliorities of the United States Department of
Agriculture, proper fumigation for the destruction of the cotton boll weevil (A. gran-
dis Boh.) in cotton seeds is a very difficult process, requiring special equipment
and skilled manipulation ; and,
Whereas, The cotton growers of California now have a sufficient supply of home-
grown seed for all practical purposes ; therefore, it is hereby
Ordered and declared that there be placed a quarantine upon all cotton seed
shipped into California from any section whatsoever, except as hereinafter stated.
That cotton seed be admitted for experimental purposes, the same to be sent tO'
the Chief Deputy State Quarantine Officer, Room 11, Ferry Building, San Fran-
cisco, California, to be thoroughly examined, treated and reshipped to the purchaser;,
it is hereby further
Ordered and declared that Quarantine Order No. 2 be revoked.
A. J. COOK,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Approved :
HIRAM W. JOHNSON,
Governor of the State of California.
INDEX.
Acacia, 127, 128, 133.
hailcyana, 89.
melanoxylon, 89, 133.
Acanthiidw, 54.
Acanthoscelidcs ohtcctus, 236-237.
Acanthus, 125.
Achemon sphiu.\, 158.
Achillea, 93.
Achorutes, 11.
Acid containers, 325, 336.
cut-oflfs, 336.
generators, 325, 336.
Acridiidw, 12, 13, 20.
Adalia bipunctata, 44, 45, 205.
var. humcralis, 206.
Adoxus ohscurus, 225-226, 230.
vitts, 225.
Algeria tipuliforinis, 191.
Aigopodium podograria, 86.
^^Jsculus flava. 111.
AgaonidcE, 268.
Agave, 134.
palmeri, 128.
Ageratum, 93, 145.
Agromyza simplex, 251.
Agromyzidce, 250, 251.
Agrostis, 245.
Agrotis atomaris, 163-164.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 139, 144, 350.
Alaptus criococci, 134.
Alcohol, 291, 293.
Alder, 111.
Aleyrodes, 275.
pt<ri, 143-144, 350.
nubifera, 3.50.
vaporariorum, 144-145.
Aleyrodidw, 38, 142.
Alfalfa, 7, 16, 17, IS, 24, 33. 41, 42. 1(^.2,
163, 229, 243.
crane-fly, 242-244.
looper. 161-162.
weevil 349.
Allamanda, 350.
Allograpta obliqua, 45, 65, 88, 246, 248.
Allotria xauthopsis, 266.
Almond, 7, 36, 79, 91, 119, 127, 130, 302.
mite, 6-8.
Aloe umbellata, 128.
Alsophila pometaria, 186, 187.
Amaranthus, 92.
retroflexus, 58, 91.
.Imftrosia, 89.
Amelanchier canadensis, 281
American syrphid fly, 247, 248.
Amelopsis tricuspidata, 350.
Amsinckia speetabilis, 79.
Anarsia Uneatelki, 170, 171.
^Jiosff tristis, 140, 147.
Angular-winged katydid, 21.
Andromeda, 113.
Angelica sylvestris, 86.
Angoumois grain moth, 172.
Anona reticulata, 113.
Anoplura, 38, 150.
Ant, 11, 24, 261, 303, 319.
lions, 1.50.
Anthomyidw, 256.
Anthonomvs grandis, 351.
Antidesma, 119.
Anthitrium, 113.
Antonina crawi, 108.
Apanteles, 199.
glomeratus, 197.
Aphclinus diaspidis. 278.
fuscipennis, 131.
mytilaspidis, 131, 277.
Aphididir, 38. 44, 199, 291.
Aphids, see Plant lice.
Aphidius testaceipes. 63, 66, 88, 264,
Aphis brassicw, 59, 207.
cookii, 61.
gossypii, 47, 61, 203, 218, 247,
265.
heder(e, 63.
maidis. 63, 248.
»/!fl/i. 07.
malifoliw, 70.
nerii, 66.
persica'-niger, 66, 86, 247, 248.
pojwi, 44. 67, 265.
Pi/ri, 70.
rumicis, 203.
sorbi. 70.
Aphycus flavus. 114. 119, 273.
immacnlatiis, 134, 274.
Apple, 6, 7, 9, .36, 41. 46, 51, 70, 71
99, 111. 113, 116, 119, 120,
126. 127, 130, 1.3.3, 1.39, 148,
103 177, 179, 181, 182, 185,
ISS, 195, 230, 2.36, 249.
aphis, 67, 70.
leaf-hopper. 41.
thorn, 41, 50, 1.56.
tree borer, 235.
tree tent caterpillar, 181, 182.
Apricot. 7. 28, 34, .36, 86, 89, 116.
120. 124, 176, 185, 187, 195.
Arachnida, 1, 3.
Aralia japonica. 111.
Aramigus fulleri, 240.
Araucaria bidwillii, 98, 131, 136.
excelsa, 98.
mealy bug, 97.
Archangelica atropurpiirca, 86.
Arctiido", 189.
Argyreia spceiosa, 125.
266.
248,
, 89,
123,
150,
187,
119,
23— H
353
Ariliix ciixtdtKx. 14<>.
Army wonn. K<U. ICl'. ica. 207.
Arsenic. 20! ».
A rtcniisia califondcd.
07.
incnly buii'. 0(i.
Aith rocDiKxhir occidi'iitdli-i. 10.
Arthroi)o<lti. 1.
Arfocarints. IV.).
Ash. lie, 110.
jjreeii. .S.">().
l)ric'kly. ood.
mountain. 12.'^, 2S1.
Asliy-gray ladybird tieetle. 20S.
Asi)araj;us, 227. 2.">1.
beetle. 226.
fern, 117, 12S.
miner, 251.
Aspen. 54.
Asphaltum. 105.
Aspidiofiiihoiiinf cifriiiihs. 124. 131 134.
13r,, 137. 27.5.
AsphJioiiitt (tncuhix. 270.
cameilio'. 120, 127.
hedcrw, 127. 225.
jii(/J(iihs-ri(ii(r. 120. 270.
prniicioxiis. 120, 211, 225, 270, 277.
jiiiii. 27(j.
rui)Ud\ 120.
rossi, 130.
Axpidisira liiridn. 131.
Aspidiiiin. 32.
Aster, 110. 145.
Auciiha, 135.
Aiihu-(i-si)is pcittdi/fUKi. 124.
co.vrr. 124. 125, 278.
Aiitoyraijlut [/(iiniiKi cdlifontica, 101.
Axioii piiatii. 212.
phu/idfus. 110. 212.
.l^(//t«. 32.
Bacchari-s y)/7»/«/(.s. 127.
riminca. 110.
Baits, poison. 200.
Bamboo. S3. lOS.
plant louse. 83.
scale. 108.
Banana. 00. 132. 254, 2.55.
shrub, 350.
Bands, 300.
liddlxid iiitrf/rifolid. 1.37.
Bark lice, 11.
Barley, 10, 04, 102, 173.
Barnacle scale, 112.
Basswood, 41.
Bay, 113, 144. 350.
Bead-like cottonwood sail-louse, 55.
Bean. 8, 30, 11. 145, 140, 220, 237.
aphis, 203.
pod-borer, 73.
thrips, 20.
weevil, 230.
Bee, 11. 201, 2SS.
Beech, 111, 110.
271. 331
45.
Beet. 30. 53. 140. 103, 220, 231.
army worm, 102.
louse, 53.
sugar, 150.
Beetle, 11, 100, 240, 241. 288, 207.
glue. 201.
Begonia, 32, 102, 132.
Ben Davis apple. 70.
Bermuda grass, 91.
Berries, 8, 20, 241.
Bidrn.s. 134.
pihisa, 30.
Biyiioiiia, 102, 117.
Hillhcrgia zebrina, 123.
Biotritcs japoiiica. 113.
Birch, 41, IKJ, 139.
Bird lice, 11.
liittdCUS, 11.
Blackberry, 20, 41, 11, 125, 139, 191. 280.
Black cherr.v louse, 76.
citrus louse, 86.
leaf, 30. 40.
peach aphis. 00, 8<i.
sage, 90.
scale. 118, 217. 224, 271, 331. 333.
parasite, 272.
spotted ladybird beetle,
twig apple, 70.
Blustophaya grossorum, 208.
Bhisfothrix i/iicca.', 90.
lilattklw, 12."
Bllssus hiicopfvriis, 148.
Block fumigation, 334.
Blood-red ladybird beetle, 207.
Blowers, 312. 314.
Bluestone, 307, 310.
Body lice. 11.
Bordeaux mixture. 298, 307.
Bordered soldier-bug. 227.
Borers, 310.
Boiirardia, 102.
Box-elder. 41. Ill, 114, 134.
Boxwood, 128.
Bracon charus. 23r».
Braconidd; 204.
Bran, poisoned, 14, 299.
Br<is><ica ohrdcctt, 70.
Bristle tail. 11.
Broad bean. 230.
weevil, 239.
-necked borer, 233.
Bromclid piiigiiin. 123.
Brown apricot scale, 110, 119, 209.
parasite, 209.
day moth, 183.
lacewing, see Symplicrobiica (iiigustus.
ladybird beetle, 219.
scale, 114.
Bruchidcp, 230, 238, 239.
Bruchophagiis funebris, 207.
Bnichns uhtcctiis, 230.
J) is or inn, 238.
rufimaniifi, 239.
Brussels sprouts, 00, 190.
Bryohia pratciisis, 6, 220, 306.
BriinpluilUnn ealijcinvm, 125.
P.m-kthorn, 41, 119, 129, 1.39.
F.uckwheat, 7, 41.
Buffalo tree-hopper, 40.
Bugs, 11, 38, 145, 2S1. 288, 292.
ISuhach, 30G.
Jiiiprestidw, 23.'").
Burning, 1.5.
liiirsu biirsa-pastoi i>i, 02.
Uiithus, 1.
Butterc-up, 53.
louse, 53.
Butterfly. 11, 154.
Butternut, 139.
Button-bush, 281.
Cabbage. 60, 79. 140. 150, 162, 163. 196,
228, 231, 2.56, 257.
bug, 145.
louse, 59, 207.
maggot, 256.
worm, 106. 297.
Caddis flies. 11, 1.50.
Vujanus, 119.
California angular-winged katydid. 21.
grape-root worm, 225.
laurel, 114, 127.
orange dog, 198.
peach borer, 193.
red ladybird beetle, 207.
sage. 33, 97.
tussock moth, 178.
i'dUroa cerasi, 281.
<'alla, S.
Vollacarpu lunata, 125.
('(illicphialtrii incssor, 178, 265.
CaUistemon hniceolatiis, 102.
Calosonia caHdiiin, 161.
Calotropis proccru. 125.
<'amellia, 88, 111, 114, 117. 119. 127, 128,
132. 240.
Cumnula pelliicida, 15.
Camphor, 127. 132, 133.
<'anada balsam. 293.
Canaigre, 41.
Cankerworm, 185, 186.
Cunna, 123.
hi(lio,a, 240.
Cantaloupe, 230, 249.
fly, 249.
<"aper family, 146.
Caprifig, 268.
Capsicum, 93, 125.
annunm ahhreriatiuii, 79.
<'apskhc, 148.
I'arabidce, 161.
Caradrina exigna, 162.
Caraway. 198.
Carbolic acid, 291, 303. 317.
emulsion, 47, 303.
Carbon bisulfid, 28. 47, 49, 318.
Care of tents, 324.
Carnation. 38, 79.
Varpocapsa pomoitcUa, 176.
('arpodctus serratiis, 128.
Carrot, 86, 19S.
Varum kellof/gii, 199.
Caryota cinninyii, 11.3.
Cases for insects, 291.
Castor bean, 89.
Caterpillar, 181, 182, 261.
Cat-tails, 167.
Vattlrya. .32.
Cauliflower, 60, 79, 146, 196, 257.
Caustic soda, 304, 317.
('<anothii.<i. 127.
fiiiicricinnis, 1,39.
hiiiiiitiis. 9(5.
integcninni.s, 102.
C'cridoiuyia dcsfniftor. 244.
(Jccidoni i/iidu; 244.
Cedar oil, 293.
Cclasfriis seaiidciis, 122.
Cchiforia crmrii, 258.
diabrotica: 229, 258.
Celciio liiicata. 155.
Celery, 41. 86, 163. 198.
caterpillar, 197.
Celestial pepper, 79.
Centipede, 1, 2.
('eras IIS, 350.
demissa. 195.
Ceratonin. 128.
('crcidiphyllinii jfiponicinii. 137.
Ccrcis. 127, 128.
CcrcopUhv, 38.
Ccrem biibahis. 40.
Vcroplastcs ccrifcnis, 111.
cirripedifonii is, 112.
floridcmis. 111. 112.
('(lopiito yucca', 95, 96, 106.
Vhwrophi/Uiini tcmuhiin, 86.
Chaff scale. 141.
Chalcidoidca, 262.
Clialcis. 2()7.
Cliarips juitthopsis. (;3. Wt. 72. 88. 264.
266.
Cheiloiicnirus dactylopii. 103.
Chemicals. 329, 336.
Chemical wagons. 324, 336.
('Iiciiopodiiiiii, 91.
iinirale, 30.
Cherry. 7. 32, 36, 41. 77, 79. 115, 116.
120. 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130.
139, 146, 179, 181, 18.5, 187, 188,
195, 281.
choke, 41, 123.
louse, 76.
Portugal, 350.
scale, 115.
slug, 281.
western choke. 195.
Chestnut. 120.
Chewing insects, 297.
Chilocorus hivuhicrus. 94, 125, 131, 134,
209, 211.
cacti, 140.
Chilopoda, 1.
China berry, 144, 350.
Chinch hug. 148.
Chioiiaspis, 276.
citri, 120.
ciwnmyi, 121, 122.
fu if lira, 122.
pini folia'. 111.
Choisjja tcrnuta, 350.
Cholie-cherry, 41, 123.
Chorizagrotis agrcstis. 163.
Chroiiiaphis juglandicola. 81.
Chnisauthnnum. 92, 117, 145, 146, 229.
indicum, 79.
Chrysobothris femorata, 235.
Chrysomclidie, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230,
231.
Chiy.tomphalus aonidnm. 131.
auiantii, 127. 132, 211, 225, 274. 276.
278, 279.
citrhius. 134, 211. 225, 276, 277.
ficHS, 131.
rossi, 136, 211.
Chri/fiopa calif ornica, 7. 10. 43, 44, 63,
72, 102. 134, 137. 153.
Chrysopidw, 44. 45. 150. 153.
Cliri/suplatycerus S2)lcndcns, 103, 271.
Cicada, lli 38. 39, 43.
Cicadidw, 38, 39.
Cicuta virosa, 86.
Circular scale, 131.
Cissiis. 127.
Citron. 102, 350.
Citrus. 4, 9. 28. 32, 61,
9.3, 102. 106. 112.
119. 121. 128. 132,
1.38, 146. 1.50. 229
02, 78. 88,
113, 114,
, 1.33, 135.
240, 302,
Q79
f^.
aphid parasite, 63, 66, 72, 88,
266.
aurantiiim, 102.
dccumana. 102.
louse, 72, 86.
mealy bug. 98. 99. 1.51,
parasite, 271.
tnedica, 102.
var. limon. 102.
red spider. 9. 61.
scale, 134.
white fly. 143.
Classification of insects, 1.
Clematis. 8, 114.
Click beetles. 2.34.
Cliuoplenra flavomargiiiata.
mchnioplcnra, 23.
var. infiiscata, 23.
miiiuta, 23.
Closterocerus cinctipciinis.
Clove oil, 293.
89,
117.
137,
350.
264,
23.
281.
Clover. 7. 17. 24. 30, 41, 42, 128, 162,
163. 231, 243.
mite, 6.
seed chalcis, 267.
Coccidw, 38. 88, 199, 291, 292.
Cocci na\ 89. 199.
CoccincUa californica, 45. 60, 88. 134,
207.
trifasciata var. Juliana. 206.
CoccincUid(r. 44, 45, 199. 291.
Coccophagtis aurantii, 276.
Iccanii. 111. 114. 118. 279.
lunula tus. 114, 134. 278.
Coccus hcsperidum. 113. 114. 119, 262,
270, 273, 279.
Cockroaches. 11, 12.
Cocoanut. 132, 134.
Cocas. 107.
Codling moth, 176, 298.
parasite. 265.
Coffca arabica. 350.
Coffee, 88. 102. 144. 350.
Colcoptcra. 111. 199. 288, 291.
Coleus, 92, 102, 106, 145.
Collections of insects, 285.
Collcnihola. 1. 11. 12.
Common asparagus beetle. 226.
cut worm, 163.
red spider, 8.
termite. 28.
white fly, 144.
Companies carrying insecticides materials,
318. 336.
Comys fusca, 116, 118. 120, 269.
Contact insecticides. 300.
Convcntzia hageni. 10.
Copper sulphate. 307. 316.
Corcida: 146.
Corn. 17. 41. 64. 149, 163. 165. 173,
229.
Corn ear-worm. 164.
leaf-aphis. 63.
Corrodcntia. 11, 27.
Cost of insecticides and materials, 316,
.3.34.
Cotoncastcr. 6.
Cotton, 30. 62.
bands. 310.
boll weevil,
worm.
Cottonwood. 41.
louse, .55. 84.
Cottony bamboo scale. 108.
cushion scale. 88, 89, 205, 250.
mai)lp scale. 110.
County Horticultural Commissioner, 340.
Cowpea, 8.
Crab apple, 70, 123.
Crabs, 1.
Crane-fly. 242.
Cryfish. 1.
Crepis. .30.
102. 125. 165, 249.
.351.
164.
54,
84. 127. 129, 139.
Crickets, 11. 12, 25, 288.
Ci'iddle mixture, 14, 300.
Crloceris asparagi, 22(3.
Croton, 32, 106, 13G.
Crucifercp, 60.
Crude oil, 303. 317.
emulsion, 303.
Crustacea, 1.
Cryptochwtum iceryw, 91, 250.
Cryptogonns orhiculus, 103, 213, 214.
('ryptolwmas niontrouzleri, 103, 214.
Cn/ptus grallator, 236.
Cucumber, 8. 145. 229, 230. 231.
beetle, 228, 229.
Cticurbita pepo, 102.
Cucurbitw, 147.
Cudweed, 30.
Cultivation, 14.
Cuphea, 93.
Currant, 41, 123, 126, 128, 130, 139,
193.
borer, 191.
worms, 306.
Cut worms, 159. 163. 165, 297.
Cyanide. 329, 330. 336.
bottle, 286, 287.
can, 296, 287.
Cycas circinalis, 124.
media, 124.
revoluta, 106, 114, 128.
Cycloneda ahdomitialis, 208.
oculata, 209.
sanguhiea, 45, 207.
C'ydia pomonella, 176.
C ynipoidca, 262.
Cyanoglossuni, 97.
Cy penis alternifoUus, 102, 106, 128.
Cyetisus, 139.
Dactylopiinw, 89, 93.
Dahlia, 32, 41.
Daisy, 229.
Dalmatian insect powder, 306.
Dammar a ovata, 98.
vitiensis, 98.
Daphne gnidiiim, 128.
Date palm scale, 139.
Deilephila lineata, 155.
Destructive pea louse, 73.
Devastating grasshopper, 18.
Devilwood, 350.
Diabrotica parasite, 258.
Diabrotica soror, 228, 230, 259.
vittata, 229.
Diwrettts californicns, 60.
Dianthiis caryophyllus, 79.
Diaspinw, 89, 120.
Diaspis bromelice, 123.
carueli, 277.
Differential grasshopper, 17.
Dill, 198.
Dilophogaster californica, 272.
Dioscorea, 127.
Diospyros kaki, 350.
virginiana, 350.
Diplacus ceroputo, 95.
Diplacus gliitinosiis, 96.
Diplopod, 2.
Diplopoda, 1.
Dipping tents, 322.
Diptera, 11, 241, 288, 291.
Dipterous parasite of cottony cushion
scale, 250.
Distillate, 303, 304, 317.
emulsion, 303, 304.
oil mechanical mixture, 304.
Dock, 34, 1.53, 162, 231.
Dogwood, 139.
Dosage for fumigating, 331.
schedule, 327.
Dracwna, 100.
Dragon flies, 11.
Drill tents, 322, 335.
Drosophila ampelophila, 252, 253.
biisckii, 255.
pitnctulata, 255.
re pi eta, 255.
Drosophilida', 252.
Duck tents, 322, 335.
Ditranta, 119.
Dust sprays, 305.
Earwigs, 11, 12.
Easter lily, 8.
Eastern tent caterpillar, 181.
Eelworm, potato, 282, 348.
Eggplant, 8, 145, 146.
Eggs of green apple aphis, 07.
Eichochaitophorus populifolii, 219.
Elaagnus, 137.
Elateridw, 234.
Elder, 162.
Elm, 41, 93, 111, 130, 230.
American, 93, 123.
cork, 93. 116.
scale, 93.
Ely mils, 245.
condensatiis, 108.
Embiids, 11.
Empoasca malt, 41.
Emulsion, 302. 303, 304.
Enctjrtidw, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274.
Encyrtiis flavus, 111, 114, 270.
English dwarf bean, 239.
ivy plant louse, 63.
walnut scale, 129.
Ephemerida, 11, 12.
Epidiaspis piricola, 126, 304.
Equipment, 310, 318, 328, 335.
Erica, 127, 128.
Eriocampoides Umacina, 281.
Eriophyes oleivorns, 4.
pyri, 5, 6.
Eriosoma lanigera, 49, 203.
Erysimum vulgare, 86.
Erythea edulis, 102. ^
Essif/clki col if arnica, 58.
EticUa ziiickciiclla, 173.
Eiicahjinnatus pcrforatus. 113.
Eucalyptus, 119, 127, 128, 133.
Eiifunia jainhos, 113.
Eulecanium nrmcniacum, 119.
ccrasoriiin, 115.
persicw, 276.
pruinosum, 115. 269, 279.
Eiihjphida; 274, 275, 276, 277. 278, 279.
Ell lion IIS hrcvipcs, 30.
Eiionijmits, 121, 122. 327, l^i, 135.
atropurpurcus, 122.
riiropwns, 122.
jiiponiciis. 122.
latifoUiis, 122.
scale, 121.
Enpehnus mirahilis, 22, 274.
Eiiphaforiuni, 112.
Euphorbia pulcherrima, 102.
Euplcjoptcra, 12.
European elm scale, 98.
fruit scale, 116, 119.
mountain ash, 6.
Eiirijptcra liicida, 30.
Eiiri/toinickc, 267.
Euthrips citri, 33.
/jj/ri, 32, 35.
tritici, 32.
Euxesta notata, 249.
EiiJ-oa atoniaris. 163.
Exochonius californicus, 212.
pilatii, 212.
Exposure for fumigating, 332.
Eyed ladybird beetle. 45.
Fall cankerworm, 186.
False chinch bug, 149.
Fennel, 198.
Ferns, 32, 106, 113, 118, 128.
maidenhair. 128.
staghorn, 106.
Feverfew, 8.
Ficus, 32, 114.
macrophylla, 350.
Fig, 36, 89, 106, 113, 133, 137. 2.54. 268.
Moreton bay, 350.
FigitldiB, 266.
Filaree, 42.
Filiculcs, 102, 128.
Fish oil, 304.
Flacourtia sepiaria, 106.
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 235.
Flea, 11.
beetle, grapevine. 230.
hop. 231.
Flies, 11, 241, 288.
flower, 245.
honey, 245.
lesser fruit, 252.
sweat, 245.
tachina, 258.
Florida red scale, 131. i
wax scale, 112.
Flour, 30(5.
paste, 7, 8, 30, 301.
Flower, 166.
flies, 245.
Fluted scale, 89.
Fly. cantaloupe. 249.
hessian, 244.
large syrphid. 246.
lesser fruit, 253.
Focniculiiin viilgare, 198.
Forficiilidie, 12.
Formaldehyde, 282.
Formalin, 293. ;
Four-o'clock, 30. '
Fraxiiiiis laiiccolata, 350.
Frontina armiger, 165.
Frosted scale, 115, 269.
Fruit tree pulvinaria, 109.
Fuchsia, 8, 32, 102, 127, 134, 145.
Fiilgorida', 38.
Fuller's rose beetle, 240.
Fumigation, 318.
Fungicide law, 345.
Gall flies, 261.
Gardenia, 93, 111.
florida, 350. '■ '
jasniinoides, 350.
Gelechiidw, 166, 170, 172. ! '
Generators, acid. 326, 336. " '
Genista, 127.
Geomeiridxr. 185, 186.
Geranium, 8, 124, 145.
rose. 89.
Glass tubes for insects, 292.
(ilover's scale. 138.
(xlycerine, 292.
Gnaphaliiiin caUfornicinn, 30.
Godetia. 8.
Golden chalcid, 278.
mealy bug. 97.
rod, 134, 176.
Gooseberry, 41, 120, 123, 193.
(ioosefoot, 30.
Gossgparia spuria, 93, 211.
Gossj/pium, 102.
Gourd, 147.
powder horn, 62.
Government formula for pear thrips, 36,
38, 304.
(Graduates, 325. 336.
(irain, 7, 17, 148, 149.
moth, 172.
thrips, 32.
(J rape, 32, 34. 36. 41, 42. 48, 89, 111,
116, 119, 120, 125, 127. 133, 145,
149, 156, 158, 164, 226. 230, 233,
241.
(irapefruit, 850.
Grape loaf-hopper, 42. 47.
root-worm, 225.
Graj)evine flea beetle, 230.
hoplia. €32.
Grass. 7. 10. 24, 38, 41, 42. SO, 128, 148,
149. 103.
Grasshopper. 11, 12. 13. 20. 288, 297.
differential, 17.
long-horned, 20.
l)ale-winged, 19.
pellucid. 15.
valley, 10.
parasite, 200.
(iray ladybird beetle. 208, 210.
(ireasowood. 233.
Greedy scale. 120.
(I'rpen apple aphis, 07.
citrus louse, 72.
lacewing, see Vhnjuoini calif ornica.
jieach aphid. 07.77.
rose louse. 70, 79.
(Greenhouse mealy bug, 99.
thrips. 31.
orthezia. 92.
white fly. 144.
(jlrecning apple, 70.
Grerillea, 119.
Grcwia, 119.
(Jroundsel. 79.
(IniUidw. 12. 25.
Guagumu uhnifolia, 124.
Guava, 100. 113, 117, 119, 132.
mealy bug, 100.
Gum aral)ic. 291.
Giirohts'ui flainmedia. 274.
Htihrothiiiiniii.s. 102. 119.
HnJroiiotit.t anasa\ 147.
rjalfica fitrinata, 230.
IIarle(iuin cabbage bug, 145.
Hartiflia ahdominalis. 279.
crc'isonu 279.
Harvest flies, 39.
Hawk moths, 154.
Hawksbeard, 30.
Hawthorn. 70, 71. 111. 110. 123, 128,
130, 139. 188.
Hazel. 41.
Head lice, 11.
Hrdrra helix, 79, 102, 350.
Heliofliis armifjer, 104.
oh sol eta, 104.
H el loth rips fascia tus, 29.
hicmorrhoidalis, 31.
Heliotrope. 8.
wild. 30. 125.
Hellebore. 30(;.
Hemeroiiidie, 150. 151.
Hcnicrohiiis pacificus, 10.
Hemerocampa vetusta, 178, 259, 201.
Hemispherical scale. 117. 224.
Hcmiptera. 11, 38, 288.
Hemp, 41.
Hciachum splioiidifliinii. 8t».
Hessian fly, 244.
Hetcrodera rndioicohi. 282.
Heteroniclcs arhiiti folia, 119.
Heteroptvra. 11. 38, 145. 288, 289.
Hcjcapoda, 1.
Hex glahra. 113.
Hibiscus, 11. 123.
esculentus. 125.
Hippodaiiiid. 199.
amhif/ua, 45. 03. 134. 204.
conrcn/cns, 45. 00. 03. 72. 134. 202,
203. 204. 208, 227.
5-signata. 201.
lecontii, 202.
Holly, 114. 119. 121. 128.
mountain. 119, 127.
Hollyhock. 41.
Homoptrni. 11. 38. 291.
Honey flies. 24.5.
Hop, 8, 85, 231. 302.
flea beetle. 231.
plant louse. 84.
Hoplia eallipjige, 232.
puhi colli s. 232.
sackciiii, 232.
Hopper-dozer. 15. 42.
hop-tree. 139.
Horn-tail. 11. 279.
Horse bean. 239.
chestnut. 41. 139.
dung. 300.
radish, 140, 103. 190.
Horticultural commissioner, county, 340.
state. 337.
Howca hchtiorcana. 113.
H !/a da p h is . p a still a ca\ 85.
H i/aloptei IIS ariuidinis, 80.
Hvdrocvanic acid gas. 318. 319.
Humciioptcni. 11. 201. 288. 289, 291.
H i/pcraspis dissoluta, 21*').
lateralis, 103, 215.
merrens.
IV
spiciiliiiota. 217.
nndiilata. 21.5.
Hijphaiitiia cinica, 189.
tcxtor, 189.
tccriju piirvluisi. 88. 89, 205, 221, 222,
223.
crairii, 89.
inasleli, 89.
Ichiieiniioiiida', 101, 205.
leheumonoidea, 202.
Imported cabbage worm. VM\.
currant borer. 191.
Ill sect a. 1.
Insectary. state. 294.
Insecticide. 297. 300.
law. 345.
Insects. 1. 285. 280. 287. 289. 291, 297,
318. 337.
Ipomeca hoiia-nox, 8, 92, 102.
Iris, 275.
Iron sulphate, 7. 302.
sulphide. 302.
Isodioniii-s iccri/w, 151.
Isoptcra. 27.
Ivy, Boston, 350.
Enslish. 79. 102. 114, 123, 127. 128,
144. 350.
(jlerinan. 70.
plant louse 63.
scale, 127.
Jaimnese wax scale, 111.
.Japan plum. 113.
Jaiionica, 142.
Jasmine, 144.
JasDiiiiuni, 125.
friiticuns, 350.
odoratissimnni, 350.
Jassidw, 3S, 40.
Jerusalem cricket, 24.
Jessamine, cape, 144, 350.
yellow. 144, 350.
Jiif/Ians caUfornica, 83.
Jumping plant lice, 38, 43.
Juniper, 119.
Katydid. 11. 12, 20, 21, 274, 288.
angular-winged, 21.
egg parasite, 274.
Ken lied 1/(1, 1.34.
Kentia, 107. 113.
mealy bug, 107.
Kerosene, 302, 317.
emulsion, 47, 302, 303.
Killing insects. 287.
King of Tompkins County apple, 51.
Knotweed. 53.
Kwbele's ladybird beetle, 222.
Kumquat, 35<J.
Lacewing. 11, 150.
brown, see Sympherohius angustus.
green, see Chnjsopa caUfornica.
Ladybird beetle, 7, 8, 10, 43, 45, 60, 63,
88. 153, 199, 201. 202, 203, 205,
207, 208. 209, 210, 211, 212, 218,
220. 222, 223, 291.
Lambsquarters, 146, 163, 231.
La II tana, 92, 145.
Lantern flies, 38.
Laphyfjma exigua, 162.
Large syrphid fly. 24(i.
Laria pisoriiiii, 2.38.
rufimuna, 238, 239.
Larvae, preserving, 292, 293.
Lasiocnmpida', 181, 182.
Lasiophtliicus pyrastri, 45, 72, 88, 246.
Latania horhonica, 128.
Laurel. 32, 114, 116, 119, 125.
California, 114, 129.
cherry, 350.
Laurestinus. 32, 350.
Lavatera, 127.
Laws, horticultural, 337, 340, 343, 345.
Lead arsenate, 297, 298, 299, 316.
Leaf-hoppers, 38, 40, 41, 42.
Lecanium. 269.
corni, 116, 119, 269, 279, 304.
Legumes, 74.
Lemon, 4, 99, 102, 142, 350.
Lepidoptcra, 11, 154, 289, 290.
Lcpidosaphes heckii, 136, 138, 211, 225,
276.
gloverii. 138.
ulmi, 138, 211, 277.
Lesser fruit flies, 252.
Lestophoniis iccryw, 91, 250.
Lettuce, 30, 145, 149, 229.
wild, 30, 146.
Leucopis iella, 103.
Lice, 11, 150.
Lichens, 304.
Lignum vita\ 112, 113, 134.
Ligustrnm, 19, 134, 350.
amurensc, 350.
Lilac, 33, 111, 139, 144, 350.
Liliacew, 32.
Lima bean, 174, 237.
pod borer, 173.
Lime (fruit), 96.
Lime, 8, 10. 299. 306, 307, 310, 316.
-sulphur, 7, 10, 35, 299, 300, 302, 316.
Linden, 111, 139.
Lindorus lopanthw, 103, 131, 134, 137,
219, 224.
Liparidw, 178.
Liquid sprays, 300.
Lobsters, 1.
Locust (tree), 89, 111, 129. 146.
honey. 119.
Locust, 13, 39.
Locitstidcp, 12, 20. 25.
Loganberry, 116. 280.
London purple, 297.
Long-legged grasshopper, 23.
-tailed mealy bug, 105.
Long scale, 138.
Lonicera, 93.
Lupine aphid, 72.
silver, 72.
yellow. 179.
Ltipinus alhifrons, 72.
Lygwidw, 148, 149, 150.
Lygits pratensis, 148.
Lysiphlehiis testaceipes, 264.
Madura aureiitiaca, 350.
Macrosiphum albifroiis, 72.
citrifolii, 72, 247, 248.
destruetor. 72, 73, 203.
rosw, 76, 79.
Maggot, 241, 256.
Magnolia, 89, 119, 128.
fascata, 138, 350.
Maidenhair fern, 128.
Malaoopoda, 1.
Malacosoma, 259.
americana, 181.
disstria, 182, 259.
MaUophaf/a. 11, 27.
Mallow, 16;;5.
Malva, 1G2.
parriflora. 79.
rotnndifolia, 79.
Mamme fig crop, 268.
Mammoni fig crop. 2(»8.
Mango, 32. 106, 111, 113.
Mantidw, 12.
Mauzauita. 33.
Maple, 41, 111, 119, 128, 139.
scale, 110.
Marking tents. 324.
Marlatt scale, 94.
Masicera pachytili, 260.
Materials, fumigating, 333.
spraying, 316.
Maiictiola destructor, 244.
May flies, 11, 241.
McFadden tent hoist, 329. 330.
Mealy bug, 211, 213, 215. 218, 219, 224,
225, 272, 303, 332.
destroyer, 214.
parasite, 271.
plum louse, 86.
wings, 38. 142.
Measuring tents, 327.
Mecoptera, 11, 12.
Megilla maculata, 45, 60, 227.
vittigera, 201.
Melaleuca, 119.
MeJanoplus devastator conspicuiis, 18.
diffcrentialis, 17.
spretus, 13.
untformis, 19.
Melia azedarach, 128, 144.
var. umhracnlifera, 144, 350.
Melon, 62, 119. 145, 156, 229, 249.
aphis, 61, 203.
Membranous-winged insects, 261.
MemhracidcE, 38, 39.
Merisus destructor, 244, 245.
Mesembri/anthemum. 96.
Methods of fumigating, 330.
Mexican wax scale. 111.
Microcentrum laurifolium, 21.
Mignonette, 8, 197.
Minute black ladybird beetle, 7, S, 10,
220.
false chinch bug, 150.
SlirabUis californica, 30.
Missouri pippin apple, 70.
Mistletoe, 127, 128.
Mites, 1. 2, 3, 32, 153, 210, 220.
Molasses, 299.
Monellia californica, 81.
Monkey flower, 96.
puzzler, 98.
Monophlehincc, 89.
Monterey pine, 58.
louse, 58.
Moonflower, 8, 106.
Morning-glory, 114.
Morrill system of fumigating, 319.
Moss, 314.
Moth, 11, 154.
Mounting insects, 289.
Mulberry. Ill, 114, 124, 128.
Mullein, 30.
Murgantia histrionica, 145.
Mustard, 42, 60, 146, 1.50, 363, 196. 229,
231.
wild, 197.
Myrmeleonidw, 150.
Myrobalan plum, 195.
M goporum, 119.
Mgrica cerifera. 111.
Mi/rsine retusa, 128.
Myrtle. 112, 113. 114, ]27, 3.50.
crape, 144, 350.
Mgrtus communis, 350.
lagerstroemia, 350.
Myzocallis arundlcolens, 83.
Mgzus cerasi, 76.
persicw, 67. 77.
rosarum, 76, 79.
Nasturtium. .30, 197.
Nectarine, 28, 67.
Nematode. 282.
Nephrodium, 100.
Nerium oleander, 66. 102.
Nerve-winged insects, 150.
Net, insect, 285.
Nettle, 79, 89, 231.
Neuroptera, 11, 150, 289.
Nicotiana glauca, 30.
tahacum, 102.
Nightshade, 34, 58, 91, 102, 119. 127,
129, 133, 167.
Nipa fruticans, 106.
Noctuidw. 1.59, 161, 162. 163, 164, 165.
Norfolk Island pine, 32, 98.
Northern Spy apple, 46, 51, 70.
Notodontidw, 188.
Novius cardinalis, 88, 91, 221, 223, 250.
Icwhelei, 91, 222, 250.
Nozzles, 313.
Nysius angustatus, 149.
miniitus, 150.
Oak, 111, 133, 137, 139, 176. 240. 241.
live, 179.
water, 350.
white, 91.
Oats, 16, 41.
Odonata, 11, 12.
Oecanthus niveus, 25.
Oedaleonotus enigma, 16.
Oiled paper. 319.
Okra. 140.
Oica europaa, 34.
frafjnnis, 123.
stratissia, 88.
Oleander. 60. 102, 106. 113, 114, 117 119,
128, 132.
aphid, 66.
scale, 127.
OUgota oviformis, 10.
Olive, 34, 119, 127. 128, 133, 136, 137.
mock, 350.
Olla abdominalis, 45, 81. 140, 208.
ociilata, 45. 209.
plaffiata, 119, 210.
Onion, 37, 103, 249.
thrips, 37.
Occncyrtus anasw, 147.
Johnson i, 146.
Ophchsio, crawfordi, 91.
Opuntia littoralis, 128.
Orange. 22, 33, 61. 102, 111, 116, 121,
128, 142, 176, 249, 350.
chionaspis, 120.
dog, 198,
Mexican. 3.50.
osage, 130, 249. 250.
scale, 132.
tortrix, 175.
Orchids, 32, 117.
Orcus chalyheus, 131, 134, 136, 137, 211.
Ortalida; 249.
Orthczln insignis, 92.
Ortheziuur. 89. 92.
Orthoptcra, 11, 12, 288, 289.
Osmanthiis americanus, 350.
ilicifolius, 121.
Otiorhi/nchidw. 240.
Oyster shell scale. 138.
Pwonia, 102.
Palcacrifa vcrnata, 185.
I'ale-winged grasshopper. 19.
Palm. 32. 94. 106. 107. 113. 117. 121.
139, 240.
date, 94, 128, 133, 140.
fan, 128, 133.
scale, 113.
J'tipilio asterias. 197.
polgxcncs, 197.
zoUcaon, 198.
Papilionido', 197, 198.
Parddcjcanid niillioides, 261.
J'firfiiKi niin riftigrra, 201.
rarasita, 11, 38, 150.
Parasite, 45. 91, 250, 258. 260. 262, 264.
205. 209. 270. 271, 272. 274, 281,
295.
Paris ureen, 297. 299. 300. 310.
rarlatoria hlanchatdii, 139.
pergandii, 141.
Parsley, 198.
caterpillar, 197.
Parsnip. 80. 198.
lonse. 85.
Passion flower. 102, 127, 133.
1'u-s.siflaiu, 8.
riolneca. 102.
Pea. 7. 30, 74, 102, 163, 229, 230,
238.
lonse. 72. 73. 203.
weevil. 238.
Peach. 7. 9, 28, 34, 36, 67, 79, 89,
111. 116, 117. 120. 123, 124,
130. 171, 181. 190, 194, 236.
ai)hi(l. green, 07. 77. 79.
aphis, black. 07.
borer. 193.
twig-borer. 1 70.
Peannt. 229.
Pear. (i. 30. 34. 41. 44, 50, 70, 99,
113. 115, 110, 119, 123, 124,
127, 129, 130, 133, 139, 148,
177. 230. 281, 350.
psylla. 43.
scale. 126.
slug. 280. 297.
thrips, 35, 304.
Pecan, 91.
Pelargonium 8, 125.
Pch'teria rohiista. 260.
Pdlwa hustuta, 32.
Pellucid grasshopper, 15.
Pcmphigua, beta-, 53, 201.
californicus, .53.
popiilieoiilis!. .53.
popuJimonUis, .55.
Pcntarthron nihmtum, 281.
Pcntatoiiiidfr. 145.
I'epper. 8. 79. 89. 125.
tree. 34. 119. 128.
Peridroma nutrgariiosa var. saucia.
105.
Periodical cicada. 39.
Prriputii.s. 1.
Pcrifj/nihin riti folia-. 47.
Pernicious scale, 129.
Persian insect powder, 306.
Persimmon. 112. 125, 144, 350.
Japan. 350.
wild, 350.
Phasmida'. 12.
I'hilampclus adicnion, 158.
Phlrgefhonfiiis ([uiiKiurmaculaia. 157
serf a, 1.50.
Phlox. 32. 114, 119.
Phwnicococctis niorlatti, 94.
Phirnix dacti/Ufcra, 128.
I'holuft achrinon, 158.
Pliorhia hrassicw, 256.
Phoroccra porra. 176.
Phorodon hinnnli, 84.
Phragmitcs riilgaris, 86.
I'lnjUo.vcra rontatiij-, 47.
Phthorimaa operculella, 166.
237,
110,
126,
ni,
126,
156,
163,
PhtjmaUi wolfii. 197.
Physcus flai-ivcntris, 134.
Phi/tonomus posticus, 349.
Phijtoptns olcivorus, 4.
Picridw, 196.
Pieris rapw, 190.
Pigweed, 58, 146, 163, 231.
Pilate's ladybird beetle, 212.
Pimpini'Ua magna, 86.
saxifrage, 86.
Pine, Monterey, 58.
louse, 58.
scale, 276, 277.
Pineapple, 123.
scale, 123.
Pink, 8, 32.
Pinning, insects. 288.
Pinus radiata, 58, 129.
Pistacia, 134.
Pittosporum, 127.
Plague grasshopper parasite, 260.
Plantain, 163.
Plant-bug, 148.
Plant lice, 11, 38, 44, 151, 153, 201, 202,
203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213,
216, 218, 220, 292, 303, 304, 305.
Plaques for insects, 292.
Platycerium, 106.
PJati/ptera, 11, 27, 289.
Plecoptcra, 11, 12.
Plum, 7, 34, 36, 41. 67. 79, 85, 86, 106,
111, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 120,
127, 130, 133, 139, 146, 188, 236,
281.
louse, mealy, 86.
Podisiis wacultivcntris, 227, 281.
Podocarpiis. 134.
Poisons, 297, 299.
Polistcs pallipcs, 197.
Polygonum arvictilarc, 30, 89.
Pomaderris apetala, 1.37.
Pomegranate, 34. 89, 113. 119, 127, 129,
350.
Pomelo, 102, 350.
Poiifia rapcp, 196.
I'oplar. 130, 139.
Lombardy, 119, 123.
-stem gall-louse, 53.
Popiihis balsam if era var. aiigiisfifolia, 58.
fremoiitii, 58.
monilifera, 54.
tremidoides, 54.
trichocarpa. 54, 58, 84.
Portnlaca oleraeea, 34.
Potassium cyanide, 329, 330.
hydroxide, 293.
Potato, 17, 25, 41, 58, 78. 91. 140, 149,
156,163, 167, 229, 231, 255, 284.
eelworm, 282, 348.
tuber moth, 166.
Potato-vine, 102.
Praying mantis, 11, 12.
Praon cerasaphis, 77.
Predaceous insects, 91, 295.
Pressure, spraying, 313.
Pi-imrose, 14.5.
Prioinis hitieoUis, 233.
I'rivet, 130, 144, 350.
California, 350.
golden, 350.
Procedure, fumigating, .330.
P roetotri/poidea , 262.
I'rofichi tig crop, 268.
Prospalta aiirantii, 276.
ProspalteUa aurantii, 134, 276.
Protoparce Carolina, 150.
celeus, 157.
quinquemaculata, 1.57.
seat a, 1.50. *
Prune, 7, 9, 36, 86, 110, 116, 119, 120,
124, 130, 164, 184, 185, 187, 188,
195.
P run us amygdaliis, 79.
armeniaca, 34.
earoliniana, 350.
cerasifcra. 195.
ccrasus, 79.
domestica. 34, 79.
insititia, 79.
laiiroccrasiis, 350.
persica, 34, 79.
Pseudoeoccns adoniduni, 105.
artemisiw, 96.
aiirilanatus, 97.
hakeri, 98.
citri, 99, 106. 151, 211, 213, 215, 219,
225, 272.
crawii, 105.
longispiniis. 105, 211, 213, 215, 219.
nipa', 10('».
pseudotiipw, 107.
I'seudohasis eglcnterina, 183.
Psocids, n.
Psi/lla pi/rieola, 43.
Psyllida: 38. 43.
Psyllohora tadata, 210.
/'sylliodes pinicfulata, 231.
Pteromaliis puparum, 197.
Pulvinaria amygdali, 109.
inniimerahilis, 110.
ritis, no.
Pumpkin. 102, 147, 230.
Pumps, spray. 310, 311, 312, 313, 318.
Puniea granatiim. 34. 350.
Purple apple aphis. 70.
scale, 130, 217, 275, 276, 332, 333.
Purslane, 34. S9, 150.
I'yralida', 173.
I'yrethrum, 306, 317.
Pyriis eommiinis, 34, 350.
(^larantine law. state, 343.
orders, alfalfa weevil, 349.
citrus white flies, 350.
cotton boll weevil, 351.
])Otato eelworm, 348.
Tulare County, 348. ,
Quercus aquatica, 350.
ilex 128
Quince, 7, 70.' 89. 112, 113, 123, 127, 130,
133, 139, 281.
Japanese flowering, 123.
Kadisli, 30, 60, 146, 150, 163, 196, 231,
256, 257.
maffgot, 256.
wild, 197.
Ragweed, 42, 146.
Eamona polystacluja, 105.
stachyoides, 95, 96.
Kanunciihts caUforniciis, 53.
Rape, 146.
Kaphidiidce, 150.
Raspberry, 26, 34. 125, 130, 139, 199, 236,
280.
horn-tail, 379.
Red-humped caterpillar, 188, 297.
Red ladybird beetle, 45, 204.
scale, 132, 332, 333.
spider, 7, 9.
Red-tailed tachiua fly, 160.
Reduviidw, 134.
Redwood, 139.
Reed grass, 86.
Repellents, 307.
Resin, 304, 317.
wash, 47. 304.
lihamnus, 281.
Rliizohius lopantlur, 224.
tooivoomhw, 224.
ventralis, 103, 111, 118, 119, 223.
Rhode Island Greening apple, 51, 70.
Rhopalosiphiim violw, 76.
Rhubarb, 41, 163, 231.
Bhynchitcs hicolor, 240.
Rhynchitidcr, 240.
Rhyncolophus arenicola, 2.
Ricintis com munis, 125.
Ripersia smithii, 107.
Rocky Mountain locust, 13.
Rome Beauty apple, 70.
Root louse, 58.
pests, 319.
Rosa, 84.
Rose, 8, 33, 34, 38, 41, 76, 80, 89, 116,
125, 127, 130, 133, 139, 145, 146,
229. 233, 240, 241, 280.
aphid, large, 76.
beetle, 240.
scale, 125.
slugs, 306.
snout beetle, 240.
Rosy apple aphis, 70.
Rubber, 114. 119, 144.
gloves for fumigation, 328, 336.
tubing, 328, 336.
Ruliia percgrina, 128.
Riihiis, idwus, 34.
Rumex, 34.
RiiscHS aculcattis, 128.
Rutabaga, 257.
Rye, wild, 108.
Sage, 8.
mealy bug, 105.
Sago palm, 106, 117, 133.^
Saissetia hcmisphwrica, 117, 271.
olew, 117, 118, 137, 211, 212, 224,
225, 270. 273, 304.
Sal Bordeaux, 300.
Salix, 34.
alboB, 86.
amygdaloides, 86.
uurita, 86.
hahyloiiica, 86.
caprca, 86.
liicida, 80.
nigra, 86.
Salt. 300.
Saltbush, 163.
,S'«/ria, 93, 127, 145.
Sand cricket, 24.
pear, 130.
San Jose scale, 129.
Sanninoidca opalcsccns, 193.
Sassafras officinale, 139.
Saturniida\ 1S3.
Saw-fly, 11, 261, 306.
Scale insects, 11, 38, 88, 151, 153, 207,
209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217,
218, 220, 241, 292, 304, 305.
Scales, cyanide, 336.
Scale-winged insects, 154.
Scarahwidw, 232.
Schedules, fumigation dosage, 327, 331,
332.
Scliinus molle, 34, 119..
Scliizoneura lanigera, 49.
(Sc/f /»»»•« concinna, 188.
Scolopciidra. 1.
hcros. 2.
Scholotlirips scjcmacitlatns, 10.
Scorpion, 1.
flies, 11.
Scurfy scale, 122.
ficutellista, 270.
cyanea, 118, 119, 270, 271.
Scymnns, 108, 140.
guttulatiis, 103, 214, 218.
marginicollis, 103, 134, 137, 219,
224.
mmrens, 105 (error, should be
Hyperaspis mcerens, 217).
nebulosits, 84, 134, 219.
sordidus, laS, 218.
pagans, 220.
Secondary pinning, 289.
Sedum, 125, 127.
Seed chalcis, 267.
ScmiotcUiis destructor, 245.
Scnccio f'Ulgaris, 79.
tScquoia scmpcrvirens, 129.
Service-berry, 6.
Sesia rutilans, 190.
tipuliformis, 191.
Scsiida; 190, 191, 193.
Sexual plant lice, 70.
Sheath-winged insects, 199.
Shepherd's purse, 62,
Shield fern, 32.
Sif/niphora oocidcntalis, 134, 277.
Silver fish, 11.
mite, 4.
moth, 11.
Sinea diadema, 281.
Srphonaptera, 11, 12.
Siricidcc, 279.
iSitotroga cerealella, 172.
Six-spotted mite. 8.
Small brown ladybii-d beetle, 218.
gray ladybird beetle, 210.
steel-blue grapevine flea beetle, 230.
syrphid fly, 248.
Smilax, 8, 32. 350.
Smiiithurus, 11.
Snout beetle, 240.
Snowball, 41.
Snowy tree-cricket, 2.5.
Soap, 47, 302. 303. 305, 317.
Sodium cyanide. 329, 330.
hydroxide, 293.
Soft brown scale, 113, 114, 119, 262, 270,
.303.
parasite, 270.
Solanacvce, 156, 157.
Solauum, 34, 112.
raroUnense, 249.
donglasii. 58. 102.
jasmiiKoides, 102.
root louse, 58.
Solpugids, 1.
Sonchus asper, 79.
oleraceiis, 79.
Sorbus, 71.
Sorghum, 64.
Sow bugs. 1.
Sow-thistle, 30.
Spearmint, 89.
Sphi>njida>, 154. 155, 156, 157, 158.
Sphinx moth, 154.
achemon, 158.
tobacco, 157.
tomato, 156.
white-lined, 155.
Spiders, 1. 3, 220.
Spinach, 229.
Spindle-tree, 111.
Spined soldier-bug. 227.
Spirobolas, 1.
marginatus, 2.
Spittle insects, 38.
S]iotless fall webworm, 189.
Sprays. .35, 36, 45. 297, 305, 310.
companies, 318.
pumps. 310, 311. 312, 313, 318.
Spreading insects, 289.
Spring cankerworm, 185.
tail, 11.
Squash. 8. 140. 147, 229, 230, 255.
bug, 146.
Staghorn fern. 106.
Stangeria schizodoti, 106.
State commissioner of horticulture, 337.
insectary, 294.
quarantine law, 343.
Steel-blue grapevine flea beetle, 230.
ladybird beetle, 119, 211.
Steiroji'i/s melanopleiira, 23.
Stem mothers of green apple aphis, 68.
Stowpelmatns irregvlaris, 24.
><tethoriis picipcs, 7, 8, 10.
vagans, 7. 8, 10, 220.
Sticky rope, 303.
Stircfrus iincliorago. 227.
Stone flies, 11.
Storehouse pests, control, 319.
Strawberry, 33, 93, 149, 191, 240.
crown moth, 190.
thrips, 32.
Sfrdifzid. 127.
gigantea. 102.
regina. 102.
Si riped cucumber beetle, 229.
ladybird beetle, 201.
Strobilanthes. 93.
Sucking insects, control, 300.
Sugar, 291.
beet, 8, 41, 53, 150, 163.
Sulphur, 8, 9. 299, 300, 301, 302, 305,
306, 317.
dioxide, 318.
Sulphuric acifl. 330. 336.
Sumach. 41, 111. 119, 129. 249.
Sunflower. 146, 163.
wild, 30.
Sweat flies, 245.
Sweet alyssum, 197.
-gum, 89.
Sycamore, 111, 116, 119.
Hympherohiun angustus, 10, 108, 134, 137,
151.
S!gn(inthcdon riitilans, 190.
t^yringa, 41.
persica, 139.
riiI(i(iriK. 350.
Sgrphidir. 44, 80, 245.
Syrphid fly. American, 247.
large, 246.
small, 248.
t'^yrplni.'i amcricaniis, 45, 66, 67, 88, 246,
247.
Tachiua flies, 2.58.
Tachina mcUa, 180. 259.
Tachinnhr. 258.
Tacsoiiia niolUssima, 30.
Tallow tree, 139.
Tangerine, .3.50.
Tanglefoot, 46, 309.
Tannin for tents, 323.
Tape, fumigating, 336.
Tarnished plant-bug, 148.
Tuxus cuspidata, 137.
Tea, 93, 111, 113, 133.
Tccoma rudicans, 350.
'J'elcuonnis orgt/Ue, ISO.
Tempi'ratiire for fumigation, 333.
Tent caterpillar, 181, 182, 297.
Tenthredinidce. 281.
Tent hoist, 329, 330.
Tents, fiimisating, 321, 33Jj.
Termes lucifufjus, 27, 28.
Termites, 11, 27, 28.
Termitidw. 27.
Titrantn-hiis hinniciilatiis. S. 220. 303.
30().
inijlUasindis, 9, 220, 306.
sea-iiiaciikitus, 8.
telaritts, 8.
Thermometer, 336.
Thespesia, 119.
Thonin.sia popiilicoJa, S4.
Thorn, 281.
-apple, 41.
Thousand-legged worms, 1.
Thriphleps insidiosus, 10.
Thrips. 10, 11, 29.
bean. 29.
citrus, 33.
grain, 32.
greenhouse, 31.
onion, 37.
pear, 35, 304.
strawberry, 32.
'Jltrips, tabaci, 37.
Thunhcroia, 8, 92.
Thysaiioptcra, 11, 29.
Thy sun lira, ], 13. 12.
Tihicen septfiidcciin, 39.
Ticks, 1.
bean, 239.
Time for spraying 315.
to fumigate. 333.
Tipula nunple.r, 242.
Tipulida', 242.
Tobacco, 102. 1.56. 157. Km.
fumes. 21S, 219.
sphinx, 1.56, 157.
sprays, 36. 46. 304. 305. 317.
tree, 30.
wild. 163.
Tomato. 8. 79. 93. 145. 156. 157. 163,
1(;5.
si)iiinx, 156.
worm, 164, 297.
Tniiioccrd cdlifoniicd. 119. 272.
Tortrivid(i\ 17.5, 17().
Tortrix citraria, 175.
Toxopicra niiraiitia; 86, 247. 248. 263,
265, 266.
T inclniciirptin f.vccJuufi. 113.
'I' niilcscdiifiii multicolor, 102.
Tree-cricket, snowy, 25.
hopper, 38, 39, 40.
Tree of heaven, 144. 350.
Trees. 14 18. 19. 40. 163.
fruit, 163. 166, 184, 187, 190, 282.
Trichoptcrd. 11, 12.
Tripdaph'tn rddicicohi, 58.
T rijihlciix iiisidiosufi. 42.
T rissole IIS iiiiui/diifid'. 14(J.
Troijiis cfidid iidtor. 198.
rill pill lis, 198.
Trumpet vine, 350.
Tnjpvtidw. 249. 344.
Tuber moth. 166.
Tulip, :'.(».
Turnip. 146. 150. 16.",. 196. 231. 256, 257.
wild. 30.
Tussock moth. 178.
tachinid. 259.
Twelve-spotted cucumber lieetle, 228.
Two-s])otted ladybird beetle. 44, 45.
stabbed ladybird beetle. 125, 211.
winged insects. 241.
Ti/loiilioni dstlniiiiticii. 12.5.
Tifi)lo<!/ba voiiics, 42.
I hiiiis iiincricdiui. 9.3.
rdvcniosd. t)3.
riiihcUifcra: 198.
rniJxIiiilaria califoriiicd. 114. 129.
rmbrella. 144, 350.
tree. 34. 127. 128. 144. 350.
I ritcd mens. 79.
Valley grasshopper. 16.
Varies; a ted cut worm, 165.
Vedalia. 88. 91. 221, 250.
Vegetables, 17, 38, 40, 230.
}'erhdseiiin rirgatiitii. 30.
Verbena. 8. 32. S9. 92.
]eioiiie<i. 89. 93.
Vetch, 74.
Mhiiriiiini. 350.
deiitaium. 111.
nil d inn. .350.
tin US, 350.
Yicia faba, 239.
Vines. 32.
\'ineyards 17, 18.
Violet, 8. 76.
louse, 76.
Virginia creeper, 1.58.
Virgin's bower. 8.
Yife.r liftordlis, 128.
Vifis rinifera. 34.
Yriesiii splcndcns, 128.
Walking sticks, 11, 12.
Walnut, black. 41, 83, 123, 176.
English. 36, 81. 89. 99. 116, 124, 127.
129, 130, 133, 179, 234.
mealy bug, 98.
])lant lice, 81. 209.
scale, 129, 276.
Wandering jew, 102.
Wasp. 11, 261. 288. 319.
Watermelon. 119, 230.
Water tank, fumigating. 325.
wagon, fumigating 328.
Wattle, 133.
Wax .scale. Florida. 112.
Japanese. 111.
^^'eeds, 40.
Weevil. 11. 199.
alfialfa, 349.
bean, 236.
broad-bean. 239.
cotton boll, 351.
pea, 238.
Western army worm. KKt.
tent caterpillar. 182.
twelve-spotted cucumber beetle,
West Indian scale, 124.
Whale oil soap, 302. 303. .304. 305.
Wheat. 10, 173. 245.
Wheel bug, 146.
White ants, 11, 27.
beam tree, 6.
flies, 11, 38, 142. 274. 350.
lined sphinx, 1.55.
Ijeach scale. 124.
sage, 105.
mealy bug, lt»5.
scale. 112.
Whitewash, 36, 310.
Wild pea, 30.
rye ripersia. 1(>7.
walnut louse, 81.
228.
317.
Willow, 34, 86, 89, 111. 125. 127.
133. 139, 176, 190.
Windsor bean, 239.
Wiiiflirnila Jf-piistulata, 160.
^^'ire grass. 30.
Wireworm. 234.
Wood fern. 32.
Woodpeckers. 236.
\Vool',y apple aphis. 46. 49. 203.
buttercup louse, .52, 53.
citrus aphid, 61.
Xuiitlioji/Iinii vhird-herculis. 350.
Xylol. 293.
Xi/sticiis giilosiis, 229.
Yarrow, 53.
Yellow scale. 134. 332, 333.
winged grasshopper, 15.
Yucca, 128.
a list ml is, 96.
fiUfcra, 96.
tvhipplci, 96.
Zamia, 106, 117.
mexicana, 125.
Zinc arsenite, 297. 316.
ZlnnUi. 229.
Ziziu (III red. 86.
Zizijphtis, 125.
130.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK - Commissioner
G.' E. MERRILL. CViief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Patliologist, Wliittier, Cal.
MISS MAUD HIETT Clerk
MISS L. A. CAUTHARD Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Parl<, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLBR ' Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY v Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
LOS ANGELES OFFICE.
Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. to. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
SAN DIEGO OFFICE.
Court House.
E. O. AMUNDSEN Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II Nos. 3and4
THE MO NTHLY BL LLETI N
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
FORTY-SECOND CALIFORNIA
•
State Fruit Growers"
Convention
Held under the auspices of the State Commission
of Horticuhure, at
CITY HALL
FRESNO CALIFORNIA
December 11, 12, 13, 1912
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA MARCH AND APRIL, 1913
CONTENTS
Page.
OPENING OF THE CONVENTION 353
ADDRESS OF WELCOME : A. E. Snow 353
RESPONSE A. J. Cook 254
THE CONTROL OF RED SPIDERS W. H. Volck 350
HORTICULTURAL LAWS AND THE NURSERYMEN__Geo. C. Roeding 364
ORCHARD SANITATION ^^H. S. Fawcett 371
THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER H. J. Quayle 375
PRUNE CULTURE E. N. Richmond 3S2
DETAILS IN CITRUS CULTURE C. C. Chapman 390
WORK OF THE QUARANTINE DIVISION OF THE STATE COMMIS-
SION OF HORTICULTURE Frederick Maskew 400
SOILS AND SUBSOILS A. J. Cook 410
THE MOTIVE OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Thomas F. Hunt 427
SOME ORCHARD SPRAYING PROBLEMS AND EXPERIMENTS
W. W. Bonns 439
FREIGHT RATES R. D. Stephens 448
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS 454, 517
PACKING GRAPES IN SAWDUST FOR SHIPMENT R. G. Risseu 457
DRAINAGE AND ALKALI RECLAMATION Frank Adams 400
CALIFORNIA CURED FRUIT EXCHANGE J. P. Dargitz 471
INCREASING RETirRNS OF MUSCAT VINEYARDS F. T. Bioletti 4S3
VITICULTURE IN THE INTERIOR VALLEYS Frank T. Swett 492
CO-OPERATION OF AMERICAN RAISIN GROWERS __W. R. Nutting 504
CALIFORNIA'S VITICULTURAL INDUSTRY: PAST, PRESENT.
FUTURE W. F. Stotx 509
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STATE ASSOCIATION OF
COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS Wm. Garden 519
INDEX o27
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
March and April, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II Nos. 3 and 4
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS:
CENSOR
A. J. COOK - - - State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
E. 0. ESSIG ------- Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
G. E. MERRILL - - - - Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
HARRY S. SMITH . - - Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
FREDERICK MASKEW - - Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Francisco
H. S. FAWCETT ... - - Plant Pathologist, Whittier
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento, California.
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Fbiend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, califobnia
1913
PROCEEDINGS OF FORTY-SECOND CALIFORNIA
STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION.
December 11 to 13, 1912.
FIRST DAY— MORNING SESSION.
Fresno, California, December 11, 1912.
The convention was called to order by Dr. A. J. Cook, State Com-
missioner of Horticulture.
Mr. E. 0. Essig, secretary of the State Commission of Horticulture,
acted as secretary.
Miss L. A. Cauthard acted as official stenographic reporter.
Dean G. R. E. McDonald of Fresno opened the meeting with an
invocation.
President Cook. We will now have the address of welcome by the
mayor of the city of Fresno, Hon. Alva E. Snow.
ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
By Mayor Alva E. Snow, Fresno.
I want to sav to vou that conventions of the state fruit growers mean
a great deal to every community where such conventions are called.
The benefits to be derived from them are not confined to the particular
locality where such a convention is held, but is state-wide. This locality,
comprising as it does a large territory practicallj'- in the center of the
State of California, and having greatly diversified fruit orchards, is
especially interested in this convention, and when I see such subjects
as are printed in this programme to be discussed by such men as you
have selected therefor, we consider ourselves especially favored.
The benefits, however, to be derived locally from this convention will
not be confined, I assure you, Mr. Chairman, to those people who are
fortunate enough to attend any and all of your sessions, but your doings
and sayings here will be spread generally throughout the county by
means of our Fresno press and read with great profit and interest by
our citizens. I hope while you are here you will be able to take the
time to visit our extensive vineyards, orange and lemon groves and
orchards. They are very extensive and will interest you.
By the time your convention is over I hope our State Commissioner
will have devised some means of exterminating all the bugs in this
community. The people of this county a short time ago assisted in this
respect, or to some extent at least, by their votes in exterminating all
the "bug juice" outside of the incorporated town.
There is a bug that was let loose in this community about two months
ago, which we have nourished very carefully. It has become very
prolific ; it has spread as far as Tulare in this short time and is making
35-1 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
rapid strides, I understand, toward Bakersfield on the south; and on
the north, I am told, its eggs are already deposited in Sacramento.
That, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, is the public market. I hope
you will take time to see it. It holds its next convention tomorrow
morning and will be in session before you convene. I think it will
interest you all, and you are invited to inspect it.
Now, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I take great pleasure in
bringing to you a most hearty welcome to our city of Fresno. I hope
that your sojourn here will be as pleasant and profitable to you as it
will be to us.
Chairman Cook. Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Cali-
fornia State Fruit Groovers' Convention: It is indeed a great pleasure
to respond to such a gracious welcome as we have just received. Fresno
is noted for its generous hospitality, and we were sure of a hearty recep-
tion, which is now emphasized by the warm w^elcome by the mayor.
Previous Convention.
I was here at Fresno at a previous convention under the able direc-
tion of our esteemed predecessor, Hon. Elwood Cooper. Then, as now,
the good people of this beautiful city were most cordial in their welcome
and as lavish in their entertainment.
Fresno.
I heard an able address from President Wheeler the other day at the
dedication of the new Agricultural Hall of our great University.
Among other good things he spoke of a possible annex of the University
here at Fresno, when would be established a summation of culture,
practical and disciplinary, which would be a real roundup of university
benefaction. That will likely be at Kearny Park, at the farther end
of the M^onderful boulevard which I hope we shall all enjoy on the
morrow.
June Convention. Review of Work.
At the June convention I gave a l)rief resume of the Avork of the State
Horticultural Commission for the first year. I have a word to add at
this time.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly.
Upon our return to Sacramento in June we made the most of the
resolutions passed by the county horticultural commissioners, sending
night messages to all our Congressmen and to the horticultural officers
of other states. I believe that by this action, the admiralile service of
Dr. C. L. Marlatt and the unflagging, insistent pushing by our Con-
gressmen, especially Congressman William Kent, each and all we are
indebted for our great victory in securing the invaluable national quar-
antine law, which will be a great aid, not only in our control of the
Mediterranean fruit fly, but also in protecting against other noxious
insects and fungous pests. We are all to be felicitated in that we have-
kept that arch enemy, the alfalfa weevil, and several other serious insect
pests from entering California.
THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN. 355
Alfalfa Weevil.
The desire of the county horticultural commissioners as expressed at
Ihe Santa Barbara convention regarding more strenuous quarantine
(srders against the white fly has been granted, and a more stringent
extended order has been declared against the alfalfa weevil. A new
order has now been declared, including nursery stock from the states
where this alfalfa weevil is known to exist.
Two Important Laws.
With the Hawaiian and National quarantine laws we are much better
protected than heretofore, and I believe we may feel quite secure, as I
think we may keep our orchards at their best, which means the finest in
the world.
County Ordinances.
We have a ruling from the Attorney General that our county quar-
antine ordinances are right and proper in case they infringe no State
laws. Their enforcement, however, can not be left to the county hor-
ticultural commissioners, but must be carried to the courts. If thought
desirable, the law could be so amended as to give the county horti-
cultural commissioners authority to enforce any such ordinance.
Change of Present Law.
There is a suggestion that was made at the recent State Nurserymen's
Association to change the law, making the county horticultural com-
missioners state officers, under the State Horticultural Commissioner,
so as to make quarantine action and control measures more uniform.
They would then cease to be count.y officers. I would urge the fact that
our horticultural laws are now w^orking well, our count}^ horticultural
commissioners are able and alert, and their work is increasingly efficient.
I greatly question the advisability of making any decided changes in
our law. The change referred to above would, I believe, be inopportune
at the present time. A not very important but convenient measure
would be secured by a change of the law making any one who has passed
an examination in any county as a candidate for county horticultural
commissioner eligible in any other county of the State.
Crop Reports.
We hope our crop reports and orchard statistics may be required by
law of the several county horticultural commissioners. They are now
required by the State Commissioner of Horticulture. These crop
reports are greatly appreciated and will more and more be considered a
great asset of the State.
White Fly.
You will all be pleased to learn that we have made a sustained war-
fare against the white fly at Marysville. We have sprayed once and
fumigated twice at a considerable expense. I feel that we must extir-
pate this pest at any cost. Can we afford to tolerate such a menace
within the confines of the State ?
356 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Lectures.
As soon as I took office, in obedience to the law, I commenced to lec-
ture in the various towns and counties as time and opportunity per-
mitted. I have now addressed over fifty audiences in thirty different
counties. I am very glad to do this, as it enables me to acquaint myself
Avith the needs, resources, and possibilities of the several counties of the
State and to come into closer touch with the county horticultural com-
missioners and the many horticulturists of the State.
The Commission of Use.
I wish again to invite most heartily all of you to use the office of the
State Horticultural Commissioner. There is no place in the country
where you can get such prompt, accurate, and helpful information as
with us. We have now a large, accurately-named, systematic collection
of insects which enables quick identiiication and practical advice. We
are also now equipped to give practical aid regarding the many fungoid
troubles that will more and more strike at the best interests of the fruit
growers.
You can help us greatly by collecting and sending to us fifty or more
specimens of any insect that attracts attention, either as a friend or
enemy. Such action on your part will not only greatly add to our
collection at Sacramento, but will make us able to build up for each
county horticultural commissioner a collection that will greatly aid him
in his service to the public.
Chairman Cook. W. H. Volck will now address the convention on
"The Control of Red Spiders."
THE CONTROL OF RED SPIDERS.
By W. H. Volck, Watsonville, Cal.
The various kinds of mites which attack cultivated plants are at times
responsible for considerable damage to crops. In California we have
three important species which are frequently troublesome, namely, the
citrus red spider {Tetranychus mytilaspidis) , the yellow mite {Tet-
ranychus himaculatus Harvey) and the almond red spider (a species
of Bryohia). These mites, while commonly thought of as insects, are
really more closely related to the spiders. The species just men-
tioned are all very minute, being scarcely visible without a lens; but
their ability to multiply at a very rapid rate makes them capable of
inflicting much damage. The citrus red spider may pass through six-
teen generations in a year, and each female can produce thirty to sixty
individuals. Often, the greater portion of these will be females. Thus,
in nine weeks, the offspring of one mite can be upward of 1,800 indi-
viduals. Reproduction is by means of eggs which hatch whether fer-
tilized or not, the only difference being that the unfertilized eggs
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 357
produce males, while all fertilized embrj^os appear to develop into
females.
The eggs are laid on the surface of the plant, especially along the
midribs of the leaves, on both surfaces. The young mites feed con-
stantly, except whein moulting, and the process of feeding consists in
sucking the juice from the outer layer of cells on the leaves and fruit.
But little mechanical injury is done, and badly discolored leaves may
recover if the mites are removed. Continued infestation results in a
much faded and browned foliage, and even partial defoliation. The
truit also loses color as if put through a process of bleaching.
The almond red spider behaves in much the same way, differing most
in production of winter eggs, which may remain on the trees from mid-
summer to the following spring before hatching. Frequently these
eggs are so numerous as to produce red patches on the twigs and
branches where they have been laid. This mite may produce more
rapid and serious injury than the citrus species, and is often responsible
for crop failures. The almond mite feeds quite generally on deciduous
trees, but develops most readily on almonds. It is apparently confined
to such fruit trees and can not be bred on clovers, as its scientific name
implies. It is a difficult species to rear under artificial conditions, so
its habits are less well known than those of the other species treated in
the paper.
The yellow mite (Tetranychus himaculatus Harvey), is more nearly
related to the orange red spider. Its life history is much the same, and
has been well worked out, with the exception of the method of wintering
over. Our present state of knowledge indicates that this is accom-
plished through hibernating of very slightly active females. This mite
feeds on many kinds of plants, including annual crops, and in fact does
its greatest damage to some, such as hops. It also attacks strawberries,
and is found on numerous weeds. Fruit trees are not exempt, and
when attacked are greatly injured. The most evident distinguishing
character of a yellow mite infestation is the presence of considerable
very fine cob web, covering the foliage.
Methods of Control.
]\[any interesting things could be said about the habits and life history
of these mites, but the purpose of this paper is the discussion of control
methods. The first investigation of a red spider problem in this State
was that conducted by the State University in southern California in
.1902, and dealing with the orange species. This investigation devel-
oped the fact that the citrus red spider was very sensitive to sulphur,
and might be readily controlled.
If sulphur particles were well distributed over the foliage, and
retained in place by any suitable means, a long continued action
resulted, which killed, not only those mites present at the time of spray-
ing, but also any hatching from eggs. This was an important advantage
ever the then existing treatment, which consisted in spraying with a
dilute solution of sodium sulfide. This treatment sufficed to kill onlv
35S THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
those mites present at the time of spraying and left the eggs to hatch,
a condition which demanded spraying at intervals of three weeks until
natural conditions became unfavorable to the red spiders.
Dusting with sulphur has also been resorted to, but gave poor results,
owing to the failure in distribution and adhesion. For these reasons
the sulphur was mechanically mixed with water, to which had been
added some flour paste, and the trees thoroughly sprayed in such a
manner as to wet both surfaces of the leaves. This mixture proved
entirely successful, completely controlling the citrus red spider at any
season of the year. However, in this, as well as in most other matters,
prevention is preferable to cure, and makes the proper timing of the
spraying important. In this connection, it has been demonstrated that
under southern California conditions, spraying in August will render
orange and lemon orchards immune for the year.
In actual practice, the sulphur-flour paste formula has not been as
much used as its merits justify, but resort has been had to spraying
with sulphur solutions. While these solutions kill by contact, as has
been explained, they do not have sufficient lasting effect. Such sulphur
solution as lye-sulphur and ]ime-sulphur will prove injurious to foliage
if used at all strong. The high dilution necessary to prevent injury
will leave so little sulphur deposited after the water has evaporated
that the young mites may not be killed when they hatch a week or ten
days later. The practice of using lime-sulphur solution could be much
improved by adding a few pounds of sublimed sulphur to each tank,
provided, of course, that there is sufficient agitation to keep it uni-
formly mixed. Finally, the use of flour paste is doubly advisable, as
will appear later.
In 1903, the writer was sent to Sutter County to investigate a very
refractory case of almond red spider infestation. The usual practice
of dusting Math sulphur had proved absolutely worthless, for reasons
which are not fully under.stood. This infestation yielded to the sulphur-
flour paste mixture, although some lye-sulphur solution was added to
give quicker results on the adult mites, which were present in enormous
numbers. As with the citrus red spider, proper timing of the appli-
cation is important. The spraying should be done before much injury
has developed. This will be shortly after blooming, when enough
foliage has grown to hold the spray well.
Another method of treatment appears to give promise with the
almond mite. That is winter spraying with crude oil emulsion. Such
deciduous trees as are injured by this r^d spider are frequently in need
of some winter spraying to kill moss and scale. Also, there appears to
be great possibilities in the way of stimulation by the use of oily winter
sprays. So marked are the stimulating effects of crude oil emulsion
that I predict considerable use of it, or some similar material, for that
purpose alone. It happens that the crude oil spray is also capable of
killing red spider eggs, and a marked degree of control has already been
observed as a result of such spraying.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 359
The almond mite should not be dismissed without some discussion of
the dusting method of control, for very marked benefit has been
obtained by the use of dry sulphur.
Some kind of a blowing machine is needed for this work, and it is
best to use a mixture of hydrated or fine lime dust as a diluent for the
sulphur. The first dusting should be applied early in the spring,
shortly after blossoming, this to be followed in three to four weeks by a
second application ; more dustings to be applied if it proves necessary.
The Yellow Mite.
The year following the experiments with the almond red spider
(1904), I applied the sulphur-flour paste sulfide of soda mixture to
hops at Wheatland in an effort to control the yellow mite {Tetranychus
hiniaculatus Harvey). This experiment did not prove successful, as it
was found the species in question resisted the action of sulphur almost
completely. This resistance is so marked that the mite can develop
when foliage, well covered with sulphur, was enclosed in paper bags
and exposed to the high temperature of that localit5^
Some years later (1911), W. B. Parker, agent, engaged in truck crop
and stored products insect investigation, Bureau of Entomology, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, was more successful in the control of this
mite by the use of a dilute lime-sulphur solution containing flour paste.
In this case the paste was used to increase the covering or wetting
power of the spray. The killing with this mixture is entirely a matter
of contact, and the application may require repeating two or three
times for continued control.
It appears then that a double advantage has been demonstrated for
the use of flour paste in spray materials intended for the control of
mites; not only may particles of solid sulphur be made to adhere
firmly to the foliage, but the wetting power of the spray will be greatly
increased.
Natural Control of Red Spicier.
Most species of mites (especially the citrus and almond red spiders)
are subject to very marked and rapid reduction in abundance as a
result of natural causes, including predaceous insects, parasites, and
climatic conditions. It frequently happens that the man who sprays
his orchard at the time Mdien the red spider attacks look the worst, will
not come out much better than his neighbor, who does nothing. Such
experience should not, however, be taken as an argument in favor of the
do-nothing policy, but on the other hand, they do argue strongly in
favor of timing the treatment so as to have preventive effect; that is,
spraying before the mites have become numerous, in order to prevent
them from becoming so.
Spray Formulas.
The original flour paste-sulphur formula is prepared as follows:
Mix wheat flour with water at the rate of one pound to the gallon, and
heat to the boiling point. The paste so formed will be quite free from
360 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
lumps, if the flour has been properly mixed with the cold water. This
can be done by washing it through a box with a window screen bottom.
The stock paste solution so formed is used at the rate of four gallons
to 100 gallons of water in the spray tank. To this dilated mixture
may be added sublimed sulphur or a sulphur solution, or both. Sub-
limed sulphur may be used at the rate of 5 to 10 pounds to the 100
gallons. The 5-pound mixture is sufficiently strong if the spraying is
done properly.
Sulphur solutions may be used at the rate of 1 to 6 pounds of sulphur
(in the form of poly sulfides) to the 100 gallons. A good formula for
both citrus and almond red spider may thus be made up :
Water 100 gallons
Flour paste 4 gallons
Sublimed sulphur 5 pounds
36-degree lime-sulphur solution 1 gallon
Thorough agitation is necessary to keep to sulphur in uniform sus-
pension. Parker recommends this formula, minus the sublimed sul-
phur, for yellow mite on hop. Commercial lime-sulphur solution is
now readily obtainable. It is more convenient to use than the lye-
sulphur formula, so that material will not be discussed here.
Iron Sulfide.
Sublimed sulphur is at best a coarse material. A much finer form
of .sulphur is produced by precipitation of lime-sulphur solution with
copperas (iron sulfate).
^^''ater 100 gallons
Flour paste 4 gallons
Lime-sulphur solution 5 quarts
Copperas (iron) sulfate 2 pounds
Add the solution of copperas to the full}- diluted mixture in the spray
tank, with proper agitation.
This formula will be found very satisfactory for treating the almond
red spider on various deciduous trees, and may be used on oranges for
the August spraying, or after the fruit is picked. If applied too near
picking time, the fruit may be .stained.
Sulphur Injury.
In some cases foliage may be injured even by very dilute .sulfide
solutions. Peach trees have at times shown a high degree of sensi-
tiveness. In cases where injury developes the lime-sulphur .should be
much reduced in strength or eliminated entirely. In the iron sulfide
formula the lime-sulphur solution may be reduced to three quarts, or
the commercial material can be used, in which case both lime-sulphur
solution and copperas are omitted. Also, the sublimed sulphur form-
ula just given, with lime-sulphur solution omitted, wall be found satis-
factory. Commercial iron sulfide .should be used at the rate of 6 to 12
pounds to the 100 gallons.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 361
Crude Oil Emulsion.
The crude oil winter spray intended for use on all deciduous trees,
while dormant, is readily prepared according to this formula :
Water 175 gallons
Lye (caustic soda) _' 4 pounds
Soap oil (oelic acid) 1 gallon
Crude oil 25 gallons
Place in the spray tank in the order mentioned, with agitation in
motion. Warm the soap oil if it is not thoroughly liquid. In place of
the oelic acid, in case it can not be obtained, use 20 pounds of whale-oil
soap. Very hard water may require more soap.
This formula should convert the crude oil into a brown colored
emulsion, which is easily agitated to a uniform mixture.
Dusting Mixture.
A good material for use in dusting machines is prepared as f oIIoavs :
Hydrated lime 100 pounds
Sublimed sulphur 20 pounds
Apply very thoroughly so that the trees will show a good coating of
the pow^der.
Nicotine in Red Spider Sprays.
While nicotine is not very effective against mites, its use in red spider
sprays may at times be advisable to control aphids. In such cases
' * Black Leaf 40 ' ' may be added to any of the liquid formulas at the rate
of 1 pound to 100 gallons.
Chairman Cook. Mr. Volck has had a great deal of experience in
this matter and will be glad to answer anj^ questions in regard to same.
Has any one any questions to ask ?
A Member. Do the red spiders multiply according to the condition
of the weather?
]\Ir. Volck. Yes, but just what those are would be difficult for me
to say. Those conditions are not exactly known. I may say that at
times it is a little too warm, at times a little too dry, or may be at other
times it may be just right; that has not been fully determined. You
know in some cases they grow much better under protection than out
under natural conditions, and frequently they are worse in green-
houses than other places, and they will readily develop on moist soil or
.soil that has been under some sort of cover, such as a paper bag, showing
that the external climatic conditions in California are not favorable.
The same is true of many insects. The almond mite develops better in
the warm interior sections than along the coast, and the same is true of
the citrus red spider.
A Member. Are the red spiders migratory? Do they come and go?
Mr. Volck. No, they are not migratory, but usually remain in one
place, excepting when the food supply runs out they will go somewhere
else.
362 THE MONTHLY BULLETIlSr.
A ]Member. Why are red spiders more numerous along roadsides
than in orchards?
Mr. VoLCK. I do not know as I have any satisfactory explanation
for that. I always thought that it might be due to the influence of
dust settling on the trees, but 1 couldn't say that this has anything to
do with it.
Mr. ScHULZ. When is the best time to spray for the citrus red
spider?
]Mr. VoLCK. I do not know about all parts of the State — about how
often they should be applied in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys,
but in the southern part of California, the proper time to spray for the
citrus red spider is in the month of August. Use sublime sulphur with
Hour paste, and you can also use the lime-sulphur solution, if you wish.
Mr. Chapman. You say to spray before they come; how are you
going to tell when they are coming? We can't go out and find out
about these things. When they appear Avon't it be time to go after
them ?
Mr. VoLCK. That is an entirely wrong way ; spray regularly in your
orchard ; go over the ground very carefull}^ with your sprays.
Mr. Chapman. You know that is impracticable.
Dr. Cook. When I came from Michigan about twenty-five years ago
the people were just commencing to spray for certain fungous diseases
and troubles there. Now and then they would spray, waiting until
there were evidences of attack, then they would spray ; but that caused
great trouble and now they don't hesitate, they spray every year. I
agree with ]\Ir. Volck.
Mr. Chapman. Suppose you have red spider onlj- once in five years.
AYould you go through your orchards and spray every year?
Mr. Volck. They should be sprayed in advance rather than after
the red spider has appeared.
My. Pease. Mr. Volck has stated that it does not alwaj^s appear.
Perhaps this year may be bad and next year we may not have trouble
at all. Would you spray whether the spider was there or not?
Mr. Volck. Yes.
Dr. Cook. I believe that is the most important thing that will be
said at this convention. Mr. Teague of the Limoneira Company spent
between five and six thousand dollars last year in firing his orchards for
frost protection, and saved thousands on that account.
Mr. Pease. One more question. If we haven't any spiders and
there are not very many eggs there, how long will the effect of your
spraying last? And suppose it comes later.
Mr. Volck. One year.
]\Ir. Pease. Will it kill the eggs ?
]\Ir. Volck. The young mites will be killed when hatched from the
eggs if the application is put on properly.
jMr. Pease. How long will it last?
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 363
Mr. YoLCK. For a year — spray regularly in August and you will
keep the red spider under control.
Mr. Pease. I have not had red spider in our locality in August ;
they appeared in May and dispersed by the end of June.
Mr. Chapman. One more question. Will the red spider after being
sprayed be exterminated completely and be introduced again?
Mr. VoLCK. I do not claim to exterminate anything. There will
always be some mites left, and they will have to be sprayed again next
year.
J\Ir. Jones. I would like to ask in regard to the application of dry
sulphur dust. Has the temperature anything to do with its effects ?
Mr. Volck. Yes, it has considerable to do with it. Along the coast
we do not have very good results using dry sulphur on anything.
Mr. Jones. If the weather is warmer, then it is more effective. Is
that right?
Mr. YoLCK. Yes.
Mr. Cl'Ndipp. Can't you control the red spider with dry sulphur
much cheaper than with the liquid spraying with one application?
Isn't it cheaper than with liquid?
Mr. YoLCK. You might, but it won't control nearly so completely
as the liquid ; the dust application put on in August will have little
material effect in January or February.
Mr. Cundiff. We absolutely control it in our section with one
application, put on much earlier, using a large machine, which dusts it
thoroughly over the trees, and it can be done for one eighth the expense
per application of the flour paste application. We use both.
Mr. Jones. What kind of sulphur do you use.
Mr. YoLCK. Best made of sublime sulphur.
Mr. Pease. In using dry sulphur, don't you always depend upon
the heat for sticking, for making the sulphur fumes?
Mr. YoLCK. The essential difference between dry sulphur and sul-
phur liquid spraj^ is that you get better adhesion with the liquid spray
and your material remains longer on the tree. Sulphur dusting has to
be effective within a short time after it is applied, for rains and winds
shake it off the tree; whereas if put on with flour paste it sticks there
and stavs for months.
Chairman Cook. The next subject will interest you all, I am sure —
our laws and the nurserymen. We are favored in having so able a man
as is Mr. George C. Roeding to present this subject. I take great
pleasure in introducing to you Mr. George C. Roeding — Mr. Roeding.
36-1 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
HORTICULTURAL LAWS AND THE NURSERYMEN.
By Geo. C. Roeding, Fresno, Cal.
Our laws as I understand them are created for the purpose of doing
the most good to the greatest number of our people and are not enacted
for the benefit or the injury of any of our citizens in the legitimate
pursuance of their vocation.
It must be admitted that a business is developed as a result of certain
demands which may exist in a community, or as a result of the
exigencies of trade which may cause that business to cover a wide scope
of territory.
A man engaged in business endeavors to exert his powers and his
intelligence to keep abreast of the times and be in touch with those who
desire to purchase the product which he raay manufacture or produce.
I am going to speak of California first, in the discussion of this sub-
ject, for if there is any one state in the Union in which our horticultural
development has surpassed in its extent and along modern and pro-
gressive lines, it is this most resourceful State of ours. It is due to the
intelligence of a certain class of men that these remarkable strides have
been made, and I do not think I am making any grave exaggeration
when I say that our nurserymen are largely responsible for placing the
fruit business on the high plane on which it stands today. It is through
their foresight, and their realization of what could be accomplished that
they have introduced so many valuable fruits, and ornamental trees and
shrubs which has placed California in a class by itself.
The burning question which arises in their minds now. is, shall they
go on putting forth the best that is in them to supply fruits; finer and
a greater variety of ornamental trees and plants; or -will they cpiit
altogether and engage in other pursuits from which they can derive a
living without being constantly harassed by laws whose main purport
seems to be to throttle them.
It is useless to deny that this is the condition of affairs as they exist
to-day, and with every succeeding year they are becoming more drastic
in their application.
Every railroad company and every citizen of this State foresees the
great possibilities that lie before us, and in attracting immigration to
this coast, it is done with the purpose of inducing settlers to buy small
tracts of land and develop them, more so in horticultural products than
in any other one thing.
Those who have been merely casual observers, are impressed with
the fact that our development in horticulture is still in its infancy and
that there are great possibilities before us. There are thousands of
acres of land in this State open for development, and the strides which
are being made in hydroelectric power and in our irrigation .systems
will eventually bring many of these lands into a high and intensive
state of cultivation.
The advancement of our horticultural interests is dependent without
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 365
a question of doubt on the nurserymen, for tliey are the only ones who
are going to make an effort to introduce new fruits and plants, and
propagate them for sale. It is not necessary for me to dwell very much
on this subject, for you to understand that the business must bring
adequate returns or it can uot exist.
It is not going to be my purpose to discuss radical changes in our
laws to correct existing evils, in this paper, but rather the application
of these laws. This is not an admission that our laws as now admin-
istered are satisfactory to the nurserymen of this State, because they
are not, and although I am decidedly in favor of having them under
state control and so far as it is possible to do so, to have them uniform,
this in itself will not correct conditions entirely, for there wnll always
be more or less conflict.
There is no one who will not concede that a nursery business requires
the closest application and the most intelligent effort to succeed: then
why should it not be accorded the same treatment on the part of our
horticultural commissioners as any other branch of the fruit business?
The aim of our commissioners seems to be directed solely at the nursery-
men, and they are forced to believe that they are the ' ' goats ' ' for every
new law and ordinance that is enacted.
It costs money to raise trees, and this in connection with the fact that
trees must be grown and started several years in advance of their sale,
the nurserymen being compelled to anticipate what the call will be for,
increases the cost of his trees to a still greater degree on account of
those which must be burned because, as it often happens, they are not
in demand. A nurseryman for his own good wants to keep his stock
clean and free of pests, and there is no reason for holding up and con-
demning his stock because an insect or disease may be found on a few
of his trees than there would be for holding up a shipment of fruit for
the same cause. Counties are drawing lines of demarcation prohibiting
the shipment of certain classes of nursery stock between them, without
inspection; still there is just as much chance and even more so, in
carrying pests on the fruits which pass through on the railroad trains
between these counties and no effort is made toward inspecting this
fruit, and even if an occasional pest was found on it, it would not be
condemned for shipment.
The nurserymen of California are expected to furnish trees true to
name, and in order to supply such stock it is necessary to cut their buds
from bearing trees, and preferably such trees in an orchard which
produce an abundance of fruit of the very best quality. How many of
such orchards are there which do not have pests? Even after fumi-
gating and washing the bud sticks, a pest may get established in a
nursery in spite of all the precautions that may be exercised to prevent
it. Is it right or just that the entire nursery should be condemned for
this reason?
The nurserymen are constantly moving their nurseries to new
localities, trying as far as possible to get as far away from orchard
366 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
districts as they can. They seek the very best land in such places with
no other purpose than to grow the best of stock and satisfy tlie demands
of their own conscience and their customers, to supply high grade stock.
These are facts which can not be controverted. Why is it then that
a nurseryman's stock is held up and whole carloads condemned because
a few trees may be found to be diseased ? Travel from one end of this
State to the other and there is not a single locality in which fruit grow-
ing is carried on in which pests and diseases will not be found. I do
not think any horticultural commissioner wilfully wants to ruin the
business of any nurseryman, but this is what he does when he gives
ncM^spaper publicity to the fact that he has found certain pests on a
shipment of nursery stock, and even goes so far as to prohibit the ship-
ment of other classes of stock which have never been known to be
attacked by this pest.
The horticultural commissioners and nurserymen should Avork in
harmony to hold pests in check, for it is only by following some such
plan as this that the nurseries of California can continue to remain in
business. There is not a nursery of any consequence that has not pests
and diseases to contend with, and if every intelligent effort is being
made to hold these diseases in check, drastic ordinances aimed prin-
cipally at the nurser}'- interests should not be enforced without very
careful consideration. A continuance of the course which is noAv being
followed throughout the State will result ultimately in the extermina-
tion of the nursery business entirely, which to-day bears a very impor-
tant part in the upbuilding of our horticultural interests.
A few words relative to interstate shipments : California is fencing
herself in against the shipment of all classes of nursery stock from a
group of the southern states on account of the white fly, and now
Arizona takes a step in the same direction by prohibiting entry of citrus
trees and grapevines from California except from certain counties and
districts which are supposedly free from the pests mentioned in the
quarantine order. Apparently no thought is given to the nurserymen
who may have stock growing in these districts. With the stroke of a
pen, they are peremptorily prevented from carrying on their business,
hecause their nurseries happen to be within the restricted area.
Why should we be singled out? Why does not the State Commis-
sioner of Arizona prohibit the shipment of California fruit into Arizona
except from the favored counties, giving as one of his reasons for this
drastic and unreasonable law that Arizona had sufficieiit frnit of its
own to meet its demands and did not need the California product?
This is the argument he uses against our citrus nursery stock. Why
does our State Commissioner of Horticulture make this law so sweeping
in its effect against all classas of nursery stock which the white fly does
not attack, when there is just as much possibility of the white fly being
introduced in some other articles of commerce as there is on certain
classes of nursery stock which the white fly does not attack ?
Is it any wonder that nurserymen are driven to exasperation and are
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 367
incliued to bid defiance to the many unjust and admittedly illegal ordi-
nances that exist in this State, preventing them from making shipments
of certain classes of nursery stock absolutely, and without inspection?
We do not ask for anything, except that which we are in all justice
entitled to. We want inspection and not general condemnation. We
want to be accorded the same courtesies that would be extended to
others engaged in horticultural work.
A new pest, the alfalfa weevil, is doing an immense amount of damage
to the alfalfa fields of Utah and adjoining states. This pest would be
a serious menace to the alfalfa fields of California and every precaution
should be exercised to prevent its introduction. A movement is already
on foot, so I have been given to understand, which has for its sole pur-
pose the prevention of the shipment of nursery stock from Utah. Can
any one explain why this is the case? Does this insect infest fruit trees?
If there is no proof that it does, why place this one product in the con-
demned class? There would be far more reason for prohibiting the
movement of trains used for passenger traffic and freight service, which
pass through the infested section from being allowed to come into Cali-
fornia, as there is for making nursery stock bear the responsibilities
for the conveying of this pest.
In conclusion, allow me to say that the nurserymen are deserving of
just as much consideration as any other branch of our horticultural
interests, and it is high time that the tendency to make them the butt
for every new regulation, pertaining to the shipment of stock between
states and counties, should not be so framed as to make them bear all
the burdens for every new pest which springs into existence, and
threatens our horticultural interests.
Chairman Cook. Mr. Roeding, I presume, Avill be ^Yilling to be
questioned. I think this is a most important topic, one of the most
important that will come up at this convention, because the nursery-
men are a great body of benefactors; we owe very much to them, and
Ave must be in accord with them and they must be in accord with us.
It seems to me to be very important that we light upon something at
this convention that will help us to settle this question. ]Mr. Roeding
is lying awake nights over this, although his appearance does not show
it. I hope that this will be a very friendly and cordial discussion, and
that we Avill all try to get at something that will help us.
Mr. Merrill. ]Mr. Chairman, this is not exactly the question, but I
think some people here would be interested in knowing what the county
commissioners have to say in their reports on this subject. Twenty-
eight counties kept a record of the nursery stock that they inspected
last year and of the trees rejected. There were something over eight
million trees inspected. This applies only to fruit trees and plants of
commercial importance. Of these two hundred and twenty-nine thou-
sand were condemned. Now the dual system of inspection is in force,
and out of eight million inspected trees, two hundred and twenty-nine
thousand condemned, it doesn 't seem to me to be such a very great loss.
368 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
One single shipment of ten thonsand trees came from Missouri and
was refused admittance.
]\Ir. Vaile. There are two points I want to add to this discussion.
The first one I will illustrate by telling a little story. A few years
ago a friend of mine went to one of the largest citrus nurseries in
southern California, a nursery which is known for its reliable stock, to
get some trees. He found only a few trees left in the stock for delivery
of that year. Those trees were very poor trees according to our esti-
mation. The leaves on some of them had fallen off, and some were
yellow, and the trees looked very "bum," to use that expression. We
asked the nurseryman if he really expected to sell those trees at first
class prices, as he was asking of us ; if he expected to sell them at those
prices to any one. The man said, "Tulare County demands that we
defoliate and wash all trees that we send up there, and we have several
orders from Tulare County, so we will take the leaves off these trees
find wash them up and then they will look just as good as any tree in
the nursery and no one will know the difference." There is the point
— we can't get enough tree inspection. If we are going to admit trees
from infested areas and allow nurserymen to use such methods as that,
how are we going to prevent pests from coming in from all parts of the
country ?
The other point — I would like to suggest we bring up — I do not know
exactly how to introduce it. I would like to ask Mr. Roeding, who is a
representative in a way of the nurserymen of this county, this. A year
ago this coming spring I went for a grower in my county into another
county to inspect a nursery from which he had ordered trees. That
luirsery had been well cared for, and the owner of it had done his best
to clean up the pests. I spent a day in that nursery, and found two
or three trees only that were infested with one or two scales. I went
back home again and told the gentleman who was about to place his
order that in my judgment that he should not place it in that nursery.
I would like to ask Mr. Roeding if he does not think I was justified in
turning down that order upon finding in that nursery an infestation of
red scale ; I am simply using that as an illustration. Do the nursery-
men feel that we should make an absolute tree to tree inspection at the
point of shipment and turn down only those trees that we find infested,
or will they admit that if we find any trees in the shipment infested
we have the right, not only the right, but are we granted the privilege
as it were by the nurserymen, to turn down the whole shipment, and if
we find a nursery infested, even slightly, can't we quarantine with
justice against that whole nursery?
Mr. Roeding. I do not feel that it is my duty to answer that ques-
tion. It is one of the problems that it is very difficult on which to
come to any exact determination. You refer particularly to red scale.
You might use the same argument against other pests. You might
use it against the flat-headed borer. Many nurseries in California
carrying deciduous stock do not have the flat-head borers. Whenever
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 369
those flat-headed borers are found in any stock the stock is thrown out.
There is no reason in the world why an entire nursery should have
their stock condemned because it happens that a few flat-head borers
have been found on the trees. One thing further, I want to say, is
that I think the only position the inspectors ought to take is that we
are notified that we have these infested trees before these trees are
condemned. The nurserymen should be notified of it, but I do not
think because a certain pest is found in a nursery that the entire stock
should be condemned.
Mr. Bloomer. "What about the Japanese nurseries? The Japanese
are growing millions of trees in this State, and a large number of
responsible nurseries, and also the other kind, are buying trees from
these Japanese. Now, how about these Japanese nurseries, Mr. Roed-
ing ? Do they belong to the Nurserymen 's Association 1
Mr. Roeding. I do not know of any that do.
Mr. Bloomer. Do you buy trees from those Japanese nurseries'?
Mr. Roeding. Sometimes I make contracts to have trees grown.
Mr, Bloomer. Did you ever find trees infested with red or purple
scale that thej^ had grown ?
Mr. Roeding. I do not know anything about that.
IMr. Bloomer. Is there anything in the by-laws of your association
that would prevent you from buying stock from the Japanese nurseries 1
Mr. Roeding. We haven 't anything to that effect in our association
that I know of.
Mr. Bloomer. You ought to have. You ought to organize among
.yourselves and agree not to buy infested stock. You have an agency in
Sacramento that has your sign of the Fancher Creek Nurseries. That
man in charge there buys trees from five or six other nurseries, and
he has had trees condemned, and yet he is selling under the name of the
Fancher Creek Nurseries, and buying stock from anybody, and you
get the credit for some of it. You want to clean up among yourselves.
The nurserymen want to get down to where they won't buy infested
trees from these nurseries who are trying to sell unclean stock.
Mr. Roeding. My idea is that more will be accomplished by the
nurserymen getting into clo.ser contact with the county commissioners
so that they will understand each other. I made the statement in my
paper that there would always be more or less of a conflict on this one
subject, and there is ahsolutely no question but that there always will
be. California possesses wonderful climatic conditions, and its great
soil conditions will develop, and has already developed, a greater
variety of fruit than any other state in the Union, and that alone will
cause it to have a greater variety of pests no doubt than any other
state in the Union. California is far advanced even to-day in the com-
bating of pests, not only in modern methods of spraying, but also by
the introduction of predaceous and parasitic insects, and in my mind
she will always continue along these lines, because California, more so
even than the other Pacific coast northern states and territories, has
2— HB
370 THE MOXTHLY BULLETIISr.
taken hold of fruit growing and made of it a commercial business.
Now the nurserymen of California have to supply the nursery stock that
will be required for the development of this great commercial interest,
and not only with the horticultural commissioners, who are the guard-
ians of the fruit interest, and not only of the fruit interests, but all
the other interests, and these interests are the nurserymen's just as
well as the orchardists, and they should not pass new ordinances that
are damaging to the nurserymen alone, but they .should apply to the
fruit growers as well. The nurserymen and horticultural commis-
sioners, in order to correct the evils which are bomid to arise, should
try aud work in harmony to bring about the best resuits. but those
best results should not be brought about by trying to absolutely pre-
vent the shipment of nursery stock because some disease may be found
in some county or some district. All we want, gentlemen, is that you
will try and harmonize with us. unite with us in trying to keep out the
pests that we are just as anxious as you are to keep out, and not on all
occasions try to make us the butt with your ordinances.
Mr. Dicks (Utah). I don't want to overlook this discussion at all,
although my friend Roeding has defended himself verj^ well and our
interests as well, and I agree with all of vou gentlemen, both fruit groAV-
ers and your commissioners, that every care should be taken to protect
your interests. Every nurseryman should be careful to give you clean
shrubbery and healthy stock; we should spare no pains or expense in
doing this. I came a long way from home just to be with you gentle-
men, to see and meet you personally. I have learned of late years to
take a great deal of interest in California, not because our business has
extendeci to California, but because I have become acquainted with
California's nurserymen and some of the fruit growers, and I expect
to spend some time with you, attend your meetings and talk over our
conditions with you, especially your commissioners and your chief
commissioner, Mr. Cook.
Chairman Cook. I regret that we can not extend the discussion of
this important topic. I will state, however, that we have appointed a
committee on resolutions, and of course this matter will be presented
to them, and these gentlemen having heard this discussion Avill deal
Avith the question, and we shall expect something valuable from them.
"We have one more paper this morning, and I now have the pleasure
of introducing to you Professor Fawcett, who Avill discuss orchard
sanitation.
THE MON^TIILY BULLETIN". 371
ORCHARD SANITATION.
By n. S. Fawcett, Whittier, Cal.
The timeworn saying that "prevention is better than cure" holds true
with as great force in the control of diseases of trees as it does in the
control of diseases in the human species. It is also true that prevention
is easier and cheaper than cure. ]Much extra labor and many thousands
of dollars would be saved annnally if greater care were exercised at all
stages of the tree's life from the time it is in the seed and the bud till it
is beyond the age of usefulness to the orchardist. There probably
always will be used for effective remedies for attacks of fungi in trees
just as in case of attacks of bacteria in man. Some tree diseases come
to us at first unawares, and measures for their control are necessarily
delayed until after the trees are suffering. It will not be the purpose
of this paper, however, to treat of remedies and cures, but to emphasize
strongly the necessity for using preventive measures when possible ; to
emphasize the value of getting in on the ground liefore the enemy
{irrives, or to put up barriers to develop such vigorous resistance that
the fungi will have little chance to get in their work.
The Fungi.
The fungi are not mysterious kinds of organisms generated out of
nothing, but they are real live plants growing from spores just as weeds
or trees grow from seeds, each kind of fungus producing its special kind
of spore, just as each kind of tree produces its special kind of seed. The
spores rise to mold-like growths, many of them too small to be seen, even
under the hand lens.
A Fight Between Tree and Fungus.
"When a parasitic fungus attacks a tree there is, in a sense, a fight
between two kinds of plants, the fungus-plant and the tree-plant. We
have on one hand the resistance of the self-sustaining tree, which when
healthy and vigorous is often very great, and on the other hand the
attack of the dependent fungus. Conditions surrounding both the tree
and the fungus have much to do with whether the tree can resist success-
fully or whether the parasite becomes established in sufficient amount or
numbers to materially injure the tree. This explains why fungus diseases
vary so in severity during different seasons, and why, at times, a disease
may be attributed entirely to weather conditions, when it is due in reality
to the attack of a fungus which has been encouraged in its growth by this
particular kind of weather.
In order not to give a wrong impression in regard to these fungi it may
be mentioned here that there are, living on the dead and even on the
outer surface of living parts of trees above or below the ground, many
kinds of fungi that the tree does not have to fight that are not parasites,
that are never aggressive and possibly distinctly useful. As soon as any
part of the tree dies or is killed, as by frost or dry winds or insect attack,
these harmless fungi grow into the dead cells and live there. The pres-
372 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ence therefore of fungi on the dead parts of a tree does not necessarily
show that they were the cause of the death, though they may have been.
Recognizing this relation or fight between the tree and certain fungi,
the fruit grower naturally takes the side of the tree against the fungi and
employs specialists with their microscopes and culture dishes, etc., to tell
him, if possible, what each kind is doing, how best the tree may be
assisted in its fight, and when and where to strike the fungus as it threat-
ens the tree.
Preventive Measures.
Some of the different means of prevention of fungus attack that may
be used under varying conditions are :
1. Surrounding the tree with the most favorable conditions for vigor-
ous growth and resistance ; or,
2. Planting only those varieties or strains known to be resistant to
attack ; or,
3. Keeping the trees away from sources of infection; or,
4. Where these measures fail or are impracticable, covering its parts
with a fungicide or its cuts or wounds with a suitable substance to keep
the fungi out.
In the short time allowed for this paper only a few cases will be taken
up, all of which come under the last two means of prevention, e. g., that
of keeping the plant away from sources of infection, and protecting it
with surface applications of sprays or other substances.
Protecting Wounds and Cut Surfaces.
The protection of wounds or cut surfaces in fruit trees is of great
importance. It is a common thing in some orchards to see projecting
stubs more or less prominent left where limbs or branches of considerable
size have been cut off. In many cases these stubs have died back and are
seen to be rotting inward toward the heart wood. Whether toadstool or
other fungous growths are visible or not, the rotting and decay is almost
sure to be due to them. These fungi are usually only wood destroying
forms and could easily have been prevented from entering. In cutting
off limbs, it is of importance that they be cut flush with the remaining
limbs and cut smooth. It is better to leave no projection at all, even
though this requires a cut two or three times as large. The cut surface,
if protected by suitable covering to keep out fungi, will heal over rap-
idly and leave a smooth surface. Butchering and hacking trees in the
manner sometimes seen, is just an invitation to the weakest parasite to do
its best in injuring the tree. In a small degree, at least, cutting off a
hardened branch is like cutting off a finger. If a cut finger is allowed to
be dirty and not disinfected, blood poisoning and pus formation will or
will not set in, depending on the presence or absence of injurious bac-
tei'ia, and in the same way slow rotting and decay will follow a cut or
injury to a tree depending on whether injurious fungi or bacteria are
present. If the wound is covered with a substance that is waterproof
and at the same time a disinfectant, chance of decay is prevented. A
covering for cuts and wounds that has been found most useful for this
THE MONTHLY BULLETHST. 373
purpose in the experience of the writer is a liquid wax that may be put
on cold with a paint brush. The formula is as follows :
Tree Wax.
1 pound resin.
2 ounces tallow.
6 ounces alcohol.
1 ounce spirits turpentine.
Heat the resin and tallow together, cool down somewhat and pour in
alcohol slowly while stirring. Last stir in the turpentine. Use care not
to get more turpentine than the formula calls for.
White paint and tar are often used with good success, but injury is
sometimes experienced with some kinds of paints and with coal-tar.
Protection of cuts or injuries, the writer believes, should be begun in
the nursery when fruit trees are first cut off, after the buds start to
grow. It is probable that many nursery trees are handicapped from the
start by allowing the bud to grow around a cut surface that has begun
to decay.
Prevention of Root Rot Fungus.
Very different methods from that first described are to be used in the
prevention of root rot or oak root fungus (Armillaria mellea) . This
fungus lives on roots or pieces of wood in the soil and its prevention lies
is getting out all roots or pieces of wood when the land is being cleared
of infected oaks, sycamores or other trees, and, if possible, raising
annual crops on this soil, plowing it deep for a year or two before
planting to fruit trees. In cases of orchards already infected only in
certain areas or spots, the means suggested for preventing its spread is
to quarantine or isolate these areas either by rooting out trees all along
the edge of the infected area or by digging a trench about it and lining
the sides with tarred paper. This tarred paper, the upper edge of
which may be placed low enough to allow for cultivating and irrigating
over its top, is to keep the roots of an infected tree from communicating
the disease to a healthy one.
The rate of travel of the fungus on the roots of orange trees is from
a half a tree to one tree per year in any one direction. For other fruit
trees the rate of travel may sometimes be greater, depending on the kind
of tree and possibly on the nature of the soil. Figs and pears and pos-
sibly some varieties of cherries and the native black walnut are the only
fruit trees known to be practically resistant to its attack.
Prevention of Peach Blight and Leaf Curl.
A preventive method entirely different from either of the two
previously mentioned cases must be used for peach blight {Coryneum
heyerinkii) and peach leaf curl (Exoascus deformans). In this case
prevention is obtained by covering the surface of the twigs with a
fungicide before the spores germinate or before the fungus-filaments
liave time to penetrate the surface. If one could always tell just when
the fall rains would begin or what the weather conditions would be, one
37-i THE MONTH r,Y BT'LLETTN.
.could time his spraying perfectly. l)iit this being impossible the time has
been put by Prof. R. E. Smith and his coworkers at from the first of
October till the middle of December for the first spraying, and about
the middle of February, or just before the buds open, for the second
spraying. Practice seems to have shown that the first spraying may be
Bordeaux mixture about 5-5-50 and the second spraying lime-sulphur
solution.
Methods of Prevention Vary.
The above description of the means of prevention illustrates only a
few of the different methods to be used against fungous attack and
points out the fact that while certain general rules may be applied for
fighting certain classes of fungi, each tree disease, just as each human
disease, must be studied and experimented with until a method best
adapted to preventing that particular one is found. What wall be
highly successful in preventing one fungous disease may be an entire
failure when applied to a different one.
In conclusion, the ideal line of prevention for fungous attack should
begin at or before the seed is planted or the bud is chosen for propaga-
tion, with the thought of selecting varieties of strains naturally resistant
to serious diseases. Then the cut surfaces or chance wounds should be
protected and allowed to heal smoothly and without decay, the tree
should be surrounded with the best conditions for growth, and therefore
resistance to many fungi, and when all these fail and attack comes, as in
case of special or new diseases, then to cover the parts with spraying
solution to keep the spores from germinating upon the surface or to put
up barriers when possible against them. The easier and less expensive
X-revention, rather than the more difficult and more costly cure, is what
we should strive for in the control of fungous diseases.
Dr. Cook. The Committee on Resolutions is composed of the
following gentlemen :
Mr. C. C. Chapman, Fullerton. chairman.
Mr. H. W. Kruckeberg, Los Angeles.
Mr. Geo. C. Roeding, Fresno.
Mr. A. G. Schulz. Porterville.
Mr. F. T. Swett. IMartinez.
Mr. John Graf, Compton.
THE MOXTIILY BULLETIN. 375
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Chairman Cook. The first paper to be given this afternoon is
entitled "The Grape-leaf Hopper." ))y Prof. H. J. Quayle. of the
Universitv of California.
THE GRAPE-LEAF HOPPER.
By II. J. Quayle, Berkeley, CaL
Introduction.
The commonest and most widely distributed insect attacking the
grape in the United States is the grape-leaf hopper or "vine thrips," as
many California vineyardists are inclined to call it. Taking the country
over it is no doubt the most serious of all the grape insects. It is true
that in this State the phylloxera has done more actual damage, but out-
side of California the phylloxera is not a pest in this country, although
it is native to the states east of the Rocky Mountains ; but the losses from
phylloxera are largely passing away before the advent of resistant vine
planting, while the insidious hopper is ever present, and, with the
extension of planting in different sections, is increasing rather than
diminishing.
Because of the more or less inconspicuous nature of hopper work,
iniless, of course, they are abundant, and the fact that they are present
in some numljers every year, many growers are inclined to take hoppers
as a matter of course ; an inevitable factor in the business, like adverse
weather conditions, something beyond our manipulation and something
regularly charged to the general account of profit and loss. It is true
that so long as the hoppers are present in small numbers, the injury they
do is not important, and in such cases it is not worth while attempting
anything in the way of control. But where their numbers are excessive,
then the injury they do is considerable and a large toll is exacted from
our vinej^ards.
Distribution.
Outside of California this insect is most important as a pest in the
grape belts of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. Here in California
it occurs in largest numbers in this great interior section, the San Joa-
quin and Sacramento valleys. It also occurs in the Coast valleys, but is
seldom injurious there ; and also in Southern California, but south of
the Tehachapi it is mo.st serious as a pest in the Imperial Valley.
Nature of Injury.
The first indication of injury by the grape-leaf hopper is represented
by the pale spots scattered about over the leaf surface. As the feeding
continues these pale areas become more abundant and finally the entire
leaf is of a pale, silvery color. These leaves later turn brown, become
dry and functionless, and at last drop from the vine. This dropping of
the leaves, especially in the case of young vines, may begin as early as
376 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
April or May. In such cases of early defoliation the work is due to the
overwintering hoppers. With the appearance of the young the number
is. greatly increased and thus the injury becomes still greater. By mid-
summer the second brood appears and the numbers are again greatly
increased. If each of the females of the overwintering hoppers lays
100 eggs and half of this number hatch into females, which in turn lay
100 eggs, the progeny from a single individual at the end of the season
will amount to 5,000. Thus, for each hopper that comes on to the vine
in the spring there will be, if all conditions are favorable, 5,000 hoppers
by midsummer. This accounts for the hoppers appearing literally in
swarms by midsummer and later.
It is not until this time that most groAvers are at all concerned
about the hopper injury, and it is then too late to do anything very
effective. At this time a large portion of the interior of the vine has
all the leaves dried and broMai, and many more have fallen off entirely.
This injury or complete destruction of the leaves prevents the berry
from maturing properly, for it is in the leaves that the sugar and con-
sequent sweetness and flavor is manufactured. Injury to the leaves also
has its effect on the growth of the vine, the canes fail to ripen normally
for the next year's wood, and many of the buds fail to develop in the
following spring. In cases of severe hopper injury, therefore, not only
is the immediate crop reduced both in quality and quantity, but the vine
m.ay be more or less permanently stunted or even killed.
Life History and Habits.
If in going through the vineyards at this season one picks up the leaves
that may have gathered in bunches by the wind, or disturbs any of the
green growth in the vinej^ard or along the bordering roadsides and
fences, there will most likely be seen small, pale-colored insects that fly
up before' you and soon settle close by again. These are the hoppers as
they are found in the winter season. During the warmer and brighter
days they will be found activel}^ feeding on a large variety of plants that
may be growing within easy range of where they were feeding during
the summer. With the cold, wet days, the}^ do little or no feeding, and
remain much less active, under leaves or rubbish, or protected by grow-
ing plants. At no time in the winter, however, do they feed so
voraciously as during the breeding season in the full warmth of summer.
As the foliage appears on the vine in the spring, these overwintering
hoppers leave their more varied winter food plants and attack the vine
exclusively. By the time the shoots are four to eight inches long all the
hoppers have deserted their winter plants and now remain on the vine
until the leaves fall in the autumn. After feeding for three or four
weeks on this new growth in the spring, the Overwintering hoppers begin
egg laying. The eggs are deposited on the under side of the leaf and
within the tissues. They are inserted here by means of a saw-like
ovipositor, and covered as they are on all sides, they are beyond the
reach of any spray. The number laid is 75 to 100, they hatch in from
fifteen to twenty days, and there appears the young hopper, which is a
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 377
small, pale colored creature without wings, and is called a nymph.
Feeding is immediately begun, the insect grows, molts or sheds its skin
five times, and after each molt the wings appear larger until they are
fully developed and the insect is mature, which requires a period of
about eighteen days.
The season is now about the first of June (this varying with the
locality and year) when the first of these that have hatched from eggs
in the spring have wings and fly about more or less actively. This is
the time, as I shall point out later, when spraying can be done to best
advantage for the young or nymphs. At this time also the old hoppers
that have remained over winter begin to die off and are all gone by mid-
summer. This second or spring generation deposits eggs in July and
August and die off in September and October. The eggs that these
have deposited give rise to young which are maturing in August, Sep-
tember ard October, and these stay with the vine until the leaves fall,
v.'hen they take to the more varied diet during the winter and come on
to the vine again in the following spring. There are thus two genera-
tions in a season, the young of the first beginning to appear about the
first of May and the young of the second generation from about the first
of July, or sooner in the earlier sections.
Control Measures.
From the practical grower 's point of view the most important thing
concerning a pest is how to control it, or how to keep it under subjection
to the extent of not seriously damaging the crop. It should be under-
stood at the outset that the grape-leaf hopper is a very difficult insect to
handle successfully, and in my opinion the last word along this line still
remains to be said. The most important factor that militates against
successful control with this insect i.s its activity in the adult stage. The
full grown hoppers readily escape before any spray. Spraying is like-
wise of no avail against the eggs, for these are securely tucked away
beneath the surface tissue of the leaves. Spraying will, however, kill
the young. Another drawback to the control of this insect, or any
grape insect for that matter, is that the expense is likely to extend too
far into the margin of profit from the crop.
General Cultural Practices.
Some growers believe in plowing the vineyard in the winter or early
spring with a view to reducing the hoppers. Plowing will not kill the
hoppers directly, for they are active enough to escape readily before the
plow. During cold or wet weather, when the hoppers are more dormant,
a few may be turned under, but, generally, plowing is not done under
such weather conditions. Plowing may indirectly affect them, however,
by depriving them of food in turning under the green growth in the
vineyard or of destroying their hibernating places as represented by the
accumulation of leaves or other rubbish. Turning sheep in the vineyard
in the fall to eat the leaves, as is sometimes practiced, has the same
result.
378 THE MONTEILY BULLETIN.
PloAving and sheeping, therefore, result in driving the hoppers else-
where for food or shelter during the winter season without actually
killing them, at least in any significant numbers. There is nothing to
assure the grower, moreover, that his vineyard may not be infested
again in the spring from the bordering roadsides and fences, or from
neighboring vineyards. For such measures to be appreciably effective
it would require a general community effort without considering
■whether this would be the best general practice for the vines. It
appears to be a wise procedure to get as much material turned under m
the spring as possible.
Spraying for the Young or Nymphs.
The young hoppers may be very readily killed by means of a spray
applied to the under side of the leaves. The nymphs are readily killed
by a spray because they do not fly and hence cannot escape before the
spray. The spray also strikes their boclies and the breathing pores
directly, whereas with the adults the wings are held roof-like and very
completely protect their bodies from the spray material.
The time to spray for the nymphs is just before the first of them
become winged, and this will be during May and the first part of June,
depending upon the season and locality. The kind of spray is not
important, for several different materials will kill the nymphs. Foliage
injury must, of course, be avoided. The material probably be.st answer-
mg these requirements are whale oil soap and tobacco. Whale oil soap
may be used at the rate of 15 pounds to 200 gallons of water. The most
desirable form of tobacco is the commercial black leaf, for it contains a
uniform nicotine content. Black leaf 40 may be used as follows :
1 pint black leaf ;
4 pounds whale oil soap ;
200 gallons water.
In the grape sections of the east the final recommendation of the
Bureau of Entomology at Washington for the control of this insect is to
spray for the nymphs with tobacco. In work carried on with this insect
in this State five years ago, spraying was recommended as a successful
means of controlling the nymphs ; but it was also stated that many
adults are present at the same time which would not be killed by the
spray, and that there were also eggs in the leaves that would not be
killed. The presence of eggs and adults, which are not affected, is the
mo.st serious objection to spraying, although there are enough nymphs
killed to materially reduce the numbers of the succeeding generation.
The canes of the California vines are also pretty long by the first of
June, so that the problem of hitting every nymph on the under side of
every leaf is not an easy one. Moreover the breeding period seems to be
more prolonged here than in the east, where the seasons are definite, and
hence there are more eggs and full grown hoppers that are not killed.
THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN".
379
Mechanical Control.
It was with a view to capturino- the lioppers in the early spring before
any eggs wonld be deposited or before any injury was done, that a screen
box was devised. This consisted of a square framework covered with
wire netting, open on one side and with a galvanized iron tray forming
the bottom, with a V-shaped qpening, which allowed it to be pushed
onto the vine, at the same time the hoppers being jarred off and caught
in the crude oil that was smeared on the screen. This was intended
for vines headed some little distance from the ground, for most of the
hoppers fell on the tray or low down on the sides. This sort of an
apparatus is not satisfactory for vines that are so low headed as many
of them are in this vicinity, nor is it applicable for trellised vines.
"With the right shaped vines such a cage can be used very successfully
and 90 per cent of the hoppers captured at a time when for each one
taken it n^eans, as I have shown, possibly 5,000 less later in the season.
It was thought that a cheap apparatus as I have described, that any-
body could make, would appeal to practical growers, but that is not the
case. California growers have an inherent desire to do things on a
large scale, and anything that can be pulled with four or five, or a couple
of dozen horses, or a caterpillar engine, comes nearer to satisfying their
idea of how things should be done. For this reason I have some hopes
that such a machine as Mr. Driver of Dinuba has devised may be made
to work successfully. The idea of drawing the hoppers away from the
vine by suction is an old one and has not yet been thoroughly tested out.
I do not believe, however, that midsummer or later is the time to operate
such a machine. Great numbers of hoppers are, of course, captured at
this time, and it is spectacular enough, but they should be captured
before they become so abundant, and before the vines show such con-
spicuous injury as they do at this season. By this time practically all
the injury has been done and all the young have developed, and there is
no assurance that they may not be abundant there the following year.
If such a machine would take the over-wintering hoppers at a time
when the shoots are six to eight inches long, before any damage was
clone and before breeding commenced, it would be the solution of the
hopper question. I hope those interested in such a machine will try it
early next spring. Some preliminary experiments in spraying into a
canvas canopy pulled over the vines also gave some promise of control
at this season.
Conclusion.
Those of you who came to hear definite and specific recommendations
for the successful control of the grape-leaf hopper I fear will be disap-
pointed. I do not believe in giving such recommendations until we have
them and they are thoroughly tested out in practical work. Your
experiment station started an investigation of this insect five or six
years ago to continue at least two years. During the first year it was
intended to study the insect itself, since this is essential for any control
work, and the second vear to test various methods of control. A portion
380 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
of a year's study was made and all the important facts about the insect
itself were found out, but after the first year the funds for investigation
lapsed and no adequate opportunity has since appeared for continuing
the work.
As our knowledge goes at present, spraying for the nymphs in May
or the first part of June would pay well if the hoppers are present in
excessive numbers, or capturing by some mechanical means, preferably
in the early spring, when the shoots of the vine are six to eight inches
long.
Chairman Cook. Ladies and gentlemen, this subject is open for dis-
cussion.
A Member. I have been keeping my vineyard clean and since I have
I have not been bothered so much. I realize that the pests migrate con-
siderably, but if we keep a section thoroughly clean there is less liability
of the pest, and we can keep the trouble out for a season, but will they
work so much damage if they are forced to go from place to place?
Prop. Quayle. In large sections that are kept clean there is perhaps
less liability of the vineyards being freely infested. The hoppers gener-
ally don't get in their deadly work until spring or until late in the sum-
mer. They may by that time spread generally over the section, but if
you can keep the vines more or less free until that time the injury will
not be very great.
A MEMB]a]R. You are overlooking one point which is essential. Do
some of the hoppers that are alive in September remain alive all winter ?
Prof. Quayle. Yes. I have noticed that the sections abounding
most with these pests are along the roadsides or on ditch banks, and
along fences and spots that are left uncared for, and around such places
they are most numerous and occur in great numbers. We should pay
more attention to keeping our farms clean during the months of Novem-
ber and December, and to a great extent this will eliminate this pest.
Mr. Hampton. I have had some experience with this hopper. I have
a small vineyard, not more than five acres, and I have observed that
although this vineyard is kept clean during the summer that the next
spring the hopper will appear all around the edges, and that its appear-
ance around the edges where it has come in from the surrounding fields
and places where the insect has been harbored will show throughout the
whole season the great effect of the hopper, while the interior of the same
plot, not more than five acres, will not be affected nearly as much. This
would show that a large tract of land may be largely protected as my
vineyard was by careful cultivation and keeping all of the rubbish that
may be there out of the vineyard, and perhaps by catching the insects
early in the spring at their first appearance and destroying them. But
the small vineyardist will find that more difficult. Now I have been very
much impressed with what Professor Quayle has said in regard to the
first crop being the one which should be controlled if possible. I agree
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 381
thoroughly that with the first appearance of the insects if they could be
dealt with and destroyed, using such methods as have been described
here, that the great damage which has been done heretofore to the vine-
yards would be obviated. You could then go on and collect and
harvest a good crop without fear of the second crop of insects doing so
much damage, because if on its -first appearance the insect is destroyed,
of course there will be a much smaller second crop appearing. Now,
then, I have a little orchard of eight acres which for three years
has not been producing more than a quarter to two thirds what it should
on account of the hoppers. The vines were so badly infested, and
affected to such an extent, that by harvest time they were abso-
lutely denuded of leaves, and the sun so scorched the fruit that we
could not harvest more than two thirds of the crop. Last year for some
reason that same vineyard produced two tons of fruits. There were
plenty of hoppers last year too, but they didn't get started so soon.
The first crop was less and consequently the second was not large
enough to destroy the crop for that year. I have examined the machine
referred to by Professor Quayle. This machine is hauled by four horses
and costs seventeen hundred dollars. If there could be a small engine
to draw the machine or even possibly it could be something on the order
of a mowing machine ; the power produced by the horses could produce
sufficient suction with a small apparatus that could be made of canvas
to cover the vines and draw in this first crop of hoppers as they appear.
They will appear on the vines just as soon as the warm weather comes,
and they start work just as soon as the vines leaf out. Now, if some-
thing could be contrived, without much expense as I believe it could, to
collect that first crop of insects, you would do away with the necessity
of having to do anything with the second crop.
Mr. Perkins (Fresno). I find that the hoppers are very much worse
on other vines than on the Muscats or Thompson Seedless. Two years
ago we had fewer hoppers than we had last year, or in previous years for
two or three seasons. Now, I would like to ask if it could possibly have
been due to the frost that we had, that it caught the hoppers at just the
right time to weaken their numbers 1 It is the only possible explanation
which I can give of their being so much less that year than they were
this season.
Prof. Quayle. I agree with the gentleman that a year ago last spring
the frost was probably responsible for the diminishing numbers of the
hoppers to a great extent. They come out in the vineyards in very large
numbers in many places of this section and I was planning to do some
control work, but the frost practically killed all the leaves on most of the
vines in some vineyards, thus the hoppers suffered for want of food. The
vineyards had already been plowed, and so there was absolutely nothing
for them to feed on and very large numbers were destroyed. The frost
undoubtedly caused the disappearance of the hoppers a year ago last
spring.
Dr. Cook. This is an important matter for us and I feel that it is a
382 THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN,
matter that should be discussed thoroughly by the convention here. It
seems to me that it is a subject that should be taken up earnestly by the
entire community. Early cleaning up of our vineyards and fields will
decrease the damage caused by these hoppers and why should we not
make it a community proposition, and clear up our vineyards early? To
a great extent it would lessen our heavy losses.
A Member. I would like to ask if alfalfa fields surrounding vineyards
will breed the hoppers as much as rubbish, etc.. Avill.
Prof. Quayle. Alfalfa is not a favorite food plant of the hopper:
but if the alfalfa is adjoining the vineyard, no doubt they will also
sustain themselves very admirably during the winter season.
Chairman Cook. As Dr. Hunt is now present, I will ask him to pre-
side over the remainder of the afternoon meeting.
Dr. Hunt. You all know Mr. Richmond, I am sure. ]\Ir. Richmond
has nmch experience in the handling of prunes, and I have great pleasure
now in introducing to you Mr. E. N. Richmond, who will speak to you on
the prune.
PRUNE CULTURE.
By E. N. RiCHMOXD, San Jose, Cal.
I have been asked by the State Horticultural Commissioner to pre-
pare a paper tm the subject of Prune Culture, consisting of short
concise facts relative to this industry from the time of the planting of
the trees until the fruit has been prepared for market, to be read before
this convention. I shall adhere to facts as I have found them through
experience.
The successful orchardist of today, no matter what variety of fruit
he is producing, is the man who uses common business judgment in
addition to a general knowledge of soil, tree growth and care. This
statement applies to all horticultural interests. Fruit growing, to a
degree, is a business, and must have the same consideration as any
other business.
It will perhaps l)e of interest to you to know the tale of how the
prune was first introduced into California from France, the country
to which today we are shipping a goodly portion of our production,
even though France and many other sections of Europe are still pro-
ducing prunes. In 1849 Louis Pellier, a French sailor, arrived in San
Francisco and went to work in the mines of Trinity County. He did
not succeed there, and finally moved to San Jose in the early fifties.
There he started a nursery on the property which today is owned and
occupied by his nephew. He soon after induced his brother Pierre,
whom he left in France, to join him in California. The two brothers
worked the nursery together until the spring of 1856, when Pierre
returned to France on a visit. Upon his return to California he
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. % 383
brought with him a large number of prune and other fruit cuttings.
The prune cuttings were procured in the Ville Neuve d'Agen. from
whence the c(mnnon California prune derives its name. Petit Prune
d'Agen. With these cuttings the first prune nursery on the Pacific
coast was started.
For many years little thought Was given to the commercial production
of the prune, but attention was turned to the raising of prunes on a
commercial basis about 1880, and from that time on it has been ever
on the increase until today the State of California produces, with
normal crops of the world, between 50 and 60 per cent of the entire
world's output.
To one contemplating the planting of a prune orchard, the first con-
sideration must be given to locality. Inasmuch as the State has been
thoroughly exploited on prune producing, the matter of judgment and
fact must prevail in your selection of the district of the State in which
you are going to plant.
The second consideration is soil. There are thousands of acres
planted to prunes in this State to-day that are not adapted to this
variety of fruit, and should have been planted to some other variety
of fruit or to vines. The prune tree requires a deep, rich sandy or
loamy soil, and from that to a heavy soil, well drained. Upon such
soils water is generally obtainable for irrigation purposes. Light or
shallow soils do not grow successful prune orchards. Such a soil
as first mentioned will grow large thrifty trees capable of producing
annually from 5 to 10 tons of green prunes to the acre of large sized
fruit, as compared to trees planted upon soil not adapted to prune
growing, which soil will grow only a small tree capable of produc-
ing from 2 to 5 tons of prunes to the acre of small fruit. Com-
petition is bound to enter the producing field as well as other fields
of the business world, and it is the man who can produce at the lowest
cost who will be the most successful in this business. The lowest cost
means the greatest tonnage of good fruit to the acre and not economy
in the working of the property ; hence, the nece.ssity of giving the
question of soil a very thorough consideration and investigation.
The third consideration is the root upon which your tree is budded.
In my estimation the myroljalan is by far the most successful root to
plant for prunes, for the following reasons : first, it is the hardiest, and
is long lived ; second, its roots naturally seek moisture, giving you a
deep rooted tree ; third, it will stand more moisture and is not subject
to soursap to any where near the same degree as the peach or almond
root ; fourth, the fruit produced from the tree on myrobalan root is
firmer and will show a less shrinkage in drying than either of the other
roots, thereby making a heavier fruit or grade than the fruit produced
on trees budded to other roots.
If your soil is of a light character, then either peach or almond are
better adapted, but for genuine prune soil, the myrobalan is the root
to select. Of the other two roots generally used for prune, the almond
384 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
is preferable to the peach. Trees budded to the ahnond root are good
producers and much longer lived than trees budded to the peach root.
The question of planting on the square or triangular system is largely
a matter of choice. On the triangular system a few more trees can be
planted to the acre. Do not plant your trees too close together.
Plant anywhere from 22 to 27 or 28 feet apart. The farther apart
you plant, the better opportunity are you going to give the trees to
develop into large thrifty trees — they have more air, sun, and room
to develop.
Prior to planting, plow your soil and plow deep. Plowing in the
orchard business does not mean skimming over the surface of the ground.
It means getting down from 8 to 11 inches. This can be done with a disc
plow and good stock. Use a sub-soil plow and put in down deep along
the roM's in which you are going to plant your trees, so as to break the
under crust and give the young root of the tree an opportunity of easy
growth.
During the past few years, dynamite has been used in the starting of
a young orchard, with excellent results, by blowing up the hole in which
you are going to place a young tree. You loosen all of the soil and give
the root every advantage of growth.
Planting for the most satisfactory results should be done either during
the latter part of December or through January or February.
The selection of nursery stock is a very important factor toward
success. Select one year old trees, good clean roots and plenty of them,
with a straight top from four to six feet high. As soon as you get your
stock from the nursery, heel in the ground in good shape until such
time as you are ready to plant, for it must be remembered that the small
rootlets are very sensitive to cold or lack of moisture.
Before planting, examine the roots closely, cutting off the bruised or
broken ends of the roots that have been damaged while being handled at
the nursery. Examine closely for blackknot or for indications of the
peach borer.
Have your ground carefully laid off so that each tree may be placed
in its proper position. When you are ready for planting, use the
planting board (which is made by taking a one-inch by four-inch piece
of wood four feet long, cutting a notch in each end and one in the
center), placing it so that the stake which indicates where the tree is to
be set will be in the notch in the center of the board and then place a
stake at each notch at the ends. Remove the board and center stake
and you are ready to dig the hole.
When planting, dig a hole deep enough so that when the end of the
long root going downward rests on the bottom of the hole, the tree will
rest two or three inches deeper than it did in the nursery. This means
that the point at which the tree is budded is just about on the surface.
Very great care should be taken so that the soil is well Avorked between
the roots, using as fine a dirt as possible, and that every root goes out
naturally from the tree. If this is not done and the soil is thrown
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 385
into the hole carelessly, the roots will all be crowded together to the
detriment of the future growth of the tree. Head the tree back to
within from 1^ to 2 feet from the ground. As good a system in securing
the measurement for the heading of a young tree is to cut at a point
which measures a trifle above your knee cap.
The most careful consideratioji should be given to the question of
pruning, and here again judgment must be used. Eemember you are
going to produce fruit for a profit and not wood. At the end of the
first year you can commence to mould your tree into shape. About four
main limbs from the trunk should l)e alloM^ed to grow and develop.
These limbs should be trained through pruning so that the center of your
tree is left open for sunshine, air and the development of fruit produc-
ing twigs. Judgment must be used as to the number of branches and
laterals which are allowed to grow from the main limb. By proper
pruning it is possible to bring a young prune orchard into producing
from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of fruit per acre at the end of the fifth
year; at the end of the sixth year from 2,000 to 5,000 pounds of fruit
to the acre. From that time on there is a gradual and steady increase
in production as the tree ages. The inside twig wood will be the first
to produce. Many growers make the mistake of pruning their orchards
only once in every three or four years. A prune orchard should be
pruned, not less than every other year, and the grower who trims his
orchard each year secures the most satisfactory results. Strive to
keep new wood growing and renewing the tree.
Through the spring and early summer months cultivate the ground
frequently. Plow first and follow with a harrow, spring-tooth harrow
(which is an excellent implement for leveling the ground), disc harrow
or cultivator. Finish your cultivating by leaving the ground well pul-
verized and smooth for the pickers. In the Santa Clara valley deep
fall plowing has been resorted to by many with great success. It has
been found that deep fall plowing- — from 9 to 11 inches — following
irrigation is the best remedy against thrip — a pest preying upon
the tender young fruit buds in the spring months. Following the fall
plowing the spring plowing can be dispensed with if one desires to do
so. The spring work can then be carried on with a disc harrow, culti-
vator and other implements to good advantage.
It has been found in all fruit growing that "Water is King." Fall
irrigation immediately following the harvesting of the prune crop acts
as an insurance for a crop for the following year, it being a tonic to the
tree. Through water, the tree is given additional nourishment after
having gone through the dry summer months producing fruit and grow-
ing wood ; and the young fruit spur is strengthened and becomes strong
and vigorous before the tree goes into the dormant stage. Water should
be used during the late spring months, thereby insuring the tree with
ample moisture and nourishment to carry it through the summer months
and through the producing period.
Fertilization should be given serious consideration. The question of
3— HB
386 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
fertilization is another story, but you must appreciate the fact that the
trees cannot continually take from the soil and continually produce
unless 3^ou, on your part, are willing to renew the soil by fertilization.
The keeping of the bark of the tree in a clean and healthy condition
must have your attention. This can be done through the system of
spraying. The most popular sprays for this purpose being crude oil
emulsion, distillate emulsion, known as Buggo, and the lime-sulphur
spray. The best time to spray for this purpose is through the months
of December, January, or February. The spray outfit, oftentimes in
some sections of the State is again called into use in the fighting of the
thrips. It has been successfully proven that this insect can be kept
imder control by the use of any one of the two or three different well
known spray solutions.
The prune tree will blossom the latter part of March. Fruit sets
immediately following the falling of the petals. A person can generally
gain a fair idea as to the kind of a crop he is going to have by the latter
part of April. Fruit ripens during the latter part of August and it
is of a rich purple hue when ripe.
Prunes should never be picked from the tree. Thc}^ should be
allowed to thoroughly ripen and fall to the ground of their own accord.
An orchard should be covered by pickers picking the fruit from every
seven to ten days — every seven days preferably, so as to prevent sun-
burn. The usual form of contract with pickers calls for four pickings,
no shaking of the trees until the third picking, and then at grower's
discretion.
The green fruit is hauled to the dipper shed in picking boxes and
there passed through a light solution of lye. A kettle or tank, holding
two hundred gallons of water and containing a basket container is used
for this purpose. In many instances the fruit is rinsed by passing
from this dip into a vat of clear water and then dumped on to a com-
bination pricking board and grader, which grades the fruit into three
grades, so that the drying in the field can be uniform, the grader being
operated by power. The fruit is then placed on eight foot trays and
taken to the drying yard and dried in the sun. The purpose of passing
the fruit through the lye solution and over the pricking board is that
the skin of the fruit may be slightly cut, thereby preventing fermenta-
tion and producing a fruit with a clear, bright meat. Many of the
small groM^ers do not use the combination pricker and grader; they
dump the fruit directly from the dipper basket to the trays, allowing
all sizes to be dried together. This is not as satisfactory to the grower
as the first mentioned method. The most satisfactory and economical
method of handling from the dipper shed to the dry yard is to use a
one-horse truck especially constructed for this purpose.
The question of drying is again a matter of judgment. Fruit should
be allowed to lay in the sun on the trays until about three quarters
dried and then stacked in piles one above the other, leaving air vents
on either end. About twenty trays can be stacked in one pile and the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
387
finishing process takes place in the stack. Under normal weather
conditions it takes from ten days to two weeks to cure prunes. It has
been found most satisfactory while the fruit is on the trays in the dry
vard, to give the fruit, at least, one turning by hand, shaking the trays
or with brooms, so that the fruit secures an equal drying on all sides.
It also materially lessens the time of drying and makes a finer grade of
fruit. Do not take your fruit 'from the trays until it is thoroughly
cured. This word of caution means the salvation of your business.
A packer cannot turn out, to the trade, a first class article unless
that article is delivered to him by the producer. During the past years
most of the complaint against the keeping qualities of the prune has
been due to the desire on the part of the grower to retain too much of
the original weight in the prune, wdth the result that he has delivered
prunes to the packing houses which were not properly cured. In many
instances, these prunes have not been detected at the packing-house
door and have found their w^ay to the trade, with the result that fer-
mentation has set in and the buyer of the California prune loses con-
fidence in the commodity and refuses to handle a commodity against
which he has incurred heavy losses.
Good prunes, well cured, will build up and encourage an ever increas-
ing demand. Prunes poorly cured will tear down and discourage this
demand, so that before taking your prunes from the trays be positive
in your own mind that they are properly cured. After properly curing,
the fruit is taken from the dry yard to the dried fruit house of the
orchard and there dumped into bins. From there it is sacked and
delivered to the packing-house.
Every fruit producer should know by actual and careful testing what
each load of fruit tests to the pound when .he delivers to a packing-
house, no matter to whom he is delivering. This is not only justice to
himself, but it is justice to the man with whom he is dealing. If he
knows positively what his fruit tests, he will ordinarily have no com-
plaint to make at the test he secures from his packer, but if he does not
make such a test, he is apt to be dissatisfied.
At the packing-house the fruit is carefully graded into the different
grades, varying from 30 to 40 prunes to the pound up to prunes running
smaller than 120 to the pound. The grades as to weight and size are
obtained by passing the fruit over a large grader which consists of a
series of screens of different sizes, commencing with the smaller size
and increasing to just a trifle larger size every three or four feet.
There are from eight to nine different screens, the larger fruit passing
over the end of the grader. As the fruit comes from the grader it is
carefully tested and taken to the proper bin. From there it is taken
as required for packing purposes to the processor or cleanser. The
fruit in the field has been subjected to considerable dust and dirt, as
well as insect life. The processor or cleanser conveys the fruit through
a long vat of boiling hot water, thoroughly washing and cleansing the
fruit. From the processor, the fruit is dumped on a long shaker which
.388 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
further assists in the cleansing process, so that by the time the fruit is
put into the boxes, it is in a most sanitary condition.
Prunes are packed in packages varying from one pound to fifty-five
pounds. A large amount of help is given employment in the handling
of the fruit. The packing allowance made by the trade for fruit
packed in various sized boxes all goes back to the various industries
of this State, such as the box factories, paper companies and to labor.
Packing has been a source of a tremendous income to the State of Cali-
fornia. A number of years ago a large portion of our dried prunes
were shipped in bags to the larger wholesalers of the Eastern States.
They did their own packing, under the most crude methods, Avith the
result that many spoiled and unattractive prunes were put upon the
market, as well as prunes from various districts being mixed with our
Santa Clara prunes or packed and branded as Santa Clara Valley
prunes. In California to-day every packer is equipped with the most
modern machinery and the investment in a packing house amounts to
considerable. Men are in charge of the various departments of the
packing-houses who have had long experience in the handling of fruit,
-with the result that our fruit is being turned out to the trade well
packed, in good keeping condition and in attractive packages.
The improvement in the producing, curing, and packing of the Cali-
fornia prune, as well as its original quality, has made it the most pop-
ular prune in the world to-day. Even though there are large prune
producing sections in Europe, nevertheless our California prune has
such a recognition throughout the European countries that to-day we
are exporting from 50 to 60 per cent of our entire output annually,
and we are importing from Europe nothing.
The prune industry in tliis State to-day represents an annual average
production of 175,000,000 pounds of dried fruit, or an annual income
to the State of from seven and one half to ten million dollars. It
deserves the most careful attention ; first, on the part of the producer,
in seeing that he is producing an article of high grade; second, on the
part of the packer, in giving the closest attention to the packing of
the fruit delivered to him, that the fruit might be delivered to the trade
in the most sanitary and attractive manner possible ; third, on the
part of our State Horticultural Commissioner's office, in seeing that
the industry is given his most careful attention and protection.
In conclusion, I will say that prune producing is one of the most
profitable of fruit productions when proper care has been given to the
selection of the soil, to the class of trees planted, to the care of these
trees and to the curing of your green fruit.
Chairman Hunt. This very carefully prepared paper, very valu-
able paper, is noAv open for discussion. I hope we will have some
questions.
Mr. Gallaway. I would like to ask a question. In regard to the
root for the prune tree, you mentioned the almond, peach and myro-
balan roots. What do you think of the apricot root for the prune tree?
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 389
Mr. Richmond. From general experience the apricot root has not
been successful for budding purposes. The trees are not long-lived.
Mr. Messenger. Regarding dynamiting the holes, in Glenn County
recently I learned that some holes had been dynamited in soils that
were not dry, and they were not successful. Have you had any
experience along this line?
Mr. Richmond. I hardly know, but think that perhaps in case the
dynamite was used in damp, wet soils, the fumes were not there, and
that might have been the reason. They might have affected the roots
of the trees. In dynamiting in damp soil there is not the same air
for evaporation. Dry soil will dynamite much more rapidly and give
much better results than will wet soils.
Mr. Hutchinson. One question : You say you commence gathering
your fruit in the Santa Clara Valley in August, the first of August?
Mr. Richmond. Yes, about the middle of August.
Mr. Hutchinson. And you never pick your prunes, you shake your
trees, you say.
Mr. Richmond. Until the last picking, they should always be shaken.
Mr. Hutchinson. I understand then that the tree must not be
shaken at all. We are obliged in my locality to Imock off or shake our
trees sometimes by the tenth of the month, because it is getting so late
that we cannot dry them.
Mr. Richmond. What proportion comes off the trees by the time
you have to shake them?
Mr. Hutchinson. Not more than one half. It seems to me that
this State is capable of raising everything there is, but there are certain
places that are more adapted for vines, raisins, and peaches than are
other localities.
Mr. Galloway. I wish to speak of the Imperial prune. In Sonoma
County the most profitable orchards we have are Imperial prune
orchards, but they are very limited in extent, and it is a custom to
plant the Imperial prunes on heavy soils. They should be planted on
the higher bench lands. This is not high for your lands, but lands
that are well drained and not too level and where they will produce a
sufficient amount of sugar. The great trouble is where they are planted
on level grounds, and trees dry out and do not produce a sufficient
amount of saccharin matter to enable them to be well cured, and the
great trouble with such prunes is that they will ferment and make
trouble after they are processed, so the Imperial prune is the most
profitable crop we produce in Sonoma County, where it is planted on the
right kind of land.
Mr. Richmond. In Sonoma County you really haven't two or three
hundred acres planted of the Imperials that you consider fit, have you?
Mr. Galloway. About five hundred, I believe.
Dr. Cook. I want to express my satisfaction and gratitude to Mr.
Richmond for this paper. One of the most common letters we get at
390 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
our office is for bulletins on the prune question. So many requests come
in, and we have not been able to supply them ; we have had nothing on
prune culture, but now we are going to get out separates on this article,
and as my friend, Mr. Hickman, said, these bulletins form the most
valuable crop we have. You know the one on dates, well, we shall have
another now on grapes, and one now that is nearly ready on citrus
fruits. I hope to get monographs on all these subjects. Anything
you want to know on these subjects that we have you can get by writing
in to our office. I want to thank you, Mr. Richmond, on behalf of the
audience for this admirable paper.
Chairman Hunt. The next paper is on details in citrus culture. I
understand that Mr. Chapman is considered the best authority on citrus
culture in this country, and I now take great pleasure in introducing
Mr. Chapman.
DETAILS IN CITRUS CULTURE.
By Charles C. Chapman, Fullerton, Cal.
The culture of the orange is one of the most fascinating, and at the
same time most discouraging branches of agriculture. This fruit per-
haps requires closer and more constant attention than any other fruit
grown for profit in this country. This is accounted for in part by the
great length of time required to mature oranges, the numerous per-
sistent enemies which prey upon them, their delicate and susceptible
nature, the large amount of money value represented, and the natural
interest arising from watching the ever changing phenomena incident
to their development to a high state of beauty, succulency, and useful-
ness.
While orange culture is fascinating, few men are undergoing all the
disappointments and annoyances incident to the business these days for
the mere pleasure they may derive from it. It is profit rather than
pleasure which is the incentive to practically all growers. It is essential,
therefore, that in every possible respect conditions be followed which
will produce the greatest profit.
In the production of citrus fruits, as with many other varieties of
fruit, California excels the world. In proof of this sweeping statement,
a little commercial evidence from our most exacting market will be
given. I quote from the Fruitmmi's Guide, published in New York
City :
' ' There is no disputing the fact that when it comes to extracting
top-notch prices out of the buyer 's pockets the California orange has
the call, first, last and all the time. Florida may talk of its justly
celebrated Indian River fruit; the West Indies may put forth the
claims of her yellow-skinned globes of sweetness, but the Golden
State, with an orange that combines beauty with savor, in the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 391
highest degree, and appeals to the eye as powerfully as to the palate,
unquestionably wears the crown."
It may be interesting to hear the high estimate in which the Florida
orange was held by travelers visiting that state years ago. The
statements quoted may seem extravagant. I have speculated a little as
to the language the writer would have employed to have expressed his
thrill of delight could he have gotten one of our splendid Washington
Navels, or our incomparable Valencias. Here is what he said, which
is taken from Blackwood's Magazine, 1885:
''The Florida orange is a delicacy by itself, hitherto unknown
to the world, and which Spain need never attempt to rival.
Between an Indian River orange and the coarse-grained, spongy,
bitter-sweet product of the Mediterranean there is nothing whatever
in common. The one is a thing to be eaten in the usual routine of
life, the other is a delicacy which we can only hope to stumble on
at rare moments. A ripe Floridian, well grown and in good con-
dition, melts in the mouth like a juicy peach. It is nectar in poetic
form, and the fashionable mode of eating it in Jacksonville is to
cut it in two and empty it with a teaspoon. So delicate is the pulp,
and so tender is the skin that the one difficulty in enjoying it is in
handling it. "
Another picture given in Chamher's Journal, 1885: "The orange
groves of Florida are already the largest in the world, and the quality
of their product is unequalled by the choicest fruits of Europe, Syria
and Brazil." The writer informs us, however, that the cockroaches,
mosquitoes and all insect life in Florida are ''a huge and permanent
affliction," and that ''as horticulture is the only business that can be
carried on in Florida and as insects are vastly destructive, to fruits and
vegetables, it is the height of folly to annihilate the small birds. The
orange tree is the prey of many insect parasites, and sometimes a whole
grove is blighted by them. I have seen scores of trees ghastly with scale,
and o^vners almost driven to desperation."
A warning to growers as well as some information as to the life of
the orange tree may be noted in the following quotation from the
Tropical Agriculturist, an English paper, of 1882 :
"In the Azores, up to 1836, the oranges were in perfect condi-
tion— no care, no attention, no labor was given them, save the
picking and packing. They were left without manure, without
draining and maybe without pruning. Suddenly, however, a dis-
ease appeared— trees two hundred and three hundred years old,
and producing each six thousand and twenty thousand oranges
were- disappearing. It was observed that all the trees affected
produced a very heavy crop the very year that the disease mani-
fested itself, that the leaves became yellow and fell off in great
quantities, and on the trunks, or stems near and sometimes beneath
the ground, the bark opened and drops or tears of yellow gum
392 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
exuded, and hence the disease was called 'Lagrima' from the
Portuguese word for tears."
The inference made by the writer is that the people richly deserved
what they got — the destruction of a fine industry, the far famed St.
Michael orange. The people danced and amused themselves while the
orange trees bore fruit, but years of reckless neglect brought disaster.
AVhile it is a pleasure to be with you, I am frank to say that I am
unable to bring you anything new or revolutionary, or to divulge any
secrets in the culture of citrus fruits. I am sure many of you are
quite a.s well informed in all phases of the industry as I am myself.
If we can, however, in this general conference, mutually inspire one
another with a determination to produce a higher grade of fruit and
take better care of it, I am sure the citrus growers who are present
will consider ourselves amply repaid for this conference.
There is a demand, and there will always be, for high grade fruit.
That demand cannot be readily supplied, and our aim should be to meet
the requirement of the most exacting market, and not to be satisfied
with simply growing oranges that must be forced into consumption by
low prices.
The quality of the fruit we produce will largely gauge the financial
returns enjoyed. The orange, like the chrysanthemum, is susceptible of
high development, and I believe there is less excuse for one of us to
grow an inferior orange than for the professional florist to grow small,
sickly flowers for his market. The fact is, we cannot afford to produce
anything but the best, for anything less affords neither satisfactory
revenue nor that degree of mental enjoyment which ought to be at least
a part of the returns we should expect from the business.
The first efforts of an orange grower must be directed to the selec-
tion of location, the preparation of the land, the quality and condition
of the stock, manner of setting it, and provision for a reasonable
amount of irrigating water. Some varieties are better adapted to
certain localities than others. The difference is often that between
success and failure. Remember in the competition which the largely
increased production we are soon to have will severely test us. The
survival of the fittest will be the ultimate result. Therefore, select a
variety adapted to your particular locality, not permitting yourself to
be influenced by a desire to grow an orange popular in other localities,
but not the best for vours.
It is important that a location be selected free as possible from
extremes of temperature. While we may, to an extent, successfully
overcome low temperaturs, it is both expensive and dangerous to tempt
Jack Frost. He may swoop down upon us without warning and when
we are unprepared. I fear that during the present period' of much
setting of citrus orchards, many have been located where nature never
intended trees comparatively easily affected by cold should be planted.
It is also evident that soil conditions unfavorable to the production of the
orange have been overlooked in this widespread desire to set out
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 393
orchards. The result of this want of good judgment and the viola-
tion of the laws of nature is likely to be, not only an individual loss to
those who heedlessly ignored them, but an injury to the reputation of
the orange business and a consequent loss to all.
The land selected, whether level, gently undulating or quite hilly,
must be put in condition for setting before the stock is taken from
the nursery. A little work done then will often save a great deal of
time and labor in the future care of the orchard. The plan of setting
a given piece of ground should be well thought out and prepared
before the grower begins staking for trees. A little headwork at this
point will prove a time saver as well as getting the best arrangement
of the trees.
After the land has been carefully laid off, holes wide and deep must
be dug. A little well rotted barnyard manure put in the bottom of
the hole and covered with a few inches of good surface soil will greatly
aid the early growth of the tree and induce deep rooting.
Care must be taken in transferring the tree from the nursery. The
trees must be put in line both ways and not set too deeply. Good
surface soil with a little well rotted manure mixed with it must be
carefully put around the ball and gently pressed down. Fill the basin
with water, which will settle the dirt and drive out the air ; straighten
up such trees as may be leaning and out of line, and they are in shape
to be left for a few weeks before a second irrigation becomes necessary.
Remember that the initial treatment of any orchard has much to do with
its growth, its power to resist drought, and its future productiveness.
Therefore, permit no careless work to be done.
I shall touch but briefly only the salient points in the care of an
orchard.
Cultivation.
I believe there is scarcely anything which exerts a more favorable
influence on the quality of an orange than cultivation, and there is
no other part of orchard work that is generally so indifferently done.
The implement with which the work can be properly done may not
always be at hand, and the man to operate it intelligently and honestly
is likewise difficult to find.
There are several reasons, which I will not take time to mention, why
greater attention should be given by citrus growers to cultivation. I
will, however, briefly refer to two. One of these is the greatly improved
quality of fruit secured by proper cultivation. It will unquestion-
ably produce a smoother orange with more syrup and better flavor,
and these are points which we should strive to obtain. The other is
that vigorous cultivation at the time the fruit is forming will insure
a larger setting than if neglected at this critical period. Cultivation
is a stimulant and the tree needs a little help at this critical period.
Cultivate often, deep and at the proper time after irrigation.
394 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Pruning.
I find that some orchardists use the i)runing shears very sparingly,
if at all, claiming nature is her own best guide in the shaping and care
of a tree in this regard. She endeavors with all her energy to make
the most of the conditions into which ignorance or poor management has
forced her. It is particularly distressing to see her thus struggling
blindly with no intelligent hand put forth to direct or assist her.
This question, however, is better understood now than it was a few
years ago. Experience has taught many lessons to the observing citrus
grower. The novice in the business, of course, would realize that a
tree should be kept clean of dead wood and suckers, but many old-time
growers, if we are to judge from the appearance of some orchards,
do not altogether observe this fundamental law. I do not believe it
possible to grow the best fruit where the tree is not shorn of this
material.
The tree should be opened so that free circulation of air can pass
through it and under the lower limbs. The foliage of some varieties is
inclined to grow thick and heavy. By opening the trees to the air
and lifting from the ground the drooping branches, the quality of the
fruit may be greatly raised and thus less liability to gum disease.
Soil and climatic conditions must, however, control or regulate this to
some extent. I am confident, however, that in most orchards satis-
factory results can be secured by occasional vigorous pruning. There
may be reasons for not doing this in certain sections, but I am
persuaded that most orchards, even in such districts, would be vastly
improved by judicious use of the pruning shears. Pruning must be
intelligently done, however, never cutting without a reason. Knowledge
of the natural tendencies and weaknesses of the variety in hand is
necessary and a well defined appreciation of the end desired.
If properly pruned from the start, trees may be largely built so that
they will need but little propping. Very heavy crops, however, will
call for supports, which should be given before the limbs are too much
bent with the weight of their load. The modern devices for propping
greatly simplify this work, which heretofore has been both laborious
and expensive.
Fertilization.
Among the numerous and perplexing problems with which the
orchardists have to contend, none perhaps causes more weariness of
mind than that of fertilization. We realize that as our orchards grow
older, and in order to retain their vigor, we mu.st supply them with
plant food in proper amount and in condition for assimilation. I have
no hesitancy in saying that in order to produce a fine quality of fruit
in abundance, attention must be given to this question. Just what to
do and when to do it is a question that cannot always be answered with
satisfactory definiteness.
While I realize the value and importance of fertilization, yet the
m-any unknown conditions prevailing in the use of any kind of com-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 395
pounded fertilizer, the uncertainty of its exact construction, combined
with the great difference in soils, and the varied requirements in gen-
eral treatment, make it difficult for me to attend to this important
work with that degree of certainty I should like. I cannot deny,
however, that we have gained much valuable experience in this important
treatment of our orchards. We have learned the absolute necessity of
supplying plant food to the soil if we would grow an orange crop
annually. We have aLso learned that in ordinary soil and with trees
over a dozen years old, a much heavier application of fertilizer is
demanded than most of us have been in the habit of giving. I think
that in many cases crop shortage, which is often charged to unfavorable
climatic conditions, is due rather to a poverty of proper plant food in
the soil.
Irrigation.
Many of us have learned to use irrigating water more wisely than
m former years. The custom prevails in most sections of irrigating
very frequently simply because the "turn comes around." This I
regard as detrimental both to the permanent strength of the soil and
to the production of the best quality of fruit. Irrigation should be
thorough but not frequent. We are to understand, however, that all
soils cannot be treated alike. For instance, it is injurious to light soil
with sandy or loose subsoil to run water on it for any great length of
time. This leaches the life out of the surface soil, washes away the
humus and causes a weakness which soon shows on the trees. A
grower should know the character of his soil to a depth of five or six
feet. Unless he be acquainted with it he will not realize the damage
he may do by improper irrigation.
Less frequent, but thorough irrigation and better cultivation^ will
not only produce a superior grade of fruit, but will keep the soil in
better condition and avoid washing, leaching or baking. With ordinary
soil while too frecpient irrigation may be detrimental, there is little
danger of it being too thorough. More water should be put in the
soil than is usually the case.
Pests.
Citrus trees seem to invite numerous and troublesome pests. This
is the ease at least in most districts. These are not only a source of
annoyance and expense, but if harbored will lower the quantity and
quality of the fruit and finally entirely destroy the tree.
The black scale is very generally scattered over every citrus district,
although the farther one goes from the coast the less troublesome it
becomes. The red and purple scales are not unknown in many of
our best orange sections. These are enemies that ought to receive
prompt and vigorous attention wherever and whenever they appear.
A grower will pay dearly for being indifferent in his efforts to destroy
them. Fumigation is the only successful means that may be emploj^ed
to do this.
396 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Handling.
There are few growers but know how to do better work than is gen-
erally done. This is applicable to the handling of the fruit, as well as
doing orchard work.
After a fine orange is grown it must be properly handled, and wise
and prudent business methods used in marketing it. Growers in gen-
eral have learned many valuable lessons along these lines during the
]")ast few years, and yet there are problems to be solved if we are to
enjoy the degree of success I believe we are entitled to. A grower
should be so familiar with his orchard that he knows just where the
weakest fruit is grown, and then see that this is the first put on the
market. By giving some attention to this feature, the entire crop
may be marketed profitably.
While we grow a hardy orange in California, in this respect as in all
others, and better than any other orange grown in the world, yet care
in handling all along the line must be observed. To begin with, it must
be properly picked. This demands great care. Since Mr. Powell's
investigation into the damage done by clippers, there has been marked
improvement in picking, there being at present but little clipper-cut
fruit brought into the packing-houses. The genius of the inventor
has given us a greatly improved clipper, but in the use of any kind, a
certain amount of intelligence must be brought into play and the clipper
itself must be kept in condition.
The same observation may be made of ladders. Some growers have
the impression that any old thing upon which a person can climb will
answer. A good ladder, however, is essential. It should be light, well
balanced, and with comfortable steps, and should be long enough to
reach above the trees, so that it will not break through the top.
Only picking bags of proper size and in good condition should ever
be used and a regularly prepared picking box should be used in the
field. Oranges cannot be handled with the necessary care in an ordi-
nary packing box. In hauling from the orchard to the packing-house,
wagons suitable and provided with springs should be used.
The whole process of the handling of the orange demands intelligent
care and the grower or packer who would be successful must always
bear in mind that a cut, puncture or bruise is an irreparable damage
to the orange. No orange so injured should ever be put into a box for
shipment. It is much cheaper to throw it away here, than to pay for
packing and freight to some distant eastern market, only to have it
thrown out there by some disgusted buyer.
After the fruit is brought into the packing-house, it should be kept
for a time before packing. The length of time will depend upon the
variety, its condition and the weather, both as to humidity and tem-
perature. The fruit, however, should be properly cured before pack-
ing. This is imperative with the Valencia, and will prove a great aid
in putting up a good pack. In this way also we are better enabled
to eliminate injured fruit.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 397
If the fruit is to be washed, as is sometimes necessary, this should be
•done as soon as it is brought from the orchard.
It should be our aim, regardless of expense, to put the fruit on the
market in a perfectly sound condition. There is nothing that so
demoralizes the market as decayed fruit, unless it be fruit that cuts dry.
A few cars of oranges landing in New York or any other market and
either showing decay or cutting dry will knock from 25 cents to 50 cents
a box off the price of all sound fruit. Such conditions of course are
fatal to the cars thus showing up. It is wise not only to use all possible
care in handling the fruit, but to doubly insure against decay by ship-
ping under refrigeration. Begin refrigeration early in the season and
do not gamble by sending a few cars forward under ventilation in the
hope of saving dollars. Almost every season we have a period of low
prices caused solely by this false economy.
The season just closed was the most unsatisfactory and the least
profitable we have had for a number of years. This was the result of
the persistent shipment of frost-damaged fruit. Every time the market
got strong and showed an upward tendency with satisfactory prices for
good fruit, shippers would flood it with this worthless stock. They
adopted the same tactics the boy does who wants to get into the circus
without a ticket. He hangs around the entrance until the rush is on
and then slips in along with the crowd. We overlook the action of the
boy, nevertheless it was dishonest. Furthermore, that boy was less
likely to be caught than the other fellow, for he was sure to be found
out. We delude ourselves when we think we can fool the trade at the
other end.
When this frost-damaged fruit was shipped it always knocked the
market until good stock did not bring its real value and but little or
nothing was realized for the poor stuff. That was poor business. The
industry as a whole was thereby greatly injured, and the reputation of
the California orange suffered. "We don't like California oranges any
more ; they are too dry, ' ' was the common remark one heard in the
■east. One dealer told me that he had sold a car of oranges which he
didn't believe contained a pint of juice. Many such cars were aban-
doned to the railroad for freight charges. A dealer in a certain city
sold thirty such cars for the railroad companies. Hundreds of other
cars, solely from this cause, brought less than freight and packing
charges. Who was to blame? You answer.
Every orange offered to a consumer should be rich in juice and
flavor. If such were always the case, the markets would readily take
all the good fruit that California, north and south, is able to produce,
at good prices.
Chairman Hunt. Mr. Chapman said in the beginning of his address
that he had not had time to prepare a careful paper, such as he would
like to have done. I am wondering what he would have done if he
really had had the time. This paper is now open for discussion.
Mr. Vaile. Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that one of the most
important subjects in citrus culture is the subject of irrigation, and
398 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
possibly it is the thing about which the majority of men throughout
southern California, engaged in the citrus culture, have the most
trouble. I recognize fully that there are a great many different types
of soils and each of these types require different methods of handling,
but I have made one observation which we in Ventura County think
important upon which I would like Mr. Chapman's opinion. Mr.
Chapman has said that he has come to believe, along with others, that
v^hat we want now is not frequent irrigations but thorough irrigation.
We want all of the soil wet to quite a depth, not necessarily the surface
soil, but soil down until the roots are thoroughly wet. We are coming
to feel from having carefully observed the soil immediately after irriga-
tion and on other intervals until our next irrigation that in irrigating
all of the soil at once, filling it full as it were of water, we stunt prac-
tically all of the feeding roots. The feeding fibres take on a darkish,
almost a brownish appearance, within a day or two after such thorough,
irrigation. This gives more or less a distinct shock to the tree and it
is not for a period of a week and sometimes longer than that that the
fibrous roots begin to resume their normal appearance, and at the end
of that time, a week or ten days, possibly even two weeks, the fibrous,
roots begin putting out new shoots. Some of the old roots do absolutely
no further work. I do not know of any one who has tried the experi-
ment on a large enough scale to make it applicable to general conditions,
but the suggestion has occurred to some of us that possibly it would be
better to irrigate the land at one time, leaving the roots say on one
side of the tree free from this shock, and letting the roots on the other
side of the tree receive the irrigation and then later on, at the end of
a month or within a period that is deemed necessary, irrigate on the
other side of the row of trees. I do not know whether others have-
observed this condition or not. Of course it would not be so apt to
occur on gravelly soil as on our fine clay, silt, loamy soil, but this is
something which I feel is worthy of consideration and I would like to
have the opinion of Mr. Chapman and others on this subject.
Mr. Chapman. I do not have any of that quality of soil, and have
had no experience with it, but I can always understand that if you let
trees go until they absolutely need water and then give it to them in
great abundance, why you are apt to shock your trees. You are apt
to create a condition which you would not have if you regularly irri-
gated your lands.
Mr. Vaile. My idea in the matter is that the shock comes from the-
fact that the excess water filling the soil causes it to become too cold and
damp for the feeding roots to thrive.
Mr. Chapman. You don't irrigate with ice water, do you?
Mr. Vaile. It is cold water, comes from the river. I think people
don't irrigate enough. Don't let your orchard need irrigation. Some
people say our trees don't need so much irrigating, and so they don't
do it. Then they put water on and you naturally have a shock whicb
is detrimental.
THE MONTHI.T BULLETIN.
399
Mr. Schulz. I would like to ask Mr. Chapman about his method
of fertilizing. . .
Mr. Chapman. As I said before, that is a very difficult proposition.
I buy all my fertilizer in what is called car lots of tankage. I get a
high grade tankage, and buy my nitrate of soda and superphosphates
and potash in the same way, and put them on one at a time, usually in
the spring the heavier, and later in the summer the superphosphates
and potash.
Mr. Schulz. What time do you put on the nitrate of soda ?
Mr. Chapman. Put on the nitrate of soda usually at the time the
fruit is in blossom, after it has been in blossom a time. It is of great
assistance in setting the crop of fruit.
Mr. Schulz. Do you ever use sulphate of iron?
Mr. Chapman. I used that once some years ago, and apparently it
didn't do much good, didn't get any beneficial results and proved
somewhat troublesome and hard to get, expensive, and I didn't see any
use in using it.
Mr. Banks. I just want to ask a question. I think without a doubt
that California is pretty well agitated along the idea of soil fertility.
We produce groves and know how to plant trees and how to grow them.
We have all that under consideration. If I did not misunderstand Mr.
Chapman, he is a shipper. What we all want is a feasible way whereby
the producer can get more for his crop by marketing or otherwise— so
that he can market his crop to the best advantage and at the lowest
possible cost. That seems to be about the biggest point that the growers
have got in California.
Mr. Chapman. I agree with you, that that is a very important
question. It is perfectly useless to grow oranges and get nothing for
them. In southern California we have the Fruit Growers' Exchange,
which is a splendid organization, and it does not conflict in any way
with the growers there, and does them good, especially the small grow-
ers. This exchange has been in existence for five years now, and the
growers get full value for their oranges. Of course the Fruit Grow-
ers' Exchange or any other organization could not get full value for
frozen stuff or decayed fruit or anything of that kind. When you
get good fruit on to the market you can get prices at this exchange.
I am not in that combination, but I do recommend it to small growers.
I have enough fruit to have a combination of my own. I begin shipping
along perhaps in December, perhaps in January, and continue until the
middle of November, shipping steadily, and in that way I can keep my
fruit on the market. Now, the point I would like to make is this, that
the better quality of fruit, the cleaner the fruit is, the better prices you
will get, and the trouble is that many men are shipping inferior fruit
into the markets. That does not only apply to the orange, but it applies
to every character of fruit that is shipped out of California.
Dr. Cook. How much of this nitrate of soda do you apply to the
tree?
400 THE MONTHLY BULLI;TIN.
Mr. Chapman. On full-bearing trees, twelve and fourteen, fifteen
and eighteen years old, put two and a half to three pounds. I would
not put too much in a single application, it would be too heavy. If
you put six pounds on, put it on in two applications about thirty days
apart. I never use nitrate of soda in the fall, always in the spring.
A Member. What is your objection to small lots of fertilizer?
Mr. Chapman. Haven't any objection, only I happen to have
enough acreage to warrant my buying carload lots in everything. I can
buy it cheaper that way, get better rates.
Dr. Hunt. It is now time for closing, but Dr. Cook, the Commis-
sioner, desires to make some announcements.
Dr. Cook. In regard to the Committee on Resolutions, we have
enlarged that committee and Mr. Chapman is chairman, and it will
meet right after this meeting. That committee is now as follows : Mr.
C. C. Chapman, chairman; B. E. Hutchinson, Russ D. Stevens, A. G.
Schulz, John Graf, F. T. Swett, W. T. Kirkman, Geo. Roeding, Henry
W. Kruckeberg are the members.
EVENING SESSION.
The convention was called to order by Dr. Cook as chairman.
Chairman Cook. We now have a very important address on the
quarantine work of the State Commission of Horticulture by the chief
deputy quarantine officer, Frederick Maskew.
WORK OF THE QUARANTINE DIVISION OF THE STATE
COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.
By Fredekick Maskew, San Francisco, Cal.
( Stereopticon lecture. )
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: For many years past it has
been the custom of those called upon to address the assembled fruit
growers at their annual conventions upon matters dealing with the horti-
cultural quarantine service, either to present a long list of insect pests
and plant diseases existing in other countries and which are likely to
arrive in California at any time, or else to recapitulate a similar list of
those that have already been intercepted. Having been detailed by the
State Commissioner of Horticulture to address the members of this con-
vention upon the subject mentioned, and not caring to go over the same
old ground, and also thinking that perhaps it might interest you to see
for yourselves how this quarantine work is actually performed, I have
prepared a series of lantern slides illustrating some of the leading events
that take place every day in the interception and inspection of horticul-
tural material entering the State of California at the Port of San Fran-
cisco and its environs.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Map of California. (Fig. 322.)
401
It is not necessary to tell any one here present what territory is repre-
sented by this outline. There is only one California. The purpose of the
picture is an attempt to show the system that adequately protects its
horticultural and agricultural interests. The counties that are darkly
shaded have County Horticultural Commissioners ; practical men with
Horticultural Quarantine Service
:)t.A fCfcA. (•cin)fir,s/.a>H I
SANFOANCISCO STATiON. LOS ANCEL ES S ^ A ^! JhJ
SHIPS iHSfer. '.^ ~SH!PSltiSm:
J./A97 J^UMlGA'Ef^ S ^'••'
,,,;,,lL &// /^3 .TOTAL 'i ' '
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
S/^'Pi' INSPEt.TlD - .'-^
NO /HfOfTS
^>
S.-irif'ra
' '\^«.- ''^r GAM V'''' ''ruOll'Mt't. \
EUREKA STATIOW.
sfi/ps /us.'-frTfi' .5'
SAN r^lECO STATION.
■.inif^ msficcrci<
PASS£r ■'« f>i>
roMicATet) >>'
TOTAL yC:
SANTA BARBARA.
ri\P££RS CIJAk;::
EUREKA.
SAN FRAUI.ISCO.
•' .V.'.S-.irVV ■.•''■//"/" /VA 'T '
•■' 'Ll^'l i.Vtfv- ;>;,., i! •;
_ ::_ . ^;TP'i:.',C
i.,A WHITNEY
A.CHAmDlLY
riARe- Ll'TTf.t, . ii .■
Ljb AHCEIES.
AShvyr OTPVT^ ^
SAN [ilEGO.
i u A iViWi'J/V iNtfii-r, ,;-
♦ c.
E —
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I'liCVC
Fig. 322. — Map of California showing work of the State Horticultural Quarantine
Division. (Maskew, M. B., Hort. Com.)
a good working Imowledge of what their official title implies — ^horticul-
ture, and its adjunct, the injurious insects and diseases of the products
peculiar to their own counties. Thus from the map we see that out of a
total of fifty-eight counties in the State we have forty-two in which are to
be found active working county commissioners. These same officers are
4 — HB
402 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
also state quarantine guardians, with full power to carry out the provi-
sions of the state quarantine law— one of the most powerful instruments
enacted by our lawmakers. This gives them control of all horticultural
products "entering their county from outside the State lines, and the
records show that they have in many instances prevented by their dili-
gence, the introduction into the State of destructive insect pests and
plant diseases.
With the exception of San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Marin and San
Francisco, the counties that have not quarantine guardians are chiefly
mountain counties where horticulture is not generally practiced and
where horticultural imports from outside the state lines are a minor
quantity.
It is through the medium of the coast ports that the danger of intro-
ducing the fruit and melon flies is the greatest, and it is often perplexing
to the fruit growlers how the hundreds of bays, harbors and indentations
on a coast line of approximately 1,000 miles in length can be safely
watched and guarded at all times. The provisions of the maritime law
simplify this procedure. Vessels arriving from points outside the United
States coa^t line, no matter to what point in California they are con-
signed, must of a necessity first come into a port of entry and submit
their papers to the Federal customs. There are five such ports of entry
on our coast, and I have indicated them upon the map : Eureka, San
Francisco, Port Los Angeles, San Pedro, and San Diego. At each of
these ports the State maintains a station of its quarantine division, and
each vessel upon arrival finds not only the Federal customs officer ready
to apprai.se and collect duties, but also a State quarantine officer ready
and competent to pass upon the general health, cleanliness and desira-
bility of whatever horticultural products the ship or the members of its
company may have brought to our shores.
There is one exception to this matter of ports of entry. I have indi-
cated these upon the map as "oil ports." Occasionally, vessels arrive at
these ports from points outside the United States coast line, but they are
in every instance "oil tankers" with no facilities for general freight
and no license to carry passengers. At Gaviota the State Quarantine
Guardian of the Santa Barbara Station meets, boards, inspects and
reports upon all ships arriving at that port from outside the state lines.
At Port San Luis we have no inspector, but to compensate for this the
company owning the vessels making this a port of call has issued a
general order to all commanders prohibiting the bringing into this port
of any fruit or vegetables either as ship's stores or personal property
that may have been obtained at any Hawaiian points.
Look well at the map before I remove it from the screen, and try and
realize what it means to have every railroad station, every express office
located in that shaded area in touch with a horticultural officer. Read
the number of ships inspected and the volume of imports examined at the
different stations, and the extent of this service will commence to grow
upon you.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 403
General Army Order No. 3.
This is a photographic copy of General Army Order No. 3. I have
introduced it here for an especial purpose. On the map that has just
been removed from the screen Monterey was marked as a port of call for
United States Army transports, but the regular army transport docks are
located at San Francisco. To our personal knowledge certain poorly
informed persons circulated the report that vessels from foreign ports
were landing at Monterey and that no official w^as present to prevent the
fruit flies from being brought into the State at that point. Such are not
the facts. United States Army transports from Manila via Honolulu are
the only vessels arriving from fruit fly regions that land at IMonterey,
and only one of these has done so during the past fiscal year. Any one
who has knowledge of how army orders are expected to be obeyed need
feel no apprehension on this point, and our own experience in searching
every transport that has arrived at San Francisco since this order Avas
issued, proves clearly that it produced the desired effect.
Map of the World.
Every locality indicated by a name on this map excepting only San
Francisco, is knowTi to be infested with different species of fruit flies.
At the quarantine office we have records of all these several places ; of the
various kinds of fruit infested ; of the different species of fruit flies
infesting the same, and in the great majority of instances specimens of
the actual flies themselves. The specimens were collected, their method
of attack studied and the data furnished by George Compere. This map
is shown here for a dual purpose ; flrst, to show to you the different
steamship routes having connections with California and the fruit fly
regions at which they call during each voyage. To begin with, here is
the route from the Hawaiian Island direct. Hilo is now as badly infested
as Honolulu. Over this route comes at least one ship a week of the Mat-
son Navigation Company's fleet, and one ship a month of the Oceanic
Steamship Company's fleet. From Sydney via Wellington, Rarotonga
and Papeete comes one ship a month of the Union line. These vessels do
not touch at Hawaiian ports, but the point of departure, Sydney, at
which they obtain their supplies, is as badly infested with the Mediter-
ranean fruit fly as is Honolulu, and further, they call in at Rarotonga
where there are at least three forms of fruit flies at work on the fruits
of that island, one of which, Dacus melanotum, attacks alligator pears
very badly. The next stop is Papeete on the island of Tahiti, and at
quarantine we have not as yet been able to find any evidence of fruit flies
in material from that location. This fact complicates matters a great
deal, as it is practically impossible to tell from a superficial appearance
the difference between fruit from Rarotonga and that from Papeete, so
the ruling has been adopted at quarantine that no fruit shall be landed
from these vessels excepting only that set forth on the ship 's manifest,
which is a sworn statement of the port at which it was taken on board.
From Sydney via Samoa and Honolulu comes one ship a month of the
404 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Oceanic Company's fleet. Here, again, are two ports badly infested with
fruit flies. This route from Sydney via Fiji, Honolulu to Vancouver, is
also a monthly run and concerns us only indirectly, but it may result in
concerning the territory of Hawaii very much. There are at least three
forms of fruit flies here, some of which attack pineapples and bananas
very seriously, and they may find their way into the Islands as did the
ones that are already there. From Hongkong via Yokohama and Hono-
lulu comes one ship about every twenty-one days, of the Japanese Mail
line — the melon fly to start with at Hongkong and much worse at Hono-
lulu. The Pacific Mail Company averages three ships a month from
Manila, Hongkong, Nagasaki, Yokohama and Honolulu — fruit flies at
every port of call excepting only Yokohama. Once a month comes a
United States Army transport from Manila via Nagasaki and Honolulu
— fruit flies at every port of call; at least twelve ships a month, all of
which stop at Honolulu.
From Balboa via all Central American ports come at least four ships a
month of the Pacific Mail — the Mexican orange maggot at every stop.
From Salina Cruz via San Diego the American-Hawaiian Company
bring in at least four ships a month. This makes a total of twenty reg-
ular liners a month that come on schedule time. Here is a route from
Hilo to Salina Cruz in Mexico. An American-Hawaiian ship covers this
route once a week. This has been a source of great potential danger.
At Salina Cruz there is no inspection of ships ; the vegetation comes
down to the water's edge; a Mediterranean fruit fly will lay its eggs in
a cactus fruit as readily as in an orange ; cactus occurs continuously
from Salina Cruz to California ; the route is not impractical to a strong
winged insect like a fruit fly, and there you are — a chance once a week
to get a start. Compere and I smoked a good many pipes trying to find
a way to close this avenue of entrance, and at length the opportunity
occurred. A ship bound from Hilo to Salina Cruz was recalled by cable
and returned to San Francisco. The condition of the vegetables in the
ship's stores amply verified all we had imagined. The case was laid
before the general manager of the line in all its different bearings, he
saw the point clearly, issued an order to all commanders in the fleet to
purchase sufficient stores at home ports to make the voyage, not to
purchase nor allow to be brought on board any fruit or vegetables at
any Hawaiian port. This has at least relieved the situation.
From Europe via the Straits of Magellan come the liners from Europe,
and these, together with the tramp steamers from all over the world,
bring the average of ships arriving from foreign ports and which come
under our jurisdiction up to about thirty a month.
The second purpose for which I compiled this map was to endeavor to
prove to you that a great deal of misapprehension is held in relation to
the Mediterranean fruit fly. It has been asserted in print that this insect
is essentially a tropical form and would not be able to establish itself in
California if introduced. Look well at the map — it is compiled from the
latest data. The black circles indicate regions where the Mediterranean
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN-. 405
fruit fly exists ; the black diamonds, other forms of fruit flies. Between
these two parallel black lines are located the tropics. How many circles
can you find in the tropics ? Three : Hawaii, Teneriffe and St. Helena
Islands surrounded by ocean influences that virtually make them semi-
tropic. Look along both shores of the Mediterranean and see the black
circles — practically the same latitudes as California. As soon as you
enter the tropics you find other forms — a Dacus here in Senegal and also
in the Sudan. In the southern latitudes it is the same. At Cape Colony
Ceratitis, but immediately across the line Dacus sps. at Damara and at
Mauritius. In the tropics of Central and South America Ceratitis does
not occur excepting at Sao Paulo in Brazil, which, you see, is right on the
line. And now in Oceanica, Australia and India. Down in Australia, in
latitudes comparing with those of Europe, we have Ceratitis capitata at
its very worst, but in Queensland, as soon as we cross the line, other
forms of Dacus, Trypeta and Bivellia take its place. Throughout
Oceanica and India you see the black diamonds representing other forms
of fruit flies, all of which I have a full record of, but you do not see the
symbol that represents Ceratitis capitata. This should be sufficient evi-
dence that this pest not only thrives in, but seems to prefer, climates
similar to our own, and if in reality it is only "a gho.st" perhaps we had
better continue in our endeavors to keep it ' ' laid. ' '
San Francisco Guide.
A few minutes ago I w^as speaking of the different steamship routes
entering the port of San Francisco, and I have introduced this picture,
which represents the San Francisco Guide, to explain to you how the
quarantine officers are enabled to keep in touch with the movements of
vessels at sea. There is one thing a master of a ship must do before he
sails, no matter what else he may neglect, and that is to take out his clear-
ance papers. Failure to do this is likely to result in his making the
acquaintance of a gunboat or a cruiser a few days later. The taking out
of these papers becomes a matter of record, and the collectors of marine
news promptly publish the same. The movements of all ships on the way
to San Francisco are published in the Guide. If a Cosmos liner leaves
Hamburg for San Francisco to-day, we find it recorded in the paper to-
morrow, and so on with all vessels concerned. The regular liners come
on schedule time, and the time of their arrival is set down on the left-
hand side each day under its proper date. It is amusing to watch the
boys come into the office in the morning (while as a matter of fact each
one has memorized the arrivals for the week), the first thing all of them
do is to go to the Guide with the statement "what's on the board for
to-day?" The comments that usually follow illustrate the fund of
information to be found on this single sheet. For instance, some one
will turn over the paper and, after looking over the reference column,
will remark: "Say, that Cosmos liner coming up from Punta Arenas
has been into Mazatlan. ' ' This fact invests the arrival of that ship with
an entirely different amount of importance. Mazatlan means Mexican
orange maggots. And so on, each time a ship en route for San Fran-
406 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
Cisco makes a port of call it is recorded, and by studying this paper the
quarantine officer can actually keep in touch with every movement of
each ship. You will readily see how this helps to simplify the work.
Map of San Francisco.
This is a picture of San Francisco, and I think it is a good one ; how-
ever, the present purpose is not to display its civic beauties, but to illus-
trate one more cog in the machinery of the quarantine service. For
information as to the actual arrival of vessels, the State subscribes to
both the marine exchanges. Two observers are maintained by this
department ; one is stationed here at the point and one here inside at the
Federal Health Quarantine Station. The range of vision from the out-
side station is perhaps twenty miles on a clear day, and as soon as an
approaching vessel is near enough to be recognizable the observer calls
up all those on the line and reports, for instance, as follows : ' ' Sierra
passing in. ' ' The vessel now comes on up the bay, and, arriving at the
proper location, drops her anchor and awaits the arrival of the Federal
Health Officer. The inside reporter now calls up on the phone, ' ' Sierra
.at quarantine. ' ' This is followed by the final call, ' ' Sierra going to the
dock. " As a result of experience we are able to calculate the time that
wdll ordinarily elapse from the first call until the ship will be at the dock,
and arrange for the performance of other duties in the mean time.
Should the vessel reported be outside the regular liners, a reference to
the Guide shows where she is from and to whom consigned and at what
pier she may be expected to dock. Ships passing in during the night
must remain at quarantine in the bay until sunrise, and these arrivals
are reported by phone to the boarding inspectors at their residences.
Quarantine Office.
I have introduced this picture of the quarantine office at room 11 in
the Ferry Building, San Francisco, to show that during working hours,
should ail the force be scattered at different points on the dock and rail-
road yards inspecting arrivals of material, the clerk is always present to
receive and answer phone calls, and keep the inspectors informed of the
movements of vessels so that they may be prepared to meet the same
without any unnecessary loss of time. The office also contains a very
interesting museum, comprising the material that has been intercepted
at quarantine during the past twenty years, and is also a clearing house
for much general information on insect pests and plant diseases, as well
as upon matters concerning the regulations covering the movements of
horticultural imports.
Launch.
Now we are getting closer to the actual work. This is the launch
"Argonaut," maintained for the use of the Federal doctors. This
boat leaves the dock every morning in the year, rain or shine, at the
moment of sunrise, which ranges from thirty-four minutes after four
in June, to fifteen minutes after seven in December. There is an
imaginary line across the bay over which no vessel from any port outside
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 407
the United States coast line dare pass, nor must any one or anything
either leave or be taken on board until the Federal doctor has inspected
and passed the vessel. This applies equally to vessels from island pos-
sessions as to those from foreign ports. In the matter of vessels from
foreign ports, the United States Customs boarding officers go out in
their own boat and take charge the moment the doctor passes the
vessel. No person or article is permitted to leave without their inspec-
tion, and with such vessels our work does not commence until the dock
is reached.
With vessels from Manila or the Hawaiian Islands the procedure is
different. With the one exception of passing the doctor, persons may
travel from our island possessions to the United States with as little
hindrance or interference as from San Francisco to Oakland. Once the
doctor's yellow flag comes down, no further attention is paid to the
ship, its contents or the passengers it carries by any official, excepting
the State Quarantine officers. To enable us to promptly take charge
we have been given the courtesy of using the doctor's launch for the
purpose of getting on board these ships out in the stream.
Boarding.
Here we are — the first act of authority in executing the provisions of
the state quarantine law, Compere boarding the steamship Sierra.
Dr. Drew has decided the ship's company are all in good health, the
yellow flag comes down, the horticultural officer goes on board, the
anchor comes up and away the ship goes to dock. No more restrictions
on anyone or anything, so far as customs, immigration or health officers
are concerned. We hold that there is just as much danger from fruit
landed between the anchorage and the dock as there is in that which
actually passes over the dock itself, and to prevent the possibility of this
v.dthout proper inspection, a boarding officer goes on board before the
doctor leaves the ship.
Inspection on the Way.
On the way up stream the inspector takes a look through such veg-
etable or fruit lockers as may be located on deck, to see if any remnants
of the ship 's stores have been overlooked. Compere has evidently found
something that did not suit his ideas of a clean ship and has just thrown
it overboard. It was unquestionably contrabrand, but had it been
actually infested, depend upon it he would have steamed it before it
was thrown overboard.
Searching the Passengers' Baggage.
This is the crux of the situation, in so far as the Mediterranean fruit
fly is concerned. Unfortunately, I was unable to obtain good negatives
of this most important part of the work. The movement of all con-
cerned was too continuous for a time exposure and the light too poor for
a snap shot; however, you can obtain a slight idea of the procedure.
The steamship companies, at their own expense, voluntarily fence off an
408 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
inclosure with the panels you see and also rig sorting tables. One of our
men keeps the gate and all hand baggage, suit cases, trunks and parcels
that have been in the cabins during the voyage are opened and examined,
the red tag of the quarantine service is attached, and this must be in
evidence and submitted to cancellation before the gateman will pass it
out. The trunks that have been in the hold of the ship throughout the
voyage are not searched as a rule. However, there have been several
instances in which we had reasons to believe that attempts had been
made to pass on shore baggage that had been in constant use in the
cabins, together with that which had been in the hold the entire voyage.
In these instances every piece was searched before it left the dock. Also
in every instance an inspector watches the hold baggage as it comes on
shor.e and any boxes or packages that appear as though they might con-
tain articles other than clothes are promptly opened and searched.
This searching of baggage is the weak spot in the quarantine service
under present conditions. It has been repeatedly shown that we have
no right by any law to open and search this baggage, and that in doing
so we are merely exercising a privilege acquired by a concession. There
are no commercial shipments of any of the hosts of the Mediterranean
fruit fly. The ship's stores can always be controlled, but the true and
immediate source of danger is the possibility of a passenger carrying
infested material to some country home. It is to be hoped that both the
State and Federal authorities will devise some police regulations that
will adequately cover this situation.
It is but fair to state at this point that the officials of the steamship
companies plying directly between Honolulu and California have done
all in their power to co-operate with us in this matter of local passengers
and their baggage.
Bananas on Deck.
As soon as the inspection of passengers' baggage is finished the
inspectors commence to search the ship. Some look through all the
cabins to see that no contraband fruit has been left scattered around by
the passengers when they packed up, others search the cool rooms of the
ship, where the fruits and vegetables used on the tables have been stored
during the voyage. The picture on the screen shows that part of the
ship alloted as lounging room for the steerage passengers. They sit
around on these hatches and companion way, and from the debris we
find scattered around consume a great deal of fruit on the way up from
Honolulu. The bunches of bananas you see piled up here are covered
with canvas during the time the vessel is at sea, but a close examination
always shows a number of apple cores and orange skins, and we have
found mango skins collected at the bottom edges of these canvas cover-
ings, where the same have been pushed aside in sweeping the decks.
This debris is always picked up and examined, and if suspicious the
bunches of bananas that are anywhere near it are thoroughly examined
for any possible pupa of fruit flies.
THE MONTHLY BULLETUST, 409
Bananas on the Dock.
When the bananas are taken out of the ship they are segregated into
different lots, representing the consignees, and are counted and examined
before any are permitted to be taken away. This picture was taken
during the noon hour. It would be impossible to obtain a picture
during working hours, owing to the number of men and teams con-
stantly moving across the line of sight. Each bunch, as you see, is
wrapped in rice straw, and each individual bunch carries an inspection
tag which indicates the district in which it was grown and is an assur-
ance that the district mentioned is away from the immediate infestation
of fruit fly. The method of inspection followed by the State Quarantine
officers at the present time is as follows :
The binding strings are cut, the outer wrapping of rice straw is
pushed to one side and the kind of inside wrapper determined. No
sacks of any kind are permitted. Paper must be the onl.y kind of
material used for an inside wrapper. The next point to determine is
what is technically termed as dry ends. A process in banana culture
is the rubbing off of all remnants of the dried blossoms from the ends
of the fruit. This causes the ends to harden over and remain intact.
If omitted, decay is likely to set in and furnish a possible medium for
the fruit flies to deposit their eggs. With these facts determined —
paper wrappers and dry ends — the bananas are released from the dock.
One inspector is especially detailed to follow the bananas to the curing
rooms and inspect them thoroughly after they are unwrapped and hung
up. He devotes his entire time to this and reports specially upon this
matter of bananas each month. So far no evidence whatever has been
found of fruit flies on any of this material.
Fumigating Pineapples.
All pineapples arriving from Hawaiian points are found to be infested
v/ith an occasional mealy bug or specimens of Diaspis hromeUce. Every
case of pineapples destined for points in California is fumigated before
being released from the dock. I have often computed the dimensions
of the pile and the dosage used, and can assure you that never less than
3 ounces of cyanide to each 100 feet of space inclosed is used in these
operations. The tents you see here in the picture are also oiled, so that
you present who are accu.stomed to fumigate citrus trees can appreciate
the severity of the dose applied. I have my doubts if even this strength
would destroy the fruit flies if any were present in the pupal stage, but
it is the best preventative treatment we know of or can apply at the
present time.
Pacific Mail Liner,
Here is a picture of a Pacific Mail liner that has arrived from many
foreign ports, touching at Honolulu on the way. We did not have to
board this ship in the stream ; when the doctor 's yellow flag came down
the Immigration officers and the Chief Boarding officer, together with at
least six watchmen of the Federal Customs, went on board and brought
410 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
her up to the dock. The cabin passengers have landed — their baggage
has been searched by the Federal Customs, and whatever horticultural
products of any kind found in the same were turned over to the ^tate
Quarantine officers. We are now ready to go on board and see what the
steerage passengers have brought over with them. But before we go
to make a search, take a good look at this fabric, 616 feet long, a dis-
placement of 27,000 tons and a carrying capacity of nearly 14,000 tons,
accommodations for 1,000 passengers and crew list of 300 — 1,300 souls
to feed and house. This is equivalent to a small town, but a small town
is no comparison ; a better one would be a section out of the heart of a
great modern city. No cafe has a more extensive or varied menu than
these great liners. Should you see fit to order frogs legs, there are
plenty of live frogs on board in a tank kept for that purpose. You may
order Chinese pheasant, venison, or anything a fanciful palate may crave,
and be assiTred that it will be forthcoming; so with the fruits and
vegetables. Fruits that it is impossible to find on the market any where
in the United States may be had in these ships. Mangosteens, papayas,
mangoes, avocados, etc., are always available. Think w^hat this means
to those whose duty it is to search the ship and find what may be left,
and think also what it means to the owners, compelled in the interest
of their passenger business to cater to every wliim of the globe trotters
that patronize these ships ; persons who, in the main, have no permanent
country nor any particular interest in protecting the products of the
same, whose sated appetites and jaded palates respond only to the sen-
sations produced in their esophagus by the wriggling of the fruit fly
maggots that invariably infest these tropical fruits, which the steamship
companies are practically compelled to have on hand at all times during
the voyage, and which the State of California prohibits their bringing
within the three mile limit. To their great credit be it said they are at
a great expense complying with the provisions of the law and co-operat-
ing with the quarantine officers.
Steerage Passengers.
Here are a few of the steerage passengers and some of their baggage.
All of us here present have moved our possessions more or less at dif-
ferent times, and know^ what store we set on our Lares and Penates. So
with these poor passengers. All of these packages you see, every one
of them, have got to be opened up, emptied out and examined. Here is
where you get a glimpse of some side lights on the great Drama of Life.
To prepare the passengers for the possible action of the State Quarantine
officers we have prepared printed lists of contraband fruits.
Notices.
Here they are : the Chinese characters are a literal translation of the
notice as printed in English. Each ship, on sailing day from San
Francisco, is furnished with a supply of these printed notices in both
languages. These are distributed by the ship's officers on the return
voyage, after the vessel has left Honolulu. We have taken great pains
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 411
with this educational feature of the quarantine work. This illustration
represents but one feature of the same, and it is a great pleasure to state
that both the officials of the different companies and also the officers of
the several ships have heartily joined in this attempt at proselytism.
Inspecting Steerage Baggage.
Here we get a little closer to that indescribable mass of baggage you
saw in the last picture. A Customs officer is given a certain number
■ot passengers— a Quarantine officer goes with him. The owner opens
each package, spreads out its contents, dutiable goods are assessed,
contraband fruits are confiscated, pass tags are issued, and in due time
the whole seance is over.
Lockers.
Searching the ship and its store rooms for contraband fruits and
vegetables is the next work for quarantine inspectors. It will be well
to grasp the fact at this time that neither the Federal nor State govern-
ments can legislate against the high seas. The exigencies of passenger
traffic demand a food supply, and there is no apparent legal way of fixing
the kinds of material to be used for food. The steamship officials take
on board what experience has led them to expect will be needed, but the
state law clearly sets forth what they shall not have on board when they
enter within its lines of jurisdiction. Stringent orders have been issued
by the directors of these lines to all commanders and pursers to see that
all remnants of contraband fruit and vegetables are thrown overboard
before the harbor is entered. As a rule these instructions are enforced,
Init it is in the final act that violation sometimes occurs. It invariably
occurs that the actual throwing overboard of this material devolves upon
a Chinaman. There are probably 250 Chinamen in the crew of this
ship, and the temptation is great to appropriate and secrete some of this
material. Fortunately, none of these Chinamen are allowed to leave
the vessel. The stolen material is hidden down between decks, and if
any escapes the search there is no danger of its getting on deck, much
less on shore. A bad feature of some of these ships is the open work
vegetable lockers on deck, the same as shown here on the screen. The
inspectors have evidently found some remnants of contraband material
and are looking for actual maggots. Here is the point: the material
found will be promptly destroyed, but if larvae of fruit fly is found the
locker must be fumigated with live steam.
Gangway.
Here is the check and key to the inspection of the ship. Once the
passengers and their belongings are on shore, all coming and going to
and from the ship to the dock must pass through this port. There is no
other way available. A Federal watchman is on duty night and day.
They all have orders not to pass any horticultural material without a
state pass, and to destroy the pass tag in each and every instance. Not
alone the parcels he may have with him, but the person of every indi-
412 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
vidual (even the horticultural inspectors), is searched by these "watch-
men.
Manifest.
In the earlier part of this talk I made mention of a manifest. To make
the term clearer I have introduced a page of an original manifest here on
the screen. A manifest is a sworn statement by the master of everything
the ship contains, where from and who for. Failure to enumerate any
article on this list is punishable with a heavy fine. The state quarantine
law provides that any person, firm, or corporation who shall bring into
the State of California any horticultural products shall immediately
notify a quarantine officer. To comply with this, vessels, upon arrival,
furnish the quarantine officer wdth a special manifest of all such material
contained in the ship. Upon the receipt of this it then becomes the duty
of the quarantine officers to locate, open and inspect this, then notify the
owners of the condition, and, if found necessary, hold the same until it is-
adequately disinfected.
Freight.
There is an average of 7,500 tons of freight that passes through this-
warehouse each week in the year ; 6,000 tons from Oriental ports, 1,500
from Central American ports. The picture on the screen shows the
quarantine inspectors locating in this heterogeneous mass the articles set
forth on the manifest as coming within their jurisdiction. This picture
was taken during the noon hour, it being impossible during working^
hours owing to the large number of men at work, to obtain a photo.
What He Was Looking For.
This is one of the things the inspector was looking for in the last
picture — Chinese sweet potatoes. The particular one here in this picture
evidently believes that inspect means to examine, from the way he is
investigating the interior of these potatoes ; however, it is a fact that all
sweet potatoes arriving from Chinese points since last August have been
confiscated and destroyed, and it is simply a matter of patient search tO'
obtain sufficient evidence to justify the act of confiscation.
This is what he found in the sweet potatoes : An oriental weevil, very
much like an ant in appearance — Cylas formicariiis it is named. It has
not yet been reported from any of the fields or gardens of California,
and from the insidious manner in which it destroys the interior of the
potato it is unquestionably a pest we do not want.
Moana's Deck Locker.
Here again is another feature of the quarantine work. This picture
represents the upper deck of one of the liners from Australia. Starting
from Sydney in a territory where the Mediterranean fruit fly is at its
worst, every box of fruit and every sack of vegetables taken on board for
ship 's use is a potential danger. This locker here shown is used for stor-
ing such fruit and vegetables as are likely to be consumed during the
early days of the voyage. Should there be any fruit flies in the material
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 413
that have attained their full growth, they may leave the packages and
pupate in the crevices of this locker. Look at the open grating. "What
better opportunity for escape would an adult want than through the
openings between those slats. Compere is exceedingl}^ wise in the ways of
fruit flies, and this particular locker is his pet aversion. While we have
not as yet found the real article, we always manage to find reasons why
this locker should be thoroughly scalded.
Cocoanut Sacks.
This is part of a shipment of 2,000 sacks of cocoanuts from Rarotonga.
There are several species of fruit flies at work on the island, and all fruit
from that country is barred out under the provisions of section No. 5 of
the horticultural quarantine law. In this shipment the inspectors found
some nuts that were infested with maggots. A study of these larvae soon
showed that they did not belong in the family Trypetidm, but we take no
chances on any maggots found working in fruit, and while it was
accepted at the time that they were perhaps a result rather than a cause,
the shipment was held up. The consignees proved to us that they were
prepared to steam the contents of these sacks at high pressure, and with
the proviso that they do this together with the sacks, under the super-
vision of a quarantine officer, the shipment was released. This steaming
"was done in a retort wnth live steam under sixty pounds pressure to the
square inch for an exposure of forty minutes.
steamed Sacks.
I have shown you this picture just to verify the statement that these
2,000 sacks were steamed. Here you see them just as they were on San-
some street drying, and the dry ones being baled. I wish it were possible
to subject each individual thing that arrives in San Francisco from fruit
fly countries to a pressure of sixty pounds of live steam for an exposure
•of forty minutes. I sure would sleep much sounder.
Railroad Work.
It must not be supposed from all that has gone before, that the duties
•of the quarantine officers are solely concerned with imports arriving by
sea. On the contrary our record for the past year shows that the San
Francisco division has handled 298,763 parcels of horticultural material
that has entered the limits of our local jurisdiction by rail. Here is a
sample of this work on the screen — three carloads of plants and trees
from Holland via New York. I will not weary you with any detailed
description of this phase of the work further than to assure you that, as
you can see, each individual tree or plant is separately examined.
Record.
This is a page taken from our daily record and reproduced here to
show you how account is kept of each transaction, and also who is respon-
sible for the action taken in each individual case. At the bottom here
you see the item, "resacked and old sacks sent to the incinerator to be
burned." Compere and I have found the pupge of the Mediterranean
iU
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
fruit fly attached to the seams on the inside of old gunny sacks that had
come from Honolulu, and from that day on I have refused to pass any
article from Hawaiian points that was contained in a sack that was not
new. It makes no difference what it is, resack and burn the old sacks, or
I send it back. That is my ruling. Gentlemen, I am convinced that
every sack, box, bale, package, every ship, every person that comes from
Honolulu to California is a potential danger to the greatest of our indus-
tries, and to the very extreme limit of the powers invested in me, as quar-
antine officer, I am going to minimize this danger. No old sacks.
A Mango. (Fig-. 323.)
This is an actual photograph of a mango; one of many that have
arrived at San Francisco since I have had charge. Yes, it came from
Honolulu. The lot that this was taken from came up in the Sonoma on
August 15th. Its condition may be accepted as typical of mangoes from
Fig.
323. — Mango infested witli maggots of the
capitata. (Photo by Chatterley. M.
Mediterranean fruit
B. Cal. Hort. Com.)
fly, Ceratitis
fruit fly regions. Look at the maggots. There was no evidence of this con-
dition on the outside of this specimen, for I looked it over very carefully.
The mango is typical of its native tropical surroundings. Its smooth glow-
ing golden skin covers and hides a mass of festering corruption that can-
not be realized until investigated. I have tried hard to analyze what is
about the mango that seems to seduce otherwise fair-minded people away
from all sense of public duty and protection of home industries. Whether
it is the peculiar sensation produced by the wriggling of these maggots
that is mistaken for some superior quality of this fruit I know not. but
the fact remains that the best and alas the fairest also of our citizens will
resort to any subterfuge to pass a mango over the quarantine lines. The
mango is a grave danger. There is always the possibility that some
curious minded person will take one inland to a country home, then,
despite all our care and watchfulness, the trick will be turned. I am of
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 415
the opinion that it would be a good investment for the fruit growers of
California to raise a fund, buy all the mango trees in Honolulu, have
them grubbed up and burned, and a way devised to prevent any more
being planted.
California.
This is an allegorical picture, but it is based on facts. You are going
to hear a lot of things said about quarantine work and quarantine orders
before the convention adjourns, so take a good look at it and draw your
own conclusions.
And now, ladies and gentlemen, thanking you for your attention, and
assuring you that your quarantine officers at every one of the stations are
doing their duty and living up to all the traditions of the service, I wish
you good night.
416 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.
Fresno, California, December 12, 1912.
After an invocation by Rev. Duncan Wallace, the meeting was called
to order by G. Harold Powell, who acted as chairman.
Chairman Powell. I appear somewhat handicapped coming in here
just at the last minute, without knowing very much about what was done
at your convention yesterday. I understand the chief object of getting
different people outside of the Commissioner of Horticulture to preside
is that in this way these same people will be less troublesome when they
are in the chair than if they are in the audience. So I take it that the
Commissioner has taken this very nice way of relieving this convention
of a troublesome character, by canning him and putting him in the chair.
I understood from a short talk with some of the men who were here
yesterday, and with some of the ladies, too, that this is a decidedly pro-
gressive convention, that everything was all right, the nursery stock all
free from bugs, and that everything was going ahead. That is right,
just as it should be. Conventions of this kind cannot go forward and
backward at the same time.
Your programme, as I see it, has for this morning several very good
numbers on it, and the first speaker on the programme needs no intro-
duction, but I take pleasure in introducing you to Dr. A. J. Cook, State
Commissioner of Horticulture, who will address you on the subject of
cultivation and subsoils.
SOILS AND SUBSOILS.
By A. J. Cook, Sacramento, CaL
When President Garfield Avas shot the first news was ' ' probably fatal, ' '
then there came the glad message, ' ' recovery probable ; temperate life
and abstinence from drink and tobacco greatly in his favor." Similar
words rejoiced us all when Roosevelt was so cruelly wounded last
October. The robust, vigorous animal will survive disease, exposure
and wounds when the one with a more feeble body topples over.
Our cousins, the various plants, are subject to the same law. Fungous
and bacterial germs find ready victims in the ill-nourished trees or the
enfeebled shrubs ; thus blight, wither tip or fungoid and bacterial germs
are quick to lay hold of the shrub or tree that from over-fruiting,
cemented, impoverished, ill-drained or water-logged soil is weakened or
diseased. There can be no question but that the surest way to resist
fungoid attacks is to only grow vigorous and robust plants and trees.
There are a number of plant affections that seem to be wholly due to
physiological disturbance — the plant is sick; thus the common "die-
back" of citrus, walnut and most deciduous fruit trees is probably the
result of faulty soil conditions and illy-nourished trees. Pallor in the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
417
man might be called "dieback," for here the skin is surely in a sense
dead or weakened; that malnutrition would first manifest itself far
away from the source of supplies in wilt or death is just what we should
expect. Thus such terms as "wither tip" and "dieback" are not
only significant in locating affection, but they indicate peripheral dis-
turbances in the most susceptible location.
Chlorosis, yellow leaf or variegated leaf is precisely like pallor in the
human subject. Here through malnutrition chlorophyl is not sufficiently
provided, and the plant yellows. If asked why the chlorosis, we can
only reply : ' ' The plant is sick. ' ' To name the cause, we cannot ; we
must know the entire condition of the soil as to mineral and moisture
content and physical texture as well to diagnose the ailment correctly.
The same can be said of "gummosis," scaly-bark, "mal di gomma" and
possibly brown spot of the orange.
We see then that to know the needs and exact condition of our soils
and subsoils is of supreme importance to every tiller of the soil; the
health and fruitfulness of his trees are wholly dependent on the compo-
sition, texture and general physical condition of the soil of his orchard,
and no study or research from himself or experts w^hom he may secure
to aid him can pay better than a thorough investigation of his soils.
How to Investigate.
Before one purchases land for orchard purpose he should know
accurately the conditions of not only the surface soil, but also the subsoil.
If he already possesses an orchard and is not informed of the exact
character of both soil and subsoil, he cannot too quickly acquire this
knowledge. There are two kinds of data that are very essential:
Character of the soil as to texture and mechanical make-up and
composition. There are two ways to determine the first; by digging
trenches in several places in the orchard, from a point immediately
beneath the tree to the center between four trees. This ditch should be
five feet deep and of convenient width to work easily. This shows the
mechanical condition, the moisture content and root distribution. Such
trenches are often a great surprise to the owner of the orchard and will
often entirely modify his practice. A second way is to use the King
soil tester, which costs about $7.00, and should be possessed and regarded
as invaluable by every orchardist. This enables one to secure a cylinder
of soil an inch in diameter quickly and easily in many portions of the
orchard down to a depth of six feet. Except for root distribution
this gives all the data that are secured from the ditch and at very slight
expense and labor. For soil analysis I believe we are now dependent on
private aid, which we engage and for which we pay. Doctor Hopkins,
in his address at Santa Barbara, emphasized the value and importance
of such analyses, and suggested that the state ought to provide for such
service, but that each orchardist should pay for the same. This would
insure a reliable report and would give the amount of humus, nitrogen,
lime and available potash and phosphoric acid.
,5 — nc
il8 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
Soil Ailments.
Of course, every soil is likely to be destitute of the required amounts
of these necessary soil elements: humus, nitrogen, lime, potash and
phosphoric acid. Any deficiency of these can be supplied most cheaply
by the use of cover crops ; also by the use of stable fertilizer when that
can be had at a price that is not prohibitive. By such practice we also
secure the invaluable humus. There is no question but that our (Califor-
nia soils are laclcing in humus or decaying organic matter. The cover
crop supplies the need, and if a legume lilie vetch, Canadian field peas or
bur clover, furnishes nitrogen as well.
Mr. Powell of New York, so famous as a producer of apples, contends
that he owes much of his success to tlie use of cover crops. Moreover,
he has by their use made many of his trees annual bearers.
In the absence of stable manure we may use alfalfa, as suggested by
both Doctors Hilgard and Hopkins. Doctor Hilgard asserts that alfalfa
is worth $8.00 a ton simply to plough under as a fertilizer; Doctor
Hopkins suggested that it might pay well to grow alfalfa in fields
adjacent to the orchard to be used exclusively in fertilizing the soil.
We maj^ also secure the separates directly from the dealers in com-
mercial fertilizers, and apply them as needed, or we may purchase a
complete fertilizer; the former practice is probably the better, if one is
willing to study into the matter thoroughl}'. For nitrogen, nitrate of
soda or Chili saltpeter is often used. Its ready solubility and quick
action makes it desirable in early spring before the ground warms up
and growth is active. The late Doctor King urged caution in its use,
as it may add to the amount of carbonate of soda or black alkali in the
soil and so do serious harm. This results from a chemical change in
the soil. The use of gypsum would lessen the danger. The ready
solubility of this salt makes its escape in the run-off jirobable, if not
used very cautiously. Many prefer tankage or dried blood. This
organic nitrogen is without objection ; it is all utilized.
Limestone is becoming more and more recommended as a fertilizer.
It should be ground lime rock, not burnt lime. It is quite soluable and
so need not be very finely ground.
For potash we may use potassium sulphate or potassium carbonate,
the chemical term for ashes. Though these are quite soluble, they are
retained in the soil, and, like the phosphates, are not usually lost by
drainage. They should be applied deep in the soil, where they are
needed and utilized.
For the phosphates we may use finely ground bone or rock ; either is
excellent. If w^e wish to make these immediately available, we may treat
them with sulphuric acid, reducing them to superphosates, which are
more soluble. If, however, there is abundant humus in the soil the
untreated bone or rock, if very finely ground, and the bone steamed,
will be available and no whit lost. Phosphate slag is also available as a
source of the needed phosphates.
i
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 410
Cemented Soils.
Ilardpan — natural or induced — is all too common, and there is no
greater l)ar to success in the orchard. The natural hardpan can be
broken up by blasting with dynamite. The developed hardpan is
caused by lime in the irrigating water and is often called "plow-sole,"
as it occurs just beneath tne plane of cultivation. A more suitable
name is "irrigating hardpan," as it is usually caused by the lime cement
in the water used in irrigation. The Avater, as it comes from the rocks,
is saturated with bicarbonate of lime. This is very soluble, but as it
enters the soil it becomes reduced to carbonate of lime as the water
evaporates, and the less soluble carbonate cements the soil into the
so-called plow-sole or irrigating hardpan, Mdiich, of course, must form
just where the greatest evaporation occurs or just at the level of the
cultivation limit. In dry seasons and late in the season this cement is
most in evidence. In seasons of heavy Avinter rains this cement or
hardpan may entirely disappear.
This artificial hardpan is entirely too common. It is the cause of much
of the chlorosis and ill health of the trees. It may be that dieback often
owes its presence in our orchards to this cementing of the soil. That it
would foster gummosis and other bacterial and fungoid attacks is more
than probable. Early deep cultivation and cultiA^ating at varying
depths through the season Avill aid to break up and prevent this
impervious formation. It is quite common uoaa' among many of our
best orchardists to use the subsoiler during the season to break through
this cemented stratum of soil. Early deep cultivation will often prevent
its formation.
Alkali.
There are two soil salts that are knoAvn as alkali — carbonate and sul-
phate of soda. The first is black alkali ; the other, white alkali. Both are
quite readily soluble and present in small quantities in most all rocks and
so are conveyed in very minute quantities in most all running water
Avhich flows from the rock strata of the earth.
In low, poorly drained sections — usually clay basins — these salts are
often present and harmful. Black alkali is much the more serious. It
takes its name from the fact that earth containing it in the presence of
humus is very black in color. Sowing gypsum on such land tends to
change the black to the much less injurious white alkali. Thorough
drainage and plenty of water Avill Avash out the alkaline salts and restore
the fertility of the land.
This explains why arid soils are much more likely to be alkaline than
are those in humid regions. It remains to be said that some crops are
far more tolerant of black alkali than are others.
In purchasing land every one should examine closely to find whether
alkali and hardpan are present. If either occur in very limited areas this
would be no bar to making the purchase ; if in considerable abundance,
one better think twice before procuring such land for ranch purposes.
420 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Water Content of the Soil.
A water-clogged soil is very prejudicial to plant growth. A great
scarcity will also cause the crops to die of thirst. This latter is very seri-
ous in times of extreme heat. Drainage is the cure of overwet soils.
They prevail in clay basins and are especially serious where the subsoil
is cemented as already described.
A soil may be parched from neglect when from parsimony or scarcity
of water the irrigation is omitted. The irrigating hardpan or plow-sole
often keeps the water from the roots of the plants and trees, and brings
on wilt and death.
The King soil tester and the ditch already recommended will often
reveal a condition of moisture and root distribution that will surprise the
orchardist, and suggest a quick modification of his orchard practice.
Aeration.
We now know that every live soil is the home of countless millions of
micro-organisms. These change the ammonia to nitrites and these in
turn to nitrates which can be absorbed and utilized by the plants. These
minute bacterial germs transform the humus into the necessary food to
form tissue. Another group of these bacilli have the power to co-operate
with leguminous plants in changing the inert nitrogen of the air into
nitrates so costly and necessary to all plant nutrition. These and other
valuable soil micro-organisms must have oxygen to live — thus the neces-
sity of soil aeration.
One of the most important functions of cultivation is to provide this
aeration. Every soil at all times should be loose and friable. Clay soils
often suffer from neglect of this aeration because of the lack of thorough
cultivation. The highest success in fruit growing demands thorough
aeration, and this only comes especially in clay soils with the most
thorough stirring of the soil.
Dry Earth Mulch.
We have referred above to the necessity of soil moisture. It is the
most important plant food and is all too scarce in many of our orchards.
Its conservation is all important. Humus helps greatly to hold it in the
soil. It does this in acting as a sponge in clay soils and compacts sand to
its betterment.
One of the best uses of cultivation is to form a dry earth mulch, a very
loose stratum at the top of the soil from four to six inches in depth. This
must never be neglected would we reach the best in our tillage. This
demands thorough cultivation after each rain or irrigation throughout
the growing season of the year. Few of us secure this perfect dry earth
mulch at all times when plant life is most active. The best ranchers are
keenly alive to its value and necessity, and their great crops and profits
speak eloquently in its praise.
• THE MONTHLY BULLETTISr. 421
Summary.
To sum up, healthy plants exist only in a rich loam soil. The ditch and
soil tester give the necessary knowledge. Soil texture and composition
must be right. Cover crops, stable fertilizer and commercial fertilizers
are very important. Humus, potash, nitrogen, lime, and phosphoric
acid must abound. Hardpan is a serious obstacle ; alkali is also inimical
to success. Right water content is a sine qua non to great productivity.
Aeration is a prime factor in successful ranching. To neglect the dry
earth mulch is to court failure.
Chairman Powell. This subject will now "be open for discussion.
This is a very interesting subject — one of the most interesting that could
come before any convention of agricultural producers in California.
There is less known about the soils and what can be done Avith the soils
in our irrigated countries than Avitli any other thing that the farmer or
producer has to deal with. In our country, in the south, we can go out
among any of our best fruit growers and ask them wliat particular fertil-
izer they use, and we get a hundred different replies. Ask them what
the best method of distributing water is, the depth of irrigation and how
much it varies, and the amount of application, and you are likely to get a
hundred different points of view. Or if you ask them about the use of
cover crops, or almost any other one factor connected with the produc-
tion of the crop, you will get as many points of view as you will get men
to express them, and yet a large proportion of these men using different
methods may be equally successful, and so this subject of soil and culti-
vation is one of infinite controversy, because many of the fundamental
principles connected with soil handling and soil management are still
only in the infancy of existence. We have in the south a great many soil
difficulties. My experience when in the citrus work always seems to be
difficulties in the handling and management of the soils. That is physio-
logical troubles of fruit trees, due to the improper handling of fertilizers
or cultivation or irrigation or hardpan or various other things which tip
over the neutral balance of the plant itself. So this question of soil
handling and soil management is as varied as any that will be met with
or that will come before any body of producers anywhere in California,
and so this subject will be open now for discussion, and I hope a number
of you will take part. I shall call upon Mr. Chapman to open this dis-
cussion.
Mr. Chapman: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: This is a splendid
paper, to be part of a book which we need in California. It is a book Ave
need, especially our citrus fruit groAvers need a manual of this kind. I
am approached almost every day Avith newcomers Avanting a treatise,
AA-anting some instructions about citrus fruit culture, and we have none.
So I want to thank you, doctor, for making this contribution to this
great industry and I knoAV it will meet with a larg^e sale.
Dr. Cook. It is to be a gift to the State, it won 't be for sale.
422 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN."
Mr. Chapman. But the soil is the great factor of this country, the
greatest in the world. Now, if we had a factory in California that
turned out nine billion dollars ' worth of product in a year, we would, of
course, take a great interest in doing that which would multiply the
efficiency of that plant, and if we could make that plant produce twenty
billions of dollars a year instead of nine we would have accomplished
a great result. Now that is the point. For when any soil is properly
treated, properly handled, it can be made to produce two or three times
as much as it does to-day. This Lever bill, which is before the Senate, is
said to be the greatest act presented to Congress since the day of.
Abraham Lincoln. Many of you know about it and perhaps some do
not. This refers, doctor, to the efficiency of our soil, and this bill your
Committee on Resolutions is going to ask you to vote a resolution to be
sent to our Senators asking them to urge its passage and do what they
can to secure its passage. If I may, I will just depart a little from your
paper and will, doctor, if you will permit me: this is right on your line.
Here are some remarks expressed by this League :
"There is no occupation in the world that calls for more ability
and judgment, brains, training, industry and adaptability than
farming. It is a man's job. To plow and sow and reap without
understanding is no more real farming than cutting a man's leg off
with an ax is real surgery.
Agriculture is the basis of the nation's wealth. The soil is our
greatest asset, and conserving and building this up helps every one.
Facts and Figures Illuminating and Alarming.
In ten years, between 1900 and 1910, our population increased
fifteen million — about 21 per cent ; our farm area increased a little
over twenty millions in number.
In 1900 for every one hundred people we had 90.3 cattle. Ten
years later we had only 68. For hogs the figures were respectively
84, going down to 61 ; for sheep the drop per hundred population
was from 82 to 51. Think what this means! Cheap meat cannot
be made on high-priced land and sixty-cent corn, but science, the
silo and alfalfa will enable the farmer to carry three times as mucJi-
stock on his farm as he thinks he can. This would build up the
fertility of his fields and reduce the cost of producing meat one half.
We now consume 98 per cent of our corn and 91 per cent of our
wheat. AVe have an unprecedented high cost of living. We must
produce more, and u'e must get it to the consumer at less cost.
There are approximately ten acres of farm land per capita for the
present population. Only one half of this is under plow ; the other
half is woodland, waste land, broken land, pasture, etc. It now
takes practically all we raise to feed the people. We are beginning
to import foodstuffs. In fifty years our population ivill he doubled.
What shall we do about it?
A generation or two ago Denmark was in poverty and distress.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 423
The government wisely determined to revive agriculture and apply
scientific methods. It tried various means to that end, but vs^ith
little success. It finally sent out the trained farm demonstrator
(just as provided in the Lever bill). This did the business and
brought Denmark from poverty to thrift. It doubled the land
values; it quadrupled the savings banks deposits; it made Denmark
a happy, prosperous nation. It sent the people from the cities back
to the farm, and Denmark to-day is the finest agricultural country
in the world."
Dr. Hopkins, a gentleman we all know% demonstrated in southern
Illinois by the use of one dollar and a half's worth of phosphates. He
uses the word "phosphates," we use the word "superphosphates" —
means about the same thing. He spent one dollar and a half per acre
and raised a production of corn from sixteen to twenty bushels to the
acre to fifty bushels to the acre, at an expense of a dollar and a half per
acre. Think of that. Well, now, I want you to take an interest in this
Lever bill. It is worthy of our consideration and some of the best men in
the country are back of it — business men as well as farmers. Because it
is w^orthy of consideration, when it gives you fifty bushels instead of six-
teen, then they will have some business. There are still some of these
men, however, who are deeply interested in having their country grow
instead of becoming rich solely for their own pocketbooks.
Now as the doctor's paper was very plain, I can simply modify a few
points that he made. I was surprised myself when I got one of these soil
testers and I think all should have one. It is a time saver. I can go out
in my orchard and find results which I did not know existed and I expect
most of you would also be surprised, because you can only imagine that
your piece of land is the best piece of land in all that locality. Every
fellow has the best farm, you know. Well, this soil tester is a wonderful
thing ; your ground may look well on the surface, but go down, dig down
a little here and there and you will be surprised, and the result is, of
course, it informs you of the real condition of your soil and therefore you
know how to treat it. That is the idea. Now, of course, we wish we
might have this state analysis of soil, because we have got absolutely to
put our farming down upon a more scientific basis. We have got to
know better what we are doing. We are spending a lot of money, and
we have got to know whether we are doing the right thing. Get results.
I might get better if I only knew how, but I don 't know, and so I do the
best I can.
About the alfalfa proposition, doctor, I think you would have trouble
dow^n in our country' any M^ay in getting men to grow alfalfa and put-
ting it in. the ground, plowing it under as a cover crop and letting it
stay there, when you can put it on the market and get sixteen and
eighteen dollars a ton. Too much money in sight to convert alfalfa into
fertilizer for the orchards, and of course I don 't grow it in my orchard.
Another thing, growing it in an orchard, it makes fine feed for the
gophers. Don't think it a good idea. Now, of course, in some localities
424 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
lime is found, and perhaps many of you live near beet factories and
you can get lime from any of these at small expense, which you can
put on your soils and get the same results, doctor, as you can get from
more expensive application. And about the phosphate slags that the
doctor speaks about; I have used that I think with some success, but I
don't think it is on the market anywhere. Some firms handled it for
years, but last year they said they didn't have it, wouldn't any more,
•so I don't think you can get that.
The question of spraying for red spider was up yesterday and the
doctor seems to think that you should spray anyhow. I do not think
that is a good idea, doctor, just simplj^ to take some medicine for fear
you are going to be sick. I have just buried a dear old friend of mine.
He died simply on that account more than anything else. Took medi-
cine all the time for fear he was going to have some trouble and
naturally just killed himself. Now a year ago I had some red spider
in my orchards, one of them, and we got our horticultural commissioner
to come, and we got after them and we got them. We eradicated them
from a little patch of about ten acres. Now I haven 't them, not enough
to amount to anything. Furthermore, you would find some red spider
in any orchard, but I would not be justified in going out every year
and spray four hundred acres for fear the red spider might come in
some of these orchards, and so you have got to be practical as well as
scientific and theoretical, so I do not think I will go away, doctor, and
go home and spray. But as to the question of irrigation ; many of us
think we are irrigating when we are not. This hardpan keeps the
moisture to the surface. When I go into another orchard and see a
fellow irrigating and the whole surface is moist, is wet, I know what
the matter is there. All the water is staying on the surface and not
going down; I would like to see the surface dry, because this hardpan
which you can easily develop in our California soils, at least in southern
California — I do not presume anything like that is to be found here
where you have fine land and land projects are going on, j^ou people do
not have anything of that kind, but we do in southern California.
T understood yesterday from the glowing accounts of all northern
California that you didn't have anything but what was just right —
no scale or hardpan or anything else, but that it is a glorious place
for the entire country to come to, but we do have these problems, and
I know you have to contend with them, too ; but this is a point. Mr.
Chairman, that all of these questions and these conventions are a great
factor in creating a sentiment that will make us investigate and make
us intelligent.
Just a word here now in closing, and I have always said this. I
think you must have quoted from me because I have always thought it.
There is no occupation in the world that calls for more ability, judg-
ment, brains, training, industry and adaptability than farming. This
is an immense job. To plow and sow and reap without understanding-
is no more real farming than cutting a man's leg off with an ax is
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 425
real surger3^ I contend that it requires the greatest ingenuity to be
a farmer. In fact, it requires a larger range of intelligence, general
knowledge, than to follow any other occupation or profession that I
know of. There was a farmer once, a neighbor of mine, a German
neighbor. He came over to my place one morning and wanted some
of us to go over to his place and fix up a gas engine that wouldn't
work. He says to me, "I tell you vat, Mr. Chapman, a farmer has
got to be a better mechanic than a mechanic is himself." So it is with
the farmer.
Chairman Powell. I w^as at a meeting the other night where there
were a lot of politicians, and one of them got up and described the
method of how the woman's suffrage bill was introduced into the legis-
lature, and some one else started in, and before he got through every
man in the audience claimed priority in introducing woman's suffrage.
We have a few minutes more left for discussion — any one else?
Mr. Chase. I would like a little information. Mr. Chapman has
made a little mistake in regard to the alfalfa, which is a problem of
very great import with us. It has been proposed to grow alfalfa
between the rows of trees. A large wealthy corporation up here has
some of his trees planted and wanted to grow alfalfa between the trees
as a fertilizer. Now that place of his is a wonderful success — I know.
He planted the alfalfa between the trees and then plowed it in. Here
is hardpan soil, not this plow-sole in which water soaks in quickly, but
this wet hardpan which is formed by the rains and comes from feldspar
or granite formation. We have that from two to three inches to a foot
thick, three or four feet under the soils. We plant our orange trees
by dynamiting at least four feet deep and in a circle about ten feet in
diameter. Seven of these trees were planted twenty-four feet apart;
here is your orange tree two feet below the hardpan. Now you plant
alfalfa between those trees and irrigate the alfalfa, which requires four
or five times as much water as the orange tree itself. Will not that
irrigation keep the roots of the orange trees so saturated that you need
not have to worry about irrigation? Now there is the case of Mr. H.,
one of the best growers in the state, who is growing alfalfa, and has
been for five years, between almond trees, and I was notified to go
and see what was the matter with his trees, whether fungi was killing
them or what. So I went and made an examination and found that a
parasitic fiuigus was attacking them, but it acts to me like over-
irrigation on the alfalfa on these trees, but still the point is not fully
settled. Now it is hard for us to know whether we can grow alfalfa,
whether it is best for fertilizer, for cover crops, and if we can grow it
between our trees where soil has to be dynamited every four or five feet.
Mr. Chapman. I think it will grow ; don't doubt but that it will.
Mr. Chase. Without injuring the trees ?
Mr. Chapman. Well, I wouldn 't put it in.
Mr. Chase. Now there was a proposition of a hundred and sixty
acres of oranges, and I was asked about alfalfa for fertilizer, and I
426 THE MONTIIT>Y BULLETIN".
didn't know. They i^lowed it in two years until all of the alfalfa was
in and used it as a fertilizer. Whether that could be done in our
section I don't know.
Mr. Chapman. Don't believe he could do it with a second hundred
and sixty acres.
Chairman Powell. We are all vitally interested in this soil dis-
cussion. You may not all be interested in the citrus industry but I am
sure you are all interested in what means so much to California, as the
handling of the soils. I venture that the discussion of Mr. Chapman's
has been worth a great deal ; I suppo.«:e he has spent at least two
hundred dollars an acre, if not more, exclusive of picking the fruit, on
his orchards. I venture to say that a large proportion of the growers
of California know absolutely nothing, are without knowledge of why
they are doing certain things, but it seems to me all should realize
the importance of their soils. We are entirely in the dark over the
fundamental principles of soil cultivation and so we should be inter-
ested in any active citrus industry that has to do with land handling
or land management because we are expending an enormous amount of
money in the production of fruit and we know we have only just
begun to understand the fundamental principles of the handling of the
soils. Any more questions?
Mr. Aaronsohn. I would like to ask the speaker here regarding
cover crops, if you use lupine in your orchards as cover crops. Do
you use them with any great success ?
Mr. Chapman. Lupine is not used to any great extent in California.
Vetch is most often used as a cover crop. Clover and bur clover
wherever it can be brought in is also used.
Mr. Aaronsohn. Is there a reason why you cannot use lupine ?
Mr. Chapman. I am not posted on this ; can any one answer that
question ?
Dr. Cook. It has been found that vetch did better. In southern
California about ten or twelve years ago lupine was used, but it would
not work satisfactorily, and vetch was found to be so much better.
Chairman Pow^ell. Mr. Chapman has well said that the progress of
the agricultural industries of this country must be based upon scientific
knowledge. We have with us this morning the Dean of the College of
Agriculture of Berkeley. I have known Dr. Hunt for a number of
years in his work in the east. I do not know whether his work has
been outlined to you here, but Dr. Hunt came first from Illinois and
was then Dean of the College of Agriculture in Ohio and from Ohio
went to Cornell University as the head of the Department of Agronomy,
and then went to the state of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hunt is experienced
in the handling of agricultural matters and is broad in his views; is
experienced in matters in organizaticms of research work, educational
work and university work, and these have marked him as one of the
leaders in the development of horticultural and agricultural matters
in America, and I think California is to be congratulated that in the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIK. 427
new reorganization of the College of Agricnltnre that it has been able
to secure the services of a man who has already left his mark among
the most progressive leaders of the new agricultural science and educa-
tion of America. I take pleasure in introducing to you Dr. Thomas
F. Hunt, who will address you on the subject: The Motive of the
College of Agriculture of the University of California.
THE MOTIVE OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
By Thomas F. Hunt, Berkeley, Cal.
The men and women connected with the College of Agriculture and
Experiment Station have for their aim the development of the
agricultural resources of California. The word agriculture is here
used in its broadest significance, namely, the economic production of
living things. The agency through which this body of men and women
is to accomplish its purpose is the University of California, but I wish
here and now publicly to announce that they are eager to co-operate
with all other agencies— federal, state or private — which may have for
their main purpose the maintenance in California of a successful family
life.
The assertion of Dr. Carver is fully accepted, that if one admits that
life is worth living, he who allows the love of money, or power, or land,
or science, or literature to interfere with the rearing of a noble family
commits a criminal act. It is not necessary that every one should
assume the marriage relation, but when a couple has taken each other
for better or worse, it is a crime to permit any other motive or ambition
to prevent the rearing of a worthy family. A man's business should
be his means of making a successful home and not the means of getting
a front page illustration. Between the age of twenty-five and fifty
the wife may well assist in this enterprise.
I was permitted recently to sit at the table of a capable woman.
She exclaimed, "I am a free woman. I am fifty. I no longer need
to conceal my age. ' ' According to the law of probabilities this woman
has twenty years to devote through education and politics to promoting
the social welfare. The women of her class have the power to become
through their mature judgment and culture the greatest and most
benign influence in every community.
It is so plain that he who runs may read that not only can no
development of agriculture be considered wise which does not lead to
a successful family life, but that in California a proper development
of its agriculture is essential to this end. The acceptance of this
doctrine by the Anglo-Saxon race would solve many if not most of the
difficulties which beset the body politic. It is the home loving people
who inherit the earth. It is the immediate duty of the College of
Agriculture through research and education to make the agriculture of
California more prosperous. Through its various divisions, it is
428 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
straining every nerve to solve the material problems which beset those
Avho create wealth from the soil. It is its chief duty, however, to
develop those methods of agriculture which are of greatest benefit to
society. The College of Agriculture is not primarily interested in
whether the profits of agriculture enable the ranchman to substitute
for his $3,000 automobile a $5,000 motor car, but it conceives its
chief concern to be a prosperity that leads to the proper economic,
social, moral and spiritual ideals in the community.
When the interests of the individual and those of society become
opposing forces, then here as elsewhere in the history of the human
race, individual interests must be sacrificed for the benefit of the common
good. Lest I be misunderstood, permit me to moralize for a moment.
While the trait which we honor most in any individual, the trait
which has made all truly great heroes, is sacrifice, it does not follow
that there is no virtue without sacrifice. In the new conception of a
successful life, we do not have prosperity without morality, but we
have prosperity because of morality. Efficiency and morality may not
be sj^nonomous terms but they are mighty good chums.
This, then, shall be the keynote of the College of Agriculture. Those
M^ho shape its destinies will never forget that it was formed and con-
tinues to exist to promote the material welfare but they will always
recognize that this material welfare is for the sake of a successful
human existence and that primarily this is based upon human
efficiency. Five thousand years ago, the natural resources of these
hills and valleys were, so far as we know, as great as they are today.
The Aladdin-like development that has occurred from Imperial to
Shasta during fifty years is due to a hardy and efficient race of people.
This race must be perpetuated. Once more I wish to repeat that the
faculty of the College of Agriculture invitas the co-operation, support
and guidance of all agencies which believe in this program.
If now we take a hasty glance into the future we cannot fail to be
impressed by the fact that the two great problems before California are
to stabilize its water supply and humanize its labor supply. A few
simple concrete illustrations may be better than much abstract dis-
cussion. In the Salt River Valley, Arizona, approximately ten million
dollars have been expended, including the great Roosevelt dam, to stabil-
ize the water supply over 130,000 acres of already irrigated country and
to bring 100,000 acres of the desert under the irrigation ditch. It was
expected that this greatest reclamation enterprise in the United States
would furnish about two dollars worth of water per acre. In other
words, a gross income per annum of about one half a million dollars was
anticipated. Although the enterprise has scarcely been completed in
all its details, already it has contracts for one million dollars' worth of
electric energ}-. It is said that there is nowhere any more livable region
than in the foothills of the California mountains. Here can be devel-
oped unlimited power without the loss of any natural resource except
the oil required to lubricate the machinery. In developing the power,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 429
the water in the valleys will be mobilized. "When this is accomplished,
California will have ten millions of people in place of two and a half
millions. The slogan for California should not be qne million persons
for this or that city, depending upon which part of the State one is from,
but two million families for California. Cover your hills and fill up
your valleys with homes and the cities will take care of themselves.
A certain rich man who made himself wealthy by mixing a well-known
California product with a commodity not unknown to any state and
selling it as a cure for various ills, purchased a considerable tract of
land in a state famous for the presidents which it has produced and
began breeding Percheron horses. This man had the money to buy
the best horses of the breed. He was capable of employing the most
expert superintendents. The soil and climate were suificiently like that
of "La Perche" to satisfy the requirements of horse breeding. One
day I chanced to meet a groomsman who declared that the enterprise was
doomed to failure. "Why?" he was asked. "Because the Percheron
horse is the result of loving care by generations of farmers. Mr. Blank,
with all his millions, cannot purchase these generations of men without
whom these horses are not possible." Our rich friend still operates his
land, but he has long since ceased to try to breed horses.
California has rich river valleys whose conditions are like those
which generations of Holland farmers have made famous. Canada has
its agents in the lowlands inducing the Holland farmers to migrate to
this northern country, while our river valleys with their mild climate
remain undeveloped. To develop this State with the least human sac-
rifice some selective process of locating people upon the land is needed.
It is said that the farmers in the countries bordering upon the Mediter-
ranean Sea are now saving their money against the time of the opening
of the Panama Canal. When the thrifty Mediterranean folk come
to our shore it will be the first time in the history of the world that
these races have migrated to a country which was similar in its possi-
bilities to their own. To entice these people upon land by means of
"decoys" would be a social and economic crime. We need to study
the history and adaptation of the peoples who now live in regions with
natural conditions similar to our own. Instead of alluring the off-
scourings we should by some selective process secure the intelligent,
thrifty, moral countryman whose generations of experience will help
to develop this country. When he arrives he should be located among
natural conditions with which he has been familiar and protected until
he has his industry upon its feet. It would be a form of protection that
would protect. If you wish to compete with the peoples of the world
you must develop in every locality that industry which naturally does
best in that particular region, and you must put it in the hands of
people who are the most expert in that particular industry. By no other
process can a state be developed to its highest efficiency.
The president and board of regents will be asked to establish a
department in the College of Agriculture, to be known as the Depart-
430 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
meiit of New Agricultural Industries. Already the United States
Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment Stations have
done splendid work in plant introduction. The introduction of a plant
and the establishment of an industry upon that plant however are two
widely different things. This department of New Agricultural Indus-
tries will not be a research nor a teaching department in the ordinary
sense of the term. Its duty will be to study the agricultural industries
of regions having conditions similar to California and to study our own
State with reference to any industries which investigation may seem
desirable to transplant. Last week we were told that Palestine is an
exact counterpart of California, except that Palestine is only one tenth
the size. Within this diminutive area, it duplicates the Sacramento
and San Joaquin valleys, the valleys of the coast and the Sierra Nevada
and Coast ranges. There is the same variation in climatic conditions,
and above all they have a four thousand year old agriculture. No one
knows what agricultural lessons this old world holds in store for us.
Perhaps it may yet enable us to become the greater Palestine of a new
civilization.
We have been discussing a century long program and a state-wide
movement. Every man and woman in this audience will have been
gathered in by Father Time long before our water supply has been fully
stabilized and our labor supply fully humanized. We are not now
dealing with the individual, but with society. If society is not able to
look beyond the confines of its individual members it is doomed to eternal
damnation.
It may have occurred to some of you that the questions which have
been discussed are beyond the realm of the institution which I for the
moment represent. What has been said is for the purpose of emphasiz-
ing the fact that the University of California is perforce the leader
of thought in all that relates to the welfare of the State, and its College
of Agriculture, if it is to be effective, must be the leader in all that
relates to the development of agriculture. To fail to accept such leader-
ship would be to fail to understand the responsibility that is placed
upon it. Any other attitude upon the part of the people, whose child
the institution is, would be reprehensible.
Pedagogically speaking — I use that phrase because I do not know
what it means — the College of Agriculture has two ambitions : one is
to become the post-graduate institution in agriculture for the western
third of the United States, and the other is to supply the demand in
California for teachers of agriculture in the secondary schools. To
receive the agricultural graduates of the western third of the United
States and train them for greater service in the institutions from which
they came, is not only a privilege but a responsibility and one which
every other institution will welcome. If this institution assists in the
preparation of the future instructors and investigators of our western
colleges and prepares the teachers of agriculture for the high schools
of. California, it will be performing a service of untold value. The
THE MOXTIir.Y BULLETI>r. 431
two ambitions to which reference has just been made are, of course,
after all only a minor. What of the educational work of the College
of Agriculture'?
In developing our undergraduate departments, at least some of them
Avill be organized around the industries. Already we have the Depart-
ment of Dair>^ Industry, Animal Industry, Agronomy or field culture,
Citriculture, Viticulture, Pomology or deciduous tree fruits. Floriculture
and landscape gardening. The reasons for this are many and complex,
but one important reason is that we are not teaching subjects but
students. The student is going to become a lawyer, or a citrus grower,
or a doctor or a stock raiser, or a teacher or a dairyman. Harvard Avas
founded to train ministers and afterwards because ministers gave
so-called medical advice, it began to train physicians. Later, lawyers
were brought in out of the rain.
The land grant colleges were founded to train young men and w^omen
in the several pursuits and professions of life, of which housekeeping
is one — in some localities. The difficulty with agricultural teachers has
been that they have been absorbed in the pursuit of knoAvledge and
obsessed with the importance of their discoveries. Greek must be made
a good training subject or it cannot justify its existence in the Univer-
sity curriculum. Agriculture can be made just as good a training
subject if we remember we are dealing with young men who have red
blood in their veins and who have an ambition to live a life of usefulness
find power. If we forget it, they had better study Greek.
The successful teacher of agricultural subjects must not only be
concerned with his subject and with his students, but if he is also an
investigator, as every good teacher should be, he must concern himself
with the people in the industry which he teaches. There is no state in
the Union w^here it is so necessary for the agricultural professor to
know thoroughly his subject before he undertakes to deal with the men
who make their living from agriculture as here. In California they do
not hunt grizzlies with shotguns.
The College of Agriculture is not merely a teaching institution. It
has three phases : research, education, and public service. When it
comes to organizing its research work, especially where large questions
and interests are involved, we shall organize around the problem rather
than around the industry. These strictly research departments will
jjot be charged with undergraduate teaching but will be permitted to
take post-graduate students. A real post-graduate student is one who
is working out some problem. Thus there has been organized a research
department with headquarters at Riverside. There has been called to
preside over this department, Dr. H. J. Webber, Professor of Plant
Breeding of Cornell University, who is one of the best known teachers
of post-graduate students in this country.
In the location of its headquarters the College of Agriculture is some-
what unique among institutions of its kind. Its location has been
looked upon as an element of weakness. As the institution develops, I
432 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
think it will be found to be, on the contrary, an element of great
strength. It puts us face to face with the problem of how to give to
the student of agriculture the training and experience which they must
have in order to succeed in any one of several agricultural pursuits. The
plan is to bring the student to the close of his sophomore year with as
thorough a training in English, mathematics, language, history and
science, as his years of schooling will permit. In addition to these
studies, each student before reaching the junior year is to receive
instruction in the following four agricultural subjects:
Agricultural Chemistry.
Soils.
Plant Propagation.
The Principles of Breeding Plants and Animals.
The last, I consider almost as fundamental as the English language.
It is believed that the work of these four subjects should be required
of every student, whatever agricultural profession or pursuit he may
subsequently follow. Since they are to be required of all students of
agriculture and since they are the first technical ones in the student's
course, great care M'ill be taken to secure for these four subjects inspiring
teachers. The student who does not come early in his course in con-
tact with, at least, one teacher that inspires him with the love of scholar-
ship and subject, misses the best part of a college education. After
instructors have been called they will not be permitted to place these
sophomore subjects in the hands of assistants, while they confine their
teaching to upper classmen.
Having brought the student to the close of his sophomore year, when
he must decide in what agricultural profession or pursuit he will
specialize, the question arises how, with our present headquarters, we
can offer him suitable training. During the past decade forestry schools
have been compelled to study this problem. It is possible to locate an
institution on a farm, but there are some difficulties in locating it per-
manently in a forest. The approved plan in forestry schools now is to
take the students at the close of the sophomore year to the forest camp
where for eight weeks they are given both theoretical and practical
instruction. During the junior and the first half of the senior years
they pursue their studies at the college. The last half of their senior
year they are again taken to the forest, where they receive instruction
under conditions which experience has shown are essential to the
preparation of seasoned foresters. When the forestry courses were
first established, the students went to the forest camp at the close of the
junior year.
There are three reasons for changing the camping period to the
close of the sophomore year : first, it serves to weed out the faint hearted.
The young fellow who thought forestry was a pink-tea was promptly
disillusioned and probably eliminated ; second, it enables the student to
appreciate better the technical subjects which he will pursue during
his junior and senior years; third, it offers the student during his junior
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 433
vacation an opportunity to secure employment in his chosen field, thus
furnishing money with which to continue liis education and valuable
practical experience.
Applying this principle to our own problem, we may send sophomores
who would specialize in dairying or animal husbandry to Davis; those
who would specialize in agronomy, either to Davis or Fresno ; and those
who wish to engage in horticultural pursuits or landscape gardening, to
Fresno or Riverside. When we have a department of forestry, students
can go to the forestry station at Chico or at Santa Monica. Students
interested in strictly subtropical fruits can be taught at the Imperial
Station some of the conditions of management in these rapidly develop-
ing and truly fascinating crops. Students who specialize in soils could
be taken into the soil survey work and given actual training in soil
mapping. If the option is agricultural chemistry, plant pathology or
entomology, the student will find the laboratories at Berkeley open
to him, while students of agricultural education will find their train-
ing ground in connection with the regular summer school work of the
University.
As we are now organized, students may go to Davis the last half
of their senior year, where they can receive instruction in certain sub-
jects which are developed better there than at Berkeley. This is nota-
bly true of instruction in animal husbandry and dairy industry.
While the University Farm at Davis is an exceedingly important
factor in the development of the research work and is becoming a
much more important factor than was anticipated in the training of
University students, its most unique feature is the instruction given
to University Farm School students. In this school an attempt is being
made to solve the most important educational question in this country.
We have in America a perfectly well understood system of education :
Primary grade 7 to 10
Grammar grade 11 to 14
High school grade 15 to 18
University grade 19 to 22
Post-graduate work 23 to 25
This is a thoroughly desirable system of education and one that
should be extended to apply as nearly as possible to every young man
and w^oman. There are, however, large numbers of young men who
have reached the age of 19 who do not have the requirements for admis-
sion to college. They will not go to the high school because they are
beyond high school age. They could not get the proper instruction if
they did go, because the method of instruction must be different for
students at 19 and those of 15 years. Age must be recognized as a
factor in education. A young man or woman at 19 differs from the
boy or girl of 15, physically, mentally, morally and spiritually. One
hundred and twenty students entered the University Farm school at
Davis this semester and 118 entered freshmen in the College of Agri-
culture at Berkeley. The average age of the entrants at Davis was 19
G— HB
434 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
years and 4 months ; the average age of the freshman entrants in
agriculture, 20 years and 5 months.
An agricultural high school is not being conducted at Davis, but
there is being given a three years' course in agriculture to students of
university age who do not have the requirements for admission to
college. In addition to the students who come to Davis because they
do not have the requirements to enter college, there are high school
graduates who desire to spend onl}^ two years in further study and Avho
find the last two years at Davis upon which they can enter better suited
to their needs than the first two years at Berkeley. Every effort should
be made to meet the needs of this class of men. The minimum age of
entrance at Davis should be raised to 18 years, first, because the student
should be induced to exhaust his local agencies of education before
entering the farm school ; and, second, because when he has completed
his three years' work he should be mature enough to enter upon
business for himself.
Emphasis should be placed upon the fact that the training offered at
Davis has nothing to do with the introduction of agriculture into the
high schools. This should be done, but it is a wholly different thing.
The high school system should be so arranged that every boy and girl
betAveen the ages of 15 and IS can sleep at home. The boys and girls
between these ages need their parents and equally important, perhaps,
the parents need the children. Eighteen is the accepted age for breaking
home ties. Prom 18 to 22 is that transitional period during which the
young man or woman gets adjusted to his or her surroundings. A
student enters college a boy and leaves it a man. In some ways, this
is the most important fact concerning his university career. If this
view is accepted, it will at once become apparent that the University
Farm school at Davis is not a local institution. It may be just as
useful to the young man who lives in Imperial Valley or in Butte
County as to one born within five miles of Davis.
Unless the ranches of California are to be abandoned or are to be
cultivated by foreigners, there are in California at this moment more
than 8,000 young men between the ages of 18 and 21 who will some
day occupy the land. Less than six hundred are now receiving
instruction in agriculture at Berkeley and Davis. In a comparatively
few years, a thousand students of agriculture will be enrolled at each
place unless we do something to stop them. It should be determined at
once what is the most efficient number that can be accommodated at
Davis. It should be determined whether it is to be 300 or 600 or
1,000. Plans should be made to start a new unit at Fresno as soon as
the most efficient number that can be cared for at Davis is reached.
At Fresno, where the University owns 5,000 acres of land, there is an
opportunity to build up the most extensive, most varied, and best
instruction in horticulture, both for farm school and University, that
is to be found in the world. No other such possibility exists anywhere.
At Davis special emphasis should be placed upon dairying, animal
husbandry and deciduous tree fruits. At Fresno, the emphasis should
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 435
be placed upon grapes, citrus and other subtropical fruits and upon
alfalfa and other forage crops. Instruction and investigations in cereals
should be developed at both places. Under the conditions outlined a
young man from Bakerstield or El C'entro might go to Davis to receive
instruction in animal husbandry and dairying, while the young man
from Marysville might go to Fresno to specialize in horticultural
subjects.
The tentative organization and scope of the College of Agriculture
has been set forth Math a good deal of tedious detail. I am frank to
nay that it has been done with a very definite purpose. The desire has
been to make emphatic three points :
First — The College of Agriculture is located in California. Berkeley,
liiverside, AVhittier, Davis, ]\Ieloland, and other places are merely
points of operation. Los Angeles is the headquarters of the Santa Fe
Railroad, but the Santa Fe Railroad is not located in Los Angeles.
Last year the College of Agriculture met face to face 150,000 citizens of
California.
Second — The Mork which is carried on at Berkeley, Whittier, and
Davis is not prinuirily for the development of the immediate localities,
but is a part of a general scheme of education and research which
looks toward . promoting the general welfare of the commonwealth.
The establishment of the Citrus Experiment Station is not primarily for
the purpose of promoting the raising of oranges in Riverside County,
but is for the purpose of studying problems which are of the greatest
importance wherever agriculture exists under an irrigation ditch.
Third — Any additional points of operation which it may hereafter
be deemed wise to establish nuist l^e considered from the standpoint of
the general plan which has just l)een outlined and of the public welfare
and not from the standpoint of local interest. I have faith that the
people of California will rise to tliis high level.
The program which has been outlined is a large one. It is worthy
of a great State. For its success, it needs the help of every citizen.
I believe it to be both logical and feasible. I ask for it the candid
criticism of every person interested in the public welfare. With the
assured and earnest support which this program has of the President
and Board of Regents, I have faith to believe — and I am saying this
in the most impersonal and detached way — that it nmst succeed. I
trust that President Wheeler was prophetic when he remarked several
months ago, ''I believe it will appeal to the people of California.
They like to do a good thing."
Chairman Pow^ell. I believe that the foregoing will appeal to the
people of California. There is nothing in connection with our agri-
cultural work that has stirred the imagination of the people connected
with the agricultural interests of the State more than the present com-
prehensive plans of the College of Agriculture of the State of California
as outlined by Dr. Hunt. I w^as with one of our most noted citrus
436 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
growers yesterday, a man who is managing property worth more than
a million dollars. He is a man who has grown up on his own efforts
and has had hard knocks and who had never had much opportunity
when a young man, and Avhile I was at lunch with him yesterday he
said to me, the greatest drawback to him in his business was lack of
imagination through lack of training, and he said what disturbed him
most in connection with this great property he was managing was the
fact that it was going to require more expert knowledge than he had
been able to give to it in the past, so he told me he was going to send one
of his boys to Berkeley, where he would be enabled to get a larger, more
comprehensive grasp of the problems of management, and so can take
hold of his work, do more experimental work and understand things
better. Many people all through the State consider the College of
Agriculture of the State of California simply as an institution. It is
not an institution. It is yours, and its teachers and professors are
simply servants who are operating and working in your behalf and
welfare, and whether the College of Agriculture amounts to anything
in the future will depend not only upon the plans which Dr. Hunt and
his associates lay out, but it will depend whether you as taxpayers and
citizens desire to promote and establish a large, comprehensive insti-
tution for the development of research and education and the develop-
ment of our industries. It is for you, gentlemen, to say as taxpayers
whether it is policy, wise business policy, to develop an institution in
this State where our young men and women can be trained. I have
been very much pleased with this comprehensive paper of Dr. Hunt's.
I am .satisfied, now that you have heard the paper, that you will agree
that the introduction that I gave Dr. Hunt was not overstated. We
have with us also a gentleman who is interested in the establishment
of an institution, and I would like to hear just a word or two from
Dr. Aaronsohn, because he has problems among the Jewish people of
Palestine in this same line of work.
Mr. Aaronsohn. Ladies and Gentlemen : My poor command of the
English language makes it hard for me to express all the emotions
which came over me when I listened to this address of Dr. Hunt's.
And I feel it has been my good fortune to be able to understand clearly
your enthusiasm and aims as has just been expressed. And I am glad
I have liad the opportunity to hear these problems of schools and
colleges expressed with such a broad view, which is so important to the
welfare — not only as Dr. Hunt says — to the welfare of your State; he
was too modest. The problem applies everyM^here, all over the world,
in my own country, too ; and in this gathering here of fruit growers
you do so very much good for your country, but you are not aware of
the fact that we have the same existing conditions in my country — Pal-
estine, which I believe is about one twentieth as large as California.
We always listen with great interest to your proceedings ; we are always
ver}' eager to get your publications, and I am quite sure that there are
very few citizens in California who read with such interest the pro-
ceedings of your fruit growers' conventions as we do in Palestine,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 437
because so many of your problems here are the same problems we have
to contend with. The problems of your University will largely influ-
ence the entire world. I am quite sure you are not going to mind that,
and that you are going to do your best to help out on the problems of
the world, because — noblesse oblige — you are so much better off here than
other places in the world. I would like a few words on two questions
which have been touched upon in the address of Dr. Hunt. He spoke
of the importance of the Mediterranean races that will come to Cali-
fornia and what will happen when they do come here. As a Jew, I
belong surely to one of the oldest races of the Mediterranean, and as I
have had good knowledge of all the agricultural and horticultural pur-
suits of the Mediterranean basin, I can imagine what importance it
may have for California for the Mediterranean races to come here. I
am sure that, no matter how large and how great a civilization you have
developed here in America, the land would have had much greater
influence from America if the beginning of American civilization in
America had started on this side of America — the Pacific coast, instead
of being on the Atlantic coast. I do not know if you here in California
have read Avith as much attention as we have in my country a small
pamphlet by one of your men on California, which we consider as being
a good thing; it is by Dr. Jordan. I refer to the pamphlet called
"California and Californians. " When w^e Mediterraneans read the
things as Dr. Jordan describes them, of the climatic conditions of Cali-
fornia on the Californians, we understand better the influence of our
climate on the Palestinians, and we can not understand how it happens
that such a small country as you have heard that Palestine is, which is
only a twentieth part the size of California, how it could happen such
a remote country, such an old country, that two thousand years ago was
interested in agriculture and even now is thoroughly interested and
looking after the interests of human civilization. Well, you are twenty
times as large as Palestine is, and we will hope that these people who
come out to California will benefit humanity twenty times, even much
more, and will bring benefit to the whole world. I hope that we will
all be happy, not only because I want to be complimentary to Cali-
fornia, but, as a Jcav and belonging to the human race, I wish it for the
human race all over the world.
I would like to say some few words on another point which has
been made by Dr. Hunt of the study of the introduction of new indus-
tries in California. I am sure that these studies are of the highest
importance for you, and that knowledge and the thorough study of
new industries, even though you do not introduce them here, is
absolutely necessary in order to make a success ; and in order to illus-
trate what I mean by that I will give you a few instances of the failures
you have had here in California, and which could have been avoided
if you had known before what the conditions of the new industry you
were trying to introduce into California were. Here in Fresno county,
as every one now knows, what trouble you had in trying to introduce
the Smyrna fig culture into California. Of course now I have just
438 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
come from Asia Minor and can convince you, as the fig is so well
established there. Now the fig is established here and you have
succeeded so far that you are largely the very largest competitor to
the original Asia Minor fig, but one of the difficulties you had was
to establish the Blastophaga, and it took you twenty-five years from
the first time you planted the fig coming from Asia Minor until the
day you had your first crop of the Symrna fig. Mind, it took you a
lifetime, a Avhole generation, to plant that, and why did it happen?
Because we did not know and you did not know the importance of
caprifieation. Caprification is a very old practice in the Mediterranean
basin. Two famous travelers, explorers, Ollivier and Tournefort of
France traveled in Asia Minor in 1870 and they described it minutely
— this problem of caprification. They used to take the pollen, the
blossom of the Capri fig and tie it with blue or red ribbons or strings
to the Smyrna fig, and that was the way the figs were made to caprifi-
cate. Some people coming over and seeing these red and blue strings
made fun of it, and said it was ridiculous, that it was superstition.
Let me give you another instance. You have for instance here
in Fresno, where you are trying to develop what you call a Seedless
Thompson, the raisins which are in reality a variety of seedless grapes
which come from Smyrna and which have there a name very easily
remembered — Tshakadaksez — or what you call in more comprehensive
language, Thompson Seedless. Well you are trying to plant it here.
I had an opportunity to speak with different leading men of the indus-
try about the methods of preparing the raisins here, and the methods
are very interesting, but they are not at all the methods followed in our
country. There are a lot of details you do not know — your explorers
did not appreciate — this gives you a good deal of trouble lots of times
nearly all of you will find out that this will give trouble and cost
you money and energy before you will find out what two thousand
years of experiments have taught our people there. Therefore, I think
that you should, before you introduce a new crop or industry here in
your country, study the methods of the older countries, and this, I
think, is of the highest importance.
I had an opportunity to speak before your County Commissioners,
and I spoke of the carob tree. This tree has existed in the Mediter-
ranean Basin for many years. I am sure you have all seen this tree;
it is a beautiful tree; best ornamental tree you could have, the best
introduced into California. But you consider it solely as an ornament,
whereas we use it as food for cattle, fodder. We are four thousand
years older than you in California and we are accustomed to all kinds
of funny customs. We are accustomed to make use of everything we
can and it pays to do it, too, and I am sure if you could have observed
what we do in our country with the carob tree you would long ago have
planted this crop in California. Let me tell you, the carob tree yields
about four or five tons to the acre a year, and it is a very important
forage crop in our country. It yields more to an acre than does alfalfa
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 439
that you grow in California. In this country it is a new thing to the
people, but the earob tree is thousands of years old with us — not a new
thing at all with us, and it has been grown even in Europe for years.
Very few of you are aware of the fact that when Napolean marched up
into Russia his horses were all fed on carob crops, and the cavalry in
Malta is fed principally on the carob crops ; the horses used for the car
lines in Naples have for their principal food the produce of carob trees
and hundreds of ships loaded with the carob are sent out every year,
from Cypress, from the old island of Cypress, to England for animal
food.
As already said, we have had thousands of years ' experience in agri-
culture in our little country of Palestine, and we Jews have had our
part in teaching the world. I am sure that from a scientific point of
view Palestine has not been exploited enough yet. We, as Mr. Chairman
just now said regarding California's great institution, we are engaged in
creating an institution, a Jewish agricultural experiment station, in
order to find out what the real agricultural pursuits of Palestine are.
The president of this station is one of the leading Jews in Chicago, and
this Jewish experiment station is supported by many contributions from
many of the leading and wealthy Jews of the world and particularly
America. And this is one reason more why we feel in Palestine we
ought to give every kind of information and assistance to hasten the
agricultural work in America, and as California and Palestine are very
similar in their agricultural conditions, we will be very glad to render
every kind of assistance we can. Dr. Himt said in his address that the
problem confronting California is great, and that the University of
California, the college of agriculture, deserves the support of every one
in this State. I am sure that it deserves the support of every citizen
of your State, and our Jewish experiment station, if ever you find it
necessary, hopes you will appeal to us for support. As I have told you
before we have something to learn from you, we of the old countries,
and I am sure there is still something to learn in Palestine for you, even
though you are twenty times as large as we are, and I hope that after
you have learned all there is you will be able here in California to do
twenty times as much.
SOME ORCHARD SPRAYING PROBLEMS AND EXPERIMENTS.
By W. W. BoNNS, Riverside, Cal.
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: When your State Commis-
sioner invited me to address this convention some time ago. I accepted
the invitation with some apprehension regarding the suitability of my
place on the program. The agricultural and climatological conditions
of Maine and California are about as different as those of any two of
these United States can well be. Coming recently from the extreme
northeastern state of the Union, I questioned if I might have anything
440 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
to contribute to this meeting that would be of interest to the fruit
growers of California. At the suggestion of Mr. Cook, however, that I
discuss some phase of eastern orchard management or experimental
work, I wish briefly to outline the results of some spraying experiments
conducted in Maine apple orchards for the past two years.
The time has long passed M'hen the necessity and value of spraying
for the control of insect and fungus enemies of deciduous orchard fruits
has to be proved. In the large regions devoted to fruit growing in the
Middle, Central and Pacific Coast states spraying has long been an
accepted part of the annual orchard treatment by all men who look to
their fruit for an important source of their revenue from the land, and
rightly so, for every year has shown them that spraying properly done
means healthier trees, cleaner and better fruit, and, in consequence,
better returns.
Spraying in its extension has also brought with it problems for solu-
tion. For many years Bordeaux mixture has been the standard fungi-
cide for orchard spraying, with Paris green or arsenate of lead used in
combination with it as the insecticide. Paris green has in recent years
been largely superseded by arsenate of lead, because the former has a
great tendency to burn and injure foliage, whereas lead arsenate has been
found equally effective in destroying leaf-eating insects without the
injurious effects upon the leaves. The increasing use of Bordeaux mix-
ture has, however, been accompanied by reports of injury to fruit and
foliage. Such injury appears to vary in degree and in different sea-
sons. It has long been known that Bordeaux cannot be used with
safety on the peach and the Japanese plum when the tree is in leaf.
On the apple and the pear the injuries have manifested themselves in
two ways — burning and spotting of the leaves and russeting and cork-
ing of the fruit. The leaves so affected show dead brown spots similar
in general appearance to some fungus leaf spots, generally roundish or
circular, but often irregular. Frequently the areas are large, as though
a number of smaller ones had united. Occasionally the margins of the
leaves show the characteristic dead blackened areas. Such foliage injury
is very frequently followed later in the season by yellowing and pre-
mature leaf -fall. This occurs early or late in the growing season accord-
ing to the severity of the injury. Sometimes it does not occur at all.
Whether such yellowing is actually the result of Bordeaux spraying is a
mooted point among investigators, but it is an acknowledged fact that it
is frequently an accompaniment of leaf injury from this source.
On the fruit the injury is first seen as small, dark, flyspeck-like spots.
These are not to be confused, however, with the spot of the scab fimg'us.
The final appearance of the fruit may be well known to some of you.
The skin is washed with a rusty or russeted coat which materially
detracts from its appearance. In more severe cases the apple has been
stunted in growth and has suffered malformation, while the russeted sur-
face may be greatly roughened or even corrugated. In very severe
cases the skin may crack and show V-shaped splits on the surface of
the fruit.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 441
Naturally, the increasing evidence of injury induced by Bordeaux
mixture called forth a deal of investigation on the part of agricultural
investigators in the several state experiment stations as well as in the
Federal Department of Agriculture. As a result of such work, the fol-
lowing points seem fairly well established :
i^irsf— Bordeaux injury is a definitely recognized trouble.
Second — Improperly made Bordeaux is not the sole cause of injury,
and excess of lime does not seem to have an appreciable effect in pre-
venting it.
Third — Bordeaux appears to be aggravated in its injurious action by
unfavorable weather conditions following the time of spraying. Wet
weather so following is especially conducive to injury.
Fourtli — Agencies such as frost and other factors not accounted for
may produce a characteristic russeting on fruit, entirely independent of
any spray.
Fifth — Varieties vary greatly in susceptibility to injury.
Sixth — The severity and general occurrence of injury in certain sea-
sons of untoward weather conditions make it probable that weather is an
important factor in causing injury. Even small differences of local
atmospheric conditions may account for entire difference of results.
The means by which such injury is effected by the spray was also
extensively studied by scientists both in this country and abroad. The
differences of opinion regarding the actual method of injury have no
place in a brief discussion of this kind. Suffice it to say that the fact
accepted by all investigators in this field is that the copper of the copper
sulphate in the Bordeaux mixture is the injurious element ; recognizing
this fact, the next step was to find a satisfactory fungicidal substitute in
which the copper containing compounds would be eliminated.
In this effort attention was chiefly directed to solutions of sulphur in
chemical combination. The result has been the now widely used and
deservedly popular lime-sulphur sprays.
In connection with these lime-sulphur sprays it is interesting to note
that a lime-sulphur mixture was recommended for the treatment of
grapes affected with mildew as early at 1833, long before the general use
of fungicides. This was the forerunner of the now well known "self-
boiled" lime-sulphur mixture of Mr. W. M. Scott, formerly of the
United States Department of Agriculture.
Two forms of lime-sulphur sprays have been used as fungicides since
1907 — the self-cooked or so-called ' ' self-boiled ' ' preparation devised and
first used by Mr. W. M. Scott, and the boiled solution first tried as a
summer spray by Prof. A. B. Cordley of the Oregon Experiment Station.
Briefly, self -boiled lime-sulphur is a chemical and mechanical combi-
nation of calcium of sulphur obtained by adding sulphur to an equal
weight of lime when that lime is slaking. The means of effecting this
union is the heat of the slaking lime ; no other heat is employed. The
spray so made is not as strong as the boiled preparations, and has less
sulphur in solution.
442 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
The boiled lime-sulphur solution is made by slaking good lime, and,
after slaking, boiling with an amount of sulphur double in weight to
that of the lime used. Actual boiling is continued from 30 to 60 minutes,
according to the recommendations of various experimenters. It is
known that calcium and sulphur will combine in different proportions
and form different compounds ; the greater the amount of sulphur pres-
ent, up to a certain point, and the longer the time of boiling, up to about
an hour, the greater the amount of sulphur in solution.
The commercial solutions are usually clear, but have not been found
essentially different from the properly made home-boiled preparations.
The results obtained by Scott and Cordley proved an incentive to
further work along these lines by the Federal Department of Agricul-
ture, and station workers in several states where the fruit growing
industry is of considerable importance. The results obtained by this
group of men were again highly encouraging. Self-boiled lime-sulphur
appeared to be an essentially safe and effective fungicide for the control
of peach brown rot and scab, two of the greatest enemies of the com-
mercial peach grower. It was fairly good for controlling apple scab,
but not to the same degree as either the home made or commercial
concentrated forms. In addition to their effectiveness as fungicides
was the additional fact that they appeared to have little or no injurious
effect upon the foliage when properly diluted, and no injury to fruit
appears to have been reported. Both Paris green and lead arsenate
were used, with the results in favor of arsenate of lead.
In the summer of 1909, the Maine Experiment Station acquired by
state purchase a large and hitherto neglected orchard farm in the apple
region of that state. The orchards thereon comprised about 3,000 trees,
all of which were in most unthrifty condition and badly infested with
insect and fungous parasites.
The first attempt at orchard renovation was a thorough spraying of
all the trees. Bordeaux mixture was used, and, although the pests were
brought under control, considerable injury, ascribed in part to the spray,
was noted. For a large part of such injury the weakened condition of
the trees, rendering them more susceptible to causes of injury of any
nature may be held responsible.
In view of such injury, together with the fact that the Ben Davis is,
unfortunately, still one of the big commercial apples of Maine, and is
notably susceptible to Bordeaux injury, it was decided to test out,
through a series of years, some of the forms of lime-sulphur solutions
which had been so favorably reported in other places.
The questions to be asked by this experiment might be stated as
follows :
1. Are self -boiled, home-boiled or commercial lime-sulphur prepara-
tions now on the market equal in efficiency to Bordeaux mixture for the
control of apple scab?
2. May the damage from spray injury on susceptible trees, like the
Ben Davis, be eliminated by such sprays?
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 443
3. If lime-sulphur sprays do not injure fruit or foliage, and yet are
not equal to Bordeaux as a spray, is their use commercially profitable ?
4. Can arsenate of lead be as safely and effectively used with these
sprays as with Bordeaux ?
These cover the really important questions in the lime-sulphur
problem. It is, after all, of very secondary importance whether or not
lime-sulphur as a fungicide may be advantageously substituted in the
orchard for Bordeaux. The question of paramount importance is the
determination of its relation and action in conjunction with a reliable
insecticide. From the standpoint of general economy for the grower,
the only solution of the spraying problem will be a safe and effective
fungicide-insecticide combination.
For the experiment in question an orchard section of 140 Ben Davis
trees, from 20 to 25 years of age, fairly uniform in size and condition,
promising a moderate yield per tree, was divided into 12 plots and
treated as follows :
2 plots, checks, unsprayed.
5 plots sprayed respectively with five different brands of com-
mercial lime-sulphur.
1 plot sprayed with self -boiled lime-sulphur.
1 plot sprayed with boiled lime-sulphur, homemade.
2 plots sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of two different strengths.
1 plot sprayed with ' ' Sulfocide, ' ' a proprietary article advertised
as a soluble sulphur spray, not a lime-sulphur.
Arsenate of lead, used with all the solutions at the rate of 2 pounds
to 50 gallons of spray for the first application, and 3 pounds in the suc-
ceeding ones, was not added to the several mixtures until the time of
application. The sulphur containing solutions were, of course, diluted
for use according to their respective densities, and the Bordeaux made
up in the standard manner.
Owing to the nature of the experiment, a hand pump outfit was used.
The three applications were exceedingly careful and thorough, and
occurred when the fruit buds began to show pink, immediately after the
petals fell and five weeks thereafter.
The weather at the time of the first application was most favorable.
The days were bright, mild and calm. Between it and the second appli-
cation no injury could be found on any of the plots.
The second application was interrupted and followed by weather of
the kind most favorable for the production of spray injury according
to previous experiences with Bordeaux. Showers interrupted and fol-
lowed the spraying and the temperature and humidity changes were
great and sharp. Cold, rainy periods were followed by bright, hot.
humid ones. If spray injury were to be done, these were the ideal
conditions for producing it.
Observations made two to fifteen days after the second spraying
showed a comparatively small amount of leaf injury on all the sprayed
444 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
plots except the self -boiled lime-sulphur. On those least affected it was
found only by the closest observation; on others it was more readily
seen, but on all the lime-sulphur plots w^hich were affected the injury
was so slight as to be entirely negligible, as far as the general health and
functions of the foliage were concerned. The foliage was spotted to a
vastly lesser degree than that of the Bordeaux plots, and although the
spots averaged larger in size than those from Bordeaux injury, the
individual leaves showed on an average fewer injured areas per leaf.
The third spraying had no ill effect upon any of the lime-sulphur plots.
As the season advanced it was evident that so slight had been the
foliage injury from lime-sulphur, even in the most severe cases, that
to the general observer it passed unnoticed, and had no noticeable
effects whatsoever upon the functions of the trees in developing fruit
or wood. The leaves developed well, were thrifty and green, and,
although scab could be found, it did not develop to an appreciable
extent. No yellowing whatsoever was seen on these trees, and the
leaves remained on them until long after the fruit was harvested.
The self-boiled lime-sulphur plot suffered no leaf injury at any time
during the season. The foliage was notably thrifty and green. On the
other hand, leaves as well as fruit seemed to be considerably more
affected with scab, showing that the self-boiled preparation is not as
effective as the boiled sprays.
Coming now to the fruit from these lime-sulphur sprayed trees, we
found it notably larger, cleaner and of better color on the average
that that from either Bordeaux or check plots. So far, therefore, as
foliage injur^y and fungus control are concerned, the lime-sulphur sprays
were a distinct success during the season on Ben Davis trees.
In regard to the fruit, none of the lime-sulphur sprays, not even the
self-boiled, were entirely successful in preventing russeting or even
malformation. In all cases, however, the per cent of deformed fruit
was very small, and this peculiar fact must be noted : it ivas in all cases
hut one no greater in amount, or less than that found on the unsprayed
trees, where the deformity was doubtless produced by natural causes.
Hence it is difficult to say exactly how much of this deformity, if any,
v/as directly due to the spray, and how much to agencies that caused the
russeting and malformation on the unsprayed trees. However, it was
only one third as great as that on the Bordeaux plots. Of one thing
we may be reasonably certain, judging by past experience. When con-
ditions are right for producing injury to unsprayed fruit by natural
agencies we cannot hope to escape it on the sprayed trees.
The Bordeaux plots showed the characteristic effects on leaf and fruit.
Ijeaves were badly spotted and the fruit russeted and severely deformed
to quite an extent. The foliage very evidently suffered in thriftiness,
as could be noted by the casual observer comparing these with the
lime-sulphur plots. Moreover, there was a slight amount of yellowing
and some leaf fall during the season, neither of which, as already stated,
occurred on the lime-sulphur plots. No noticeable differences were seen
between the trees of the Bordeaux plots of different strengths.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
445
All in all, the lime-sulphur plots showed to decided advantage over
Bordeaux in their effect on foliage and fruit and also in control of the
scab fungus.
We come now to consider the one other sprayed plot,— that treated
with Sulfocide. The injury done in this division was extreme. After
the second spraying the leaves showed widespread injury two days
after the application. The tissues were in cases thoroughly scorched.
Defoliation was severe and the growing processes of the trees appreciably
hindered for the season. Not only was the fruit badly damaged after
the second application, but more injury was done it after the third,
which was applied at a dilution greater than the weakest recommended
by the manufacturer. The fruit was stunted in growth, deformed,
and badly cracked and blackened at the calyx, or "blow" end. In
some cases the calyx end was sunken, in others a similar burning of the
tissues was found on the side of the apple, sometimes accompanied by
splitting of the skin. Almost 50 per cent of the fruit on this plot was
affected to some degree.
On the check or unsprayed plots, one at each end of the experimental
block, scab played havoc on both fruit and foliage. In addition, these
were the only plots where insect injury occurre<i to any cvteut at all.
On all sprayed plots the arsenate proved most efficacious.
In taking the data for this experiment at harvest each fruit of the
entire crop was carefully examined for traces of scab, deformity or
insect injury. Without burdening you with tables, the results may be
summarized as follows: The unsprayed plots showed 58 per cent of
scabby fruit. The five commercial lime-sulphur plots showed an average
of 8.8 per cent; the self -boiled lime-sulphur, 15.4 per cent; the home-
made boiled solution, 14.7 per cent; and the strong and weak Bordeaux
mixtures gave scab percentages of 16.7 and 14 respectively.
The Sulfocide plot showed the .smallest per cent of scab — 5.5. This
advantage, however, is clearly offset by the huge per cent of deformed
and burned fruit, namely 44.3. The amount of russeted and deformed
fruit, as aforesaid, was no greater on the lime-sulphur plots than on the
unsprayed ones, where the percentages ranged from 1.9 to 2. 1. Hence
no injury could be definitely ascribed to the lime-sulphur solutions. In
the case of Bordeaux, however, the per cent of deformed and russeted
fruit raises noticeably to 5.7 and 6.7.
A comparison of insect control showed 13.7 per cent and 7.3 per cent
of wormy fruit on the unsprayed plots, and values ranging from 0.1 per
cent to 1.9 per cent on the sprayed plots. The injury in the latter cases
was done chiefly by the apple curculio, which is not a leaf or fruit
devouring insect, and arsenieals are recognized as being of little prac-
tical use in its control. For the insects producing wormy fruit, there-
fore, the effectiveness of lead arsenate was practically 100 per cent.
The conclusions to be drawn from the above results were profoundly
affected by some unknown factor, generally ascribed to the weather,
which produced the severe russeting and malformation on unsprayed
446 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
trees. Nevertheless, after taking this into account, the results tended to
show the advantages of the lime-sulphur sprays, commercial or home-
made, over Bordeaux in a season which put all spray materials to a
severe test.
The experiment for 1911 was planned not only to secure further data
along the lines indicated in the previous year 's work, but also included
several new aspects of the spraying problem. Some recent data in
spray experiments tended to show that lead arsenate, in addition to its
great insecticidal poAver, possessed some fungicidal value also. This
was one of the new points of inquiry embraced in the second season's
work. Another was the determination of the limits of dilution of lime-
sulphur concentrates.
It is a well known fact that in using the lime-sulphur preparations
instead of Bordeaux mixture in orchard spraying we are substituting
for a spray that at the time of application is insoluble, one that is soluble
and more or less caustic, according to the strength of the solution. The
basis, therefore, for the proper use of the lime-sulphur sprays has been
the determination of the strength of the stock solution, and its dilation
for use according to its density. Simple instruments for this purpose
and dilution tables graded for a scale of densities have been, and still
are the only safe means of using lime-sulphur as a summer spray
which, so far as known, will insure both fungicidal effectiveness and
freedom from spray injury.
Nevertheless it is a matter of practical importance and interest to
determine what may be the limits of dilution for a specific density, in
regard to injury and efficiency; in other words, can a solution of a
known density be safely used at a reasonably greater strength than
that indicated by its place in the dilution table, or can it be diluted
beyond the amount indicated in the table and still be an effective
fungicide ?
The trees used in this work of 1911 were the same as those of the
preceding year. The plots being fewer in number, each comprised more
ti-ees. Two plots were sprayed with lead arsenate at two different
strength.s. Three others were treated with boiled lime-sulphur at three
different strengths — one at the standard dilution, one 25 per cent
stronger and one 25 per cent weaker. One plot was again reserved for
treatment with Bordeaux mixture. All four were used in combination
with lead arsenate.
It is impossible in the time at my disposal to go into all the details
of the second season. Two factors were responsible for the prevention
of any justifiable conclusions regarding insect or fungous control. These
were a phenomenal season of drought and heat, which prevented the
developm.ent of fungi, and an equally notable absence of injurious
insects. This was proved by the many unsprayed orchards in the
vicinity which produced fine fruit, without fungus blemisli or insect
injury. What relations, if any, the hot, dry summer had to the absence
of insects is not clearly known; the extreme dryness ea.sily accounts
THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN. 447
for the absence of fungi, which develop with difficulty under such
conditions.
No rain fell from April 1st until May 24th. From that date until
July 24th there was a total precipitation of but 5.1 inches, and the total
rainfall from April 1st to September 29th was only 15.1 inches.
The season was also marked by an extraordinary heat wave during
the first tw^o M^eeks of July. INTaximum shade temperatures ranged
during this period from 95 to 103 degrees Fahrenheit — a condition
which those of you who are familiar with New England weather will
recognize as record breaking. As a result of this extreme heat much of
the fruit on the south and southeastern sides of the trees, especially
where well exposed, suffered severe sunburn.
I have mentioned this unusual heat factor and the resulting burning
of the fruit because of its relation to the spraying question. The final
application of spray occurred shortly after the subsidence of the heat
wave. A small amount of russeted fruit was again found this year on
the several plots as well as in unsprayed orchards in the vicinity of the
experimental farm. It was negligible in amount and degree. But the
fact is worthy of note that it was more severe on those apples which
were injured by sunburn, and that the sunburned areas themselves
showed further injury after the third spraying. Furthermore, this
additional injury was equally severe on the sunburned fruit of all plots,
regardless of the chemical nature of the spray applied.
A comparison of the lime-sulphur and Bordeaux plots for this season,
aside from the question of insect and fungus control, again demon-
strated the superiority of the former. Here had been a season, so far
as weather was concerned, which was least liable to produce Bordeaux
injury ; and yet a noticeable amount of damage was done to both leaves
and fruit, aside from sunburn. The fruit and leaves of the other plots
were unusually fine, the fruit being of extra size, splendid color and tex-
ture of skin.
What deductions may we feel warranted in drawing from the results
of the two years of experimental work just described? In view of the
equal damage done by different sprays on the sunburned fruit in 1911,
and the approximately equal amount of russeted fruit on sprayed and
unsprayed trees in 1910, it appears evident that spray injury may be,
and very likely is, due as much to a physical factor as to any chemical
action of the materials comprising the spray; bearing in mind at the
same time that there is a definitely determined type of injury in the
case of Bordeaux mixture which is largely due to its composition. The
physical factor mentioned is involved in the application of a spray or
mist to growing plant tissues under extreme, or some now undetermined,
but unfavorable meteorological conditions.
Granting the greatest amount of injury obtained under the conditions
of 1911, the damage from the commercial standpoint was negligible in
comparison with the advantage of annual crops of clean, worm-free
fruit. Spray applications must, of course, be made at fairly definite,
448 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
and in some instances, at very definite periods of the season. In times
of unsettled weather or during very hot periods the orchardist must
exercise his judgment with a view to applying his spray at an opportune
time, both in regard to making it effective and at the same time to avoid
all possible effects that might be induced by unfavorable weather.
One word more : If the account of experimental Avork in a distant
state such as has been described has any significance to a gathering of
Californians interested in the solution of their agricultural and horti-
cultural problems, it is this : it is an illustration of the many and com-
plex natural factors entering into such work. Such complexity, such
varied combinations of Nature's forces means patient work over a long
series of seasons in order that the final deductions may be based on a
properly large average. It means patience on the part of the experi-
menter, and it means equally great patience on the part of the farmer
and fruit grower. The problems of agriculture bj' their very nature
cannot be solved by any short-cut methods to superficial conclusions.
Both experiment station workers and orcharclists thought they knew
more about spraying ten years ago than they do to-day. That both
classes realize this fact is the most hopeful sign that the spraying prob-
lem, like many others confronting us, will eventually be worked out to
a successful conclusion.
Chairman Powell. It is due to carefully worked out problems of
this kind that we are making our progress in the various lines of horti-
cultural and agricultural activity. This has been an excellent paper,
and it is now open to discussion; are there any questions you would like
to ask before the next address?
Mr. Hassler. I would like to ask what proportions he uses of the
lime-sulphur sprays.
Mr. Bonns. The proportions were made, of course, as outlined,
according to the density of the lime-sulphur. In the first year 's experi-
ments we had different commercial lime-sulphurs and we tested all with
the hydrometer to ascertain their density and we used them at the rate
of one and one half gallons to fifty gallons of spray. In making up the
boiled lime-sulphur the second year we made all our own lime-sulphur.
and we averaged the same density as the commercial solutions and used
it at about the same strength — fifty gallons of water, but of course that
has to be determined. The compounds we happened to use that first
year were those put on the market by various companies in the east.
FREIGHT RATES.
By R. D. Stephens, Sacramento, Cal.
I regret to see that my time is so limited in which to present this
subject, but I think this is one of great importance, one of the greatest
that will be discussed at this convention. It is a question involving how
to market your fruits that you have been talking about, how to grow at
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. ,. 449
a profit. We are talking about the developing of the resources of
California. Dr. Hunt has spoken of people coming to California and
investing money and exploiting California. You Avill find the solution of
that question answered in this report. In order to obviate the unneces-
sary taking of your time, I have in condensed, minute form, which
I will present to you, a report of j'-our Committee on Transportation. I
invite criticism, not only of the fruit growers, but also of the railroad
officials with whom I am dealing. This question of rates that we are
dealing with now will come up before the Railroad Commission on the
twenty-third of this month, when I will come in contact with the ablest
minds in this country and I am not afraid to meet them, because I know
that we are in the right. My voice is not pleasant, and inasmuch as I
will want about two minutes after this address is read, I would like to
call upon some person, Mr. Isaac, for instance, to read my address, and
then I will request your attention, take about two minutes, after he is
through. Mr. Isaac, will you be so obliging as to read this address that
I am to give at this meeting of the committee 1
ADDRESS OF R. D. STEPHENS
Chairman of the Fruit Growers' Transportation Committee.
It is my duty as your chairman of the Committee on Transportation,
to report what we have done, and what we have tried to do in your
behalf, and the way in which we proceeded in our work. To perform
this duty is not new to me, for I have been doing it for so long that it has
become more of a habit than otherwise. Your Committee on Transpor-
tation first fought for the elimination of the private refrigerator car
lines then used in the service of carrying our fruit to eastern markets.
When we began the fight, the charges for refrigeration to New York
were $150 per car, and $155 to Boston, and now the charge is $85 to
New York and common points and $75 to Chicago and common points.
The contest was long, and sometimes became very interesting. Suffice
it to say that ultimately we Avon a victory which gave to the deciduous
fruit industry of the State an impetus resulting in increasing the volume
of its products several hundred per cent. The increase in table grape
shipments alone is about 600 per cent.
A New Committee
A new freight rate committee was appointed at the convention held
at Sacramento in 1907, for the purpose of securing the same freight
rates for deciduous shipments as were being given to the citrus growers
and shippers.
The accomplishment of the purpose for which this committee was
appointed was more of a task than it was at first thought it would be.
However, it was not so difficult nor did it take so long— only three
years — as did the elimination of the private car lines, and everybody
would have been happy and comparatively satisfied had not the rail-
roads arbitrarily increased the minimum for a carload from 24,000 to
26,000 pounds, and subsequently increased the weight from 26 to 28
7 HB
450 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
pounds per crate for table grapes, which has the effect of increasing
the cost of transportation about $29 per car to New York and common
points.
The following figures show how rapidly the deciduous fruit shipments
to eastern markets are increasing:
'o
1903—24.000 minimum (about) 5.000 cars 1.0<:»0 grapes
1904 — 24,000 miuimum (about) 5.626 cars 1.451 grapes
1905 — 24,000 minimum (about) 8.071 cars 1.602 grapes
1910—24.000 minimum (about) 11.936 cars 4.947 srapes
1911—24,000 minimum (about) 13.683 cars 6.908 grapes
1912—24,000 minimum (about) 14,451 cars 0,883 grapes
As the minimum, from 1903 to 1910, was 24,000, and 26,000 in 1911
and 1912, it is necessary to reduce the 1911 and 1912 ears to a 24,000
minimum to make a correct comparison of the season's shipments,
which, when done, gives the above result, leaving off fractions.
The year 1912 was an off season on grapes. In many localities grapes
set very light, and the damage done by frost and sunbui-n varied from
10 per cent to 75 per cent.
Acreage in Table Grapes
It is estimated that the acreage now planted to table grapes under
normal conditions will produce from 15,000 to 16,000 carloads per
annum in the near future, and it is self-evident that not more than one
third, or, at most, more than 40 per cent, can be marketed at a profit
to the growers as a whole, if existing methods under. which they have
been shipped are permitted to continue.
26,000 Minimum
The 26,000 carload minimum alone is sufficient in itself to bankrupt
a very large per cent of the growers if they persist in trying to main-
tain their present acreage, and I am not prepared to say that under
the most favorable conditions, it will be possible to place the industry
upon a paying basis as a whole. However, if it can be done, there are
but two ways in which to proceed to bring about such a result.
The Only Way
First — Through voluntary action on the part of all the forces that
possess the power to grant relief, of which the railroads are the most
potent, for the reason that their resources for so doing are greater than
all other combined.
Second — By appealing to the State Railroad Commission to take your
contentions for relief to the Interstate Commerce Commission.
After having exhausted all possible means to get relief through the
first we have invoked the power of the second.
That the railroad commission has the power to do this for you there
is no question, for when the legislature of the State put upon its
statutes laws granting to the State Railroad Commission full and com-
plete power over matters and questions in which are involved the
reasonableness of freight charges and methods employed in the trans-
portation of interstate commerce, it had in contemplation the proba-
THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN. 451
bility of conditions arising in which questions relating and pertaining
to the transportation of California interstate freight shipments would
demand the protection of the State.
Difficult
It would be very difficult to imagine the condition in which it would
be necessary for the Railroad Commission to take action under the
authority and power conferred upon it by the State, if this is not one
in w'hich the Commission would be justified in so doing.
Our committee has done everything in its power to bring about an
amicable and satisfactory adjustment of all ditferences between railroad
officials and growers regarding transportation matters. "We had many
conferences and meetings, but without beneficial results, so far as the
growers are concerned. Failing to accomplish anything along these
lines there was nothing left for us to do but to carry out your instruc-
tions to appeal to the Railroad Commission for relief in your behalf;
therefore, in pursuance and compliance with your action taken at your
last State Convention at Santa Rosa, your Committee on Transportation
has appealed to the State Railroad Commission to prosecute your de-
mafid before the Interstate Coiumerce Commission, accompanied by
ample proof of the justness of your cause.
Remember that it is not the duty of the Railroad Commission to take
the initiative in this matter, therefore, much depends upon your action.
At the first hearing of your complaint before the Railroad Com-
mission, it was charged by the defendants, the railroad officials, that 75
per cent of the shippers had not joined in the issue, and that there was
no evidence that any considerable number of the growers complained
that the rates and methods under which their products were being
transported, were not satisfactory.
Since then, however, Frank B. McKevitt, manager of the California
Fruit Distributors; C. B. Dewees, manager of the Earl Fruit Company;
H. W. Adams, traffic manager of the Pioneer Fruit Company ; H. A.
Fairbank, manager of the Producers' Fruit Company; J. L. Nagle,
manager of the California Fruit Exchange, have given their unqualified
support to your contentions for reductions in the cost, and are emphatic
in their demands for reform in the methods now in use in the trans-
portation of your products.
As a matter of fact, the growers and shippers of deciduous fruit
practically stand as a unit in favor of your contentions on file with the
Railroad Commission, asking for reforms in the methods now governing
the transportation of their products.
Changed Conditions
It has long been the custom for large and small shipping interests
to pay a cash rent for vineyards and orchards and employ Japanese
and Chinese to work them for a small per cent of the net proceeds from
the sale of the products from the places. This per cent has been cut
to so small an amount, in some cases to nothing, and other losses, that
452 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the Japanese and Chinese refuse to continue working under such con-
tracts, with the result that many who have rented their vineyards and
orchards will find themselves burdened with the responsibility of pay-
ing all costs of growing and marketing the products of their holdings,
which, in many instances, will mean a loss to them if they try the
experiment, and if they do not, then the conversion of their interests
along other lines.
The Work and Its Cost
That you may have some knowledge as to the amount of work done
by your Committee on Transportation, I will briefly refer to some of
the many things we have done during the period we have served as
members of the committee — since 1907, five years.
We made 125 copies of all letters and other matters sent to San Fran-
cisco traffic managers, and sent 87 of them to the officials of all the
railroads that participate in the hauling of California fresh fruit ship-
ments to eastern destinations. These copies were sent to presidents,
vice-presidents, traffic managers, assistant traffic managers, and other
prominent officials of these roads, and the balance of the 125 copies
were distributed among prominent men of influence who might have
influence with railroad officials. All this was done for the purpose of
giving the managements of the roads an opportunity of learning the
facts in regard to the conditions of the deciduous fruit industry of the
State and the wants of the growers.
Some of our Annual Reports cost over $300, and yet our committee
never asked for financial support. While the aggregate cost of the work
done by our committee runs well into four figures, we have never asked
for contributions from the growers.
Ask the Railroad Officials
If anybody thinks that we have "slept while on duty" let them ask
the railroad officials, whom we count among our personal friends and
who know better than any one else that we have been right in our
contentions.
Realizing that the question of transportation, in its many phases, is
the most important to those who have their capital invested in the
production of shipping varieties of fruit, we deemed it necessary to
print in pamphlet form the record of the proceedings of our committee
since our last report made, one year ago, that you may have the oppor-
tunity of becoming informed as to what has already been done, and
what it Avill be your duty to do to safeguard and protect your property
interests from possible financial ruin.
Mr. Stephens. I wish to call your attention to the evidence that we
are going to submit to the Railroad Commission, for reasons that we
feel are good and sufficient, and that this minimum should be reduced.
There are some twenty-five or thirty illustrations given in the report
showing the difference between the upper and lower tiers of values. For
instance, the lower tier in one case sold at $650, average price, more
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 453
than the upper tier. That means that the intermediate tiers of course
were damaged, and the very fact that there is any fruit at all damaged
in the car is a detriment and an admonition to the buyers not to pay
too much for it ; therefore, that damaged fruit in a car is a great
detriment to the interests of the fruit growers. I wish to call your
attention also to a little item of two or three lines — switching charges
made by the Southern Pacific for cars switched to the tracks of the
Western Pacific — which is mentioned on page 15 of this report. The
Southern Pacific certainly is very generous. It only asks 50 per cent
of the full rate. For switching a car a distance of only about eight
miles to the tracks of the Western Pacific, look at the excessive rates
charged. Now this is an important question, and I want you all to
realize its importance — you who are fruit growers and shippers. To
Salt Lake City the Southern Pacific receives $68.77 for that little
si^rvice. To Chicago it receives $59.54, and that, you must understand,
simply for hauling that car only seven or eight miles, to the tracks of
the Western Pacific. Now if the Western Pacific can afford to pay
that heavy switching rate, and is yet desirous of getting the business,
it shows that we should receive great deduction in transportation
charges. This is a matter of interest to every man, woman and child
in this State. Is it good policy to go ahead or shall we remain perfectly
quiet and silent on this question and permit the Southern Pacific to
drive out the great competing lines ? It forestalls competition ; it inter-
feres with trade ; it interferes with competition. Here is a road built
at an expense of many millions of dollars that has come in and because
of lack of traders it has to pay this great bribe to the Southern Pacific.
I want every one of you to get a copy of this report and go through it
very thoroughly, and you will find that we have given some startling
facts. In this report is the correspondence had with the railroad
officials and with different parties and our committee. In this report
are letters from well known men, from McKevitt and others, endorse-
ments of their ideas, to this committee. I am very sorry we are so
limited for time in regard to this discussion. I think we ought to have
more time in which to carry on this discussion. It is more important
than anything else. You have known how to grow fruit for many
years, but you haven't experience in marketing it at a profit. Now we
must solve this problem, how to market our fruit — we must adopt some
plan whereby our deciduous fruit growers of California can get their
products into the consumers' hands. Remember when you go out this
noon to take one of these reports with you. They will be on the table
just as you go out.
Dr. Cook. It seems to me that we owe a great debt of gratitude to
our friend Mr. R. D. Stephens. He has worked hard and faithfully
and has served the fruit growers' interests of California for many
years. We ought to have a vote of thanks now, and we ought to receive
this report and place it on file with the secretary, and we also ought to
thank him for his long and faithful work, and the committee should
454 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
also be continued, and meet with this Transportation Committee on
the twenty-third of December to take the matter up and talk it over,
and try to persuade the commission on transportation to act for us and
help us.
EVENING SESSION.
Dr. Cook, presiding'.
Chairman Cook. We will now have the rei)ort of the Committee on
Resolutions.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
To ihe Convention: Your Committee ou Resolutions to wliom was referred the
matter of preparing a report on the measures embraced in the address of the State
Horticultural Commissioner, dealing with the various phases of California horticul-
ture and pomology, submits the following :
The White Fly Quarantine.
Be it resolved hy the California Fruit Growers in Convention assembled in Fresno,
California, Deeemher 11-13. 1912, That we concur in the recommendations of the
State Horticultural Commissioner that the sweeping quarantine against the extreme
southern states and Texas making it prohibitive that all plants, scions, cuttings,
grafts, general nursery stock coming from North and South Carolina, Georgia, Flor-
ida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, to enter California, be modified to
include only such plants, scions, cuttings, grafts and general nursery stock known as
host plants of the white fly ; that in cases of non-host plants being transported, the
same shall first be defoliated and submitted to disinfection by fumigation, spraying,
or any other process of cleaning as shall be fully and explicitly prescribed by the
California State Horticultural Commission. Said rules and regulations so laid down
to always be in harmony with the provisions of the Federal quarantine law and the
rulings of the Federal Horticultural Board at \Yashington.
Agricultural Education.
Whereas. The fruit growers of California, recognizing the great importance of
agricultural education for our boys and girls ;
Resolicd. That we endorse the following suggestions made by Prof. J. B. Cor-
coran of the Fresno High School, and that copies of this resolution be forwarded to
Dean Hunt of the University of California and to the State Superintendent of
Public Instruction :
1. That state colleges require courses in education that will consider agriculture
as a fundamental in education, and also courses that will familiarize those with
l)ractice in agriculture who are to teach in the high school on the grounds that it is
fundamental and general, which will intellectualize farming to those who are to
teach in high schools, who need a broader education rather than a so-called higher.
2. That in high schools where subjects are required, that agriculture l^e among
them: or, if agriculture is not required, that none be required: and that colleges
other than agricultural receiving state aid be asked to grant credit for work done
in agriculture in high schools, which will result in a wider understanding and sym-
pathy to develop between other callings, or so-called professions, and this most fun-
damental calling, on which all depend.
3. That all state normal schools that train teachers for the rural schools be
asked to require as thorough a preparation in elementary agriculture, gardening,
domestic science and such other vocational subjects as will enable those who are
to handle children in the first eight years of school life, to train children toward
their environment, instead of away from their environment, in such a way that
farming will be looked upon as a profession as well as a vocation, and in such a
way that children will, on entering the high school, be interested in and care to
pursue farming as well as medicine, law and the other professions that they are now
most likely to choose on entering high school.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 455
Rural Economy and Development.
Be it Resolved, That owiug to muoh unsystematic and unscientific methods in
our rural industry, and a want of initiative in the development of undeveloped re-
sources in the rural economies of the nation, this convention heartily endorses the
provisions embodied in the Lever bill, now pending before the United States Senate,
providing for demonstrations in the development, management and caretaking of
orchard, vineyard and field crops; that each and every member of this convention
will write to the California Senators, asking their support of this bill, and that the
Secretary of this convention telegraph this resolution to the California Senators at
Washington.
New Legislation.
Be it Resolrrd, That owing to the multiplicity of countj' ordinances, each more
or less at variance with the other, thus cumbering and I'estraining the economic and
expeditious handling of commercial transactions, this convention places itself on
record as in favor of a more uniform system of inspection and laws regarding the
same, to the ultimate end that eventually we shall have a uniform system covering
the entire State ; that the various State and county horticultural authorities use
evei'y eli'ort to bring this about as speedily as possible, thereby not only expediting
the inspection of plants and fruits, but also iu conserving, promoting, and developing
horticulture and pomology along sane lines and with safety to all the interests con-
cerned ; that as a means to this end this convention advises that no new county
ordinances be enacted unless first submitted and passed on by a committee of seven,
consisting of the State Horticultural Commissioner, two members of the State
Association of County Horticultural Commissioners and two representative Califor-
nia fruit growers, and two members of the California Association of Nurserymen.
It is suggested that this committee be selected to give representation to the leading
horticultural sections of the State.
Freight Rates.
Whereas. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company, by its unfair switching
chai'ges. discriminates against the fruit growers along its feeder lines ; and
AVhereas. Such charges are designed to cripple competing lines and to discourage
fair competition ; and
Whereas. Such discriminating charges are not alone injurious to our greatest
California industry, but designed to retard our growth and prospects, and are
plainly in restraint of trade ; therefore, be it
Resolrrft That it is the sense of this convention, representing the fruit growers
of California, that the State Railroad Commission take this matter into considera-
tion and lay it before the Interstate Commerce Commission for investigation and
remedy : and lie it further
Resolved. That the Committee on Transportation be requested to bring this matter
to the attention of the State Railroad Commission, and urge upon it the necessity"
for immediate action, in oi'der that this injustice to a large and important class of
our products may cease.
Duplicate Manifest in Shipping Nursery Stock.
Be it Resolved, That we endorse the recommendation of the State Horticultural
Commissioner that whenever a shipment of nursery stock of whatever description
is made fi-om one county to another within the State of California, the person, firm,
corporation or agent making such shipment shall immediately send by mail a mani-
fest of such shipment to the horticultural commissioner of the county to which
said shipment is consigned. Said notice shall give the name and address of the
consignee, and a full list of the stock contained in the consignment, together with
the name of the state where stock was grown. If there is no horticultural com-
missioner for the district or county to which the stock is consigned, said notice shall
be mailed to the State Horticultural Commissioner.
The Monthly Bulletin.
Be it Resolved. That this convention is heartily iu favor of the continuance of
the publication of The Monthly Bulletin of the State Horticultural Commission.
Employers' Liability Legislation as Applied to Orchard and Field Help.
Be it Resolved. That since the State Industrial Accident Board has given notice
of an intention to endeavor to secure legislation at the next session of the legis-
456 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
lature, which will make the compensation provisions of the Roseborry law com-
pulsoi'y on the employers of labor, whereby farmers will be compelled to carry heavy
insurance to avoid bankruptcy under contingencies occasioned by such legislation ;
and that the Roseberry law and kindred legislation are based on the mistaken theory
that all employers of labor can add the cost to the selling price of their products,
thereby assessing the tax especially against the business of the counti'y ; and which
from the nature of things bears an opposite economic relation to the business and
manufacturing interests, being compelled to sell in world's markets without regard
to the cost of production, a fact which will cause the larger part of cost of com-
pensation liability to be absorbed by depreciating land values ; and that such legis-
lation unnecessarily and unjustly disturbs the relations existing between farmers
and farm laborers, neither of whom have agitated in favor of such laws ; that it is
the sense of this State Fruit Growers' Convention that accident compensation laws,
to be just, should operate to place the burdens of the same on society in general ;
hence, employees should bear a just share of the liability ; and that we hereby
petition the legislature to omit farmers from the class of emploj^ers that are to be
brought under compulsory compensation ; and that a committee of three be appointed
by the chair to present this request to the legislature of California at its next session.
Examinations for Horticultural Commissioners.
Be it Resolved, That this convention, being keenly alive to the diverse conditions
of soils and climates of California, and their corresponding variety of orchard and
field crops, rendering qualifications largely local in character rather than general ;
that a knowedge based on years of experience and wide observation touching on these
local or individual county conditions, which being of the first importance, this con-
vention deems it inexpedient and unwise to make radical changes in the present
system.
Resolution of Thanks.
Your Committee on Resolutions wishes to give an expression of thanks for the
cordial feeling shown the convention on the part of the citizens of Fresno, as follows :
Be it Resolved, That the thanks of the convention are hereby tendered to the
municipality for the use of the City Council Chamber as a meeting place ;
To the enterprising citizens of Fresno for the automobile ride on Thursday after-
noon, December 11th ;
To the daily papers of Fresno, who have reported the convention fully in their
columns, thus giving wide publicity to our deliberations ;
To the Fresno Chamber of Commerce for favors extended ;
For the many individual courtesies extended the visiting delegates by the good
people of Fresno ;
To the nurserymen of the vicinity for their efi'orts in our behalf ; and
To the efforts of Mr. Schell in arranging the many details of this convention.
In Memoriam.
Whereas, Through the death of County Horticultural Commi.ssioner A. R.
Meserve, the horticultural officers and members of this Commission have suffered a
deep, personal loss ; therefore, be it
Resolved, That they express their sense of this affliction by causing this resolution
to become a part of the record of this convention, and by sending copies of it to the
different members of his family.
Fkesno, Cal., December 12, 1912.
Whereas, Through the death of County Horticultural Commissioner Linden
Bree, the horticultural officers and members of this Commission have suffered a
deep, personal loss ; therefore, be it
Resolved, That they express their sense of this aflliction by causing this resolution
to become a part of the record of this convention, and by sending a copy of it to his
mother.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
^57
THIRD DAY— MORNING SESSION.
Fresno, December 13, 1912.
After an invocation by Rev. Thomas T. Giffin, the meeting was called
to order, Dr. A. J. Cook, State Commissioner, presiding.
Dr. Cook. The first address to be given this morning is on Drainage
and Alkali Reclamation, by Mr. Frank Adams of the United States
Department of Agriculture at Berkeley, but as Mr. Adams has not yet
come in, I want to introduce to you Mr. Risser, who will give a short talk
on the packing of grapes in sawdust for long distance shipment and
storage purposes.
PACKING GRAPES IN SAWDUST FOR SHIPMENT.
By R. G. Risser. U. S. Department of Agriculture.
There are approximately seven hundred thousand barrels of grapes
imported into this country from Spain, selling at a price of about three
million dollars, or something about four to sixteen cents per pound. The
first grapes that were packed in redwood sawdust— the first grapes ever
packed in sawdust — redwood sawdust at least — were packed by A. V.
Stubenrauch of the United States Department of Agriculture, in charge
of the field of pomology. He packed them three years ago, and since
then experiments in that department have been continued, and com-
mercial growers have now taken it up. This year twenty carloads of
grapes were packed and shipped to eastern markets, Chicago and New
York particularly ; these were packed in sawdust for commercial growers.
Last winter grapes that were packed in sawdust sold at auction for about
$2.60, I think, weighing about twenty-seven pounds. This year grapes
are being put up in drums, like you see here, packed in sawdust. The
sawdust has to be mixed in with the grapes, in between the bunches and
the fruit. A layer of sawdust is first put in the bottom of the drum, then
a layer of grapes and then another layer of sawdust, shaken well do^vn
into the grapes, and so on until the drums are completely filled up. The
cost of the drum is approximately about thirty-three cents. It is possible
that by next year they can be packed in boxes that will cost probably
about twelve cents, thus reducing the cost of packing. The cost of the
sawdust at the present time is about thirty-five cents a sack, holding
twenty-five pounds. That seems pretty high, but no doubt this will be
reduced as the demands grow for it and the growers begin to pack their
grapes on a larger scale. The cost of cork is, though, six to eight cents
a pound. Sawdust is much lighter than cork, and it requires about half
as much cork in weight as it does sawdust, so there is not quite as much
difference in the cost of sawdust and cork as you might fear.
Some of the best commercial grapes for packing are the varieties
known as the Imperial and Malaga; those two are probably the best.
The Imperial will keep quite a little longer than the Malaga, until about
the middle of January, but the first time packing in sawdust Avas tried
458 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
they kept until about the middle of October. It depends a great deal
upon the stage of ripeness the grapes are in when picked, and some
varieties mature much earlier than others. In making tests of a great
many different varieties, and with some less common kinds, our greatest
difficulties were in the fact that we have competition with Spain, from
whom we import a great quantity. This Almeria grape comes from
Spain, and we have some here, and you can see, after the meeting, in
what tine condition they are. Some of these grapes are iMalagas and
were packed in September, being now a little more than three months
that they have been packed. We always test these grapes out after we
take them out of the drum, out of storage, and about a week later in
order to find out how much deterioration there has been during that
time, and we find that there is very little deterioration, if they have been
kept in a cold place after unpacking ; but after a week, the deterioration
is C[uite rapid. If there are any questions I can answer about this work
I shall be glad to do so.
Mr. Ashbury. At what temperature are they put down ?
Mr. Risser. It is hard to say exactly, about 32 degrees I should say,
but we have experimented at different temperatures. The common prac-
tice was to ship under ice to the east. Some that are packed are being
held here of course, but only a small amount.
Mr. Ashbury. Have you experimented on taking the grapes out of
the sawdust and then putting them back, and what has been the result ?
Mr. Risser. It has been our experience so far if we take them out and
put them back in storage they will go down very rapidly. It is necessary
to keep them right in that sawdust in which they are packed until ready
for use. That would be the proper way, at least that would be my
opinion as to that.
^Ir. Swett. You think that cold storage is necessary or advisable
with the Almeria grape ? There is no cold storage used with the grapes
shipped from Spain, is there ?
Mr. Risser. They are shipped without ice to this country and held in
cold storage. Whether the grapes in California or the common grapes
grown here would l)e different I don 't know.
]\Ir. Swett. They were held in cold storage and also without, is that
it ?
Mr. Risser. That has been tried before I entered the work. Tliere
have been a good many experiments conducted before my time.
Mr. Swett. About ten or fifteen years ago there were some investi-
gations conducted by the Stanford University and there was found to be
gi^at variation in the type of grapes in the same vineyards. That is,
they were not necessarily absolutely distinct varieties, but different
strains, and I think it Avould be highly advisable if California ever
wanted to grow that kind of grape to send again to Spain and select
cuttings from the best type of this grape. About twenty-five years ago
cuttings were imported into California and you have some of that type
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 459
there now on the table. In the importations of Spain you will find
certain grapes much better in grading, of large appearance and slightly
different shape, but that may all be due to difference in environment.
Mr. Risser. We have a number of different kinds of the Almeria
grape in the experimental vineyards, but I am not up on the same enough
to give authentic information, but Mr. Schmidt, who is an authority on
this subject, might tell us.
Mr. Schmidt. We have several types of the Almeria grape — the
Ojanez is generally considered the best variety. The Almeria and the
Malaga are splendid types, but the Ojanez, so far, I believe, is considered
the best variety of grapes here on the coast. I believe they would keep
until April if put up in sawdust. It hasn't been tried as yet, but we are
making experiments constantly, and we have some types here now that
we are experimenting with.
Mr. Swett. Are they beginning to bear at all?
Mr. Schmidt. They are, of course, quite young as yet, but they
yielded a fairly good crop this year, considering the variety. We didn 't
think they would bear at all, but upon examination of the buds they
showed that the fruit wa.s spread a good deal from out on the branches,
but pruning brought out quite a little, right around the crown of the
vines. Well, we are going to put them up on this trellis system, seven
feet high, as soon as we can get the vines large enough to put them on,
and so we are going to try that way of pruning them — try that out.
They did fairly well out here at Fresno's experiment staticm this year.
They showed a little black spot which formed on the tissues. This is
rather serious, and we do not know what it is. We have sent some fruit
to Washington for examination, but as yet, as far as I know, no results
have been obtained.
Mr. Swett. We have a few vines growing at Martinez where the
trellis system is used, but they are so late that they do not ripen here
before the winter sets in.
Chairman Cook. It is a great satisfaction I know to all of us that we
have one as able as Mr. Adams to discuss this matter of alkali and drain-
age reclamation. Mr. Adams is of the Department of Agriculture, and
he has given this matter a great deal of attention and is thoroughly con-
versant with this work. This address is being given by him at special
request, and it seems there was some little difficulty — lack of time, I
■believe — but I wrote that he nuist come, so he is with us to-day. INIr.
Adams, I am very glad that we have the pleasure of having you with us
this morning.
460 TPIE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
DRAINAGE AND ALKALI RECLAMATION.
By Frank Adams, Irrigation Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
During the past fifteen or twenty years the owners of western irri-
gated lands and the communities dependent on them for prosperity
have quite generally come to realize that drainage is almost as funda-
mental, even if not fully so, as irrigation. Many hundreds of thousands
of acres of once highly productive lands have, acre by acre, been ren-
dered wholly or partially non-productive through an excess of ground
water in the feeding zones of plants and the consequent concentration
at or near the surface of excessive quantities of alkali.
While this condition obtains in every western state, it is usually local-
ized in those sections of each state where considerable quantities of
water have been or are now being used, where the irrigated lands are
relatively flat and distant from ample natural drainage channels, or
where lands are so situated with reference to canals as to receive lateral
seepage from them, as, for instance, when they lie at the base of rela-
tively steep slopes across which canals are run.
If the excess of water that causes injury to a farm were merely that
which the farmer himself applies in irrigation to his own farm over and
above the immediate needs of his crops, little general injury would be
likely to occur, because few farmers would continue long to add water
to land already excessively moist. But it is usually the water that seeps
from canals or from higher irrigated lands, and the coming of Avhich
the individual can not prevent, that does the damage.
Drainage Methods.
It would not be worth while for this convention to listen to a detailed
description of the various methods that have been developed in this
country for draining irrigated lands, even if the writer were a specialist
on that subject. Those interested can obtain far more information than
I can give by reading the various drainage publications issued by the
Irrigation and Drainage Investigations of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, all of which can be obtained free on application
to the Secretary of Agriculture at Washington. A few general obser-
vations as to methods may, however, be in place here, especially as they
may aid in making clear the results of specific drainage experiments
conducted by the Irrigation and Drainage Investigations and the State
Engineering Department of California, near Fresno, to be taken up
later in this paper.
Since the condition that makes drainage necessary is not due to the
Avater applied directly in irrigation, but rather to the water that seeps
from canals or higher overirrigated ground, the fundamental process
in drainage is to intercept the excess water in its lateral percolation
along some hard or relatively impervious substratum, or in its rise in
the form of ground water. Consequently, the location and depth of
drains is of prime importance. If it is feasible to intercept lateral
seepage water before it reaches a point of injury, it is obvious that
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 461
before locating drains the subsurface conditions must be looked into
with great care. This simple fact is mentioned here because according
to those who have been conducting drainage investigations it is very
frequently overlooked. On the other hand, if the injury comes directly
from below, by the rise of ground water, it is plain that drains must
be large enough and deep enough, and, if of tile, so carefully laid as to
both alignment and grade, that they will not clog, but will hold the
ground water low enough to give ample feeding room for plant roots,
and generally to prevent the rise of water by capillarity and the conse-
quent accumulation of alkali on the surface. In damaged irrigated
fields experience has shown that 6 feet is about a minimum depth for
tile drains.
"Where the adverse condition of excessive moisture has obtained suffi-
ciently long to result in an excess of alkali, it is evident that in addition
to drainage, assuming the natural precipitation is not sufficiently heavy
to accomplish reclamation within a reasonable time, surface flooding is
necessary to wash out the excessive salts. Sometimes both drains to
intercept lateral percolation and drains to lower the ground water
coming up from below are necessary in the same field. Again, where
it is not practicable to place drains deep enough to collect water press-
ing up from below, drainage engineers consider it feasible to excavate
pits 4 feet or more deep at intervals directly beneath the drains, which,
when filled with gravel, readily carry the water up to the level of the
drains. Occasionally, when water seeps laterally through gravel before
reaching and causing injury to a field, collecting or "relief" wells in
the gravel are sunk and connected to the drainage system. Where
drainage waters can not readily be discharged by gravity it has been
found feasible to collect them into sumps, from which they can be
pumped into irrigation canals or other surface channels lying above the
level at which it is desired to maintain the ground water.
Drainage Experiments in Other States.
Since about 1901 the Irrigation and Drainage Investigations of the
Department of Agriculture have been conducting drainage experiments
in the western states, until recently mostly under the immediate direc-
tion of Mr. C. G. Elliott, who for some years was Chief of Drainage
Investigations. Experiments conducted near Fresno under the direc-
tion of Dr. Samuel Fortier, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, will form
a later subject in this paper, but before taking them up it may be of
interest to cite some of the results obtained elsewhere. Only brief
mention will be made of such results as are cited, because the experi-
ments are described in detail in Farmers' Bulletin No. 371 and in a
reprint from the annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations for
1910, entitled "Development of Methods of Draining Irrigated Lands."
Eleven separate drainage experiments were carried on in Utah from
1904 to 1908, with some of them still in progress. A few of these only
will be mentioned.
462 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Hyde Park Experiment.
This covered two separate holdings, totaling about 31.5 acres in an
affected belt of 2,000 acres, between Hyde Park and Logan, on Avhich
satisfactory yields had been obtained for twenty years prior to damage
by seepage. The soil was black loam, underlaid with yellow clay, both
of an open nature. First cereals and root crops gave way on account
of seepage to hay grasses, the latter in turn being replaced by water
grasses. Lines of 8-inch and 6-inch tile were laid 4 to 4.7 feet deep
along the upper edge of the experimental tract to intercept the seepage
from the higher lands adjoining, and a line of 5-inch tile was placed 4
feet deep lower down to care for the seepage that passed the upper line.
Since drainage, yields of 50 bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, and
18 tons of sugar beets per acre have been taken from the reclaimed land.
The average cost per acre for drainage was il'15.60.
Garland Experiment.
The area treated here was 60 acres, the soil being clay loam, iinder-
lain by separate strata of sand and clay and pockets of sand, and the
tract itself being part of a flat depression separated from Bear River
Canal by a stretch of sandy lands. The source of excess water was
seepage from irrigation and the canal. Trouble began with a season of
subirrigation, when the crops were record breakers. Then several
acres became drowned out. Eleven farmers joined the Department of
Agriculture in the drainage experiment. Both intercepting and outlet
drains were used. Five-inch and 6-ineh tile placed 4 feet deep led to
8-inch and 10-inch main outlets. The resulting improvement in this
tract after drainage was very marked, not a trace of alkali showing.
The average cost per acre was $16.87. Since this experiment was con-
cluded a drain-tile factory has been built by neighboring farmers,
because the tile the experiment proved were necessary could not be
obtained Mdthin a convenient shipping distance. In addition, hand
labor has been displaced in some cases by steam trenching machines
suitable to the soil present and which excavate the trench to the full
required depth at one passage.
Richfield Experiment.
This covered 80 acres in central Utah, the tract having a gentle slope
of about 1 foot in 200. The source of seepage water was lateral perco-
lation through a sand substratum from higher lands. Two parallel
lines of 5-inch and 6-inch tile were laid 600 feet apart across the slope,
with a few laterals of 4-inch tile to tap particular spots. The average
depth was 5 feet. An open-trench outlet, first proposed to reduce cost,
was replaced by a 10-inch pipe drain. Only the very highest portion of
the 80-acre field was producing crops when the experiment w^as under-
taken, the balance being covered with salt gra.ss. After the ^^•ork was
completed a great deal of water was discharged, apparently from every
part of the system, damp spots becoming dry and the spread of alkali
stopped. The writer has not at hand the results of this experiment to
date, but conditions were reported so gratifying that other projects
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 463
were uudertaken in the same locality, including the formation of a
drainage district of 1,000 acres. One of the farmers in the tract sub-
jected his land to a thorough leaching process and was confident of
general success. The acre-cost in this experiment was $14.02.
Experiments Near Fresno.
It is not necessary to multiply instances from other states of success-
ful experiments in draining irrigated land injuriously affected by the
rise of ground water and alkali accumulations. This is especially the
case since, as already mentioned, experiments have been conducted in
the near vicinity of Fresno. The first work done here was on the Taft
and Hansen farms at Fig and Central avenues, three miles south of the
city, and was under the Bureau of Soils of the Department of Agri-
culture. The plan was to drain into a sump and then lift the drainage
water into Central Canal by means of a 3-inch centrifugal pump
operated by a water wheel in the canal. The first tile installation was
partially unsatisfactory, but it was replaced by a larger one. The
pump was operated for several years whenever there was water in
Central Canal to turn the water wheel. This was not sufficiently
steady, however, to hold the ground water at a sufficiently low level,
because during the season of high ground water here a few hours only
are required after stopping a drainage pump to have the ground water
reach its former level. In 1908, owing to the unsatisfactory power
supplied by the current wheel in the canal, a portion of this tract was
connected with a new drainage system on the west and north, which
was installed in that year on the farms of J. and Fred W. Hansen.
This new system will be considered later.
Fresno Drainage Survey of 1902.
In 1902 a general drainage survey was made in the vicinity of Fresno
I'.y Prof. 0. V. P. Stout, under the general direction of Mr. Elwood
Iviead, then Chief of Irrigation Investigations in the Department of
Agriculture, in order to understand the engineering problems involved
in the proper drainage of this region, the necessity of drainage being
so evident that it was assumed. As a result of this survey two general
plans for the relief of about 18,000 acres south and west of Fresno
were prepared by Mr. C. G. Elliott, then Chief of Drainage Investiga-
tions. One plan involved 8 parallel open drains one half mile apart,
extending from the eastern boundary of the district west to an inter-
cepting drain leading to Fresno Slough, 20 miles distant. The second
plan considered dividing the proposed drainage district into 18 sub-
districts, averaging in size from 800 to 1,700 acres. Parallel lines of
tile from 8 to 22 inches in diameter were to take the place of the open
drains in the first plan. Instead of being carried 20 miles in a drainage
channel leading to Fresno Slough, the drainage water was to be pumped
from collecting sumps to the various irrigation canals. The estimated
acre-cost of the tile system was $13 to $14, with that of the open system
possibly a little larger. No action was taken by the Fresno farmers as
a result of this survey and report.
4Grt THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Experiments on the Dore and Baker Tracts.
In 1906 additional work was undertaken by the Irrigation Investi-
gations and the State Engineering Department of California in the
P'resno lands needing drainage, the purpose this time being to shoAv
experimentally the benefits of drainage. Two tracts were selected for
experiments, one of 20 acres at North and Elm avenues, known as the
Baker tract, and one of 40 acres on the farm of Mr. John S. Dore, three
and one half miles west and one half mile south of the Baker tract.
The Baker tract is underlain unevenly with hardpan and the accumu-
lation of alkali was thought to be as heavy as on any other tract in the
affected district. About one half of the tract had never produced crops
of any kind and practically no profits had been obtained from the rest
for several years. The Dore tract, on the other hand, was a finely kept
vineyard that had been very profitable but that had begun to fail
rapidly, about one fourth of the vines being already dead.
The plans of the experiments on the Baker and Dore tracts and the
immediate results obtained are fully discussed in Bulletin 217 of the
Office of Experiment Stations of the Department of Agriculture. Both
experiments involved the laying of main and lateral tile lines, ranging
from 8 inches down to 4 inches in diameter, and leading to sumps from
which the drainage water could be lifted by electric pumping plants and
carried to nearby irrigation canals. The least depth at which the tile
was laid was 3.5 feet, the average depth being 4.5 feet and the outlets
into the sumps being 6 or 7 feet below the surface. The local difficulties
encountered are fully detailed in the bulletin mentioned, including the
necessity for blasting the hardpan on part of the Baker tract at a cost
of about $10 to about $14 per acre. After the tile and pumping systems
had been completed both tracts were flooded to a depth of about 12 or
more inches. The Baker tract was flooded intermittently through the
spring of 1907. On the Dore tract flooding occurred for ten days the
first spring, and from the following fall to the first week in March, 1908.
Results.
Baker Tract. — Following the flooding and the operation of the pump-
ing plant on this tract a marked improvement was apparent in the color
and tilth of the soil. Two small tracts were planted to muscat vines,
practically all of which lived and made a healthy growth throughout
the first summer. The remainder of the tract was seeded about June
1st, four acres planted to sorghum growing spotted patches of fodder
8 or 9 feet high and yielding 1.5 tons per acre, the spotting being due
to the presence of hardpan on the one hand and to the breaking up of
some of this hardpan by blasting on the other. This tract has not been
flooded since the time of the experiment in 1907 and 1908 and the pump
Las not been operated by the owner of the tract since 1909. Neither
has the owner made any effort to cultivate or crop it since then, with
the exception of seeding a small portion to barley the first season after
the experiment was concluded by the Irrigation Investigations. At
present the tract is abandoned to Bermuda and salt grass pasture and
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. ■465
to the casual observer indicates a total failure of the experiment. But
an examination of the tract, interviews with those who are familiar with
it, and interviews wiJi the owner suggest the very evident conclusion
that, in spite of the exceedingly poor soil involved, largely due to the
unfavorable hardpan condition, the plan of drainage was entirely satis-
factory and that if it had been persisted in by the owner, instead of
encouraging a return to Bermuda pasture, a permanent improvement
would have resulted over at least a portion of the twenty acres. Rather
than demonstrating the failure of drainage in this section, it is believed
that the experiment on the Baker tract shows, first, that there are diffi-
culties connected with drainage of the very poor land, and second, that
thorough and persistent farming is as necessary as a good tile system.
Bore Tract. — When the experiment was undertaken on this tract in
1907 it was estimated by the owner that at the rate the vines were then
dying the entire forty acres would become unproductive from the rise
of ground water and alkali within a few years. Of 1,000 young vines
set out in April, 1908, after flooding and draining, 95 per cent made a
very strong growth and lived. In addition old vines that had practi-
cally ceased to throw out shoots began to do so, although these nearly
dead vines ultimately succumbed. The old producing vines made a
more healthy growth than for several years, remaining green throughout
the summer instead of turning yellow with the first hot days of June,
as before. According to Mr. Dore, an equally marked effect was then
and has since been produced on the quantity and quality of the yield.
The experiment was concluded by the Irrigation Investigations in 1909,
but the tract has been revisited by the writer within the present week.
The land has been neither flooded nor irrigated since 1908, and no new
plantings of vines have been made later than one year following the
period of the experiment. Some more of the old producing vines have
died, several acres of the land thus bared beine planted to pome-
granates. Some of the pomegranates have also died, but those were
located alike in the land most free from and most charged with alkali,
^tnd the owner attributes their failure to causes other than alkali which
he can not explain. But the young vines that have been planted and
that have not been injured by other causes have apparently made a
highly satisfactory growth and beyond any question whatever demon-
strate the entire success of the experiment. Some of the old vines are
still dropping out in patches and it is evident, so far as conclusions are
warranted from casual observations, that the land, which has had abso-
lutely no .surface water since the experiment was in progress in 1908
other than light precipitation, needs additional leachings. Owing to
the continued low price of raisins Mr. Dore has not been encouraged to
replant his vineyard where vines are missing, believing that possibly
alfalfa will be more profitable, considering all circumstances. Conse-
quently results are not available for young vines over the entire forty
acres. Not one acre of Mr. Dore's tract has, however, gone back to
pasture, for with the exception of a brief period each season when the
8— HB
466 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ground water is highest thronghont the district, the drainage pump has
held it down to a safe level, in spite of the high level of ground water in
all of the surrounding country.
Drainage on Hansen Farm.
During the progress of the drainage experiments on the Baker and
Dore tracts part of the work was done, at wages, by a comparatively
young farmer of the neighborhood who had seen his father's forty acres
grow from a land of tar weeds to a $20,000 vineyard and then back
again, after the rise of ground water and alkali, until for an entire year
prior to 1907 it was carried on the market without a buyer for about
one fifth of the former estimated value. AVhat this farmer got out of
his connection with the Baker and Dore tracts was more than his wages
and his contract price for pumping water during the construction
period. He got a knowledge of how to drain and an appreciation of
the results that could be made to follow. He already had twenty acres
of his own and about $600 in cash, and with the assistance of the Irriga-
tion Investigations in laying out his system set about draining his own
twenty acres, eighty acres on the home ranch, and an additional twenty
acres adjoining which he purchased. Joining his neighbor on the south,
whose forty-acre tract was in the original Taft-Hansen experiment of
the Bureau of Soils, he changed the original position of the Taft-Hansen
pumping plant, advanced $300 to the local power company to get their
power line made accessible, and zig-zagged a 6-inch and 8-inch line of
tile through the property from northeast to southwest to the collecting
sump and pumps. One 6-inch lateral was run north into a corner of
the sixty-acre home place ; and an 8-inch lateral was run east to tap the
land of his co-operating neighbor.
This homemade drainage system on the Hansen farm was laid in
October and November, 1908. In 1909 ten acres were leveed, flooded,
and seedefl. This was added to by eight acres in 1910 and by nineteen
acres in 1911, and the work of flooding an additional forty acres will be
started as soon as water is available for the purpose in the canals. The
?cre-cost of the drainage system was $12 on the F. W. Hansen forty
acres and $15 on the remaining eighty. Nineteen of the twenty acres
purchased on borrowed money in 1908 in 1912 yielded seven tons of
alfalfa per acre, according to the figures of the owner, which sold for $10
per ton, or a total of five times the original cost of the drainage system
for the same area. This land was seeded in 1909 and 1910. Another
nineteen acres seeded in the spring of 1912 and lying at the far diagonal
corner of the tract, in the same season gave a measured yield of ninety
tons of alfalfa, which if sold at the price brought by the alfalfa from the
other nineteen acres, viz, $10 per ton, would have paid the purchase
price of the twenty acres of which the nineteen acres is a part, plus the
original cost of the tile drains. This land has been flooded and drained
for three years prior to seeding. Of the nineteen acres, eight acres has
received its entire irrigation water — it Avas irrigated heavily four times
in 1912 — from the drainage pump, sustaining so far as is possible with
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
167
cne season's work the conclusion of those who have from the first main-
tained, after nnmerons analyses of the drainage water, that the drainage
water here is entirely satisfactory for irrigation. Starting in 1908 with
iorty acres and a debt of $1,800, this farmer, by applying knowledge he
had gained through his connection with the Baker and Dore experi-
ments, has in less than five years cleared his debt, built one barn and
repaired another, and maintained a family of seven children from the
profits of land that before drainage had an approximate value, as esti-
mated by a conservative Fresno banker, of about $50 per acre. Of the
land drained by the co-operating neighbor, sixteen acres of alfalfa
seeded in 1910 yielded an estimated 100 tons in 1911 and an estimated
112 tons in 1912. A near-by twenty acres which is underlain with tile,
but from which no water has been pumped for three years, is in salt and
Bermuda grasses, yielding at the most seven or eight months of pasture
at the rate of about two acres per cow.
Conclusions.
There lies in the general neighborhood of Fresno, as determined by
surveys and studies of the Department of Agriculture, something like
200,000 acres of land now needing or coming to need drainage. In one
form or another the story has many times been told of the well-kept
avenues lined with beautiful shade trees which lead out from this city
to the districts in wliich only dead stumps and Bermuda and salt grass
pastures mark the places where valuable orchards and vineyards once
flourished. Whether the former value of these orchards and vineyards
was $350 per acre, as has been estimated by some writers, or only $200
per acre, as was yesterday estimated by a Fresno banker who has lived
here many years, the social and economic changes that have come to the
most badly affected districts are clearly evident. Whether these seeped'
lands, undrained and in pasture, are worth over $100 per acre, as some
of the owners claim, or only $50 per acre, which is the highest price one
conservative investor says he is willing to pay, it is plain that this fine
city of Fresno could not long prosper if the surrounding farmers
obtained no higher returns than can come from salt and Bermuda
grasses. It is true that at the recent prices of raisins, many vineyards
may face a loss on a season's operations, but what of the Bermuda grass
grower when butter fat gets back, say, to 20 cents a pound? With the
gross profits from such a price, how many pianos and automobiles can
the Bermuda and salt grass dairyman buy after paying for the alfalfa
his herd needs when there is no feed in the pasture? Nor is the ques-
tion of drainage of interest only to the dairyman. How long can the
real estate of Fresno City maintain its present high value, how long can
there be fine libraries and fine stores here, how long can the county
continue to hold its reputation for wealth and productiveness if the old
landmarks among the farms shall permanently give way to the leaning
gatepost and the decaying buildings of the alkali-affected districts?
it is true that large areas about Fresno are not as badly affected as the
section in which experiments have been made, and are producing
468 THE MONTHLY BULLETIX.
heavily; but it is also true that some of these also may ultimately be
affected.
That a feasible plan of drainage for the too-moist lands about Fresno
is bound to come can not be questioned. The citizens here have fre-
(^uently asked the assistance of the office with which I am in my small
way connected, and the response made has been fully commensurate
with the means of those in charge. Possibly the office can be of no
further help. The experiments outlined in this paper, however, addi-
tional experiments in progress at the instance of the local power and
irrigation interests, and the successful resort to drainage on the George
C. Roeding and the Sunnyside tracts, seem to furnish all needed dem-
onstration of the feasibility of removing the injury that has been done.
Possibly difficulties not now foreseen will arise in carrying out larger
undertakings than those now under way, but those who are profes-
sionally thoroughly familiar with drainage and alkali reclauuition
throughout the west, as well as here, declare the drainage of the sections
about Fresno needing it, not only feasible and practicable, but fully
warranted by the results that have been obtained elsewhere.
The formation of one or more drainage districts about Fresno has
frequently been suggested. In fact, our drainage district act was
drafted with conditions here especially in view. It is believed that the
time has never been more opportune for action and accomplishment
than now.
Chairman Cook. This has certainly been a most admirable paper,
and will be read with interest by all in California, because in every part,
more or less, there is this alkali land. Drainage in the land will be a
great advantage, and certainly will be very valuable and not onl.y could
this work be carried on in Fresno, but in every part of southern Cali-
fornia at great advantage, because there is considerable alkali down
there, as well as up here. Land there became absolutely worthless, but
they began drainage and washing out the alkali, costing about twelve
dollars per acre, but now they raise wonderful crops of alfalfa. Ladies
and gentlemen, we ought to have a stirring, lively discussion on this sub-
ject, and I hope you will all take part in it. Who will be first!
A Member. We here in Fresno are thoroughly interested in this
question. Tw^enty-eight years ago this drainage was first suggested
in this valley. I should like to hear just a few words from Miss Hatch,
who can tell us what this alkali has done for us here.
Miss Hatch. I cannot tell all the efforts I made to interest the
residents of central California and arouse them to this danger, but to
no avail. They said the expense would be greater than the valley was
worth. But I was a resident and was one of the few Avho waked up to
the idea that drainage was the only thing that would save us from
destruction. I talked and talked with various residents here, but they
wouldn't listen, and I have had this experience of seeing it go to
destruction because none were ready to fight against it. That land
to-day is largely given over to growing Bermuda grass and salt grass,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 469
and tliey all know that to-day — know what I told them over and over
again years ago, and now they come to me and say, it happened exactly
as you told us it would, and our land has gone because we neglected to
realize what was happening and neglected to do anything for it.
Mr. Aaronsohn. The question of overflowing lands is not as danger-
ous with us, as we do not have any great quantity of water, and then
there is another question. The art of irrigation cannot be acquired
from the very start ; it takes a long time for a farmer to learn how to
use water on his land and in our country, where we have been engaged
in agriculture thousands of years, nearly every farmer who has water
at his disposal for irrigation knows how to make use of it, and, therefore,
the danger of overflowing the land and bringing in too much alkali is
not a problem with us. Still, in some parts of our country, especially
in the southern parts of Palestine and upon the Dead Sea wastes of the
Sahara, there are large quantities of salt in the water, and it happens
very often that patches of land have been cultivated for a number of
years that are so full of alkali that it does not pay to put any more crops
on them. But then the natives have a very simple way of getting rid of
the alkali. As you know, land is very cheap there ; they rent this land
for a year or two and wait until they have plenty of rainfall, and then
the rain washes out the alkali from the soil, and generally our engineers
and farmers come to this result — that before they begin to study a
system of irrigation, when they come to realize that it pays to wait for
the rains to drain ofl' the allcali rather than to spend. the same time,
besides the great expense, to establish a system of drainage. Irrigation
wdthout drainage is considered in our country by the most progressive
farmers as a very dangerous thing and leads to overflowing of lands,
making it too rich in alkali. This idea of all irrigation engineers in
theory has a splendid underlying principle, that they have to take care
of the drainage question before they bring in water for irrigation.
Mr. Hutchinson. Speaking of the benefits of drainage, I only want
to say a few words. That is, I was talking with the gentlemen to whom
Mr. Dore delivered his raisins this year — Griffin & Skelley Company.
His raisins were the best of any delivered to the packing-house this
year. If Mr. Dore were here he could tell you something about the
matter. I do not know what has been done previously, but this year,
whether it came from the effect of his taking the best care or not I do
not know, but I am perfectly willing to give the drainage of his lands
the credit, and if many of our men living here would drain their lands,
it would certainly be a very great advantage to all lands adjoining.
We have heard Miss Hatch tell us about hers. I have heard her on
several occasions talking of drainage, but she couldn't get any of her
neighbors to take hold of the work. I am sorry she did not say Avhat the
damage was, but it M'as immense. I understand that only a few years
l)efore she was offered for that place of hers sixty-five thousand dollars.
I think she sold it for about five thousand. I am not certain, I haven't
her permission to say, but I Avant to show the people the difference
470 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
between caring for their lands as they should, and joining together,
draining certain sections of land and getting full value for it, and
letting it go with no care or drainage whatever.
Mr. Adams. Yesterday I asked a banker here in Fresno, Avho had
refused to loan a cent on certain land lying near, how much will you
loan on that land if it is drained and planted in alfalfa ? His answer
was, he would consider it good security for ninety to one hundred
dollars per acre at least.
Mr. Rixford. In regard to this universal condemnation of alkaline
land, I want to say something in favor of alkali. We have discovered
one plant that flourishes in alkaline land, and that is the date palm. I
have visited the date garden at Tempe, Arizona, where the whole sur-
face was white with alkali, . and those palms were growing there to
"beat the band." You can plant them when they are very young in
strong alkali, but after the plants are two or three years old they will
flourish in land that is so alkalined that none but salt brush will grow.
I am satisfied that a good deal of alkaline land in the San Joaquin
Valley will grow dates by planting the better varieties — the Rhars and
Deglet Nours.
]\Ir. Stephens. There is a very important matter, one that the
fruit growers of this State are deeply interested in, and I would like to
take a few minutes' time right here. It is this Railroad Commission;
whether the growers are back of this proposition, whether they want it
and are willing to ask for it or not, and every fruit grower interested
should be willing to attach his signature to this petition, and if the
petition can be passed around and not interfere with the meeting and
signed by the growers who wish to sign it, it would be a good thing.
This is a very important matter, of more importance than any other
action we have taken up here in this convention. If you want anything,
ask for it ; show that you want it, and if you do that you will get what
you want. Show the Railroad Commission that you are in earnest over
this matter and you are bound to get your rights. I hope every grower
will attach his signature to this petition, and in so doing he will show
that he desires the Railroad Commission to take this matter up.
IMember. I would suggest that everybody take a copy of this peti-
tion home, that every county commissioner be requested to take a copy
of this petition home and get signatures to it and then send it on to Mr.
Russ Stephens at Sacramento.
Mr. Garden. I would suggest that the secretary ought to be in
charge of this railroad petition and furnish a sufficient number of this
resolution, so that the commissioner in each county can hand a resolu-
tion to each inspector on his rounds, and in that way I think he could
reach every grower in the State.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 471
CALIFORNIA CURED FRUIT EXCHANGE.
By J. P. Dargitz, Sacramento, CaL
Ladies and Gentlemen: I believe that Dr. Cook has well stated the
matter when he says this is an important question, and I should have
been pleased if I could have had time to have prepared a paper which
would ver}' definitely cover the situation and put it in such a way that
it would become a matter of record and be considered. Therefore, on
such short notice, I shall simply have to give you a random talk and do
the best I can to give you some leading points and allow you to do the
necessary thinking to fill it out and make it sound as though it might
have been carefully written.
This is an age of progress. In religion men are coming to do their
own thinking rather than allowing the preachers to do it for them. In
the matter of politics we have the evidence of progress about us every
day. You know that the "elephant" and the "moose" both claim to be
progressive now, and even that staid old character, the "donkey," is
claiming to be progressive. Now, in the matter of fruit marketing, the
growers are just beginning to wake up and realize what progressive
ideas might mean to them. We have had progressive ideas presented
to us in the matter of cultivation and propagation of fruits, until now
we are producing in quantity and qualitj'- something that is worthy of
consideration. We are not ready to take any back seat on these points,
but in the matter of compensation for our efforts in that direction we lag
behind. Furthermore, the fruit grower devotes his efforts and time
toward producing the very best that he can, but has given no thought
apparently to the matter of marketing his fruit. Now there is perhaps
a cause for this, and that is the grower works individually. He works
all da}' among his trees and vines, they are his companions, and when
evening comes he is tired. Sometimes he will read a fruit paper, more
often he wants to go to bed and rest. On the other hand, the people
who are at the market end of the business are necessarily associated with
each other, and they are continually studying the market end of the
problem and sharpening their wits on each other. They are getting
next to the proposition, and therefore are keenly alive to the situation,
as they must be for self protection. We find that the retailers have
their organized associations ; we find that the wholesalers have their
organized associations ; we find that the lawyers are organized, and
they name their fee bill ; we find that physicians are organized, and they
name their fee bill ; and we find, in fact, that the hodcarriers are
organized, and that they name their fee bill. We find the Japanese,
who have invaded our sunny clime, have even organized, and when your
fruit is ready to move they have got you ; they name their fee bill, and
you have got to come through. And, strange to say, the fruit grower is
not willing to organize. He gives no thought to his fee bill until he is
nearly starved to death and forced into it.
The conditions of the fruit market during this season have been such
472 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
that the growers in many cases have been forced to wake up and take
some steps toward adjusting the matter. What would you think of a
man who never played a game of cards in his life, and who could not
toll the names of more than three or four cards in the deck, that should
attempt to go to a table and play cards for money with men who had
had years of experience in gambling? Well, they would have him tied
hand and foot. That is an illustration of where the fruit grower now
stands, giving absolutely no time or thought to the determining of w^hat
he should have for his efforts and the product of his labor, and how he
is going to get it. On the other hand, is a band of men who have, for
several thousand years, been sharpening their wits in attempting to
get the best of everything in trade, and they come and make a bargain
with the fruit grower for his fruit. What chance has he ? How can he
hold his own ? He simply cannot, and he has to take what the other has
a mind to give. Unless the fruit growers will organize and by organiza-
tion put the marketing of their fruit in the hands of some one who is
qualified in a measure, at least, to meet these others on their own
ground and on a fair basis, they will fail utterly. To succeed they must
organize and then they can thresh it out ; then there is some possibility
of the grower getting what he ought to have for the product of his
labor. Nothing in the world but organization will do it.
We heard Dr. Powell tell us last evening something about the
orange and lemon business and how the growers of these products had
combined and were able to market their fruit without involving specula-
tion, and on the other hand he called attention to the fact that the lemons
produced in Europe are handled on a purely speculative basis and so
marketed. Do you know that the cured fruits, that is, raisins, prunes,
peaches and apricots, and everything that is dried in that way, have
been marketed up to the present moment on a purely speculative basis ?
Now, I am not here to condemn particularly the packers, because I am
inclined to think that some packers at least are white men, who would
be inclined to pay the grower all they can and be safe themselves. But
let us suppose that one of these packers is named Smith, and Jones is
another, and that Smith wants to do his best for the grower, and that
Jones wants to do the best he can for Jones. Now what is the result
under conditions purely speculative ? Smith sends his buyers out to buy
fruit, paying fairly good prices for it. Jones sends his buyers out,
instructing them to buy at the lowest possible price, and to buy looking
out solely for Jones. Don 't you see that Smith, no matter wliat his good
intentions are, is forced to do exactly the same thing that Jones does,
otherwise, Jones paying far less for his fruit than does Smith, can go
out to the trade and undersell him. Therefore, in speculative buying
and handling, no matter how honest a packer may be, he is absolutely
forced to fight for his own life by buying the fruit from the grower at
the lowest possible notch that he can get the grower to take for it. It
is all wrong; it should be turned around and the grower should put a
price upon his product. The hodcarriers put a price on their produ^t^
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
473
Avhich is simple labor, and they get it. The Japanese put a price on
their product, which is labor, and they get it. And the doctor and the
lawyer, the retailer and the wholesaler, all these people do the same
thing, and they get their price, and why should not the grower do the
same thing ? Why is he placed in a class all by himself ? "Why is it the
grower has got to do business entirely different from all the rest of the
world? It is simply because he has not reached the point where he
realizes that he must establish his own fee bill to be on a par with the
rest of the world. It has been said that if the farmers got together they
would corner the market and charge such enormous prices for their
products that people could not and would not buy, and that tlie thing
would go all to pieces. Now, perhaps, there is a little justification for
such a conclusion. Farmers sometimes have done that thing in the past,
but if the farmer by organization, by securing talent to look after the
marketing end of the fruit, by gathering information on the crops and
the market conditions of the world, of the available supply and probable
demand, if he then will carefully name what is a fair price, based upon
the absolute rule of equity and justice to every man connected with the
business, from the man who plows in the field to the man who eats the
stewed fruit, or has it on the table at hotels and restaurants, then there
will be no question about the market.
Colonel Weinstock told me once that if a salesman came to him and
offered him a certain line of shoes at the price of two and a quarter
per pair and an agreement to maintain the market on them, or. on the
other hand, offered him the same shoe at a dollar seventy-five and would
give him no guaranty that the market would be maintained at that
price, that he would take the two and a quarter price every time, because
he would then know exactly where his competitors stood, and know that
a competitor could not undersell him and so destroy his business. On
the other hand, he would never know but that his competitors were
underselling him.
Now, gentlemen, the matter of naming a price that is reasonable will
just so surely win among the trade of the country when it comes to dried
and cured fruits. The trade of the country itself is sick and tired of this
matter of speculation, because while sometimes it means profit, it again
means ruin to them, and they would gladly hear of a solution and fall
into line with anything that would tend to maintain a reasonable price.
Would not we all be far better off to get, say, six cents a pound for dried
peaches year in and year out, knowing a definite price was assured, a
price not higher than that, except in years of extremely light crops ;
vfould not we all be far better off than to get eight or nine cents one
year and four or five cents for the next five years! You never make
money when you produce dried peaches and sell them for four cents a
pound; you can just as well let somebod}^ else assume the problem for
you and take the profits and pay the expenses, and you go visiting.
You would be just as well off. When you get five cents you have got
just enough money coming for your labor and investment. When you
474 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
get six cents, 3'ou are making some money and you are entitled to it,
and you are not making more in proportion then than other people who
are doing business. Take the matter of raisins. No matter how low the
price on raisins goes, the man who furni.shes the shook, the man who fur-
nishes the nails, the man who furnishes the labels, and the man who does
the packing, as well as the broker who does the selling, they are all mak-
ing their money. There is no difference at all in what they make, except
the broker perhaps, who works on a percentage basis. Everj^body makes
something but the farmer, and it is time for him to wake up and take a
position where he will begin to reap some profits from his labor. If
I)runes were worth four and a half and five cents possibly, last June and
July, why should they be worth only two cents in October. The avail-
able supply for the world and available producing power of the world
would indicate that the price should have been better instead of lower.
The world supply of prunes for 1912 was less by nearly twenty per cent
than it was for 1911, and yet the prices were going down. Why?
Speculation, nobody could put his hand on the wrong and stop it. Just
as soon as the prices on cured fruit under the speculative system start
on the toboggan slide downwards, everything tends to push it farther
down and faster. The trade will not buy when prices are going down.
Why should they buy more than they need this week when they have an
idea that next week fruit will be cheaper ? And so they defer buying,
and everything tends to make them stop buying. The minute you can
stop that downward price and give the grower a chance to hold on, that
nnnute you begin to strengthen the market. Then they get over their
panic and prices are steadied. The trade is more anxious to buy two
or three weeks' supply.
The Almond Growers' Organization, formed less than three years
ago, has made very remarkable progress. I mention this because it
shows what can be done. In 1910 they had two hundred and thirty
members in their organization, and on the first day of September they
had three cars of their crop sold. In 1911 they had three hundred and
thirty members and on the first day of September had thirty ears of
their crop sold. In 1912, on the 15th day of August, they had four
hundred members, named their own price, and in forty-eight hours,
one hundred and fifteen cars, all they had to handle, were sold. And
this was the heaviest crop California has ever had, and it took but
forty-eight hours to sell it. Of course that was not all there was to
the story. Months previous to that the brokers and agents of the
Almond Exchange had been at work. They had visited the trade and
had taken orders subject to future prices. In making a good fair
price, at least three cents a pound more than they would have received
without any organization, they made what they considered a good fair
price and the trade considered it so. Some people who had been specu-
lating in almonds before realized that the business was slipping away
from them, and they started out among the growers and attempted to
discredit the organization. They said the organization had named a
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 475
price too low, they could have gotten more money ; they said the Almond
Exchange was going to pieces, that members were falling out and that
this was their last year. Well, that kind of talk acted like a boomerang
it sometimes does — and while we had four hundred members when we
named prices, we have had sixty-three new members added since and
not a single withdrawal. The Almond Exchange controls today a little
better than sixty per cent of the crop of the State. And, friends, that
is not all, it has set the price for almonds of the entire United States
and all of the European almonds coming into the United States this
year. Strange thing that it could do that, don't you think?
Now in the matter of cured fruit, surely this product can be handled
in a similar way, because it is not perishable and we do not have to
sell it the same day or the same week that it is ready for the market.
It will take a long time to reach the point where we can control the
situation as we do in almonds, because the product is so much larger.
I think one of the mistakes that the farmers have heretofore made
has been that they started in and wanted to do the whole thing in
one year, and then became discouraged before really accomplish-
ing anything. At present the Cured Fruit Exchange is made
up of units or local associations organized in different dis-
tricts. We want it understood that local associations or district organ-
izations are units and a starting point, and that each handles its
local business. They each have a representative and these representa-
tives form and constitute a central body or exchange. The central
body does the selling, other than that its work is purely advisory.
It will assist the local organizations all it can, but local organizations
are units and must assume their own burdens, and do their own busi-
ness. We expect by this means to strengthen and educate them and
fit them for taking their place in the world together with other people.
The work of the central body is largely that of an advisory body, except
that when it comes to marketing it has absolute control, and that is the
only way it can ever be done and done satisfactorily.
I Mali give you just by way of illustration a little of the workings
of the Almond Exchange at this point, because it shows how we have
to grow into these things. During the first year it attempted to sell
at the price named, and, by the way, it is one thing to name a price and
another thing to get it from the trade. It takes two to make a bargain ;
the seller, the grower and his representatives, constitute the one, and
the buyer constitutes the other; and they organize, get together and
agree upon the price. Now if the buyer is the stronger man of the
two, the tendency will be to bear the market. If the seller is the
stronger, the tendency will be to push the market up ; so you see the
necessity for organization and co-operative marketing, having at the
head of its selling department a man. of strong character. When it
came to selling the almonds the first year, having a small part of the
crop and being forced to consult with one another, we frequently
received offers just a little bit under the price indicated, and the idea
476 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
was on the part of the representatives that not less than the price named
was to be accepted unless they all consented, and we wonld have to
call representatives in from fourteen different districts and cities,
scattered widely, when we got an offer for a carload of almonds.
Working in that manner you can easily realize our difficulties, and so
that wouldn't work. Finally they got together and put it in the hands
of three men, the manager, president and vice-president. And they
said to the manager, when you get an offer you can telephone the
other two men and get their opinion and approval to reduce the price.
After that the manager 'phoned the others four or five times in this
way, then the reply came back from both the president and vice-presi-
dent to go ahead and do just the best you can ; thus the work gradually
was placed in the hands of one man. Make sure of your man. have the
highest confidence in him ; bond him so you know there is no danger of
his selling out ; protect yourself in every way possible, but put it event-
ually in such a manner that your representative can take his place at
one side of the table and the buyer at the other, and then they can fight
it put. Eventually that is where it will come.
Now regarding the fruit business, we started out about sixty days ago
at the request of the fruit growers themselves. They were called
together without previously considering the question of the dried fruit
market. But it made no difference whatever to them— it was co-opera-
tive work generally', and it didn't take long to come to an understanding
when we got to work, and we now have nine local organizations, formed
and incorporated, and these are tied together in a central marketing
bod}^, known as the California Cured Fruit Exchange. This was
incorporated the twenty-fifth of last month. It has already started
in business. "We began writing to a selected list of brokers, aiming to
select our representatives in different cities. On Saturday we per-
fected and made our arrangements with our first broker. On Wednes-
day morning we received a telegram from him for a carload of fruit
and wanted us to wire our price. Now, that is quick work. It only
shows what can be done. The probability is that before the 1913
crop is ready to move we shall have brokers handling our fruits in not
less than a hundred of the markets of the United States. We have
already received letters from England and Holland, from people who
are anxious to represent us. They have seen in the papers that we
were organizing, and they were anxious to get in touch Avith the
growers' organization. The object of the organization is not to elimi-
nate anybodj^ from the business who rightfully belongs there, but we
cannot afford to have our business, our opportunities, and our just
deserts taken from us by speculative commissioners who are in the
business to make all they can get out of it and leave nothing for the
grower. I saw a political cartoon recently which contained a splendid
lesson. I am going to give a little of it, just for illustration. The
trusts were represented by a big fat man ; he was fishing. He had
caught two eels, which were in a basket beside him; one was named
THE MONTHLY BULLETIiST. ' 477
the taxpaj'er, and the other was called the rent payer. He was just
hauling in a third one, which was labeled the common people. The
big fat man said: "I don't eat these eels— I just skin them and throw
them back into the water so they can grow new skins. They have got
used to it and don't mind it." Now, friends, that big, fat fellow
represents the speculative element in the dried fruit market business,
and the grower represents the eel, and they have been skinning us for
years and years, and they think we have got used to it and don't mind
it. They don't take all our money from us, but leave us enough to
manage to live on and get more fruit for them to get a chance at again
and thus make more money. The time has come to call a halt on that
kind of work. The dried fruit growers of the State are beginning to
wake up and call a halt. We do not propose to stand for it. We do
not expect that we are going to get very much larger prices for our
fruits through co-operation and organization than the growers on the
outside will be able to get for some years to come. We have a long,
hard fight ahead of us. We know that people who have been specu-
lating in the dried fruit products of California are not going to see that
business taken out of their hands without making a big fight for it.
We know that. We haven't gone into this business with our eyes
closed. Trouble is bound to come, and the problem will have to be
threshed out, and it will take time, but we are going to do it and stick
to it until we win, and we know we are going to win, just as certain as
we know the sun is going to shine tomorrow, because it is foimded upon
that broad principle of equity and justice that will benefit every fruit
man connected with the business, from buyer to consumer, and will
injure no one who rightfully belongs in the business.
Chairman Cook. I do not, of course, like to disagree with Mr.
Stephens, but I must say I do think this subject of organization is the
most important subject thai can possibly come up in any fruit growers'
association. I believe that if the growers will organize, that Mr;
Stephens will be out of business, and won't need to worry over the
railroad tariff. Won't be any use for Mr. Stephens au}^ longer to worry
over the matter, because if they once organize the}^ will control the situ-
ation. I have lived in California, the southern part, the past eighteen
years, so you see I have grown up with the country, with California. I
became verj^ mucli interested in such meetings down there, and in every
one of those meetings this subject, organization, was brought up for
years, and you know these efforts created the California Fruit Exchange.
And now, gentlemen, if you do not want, at every one of our fruit
growers ' conventions, to hear such splendid addresses as we have heard
just now, then you want to vote now, because I propose at every fruit
convention to have such addresses, because we have got to wake our
people up about matters of this sort. So many farmers cannot do
business properly, haven't been brought up to do it, and are defrauded
every time. My friends, when the exchange had done eight million
dollars business they lost lour hundred dollars. I would like to see a
478 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
business man in California that can show any such record. The farmers
can by organization, and the exchange south has just got this reduced
to a science and has cut expenses one third. They are packing every-
thing at a cost of two thirds of what they did pay. That is a nice little
sum ; that would make good pin money. I hope you will all see that this
matter is of very great importance, and I think it ought to come before
every fruit convention. On behalf of the association I want to thank
Mr. Dargitz for his splendid address.
Mr. Stephens. I certainly am in accord with every word that has
been said by Mr. Dargitz, and believe it is a great thing if he can accom-
plish what he has set out to do; and if the growers will assist him in
accomplishing that, they will have solved the problem of marketing
dried fruits; but this has nothing to do with the marketing of our
green deciduous fruits. They are both important. Now, the cjuestion
is the value comparing the green fruits and the dried fruits. I agree
with you, Mr. Chairman, that you people south of Tehachapi have
accomplished wonderful things, and if the growers north of Tehachapi
could be induced in any manner to come together and get in unison Avith
your growers south of Tehachapi, they will solve the marketing ques-
tion of the green fruit proposition, but they are handicapped in so many
ways. The trouble with many of them, in some instances 75 per cent,
they are in an impecunious condition. There was a time here that you
couldn't borrow a dollar upon fruit lands, improved vineyards or
orchards, from the banks —savings banks ; and when you did succeed in
borrowing a thousand or ten thousand, you had to enter into a stipulated
agreement that you would ship every pound of your fruit with that
association and with that organization. Now I say 3'ou cannot borrow
a dollar excepting upon a certain high per cent of the value of the land.
I am pleased to hear that the almond interests have been placed upon
a paying basis through the action and work of the Almond Growers'
Association or exchange. I am a strong advocate for co-operation. I
have the privilege of belonging to one of these associations. Mr. Hum-
jDhrey is one member and I am the other. Years ago we took our busi-
ness out of the jobbers. We happened to have enough to load a car, and
we market our own fruit. "VVe eliminate the jobbers from our business,
with the exception, maybe, of a Aveek or two at the beginning of the
season, when we have to ship small cjuantities with the others, but we do
our own business ; we have our own agents. We have tried to get others
with us; we invited others to co-operate with us, but the trouble was
that the jobber would go around and give them rebates upon the com-
mission and upon the shipment, and say. Don't you think you could
do your business as well with us as with Stephens and Humphrey?
When they got them into debt so badly they would have to borrow
money from them, then they were no longer independent. I will give
you an illustration. There w^as a neighbor of mine, a good business
man, too, who was struggling along, in debt, trying to get out. He went
to one of these interests and borrowed a certain amount of money upon
a crop of fruit, with the understanding that he would ship his crop
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 479
through that company when it was ready for market. Well he had
shipped his stuff from here for years, and he had lost. You see he had
a crop of late peaches, and he always lost, year after year, so this year
he went to the manager of the company and he said, ' ' I find I can sell
my peaches at so much a ton outside. Now I would like to do that. I
have shipped them with you for two or three years and have lost. ' ' The
manager said, "You have got to ship those peaches with us ; you agreed
to do it, and if you do not, we will put a man in your orchard and pack
and ship them and charge the expense up to you. ' ' The grower said, ' ' I
will turn over the receipts to you, every cent I make on the peaches."
"No, we are going to have those peaches and you have got to pack them,
or else we will for you." And do you know, that man had to do it.
That is the way some of our growers are handicapped here on deciduous
fruit products, but they must be induced to come together in some way
and organize into a co-operative association, like the Southern California
Fruit Exchange, and then they would be masters of the situation. I
wish to say, Mr. Chairman, that I am in hearty accord with the senti-
ments expressed by Mr. Dargitz and by you, and it would be a solution
of this proposition, but we have got to have some sort of relief now. at
once. The great impediment to the success in building up California
is the Southern Pacific Railroad; I am not afraid to say it, either-
many a man is, however. They come and' pat me on the shoulder and
tell ilie to go ahead, but they dare not do it themselves. That is the situ-
ation with us ; that is what is holding this part of the country down all
the time, as I tried to tell and explain to you yesterday. Look at the
tariff ; look at the revenue ; they demand 50 per cent of the whole charge
the Western Pacific receives for switching — that is, for hauling. Now
the Western Pacific is ambitious to get business, and they send their
agents out, their freight agents, and they go out and talk to us and to
every jobber, and they come and say, "We want your business, we want
you to ship with us, ' ' and they are exerting every effort possible to get
the growers to patronize them. During the car shortage ttiis season, of
course, there was lots of freight hauled to and from the packing-houses.
Everybody wanted cars. I tried to procure some, but they Avere short.
A certain per cent went to Tassajara ; some shippers there had been
routing over the Southern Pacific, but on account of the shortage, some
tars were routed over the Western Pacific. Well, the superintendent
went right up there the next day, and he said, "This is not fair treat-
ment ; we have strained every effort to provide cars for you. There is
a big demand for all the cars you used, and a great deal more in other
localities in the south, and we have favored you, benefited you ; we have
considered you and we have given you your pro rata, and now you are
shipping by Western Pacific. Is that right ? ' ' The result was, the next
day the Western Pacific didn't get a single car. In talking with one of
the officials, he said about that matter, "Do you know, Mr. Stephens, we
liauled six hundred of those ears for the growers of California ? ' ' Now
that is the method they use with us, and I do hope that every grower
here, that every man that is interested, will have the courage and man-
480 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
hood to say to the Railroad Commissioners, "I want yon to take this
matter up before the Interstate Commerce Commission."
Mr. Marchbank. I think we ought to take advantage of that address.
I believe it ought to be printed and every fruit grower get a copy of it.
Too bad more growers won't receive it; that it will not reach the ma-
jority of the growers.
Mr. Shepherd. I would like to ask how small a band of fruit grow-
ers organized could get into this one that the gentleman speaks of. I
represent a small fruit growers' organization in our neighborhood, but
I think they have no intimation or knowledge of this one that Mr.
Dargitz speaks of.
Mr. Dargitz. The Cured Fruit Organization is quite new. It is only
about sixty days ago that we started work, and it was only on the 25th
of November that we incorporated the central body. Of the nine asso-
ciations now incorporated and natural members of the exchange, I think
the least one will have will be possibly three hundred tons of cured
fruit — a fair crop — and the largest one will have perhaps three thousand
tons.
Mr. Shepherd. I think this organization I speak of will have about
a hundred and seventy tons.
Mr. Dargitz. I do not think it would be wise to place any limit on
it at all. The question is whether the growers in any community will
get together and organize and incorporate under the plan that we have
drawn up. That is the only question, and Mr. Jeffrey, the secretary of
the exchange, is giving his attention particularly now to organization. I
joined with him in that work until we organized the central body. Since
then it has fallen to his lot to take hold of the marketing and build
that up. We should be very much pleased to get in touch with you, and
anything we can do for you we shall gladly do. I understand that
during this convention invitations have been received from several
different districts inviting us to visit them, with the view of organizing.
It has been our idea not to take on members for more than, perhaps,
ten thousand five hundred cars for the 1912 crop. We want to get
thoroughly established in a small wa}^ thoroughly acquainted with the
possibilities of the market, and then we will be able to handle two or
three times that amount next year. We want to gradually grow, not
leap to the front ^;11 in a moment. If we take on too much this year
and make a failure of it, the people on the outside will use that for a
sort of club to prevent our success. We want to work it slowly but
surely, and in such a way that the people on the other side will have
absolutely no way of getting back at us.
Just one word more, if j^ou will permit me. In regard to fresh fruit
shipments. This organization is not in any way connected with the
fresh fruit shipment work, only as it might be in a friendly relation.
Mr. McKevitt and two or three other men who are in position to have
accurate information, figured a few months ago that there are enough
young orchards planted now of deciduous fruit on the Pacific slope —
that is. including Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Cali-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
481
foi^nia—that will produce within five years a hundred and forty thou-
sand acres of deciduous fruit per year for the market. Just think of
that. What are we going to do if we do not wake up and stand
together, and attempt bringing the producer and consumer closer to-
gether and get a profitable price for the producer and cut down the
cost to the consumer ? By doing that we will increase the consumption
wonderfully. As I understand it, some twenty years ago the orange
market, with four thousand cars a year, was absolutely glutted and
oranges went begging everywhere. Well, they organized, and last year
marketed about fifty thousand ears at a profit. Is there any benefit in
organization? Sure. Now, the work of the fresh fruit shipping in-
terests can be handled much in the same way. They must take hold of
the matter and must have a better method for the distribution of the
fruit, getting it closer to the consumer, and the work that this Railroad
Rate Committee is doing is tending in that direction. If they can get
the minimum carload rate reduced, then they can put carloads of fruit
into many additional cities in the country where they cannot get them
now, because the carloads are too large and the fruit spoils. In that way
it will benefit the growers. I cannot see anything encouraging, for a
few years hence, in the fresh fruit shipping business, unless the matter
of organization for better distribution and marketing is pushed to a very
great" extent. On the other hand, there will be such a tremendous
amount of fruit that might be shipped in a fresh state, but won't
because of the low market prices that will prevail, and this fruit will be
dried and it will be thrown on the market as dried fruit ; and here, for
our very protection, for our life commercially, we have got to organize
and ex-tend the market. Now, just as an illustration of what this may
mean : One of our growers went into a retail store in Oakland about
four weeks ago with his daughter. She was married and lived in
Oakland. He said to her, "Why don't you buy dried fruit? It would
help us out very much. ' ' She turned to the grocer and asked the price
of prunes. At that time the grower was being offered a price that would
mean 2i cents per pound for that class of fruit. The peaches that were
being offered for sale were such that it would require but little stretch
of the imagination to consider them first-class. Peaches at that time
were bringing 3J and 4 f^ents a pound for the grower. She said to the
grocer. ' ' How much are peiiches worth ? " " Twenty cents a pound, ' ' he
said. "How much are prunes?" "Fifteen cents," the grocer replied.
She turned to her father. "You have got my answer. I do not want
fruit at that price." It is estimated that there w^ere about fifty million
pounds of cured fruit carried over last year into this year for consump-
tion. Little of this was in the hands of the trade, none in the hands
of the growers, and mostly all in the hands of the retailers. Now, owing
to the jugglery with prices last year and speculation, the prices of these
fruits were pushed way up so that the consumer had to pay so much
for them. They were stale, old, and didn't taste good, and no one
wanted to buy them. When the 1912 crop of prunes was ready to move,
9— HB
482 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the retailers had this year's prices and a set of last year's on hand, and
they said to the consumer, "You pay us our price for these prunes that
we have carried over from last year, so that we do not lose our money
on them, or we do not buy a pound of 1912 crop." That reminds me
that when I was a little boy my parents at one time held me and made
me take castor oil. I have never liked it since.
When the California Cured Fruit Exchange is in operation, in a year
or two, I believe it will be in position, if anything of that kind comes up,
to go right into the market and say, "If you don't put prices down
where they will bring a reasonable profit to the grower, we will put a
store right in here at once, and we will offer this fruit to the trade at
reasonable prices," and we will until they do differently.
Mr. Nutting. Several of the members of our raisin exchange here
have suggested that I ought to put in a word at this time. There are
some believing that possibly the Dried Fruit Exchange which :\Ir. Dar-
gitz has been speaking of might antagonize more or less the raisin
exchange. Now, to state my position in that matter clearly, I will say
that the telegram sent to Mr. Dargitz asking him to come here and state
his proposition was written on my desk. The cured fruit business is
very large, and I had no idea how large it was, or that it was as large as
Mr. Dargitz says — 140.000 cars for this coast. Why, when ^Ir. Dargitz
was speaking on the Almond Growers' Exchange a few years ago, that
they would have 115 cars, I thought our raisin business of five and
seven thousand cars was large compared with the almond business, and
now the dried fruit business, estimated at 140,000 — why, the raisin
business looks very small in comparison. I want to say again, that it
was at my suggestion and informal invitation that Mr. Dargitz came
here to present this plan of his. We want to do all Ave can to help it
along, and I want to state that it will not conflict with our raisin
exchange in the least — our interests are totally separate — but the dried
fruit exchange for the whole State can go on and do a dried fruit busi-
ness, get into shape, and it is going to be an immense thing, this plan of
Mr. Dargitz, and I wish him success.
Mr. Aaronsohn. I must apologize for talking so much at these meet-
ings of yours, but I am very much interested. I do not want to encroach
upon your time, but I would like to tell you how, in Palestine, where we
have such great natural resources, we suffer through lack of organiza-
tion in the citrus businass, and it is only in the last two or three years
that we have tried to organize, and immediately the men who were in
this organization began to feel the benefits and the good results of this
co-operative work. Mr. Dargitz asked, a little while ago, if co-operation
was worth while. There can be no doubt in any of us but that it is
worth while.
Chairman Cook. We will now have an address by Prof. F. T.
Bioletti, subject, "Increasing Returns of JMuscat Vineyards."
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
483
INCREASING RETURNS OF MUSCAT VINEYARDS.
By F. T. BiOLETTi, Berkeley, Cal.
Grape growing in California is an industry in which the possibilities
of production are practically unlimited and in which the competition
among producers is uncontrolled. Under such conditions, the average
price "received by the producers for a series of years must be very close
to the average cost of production. That this is actually the case appears
from the following tables based on accounts kept at a number of vine-
yards in different parts of the State :
Cost of a Wine Vineyard.
Coast.
VaUey.
Tojirl $150 00
^ ^^
Vines or cuttings
Preparation of land-
Planting
5 00
Cultivatio"n"IIIII"II-I , }'^ ^,
Interest and taxes (8 per cent) — I ^' ^u
$1.50 00
2 00
5 00
2 00
10 00
13 00
Cost, first year i $229 00
Pruning
$3 OO
Staking (2"cents)"III" ; 14 00
Cultivation
Hoeing and tying
7 00
7 00
Interest and taxes 21 00
$182 OO
$3 00
10 00
5 OO
.5 OO
16 00
Cost second year-
Pruning
Cultivation
Hoeing, tying, sulfuring.
Interest and taxes
$52 00
$5 00
7 00
7 00
24 00
$43 00
Crop, 2 to 3 tons, $22 to $12, less $6 32 00
Net cost, third year
Total cost
$39 00
$4 00
5 00
5 00
19 00
$33 00
18 00
Returns of a Wine Vineyard.
Coast.
Valley.
Cost of bearing vineyard . ; $300 00 | $250 00
Interest and taxes (8 per cent) i $24 00
Depreciation (5 per cent cost of vines).
Pruning
Cultivation
Handwork
Picking grapes -
Hauling grapes
Cost per acre
Crop 3 tons, at $22.00.
Crop 5 tons, at $12.00.
00
00
00
00
00
OO
$20 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
10 00
$65 00
66 00
$60 00
60 00
484 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Cost of production of wine grapes per ton: Coast, $22.00; Val-
ley, $12.00.
Average price paid for wine grapes from 1902 to 1911 at three coast
cellars : Cellar No. 1, $20.40 ; Cellar No. 2, $20.60 ; Cellar No. 3, $20.25.
The difference of about $1.50 per ton between the estimated cost of
production in the coast region and the prices actually received is
accounted for by the fact that the cost of production is increasing,
owing principally to the necessity of using grafted vines in this region.
The estimated cost of $12.00 per ton in the interior valley is, I believe,
very close to the average price which has been paid for wine grapes
there during the last ten years, if we leave out of consideration the
waste raisin and table grapes, which are often used in wine-making.
The grape grower's profit is what remains of the difference between
the price paid by the consumer and the cost of production, after deduct-
ing packing expenses, transportation charges and the tolls of the various
agents of distribution.
Often nothing remains, or, in other words, he is selling his grapes at
cost and receiving nothing for his time and expenditure of energy.
Not infrequently an examination of his balance sheet will show that
his profit is a minus quantity. In fact, there are many vineyards in
the State, both large and small, which an accurate system of bookkeep-
ing would prove to be conducted at an average annual loss. This is
possible on a large vineyard only by foregoing a reasonable rate of
interest on the money invested, or by paying the deficit from some other
source, such as the increase of value of the land. On a small vineyard,
where the owner does most of the work, this form of unselfishness can be
carried still further. He may not only obtain no returns on any capital
invested in his place, but he may fail to obtain even current rates of
wages for his own time and labor. In other words, he would be better
off financially if he gave his vineyard away and worked for the man he
gave it to.
That there are numbers of growers of wine, raisin and shipping
grapes in the position of these hypothetical altruists is certain, and it
should be useful to inquire into the causes and to point out, if possible,
how the old grower can escape from this position and how the new
grower can avoid getting into it.
The problem is how to insure a tangible residuum of profit after all
charges, from the buying and planting of his vineyard to the last toll
of the retailer, have been paid. Many factors enter into this problem.
The least variable of these factors is the price paid by the actual con-
sumer. In practice, this price will not vary much from the maximum
which he is able or can be persuaded to pay. If it rises temporarily
above this maximum, buying ceases and the price falls automatically.
If it falls for a moment below this maximum, the struggle for profit of
the various agencies of production, transportation and distribution
quickly bring it back to its normal level.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 485
The most variable of these factors is that with which the producer has
the closest relation, the cost of production.
The profit of the producers, as a whole, will varj^ to a great extent in
accordance with the more or less abundance of the crop, but the oscilla-
tions are such as to bring the average very close to zero. In other
words, the average price obtained by the producer is not very far in
either direction from the average cost of production. To change this
general condition would require some ver}^ radical changes in methods
of marketing, which it is not my purpose to discuss.
Even under present conditions, however, it is possible for the intelli-
gent and experienced grower, aided Vy a little luck, to extract a tangible
profit out of his industry. He can do this usually in one or both of
two ways: (I'l By decreasing the cost of production below the average;
(2) by increasing the quality of his product above the average. In
the first case, if the average cost of producing a ton of grapes is $12,
and he can produce one for $10, he is clearly making a profit of $2 per
ton more than his fellow growers. By improvements in quality, the
gain is not always so direct, nor so immediate, but in the end is equally
real. The consumer can be made to pay more for a superior article,
and the competition of the distrilnitors for this article will enable the
producer to obtain some of this extra price.
The best examples of how the individual grower can increase his
profit by diminishing the cost of production are perhaps to be found in
the raisin industry. Our Californian methods of groAving raisin grapes
and drying raisins have been so simplified and perfected in the direction
of doing everything as cheaply as possible that it hardly seems possible
to improve in this respect.
A mistake made by many growers, however, consists in measuring the
cost of production simply by the sums expended on an acre of vineyard.
This does not vary much and in most vineyards has been brought very
nearly to an irreducible minimum. The true way of arriving at the
cost, however, is to compare the sums expended on the vineyard with-
the amount of raisins produced. If, by improving our methods of
handling Avines and raisins, we can increase the crop, we have diminished
the cost of production. If, by expending $5 per acre on improved
methods of pruning, cultivation, irrigation, and so forth, we can obtain
grape-s worth $15 more, we have increased the profit of our vineyard
and diminished the cost per ton of grapes.
The cost of producing a pound of Muscat raisins has been variously
estimated by different growers at from 1^ cents to 3^ cents. The
general opinion places it at from 2| cents to 3 cents. Accurate accounts
kept by several large producers of raisins place it at about 3 cents.
The grower who takes the trouble to keep accurate accounts, as a rule,
takes pains to do the rest of his work well. The cost in a large number
of vineyards will undoubtedly be more than this.
The co.st per acre will consist of two categories: (1) Vineyard work,
which alone is sometiines counted. This will amount to about $11.75 on
486
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
the average. (2) Fixed charges, including interest on investment and
depreciation, which will vary somewhat, according to the value of the
land and the amount of raisins handled. The range will be from about
$25 to $30 per acre. The cost of making raisins will be a little higher
per ton with small crops than with large and will vary from $10 to $13
per ton in average seasons. Using these estimates, we can see that a
pound of raisins will cost over 4 cents to produce in a vineyard yielding
only half a ton per acre and only about 1| cents in a vineyard producing
two tons. In the first case, the grower will lose about $12.50 per acre,
in the last he will gain about $58 at a selling price of 3 cents. With
a crop of three quarters of a ton, which is probably above the average,
he will barely make expenses. These facts are brought out in the
accompanying table, which is based on accurate accounts kept in several
large Muscat vineyards in the Fresno region. It shows that the esti-
mate of 3 cents per pound as the average cost of production is not far
from the truth, and that at this price, the average vineyard is conducted
at a loss, but that the better vineyards yield a fairly satisfactory profit.
While the average crop of a Muscat vineyard for a term of years is
probably below .75 ton of raisins per acre, there are vineyards which
produce as high as 1.50 tons or even two tons, and there is every reason
to believe that under favorable conditions with the best management a
crop of 2^ tons, representing 10 tons of fresh grapes, is not an unreason-
able ideal.
Cost of Producing Muscat Raisins.
Crop per acre In tons.
$.50.
$.73.
$1.00.
$1.50.
$2.00.
$2.50.
Pruning and burning brush
Plowing
Horse cultivation
Hand work
Irrigation
Vineyard work
Interest on investment
Taxes
Depreciation
Fixed charges
Gathering
Handling trays
Turning and stacking
Packing in sweat boxes
Hauling
Making raisins
Total cost per acre
Cost per ton of raisins
Cost per pound of raisins...
Profit per acre at 3 cents
Profit per acre at 4 cents
50
00
00
25
00
$11 75 ; $11 75
$20
1
2
00
75
50
$20 00
1 75
3 00
$24 25 I $24 75
50
00
75
75
50
$5 25
1'25
1 00
1 00
75
$6
$42
$85
$4
-$12
50
50
00
25
50
50
$9 25
$45 75
$61 00
$3 05
— $0 75
$14 75
$11 75 $11 75
$20 00
1 75
4 00
$25 75
$7 00
1 50
1 25
1 25
1 00
$12 00
$49 50
$49 50
$2 48
$10 50
$30 50
$20 00
1 75
5 00
$26 75
$10 50
2 00
1 75
1 75
1 50
$17 50
$56 00
$37 33
$1 87
$34 00
$64 00
$11 75 , $11 75
$20 00
1 75
6 OO
$27 75
$14 00
2 25
2 00
2 00
2 00
$20 00
1 75
7 00
$28 75
! $17 50
2 50
2 25
2 25
2 50
$22 25
$27 00
$61 75
$67 00
$30 88
$26 80
$1 54
$1 34
$58 25
$83 00
$98 25
$1-33 00
THE MON-THLY BULLETIN". 487
Owino' to great variations in methods of cultivation, pruning and
dryina- in Suftana vineyards, the cost of seedless raisins will vary more
than that of Muscats, and I have been unable to obtain sufficient data on
which to 1)ase an estimate of the average. A single example from a par-
ticular vineyard for a particular year, however, indicates that the cost is
not very dik'erent from that of Muscats.
Returns of a Sultana Vineyard.
Size, 16 acres. Crop U tons.
Cultivation -- ---------| ffg gg
Feed i iro nn
Pruning ; ^'^^ "'^
Vineyard work
rp^xes ! ^^ ^
Intereston'mortgage at 8 per cent ; 360 OO
($4,500— $281 per acre.) 1
Fixed charges
Trays (handling) , |40 00
Picking and turning 1 ^^^ ^
Boxing raisins 1 ■^^ ^
$350 00
425 00
Making raisins 1 i '^^^ ^^
Total cost 1 $1'065 00
Gross income at 2f cents per pound ' ^'^^ ^^
Profit I ^^5 °^
This table shows that the grower sold his raisins at the cost of proj
duction, or perhaps below. While there is an indicated profit of $35
on the whole sixteen acres, no charge has been made for depreciation,
which would amount to more than this amount on the trays alone. No
allowance is made for depreciation of stakes and wire trellises, increased
age of vines, or depletion of the soil, necessitating future fertilization.
When these items are counted, the cost will come up fully to the 3 cents
per pound for Muscat raisins. The owner of this particular vineyard
probably did most of the pruning and cultivation of the vineyard him-
self, and also some of the raisin making. By this means he probably
saved, at most, about $300 of the cost. This $300 represents the returns
for his own labor. In order that he should be able to pay the inevitable
depreciation charges and receive a fair return for his skill, energy and
experience, he must receive at least 4 cents a pound for his raisins or
increase his crop to at least two tons per acre.
If this reasoning and these calculations are correct, they prove the
proposition with which we started, i. e., that the growers of wine and
raisin grapes sell their crcps on the average at the cost of production.
In other words, their returns represent simply current rates of interest
on their investments and current rates of wages for their o^vn labor. In
the case of shipping grapes, undoubtedly similar conditions exist.
This might represent a fairly satisfactory state of affairs if it were
uniform, although the grower has a right to expect some return for his
488 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
intelligence and expert knowledge. The figures represent, however,
only the averages of very widely diverging extremes. In some years
the prices received are so good that the least skillful of the growers
make a li\nng, and the more skillful buy automobiles. In other years
the prices are so low that many growers fail to receive enough to pay
for harvesting their crops. This uncertainty of returns is very discour-
aging to the grower and prevents him from making those improvements
in his methods which the proper development and future prosperity of
his business demand.
The result is that too large a proportion of our viticultural output is
of inferior quality. Too many green and moldy table grapes reach the
Eastern markets ; too much common and milk-sour wine is offered to the
people who ought to consume the product of our vintages, and too many
of our raisins lack the proper sugar, flavor, texture and size. In spite
of these facts, all phases of the grape industry in California have
increased with great rapidity during the last fifteen or twenty years.
This increase has been due to our exceptional advantages of soil and
climate and to the immense size of our natural market. However, we
have done little to take advantage of our favorable conditions or to
develop our markets. The industry has progressed in spite of our lack
of properly directed efforts, and many growers have failed to receive
any benefit from the development of their industry.
What do we need to improve this condition of things? AVe need,
first of all, intelligent business co-operation on the part of the grape
growers and of the manufacturers and handlers of grape products. By
this means the currant growers of Greece, who were on the verge of
starvation owing to the low prices received for their product, have
raised the profits of their industry until it supports a large proportion
of the population and pays a large proportion of the expenses of govern-
ment. By similar means the grape growers of Argentina have kept the
price of their wine grapes at between $26 and $52 per ton without any
injury to the business of the winemaker, and while much improving the
quality of their product.
Besides this business co-operation, we need, almost as much, great
improvement in the general methods of our growers, packers and wine-
makers. The grower who, by care and intelligence, produces, packs and
ships table grapes which arrive at Eastern points in excellent condition,
is much handicapped by the masses of green and moldy grapes shipped
by the careless and the ignorant. The winemaker who, by careful choice
of varieties and the use of modern, scientific methods, produces a wine
that is equal to the best of Europe, has to struggle against the bad repu-
tation which Californian wines have obtained through the large propor-
tion of spoiled and inferior wine produced by growers and winemakers
who know, and apparently care little about, the varieties or methods
necessary for good results. Similar conditions exist in the raisin busi-
ness. Great general improvements are possible, both in the quantity
and quality of the crops of our raisin vineyards.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
489
Many of these improvements may be brought about by the general
adoption by all growers of the methods now used by the most expert
and progressive. Other and continued improvements are attainable by
properly conducted experiment work and research. Great improve-
ments in our vineyards are possible by more intelligent attention to the
choice and preparation of the land; by a better selection of varieties
and planting stock ; by better methods of the cultivation and training of
young vines ; by more skillful pruning of bearing vines and, in general,
by better work in all details of cultivation, irrigation, fertilization, con-
trol of diseases and the handling of grapes and grape products.
Grape growing and raisin making require intelligence, study and
skill of a higli order. Our raisin men have the intelligence, and all they
need is the opportunity to study in order to quickly acquire the neces-
sary skill.
In affording this opportunity the Viticultural Division of the College
of Agriculture has done all for which it has had the means. Much
more,^ however, should be done. The work of the college is known by
only a very small proportion of those who could and would utilize it.
We require more men and more means to bring to the mass of the
growers that technical knowledge which they lack. We need more men
and more means to solve those innumerable cultural and technical prob-
lems on which the improvement and future development of the industry
depend.
For the last four years the State has made an appropriation of $7,500
a year for viticultural research. This has enabled us to establish small
experiment vineyards at Davis, Kearney and Imperial, and to keep
three or four investigators at work on some of the more pressing prob-
lems. We have published, during this time, three reports on special
topics concerning the growing of grapes and three on topics concerning
the handling of the product. Much of the work commenced is still
unfinished, or of such a nature that definite results can be obtained only
after several years.
This work should be continued and expanded. A reasonable increase
of the state viticultural appropriation is necessary to provide for the
continuance of the work commenced and its gradual expansion. Besides
this, certain lines of work, which have been almost neglected, should be
prosecuted vigorously.- The most pressing need at present is an estab-
lishment where the correct handling of grape products could be taught
to students and farmers, and where investigations into improved
methods of packing and shipping table grapes, drying and handling
raisins and the manufacture of grape juice, vinegar and other grape
products could be carried out. Such an establishment would be most
usefully situated at Davis, though a similar establishment adapted to
handling somewhat different problems should be later placed in the San
Joacpiin Valley, probably at Kearney.
The building and equipment of such an establishment would cost
between $10,000 and $15,000, and would require about $2,500 a year
490 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
for running expenses. It wonld probably be well to combine similar
work in other horticultural industries in the same establishment, at
least at first.
The gross returns of the vineyards of California are, at present, not
far from $15,000,000 a year. The United States alone would consume
ten times this amount of our grapes, raisins, grape juice and wine if
the}^ could be supplied regularly, of good quality and at moderate cost.
The cost to the consumer will depend partly on our adoption of the
most economical and efficient methods of production, but principally
upon a logical and uniform co-operative control of distribution. The
qualitj^ will depend on the education of the producer in better methods
and ideals, and, in this, the College of Agriculture should be one of the
most effective agencies.
Mr. Dore. I would like to ask what per cent of sugar should the
grapes contain when they are picked.
Prof. Biolettl That is a question that I have been trying to investi-
gate and trying to get the opinion of the farmers who have been raising
grapes for many years, and they all seem to think it should be some-
where about 25 to 26 per cent. I have very little personal experience in
raising raisins, and I have been trying to find out from farmers who
have been making raisins for many years, and most of them do not know.
A few of them think it should be at least 32 per cent, but growers who
have really taken pains to ascertain the quantity of sugar seem to think
that there should be 25 to 26 per cent.
Mr. Dorr. Have you told us whether there is some way that is prac-
ticable for the vineyardist of average intelligence and push to know
what percentage their grapes contain when they are picked? Perhaps
I am displaying my ignorance in asking this question, but I hope it will
be beneficial to others as well as to myself.
Prof. Bioletti. It is a very simple method of determining the
amount of sugar.
]\Ir. Dorr. I would lilce to ask the people here who live in Fresno
County, who are practically all raisin growers, how many have found
out or know how? I am curious to know that.
How many of you here have ever tested grapes to know the amount
of sugar when you begin picking for raisins? -(Seven members raise
their hands.)
Prof. Biolettl A matter of general public knowledge, then. It is
a very difficult thing to do ; it requires thought and intelligence.
Mr. Kaller. What do you think would be the most important thing
to do to improve the production of raisins? There are various things
that can be done, of course. We all know that pruning will greatly
improve them, and that is what most people probably have been doing.
But what about our ground ? A good many of us here think we have
tilled it, and a good many of us think that we have been working with
virgin ground; but I do not think our ground is so virgin. It has been
THE MONTHLY BULLETIIST.
491
used a great deal for grain before our grapes have been planted, and I
want to have your opinion : what you think would be most important in
improving production.
Prof. Bioletti. There are so many things that can be used with
benefit, and it is a mistake to say which would be of real importance.
In one section there is one thing, and in another something else. Our
growers don't study their business enough. Make a study of your
ground, of pruning, and in doing this you could increase your produc-
tion all the way from 10 to 25 per cent all over California. That is the
only way you can do it. You have got to study, correspond with the
agricultural stations ; get all the books you can on the subject ; see what
others do and keep track of what you do yourself. Give support to the
agricultural experiment station until they have got means and men to
bring this kind of information to every fruit grower in the State. ^ This
is the means of getting this information, which is now in possession of
the best growers of the State.
Mr. Sessions. I am interested in shipping grapejs. I see that you
have the cost of handling there as 73 cents. The grapes I shipped this
year cost, after they were delivered at the packing house, 74 cents and a
fraction, and my cost of picking and hauling were additional to that.
Prop. Bioletti. Those are figures based on the report of Mr. Stuben-
rauch and he is responsible for these figures, and the report was given, I
think, for the use of the Interstate Commerce Commission. These were
figures based on the account which Mr. Stubenrauch obtained from vari-
ous growers.
Mr. Shepherd. I am not in the grape business, but we citrus people
know very well not only how to prune, but to fertilize. We know .just
about what to put into the soil to make our crops fine, and I was think-
ing that the same conditions ought to apply to grape culture, and I
believe, if our friends would study or look into the matter of what the
grape needs, they would pi'oduce better crops. Supply what the grape
contains and put that into the soil ; you would have very much increased
production. We know that you cannot have oranges, and year after
year take off crops from your orchards and return nothing. We have
to put in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash into the soils. Now
there must be something that the grape takes from the soil that you
have not replaced, and I believe that, if the vineyardist of the Fresno
district, and every other district, could appreciate how valuable fertili-
zation is to the citrus business, every one of them would go to work
to-morrow and investigate that question, and there is no question but
that you deplete your soil Your soil here is very sandy, more than
ours. We have to put in humus and cover-crops, and supply nitrogen,
which vou know the soil needs, and there must be moisture in the soil.
I hope that our friend here, who came from abroad to invest his money
and engage in the grape business, will take up the matter of fertiliza-
tion. You can get plenty to read upon it, and any one, any manufac-
turer, without mentioning any names, who understand trees or any
sub.ject of horticulture, can tell you just about what your soil needs.
492 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Mr. Kaller. Before I say anything further I want to say that I
have read every bulletin issued upon any subject. I have had my
attention called to various bulletins that have been written on this sub-
ject, on any subject that is of interest to the grower, but when I came
here I came with the information that I was meeting a virgin soil. And
men come here and are brought here and allowed to invest here, thinking,
and are made to believe, that they have to deal with perfectly virgin
soil. It takes a few years before you come to the conclusion that you
have made a mistake and that your soil is not virgin. They have to
begin investigating in an attempt to find out what is needed, and I have
been here now six years, and two years ago only found out that fertiliza-
tion was needed. There are hundreds, thousands, of people that have
come here who are utterly unable to cope with this condition, because
when they buy their vineyard they go in debt, and I think it is the
curse of this country that too many poor people are brought in here
believing that they have to deal with soil that will yield crops, and they
know nothing about such work as fertilization or other work that Pro-
fessor Bioletti has told us about. They have come, starting down at the
bottom, and are unable to stand the cost ; they started in, many of them,
in debt, and didn't have anything to go on with. And I say. while I
appreciate your country very much, it took me four years before I found
out that there must be something else. I have done everything on my
vineyard that I could, and when I found it did not grow and produce
to my satisfaction, then I took a piece of soil up to Berkeley and had it
analyzed.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Chairman Cook. Our first address this afternoon will be given by
Mr. Frank T. Swett of Martinez on the subject of "Viticulture in the
Interior Valleys. ' '
VITICULTURE IN THE INTERIOR VALLEYS.
By Feawk T. Swett, Martinez, Cal.
If the 1912 prices for Tokays and Malagas had been better by $300 a
car ; if the wine grapes of the San Joaquin had brought $14 a ton instead
of $6 a ton ; if raisins were above instead of below the cost of production,
it would be a delight for us all to consider the best ways of increasing
and making permanent a greater vineyard acreage in the vast valleys of
the interior.
It would then be worth while considering the best ways of controlling
that capricious and unsatisfactory pest, the phylloxera, whicli works
with unremitting energy in the Coast counties, where grapes sell for $16
a ton, but takes things easy in the sections where grapes are worth only
a trifle more than the cost of picking and hauling.
Were it not for the work of the phylloxera there might be an overpro-
duction of grapes in the coast counties, but, owing to its steady progress,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 493
liundiecls of acres have gone and are going out of existence each season,
so that prices bid fair to be good for many years to come.
The great viticultural industry of California, with its triple alliance
■of wine, raisin and table grape production, is passing through a period
of deep and serious depression. Previous to 1907 it had its seven fat
years of prosperity, but since then there have been five years the
reverse of fat, if financial returns and not tonnage be considered.
With the great stampede of planting, rash and inconsidered, begin-
ning about 1903 and ending in 1907, the production of raisins was
jumped from ninety million pounds in 1905 to a hundred and twenty-
■eight million pounds in 1911; that of wine from twenty-six million gal-
lons in 1905 to fifty million gallons in 1911, and that of table grape
shipments from sixteen hundred carloads in 1905 to sixty-three hundred
carloads in 1911, almost quadruple.
There are about fifty thousand acres of table grapes in California,
mostly in full bearing. Assuming an average of five tons to the acre,
this would give about two hundred and fifty thousand tons of grapes,
or the equivalent of about twenty thousand carloads,- if all were
harvested and packed.
But this year only about sixty-three hundred carloads were shipped
■east and perhaps seven hundred carloads to a thousand carloads con-
sumed in California, accounting for a total of about seven thousand
carloads. During October and part of November markets were badly
glutted. Increased shipments would have still further demoralized
markets. What happened to the remainder of the table grapes? An
immense tonnage was either turned into the wineries at utterly unre-
munerative prices or were not picked at all.
The table grape business is a little brother of the wine grape business.
While at first sight it might appear to be independent of it, anybody
•can see that if the wineries did not consume the great surplus of lower
grade table grapes, these grapes would be forced into the table grape
markets, to still further demoralize sales.
Existing markets are not consuming under present conditions of
packing and distribution much over seven thousand carloads, even at
low prices. With an acreage sufficient for twenty thousand carloads,
what is California going to do with the odd thirteen thousand carloads
for which no present markets exist ? In the face of competition with the
two hundred thousand tons of Concord and other grapes grown in New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan, can we look forward in the
near future to doubling or trebling the consumption of our California
table grapes?
What can the table grape people do about it? If wine grape prices
were attractive it would be easy to graft a large acreage of Tokays and
Malagas in places where quality is low into Petit, Syrah or other
desirable types of grapes. But at offered contract prices, which I am
told is ten dollars a ton, there is no inducement whatever to do this, for
on most land ten dollars a ton is below the cost of production, if interest
on the investment is figured in and, of course, it should be.
494 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
In certain localities, where soil conditions are favorable neither to
the production of large crops of table grapes, nor high quality, some
reduction of acreage is inevitable. In fact, frequently these places are
well fitted for the production of paying crops of alfalfa. Through the
extension of irrigation ditches or- the installing of pumping plants
operated by distillate or electric power, it is now becoming possible in
many localities to thus produce paying crops of the safest and surest
crop in California — alfalfa.
High grade table grapes usually sell at a profit ; second grade grapes,
such as poorly colored, compact-clustered Tokays, which mould and rot
in the center of the bunches in transit, usually sell at a loss. If a grower
finds that one part of his vineyard produces this undesirable type of
grape, the sooner he digs out or grafts out that portion the better.
There are many vineyards now for sale at about two hundred dollars an
acre, which, if in alfalfa instead of vines, would be worth three hundred
dollars an acre. Some of the. best alfalfa land makes the poorest grape
lancL Type of soil has much to do with the selling price of grapes.
In the NeW York sales catalogues there is frequently a difference of
three hundred dollars a car in sales of grapes shipped from the same
district, packed the same, handled the same, and the same variety, but
grown on different soils. One line will be selling for seven hundred to
eight hundred dollars a car, returning no real profit whatever, while
another line, grown on different land only a few miles distant. Avill sell
at eleven hundred to twelve hundred dollars a car, netting the grower
handsome profits.
So great is the difference in selling prices that it is quite likely a few
years from now that further planting of table grapes will be carried on
on the black lands south of Lodi, while at the same time the grub-hoe
may be at work on other vineyards almost M-ithin rifle shot.
The grower who is up against it financially, owing to the disastrous
prices of the last five years, cannot afford to make sweeping changes.
In many cases his ready money and his credit are almost exhausted.
The small vineyardist owning ten or twenty acres and nothing else,
situated where he cannot grow quality grapes, is in a serious predica-
ment. He needs all the counsel and guidance and help that can be
given him, not only by the county horticultural commissioners and by
farmers' institutes, but also by his local banker. The one saving fact
with many a California vineyardist is that, owing to the influx of land
seekers into our State, and because of the prosperous conditions of our
dairy and live stock industry on alfalfa lands, the selling price of land
has doubled in ten years, thus recouping some of the losses of the
vineyard.
There is one striking feature of much of the small planting in our
interior valleys, even on land that is fitted to grow diversified crops;
there are too many one-crop tracts — one cannot call them farms. The
settler is too apt, on the shallow advice of some glib real estate agent,
to put all his eggs in one basket. He is told that this crop or that crop
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. -195
is going to net him a hundred or two hundred dollars an acre. This
sounds very good, indeed, and he risks his all on a one-crop venture.
Perhaps the whole neighborhood does the same and the evils incident
to monoculture come to pass. The district may have but one main
resource and if anything happens to that a blight falls on the whole
community.
There is a special justification on the small orchard or vineyard for
one or two or three acres of alfalfa instead of all fruit or grapes. The
farmer's own family affords a home market, at full retail prices, for all
the milk, butter, veal, pork, chickens and eggs raised on that acre or
two. Allowing the prices that would have to be paid for these necessi-
ties, the indirect products of one acre of alfalfa may often be worth a
hundred dollars for home consumption. The substitution of alfalfa for
a fraction of the vineyard does not necessarily mean much permanent
reduction in the tonnage of grapes shipped off the place, for the fertil-
izer produced will tend to increase or at least maintain the annual
production of the vineyard.
Many thoughtful men are convinced that some reduction of the table
grape acreage in sections where grapes are of medium or poor quality,
ripening only during the .six or eight weeks of glutted markets, is inevi-
table. Let us hope to see this reduction come about by degrees and in a
rational way, and not as a panic of destruction, as may be possible,
should one or two more disastrous seasons follow. In some instances
growers are wisely planning to plant suitable fruit or nut trees, digging
out every third vine, with the intention of eventually removing the
remaining vines when the trees are old enough to bear.
Standardization.
Three seasons ago a movement of immen.se importance to our fruit
and grape growers was initiated by a clear-visioned man, who perceived
the all-important truth that, without some concerted movement to raise
the standard of our grape and fruit shipments, our markets could not
be maintained nor extended. Like all reforms, standardization has had
its difficulties, but on the whole, as growers are becoming educated to its
necessity, it is winning out and must eventually become widely estab-
lished. The early shipments of table grapes of established standard this
season, previous to the September rains, sold at handsome prices, fully
justifying standardization.
Unfortunately in September, 1912, most of the grapes of California
M^ere soaked by a heavy rain. The interior berries of the more compact
clusters were softened by the invasion of the botrytis, or slip-skin mould.
It is very difficult for the packers to find and cull out all the berries
injured by this fungus, as the color and texture is not always perceptibly
affected. It was not always possible for the inspectors to determine
which grapes would carry in good shape, and which would arrive with
whiskers on them. As a result some thousands of cars failed to arrive
in satisfactory condition. This has caused some criticism of standardiza-
496 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
tion, but unjustly so. It may be years before the same thing will happen
again.
In the mean time we shall hope that the United States Department of
Agriculture will try to find some method of controlling this fungus in
the vineyard. If an economical method of prevention can be worked
out, it will be of immense value in improving the keeping qualities of
our table grapes in seasons when early fall rains prevail.
In spite of the general softening of grapes, however, standardization
barred out a great amount of manifestly poor stuff. Growers are better
educated for next year. It was an important epoch in California's
horticultural history when the thesis of standardization was nail'ed
to the door of the packing-house by our far-sighted and courageous
reformer and friend, the man who is helping solve some of our difficult
economic problems — J. W. Jeffrey.
Spanish Table Grapes.
In the heavy importations of Almeria grapes from Spain there is both
a menace and a hint for the future. Would it not be wise for the mem-
bers of this convention to take action toward the continuance of the
present tariff on Spanish grapes. They come into competition mth our
late season shipments of Tokays, Cornichon and Emperor. With the
advent of a new tariff regime, should we not defend ourselves as best
we can against the competition of the increased shipments which would
result if the present tariff is lowered ?
The Almeria grape is a type by itself, very different from any of our
common varieties. It is as hard as an apple and of wonderful keeping
qualities. In the warmer parts of this State it should do well. There
is the possibility of a considerable industry in the growing of these for
late markets, packed in crates, or for marketing in March and April,
packed in sawdust or corkdust. In some localities it is a shy bearer ; in
other places, when properly pruned, it bears well. Experiments should
be carried on to determine its adaptability to the different parts of
California.
Freight Rates.
I shall not take up time with the discussion of this important matter,
a.s I presume it will be handled by our able committee on transporta-
tion, the members of which deserve our heartfelt thanks for their unre-
mitting efforts to secure fair treatment from the railroads.
Wine Grape Industry of the Interior.
The wine grape industry of the interior valleys differs greatly from
that of the coast counties, where dry wines of high grade are produced
from varieties of grapes planted for that specitic purpose. Owing to"
the busy work of phylloxera for the past twenty years a large portion of
the original plantings have been destroyed and partly replaced by
plantings on resistant roots. Most of the recent plantings have been of
desirable varieties suited to the making of fine grades of wine. The
grade of dry wine made in the coast counties is so superior to the dry
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 497
■wine made in the interior that the grapes of the coast counties brought
from twelve to nineteen dollars a ton this year, and for a term of ten
years liave averaged o\er twenty dollars a ton.
The wines of the interior valleys, most sweet fortified wines, are made
largely from wine grapes, planted more for quantity than quality, and
also to a large extent from surplus table grapes and raisin grapes. For
instance, during the latter part of the season, there were daily about as
many cars of table grapes sidetracked at the wineries of Stockton and
Lodi as were being loaded for eastern shipment.
Cut ott' the markets for wines, by needless, careless or hostile legisla-
tion, and a heavy blow will be dealt both to the growers of table and of
raisin grapes. The interests of the three classes of vineyardists are tied
together : all three have suffered during the years since 1907. Since
that year the average vineyard of the interior valleys has been run at a
financial loss.
The actual cost of growing wine grapes in the interior on average
land, including interest on the investment and taxes, is probably not less
than twelve dollars a ton. A.t six dollars a ton, the prevalent price this
season, there is a heav.y loss. At the present time it is said that contracts
are offered to vineyardists at ten dollars a ton for ten years. While it
is unwise to give any one specific business advice, the grower, before
coming to a decision, should remember that owing to constant increases
in taxation, to increasing demands on the part of laborers, to the cost
of employers' accident liability, and to the increased cost of living, that
there may be no real profit in growing grapes at ten dollars a ton, but
a loss. He should also distinguish between real contracts and alleged
contracts, which are merely options, voidable at the buyer's pleasure.
In any event he should hold himself free to dig out his vineyard and sub-
stitute some crop that will net a real profit, if he decides to do so. If his
vineyard bears only average crops, he may do better to gradually reduce
his vineyard acreage and work into alfalfa and other lines of production.
It is surprising to learn how few vineyardists keep any systematic,
record of costs of production. Most vineyards are planted in blocks of
one or more acres. During the vintage the tonnage from each block
should be kept track of. It is not uncommon for some blocks to produce
two or three times as much as other blocks. The grower should know
which blocks are not paying the expense of cultivation and operation
and which ones are paying a profit. The modern dairyman goes to con-
sidera])le pains to test his cows, so that he may eliminate those that cost
more than they come to. The grape grower should know definitely
whether a block of grapes is presenting him with an annual deficit or an
annual profit. If there is a profit, he should decide if it is the best
profit of which that land is capable, and whether he can make a better
profit by substituting some other crop.
It seems as if one other matter should be considered. Within the next
ten years, following the opening of the canal, we expect many thousands,
perhaps a half million, southern Europeans to settle in California. In
10— AB
498 THE MOXTULY BULLETIN.
their own countries, wherever grapes are grown, these people are tem-
perate users of claret and white wine at their meals, consuming an aver-
age of about a pint bottle a day. or not less than thirty gallons a year.
If in California these people are permitted to maintain their old-country
customs, the half million that are expected would make a home market
for fifteen million gallons of wine a year. This would be enough to take
care of any possible surplus and would put the grape industry on a
secure and profitable basis for years to come.
Regardless of what measures may be taken to rid California of the low-
class saloon, would it not be wise for our grape growers, and those of the
community interested in the success of an industry representing an
investment of over a hundred million dollars, to consider some amend-
ment of the present local option laws. At the present time, under the
Wylie bill, if a district votes dry there is nothing to prevent a man
having a gallon of whiskey shipped to him by express and kept at his
home or in his room at a hotel or boarding-house, but the hotel or board-
hig-house keeper is absolutely prevented from serving his guests with a
temperate glass of white AA'ine or claret at meals. To the southern
European wine is the same as tea or coffee to the American. If the
people of a community wish to close saloons but wish to give hotels and
restaurants the privilege of serving light California AA'ines with bona
fide meals, why should not that community have the privilege of so
deciding? I doubt if this matter was seriously and definitely .consid-
ered when our legislators framed the present law. I am a believer in
local option and the right of each community to regulate its own affairs
as it sees fit. Perhaps the time will come Avhen a great many communi-
ties in California will see fit to regulate affairs in the way thus suggested.
With the steady improvement in quality of our California wines the
market for the better types is gradually broadening. The University
of California recognizes the grape as one of the most important and has
established a Department of Viticulture, ably headed by Professor
Bioletti. An immense amount of valuable work has been accomplished.
Among other investigations this department has recently demonstrated
in a very striking and practical way, by actual work with commercial
vintages, the great improvement that can be made in our California
wines by the use of pure yeasts for the carrjnng on of fermentation.
California is uniciue in the importance and extent of its viticulture.
Farmers and settlers from other states usually know nothing at all
?!bout grape growing. The work and advice of the viticultural depart-
ment of the University, through its bulletins, through farmers' insti-
tutes, and through the press, is of great importance to the whole com-
miinity. The legislature makes a biennial appropriation for special
research in viticulture, but the amount is inadequate and should be
increased.
One other topic, and I am through. The history of gluts and periods
of overproduction show that in many cases they could have been pre-
vented. It did not take a fortune teller to point out, after the planting
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. -±99
of wine and table grapes had become an epidemic in 1901, 1902 and
1903, that overproduction of sweet wines was certain to follow. In
1903 Percy T. Morgan, president of the California Wine Association,
in a clear and able paper read before the Frnit Growers' Convention in
this very town of Fresno, told us all just about what was going to
happen. Who heeded his warning? Very few.
For four years after his note of warning prices remained high.
Farmers and speculators kept on planting, ignoring the fact that sev-
enty thousand acres of young grapevines were quietly getting ready to
suddenly pour a flood of crops on the unprepared market. If the same
facts that were presented by Mr. Morgan to one fruit growers' conven-
tion in a ten-minute paper could have been put before the farmers at
all the farmers' institutes held in the interior valleys for a year or two,
by an agricultural economist from the University of California or else-
where, probably the lesson would have been understood and much
unwise planting and losses of millions of dollars been averted.
Most of our farmers are newcomers, not accustomed to studying the
economics of horticulture and viticulture. Such knowledge must come
to them through farmers' institutes or through the able agricultural
journals of California, or through their county horticultural commis-
sioners, in so far as thej^ may be men of sound economic ability; but
we need some starting point where the economic problems of Cali-
fornia's varied and intricate agriculture and horticulture may be
investigated; where young men may be trained to study not only crop
jn'oduction but crop marketing, not only tree planting but rational
choice of varieties to plant.
The State Commission of Horticulture has made a good beginning in
the collection of crop reports and horticultural statistics. This is useful
and commendable; but unless by ample financial support the State
Commission shall become a great deal more than a state bureau of
entomology and quarantine ; unless its work shall be broadened so as to
help the growers solve their present and future economic problems, then
we must look elsewhere. Perhaps, in any event, we should ask the"
University of California to begin by establishing a chair of agriculture
and horticultural economics.
Already in California we have some thousands of fake "professors"
of agricultural economics, who work, not for a salary and not for their
health, but for the commission of five per cent or more on the land they
sell. The new settler gets much of his agricultural and horticultural
ciope from these optimistic gentlemen, sometimes at a dear price.
I always appreciate the optimism of Mr. Seagraves, the irrepressible
colonization agent of the Santa Fe railroad. Last week he assured an
a.udience of a hundred and forty thousand people, through the columns
of the Country Gentleman, of the opportunity of their lifetime —
"You can buy desirable farms with water in the San Joaquin
Valley at from $125 to $150 an acre and these farms, properly
cultivated and planted, will return to you as much as Mr. Casalegno
received from his land.
500 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
''Mr. Casalegno made big interest on $150,000 this year. Mr.
Casalegno owns 120 acres of fruit at Oakdale. If his net profit
was only 6 per cent it would mean $75 an acre, or 6 per cent on a
valuation of $1,250 per acre."
I do not question the sincerity of the railroad gentleman, but through
what process of divination has he found out that his invited settler is
going to secure the same kind of land as Mr. Casalegno 's at $150 an
acre, adapted to the same fruits? How did Mr. Seagraves definitely
ascertain that the prices for fruit will be the same when Mr. Settler's
new orchard comes into bearing in 1920 as was jjaid for Mr. Casalegno 's
crop? Mr. Seagraves is the same optimistic gentleman who in 1908
was advising settlers that wine grapes were paying $125 an acre annu-
ally, only that pipe dream was announced through the Saturday Eve-
ning Post, to an audience of about 750,000.
The great problem of the near future in California is the assimilation
and education of the hundreds of thousands of settlers who are begin-
ning to pour into California. How shall they be informed, of what
California has to offer them in the way of opportunities so that they
may undertake lines of work and of investment which shall prove best
for them and best for the community?
Professor Bioletti is starting a careful investigation of economic facts
and principles underlying viticulture. Does not the same necessity
exist for each and every line of agricultural production in our great
State ?
We need a starting point. Should not that be the establishing at
our State University of a chair of agricultural and horticultural eco-
nomics? Dean Hunt comes to us "with the ambition, the ability, and
the backing to develop the College of Agriculture along broad lines of
usefulness. Shall we not help him by telling him what we need most ?
Chairman Cook. This carefully prepared and thoughtful address is
now open for discussion.
Mr. Nutting. Do you happen to know of any experiments anywhere
in growing alfalfa in vineyards for the purpose of cultivation and cover
crops? It is an idea that I had in mind some years ago, particularly in
reference to a man who used to be in Coachella Valley. The man I
speak of is Mr. Phil. Bear of Redbanks, who has an orchard and vine-
yard a little way outside of Lemon Cove, I am told : he has some acres,
do not know how much land he has. Well, I understand he planted
alfalfa among his vines, which he has trellised up, and he used this
alfalfa as cover crops and that he gets some plieuomenal results — crop
profit from his vineyard ; that he turns his hogs into the vineyards and
lets them feed on the alfalfa and so gets a profit from his grapes, fertil-
ization from the hogs which live on the alfalfa he raises there. This, I
think, is a Avorthy suggestion and study for us. Some years ago Pro-
fessor Wickson, I believe, spoke of the idea of alfalfa for fertilization
purposes for the grapes and he said he couldn't see why that idea
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
501
couldn't be followed out reasonably and have both crops of alfalfa and
grapes, but he didn 't think of the crop of hogs then.
AVhen I came to this State twenty-seven years ago I used to attend
the fruit .growers' conventions regularly, every one that came along,
and to-day when I saw our old friend, Russ D. Stephens, come up with
his old subject attacking the Southern Pacific, and Mr. Swett here with
his address on grape growing, I felt like it was a representative fruit
grower-s' convention in which I am privileged to take a little part. Aside
from the use as cover crops, which a little experimenting in that line of
growing alfalfa, w'here he has given fertilization to the ground lying
between the grapes without extra cost, except the expense of cultivation,
and adding considerably to his crop of grapes, he has besides a crop of
hogs, if treated that way.
Also another part of the story is that he could get some phenomenal
profits shipping east the crops of those vines, because now the eastern
markets are supplied with the Almeria grape from Spain, and which we
have had a good deal of trouble in getting a crop of in this country. It
may be of interest to add what I have noticed in various trade reports ;
that there are from four hundred thousand to six hundred and fifty thou-
sand barrels of Almeria grapes imported into New York every year.
Here is an opportunity for a new^ industry in this country, if we can
find out just how to do it.
Mr. Schmidt. We are experimenting with a few vines, about sixty or
seventy, that we are going to train up in the Spanish style, the trellis
system, that is seven feet high and then separating the branches. As I
believe I stated to Mr. Swett this morning, these kinds we have are only
a few years old and have all been grafted on resistant vines. They have
done fairly well this year, considering the variety. Some few of the
grape-s over there (on the table) now show how they keep, how they do,
in sawdust. This particular variety we handle is the better variety of
the Almeria.
Mr. S^^^TT. What time do they ripen?
Mr. Schmidt. In October, extending through the month, and they
don't deteriorate very rapidly. We have them also in the northern part
of the State, but not in sufficient quantity in the north to say much
about it. We know that some vineyardists are troubled with some
physiological trouble — the black spots appearing on them, and of w^hich
we know nothing.
Mr. Eoeding. In regard to the Almeria grape, I want to say that
nearly every one who has had any experience with the Almeria grape in
California has found it rather an unsatisfactory grape to grow. This
has been largely due to the fact that these grapes have spotted more or
less and the vine has been subject to mildew. I have both Almeria
grapes and another variety which bears a close resemblance to it in
my experimental vineyards, called the Olivette de Vendemian, that I
imported from France a number of years ago, and I think Mr. Schmidt
will bear me out that, although the two grapes bear a very close resem-
502 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
blauee to one another, there is a most remarkable difference in the
quality of the fruit, and I do not wish to say here that this Olivette de
Vendemian that I have is probably the genuine Almeria grape, but,
nevertheless, it is very much superior grape to the Almeria, which has
been so generally grown in California, and I think if the development of
shipping grapes in sawdust in kegs containing them, and we find it
advisable to use other grapes outside of the Imperial which is being so
generally used now, that this new type of the Almeria, which is really
in my opinion an improved Almeria, will no doubt displace the variety
that has been generally grown in this State as the Almeria.
Before I sit down I want to make a few further remarks in reference
to one subject which Mr. Swett touched upon in his paper, and that is
in reference to this convention taking some action in recommending
that some duty be placed on the imported Almeria grapes. I do not
know myself whether there is any duty on the imported Almeria, but I
do know that from the experience of last year and this year that there
is a great chance of developing the shipment of grapes in kegs in red-
wood sawdust and that business should be guarded, and not allowed to
be encroached upon. Mr. Nutting made the statement that the importa-
tion of Almeria grapes in cork dust packed in kegs was between four
hundred thousand and six hundred thousand kegs, while natural condi-
tions are from nine hundred thousand to one million kegs annually. The
Imperial grape has been found a most desirable grape for shipment in
this sawdust and there is no question but it will relieve much of the
congestion which we labor under at the present time from grapes which
are shipped in crates. This has well been exemplified this year by the
very profitable returns which growers have been receiving from the
Imperial grapes which they have shipped to the eastern market. Last
year the shipment of grapes packed in kegs of sawdust was in the neigh-
borhood of two cars. This year, on account of the most favorable com-
ments which were made on these two cars of grapes packed in sawdust,
the grapes going east packed in that way have amounted to twenty-five
carloads, and from the experience that was gained last year it is quite
evident that grapes packed in this sawdust will keep for at least three
months from the date of shipment, so you see the season for the distribu-
tion and disposal of these grapes amounts to quite a long period.
Chairman Cook. The Committee on Resolutions will make a note
of this matter mentioned by Mr. Roeding.
Mr. Schmidt. I wish, Mr. Roeding, you would tell us something
about the currant.
Mr, Roeding. I think Mr. Schmidt is just as well able to make the
remarks in reference to the currant as I am. It seems very strange,
with the development of our recent industry, that the Zante currant has
not been more generally planted. You are well aware that the name
Zante currant has been applied to a grape, and is not a currant at all.
The true name of the Zante currant is really black currant grape, which
is grown generally in Greece. I have been interested for a number of
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 503
years in the future of this currant for California, for the reason that
even our housewives in this country where raisins are so generally
grown will go out of their way to buy Zante currants in preference to
our Thompson Seedless. They claim that there is a flavor in this grape
which is not found in the Thompson Seedless and the Sultana, and I
am inclined to believe that there is something in it. Of course, we have
imported the Thompson Seedless and the Sultana, which are most gen-
erally grown here, and it seems strange, the conditions being so favor-
able for the production of these grapes, that the currant has not been
more generally grown here. Last year I happened to be over at the
experimental vineyard of the government station, and we picked all the
Zante currant crop they had on their vines. There were not many
currants, but sufficient to make an experiment in order to determine
how these grapes were dried. They were placed on trays, exposed to the
sun for a . short time, and then the trays were stacked. Those who
sampled the raisins afterwards, and there were among them men who
were thoroughly familiar with the best quality of the imported Zante
currants, did not hesitate to say that this Zante currant, as grown here,
was fully equal to the imported article. The grape requires no process-
ing of any kind. It can be picked earlier than any other variety of
raisin crop which we have, and there is no question in my mind but
there is a great future for this grape in the interior valleys of this
State, and I hope the time will come when it will be more generally
planted. The vines seem to be excellent bearers, something which has
been doubted heretofore because the grapes have never been given a
thorough trial until the last few years, so with that fact of their being
good bearers, and with the additional fact in their favor of their earlier
ripening, they can probably be picked in the early part of August, it
gives a grand opportunity for introducing the variety and developing
this branch of the raisin business, which has never been touched on in
the State.
Mr. Nuttixg. I didn't quite understand, at the beginning of this
discussion, whether the Zante grape was a black or a red grape.
Mr. Roeding. The Zante currant is a black grape, but there are two
varieties — the black currant and the white ; the black currant, however,
is generally grown. I saw it in Greece eleven years ago, and the black
currant is the one generally grown in the vineyards of Greece.
Mr. Nuttixg. I was surprised to hear, at a meeting where several
raisin growers were present the other day, that the point was made that
the United States Government was still maintaining that the Zante
currant was a currant and not a small grape. Has that been finally
settled to the satisfaction of the government, or is that ghost of the past
coming up again?
Mr. Roeding. There is no quesion at all, but it is a question that will
be brought up whenever the tariff: comes before the Senate and the
House of Representatives. That is the old excuse that is made, that the
importers bring up every time that the growers argue for a duty on
504 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
raisin grapes, and they invariably contend that the Zante currant is the
product of a currant bush, and is not a grape. I happened to be before
the Waj'S and Means Committee four years ago, when this very same
subject came up, and every importer present did his best to convince
the committee that the Zante currant was a currant and not a grape.
Mr. Nutting. Granting all that, is it not a fact that there are so-
called Zante currants, grown and brought into this country, that are a
product of a currant bush °]
Mr. Roeding. Not that I know of. Zante currant is really a name
that probably was acquired by trade usage extending over a great period
of years, and, of course, it is really a misnomer.
Mr. Stabler. We grew the currant in Sutter County about ten years
ago. We had about twenty acres planted, and we found that it ripens
about two weeks earlier than the Thompson Seedless, which brings it in
on about the tenth of August in Sutter County. As long ago as eight or
ten years Senator Perkins sent to the growers for information, and sent
it to Washington in order to convince the committee there that currants
grew on grapevines and not on currant bushes.
Mr. Nutting. I know of a man in Placer County who has had about
twelve acres of the red Zante currant for some time, and upon writing
him some time ago, he wrote me that they were still growing as well as
ever, and were a very profitable product, so there is one experiment
where they are grown comm.ercially in this State. It is at Lincoln that
this small red grape or currant is grown, and I believe Mr. Schmidt has
said something at some time about it at the experiment station.
Mr. Schmidt. I believe it is the red variety of the currant, although
I believe some mention it as the white variety.
Chairman Cook. We will now listen to Mr. W. R. Nutting, on the
topic of '' Co-operation of American Raisin Growers."
CO-OPERATION OF AMERICAN RAISIN GROWERS.
By W. R. Nutting, Fresno, Cal.
When this topic Avas assigned to me by Dr. Cook of Sacramento under
the title of "Co-operation of Raisin Growers," I felt like changing it to
"New Methods of Co-operation." "Co-operation of Raisin Growers"
has groAA-n somewhat stale during the last thirty years and therefore
is hardly distinctive enough for our new public exchange system. The
growers have been trying to accomplish results by A^nrious methods
knoAvn to the trade generally in the past, but their efforts have ahvays
failed sooner or later. Sometimes they managed to stay together for a
year, or tAA^o or three years, but it seems to me that the principle at
bottom of all the old co-operative methods on what Ave call the "sign-up
plan" was at best fundamentally Aveak.
For illustration, if a hundred men here in this room promised to
stand up along that wall for one year, it would be physically impos-
sible for all of them to do it. It is just about as impossible for three
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
505
thousand men to stand up for a year or term of years, financially.
People die, people get sick, something happens or some of the mem-
bers or their friends get into trouble. They may sign an agreement
to stand by each other for a year or two or three years, but you never
succeed in getting them all to stand together permanently.
It is impossible for our groAvers to organize by themselves alone,
owing to local conditions and the difficulties they have met with. In
the old organizations there was much dissatisfaction, with the result
that some would drop out, leaving those in the association carrying
a bigger load than they were able to carry.
Gradually we came to see that something different had to be done.
We had to devise some new plan. In turning over in my mind the
experience of other lines of business, it came to me by degrees that we
ought to have a "California Raisin Exchange," on the grain, butter,
corn and cotton exchange plan. The idea at the bottom of that plan is
that any two people, buyer and seller, can come together at any time at
a placed commonly called "The Exchange," or the "Board of Trade,"
and transact their business. The moment they come together on a price,
that makes the market price for that instant, and a large number of
people doing business through the day establish the market price for
that day. They do not "sign up" anything. One simply sells and the
other buys. Examining the practical w^orking of that system, we fmd
that all over the world, from the Board of Trade at Chicago, the Cotton
Exchange at New York to the Tea Exchange at Bombay, India, such
exchanges are established, and also become centers for collecting and
publishing information. They become, so to speak, crop report bureaus,
and either the members exclusively, or the general public, receive all
the information possible to collect ; and so it is to be with our Raisin
Exchange. All the information we can collect is to be distributed
broadcast, that our raisin growers may Imow what is going on all over
the world. Then they can keep themselves informed and up-to-date in
all particulars. By lookiiig in the morning daily papers they will see
the transactions of the day before, the buying and selling, the highest
price, the lowest price, the average, and the total sales.
We are anxious to have our own raisin trade paper, and the exchange
proposes to start one as soon as possible, to start it right, AVe need a
trade paper besides the daily papers, to give the growers throughout
this country accurate and full information. The way things are now it
is impossible to get accurate ideas of prices. We will gather up all the
crop news, weather information in foreign countries, prices, and all
that, and the grower will then have this information in a concise, read-
able form, as quick as it can be got to him.
There are reported to be in the United States from three to five thou-
sand wholesale grocery .jobbing houses. One in Chicago employs a
hundred and forty-five traveling salesmen; another in New York has
about two hundred. There are several thousand traveling grocery sales-
men on the road every day, carrying around and giving out all informa-
506 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
tion that comes to them regarding the products they deal in. To have
Associated Press dispatches in all the daily papers througliout the coun-
try, so that all traveling salesmen, representatives of every jobbing
house in the country, calling on a hundred and fifty thousand retail
and wholesale grocery stores, can, with their breakfast, have in their
morning paper a report of what was done here in raisins and dried fruit
the day before, would be of immense value to our raisin and dried fruit
industries. Everybody would be interested and watching the paper to
see the latest developments.
We are very enthusiastic over this raisin exchange proposition. As
stated before, it requires no signing up, and only a membership fee of
ten dollars to join. We firmly believe we can accomplish all we have
set out to do by using the different methods previously employed by
various exchanges and other organizations throughout the country,
which they have used so successfully. We are trying to bring the grow-
ers and business men together, and to get them on some footing where
they will understand each other and work together. Most business men
in this State haven 't yet awakened- to the fact that, by organization of
fruit growers, they, themselves, as merchants, could get better prices
and put their business on a sounder basis.
The object of both our exchange and our million-dollar company is
to cause a steady, regular price, so that raisins cannot go below a certain
price fair to the growers. The way things are now, the growers, with
their expenses in raising and marketing their products, are not making
enough to pay living expenses, and many are rooting out their vines and
planting the land to alfalfa, which insures them quick cash and a good
profit, while raisins do not. This exchange is to be a place where
raisins can be bought and sold at auction, something the way com and
cotton, also grain and other similar products, are sold. To operate such
an exchange here, and control it for the benefit of the fruit industry,
the raisin industry, would benefit the whole community, but it is neces-
sary to keep the control of it in the hands of the growers or their friends
until the business is firmly established and confidence is established.
It has been stated that every dollar the grower deposits in bank is
checked against five times before it goes out. That is to say, each dollar
that the grower makes by the increased raise of prices for his goods,
makes five profits for five different concerns before it leaves the country
and goes off East. It is, therefore, for the great benefit of all business
men to help the growers.
Professor Bioletti was right this morning when he said that at present
prices the raisin grower had better give away his vineyard and work
for the man he gave it to. But this can all be avoided if you will organ-
ize, standardize, and put the industry on a solid basis. Vineyardists
don't want to make immense profits— just enough to pay expenses and
have a little over, and surely that is not too much to expect.
Dr. Powell told us last night about how the women of Italy carry
their lemons and other products in huge baskets on their heads ; that is,
THE MOXTIILY BULLETIN. 507
the women and children of those foreign countries do the work. AVomen
and children here don't work in the fields as they do in Southern
Europe, and crops can't be grown as cheap. They can live there for a
few cents a day, eating black bread and cheese, and so can work for a
very small wage. Here their mode of living soon changes, and they
require more for their living expenses. There can be no comparison in
cost prices between our conditions here and those abroad.
This raisin exchange of ours has been worked up very carefully by
writing it up in the newspapers, something as a political campaign is
conducted, full page advertisements appearing in the leading papers,
and everything being done to attract the attention of the people. We
have enlisted the aid of the best known men in the country, and have
put all possible means to work to organize both the California Raisin
Exchange and our million-dollar company. This last organization is to
employ the same methods that the general business man of big corpora-
tions would; that a firm of publishers M^OLild use in working up a big
sale of subscription books ; or that advertising men of newspapers would
in canvassing for advertising for their papers. We are working from a
practical business standpoint, not from the old sign-up association stand-
point.
We are working to get this big million-dollar company thoroughly
organized and in working order before the great influx of immigrants
will come pouring into our State when the Panama Canal is opened in
1915 ; and when that class of people reaches here they can be brought
into the organization just as anybody else here is, by buying shares, as
in any stock company.
We now have over six thousand raisin growers in this State — a large
industry. There is now about a hundred and fifty thousand acres of
raisin vineyards in the State. Take up your morning paper and turn
to the financial news column. You can find ciuotations on alfalfa, fruits
of all kinds, cotton, pork, and so on down the list ; but where is there any
mention of raisins? We need our own trade paper; we need to adver-
tise; we need to wake up and get a modern, up-to-date standing. We
must have uniform prices.
Our raisin exchange is now starting on its second year of organizing
work. We now have 1,970 members enrolled, and the number is in-
creasing all the time. The idea was new a year ago, and at first it was
hard getting the growers to come in ; they knew all the old methods and
were tired, discouraged, and had no faith, but we have convinced them
that this is an absolutely new idea, different from the old ways. We
want to carry our list of members on up into the thousands, until we
have every grower in this State interested. It requires no signing up to
belong to this exchange, and only costs ten dollars to join.
We must obtain reliable and accurate information concerning all
phases of the subject, number of acres of all kinds and varieties of
grapes and fruits, and this we are doing, and are getting reliable statis-
tics for the use of the growers. We now have maps of thirty townships,
508 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
showing just where every orchard and evevy vineyard is, and a complete
mailing list of all the growers and their telephone numbers. "We intend
to have men out on the road throughout the entire season, gathering
reports from these districts as to the rain, the wind and frost, crop
conditions, and, in fact, everything that will tend to affect the growers'
prices. All this information and data is to be compiled and at the
service of our members. A bureau of this sort can best be conducted
through an exchange, by the aid of the local papers and the Associated
Press dispatches to all the daily papers in the United States. Only large
exchanges or boards of trade can obtain this sort of information, and
such wide publicity cannot be obtained in anj^ other way but through
them, except at a tremendous cost.
As Mr. Dargitz said this morning about the dried fruit association,
we must organize, we must stand together. Look at the almond growers ;
see what they have accomplished, and this by organizing and doing away
with the speculative element. We feel here in the United States as a
nation that we each like to have our own way, and so the growers feel
as though each wants to be free to sell when we wish to. My aim and
great desire is to consolidate these seven thousand growers into a million-
dollar company for doing business financially, and into a raisin ex-
change for the actual exchange of raisins for cash and the collection and
publication of information.
I thank you very much for your kind attention and interest.
Mr. Swett. Mr. Chairman, I have a resolution I would like to
present at this time :
Whereas, The practice of shipping green and immature fruit from California to
the eastern markets Is an injury to the State at large, and often a financial loss to
the growers themselves ;
Resolved, That we, the California Fruit Growers' Association, at its forty-second
semi-annual meeting in December, 1912, at Fresno, California, hereby endorse the
efforts of the state administration to bring about a standardization of fruits, so that
with inspection at both ends our products may reach the consumer in good edible
condition.
Mr. Shepherd. Mr. Chairman, I think that would be a very unjust
resolution. That would lead the country to misconstrue just what is
meant, and would work irreparable harm to the orange industry in
California.
Chairman Cook. We will refer the resolution back to the Com-
mittee on Resolutions.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 509
EVENING SESSION.
Dr. Cook presiding.
Chairman Cook. We Avill now have the pleasure of listening to a
stereopticon lecture on California's Viticultural Industry by H. F. Stoll,
secretary Grape Growers' Association of California.
CALIFORNIA'S VITICULTURAL INDUSTRY: PAST, PRESENT,
FUTURE.
By Horatio F. Stoll, San Francisco, Cal.
One of the surprises of California, to the people who live outside the
State, is the magnitude of our viticultural industry. Even Revenue
Commissioner Royal E. Cabell, the governmental head of the service
that has supervision of the wine industry throughout the country, was
amazed at its extent when he first visited the Pacific Slope on a tour of
inspection two years ago. "Of course," he said, "I had a general idea
of the gallons produced, the number of tons of grapes used, and the
various figures that come under my eye through the department, but
figures can give no adequate idea of the scope of importance of the wine
industry in this region. It needed seeing to grasp it fully."
Like Commissioner Cabell, many other people of the United States
have heard much of the grape industry of the Golden West. They
'knoAv that the State boasts of valuable crops that yield not only the
"little wine for the stomach's sake," but the raisins that figure in a
hundred different recipes and the huge bunches of grapes which orna-
ment the tables of our leading hotels.
However, it is not until they have traveled through the greater part
cf our glorious State that visitors appreciate the fact that the growing
of grapes in the United States and the industries based thereon are in
a peculiar sense Californian. This State produces nearly all the raisins,
three quarters of the wine and a large part of the shipping grapes.
We are also beginning to specialize in the manufacture of grape juice,
grape syrup and grape wine vinegar, and are utilizing the by-products
of the winery in the manufacture of cream of tartar, tartaric acid and
Rochelle salts.
According to the closest estimates obtainable there are upward of
300.000 acres in California devoted to grape cultivation. Of this acre-
age, over one half, or about 160,000 acres, is devoted to the growing
of grapes used exclusively in the making of Avine. About 90,000 acres
are taken up with grapes intended for raisin purposes, but a large
portion of these grapes, especially the second crop, are sent to distil-
leries for the purpose of brandy making, Muscat flavored brandy being
consumed more largely than any other kind in the United States. A
portion also of the first crop Muscat grapes is made into a wine called
"Sweet Muscat," and also into fortified material for the making of
sherry. About 50,000 acres are devoted to table grapes, the greater
part of Avhich is packed in crates and shipped to the eastern markets of
the United States.
510 THE :\IOXTHLY BULLETIN.
Investment.
The total investment in the grape growing industry of California,
including vineyards and establishments for wine making and storage,
grape drying and shipping, is estimated at -about $150,000,000, from
which a gross yearly income of nearly $27,000,000 is derived.
Table Grapes.
The market for our table grapes is constantly increasing. It is esti-
mated that this year the shipment of table grapes nearly reached the
G.500 carload mark, and sold for about $6,000,000. It is safe to say
that over one half of this production came from Sacramento and San
Joaquin counties, which, with other sections of these two great valleys
and southern California, are the home of desirable table varieties that
find a ready sale in the eastern market.
California Raisins.
Next to the citriis fruits, raisins are the most important single fruit
crop of the State. The commercial production of raisins in this State
began in the eighties, and one of our great agricultural achievements
^v'as the capture of virtually the entire American market within less
than twenty years and the production of more than one half of the
?kluscat raisins of the world. Formerlj^ the best bunches were selected
and sold in boxes, and the others were stemmed and graded according'
to size and sold as "loose" or "off stock," as "two-crown," "three-
crown," or "four-crown," according to the size of the berry. Since the
perfection of the seeding machinery, most of the raisins unfit for
clusters are seeded and sold in cartons. The raisin industry is con-
centrated in a few districts. Tulare produces some excellent raisins,
but probably four fifths of the crop is grown within twenty-five miles
of Fresno, which is the great raisin center. Some raisins are produced
in the south, notably in San Diego and San Bernardino counties, and
large quantities of seedless raisins are produced in the lower Sacra-
mento Valley, especially in Yolo County, which, indeed, long antedates
Fresno County as a raisin district. Thirteen years ago. 71.567,000
pounds were produced in California. This year our output will reach
about 170,000,000 pounds, and Avill be worth at least $6,000,000.
The Wine Industry.
But most important of all, from a financial standpoint, is our Avine
industry, which brings us in a yearly income of about $15,000,000.
Last year our output was excessive, somewhere in the neighborhood of
50.000,000 gallons, but this year it is doubtful if the vintage exceeded
40,000,000 gallons. The dry wine output is conservatively estimated at
22,500,000 gallons, and the sweet Mine production, according to figures
furnished by the revenue office, will reach about 17,500,000 gallons.
As compared with the immense output of France and Italy this
showing is small, but it must not be forgotten that it has taken those
two European countries nearly 2.000 years to plant their extensive vine-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIISr. 511
yards and create a world-wide market for their wines. Pliny, who is
so rich in precious information on the agricultural and social advances
of Italy, tells us that Italy opened her hills and plains to the triumphal
entrance of the god Dionysius about 120 years B. C, and the cultivation
of the grape has gone on uninterruptedly ever since. Every generation
has poured forth new capital to enlarge its inheritance of vineyards.
Introduced by the Church.
The vine was introduced into France by the conquering Roman
legions, and practically the same conditions as in Italy prevail there,
only that a small area of the north of France does not produce grapes,
while in Italy there is practically no section where grapes are not
grown and wine made.
The viticultural industry of California, on the other hand, is really
only half a century old, although the Franciscan Fathers planted the
grapevine in California shortly after their arrival at San Diego in 1769.
As the other missions were established, small tracts were planted close
around their houses of worship. The padres guarded them jealously
with high adobe walls, cultivated the vines carefully, gathered their
fruit, and made wnne, which was used in their religious ceremonies, or
consumed by the good fathers, their occasional visitors, and their
. immediate retainers.
Even after the arrival of Americans in 1849, and with them repre-
sentatives from every civilized nationality on the globe, but little
advance was made toward increasing the area of viticulture until 1859,
when, through the publication of vine articles in the reports of the
State Agricultural Society, and in the newspapers, a general and wide-
spread interest manifested itself in vine planting, and the area of our
vineyards became very greatly increased. A very large proportion,
however, of these new plantations consisted of table grape-producing
vines, and the remainder were almost exclusively composed of the old
Mission variety, which has now practically disappeared from Cali-
fornia's vineyard land.
Fostered by Our Legislature.
In the early sixties, our state legislature sent a commission abroad
to secure the finest varieties of grapes in Europe and Asia. This
resulted in the planting of better varieties for the table, for the wine
press, and for raisin curing; but it was not until about 1880 that the
foreign varieties of grapes were set out extensively, for up to that time
there were only a limited few who believed that any grapes could be
as good as the old Mission variety, which produced an ordinary, coarse,
heavy wine, taking an indefinite period to mature.
Through the persistent efi'orts of a few enterprising viticultnrists,
small quantities of wine were produced from imported varieties, whose
character was so distinctive and so strikingly showed superiority over
those made from the Mission, that new faith in the future of California
wines was born, and the belief spread that under proper conditions our
512 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
State might some day make wine of a superior grade and eventually
rival some of the better wines of European countries.
After fifty years of patient, costly, experimental work, and the
expenditure of vast sums in repairing the ravages of the phylloxera and
Anaheim disease, the great goal has been reached and to-day California
wines are considered the equal of those produced in any section of the
world. Even abroad they admit this, for at the International Exposi-
tion at Turin, Italy, last fall, a new brand of California champagne
received the "Grand Prix." the highest award which the exacting jury
eoukl confer.
While conditions have been discouraging to the wine grape grower
during the past few years, there is no question but that the industry
will eventuall}^ be put on a stable foundation and then, instead of
pulling up vines, a vast new acreage will cover our idle hillsides and
other lands that are practically fitted for nothing else. In fact, as soon
as the demand will justify, there is no reason why we cannot plant
hundreds of thousands, yes, even millions of additional acres in grapes.
Future Possibilities.
God Almighty has been good to California in giving us a variety of
favorable climates and an equal variety of good soils. In the coast
counties and those contiguous to the bay of San Francisco, where the-
wine grapes mature at a high acid point and a low sugar point, we have
a dry wine section that cannot be surpassed anywhere. There flourish
the grapes that produce types analagous to the Claret, Cabernet,
Burgundy, Sauterne, Chablis and Riesling wines. In our hot interior
valleys, where the grapes, on the other hand, mature at a high sugar
point and a low acid point, are to be found those varieties that make
our Port, Sherry, Madeira, Angelica, and other sweet wines.
In fact, there is very little of the arable lands of California from the
Vina vineyard of Stanford University, in Tehama County, on the
north, to the Escondido Valley, in San Diego County, on the south, that
is not capable of producing abundant crops of good grapes. Most of
the states of the Union, Canada and Mexico can grow a limited variety
of grapes in more or less limited quantities, but no region in the whole
of North America can hope to compare with California successfully in
the quantity, quality, and variety of her wine, table and raisin grapes.
The Labor Problem.
One of the most serious difficulties which we must overcome, if we
hope to compete successfully with France, Italy, Germany, and Spain
and Portugal in the Mdne market of the world, is the labor problem.
This fall, pickers were at a premium in the vineyards, and, as a result,
prohibitive prices had to be paid to the Japs, Hindoos and other avail-
able help that could be pressed into service.
But with the opening of the Panama Canal, it is expected that the
influx of immigration from Southern Europe will help to adjust this
vexing problem. According to Guy B. Barnham, who recently returned
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
513
to Los Angeles after a tour of Italy, France and other points on the
continent, a great colonization movement, with the fertile fruit and
grape lands of California as the objective point, will start from France
and Italv immediately 'after the opening of the Panama Canal.
While touring through Europe, Mr. Barnham paid particular atten-
tion to the conditions surrounding the fruit and wine industry in
France and Italy, and learned that the middle class of fruit and wine
growers are looking forward to California as the promised land, where
all of their troubles will be over and where they will have, instead of a
paltry one or two acres of vineyard or orchard, a fruit or grape ranch
of fifty or several hundred acres.
Valuable immigrants Coming.
"One of the most significant factors pointing to a systematic estab-
lishment of Italian and French vineyard colonies in California," said
Dr. Barnham, "was my conversation with AA^illiam S. Dalliba, manager
of the Paris branch of the American Express Company, whom I met in
Paris. Mr. Dalliba, who is a personal friend of James Stillman, of
New York, told me of a conversation he had with Mr. Stillman a week
prior to our meeting. Mr. Stillman, who represents the Morgan-Harri-
man investment syndicate, had been in California for two months
incognito, and had been looking over the situation thoroughly with the
end in view of investment in lands. Mr. Stillman stated that he looked
forward to one of the greatest movements of the small vineyardists and
laborers of France and Italy in seeking lands in California that has
ever occurred.
"With the completion of the canal there will be a water journey
possible from France or Italy to California, which is vastly cheaper
than the present transportation by ship and then by rail across 3,000
miles of continent. This will appeal to the worker in the vineyard.
The success of the Italian and French winemakers and growers in
California has reached the ears of their hard-working countrymen back ■
home, and they are waiting and saving money against the time when the
great canal is opened, and they will be able to sail from their own home
direct to California.
"These thrifty vineyardists and fruit growers must not be confused
with the ordinary immigrant who lands in New York and stays there.
They are sons of the soil, and are perhaps the most skilled farmers in
the world, for they are ably to wrest a living from an acre of ground for
several families. They watch the soil as a woman does her rising
bread. ' '
Such immigrants are very desirable to California, since they will not
remain in our cities, but will immediately hie themselves to the farm and
ranch lands, where they wall become producers of wealth.
Advising the Stranger.
It is to be hoped that by 1915 California will have secured a state
immigration bureau, not so much for the purpose of inducing people
11— HB
514 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
to come to the State as to encourage the right kind of people to come,
and to distribute them wisely throughout our grape sections when they
arrive. Such a bureau, which would make it possible for a stranger in
a strange land to learn from a reliable source and in his own language
the opportunities and demands of the different grape sections of the
State, is indispensable to his success and that of our wine industry.
Of course, they will be able to secure valuable information and co-
operation from the University of California, w^hich, by the way, is the
only state educational institution in the United States that has a depart-
ment of viticulture that attempts to teach practical grape growing and
wine making. Prof. Frederic T. Bioletti is in charge of this department
and his advice is always of great value to any stranger, for he has the
information at his finger tips and is familiar with every vineyard section
in the State.
Experimental Stations.
Another source from which the stranger will be able to secure accu-
rate and valuable information is the Department of Agriculture, which
has a dozen viticultural experiment stations in California, in charge of
Prof. Geo. C. Hussman.
The three most important of these stations are located at Oakville, in
Napa County; at Guasti, in San Bernardino County; and near Fresno.
They have developed into places of broad viticultural research and
experimental work, and furnish practical object lessons in viticulture
and an excellent opportunity to solve many problems of commercial
interest.
Among the prominent problems which have been occupying the atten-
tion of Professor Hussman at these experimental stations are compara-
tive tests of the resistent stock varieties, congeniality determinations
between Vinifera and different resistent varieties, studies on determina-
tion of varieties best adapted to different localities, testing the classes of
grapes with reference to their resistance of insects, diseases, etc.
In a conversation with Professor Hussman a few days ago, I was
informed that, when the vintage arrives next fall, he proposes to invite
the grape growers in the vicinity of these three stations to a series of
talks which he will give in the experimental vineyards, explaining, with
the aid of his assistants, exactly what has been accomplished with the
different varieties of grapes by the government, after years of careful
experimental work.
Professor Hussman, by the way. deplores the lack of interest taken in
this work by the average grape grower. He expresses the hope that,
€ven though his talks next fall will take place during the busy vintage
season, the grape growers will feel justified in dropping their work for
a day and visit the stations, which show up to best advantage when the
countless varieties of wine, table and raisin grapes are ripe and ready
to be picked.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 515
A 1915 Grape Day.
During the exposition year efforts should be made to provide ways
and means by which the hundreds of thousands of visitors to California
will have an opportunity to inspect our important vineyard sections.
Excursions should be arranged, especially during the vintage season.
Merely to exhibit at the exposition Avill not do, because the displays
of the products of our vineyards and wineries will be only a small item
among the millions of interesting things that will be shown in the
various palaces.
Of course, all the sightseers will not be able to tour the State, and,
therefore, to impress the greatest number with the importance of our
industry, I believe it would be a good idea if our table, raisin and wine
grape growers would get together and formulate plans for a spectacular
^' Grape Day." I have talked over the matter with President C. C.
Moore, of the exposition, and he is enthusiastic over such a picturesque
celebration. He has promised to give the event world-wide publicity
by including it in the official programme, which will be sent to the four
corners of the globe at least a year before the exposition opens.
For this event we should select a day when we may be sure of a record
attendance; that is, the day before or after some especially big event
early in September. Tins will enable our winemakers and grape
growers to take an active part in making the day a huge success, and
will occur at a time when there are plenty of table grapes on hand to
make a good showing.
The programme could consist of a street parade, made up of floats
from every table, raisin and wine grape growing county in the State,
literary exercises on the grounds in the afternoon, and a grand banquet
and ball in the California building in the evening.
This would permit each of the divisions of the industry — ^the table,
raisin and wine grape growers — to celebrate in their own way, and
would advertise our vitieultural interests as they have never been
advertised before, especially if it were announced that hundreds of
thousands of cartons of raisins, and tons and tons of grapes were to be
distributed free.
Distributing Fruit to Visitors.
In this connection I would suggest that the fruit and raisins that are
to be given away be purchased, if necessary, so that when our Grape
Day arrives there will be no hitch as to the amount that will be avail-
able. If the committee in charge depends upon voluntary contributions
from the different firms and growers, they are likely to find themselves
disappointed.
Carloads of fruit were promised for California Day at the Alaska-
Yukon Exposition at Seattle, and accordingly the papers were informed
weeks ahead that large quantities of choice California oranges, apples
and grapes were to be given away to the public. But when Admission
Day came, which was called ' ' California Day, ' ' it was found that most
of the promised fruit did not materialize, and it was necessary, there-
516 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
fore, in order to keep faith with the public, to go to the Seattle markets
and buy enough California fruit to make up the deficit.
It was announced that on Children's Day two thousand cartons of
Fresno raisins were to be given to the little ones in the afternoon. "When
the cases were rolled out in front of the California Building a dense
crowd of struggling children surrounded the men who were opening
the boxes and passing out the cartons. The jam was so great that the
little ones were almost smothered by the more aggressive tots anxious
to get a box of raisins. Those near the distributors couldn't budge one
way or another, being hemmed in by those on the outside, who were
shoving and pushing to get nearer. The fortunate ones near the boxes
kept reaching for more until some of them had grabbed half a dozen
cartons.
Colonel Wiggins, who viewed the scene from the top of the stairs,
called a halt and ordered the boxes taken to the rear of the building,
where a row of rustic benches were placed parallel to the back of the
wall. The children were compelled to file through this passage one by
one, and the plan worked beautifully.
I regret to say, however, that it had an unhappy ending for some of
the children at the end of the line, who were repeatedly asked to stop
shoving and go slow, as there was enough for every one. In a seem-
ingly endless procession they filed past, some of them a second time,
until the supply ran out, with a line still unsupplied containing some
hundred children.
Apples had to be substituted for raisins. Some were glad to get them,
while the mothers of others, showing an unpleasant phase of the much-
vaunted "Seattle spirit," declared it was a shame, after they had been
so patient, that their little ones were cheated out of a package of raisins,
which goes to show that if we attempt a Grape Day we should do it right
and live up to every announcement made. We want every one to have a
bunch of grapes or a carton of raisins, so that they will go away happy
and thoroughly impressed with the importance of our viticultural
industr}^
Chairman Cook. The meeting is now in order. What will be the
first ?
Mr. Essig. Yesterday a resolution was presented to the house, call-
ing for a commission to be appointed to consider intercounty quaran-
tine. In order to avoid, as far as possible, the passing of quarantine
ordinances which are considered by nurserymen and county commis-
sioners and fruit growers to be a hindrance to the possible development
of their business, I make a motion that we now nominate two members
of this convention as members of this commission, and if it is in order,
Mr. Chairman, I would like to make the nomination —
Mr. Chairman. No objection whatever.
Mr. Essig. I would like to nominate Mr. E. N. Richmond of San
Jose as one of the members of that commission, as I believe he is a man
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 517
who is energetic and keenly interested in this question, and that he will
attend the meetings and will prove valuable in his aid and help.
Mr. Vaile. And I would like, if it is possible, right now to make the
nomination for the second man of these two. I would like to name as
the second man of these two, one of the men who is the most responsible
for the fruit industry than possibly any other man of the State, or
possibly in the world, for that matter — a man of ability, knowledge and
influence ; I name as the second man of these two members of this com-
mission, Mr. G. Harold Powell.
Chairman Cook. We will act upon this first nomination of Mr. E. N.
Richmond of San Jose as one of the members from the growers. Any-
body second the nomination ?
A Member. I second the nomination.
Chairman Cook. The motion is made and seconded that Mr. E. N.
Richmond be appointed as a member of this commi.ssion. I am sure
that all who heard Mr. Richmond's very fine address will appreciate
that there had been no mistake made in nominating him, as he is a very
valuable man in this work. Any remarks upon this nomination? All
in favor of Mr. Richmond's nomination say aye.
The motion is unanimously carried. Mr. Richmond is one of the
members of this commission.
Will any one second the motion of nominating Mr. G. Harold Powell
as the other member of this commission? Mr. Powell is at the head of
the California Fruit Exchange, is widely known and very influential
and just the man we want. Who will second his nomination?
A Member. I second the nomination.
Cpiairman Cook. All in favor of Mr. Powell acting on this com-
mission say aye. The motion is unanimously carried.
Any other business to come now before the meeting? We will now
Tiave the remaining resolutions.
The 1915 Meeting and the Panama- Pacific Exposition.
Be it resolved hy the California fruit growers in convention assembled in Fresno,
December 11-13, 1912, That we thank Director Moore for his invitation that the
State convention for 1915 be held in the Convention Hall of the Panama-Pacific
Exposition in San Francisco ; and that we give to that great enterprise our hearty
and material support, with the end in view that California tell the story to the
world of her great and diverse resources in horticulture and pomology.
Crop Reports.
Whereas, The careful crop reports on fruits gathered monthly by Chief Deputy
Merrill have proved of great assistance and value to our fruit growers,
Resolved, That we commend and thank State Commissioner A. J. Cook for having
initiated this important progressive measure ; appreciating its value, we request
its continuance and the extension of its scope to include such field crops as potatoes,
■onions and beans.
College of Agriculture.
Whereas, The University of California will ask the legislature for increased
appropriations to extend and enlarge the educational and research work and its
public relations to the State ; and
Whereas, The University of California is planning to develop a College of Agri-
culture of the most far-reaching value to the agricultural interests of the State ;
therefore, be it
518 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Resolved, That the State Fruit Growers' Convention strongly approve the policy
of the university in endeavoring to enlarge its usefulness to the agriculture of the
State ; that this convention endorse the movement as a wise public policy, and
that this convention express its approval to the Governor, the Senators and Assem-
blymen, and urge them to appropriate sufficient funds to meet the needs of the
College of Agriculture, as outlined by the university, to the State Board of Control
and to the State Legislature.
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Governor, and to each
State Senator and Assemblyman.
College of Agriculture.
Whereas, The business and economic factors of agriculture and horticulture
are fully as important as the technical and scientific factors ; and
Whereas, In our rapidly developing State of California our present and future
settlers need education and guidance along economic lines ; and
Whereas, The work of the College of Agriculture in the past has to some extent
been confined to scientific and technical work ;
Resolved, That this Forty-second Convention of Fruit Growers urge upon Dean
Hunt, upon President Wheeler, and the Board oi Regents, the advisability of estab-
lishing a chair of agriculture and horticultural economics.
Shipping Green Fruit.
Whereas, The practice of shipping green and immature fruit from California
to the eastern markets is an injury to the State at large, and often a financial loss
to the growers themselves ;
Resolved, That we, the California Fruit Growers' Association at its forty-second
semi-annual meeting in December, 1912, at Fresno, California, hereby endorse the
efforts of the State administration to bring about a standardization of fruits, so that
with inspection at both ends our products may reach the consumer in good, edible
condition.
Thanl<s to State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Whereas, The Forty-second Fruit Growers' Convention, held at Fresno, Decem-
ber 11-12, 1912, has proven of unusual interest and value to our fruit growers ;
Resolved, That we extend to State Commissioner A. J. Cook our appreciation
for his wise selection of topics and his able management of the convention.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 519
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STATE ASSOCIATION OF
COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS.
Fresno, Cal., December 10, 1913.
The annual meeting of the State Association of County Horticul-
tural Commissioners was called to order at 9.15 a.m. at the Hughes
Hotel, Fresno, Roy K. Bishop, President of the Association, presiding,
and H. P. Stabler, Secretary. Thirteen county commissioners were
present. Wm. Wood, Commissioner of Los Angeles County, was absent,
but a letter from him expressing his regret at being unable to attend
was read by the secretary. R. S. Vaile, commissioner of Ventura
county, addressed the meeting on the mealy bug. This address was
considered of such value to the commissioners that Mr. Vaile was
requested to write out his remarks and the address was published in
the Fresno Republican December 11th.
The discussion of Mr. Vaile 's remarks on the mealy bug resolved
itself into a general discussion of fumigation. Dr. Cook, State Horti-
cultural Commissioner, was present, and took part in the discussion on
mealy bug and fumigation. Dr. Cook addressed the commissioners on
the "Relation of County Commissioners to Nurserymen." He said the
question was a delicate one, and he did not want to upset the present
system. He advised the commissioners to get together with the nursery-
men, and said that we could not help by constantly changing the laws.
After radical changes in the laws several years may elapse before we
could be able to accomplish as much as under the present laws. He
advised co-operation with the nurserymen in endeavoring to eradicate
pests, and said: "Do not offend nurserymen and do not antagonize
them." The Doctor said that he would call the commissioners at the
summer fruit growers' convention. He then spoke of the quaran-
tine against the alfalfa weevil, and said that it should extend to
nursery stock from infested districts, unless the stock was shipped
without hay or tule packing. He spoke of the necessity of quarantining
against the importation of hives of bees on account of the danger of
introducing the alfalfa weevil. He said the statement made at the
recent nurserymen's convention at Oakland, that the county ordinances
were not constitutional, was not true, but that county commissioners
cannot condemn nursery stock unless they find the stock infested. In
the opinion of Dr. Cook the present quarantine against all nursery
stock from the gulf states should be modified to cover only host plants
of the Aleyrodes citri and A. mibifera. All stock from the quarantined
states should be defoliated and fumigated on arrival in California.
The State Commissioner asked the association to appoint Mr. Hecke,
Mr. Cundiff and Mr. Marchbank a committee to confer with the State
Commissioner on matters pertaining to inspection and quarantine.
520 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fresno, December 10, 1912.
At 2 o'clock p.m., the association was called to order by President
Bishop. Dr. Cook read quarantine orders Nos. 17 and 18, after which a
general discussion took place on the advisability of modifying the quar-
antine in accordance with the views expressed at the morning session.
The commissioners generally agreed with Dr. Cook regarding the pro-
posed modification of the orders. Dr. Cook read an opinion by the
Attorney General on the laws under which the county commissioners
were working. On motion the Doctor was requested to mail a copy of
the opinion to each of the county commissioners of the State. The fact
that several counties have no county commission was presented to Dr.
Cook, and he was asked to urge the fruit groAvers in those counties to
proceed to have the county horticultural commissioner appointed in
those counties. A general discussion here ensued on the work of the
county horticultural commissioners and M^as participated in by all the
commissioners present. Mr. Wilsie spoke on the cotton industry in
Imperial Valley. Mr. Vailc spoke of his work in Ventura County, with
special reference to his experiments in the control of pests, morning-
glory, and the green spot of the lemon. Mr. Beers spoke of the valuable
work of Dr. Lipman in Santa Barbara County in soil investigations.
He said Professor Faweett had also assisted him very much in his work.
The advantage of the use of the King soil tester was referred to.
At 4.30 p.m. recess was taken till 7.30 p.m.
The association met at 8 o'clock at the Hughes Hotel. Twenty-six
county horticultural commissioners were present.
Dr. Aaronsohn, of the Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station,
Haifa, Palestine, was called to address the meeting. His remarks were
particularly interesting and were listened to with rapt attention.
The subject of the uniform inspection certificate was taken up and
discussed. A copy of the certificate as used in Sutter County was ex-
hibited, and its advantages explained to the convention. Mr. Pease
favored the adoption of a uniform inspection certificate, and said if
nursery stock is carefully inspected the certificate should so state. Mr.
Cundiff uses the same certificate as the one exhibited, but sends it to the
shipper. He also attaches a tag certificate to each shipment. Mr. Vaile
said that the county commissioners should act together more closely
and should notify each other of rejected shipments. He thought
the Sutter County certificate could be placed on the tag for attaching
to shipments. Mr. B. R. Jones thought that the certificate should be
sent to county commissioners at destination and not to consignee. Dr.
Cook said Oregon nurserymen were making large shipments to Cali-
fornia this season. Mr. Vaile moved that the Executive Committee and
the State Commissioner be requested to draw a form of certificate, to
be printed at State expense, and its use urged on all county commis-
sioners. After some debate the motion was tabled. Mr. Hickman
thought the commissioners should be careful in the use of certificates
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 521
and that certificates should always mean just what they say. Messrs.
Beers, Cundiff and Garden spoke on the question and favored the uni-
formity in certificates.
On motion of Mr. Cundift' the whole matter was laid on the table and
at 10.15 p.m. adjournment was taken to 8 p.m., December 11th.
Fresno, December 11, 1912.
The association met at 8.25 p.m. at the City Hall, Fresno, Roy K.
Bishop presiding. Prof. C. W. Woodworth, of Berkeley, read a paper
on * ' Our Horticultural Inspection Laws. ' ' No discussion took place on
the paper. The meeting adjourned at 10.30 p.m. to 7 p.m. December
12th.
Fresno, December 12, 1912.
The association was called to order at 7 p.m. by Roy K. Bishop,
president. Thirty-one county commissioners and many nurserymen
and fruit growers were present.
Mr. P. A. Dix, a nurseryman of Ogden, Utah, was present, and ad-
dressed the meeting on the advisability of modifying the quarantine
order against the introduction of the alfalfa weevil. He said no alfalfa
w^eevil existed in the immediate vicinity of his nursery, and he believed
that nursery stock packed in "shingle toe" direct from the lumber
mills of Oregon and shipped in tight boxes could be sent to California
without any possibility of introducing the alfalfa weevil.
Dr. Cook said the fruit interests of California must be protected and
no injustice done to nurserymen. There is great danger of receiving
alfalfa weevil if nursery stock is packed in tule or straw. Stock must
be packed in clean boxes and thoroughly inspected on arrival in Cali-
fornia. He quoted Dr. Titus as saying no danger existed if stock is
packed in clean boxes. A general discussion on the alfalfa weevil then
took place. At this time a recess was taken and the State fruit growers '.
convention was called to order.
9.30 p.m.
The association was again called to order by Roy K. Bishop, presi-
dent. Prof. J. B. Corcoran, of the Fresno High School, spoke on "Agri-
culture in the High School." After Professor Corcoran 's talk, a reso-
lution was adopted requesting the Resolutions Committee to act on his
paper. ^
The discussion on alfalfa weevil quarantine was then resumed. In
answer to a question by Mr. Jones, Dr. Cook said the alfalfa weevil, if
imported into the State on nursery stock, would come in in the imago or
adult form. Mr. Vaile said any action taken by this body would neces-
sarily be only advisory, and moved that it be the sense of this meeting
that we advise the State Commissioner of Horticulture to suggest to the
Governor a quarantine order prohibiting the importation of any nur-
sery stock from Utah, Wyoming and Idaho unless each shipment is
522 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
fumigated and packed in shingle toe, and fumigated again at the point
of destination. The motion prevailed.
Mr. G. E. Merrill, Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture, was
asked to address the meeting on the danger of importing alfalfa Aveevil
in California. He said he spent ten days in Utah and published the
facts as he saw them in the Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission
of Horticulture. There is less danger of the importation of the weevil
in nursery stock than there is in importing bee hives, but there is dan-
ger, of course, of importing the weevil in nursery stock.
Dr. Cook. The greatest endeavor will be made to patrol the railroad
tracks in California the coming season in order to discover, if possible,
any outbreak of the alfalfa weevil. He said both Dr. Titus of Utah and
Mr. Smith of the Department of Agriculture held that there was danger
of importing the weevil in nursery stock. Mr. P. A. Dix said that Dr.
Titus had told him there was no danger of importing the weevil if the
nursery stock was packed in clean, new boxes and shingle toe instead of
tule or hay was used.
A report was received fi'om the Executive Committee recommending
that the stub form of inspection certificate, in addition to the present
tag system, be adopted, and the certificate be mailed to the commis-
sioner in the county of destination. Also, that a Legislative Committee
be appointed; also, that an annual membership fee of $2.50 be levied.
The report of the Executive Committee was adopted.
Mr. Callaway moved that the Legislative Committee be appointed by
the chair, and the motion was adopted.
On motion of Mr. Mills, the association proceeded to the election of
officers. Nominations for president were declared in order. Mr. Beers
nominated Mr. Vaile for president. Mr. Callaway nominated Mr. Beers,
who withdrew. Mr. Weeks nominated Mr. Cundiff, and on motion of
Mr. Banks, the nominations were declared closed. The chair appointed
Mr. Mills and Mr. Marchbank tellers. Twenty-six votes were cast, of
which Mr. Cundiff received 19 and Mr. Vaile 7. Mr. Cundiff was there-
upon declared duly elected president. IMr. Cundiff was called, and
' thanked the association for the honor conferred. Mr. Beers nominated
Mr. Vaile for vice-president, and he was elected by acclamation. Mr.
Vaile also made an address. Mr. William Garden of San Joaquin was
elected secretary-treasurer by acclamation, and addressed the meeting,
speaking particularly of the future welfare of the association.
On motion of Mr. Bloomer, Messrs. Hecke, Cundiff and Marchbank
were appointed a committee to advise with Professor Cook. It was
moved by IMr. Beers that the president be instructed to appoint two
members to act with the Committee of Seven when occasion arises, as
provided by resolution of the State Fruit Growers' Convention.
Mr. Mills moved that a committee of five be appointed to report at 12
o'clock noon, Friday, on constitution and by-laws for the association.
The motion prevailed, and the chair appointed Messrs. Hickman, Beers,
Jones, Vaile and Bloomer.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
52?
At 11.20 p.m. the meeting adjourned to meet at 12 o'clock noon,.
Friday, at the Hughes Hotel.
Fresno, December 13, 1912.
The association was called to order at 1.20 p.m. at the Hughes Hotel,
R. P. Cundiff, president, in the chair. In the absence of William Gar-
den, secretary, H. P. Stabler was appointed secretary pro tem.
Mr. Hickman, chairman of the Committee on Constitution and By-
Laws, read the report of the committee. After various amendments-
were discussed and adopted, the report was referred back to the com-
mittee with instructions to rearrange the report and submit it to the
next session of the association.
At 2.20 p.m. recess was taken until 7 p.m. at room 3, Hughes HoteL
Fresno, December 13, 1912.
The Association of County Horticultural Commissioners was called
to order at 7 p.m., room 3, Hughes Hotel.
R. P. Cundifle in the chair ; William Garden, secretary. A large num-
ber of the county commissioners present. Dr. Cook, Chief Deputy G. E.
Merrill, and E. 0. Essig, secretary of the State office, also Mr. P. A. Dix,
a nurseryman of Ogden, Utah, and Mr. Roeding of Fresno, J. W. Jef-
frey, secretary of the Deciduous Fruit League, were present.
Chief Deputy Merrill presented a paper to the commissioners upon
the value of the monthly report of last year, commended certain county
commissioners for the promptness in which their crop reports were sent
to the State office, others were requested to be more prompt in the
future, as the State office is anxious to get the monthly report out on
time, as there is great call for it, and they have been of great service tO'
both growers and shippers in the past season.
Dr. Cook, State Commissioner, also spoke in support of Mr. Merrill's
paper, and credited Mr. Merrill as being the author of the monthly
report. Mr. Bishop expressed himself in favor of reporting important
crops accurately (including all crops).
Mr. E. 0. Essig desired to say a few words, before leaving for the
fruit growers' convention, and expressed appreciation of the efforts of
the county commissioners in supporting the State office and of the
harmonious feeling which had pervaded all the sessions of the conven-
tion, and expressed great pleasure in being present at such meetings,
and of the good that would result to all concerned.
Mr. Cundiff asked Mr. Essig regarding quarantine orders, and
requested that all inspectors be supplied with same.
Discussion of Mr. Merrill's paper was again resumed. Mr. Merrill
presented a chart, outlining the crops which he expects the commis-
sioners to make monthly reports on the coming year, which included
vegetables in great variety. Mr. Garden suggested that he add aspara-
gus to the list; it also included alfalfa to be cut for hay, alfalfa for
524 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
pasture, acreage of same, and the annual tonnage of hay cut. Mr.
Garden contended that accurate estimates of the many crops mentioned
in Mr. Merrill's paper would be very hard to get.
Mr. Pease objected to too many details, and stated that to comply with
Mr. Merrill's paper would cause much added expense to the county,
and in his opinion they already had all they could stand.
Mr. Jones of Los Angeles County, speaking of the reports turned in
for the year just ended, said, in his belief, that the inspector's returns
make the best estimate possible.
Mr. Bloomer of Sacramento County commenced two years ago to take
census of the orchards, and found great errors in the assessors' reports,
but now both are in harmony.
Mr. Cundiff stopped discussion on Mr. Merrill's paper.
Mr. Bishop called on Mr. Jeffrey, who took up the matter of market-
ing dried fruits, but gave warning that such associations be started
correctly, that county commissioners can help to remedy present condi-
tions, and cited the success of the orange growers' exchange. Mr. Jef-
frey thought commissioners ought to take an interest in everything per-
taining to the fruit grower, such as giving advice on soil conditions, tree
planting, pruning, etc. To do all they could to better the conditions of
the marketing of fruit; in other words, the commissioner should be the
fruit grower's general adviser. Mr. Cundiff fully indorsed Mr. Jef-
frey's remarks.
Mr. Dix of Utah then addressed the meeting on the fruit conditions
of Utah. At present, Mr. Dix said, they had too many good peaches to
market, and that they had formed a county association, and that a state
association had been formed by the county associations.
Mr. Jeffrey 's views were indorsed, as he clearly showed the advantages
in marketing by the growers getting together. An interesting discus-
sion then took place, led by Mr. Bloomer.
Mr. Roeding addressed the meeting, by invitation, and spoke very
highly of the improved relations between the nurserymen and commis-
sioners, and was very pleased with the resolutions passed by the con-
vention, and stated that it was a great pleasure for him to attend such
meetings, and very much good, he was satisfied, would result from the
actions taken. He said nurserymen ask no favors from the commis-
sioners. All they ask is a square deal, and he felt satisfied that they
were going to get it.
Mr. Stabler was then called upon, and stated that he thought joint
meetings with the nurserymen were most beneficial, and believed that
improved relations will continue with the elimination of drastic ordi-
nances without proper advisement. He stated that he appreciated
the importance of good nurserymen, and it was the desire of the com-
missioners to protect both 1hem and the growers, and stated that he had
been present at many meetings that had been held in the last ten years,
and that this was the best meeting ever held, and proposed resolutions
to that effect.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 525
It was moved, and seconded by Mr. Jones, that a vote of thanks be
extended to the retiring officers. Motion carried.
Mr. Hickman 's resolution was then presented. Mr. Stabler moved for
adoption. Carried.
Resolved. That as the Horticultural Commissioners we feel that one of the best
results of the present meeting is the creation of a harmonious sentiment between
nurserymen and commissioners, who will not request the adoption of any new
county ordinances, unless submitted to the referee board.
Mr. Stabler moved that * ' The Pacific States Nurserymen ' ' be invited
to meet with us at the next annual meeting. Carried.
Adjournment.
WM. GARDEN, Secretary.
INDEX.
Aaronsohn, A., 426, 436, 469, 482, 520.
Adams, Frank, 470.
Drainage and Alkali Reclamation, 460.
JEration of Soils, 420.
Agriculture, College of, 427, 517, 518.
Aleyrodes citri, 519.
nuhifera, 519.
Alfalfa, as cover crop, 425, 494.
weevil, .355, 521.
Alkali, 419, 460.
dates and, 470.
Almeria grape, 457, 496, 501, 502.
Armillaria mellea, 373.
Arsenate of lead, 440.
Ashbury, Mr., 458.
Banks, J. R.. 399.
Bioletti, B. F., 490.
Increasing Returns of Muscat Vineyards, 483.
Bishop, R. K., 519.
Bloomer, F. R. M., 369. . , ^^^ ^ .„
Boons, W. W., Some Orchard Spraying Problems and Experiments, 439-448.
Bordeaux mixture, 440-448.
Bri/ohia, 356.
•California, map showing quarantine work, 401,
cured fruit exchange, 471.
■Cauthard, Miss L. A., 353.
Cemented soils, 419.
Geratitis capitata, 414.
Chapman, C. C, 362, 363, 374, 398, 399, 400, 421, 426.
Details in Citrus Culture, 390.
discussion of soils, 421.
Chase, Elmore, 425.
Citrus, 390, 394, 395, 396, 398, 400, 426.
Cocoanuts, infested, 412, 413.
•College of Agriculture, 427.
Concord grape, 493.
Control of grape leaf-hopper, 377, 379.
red spiders, 356.
•Cook. A. J., 353, 362, 367, 382, 389, 426, 468, 477, 516.
Response, 353.
Soils and subsoils, 416.
Voryneum beyerinMi, 373.
■County Horticultural Commissioners, State Association of.
minutes, 519, 525.
new officers of, 522.
Cover crops, 425, 426.
Crop reports, 355, 517.
Crude oil emulsion, 361.
Cultivation of citrus, 393.
Culture, citrus, 390.
prune, 382.
•Cundifif, R. P., 363.
Cylas formicarius, 412.
Dargitz, J. P., 480.
California Cured Fruit Exchange, 471.
Diaspis bromelia', 409.
Dix, P. A., 370.
Dore, Mr., 490.
Drainage and alkali reclamation, 460.
Dust sprays, 361.
528 INDEX.
Essig, E. O., 353, 516.
Exoascus deformans, 373.
Fawcett, H. S., Orchard Sanitation, 371.
Fertilization of citrus, 394.
Freight rates, 448, 449, 470, 478, 480, 496.
Fruit Exchange, California Cured, 471.
Fruit fl}^ Mediterranean, 354.
Fungi, 371.
Gallaway, A. R., 388, 389.
Garden, Wm., 519, 525.
Graf, John, 374.
Grape, Almeria, 457, 459, 496, 501, 502.
Concord. 493.
dav 1915, 515.
Imperial, 457, 502.
loaf-liopper, 375.
Malaga, 457.
Muscat, 483.
Olivette de Vendemian, 501.
packing in sawdust, 457.
Petit, 493.
Sultana, 487.
Syrah, 493.
table, 450. 510.
Thompson's Seedless, 504.
Tokay. 493.
viticulture, 492.
wine, 496.
Zante, 502, 503, 504.
Hampton, H. S., .380.
Handling citrus fruits, 396.
Hassler, J. E., 448.
Hatch, Miss, 468.
Hunt, Dean Thos. F., Motive of the College of Agriculture of the University of
California, 427.
Hutchinson, B. E., 389. 400, 469.
Imperial grape. 457, 502.
prone, 389.
Iron sulfide, 360.
Irrigation of citrus, 393, 398.
Isaac, John, 449.
Jores, B. R., 363.
Kaller. Mr., 490, 492.
Kirkman, W. T., 400.
Kruckeberg, H. W., 374.
Labor, 512.
Laws, horticultural and the nurserymen, 364,
Lime, 361.
sulphur, 441, 448.
Lvipine, 426.
McDonald, G. R. E., 353.
Malaga grape, 457, 492, 493.
Mango, infested, 414.
Marchbank. Geo., 480.
Maskew, Frederick, Work of the Quarantine Division, 400.
Mediterranean fruit fly, 354, 412, 414.
Merrill. G. E., .367.
Messenger. C. P.., 389.
Minutes of State Association of County Horticultural Commissioners' Association,
519-525.
Mulch, soil, 420.
Muscat grape, 483.
sweet, 509.
vineyards, return of, 483.
Nicotine sprays, 361.
INDEX.
Nutting. W. R., 482, 500, 503.
Co-operation of American Raisin Growers, 504.
Olivette de Vendemian grape, 501.
Orchard sanitation, 371.
spraying problems, 439.
Ordinances, county, 355.
Paris green, 440.
Peach blight, 373.
brown rot, 442.
leaf curl, 373.
scab, 442.
Pease. S. A., 362.
Perkins. Mr., 381.
Petit grape, 493.
Petitions to Railroad Commission, 470.
Pests of citrus, 395.
Phylloxera, 375, 492.
Powell, G. PL, 416, 421, 425, 426, 435, 448.
Prune culture, 382.
Priming citrus, 394.
Quarantine, horticultural, 400.
Quayle. H. J., 380, 381, 382.
The Grape Leaf-hopper, 375.
Red spiders, 356.
Resolutions.
agricultural education, 454.
College of Agriculture, 517, 518.
committee, 374. 400.
crop reports, 517.
employer's liability, 455.
examinations for horticultural commissioner, 456.
freight rates, 455.
in memoriam, 4.56.
manifest in shipping nursery stock, 455.
meeting at Panama-Pacific Exposition, 517.
Monthly Bulletin. 455.
new legislation. 4-55.
referee board, 525.
report, .508.
rural economy, 455.
shipping sreen fruit, 508, 518.
thanks. 4.56, 518.
white fly quarantine. 454.
Response to address of welcome, 354.
Richmond, E. N.. 389.
Prune Culture, 382.
Risser, R. G., 4-58, 4.59.
Packing Grapes in Sawdust for Shipment, 457.
R(fding, Geo. C. 308, 374, 501-504.
Horticultural Laws and the Nurserymen, 364,
Root rot fungus. 373.
Schmidt. R.. 459. 501. 502, 504.
Schuiz, A. G., 362, 374, 399.
Self-boiled lime-sulphur, 441.
Sessions, Mr., 491.
Shepherd. Dr. L. A., 480, 491. 508.
Snow, Rev. A. E., Address of Welcome, 353.
Soils, 416.
aeration, 420.
alkali, 419.
cemented. 419.
dry mulch, 420.
water content, 420.
Spiders, red, 356.
12— HB
529
530
INDEX.
Sprays, dust, 361.
for grape leaf-hopper, 378.
orchard problems, 439.
red spiders, 359, 361.
Stephens. R. D., 400, 478.
Freight Rates, 448, 499.
Stoll, H. F., California's Viticultural Industry : Past, Present, Future, 509.
Subsoils, 416.
Sulfocide, 445.
Sulphur injury, 36.
sprays, 360, 361.
Sultana grape, 487.
Swett, F. T., 374, 458, 4.59, 508.
• Viticulture in Interior Valleys, 492.
Syrah grape, 493.
Tetranychus bimamilatus, 356, 357, 359.
mytilaspidis, 356.
Thompson's Seedless grape, 504.
Tokay grape, 492, 493.
Tree wax, 373.
Tri/petidcp, 413.
Vaile, R. S., 368, 397, 398.
Vineyards, returns of Muscat, 483.
Sultana, 487.
Viticulture, in Interior Valleys of California, 492.
industry, 509.
Volck, W. H., Control of Red Spiders, 356.
Water content of soils, 420.
Wax, tree, 373.
Welcome, address of, 353.
White fly, 355.
Wine grapes, 496.
industry, 510.
vineyards, 483.
Yellow mite, 356, 359.
Zante currant, 502, 503.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
G. E. MERRII^L- Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
H. S. PAWCETT Plant Pathologist, Whittier, Cal.
MISS " MAUDE HIETT i: Clerk
MISS L. A. CAUTHARD Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN 1 Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY . Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY --Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
E. O. AMUNDSEN Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II
No. 5
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Cross section of orange showing course of tlie
black rot from the navel to the center. (Draw-
ing by Amundsen.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
MAY, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Ricliardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Page
BLACK ROT OF THE NAVEL ORANGE Edw. O. Amundsen 527
SWEET POTATO WEEVlti Feederick Maskew 535
THE DATE PALM SCALES AND THEIR CONTROL W. E. Wilsie 538
FUNGUS GARDENS CULTIVATED BY ANTS H. S. Fawcett 539
GENERAL NOTES—
Quarantine Work in Southern California A. 8. Hoyt 541
Ladybird Beetles A. J. Cook 541
Frosts A-. J. Cook 542
Horticultural Legislation A. J. Cook 542
MONTHLY CROP REPORT 544
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 548
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
May, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II
No. 5
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
LlBRAk
NEW YOkifv
BOTANICAL
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS:
A. J. COOK
E. 0. ESSIG -
G. E. MERRILL -
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
H. S. FAWCETT
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner,* Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Francisco
Plant Pathologist, Whittier
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28. 1911, at the post ofBce at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16. 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, california
1913
BLACK ROT OF THE NAVEL ORANGE/
(Alteniaria citri. Pierce aucl Ellis.)
By Edw. O. Amundsen.
Introduction.
Each year since the early nineties a percentage of the navel orange
crop of the State of California has been affected by a black rot dis-
ease of the pulp cells, generally starting at the navel and extending
more or less deeply into the tissues towards the heart of the fruit.
This disease is known by all of the following names: "Black Rot of
the Navel Orange," "Navel Rot of the Orange," and "Black Heart."
As it is a disease of the navel varieties almost exclusively, and was
first described by Pierce under the name "Black Rot of the Navel
Orange," that name has been used in this work.
This disease is so common that almost every person has been
obliged at some time to cut away a larger or smaller part of an
orange affected by it. This loss to the consumer represents a part
of the total loss due to the ravages of the fungus and is, of course,
impossible to estimate. Many oranges, in which the disease has devel-
oped considerably, fall from the tree early in the season. Others,
infected later or in which there has been little development of the
fungus, hang on the tree and on account of the very high color are
readily seen and are prized for early eating. They mature earlier
than the rest of the crop.
Compared with other diseases of the citrus fruits and trees, this is
not of much economic importance. However, as the total value of
an average crop of navel oranges of the state is enormous, even a
very small percentage of that value represents a considerable sum.
Also there is a possibility that the percentage of infection may run
quite high if conditions favor the dissemination and propagation of
the disease producing spores.
Previous Accounts of the Disease.
The first known account of this disease was written by Newton B.
Pierce and appeared in the Botanical Gazette, 1902, pages 234-235, as
follows :
"A fungous disease of the navel orange has attracted attention in the
orange-growing districts of California for the past eight or ten years,
and was named Black Rot by the writer on account of the color of the
'This original article was written by the author as a thesis for tire degree of Bache-
lor of Science in the University of California. This presentation contains those por-
tions of the thesis which we believe will be of most interest to the citrus g'rowers
of the State. Practically all the work was done under the direction of Prof. W. T.
Home, in the pathological laboratory at Berkeley, California. A little observation in
the field was carried on in connection, but no experiments in infection work to date.
It is proposed to carry on artificial inoculation experiments during tire season of
1913, beginning with the blossoms and continuing until the fruit is full grown. Thus
it is hoped the time and manner of natural infection will be ascertained and the study
completed.
2 — no
528 THE MOXTHLY BULLETIN.
diseased tissues. The losses due to this disease will run from three to
ten per cent of the navel crop and as the cultivation of the navel variety
in the state is very extensive, the total losses are proportionately heavy.
"Oranges are attacked through the navel, the fungous hyphai enter-
ing through cracks or imperfections of the peel of those parts. The
cells of the pulp sacks are destroyed, and soon become black in color
and bitter to the taste. The peel is left uninjured until the disease has
made considerable progress within, but finally becomes thin and dark-
ened in color over the affected parts. The fungus vegetates freely
among the pulp sacks, which are wholly destroyed as far as the myce-
lium extends but destruction of tissues rarely involves more than one
fourth of the fruit, and is commonly confined to the tissues lying near
to and at one side of the navel. Infected fruit ripens prematurely,
showing an exceptionally high color, and soon falls from the tree.
Fig. 324. — Drawing showing tlie course of the
blaclv rot from the navel to the heart of the orange.
(Original.)
"The fungus inducing the disease is a new species of Alter naria,
and its conidia are produced upon the surface of the affected tissues.
The life-cycle has been studied by means of single spore cultures, and
detailed descriptions and illustrations are reserved for publication, to-
gether with facts relative to infection and preventive treatment.
"From its habitat (inside the orange) and the character of the con-
idia this seems to be distinct from Alternaria tenuis Nees, on orange
leaves." (As far as known, the reserved descriptions have not been
published.)
In an appendix to Bulletin 107, University of Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station, entitled "Catalogue of Rots, Spots and Blemishes
on Citrus Fruits in Florida, ' ' appears the following account of this dis-
ease by Prof. H. S. Fawcett :
"Black Rot {Alternaria citri) — Rot beginning at the blossom (sty-
lar) end, especially in navel oranges, sometimes in other varieties if
there be a defect at the blossom end. Fruit ripening prematurely with
a deep color. Decay causing a blackening along the central core of the
fruit where the segments meet, not softening the fruit so rapidly as the
previous rots. Decay more confined to the interior of the fruit and
darker in color."
THE MONTHLY BULLETIX.
529
Description of Affected Oranges.
Oranges, in which the fungus has developed considerably, become
exceptionally highly colored while other fruit on the same tree may
still be green. Directly over the affected parts there is often found a
light colored spot, though all do not show this. Affected oranges from
the various districts show the same general characteristics. "When an
infected orange is cut in half longitudinally (through the navel to the
stem end), the rot is revealed as a black area in the cells of the pulp
sack, almost invariably near the navel and extending more or less
deeply towards the heart of the fruit. (Figs. 324 and 325.) The affected
area is usually comparatively small, generally one quarter to one half
inch deep, but occasionally extending through the bulk of the pulp.
The pulp and juice in close proximity to the affected area has a bitter
taste, while the balance is more or less sweet and pleasant.
Fig. 32 5. — Opening in the navel tissue of this
orange made infection an easy matter. (Original.)
Effect of the Fungus on the Fruit.
The fungus evidently exerts a stimulating influence upon the phj'si-
ologieal processes of the fruit and even though the area affected is small.
the whole orange is influenced and a high color produced. The black
color of the affected tissues may be due to the action of a secretion by
the fungus upon the cell tissue, or to the oxidation of a product of the
fungus. The fungus seems to be able to make but a very weak attack
upon the tissues and has very limited power of penetration. Unless the
cell walls are very thin or there is an opening, the spread of the infec-
tion from cell to cell is very slow. After an orange is cut through the
affected area the mycelium rapidly extends over the surface, finally
covering the peel and causing the half orange to appear as a black,
smutty mass. (Fig. 328.)
530 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Distribution of the Disease and Its Relation to Climatic and Other
Influences.
There is probably more or less infection of fruit by this fungus in
every navel orange district in California. While it is primarily a navel
orange di.sease it is occasionally found in other varieties. In the latter,
however, it is found only when there is a crack or opening in the peel.
That this disease is found in Florida oranges also is recorded by H.
S. Fawcett, in the appendix to Bulletin 107 of the Florida Experiment
Station, as noted in the introduction.
There seems to be a direct relation between this disease and mois-
ture. While the fungus is present in the interior. Fairoaks and Oro-
ville, oi'ange districts, so few oranges are affected that the loss is insig-
nificant and no attention is given to it. The districts are typical of the
hot, dry interior, and have practically no fogs or moisture-laden atmos-
phere in the spring and early summer, as the case in the southern
orange districts. Coast conditions favor the development of the fungus,
the fogs and late showers furnishing the necessary moisture for the
germination of the spores which find lodgment in or near the navel.
If, however, a spore finds lodgment well into the navel so that it is pro-
tected from the warm, dry air of the interior regions, the moisture of
the fruit may be sufficient for germination.
The spring of 1908 in the southern sections was replete with fogs and
late rains, and the market for navel oranges from some sections received
a severe set-back, due to the high percentage of infection by this dis-
ease.
General Descriptions and Characters of Alternaria citri.
Mycdinm. — Slender, hyaline or yellowish-hyaline tlu'eads, septate,
often constricted at the septa, branched and rebranched, and bearing
terminal conidia, singly or in series.
Walls of the mycelium are rather heavy, cells are generally 3.6 inches
in diameter and 9.13 inches long, filled with a granular protoplasm and
often contains vacuoles.
Spores. — Conidia are the only spores produced by this fungus. The
young conidia are variously shaped; obovate, oblong-elliptical, or sub-
globose. 8.13 inches in diameter by 10.18 inches long, 2-3 celled, very
little, if any, constriction at septa, surface smooth, color slightly yel-
lowish hyaline to light olivaceous hyaline, occurring singly or two to
three catenulate in series.
Older conidia are short-clavate-oblong, 15.25 inches in diameter by
24.40 inches long, 4-12 celled by transverse and longitudinal septa, more
or less constricted at septa according to age, each cell when mature being
almost spherical, filled Avith granular protoplasm and generally contain-
ing vacuoles. The surface is set with irregularly scattered tubercles
(Figs. 326 and 327). Conidia often 3-6 catenulate in series arising from
a simple or branched pedicel. Occasionally secondary conidia arise
directly from the primary, which process has been found to continue
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
531
until a chain of four conidia, with a short pedicel at the base of each,
has been formed. This characteristic distinguishes this fungus from the
Macrosporium and places it in the genus Alternaria.
Under favorable conditions conidia may be produced in forty-eight
hours after transfer of a portion of mycelium from a pure culture to a
plate or tube of sterile nutrient agar. Each cell of the conidia is capable
of giving rise to a hypha.
Fig. 326. — Conidia and mycelium of Alternaria citri. (Original.)
Inoculations of Oranges From Pure Cultures of Alternaria citri.
A large number of sound oranges were inoculated with spores or
mycelium taken from either pure cultures made from affected oranges
or directly from such oranges. Oranges from. Fairoaks, Oroville,
"Whittier, Covina and Ensenada, Mexico, were used in the work.
Oranges were prepared for inoculation by being washed in 40 per
cent formalin and, if cut, a sterile knife was used for that purpose.
All moist chambers used were first washed with hot water and soap,,
and then rinsed out with 40 per cent formalin.
Spores were placed well into the navel in one series of experiments.
No wounds were made in the tissues and no moisture was added. The
purpose of this experiment was to ascertain if infection would take
place simply through the lodgment of spores in the navel end. The
structure and condition of the tissues of the navels were not known
until after the oranges were cut open, which was about three weeks
later. Green and mature oranges were used. When cut open, as stated,
it was found that infection had not taken place in any case. No open-
ings or imperfections of the navel tissues were found in these oranges.
In another series of experiments inoculations were made in the
3— HO
532
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
navels of ten oranges after making stabs into the navel tissue with a
sterile knife. Upon examination, three weeks later, the fungus was found
to have developed in five oranges out of the ten, producing the typical
black rot with the characteristic spores and mycelium of Alternaria
citri, while in the other five oranges the fungus failed to develop. It is
possible that in the latter the spores were not lodged in the wounds and
failed to germinate on account of lack of moisture.
In a series of experiments, extending over a period of about one year,
twenty-two oranges were cut in half and each half inoculated with
spores or mycelium from pure cultures made from affected oranges. In
all cases the oranges were first washed with formalin and placed in
Fig. 327. — Germinating conidia showing the tubercles on the surface. Also showing
character of mycelium. Magnified 1,000 times. (Original.)
sterile moist chambers. But two cases out of the forty-four inoculated,
failed to develop the characteristic black rot of Alternaria citri. All
cultures, (half oranges) which did not become contaminated with Pen-
cillium species or Mucor mucedo, finally became black over the entire
surface, including the peel. (Fig. 328.)
Cultures were made from these artificially inoculated oranges and
produced the characteristic spores and mycelium of Alternaria citri. A
large number of sound half oranges were, prepared as in the previous
experiment, and inoculated with spores of mycelium from these cul-
tures. All these inoculations were successful in producing the char-
acteristic black rot of Alternaria citri and the typical spores and myce-
lium of the same.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 533
Final Identification of Organism Causing Black Rot.
Judging by the preceding work, the fulfillment of the rules of proof
in the preparation of cultures from affected oranges, inoculations,
isolations of the fungus and its constant association of it with the dis-
ease, it can be stated with certainty Alternaria citri causes the disease
known as "Black Rot of the Navel Orange."
Discussion of Probable Time and Manner of Natural Infection
of Oranges.
Judging by the results of this work with the fungus and also by the
■examination of a large number of affected oranges from the various
districts, the following conclusions have been tentatively arrived at,
pending further investigations :
Alternaria citri is primarily a saprophyte and will propagate upon
many kinds of vegetable matters, but it is a faculative parasite when
■entrance to the pulp cells of the orange is comparatively easy. The
fungus may propagate in the orange groves upon fallen fruit or fruit
left on the tree. Thus the spores may be quite prevalent in the spring
when the fruit is young and tender. They may be carried by the wind
and by insects to the navel or possibly to the blossoms, and, if there is
sufficient moisture, develop germ tubes which enter the inner tissues,
if there is an opening or imperfection.
It is not probable that infection takes place in the blossoms but rather
after the oranges have grown enough to distend the navel opening. In
•every case of infection, except when the peel was split on the outside of
the orange, there was found an opening between the convolutions of the
tissue of the navel. One orange had two infections and was found to
have an opening on each side of the center of the navel. The course of
the fungus could be plainly traced from these openings. The fact that
seedling varieties are seldom, if ever, affected also indicates that the
•extending navel is the place of infestation.
Discussion of Methods for Preventing Infection of Oranges.
As stated above, infection without doubt takes place through the
navel. If, therefore, it were possible to eliminate the navel from the
•orange, infection would be impossible, except in case of a split in the
outer peel. But as this would be a slow process, which would require
many years, we must look for some other means to prevent infection.
In some sections spraying with lime and sulphur or Bordeaux Mixture
for the withertip disease is practiced in the early spring. If applied at
the proper time this may serve to prevent a large percentage of infection
by spores of Alternaria citri.
It is very probable that if a fungicide, such as lime and sulphur or
Bordeaux Mixture, was applied well into the navel, just after the latter
was distended, infection would be prevented by the destruction of the
germ tube of any spore present. Until the time of infection and the
manner in which it takes place is exactly determined, remedial meas-
534
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ures are mere conjectures, based upon observation and theorj'. Oppor-
tunities for the propagation of the fungus should, if possible, be elimi-
nated. In this connection it might be suggested that no fruit be allowed
to remain on the trees or ground from one season to another to furnish
spores for the infection of the new crop. One infected orange may fur-
nish a million or more spores to be disseminated to the young fruit
in the spring. Other vegetable matter should not be allowed to rot in
or near the orange groves, as the fungus will propagate upon almost
any kind.
Fig. 328. — (a) Half orange two months after inoculation with mycelium
from a pure culture of Alternaria citri. The cut surface and the peel is com-
pletely covered with a fungous growth and appears as a black smutty mass
with some whitish colored secondary mycelium over parts, (b) Half orange
inoculated as the above (a) and covered in the same manner, but cut in
two, showing that it is blackened throughout the interior as well as the
exterior, (c) Unaffected half orange shown as comparison with the above.
(Original.)
Summary.
1. Alternaria citri Pierce and Ellis, a fungus, is the cause of the
Black Rot of the Navel Orange.
2. This fungus will propagate upon many kinds of vegetable mat-
ter and the conidia are disseminated to the blossoms or fruit (most
probably the latter) in the spring or early summer.
3. This fungus is primarily a saprophyte but becomes a parasite if in-
troduced into the fruit.
4. As it is very difficult to apply a fungicide in the navel of the
orange the advisable method of preventing infection seeins to be the
elimination of wintering over and breeding places of the fungus. This
means the destruction or removal of all decaying vegetable matters in
or near the orange groves.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 535
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL.
Gylas formicarius Tryon.
Bt Frederick Maskew.
It is a common saying that every one in the world passes through
the Ferry Building once in his lifetime. Such statements, of course,
are not susceptible of proof. However, we are almost ready to believe
that specimens of every insect pest so far recorded eventually find their
way into the quarantine station located in the Ferry Building at San
Francisco. It would be a coincidence for a vessel arriving from any
Oceanic or Oriental port to remain at the dock in San Francisco for
a week without some one of the quarantine force finding either in the
ship, the freight or in the belongings of the passengers specimens of
some insect pest not yet known to exist in the State. Horticultural
freight from the Orient makes ideal hunting ground for bug catchers,
and the quarantine service has always been fortunate in that its bug
hunters, without exception, have all been enamoured of their occupa-
tion. The particular pest we are dealing with in this article was found
at work by inspectors B. B. Whitney and Lee A. Strong in a shipment
of sweet potatoes brought by the S. S. "Nile" from China, and again
by inspector Lee A. Strong in a similar lot of sweet potatoes brought by
the S. S. "Mongolia" from China on September 6, 1912. This pest has
unquestionably been taken and destroyed by quarantine officers many
times in the past, but I find no record of the same in the quarantine
annals.
The illustration of the insect in its several stages (Fig. 329) which
was reproduced from the original of T. Shiraki's "Injurious Insects of
Formosa," volume 1, also shows clearly the destructive work of the
larvc^ in the interior of the potato. A superficial view of an infested
specimen reveals no evidence of this attack upon the tissues other than .
the minute hole through which the larva has entered, and the full
■extent of the ravages is not apparent until the potato is cut open.
Figure 330 represents an actual specimen of an injured tuber
taken at quarantine with four of the weevils in situ. From our hurried
observations we are of the opinion that the extensive cavities shown
herewith are the work of the adult weevil, and demonstrate clearly its
ability to reduce market values, even of stored potatoes.
Ctjlas formicarius is a very widely distributed' species, and a native
probably of Cochin China. Compere has a record of finding it at Bom-
bay and also at Calcutta in sweet potatoes offered for sale in the public
markets at both of those places. It has also been reported from Mada-
gascar, Southern United States, West Indies and Northern Australia;
but not yet so far from the sweet potato fields or markets of California.
It also occurs in the Hawaiian Territory, and was recorded as a pest
536
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
by Van Dine in 1907, whose excellent description of its appearance and
history we herewith reprint^ :
"The beetle is somewhat ant-like in form. The color of the elytra
(wing covers) and of the head and beak is bluish black; that of the pro-
.^..
^.
l-tf> ■. M
r^
t — (
'-- — >
^ <
■ rt
- /
')
1
o
Fig. 329. — The sweet potato weevil, Cyclas formicarius Tryon. 1, egg;
2, larva; 3, pupa; 4, adults — all natural size; 5, adult greatly enlarged;
6, showing work of larva on interior of tuber. (After Shiraki. Photo by
Archie Chatterley. )
thorax is reddish brown. The yellowish white oval eggs are laid in small
cavities eaten by the parent beetles near the stem end of the tuberous
roots. The milk-white larvffi bore little tunnels through the root in all
directions, so that the vine dies; and frequently the entire potato is
'Hawaii Station Report, 1907.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
537
tunneled ; these burrows become filled behind the larvas with excrement.
When about to assume the pupa state, the insect forms an oval cavity at
the end of its burrow, where it undergoes its transformation."
We have no suggestions to offer as to any methods of controlling its
ravages in the fields or store room, in fact, we are not concerned with
remedies; our special function in the general scheme of horticultural
economics, is to prevent the necessity of having to offer remedies. The
methods we employ at quarantine for such purposes can not be con-
FiG. 330. — Sweet potato taken at quarantine, showing
destructive work of adult sweet potato weevils on stored
potatoes. (Original. Photo by Archie Chatterley.)
sidered as embodying any desirable economic features, consisting as they
do of the complete destruction of both the contents and container of
material found infested. However, this shortcoming on our part in the
matter of remedial measures for this particular pest (and for other im-
ported pests in general), need not cause any uneasiness among sweet
potato growers in California. This insect is not recorded as being in
the State at the present time, and if there is any virtue in diligent, vig-
orous concerted effort in the inspection of horticultural imports, it is
not going to get there for some time to come.
538 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE DATE PALM SCALES AND THEIR CONTROL.
Bt W. E. WilsiEj County Horticultural Commissioner, El Centro, Cal.
It is not generally known, but with the introduction of the edible
date into this state, there were also introduced two of their enemies,
date scales, Parlatoria hlanchardii (Targ.) and Phoenicococcus marlatti
(Ckll.).
Little could be learned about these scales in their native home, only
that they were present. What amount of damage was really done by
them was for some time, and in a degree still is, a matter of conjecture,
but the longer it is studied the more serious it seems to be. No natural
enemies have ever been found and it M^as necessary to resort to arti-
ficial means to keep them in control.
In the case of the Parlatona 'blanchardii no remedy was entirely suc-
cessful for more than temporary control until after the San Francisco
fire, when it was found that ornamental palms withstood the tremen-
dous heat and put out new leaves at once after the fire.
The burning remedy was then tried on the Tempe date garden in
Arizona with success and later many trees were entirely cleaned by this
treatment. The method being to defoliate the tree completely to the
stump, which is burned over with a gasoline torch.
The Phoenicococcus marlatti has been even more persistent than Blan-
chard's scale, for the reason that it works behind and at the base of the
leaves, out of sight and out of the light. Little is known of the life his-
tory of this scale but it is certain that its work is done upon the vital
parts of the plant. Palms, different from ordinary trees and shrubs,
grow from the base of the leaf — the whole leaf being pushed out. It is
on the tender new growth at the base that this scale, a sucking insect
that covers the entire tender surface near the heart of the plant, feeds.
The fruit stalks, through which all the nourishment for from a few
pounds to as much as seventy-five pounds of fruit must pass, are, when
young, exceedingly tender and brittle. Upon these the scale becomes
so thick as to cover the entire surface.
Many remedies have been tried to eradicate this pest without success,
for any treatment that was effective on the scale injured or killed the
plant. INIany plants were killed by the experiments. The first remedy
that has given even a ray of hope was a preparation or solution com-
pounded by W. T. Taylor, now of the Sun Drug Company of Los
Angeles, for mealy bug. This solution was tried early last spring and
different series of experiments were carried on during the summer on
both Blanchard's and Marlatt's scales with a degree of success that is
almost unbelievable after the experience with other treatments.
We are now able to kill both scales without injury even to the fruit
on the tree. Trees have been treated during the pollinating season and
the solution sprayed in large quantities on the fruit just forming with no
bad results.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 539
Having proven that a remedy had been found that was effective with-
out injury to the plant, it was a matter of detail to work out a plan
whereby all the scales could be reached by the solution. At the present
time, for offshoots a vat is used that will hold a number which are im-
mersed for a short time. This treatment is repeated a few hours later.
Nearly all the scale are killed by these two treatments, but not all. In
some cases air bubbles form so that the saturation is not complete. In
other cases the fiber is drawn so tightly that small spots will occasionally
escape treatment and on these dry spots enough live Marlatt's scale will
be found to give a good start again. In the case of Blanchard's scale
on the offshoots some of the leaves will be folded so closely that all parts
are not wet and so occasionally one of these is left unharmed.
At present, offshoots, treated in this way, are placed in nursery rows
under quarantine for twelve months. This is done to watch develop-
ments. What the future regulations will be can only be determined by
the results of our experiments. The future plans are not definitely
worked out, but from experiments thus far carried on it seems reason-
ably certain that these pests need never give any serious trouble.
FUNGUS GARDENS CULTIVATED BY ANTS.
By H. S. Pawcett.
One of the most interesting relations that exists between plants and
insects is that in which a definite species of fungus is cultivated and
tended with the greatest of care for food by the parasol ant of Brazil.
Citrus trees, among others, in that region are stripped of their leaves
to supply suitable culture media for the chosen fungus. Shimper'-
gives a very interesting account of this relation in "Geography of
Plants" from which the information in this article is obtained.
Streams consisting of pieces of foliage of considerable size will be seen
traveling in a definite direction. On close inspection these will be seen
to be borne on the heads of ants. The pieces are cut from the margins
of the leaf by shear-like mandibles, and placed on the head of the ant
by a jerking motion and off the ant goes toward the nest. Sometimes the
ants are so active as to strip the chosen plant of all foliage except ribs
and petiole. They have been known to travel a half mile from their
nests to obtain the right species of plant. They select and reject cer-
tain plants in turn probably for the purpose of getting just the right
mixture.
A small part of the pieces of foliage is used to line the underground
nests, but most of it is cut up again by the ants and kneaded soft by
their feet and mandibles, until few cells remain unbruised. This is
worked up into a porous spongy mass. This constitutes the fungus
garden. Throughout the mass there grows the mycelium of a certain
definite species of fungus which the ants always keep alive in their
'Shimper, Geography of Plants, p. 134.
540 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
nests. This fungus at first sends out small projecting stalks on the top
of which are swollen bodies full of protoplasm, known as kohi-rabi
clump, which are used as the sole food of the ants. These are special-
ized bodies that tend to form and then disappear unless the vegetative
filaments are kept down. The ants, even the youngest females, care-
fully keep the filaments nipped off as they begin to grow so that the
fungus will continue to form the kohl-rabi clumps. Contaminating or
undesirable mold fungi of many kinds always tend to spring up like
weeds and crowd out the desirable fungus. The ants also guard
against this and carefully nip off any foreign organisms that show
themselves, as a gardener would keep down the weeds in his tomato
patch. In this way the ants keep a pure culture of their favorite
mushroom.
Alf. MoUer^ was the first to investigate and prove the truth of this
interesting relation between the ants and the fungus. By finding that
the fungus at times produced a large mushroom growth above the nests,
he was able to identify it as a new species of Bozites {Bozites gongylo-
pliora) a form that has never been found except in connection with
nests of the parasol ants.
The damage done by these parasol ants to citrus trees in some trop-
ical countries is very great, because of the almost complete stripping
off of the leaves in which to grow the spawn for the ants' mushroom
cellar.
It is fortunate that the California fruit grower does not have to
supply food for an ant of this nature,
=Alf. Moller, Botan. Mitthlel. aus den Tropen Heft. VL Jena, 1893.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 541
GENERAL NOTES.
QUARANTINE WORK IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
The itemized report for the month of February, 1913, from the Los-
Angeles Station of the State Quarantine Division shows sufficient impor-
tations of horticultural products into Southern California to indicate
a busy month for those having in charge the inspection of these
shipments. During the month 6,883 packages have arrived, been inter-
cepted and inspected. Some idea of the magnitude of this total may be
obtained when it is stated that 138 carloads of horticultural materials
were rated in it as parcels.
Undeterred by the severe weather of the winter, the nurseries and
seed men give daily evidence of their confidence in the continued pros-
perity of the State. This fact is well illustrated by the statement that
200 bushels of orange seed were imported from Florida in February.
To Mr. C. H. Vary belongs the credit for the most important capture
of the month. This consisted of a bale containing ten gardenias from
Georgia. This shipment was consigned to a resident of Los Angeles and
contained a bad infestation of citrus white fly {Aleyrodes citri.) This
package was accompanied by the customary certificate of inspection
carrying the assurance that the contents were clean and free from any
insect pests.
During the month, five cars of deciduous nursery stock from Oregon
entered Los Angeles. Arrived at this point, they were broken up into=
individual shipments and sent out from this center throughout Southern
California. Preceding each consignment thus forwarded, notice was
sent from this office to each Quarantine Guardian notifying him of
material in transit to points within his jurisdiction. By this means a
careful and prompt inspection was secured for each shipment.
To the Los Angeles County Horticultural Commissioner, our heartiest
thanks are due for the use of telephonic and office facilities. Owing to
the thorough co-operation accorded this branch of the State Quarantine
Division by Mr. Wood and his entire force it has been possible for the
quarantine work in Los Angeles and vicinity to go forward with the
required dispatch. — A. S. Hoyt.
LADYBIRD BEETLES.
We have collected this year many more of Hippodamia convergens^
or our most common ladybird beetle, than ever before. Last year we
collected the most up to that time — forty-four million, or twelve hun-
dred boxes. This year we have collected fifty-three million, or sixteen
hundred boxes.
There is a very general belief among the fruit and melon growers
that these ladybirds are a great help. We have reason to believe they
542 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
are right. "We are sending them out much earlier this year than ever
before. Next year we shall probably send them even earlier, shipping
direct from the mountains to Imperial Valley and other places, where
they are needed. This will save largely of expense and from our obser-
vation this year in the field we believe they will breed up rapidly and
therefore the numbers will be greater as the cantaloupes become infected
with the aphids.
We sent some of the ladybirds to the barley field early in the season
this year, and Mr. Harry S. Smith, superintendent of the State In-
sectary, found them breeding very rapidly. The people of Imperial
Valley are very confident they are receiving great help from these little
predators. — A. J. Cook.
FROSTS.
The great freeze of the winter, which did such harm in the south,
has been followed by numerous frosts reaching far into the north.
"While considerable harm has been done, it is hoped that it is not as
serious as was at first feared. — A. J. Cook.
HORTICULTURAL LEGISLATION.
A word regarding the bills relating to horticulture will be of special
interest to our readers. The act concerning the office of the State
Commissioner of Horticulture does not materially change the adminis-
tration. Instead of one deputy quarantine officer we will have two —
one at San Francisco and the other at Los Angeles. The salary will
be the same as heretofore. The plant pathologist with the two just men-
tioned will be in the statutory list.
In the budget we are especially interested in The Monthly Bulletin.
For the last two fiscal years we have only issued nineteen instead of
twenty-four numbers, as I did not take office until October, 1911. The
circulation is increasing so rapidly that we feel we must have five
thousand dollars more for the next two fiscal years.
"We are now also fully equipped to win success in securing parasitic
and predaceous insects from the Orient. As is well known, almost all
of our fruits have been grown in the Orient for many years. Our worst
pests are nearly all there, and yet do little harm. Does this not sug-
gest that we should at once be engaged in this direction? "We ask for
twelve thousand dollars for this work. I believe we shall' gain in both
these matters as it would be almost criminal neglect in not gra^sping so
promising an opportunity.
A second bill provides for inspection of seeds. This has only to be
mentioned to win support. I believe it will meet with little opposition.
The Slater bill has caused very much discussion and has met with
some opposition. The bill calls for the same painstaking in giving
information as to intercounty shipments, especially of nursery stock,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 543
that we now have in interstate. It also provides that county horticul-
tural commissioners shall have power to enforce county ordinances. The
nurserymen and many others greatly desire that county ordinances
shall not be operative until approved by the State Commissioner of
Horticulture. This last clause is favored by many of the county hor-
ticultural commissioners, though some are very strongly opposed to
this action.
The fourth bill has to do with bee inspection, providing for a civil
service examination for inspectors and also for a state apiarian. It is
thought by those best qualified to judge that this will be one of the
best foul brood laws ever passed by any state.
A few other bills, should they pass, would certainly work harm. They
would remove the civil service examination for county horticultural
commissioners and leave their appointment and removal solely in the
hands of the supervisors. — A. J. Cook.
544 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— APRIL.
These data are compiled by the secretary from monthly crop reports made by the
•county horticultural commissioners. Counties not included have not reported or the
reports have come too late for press.
Alfalfa.
Glenn. — Good crop. Los Angeles. — Estimate of crop amounts to
14,271 tons. Sacramento. — Full crop. Solano. — 60 per cent of normal
crop. Tulare — 75 per cent of normal crop.
Almonds.
Colusa. — One-quarter of crop which amounted to 600,000 pounds last
year. Glenn. — 60 per cent of normal crop. Lake. — Only one-tenth of
a full crop, due to frost. Madera. — Half a crop. Mendocino. — No crop
at all. Monterey — 20 per cent of last year's crop. Napa. — Nearly all
killed by frost. Placer. — One-quarter of a crop, or about 15,000
pounds. Riverside. — Full crop. Sacramento. — 25 per cent of last
year's crop. Early varieties killed by frost. San Joaquin. — Almost a
complete failure, due to frost. Shasta. — No crop. Stanislaus. — Only
3 per cent of normal crop, due to frost. Sutter. — Half a crop.
Tehama. — Last year's crop, 200,000 pounds; only one-quarter of a crop
this year. Yuha. — Last year's crop amounted to 9 tons; only 60 per
€ent of this will be produced this year.
Apples.
Inyo. — 50 per cent more than last year's crop, which amounted to
1,250,000 pounds. Lake. — Half the crop of last year. Lassen. — Full
crop. Mendocino. — Full crop. Monterey. — Too early for estimate.
Nevada. — Short crop. Placer. — Too early for estimate. Riverside.—
Prospects for full crop. Sacramento. — Full crop. San Bernardino.- —
Look well, but too early for estimates. San Diego. — Full crop. Santa.
Barbara. — Full crop, of about 7,521,325 pounds. Santa Cruz. — Newton
Pippins, average 75 per cent ; Bellflowers blooming well ; other varieties
from 80 per cent to full crop. Siskiyou. — Too early for report. Stan-
islaus.— Full crop. Slitter. — Three-quarters of a crop. Yw&a.— Full
crop of 100 tons.
Apricots.
Alameda.— From 45 per cent to 50 per cent of full crop. Colusa. —
One-quarter of a crop. Glenn. — 40 per cent of crop. Inyo. — Half of
last year's crop; practically a failure. Kings. — Half a crop, because of
frost. Lake.— Less than one-quarter of crop ; buds frozen. Madera. —
One-quarter of crop. Monterey. — Twice the crop of last year; heavy.
Napa. — Nearly all killed by frost. Nevada. — Light. Orange. — 25 per
cent of crop, due to March frost. Placer. — 60 per cent of crop.
Riverside. — Big crop. Sacramento. — 80 per cent of last year's crop,
due to frost. San Bernardino. — Good crop on trees. San Joaquin. —
Failure with but few exceptions; due to frost. Santa Barbara. — •
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 545
1,495,921 pounds or normal crop. Santa Clara. — Other reports show
-estimated crop of about 50 per cent. Santa Cruz. — Full crop. Shasta.
—No crop. Solano. — 10 per cent of last year's crop. Stanislaus. — 10
per cent of crop, due to frost. Sutter. — Three-quarters of crop.
Tehama. — 1,000,000 pounds or half of crop. Tulare. — 40 per cent of
<;rop. Ventura. — rHalf a crop, due to March frost.
Beans.
Glenn. — 40 per cent of normal crop. Orange. — Short, unless more
rain. Sacramento. — 48,000,000 pounds, or full crop. Ventura. —
Prospects for normal crop of limas.
Berries.
Los Angeles. — Pro.spects for 456 tons of strawberries. Sacramento.
— 8,000,000 pounds, or full crop. Shasta. — Fair crop. Stanislaus. —
Full crop.
Cherries.
Alameda. — Promise fine crops where irrigated. Lassen. — Full crop.
Mendocino. — One-half crop. Napa. — Light crop. Nevada. — Prospects
for full crop. Placer. — 70 per cent of full crop. Riverside. — Full
crop. Sacramento. — 3,600,000 pounds, or 90 per cent of normal crop.
■San Bernardino. — Promise bumper crop. San Joaquin. — One-quarter
crop, due to frost. Santa Barbara. — More than normal crop, about
79,212 pounds. Santa Cruz. — Full crop. Shasta. — Good crop. Solano.
Same as for last year. Stanislaus. — Full crop.
Figs.
Colusa.— Full crop estimated, though a little early. Sacramento. —
Full crop of 300,000 pounds. Solano. — Normal crop. Stanislaus. —
Full crop.
Grain Hay.
Lassen. — Good crop. Orange. — Short. Tulare. — One-half crop.
Ventura. — Short crop.
Grapes (Wine).
Placer. — Light crop. Sacramento. — Full crop. San Bernardino. —
Look good. Stanislaus. — Full crop. Other counties too early for
estimate.
Grapes (Table).
Placer. — Light crop. Sacramento. — Full crop. Stanislaus. — Full
crop. Too early for estimate in other counties.
Hops.
Lake. — Too early for estimate. Sacramento. — 8,000,000 pounds, nor-
mal crop.
Lemons.
Glenn. — No frost injury ; few bearing trees, many just planted.
IjOs Angeles. — Included with oranges. Orange. — Look good where not
r
546 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
frost injured. Riverside. — About 60 per cent of normal crop. Sacra-
mento.— Normal crop of 720,000 pounds. San Bernardino. — Scarce
except in frostless areas. San Diego. — 15 per cent of crop. Santa
Barbara. — 98 per cent of normal crop. Ventura. — Normal, about 565-
cars.
Olives.
Placer. — 60 per cent of crop. Sacramento. — Full crop of 1,500,000.
No other reports.
Oranges.
Colusa.- — Good bloom. Los Angeles. — Total citrus crop estimated at
7,440 tons. Orange. — Good bloom. Placer. — 70 per cent of crop.
Riverside. — 60 per cent of normal crop. Sacramento. — Full crop of
6,000,000 pounds. San Bernardino. — Fair bloom. San Diego. — 40 per
cent of normal crop. Santa Barbara. — Full crop of 135,805 pounds.
Tulare. — Prospects for good crop. Ventura. — Normal crop of about
430 cars.
Peaches.
Alameda. — Full crop if not a dry year. Colusa. — One-quarter crop,,
due to frost. Glenn. — 80 per cent of crop. Inyo. — Good crop. Kings.
— Normal, but slightly frosted. Lake. — One-quarter normal crop, due
to frost. Madera. — 60 per cent of normal crop. Mendocino. — One-
quarter normal crop. Napa. — No crop at all. Nevada. — One-half crop,,
due to frost. Orange. — Prospects for good crop. Placer.— 10 per cent
of crop. Riverside. — Heavy crop. Sacramento. — 80 per cent of last
year's crop; Salways and Tuskena injured by frosts. San Bemardinio.
— Good crop. San Diego. — Prospects for full crop. San Joaquin. —
Muirs good ; Elbertas three-quarter crop ; other varieties normal. Santa
Barbara. — Good crop. Shasta. — Good crop in upland districts, but no
crop in lowlands. Solano. — Same as last year. Stanislaus. — Thirty-
five per cent of crop, due to frost. Sutter. — Muirs, three-quarters crop ;
other varities full crop. Tehama. — One-half crop. Tulare. — 65 per
cent of full crop. Yuba. — 70 per cent of full crop.
Pears.
Alameda. — Good bloom and setting. Lnyo. — 50 per cent better than
last year's crop of 600,000 pounds. Lake. — Larger than last year's
crop of 3,000,000 pounds. Mendocino. — One-half crop. Monterey. —
Full crop. Napa. — Good crop. Nevada. — Bartletts promise 85 per
cent of crop ; winter varities full crop. Orange. — Full crop. Placer. —
95 per cent of full crop. Riverside. — Normal. Sacramento. — 90 per
cent of last year's crop of 30,000,000 pounds. San Joaquin. — Good
crop. Santa Barbara. — Good crop. Santa Cruz. — Full crop. Shasta.
— Good crop. Solano. — 10 per cent better than that of last year.
Stanislaus. — Full crop. Sutter. — Three-quarters of crop. Yuba. —
One-half crop.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 547
Plums (shipping).
Inyo. — Normal crop of 150,000 pounds. Mendocino. — No crop.
iVet'or^a.— Excellent crop promised. Placer. — 70 per cent of last year's
crop, which amounted to 26,600,000 pounds. Sacramento.— ^0 per cent
of the 12,000,000 pounds produced last year. San Joaqnin.—FwW crop.
Solano.— Eqwoi to last year's crop. Stanislaus.— 40 per cent of normal
crop. ;8'«i^er.— Three-quarters crop. Tehama.— One-quarier crop of
about 300,000 pounds. Tulare.— One-halt crop. Yvha.—60 per cent
of normal crop or about 18 tons.
Potatoes.
Los Angeles.— Estimated crop of 1623 tons. Sacramento.— Full crop
of 60,000^000 pounds.
Prunes.
Colusa.— 15 per cent of full crop. Glenn.— 80 per cent of normal
crop. La/i-e.— Larger than last year's crop of 1,800,000 pounds.
Mendocino. — One-quarter crop. Napa. — Light crop. Nevada. — Good
crop. J?wer5icZe.— Two-thirds normal crop. Sacramento. — Three-quar-
ters of last year's crop of 9,000,000 pounds. San Joaquin.— Ueary
bloom promises good crop. Shasta. — Fair crop promised. Solano. —
Crop equal to last year's. Stanislaus. — 10 per cent normal crop.
Sutter. — Three-quarters crop. Tehama. — 40 per cent of last year's
crop, which amounted to 7,000,000 pounds. Tvlare.—One-\\a\i crop.
Without data from Santa Clara County definite reports cannot be made.
Walnuts.
hiyo.—FwW crop of 120,000 pounds. Lake.—FwW crop. Orange.—
No frost injury and good prospects for big crop. Riverside. — Normal,
/^acrameni^o.— Normal crop of 300,000 pounds. Santa Barbara.—
Heavy blooming indicates good crop.
548 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
El Dorado County.
Mr. J. E. Hassler, county horticultural commissioner, has tendered
his resignation to the board of supervisors. Many of the fruit growers,
realizing the seriousness of losing his valuable services, are urging him
to reconsider his action. It is sincerely hoped that he will see his way
clear to do so.
Glenn County.
Mr. Carl J. Ley has been appointed county horticultural commis-
sioner of this increasingly important horticultural county. He has
already inspected and passed thousands of fruit trees.
Imperial County.
Commissioner "Wilsie reports 30,000 acres of cotton in his county for
this year. The Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agricul-
ture has placed H. Pinkus to study cotton insects and J. D. Neuls to
studj^ the date scales.
Lake County.
Excellent specimens of walnuts recently received from Commissioner
Geo. A. Lyons prove his county to be adapted to the culture of this
valuable crop.
Modoc County.
An examination for county horticultural commissioner was held at
Alturas, IMay 1, 1913.
Nevada County.
Mr. D. F. Norton, a prominent fruit man of Grass Valley, qualified
and was appointed successor to Mr. Bree, whose death occurred some
months ago. Mr. Norton has always been very active in the interests of
horticulture in Nevada County and his success is assured.
San Bernardino County.
Commissioner S. A. Pease reports the presence of the potato tuber
moth (Phthormicea opercidella) in his county.
San Diego County.
On January 1st Mr. H. A. Weinland was appointed county horticul-
tural commissioner to succeed Mr. C. H. Stuart. Since qualifying for
this position in 1909 Mr. Weinland has been actively engaged in horti-
cultural work as expert of the State Commission at Honolulu and as
assistant superintendent of the State Insectary.
San Francisco County.
Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to secure the appoint-
ment of a county horticultural commissioner to look after the large
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 5J:9
export and nursery trade in that county, but the board of supervisors
refuses to call for an examination. It is to be hoped that before long
such an officer will be appointed there.
San Luis Obispo County.
A petition is being circulated among the fruit growers of this county,
seeking to secure the qualifying and appointment of a county horticul-
tural commissioner.
Santa Barbara County.
Deputy county horticultural commissioner R. C. Wiley has sent to
the State Commission specimens of potatoes grown in the Lompoe
Valley infested with the potato eelworm.
Siskiyou County.
Commissioner Joseph F. Wetzel has found that parsnips in his county
become seriously aff^ected with the potato eehvorm. The increasing
amount of data shows that this pest is widely distributed over the state,
having been found in manv counties.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
G. E. MERRILL— Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Patliologist, Wliittier, Cal.
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MISS L. A. CAUTHARD Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
H^RRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief D.eputy Quarantine Offi'^er
GEO. COMPERE- Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Qjuarantine inspector
LEE A. STRONG ^, Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Flopr 9, Hall of Records.
A. S'. HOYT ; Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
E. O. AMUNDSEN Quarantine Inspector
I
VOLUME II
No. 6
W riy
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Irhisia hrachycerus Uhler,
a new garden pest. Twice
enlarged (Vosler).
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
JUNE, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Page.
A NEW FRUIT AND TRUCK CROP PEST E. J. Vosler 551
THE WALNUT MEALY BUG R. S. Vaile 554
THE CORN WORM ^ A. J. Cook 555
NEMATODE WORMS AND MOTTLED LEAF J. R. Hodges 555
THE USE OF FLOUR PASTE IN LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTIONS IN
THE CONTROL OF THE CITRUS RED SPIDER J. D. Neuls 557
FISKE AND THE GYPSY MOTH Harry S. Smith 55S
TEAR STAINING OF LEMONS ___H. S. Fawcett 5G0
GENERAL NOTES—,
Root Knot A. J. Cook 5G2
Lime-Sulphur_-_ A. J. Cook 5G2
Sulphuring for Mildew A. J. Cook 5G3
Peae-Leaf Blister-Mite Attacking Fruit E. O. Essig 563
The University of California Journal of Agriculture 5G4
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— MAY__ 5G5
INSECT NOTES 5G9
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 570
OT'ARANTINE STATISTICS Frederick Maskew 572
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
June, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 6
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
if^
.•jH./.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS :
A. J. COOK
E. 0. ESSIG -
GEO. P. WELDON
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
H. S. FAWCETT
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Francisco
Plant Pathologist, Whittier
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911. at the post oCBce at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16. 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, californla
1913
A NEW FRUIT AND TRUCK CROP PEST.
(Irhisia brachycerus Uhler.)
Order— Hemiptera. Family— Capsidae.
By E. J. VosLER, Assistant Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento, Cal.
The attention of the Insectary has been called to the injury of garden
crops and fruit by a small shiny black plant bug about two tenths of
an inch in length, belonging to that type of insects which sucks the
Fig 331. — Work of Irhisia brachycerus Uhler. Top, rhu-
barb leaf damaged by the plant bug; bottom, rhubarb
plants showing curled leaves due to the insect's attack.
(Original.)
552
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
juices from the host plant with a sharp beak. Specimens were received
from Mr. C. R. McBride, County Horticultural Commissioner of
Solano County, with a report that they were doing serious damage to
the fruit of peaches by puncturing the skin and causing the sap to
ooze out. Complaint Avas also sent into the Insectary by Mr. Elmore
Chase at Fairoaks that a small black plant bug was doing considerable
injury to garden crops in his locality, and that the pest was spreading
rapidly.
On visiting the infested territory I found that the insect was common
on both the garden crops and on the weedy growth of the uncultivated
Fig. 332. — -Ventral and dor-
sal views of Irbisia brachy-
cerus Uhler. Enlarged twice.
(Original.)
areas several miles from the damaged garden. Even the wild cucumber
vines on the bottom near the American River had their share of the
pest.
Of the vegetables in the infested garden, consisting of lettuce,
radishes, onions and rhubarb, the radishes and rhubarb seemed to be
the insect's particular favorites.
The rhubarb leaves were badly curled at the tips Avhich Avere dead
and the surfaces were streaked with dead discolored portions. Hun-
dreds of the insects were found to be sucking out the juices of the host,
for the most part, from the under side of the leaves. They were quite
active and easily dislodged by shaking the plants but would soon
crawl back up the stems and on to the leaves. The radishes were
THE MONTHLY BULT^ETIN. 553
almost entirely killed out. Roses in the neighl)oring garden presented
a sorr}^ appearance, nearly every floM^er having the tips of the petals
blackened and dried from the vicious attack.
It was noted in connection with the examination of the injury done
by the plant bug that no eggs or other immature stages could be found.
This led to the conclusion that the insects had either migrated from
natural food plants which had dried up, thus forcing them to look
elsewhere in search of food, or that it was too early in the season for
egg production to take place. Two weeks later the infested gardens
were revisited and to my surprise the garden crops were entirely free
from the pests, although here and there among the weeds and grasses
of the adjacent land a few specimens could be obtained, lending
further proof to the statement that the infestation was due to a migra-
tion caused by the drying up of its natural host.
From the fact that the insect was distributed over such a large
uncultivated area at Fairoaks contact poisons are out of the question
unless used frequently, because reinfestation would soon be the result.
A repellent which would drive them away seems to be the solution of
the prolilem, but unfortunately time and opportunity did not permit
of experiment with the various methods of control. I'ossibly an appli-
cation of Bordeaux mixture, which is considered a good repellent as
well as a fungicide, light enough to prevent burning of the foliage, or
lime, in the proportions of 25 pounds stonelime to 100 gallons of water
and sprayed on the leaves will drive them away. Experiments will be
conducted to determine the value of these sprays against this insect if
it makes its further appearance.
Mr. E. P. VanDuzee has found this species to be common on grasses
and weeds at San Diego, California, and has recorded it as being
distributed over California, Colorado, Washington, Idaho, New Mexico
and in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. Mr. Otto Heideman records
it as common on lupine and injurious to potato plants in this State.
This capsid was kindly determined by Mr. Van Duzee as Irhisia
brachycerus Uhler. It has been recently redescribed as Capsus solani
by Mr. Heideman.^
If the grower, who has noticed damage to his crops of a nature
similar to that described in the preceding paragraphs, will take the
trouble to send in a few specimens in a small vial or box .to the Insectary,
we will be glad to identify them and to make suggestions regarding
experiments for their control.
iProc. Ent. Soc. W^ashington. Vol. XII, No. 4, pages 200-201.
554 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE WALNUT MEALY BUG.
(Pscudococcus hakeri Essig. )
Order — Hemiptera. Family — Coccidse.
By R. S. VailEj County Horticultural Commissioner, Santa Paula, Cal.
In December, 1910, E. 0. Essig published a description of a new-
mealy bug, to which he gave the name Pseudococcus hakeri. Because
of its habit of feeding on the walnut trees in Ventura County it was
given the common name of walnut mealy bug. Since that time the
writer has collected additional specimens and data regarding the dis-
tribution of this insect which may prove of interest.
The known host plant list at present is as follows: Walnut, apple,
pear, orange, lemon, pomelo, elder, cottonwood, southern California
black w^alnut, nightshade and a few of the ornamental shrubs. It has
been found in three localities in Ventura County infesting citrus
trees, but in two of these cases it occurs in much greater numbers on
the native elder and nightshade surrounding the trees. For at least
a portion of the year it lives primarily on the. roots of these two plants.
Numerous solanum bushes growing under orange trees have been found
with the roots thickly covered with all stages, from eggs to mature
adults. The same has been true of the elder, though so far no speci-
mens have been reported on roots of citrus or other fruit trees.
The life history appears to be much the same as that of Pseudococcus
citri with this decided difference : the egg masses are much looser and
the number of eggs laid by a single female is much less. This is quite
a factor in the control of the insect, as it appears to have been present
in certain orchards for a good many years without at any time becoming
a damaging pest. Mr. J. J. Davis, in the Entomological News, XIX,
No. 8 (1908), gives the average eggs of Pseudococcus citri, per mass
counted, as 274 (twenty masses counted). Essig states, in commenting
on this count, that under field conditions around Santa Paula (1909),
the average was undoubtedly somewhat higher than this, reaching at
least five hundred eggs for some individuals. He further states (P.
C. Jr. Ent. II, No. 4) that practically all eggs of Pseudococcus citri
seem to be fertile. The writer has counted the eggs in ten masses
of Pseudococcus .hakeri with a range from forty-two to a hundred and
sixteen, and an average of sixty-seven eggs. In confinement in glass
jars these appeared to be from ten per cent to twenty per cent unfertile.
This may not hold true under field conditions, but we have observed
in numerous old egg masses a few shriveled eggs unhatched. We have
also seen appearances which lead us to believe that egg parasites play
a considerable part in the control, but, so far, we have been unable to
rear any.
From all observations to date we do not feel that Pseudococcus hakeri
will ever properly be classed as a damaging insect, as it seems to
require no additional control measures. We have not seen it in suf-
ficient numbers to smut more than a very small percentage of the fruit
nor have we seen it to have any noticeable effect on the health of the
plant. Carbolic acid emulsion and other sprays which are effective
against Pseudococcus citri are equally so against Pseudococcus hakeri,
and fumigation seems much more efficient against the latter than the
former species.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 555
THE CORN WORM.
{Hellothis oisoleta Hiibn.)
Ordei — Lepidoptera. Family — Noctuidse.
By A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramiento, Cal.
The corn worm, often known as corn-ear worm, less frequently as
tomato worm, and again as cotton-boll worm [Heliothis ohsoJeta), is
a serious pest in all parts of California. The moth lays the ribbed egg
in spring. The pink, often darker, caterpillar — "worm" — enters at
the silk end of the ear, and feeds on the growing kernels, causing
pronounced furrows, and soiling the ear with its repulsive excrement.
It feeds for near a month and reaches one and one half inches in length,
when it enters the earth and pupates in an earthen cocoon, lined
loosely with fine silk. The pupa is green at first, but soon becomes a
bright brown. The moth which comes in a short time, in case of the
summer brood, from the pupa varies in color and markings. It is
generally yellowish or grayish and expands nearly two inches. Unlike
most moths of the family NoctuicUe, it flies by day. There is a summer
and an autumn brood.
As suggested in the common names, it feeds on the cotton-boll, the
corn ears and the tomato fruits, though it eats sparingly of the leaves
and stems, into which it bores. It is partial to corn, especially sweet
corn, hence a remedy for the tomato gardener: By planting rows of
sweet corn among the tomatoes, every tenth row should be corn, the
moth is attracted from the less inviting tomato plants. The fondness
of this insect for sweet corn attracts it to this plant, and the tomatoes
escape. By dusting the silk of the corn with lead arsenate, or spraying
with the same in water, two pounds to fifty gallons, we poison the
caterpillar and save the corn. I have known the corn to be saved by
careful hand picking. This in the garden, in a small way, is quite
satisfactory.
NEMATODE WORMS AND MOTTLED LEAF.
By J. R. Hodges, Horticultural Inspector, Covina, Cal.
Having obtained consent of Mr. A. R. Meserve over a year ago to
make an investigation of mottled leaf of citrus trees, I commenced
making a careful microscopic examination of the leaves, branches, bark,
wood and finally the soil and roots of diseased trees. My examination
was largely confined to trees badly enough affected with mottled leaf
as to interfere with the proper ripening of the fruit, making what is
called "small offs" in the packing-house. After examining a great
many trees on different kinds of soil, I noticed that there was one
condition common to all trees badly affected with mottled leaf: an
imperfect condition in the fibrous root system, sometimes amounting to
a great scarcity of fibrous roots which were broken down, scarred and
in various stages of decay. At first I found, under the microscope,
only parts of the nematodes, a head here and a tail there, but later'
by scraping the rootlets while submerged in water, I found live'
actively moving specimens, in many cases very numerous on badly
decayed roots. I have obtained as many as fifty specimens from four
556 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
pieces of fibrous roots, the size and length of a common pin. It
seemed to me that if this condition existed throughout the fibrous root
system it would be sufficient liurden on the tree to cause yellowing of
the leaf irrespective of other influences that might be at work on the
tree.
I reported the matter to Mr. Meserve, and later to Mr. William
Wood, the present horticultural commissioner of Los Angeles County,
who encouraged me to go on with the work. I have at various times
reported the work to professional horticulturists, from whom very
little encouragement has been received, until Mr. E. E. Thomas^ of the
Whittier Laboratory, followed up the matter and published a circular
on the subject. I wish to thank Mr. Thomas for his interest in the
matter, notwithstanding the fact that the problem will be worth very
little to me, but might be worth something to him.
I believe that nematodes often infest the roots of nursery stock that
are transplanted in the orchard and that they spread from one tree
to another in the irrigation and storm water. I have kept these
nematode worms for eight days in water without apparent injury. In
badly infested orchards they appear to infest the roots of the vetch,
malva and other weeds, sometimes to the extent of killing out the
vetch and malva. They apparently make little headway on the alfilaria.
I have had some success in treating afi^ected trees with carbon
bisulphide. The best results were obtained by making shallow holes
about two inches deep, one foot apart each way, and putting about
three fourths of an ounce of carbon bisulphide in each hole and cov-
ering the ground with an impervious tent or cloth and allowing it to
remain for about forty-eight hours before removal. After treating
the ground with this dosage no live nematodes could be found. Just
how much smaller dosage could be used with success I do not know.
Trees treated with greater amounts than this showed injury and lost
their leaves. After treating, the ground was covered with a mulch of
barnyard manure, about one inch thick, which kept up an even moisture
content of about ten per cent during the season following. The trees
now show a normal condition of fibrous roots, but are not entirely
free from the nematode. The pest, however, is so far eliminated that
the trees are doing well.
I think that mottled leaf and the "small off" is due to the large
numbers of the pest that infests the roots. Just as with other pests,
as for example the red spider, a small number will do no apparent
injury, while a large increase in numbers will cut down the produc-
tiveness of the tree to a great extent.
'A preliminary report of a nematode observed on citrus roots and its possible
relation with the mottled appearance of citrus trees. — Circular 85, Cal. Agrcl. Exp.
Station, Feb., 1913.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 557
THE USE OF FLOUR PASTE IN LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTIONS
IN THE CONTROL OF THE CITRUS RED SPIDER.
By J. D. Neuls^ Expert, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, El Centre, Cal.
At the writer's suggestion, a few tests, using commercial lime-sulphur
Math the addition of flour paste made according to the directions in
Circular No. 166 of the Bureau of Entomology by Mr. W. B. Parker,
were made by Mr. Sweigert, the inspector at Whittier, against the
citrus red spider {Tetranychus mytilaspidis). In all the plots treated,
a few trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur solution without the flour
paste added, as a check. Although the experiments were few and
owing to the departure of the writer to other fields, were not carried
through to the desired completion, the results were so satisfactory
that the writer was requested by Mr. Essig to publish a brief account
of the results.
No difficulty was encountered in picking out the trees that were
sprayed Avitli the lime-sulphur alone. The spotting of the leaves and
fruit, familiar to all who have had occasion to use the lime-sulphur
solution, was not to be found on the trees where the flour paste had
been added. So even was the distribution that only by a close examina-
tion could one tell that the tree had been treated. Conversation with
the sprayer brought out the fact that hereafter, even if the grower
refused to sanction the small additional expense of the flour paste,
the sprayer would add it himself because the pumps worked much
better. There was no clogging either in the pumps or at the nozzle
and a two hundred gallon tank of the spray with the flour paste added
would cover more trees than with the lime-sulphur alone.
The chief objection to the lime-sulphur solution has been that it
spotted the fruit, particularly oranges, necessitating washing. These
experiments point to the fact that with the additional flour paste the
washing of the fruit may not be necessary. The distribution of the
lime-sulphur is so even when the flour paste is added that it spreads
over the surface of the leaves and fruit in a thin film so that very little
spotting occurs. The few spots that do occur and which are generally
formed where the solution drops off the leaves or fruit, are of such a
character (because of the flour paste) that they dry and crack, so
that if they do not fall off of their own accord in the field they are
very easily brushed or rubbed off in picking. It was the intention of
the writer to follow up the fruit that had been sprayed with the lime-
sulphur and flour paste to the packing-house to see whether or not it
had to be washed, but circumstances prevented.
The effectiveness of the commercial lime-sulphur solution with the
flour paste added in the right proportion is increased owing solely to
the fact that the distribution is much greater. The insecticidal value
of the lime-sulphur solution against red spiders is the best known of
any remedy and the addition of the flour paste seems to bring this
solution to the highest point of efficiency.
.The purpose of this article is to bring these points and suggestions
before the minds of those interested in the control of the citrus red
spider with the hope that it may stimulate others to experiment along
this line and thus develop a thorough and efficient method in con-
trolling this serious pest.
558 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
FISKE AND THE GYPSY MOTH,
By Harry S. Smith^ Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento, Cal.
The Federal Bureau of Entomology has recently issued a circular,
Mo. 164, entitled "The Gypsy Moth" as a Forest Insect, AVith Sug-
gestions as to Its Control." This article hy W. F. Fiske, the foremost
authority on natural control of insects, will cause all lovers of trees,
especially those in New England, to breathe a bit easier. The gypsy
moth is no longer the dreaded pest of 1896 to 1900. While it is still
a vital factor in American forestry, wholesale devastation, not only
of all forest trees, but of fruit and shade trees and even gardens and
fields, is a condition which no longer prevails. The situation with
regard to this insect has become greatly improved within recent years.
This improvement of conditions is said to be due to four main causes :
(1) The perfection and standardization of the methods of artificial
repression; (2) the death of a large proportion of the more susceptible
trQ.es or their removal from the infested woodlands; (3) the importa-
tion of parasitic and predatory insect enemies; and (4) the develop-
ment of the ' " wilt ' ' disease.
California parasite enthusiasts have watched with considerable in-
terest the attempt to introduce the natural enemies of the gypsy
moth into New England. They will then be much interested in what
Mr. Fiske has to say with regard to the progress of this work. He
writes as follows :
"There are about thirty species of insect enemies of the gypsy
moth which appear to be of importance in checking its increase in
Europe and Japan. All of the promising species have been imported
and colonized under more or less satisfactory conditions in America.
Not all have successfully accommodated themselves to their new
environment. About one third of the total appear to have done so and
to be steadily increasing in efficiency in accordance with their powers
of multiplication and dispersion.
"It was hoped that more of them would acclimatize themselves; it
was feared that the number might be less. On the whole, the results
are decidedly satisfying, and the State of Massachusetts and the
United States Department of Agriculture have no cause to regret
having undertaken the unexpectedly formidable task of parasite im-
portation. Within a territory centering a little to the northward of
Boston, it may be conservatively stated that fully fifty per cent of the
eggs, caterpillars, or pupse of the gypsy moth, in the aggregate, were
destroyed by imported parasites in 1912."
Owing to the great expense attached to the use of artificial means
of control, such as spraying, these methods are available only on shade
trees and in parks. In the infested New England forests the bacterial
or "wilt" disease and the insect enemies constitute the factors upon
which the authorities mainly rely for repression. Of these Mr. Fiske
states that — "More than to the parasites, more than to the perfection
of the methods of artificial suppression, the amelioration in conditions
is due to the 'wilt' disease." This malady is of bacterial origin and
is apparently similar to the fiacherie of the silkworm. It first appeared
in New England in 1903 or 1904. By 1911 it reached its climax and
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 559
was everywhere in evidence. A peculiar fact noted by Mr. Fiske,
with regard to this disease, is that strangely enough its virulence is
greatly augmented when the caterpillars feed upon certain species of
trees and shrubs, and for that reason these trees are practically resistant
to the gypsy moth attack. The great importance attached to this dis-
covery is obvious.
Mr. Fiske has spent a large part of the past four years abroad in the
study of the gypsy moth, paying especial attention to its control
through natural factors. He also investigated carefully the effect upon
the moth's abundance of certain types of forests and forest manage-
ment. His study in Europe, added to by extensive experiments carried
on in this country under the direction of A. F. Burgess of the United
States Department of Agriculture and Doctor Wheeler of Harvard,
has thrown great light upon the subject of resistance of various types
of forests to the moth through the agency of the ' ' wilt.
Jn brief it has been found that upon certain trees, principally the
oaks and birches, the moth increases rapidly to the point of complete
defoliation. Upon certain other trees, when growing alone, it rarely
increases to the point of defoliation, and usually is barely able to hold
its own. This latter group includes the conifers, some poplars, chest-
nut, hickory, sycamore, elm, catalpa, ash, locust, maple and several
others. These trees are spoken of as being resistant to the gypsy
moth through the operations of the "wilt" disease.
With regard to the practical application of this valuable informa-
tion, Mr. Fiske has the following to say:
"There are, therefore, two phases of the complex problem of gypsy
moth control in forests which must be considered. First, how best to
eliminate the oak and secure its replacement by other, and, if possible,
more valuable trees; and, second, how best to protect the oak from
serious injury in localities where little else can be grown to advantage.
" In a large portion of the area at present infested by the gypsy moth
the solution is almost absurdly simple. This is the natural home of the
white pine, one of the most valuable timber trees to be found in the
whole' temperate zone. In a way the oak is an interloper. Over a
large part of New England the white pine was once preeminent, and
it Avould become so again were the country to be deserted by civilized
man. The pine reproduces freely, if given half a chance, but there are
thousands of acres in the aggregate in which a natural reproduction of
pine is being retarded, destroyed even, through the mere circumstance
that the oak chanced to secure a running start, by sprouting when the
land was last cut over. The German forester who would permit such
conditions to prevail would be considered hopelessly, even criminally,
insane. Under such circumstances oak is to be^considered a?, a weed,
and the advent of the gypsy moth as a blessing when, as sometimes
happens, it takes the oak and leaves the pine. If it would always do
just that and nothing more its progress might be watched with a
certain degree of complacency. But it does not always stop at that,
and, what is worse, injudicious cutting not infrequently results in
greater damage than would be done by the gypsy moth itself. The
larger pines are apt to be cut or broken down, and the smaller ones,
unable to compete with the rapidly growing oak sprouts, are quickly
in no better condition than before.
560 THE Monthly bulletin.
"The natural program, therefore, in every pine and oak mixture, is
so to eliminate the oak as to afford the pine a better opportunity to take
possession of the ground. How this may best be accomplished depends
entirely upon the individual characteristics of any particular wood lot.
And, furthermore, it is strictly a problem in applied forestry and one
for the forester, not for the entomologist, to solve."
To those who have witnessed the devastation of the New England
forests through the gypsy moth during the past twelve years, Mr.
Fiske's message will be most welcome. While in the light of the work
done the remedy seems simple enough, the idea is a big one, really the
result of genius, and the Bureau of Entomology is to be congratulated
on having placed so able a man as Fiske on this important Avork.
TEAR STAINING OF LEMONS.
(Due to the fungus ColletotricJium gloeosporioides Penz. )
By H. S. Fawcett, Plant Pathologist, State Commission of Horticulture, Whittier,
California.
A faint, reddish stain has often been noticed on lemons, as if formed
in a drop of dew, or as if a drop of water had run down over the
surface of the fruit, leaving infection in its track. It sometimes covers
a large part of the fruit. Usually this stain only slightly injures the
appearance of the fruit, but since it is set in the surface of the rind
and cannot be washed off it is sometimes troublesome.
This faint staining of the surface is not to be confused with "red
rot" (see Fig. 57, Bui. 218, California Experiment Station), in which
a large area on one side is highly colored and somewhat hard and
shrunken, nor with "red spot," a reddish pitting in which small red
sunken pits are formed. (See description and Fig. 18 by E. 0. Essig,
in Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany, Vol. I, page 33, and
see also illustration in California Plant Diseases, Bui. 218, Fig. 55,
California Experiment Station.) Considerable doubt has existed as
to whether the faint, reddish discoloration on lemons in California,
known as tear stain, was due to the same cause as the tear stain of
Florida fruits attributed by P. H. Rolfs to the wither tip fungus
Collet otricliuni gloeosporioides.
Some recent experiments by the writer indicate that it is the same.
The results of the experiments are also confirmed in an unpublished
manuscript report by C. N. Jensen in 1910 at the Whittier Laboratory,
that a reddish stain of this kind can be produced on uninjured lemons
in California with spores of this fungus. Lisbon lemons of various ages
were picked and placed at once into a glass jar on March 14, 1913.
The spores from a culture of wither tip fungus isolated from a lemon
tree at Santa Paula were shaken up in water and poured over these
fruits. The jar was then covered to keep the fruit moist. In two
weeks the faint reddish stains in blotches and in lines where the water
with spores had run down were quite prominent. In four weeks they
were still more pronounced. They appeared to develop on green,
half-grown fruit, as well as on mature fruit. Other fruits picked at
the same time and kept in a moist jar without the application of the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 561
spores failed to develop these stains. A microscopic examination of the
stained areas showed the characteristic appressoria or contact pads of
the wither tip fungus. These seemed to be confined almost entirely
to the stained areas. The stain appeared to be due to cells that had
been discolored by the presence of the fungus. In some cases hyphse
could be made out under the microscope, apparently just partly
imbedded in the surface cells and so connected with these contact pads
as to belong evidently to the same fungus. Some lemons in a second
jar were very minutely punctured over small areas with a needle on
which numerous spores of wither tip fungus were clinging. In two
weeks a slightly sunken area with broken-down cells and a reddish
stain was evident. Other fruits punctured in the same way without
spores being present on the needle showed a slightly sunken area with
nearly as many broken down cells as in the others, but the red stain
was absent. These experiments seem to prove that the wither tip
fungus is at least one of the causes for tear staining of lemons in
California and may cause reddening of slightly injured places.
As the spores of this fungus are common in dead twigs or limbs that
have died from any cause, it is important to keep these cut out as much
as possible. The drip from dews or rains is thought to be the principal
cause for the tear staining. It may be mentioned here that there is
sometimes a faint staining of the fruit merely due to dirt and dust
washing down over the fruit and which can be rubbed off easily. This
is not normal ' ' tear staining. ' '
Tear staining may also be prevented by spraying with a good fungi-
cide. Lime-sulphur solution, Bordeaux mixture, or ammoniacal solu-
tion of copper carbonate may be used. The disadvantage of Bordeaux
mixture is that when followed within a few weeks or months by fumi-
gation for insects, it is apt to cause defoliation. Lime-sulphur solution
is suggested as the best when all things are considered, since it is also
useful in controlling the red spider.
562 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
GENERAL NOTES.
ROOT-KNOT.
We are getting specimens of root-knot from many vegetables, shrubs
and trees. As is well known this is a nematoid affection, being pro-
duced by the nematoid worm, Heterodera radicicola. It attacks very
juany weeds as well as our cultivated plants. It attacks potatoes in
several counties of the State. In receiving nursery stock or ornamental
plants from outside the State or in intercounty shipments, we should
refuse any specimens that show this disease. Rotation of crops has
special significance in view of this affection. We are studying to know
what plants are immune, if such there be, to know what to plant in
infected soil. In the case of this malady, as with the bacterial affec-
tion, known as crown gall, trees or shrubs badly diseased may well be
uprooted and destroyed. I doubt if any plant ailment in our State is
more common than this root-knot. — A. J. Cook.
LIME-SULPHUR.
There are two reasons why we regard this solution with exceptional
interest. I believe it originated in California, and it is a very excellent
specific against many pests — insect and fungoid. We may often use
it at a time when it will work the destruction of two or more serious
enemies to our fruit trees and shrubs. The terrible pernicious scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus, yields to this solution, as to no other known
remedy. In this case it is used as a winter spray and does no harm
to the defoliated trees. Sulphur alone is often a sure preventive
of the work of the mites usually called spiders, as the red spider.
Many fungi yield to the. lime-sulphur solution, as curl leaf in the peach
and the various mildews. Thus lime-sulphur solution is both a fungi-
cide and an insecticide. It is comparable to Bordeaux, and these two
are the sovereign remedies for fungoid diseases.
One of the most common and most destructive pests known to the
gardener and fruit grower is the mite, or "spider," of which there are
several species, as the pear blister mite which deforms and injures pear
foliage and blisters the pear itself. This and the related silver mite are
very minute. It is more than probable that a close study would deter-
mine that both of these affections could be controlled by the use of the
lime-sulphur solution. In all cases of blights, a trial should be made
first of lime-sulphur, as the cheaper, and then of the Bordeaux.
Sulphur alone dusted on the foliage is often a very satisfactory
specific against mildews and mites. Here the heat of the sun produces
fumes from the powdered sulphur. In cool or cloudy weather these
fumes are often not enough in evidence to produce results, in which
case the lime-sulphur solution may be very effective. — A. J. Cook.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
563
SULPHURING FOR MILDEW.
Some roses are especially susceptible to mildew attack. As in the
«ase of the grape, powdered sulphur if applied in season will usually
prevent this blighting mildew from injuring the shrubs. These mil-
dews are always more severe in times of fogs and a damp atmosphere.
The crimson rambler and Marie Henriette roses are especially liable
to attack. To work a sure cure, the sulphuring must be done early
l)efore the mildew attacks the plants. However, it will do good later
as the new foliage that starts after the diseased leaves fall will be saved
from affection. The spores, seeds of the fungus — if we may so speak —
are killed by the sulphur, while the fungus if started is immune.
In advising, I have usually suggested that the first sulphuring should
be done at the same time that the winter cover crop is to be plowed
under in February. Thus, the house wife as she applies the sulphur
to her scarlet ram1)ler will remind the "Gude Man" of the house
that it is time to turn under his vetch, or vice versa. — A. J. Cook.
PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE ATTACKING FRUIT.
The pear-leaf blister-mite, Eriophyes pyri Pgst., is quite abundant
in the central and northern parts of the State and its work upon the
leaves is familiar to all. It is not, however, generally known that this
mite also attacks the fruit. Considerable damage is l)eing done to the
.young pears this year. Mr. J. E. Hassler, county horticultural com-
FiG. 333. — Work of the pear-leaf
blister-mite, Eriophyes pyri Pgst., on
fruit. (Original.)
missioner of El Dorado County, sent in the first affected fruit with the
statement that much of the young fruit was affected. Later specimens
Avere sent in by Commissioner U. F. Norton of Nevada County.
The work upon the fruit greatly resembles that upon the leaves.
There appear small chafed areas which enlarge and later appear as
distinct rings with reddish or dark border and lighter sunken center.
564 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
In badly infested cases the rings merge into one another, forming a very
scabby-looking blotch. The illustration shows this clearly, but does
not show the rings, because of the lack of contrast between the light-
red and rose-tinted fruit.
Mr. Hassler informs the writer that the mite is very difficult ta
control on the fruit and after two years ' experience believes that a lime
spray composed of from twelve to fourteen pounds of lime to forty
gallons of water is superior to a lime-sulphur spray.
In treating the mite during the winter he has found the addition
of lime to the commercial lime-sulphur solution decidedly helpful. —
E. 0. EssiG.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE.
We are very glad to announce the appearance of the above publica-
tion which is certainly a credit to those who are behind it. The first
issue, Vol. I, No. 1, appeared this month and contains the following-
leading articles : '
Selective Immigration Dean Hunt
Soil Surveys in California Prof. C. F. Shaw
What the Agricultural Experiment Station Hog Serum Laboratory
is Doing for California, Hog Raisers Prof. C. M. Haring
Frost Fighting on the Limoneira Ranch Carl Nichols
The Spirit of Co-operation Wm. McNaught
The Cotton Outlook in Imperial Valley ■ W. E. Packard
It is pushed by the students in the College of Agriculture under the
editorship of Mr. H. H. Warner. — Editor.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 565
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— MAY.
These data are compiled by the secretary from monthly crop reports made by the
county horticultural commissioners. Counties not included have not reported or the
reports have come too late for press. Unless otherwise designated percentages refer
to last year's crop.
Alfalfa.
Colusa — 120 per cent of last year's crop of 200,000 tons. Glenn — Average of
1% tons per acre where irrigated. Inyo — Full crop of 110,000 tons. Kern — Normal
crop of 25,000 tons. Lake — Normal. Los Angeles — Full crop of 113,062 tons; a
somewhat cold spring has shortened the alfalfa season, but increased acreage will
bring up the total crop. Madera — 125 per cent of last year's crop, 18,250 acres.
Mendocino — Full crop. Monterey — 25 per cent more than last year. Nevada — Full
crop. Orange — Full crop. Sacramento — 90 per cent of last year's. San Benito —
Normal. San Diego — Crop at least 10 per cent better than last year's. Siskiyou — -
Excellent crop; 30 per cent more planted than last year. Solano — 10 per cent more
than last year's crop, there being plenty of water in the alfalfa regions. Sonoma — -
90 per cent of last year's crop of 3,500,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 10 per cent more
than crop of last year; 120,000 acres in bearing; first cutting one ton to acre.
Tehama — Full crop. Tulare — 75 per cent of normal crop. Yolo — 10 per cent increase
over last year's. Yuba — Full crop of 7,500 tons.
Crop to be much larger than that of last year.
Almonds.
Alameda — Crop in fine condition, promises to exceed last season's crop by 50 per
cent. Butte — 25 per cent of crop. Contra Costa — 25 per cent of last year's crop of
250 tons; due to frost. Glenn — 75 per cent. Lake — 10 per cent. Los Angeles — 76
per cent of last year's crop of 57,770 pounds. Madera — 100 per cent. Nevada — •
Only 10 per cent of last year's crop of 12,000 pounds ; early bloom was killed by
frost. Placer — 25 per cent. Riverside — 90 per cent. Sacramento — One third of
full crop. San Benito — 100 per cent. San Bernardino — Caught by frost, no crop.
San Joaquin — Almost failure. Solano — 65 per cent of last year's crop. Sonoma — •
Same as last year's crop. Stanisla^is — 5 per cent of last year's crop of 240,000
pounds. Sutter — -Half crop. Tehama — 25 per cent of last year's crop of 200,000
pounds. Ventura — 75 per cent of last year's crop; only small acreage in almonds.
Yolo — Nonpariel and Drake's seedling 95 per cent of last year's crop. Texas pro-
lific, Ne Plus Ultra, IXL 30 per cent.
Almonds will be very short this year but are looking better than at time of last
report.
Apples.
Butte — 80 per cent. El Dorado — 40 per cent. Fresno — 80.000 pounds. Glenn —
75 per cent. Inyo — 75 per cent of last year's crop of 1,250,000 pounds. Kern — 100
per cent. Lake — 25 per cent of last year's crop which was 50 per cent above normal.
Los Angeles — 6,221,250 pounds. Meyidocino — 50 per cent. Nevada — 40 per cent of
last year's crop of 7,000,000 pounds. Monterey — 40 per cent to 50 per cent. Orange
■ — -115 per cent. Placer — Fair crop, little early for estimate. Riverside — 85 per cent.
Sacramento — 75 per cent. San Benito — 50 per cent. San Bernardino — -95 per cent.
San Diego — 85 per cent. San Joaquin — Good crop. Santa Barbara — 7,521,325
pounds. Santa Clara — 70 per cent. Santa Cruz — 1,000 to 1,500 carloads for valley;
perhaps 2,000 carloads for county. Siskiyou — Fair crop. Sonoma — 75 per cent of
last year's crop of 13,500,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 75 per cent of last year's crop
of 112,500 pounds. Tehama — 24,000 pounds. Tulare — 65 per cent. Yuba — 80 per
cent of last year's crop of 100 tons.
Though not normal a fair crop is assured.
Apricots.
Alameda — 50 per cent. Butte — 30 per cent. Contra Costa — BO per cent. Fresno
— 25 per cent of last year's crop of 50,000 pounds. Glenn — 50 per cent. Inyo —
Normal. Kern — 80 per cent. Kings — 35 per cent. Lake — 25 per cent. Los Angeles
— 90 per cent of last year's crop of 7,250,000 pounds. Madera — 25 per cent. Mon-
terey— 200 per cent. Nevada — 15 per cent of last year's crop of 10,000 pounds.
Orange — Crop is 50 per cent of last year's, but only 25 per cent of normal. Placer — -
60 per cent. Riverside — 100 per cent. Sacramento — 75 per cent. San Benito —
65 per cent. San Bernardino — 80 per cent. San Joaquin — With few exceptions a
failure. Santa Barbara — 1,495,921 pounds. Santa Clara — 50 per cent. Santa Crus
— 100 per cent. Solano — 100 per cent. Sonoma — 500,000 pounds. Stanislcms — 10
per cent of last year's crop of 100,000 pounds. Sutter — 100 per cent. Tehama — 50
per cent of last year's crop of 1,000,000 pounds. Tulare — 20 per cent Ventura — 40
per cent of last year's crop of 2,400 tons dried. Yolo — 40 per cent. Yuba — SO per
cent of last year's crop of 20 tons.
The apricot crop will be short, varying from one half to three fourths of last
year's crop.
Beans.
Los Angeles — 90 per cent of last year's crop of 5,775,000 pounds. Monterey —
100 per cent. Sacramento — 48,000,000 pounds. Siskiyou — Fair crop. Sonoma —
250,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 50 per cent of last year's crop of 720,000 pounds.
Ventura — 65,000,000 pounds, more limas planted than ever before.
A eood croD of beans is expected throughout the State.
566 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Berries.
Glenn — Full crop. Kern — 100 per cent. Kings — Normal crop. Los Angeles —
100 per cent. Mendocino — 50 per cent. Monterey — 70 per cent. Nevada — 50 000
pounds. Orange — 100 per cent. Sacramento — 100 per cent. Santa Clara— Good.
Santa Crti^z — Over normal. Siskiyou — 100 per cent. Sonoma — 95 per (;ent of lasc
year'.s crop of 1,000,000 pounds which was unusually large. Stanishms — 100,000
pounds.
Berries will make a. good crop throughout the State.
Cherries.
Alameda — 45 per cent. Butte — 100 per cent. Contra Costa — 70 per cent. El
Dorado — 4 0 per cent. Glenn — SO per cent. Kings — 100 per cent. Los Angeles —
100 per cent. Mendocino — 50 per cent. Monterey — 50 per cent. Nevada — 30 per
cent. Placer — 70 per cent. Riverside — 85 per cent of full crop. Sacramento — 100
per cent. San Benito — 50 per cent. San Bernardino — 80 per cent of full crop. San
Joaquin — 25 per cent. Santa Barbara — 102 per cent. Siskiyou — 100 per cent.
Santa Clara — 50 per cent. Santa Cruz — 100 per cent. Solano — SO per cent. Sonoma
— 65 per cent of last year's crop of 3,000,000 pounds, which was unusually large.
Stanislaus — 14,000 pounds. Sutter — 75 per cent.
Harvesting has commenced in the valleys, and though the crop is short, prices are
making up for a normal year.
Figs.
Butte — 100 per cent. Fresno — 100,000,000 pounds. Glenn — 50 per cent. Los
Angeles — 97,376 pounds. Madera — Looks like 100 per cent. Nevada — 75 per cent of
last year's crop of 68,000 pound.s. Sacramento — 100 per cent. Solano — 100 per
cent. Stanislaus — 80,000 pounds. Tulare — 75 per cent. Yolo — 100 per cent. Yuba
— 10 tons dried.
A big crop is apparently assured throughout the State.
Grapes (Wine).
Contra Costa — 50 per cent. El Dorado — 70 per cent. Fresno — 180,000,000 pounds.
Kern — 100 per cent. Kings — Crop will probably he affected by dry weather; estimate
too early. Lake 100 per cent. Madera — 100 per cent. Mendocino — 50 per cent.
Nevada — 3,000,000 pounds. Placer — Good crop. Riverside — 100 per cent. Sacra-
mento— 100 per cent. San Bernardino — 95 per cent of full crop. Shasta — Fair.
Solano — Too early for estimate. Sonoma — 65,000,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 4,000,000
pounds. Sutter — Too early for estimate. Tehama — 1,600,000 pounds. Tulare — Out-
look good, but too early for estimate. I'o^o — Good bloom. Yuba — 4 00 tons.
There are prospects for a good crop of wine grapes, though it is yet a little early
to make a definite estimate.
Grapes (Table).
Contra Costa — 65 per cent. Fresno — Equal to last year's crop of 10,000,000
pounds. Glenn — 100 per cent. Inyo — Crop of 350.000 pounds. Kern — 100 per cent.
Los Angeles — Equal to last year's crop of 33,634,730 pounds. Madera — Looks like
full crop, little early. Mendocino — 50 per cent. Montereu — Looks good. Nevada —
Equal to last year's crop of 1.500.000 pounds. Placer — Better than was expected.
Sacramento — 100 per cent. San Bernardino — 95 per cent of full crop. San Joaquin —
Appearances indicate fine crop ; contracts being let for $25 a ton. Shasta — Looks
good. Siskiyou — Excellent crop. Solano — 90 per cent. Sonoma — Full crop of
500,000 pounds. Stanislaus — Equal to last year's crop of 3,000,000 pounds. Sutter —
Heavy bloom. Yolo — Good prospects. Yuba — Crop of 200 tons.
Good crop expected throughout the State.
Hops.
Lake — 100 per cent. Mendocino — Too early for estimate. Sacramento — 100 per
cent. Sonoma — Equal to last year's crop of 4,500,000 pounds. Yuba — Crop of 700
tons baled.
A little early for reliable estimates, but prospects are good.
Lemons.
Glenn — Full crop set. Los Angeles — 10 per cent of last year's crop of 59,151,284
pounds, due to January frost. Nevada — Crop a failure, due to frost ; only a few boxes.
Orange — 50 per cent, due to frost. Riverside — 50 per cent of crop. Sacramento —
100 per cent. San Bernardino — 40 per cent of full crop, due to frost. San Diecjo —
15 per cent, due to frost. Santa Barbara — 98 per cent of last year's crop of 3,146\850
pounds. Stanislaus — Just in bloom. Tehama — Equal to last year's crop of 20,000
pounds. Tulare — Too early for estimate. Ventura — Normal crop of 565 cars.
Very small output is expected.
Olives.
Fresno — Equal to last year's crop of 15,000,000 pound-s. Gle7in — Now in full
bloom. Los Angeles — Crop estimated to be double last year's crop of 387.500 pounds.
Madera — Good prospects. Nevada — Too early for estimate. Placer — 60 per cent.
Riverside — 100 per cent. Sacramento — 100 per cent. .S'«)i Bernardino — 90 per cent.
Santa Barbara — Crop of 623,136 pounds. Sonoma — Equal to last year's crop of
650.000 pounds. Stanislaus — Too early. Tehama — Crop estimated at 1,000,000
pounds. Tulare — 85 per cent.
A good crop of olives is promised.
Oranges.
Colusa — Good setting. Fresno — Equal to last year's crop of 5,000.000 pound.s.
(zlenn — 100 pei' cent. Kern — Good. Los Angeles — 50 per cent more than last year's
crop of 44,550,000 pounds. Nevada — 400 boxes. Orange — 90 per cent. Placer — 70
per cent, small acreage. Riverside — 60 per cent. Sacra))iento — 100 per cent. San
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 567
Bernardino — 60 per cent. San Diego — 40 per cent. Santa Barbara — 100 per cent.
Sonoma — 50 per cent. Tehama — 150,000 pounds. Tulare — Too early for estimate.
Ventura — 4.30 cars.
The crop south will be unusually short because of frost. It will be better in the
north.
Peaches.
Alameda — 65 per cent. Curl leaf bad. Butte — Good. Contra Costa — 65 per cent.
El Dorado — 50 per cent of full crop. Fresno — 70 per cent of last year's crop of
30,000,000 pounds. Clenn — 80 per cent. Kern — 85 per cent. Kings — Normal. Lake
— 25 per cent. Los Angeles — 10,321,575 pounds. Madera — 95 per cent. Mendocino — ■
25 per cent. Monterey — 100 per cent. Nevada — 60 per cent. Orange — 200 per cent.
Placer — 70 per cent. Riverside — 100 per cent. Sacramento — 100 per cent. San
Benito — 75 per cent. San Bernardino — 90 per cent. San Diego — 100 per cent. San
Joaquin — Muirs set well, Albertas about 75 per cent. Santa Clara — 40 per cent.
Shasta — Upland crop variable but not full; lowlands nothin.^-. Sonoma — 55 per cent.
Stanislaus — 35 per cent of last year's crop of 7,500,000 pounds. Sutter — Clings 100
per cent, Muirs 75 per cent. Tehama — 50 per cent of last year's crop of 25,000,000
pounds. Tulare — Freestones 60 per cent of normal crop ; clings 35 per cent of normal
crop. Yolo — Prospects for normal crop. Yuba — 70 per cent of last year's crop of
500 tons.
Peach crop exceedingly variable, but much below that of last year.
Pears.
Alameda — Bartletts have set well and show little scab ; other vfirieties are drop-
ping their fruit somewhat: estimated crop 75 per cent. Butte — 25 per cent. Contra
Costa — 55 per cent. El Dorado — 50 per cent of last year's crop. Glenn — 80 per
cent. Inyo — Equal to last year's crop of 600,000 pounds. Kings — Normal. Kern —
100 per cent. Lake — 50 per cent. Los Angeles — Equal to last year's crop of
931,150. Mendocino — 25 per cent. Monterey — 75 per cent. Nevada — 40 per cent of
last year's crop of 5,760,000 pounds. Orange — 35 per cent more than last year.
Placer — 90 per cent. Riverside — 80 per cent Sacramento — 75 per cent. Son Benito
— 75 per cent. San Bernardino — Full crop, but few grown. San Joaquin — Good.
Santa Clara — 60 per cent. Shasta — Light. Siskivou — Good. Solano — 100 per cent.
Sonoma — 60 per cent of last year's crop, which was unusually large, being 4,500,000
pounds. Stanislaus — 50 per cent of last year's crop of 260,000 pounds. Tehama —
10 per cent. Yolo — Prospects for good crop. Yuba — 70 per cent of last year's crop
of 1,300 tons.
The pear crop will be considerably less than last year's.
Potatoes.
Inyo — 75 per cent of last year's crop of 10,000 tons. Kern — 15,000 sacks. Los
Angeles — 16,107,000 pounds. Nevada — 170,000 pounds. Orange — 25 per cent, due
to decrease in acreage. Sacramento — 75 per cent, due to dry weather. Late rains
may help. Siskiyou — 100 per cent. Sonoma — 5,000,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 10,-
000,000 pounds.
Present conditions indicate a much smaller crop than that of last year.
Prunes.
Alameda — In irrigated districts crop looks well, dropping elsewhere. Butte — 90
per cent. Contra Costa — 65 per cent. Fresno — 2 0,000 pounds. Glenn — 75 per cent.
Kern — 90 per cent. Lake — 35 per cent. Los Angeles — 15,000 pounds. Madera — 100
per cent. Mendocino — 25 per cent. Monterey — 60 per cent. Nevada — 50 per cent of
last year's croD of 55,000 pounds. Orange — 50 per cent better than last year's crop.
Riverside — 85 per cent of full crop. Sacramento — 75 per cent. San Benito — 50 per
cent. San Joaqiiin — Good setting Santa Clara — Between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000
pounds. Shasta — Averaging 75 per cent. Solano — 100 per cent. Sonoma — 65 per
cent of last year's dried crop of 16,500,000 pounds. Stanislaus — 40 per cent of last
year's crop of .8,000 pounds. Sutter — 75 per cent. Tehama — 50 per cent of last year's
crop of 7,000,000 pounds. Tulare — 30 per cent. Yolo — 50 per cent.
The prune cron will be considerably less than that of last year as will be seen
under statistics given in general crop conditions at the end.
Walnuts.
Glenn — Good bloom. Lake — 50 per cent. Los Angeles — 75 per cent of last
year's crop of 6,112.000 pounds. Nevada — 75 per cent of last years crop of
13 800 pounds. Orange — 125 per cent. Riverside — SO per cent. Sacramento — 100
per cent San Bernardino — 90 per cent of full crop, orchards stdl young. Santa
Barbara — 3,146,850 pounds. Siskiyou — 100 per cent, small acreage. Sonoma — 100
per cent. Stanislaus — 5,000 pounds. Tulare — 65 per cent. Ventura — 00 per cent of
last year's crop of 1,900 tons; still too early for accurate statistics; setting appar-
fntlv li*^lit.
Prospects indicate a good crop of walnuts throughout the State ; however, less
than that of last year.
568 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
GENERAL CROP CONDITIONS.
Prune Crop Situation.
The Daily Commercial News, May 20th, reports as follows: The present estimates
•of the crop at home and abroad in pounds are as follows :
1912 1913
California 220,000,000 170,000,000
Oregon and Washington 10,000.000 30,000,000
Bosnia-Servia Nothing 100,000,000
230,000,000 300,000,000
The California Fruit Grower states that the crop will not exceed 100,000,000 pounds
for California and will probably be less.
Cantaloupe Crop in Imperial Valley and Mexico.
There are many conflicting reports relative to the cantaloupe crop in the Imperial
Valley and the following is taken from several. The total acreage in California is
approximately 6,000 acres; in Mexico 800. It is believed that 3,000 refrigerator
car.s will be shipped out from California alone at a cash value of $2,335,000. This
is the best year the industry has ever known.
The Pacific Northwest.
The Northwestern Fruit Exchange reports the following for May :
Apples.
The damage to apple crops in the Pacific Northwest is almost neglible. Some
old trees that bore heavily will have a light crop this year, but the younger orchards
will have more, so that the total apple crop promises to be as large as last year.
Certain spots in the Yakima Valley lost from 25 per cent to 75 per cent by frost,
but it was not general.
Pears.
A few pear orchards in the Rogue River Valley, Oregon, were touched with frost
but not seriously.
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gives the following comparative estimate in car
loads for the fruit crops for the season of 1913 :
Wenatchee Yaldma
Apples 6,082 2,900
Apricots 137
Cherries 47 20
Grapes 50
Peaches 432 1,600
Pears 279 250
Prunes and Plums 42 125
Florida Crop Conditions.
The following estimated conditions on May 1, 1913, with comparisons of the
principal crops in Florida, on the basis of 100, representing a normal, is reported by
the Crop Reporter of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, May, 1913, as follows:
Crop May, 1913 May, 1912 May, 1911
Orange trees 90 96 80
Lemon trees 90 80
Lime trees 90 90 80
Grapefruit 88 98 60
Peaches 70 85 60
Pears L 48 60 50
Strawberries 90 80 80
Watermelons 84 86 80
Cantaloupes 81 84 80
White potatoes 87 84 81
Cabbages 87 80 79
Cowpeas 83 83 85
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 569
INSECT NOTES.
Conducted by the editor.
The squash bug, Anasa tristis De Geer, is appearing in considerable numbers in
the pumpliin fields near Sacramento this month.
The European grain or barley aphis, Aphis avenw Fab., has been especially injurious
to the spring crop of barley in Imperial County.
Horticultural Commissioner D. F. Norton of Nevada County, has sent in specimens
-of a beetle which is cutting off the tender slioots of young pear trees. This insect
proves to be Dascyllus plumbeus Horn, a lead-colored beetle slightly over one half
incli long. This is'the first record we have of its being injurious.
A small scarabseid beetle, Serica anthracina Lee, has been doing damage to fruit
trees in the Sierra foothills this spring. Prune, plum, and apple trees have been
entirely defoliated in a few instances and the trees even Ivilled. The beetle also works
upon many of the native plants, chief of vfhich is the manzanita. It has been col-
lected in Nevada and El Dorado Counties by a member of the commission. A. R.
Baird, Horticultural Commissioner of Inyo County, has also sent it to the office. It
was reported as attaclving the plum in Riverdale, Fresno County, in "Insect Life,"
Vol. V, No. 5, p. 350, July, 1893.
The fruit tree pulvinaria, Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll., has been found generally
•distributed in a prune orchard near Woodland, Cal., but not in sufficient numbers to
be of economic concern. The leaves, petioles and occasionally the fruit afford lodging
places for the egg-laying females. In the same orchard, the prune aphis, Aphis
prunifoliw Fitch, was very thick on a few of the tender shoots.
Small tenebrionid beetles are causing much worry among the farmers this year.
Commissioner S. A. Pease of San Bernardino County has sent in two speices, Uhis
crassus Lee, a small brown beetle one fourth of an inch long which was feeding on
deciduous fruit trees at Ontario, Cal., and Eurymetopon bicolor Horn, a small black
species about the same size which he found attacking deciduous fruit trees at Ontario,
Cal., and apple trees at Yucaipe, Cal. A. S. Hoyt, deputy state quarantine officer,
collected Blapstinus discolor Horn, a small black beetle about three sixteentlis of an
inch long, at Van Nuys, Cal., where it was feeding upon melon and tomato vines.
Commissioner K. S. Knowlton has found it necessary to adopt control measures
against three beetles, Eleodes omissa var. horealift Blaisd., Eleodes armata Lee, and
Asida lecontei Horn, all of which are black and about three fourths of an inch long.
They are attacking orange trees in Kern County.
The cypress twig-borer, Phlwosiniis punctattis Lee, is a small brown scolytid
beetle scarcely more than one eightli of an inch long, which bores into the cypress
twigs usually' in the axils of the branches. The twigs often break at these tunnels,
thus resulting in severe pruning of hedges. Particular damage has been reported
at Napa, Cal., this spring. It was reported from Oceanside, San Diego County, last
year.
O. E. Bremner, deputy horticultural commissioner of Sonoma County, has sent in
specimens of the yellow currant or gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra canadensis Loew.
This insect is also quite common in other sections of middle California.
Specimens of the cherry fruit sawfly, Hoplocampa cookei Clarke, have. been sent
In by Mr. J. E. Hassler, county commissioner of El Dorado County, from Placerville,
and by D. F. Norton, county commissioner of Nevada County, from Nevada City.
570 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
El Dorado County,
Mr. J. E. Hassler has had remarkable success in controlling the
blister mite on pear trees, especially on the fruit, with a lime spray
composed of twelve pounds of quicklime to forty gallons of water.
Glenn County.
At a recent meeting of the Board of Supervisors, Mr. James Mills
heartily endorsed the work of Carl J. Ley and asked that he be given
proper office and field equipment.
Humboldt County.
Mr. Geo. B. Weatherby is planning a series of horticultural meetings
in September and has engaged the services of the State Commissioner
and Field Deputy to address the meetings.
Kern County.
Mr. K. S. Knowlton reports very serious damage to young orange
trees in the county by the tenebrionid beetle, Eleodes omissa var.
horealis Blaisd. He has inaugurated experiments against this insect
by spraying with lead arsenate and Paris green.
Los Angeles County.
Mr. William Wood reports remarkable success in the control of the
black peach aphis, Aphis persiccE-niger, with ''Black Leaf 40" spray.
Modoc County.
Mr. 0. C. McManus has lately been appointed county horticultural
commissioner of INIodoc County. He was the only candidate whO'
passed the examination May 1st. He is very actively engaged in his new
duties and finds plenty to do.
Riverside County.
Mr. R. P. Cundiff has just completed a very thorough inspection
tour of his county.
San Diego County.
The supervisors have wisely provided their county horticultural
commissioner with an automobile, Avhich enables him to do an immense
amount of practical field work and to keep in close touch with the
problems of the growers.
Shasta County.
Mr. George Lamiman is conducting an active campaign against the
oak rot fungus, Armillaria mellea.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 571
Sonoma County.
Mr. A. R. Gallaway and Mr. 0. E. Bremner have conducted a very
thorough spraying campaign in their county this spring, which should
result in a crop of clean fruit.
Sutter County,
Mr. H. P. Stabler is planning to make extensive exhibits of products
raised in his county in a large building recently purchased by the
supervisors. According to dispatches he has already established an
office and display room in the building and other improvements are
being made at his request.
Ventura County.
Upon the findings of Mr. H. S. Fawcett, plant pathologist of the
State Commission of Horticulture, Mr. R. S. Vaile is advising his
citrus growers to discontinue the use of neat's-foot oil for gummosis
and to use Bordeaux paste instead.
Yolo County.
Mr. George H. Hecke has been a recent visitor to the State Commis-
sioner's office. He reports conditions in his county as being very good
considering the year.
Yuba County,
Mr. Geo. W. Harney reports that so far this spring he is unable
to find any trace of the citrus white fly in Marysville.
572
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
QUARANTINE STATISTICS.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco, Cal.
With the passing of the month of April ended the first year in
which the writer has had charge of the State Horticultnral Quarantine
service with headquarters at the port of San Francisco. Several
changes have been instituted in the methods of conducting the service
during that period, and the inspection force has also been increased.
P^r the direction of future policies it was considered necessary to
obtain a tabulated form of the results of the work under these new
methods. With that end in view a comparative analysis of the statis-
tics covering a period of two consecutive years' work of the force
employed has been compiled by Miss E. Clare Button, clerk of the
division. The findings are such as to make this department feel justi-
fied in publishing them, and the same are herewith presented:
Importations of Horticultural Products.
From May 1, 1911, to April 30, 1912.
Sliips inspected : 348
Total parcels intercepted 654,107
Parcels in baggage of passengers
and crew 1,828
Express shipments
San Mateo County shipments 15
From May 1, 1912, to April 30, 1913.
Ships inspected 419
Total parcels intercepted 701,986
Parcels in baggage of passengers
and crew 3,399
Express shipments 1,971
San Mateo County shipments 167
In an attempt to digest the comparative value of the foregoing it
is my opinion that 419 against 348, an increase of 71 ships inspected
in a similar period of time, is largely if not entirely a matter of natural
fluctuation in trade conditions, and the same may be considered in the
case of 701,986 against 654,107, a gain of 47,879 parcels of horticul-
tural products in our favor.
The items worthy of careful consideration, and which are by far
the most important in my opinion, are the ones concerned with the
parcels of horticultural products intercepted in the baggage of the
passengers and crews. This is where the contraband material is usually
found, and it was for the purpose of strengthening this l)ranch of the
service that I asked for and was granted two additional inspectors.
In view of all the publicity that has been given to this matter during
this period, as well as the co-operation of the Federal Government,
3;399 against 1,828, a gain of 2,571 parcels in one year from this
source is an object lesson which I consider supports my previous
judgment of the necessity of augmenting the inspection force.
One of the first things I set in motion after taking charge of this
work was a systematic study of all the avenues of entrance into the port
of San Francisco that were open to horticultural products, for the
purpose of locating leaks in the quarantine service. The items set
down in the table as express shipments are proof that such leaks existed.
In editing the daily reports of the inspectors I soon noticed the absence
of shipments by express, and a search of the l)ooks showed that none
such had been inspected or recorded for a year previous. It required
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 573
both persistent and positive efforts to permanently stop this leak, but
it is now one of the most perfectly working phases of the quarantine
work, and has yielded up from the express office in the Ferry Building
1,971 parcels of horticultural products that come under our jurisdic-
tion in a space of ten months. Out of this mass of material we inter-
cepted and destroyed 44 lots of fruit fly material, 1 lot of white fly
material, and 1 lot of contraband peach trees.
As a result of the enforcement of the provisions of section 1 of the
state quarantine law in the matter of arrival of interstate shipments,
it became incumbent upon us to attend to this same class of material
arriving at points in San Mateo County. This has monopolized a great
deal of valuable time, but we have kept up the work and it has yielded
good returns.
Enforcing the Federal quarantines on material from European
points has brought some interesting developments in our dealings with
the parcel post, and the performance of work that should be the duty
of a county horticultural commissioner has kept us busy. To all of
those who are sufficiently interested in this work to read the foregoing
it must be apparent that the quarantine service has not remained
stationary. In the opinion of the writer, who believes that the service
is still far from being perfect, the progress for the year has been
satisfactory.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Patliologist, Whittier, Cal.
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MISS L. A. CAUTHARD Stenogiapher
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKBW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
A RCHIB CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
\
Los Angeles Office: Floor 3, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II
No. 7
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Various stages of the Mexican orange maggot and
some of tlie liost fruits. (Prom Com. de Parasi-
tologia Agricola, Mexico. Photo by Chatterley. )
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
JULY, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Pack.
THE HORTICULTURAL PICKET LINE Feederick Maskew 575
THE KIND OF FRUIT THAT PAYS Geo. P. Weldon 581
ORCHIDS AND THEIR SCALE PESTS AS FOUND AT THE PORT
OF SAN FRANCISCO B. B. Whitney 582
THE SEED LAW AND THE STATE SEED GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
IN WASHINGTON Louise M. Allen 584
A NEW HOST PLANT OF THE CALIFORNIA GRAPE ROOT-WORM
E. J. Beanigan 585
DR. SYLVESTRI'S WEST AFRICAN MISSION Harry S. Smith 586
THE BRANCH AND TWIG BORER E. O. Essig 587
GENERAL NOTES—
The Introduction of Cai.osoma for Use Against the Oak Moth
Harry 8. Smith 590
Arsenate of Lead vs. Paris Green A. J. Cooh 590
A Tenebrionid Beetle Injuring Beans R. S: Vaile 591
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— JUNE 592
INSECT NOTES j 597
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 598
QUARANTINE DIVISION— REPORT FOR MAY___Frederick Maskew 599
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
July, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 7
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS:
CENSOR
A. J. COOK - - - State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
E. O. ESSIG ...---- Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
GEO. p. WELDON _ _ . Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
HARRY S. SMITH . . . Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
FREDERICK MASKEW - - Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Francisco
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Pathologist, Whittier
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16. 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, caldfoenia
1913
Nc
THE HORTICULTURAL PICKET LINE.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy State Quarantine Officer and Federal Quaran-
tine Officer, San Francisco, Cal.
When Alexander Craw in November, 1899, at the Port of San Fran-
cisco detected the maggots in a shipment of oranges from Acapulco, he
established the first outpost of a picket line that now encircles the entire
United States. The passing by Congress of the Plant Quarantine Act
on August 20, 1912, created the Federal Horticultural Board, and one
of the first acts of that body — after a thorough investigation of the
men and their methods of inspection — was to enlist the services of the
State quarantine officers of California as collaborators of the United
Fig. 334. Various stages of the Mexican orange
maggot and some of the common host fruits in-
cluding oranges, guavas and mangoes. (From
Commission de Parasitologia Agricola, Mexico.
Photo by Chatterley. )
States Department of Agriculture. Notice of Quarantine No. 5
(foreign) The Mexican fruit fl}^ was declared on January 15, 1913,
and the embargo maintained for twelve years at every port of entry on
the coast line of California was at once extended to every port of entry
in the United States. Working in conjunction with the Federal Horti-
cultural Board and the State Commissioner of Horticulture, the writer
of this article investigated in person the methods employed by the
United States Customs officers in putting into execution the provisions
of Quarantine No. 5 at every port of entry along the international
boundary line from Yuma, Arizona, to Brownsville, Texas.
576
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
At Nogales where the Southern Pacific of Mexico enters the United
States, I watched the interception of pedestrians crossing the line, and
assisted in searching the baggage of passengers who came in by rail.
The quarantine on fruit is maintained and its real purpose clearly com-
prehended by those in authority at this point. At Naco, Collector
Randall's duties in this matter are light, the movement of fruit being
in the opposite direction, from the United States into the great mining
town of Cananea located fort}' miles away. Records show the only im-
ports of fruit to be Sonora oranges via Lomas and Del Rio en route in
bond for foreign points. No local traffic from this point can reach fruit
growing or fruit fly districts in Mexico. At Douglas a pernicious
practice formerly prevailed. Mexican oranges in carload lots were
routed through in bond to Agua Prieta and eventually brought back
across the line in small quantities to be distributed in Douglas and
adjoining towns in Arizona. Collector Fitzherbert has effectually
Fig. 335.
Street car from Mexico at El Paso, Texas, stopped and searched at the
international line by federal officers. (Original.)
stopped all such procedures as this, and no Mexican fruit can now
pass into the United States at this point. The railroad crossing the
international line at Douglas reaches only to Naco Zari, about ninety
miles south. No fruit of any kind is grown in the territory tributary
to this road. There is no railroad crossing at Columbus in New Mexico ;
a cattle trail stretches its interminable length into the desert on either
side of the national boundary. Here the simple question of distance is
a protection that automatically protects, and precludes the possibility
of bringing in fruit by any of the methods of transportation available
on this route. Nevertheless, the Customs inspector stationed at this port
has his orders to confiscate and destroy all fruit that he may encounter.
El Paso is the crux of this quarantine situation on the border. Here
arrive trains over the Mexican national lines from all the fruit fly
districts in Mexico. Under normal conditions the tourist traffic is large
in voliune and constitutes the real danger. Curiosity is inherent in
each of us, and the all too common antagonism to any attempt to regu-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
077
late personal tastes by enacted laws applies equally to contraband fruit
as otherwise. "Uncle" Joe Dwyer, the veteran inspector, courteous,
alert, implacable, is master of this traffic situation. By the courtesy of
Collector Sharp I was enabled to observe and study all the methods
employed in maintaining' a quarantine against the Mexican fruit fly
at this important port of entry. Using the drastic measures in vogue
at San Francisco as a standard of comparison, I came away convinced
and satisfied. All passenger trains are stopped, held and boarded at
the international line by United States Customs and Immigration
officers. All passengers are registered, their belongings searched, and
all fruit as well as all other articles of contraband confiscated. The
train in charge of the United States officials then proceeds to the Union
depot where all trunks and packages are taken into the inspection room,
opened and searched.
Going into Mexico via Stanton street, traversing the principal
thoroughfares of Juarez and returning into El Paso, street cars run
on a fifteen minute schedule. I made the round trip over this route
several times before presenting my credentials to the United States
Customs officials. In each instance when the returning car reached
the United States boundary line it was stopped and boarded by a
Customs inspector, an immigration- officer and a soldier. In common
with all other passengers I was interrogated concerning my purchases
made in Mexico, compelled to open and submit their contents to inspec-
FlG. 33 6. The international bridge at Brownsville, Texas. Federal officers
waiting to inspect passengers and their baggage on a train arriving from
Mexican points. (Original.)
tion, and requested to stand up for a closer scrutiny. Later I associ-
ated myself with the inspectors stationed on these bridges, witnessed
their examination, not alone of the car passengers but of every person
coming out of Mexico. No contraband fruit is crossing the dead line
here.
Eagle Pass in times of peace is also an important railroad crossing.
The difference of opinion at present prevailing along the border as to
578
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
which faction shall collect the Customs duties has caused traffic by rail
from all Mexican points to cease. Here, as at all other points of entry,
orders to all concerned are to confiscate all host fruits of Trypeta ludens
found attempting to cross the line. I found a copy of these orders
together with a list of the fruits quarantined, tacked on the wall of the
Customs office located midway on the international bridge. A day
spent at this point observing what happens to all of those who are
returning with their purchases of carne, verdugas and fruita made in
the Municipal market at Porfirio Diaz would satisfy the most captious
that this avenue of entrance is closed to the fruit flies.
Laredo is connected by rail with all points in the Republic. Through
this port of entry came into the United States the bulk of the com-
mercial shipments of oranges from Mexico prior to the issuance of
Notice of Quarantine No. 5. The best criterion that a student can use
to judge of the effect of this order in stopping all imports of quaran-
tined fruits from crossing the line or being locally distributed in this
Fig. 337. Fruit in tlie municipal marliet at Neuva Laredo, Mexico. (OriginaL)
vicinity, is the bitter comments of many of those who live or do busi-
ness in the city of Laredo. The importance also of confiscating the
individual specimens of fruit found in the possession of both through
and local travelers is fully realized and put into effect by those whose
official duty it is to search for contraband articles both on the trains
and on the bridge.
At Brownsville an opportunity of demonstrating the positive neces-
sity of this quarantine order presented itself. During my visit a
passenger train arrived from the city of Mexico, the first to come
through in six weeks. On the international bridge in company with the
Immigration officers, the Customs inspectors and Dr. Fairchild of the
Public Health service, I boarded this train and took a part in searching
the baggage. Among other things we found about twenty-five oranges.
Five of these were found in the hand bag of a through passenger in the
pullman coach ; fine, smooth, thin-skinned fruit, without any external
blemish, and encased in wrappers bearing the following legend printed
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
579
in colors: "Hacienda Vista Ilermosa, El Cercado Nuevo Leon." In
the Customs baggage room at the depot in Brownsville I opened these
oranges, found the maggotts of the Mexican fruit fly, and before
destroying them exhibited the same to the officials whose duty it is to
confiscate all such fruit. This was an ob.ject lesson of value, the effect
of which will be lasting, and the story of this same finding will eventu-
ally pass from station to station along the entire length of the border.
There are many minor ports of entry along the border other than
those which I have enumerated. At all of these I found in force the
same imperative orders to prevent the passing of quarantined fruits.
The very nature of the country through which these routes pass is in
itself the best possible protection, and in the matter of danger from
Fig. 33S. Mexican mangoes taken in tlie parcels post. (Photo by L. A. W^hitney. )
infested fruit found in the Municipal markets of the Mexican border
towns, (most of which I visited), the absence of any growing host
fruits, in fact, any evidence or possibility of cultivation for many miles
contiguous to either side of the line from Yuma to Brown.sville pre-
cludes the possibility of such fruit flies as emerge from the fruit in
these markets finding a local host upon which to perpetuate themselves.
The railroad crossings and the through passengers are the true source
of possible contamination of our orchards, and all fruit passing through
these is now controlled by the United States Customs inspectors.
At the coast ports of entry in California there has always been
co-operation between the two services. This grew up as a result of
daily association and mutual appreciation of each other 's endeavors and
interests in their individual duties, and was entirely voluntary. With
the advent of the United States Department of Agriculture into this
580 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
horticultural quarantine work the co-operation of the United States
Treasury Department was promptly obtained and official orders in the
nature of Treasury Decisions were sent out broadcast. A "T.D." in
the Customs service is the same as a general order to an army; it is
imperative, absolute, final; admits of no deviation, and meets with
none; means just what it says; applies to every individual in the
service, and is carried out to the letter. If a "T.D." prohibits any
article from passing a stated point, that is all there is to it ; the article
in question does not pass. As an illustration of this statement, I have
stopped writing this article at this point long enough to inspect a ship-
ment of Mexican mangoes that were turned over to one of my inspectors
on this 25th day of June, 1913, by the Customs inspector at the San
Francisco post office ; a package by registered parcel post from Mexico
addressed to Luisa de Antonio, 12 Scott street, San Francisco, in which
were found, confiscated and destroyed thirteen mangoes.
For the permanent peace of mind of the fruit growers of California
in so far as the Mexican fruit fly is concerned, I herewith reproduce a
Treasury Decision that I found in evidence at every port of entry on
the boundary line between Mexico and the United States, and what is
more to the point, I found the provisions set forth in the same being
put into effect:
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE,
OFFICE OF THE COLLECTOR.
To Customs Inspectors:
"Referred to Notice of Quarantine No. 5, (Foreign), under the Plant Quarantine
Act of Augiast 20, 1912, (T.D. 33110), prohibiting the importation from Mexico of
certain fruit, the Secretary of Agriculture requests that your attention be called
^ "S,'^^^ *° ^^^ desirability of excluding all fruit covered in this Notice of Quarantine.
The Secretary adds that the danger from a small quantity of fruit which may be
carried by travelers in their hand baggage is as great, if not greater, than that which
might be offered for commercial entry, and that such travelers if en route for Cali-
fornia, for example, might easily carry Mexican oranges with them into the citrus
districts, and finding them wormy throw them out of the car windows or otherwise
dispose of them, thus introducing the Mexican orange maggot into the very heart of
our most important citrus district. The Secretary desires, therefore, that you be
made fully cognizant of this danger.
For the reasons above set forth, you are enjoined to observe the greatest care to
exclude all the fruit in question."
^ T.^^^Ji'^its referred to are Oranges, Sweet Limes, Mangoes, Achras, Sapotes, Grape-
fruit, Peaches, Guavas, and Plums. (T.D. 33071, 33110, 33247.)"
Try and realize what this means. The rank and file of that great
army the United States Customs service, awakened to a true sense of
the fact that there are other things more permanently injurious, more
deadly and fatal to California's future than opium;' that in the final
analysis a maggoty mango is more to be dreaded as an ultimate treasury
depleter than all the diamond smugglers that ever crossed the border;
that the finding and confi.seation of fruit fly material is one of the para-
mount purposes of searching personal baggage and ships' interiors; that
a string bean has now as much significance as a string of pearls, and
you will begin to obtain a true perspective of the system of protection
that has developed mainly as a result of the practical persistent work,
the examples and the precepts set and maintained by the horticultural
quarantine officers of the State of California.
THE MONTHLY Bl;LLETIN. 581
THE KIND OF FRUIT THAT PAYS.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
California is noted for its splendid fruits, and the climate of the
State is such that a great diversity of them may be grown. Certain
sections are found to be best adapted to the growing of certain fruits,
and the prospective orchardist can find practically anything to his
liking somewhere within the State.
The kind of fruit that one should grow will depend largely upon
what has been tested in the particular locality where he settles and
which has proven a success.
It matters not whether peaches, apricots, apples, pears, prunes,
oranges, lemons, or cherries are grown, the one rule holds true, that
only good fruit will command the best prices. The variety of a par-
ticular kind of fruit, whether citrus or deciduous, may mean much but
size and quality usually mean much more. Small, scabby, ill-shapen
fruit i.s not desirable, and the man who neglects his orchard to the
extent that his fruit will be of low grade must surely take the con-
sequences in the way of poor prices, and often failure, where success
should be his.
The statement has often been made that there are more fruit growers
than orchardists. California may well boast of her orchardi.sts. As a
class I am told they are men who could succeed in almost any other line
of business. Many of them are college or university graduates. Up-to-
date scientific methods appeal to them, and no efforts are spared to
check disease when it appears ; to fight insect pests that threaten their
crops ; to prune intelligently ; to fertilize properly ; in fact, to do every-
thing that tends to improve the size, appearance, and quality of their
fruit.
There are three things that are of great importance in practically
every orchard, viz, fertilization, pruning and thinning. Besides these
there are often insect pests or fungous diseases that require attention.
Spraying may have to be done to control certain of these, and the man
who studies his orchard so that he knows how and when to fertilize,
when to prune, when to thin and when to spray for insect pests or
diseases, is the man who is going to make the greatest success.
It is true that there are many troubles of the orchard that are not
well enough understoood so that they may be controlled, and it is neces-
sary to be constantly alert, ready to experiment with things that
promise to give aid, and to co-operate with those who are giving their
time to the solution of such problems.
None of the specific problems that we have will be discussed in this
article, but from time to time it is hoped that some of these may be
taken up in articles for the Bulletin. There are many conditions of
soil, climate and locality that must be considered in making recom-
mendations for the care of an orchard. The field worker should bring
himself into close touch with all these problems throughout the State
that so vitally effect the grade and quality of our fruit.
Many illustrations might be given of good fruit selling for a good
price and bringing a nice profit to the grower, while poor fruit on the
same market Ijrought nothinsr. Cases of this kind are familiar to
582 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
practically every man who reads the Bulletin, and it is not necessary
to mention any specific ones.
Too often the fruit grower has been misled to think that success will
come easy to any one who OAvns an orchard. This idea should be dis-
couraged in every way possible. Success will come to the grower who
is not afraid to roll up his sleeves and work ; who is willing to listen to
the advice of neighbors who have succeeded ; who is willing to read and
determine the best methods in vogue for the various operations of his
business. Any man can grow fruit trees and poor fruit, but it takes
an orchardist to grow the best trees and the best fruit.
ORCHIDS AND THEIR SCALE PESTS AS FOUND AT THE
PORT OF SAN FRANCISCO.
By B. B. W^HiTNEY, state Quarantine Inspector, San Francisco, Cal.
The orchids form a vast group of plants, (about 10,000 species).
Immense sums are paid for new plants. The price paid for novelties
causes collectors to scour every part of the tropics, risking their lives
in the mountains, jungles and fever-haunted swamps in search of these
plants. It is probable that large sums for single plants have been paid
more frequently for orchids than for any other class of plants. Large
quantities of orchids are annually imported to replenish hothouses.
There never has been any distinct orchid craze followed by a severe
reaction, as in the case of the tulip, dahlia, zinnia, camellia, etc., but the
interest has gradually extended, and is likely always to increase
steadily.
Orchids may be divided into three classes : saprophytes, epiphytes and
terrestrial orchids. True parasites are not known to occur"^ in this
family.
The saprophytic orchids are the most reduced forms devoid of chloro-
phyll, and depending for their carbon food upon the organic matter of
the humus in which they grow. The subterranean stem or rhizome con-
sists of a much knotted coral-like mass, which takes the place of roots.
In .most species the rhizome has been found to be infested with a fungus,
by means of which organic matter of the humus is absorbed and trans-
formed into compounds available to the plant.
The epiphytic orchids exhibit the most varied forms. These inhabit
branches of trees, dead trunks, and often barren rocks, in tropical or
subtropical countries where a part of the year is unfavorable to growth.
As a result of this they have developed special food reservoirs, pseudo-
bulbs, terminating each season's srrowth. In this group there are com-
paratively few plants of attractive habit.
The terrestrial species include some of the largest and most stately
orchids of the tropics as well as most of the orchids of the temperate
zone. Many of these are ornamental even when not in flower.
Fruit growers, as a rule, are not much concerned about orchids,
neither, as a rule, is the quarantine officer, but the latter is vitally con-
cerned about the insect pests that he finds invariably associated with
the consignments of these valuable plants that he very often is called
upon to examine. The following list of scale insects that the writer has
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 583
detected and caused to be destroyed upon orchids entering the port of
San Francisco, contains the names of a great number that are well
known tree pests in different parts of the world :
The following list contains all the species listed by Cockerell as
attacking orchids, excepting seven. It also contains ten species not
listed by the same author :
Scale pest. Habitat.
Conchaspis sps. •— Mexico
Asterolecaniitm epidendri South America
Ceroputo and Pulvinaria sps. South America
Vinsonia stellifera Mexico
Eucalymanatus perforatus England
Coccus acuminatiis Hawaiian Islands
Saissetia hemisphwrica Mexico
Diaspis boisduvalii South America and England
Diaspis cattleyw England
Diaspis echinocacti South America
Hemichionaspis aspidistrw England
Hemichionaspis sps. Manila
Fiorinta sps. Manila
Aspidiotus cyanophylli Mexico
Aspidiotus Jiederw Conservatory, Golden Gate Park. San Francisco
Chrysomphalus alientis London
Chrysomphahis aonidum Conservatory, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco
Chrysomphalvs Uformis South America
Chrysomphalus hiformis cattleyw Jamaica
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi var. arecw Golden Gate Park, San Francisco
Lepidosaphes cocculi Manila
Lepidosaphes pallida Java
Lepidosaphes sps. South America
Parlatoria mangiferoe Singapore
Parlatoria pergandii Consei-\'atory, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco
Parlatoria proteus Orient
Parlatoria sps. Manila
Parlatoria pseudaspidiotiis Recorded in India
The following seven species listed by Cockerell have not been taken so
far at the port of San Francisco :
Conchaspis angrwci.
Asterolecaniitm an reu m .
Pulvinaria {hrassiw) floccifera.
Ctenochiton elongatus.
Coccus hesperidum.
Fiorinia stricta.
Lepidosaphes pinnwformis.
The working out and identifying of the foregoing material was a
task of some magnitude, considering that all of it had to be done during
the rare intervals that have occurred in the regular routine work of the
quarantine service ; but the series of splendid specimens that this work
has added to the State collection amply justified the effort.
584 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE SEED LAW AND THE STATE SEED GROWERS' ASSO-
CIATION IN WASHINGTON.
By Louise M. Allen, State Seed Analyst, Seattle, Washington.
In 1909 the legislature of Washington enacted a law relating to the
sale of and fixing the standard of purity of agricultural seeds. The
enforcement of the law was put in the hands of the State Dairy and
Food Commissioner. At this time no appropriation was made for
carrying on the work, but the legislature of 1911 appropriated funds.
The work of establishing a laboratory was at once begun and a seed
analyst was appointed.
Briefly, the law is as follows :
All seed dealers are required to label their seeds, giving a statement
of their purity and specifying the kind and percentage of the impuri-
ties, provided said seeds are below the standards fixed by the act. If
they are above the standards, the label may bear the word "Standard."
The sale of seeds containing dodder, quack grass, Canada thistle, corn
cockle, wild oats and charlock, is prohibited.
Provision is made for any person who is going to use the seed him-
self, to have it tested, free of charge, at the State Seed Testing Labora-
tory.
The department has made the work educational, as far as possible.
Farmers' meetings have been held, seed dealers visited and exhibits
made at State and county fairs in various parts of the State. In this
way the people are told of the idea of the seed law, the advantage of
having their seed tested and a card with the address of the laboratory
distributed, so that they may send in samples. About four hundred
samples were tested last year.
In addition to the educational work the .stock of dealers over the
State is sampled and tested to show whether their labels are correct.
The dealers have complied with the law and poor grades of seed are
rapidly disappearing.
Dodder is the commonest of the "noxious" weed seeds, as it occurs
in our two most important forage crops, i.e., red clover and alfalfa.
Wherever it is found the lot of seed is condemned and the denier
ordered not to sell it in the State. Several carload lots and many lots
of a few tons or bags have been condemned and shipped out of the
State. One carload of alfalfa, containing approximately one hundred
dodder seeds per pound was shipped to Lawrence, Kansas. Another
containing some of the same alfalfa and red clover with approximately
six hundred dodder seeds per pound was shipped to ]\Tilwaukee. A
third of alfalfa went to Oregon.
As a result of this movement for better seeds throughout the State,
a number of men, interested in the growing of seeds, met at the close
of the State Grange meeting in June and formed a temporary organi-
zation of the State Seed Growers' Association. Temporary officers,
including an executive committee to draft a constitution and by-laws,
were elected. The aims of this organization are :
To interest growers in the production of high grade clean seed.
In the pi-orlnctinn and sale of varieties of seed, true to name, i.e.,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 585
applied especially to spring and winter wheat and the different varieties
of both of these.
To provide a ready market for such carefully produced seed to which
the name "pedigreed seed" is well applied.
For a grower to be able to say that there was neither dodder nor any
other weeds growing in the field where his red clover seed was produced
should put it far ahead of any of the ordinary sort of seed offered for
sale. A large per cent of the red clover seed sold in this country is
imported from Europe, where dodder and many other bad weeds are
abundant. Our commonest weed pests have, many of them, been
brought to us in this way.
The permanent organization of the Seed Growers' Association will
undoubtedly be completed in a few months.
With the constantly increasing demand for better grades of seeds,
on the part of both farmers and dealers in the State, and the remarkably
favorable conditions for seed production here, growing for the market
should be a very good industry. It is true that within the last year a
vast improvement in the quality of the seed offered for sale in the
State is noticeable. With the combined efforts of the Commissioner in
charge and Seed Growers' Association, Washington farmers should be
able to buy high grade clean seed.
A NEW HOST PLANT OF THE CALIFORNIA GRAPE ROOT-
WORM.
(Adoxus obscurus Linn.)
By Edw. J. Branigan, Field Deputy, State Insectary, Sacramento, Cal.
While on a recent trip into the high Sierras engaged in the regular
fall field work of locating the winter hibernating quarters of Hippo-
damia convergens Guer., the native ladybird beetle, which is used so
extensively by California growers in combating the attacks of various
species of aphids, my attention was attracted by the very peculiar insect
injury to the leaves and roots of a very large plant {Saxifraga pelt at a
Torr.^) which grows so abundantly along the borders of swift running
streams that in many cases it entirely covers the rocks. The roots
extend into the shallow water and the plant sends forth dense foliage
in such profusion as to hide the water for some distance. The leaves
are very large.
Upon examination of this plant I found the leaves to appear like fine
net work, due to the severe attacks of some leaf-eating insect, and upon
closer inspection noted that this injury bore a marked resemblance to
the injury inflicted upon the foliage of the grape when attacked by the
California grape root-worm (Adoxus ohscurus) . The roots also showed
a similar injury.
Knowing this insect to occur practically all through the Sierra Nevada
Mountains at a great variety of elevations, ranging from the valley as
'Jepson in his book — "Flora of V^estern Middle California"— has the following to
say of Saxifraga peltata Torr. : "It is a remarkable species of the Sierra Nevada and
Tollo Bolly mountains, growing along swiftly flowing mountain streams ; it has peltate
leaves one to two feet in diameter and petioles two to three and one half feet high."
586 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
high as the snow field of Mount Rainier, along the Sierras at an elevation
of 10,000 feet, at which altitude a few specimens had been taken, a
minute inspection of the work upon Saxifraga peltata was made, which
showed conclusively that it was done by Adoxus ohscurus, which at
times does considerable damage to vineyards throughout the State.
A careful search of the infested area gave no sign of adults, which
was probably due to the lateness of the season. The damage to the
foliage was complete, the spaces between the veins of the leaf having
the appearance of lace work and the narrow slits, so characteristic of
this species on grape, were as thick as they could possibly be, all of
which strengthened the belief that Adoxus ohscurus had adapted itself
to a new host plant. Diligent search in this and adjoining areas finally
revealed a few adults, which I at once collected together with specimens
of leaves showing damage and brought the same to the Insectary, where
they were identified as Adoxus ohscurus. Later, our identification was
verified by Charles Fuchs, of the California Academy of Sciences.
The specimens were collected in Canyon Creek, which is a tributary
of the north fork of the American River, Placer County, at an elevation
of 3,700 feet, during the latter part of October, 1912.
DR. SYLVESTRI'S WEST AFRICAN MISSION.
By Harry S. Smith, Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento, CaL
Anything that.aft'ects the status of the fruit fly in Hawaii is of vital
importance to the fruit growers of California. They will then be
interested to know something of the results of Dr. Silvestri's recent
trip to the west coast of Africa for the purpose of obtaining, if possible,
parasites to use against this pest.
On his way to Italy Dr. Silvestri spent a day at the State Insectary
a couple of weeks ago. He reports a most interesting and apparently
successful year's work. Leaving his home near Naples the first of July
a year ago he proceeded directly to the west coast of Africa. About six
months were spent in the search for the fruit fly and its parasites in
that region, the remainder of the time being occupied in traveling from
place to place, transportation being very poor in that part of the world.
Although a great many species of the fruit fly family were en-
countered, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, was very
scarce. However, the habits of these other flies are so similar to that
of the particular one which was the object of his search, that it is hoped
and believed the parasites attacking these will also attack C. capitata.
Considerable time was spent in Nigeria and Dr. Silvestri makes the
statement that here is the place of all places where the search should
be carried on.
Large numbers of various species of fruit flies were collected and
parasites reared out and brought to the Hawaiian Islands alive. The
greatest difiiculty was experienced in keeping the material in a living
state, due to the fact that four months were required to make the
journey from West Africa to Honolulu. Dr. Silvestri found that the
method so successfully used in the gypsy moth parasite laboratory, that
of keeping the adult parasites in glass tubes, feeding them with droplets
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 587
of honey or sweetened water with a leaf enclosed for the purpose of
supplying the proper amount of moisture, was most successful for his
purposes. Cold-storage was found to be of practically no value in this
particular instance.
Several hymenopterous parasites of the groups Braconiclce, Procto-
trypoidea and Chalcidoidea were found and brought to the Islands in
a living condition.
The Hawaiian entomologists have been leaders in this sort of work
and have carried it on with much vigor, and with Dr. Silvestri to do the
collecting, it would seem as though the project should be made a success
if the thing can be done. One of the great difficulties with which it is
necessary to contend is the fact that the parasites so far discovered,
with one exception, are unable to reach the maggots when they occur
deep beneath the skin of large fruit .such as oranges. The exception
mentioned above, is a parasite found by Dr. Silvestri on this trip, which
oviposits within the egg of the fruit fly. The maggot hatches from the
egg and bores into the fruit, but no matter how deeply beneath the
surface it goes it still bears within its body the larvae of the parasite
and will be destroyed before it becomes mature. This parasite would
seem to be the most promising of all, and it is to be hoped can success-
fully be introduced into the islands and thnt it will thrive in that
climate. The growers of this State should follow closely the work of the
Hawaiian entomologists, as any reduction in the abundance of fruit
flies in the islands means a reduction in our chances of getting it in
California. The Mediterranean fruit fly seems to be one of the few
insects for the control of which there is little hope in artificial methods,
and for this reason Hawaii is abundantly justified in sparing no efl'orts
to secure and establish natural enemies of this pest.
The complete report of Dr. Silvestri on this mission will be published
by the Hawaiian Government during the coming year, and should be
obtained by all who are interested.
THE BRANCH AND TWIG BORER.
{Polycaon confertus Lee.)
Order — Coleoptera. Family — Bostrychidae.
By E. O. EssiG, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Summary.
1. Considerable damage is often done to young trees by the branch
and twig borer {Polycaon confertus Lee).
2. This beetle is not likely to continue destructive enough in any one
locality for a period of years to warrant the expense of control.
3. The presence of the beetle is characterized by smooth, round
burrows which are usually located in the axils of the buds or small
branches or by the broken twigs caused by these burrows.
4. The insects are slender, brown beetles, averaging from three to
five eights of an inch long.
5. Control measures consist in cutting out and burning infested twigs
and in destroying the beetles in their shallow burrows with a wire.
588
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
6. The branch and twig borer is generally distributed throughout the
State.
7. The live oak appears to be the native food plant but grapes and
nearly all the pome fruit trees are attacked.
Damage.
Within the last two months there have been repeated calls to this
office for information regarding an insect which was apparently doing
considerable damage to young fruit trees in various sections of the
State. The seriousness of the attacks this year led many to believe that
a new fruit pest had appeared. In not a few cases young orchards
have been seriously injured by the excessive pruning caused by the
twigs breaking off at the burrows made by the insect. Large branches
are not seriously injured except that the tunnels afford excellent hiber-
nating quarters for other insect pests and ready breeding places for
parasitic fungi. The damage to the small twigs is due to the large
burrows which so weaken them that they can not sustain their own
weight and thus break. Small olive trees have apparently suffered
most.
Pig. 339. The branch and twig buier, Polycaon
confertus Lee. Beginning at the left : beetle at
work in burrow ; adult f ema le and male beetles ;
twig sliowing entrance of burrow ; twig broken at
the burrow. All natural size. (Original.)
In spite of the above record it does not appear that the insect has
ever been a really serious pest except occasionally. Records dating as
far back as 1883 show the same conditions to have existed then.
H. F, Wilson and A. L. Lovett^ report the following conditions in
Oregon: "Although apparently never doing any amount of damage,
this insect is often found attacking the stems and branches of pome
fruits and even grapes. * * * They have never been abundant
enough to cause any great alarm, but the burrows offer excellent oppor-
tunity for the entrance of fungi and decay organisms."
It is not likely that the insect will become a more serious pest in the
future.
"Biennial Crop Pest and Horticultural Report, 1911-1912, p. 161.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 589
Work.
The work of the beetle is very characteristic consisting of clean round
burrows in the branches extending into the pith or even through to
the other side. These burrows are usually from one eighth to one
fourth of an inch in diameter and scarcely more than one inch in
length. In making these the beetles begin in the axil of a bud or small
branch and bore downward. It is not at all difficult to find them doing
this.
Appearance and Life History.
The adult beetles are shown in Fig. 339. They vary considerably in
size and are usually from three to five eighths of an inch long. They
are narrow, the head as wide or slightly wider than the prothorax.
The color varies from light to very dark brown and the entire body is
covered with short, fine hairs, which are noticeably thick on the head
and prothorax. The movements are very slow and deliberate.
The life history of the beetle is very imperfectly known. In 1881,
Matthew Cooke^ recorded it as a pest in California. He supposed that
the eggs were deposited in forest trees within which the larvas sub-
sequently lived. This belief was practically substantiated by the work
of Dr. F. E. Blaisdell,^ who reared adults from larvae in live oak and
almond trees. The writer has been unable to find other records of
the young attacking orchard trees.
In all the instances noticed the adults are doing the damage. They
work in the spring and early summer, disappearing as suddenly as
they came.
Control.
At the present there is no known means of preventing the attacks of
this borer. The only remedies suggested are to cut and burn the
infested twigs and to destroy the beetles in the burrows by means of a
short wire or knife blade. Both of these are tedious and require con-
stant vigilance to be effective.
Distribution.
Matthew Cooke records this insect from Solano and Sonoma counties.
Dr. Blaisdell collected it in Calaveras County. The writer has received
it from, or collected it in, the following counties: El Dorado, Napa,
Riverside, Sacramento, Tehama. Ventura and Yolo. To these Prof.
Woodworth adds Mendocino. Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Contra Costa,
Alameda, San Joaquin and Butte.
From the above it will be seen that it is generally distributed through-
out the State.
Food Plants.
The list of plants attacked by the branch and twig borer is already
large and is likely to increase with the amount of orchard inspection.
Those alreadv known are : almond, apple, apricot, cherry, currant, fig,
grape, live oak, olive, orange, peach and pear. The native host appears
to be the live oak.
=Iniurious Insets of the Orchard, Vineyard, etc., 1SS.1, p. 116.
^Insect Life, Vol. V, p. 34.
590 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GENERAL NOTES.
THE INTRODUCTION OF CALOSOMA FOR USE AGAINST
THE OAK MOTH.
During the past month the California oak moth, Phryganidia cali-
fornica, has been doing very serious damage to oak in this State and
especially in the Santa Clara Valley. Entire defoliation is a common
occurrence, and with the coming on of the second brood very serious
damage will probably be done, although this may be prevented by the
attack of the native parasites which are sometimes sufficient to hold it
in check. The recurrence of this moth every season has led us to
believe that an attempt to introduce Calosoma sycopJianta to prey on
this worm would be well worth while. Calosoma sycoplianta is a large
green beetle very similar in appearance to our Calosoma scrutator, but
is much more valuable for the reason that the larvae of this imported
beetle are more proficient in tree climbing. Calosoma sycoplianta has
been introduced by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology into New England
for use against the gypsy moth, and this introduction has been an
eminent success. It is probable that this beetle is, up to the present
time, the most efficient of all of the introduced enemies of the gypsy
moth. The credit for the successful outcome of the experiment in
New England is due to Mr. A. P. Burgess and it is through his kindness
and that of Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chief of the Bureau, that we are sup-
plied with a stock of these beetles for use in this State.
The insect is a native of South Europe, being found commonly in
Southern France, Italy and Sardinia. While the gypsy moth is
probably the food most preferred by Calosoma sycoplianta, it also feeds
voraciously on many other varieties of caterpillars, and there is but
little doubt that it will find the California oak moth very much to its
liking. The fact that this moth is present through a rather long season,
it having more than one generation, and the similarity of our climate
to that of the native habitat of this beetle, leads us to hope that it will
thrive in California and become a valuable factor in the control of this
pest. As oak trees are difficult to spray and as the operation is very
expensive, we believe that this is one of the instances where no effort
to obtain control through natural enemies should be spared. Besides
the oak worm we have the fall-web worm, several species of tent cater-
pillars, several tussock moths, the canker worms and the red-humped
caterpillars, all of which should form food for this beetle. — Harry S.
Smith.
ARSENATE OF LEAD VS. PARIS GREEN.
For years, Paris green, and later London purple, were the almost
exclusive arsenical poisons used to combat mandibulate or biting insects.
Owing to the fact that the commercial acids were in part soluble they
often blighted seriously the foliage of the plants that they were used
to protect. Often it was impossible to use them strong enough to kill
the insects without at the same time blasting the plants.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
591
Prof. C. P. Gillette did a signal service when he discovered that by
using four or five pounds of freshly slaked lime to each pound of the
poison he could diminish the injury to the plants materially. This
converts the soluble arsenious acid into an insoluble arsenite of lime.
Yet this increased the work and was not always satisfactory.
Then came arsenate of lead. This can be used as strong as four
pounds to one hundred gallons of water with no harm to the plants.
The powdered article can be used often very effectively mixed with dry
wood ashes, pound for pound. In this case a dust gun makes the work
easy and rapid. In case the powder is used in lieu of the liquid a still
day is necessary, and it is best applied when the plants are wet with
dew. — A. J. Cook.
A TENEBRIONID BEETLE INJURING BEANS.
A small black Tenebrionid beetle, which has been identified by Dr.
Chittenden of the Bureau of Entomology, as Coniontis suhpuhescens,
has been found this season doing a great amount of damage on about
100 acres of beans near Oxnard. The adult beetles were found in
large numbers feeding on the tender stocks just after they came through
the ground. The stand of beans was almost completely ruined. While
this beetle has been observed for some years in southern California,
Dr. Chittenden advises the writer that this is the first report of damage
done by it which has ever been received by the Department. Another
of the common scavenger Tenebrionids (Blapstinus sp.)_ has been
reported before, but not as being so severe in its work as is this one.
The field attacked is some distance from other bean fields, and it does
not appear that the pest will spread. It has also been observed that
poison baits used for cutworms kill considerable numbers of these
beetles when they are present in the fields, so that control in case it
became necessary should be fairly simple. — R. S. Vaile.
592 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— JUNE.
These data are compiled by the secretary from monthly crop reports made by the
county horticultural commissioners. Counties not included have not reported or the
reports have come too late for preess. Unless othei'wise designated percentages refer
to last year's crop.
Alfalfa.
Reports still indicate a good crop of alfalfa throughout the State, although in a
few sections the dry season will materially decrease the output.
Almonds.
10 per cent increase over report of last month in Contra Costa County and 60 per
cent over last month's estimate of 10,800 pounds in Madera County. Ventura County
reports an increase of 25 per cent over last month's report or a crop about equal to
that of last year.
In other sections the conditions as reported last month have not changed materially.
Apples.
A 10 per cent increase over last month is reported from Butte County, while a 10
per cent decrease is reported from Ell Dorado County. A 5 per cent decrease shows
on the report from Sacramento County. Shasta County reports from 50 to 60 per cent
of last year's crop. Sonoma shows an increase of 5 per cent and Stanislaus a 25 per
cent gain over last month's estimate.
In other sections the estimates of last month still appear accurate.
Apricots.
In Alameda County the conditions look better than the last report, showing an
incrase from 50 as last reported to 75 per cent. Fresno County reports a gain of
50 per cent over last month's estimate. Madera reports 30 per cent of last year's crop
(dried) of 64,000 pounds. Merced has only 10 per cent of normal crop. There is a
decrease of about 60 per cent over last month's estimate for Monterey County. In
Orange County the crop is only 30 per cent, but the fruit is in fine condition and will
be of good size. There is a decrease of 15 per cent in the estimate of Sacramento
County for this month, while San Bernardino has an increase of 5 per cent. Santa
Cruz reports 70 per cent of full crop due to drought. Tehama County reports an
increase of 50 per cent over last month's estimates, while Ventura reports a gain of
10 per cent.
Other counties report no material changes.
Beans.
Orange County estimates SO per cent of a crop. Sacramento reduces last month's
estimate from 100 per cent to 75 per cent of last year's crop. No other changes
recorded. There are Indications of a fair crop.
Berries.
A good crop reported throughout the State.
Cherries.
Practically all are harvested. There was a somewhat larger crop throughout the
State than was estimated in last month's report, though a few sections fell short of it.
Figs.
In Butte County the first crop is heavier than usual. A much better crop is
expected in Madera County than was reported last month. A large crop is also
estimated for Merced County and a good crop for San Joaquin County. In Stanislaus
County the crop is reported to be 25 per cent greater than last month's estimate and
15 per cent greater in Tulare County.
In other sections there have been no changes in the estimates.
Grapes (Wine).
Reliable estimates have been received relative to this crop and all indications point
towards a fair yield throughout the State. Alameda reports but 50 per cent, Madera
115 per cent. A short crop is reported in Merced and San Joaquin counties, while
Sonoma, San Bernardino, Sacramento, Los Angeles and Fresno report fair or good
crops.
Grapes (Table).
Fresno, Los Angeles, Madera, Stanislaus and Sonoma report full crops. Tulare,
Sacramento and San Bernardino report 90 per cent, while San Joaquin estimates a
short crop.
Hops.
All reports so far received indicate that the hop crop will be about the same as that
of last year.
Lemons.
There appear to be no improvements in the prospects for a lemon crop over those
given in last report. If anything it will be slightly less than was estimated at that
time.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 593
Olives.
Butte 75 per cent. Madera — 150 per cent. Merced — full crop. Orange — SO per
cent of crop which is double that of last year. Sacramento — 90 per cent. San Ber-
nardino— 95 per cent. Stanislaus — 150 per cent. Tehama — 100 per cent. Tulare—
75 per cent. In other sections the former estimates remain unchanged.
Oranges.
Butte — 50 per cent. Los Angeles — twice the crop of last year which was very
short Orange — 80 per cent. Navels set well— about 90 per cent. Valencias droppmg
and will be about 70 per cent of last year. Riverside — 65 per cent of normal. Sacra-
mento— 95 per cent. San Bernardino — 70 per cent. Sonoma — 50 per cent. Tehama — •
100 per cent. Tulare — 65 per cent. Ventura — shipping heavily of Valencias now.
Good setting. Other estimates remain the same.
Peaches.
Alameda reports an increase of 5 per cent over last month's estimate. Contra
Costa — reports half a crop. El Dorado — 60 per cent. Lake — 40 per cent. Madera —
100 per cent. Merced — 40 per cent. San Bernardino — 95 per cent. San Joaquin —
two thirds normal crop. Shasta — 25 per cent to 30 per cent. Sonoma — 65 per cent.
In other counties there is no change over last month's estimates.
Pears.
Alameda — 75 per cent. Butte — shows a slight increase over last month. Contra
Costa — 50 per cent. El Dorado — 50 per cent. Lake — 60 per cent. Mendocino — 50 per
cent. Santa Cruz — 80 per cent. Shasta — 40 to 60 per cent of crop. Other counties
report no change of last month's estimates. Most of the localities show an increase
over last report indicating a better crop than was at first expected. The quality of the
fruit will be excellent.
Plums.
In Alameda County the crop will be about 45 per cent because of the dry season.
Sonoma — reports an increase of 5 per cent over last report. Stanislaus — gams trom
35 to 75 per cent. Tulare — 60 per cent instead of 50 per cent. Other counties report
same as last month. A very good crop is assured.
Potatoes.
The crop throughout the State will be from 75 to 90 per cent of last year's accord-
ing to all estimates received.
Prunes.
The prune situation has not materially changed. Though only about half that of
last year the sizes and quality are exceptionally good.
Walnuts.
Alameda — 75 per cent. Los Angeles — 75 per cent. Merced — full crop. Orange —
120 per cent. Nuts beginning to drop, though blight does not appear to be severe.
Riverside — 100 per cent. Sacramento — 80 per cent. San Bernardino — 100 per cent.
San Joaquin — good crop. Stanislaus— IhO per cent. Tulare — 60 per cent. Ventura--
90 to 95 per cent. Very little blight. Other localities remain as last reported. The
blight is reported to be less in evidence than in many years. A good clean crop is
apparently assured.
General Summary of California Crop Conditions.
The following estimated conditions on June 1, 1913, with comparisons
of the principal crops in California, on the basis of 100 representing a
normal crop, is reported by the Crop Reporter of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, as follows:
° ' 1913. 1912. 1911.
Apricots 68 85 57
Prunef ' 1--—:::"::::::::::::: fl 11 69
oii>Ts "I"":'::"":""::::""::: — ::::::::::: s? 92 93
Oranges 1"::::::::::::::::::::: ?o 90 97
594 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GENERAL CROP CONDITIONS.
The Pacific Northwest.
Reported by the Northwestern Fruit Exchange.
Oregon: (Rogue River Valley).
Apples — Some apple trees tliat bore heavily in 1912 will only have half crop.
Young orchards will more than make up the shipment of last year or 550 cars.
Pears — A 25 per cent increase is expected or 400 cars.
Peaches — 75 per cent of normal crop.
Prunes — 80 per cent of normal crop. This estimate takes into consideration a loss
by frost of approximately 60,000 boxes.
(Williamette Valley.)
Apples — Most of the apples in this district are used locally and in by-products.
Outside shipment will not exceed 100 cars. Crops will be lighter than last year.
Pears — Average crop will be normal.
(Hood River District, including Mosier, White Salmon and the Dalles.)
Apples — -This is the off year for some old orchards, but younger orchards are
expected to bear enough to bring total crop up to that of 1912, or around 1,200
cars.
Prunes — Normal croj?.
(Exstern Oregon.)
Apvles — This will be an off year for Ben Davis. Gano and York Imperials while
Rome Beauty and some other varieties will show an increase, probably an average
of 75 per cent of 1912 crop. No frost damage.
Pears — Two thirds crop on account of too much rain while blooming.
Prunes — Half crop. Cherries — Full crop.
Washington: (Wenatchee District).
Apples — 4,328 cars as against 3,495 in 1912.
Pears — 139 cars as against 200 in 1912.
Peaches — 410 cars as against 491 in 1912.
Apricots, Plums and Cherries — 732 cars or 78 per cent of normal.
(Yakima Valley.)
Apples — A great many trees bore so heavily last year that they did not bloom this
year. Probable crop 60 per cent of 1912 or 3,000 to 4,000 cars.
Pears — Frost damage will reduce this year's crop to about 200 cars.
Peaches — Some frost damage reported, but not very general, and there may be
1,500 cars this year.
Prunes — "Will be light crop, probably less than 100 cars.
Cherries — Half crop on account frost. Probably 20 cars.
(Walla Walla.)
Fruit crop expected to nearly equal crop of 1912.
( Day ton- Waitsburg. )
50 per cent of normal or 80 cars of apples. Other fruits heavy crops.
(Spokane District.)
Apples — Damaged by frost in some spots. Crop will be lighter than 1912.
Other States and Canada.
Reported by the Northwestern Fruit Exchange.
In condensed form, we give the reports at hand, most of which were written
within the last two weeks. We again state that this report can not be considered
as an absolute prediction as many conditions are bound to change from month to
month, and of these changes, we will endeavor to keep you informed. As an off-hand
summary, we may note that the apparent net decrease is only 6,000 to 8,000 cars of
apples, or about 3 1-3 per cent of the 1912 crop.
Arkansas:
Apples generally bloomed full. Jonathan not setting well. Ben Davis light.
Peaches — Southern part of the state has full crop. In Benton and Washington
counties, crops will be above normal. Around Fort Smith and Van Buren, crop
reduced to 50 per cent. Other districts 70 to 90 per cent. State may average 70
per cent.
Canadian Provinces:
Apple prospects are generally optimistic.
Pear growing sections report conditions very favorable.
Nova Scotia 1912 was off year, 5,000 cars. 8,000 cars expected 1913.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 595
British Columbia apple crop above normal in 1912. 80 per cent of last year's crop
expected for 1913.
Pears — 110 per cent of last year expected.
Peaches — Some lighter than last year.
Prunes — 85 per cent of last year's crop.
Colorado — Western slope:
Apples — Spring frost reduced crop to 50 per cent or 1,200 to 1,500 cars.
Pears — Spring frost damaged crop one half.
Peaches — Winter freeze and spring frost did great damage. Prospect not over
50 per cent crop, or 900 cars.
Eastern part:
Apples — Prospects are good for double the 1912 crop. 1,000 cars of apples are
expected.
Pears — Double 1912 crop expected. Peaches likewise.
Connecticut:
Apples — The 1912 crop was light, but we have had a very favorable season so far.
Expect 250 per cent of crop or 3,500 cars.
Peaches in this state and all New England will be a big crop or 300 per cent of last
year's crop, notwithstanding some damage by frosts
Delaware:
Apples — Expect 40 per cent crop.
Peaches — Expect about 40 per cent crop.
Pears — About 25 per cent of full crop expected.
Florida:
Normal crop oranges; a little short on grapefruit.
Georgia:
Apples — Expect a record crop for the state, or three times last year's.
Peaches — Estimates of crop vary from 1,300 cars to 2,500 cars. Probably the
closest estimate is around 1,800 to 2,000 cars.
Indiana:
Apples — Expect larger crop than last year except Ben Davis. Many conditions are
unfavorable. Commercial orcharding in the state does not amount to much.
Illinois:
Apples — Promise the largest crop in twenty years, although in restricted areas
there has already been a severe drop on account poor pollenization and twig^
blight.
Idaho:
Incomplete reports indicate normal crops for the state.
Iowa:
Apples — 65 to 90 per cent of normal crop. Considerable loss caused by canker
worms. Pears promise nearly a full crop.
Louisiana:
Peaches — 50 to 75 per cent of normal crop expected.
Michigan:
Apples — Normal crop of 8,000 to 10,000 cars expected.
Pears — 75 per cent crop in sight or 1,500 cars. (Damage by frost.)
Peaches — May frosts reduced the crop approximately one third. Crop now expected
3,500 cars.
Missouri: (Calhoun County).
Apples — Ben Davis will be around a half crop. Others nearly normal. As Ben
Davis is about half of all grown, the total crop will be reduced about 25 per
cent, leaving prospect of 900 cars.
Peaches — In the Ozarks, full crop. Elsewhere in the state averages more than 1912.
Montana:
Apples — A full crop expected or 500 cars. Some older orchards show a decrease^
but new ones make up for it.
Nebraska:
Apples — Crop will be about same as last year or 1,500 cars. Jonathans are heavy
while Winesaps and Ben Davis are light.
New Jersey:
Apples — Prospect for heavy crop throughout state.
Pears and Plums — Very light.
Peaches — Damaged 30 to 40 per cent by frosts.
596 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
New Mexico: -^
Apples — 200 per cent of last year's crop or 1,200 cars.
Pears — 200 per cent of last year's crop or 200 cars.
Peaches — 200 per cent of last year's crop or 400 cars.
Prunes- — 200 per cent of last year's crop or 100 cars.
North Carolina:
There has been a heavy drop on nearly all kinds of fruit.
Apples will be a 40 per cent crop.
Pears will be a 15 per cent crop.
Peaches will be a 68 per cent crop.
Ohio:
Apples — Tliere will be plenty in the northwestern part of the state, or Lake District,
which is tlie principal fruit growing district. Central and eastern Ohio was hard
hit by the May freeze, and practically all fruit was killed.
Oklahoma:
Apples — Full crop expected.
Pears and Peaches — Light crops expected.
Pennsylvania:
Apples — Last year's crop was light. This year the bloom was very heavy, but sets
have dropped somewhat. Indications are for 150 per cent crop as compared with
1912, or 3,500 cars.
Peaches — Will be light and all be consumed in the state.
New York:
Apples — Western New York raises principally Baldwins and this variety will be
light crop following big crop of 1912. All other varieties heavy crop, especially
Greenings. No damage of note by frost. Size and general quality expected to be
better than ever. Average crop may be 85 per cent of last year.
Pears — Heavy crop — 200 per cent of last year.
Plums — Fair crop.
Peaches — About 50 per cent of last year, but up to normal average.
Cherries — Damaged in some localities.
Grapes — Damaged to some extent.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 597
INSECT NOTES.
Mr. Harry S. Smith, superintendent of tlie State Insectary, has received a small
weevil from Mr. Richard Baird of Inyo County, who reports it as doing considerable
damage to the buds of apples during the past spring just as they are opening.
Dr. Van Dyke determined the weevil as Eupagoderes mortivallis. It is considerd as
a rather rare form.
This spring the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind., has been found attacking canta-
loupe vines. All stages of the insect occurred on the vines and produced a mottled
effect on the upper surface of the leaves. It was found generally distributed through-
out the Brawley district, but only serious in a few small patches. Onion fields are
generally infested — some of them severely so.
The large light-colored, circular scale so common on the foliage of the manzanita
in the higher altitudes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains has been described as a new
species, Aulacaspis mansanitce, by B. B. Whitney, state quarantine inspector at San
Francisco. This scale is often mistaken by the growers in those regions for San Jose
and other orchard scales.
The pear slug, Caliroa cerasi Linn., is reported by certain growers to be unusually
abundant along the Sacramento this season.
The alfalfa caterpillar, Eurymus eury theme (Boisd.), is doing some damage to
alfalfa in Imperial County.
Many specimens of the common grain thrips, Euthrips tritici Fitch, have been
received from growers who feared damage would be done to the alfalfa fields. This
insect is exceedingly common and abundant in the blossoms of alfalfa, but so far has
not been reported as doing any considerable damage to the crop. It is especially
abundant in the Imperial "Valley and other sections in the southern part of the state,
and is easily recognized by the orange-colored thorax.
The small scarabseid beetle, Serica alternata Lee, is quite abundant along the
beach at Ventura, Califorina. S. H. Essig collected great quantities of it there during
the middle of May.
The red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinna S. & A., has already appeared in
many districts of the Sacramento Valley. Prompt sprayings with arsenate of lead
form a ready means of controlling this pest.
The raspberry horntail, Hartigia cressoni, is doing considerable damage to logan-
berries, roses, blackberries and raspberries in the vicinity of Sacramento.
The grasshopper which has been doing much damage in the Sacramento valley
this spring proves to be the devastating grasshopper, Melanoplus devastator conspicuus
Scudd. Its ravages have been particularly severe in some orchards.
Mr. G. P. Weldon, chief deputy commissioner, reports cicadas quite abundant in
an olive orchard near Chico. The adult insects were puncturing the small twigs and
depositing their eggs therein. The species has not yet been identified.
A small weevil has been collected in Ventura County by S. H. Essig, who, with
Mr. Vaile, horticultural commissioner, reports it doing considerable damage to the
foliage of apricot trees in Ventura County. The leaves and tender twigs are attacked.
A small yellow scale, Aspidiotus britannicus Newst, has been found abundant on
the leaves of Imported bay trees from Holland.
E. J. Vosler, assistant superintendent of the State Insectary, has returned from a
two weeks' scouting trip for the alfalfa weevil, Phytonomus posticus Gyll. The alfalfa
fields along the Salt Lake Route in the Mojave Desert between Daggett and Victor-
ville were thoroughly examined, but fortunately no trace of this pest could be found.
This newly settled region which is mainly watered by pumping plants has an acreage
in alfalfa of approximately 500 acres. The alfalfa fields in the Imperial Valley were
also examined with a negative result.
He also reports that in the Imperial Valley little damage is being done to the melon
vines by the melon aphis, Aphis gossypii Glover. The practice has been to destroy
the infested vines by burning, as soon as the aphis is detected. The melon season
• for the valley closed about July 15th.
598 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
Glenn County.
Mr. Carl J. Ley has been conducting successful control measures
against grasshoppers, which have been quite plentiful in his county.
Humboldt County.
Mr. George B. Weatherby reports considerable damage to loganberry
bushes by a leaf miner.
Imperial County.
The supervisors have asked the state board of horticultural examiners
for an examination to qualify eligibles for county horticultural com-
missioner. Due to his many other duties Mr. Wilsie is unable to con-
tinue in this office.
Kings County.
Mr. B. V. Sharp has been unable to assume his duties during the past
few months 'because of sickness. AVe are happy to hear of a gradual
improvement in his condition.
TVEerced County.
Mr. W. H. Wilson, after quite a long illness, has again resumed active
work in his county, beginning with a campaign against the Russian
thistle.
Bhasta County.
]\Ir. George Lamiman has reported good success in the destruction of
grasshoppers by burning.
Tulare County.
Mr. A. G. Schulz reports mildew as doing considerable damage to
peaches over small areas in his county.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 599
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
Report for the month of May, 1913.
By Frederick MaskeWj Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels.
Ships inspected 43
Passed as free from pests 78,963
Fumigated 1.^2.5
Destroyed 1^^
Returned 1^
Contraband _, '''
Total parcels horticultural products for the month S0,812
Pests intercepted.
From Honolulu —
Diasins hromeliw and Pseudococcus sps. on pineapples.
Cylas formicarius and Omphisa anastomosalis in sweet potatoes.
Aphids on betel leaves.
Larvae of Geratitis capitata in tomatoes.
Larvae of Dacus cucnrhitw in cucumbers.
Hemichionaspis minor and Aspidiotus latanioe on plant sps.
From Japan —
Eggs of Bruchus sps. in seeds.
Atdacaspis pentagona on peach, cherry and rose.
Aspidiotus sps. on juniper.
Pseudaonidia pwoniw on azaleas.
Pseudaonidia dvplcx on camellia.
Parlatoria ziziplius on maple.
Pseudococcus sps. and Aphis sps. on pine tree.
Parlatoria pergnndii on camellia.
Chionaspis citri on orange.
Aleyrodes citri on citrus trees and gardenias.
From Florida —
Diaspis hromeliw .nnd Pseudococcus sps. on pineapples.
Lepidosaplies hecHi. Parlatoria pergandii, Photnopsis citri and Lcptothijrium
pomi on grapefruit.
From New York —
Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids.
From England — ^ ,
Coccus hesperidum and Diaspis toisduvalii on orchids.
From Belgium —
Coccus hesperidum and Aspiodiotus britannicus on bay.
From Papeete —
Aspidiotus lataniw on sapotes.
From Manila —
Weevils in palm seeds.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports. ^^^^^
Ships inspected : 19 -o acq
Passed as free from pests *i IVo
Fumigated 1.44"_,
Destroyed ^r
Returned ^
Contraband ^
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 74,911
600 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Pests intercepted.
From Belgium —
Coccus hcsperidiim and Aspidiotiis hritannictis on bay.
Orthozia insignis on evergreen.
Hemichiottaspis asjiidistrce on Aspidistra Inrida.
From Cuba —
Pseudococcvs sps. on pineapples.
From Florida —
Eucahjmnatiis perforatiis, Tschnospis lonf/irostris, Chrysomphaliis ficus. Chri/s-
omphfihis aurantii and Aleyrodes sps. on mango.
Eucalymnatus perforatus on palm.
Pseudococcus cifri on croton.
Pseudococcus sps. on pineapples.
From Germany —
Pseudococcus sps. on cactus.
From Holland —
Lepidosaphes ulrni on boxwoods.
Aphids on Norway pines.
From Massachusetts —
Pseudococcus citri on ferns.
From New Jersey —
Pseudococcvs citri on acacia.
From Pennsylvania —
Chrysomphahis aurantii on palm.
From Texas —
Lepidosaphes ieckii on pomelo.
From Turkey —
Phoenicococcus marlatti and parlatoria blanchardii on date palms.
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels.
Ships inspected 14
Passed as free from pests 1,984
Fumigated 3
Destroyed 5}
Contraband .5
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 1,995
Pests intercepted.
From Ohio —
Pseudococcus sps. red spider, Aleyrodes sps. and Coccus hesperidum on citrus
plants and camellia.
Orthesia insignis on lantana.
Pseudococcus longispinus on poinsettia.
Aleyrodes citri on citrus stock.
Aleyrodes sps. on hibiscus.
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Ships inspected ; 2
No horticultural imports.
EUREKA STATION.
Ships inspected 4
No horticultural imports.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. BSSIG Secretary
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Pathologist, Whittier, Cal.
MISS MAITDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
IC. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E.. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
. MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY • Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY - Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II
No. 8
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Gummosis prod'uced upon healthy
lemon tree by inoculation from tree
infected with the disease. (Photo by
H. S. Fawcett.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
AUGUST, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent,
CONTENTS
Page.
TWO FUNGI AS CAUDAL ACENTS IN GUMMOSIS OF LEMON TREES
IN CALIFORNIA H. S. Fawcett GOl
SOME FIELD NOTES ON A SOFT GRAY SCAT.E KNOWN LOCAJ^LY
AS THE '-LONGULUS" SCALE Delacourt Kell G17
A BILLBITj; INJURIOrS to small grain Hakry S. Smith 619
THE codling moth Geo, P. Weldon G2.1
THE MANZANITA SERICA E. O. EssiG G22
GENERAL NOTES— "
The Prl'ne Aphis E. 0. Esslg 624
HoRTictJ'LTURAL PRODUCTS Fkom Japan Frederick Maskew 625
Black Tree Protectors to Prevent Rodent Injury Should Not Be
Used <jeo. P- Wcldon 625
What of Introduced Parasites? George Compere 626
Insectary Superintendent t:> Collect in the Orient A. J. Cook 626
Ladybird Beetles Sent Out A. J. Cook 626
The Destructive Eleodes__-- E. O. Essig 627
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— TFLY 628
INSECT NOTES ^30
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 631
QUARANTINE DIVISION—
Report of the Federal Grand Jury 633
Report fob the Month of June Frederick Maskew 634
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
August, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 8
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS :
A. J. COOK
E. 0. ESSIG -
GEO. P. WELDON
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
H. S. FAWCETT
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quaratine Officer, San Francisco
Plant Pathologist, Whittier
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento, Callfomia,
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Pbintinq
sacbamento, califoenia
1913
TWO FUNGI AS CAUSAL AGENTS IN GUMMOSIS
OF LEMON TREES IN CALIFORNIA.
{Botrytis vulgaris and Pythiacystis citrophthora.)
By H. S. Fawcett, Plant Pathologist, State Commission of Hortculture, Whittier, Cal.
Introduction.
The term "Gummosis, " or lemon gum disease, will be restricted in
this article to that condition described by Professor R. E. Smith and
0. Butler, in Bulletin 200, of the California Experiment Station. It is
characterized by dying of areas of bark, accompanied by the exudation
of gum, usually somewhere on the trunk from above the bud union to
the forks of the branches. The word Gummosis, as used by Professor
Smith, and as used here, does not apply to the formation of gum in the
small branches, leaves or fruit, nor to mere gumming that is entirely
unaccompanied by dying of bark. Mere gum formation in citrus trees
may take place as a result of chemical stimuli or other causes, but this
is not included under the word gummosis. In some respects, it would
be better to use for this disease a term such as "bark rot," since the
dying of the bark rather than the formation of gum is what results in
serious injury and justifies the term "disease." Gummosis is a definite
disease, mere gum formation alone is not a sign of any one specific dis-
ease, but since misunderstanding is likely to arise in making changes in
names, the term Gummosis, expressing a definite result of the disease
rather than the cause, had best be retained. That at least two forms of
this disease are induced in healthy trees by two fungi (commonly known
in the packing-houses as the brown rot fungus and the grey fungus)
have been discovered as the result of a series of experiments during the
past year.
The commonly held view that all forms of this disease in California
were physiological, and that they were due to some deranged condition
of the tree itself, brought about entirely by unfavorable soil, climatic
or cultural conditions, was a natural inference from the commonly
observed fact that the larger percentage of the cases of gummosis
occurred where unfavorable soil or cultural conditions existed, such as
poor drainage, soil above the bud union, excessive amount of water, etc.
So well was this relation between unfavorable conditions and gummosis
recognized by growers and those previously studying this disease that
fairly successful methods of dealing with it had been worked out by
them and put in practice by some of the most successful orchardists.
The work previously done by Professor R. E. Smith* and others in
obtaining a thorough understanding of the causal conditions (poor
drainage, soil above the bud union, etc.) served as an excellent basis on
which to carry further the work in determining some of the causal
agents (the fungi). It would seem now that the success of the methods
♦Smith, R. B., and Butler, O., Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees, California Experiment
Station, Bulletin 200, 1907.
602 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
employed in preventing gummosis was due to the bringing about of con-
ditions that were unfavorable either to the infection by the causative
agents or to their development, or to both. These recognized methods
of prevention are important and can not be emphasized too strongly.
Keeping the soil away from the bud union, getting good drainage, using
sour orange stock for heavy soils, using high budded lemon trees planted
high for all new plantings, are important precautions that should not
be neglected.
It remained true, however, that in spite of all the care that could be
exercised, certain cases of gummosis kept recurring, which appeared not
to be accounted for merely on the ground of unfavorable soil and cul-
tural conditions. "While the avoidance of these unfavorable soil and
cultural conditions was recognized by all growers as extremely important
in preventing the disease, and while the usual treatment of slitting and
painting with pure neat's-foot oil appeared to be successful in some
places, a number of growers felt that this treatment was inadequate,
and that the use of impure neat 's-foot oil had injured many trees.
The writer had, while in Florida, with the help of Mr. 0. F. Burger,
proved that a gumming of orange and peach trees, accompanied by
killing of the bark and wood, was induced by a fungous growth, Diplodia
natalensis} On coming to California he was confronted with the ques-
tion as to whether fungi might not also play a part in gummosis of
lemon trees. It was well known that gumming took place in connection
with the attack of the peach blight fungus Coryneum beyerinkii.^ A
form of gumming of cherry trees in Oregon had recently been reported
as due to a bacterium.^ A number of fungi had been reported, also, as
causing gumming of peach, apricot and citrus trees in foreign countries.
Professor Ralph E. Smith, at the Southern California Pathological
Laboratory, in talking the situation over with the writer, suggested that
further work be taken up on gummosis and other similar troubles, to
determine whether or not organisms had any relation to them. It was
for this reason and also because of the promise of hearty co-operation
by several growers that the work Avas first taken up in February, 1912.*
'Mycologia III, 151-153; also Annual Report of the Florida Agricultural Experiment
Station for 1911, pp. 61-65, and same for 1912, pp. 77-Sl.
=Smith, R. E., California Peach Blight, Bui. 191, California Experiment Station,
1907.
'Griffin, F. L,., Science N. S. 34, p. 615, November, 1911 ; Barrs, H. P., Cherry Gum-
mosis. Biennial Crop Pest Report for 1911-1912, Oregon Agricultural Experiment
Station.
*To Mr. J. D. Cultaertson, of the Limoneira Ranch, Mr. R. S. Vaile, County Horti-
cultural Commissioner of Ventura County, and to Mr. J. A. Prizer, of the San Diego
Fruit Company, is due the credit for having suggested and for having helped initiate
the experiments on which the results hereafter described are based. The success of
the work is also due to the hearty co-operation of Mr. C. C. Teague, of Santa Paula,
Mr. J. B. Boal, of National City, and Mr. L. B. Barnes of Chula Vista, who were
instrumental in furni.shing valuable trees and facilities for carrying on the work.
The Southern California Pathological Laboratory at Whittier, through Professor R. E.
Smith and his staff, aided and encouraged the work most generously by furnishing
room and allowing the use of valuable apparatus and other facilities. The Citrus
Experiment Station at Riverside, through Dr. J. E. Coit, also furnished a number of
trees for one series of inoculation experiments. Help was also given freely by many
others, especially by Mr. Milo Hunt, of Whittier, in furnishing a number of valuable
nursery trees for some of the experiments. Mr. John King, of Whittier, also fur-
nished a few citrus trees for one of the experiments.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
603
Lines of Investigation.
Was gummosis infectious ? Inoculations were first made to determine
either the infectious or non-infectious nature of certain forms of gum-
mosis. Cuts M^ere made into the bark of large, healthy lemon trees and
bits of material from diseased trees inserted. It was found that typical
cases of gummosis (the dying of large areas of bark and the exuding of
gum) could be induced on perfectly healthy lemon trees in three to four
months by bits of discolored bark or wood taken from the advancing
edges of diseased areas of naturally occurring cases of gummosis. Bits
of exuded gum or pieces of tissue already permeated with gum from
these same trees failed to transmit the disease when placed in cuts in
the bark of healthy trees. This result appeared to explain why mocu-
Fig. 340. — Lemon tree inoculated by
inserting under the healthy bark a
bit of gummosis barlt from a diseased
tree March 8, 1912; photographed
June 27, 1912, to sliow exuding gum.
(Original.)
Fig. 341. — Opposite side of same tree
shown in Fig. 340: bark cut without in-
tion of diseased tissue. (Original.)
lation by previous workers had failed. The infectious principle was
not in the gum itself, but in the diseased bark and at the margins of the
enlarged areas, and therefore inoculation with the gum alone had failed
to transmit the disease. It was also found that the younger the trees
the more resistant they seemed to be to the effect of inoculations. Young
nursery stock could readily be induced to gum, but usually healed up
again without further progress of the disease. In older trees, however,
the gumming continued and the area of killed bark slowly increased.
604
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
Fig. 340 shows the beginning stages of gummosis from one of the
inoculations with diseased bark in a healthy eighteen-year-old lemon
tree. Fig. 341 shows a cut not inoculated in the opposite side of the
same tree, which has healed perfectly. This tree was inoculated at
Santa Paula March 8, 1912, by inserting a small bit of bark from a
diseased tree. The photograph was taken on June 27th, over three
months later. By November the bark was killed over an area of six
Fig. 342. — Lemon tree inoculated by insertng into
liealthy baric a bit of diseased bark from another tree
nearly dead with gummosis E^'ebruary 27, 1912. Photo-
graphed August 2, 1912, to show the characteristic
infection. (Original.)
inches long and three inches wide, and gum was running out four inches
farther up than in the illustration. At the present time the area of
killed bark is nine inches long and four inches wide, but the cut (Fig.
341) on the opposite side is closed with healthy new bark.
Figures 342 and 343 show a more rapid development of gummosis as
the result of inoculation with diseased bark into a healthy tree at Chula
Vista, and is a form of gummosis different from Figure 340. The tree
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
605
shown in Figure 342 was inoculated on February 27, 1912, with a bit of
bark from a tree just about to die. It was first noticed to be gumming
on May 24th. Figure 342 was photographed August 2d, and Figure
343 September 19, 1912. The leaves on the side of the tree which was
gumming showed a decided yellowing, while the other side was still
green. By March 11, 1913, there was left only four inches of live bark
on the opposite side. Cuts into other trees inoculated with healthy bark
healed perfectly without gumming. Many other trees inoculated at the
♦^
. .^-W,
Fig. 343. — Same tree as in Fig. 342 photographed
September 19 th to show the rapid progress of the
disease. (Original.)
same time and also at later dates with diseased tissues were similarly
affected.
The Causal Agents : Having found that the disease was transmissible,
the next step was to find out what the agent or agents were that were
capable of transmitting it. In making the first studies of lemon gum-
mosis in the orchards it had been noticed that there were at least two
forms of the disease: one in which the outer layer of bark was killed
much in advance of the inner and in "which there was some softening qf
606
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the bark, and another in which the killing of the inner bark lagged only
slightly behind that of the outer and in which the bark remained hard
as the areas of infection enlarged. As will be shown later, the former
is caused by the grey fungus {Botrytis vulgaris) and the other by the
brown rot fungus {Pythiacystis citrophthora), ])oth commonly known as
causing fruit rots in the citrus orchards and packing-houses of Cali-
fornia.
Fig. 344. — Lemon tree inocu-
lated by inserting bit of grey fun-
gus (Botrytis) into the bark
Marcli 8, 1912. Pliotographed
July 13. 1912. (Original).
Fig. 345. — Same tree as in Fig. 344.
Photographed May 10, 1913, nearly
11 months later, showing by chalk
lines the area of infected bark. A
large part of the gum had been
dissolved by spring rains. (Original. )
Grey Fungus (Botrytis) Gummosis.
After the rains of March, 1912, attention was called to the grey fungus
(Botrytis) growing abundantly on the dead bark of gumming lemon
trunks at Santa Paula, especially where neat's-foot oil had been used.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
607
Fig. 346. — Lemon tree inoculated by inserting the grey fun-
gus (Botrytis) into healtliy bark, March 8, 1912 Photo-
graphed February 22, 1913, showing area of killed bark out-
lined! with chalk. (Original.)
608
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ivr^^J^'in^'^iTTo^"!^ *'"u® as shown in Fig. 346. Pliotograplied
(Ori inal ) "^ spread of tlie diseased areas.
1*HE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 609
On March 8, 1912, inoculations were made with this fungus, taken
directly from the bark and inserted into cuts in healthy trees. Pure
cultures were obtained from these diseased trees and used in later
inoculations.^
Figure 344 illustrates the result of an inoculation into the bark of a
healthy tree with grey fungus (Botrytis) , which had been taken directly
from diseased bark. The inoculation was made March 8, 1912. The
tree was photographed to illustrate the stage of the disease on July 13th.
Figure 345 shows the area of killed bark, outlined by a white mark, on
May 10, 1913, about one year and two months after inoculation.
The bark of the tree shown in Figures 346 and 347 was also inoculated
with Botrytis fungus at the same time as Figure 344. It had begun to
gum by June 15th. It had gummed copiously during the summer of
1912, an area of bark six inches long and five inches wide being killed
by November. A ridge of gum five inches long and one and one half
inches wide had formed on the killed area at that time. The disease
appeared to be dormant during the fall, no new gum being formed, but
it began to spread again later.
Figure 346 shows the outline of the diseased area of bark on Febru-
ary 22, 1913, and Figure 347 on May 10, 1913, showing how the areas
of infection have merged. A cut in the bark without inserting fungus
on the opposite side of this same tree has healed perfectly. A number
of other inoculations with the same fungus at the same time developed
similarly, while cuts in the opposite side of the same trees without fun-
gus healed perfectly.
A few months later inoculations were made into the bark of healthy
trees with pure cultures of the grey fungus (Botrytis) which had been
isolated from the diseased bark of gummosis trees.^ The same type of
gummosis developed from these inoculations made with pure cultures
under careful control as had previously developed under less careful
conditions, but all kinds of injuries when kept sterile healed rapidly
without gumming. The outer part of the bark in inoculations with
Botrytis was killed first over large areas, the cambium remaining active
and alive for some time. When the fungus became quite active, espe-
cially during moist weather, the bark softened and died to the wool, and
the fungus produced raised cushion-like patches of grey spore-covered
bodies on the surface. In dry weather there was usually no visible
evidence of fungus.
^In May, 1911, of the previous year Mr. R. S. Vaile and Mr. J. D. Culbertson had
inserted under the baric of healthy trees, bits of diseased bark showing a growth of
grey fungus upon it. Mr. Vaile's notes show that of five inoculations all produced
some gum in from three to six weeks, and that the fungus had developed most rapidly
on bark covered with neat's-foot oil.
''It was a problem how to make inoculations or injuries into tree trunks in the
open and keep them free from organisms that might get in from the air or dust.
In attempting to overcome this difficulty the following method was adopted for the
most important of these inoculations : A cloth hood to be tied to the tree trunk was
made by fafetening a piece of fumigated tent cloth to a wooden barrel hoop cut open
on one side. Strings were fastened to the cut ends of the hoop and' to the corners of
the cloth opposite the hoop. The strings opposite the hoop were tied to the trunk of
the tree just below the branches and the hoop fastened below in such a way that it
caused the cloth to flare out and leave a place underneath protected from falling dust
and excessive currents of air. To settle the dust in dry weather the under surface
of the hood, the trunk of the tree and the soil about the base was sprayed with water.
The area of bark to be experimented" on was then washed first with water, then with
alcohol and quickly flamed with an alcohol lamp. The instruments used were either
sterilized by heat or by alcohol which had been allowed to evaporate from their sur-
faces. Some of the inoculations were protected by wax, some with oiled paper waxed
about the edges, and others with sterile microscopic glass slides held on with putty.
610
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 34S. — Lemon tree pounded' with a ham-
mer and infected with grey fungus (Botrytis)
July 11, 1912. Photographed May 10, 1913,
showing areas of diseased bark outlined with
chalk marks. A pocket of gum near the top
had formed under the live bark and is indicated
by the dark line of exuding gum. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 611
Figure 348 shows a lemon trunk that had been injured by a blow from
a crate hammer and then inoculated with spores of Botrytis and imme-
diately waxed over. A spot on the opposite side of this tree was cleansed
and pounded as on the side shown in Figure 348, and immediately waxed
over without inoculation. This was done July 11, 1912. The hammer
wound without fungus healed up without gumming. The inoculated
wound shown in Figure 348 was gumming slightly August 22d, and
copiously by September 24th. In the fall and winter it had stopped
gumming, and the area of killed bark remained small until the spring
of 1913, when it began to enlarge rapidly. The illustration (Figure
348), showing the area of killed outer bark outlined with chalk, was
taken May 10, 1913, ten months after inoculation. A recent examina-
tion of this bark showed that the greater part of the inner bark and
cambium was still alive under this killed area, and all but a few inches
of it will probably be saved by the method of treatment described later,
and illustrated by Figures 350 and 351. The application of pure neat's-
foot oil to injuries or cuts in the bark that had been purposely infected
with spores of the Botrytis fungus encouraged rather than hindered the
growth and development of the fungus. Neat's-foot oil applied to
sound pieces of bark placed in moist jars caused the Botrytis fungus to
grow in two weeks five times as fast as on bark without the oil.
Brown Rot (Pythiacystis) Gummosis.
In September, 1913, a fungus was isolated from another type of
gummosis at Whittier and inserted into the bark of trees at Santa Paula
in November. This has produced a form of gummosis which is, in all
respects, the same as that from which the fungus was isolated, and is
probably the most common form of gummosis in California. The bark
remains hard from the beginning, and is killed slowly all the way in
to the wood, without there being the least evidence to the unaided eye
or even through the hand lens of any fungus growth.
Figure 349 illustrates by the different lines of chalk marks the
progress of the dying tissue from time to time. This tree was inoculated
November 23, 1912. The smallest outlined area represents the killed
area on February 12th, the next larger on March 14th, and the largest
area on May 6, 1913. The bark was cut off at the time this was taken.
May 6, 1913, to examine the condition underneath, and pure cultures
of the brown rot fungus were obtained from this bark. It was found
that in this case the killing of the inner bark lagged only a little behind
that of the outer bark and the bark was hard over the entire area.
These points appear to distinguish the brown rot (Pythiacystis) gum-
mosis from that due to the grey fungus (Botrytis) . Many other inocula-
tions had been made with cultures from brown rot infected lemons and
with bits of the infected lemons and typical cases of this form of gum-
mosis have resulted in every case. Clean cuts not inoculated made in
the opposite side of the same trees have healed up in the normal way
without exception. Cultures isolated from diseased bark and put in con-
tact with healthy lemons have produced brown rot, and cultures isolated
from brown rot lemons and put into the bark have produced in every
case this form of gummosis. Pure cultures of the brown rot fungus
(Pythiacystis citrophthora) have been isolated from gummosis bark
612
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
from as widely separated localities as Chula Vista, in San Diego County ;
Whittier, in Los Angeles County ; Santa Paula, in Ventura County, and
Lindsay, in Tulare County, and all these have, on being inoculated into
healthy trees, produced the same form of gummosis. Cultures of the
brown rot fungus have also been reisolated from the inner barK cor-
responding to the outer white line in Figure 349, and this has been done
from several other trees that had been inoculated. These reisolated cul-
tures have been placed again on lemon fruits and have given them brown
Fig. 349. — Lemon tree inoculated with
pure culture of the Brown Rot fungus
iPythiacystis) November 23, 1912. Photo-
graphed May 6, 1913. The two narrow
black lines to the right are due to tar, not
gum, running down from a limb above.
( Original. )
rot. Neat's-foot oil applied to the surface of lemon bark and lemon
fruits appeared neither to hinder nor to encourage the development and
infection of the Pythiacystis or brown rot fungus mycelium that had
been placed upon their surfaces.
It is well known that the brown rot fungus lives in the soil, and that
wet weather and abundant rains encourage its growth. This would
seem to explain why flooding the trunk of the tree with water or allow-
ing the bud union to get below the soil would produce conditions favor-
able to infection of the lemon tree trunk, and bring on this type of
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 613
gummosis. The results of inoculations with the grey fungus, into
the bark of lemon, sweet orange and sour orange trees, appear to show
that the lemon is affected readily, the sweet orange much less readily,
and the sour orange scarcely at all. This appears to furnish an explana-
tion for the well known fact that sour orange trees are the least of all
subject to gummosis under unfavorable orchard conditions, the sweet
orange trees next and the lemon trees most of all. This may possibly
be one explanation why lemons can not well be grown on their own
roots in California.
Treatment of Gummosis.
Experiments discussed: Having found that two forms of lemon gum-
mosis were infectious and that the causative agents were fungi, experi-
ments were begun in co-operation with several of the lemon growers, not
only to prevent the infection, but to find means of remedying those trees
already infected. The requirements of a mixture to be used for this
purpose seemed to us to be effectiveness in killing out the fungi, lasting
qualities, inexpensiveness, and lack of injurious effect on the bark. The
concentrated Bordeaux mixture was one of the most effective fungicides
known, had lasting qualities that scarcely any other fungicide had, was
inexpensive, and had been known to give good results when used for the
treatment of similar troubles in Florida. Bordeaux mixture paste at
various strengths, as well as a number of other fungicides, were tried
out by the Limoneira Ranch. Bordeaux paste was also used by the San
Diego Fruit Company at about the same time.* The experiments with
the Bordeaux paste, which were begun over a year ago, appear to show
that it is the most promising of any preparation yet tried. These
investigations are yet in an experimental stage, and other growers
may find something ju.st as good. It seems certain, however, that the
Bordeaux paste will prevent infection from these fungi when applied
to bark not yet infected, and will kill out any of the fungus it is allowed
to come in contact with, and will last a long time. So far the mixture
has shown no injurious effect on the bark. It should be kept in mind
that small patches of bark may be infected and have the fungus in
them when there is yet no evidence of gum on the surface, and giim
may exude after applying the mixture. Results from treatment of trees
already diseased must not be expected too soon. The inoculation experi-
ments before described show that the fungus may at times be in the
bark for over a year before large areas are finally killed, and it will
probably take as long, or longer, to work out all the infection.
Applying the Bordeaux paste: It seems from our present knowl-
edge that the bark that is dead to the wood should be removed before
applying the paste, in order to allow the mixture to kill out the infec-
tion. In grey fungus gummosis the outer bark is often infected and
dead over large areas while the inner bark with cambium is still alive.
In this case the outer dead part may be scraped off with a curved sharp
tool made by a blacksmith on purpose for this work, leaving the inner
part of the bark still attached (Figure 350). The idea of scraping the
outer bark was conceived by Mr. J. D. Culbertson, and the instruments
•Only recently the writer has learned of three or four other growers having used a
similar mixture each independently of the knowledge of the other, two years or more,
for gummosis and scaly bark with good results in all cases.
614
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
shown in Figures 350 and 351 were developed by him at the Limoneira
Ranch.
On trees treated on the Limoneira Ranch nearly a year ago by this
Fig. 350. — Tree affected with the Botrytis form of gum-
mosis being scraped. (Original.)
method, the bark is healing well under the Bordeaux. The outer bark
should be scraped an inch or so beyond the line of visible infection and
the entire trunk painted with the paste (Figure 351). In the brown
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
615
rot gummosis, which is probably the most common and most widely dis-
tributed of the two on lemon trees in California, it will probably be
well to cut out or trim out the bark an inch or so beyond the discolored
Fig. 351. — Lemon tree affected with g-ummosis, scraped
and being painted with Bordeaux paste.
line before applying the mixture. If this is done when the area of killed
bark is small the infection may be stopped readily. Mr. J. A. Prizer
of the San Diego Fruit Company has had good success with this method.
616 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
In trimming out this bark he uses a farrier's knife such as is used in
trimming horses' hoofs. Where the killed areas of bark are so large
that all the diseased bark can not well be taken off, two slits are made
up the trunk, one on each side of the infection, for the purpose of con-
fining it to one section of the trunk. Another cut is made to allow the
gum to drain out. The entire surface is then covered with the Bordeaux
paste. Just how much bark it is necessary to take out and whether
slitting is necessary are questions that need to be further investigated.
It seems advisable with our present knowledge to cut the branches back
more or less severely on the side where the bark has been killed over a
very large area. If the area is small, no cutting back need be done. If
the bark is allowed to become entirely dead the greater part of the
way around, it is then usually a waste of time to try to save it. One
must expect the gum to run out freely for several weeks after treat-
ment, even while healing is going on. One should watch for the forma-
tion of new healthy tissue rather than the amount of gum that is exuded
after treatment. The gum that has already formed under the bark
beyond where any fungus is found will drain out. The gum itself, as
has been shown by inoculation, usually does not contain any infectious
principle. The infectious principle (the fungus) is in the diseased
bark or wood at the junction of the live and dead tissue. The formula
that is being recommended as a result of a number of experiments by
growers is as follows :
Bordeaux Paste.
1 pound of bluestone (copper sulphate) dissolved in 1 gallon
of water in a wooden or earthen vessel. This can best be done
by hanging it in a sack in the top of the water.
2 pounds of unslaked lime, slaked in about one half gallon
of water. Some variation from these proportions may be made
without greatly changing the value of the paste.
Stir together when cool, making a light blue mixture about the con-
sistency of whitewash. If the mixture turns to some other color before
being applied, it is an indication that something is wrong. Mix up fresh
each day or two, as the mixed paste tends to deteriorate with age. It
may be applied with a large brush as whitewash. (Figure 351). A
wash made of equal parts of lime and sulphur (self boiled) is also
being tried out. This may prove equally as good. Many other fungi-
cides are being tried.
Summary.
Lemon gummosis in at least two forms has been found to be readily
transmissible from diseased to healthy trees by inoculation.
By series of many inoculations into healthy trees it has been found
that the grey fungus (Botrytis vulgaris) is capable of inducing one
form of gummosis, and that the brown rot fungus (Pythiacystis citroph-
thora) is capable of inducing the other.
Both these fungi have been isolated from trees affected with gum-
mosis, and after inducing gummosis in healthy trees have been reiso-
lated from these inoculated trees. These fungi were found to be at the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 617
advancing margins of diseased areas in the bark and wood, and were
not found in the exuded gum nor in the tissue already thoroughly per-
meated with gum.
The grey fungus (Botrytis) gummosis is characterized by a killing
of the outer layer of bark much in advance of the inner, and by a soften-
ing of the bark and production of spores in moist weather, where the
bark is entirely killed to the wood.
The brown rot (Pijthiacystis) gummosis is characterized by a killing
of the bark to the wood as the area of infection advances, without out-
ward evidence of fungus at any time, the bark remaining hard during
all stages of the disease.
The concentrated Bordeaux mixture or Bordeaux paste in about the
proportion of 1 pound of bluestone, 2 pounds unslaked lime to about
1| gallons of water has given promising results in the treatment of
these two forms of gummosis, providing the diseased areas were properly
prepared before its application.
SOME FIELD NOTES ON A SOFT GRAY SCALE KNOWN
LOCALLY AS THE "LONGULUS" SCALE.
By Delacourt Kell, County Horticultural Inspector, Pomona and Claremont district.
This scale is somewhat prevalent in my district, and hitherto has been
very little affected by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas carried out
at the time at which the best results can be looked for on the black scale.
The following notes, containing the experimental fumigation under-
taken to determine at what season, if any, this scale could be killed,
may therefore be of interest to those who have it in their groves and
are fumigating this year. I believe Mr. R. S. Woglum is conducting
some fumigation experiments for it on a larger scale, which should give
us more reliable results, but meanwhile the following may be of some
use.
Some of the notes are taken from my article in the Pomona College
Journal of Entomology for November, 1912.
T believe the species of this scale has not yet been oiftcially deter-
mined. It is known in my district as the "longulus" scale. It occurs
also in other parts of this State.
This scale is somewhat similar to the soft brown scale (Coccus hes-
peridum) but is grayer, less shiny and the young are more transparent
and lie flatter to the leaf, appearing to adhere closely to it as a mere
film. The ants do not foster it to the same extent as they do Coccus
hesperidum.
The scale is practically viviparous, though eggs can occasionally be
found along with the live young under the old shells. The hatch appears
to be fairly regular, extending from about May 1st to August 21st, in
the two years I have had it under observation. Mr. Roy Campbell, who
is working on the life history of this scale, tells me that he has counted
as many as 500 young from one scale.
The adult scales vary much in size, giving the appearance of an
uneven hatch, but one finds the quite small ones bringing forth young
at the same time as those that are perhaps six times their size. The
biggest are larger than the largest soft brown scale.
618 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
Soon after hatching' begins the surface of the mother scales becomes
dry and light brown in color, and begins to adhere less closely to the
twig. At this stage tliov are found almost wholly on the smaller twigs,
being arranged in places in an imbricated manner, covering the twig-
like fish-scales. When the young are all out, the dead shells are very
apt to drop off, leaving whitish marks. One does not find many old
shells of the preceding year, as is the case with the black scale.
This scale throws out a great deal of honeydew, the resulting smut
making the trees very dirty, but this takes place somewhat later in the
season than is the case with the black scale, so that the navel oranges
have usually been picked ; but the Valencias become much soiled.
With regard to the following experiments, in all ca^es the trees
selected were the most badly infested that could be found of a suitable
size. Sodium cyanide and the Woglum system were nsel.
As regards the condition of the scale when fumigated, young were still
being produced under the old shells up to August 21st. On trees fumi-
gated before that date apparently all the young under the shells at time
of fumigation were killed, but the old mother-shells were not affected,
so that a few young would be born after fumigation at any date prior to
August 21st.
On or about July 1st, this year, I took a count, on each tree, of the
adult scale that I could find in a ten-minutes' search. The number of
adults that could be counted in the same time on a neighboring tree was
also taken as a check and indication of the condition of the other trees
in the same grove. But on the trees fumigated the number found in
ten minutes would be about all the adults that were on the tree, whereas
on the other trees this was by no means the ease.
The results are not quite uniform, and the number of trees treated
was not large, but I think the results may be held to indicate that
there is a good chance of obtaining a fair killing on this scale between,
say, July 20th and end of August. Between these dates there does not
seem to be any marked difference in results. With regard to dosage, it
seems to be that a three-quarters schedule would be advisable, to give a
safe margin, while a heavier dosage than that does not seem to be
justified.
With regard to the work of the contractors last fall, all the fumiga-
tions done after the middle of September were failures as far as the
"longulus" is concerned. One grove fumigated on September 7th with
an ' ' estimated ' ' schedule was also a bad failure, but in this case a very
poor result was also obtained on the black scale. In one grove a very
good result, both on the black and "longulus," was obtained on Septem-
ber 13th, but the same outfit got very poor results on "longulus" in
another grove, close by, on September 17th, though they again got a
good killing on the black. In both cases a five-eighths schedule was
used. In another grove, where we got a very satisfactory result on
"longulus" on September 4th on the six trees we fumigated, the con-
tractor got a very poor result on it over the rest of the grove when it
was fumigated only twelve days later, September 16th, using a five-
eighths schedule, though he killed the black very well.
I may mention that all of the 57 trees fumigated experimentally are
now fairly free from black scale as well as ' ' longulus, ' ' though in some
of these groves there is much black scale on the surrounding trees. This
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
619
would go to show that the specially early fumigation necessary for the
"longulus" may be looked for to also give a useful result on the black.
The experimental fumigation was done by Mr. C. H. Vary and myself
in 1911, and by Mr. J. W. Mashmeyer, Mr. H. PI. Schaper and myself
in 1912' Mr. Schaper also supplying the outfit free of charge.
RESULTS OF
■ EXPERIMENTAL FUMIGATION
FOR
"LONGULUS"
SCALE.
Grove
No. of
trees
Schedule and number of minutes ; number of scale
counted in 10 minutes on July 1, 1913
Check tree, fumigated
by contractor.
Date
1/2
twice
30 & 45
1/1
60
3/4
en
3/4
45
5/8
45
1/2
45
1/2
30
Date
m
n
s-
CD
Scale count-
ed, July 1.
1913
1911.
Aug. 28..
Oct. 9
I
I
1
---
12
23
_■ ._ _ _
!■ 12/16/11
\ 12/6/11
t 1/25/12
12/8/11
11/2/11
10/17/U
11/17/11
11/19/12
\ 12''i;i/ll
I 12/10/12
9/16/12
1/1
1/1 &
1 1/2
7/8
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
5/8
1/1
?
5/8
4
14
520
III 5
IV 5
1912.
July 23--
July 25...
10
0
16
22
14
26
0
0
1
2
1
22
7
3
6
36
3
0
6.75
3
500
156
July 27.-
Aug. 12...
Aug. 13...
Aug. 14...
Sept. 2_-.
Sept. 3...
Sept. 4...
Average cc
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
I
II
)unts ..
6
e
6
6
6
6
6
57
0
6
1
2
1
2
S
33
13'
2
33
1
5
1
10
0
7
0
36
8
11
11
12
1
13
18
43
2
44
8
25
6
21
4
4
11
90
10
24
,S')(1
230
143
9()0
320
1000
470
A BILLBUG INJURIOUS TO SMALL GRAIN.
{t^pltcnophonis discolor INIaiin.)
Order — Coleoptera, Family — Caiandridse.
By Harry S. Smith, Superintendent, State Insectary, Sacramento, Cal.
Species of the genus Sphenophorus are frequently found to be serious
pests in some parts of the United States, but in California they rarely
attract attention. These insects, more commonly known as "billbugs,"
at times cause a very considerable injury to corn and sugar cane, but
their attack on small grains is of much less common occurrence.^ For
these reasons the following observations on SphenopJioriis discolor
Mann.* are deemed worthy of recording.
Attention was called to the injury of small grain by this Sphe-
nopJwrous on May 22d by Mr. Eiehoff, Assistant Agriculturist of the
West Sacramento Company. Specimens of the beetle were brought to
the Insectary. Mr. Eiehoff was accompanied to the experimental plats
where some grains were being grown, and the beetle was found to be
doing a considerable amount of damage to all varieties of barley, wheat
and oats. The injury was particularly conspicuous, as the heads of
all plants affected had turned white and the kernels had failed to
develop. On examination it was found that the beetles inserted their
♦Determined by Dr. E. A. Schwarz, Bureau of Entomology, through the kindness of
Mr. W. D. Pierce.
620
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
Fig. 352. — Sphenophorus discolor Mann., enlarged about one and one-half
times. (Photo by Essig. )
Fig. 353. — Barley stem showing slit made by
proboscis of Sphenophorus discolor Mann., also
leaf showing punctures. (Photo by Essig.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 621
probosces through that part of the stem known as the boot. The main
stalk bearing the head was then entirely severed, this of course ruining
the plant for all but forage purposes. The beetle was found com-
monly at work in the fields, clinging to the stalk of grain, usually with
the head downward.
The surrounding country is mostly covered with a heavy growth of
the common tule or bull rush (Spirpus lacustris), and the ground upon
which affected grain was growing was but recently reclaimed from this
sort of land. There seems to be but little doubt that the billbug breeds
in the roots of these tules. Their great size would preclude their breed-
ing in many of the smaller grasses in which the Sphenophorus develop.
However, no larvae or pupse were discovered. It is probable that this
insect will prove to be injurious only during the first year that grain
is grown on tule land. The destruction of the rushes would leave no
breeding place, and in consequence the billbugs would disappear in a
short time.
THE CODLING MOTH.
{Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.)
Order — Lepidoptera. Family — Tortricidae.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Wormy apples and pears are of more common occurrence this season
than usual in sections of the State where pome fruits are grown. Prob-
ably the codling moth is no more abundant than it is other seasons,
but there is such a small crop of fruit in a majority of the orchards
that a much higher percentage of it is wormy.
During seasons of light crops the codling moth is generally very
difficult to control, simply because there are just as many of the moths
to start with and only a relatively small number of apples or pears for
their progeny to feed upon. If there are several larvas trying to feed
upon the same apple, the chances are that one or more of them will be
successful in entering at a point unprotected by spray. The large
number of these fruits, wormy in the calyx end, indicates that the calyx
application, the most important of all in controlling codling moth, was
not made thoroughly or not at the proper time. This application must
be made before the calyx cups close, which will be scarcely more than a
week after the petals fall in the case of apples and a much longer time
with pears. Indeed, some varieties of the latter never close the calyx
entirely, and there would seem to be no excuse for not protecting the
fruit from the entrance of worms at that point. A carefully sprayed
orchard, if the spraying were done at the proper time to protect the
calyx, should have practically no fruit wormy in the blossom end.
Arsenate of lead, or any other good arsenical spray placed in the calyx,
will, in the case of the apple at least, remain there and kill practically
all worms which try to enter that way throughout the entire season.
622 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE MANZANITA SERICA.
(Serica anthracina Lee.)
Ordei — Coleoptera. Family — Scarabaeidse.
By E. O. EssiG, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
In the latter part of April this office received a communication from
Mr. J. E. Hassler, County Horticultural Commissioner of El Dorado
County, stating that a certain fruit orchard in the foothills near Placer-
ville was being defoliated by a m.ysterious foe, the presence of which
could neither be found nor accounted for. He also stated that two years
ago the attention of this office was called to this condition, and that the
secretary of the Commission spent a day in the orchard, but was unable
to locate the trouble. At the request of Mr. Hassler the writer went to
Placerville with the idea of ascertaining, if possible, the depredator,
and to suggest means of control. On May 20th Mr. Hassler took the
writer to the orchard, and the damage to the trees, especially prune and
apple, proved serious. Practically all of the leaves were removed to the
stem. This work had continued for over a month, and some of the trees
had been killed during the past year because of the constant and com-
plete defoliation.
Pig. 354. — Adult specimen of
the manzanita serica, Serica
anthracina Lee. Natural size.
(Original.)
At first sight the work appeared to the writer to be that of the
scarabffiid beetles, and after two or three hours of diligent search a
single specimen was found actually eating the leaves of a prune tree.
This was followed up, and before we left we were able to find a dozen
actually doing the work ; so that we had discovered, beyond doubt, the
pest.
Inasmuch as the principal damage was done to trees around the edges
of the orchard, the writer was led to believe that the beetle found was
of native origin and would probably occur on the wild shrubbery adjoin-
ing the orchard. This supposition was confirmed immediately by finding
the same beetle abundant on the manzanita and producing exactly the
same injury to this shrub as to the orchard trees. Great numbers were
found feeding upon this plant around the entire orchard. It was also
found feeding in less numbers upon the black oak, lupines and upon
Ceanothus sp.
The least touch to the host plant would cause the beetles to drop
immediately to the ground and secrete themselves under any hiding
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 623
place. Even if the beetles saw one approaching they would drop to the
ground. This probably accounts for their not being discovered sooner.
The beetle, Figure 354, varies from a light brown to almost black in
color and is less than half an inch in length.
Apparently this insect is most abundant in the foothill section of the
Sierra Nevada mountains, having been reported about Bowman, Placer
County, California; Nevada City, Nevada County, California; Placer-
ville, El Dorado County, California, and Inyo County, California, but
it has also been reported to occur in Fresno County, where it attacks
the foliage of the plum. It is probable that this insect was driven to
the orchard trees due to the shortage of green wild shrubs because of
the dry year, and that it will never be a serious pest except under
these conditions.
The best remedy is the application of a lead arsenate spray prepared
as follows: 8 pounds lead arsenate, 8 pounds lime to 100 gallons of
water. The lime acts somewhat as a repellant. This spray should be
applied as soon as the beetles appear in the spring, and the tender tips
and twigs drenched liberally. Repeated applications will be necessary
to thoroughly protect the trees.
The writer is indebted to Mr. Charles Fuchs, of the California
Academy of Sciences, for the identification of this insect.
624
TfiE MOiTTHLY BtJLLETll^.
GENERAL NOTES.
THE PRUNE APHIS.
(Aphis prunif olive Fitch.)
The appearance of this aphid was recorded on page 569, volume II
of The Monthly Bulletin in June, 1913. Since this record the aphid
has been reported from many prune-growing sections of the Sacramento
Valley and has caused alarm and worry to some of the orchardists. The
louse is light green in color, and is covered with a rather thick coating
of fine white powder, which at once distinguishes it from all other lice
attacking the prune. It attacks the tips of the twigs and collects in
Pig. 355. — Prune leaf covered with the prune aphis, Aphis prunifoliw Fitch.
Sliglitly enlarged. (Original.)
exceedingly large colonies, especially upon the under sides of leaves
which are slightly curled by their work. Figure 355 shows the actual
conditions on a single prune leaf taken from the Yolo orchard in Yolo
County on May 10, 1913. At that time the presence of the larvse of
syrphid flies and internal hymenopterous parasites were in sufficient
numbers to indicate that the pest would be subdued before it did any
great amount of damage. In a few sections, however, control measures
were found necessary, which consisted of the application of a tobacco
spray composed of nicotine sulphate in the proportions of 1 to 1500.
A coarse driven spray under high pressure is necessary to force the
liquid through the powdery waxy coating secreted by the insect.— E. 0.
EssiG.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 625
HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM JAPAN.
Working under a well defined policy of permanent progress in every
phase of the service, and with particular reference to horticultural
material intended for exhibition at the Panama-Pacific International
Exposition, the executive head of the quarantine division at San Fran-
cisco and the Japanese Consulate at that port have been co-operating
for some time in an effort to improve the condition of trees and plants
imported into California and the United States in general from the
nurseries of Japan. The equity of each phase of the situation has been
thoroughly discussed, and articles dealing with the practical methods
employed in California to keep nursery stock clean of insect pests and
in which the salient points that make for success in fumigation were
clearly portrayed and strongly emphasized, have been prepared and
furnished to the Consulate. These translated into Japanese were for-
warded to the officials in Japan, together with specimens in situ of
thirty different insect pests taken froni material found on imports from
that country by the quarantine inspectors at San Francisco during the
past season.
The quarantine office at San Francisco is in receipt of information
from the Consulate that in conformity with the regulations of the Plant
Quarantine Act the Government of Japan has established a quarantine
service for the inspection and control of plants intended for exportation,
with officers and stations at Tokyo. Yokohama and Kobe. This is
decided progress, and its results will eventually be far reaching. —
Frederick Maskew.
BLACK TREE PROTECTORS TO PREVENT RODENT INJURY
SHOULD NOT BE USED.
Often it becomes necessary to protect the trunks of young trees in
some way or other to keep rabbits and other rodents from barking them.
For this purpose various kinds of shields have been used with success.
The writer recently examined some two-year-old olive trees in an
orchard near Madera, where heavy, black paper shields were being used
in this work. It was claimed at the time that they were put on, which
was during the previous season, that the fact that they were black
would not make them liable to damage the trees, this tendency having
been overcome by perforations in the paper. While this might be a
good selling point for these shields, in actual tests it did not prove
sufficient to prevent severe sun-scald on the south side of trees. My
visit to the orchard had been preceded by several days of very hot
weather ; many trees had recently died and many more were scalded on
the south side of the trunks. Every tree examined showed more or less
of this injury, even though the tops appeared perfectly normal.
While the use of protectors is good both in keeping off rodents and
preventing sun-scald in some cases, a black protector should not be used
during the hot season at least. Light colored wooden or paper pro-
tectors will serve the purpose for which they are intended just as well
and will not endanger the lives of the trees from scald during the hot
weather. — Geo. P. Weldon.
626 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
WHAT OF INTRODUCED PARASITES?
The passage of Dr. F. Silvestri through San Francisco on June 19,
1913, with a splendid collection of living specimens of several species
of fruit fly parasites, awakened a new interest in the possibilities of
this rational method of controlling imported insect pests, and brought
forcibly to the mind of the writer the many shipments of similar live
active collaborators sent by him to California in years past, and at the
same time a vivid remembrance of the manner in which the same were
treated after arrival.
In view of the publicity given to Dr. Silvestri 's well earned success
and as an incentive to further, work along these lines, the following
.suggestions are offered. That an investigation be made of the causes —
Why the grasshoppers have never been epidemic in the Livermore
Valley since the fifty-nine living specimens of locust parasites were
liberated in that locality by the late Alexander Craw on June 11, 1900,
the same having been sent to him by the writer from New South Wales,
Australia ?
Why no more complaints are heard from the Fresno County grape
growers about the mealy bug pest since the writer liberated the small
Philippine ladybugs in the vineyard of the Backer Vineyard Company
three years ago ?
What has become of the Pulvinaria pest in the apple orchards at and
around Downey in Los Angeles County since Frederick INIaskew liber-
ated the Ilymenopterous parasites in those same orchards which had
been obtained from one of the eastern states? — Geo. Compere.
INSECTARY SUPERINTENDENT TO COLLECT IN ORIENT.
Mr. Harry S. Smith sailed on the 5th of August for the Orient,
where he goes to seek valuable beneficial insects. ■ Owing to lack of
funds, no other will engage in the service this year. Some time since,
Mr. Smith discovered in Europe some seven parasites or predaceous
insects on the alfalfa beetle, which he transported and introduced in
the alfalfa fields of Utah. We have great reason to hope for rich
results in this present undertaking. He will be absent two or three
months. — A. J. Cook.
LADYBIRD BEETLES SENT OUT.
The State Insectary has collected and distributed 75.000.000 of the
ladybird beetles nippodxmiia convergeiis this year, as against 43,000,000
last year. — ^A. J. Cook.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
627
THE DESTRUCTIVE ELEODES.
(Eleodes omissa var. borealis Blaisd.)
During the month of May, Mr. K. S. Knowlton, Coiinty Horticultural
Commissioner of Kern County, sent specimens of a tenebrionid beetle,
which he reported as doing much damage to orange trees around Bakers-
field. Later he also sent specimens to the writer. On June 9, 1913,
Mr. E. F. Siegfried of Wasco, Kern County, wrote that a black beetle
had stripped quite a number of apricots and plum trees in his orchard.
He reported that they were so thick as to entirely cover the ground.
Fig. 356. — The destructive eleodes, Eleodes omissa var. borealis Blaisd. Collected at
the base of an apricot tree. (Photo by E. P. Siegfried.)
Figure 356 was taken by Mr. Siegfried, and shows the beetle at the
base of an apricot tree. Watermelon vines are also severely injured by
this beetle.
Poison bran did not seem to offer a ready means of control, inasmuch
as the insects preferred plant food. Poison sprays strongly applied
are not as effective against this beetle as against some other insects, due
to its highly resistive powers.
Its occurrence in such numbers is probably due to the dry season,
which was apparently very favorable to breeding. — E. 0. EssiG.
628 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— JULY.
These d'ata are compiled by the secretary from monthly crop reports made by the
county horticultural commissioners. Counties not included have not reported or the
reports have come too late for press. Unless otherwise designated, percentages refer
to last year's crop.
The crop report of this month has been materially changed throughout the State due
to the excessive dry weather and hot winds which have prevailed. Some sections
were not injured as much as others, but there is hardly a location which has not
suffered. These conditions, together with the late frosts, will make a considerable
shortage in a number of crops.
Alfalfa.
The reports relative to the alfalfa crop are very encouraging, and with the excep-
tion of a single locality the crop will average from 90 to 100 per cent of that of last
year. In most localities there will be as much alfalfa produced' as was produced last
year.
Almonds.
The almond crop is exceedingly spotted throughout the State. While some coun-
ties, notably Alameda, Madera and Riverside, report a slight decrease over the report
of last month, other counties, including Butte and Monterey, report a slight increase.
In only a few localities will there be a full crop, while in others the range varies from
10 to 90 per cent, the average being from 50 to 85 per cent. The excessively dry
weather is responsible for a slight reduction over last month's estimate in the local-
ities noted.
Apples.
The apple crop will be decidedly short, due, as in the case of many other fruits, to
the dVy weather. There are no reports of an increase over that of last month, with
the exception of a slight increase in some of the northern counties. The largest pro-
ducing sections, including Monterey, Santa Cruz, Lake, Mendocino, El Dorado and
Nevada, will produce less than half a crop, the average being from 25 to 30 per cent.
Sonoma County reports a crop of 85 per cent of last year, which may be slightly
decreased because of the dry weather. Humboldt reports 90 per cent of last year's
crop, which was only 65 per cent of normal. Santa Cruz — ^20 per cent of last year's
crop.
Apricots.
The conditions of the apricot crop over last month's report have changed only
slightly, there being a slight increase in most localities. Throughout the State the
crop was short, varying from 35 to 100 per cent of normal crop.
Beans.
The bean crop will be good throughout the State, varying from 70 to 100 per cent
of full crop.
Beets (Sugar).
The sugar beet crop will be a little short, due to the dry weather. Only incomplete
estimates have been made.
Berries.
Reports still show that there will be a good crop of berries throughout the State.
The lack of moisture is especially red'ucing the strawberry crop.
Cherries.
Reports of the cherry crop have not materially changed from those of last month.
Dry weather caused considerable of a reduction in the valley sections.
Grapes.
The grape crop in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys will be much shorter
than was predicted, due to the hot, dry weather, which caused considerable sunburn.
The burning was largely due to the defoliation of the vines by injurious insects, includ-
ing grasshoppers in the central part and vine hoppers in the San Joaquin Valley. In
many localities the crop will run as low as 50 per cent. The wine grapes will produce
a better crop than either the raisin or table varieties.
(Raisin).
The raisin crop in Fresno County will be 70 per cent of normal. Kings County
reports 90 per cent due to heat. Madera will have only 70 per cent, d'ue to hot
weather and vine-leaf hoppers. The water table in that county is seven feet lower
than usual. All varieties in Orange County report a good crop. Solano County will
have only 40 per cent of a crop because of sunburn. Yolo County reports a very short
crop, ranging from 10 to 25 per cent, due to hot weather, which produced sunburn.
Yuba County reports 70 per cent, due to similar weather conditions.
(Table).
Table grapes were seriously injured because of the hot weather, and in all sections
the crop will be short, averaging from 75 to 90 per cent. San Joaquin — Pretty well
cooked, especially where not irrigated. Tokays suffered most; some damaged 60 per
cent.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 629
Wine.
Wine grapes promise a fair crop, being reported from the various counties as fol-
lows: Alatneda — 70 per cent. Butte — 100 per cent. Fresno — 100 per cent. Kings — 90
per cent. Lake — 100 per cent. Los Angeles — 100 per cent. Madera — 85 per cent.
Napa — 80 per cent. Orange — 150 per cent. Riverside — 90 per cent. Sacramento — 50
per cent. Sunburn and dry, hot winds are responsible for this shortage. San Bernar-
dino— 95 per cent. Solano — 90 per cent. Regarding the crop in Sonoma, Mr. Gallaway
writes : "Some varieties of grapes also were quite badly burned in places, but in spite
of the excessive heat and grasshoppers, I am of the opinion that there will be more
grapes produced in Sonoma County this year than lasL" In Santa Clara the former
reports remain the same. In Yuba County and othir sections of the Sacramento
Valley the crop will average about 70 per cent, due to the hot winds.
Hay (Grain).
Only a few counties have reported relative to the conditions of this crop. The
counties along the coast and in the interior and southern parts of this State will have
from 50 to 70 per cent of a crop, while the foothill counties and' the mountainous
counties will have a good crop.
Hops.
The hop crop promises to be very good in spite of the hot weather. The following
producing counties have reported : Lake — full crop. Mendocino — full crop. Sacra-
mento— full crop. Sonoma — good crop. Mr. Gallaway writes that the growers seem
to have been benefited in a way by the hot weather, as the hop lice, which were
threatening their crop, have been almost eradicated. Yuba will produce but 60 per
cent of a crop. Other localities have not reported.
Lemons.
The situation relative to the lemon crop has not greatly changed throughout the
State. Butte County reports 15 per cent decrease under report of last month, while
Orange County reports an increase of 10 per cent. Los Angeles County will have
15 per cent of normal crop instead of 10 per cent, as previously reported. In other
sections the reports of last month still hold good'.
Olives.
According to all reports, the olive crop will be much larger than that of last year.
Butte County reports twice as much as last month. Fresno — 50 per cent more. Los
Angeles — 5 per cent more. Madera — 100 per cent more. Sacramento — 5 per cent
more. A few counties report a slight decrease under last month's estimates. Nearly
all of the other localities report a full crop.
Oranges.
The condition of the orange crop in the south remains practically the same as first
reported, with an increase of 40 per cent in Los Angeles County, and from 5 to 20
per cent in Orange County, which reports navels 100 per cent and valencias 75 per
cent. Santa Barbara County reports navels 100 per cent of last year's crop. Butte
County reports a decrease of 15 per cent, and Sacramento County a decrease of 5 per
cent under last month. Mr. G. Harold Powell predicts a 65 per cent to 80 per cent
crop of citrus fruits this year.
Peaches.
Reports concerning the peach crop are more favorable this month than last, there
being a considerable increase. Alameda reports 25 per cent increase, and Orange
a large increase, especially in drying varieties. The crop throughout the State ranges
from 25 to 100 per cent, the average being about 75 per cent. San Joaquin — Muirs
80 per cent, Lovells 75 per cent, Elbertas 50 per cent.
Pears.
The reports relative to pear crop show a slight increase over that of last month. In
the Sacramento Valley there has been a slight decrease d'ue to the dry season. The
range in the production compared with last year is from 25 to 100 per cent, the
average being about 75 per cent. Sa?i Joaquin — a good crop, but in many instances
undersized. Tehama — from 20 to 50 per cent of last year's crop.
Plums and Prunes.
There is a marked falling off in regard to the yield of these crops, a notable
decrease being reported in nearly every locality. The crop ranges from 25 to 75 per
cent, or an average of about 50 per cent. Hot winds Injured the crop in Sonoma and
Yolo counties, so that the former will be less than 10 to 15 per cent of last month's
report. The crop in Yolo will be from 15 to 25 per cent. Contra Costa — 50 per cent.
Tehama — 40 per cent. Santa Clara — Mr. Morris reports: "The prune orchards are
showing the effects of the hot dry weather. Some fruit can not ripen properly, and
some is dropping. The estimate must be lowered, but how much it is impossible for
me to say with the slightest degree of accuracy."
Walnuts.
There is a slight increase in the estimate regarding the walnut crop, the southern
counties reporting good yields. Orange County reports all varieties heavier loaded
than last year, with a reduction of 5 per cent by blight. Santa Barbara reports 198
per cent of last year's crop. Contra Costa reports a crop of 20 per cent more than
last year, which was but 60 per cent of normal.
Cotton.
Mr. Wilsie reports 25,000 acres of cotton in Imperial County looking good, with
excellent prospects.
Cantaloupes.
The season is just over for the marketing of 6,100 acres of cantaloupes, which has
been successful; the growers will realize about $150 per acre. The facts are not all
in to make exact accounting. — W. E. Wilsie.
630 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
INSECT NOTES.
The rosy apple aphis, Aphis sorbi Kalt. This pest is found to be quite common,
though serious only occasionally, this season. There is probably no other aphis that
attacks the apple that can do as much mischief as this one. In places it is being kept
in check quite well by natural enemies ; in still others they are not sufficiently numerous
to control it. This aphis hot only affects the foliage, but the fruit as well, and in
certain orchards visited much fruit has been seen that is ill-shapen, has made no
growth and can not possibly mature. The leaves are rolled very tightly by this pest,
and a spray for its control should be applied early in the season when its first appear-
ance is noted". The tobacco preparation, known as Black Leaf "40," is one of the
very best sprays to use in controlling it. About 1 part of the Black Leaf "40" to 800
to 900 parts of water and a little soap to make it spread and penetrate better is
sufficient to kill.
The Oregon Experiment Station recommends a mixed spray of lime-sulphur and
Black Leaf "40." — Geo. P. Weldon.
The peach twig-borer, Anarsia Uneatella Zell. As early as July 4th at Hanford,
Kings County, signs of the twig-borer constructing their little cells or hibernaculae in
the crotches of small peach trees were noticed. On July 16th at Hollister, San
Benito County, many freshly made mounds of borings were seen in the crotches of
peach trees in that section. Some of the hibernating cells were cut into and the
larvae found within. Again on July ISth at Hayward, Alameda County, a number of
larvas were found in hibernating cells in small crotches of apricot trees. The apricots
in a fair-sized orchard showed considerable infestation, and it will probably be neces-
sary to spray for its control another season. A spray of lime and sulphur, 1 part to
9 of water, if applied thoroughly during the dormant season will give almost perfect
results. — Geo. P. Weldon.
The cherry slug, Caliroa cerasi Linn. The foliage of pear trees is being attacked
by this pest in various parts of the State where this fruit is grown. An orchard in
Alameda County, which was inspected on July 18th, was found to contain a great
many eggs. The tree had been sprayed recently with Paris green and lime in order to
control the codling moth. The spray answei-ed a double purpose, for practically all of
the cherry slugs were killed also. The eggs hatched well, and the spray could be
seen on the leaves where the little larvae had fed for a short time prior to getting a
fatal dose of the poison. This pest is one of the easiest to control by means of an
arsenical spray, and there is little excuse for the damage that we often see from its
attack. — Geo. P. Weldon.
The mealy plum aphis, Hyalopterus arundinis Fab. This species of aphis is
commonly found at this time on plum, prune and apricot trees. Ladybird beetles and
other enemies are controlling it quite well in most cases. Its damage is probably
over for the season. Another season should it become bad a nictotine spray should
be used. — Geo. P. Weldon.
Jumping oak galls. A. G. Shulz, Horticultural Commissioner of Tulare County,
has sent galls from oak trees which look like small eggs and are surprisingly active.
They hop about in a most lively fashion. Tlie cause is the larvae of a cynipid gall
fly, which are within the galls. — A. J. Cook.
A small blue and bronze chrysomeiid beetle, Colaspidea varicolor Cr., has done
some damage to the foliage of young prime and pear trees in Nevada County. It
works upon Ceanathus sp. in the mountains, having also been collected in Placer and
El Dorado counties. — B. O. EssiG.
Bruchus pruininus Horn has been collected feeding upon rose bushes on the Capitoi
Park. — E. O. EssiG.
The harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantiaa histronica Hahn, is very common on
cabbage at Chicago Park, Nevada County, Cal., this summer. — E. O. Essig.
The elm-leaf aphis, Schisoneura rileyl Thos. (S. idmi Riley) has recently been
reported by S. H. Essig as occurring on the American elm at Ventura, California.
This appears to be the first report of this insect in this State. — E. O. Essig.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 631
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
Alameda County.
Commissioner Fred Seulberger is advising the control of the pear
and cherry slug, which is doing much damage to the orchards of his
county:
Butte County.
Black scale is showing up in considerable numbers in the olive
orchards of Butte County, and control arrangements are being made by
Commissioner Earl Mills.
Imperial County.
The date for the examination for county horticultural commissioner
is August 14, 1913.
Inyo County.
Mr. Richard Baird has tendered his resignation as county horticul-
tural commissioner.
Madera County.
Commissioner George Marchbank and Mr. Geo. P. Weldon have
recently made an orchard inspection of the eastern part of the county.
Mendocino County.
Examination for county horticultural commissioner will be held at
Ukiah, August 19, 1913.
Nevada County.
Commissioner D. F. Norton has been using a spray composed of 10
pounds arsenate of lead, 10 pounds lime and 100 gallons of water as a
means of preventing grasshopper attacks on young orchard trees. The
lime appears to have some value as a repellent.
San Bernardino County.
Because of dry weather. Commissioner S. A. Pease reports unusual
abundance of Russian thistle, powdery mildew of the apple, woolly
aphis, codling moth, citrus red spider and walnut aphis.
San Luis Obispo County.
This county is still without a horticultural commissioner. The names
of 36 signers to a petition were handed in, but supervisors would not
act. The growers mean business and will send in another petition,
hoping to meet all objections.
Santa Barbara County.
Commissioners C. W. Beers and Mr. H. S. Fawcett are conducting
some studies relative to black sap of walnuts, which has appeared some-
what serious this year. ^ ^ -,.,, • . -, •
Work is also being conducted by the University of California to devise
the control of certain beetles and fungi attacking live oaks of Montecito.
The U. S. Department of Agriculture is experimenting with the
carob tree at Santa Barbara, and present indications point to the com-
mercializing of this plant as a new forage crop.
632 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Santa Clara County.
Commissioner Earle Morris is recommendingg a spray of 2^ pounds
arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water for the second brood of the Cali-
fornia oak moth. He advises applications while the caterpillars are
small.
Sonoma County.
Commissioner Gallaway has been using poison bran successfully in
combating grasshoppers in the vineyards of his county.
The grapevine beetle and hop aphis have ceased serious work and will
probably do little damage this year.
Tulare County.
Commissioner A. G. Schulz has had wonderful success in keeping the
orchards of his county free from serious citrus pests.
Ventura County.
Commissioner Vaile announces marked beneficial results in the con-
trol of walnut aphis by lime-sulphur spray applied in the spring, just
as the buds are starting. The work was conducted by the State tjni-
versity,
Yolo County.
Commissioner Geo. H. Hecke has charge of his county's exhibit to be
made at The Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915. In addi-
tion to this, he is actively engaged in making the county fair to be held
August 22-25 a success.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 633
QUARANTINE h2 «, )^] DIVISION.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine OfTicer, San Francisco, Cal.
The following extract from the report of the United States grand jury
at San Francisco is herewith published by and with the consent of that
body :
"Mediterranean Fruit Fly."
The attention of the jury has been directed to this matter, and it has
been given very serious consideration and careful investigation. The
quarantine officials, both State and Federal, have been examined,
together with exhibits and specimens — many witnesses, including steam-
ship officials and ship officers having been examined at length.
The seriousness of the introduction of this pest into the State of Cali-
fornia does not appear to have been fully realized by the crews manning
the vessels coming from Hawaii and otlier points where this fly exists,
and we find a dangerous lack of knowledge on the part of the public
generally. The seriousness and gravity of the present situation can not
be overestimated. The ravages of this fly have ruined the fruit industry
of Australia, and in less than three years it has devastated the fruits
and vegetables of the Hawaiian Islands. It is generally conceded that
should this fly obtain a foothold in the State of California, it means the
ruin of the entire fruit industry, including many vegetables, of this
great State. Hundreds of millions of valuable property are directly
menaced and endangered. If the fly once finds a lodgment at any point
in the State, the world will immediately quarantine against the entire
State of California. This will mean that not one pound of fresh fruit
can be shipped out for consumption elsewhere. Its damaging effect also
upon the dry and canned fruit industry would be enormous.
Through the activities of this grand jury the importance of this
matter has been forcibly brought home to the steamship companies and
crews manning the boats. Some good has undoubtedly been accom-
plished, but we feel that we must direct the attention of all officials.
State and Federal quarantine officers, the district attorney and the
future grand jurors to the terrible consequences should the Mediter-
ranean fruit fly obtain entrance to this State through the laxity on the
part of any one charged with the duty of protection in this regard.
We find the present force of quarantine inspectors active, energetic,
and alive to their responsibilities. We urge that their hands be upheld
in every way possible, and that the force of inspectors be increased
whenever and wherever necessary to safeguard those great interests.
We earnestly direct the attention of all fruit-growing bodies through-
out the State and the coast to the situation, and urge upon them the
utmost watchfulness and aid in actively supporting the good work now
being done by the State and Federal quarantine officers. ' '
634 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
To the rank and file of the horticultural quarantine division this
tribute — to their sincerity of purpose, their collectivity of effort and
adherence to a fixed policy of duty — from a body of broad minded
men who had taken infinite pains to inform themselves of all the facts
concerning the situation before arriving at these conclusions, is an incen-
tive that will redound to the further protection of the allied horticultural
and agricultural interests of California, and should present to the pro-
ducers of this State the proper value, the fallacy and inconsistency of
the assiduously published statements of certain agitated gentlemen that
all of these same efforts are simply a matter of ' ' political entomology. ' *
"Finis rationem excusat" is the motto of the quarantine division, and
we of the service feel that the report of this grand jury has substan-
tiated our belief that in so far as the Llediterranean fruit fly is con-
cerned the end justifies the means.
SYNOPSIS OF WORK FOR MONTH OF JUNE, 1913.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels.
Ship inspected 31
Passed as free from pests 53,324
Fumigated 2,476
Destroyed or returned 431
Contraband destroyed 25
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 56,256
Pests Intercepted.
From Honolulu^ — -
Larvae of Ceratitis capitata in tomatoes.
Larvae of Dacus cucurbitw in cucumbers.
Diaspis bromeliw and Pseudococcus sps. on pineapples.
Aphis sps. on betel leaves.
Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes.
Cryptorhynchus iatatw in sweet potatoes.
From Japan —
Aleyrodes citri, Parlatoria sps. and Pnlvinaria sps., on orange trees.
From Tahiti —
Lepidosaphes ieckii and Morganella maskelli on oranges.
From Florida —
Diaspis hromeliw and Pseudococcus sps. on pineapples.
From Mexico.
Larvae of Trypetidw in mangoes.
Heilipus lauri in avocado seeds.
From China —
Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels,
Ships inspected 17
Passed as free from pests 41,868
Fumigated 25
Destroyed 2
Returned 0
Contraband t)
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 41,895
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 635
Pests Intercepted.
From Belgium — .
Diaspis zamiw on Gycas cerctnaks.
From British East Africa—
Crytorynchics mangiferw in Mango seeds.
From Florida — ■ ,, , ,
Lepidosaphes beckii and Melanose on pomelo.
From Illinois — „^ , • i
Chrysomphalus aurantii and Parlatona sps. on palms.
From Massachusetts —
Pseudococcus citri on ferns.
From Maryland —
Pseudococcus longispinus on palms.
From Mexico —
Coccus hesperidum on palms.
From Pennsylvania —
Aleyrodes sps. on Gardenia.
From Tennessee —
Pseudococcus citri on ferns.
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Ships inspected ' 12 889
Passed as free from pests IIIIIII_I " 2
Fumigated ~~~ 2
Destroyed q
Returned IIIII 3
Contraband ~
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 12,896
Pests Intercepted.
From Ohio —
Aspidiotus camelliw on palms. ^ ., , ^^ ^w^a r^^aTl^•<^
Mealy bug, Aleyrodes sp., and Lepidosaphes sp. on mixed plants.
From Pennsylvania —
Mealy bug on ornamental plants.
^'Zsfem''tuw, Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus sp., Lecanium sp. on mixed orna-
mentals including croton, ivy, ferns.
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Ships inspected
No horticultural imports.
EUREKA STATION.
Ships inspected
No horticultural imports.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON . Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
H. S. FAWCETT Plant Pathologist, Whittier, Cal.
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
li. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT .♦ Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector
y
VOLUME II
No. 9
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Calosonia sycophanta Linn, which the
State Insectary is endeavoring to establish
in California as an enemy of many of the
serious deciduous fruit tree caterpillars.
(Photo by Vosler.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
SEPTEMBER, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Page.
THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER Geo. P. Weldon 637
SULZER APPLE PACKING AND GRADE LAW 648
PAJARO VALLEY APPLE GRADE RULES 649
RULES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRADING AND PACKING
APPLES 650
A CONSTANT MENACE Fbedekk Uskew 653
THE RED-HUMPED CATERPILLAR E. ^^osler 654
THE FRUIT-TREE BARK-BEEIT^E F . EssiG 658
GENERAL NOTES—
The Codling Moth Attacking Walnuts JkJ. O. Essig 659
Resignation of Professor H. S. Fawcett A. J. Cook 660
A New Beginning in the Importation and Establishment of Bene-
ficial Insects George ''ompere 660
A New Parasite of the Black Scale E. - Vosler 661
Melanose (Stem-End Rot) A. -. Cook 662
Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture ^Irown
Gall) 662
The Potato Tuber Moth E. O. Essig 665
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— AUGUST -— 667
INSECT NOTES 668
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Geo. P. Wi don, 669
QUARANTINE DIVISION—
County Horticultural Commissioners and State Quaran. "^ne
Guardians Frederick Ma ew 670
Report for the Month of July, 1913 Frederick Masl ew 671
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
September, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 9
DEVOTED TO THL, DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS.
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION LNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS :
A. J. COOK
E. 0. ESSI»
»
GEO. P. \^.£LDON
HARRY S SMITH -
FREDERKK MASKEW
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco
If
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28. 1911. at the post office at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State PBiNxiNa
SACBAMENTO, CALIFOENIA
1913
THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER.
(Archills argyrospila Walker.)
Ordei — Lepidoptera. Family — Tortricidae.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Introduction.
This pest is frequently reported as injuring the foliage and fruit of
various trees in different parts of the country, often becoming so
abundant that acres of orchards are defoliated and the crop ruined.
In New York State, Colorado, and New Mexico orchardists have known
of its ravages for many years. It is not a pest that commonly remains
bad in one place for a number of seasons, but when at its height there
are few that can do more injury in a short time. For years it may
occur in a locality and its presence will not be known by the orchard-
ists ; suddenly it begins to increase in numbers until it becomes a pest
of the greatest importance and control measures are necessary to check
it. Usually after from two to five years of its destructive work par-
asites have multiplied to such an extent that it is practically eradicated
by them, and for a number of years there may be little or no damage
from it. When conditions happen to be just right again, there will
be an increase in numbers and thus there are cycles of good and
bad years.
Occurrence in California.
On June 24th in company with State Horticultural Commissioner,
Dr. A. J. Cook, and County Horticultural Commissioner from San
Diego County, Mr. H. A. Weinland, the writer visited several orchards
in the vicinity of Julian. In one of these the leaf -roller had ruined
much of the fruit, the damage being more noticeable because of a light
crop. The foliage was also damaged to a considerable extent. We
were told that last season the insect had made its appearance in orchards
of this same locality but in lesser numbers. At the time of our visit
many moths, a few larvge and pup^ and an abundance of freshly laid,
eggs were seen. Not much has yet been determined in regard to the
distribution of this pest in the State. A few egg-masses have been seen
on trees in a number of places, and an unauthenticated report of
severe injury has come from a locality which we have not yet had a
chance to visit in order to determine whether or not the pest which
did the reported damage was the leaf -roller.
Occurrence in Other States.
In 1891 Prof. C. P. Gillette, of the Colorado Experiment Station,
published a bulletin, No. 19, in which he told about a serious outbreak
of the pest in northern Colorado. For about four years his records
show that it was bad, then larva parasites appeared which soon over-
came it, and since then it has not been a pest of any consequence in
that particular locality. In Bulletin No. 311 of the Cornell Experiment
Station, Prof. Glenn W. Herrick describes the pest and its ravages in
New York and other Eastern States. Mr. John B. Gill, of the Bureau
of Entomology, made studies of this insect in Colorado and New Mexico
638
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
1<IG. 357 — The fruit-tree leaf-roUer. 1, adult moth; 2, hatched egg
mass on bark ; 3, mature larva ; 4, pupa ; 5, light-colored egg masses
on bark ; 6, thirty-five hatched egg masses in a space of twelve
square mches. (After Gillette and Weldon, Cir. 5, Colo. State Ent )
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
639
and published a bulletin, No. 116, Part V. Prof. C. P. Gillette and
the author of this article published, in 1912, life history records and
results of laboratory and field experiments in Circular No. 5, Office of
State Entomologist, Fort Collins, Colorado. Other references have
been made to it by entomological writers from time to time, but prob-
ably nowhere has the damage been more serious than in Colorado and
New Mexico during recent years. It is probable that only deciduous
fruits would be attacked and of these the peach does not seem to be
bothered to any extent.
The Eg'g Stage.
The fruit-tree leaf -roller passes the winter in the egg stage. In every
case where its life history has been determined there is only one brood
during a season, the eggs being laid in the summer and remaining
unhatched until the following spring. Colorado records show that
during the latter part of June and fore part of July most of the eggs
are deposited. They may be found most anywhere on the bark of fruit
trees, shade trees, shrubbery and berry bushes. AVhen moths are
abundant they frequently lay them on fence posts, barns, houses, etc.
The writer has seen the side of a house, which during the summer season
liad been partly covered by a climbing rose bush, plastered so thick
with egg masses that there were several hundred in a space of 10 or
12 square feet.
The individual masses are made up of from 10 to 150 eggs, all of
which are covered with a sticky substance from the moth deposited
with the eggs. This substance hardens and protects them in a compact
oval or in some cases nearly circular flat mass, the greater diamater
averaging about three sixteenths of an inch and the lesser one eighth
of an inch.
When first laid the patches are generally greenish-yellow, but soon
turn darker after exposure to the sun. There is quite a variation in
color and many are light gray in the spring about hatching time.
Fig. 357, 5 and 6, shows a number of egg masses on apple tree. Fig.
357, 5, is from a picture of two very light colored masses ; the upper one
gives some idea of the thickness of an individual egg patch. In
Fig. 357, 6; 35 egg masses are shown on the trunk of an apple tree in
a space of about 12 square inches.
After the eggs are hatched the remaining shells may adhere to the
1?rees for years^ These may always be distinguished from the unhatched
eggs by the perforations in the surface. The larvae in emerging cut
clean oval-shaped holes through the caps of the eggs so the number of
holes in a mass indicates the number of larvae that hatched from it.
Fig. 357, 2, illustrates the appearance of a hatched egg mass.
The Larval Stage.
Shortly after the buds of fruit trees begin to burst open the tiny
larvffi of the leaf -roller may be found feeding upon them. They do not
all hatch at the same time, however, and there may be a period of two
weeks or more during which hatching will be going on. At first the
tiny worms are about one sixteenth of an inch in length and yellowish
in "color. Later they become a deep green with the head and thorax
640
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
black or brown. On an average a little less than thirty days is required
for the larvas to become full fed. During the time they are feeding
the leaves and fruit are attacked. Webs are spun and by means of
these, bunches of leaves and fruit are tied together. These turn brown
if the attack is severe and there is no chance for any fruit to mature.
Complete defoliation of trees by this pest is not at all uncommon where
nothing is done to check it. Fig. 357. 3, is from a photograph of a
full grown larva on a leaf.
<«* 3(^..a^
Fig. 358. — The fruit-tree leaf-roller. 1, light-colored female moth; 2,
dark-colored male from same egg mass ; 3, light-colored female ; 4, dark-
colored female from the same egg mass as 3 ; 2, 4, 5 and 7 showing most
characteristic markings. (After Gillette and Weldon, Cir. 5, Colo. State
Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 641
The Pupal Stage.
After the larvae have become full grown they change to the pupal
stage within a rolled up leaf or cluster of leaves. At first they are
green in color, later changing to a dark brown, and in about ten days
transformation to the moth stage takes place. Fig. 357, 4, shows a pupa
photographed on a leaf where this stage was being passed.
The Moth.
(Fig. 358.)
The following description of the moth is copied from Circular No. 5,
Office of State Entomologist, on "The Fruit-Tree Leaf -Roller in Colo-
rado," by C. P. Gillette and Geo. P. Weldon:
"The moths measure from ten to thirteen millimeters, or from three
eighths to one half of an inch, in length, with the wings closed; the
expanse of the full-spread wings usually varies between eighteen and
twenty-five millimeters, or from eleven sixteenths to one inch ; the pre-
vailing color is a rusty brown, varying in typical specimens from
rather light to quite dark, and there is always present a large pale-
yellow to almost white diagonal patch on the front or caustal margin
of the wing a little beyond the middle ; a smaller light area occurs on
the front margin of the wing about halfway between the large light
area and the base of the wings; the two light areas are separated by
a dark rusty-brown diagonal band or stripe ; this stripe and an area
just beyond the large light patch are usually the darkest portions of
the wings ; the dark-colored area is more or less broken or mottled with
pale-yellow scales; the abdomen and lower surface of the hind wing
are light yellow, but the upper surface of the hind wing is usually more
or less dusky or smoky in color, especially toward the distal portions ;
the male averages smaller than the female and has the light and dark
coloration more sharply contrasted; in the darkest females the smaller
light-colored area on the wing is sometimes obliterated; in the lighter
examples the distal portion of the wing is often distinctly yellowish in
color, with a greater or less number of rusty-brown scales intermingled,
this light portion frequently connecting with the larger light area on
the anterior margin of the wing; in extremely light examples, which
occur with some frequency, the entire surface of the fore wing is light
yellow in color, with slight rusty outlines, as shown in Fig. 358, 1.
There are occasional specimens with very contrasting colors, in which
the ground color of the vidng is light yellow and the dark markings
somewhat in the form of a letter Y across the wing near the central
portion, as shown in Fig. 358, 6. In all cases where these moths with
the extreme light or dark colors have been reared we have obtained
them from individual egg masses, from which the greater number of
the moths had the typical color markings shown in Fig. 358, 2, 5 and 7.
In all the examples we have reared, the very light-colored examples have
been females, while it is not uncommon for the darker-colored individ-
uals to be females also. ' '
642
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
.«& '•*
Fig. 359.- — General view of orchard in wliich tree in Fig. 360 was photographed,
showing defoliation of the fruit trees. The trees with the heavy foliage are elms,
and were not attacked by the leaf-roller. (After Gillette and Weldon, Cir. 5,
Colo. State Ent.)
Food Plants.
The fruit-tree leaf-roller is principally a fruit pest as its name indi-
cates ; it is quite an omniverous feeder, however, and may be found
eating the foliage of many shade trees as well as herbaceous plants.
Fig. 359 shows some elm trees which were not attacked alongside an
apple orchard in which the foliage had practically all been destroyed
at the time the picture was taken. In Circular 5, from Office of State
Entomologist of Colorado, the following list of trees and plants which
larva? were found feeding upon is given : plum, cherry, pear, currant,
gooseberry, raspberry, rose, poplar, elm, locust, alfalfa and onion. The
alfalfa and onions were growing between tree rows where the larvae had
practically eaten all the leaves, and upon dropping to the ground webs
were spun over everything with which they came in contact, and more
or less feeding took place on all kinds of green plants. Fig. 360
illustrates this condition quite well.
Injury.
Something has already been said about the injury done to orchards
by the leaf-roller. This injury assumes several different forms — -
1. The blossoms are partly or wholly destroyed very early In the season.
2. The fruit and foliage are partly or wholly destroyed somewhat later.
3. The next season's crop is destroyed as well as the current season's.
The first form of injury which results in the destruction of the fruit
also comes as a result of an abundance of worms which hatch very
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
643
early and which begin feeding on the tender blossoms even before they
have had time to open np. the organs of the flower are destroyed so
that fertilization is impossible and the flowers and fruit have no chance
to develop. The second form of injury is always found when the leaf-
roller is present. Both the fruit and the foliage are fed upon. If the
larvge are abundant enough they may destroy all the leaves and fruit ;
if they occur in lesser numbers there may be a partial defoliation and
Fig. 360. — Photograph taken in an unsprayed orchard, showing a trunlc
covered with webs ; also the alfalfa at the base matted down with them.
All the foliage in this orchard was destroyed. (After Gillette and
Weldon, Cir. 5, Colo. State Ent.)
the fruit may be injured more or less seriously. Apples will usually
develop when they have been attacked, but are ill-shapen and unmarket-
able. Fig. 361 illustrates early attacks of the worms and later develop-
ment of the fruit. The third form of injury is one that is not usually
reckoned upon by the average fruit grower, and probably always fol-
lows complete defoliation. Several orchards in Colorado, which were
badly damaged in 1912 ; in fact so badly that practically all the leaves
644
THE MOISTTHLY BULLETIN.
turned brown and dried up, were examined in the late spring of 1913.
Absolutely no fruit buds had developed the previous season, conse-
quently the leaf-roller was responsible not only for the loss of the crop
during the season when they defoliated the trees, but the succeeding
Fig. 361 — Work of the fruit-tree leaf-roller on apples. 1, apples
picked on June 8, when they were from five eighths to three quarters
of an inch in diameter, showing the characteristic injury from the leaf-
roller ; 2, apples picked from the same orchard on August 9, when they
were about two inches in diameter. (After Gillette and Weldon, Clr.
5, Colo. State Ent.)
season as well. These orchards inspected were treated during the
spring of 1913 with a soluble oil spray so that the leaf-roller was practi-
cally eradicated and the foliage was fine, but no fruit was present.
The fact that a severe attack by this pest during any one season may
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
645
mean the loss of two seasons' crops should be sufficient to impress upon
any orchardist the necessity for using control measures just as soon
as it appears.
Control.
Adequate means of control have now been worked out, and the dam-
age that has been done in certain sections in the past, where there has
been an outbreak of this serious insect, may be averted in the future.
Certain sprays have proven to be effective in destroying the egg, still
others the larva?, and the orchardist who will do the spraying thor-
oughly with the materials recommended need have little fear of failure
in protecting his crop.
SPRAYS TO KILL THE EGGS.
As the winter season is always spent in the egg stage, it was only
necessary to find some spray which when applied during the dormant
season, would kill them. A long series of laboratory experiments were
carried through by Prof. C. P. Gillette in 1895, and by the writer
in 1912; also a series of orchard experiments were conducted cluring
the latter year. In these it was found that an oil spray of some kind or
other, would penetrate through the tough, very impervious coating of
the egg mass, and kill the eggs beneath. Various strengths of kerosene
emulsion were used in the work with good results in some cases and
not so good in others. The variable results attained with this material
were such that it could not be recommended. Wliile in some cases an
emulsion containing a certain percentage of kerosene would kill all egg
masses to which it was applied, in others the same strength of material
in a different emulsion would fail to kill many of them.
Miscible Oils.
Nothing was found to be more effective in the work of killing the
eggs than the various brands of the commercial products known as
soluble or miscible oils. Of these preparations three kinds, viz, Target
Brand Scale Destroyer, Scalecide and Carboleine were used with splen-
did success. Applications were made with various strengths and the
results indicated that they should not be used weaker than one gallon
of soluble oil to nineteen gallons of water. Fig. 362 shows a sprayed
and unsprayed tree. The lower one was sprayed with Target Brand
Scale Destroyer one part to nineteen of water.
This season before coming to California the writer helped in the work
of spraying for the control of this insect in the worst infested sections
of Colorado. In one of these every grower who was known to have
leaf-roller in his orchard sprayed. Remarkable results were attained
in all cases where spraying was thoroughly done. Some few people
tried to get along with from three to five gallons of spray per tree
where double the amount should have been used. They of course met
with a certain degree of failure.
646
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 362. — 1, unsprayed tree in orchard, photo-
graphed on June 8 ; 2, tree sprayed' with Target Brand
sohible oil, photographed on the same date. (After
Gillette and Weldon, Cir. 5, Colo. State Ent.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 647
Crude Oil Emulsion.
Some preliminary work was done to determine the effect of a good
crude oil emulsion upon the eggs. These tests while not extensive
enough for definite conclusions, indicated that such an emulsion would
give excellent results. Two strengths were used, viz, 12^ and 16| per
cent. No specific gravity test was made of this oil. It was, however,
the crude product just as it was pumped from the wells at Florence,
Colorado. It is very probable that any of the good distillate or crude
oil emulsions that are used successfully in the control of scale insects
in California could be used to good advantage in destroying leaf-roller
eggs also.
Lime and Sulphur Useless.
Owing to the fact that lime and sulphur has often been suggested
as a remedy it seems well to mention in this article, the fact that many
careful experiments have proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that
this preparation is of no value at any strength in destroying leaf-
roller eggs.
SPRAYS TO KILL LARV/E.
As the larvse feed upon the foliage it would seem that they could
be easily controlled by means of an arsenical spray. They are found,
however, to resist much stronger doses of arsenate of lead, etc., than
many others of our chewing insect, e. g., codling moth. It is possible
to kill quite a large percentage of the worms when they are small, by
very heavy applications of an arsenate of lead spray used at the
strength of three pounds to fifty gallons of water. Trees when sprayed
should be thoroughly drenched. It is important also that spraying
begin just as soon after the eggs have begun to hatch as possible.
Roughl}" speaking this will be very soon after the leaves have begun
to come out in the spring. A second application should be made in
the case of apples just before blooming and after the buds in the blos-
som clusters have separated one from another. The object of a spray
at this time is to cover the entire surface of the blossom cluster with
the poison in order that many of the larvae which ordinarily feed upon
the blossoms may be killed. The third arsenical spray for leaf-rolier
on apple trees will serve the dual purpose of a leaf -roller and codling
moth spray and should be applied when 90 per cent of the petals have
fallen and before the calyx cups close. Later sprays will do little or
no good in controlling the pest, as the worms become very resistant to
the poison as they get larger, and are well protected by curled leaves.
Black Leaf " 40 " was used with good success in the experimental work
in Colorado, when the worms were very small. Two applications made
at the time indicated for the first two arsenical sprays will kill a large
percentage of the larv^. It should be used at the strength of one part
of Black Leaf "40" to eight hundred parts of water.
SPRAYING MUST BE THOROUGH.
Too much stress can not be placed upon thoroughness in spraying
for this pest. They are so well protected by the folds of leaves in which
they feed that it is only by the use of very heavy, drenching sprays that
the larvge may be killed. This does not apply so much to the spray to
kill the eggs although in this case every mass missed endangers the tree
that much more, and it does not take many of them when they hatch
to produce enough larvae to infest a tree seriously.
648 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
SULZER APPLE PACKING AND GRADE LAW.
Section 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
standard barrel for apples shall be of the following dimensions when
measured without distention of its parts : Length of stave, twenty-
eight and one half inches; diameter of head, seventeen and one eighth
inches; distance between heads, twenty-six inches; circumference of
bulge, sixty-four inches outside measurement, representing as nearly
as possible seven thousand and fifty-six cubic inches, provided that
steel barrel containing the interior dimensions provided for in this
section shall be construed as a compliance therewith.
Sec. 2. That the standard grades for apples, when packed in barrels
which shall be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign
commerce, or which shall be sold or offered for sale within the District
of Columbia or the territories of the United States, shall be as follows :
Apples of one variety, ivhich are well-grown specimens, hand picked,
of good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from
insect and fungous injury, bruises, and other defects except such as
are necessarily caused in the operation of packing ; or apples of one
variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing
specifications, shall be "Standard Grade minimum size two and one
half inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two and one half
inches in transverse diameter; "Standard Grade minimum size two and
one fourth inches," if the minimum size of the apple is two and one
fourth inches in transverse diameter; or "Standard Grade minixnum
size tiuo inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two inches in
transverse diameter.
Sec. 3. That the barrels in which apples are packed in accordance
with the provisions of this act may be branded in accordance with sec-
tion two of this act.
Sec. 4. That all barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be
below standard if the barrel bears any statement, design or device
indicating that the barrel is a standard barrel of apples, as herein
defined, and the capacity of the barrel is less than the capacity pre-
scribed by section one of this act, unless the barrel shall be plainly
marked on end and side with words or figures showing the fractional
1 elation which the actual capacity of the barrel bears to the capacity
prescribed by section one of this act. The marking required by this
paragraph shall be in black letters of size not less than seventy-two
point one inch gothic.
Sec. 5. The barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be mis-
branded within the meaning of this act :
First — If the barrel bears any statement, design or device indicating
that the apples contained therein are "Standard Grade" and the
apples, when packed, do not conform to the requirements prescribed
by section two of this act.
Second — If the barrel bears any statement, design or device indicat-
ing that the apples contained therein are "Standard Grade" and the
barrel fails to bear also a statement of the name of the variety, the
name of the locality Avhere grown and the name of the packer or the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 649
person by whose authority the apples were packed and the barrel
marked.
Sec. 6. That any person, firm or corporation, or association who
shall knowingly pack or cause to be packed apples in barrels, or who
shall knowingly sell or offer for sale such barrels in violation of the
provisions of this act, shall be liable to a penalty of one dollar and costs
for each such barrel so sold or offered for sale, to be recovered at the
suit of the United States in any court of the United States having
jurisdiction.
Sec. 7. That this act shall be in force and effect from and after the
first day of July, nineteen hundred and thirteen.
PAJARO VALLEY APPLE GRADE RULES.
The committee formed for the purpose of establishing grades or
standards for Pajaro Valley apples, after hearing all parties interested
and after taking into consideration the character of our fruit and the
markets it is destined to reach, begs leave to submit the following report,
which report has been approved and adopted by the four fruit-growers'
associations now formed in Santa Cruz County, viz :
Corralitos Fruit Growers' Association.
Carlton Fruit Growers' Association.
Casserly Fruit Growers' Association.
Soquel Fruit Growers' Association.
Fancy or No. 1 Grade.
Apples placed in this grade must be mature and of normal shape
for the variety and free from defects except leaf and limb rub, russet
and similar defects which have not distorted the fruit and which do
not aggregate more than one half inch in diameter, will be allowed.
Wormy apples must be excluded from this grade, also all apples less
than two and one fourth (2|) inches in diameter-.
No. 2 Grade.
In this grade may be placed all merchantable apples not included in
the fancy or No. 1 grade. All apples must be free from bruises with
skin unbroken and of good shape. Sizes smaller than two and one
half (2|) inches not allowed.
Boxes.
We recommend the adoption, as far as possible consistent with clean-
ing up shooks now on hand, of the Northwestern standard box, which
is ten and one half (10|) inches by eleven and one half (ll^) inches
by eighteen (18) inches inside measurement, and the diamond or
diagonal pack, and we further strongly recommend that each grower
provide himself with orchard picking boxes, to the end that our fruit
shall reach the markets in bright, new and clean boxes.
Proper Marking.
In marking boxes, care should be taken that all marks are placed in
a neat manner and in the proper place ; the grower's name (if desired) ,
650 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the grade, variety and number of apples in the box should appear on
the labeled end of the box, above the laliel. We suggest that the follow-
ing rule be adopted:
John Doe, Fancy. Bellefleurs.
or No. 21. 112.
All boxes containing apples graded fancy must bear the Association
label on the end of the box.
Inspection.
Each box containing fancy grade apples shall bear with it an in-
spection certificate, reading as follows :
Official Inspection Certificate.
The apples in this box have been packed by Packer No. , and
we herejjy guarantee the contents to conform to the standard adopted
by us on April 19, 1913, and which is as follows: (wording of grade).
Signed Association.
*RULES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRADING AND PACKING
APPLES.
Adopted by North Pacific Fruit Distributors.
After four days' consecutive work, the managing board of the North
Pacific Fruit Distributors announced the following rules and specifica-
tions for grade and pack of apples to be handled through the organiza-
tion. The grades to be used will be designated as extra fancy, fancy
and C grades, corresponding to Nos. 1, 2 and 3, defined as follows :
Extra Fancy.
This grade shall consist of sound, smooth, matured, clean, hand-
picked, well formed apples only, free from all insect pests, disease,
blemishes, bruises and other physical injuries, stings, scald, scab, sun
scald, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm holes, decay, spray burn, limb
rub, water core, skin puncture or skin broken at stem. All apples must
be of good matured color, shape and condition characteristic of the
variety. The following varieties defined as to color shall be admitted
to this grade :
Solid Red Varieties — Aiken Eed, Arkansas Black, Black Ben Davis,
Fall Wine, Gano, Jeniton, Jonathan, King David, Mammoth Black
Twig, Missouri Pippin, Oregon Red, Spitzenburg (Esopus), Steele
Red, Vanderpool.
Striped or Partially Red Varieties — Ben Davis, Delicious, Graven-
stein, Hubbardson Nonesuch, Jeffries, King of Tompkins County,
Mcintosh Red, Northern Spy, Rome Beauty, Stayman, Snow, Wagener,
Wealthy, York Imperial.
Color requirements for extra fancy are as follows :
Solid red varieties to have not less than three fourths good red color
and the size of 175 and smaller when admitted to the grade to have
at least 90 per cent good red color.
*From the Northwest Horticulturist, August, 1913.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
651
Striped or partially red varieties as designated above to have not
less than one half good red color; when the size of 175 or smaller is
admitted to this grade they must have at least three fourths good red
color.
Except that Gravensteins, Jeffries and King of Tompkins County in
all sizes must be at least one third good red color.
Red cheek or blushed varieties, such as Hydes King, Red Cheek
Pippin, Winter Banana, Maiden Blush, must have a red cheek.
Ortleys must be white, yellow or waxen.
Yellow or green varieties, such as Grimes Golden, White Winter
Pearmain, Yellow Newtown and Cox's Orange Pippin must have the
characteristic color of the variety. No sizes admitted to this grade
smaller than as follows:
Aiken Red, 200 ; Arkansas Black, 175 ; Ben Davis, 163 ; Black Ben
Davis, 163; Cox's Orange Pippin, 163; Delicious, 150; Fall Wine, 200;
Gano, 163; Grimes Golden, 200; Gravenstein, 200; Hubbardson None-
such, 163 ; Hydes King, 150 ; Jeniton, 200 ; Jonathan, 200 ; Jeffries, 225 ;
King of Tompkins County, 163; King David, 200; Mammoth Black
Twig, 150; Missouri Pippin, 200; Mcintosh Red, 200; Maiden Blush,
163 ; Northern Spy, 150 ; Oregon Red, 175 ; Ortley, 175 ; Rome Beauty,
163; Red Cheek Pippin, 163; Spitzenburg (Esopus), 200; Steele Red,
163 ; Stayman, 163 ; Snow, 225 ; Vanderpool, 163 ; Winesap, 225 ; Wage-
ner, 200 ; Winter Banana, 150 ; White Winter Pearmain, 200 ; Wealthy,
200 ; Yellow Newtown, 225 ; York Imperial, 163.
All boxes to be lined and cardboard to be used top and bottom.
Fancy Grade.
In the grade all apples must be matured, hand picked, clean and
sound, free from insect pests, water core, sun damage, broken skin,
scald, scale, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm stings, infections, diseases
and all other defects equally detrimental, excepting that slight limb
or leaf rub, scratches or russeting will be permitted provided that no
apple shall show total blemishes aggregating more than one half inch
square. Fruit clearly misshapen, bruised or bearing evidence of rough
handling shall not be permitted in this grade.
The varieties admitted to this grade are the same as in the extra
fancy. All boxes are to be lined and cardboard to be used top and-
bottom.
Color requirements are as follows :
The solid red' varieties must have fully one third of good solid red
color. Striped or partially red varieties must have at least one fourth
of good red color. All apples of a green or yellow variety shall be
of characteristic color.
No sizes shall be admitted to this grade smaller than as follows:
Aiken Red, 175 ; Arkansas Black, 163 ; Ben Davis, 150 ; Black Ben
Davis, 150; Cox's Orange Pippin, 150; Delicious, 150; Fall Wine, 175;
Gano, 150 ; Grimes Golden, 175 ; Gravenstein, 175 ; Hubbardson None-
such, 150; Hyde's King, 150; Jeniton, 175; Jonathan, 175; Jeffries,
200 ; King of Tompkins County, 150 ; King David, 175 ; Mammoth
Black Twig, 150; Missouri Pippin, 175; Mcintosh Red, 175; Maiden
Blush. 150; Northern Spy, 150; Orange Red, 163; Ortley, 163; Rome
2— bul9
652 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Beauty, 150; Red Cheek Pippin, 150; Spitzenburg (Esopus), 150; Steele
Red, 150; Stayman, 150; Snow, 200; Vanderpool, 150; Winesap, 200;
Wagener, 175 ; "Winter Banana, 150 ; White Winter Pearmain, 175 ;
Wealthy, 175 ; Yellow Newtown, 200 ; York Imperial, 150.
Single Grade.
The following apples to be packed in one grade, combining the extra
fancy and fancy grades as provided by these grading rules, size not
smaller than 163 count, windfalls absolutely excluded. This pack to
be marked or labeled as "Fancy": Apple of Commerce, Baldwin,
Ben Hur, Bismarck, Canada Red, Chicago, Champion, Delaware Red,
Golden Russet, Hoover, Ingram, Kaighn Spitzenburg, Kentish, Kin-
nard, Manu, Mother, N. W. Greening, Pewaukee, Pryor Red, Rambo,
Rhode Island Greening, Roy Russett, Russian Red, Salome, Shakel-
ford. Senator, Stark, Swaar, Wallbridge, Westfield, Willow Twig, Yel-
low Bellefleur, McMahon.
Exceptions.
Summer varieties such as Astrachan, Bailey's Sweet, Beitigheimer,
Duchess, Early Harvest, Red June, Strawberry, Twenty-Ounce Pippin,
Yellow Transparent and kindred varieties not otherwise specified in
these grading rules, together with early fall varieties, such as Alexander,
Blue Pearmain, Wolf River, Spokane Beauty, Fall Pippin, Waxen,
Talman Sweets, Sweet Bough and other varieties not provided for in
these grading rules as grown in sections of early maturity, shall be
packed in accordance with the grading rules covering fancy grade as
to defects, but regardless of color rules ; size not smaller than 163
count for the larger growing varieties and 225 count for the smaller
growing varieties ; windfalls to be absolutely excluded. All boxes to
be lined and cardboard used top and bottom.
C Grade.
This grade is provided to be used when market requirements justify
and shall consist of apples not smaller than 163 count. This- grade
shall be made up of all merchantable apples not included in extra fancy
or fancy grades. Apples must be free from all insect pests, worms,
worm holes, and infectious diseases. Serious physical injuries, skin
puncture, bruised or broken skin will not be permitted, and not exceed-
ing two stings, thoroughly healed. There are no requirements as to
color except that the fruit must be matured. This grade to be packed
in accordance with trade requirements.
Indorsements.
Your executive board advises the use of the regular Northwestern
standard box in all sections, inside measurements 10^ by 11^ by 18,
with solid ends. We believe that we should make this the uniform
box as standard in all sections. Inasmuch as the laws as well as the
trade requirements will force us to sell our apples by numerical count,
we abolish the system of designating or manifesting fruit by tiers and
we employ the numerical system exclusively hereafter.
The recognized and indorsed counts for the Northwestern standard
apple pack are as follows: 36, 45, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112,
113, 125, 138, 150, 163, 175, 188, 200, 213, 225.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 653
Crab Apples.
These should be carefully assorted as to varieties, making one grade
only, keeping out all insect pests, worm holes, sting, scale, misshapen
and blemished fruit. Put up in apple boxes ; line the box ; fill in gently,
so as to prevent bruising.
Lady Apples.
These should be packed in half boxes, boxes lined, remembering that
the more attractive the better the sale. Make only one grade, keeping
out all insect pests, worm holes, sting, scale, misshapen and blemished
fruit.
A CONSTANT MENACE.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer.
Among many other articles of freight, the Steamship Ventura brought
to San Francisco from Honolulu a crate of fresh pineapples consigned
to R. I. Lillie, Stewart Hotel, San Francisco. In common with all
importations of horticultural products this crate and its contents were
inspected and as a result forty live Spenophorus rhahdocnemis ohscurus
Boisd., the Hawaiian sugar-cane borer, were found in the package.
These insects were fully one half inch long, and of several shades of
rich brown in color, which made them easy of detection. The package,
its contents and the weevils were promptly destroyed.
It is not the purpose of this article to detail the biology of this pest
or to speculate on whether it might have adapted itself to host plants
other than the sugar cane had it passed into this State undetected, but
rather to point out that every vessel, every person, every automobile,
box, crate, bundle, sack and package arriving from Hawaiian ports is
a potential danger to the horticultural interests of California.
There is no record extant of this species of weevil attacking pine-
apples, and it is our opinion that this crate of pineapples had been
placed after packing in some location where these insects occurred and
the forty specimens we captured had entered the crate as a place of
hiding. There is no record of the Mediterranean fruit fly infesting
pineapples in Hawaiian territory, but if the packing is done, or the
material used in packing is stored, or the packed cases are stored in the
vicinity of any material infested with this pest, the larvae on seeking a
place to pupate are just as likely to wriggle themselves in the crevices of
the crates as did the specimens of weevils we found. All pineapples
destined for California points are subjected to a fumigation at San
Francisco, with a strength of gas fully three times as great as that
used on the citrus trees in California before they are released from
the dock, but I doubt if even that strength would destroy the Medi-
terranean fruit fly in its pupal stage if any were secreted in the
crevices of the crates. A box of soap purchased in a Chinese store in
Honolulu, where it has laid in close contiguity to a sack of peppers
infested with the maggots of the fruit fly, may contain pupae of this
pest, and is just as likely to bring the fly over in safety as a specimen
of fruit infested with the larva. Here at quarantine in San Francisco
Vv^e have found the pupa of the Mediterranean fly attached to the seams
654 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
on the inside of gunny sacks that had contained bell peppers, and, as a
result of this finding, refuse to release from the docks any material
arriving from Hawaiian territory packed in old or used sacks. All
such material must be emptied out, repacked in California sacks, the
original sacks cut in four pieces, sent to the incinerator and burnt
before the material is released by the quarantine officers.
If Hawaiian producers continue to seek a market in California for
such of their products as are at present immune from the attacks of
the Mediterranean fruit fly, California should insist upon an official
record that every shipment of all such products, from the time they
were cut in the field, through all the processes of packing, hauling and
storing, had not been in the immediate vicinity of any material infested
with the Mediterranean fruit fly.
No one comprehends more clearly than the writer that laws, rules or
regulations made in California are not susceptible of enforcement in
Hawaii, but the fact remains that in this particular instance, although
California failed to take advantage of this position at the outset, the
State is still master of the situation and can always decide as to what
products shall enter this port.
THE RED HUMPED CATERPILLAR.
{f?cMzura concinna S. & A.).
Order — Lepidoptera. Family — Notodontidae.
By B. J. VosLER, Assistant Superintendent, State Insectary.
Summary.
1. Considerable damage is often done during this season of the year
by the red-humped caterpillar on walnut, apple and allied plants.
2. The work of this insect consists in the stripping of the leaves
from the branches of its host plant.
3. The larva is easily recognized by the coral-red hump on the fourth
segment (first abdominal segment). The head is of the same color and
the body striped with slender bands of black, yellow and white. There
are two rows of prominent black tubercles along the back and shorter
ones on the sides.
4. The pest is abundant during June, July, August and a part of
September.
5. It is distributed over practically the whole United States, but
seems to be confined to the central portion of this State.
6. Control measures consist in hand-picking on small trees and by
the use of arsenical sprays in large orchards where the former pro-
cedure is impracticable.
7. Natural enemies are abundant and are important factors in the
control.
Injury.
The damage caused by the insect varies considerably ; sometimes the
entire trees are defoliated, and then again just one small branch is
attacked, the insect disappearing before all the leaves have been con-
sumed. This latter appears to be the case around Sacramento on wal-
nut trees, where only a few branches on the trees were defoliated, the
injur}^ done being of little economic importance.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 655
Work.
The work of the larvae consists in the partial defoliation of the host,
particularly during July and August. Sometimes entire branches are
stripped of their leaves, the larvffi leaving only the tough mid-ribs.
The young larvre begin feeding generally at the tips of the branches
where the foilage is tender, gradually working down toward the base
of the branch.
Fig. 363. The red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinnu S. & A. a, adult moth;
b. egg cluster ; c, larvae or caterpillars ; d, pupa ; e, cocoon. About natural size.
(Original.)
Description.
The adult moth, Fig. 363, a, is of an inconspicuous grayish and brown
color; length of body, approximately, five eighths of an inch; wing
expanse, one and a fourth to one and three eighths inches. The eggs.
Fig. 363, b, are about the size of an ordinary pin-head; are light in
color and are deposited in masses on the leaves. The full grown larva,
Fig. 363, c, varies in length from one and a fourth to two inches.
The head is coral red, being the same color as the fourth segment
(first abdominal segment), which is enlarged so as to form a distinct
hump. The pupa, Fig. 363, d, is tan to dark brown in color.
Length, five eighths to three fourths of an inch. The cocoon, Fig. 363, e,
inclosing the pupa, is of a parchment-like texture, being made of small
whitish thread secreted by the larva. Length, about seven eighths of
an inch.
Life History.
The moths emerge in May, June and. July and deposit their eggs in
clusters on the leaves. The larvae are voracious feeders, rapidly con-
suming the leaves. When not eating they are to be found bunched
together on a leaf, which can be picked off and consequently the whole
colony destroyed. As the larvae become older, the tendency to remain
bunched together is not so marked. They are most abundant in June
and July, the number gradually decreasing until September, when
they become quite scarce. During the last of July and the following-
two months larvse become full grown, drop to the ground where they
transform to the pupal or resting stage in a thin cocoon. These
656
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
Fig. 364. — Natural enemies of the red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinna S. & A.
a, showing caterpillar with cocoons of Apanteles sp. and the adult parasite ; b, cocoons
of Umnerium sp. enclosed by the remains of the dead' caterpillars still clinging to the
twigs and adult of Limnerium sp. ; c, imported enemy, Calosovia sycoplianta, of the
red-humped caterpillar. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 657
cocoons are found from one to three inches under the ground, or
among the rubbish and leaves under the trees. The winter is passed
as a pupa, the adult emerging in the late spring and early summer.
Control.
This pest is easily controlled by hand-picking, which is to be com-
mended for use on small trees. On large trees, of course, this would
be impossible, and arsenical sprays can be used. Arsenate of lead,
using a strength of five pounds to one hundred gallons of water, will
do the work admirably.
Distribution.
The red-humped caterpillar in California is common in the central
portion of the State. It is well distributed over the whole United
States.
Food Plants.
Mr. E. 0. Essig^ gives the following food plants : Apple, hawthorne,
prune, plum and cherry. Some damage is also done to the walnut
trees by this insect.
Natural Enemies.
Late in July and August the natural enemies of the red-humped
caterpillar are abundant and exercise an important factor in its control.
One parasite which does a great amount of good is Apanteles sp. (Fig.
364, a), belonging to the family Braconidce of the order Hymenoptera.
Numerous individuals emerge from a single larva and spin their
whitish cocoons near or on the body of the host. Fig. 364, a, shows the
cocoons of Apanteles with the remains of the host, also the adult insect.
Another important parasite is Limnerium sp. The cocoons of this
parasite clustered on a branch, together with the adult parasite, are
shown in Fig. 364, b. Unlike Apanteles, only one Limnerium emerges
from each host.
The State Insectary has recently imported a predaceous beetle which
we hope will prove of value as an enemy of the red-humped caterpillar.
It feeds on this host in both the larval and adult stages. The adult of
this beetle is shown in Fig. 364, c, and is only known by its scientific
name of Catosoma sycophanta.
^Injurious and Beneficial Insects, Montiily Bulletin, State Commission of Horti-
culture, 1913, Volume 2, Nos. 1 and 2, page 188.
(;.")S 'nil': mox'i'iii.n' iui,i,i;'I'i\,
THE FRUIT TREE BARK-BEETLE.
(St'oliiiiis riiiiulosits i;.i(.-. )
Order — Coleoptern. Family — ScolytldflB.
My !•;, (1. I'lHSUi. Sci'i'i'liirx . Slate ('ommlssUm nl' 1 loi I inilt iiii',
'rii(> fniil tree l>;irk IxhMK' or slutlliolc luu-cr luis jusl hccii ri'|)ortt>(I
ns work ins;- u|)t>ii jipricol Ifccs nt Oiil.-irio, ( ';ili r(»riii)i. by Dr. I'Mwiii ('.
\'jiii Dyke, of llic I 'iiiversit y ol' Ciili roriii.-i. 'I\> oui- knowlcdi!:!'. Iliis
is lli(« lirsl .'iiillu'iilic rcpoi't \ninW o\' this hccllc in ( ';ilironii;i. and is.
tlKM-d'ort', ol" t'()iisi(l('i';ilil(> imporlniicr.
'rii(> l»(<(>ll('S Jiri' Nt'iy small, bciiif^i' oiio ItMilh of an iiu'li l(»iiLr ••iiul
idioiil ()iit> lliird as u idc 'riic Ixxly is bk-ick. (>\<M>pl tlial lln> lips of llic
wiii^j^ ('(>v»M"s and |»()i'li(>ns of \\\c lt'i;s -.wc red.
This insect iisnaily !ill;i<'ks tn-cs which arc weak ;md such alVord
cxcclhMil brc(>diii^" phH'«>s. Hul iVoin llit>sc tiic bed h's spread lo heallhy
lrt>t>s and ol'len do nuieh iianu in killing lli(> yoim^ briinclies in Ihe
sprinn' by booi-in;^' into I lie lips. N'ounii' oi'chard trees iwc more siiseop-
liMc jo allacl'v llian are old ;ind vijvoroiis Irenes.
The present (' of Ihe beel le is iiidiealt'd b\ Ihe many snuill hol(>s in
Ihe bark from which more or less jjjum exudes. I 'ndei-nciilh Ihe bark
there art> nnmerons himu>ls extending- in all diret'lions and which work
destrnclion lo I he I rees.
(*ontrol is not easy, l)nt Ihe most important steps to W t;iken are to
elimin.Mh*. by bnrniiijr. all badly infested lr(>t>sor portions. lou:elher with
all Ihe dead wood lo rtMlnct* the numbers and sprts-id.
llealth.N' trei>s which ha\o become inbvslcd may often l>e saved by
tliorou^fhl.v spray ini«' the Irnid; and lind>s with a carbolinenm I'mnlsion
prep;irt>d by dissolvinii' thret> pounds of naphtha soap in thrtM> i^jdlons
o\' Itoilins;' Wilier, lo which is then adde«l one li'.'dlon i^\' carliolineum.
;\^itatc this thoioin^'hly and dilute with t'our tiallons of w.-ittM-.
Spi'ayers must bi> prolecled, as Ihe carluilincnm is severe on (>xpostMl
parks of tlit> body.'
.\s r(>ptdlents. whitewash, Itordcaux paste or a thick soap w;isli con-
l.aininii' (Mie pint o\' crude carliolie acid to e\-ery ten gallons, may be
used and atVord protect ion lo youni»' lrtM>s. Th«> application of ;iny of
lhes(> rt>pelh>nts should l>e mad(> in O^'tolter or Wn'ember.
Kcsidcs jipricoks liie beltle attacks tlu> plum, pt>ar. peaMi. ai>|>lc ami
cherry.-'
Mn»i>>'t I'l'Mls of l'':u'in, (Jiii'tU'ii. lOlc. li.\ 10. IV SandiTson. p. Iili!.
Miijdiloiis lii.Hi'i-ls, li,\ \\ t", O'Kmiic, p. '.Ml.
Till'; M()N'l'lll,^■ inHihi'/i'iN. (If)!)
(;i:ni:i<al noi ks.
THE CODLING MOTH ATTACKING WALNUTS
II is iiol ^•(•iiri';illy know II \>y orcluirdisls lliiit I lie codliiij^' iiiolli ol'lcii
aM.icks llic ^^rccii soil sIicIIimI \v;ilmils on llic Ircr. I ii fcsljil i(»iis .'irr
ol'IcM serious mid ciMisc (•oiisi<l('i"iJ)l(! loss.
We jii'c Jiisl, in rcciupl ol" soiik; iicfirly iiiahir(! S;iiilii, l>iirl)iii';i, sol'l,-
h\u'\\ vv;ilmils I'l-oin ( Ijirpintcriji, (l;ili roniiii. They wovo. collcclcd liy
C. W. IUh'.vh, IlorMciill.iiriil ( !oiiiiiiissioiicr, who inroniis lis iJi.d, IJm;
iiii'csliilioii is liinilcd To ;iii iii-cii .'ilxtiil, one liidl' mile, wide iitid exi.eiid-
jiifj;' ;iloii^' llie Tool, hills vvilh sejitlcriii^' inresliilioiis Jiloii}.;' I he horders of
ill is iire.i.
The liirvje or "worms" work iie;ir llie siciri end .'iiid Itiirrow lliroiij^'h
i\u; '^vccM hull jiiid olleii inl,o IIk; kernel ol" llie mil-, 1,1ms (■.•msiii;^' eoiii-
I)l(!l,(! niin. ('lusters iwc iippjirenlly prel'erred lo siiif^^'li! nuts.
A Himil;ir ;i,tt<*ie.U li;is been ree()rded <is oeeiirriiijj;' in (lonlrii ( !ostu
(!omil,y on Oeloher 'J, 11)01), hy W. S. h'oster, who liiis j^'iveii ;i eomphito
;ieeoimt of the mit-reedinf;^ li;d)ils ol" the eodlin}^- molh in liiilletin No. HO,
J';trt V, l>iire;iu ol" Mnlomolo^y, llniled Sl;ites Depjirtment (d" Aj^ri-
ciillure, Septeiiiher '20, 1!)10. In this hiilletiti W(! arc riiniislKid ilio
following data:
1. T\\(' codling mojji, besides Jiitjickirif? pome rniits (npples, pc.nrH, etc.),
;ilso ;ilt;ieks |)e;telies, plums, eliestnuts Jilid lli(! rollowili^ VUV\o,\,y
orw;iliiiits: Mfiyette, ( !oneor(|, l"'r;iii(piette ;ind l';irisieim(t. (Tfio
S<iiit;i l>;irl);ir;i sol'l shell is now Jilso ;idde(| to I he list.)
2. The hirvie work in the {^reeu fli^siiy hull, some iK^ver ^foiiij^ tlirouf.?li
the shell, hut tin; iiui.jority horiiie' 1,liroii«.';li the soft shell :ind
I'eedin;^' upon the k('riie| inside.
3. Till! worms nltjickiiif^ walrmtH ans iisiiidly of the hiter hroodH JNHuini;?
From IIh! first broods ol" }if)ple,s and jxtjirs. 'I'hey, \.\\i',\vSore,
;ippe;ir hile in tlu; mils in Auj^iist iind Se|)teiidter.
4. II iberiuilion liikes phiee iiisi<|i' the widniils or atl;ielie(| to IIk; sIicIIh
on the oiitsidr',. The jidulls emer^'e in April iind lV1;iy.
f). In (!oiitr;i ( !osl;i, (loiiiity it was a practice of pejir ^rowiu's to savo
windfiills ;ind ciill.s, wfiicli were stored in tiviys or covered with
str;ivv. l*'rom these the iidiilt moths (iirutrf^'cd ;irid l;iid IIm; c^^^'h,
i>;\v\t]<j; rise lo llic broods ;il,tackinj^' IIk; WJilnuts.
G. Destroyin^^ tlu! culls Jind windnills will (.'•reiitly hiSHeii tlu; jittackH.
>Spr;iyiiij.,' with Jirseiiiite of le;id in Aiij^Mist will ;ilso probjibly serve
ris ;i, meiins of control.
Il; is ;dso |)rob;i,l)le tli;il in JocjililioH wlicro liitlo atfention is p;i,id to
spraying' home ;ip[)l(! and pear orcluirdH or IreciH, that tluire will be
rnor(! or less likelihood of llu; hiter fu-oods ;ilt;ickin^ th(! w;ilniits, ;i.s iH
apf);i,r(!iitly l,h(; c;ise at ( liirpinteriii.
Cloanirifi: I'P th^Ho, soiirccs of infestation should larf,'oly eliminate
serious attacks. Vj. O. Mssio.
660 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
RESIGNATION OF PROFESSOR H. S. FAWCETT.
Before I ever thought to occupy the important position of State
Horticultural Commissioner, I had noted the alarming havoc wrought
by bacteria and other fungi in some of the citrus groves of California.
I wished at that early day that we might have the most able mycologist
of the world to grapple with these potent pigmies — a man to camp out,
so to speak, in the orchard, and fight the fight to the finish.
Upon assuming the duties of this office 1 hastened at once to bring
to our aid the right man. I had long noted and admired the monu-
mental work of Professor H. S. Fawcett in Florida. I can not express
my sincere gratification at his acceptance of our call to this position.
I felt sure w^e had won a prize. I need not depict to our readers how
thoroughly Professor Fawcett has met our hopes and desires. The
investigation by Professor Fawcett of gummosis of the lemon has
proved him a master in scientific research. He has demonstrated
absolutely the fungoid nature of this disease, and though he does not
claim with the same confidence that he has demonstrated, that a cure
is as surely discovered, yet we feel that such is the case.
Doctor G. Harold Powell states that four epoch-making events in the
history of our California citrus industry have occurred: Introduction
of the navel orange; establishment of co-operative marketing; method
of preserving the lemon, and discovery of cause and cure of gummosis,
by Professor Fawcett. I would add Doctor Powell's own work of
demonstrating efficiency, of careful handling to prevent decay in ship-
ping citrus fruit, and the introduction of Vedalia.
I felt sure that Professor Fawcett was just the kind of a man that
Doctor Webber would desire in the citrus station in southern California.
I knew that his opportunities in the University would be augmented.
I also felt, with Doctor Hunt, that Professor Fawcett's work was really
that of the University. I therefore proposed to Doctor "Webber that
if he desired. Professor Fawcett might be transferred to the University
staff of workers. I only asked that he be retained in the precise field
of labor that has engaged his efforts in this Commission. This secured
the happy blending of practical field work, and the necessary attend-
ant research service. Both Doctor Hunt and Doctor Webber were
pleased with this suggestion, and the transfer was made.
I have only to add that Professor Fawcett is as delightful and com-
panionable as a man as he is able as an investigator. He is honesty
itself; like all really great men, a model of modesty, an untiring
worker. He has endeared himself to us all. It is with very great
reluctance that we are to part company with our esteemed fellow-
worker — A. J. Cook.
A NEW BEGINNING IN THE IMPORTATION AND ESTABLISH-
MENT OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS. .
The mission of H. S. Smith, Superintendent of the State Insectary,
to the Orient, in search of beneficial insects, is of very great importance
to the farmers of this State, and renewing a common-sense policy of
fighting insect pests inaugurated in this State in 1887, by the first intro-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 661
duction of the Vedalia from Australia, and which saved to California
the great citrus industry.
Comparatively speaking, there are very few persons in the State at
the present time who witnessed the downfall of the orange and lemon
groves under the attack of the cottony cushion scale {leery a purchasi)
from 1885 to 1887, and it might be of interest to the present-day
readers to again publish what the Los Angeles poet, Mr. Kercheval,
once wrote about the ravages of the cottony cushion scale :
"More deadly than the hordes of Goths and Huns that came to plow
Rome and harrow Italy, came the countless legions of Icerya, and
shriveled foliage and hare and Masted houghs everywhere told of their
resistless and ruthless march. No watchfidness or vigilance coidd
guard against their attacks, or turn them from their victorious course.
Then in the deep night of our despair came a miracle and relief. As
silent and noiseless as came the Angel of Death to smite the Assyrians
beleaguering God's chosen people so came the Vedalia to our aid, and
like Sennacherib's countless hosts, the cottony cushion legions, almost
in a night, melted away and were no more. What a vast army of men
■and millions of dollars coidd not have perforyned in years, a mere hand-
fid of Australian ladyhugs has virtually accomplished in a few weeks,
and even to us, who have watched their work most closely, it seems
utterly incomprehensible, and almost beyond belief."
That there exists in the Orient the various scale insects which are
such serious pests in some sections of this State to citrus culture has
been proved beyond question, and not a single species is a pest in that
region — the red, purple, black scale and the citrus mealy bugs all being
held in complete subjection by natural checks — and there is no good
reason why we should not be able to transplant and establish some, if
not all, of these natural checks into this State by a man of Mr. Smith's
abilitv. — George Compere.
A NEW PARASITE OF THE BLACK SCALE.
The importance of a para.site of the black scale, Saissetia olece Bern.,
which will destroy the immature form, can not be overestimated.
Scutellista cyanea, the egg parasite of the black scale, which is so
common, does not hold the pest in check for two main reasons: first,
that the larva of the parasite reaches maturity in many cases without
destroying all the eggs of the host, thus permitting enough of the
young scale to escape to reinfest an orchard, even if one hundred per
cent of the scaled showed the exit holes of the parasite ; second, that the
percentage of parasitism of the black scale by Scutellista cyanea rarely
averages above eighty or eighty-five per cent. From these facts it can
be easily seen why the black scale remains a pest year after year in
our groves. Also, the percentages of parasitism is lessened by other
factors, as secondary parasites, humidity, temperature, etc. Moreover,
the efficiency of the Scutellista can only be judged by its capacity in
reducing the progeny of the scale. The young scales hatch and will
cause great injury to the host by sucking the sap and will have secreted
all the honey-dew on which the black smut lives before the parasite
has its inning.
662 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
The State Insectary has been in the past and is now making every
effort to secure and establish a parasite which will kill the immature
scale. On August 19th, through the kindness of Mr. H. A. Ballon of
the Imperial Department of Agriculture of the West Indies, we received
a small shipment of half-grown black and hemispherical scales para-
sitized by Zalophothrix sp., which is not unlike our own Corny s fusca,
the parasite of the brown apricot scale, in habits. "We have now on
hand a number of adults of Zalopliothrix and an attempt v/ill be made
to estal)lish them in California. — E. J. Vosler.
MELANOSE (Stem-End Rot).
Melanose, a common disease of nearly all varieties of citrus fruit in
Florida, though not yet in California, is now discovered to be caused
by the same organism that produces the serious affection, Stem-End Rot
(Florida Bulletin No. 111). Melanose is characterized by small black
dots ringed with white, the rings invisible to the naked vision. In itself
it does no harm except a slight disfigurement. Stem-end rot attacks
the mature, or nearly mature, fruit in the grove, in storage or after
shipment. As it destroys all our common varieties of citrus fruit, we
should try in every way to keep it from California. This is why we
Itar out all Florida fruit that shows Melanose. Of course, w^e are most
menaced by grape fruit, as no other is likely to be shipped into our
State. All of our county horticultural commissioners must be on the
lookout for Melanose, and should at once learn to detect it, in case
this fungus comes into any of our citrus districts. — A. J. Cook.
ARIZONA COMMISSION OF AGRICULTURE AND
HORTICULTURE.
PRESS CIRCULAR NO. 4. FEB. 8, 1913.
Arizona Inspection Practices Relating to Crown Gall.
Nearly all deciduous fruit growers are familiar with the tree disease
known as "crown gall." This trouble is caused by a bacterial organ-
ism which attacks a great many different trees and plants, causing
various types of abnormal growths. In some cases the crown of the
trees or the roots develop large, more or less rounded, hard galls; in
other cases the galls are more irregular in shape, and soft; in still
others the infection results in a soft, flattened, callus growth, from
which many fibrous roots develop, producing the effect commonly
known as "hairy root."
Crown gall is not ranked as a necessarily fatal disease of fruit trees.
It is known to vary in the degree of its injuriousjiess under different
conditions. In Arizona many bearing deciduous fruit trees have been
destroyed or rendered unprofitable by this disease and all of the best
authorities are agreed that under all conditions nursery stock affected
with it should be discarded and never planted. Crown gall affected
trees are commercially worthless and all reputable nurserymen endeavor
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
663
to avoid including diseased stock in filling their orders. Crown gall
disease is prevalent in all parts of the country and is believed to exist
in most deciduous fruit nurseries.
Under the provisions of the original inspection law in Arizona, our
work was confined to insect pests, and we had no authority to prevent
the delivery of trees or plants infected by plant diseases. Under the
amended "Crop Pest law," however, action against diseased plants is
authorized. The need for this is strikingly shown by a recently in-
spected shipment of nursery stock to Saiford, Arizona, from a nursery
in Portland, Oregon. This shipment included 3,000 apple trees, and
the inspector's report showed that crown gall affected trees were found
in every bundle of trees throughout the lot and that one bundle of ten
trees included five infected specimens. Five examples sent to the
writer's office showed the disease in a most pronounced and unmistak-
able form. The consignees did not need to be informed concerning
the worthlessness of the diseased trees, and according to their estimate,
one fifth of the entire lot of 3,000 trees were visibly infected.
The significance of this outrageously large proportion of worthless
trees included by the shippers is indicated by the proportion of dis-
eased trees normally present in honestly sorted nursery stock shipped
into this State. It is admittedly practically impossible to prepare a
large shipment of deciduous nursery stock and eliminate all trees
visibly infected with crown gall, if the disease is present in the nursery.
Nevertheless, the inspection of many carloads of deciduous fruit stock
from reliable western nurseries has resulted in finding less than one
tenth of one per cent of the trees visibly infected by this disease. A
representative of a well known Oregon nursery recently called at the
writer's office and upon being shown the five specimens of diseased trees
from the Safford shipment, referred to above, stated that he would be
willing to guarantee a customer against as many typical crown gall
infected trees in an entire car lot. In a car lot of ten thousand trees,
this would represent one twentieth of one per cent. At the rate the
infection was found in the Safford shipment, however, there would be
two thousand visibly infected trees in a car lot of ten thousand.
If we credit the shippers with having made an honest effort to
separate out the worthless diseased trees before shipping the order, we
are forced to conclude that the sample of their stock shipped to Safford
is quite free from the disease as compared with the average stock in
the nursery from which the stock was selected. We must also conclude
from the sample sent to this State, that the incipient infection among
the trees not visibly diseased is at least 200 times as abundant in pro-
portion in shipments such as this, with 20 per cent visibly infected, as
in shipments showing only the normal degree of infection, or less than
one tenth of one per cent.
The Arizona law gives specific discretionary powers to the inspectors
acting under the directions of the State Entomologist. If crown gall
was not known to exist in the State, the writer would not hesitate to
insist, that shipments be absolutely free from visible cro\^^l gall infec-
tion, and to recommend to the Commission of Agriculture and Horti-
culture quarantine regulations which would restrict the danger of
importing the disease. Since it already exists here, however, w^e can
664 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
only prevent the unnecessary spread to uninfected soils and prevent
losses to planters from planting and caring for visibly infected trees.
From abundant experience it has been determined that an allowance
of one per cent of stock visibly infected with crown gall in an
imported shipment, is fully ten times as much as reliable nursery-
men need as a margin against unavoidable oversights. On the other
hand, it is of advantage to the fruit interests of this State to have the
allowance placed as low as possible. Shippers will be less likely to
make their selections from grossly infected lots of stock, the proportion
of incipiently diseased stock will be, on the whole, greatly reduced, and
incidentally Arizona customers will not be forced to pay the transporta-
tion charges on an unreasonable proportion of diseased trees.
In consideration of the facts above presented, with the desire to meet
the needs of both the shippers and importers, the writer has, under
date of January 31, 1913, issued the accompanying instructions to
Arizona crop pest inspectors.
A. W. Morrill, State Entomologist.
INSPECTION ORDER NO. 3.
Crown Gall.
Since "crown gall" is of common occurrence in all parts of the
country, occurring in practically all nurseries, particularly in the west,
since this disease is already prevalent in Arizona, and since it is impos-
sible by means of inspection to entirely prevent further introduction of
the infection, one per cent is hereby established as the maximum degree
of infection to be passed by Arizona crop pest inspectors. If more
than one tree in a hundred of a kind (apple or peach, for instance), is
plainly infected with crown gall, all of that kind will be rejected and
not released. Such other kinds of trees or plants as may be in the
same shipment, but do not show crown gall infection to exceed one per
cent, will be released. Every tree or plant showing crown gall disease
will be discarded. If the shipment, or any kind of plant or tree com-
prising the shipment, shows infection in excess of one per cent, samples,
selected in the presence of the consignee or some other person, if pos-
sible, will be submitted to the office of the State Entomologist, and the
remainder of the diseased stock held for advices from the owner. as to
option specified in section 15, crop pest law of 1912. If one per cent
or less of the shipment, or any kind of plant or tree contained therein,
is found to show crown gall infection, all diseased and suspected stock
must be burned, as a condition of the issuance of the release for the
balance of the stock.
For the protection of the consignee, trees that are "strongly sus-
pected" of crown gall infection will be discarded at the time of inspec-
tion, but in figuring the percentage of trees infected when the amount
is close to one per cent, none but well developed and characteristic
infections will be counted. Roughened draft unions should not be
counted as crown gall infections unless the development of "callus" at
that point is excessive as illustrated in Bulletin 186 (Plate VIII, fig. 2)
of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agri-
culture. Whenever a shipment of any kind of tree, vine or plant in a
shipment shows well defined crown gall infection in excess of one per
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
665
cent of the stock, such stock will not be reshipped or destroyed on
account of crown gall infection until samples have been passed upon
by the State Entomologist or Assistant State Entomologist.
A. W. Morrill, State Entomologist.
Phoenix, x\rizona, January 31, 1913.
THE POTATO TUBER MOTH.
Suggestions to Potato Growers and Shippers.
The potato tuber moth is causing much anxiety in the states of
Oregon and Washington, where the pest has not yet become estab-
FiG. 365 — Cross section of potato showing the worlt of the
potato tuber moth.
lished. All possible measures are being adopted to prevent further
spread of the insect within and without California. In as much as
666 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
spread is usually through the transportation of infested potatoes, all
growers and shippers in the infested areas of this State should take
every precaution to see that not a single infested potato is allowed to
be shipped either to points within or without the State. It is feared
that if our growers do not heed this, that it will not be long before
some states take action to prevent the shipping of all California
potatoes, which will mean a great loss to commercial potato growers.
For the protection of the potato growing industry of California,
growers should procure seed potatoes from districts known to be
entirely free from this pest. All seed should be thoroughly inspected
just before planting to be sure that obscure infestations have not
developed in storage.
It is sincerely hoped that all public horticultural officials, growers
and shippers will work to the end that no infested potatoes be allowed
to be shipped or planted. — E. 0. Essig.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. QQJ
MONTHLY CROP REPORT-AUGUST.
These data are compiled by the secretary from monthly crop reports made by the
county horticultural commissioners. Counties not included have not reported or the
reports have come too late for press. Unless otherwise designated, percentages refer
to last year's crop. . , ^ & in
The report for August is brief because many of the crops have already been har-
vested. Conditions have remained unchanged in many counties. Reports from only
sixteen counties have been received.
The conditions throughout the State have changed very little with respect to
former estimates. The early frosts and continual hot weather have caused a
shortage of most fruits and' many have been damaged by sunburn. Good prices
however, are helping the growers to realize almost as much from their crops as
during normal producing years.
Prospects for citrus fruits still remain about the same as reported in July,
3— bul9
668
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
INSECT NOTES.
The Dotato mealy bug. Pseudococcns solani (Ckll.) has been recently reported from
^I TnaauS County feeding upon the underground portions of the potato stalks.
?h^ insect also feeds upon the'roots of nightshade, malva and pigweed and occurs
Si many parts of southern California. So far, however, it has not proven a pest.
The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi var. crawii Ckll.. has .^^f.^^f^^^^, j^
bvChaHesW. weeks from Red Bluff, where it occurs on acacia. This light-bodied
variety is usually much larger than the dark-bodied variety maskelh.
The confused flour beetle, TriboUum confusum Duv., has been reported in the
granaries of Glenn County by Commissioner Carl Ley.
The orchard mite, Epitrimerus pyri Nal.. has been reported from a number of
localities fn San Die'go County, where it was first observed by Geo. P. Weldon. _
The branch and twig borer, Polycaon confertus Lee. Commissioner Earl Morns
of SanS Ciarrcounty repots the prune as a common host of this beetle in his]
county.
A dark blue blister beetle, Cantharis stygica Lee, has been reported as doing ,
serious damage to lilac bushes in Modoc County by Commissioner O. C. McManus^
Last year t^e same beetle did considerable damage to various ornamentals inj
Lassen County.
The jumper louse, Lachnus juniperi Del G., has been collected this month at
Venturi California, by S. H. Essig, who reports it working upon Thuya sp.
The squash bug, Anasa tristis De Geer. is reported as being present in many|
localities of Place; County, according to the report of Commissioner H. H. Bowman. 1
The hop aphis, Phorodon humuU Schrank. Mr. E. J. Branigan has returned|
f r Jm Towles' Plkcer County, where he collected approximately 3.000^000 H.ppoda^^\
coZergens Guer. These are being used by County Commissioner Bloomer to com-1
bat the hop aphis.— E. J. Vosler.
The red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinna S. & A., is doing minor damagel
to walnut trees in Yolo and Sacramento counties.— E. J. Vosler.
Herrn. F. Wichgraf. president of the Entomological Society of Berlin, to whor
30 000 live specimens of Hippodamia convergens Guer. were shipped by the State
Commission of Horticulture some time ago. informs us that the shipment arrived
in fine shape and he thinks that the beetles will be of much benefit in destroying
the plant lice injurious to crops in Germany.— E. J. Vosler.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 669
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Butte County.
Mr. Earl ]Mills informs the office that the report in the last Monthly
Bulletin that black scale occurs in commercial olive orchards in his
county is wrong. He states that black scale does not occur in a single
commercial orchard.
Humboldt County.
Geo. B. Weatherby is making arrangements for a series of meetings
among the fruit growers early in September. Professor Van Normen,
Dean of the University Farm School at Davis, and Geo. P. Weldon,
Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture, are to address these
gatherings.
Kern County.
K. S. Knowlton is conducting a vigorous campaign against the
Russian thistle in his county.
Lake County.
Mr. G. A. Lyon, Horticultural Commissioner of Lake County, reports
heavy planting of trees the past season. Bartlett pears are the main
crop. They are netting the growers $32.00 per ton this season in spite
of the fact that there are no railroad facilities and the nearest shipping
point is 25 miles distant.
Mendocino County.
Mr. J. R. Banks, County Horticultural Commissioner of Mendocino
County, has deputized Mr. E. M. Dutton, who graduated from the
University of California, class of 1913, to help him in his work. The
apple crop of the county is reported short for the season. Bartlett
pears are fairly good and are bringing a good price.
Modoc County.
O. E. McManus, of Alturas, writes that pear blight is abundant in
his county.
Stanislaus County.
A. L. Ruthford reports a milliped injuring lawns in the vicinity of
Modesto.
Sutter County.
County Commissioner Stabler of Yuba City has issued a circular
giving instructions for the use of the flour paste spray in controlling
red spider on beans. This pest has been doing considerable damage
of late in bean fields of Sutter County. Mr. Stabler 's method of
publishing and sending out specific information at the opportune time
to those who are interested in some problem of insect control is to be
commended.
670 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
QUARANTINE ^2 -^J^, ]%] DIVISION
COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS AND STATE
QUARANTINE GUARDIANS.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco, CaL
The writing of the monthly record of the quarantine division has
never, so far, furnished as much real pleasure to the author as the one
herein set forth. The spontaneous, voluntary agreement of the county
horticultural commissioners made at Sacramento, to henceforth work
in harmony with the State Office has made possible the consummation
of a long and ardently desired policy on the part of the executive head
of the quarantine division. This department deals directly with county
horticultural commissioners in so far as their functions as state quaran-
tine guardians are concerned, or more directly speaking, in the matter
of horticultural material arriving within the territory under their
jurisdiction from outside the State boundary.
The establishment of a uniform policy and procedure in the matter
of executing interstate quarantine regulations in each and all of the
protected counties similar to those in vogue at all of the stations of
the coast division will greatly increase the respect, of future shippers
for our insistent demand for clean nursery stock and create a general
appreciation of the fact that the horticultural statutes of California
were enacted with the intention that the same should be obeyed.
A full measure of recognition has been accorded to the coast division
of the state quarantine service for their efforts and results, and it is
the earnest desire of the writer that this shall extend to the entire
interior division of the service. Every state quarantine guardian is a
member of the quarantine division, and the complete working in unison
of all concerned will cement together an impregnable wall of protection,
through or over which no infected shipments can pa.ss, and whatever
good results to the State at large, the same will redound to the indi-
vidual credit of each member of the entire division. What the central
office at San Francisco needs to bring about this desired condition is
prompt information of the receipt of imported horticultural products
at interior points each month. In return for this collaboration, the
central office stands ready to furnish advice — and assistance if needed
drawn from the great amount of material and information at its com-
mand concerning the insect pests and their host plants of the world at
large, and the State regulations that govern their introduction.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 671
REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY, 1913.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports —
Parcels.
Ships inspected 40
Passed as free from pests 38,012
Fumigated 1,793
Destroyed or returned i 306
Contraband destroyed 28
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 40,139
Horticultural exports —
Parcels.
Inspected and certified 837
Pests Intercepted.
From Honolulu —
Diaspis hromeliw and Pseudococcus sp. on pineapples.
Aphis sp., Coccus hesperidum and Pseudococcus sps., on betel leaves.
Cylas formicarius and Cryptorhynchus hatatw in sweet potatoes.
-, H cmichlonaspis minor on tea plant cuttings.
From Japan —
Leucaspis japonica on maple.
Aphis sp. on pine.
Piihinaria sp. on plant.
From Guatemala —
Caulophilus latinasus in avocado seeds.
Bruchus sp. in beans.
From Central America —
Chrysomphalus biformis on orchids.
From New York —
Pseudococcus sp. on begonia.
From Tahiti —
Lepidosaphes heckii on oranges.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports —
Parcels.
Ships inspected 22
Passed as free from pests 32,080
Fumigated 165
Destroyed or returned 11
Contraband destroyed ,
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 32.256
Pests Intercepted.
From Algeria —
Parlatoria hlanchardii and Phoenicococcus marlatti on date palms.
From Connecticut —
Pseudococcus sp. on gardenias.
From Florida —
Lepidosaphes beckii and Melanose on pomelo.
From Illinois —
Orthczia insignis on unidentified plant.
From Mexico —
Coccus hesperidum on palms.
Heilipus lauri in avocado seeds.
From New Jersey —
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Diaspis boisduvalii, Eucalym-
natus perforatus and Pseudococcus sps. on orchids.
Coccus hesperidum and Pseudococcus citri on acacia.
Pseudococcus citri on dracena palm.
Pseudococcus citri on Hibertia sps.
Pseudococcus citri on Ficus utilis.
672 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
From Pennsylvania —
Aspidiotus hederw on Kentia palms.
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Horticultural imports —
Parcels.
Ships inspected 30
Passed as free from pests 6,296
Fumigated 1
Destroyed or returned 4
Contraband destroyed ^
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 6,308
Pests Intercepted.
From Japan —
Psetidococcus sp. on dwarf pine.
Aspidiotus sp. on rose bush.
From Ohio —
Pseiidococcus sp. on shipment of miscellaneous plants.
From Mexico —
Orthezia sp. on Jasminum sp.
Hemispherical scale and black scale on Jasminum sps.
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Ships inspected 1
No horticultural imports.
EUREKA STATION.
Ships inspected 5
No horticultural imports.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON ' Chief Deputy Commissioner
E.- O. ESSIG Secretary
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL - Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento. '
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
B. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME 11
No. 10
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Prize winning box of Gravenstein apples
at the recent Sotaastopo! Gravenstein
Apple Show. (Photo by Geo. P. Weldon.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
OCTOBER, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Page.
THE SEBASTOPOL GRAVEXSTEIN APPLE SIIO\V___Geo. P. Weldon 073
THE GUNWORM OP THE GR.\JPE Fkederick Maskew G77
MORE IRRIGATION A. J. Cook GSO
THE WESTERN TWIG BORER . E. O. BssiG 681
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE SETTING OF WAYSIDE TREES
— A. L. Bancroft GS5
HORTICULTURAL NOTES FRO.M MADERA COUNTY__Geo. P. Weldon G87
GENERAL NOTES—
The Sebastopol Gbavenstein Apple Snow A. J. Cook 692
Effects of Hot Weather on Lemon Trees Sprayed with Lime-
Sulphur R. S. VaiJe 692
Tentative Program of the Forty-third California State Fruit
Growers' Convention 693
A New Appointment E. O. Essig 693
Japanese Law Relating to Inspection of Exported Ornamental
AND Nursery Stock 8. Nakayama 694
Quarantine Regulation No. 4 694
CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES__E. J. Vosler 695
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— SEPTEMBER 700
INSECT NOTES — 7Q5
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSION^ERS Geo. P. Weldon 706
QUARANTINE DIVISION—
Report for the Month of August, 1913 Frederick Masketo 707
A Fortunate Find Lee A. Strong 709
County Horticultural Commissioners ± Frederick Maskew 710
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
October, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 10
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS :
A. J. COOK
E. O. ESSIG -
LEROY CHILDS
GEO. P. WELDON
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
Assistant Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals^
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post oflBce at Sacramento. California.
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, california
1913
CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE
BY
DR. A. J. COOK
State Commissioner of Horticulture
(And for many years a close student of all phases of this great industry)
A New and Up-to-date Treatise of All Phases
of Citrus Culture Under California
Conditions
FULLY ILLUSTRATED AND INDEXED
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE PAGES
FORTY-ONE DIFFERENT TOPICS TREATED
Free to the residents of California, and will be promptly mailed to all making
application to the office of the
STATE COMMISSIONER OF HORTICULTURE
Sacramento, California.
THE SEBAS TOPOL GRAVENSTEIN APPLE SHOW.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Sebastopol has become famous, not only in California, but through-
out the apple-growing sections of the United States, because of her
annual Gravenstein show, thus furnishing a splendid illustration of
what enterprise and united effort will do toward building up the repu-
tation of a community.
The Gravenstein.
This one variety has been responsible for much of "the fame that has
come to the section of California adjacent to Sebastopol where it is
grown, not necessarily because this particular variety of apple is the
best that there is, but because it has been grown extensively. Instead of
a great many varieties, we find this to be the one which is grown almost
exclusively, and as a consequence such splendid shows as the one recently
Fig. 366.- — Prize winning box of Graven-
stein apples, Sebastopol Gravenstein Apple
Show. ( Original. )
held are possible, and not only is this true, but it also follows that a
good market is assured. The Sebastopol section is adapted to the
growing of this splendid apple ; there it seems to be in its element, and
an intelligent community has taken advantage of this fact, uniting
their efforts towards the production and perfection of this one variety.
674
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Other sections of California, and of other states, have specialized also,
and we think of Watsonville in connection with her Yellow Newtown
Pippins and Yellow Belltlowers; Hood River, Oregon, has been made
famous by her Spitzenbergs, and so we might name a great many cases
of success in the apple world due to specializing in the growing of
certain well-adapted varieties.
Fig. 367. — Prize winning Alexanders,
Sebastopol Gravenstein Apple Show.
( Original. )
Lesson to Other Sections.
Other sections may not be able to grow the Gravenstein, the Yellow
Newtown, the Yellow Belltlower, or the Spitzenberg sueeessfully, but
there may be still other eciually as good varieties that will grow to
perfection. The time has passed when the orchardist can grow a miscel-
laneous lot of varieties, a little of this and a little of that, and succeed
from a commercial standpoint. In the early days of orcharding in
California, this was done, partly because it was not tlien known what
varieties would do the l)est, and partly because an unlimited market
was at the disposal of all. In this day of keen competition in the fruit
business, it is necessary to produce the best and in sufficient (juantity
to be able to dispose of carload lots of one variety. Recently, the
writer visited certain sections of the State where each man who grows
apples is trying to succeed with a great many varieties, caring not what
his neighbor may be growing. With the lesson of Sebastopol before us,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 675
is it not time for such people to get together, agree on some good variety
or a few 2"ood varieties, and plant them to the exclusion of everything
else? No't until this is done can it be hoped to compete with sections
such as those already named.
Educational Value of the Show.
The thousands of visitors who went through the exhibit tent must
surely have carried away with them something in the way of new
ideas. Exhibit after exhibit of well selected Gravensteins ; carefully
prepared and expensive feature displays made from the same kind of
apples, must have brought to them the significant fact that the Graven-
stein made the show possible. To the orchardists, even those who had
been successful from a financial standpoint, there were many lessons.
It was said that never before has so good a pack been seen at the
Sebastopol show. Fruit must be well cared for in the orchard, well
selected and well packed, to receive a perfect score at the hands of
competent judges. Such fruit was on exhibition this year, indicating
that some had learned the lesson that worm-specked, scabby, poorly
packed fruit, lacking in color and uniformity, would not score well
and could never gain a premium in competition with well selected, well
packed fruit free from blemishes, such as is shown in Figs. 366 and 367.
Lesson in Better Care of Orchards.
The effect of such a show relative to the general care of the orchard
can scarcely be estimated. Pruning, cultivating, spraying, and thin-
ning are all necessary for the best development of apples. Show fruit,
such as was seen at" Sebastopol, can only be grown when the proper
attention has been given to some of these important phases of orchard
management. A discount of 40 points for a wormy apple made it
necessary for very careful selection of the fruit, in order that none of
it might" be found infested with the codling moth. While some may
look upon such a discount as unjust, it is certainly valuable in that it
teaches the lesson that wormy fruit is undesirable; that the buyer,
when he goes through a box of extra fancy stock, does not want to find
a single worm.. Codling moth can be controlled effectively by proper
attention to spraying, and such being the case, there is little excuse
for wormy fruit l"3eing exhibited. Greater uniformity and better color
will result from proper pruning and thinning. Cultivation along with
spraying should practically eliminate scab. All these things were no
doubt brought to the mind of the orchardist who looked over the exhibit
and who would make the most out of his fruit.
Sebastopol deserves to be congratulated upon the splendid showing
made. From an advertising standpoint she has been eminently suc-
cessful ; the educational value can never be estimated, but it is safe to
say that the future will profit greatly because of the quality of the
exhibits and the care exercised in their display. From an [esthetic
point of view there was much to charm. Fig. 368 gives some idea of
the amount of work that was necessary to prepare the feature exhibits
which were a credit to any community.
676
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
677
THE GUNWORM OF THE GRAPE.
{Sciopteron regale But.)
Ordei — Lepidoptera. Family — Sesiidae.
By Frederick Maskew^ Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer.
The phase of quarantine work that deals with the personal belong-
ings of the globe-trotting passengers v»'ho arrive at the port of San
Francisco is a never ending drama, replete with side-lights on the
various whims, fancies and idiosyncrasies of these peregrinators, as
expressed by the articles that have attracted both their interest and coin
in some of the ports they have visited, and to which, as yet uncloyed by
possession they attach the greatest of value. Strictly within his own
domain, the quarantine officer's sense of uniqueness or oddity is dulled
by familiarity and his acquaintance with the tricks of Oriental gar-
deners. His chief interest is in the insects that have usually escaped the
attention of the owner of the material. With the quarantine officer
all insects are — at least potential — rascals. The beauty and grace of
their structure or covering makes no impression; even as Dickens, in
his own inimitable way, depicted the dominating influence an occupation
has upon the point of view, when he described the public hangman as
unable to see any feature in a gathering of celebrities other than the
caliper of their necks. So with the quarantine officer : even a strange
coccinellid found on an importation, brings a frown of suspicion. The
many virtues possessed by the numerous species of this family are
overshadowed by the vices of one black sheep. Epilachna obliterates
Novius for the time being, and on general principles the specimen,
together with its host, is taken in and kept in, until its general behavior
can be vouched for.
In this particular instance, a passenger, a man of much wealth and
abundant leisure, was bringing from Yokahama a number of song birds
to enrich the collection in his large aviary at Cleveland, Ohio. Even
the most hardened of quarantine inspectors had no objections to this,
but, herein lies the tale. He had brought also a sack full of small
cuttings of some species of vine — "just a little bird food" — was the
casual way he indicated what the sack contained, and it was patent to
all who heard, that he was innocent or ignorant of any potential danger
in the material. However, seeing that the contents of the sack were
something that had grown out of the soil, it must of a necessity be
carefully examined. Look at Fig. 369, an actual photograph of a por-
tion of the material. It did not require a trained inspector to see that
these twigs were abnormal ; the swellings would indicate the presence of
some thrifty tenant ; a touch of the knife revealed the true condition ;
a yellow, plump, greasy larvee of a sesiid borer that had grown fat on
the living tissues and vital forces of these vines, and which in turn was
destined to fatten this lot of songsters in transit to Cleveland. The
future of California's vineyards immediately took precedence of orni-
thological menus or melodies ; the possibility of an infested twig or two
being dropped while the material was in transit through the State, was
considered of greater importance than a hungry songster, so the entire
lot was confiscated, much to the chagrin of the owner, who did not need
678
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 369. — Work of the gunworm of the grape on material taken in quar-
antine by the author. Tho holes and swellings are the result of the insect's
work. (Fhoto by Chatterley.)
Fig 370 — The gunworm of the grape, Sciopteron regale But., showing work on
vine, 'larvfe (in middle), pupse (at bottom), and adult moths. Reduced about one
half. (Photo by Chatterley.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 679
the present annual returns from some vineyard to enable him to meet
the ever increasing cost of living.
From this material was taken the different samples of the destructive
work illustrated in this article, together with the specimens of several
life stages of the insect (Fig. 370), which have been described by
E. 0. Essig, as follows :
Larvae. — The matured larvae vary from three fourths to one inch in
length and from three tenths to two fifths of an inch in diameter.
The color is yellow with feet and head dark rich brown and the
prothoracic plate light brown. The spiracles are also brown. There
are two distinct rows of deep yellow spine areas on the dorsum — four
areas to each abdominal segment ; a row on each side of the spiracles ;
a row in line with the spiracles and which do not appear to bear
spines, and a row just above the legs on the sides. Nearly all of these
areas bear a single slightly curved brown spine, though on the dorsum
of the pro- and mesothorax there are usually two spines to an area.
Similar spines also occur around the bases of the prolegs and on the
head, prothorax and tip of the posterior end.
There are three pairs of true legs, four pairs of prolegs, just back of
the middle, and one pair of prolegs at the extreme posterior end. The
tips of these' legs are brown.
Pupae. — The pup^ or chrysalids are rich amber brown throughout
in color and average about three fourths of an inch in length.
Adult. — The average length of the adult moth is three fourths of an
inch, the wing expanse being about one and one half inches. The
general color is orange and black with a hue of iridescent purple. The
head is orange with the bases of the palpi and eyes black — the tips of
the palpi being orange. The antennae are dark iridescent purple, be-
coming somewhat brownish towards the tips. The thorax is black with
orange spots at the bases of the wings, two similar spots on the sides
of the prothorax just behind the head, and an orange band across the
dorsum, and two orange spots on each side of the metathorax at the
bases of the hind wings. The legs are black with light orange mark-
ings on the coxae and other joints. The forewings are entirely opaque,
covered with brown and orange scales with a pinkish iridescense. The
hind wings are transparent with brownish-yellow borders. They are
also iridescent. The abdomen is velvety black, appearing purple under
certain side lights. There are several inconspicuous and two promi-
nent orange bands; the widest being near the middle and the second
widest being near the tip. The tuft at the tip is black.
In Japan this insect is known as the "Budoo-no-teppoo-mushi," mean-
ing ''gun worm of the grape." The larvai bore into the canes of the
grapevines and are very destructive to viticulture in that country.
680 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
MORE IRRIGATION.
By A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture.
One of the finest and most profitable deciduous fruit orchards of
California is situated close beside the banks of the Sacramento River.
For years this grove received no water other than that which came from
the annual rainfall; even then the profits were large. A few years
ago a centrifugal pump was installed, by aid of which abundant water
was drawn over the levee from the river. Since that time, just prior
to the picking season, the orchard is thoroughly irrigated. The profits
since have increased from one third to one half. Two years ago the
receipts from the seventy acres exceeded $40,000. Last year nearly
two thirds as much profit was received. This year the returns have
exceeded those of any previous year. The owner feels sure that the
present crop is much improved in quantity and quality, while probably
the greatest advantage comes from added vigor and stimulus which
secures more and finer fruit buds. This experience, as given above,
has a lesson for every fruit grower of the State.
More Water Available.
Of course such streams as the Sacramento, American, Feather, San
Joaquin, etc., are all too restricted in their distribution, yet these in
their location are not utilized to anything like what the best success of
the farmers demand, but there is an almost inexhaustible supply in the
underground reservoirs in nearly all parts of the State. Wells sunk
into these sub-earth gravels are often artesian and even, when not
flowing, with our cheap electric energy, pumping is not so expensive
as to be prohibitive, but will generally pay a large per cent on its cost.
I believe that soon the increase in profit in very many of our fields and
orchards, through a more genei'ous supply of water will equal those
referred to above.
This present season in the county of Sacramento, there has been an
excessive drop of oranges in some of the groves. It is true that some
dropping of fruit is to be expected and is even desirable. It is nature 's
way of thinning the fruit, and lessening the overstrain of the trees.
Sometimes this thinning is over done and considerable loss occurs.
In parts of this and other northern citrus' counties, this dropping is
excessive in some of the orchards this season and loss will result.
There is, however, compensation, as the trees will profit by the release
from full or over production and will be in better condition for service
next year. The evident cause for this overdrop this present season,
in some cases at least, is lack of water. The curled leaves prove this
beyond conjecture. Indeed, some of the orchards are thirsty, and
possibly chronically so. It would be the height of wisdom to plan at
once for more water. In usual seasons the water is all too limited in
amount; in seasons of extreme heat, like the present, any lack of
moisture is very likely to become serious. Great heat with plants, as
with animals, is not serious — with plants is really advantageous — if
abundance of water is in the sap or blood; but in its absence, great
danger, often fatality, results.
The obvious conclusion from the above fact is, provide for and use
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 681
more water. In case a perenuial stream is near by, utilize this advan-
tage to the utmost ; in its absence, study your locality to learn if you
have artesian water, or water in the underground reservoirs that may
be pumped, and prepare as soon as possible to secure for all your crops
sufficient moisture for the best production at all times, and especially
during seasons of excessive heat.
In the few cases where extra water is impossible, we may still hope
with our favorable soil and climate and the best cultivation, to secure
ample crops of grain and of some deciduous fruits.
THE WESTERN TWIG BORER.
(Amphicfirus punctipennis Lee.)
Order — Colsoptera. Family — Bostrychidse.
By E. O. EssiG, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture.
Since publishing the article on the branch and twig borer, Polycaon
confertus Lee, in The Monthly Bulletin, Vol. II, pp. 587-589, July, 1913,
the writer has received twigs of apricot trees showing similar but more
severe attacks of an insect with inquiries as to the cause. In this
instance, the burrows were much longer than those made by the branch
and twig borer, and the attacks much more damaging to the twigs.
Specimens of the beetle causing the injuries were taken from the bur-
rows and sent to Mr. Charles Fuchs of the California Academy of
Sciences, who determined it a.s Amphicerus punctipennis Lee.
It is the aim of this article to give simply the data at hand, in order
that others may recognize the insect and send it to this office with all
data relative to it, in order that we may make a more thorough study
of the life history, distribution, food plants, destructiveness, and control
for future publication.
Work.
The work of this beetle greatly resembles that of the branch and
twig borer, and may often be mistaken for it. The burrows are usually
made at th^ axils of a bud or in a fork (Fig. 372), but this is by no
means as common a characteristic as with the former, as is shown in
Fig. 371. Here the burrows are made irrespective of any particular
place on the twigs. The burrows vary from one to three inches in
length and are about one eighth of an inch in diameter. The smaller
twigs are either so weakened by the short burrows that their weight
causes them to break, or they are completely hollowed out by the long
burrows so that they simply hang by the bark and dangle from the
tree. The tunnels are usually partially filled with the frass made by
the beetles, and the entrances ai'e ofen sealed with a large globule of
gum which has been produced by the injury. (Fig. 372.)
Apparently the beetles bore into the twigs for food and protection
and not to deposit eggs.
Damage.
From what is known of this species, it appears to prefer dead or
dying wood to breed in. D. W. Coquillett first bred it from dead fig
twigs and later from dry canes of grape. Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke has
682
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 371. — The work of the Western twig borer, Amphicerus
punctipennis Lee, on living twigs of apricot tree. Twice en-
larged. (Original.)
Fig. 372. — Gum globules formed over the entrances of burrows
made by the Western twig borer, Amphicerus punctipennis Lee.
Twice enlarged. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
683
bred the beetles from mesquit cord wood and believes that in all
probability they would attack living trees if in an unhealthy condition.
He further states that "there is no doubt, however, that they could
do a great deal of harm to woodwork in the Southwest, particularly if
the wood was mesquit, acacia or any wood that was to their liking."^
In the early part of September Mr. B. R. Jones, Deputy County Horti-
cultural Commissioner of Los Angeles County, sent in twigs of apricot
trees which were seriously injured by these beetles and which contained
four living adult beetles at work in the burrows. He stated that many
burrows were made at the crotches of the trees and were filled with
gum. He does not state that Ihe affected trees are in poor condition,
Fig. 373. — Adult female of the Western twig borer,
Aniphicerus punctipennis Lee. Dorsal and side views.
Twice enlarged. (Original.)
and the writer infers that they were in a normal, healthy state. Mr.
Jones further states that should the attacks become common in an
orchard, much damage would be done.
Slight attacks of the beetle are reported by Mr. Geo. P. Weldon on
pears in Humboldt and San Joaquin counties.
From all the data at hand, it does not appear that the attacks of this
beetle are either serious or common. In the view of ascertaining these
points, it is sincerely hoped that all occurrences and attacks will be
reported to this office.
Appearance and Life History.
The adult beetles (Fig. 378) are dark brown, with feet and other
portions of the body clothed with fine yellowish-brown hairs. The
head is held at right angles to, and directly beneath the prothorax.
The front of the prothorax is covered with many distinct tooth-like
projections, which make this beetle easily distinguishable from the
branch and twig borer. The wing covers are coarsely punctured and
consequently very rough.
iln letter dated Berkeley, Cal., Sept. 26, 1913.
684 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
This beetle differs from the Eastern apple twig borer {AmpMcerus
hiccmdatus Say) in being larger.
Regarding the life history, Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Department of
Entomology, University of California, under date of September 26,
1913, writes : " It breeds normally in mesquit and probably some other
desert trees. I used to breed it from mesquit cord wood, along with a
larger species, A. fortis, and have received it from the more desert parts
of Los Angeles County and Imperial County and so forth. It ranges,
I think, throughout the desert southwest, running well into Mexico.
A. fortis extends farther south into South America and even into the
Galapagos Islands. I do not know of either species attacking living
trees, though can believe that they w^ould if the trees were diseased or
dying, or if they had dead limbs still attached in which they could get
a start."
Distribution.
The distribution of this beetle is apparently quite wide. It was first
reported from Los Angeles County, October 4, 1891, by D. W. Coquil-
lett.^ Specimens were received from the same place in September,
1913, from Mr. B. R. Jones. Mr. Geo. P. Weldon has reported the work
of this beetle at Dyerville, Humboldt County, and Stockton, San
Joaquin County. Prof. H. C. FalP gives the following localities:
Riverside, Riverside County; Redlands, San Bernardino County;
Pomona and Long Beach, Los Angeles County. Dr. Edwm C. "Van
Dyke reports it as occuring in the Southwest, especially mentioning
Los Angeles and Imperial counties.
Food Plants.
Dead or dying wood seems to be the preferred food of this insect and
allied species. Dr. Van Dyke gives the mesquit or algaroba [Prosopis
juliflora (Schwartz) DC] a desert plant common in the southwestern
part of the United States as the normal food plant. Mr. Weldon
reports pear as a host. Coquillett bred adults from dead branches of a
fig tree and from the dry canes of a grapevine. The apricot is also a
host, having been sent in by Mr. Jones of Los Angeles. Mr. Leroy
Childs reports this insect working very extensively in dry orange wood
at Redlands, Cal.
Control.
With the present fund of knowledge, the only control measures to
suggest are :
1. Destroy breeding places if possible.
2. If present in an orchard, eliminate unhealthy or dead trees.
3. Keep trees in good growing vigor. They are less liable to become
infested.
4. Prune out and burn all dead wood.
^Insect Life, IV, p. 261, 1892.
=Coleoptera of Southern California, Cal. Aca(f. Sciences, VIII, p. 134, 1901.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 685
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE SETTING OF WAYSIDE TREES.
By A. L. BancrofTj Oakland, Cal.
Because trees have been set in stiff, exact rows along the waysides for
ages, the possibility of there being any different and better way is
apparently never even thought of.
Consider nature's way of grouping her trees and plants: there are
no straight lines and no uniform and exact spaces between growing
things of her setting, and she attains far better and more artistic
results in her work than the man with the straight-edge and measuring
line, and there is no end to her ever-changing combinations and artistic
effects. The "English garden," with its stiff straight lines, is an
abomination. The best to be secured is to follow along nature's lines,
but adopting them to the varying conditions of the waysides.
In place of rows set the trees in clumps, as a rule of but a single
variety in a clump. Let the clumps vary in size and natural group-
ings to fit the place, from three to thirty in a bunch ; the distance apart
of the trees and the number in a clump to depend upon the size and
growth, habit of the tree and the distance between the clumps to
depend upon the lay of the land, the soil, moisture, exposure, and
other conditions.
The grouping of the trees should be the work of landscape artists,
the best available. Their work would add much to the beauties of the
landscape that took in such roads. Some clumps might extend two or
three trees deep into the roadway, and, with the consent and co-
operation of the landowner, some might also project back into the
fields. Others, like the tall straight lombardy poplar and Eucalyptus
glohulous, would be effective in straight strings of about five in a line.
The setting of the stakes for the clumps and for each tree in the clump
should be the result of intelligent, artistic consideration given to each
particular group. The spaces between clumps should be, probably,
from fifty to two hundred feet. By this way of treating the waysides
much better results can be obtained. The view of the road from a
distance would be vastly more attractive, and the view from the roads
would be much more enjoyable than to have it alternate every second
or two by trees cutting off the view.
The roads would have more sun to dry up the summer as well as the
winter rains, which would be an economic feature of importance enough,
to be taken into account and there would be numerous shady places
under which to alight and enjoy the vistas.
Much more might be said upon this subject, but this is enough
to show that this way would be a great improvement.
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686
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
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THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 687
HORTICULTURAL NOTES FROM MADERA COUNTY.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Ill company with Mr. Geo. Marchbank, County Horticultural Com-
missioner of'^Iadera CJounty, several days were spent investigating
the horticultural interests of the mountainous section adjacent to the
towns of Raymond, Oakhurst, Coarse Gold, Nipinnawasee and Miami.
"While orcharding is not generally followed as a profession through-
out this locality, the writer was impressed with the great possibilities
for future development. At present, transportation facilities are such
as to discourage anyone from going in extensively for growing fruit.
The building of a railroad into this section would undoubtedly add a
tremendous impetus to the industry; until such a road is built there
is no way for the fruit to reach the market, except that it is hauled by
team or auto truck a distance of 30 miles or more. The auto truck
has already made its way into many not easily accessible parts of the
mountains and may eventually solve the transportation problem to a
large extent.
Apple Growing in Madera County.
The apple is the principal fruit grown in the mountains. A con-
siderable acreage has been planted to this fruit in the past. At present
many orchards are receiving very little attention because of the distance
from market and the competition that must be met, with the growers
who have the advantage of a railroad. Even with very little or no
care in the way of cultivation, pruning, spraying, etc., a great many
of the trees look well and are loaded down with clean, well-sized apples.
Fig. 374 is from a picture taken of an apple orchard which is said to
be 50 years old. The stock has been allowed to run in this orchard,
and of late years it has received little attention; nevertheless, there is
still almost a perfect stand which attests to the suitability of the soil
and climate for growing trees.
Varieties.
The following varieties were found to be doing well in one or more
of the orchards visited : Yellow Newtown Pippin, Yellow Bellflower,
White Winter Pearmain, Delicious, Winesap, Staymen Winesap, Ortley,
Rhode Island Greening, Arkansas Black, Mammoth Black Twig, Nero,
Spitzenberg, Black Ben Davis, Ben Davis, Maiden Blush, as well as
many others of lesser importance.
Particular mention should be made of the Delicious variety, some
excellent specimens of which were seen in Mr. Frank Femmons'
orchard. Fig. 375 is a picture of one of these trees. Mr. Femmons,
the pioneer apple man of the section, who has always had faith in the
future of the fruit industry, and who possesses a thorough knowledge
of the apple, is standing in the foreground. The tree is about 18
years old and is loaded down with fine fruit, as are all the rest of the
trees of this variety in the orchard.
The Staymen Winesap is also doing remarkably well and a number
of trees of the Nero variety are loaded to the ground.
688
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
'■^■mf'-:^'^^
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Fig. 375. — Well loaded Delicious apple tree in orchard set out bj^ Mr. Frank Femmons,
near Sugar Pine. (Original.)
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Fig. 376. — White Winter Pearmain apple tree growing at an altitude of approximately
• 5,000 feet, near Sugar Pine. (Original.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
689
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The White Winter Pearniain seems to have been ciuite a general
favorite for planting in this locality. It pleased me to see this variety
doing so well, afe it certainly possesses much merit, and but for its
color, would be one of our greatest sellers. A tree of this variety is
shown in Fig. 376, growing at an altitude of between 4,000 and 5,000
feet. It has on it a good crop of fruit this season ; this is also true of
other trees of the same variety in the orchard. Fig. 377 gives a good
idea of the character of the country where the orchard is growing.
Small Acreage Best.
At present it would probably not be policy to plant apples extensively
in the mountains of Madera County (and what is said of Madera will
apply to some of the other mountainous counties as well), but the fact
that the soil and climate are well adapted to the growing of this, one of
the finest of all fruits, indicates that there are great possibilities for suc-
cess with small tracts at least, of good varieties, well cared for. Some
have planted too extensively and have failed, partly because of poor
varieties, but principally because of distance from market. At the
present time there should be no trouble about picking out suitable
varieties, provided the prospective planter will take the pains to investi-
gate and find out which have done the best. It is doubtful, however,
that a large acreage of the best varieties could be made to pay at the
present time. On the other hand, a small tract, not to exceed 5 acres,
would not necessitate a heavy expense in caring for it, and should be
made to pay good interest on the investment, even though the distance
from a railroad point is great.
Only Good Fruit Pays.
The growing of the very best (luality and grade of any variety should
be the ambition of one starting in the business. To accomplish this end
the orchard should be properly pruned, tilled, fertilized, sprayed, etc.
Fig. 378 is a good illustration of the extreme neglect of some of the
orchards seen. The tall tree was estimated to l)e 35 feet high. The
tree alongside is about the desirable height. Careful annual pruning
would overcome this fault, and the fruit, instead of being small, would
be of good size ; the tree instead of breaking down under a load, if
properly pruned, would hold it up well. Not only is pruning neglected
in these orchards, but also cultivation, fertilization, and spraying. No
orchard will care for itself, and unless these different phases of man-
agement are properly conducted, there can be little chance for good
fruit, which, after all, is the only kind that it pays to raise.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
691
^'v^'-
Fig. 37S. — Apple trees showing extreme neglect of pruning. (Original.)
692 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GENERAL NOTES.
THE SEBASTOPOL GRAVENSTEIN APPLE SHOW.
As chairman of the awarding committee at the Sebastopol Exposition,
acting with Messrs. Henry C. Peckham of Watsonville, J. A. Evereth,
San Francisco, and George P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Horti-
cultural Commissioner, I am pleased to report a wondrous display of
Gravenstein apples. The Alexanders were also very fine. There was
a substantial improvement over the exhibit of last year, good and
creditable as that was.
In judging, forty demerits were given for each wormy fruit ; eight
for any show of scab, one for absence of stem, and one for any show
of dry rot. Other demerits were given for lack of color, inferiority of
size, lack of uniformity, etc. Last year the demerits generally reached
nine hundred, more or less in a single collection, and nearly always
reached to the hundreds. This year two exhibits, both by ladies,
received a perfect score. Few had off counts reaching three figures,
while most ran less than thirty. In large exhibits, every apple in
three boxes, taken at random, were carefully inspected ; in those of less
magnitude, two boxes were thus examined, while one box was inspected
in each exhibit. The perfection of this fruit was certainly phenom-
enal. Mr. Peckham, who has had long experience in growing, exhibit-
ing and judging fruit, said he had never seen a finer collection of apples
at any exhibition. He doubted if it could ever be surpassed.
The evident progress in developing excellence of fruit in grading
and packing are proof positive that such exhibitions are richly worth
all that they cost in time, labor and expense.
The feature exhibits were also remarkable for the ingenuity dis-
played in their conception, and also for their attractiveness. No won-
der that the attendance was surprisingly large. "While such fruit shows
are commendable for their pleasure giving, they are at the same time
very educatory. They will surely lead to a perfect pack, and will aid
much to foster standardization.
In autoing through Sonoma County, we observed everywhere excel-
lent cultivation of the orchard. The great reputation that this section
iias gained for its superior fruit, is, we believe, to a large extent
indebted to these annual apple exhibits. The matter of thinning and
spraying must certainly receive close attention, else the fruit exhibited
at this apple show would never present such remarkable perfection.—
A. J. Cook.
EFFECTS OF HOT WEATHER ON LEMON TREES SPRAYED
WITH LIME-SULPHUR.
An interesting development was noticed in the fact that lemon trees
sprayed with both Rex and Ortho lime-sulphur solutions for a period
of ten days before the excessive heat, were very seriously burned.
Quite a percentage of the fruit on the southwest corner of the trees was
completely ruined. I have never seen the effects of spray injury fol-
lowed by heat extend back over so long a period. — R. S. Vaile.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
693
TENTATIVE PROGRAM OF THE FORTY-THIRD CALIFORNIA
STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION.
San Jose, Cal., Dec. 2, 3, 4, 1913.
1. Soils— 3 lectures; Dr. C. B. Lipman, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
2. General Comments on the Citrus Industry— Dr. H. J. Webber,
Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.
3. Should Growers Breed the Crops they Grow— Dr. H. J. Webber.
4. The Peach and its Culture— C. C. Collins, Dinuba, California.
5. State and Federal Quarantine— Frederick Maskew, Chief Dep-
uty Quarantine Officer, San Francisco.
6. Unfermented Fruit Juices— Karl J. Stackland, Cave, Oregon.
7. Notes and Records of County Horticultural Commissioner, R. S.
Vaile, County Horticultural Commissioner, Ventura County,
Santa Paula, California.
8. Thinning Deciduous Fruits— Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy
Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, California.
9. Standardization of Fruits— F. B. McKevitt, Sacramento, Cali-
fornia.
10. Frost Protection— C. C. Teague, Manager Limoneira Ranch,
Santa Paula, California.
11. Irrigation — Willis Jones, Claremont, Cai.
12. Alfalfa — A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sac-
ramento, California.
13. Importance of Red Spider Control— H. P. Stabler, County Horti-
cultural Commissioner, Yuba City, Sutter County, California.
14. Fungi — H. S. Fawcett, Assistant Professor of Pathology, Citrus
Experiment Station, Whittier, California.
15. My Almond Orchard — Miss Carrie A. Whelan, Oakland, Cali-
fornia.
16. Walnut Culture — Dr. W. W. Fitzgerald, Stockton, California.
A NEW APPOINTMENT.
On September 22d, Mr. Leroy Childs of Redlands, California, was
appointed assistant secretary of the State Commission of Horticulture.
Mr. Childs graduated from Stanford University in May, 1913, and
has since then been field assistant of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
United States Department of Agriculture, under Dr. E. P. Meinecke,
Forest Pathologist for the Pacific coast. At the time of his appoint-
ment, he was considering a position which had been offered him by
Dr. E. L. Van Dine of the Porto Rico Board of Agriculture, and only
the more favorable work in this state induced him to remain in Cali-
fornia, to become a member of the commission, in a most needy place.
Both Dr. Kellogg and Prof. Doane of Stanford University recommend
him most highly. He is certainly amply qualified for the position he
now holds and is a most valuable addition to the horticultural work of
the State. — E. 0. Essig.
G94 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
JAPANESE LAW RELATING TO INSPECTION OF EXPORTED
ORNAMENTAL AND NURSERY STOCK
For years the officers of the Department of Agriculture and Com-
merce of the Japanese Government have been looking seriously to the
passing of a bill to prohibit the exportation of ornamental and nursery
stock which was infested with injurious insect pests and plant diseases.
It was only recently that such a law has been passed and put into
execution in Japan, and inspectors are now busy inspecting and fumi-
gating all ornamental and nursery stock at the main ports where they
are shipped to foreign countries.
The history of the California State Quarantine Division at San Fran-
cisco has disclosed many facts relative to the importation of horti-
cultural products from Japan, and no doubt the new Japanese law will
be warmly welcomed, not only by this division, but by the entire State.
The Japanese, on the other hand, have appreciated the efforts of the
quarantine officials of California and the great work that has been
done in connection with the Oriental staff of ({uarantine inspectors with
a view of protecting not only California, but the entire United States.
The rapid growth of horticulture in Japan at the present day has
also made it urgent to establish and maintain a quarantine inspection
at the ports of entry, to prevent the importation of nursery stock
infested with injurious insect pests and fungous diseases. The Japanese
entomologists have prepared a bill providing for this protection, but it
has not yet been brought before the Congress at Tokio. In Korea,
however, such a law has already been passed and the horticultural
quarantine inspectors are already at work at the six largest ports of
entry, under the direction of Mr. Kisaka, entomologist of the Korean
Agricultural Experiment Station. The passage of such a law in Japan
will do much to protect her growing horticultural industries and will
aid other countries to a large extent also. — S. Nakayama, Stanford
University.
QUARANTINE REGULATION NO. 4.
Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette.
To whom it may concern:
In an endeavor to bring about a safe and sane application of each provision of
the State Quarantine Law, the State Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of
California has caused diligent inquiry (covering a period of two years) to be made
at all sources of information, both official and otherwise, concerning the distribution
of "peach yellows" and "contagious peach rosette" in and throughout the United
States.
Based upon the findings submitted to the State Commissioner of Horticulture of
California by the Missouri State Board of Horticulture as the result of an official
orchard survey of that state ordered by the legislature, and which was made and
continued over a period of two years, and during all of which period no evidence of
"peach yellows" or "peach rosette" was found to exist in the orchards of the State
of Missouri ;
It is, until further ordered, hereby declared that the provisions of Section 6 of the
State Quarantine Law of the State of California do not apply to any district within
the boundaries of the State of Missouri.
(Signed.) A. J. Cook,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 695
CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT
DISEASES.
By E. J. VosLER, Assistant Superintendent of the State Insectary.
[Under the above heading the author aims to give brief, popular descriptions and
methods of controlling insect pests and plants as near as possible just prior to or at
the time when the suggestions given should be carried into effect by the growers.]
DECIDUOUS AND CITRUS FRUIT INSECTS.
The Fall Cankerworm.
The eggs of the fall cankerworm, a pest of apple, prune, cherry and
apricot, are attached to the bark of the fruit trees in masses of from
60 to 200, placed side by side in exposed situations, by the wingless
females which emerge from the middle of October to the middle of
December. Mr. E. 0. Essig^ recommends the use of bands around the
tree trunk, placed in September and October, to be renewed occasionally
because of the heavy winter rain, to trap the females as they ascend
the trunks to deposit their eggs.
Spraying for the Black Scale on Olive.
The use of distillate emulsion, according to the formula given below,
as soon as the olives are picked, is recommended in the "Injurious and
Beneficial Insects of California", by E. 0. Essig:
Distillate Emulsion.
Distillate (28 degrees Baume) 20 gallons
Whale-oil soap 30 pounds
Water to mix 12 gallons
Dissolve the whale-oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling
point; add the distillate and agitate thoroughly while the solution is
hot. For use, add 20 gallons of water to each gallon of the above
mixture.
The crude oil emulsion is also recommended as given under the next
topic "Spraying for the Brown Apricot Scale."
Spraying for the Brown Apricot Scale,
The time is approaching for remedial measures against the well
known brown apricot scale, enemy of various deciduous trees, particu-
larly the prune. E. 0. Essig recommends spraying with caustic soda
distillate water, a chemical mixture, or distillate emulsion and crude
oil emulsion, when the trees are dormant. In many cases it is advis-
able to spray before all the leaves fall. The formula for the distillate
emulsion is the same as for the black scale, and the following is the
lormula for the caustic soda mixture.
Water 200 gallons
Caustic soda (95%) 7 pounds
Distillate (28 degrees Baume) 10 gallons
Fill spray tank with the required amount of water; add the caustic
soda which has been dissolved in a small amount of water, and then
the distillate. Keep agitator going rapidly while applying the spray.
'Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California, by E. O. Essig, page 187.
696 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Crude Oil Emulsion.
Water I'J'S gallons
Liquid soap 3 gallons
Crude oil (direct from wells) 25 gallons
Fill the spray tank with 175 gallons of water ; add the liquid soap ;
agitate thoroughly for one minute, after which add the crude oil, con-
tinuing the agitation while the spray is being applied.
Fumigation.
The time is right for the fumigation of black scale in most localities
between August 15th and January 1st, though this period may vary
in some localities with the hatch of the scale. It is desirable to fumi-
gate as soon after all, or as many as possible, of the young scale are
hatched. The three fourths or even the half of the regular schedule
No. 1 may be used, the latter especially where the hatch is even and the
scale young.
In Tulare County, September seems to be an excellent month for the
treatment of the longulus scale. Experiments conducted by Commis-
sioner Schulz indicate the efficiency of a two thirds dosage of Schedule
JSlo. 1, which seems to do fully as well as the full dosage.
CEREAL AND FORAGE CROP INSECTS.
The Clover Seed Chalcid.
(Bruchophagus funebris How.)
A reduction in the alfalfa seed crop after thrashing, when before
there was much promise of a large crop, has often puzzled many of our
alfalfa seed growers.
A little insect of the hymenopterous family, Eurytomidae, very often
brings on the foregoing result. The seriousness of this pest may be
Fig. 379. — The clover seed chalcid, Bruch-
ophagus funebris How. Adult female, greatly
enlarged. (After Webster.)
seen from the statement of one of the experts of the United States
Bureau of Entomology working on this pest that fully 50 per cent of
the seed crop in certain portions of Arizona, was destroyed by this
chalcid.
The adults are black with brown eyes and light brown feet. The
eggs are deposited in the seeds, which, at the time of egg laying, are
in a semi-fluid condition. The larvas, on emerging from the egg, feed
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 697
on the substance of the seed and often totally destroy the contents.
Infested seeds are light weight and of a grayish color. The winter
is spent as a larva in the seeds, which often drop to the ground. The
adults from these over- wintering larvae do not emerge until the follow-
ing spring, or in the early summer. There are several generations.
The clover seed chalcid, as it is commonly called, will infest the seed
of red and crimson clover besides alfalfa, a favorite host.
Eemedies for this pest are so far in an experiinental stage. Mr.
T. D. Urbahns, an expert of the Bureau of Entomology, United States
Department of Agriculture, is now working upon the insect in Cali-
fornia and possibly will have suggestions to offer on the control of this
pest in the near future. Professor F. M. Webster^ suggests, as prevent-
ative measures, the destruction of all outstanding alfalfa plants in the
fall and the chaff and stems burned up after threshing. This will go
a long way to reduce the numbers of the pest the following years.
Delajdng the seed crop by early pasturing or clipping of the first
growth in the spring until the seed chalcid has done most of its destruct-
ive work, holds a promise in the future for control measures.
Another Locust Poison.
Prof. F. M. "Webster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investi-
gations. United States Bureau of Entomology, writes that the govern-
ment of Cape Colony, South Africa, has been using the following
mixture for the destruction of locusts, or grasshoppers, as they are
commonly called, with apparently excellent success:
"The mixture consists of one gallon of a treacle, which may be
made of a low grade molasses or glucose, or even with dissolved
sugar, mixed with a one half gallon water solution of arsenite of
soda (69 per cent white arsenic). This mixture is diluted for
newly hatched locusts to one part to 66 of water ; when used against
locusts a couple of weeks old, it is diluted one part to .50 of water.
Where the application is made in fields not accessible to domestic
animals, farmers have used it as strong as one to 30 or 40. ' '
This mixture appears to be well worth trying under California
conditions.
Since the egg pods of grasshoppers are deposited in the hard, un-
cultivated lands during the late summer and early fall, plowing, harrow-
ing and disking such waste lands to the depth of several inches in the
late fall will do much to lessen future attacks.
The Alfalfa Caterpillar.
No doubt many of our alfalfa growers have noticed large green
worms with a white stripe on each side of the body, feeding on the
leaves of the alfalfa plants. The adults of this worm are the common
yellow butterflies, which are numerous in the fields. At this time of
the year, the damage done by this insect is much lessened, as many are
going into hibernation, besides the destruction of a large number by the
wilt disease. Horticultural Commissioner Carl J. Ley, of Glenn
County, reported in September that a large percentage of the larvse
^Circular No. 69, p. 9, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
698 THE MONTHLY BULLETIX.
of the alfalfa caterpillar were found dead hanging to the alfalfa stalks,
as the result of this disease.
Renovating alfalfa lielcls during the winter months will not only be
of material benefit to the alfalfa itself, but will destroy large numbers
of the hibernating pup£B. Pasturing the alfalfa fields will also aid in
the destruction of the resting stage of this insect.
TRUCK CROP INSECTS.
Fall Plowing as a Cutworm Remedy.
An excellent example of fall plowing, as a method for control of cut-
worms on sugar beets, was observed near a small town in Salt Lake
County, Utah, by the writer, in the spring of 1912. Several acres of
sugar beets were planted that year, part of which were on soil plowed
the previous fall and the remainder on land plowed several weeks
before planting. Practically 75 per cent of the sugar beets on the
spring plowed land were killed by the cutworms, while a good stand
was secured in the fall plowed portion of the field. The question
arises, did fall plowing pay?
The Tomato Worm.
Various reports of the damage to tomatoes by the corn ear worm,
Heliothis ohsoleta, have been received by the State Insectary force,
particularly from the field agents of the Libby, McNeil and Libby
canning plant at Sacramento. The worms eat large holes in the fruit,
l)ringing on decay. From the present equipment for washing tomatoes
in the canning factories, it is not advisable to spray the tomato vines
with any form of arsenic in the hope of killing the worms as they
endeavor to enter the tomatoes.
The use of an early trap crop, as well as early maturing varieties, the
hand-picking of infested tomatoes to prevent the worms spreading, fall
plowing of infested ground, and the proper disposal of unsalable,
infected tomatoes, will go a long way to protect the next year's crop.
FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Spraying for Peach Blight.
As a remedy for the peach blight fungus, the California Experiment
Station in Bulletin No. 191, recommends spraying, betM'een October 25th
and November 25th, with Bordeaux mixture, using 30 pounds blue-
stone, 35 pounds lime, to 200 gallons of water. This fungus begins its
work in the fall and the peach trees must be sprayed at that time. The
disease causes dead spots to appear on the young shoots during the
winter months, particularly at the buds. The buds are killed, together
with much of the young growth.^
In February, the use of lime-sulphur solution of Bordeaux mixture,
20-20-200, will control the peach-leaf curl fungus. This fungus curls
the leaves, which afterwards fall, together with some of the fruit.
'Bulletin No. 218, California Exp. Sta., p. 1149.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 699
One Cause of the Failure of Tomatoes to Set Fruit.
The attention of the State Commission has been called by various
truck gardeners in and around Sacramento to the failure of tomato
vines to set fruit after a large number of blossoms had formed. The
vines were thrifty and blossomed well. The flowers would hang on
the vines for a certain period of time, then fall off, leaving part of
the peduncle attached to the stem.
Specimens were sent to Mr. H. S. Fawcett, then plant pathologist of
the State Commission, who determined the fungus as a species of
Macrosporium, possiblj^ that species known to cause the late blight of
potatoes and the fruit spot of tomatoes. The writer placed several
stems and blossoms of an infested tomato plant in a moist chamber for
several weeks, and on examination, thousands of spores of this fungus
were obtained.
A grower used 10 pounds of precipitated sulphur to 100 gallons of
Vv'ater on his tomato vines which had hitherto failed to set fruit, and
was rewarded by a fair crop of tomatoes. Mr. H. S. Fawcett advised
the use of Bordeaux mixture in an experimental way.
700 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".
MONTHLY CROP REPORT— SEFFEMBER.
Inasmuch as practically all of the deciduous crops have been harvested' it was
thought best to make this last report in the form of a summary of general conditions.
To obtain the necessary data the following information was requested of the county
horticultural commissioners :
1. General conditions of crops for the year, whether good, poor or normal.
2. Returns for crops compared with other years.
3. General conditions of crops not yet harvested.
The following responses of the horticultural commissioners have been published
in full:
El Dorado County:
Crop conditions in this county have been a fair average with the exception of
grapes, while prices have been better than last year. — J. E. Hassler.
Fresno County:
Alfalfa — normal crop; condition good; returns 100 per cent. Apricots — 50 per cent
crop; condition poor; returns 50 per cent. Figs (.California black) — 120 per cent
crop; condition good; returns 125 per cent. Grapes (raisin) — 60 per cent crop; con-
dition poor; returns 50 per cent. Grapes (table) — 60 per cent crop; condition poor;
returns 60 per cent, (^h'apes (wine) — 80 per cent crop; condition normal; returns
120 per cent. Lemons — 75 per cent crop; condition good. Olives — 150 per cent crop;
condition good. Oranges — normal crop; condition good. Peaches (canning) — 70 per
cent crop ; condition normal ; returns 100 per cent. Peaches (drying) — 70 per cent
crop ; condition normal ; returns 100 per cent. Plums (canning) — 100 per cent crop ;
condition normal ; returns 100 per cent. — F. C. Schell.
Kings County:
Alfalfa — normal crop; condition normal; returns ?9 to $12.50 per ton. Apricots —
37 J per cent crop; condition affected by frosts; returns 33 per cent higher than 1912.
Grapes (raisin) — 60 per cent crop; condition affected by frosts and drought but fruit
firm; returns raisin exchange prices. Grapes (wine) — 60 per cent crop; condition
affected by frosts and drought but fruit firm; returns $10 to $12 per ton. Peaches
(canning) — SO per cent crop; condition affected by frosts and drought; returns 35 per
cent above 1912. Peaches (shipping) — SO per cent crop; condition affected by frosts
and drought; returns 35 per cent above 1912. Peaches (drying) — SO per cent crop;
condition affected by frosts and' drought; returns 40 per cent higher than 1912.
Prunes- — 50 per cent crop; heat caused dropping; returns 50 per cent above 1912. —
B. V. Sharp.
Lake County:
The fruit crop of Lake County this year has been of good quality. The grain and
hay crop has also been of good quality. Hops have been up to the average in quality.
Wine grapes have done well. Apples, almonds and prunes are a short crop. Bartlett
pears are 75 per cent of last year's crop. The amount of grain and hay in quantity
will compare favorably with former years. Although the fruit crop is short the cash
returns will be up to the average on account of high prices. Wine grapes will make
better returns than usual. — Geo. A. Lyon.
Madera County:
Alfalfa — general condition good; returns above normal. Almonds — general con-
dition fair ; returns nonnal. Apples — general condition good ; not harvested yet.
Apricots — general condition poor ; returns poor ; below normal. Figs — general con-
dition fair; returns normal. Grapes (raisin) — quantity 55 per cent; quality poor;
returns equal 1912. Grapes (Thompson's seedless) — price will be about double of
last year. Grapes (wine) — looks like 65 per cent; price better than last year; re-
turns equal to last year. Hai/ — general condition good ; returns about like last year.
Olives — general condition good; returns better than last year. Peaches — general con-
dition fair; Peaches (drying) — old orchards 35 per cent to 40 per cent short; young
orchards bring it up to 80 per cent of normal ; returns less than normal. Peaches —
(fihipping) — general condition good (dried). Pears — general condition good; dried
and sold locally ; returns normal. Prunes — general condition fair ; returns better than
normal. — Geo. Marchbank.
Nevada County:
Alfalfa — crop 110 per cent, due to rains that extended through June. Almonds —
IXL, crop 20 per cent ; Ne Plus Ultra, crop 20 per cent, due to frost. Apples — Bell-
flower, crop 60 per cent; Gravenstein, crop 60 per cent; Newtown Pippin, crop 60
per cent ; other varieties, crop 60 per cent, due to rain during blossoming time, pre-
venting proper pollination. Apricots — Blenheim, crop 30 per cent ; Moorpark, crop 30
per cent ; Royal, crop 30 per cent, due to cold rains and freezing at time young fruit was
setting. Berries — Blackberries, crop 100 per cent; Loganberries, crop 100 per cent;
Raspberries, crop 100 per cent; Strawberries, crop 100 per cent; other kinds, 100 per
cent. Cherries — Black Tartarian, crop 75 per cent; Lambert, crop 75 per cent; Royal
Anne — crop 75 per cent ; other varieties, crop 75 per cent, due to frost. Figs — Cali-
fornia Black, crop 90 per cent; Smyrna types, crop 90 per cent; White Adriatic, crop
90 per cent; first crop slightly hurt by frost. Grapes (raisin) — Muscat, crop 80 per
cent; Sultana, crop 100 per cent; Thompson's Seedless, crop 100 per cent; other
varieties, crop 100 per cent. Short Muscat crop due to sun scald. Grapes (table) —
Malaga crop 100 per cent; Tokay crop 90 per cent; other varieties crop 100 per cent.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 701
Short Tokay crop due to sun scald. Grapes (wine) — Zinfandel crop 100 per cent ; other
varieties crop 100 per cent. Hay — crop 120 per cent, due to late rams. Olive (Mis-
sion—crop 100 per cent. Peaches (canning) — Levy^ crop 50 per cent; Phillips' Cling,
crop 50 per cent; Tuskena crop 505 per cent, due to frost. Peaches (drying) — Craw-
ford crop 50 per cent; Muir crop 80 per cent; Lovell crop 30 per cent, due to frost.
Peaches (shipping) — Elherta crop 80 per cent; other varieties crop 50 per cent, due
to frost Pears — Bartlett, crop 70 per cent; other summer varieties, crop 75 per cent;
winter varieties, crop 75 per cent. Continuous rains at time of blossoming prevented
pollination. Plums (canning) — Green Gage, crop 80 per cent; Yellow Egg, crop 80
per cent; Hungarian, crop 80 per cent; due to frost. Plums (shipping)— Tragedy,
crop 70 per cent; other varieties, crop 80 per cent, due to frost. Potatoes — crop 125
per cent, due to late rains. Prunes — French, crop 90 per cent, due to frost. Walmits
— Softshells, crop 90 per cent; Budded, crop 90 per cent; Franquette, crop 90 per
cent ; other varieties, crop 90 per cent, due to frost.
Agricultural conditions good. Hay and grain 10 per cent above average; potatoes
25 per cent above average ; crop not all harvested. Other agricultural products fully
up to average ; good market and better prices than last year ; conditions of crops
not harvested, good. Horticultural : Crop 60 per cent of normal ; better prices pre-
vailed than in former years; our Bartletts selling from $2.85 to $3.50 per box. Apples
and winter ijears not harvested; crop 60 per cent of normal ; in good condition. — D. F.
Norton.
Merced County:
Alfalfa — large crop. Almonds — crop 10 per cent. Apples — crop 90 per cent.
Apricots — crop 10 per cent; Beans (black eyed) full crop. Berries — Blackberries,
crop 100 per cent; Loganberries, crop 100 per cent; Strawberries, crop 100 per cent.
Pigs — California Black, crop 100 per cent ; Smyrna types, 100 per cent ; White
Adriatic, 100 per cent. Grapes (raisin) — Thompson's seedless crop 60 per cent;
Grapes (table) — Malaga — crop 75 per cent; Tokay crop 50 per cent; Grapes (wine)
crop 75 per cent; Zinfandel crop 75 per cent. Hay — crop 30 per cent; Lemons — •
crop 30 per cent: Olives — Manzanillo. crop 100 per cent; Mission, crop 100 per
cent; other varieties, crop 100 per cent. Oranges (Navel) — crop, 50 per cent;
Peaches (drying) — crop, 40 per cent; Crawford, crop, 40 per cent; Muir, crop, 60 per
cent; Lovell, crop, 40 per cent. Peaches (shipping) — Elberta, crop, 60 per cent.
Pears (Bartlett) crop, 50 per cent; winter varieties, crop 90 per cent. Plums (ship-
ping) crop, 40 per cent. Potatoes (sweet), crop very large. Walnuts, crop 100 per
cent. — N. H. Wilson.
Modoc County:
The general condition of our crops for this year was splendid. The returns, as
compared with other years, have been better. The condition of crops not yet har-
vested, is good. — O. C. McManus.
Monterey County:
Almonds — crop, 125 per cent. Apples— crop, 15 per cent. The last injury was by
the hot spell, September 15th to 18th. Apricots — crop, 150 per cent. Cherries — crop,
75 per cent; Grapes (wine) — crop 60 per cent; Grapes (table) — crop, 50 per cent.
Olives — crop 50 per cent. Peaches — crop, 80 per cent. Pears — crop 75 per cent.
Plums (shipping) — crop, 75 per cent. Prunes — crop, 70 per cent. — J. B. Hickman.
Placer County:
The deciduous fruit season is about ended. The general condition of crops this
season has been good and we have harvested between 65 per cent and 70 per cent, it
Is estimated. The returns have been better than usual, so that growers will be as
well off, financially, as in other years. Crops yet to be harvested, viz., olives and
oranges, are showing up' well and we will have an average crop. — H. H. Bowman.
Riverside County:
Almonds, apricots, peaches, have all produced full crops of first class fruit, and
prices received for same have been very satisfactory. Production of above varieties
will run 25 per cent to 30 per cent above last year. Cherries also produced above
a normal crop, with good prices for most of the output. Grapes, both wine and
ta,ble, have suffered some from sunburn, but the yield will be up to that of last year.
Prices for table varieties have been satisfactory. Our wine grape acreage is nearly
all in the hands of large concerns, who have their own facilities for manufacturing
wine, hence am unable to give very accurate information as to prices being paid for
grapes to outside parties. Lemons in the Riverside district will yield a light crop
this season. The Corona section is shipping almost its usual quantity of this fruit
and very satisfactory returns are the rule. The citrus, including all varieties will,
we estimate, run about 65 per cent of normal throughout the county, Corona district
leading in quantity per acre. Pears and prunes are grown commercially in limited
quantities in our county. Crops of above varieties have been good, and good prices
have prevailed for same. Walnuts now being harvested will run 80 per cent to 85
per cent normal crop, with prices good. Olives promise a good crop of fine fruit with
satisfactory offerings for the output, both oil and pickling varieties. Our citrus groves
in sections that were severely injured by last season's cold, are recovering in splendid
shape, and barring any further calamity of similar nature, should practically reach
their normal production during the 1914 crop. This, I think, will be especially true
of oranges ; lemons will probably not reach normal production before 1915 crop. —
R. P. Cundiff.
Sacramento County:
Deciduous — in quantity, below .average ; quality, good ; prices, good. Citrus — in
quantity, about an average crop. Hay — nearly an average crop ; quality good ; prices
good. Grain — not quite an average crop ; quality, good ; prices, good. Vegetables —
nearly an average crop ; quality good ; prices good. As a whole, crops below normal,
702 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
with prices above normal. Returns are better than average year. "Wherever irriga-
tion is being resorted to, crops are doing fine, and look as well as in the ordinary-
year — F. R. M. Bloomer.
San Bernardino County:
The returns for crops as compared with last year or other years is difficult to
ascertain, as there are numbers of pacliing houses with no one near from whom to
get reports. The railroads can give us shipments, but not returns. However, the
report of our Exchange, by G. Harold Powell, gives the most definite information for
the whole Exchange, viz. : "The f. o. b. average price is 47 per cent higher than the
average for 1911-1912." It goes to show that because of this, even though the ship-
ments are only 53 per cent of last year's, the f. o. b. returns equal 79 per cent of the
returns of 1911-1912. Of course, this applies to the whole district, not merely our
county, but this will give an idea of how the returns compare. I have some figures
on the county, but they vary so that I do not consider them suitable for publication.
The report in some localities on some kinds of fruit shows some poor ana some normal.
Alfalfa — 100 per cent of normal crop. Apples — 92 per cent crop. Grapes {raisin) —
80 per cent crop. Lemons — 20 per cent of normal crop. Olives — 55 per cent crop.
Oranges — 75 per cent crop. Peaches — 95 per cent crop. Pears — 95 per cent crop.
Prunes — 90 per cent. Walnuts — 95 per cent crop. — S. A. Pease.
San Joaquin County:
Peaches, clings — very light crop, about 20 per cent. Levy clings — full crop.
Phillips' clings — very light crop ; about 30 per cent. Muirs — a fair crop ; about 60
per cent. Lovells — very light crop ; about 20 per cent. Elberta — very light crop ;
about 40 per cent. Plums (.shipping) — crop about 80 per cent. Prunes (French) —
crop about 80 per cent. Prunes (Sargents) — crop about 30 per cent. Grapes (wine)
yield from 1,000 pounds to 2J tons to the acre, and up. Grapes (table) taking the
county altogether, will not average much over a ton to the acre fit for shipping.
Vegetables of all kinds are very scarce and high. Potatoes are going out at the rate
of about 40 cars per day and are of very fine quality. They are yielding from 30 to
200 sacks per acre. General conditions: The dry seasons succeeding each other have
resulted in a shortage of moisture to a depth of from 13 to 30 feet, and in many
instances orchards not irrigated have not been able to mature the fruit in a normal
condition. On the other liand, the dry season has been productive of some good
results, in that the orchardists have installed pumping plants, and by the aid of irriga-
tion, have procured good crops, which, in the future, will render them more independ-
ent of the rainfall. Another thing which I have observed this summer is that the
orchards and vineyards which were irrigated previous to the starting of the growth
have proved more satisfactory ; first, they have borne the heaviest crops ; second,
they have not suffered from sunburn, which the late irrigated vineyards have. In my
opinion, this sunburn is due to a large extent to a development of a surface root
system for which late irrigation is responsible, in that it brings the roots near enough
the surface so that, when an extremely hot spell comes, it is the roots that suffer
from the heat, and the foliage depending on those roots shows the damage done. As
proof of my conclusion, orchards and vineyards which have never been irrigated late,
but have been irrigated before the gi-owth starts, and having an abundance of moisture
deeper in the soil, and held by thorough cultivation', were not so injured. Trees or
vines under the last mentioned condition show no signs of the extreme dry season by
sunburn ; grapes grown under the last mentioned condition are much finer in quality,
size and crop, and are not i-eady for shipping yet. Tlie peach crop has been very
uneven in this county, on account of late frost, some orchards having all the trees
could carry, while others had scarcely any fruit. — W. M. Garden.
Santa Barbara County:
Alfalfa — crop normal. The alfalfa area is being constantly extended, and the gross
product is increasing. Apples — Crop 100 per cent actual; acreage of varieties not
available. Apricots — Crop 100 per cent actual, mostly Royals. Beans — 75 per cent
crop; dry year. Lima, 90 per cent, due to irrigation. Small white, 65 per cent;
dry year; other varieties, 70 per cent. Cherries — crop 110 per cent; new bearing
trees. Figs — crop 100 per cent. Grapes (wine) — crop 100 per cent. Hay — crop 75
per cent, due to dry year. Lemons (Eureka, Lisbon) — crop 96 per cent, due to cold
winter. All are setting full and will return to normal, or better. Olives — crop 190
per cent, being the fruitful year. Oranges — crop 100 per cent. The orange outlook
is especially good. Peaches — Peaches with us are sold in the fresh fruit market and
embrace most of the varieties in all classes. Peaches (shipping) — crop 100 per cent.
Pears — crop 100 per cent. Potatoes — crop 90 per cent. Dry year makes crop short.
Prunes — crop 100 per cent. Walnuts — crop 198 per cent. Aphids and blight not so
severe as in 1912. A hot wave has damaged nuts 20 per cent in price, not in tons.
General crop conditions : At one time it looked as though the apple crop would suffer
from short rainfall, but nothing of the sort has shown up in the crop now being
gathered. Lemons having been in demand, the returns from crop are greatly in excess
of any previous year. I should estimate at least 50 per cent better returns to the
grower than previous years. This, with new plantings coming to fruit, makes the
income to the county quite considerable. The lemon area is being extended quite
noticeably, and young trees are coming to fruit, promising much for succeeding years.
The hay and grain crops were short ; the hay crop quite normal, owing to many acres
usually gathered as grain being cut for hay, the result of dry conditions at time of hay
making. Hay prices are 20 per cent higher than usual. The returns from hay and
grain are below normal by about 25 per cent. Beans are not filling well on dry, sandy
land, nor are they doing usually well on adobe that was not worked at its best. Clayey
soils are making a poor yield, except where irrigated. Irrigated portions are pro-
ducing nearly 50 per cent above normal crop. Prices are stiff and buyers eager,
making the net returns from all sections quite favorable. Cherries are proving
remunerative and dependable, and acreage is being extended in cherry districts.
Alfalfa is increasing in area so rapidly as to make comparison wholly misleading.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 703
Three times the area is now in process of planting of two years ago, while pro-
ductiveness is gaining, through improved methods of culture and innoculation of seed.
The avocado industry is receiving much attention and several acres are bemg planted
to this fruit. Spineless cactus is gaining a wide planting, but very few, if any, of our
farmers have succeeded in getting their stock to take to the new forage. Reports thus
far are to the effect that stock has to be starved to eating the food, and they refuse to
touch it when other food is available. None seem to form a fondness for it thus far.
Even the accommodating hen does not take to it. The general conditions of crops
for the year are fully normal, and returns will equal normal. What is lost on short
crops is made up in price or by increase on other commodities. The unharvested
crops promise full normal returns, with possibly an exception m the bean crop. —
C. W. Beers.
Santa Cruz County:
The avvle crop has been considerably damaged by the recent hot weather, 15 per
cent to 50 per cent, according to conditions. The total output of shipping app es will
probably not exceed 600 cars, but culls are abundant — about normal supply. Shipping
stock is moving rather freely at $1.00 to $1.25 per box f. o. b., and higher prices are
obtained in some cases. Considerable fruit is going into cold storage. The grades of
Newtown culls are bringing $9.00 per ton, with drying stock at $7.00. The market
conditions are a decided improvement over last year, but the almost total tailure ot
the crop will prevent this district from deriving much benefit. Beets are the best crop
this valley has this year. The 800 acres in this year are estimated at 11,000 tons.
The minimum price is $5.50 per ton, but the average should be between $6.00 and
$7 00. The acreage is about twice that of last year and yield is considered normal.
Potatoes are very poor this year, only a small acreage and very light yield which
may be placed at 25 per cent crop. Berries, referring largely to strawberries, but
including black- and loganberries, have produced heavily this year. Market condi-
tions have been poor and frequently glutted to a serious extent. ^Prices have ranged
from $8.00 to $3.00 per crate, with large quantities going for $4.00 or less. Very
small profits and positive losses have resulted. The acreage is on the increase, owing
to past records and anticipation of a large market in 1915. The total output this
year is about 300,000 crates. Apricots were about 661 per cent normal crop, with
good prices and fairly free movement. The product of 1,000 tons dry sold from 10(J
to 140. Oranges were about 50 per cent crop and sold for good prices.— W. H. Volgk.
Shasta County:
Our fruit crops are all off the trees and vines. The Winter Nellis pear crop is not
being shipped. The crop was good, as also are the sizes. The Bartlett crop was not as
good as last year, and much of the fruit was infested with codling moth, which cut
the shipping tonnage down considerably. The fruit crop in general was not near
normal that is, in general over the county. In fact, aside from pears and prunes,
there was no fruit crop in the valley proper. The Happy Valley section had a good
crop generally, of all kinds of fruit. The peach crop was good, but the infestation of
peach moth was very bad, and we expect to plan a district and make a general spray-
ing order for all the orchards the coming season, and enforce a clean-up. The prices
of the green fruit in that section were 30 per cent to 40 per cent more than for three
previous years. Our hay and grain crops were all good over the country, the Fall
River section having a bumper crop. Our alfalfa acreage is increasing and there
will be quite a planting the coming season. The hay and grain prices range about
the same as previous years, with the exception of grain hay, which is 25 per cent
higher than last year. — Geo. A. Lamiman.
Solano County:
Alfalfa — crop 90 per- cent. Almonds — crop 65 per cent. Grapes (table) — crop 60
per cent. Peaches — crop 90 per cent. Pears — crop 70 per cent. Prunes — crop 75
per cent French prunes and pears have been in a demoralized condition the latter
part of the season. They averaged smaller than last season. Many fresh prunes
shriveled before maturity. Pears became half sized — all due to dryness. Tokay
shipments are very light at present, about one car per day leaving the county. Some
new drying prunes, one of which is the Standard, have developed well on young trees.
They have reached normal size, which is about the size of the Grand Duke plum.
Peaches at Winters and Suisun are normal in size ; at Vacaville they are normal in
most orchards, but in some they average very small; in some orchards too small to
use. — C. R. Mc Bride.
Sonoma County:
General conditions of crops for vear: The general conditions of crops in Sonoma
County for the year are below the average, running from 50 per cpnt to about norrnal
for hops and grapes. Returns for crops compared with other years: The financial
returns for crops will approximate the average for other years as the higher prices
will make up for the shortage in production. General conditions of crops not yet
harvested: The late apples, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, grapes, etc., are below the
average, with the possible exception of wine grapes, which seem to be nearly an
average crop. — A. R. Gallawat.
Stanislaus County:
Alfalfa — crop 110 per cent, due to more water ; returns $10 to $12 per ton. Almonds
— crop 5 per cent, due to frost ; returns 150 per pound. App/es — crop 100 per cent
returns Ic green. Apricots — crop 10 per cent, due to frost; returns 2J(i green.
Beans — crop 100 per cent; returns 40. Berries — crop 100 per cent; returns, 80.
Cherries — crop 50 per cent ; returns 80. Figs — crop 125 per cent ; returns, 30. Grapes
(wine) — crop 80 per cent; returns, $12 to $14 per ton. Grapes (table) — crop 80 per
cent; returns $20 to $25 per ton. Lemons — crop 50 per cent; trees killed last winter.
Olives — crop 125 per cent; returns $17 to $25 per ton. Oranges — crop 100 per cent;
704 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
returns, $1.00 per box. Peaches — crop 35 per cent; returns at cannery, green, $12.50
to $25 per ton. Pears — crop 75 per cent; returns, $35 per ton. Plums (shipping) —
crop 100 per cent; returns, 2^ per pound. A. L. Rutherford.
Ventura County:
A2}ricots all harvested ; yield approximately 1,700 tons of dried fruit, compared
with 2.400 tons last season. Bean harvest well imder way; prospects at present not
over 90 per cent of last year. Price from 4| cents to 5 cents. Beets over half har-
vested, with prospect of normal sugar yield. Prospects for lemons for the coming
season almost normal. Oranges, prospects for the coming season almost normal.
Recent hot weather has lowered the estimate on walnuts from 105 per cent of last
year's crop to 95 per cent of same. Walnut harvest lias just commenced. — R. S. Vaile.
Tehama County:
Alfalfa — crop 100 per cent. Almonds — crop 10 per cent, due to spring frosts.
Apples — crop 25 per cent, due to over-production in 1912. Apricots — crop 75 per
cent, due to dry season and spring frosts. Grapes (table) — crop 75 per cent, due to
hot weatlier in early July. Grapes (wine) — crop 100 per cent. Bay- — -crop 100 per
cent, due to late spring rains. Lemons — crop 100 per cent. Olives — crop 50 per cent,
due to dry season and hot north winds in blossoming time. Oranges — crop 100 per
cent. Peaches (drying) — crop 40 per cent; Crawford, crop 40 per cent; Muir, crop
40 per cent; Lovell, crop 40 per cent; other varieties, crop 40 per cent; due to spring
frosts and dry weather. Peaches (shipping) — crop 40 per cent; Alexander, crop 40
per cent; Elberta, crop 40 per cent; other varieties, crop 40 per cent; due to spring
frosts and dry weather. Pears — crop 10 per cent, due to blight. Plums (shipping) —
crop 100 per cent. Prunes — crop 30 per cent, due to dry season and hot winds in
July. — Chas. B. Weeks.
Yolo County:
It is too early to give final figures of this season's output of some of Yolo County's
principal products, as raisins and prunes are only partly harvested ; almonds are now
being shipped, and sugar beets are to some extent still in the field. Almonds are
turning out 60 per cent of a normal yield with the exception of Nonpareil, which had
almost an average yield. Prunes are yielding from 40 per cent to 50 per cent; rather
shy at that, in localities where no irrigation is practised. Peaches, 60 per cent ;
Figs, practically full crop, and grapes- — for raisins and wine — from 60 per cent to 90
per cent. The large variation of yield is accounted for by the difference in water
supply. — G. H. Hecke.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 705
INSECT NOTES.
Conducted by the editor.
Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz.) has been reported as working upon oak trees at
Stockton by Frederick Maskew.
Tomicus confusus Lee. has been sent in by Mr. J. W. Hough from Claremont Cal
who reported it as doing serious damage to young Monterey Pine trees (.Pmus radiata
Don.) The species was determined by Mr. Charles Fuchs.
A new Kermes has been recently collected in Southern California by the editor
and by Commissioner S. A. Pease. Mr. George B. King, who is revising the genus has
so made the statement. It works upon the Coast live oak {Quercus agrifolia Nee)
It was collected by the writer at Santa Paula, Cal., in 1910, and by Mr. Pease at Sari
^ernardino in 1913. In shape it greatly resembles Kermes nigropunctatus Ehr &
Ckll., but appears lighter in color.
Eleodes gigantea var. estriata Casey has recently been collected at Davis Cal bv
the writer. Dr. Blaisdell states that it has never before been reported so far north.
The billbug injurinq small grain, described by Mr. Harry S. Smith in The Monthly
Bulletin Vol. II, No. 8, pp. 619-621. Aug., 1913, is composed of two varieties, according
to Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, as follows: Those with no white vittEe on the dorsum of
the elytra kyphenophorus discolor Mann. ; those with white vittse on the dorsum of the
elytra. S^phenophorus pictus Lee. According to this classification, the illustrations on
page 620 would be 9f S. pictus Lee. or would occupy an intermediate position between
the two extremes ot the two varieties of one species.
_ Mealy bugs are reported by Commissioner F. C. Schell as damaging grape vines
m his county. Commissioner R. S. Vaile reports an unusual number of young citrus
mealy bugs (Pseudococcus citri Risso.) this fall. — E. J. Vosler.
The alfalfa caterpillar, Eurymus eurytheme (Boisd.), has been greatly reduced bv a
wilt disease, according to reports received from Commissioner Carl J. Ley. — E. J.
V OSLER,
. The Western twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, DJa&ro«ica soror Lee. is still damag-
ing squash blossoms in the gardens in and around Sacramento. — E. J. Vosler.
Crickets are reported eating holes in garments by several parties in Sacramento.—
E. J. Vosler.
The pear-leaf blister-mite, Eriophyes pyri Pgst, is reported as now going into
hibernating quarters (September 26, 1913) by Mr. Geo. P. Weldon, who observed the
young moving from the leaves to the buds and into places of protection. His observa-
tions were made in El Dorad'o County.
706 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Humboldt County.
Mr. George Weatherby, County Horticultural Commissioner of Hum-
boldt County, is planning for considerable spraying demonstration
work this coming spring. Quite a heavy loss of apples and pears has
been occasioned by scab and aphis the past season. Proper spraying
at the opportune time should reduce the damage to a minimum. Mr.
Weatherby hopes to be able to get such results that those who are care-
less or negligent with their spraying may see where it is to their
advantage to improve their present methods.
Madera County.
County Horticultural Commissioner George Marchbank reports the
alfalfa butterfly as being very common in his county, and expresses
fears that it may be abundant again next season,
Sutter County.
County Horticultural Commissioner H. P. Stabler of Yuba City, is
planning a campaign against the red spider the coming season. This
pest has been very destructive to almond, prune, and peach, where no
remedial measures have been used.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 707
QUARANTINE 2 ^. S DIVISION
REPORT FOR MONTH OF AUGUST, 1913.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine OfRcer, San Francisco, California.
As is customary, we herewith publish an account of the volume of
work accomplished, also a list of the insect pests and plant diseases
intercepted at the horticultural quarantine lines in California during
the month of August. We have patiently determined the nature and
identity of these organisms, and given to them their technical names,
for the purpose of an official record. We are well aware that these
learned terms refer to subtleties difficult to comprehend, and of very
indifferent importance to those most vitally concerned, and we apply
them only to satisfy the scientific world that we actually know what we
are doing in this matter. What we, as horticultural quarantine officers,
are really concerned about, is to prevent any additional entomological
or pathological revenue collectors from establishing themselves in Cali-
fornia and adding their annual tax to the present cost of crop pro-
duction.
During all of the month we have pursued the uneven tenor of our
way, and in consonance with the simple code of ethics that dominate
the service, have passed all horticultural imports that complied with
the provisions of the state quarantine law and the regulations of the
plant quarantine act; treated, returned or destroyed all such as did
not, and have invoked the aid of the law on all violators of the quaran-
tines on fruit fly material. We have found the pupae of flies in the
folded tops of automobiles, and as a result, have drafted and urged the
passage of a regulation preventing in the future any motor car arriving
from Hawaii from leaving the dock upon which it was landed until
the same has been inspected and passed by the quarantine officers.
We have formulated a policy of action looking to the working in unison
of the great interior quarantine service of the State with that of the
coast division and the collaborators of the United States Department
of Agriculture, and which, if successful, will eventually give to Cali-
fornia the most complete horticultural quarantine system of any
country in the world.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports. Parcels.
Ships inspected 37
Passed as free from pests 44,363
Fumigated 2,929
Fumigated and returned : 498
Destroyed or returned 159
Contraband destroyed 45
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 47,994
Horticultural exports.
Parcels.
Inspected and certified 4,833
708 THE MONTPILY BULLETIN".
Pests Intercepted.
From Honolulu —
Fruit fly larvae and eggs in string beans.
Dipterous pupte in folded top of automobile No. 1072.
Bruchus sps. in seed pods.
Diaspis hromeliw and Pseiidococcus sps. on pineapples.
Cylas formicarius and Cryptorhynclius hatatw in sweet potatoes.
Lecanhim sps. and aphids on betel leaves.
Ceroplastes sps. on plants.
From United States Hawaiian Experiment Station —
Diaspis cchinocacti on Opuntia sps.
Astrrolecanium sps., •Fseudaonidia sps.. Coccus longuliis and Saissetia nigra on
Hibiscus cuttings.
Pseudaonidia sps., Howardia hiclavis and Chrysomphalus aurantii var. citrinus
on Jasmine plants.
Fungi on sweet lime cuttings.
From Tahiti —
Chrysomphalus aurantii, Morganella maskelli, Lepidosaphes beclcii and fungi on
oranges.
Hemichionaspis minor on cocoanuts.
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi and I eery a seychellarum on mango trees.
From New Zealand —
Leucaspis sps., Eriococcns sps., Aspidiotus sps., and Saissetia olew on Podocar-
pus ferruginea and Myrtus hullata.
From China —
Ephcstia elutella on walnuts and peanuts.
Pseudaonidia trilohitiformis, Chionaspis citri, Aspidiotus sps., Lepidosaphes
ieckii and Phomopsis citri on pomelos.
From India —
Lepidopterous larva? and coleopterous larvae in Cashew kernels.
From Japan^
Aleyrodes sps. on plants.
From Belgium —
Diaspis cchinocacti on Opuntia sps.
From New Jersey —
Diaspis hoisduvalii on orchids.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels.
Ships inspected 20
Passed as free from pests 19,034
Fumigated _ 14
Destroyed ' 3
Returned
Contraband
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 19,051
Pests Intercepted.
From Florida — •
Saissetia olew on avocado tree.
From Kentucky —
Pseiidococcus citri on unidentified plant.
From Illinois —
Pscudococcus citri on unidentified plant.
From Massachusetts —
Chrysomphalus biformis, Chrysomphalus ficus.
Chrysomphalus persew, Diaspis hoisduvalii.
Diaspis cchinocacti and Lepidosaphes sps. on orchids.
From New Jersey —
Pseudococcus citri and Pscudococcus longispinus on crotons.
Aspidiotus hederw, Chrysomphalus ficus and Pscudococcus longispinus on Kentia
palms.'
Orthezia insignis on Rhapis palms.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ro9
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Parcels.
Ships inspected 30 _^
Pflssed as free from pests J.Li'
Fumigated --
Destroyed 1
Returned --
Contraband '- 1"!
Total parcels horticultural products for the mouth 1,292
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Ships inspected 1
No horticultural imports.
EUREKA STATION.
No report.
A FORTUNATE FIND.
Bj' Lee a. Strong, State Horticultural Quarantine Inspector.
Probably nothing in the annals of the Quarantine Division has served
to so vividly show the imminent danger and consequent disastrous
results of the introduction into California of the Mediterranean fruit
Fig. 380. — Kamani nuts infested with living larvae of the
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied. ), des-
tined for planting in Southern California, but confiscated
and destroyed by the author. (Photo by Chattcrley. )
fly {Ceratitis capitata) as the following incident which occurred on the
arrival in San Francisco of the Oceanic Steamship Company's steamer
"Ventura" on April 25, 1913, from the antipodes via Honolulu, T. H.
710 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
During the regular procedure of baggage inspection hy the United
States Customs authorities, the writer was called by Customs Inspector
Graham to pass upon several lots of Algoroba beans among a number
of child's toys in a small telescope bag. These beans, not being a host
of the fruit fly, and showing no sign of insect infestation, were passed,
and the .passenger was asked whether she had anything more in the
way of seeds or fruit. She replied that her husband had in his pocket
five seeds of the "Hypocrite tree," grown in a churchyard in Hono-
lulu. She also stated that they contained no insects, as her little
daughter had played with them in the cabin during the voyage from
Honolulu, and had there been any maggots or other insects in them
they would most certainly have been discovered ; that the beauty of the
tree so impressed her, she wished to grow some like it, and was taking
the seeds to southern California to be planted.
Upon examination, the seeds proved to be the "Kamani nut" or
"tropical almond" {Terminalia cattapa), a hard nut, very like in form
to an almond (Fig. 380), but slightly larger, with a thin, fibrous cover-
ing, and one of the favorite hosts of the fruit fly. On turning back
the covering of one of the nuts there were disclosed to view eleven
Mediterranean fruit fly maggots, subsisting on what appeared to be
scarcely enough food for one.
Had not these seeds received the rigid inspection given everything
from all localities where fruit fly exists, they would undoubtedly have
been planted in southern California, and since the fruit fly, when
possible, enters the ground to pupate, nothing — -had it been carefully
planned — could have been so conducive to the establishing in Cali-
fornia of the most dreaded and worst known insect pest of fruit and
vegetables in the M'Orld today; an insect that has the widest range of
host fruits of any known, and whose presence in a fruit growing region
means devastation and ruin.
COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS.
By Frederick Maskew^ Chief Deputy Quamntine Offlcer.
The central quarantine office is mainly concerned with the County
Horticultural Commissioners in their capacity as State Quarantine
guardians, but the experience of half a life time, spent in the orchards
and fields of California — most of the same working in conjunction with
the county officials upon local problems — created a lasting feeling of
interest and fellowship in all that pertains to the success of their sev-
eral functions. It is with much pleasure that we have read the press
comments of the exhibits made by the Horticultural Commissioners at
the county fairs that have recently been held in different parts of
this State.
We have long held, and often set forth, that an active working
liorticultural commissioner was one of the best assets any county could
possess, and in our opinion, an annual fair where the most progressive
of its citizens are striving to advance the interests of the county, is one
good place at Avhich to demonstrate the same, and with an energetic
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
711
man in charge, it would be difficult for any other county office to rival
it in point of general usefulness.
"Horticultural Commissioner." The title itself implies the possible
scope of the service of the office to the producers of any county ni
California. Applied entomology is one of the phases, but the require-
ments of the position in its broadest sense call for a knowledge of the
soils of the locality and their adaptability to the production of specific
crops ; the best means of maintaining and increasing their productivity
and the most economical methods to be employed to make the same
fully available ; the varieties of different fruits suited to the particular
environment as well as the commercial requirements for the same ; a
working knowledge of the different grades of nursery stock and their
relative values, as well as the principles of laying out and planting an
orchard and the subseciuent general management of the same; and
above all, the ability to assimilate technical findings on all these sub-
jects and adapt the most economic ways and means of applying the
same to the immediate conditions of his own county.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
LEROY CHILDS Assistant Secretary
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL '. Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. HOYT -—.- Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY - Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. y. M. HALL ^ Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II
No. 11
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
. Alfalfa stems showing larvae
and webbing effects of Manxes -
tra picta. (Photo by Reeves.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
NOVEMBER, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
Page.
ZEBRA CATERPILLAR ^ E. J. Vosi.er 713
INJURY AND PROTECTION OF FRUIT FROM FREEZING
Geo. p. AVeldon 715
REPORT OF DR. G. HAROLD POWELL, MANAGER OF THE CALI-
FORNIA FJIUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE A. J. Cook 720
A SERIOUS PHILIPPINE ORANGE MOTH E. O. EssiG 722
GENERAL NOTEvS— -
An Intere.sting Intruher A. J. Cook 724
A New Method of Destkoyinc; Woolly Aphis E. 0. Essig 725
The Rose Aphis E. 0. Essig 725
The Watsomville Apple Show A. J. Cook 725
Two Spray FoRMrL.ii for Fkuit Flies E. O. Essig 726
Some I.^•TERESTI^'G Frcit Flies E. 0. Essig 726
California Ni-rserymen's Convention A. J. Cook 727
Formul.55 for Preserving Fruit 727
Citrus Crop Estimate T2S
Spray'Ing to Control Tomato Thrips E. O. Essig 728
CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES— E. J. Vosler 729
INSECT NOTES '3'31
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS— Geo. P. Weldox 732
QUARANTINE DIVISION—
Report for the Month of September. 1013 Frederick Maskew 733
Uniform Horticultural Laws Frederick Masketv 735
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
November, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 11
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS:
A. J. COOK
E. O. ESSIG -
LEROY CHILDS
GEO. P. WELDON
HARRY S. SMITH -
FREDERICK MASKEW
CENSOR
State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Secretary, Sacramento
Assistant Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journals,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing
sacramento, califobnla
1913
CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE
BY
DR. A. J. COOK
State Commissioner of Horticulture
(And for many years a close student of all phases of this great industry)
A New and Up-to-date Treatise of All Phases
of Citrus Culture Under California
Conditions
FULLY ILLUSTRATED AND INDEXED
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE PAGES
FORTY-ONE DIFFERENT TOPICS TREATED
Free to the residents of California, and will be promptly mailed to all making
application to the office of the
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Sacramento, California.
ZEBRA CATERPILLAR.
{Mamcstra picta, Harris.)
Order — Lepidoptera. Family — Noctuidae.
By E. J. VosLER, Assistant Superintendent, State Insectary.
ftOlANICAl
<JAKI>tilN.
The zebra caterpillar, Mamestra picta, often attracts attention by
appearing in considerable numbers in the early fall on alfalfa.
Comstock^ describes the caterpillar as of a light yellow color with
three broad longitudinal black stripes, one on each side and the third
on the top of the back. These stripes on the sides are broken by
numerous pure white lines. The pupa is of a brownish color. The
Fig. 381. — Alfalfa stems
showing larvae and webbing
effects of Mamestra picta.
(Photo by Reeves.)
adult moth has dark chestnut brown forewings and pale yellow hind-
wmgs
The eggs of this caterpillar are deposited on the alfalfa leaves and
hatch in a few days. The young larva? eat the epidermis of the leaves,
which soon appear whitish from their attack. They web the tops of the
stalks of alfalfa together, as shown in Fig. 381.
One may go through an alfalfa field and notice here and there plants
of which the tops are welibed together and the leaves present a whitish
and, dead appearance. In the young stages the larva? work in colonies,
and only on the upper and consequently more tender portions of the
^Manual for Study of Inset'ts, page 305.
•14
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
alfalfa plant. I have seen as manj^ as fifty small larvfe on one leaf and
several hundred on the entire plant. As they become larger they will
scatter to adjoining plants, eating the leaves as they go. Fig. 382
shows a larva of Mamestra picta destroying the leaf tissues of the alfalfa.
Often at a radius of several feet from the originalh^ infested plant the
larvre may be found working on the leaves.
Fig. 382. — Larva Mamestra picta on an
alfalfa leaf. (Photo by Reeves.)
An interesting note in connection with the feeding habits of this
caterpillar was observed in an alfalfa field at Salt Lake, Utah. Dur-
ing the latter part of September and the first of October. Avhen the
alfalfa leaves were becoming too tough, the larvaa would migrate to the
edges of the field and feed on the tender growth of dock, which was
very abundant along the ditch banks. Day after day the larvfB were
picked off the dock, and each time a new number of well grown larvje
appeared.
From September to October the caterpillars on becoming full grown
enter the soil to pupate. In the breeding cages a majority passed the
resting stage at a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. The winter is passed
in this stage, the moths appearing in the spring. There are probably
several generations, but the last generation in the fall is the one in
which the larvae are numerous enough to attract attention.
At present the best method for the control of this pest on alfalfa is
to go through a field picking and destroying infested tops, which are
conspicuous because of their whitish color, when the larva? are in the
young stages and consequently massed on one or two stalks. If the
fields are pastured at this time of the year very little damage will result
from this insect's attack.
Fig. 383. — Cocoon of Campoplex sp.
on alfalfa stem with the larval re-
mains of Mamestra picta. (Photo by
Reeves.)
We have records of this insect occurring in the Atlantic States, Colo-
rado. Utah and California.
Besides alfalfa, it attacks cabbage, celery, beets and other garden
vegetables.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 715
Very few natural enemies have lieen recorded on this caterpilhir. An
undetermined species of a tachinid fly has been reared from Maniestra
picta. A species of Canipoplex of the family Ichneumonidce was reared
from the young larva of Maniestra picta, at Salt Lake, Utah. The
Campoplex oviposits in the very young larva and emerges from the host
at about the third stage, spinning its cocoon below the host remains.
Fig. 383 shows the cocoons of this parasite and the remains of the host.
INJURY AND PROTECTION OF FRUIT FROM FREEZING.
By Geo. P. Wbldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
One of the chief limiting factors in the production of fruit through-
out the various states of the Union is frost. It is true that there are
certain sections of the country where such have seldom or never occurred
to the detriment of the fruit crop. Experience of orchardists in Cali-
fornia and elsewhere has led to the conclusion that no section, no matter
how free it has been from killing frosts during the danger period of
trees in the past, can be said to possess immunity, and there may come
a time when the temperature will drop so low that buds, blossoms and
fruit, if not trees, must succumb. There are, of course, many places
where fine fruit is grown during favorable seasons that are visited by
killing frosts periodically, and the chances for and against raising a
crop are about even. Such sections do not offer the best advantages for
commercial orcharding unless some practical means of protecting the
crop during the danger period may be employed.
Period of Greatest Danger from Killing Frosts.
In the case of deciduous fruits, the injury is usually done either to
the buds, l)lossoms or small fruit in the early spring, about blossoming
time, although a severe freeze during the winter season may kill the
buds. In the case of citrus trees, freezing temperatures any time during
the winter or spring season may result in the destruction of the fruit,
while the buds of well-ripened, perfectly dormant deciduous trees will
often stand temperatures ranging from 10° to 30" or more below zero.
The period of greatest danger, as far as deciduous fruits are concerned,
corresponds pretty closely to the time from when the buds begin to swell
in the spring until the fruit (apples or peaches) has reached a diameter
of a half inch. This time is, of course, subject to variations in climate,
due to altitude or local conditions.
Bud Injury.
Winter or early spring injury to buds may be detected by a discolored
area seen in the center upon cutting them open. The pistil or central
organ of the blossom is usually the first part to freeze and once frozen
fertilization is rendered impossible. Blossoms so injured will sometimes
develop, and the trees will come out in blossom and be just as beautiful
as if nothing had happened. An examination of such blossoms will show
the blackened pistil in the center, and if any fruit develops, it must be
from blossoms which escaped this injury or which developed later. A
peculiar form of freezing of apple blossoms which has come to my notice
in another state destroys the petals entirely. The rest of the parts of
the blossom develop normally ; fertilization takes place as usual, and a
good crop of fruit may set on the trees.
716
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fruit Injury.
Often fruit develops from frost-injured blossoms, but probalily never
except when fertilization has taken place prior to the injury. It is a
very common thing to find seedless apples or pears during a season
following a freeze at blossoming time or shortly afterward. Fig. 384 is
Fig. 3S4. — Normal shaped' Bellflower on right; abnormal Bellflower on left because
of frost injury. (Original.)
Fig. 3S5. — Normal shaped Bellflower on right contains well developed seeds; abnormal
frost injured Bellflower on left has none. (Original.)
a picture taken of two Bellflowers picked from the ^ame tree. One
apple is almost true to the type of this particular variety ; the other is
very much flattened and distorted. Most of the apples in the orchard
where these were picked resembled the latter, and it was difficult to find
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 717
a typieal-sliaped Bellflower. All apples of this shape were seedless.
This trouble might easily be confused with distortion of apples from the
attack of purple apple aphis. This pest always leaves the apples small
and misshapen, but well-formed seeds are present. Fig. 385 shows the
same two apples as in Fig. 384, which have been cut open. A well-
developed seed is shown in the core of the typical-shaped apple, while
the other one has none. Figs. 386 and 387 show distorted Bartlett pears
which were injured by a spring freeze and which have developed no
seeds.
Another form of injury to fruit is the so-called frost russet illustrated
in Fig. 388. The russeting very frequently shapes itself in a band
about the fruit, but in some cases may occur in the calyx and stem
cavities. This injury is very commonly confused with that resulting
from thrips or blister mite on pears, and scab or Bordeaux injury on
both pears and apples and various other things. . The presence of the
characteristic bands as illustrated is a sure indication of frost injury.
Leaf Injury.
A peculiar crumpling or blistering of the leaves of deciduous fruit
always follows severe spring freezes. The epidermis of the leaf may
separate from the inside portion wherever these blisters occur. Such
leaves are apt to turn yellow and drop very early in the season. This
form of injury is not serious.
Susceptibility of Varieties.
Some varieties of apples, pears, peaches, cherries, as the case may be,
will stand much more freezing than others. Again, some varieties will
blossom much later than others, thus escaping a frost that would injure
earlier blossoming varieties. It is, therefore, wise for the orchardist
who lives in sections of killing spring frosts to select the hardiest, and in
some cases preference should be given to late blooming varieties. As
an illustration of this fact the Rome Beauty and Jeniton apples blossom
much later than the Ben Davis and Jonathan, consequently often escape
injury when the latter-named varieties are killed by a freeze coming
about blossoming time.
Frost Protection.
It is safe to say that the orchard which is well cared for in general
is less liable to injury from freezing than the one which is neglected.
The first point Avhich should be emphasized, then, in connection with
protecting the orchard from killing frosts is proper care. Cultivation,
pruning, fertilization, irrigation and spraying are all necessary at cer-
tain times for the best development of trees, including the fruit buds.
If the buds can go into the winter in perfect condition, there is every
reason to believe that they will stand more than they would if devitalized
because of unhealthy trees.
Smudging.
It has long been known that there is little danger from killing frosts
on a cloudy night. This fact has led to a belief that the same protection
afforded by the clouds can be produced artificially by means of smoke.
With this idea in view, various materials which in burning will produce
much smoke have been burned in orchards during frosty nights. This
718
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
method of protection is known as smudging, and is fast giving way to
the better method of heating. . It is probable that light frosts have been
warded off by means of such smudges, or at least a sufficient blanket has
been formed over an orchard in the early morning to prevent the rapid
Fig. 386. — Poorly shaped Bartlett pears injured by freezing. (Original.)
^^^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■p^^j
^^^HHI^^H
^^^v^v^^l
^^r ^1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r
^^m ^^^H
H -^ J*- '
1 --^rmI ^^I
ft ^^HjHRPF '^^^^1
^V ^^^ ' ^
^^^^^j||i^^^n
' %m^
^dHIHii^lilii^^lHBi
Fig. 387. — Pears sliown in Fig. 3 86 cut open to show tliat they are seedless. (Original.)
thawing of the blossoms which, if thawed out too rapidly, are sure to be
killed. It is now thought that smudging in itself is of little value, and
many of the successful orchard heaters now in use are designed to utilize
as much of the fuel as possible ; the more complete the combustion the
better they are thought to be.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
719
Orchard Heating.
While there are still many problems in connection with orchard heat-
ing yet to be solved, it is now generally conceded that, under certain
conditions at least, a crop of fruit, citrus or deciduous, can be saved,
even though the temperature falls as much as 15° below freezing. Dur-
ing spring freezes of four different seasons in Colorado, the writer had
abundant opportunity to study the various operations of the orchard
heating business in time of action, and the effect of such heating in
saving fruit. The first practical demonstration of what could be accom-
plished was made in the spring of 1908. Three or four different parties
had previously purchased some of the Bolton orchard heaters, which
at that time were manufactured in California. By the use of these
small lard-pail pots, as they were called, which held about three quarts
of oil, these men succeeded in saving a considerable amount of fruit.
The demonstration was a perfect one, for only in the heated areas was
there any fruit. Before this time there were orchards in California
Fig. 3S8.^Frost russet band of apples. (Original.)
where heaters had been used. The Limoneira Company had done con-
siderable work along this line, and had used wire liaskets for burning
coal with more or less success. The fact that it was possible to save a
crop of fruit by burning coal or oil in containers led to the making and
patenting of a great many types of heaters, practically any one of which
will do the work, provided that the necessary amount of fuel is burned.
Both coal and oil have given satisfaction, but the latter is preferred by
most orchardists. In California, where oil is so cheap and coal so high,
it does not seem as though any one would be justified in purchasing coal
heaters. It would not be policy to recommend any particular make of
heater in this article. In general, the reservoir type of oil heater is the
most satisfactory. One can scarcely afford to purchase heaters and
other equipment for the work and then fail because of an insufficient
supply of oil. Of course, it is possible to refill small heaters, or to have
a reserve supply of them on hand, but such entails extra work and
expense at time of heating when it is often hard to get enough help.
720 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Placement of Heaters in Orchard.
One heater for each tree is the number ordinarily used. They are
commonly placed in the center of the rectangle formed by four trees.
When to Light.
Firing should begin before the temperature has reached the danger
point, the object being to keep it at a certain point rather than to let
it drop below and then try to raise it again. For example, it is much
easier to maintain a temperature of 32° when the outside temperature
is 25° than it is to raise it to 32° after it has dropped down to 25°.
While fruit buds or blossoms may stand this temperature for a short
time, it is never safe to let it get so cold.
Keep Firing Well After Sunrise.
Many a crop of fruit has been lost because fuel played out. or because
men became tired or careless and let fires go down at daybreak. The
coldest period is very often about sunrise and the heaviest firing is
necessary at this time.
Use Only Tested Thermometers.
To depend upon a twenty-five cent thermometer in the orchard-
heating business, when thousands of dollars are at stake, is inexcusable
foolishness, and yet such has often been done. Nothing but reliable,
tested thermometers should be used in this important work. Several
should be used and placed in different parts of the orchard, as there may
be quite a temperature variation in a short distance. Electric alarms
may be used, but it is more satisfactory in actual practice to have reliable
men to watch the thermometers and record temperatures every few
minutes during the time of expected freeze.
Success Means Hard Work.
Our present knowledge of frost fighting with orchard heaters is not
such that it can be recommended under all conditions. With the tem-
peratures that we usually have during the period of spring and winter
freezes in California, it is safe to say that the man who is willing to
observe all the details and who is not afraid of the hardest kind of work
will succeed. Not every man who has orchard heaters does, neither
does every man who sprays make a success of that operation. Orchard
heating, if it is done at all, should be done rightly, or else all labor and
expense may be thrown away. No one who is looking only for the easy
jobs should have anything to do with this work.
REPORT OF DOCTOR G. HAROLD POWELL, MANAGER OF THE
CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE.
By A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture.
This report is full of encouragement. It shows the value of this great
co-operative association, demonstrates completely success in what was
at first thought to be a most serious calamity, and must give to all citrus
growers renewed courage.
The estimated crop at the beginning of the year, September, 1912,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 721
was thirty-four thousand carloads, or 13,250,000 boxes. Never before
was the estimate so large.
The heavy November winds destroyed ten per cent of the crop, and
the unprecedented freeze of January, 1913, still further reduced it, so
that only 12,445 carloads were sent to market. We see by this that over
60 per cent of the crop was destroyed.
This colossal misfortune was heralded throughout the country, and
without the Exchange the showing given in this report would not have
been possible.
As a result of the double loss, only 37 7/10 per cent of the estimated
shipment for the year was sent to market by the Exchange. This
amounted to 61^ per cent of the total shipment from the State during the
season. Indeed, it surpassed the percentage of any previous year. In
1905 the Exchange marketed only 47 per cent of the total crop, but has
speedily increased from that time until now.
The freeze of course resulted in a shortage of citrus fruits, and so
prices ruled high. The cash returns exceed $13,500,000, an average of
$2.75 per box. This is 50.2 per cent higher than the average for the
past eight years.
It will be remembered that Mr. Frank F. Chase, of Riverside, dis-
covered a method of segregating the frozen and unfrozen fruit. It is a
gratifying fact that only one third of one per cent brought "red ink"
returns. Notwithstanding the great freeze, 98.25 per cent brought a
cash return after all expenses were paid. The one third of one per cent
were probably those sold immediately after the disastrous frost.
The total cost of marketing each box of fruit the present season was
7;^- cents, or only 2 per cent of the gross sales. This is 16 per cent less
than that of the previous year, owing to better prices this present season.
Surely, farmers can do business. This, however, is only the cost of
maintaining the central exchange. If we add the cost of maintenance
of the district associations, the entire cost is less than 2| per cent of the
gross sales. Doctor Powell adds that this is less than the cost of market-
ing any agricultural product in America other than this. The usual
cost is not less than 5 per cent and more often reaches 10 per cent or
even more.
The total losses during the year from bad debts, etc., were $380.70, or
less than 1/333 of one per cent, of the cash returns to the growers.
Since 1904 the net returns paid by the Exchange to growers has been
$131,000,000 ; the total losses $5,731.21, or less than 1/200 of one per
cent. Does this not show that farmers can do business 1 Co-operation
has won out.
The shipments this season after the disastrous freeze were 53 per cent
of those of the previous year, and the f. o. b. cash proceeds 79 per cent.
After deducting all expenses of whatsoever kind, the growers received
85 per cent of the amount paid them the previous year. The f. o. 1).
average price this season was 47 per cent above that of last season. So
well was the business conducted by the Exchange that though the
amount of fruit sold was so greatly reduced, yet the cost to the growers
was only f of a cent per box al)ove that of last year.
722
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
A SERIOUS PHILIPPINE ORANGE MOTH.
Prays citri Mill.
{Prays nephelomima Meyrick. )
By E. O. BssiG, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture.
Prof. C. F. Baker^ continues to show his keen interest in the protec-
tion of California horticulture by his many reports to the State Com-
mission of Horticulture relative to the serious insect pests in the
Philippine Islands, which should be intercepted in quarantine. Of all
enumerated, he has called particular attention to a small moth, con-
cerning which he writes : ' ' The little moth works in a variety of native
orange here, called the 'cajel.' It practically makes a gall in the rind,
causing a tumor-like swelling that is always open at the outside, and
which does not seem to penetrate the pulp at all. I get large and small
moths from these galls. It is apparently a new pest of oranges and
^^>' ..^, >>01;
l^ilWA
Pig. 389. — Rind of "cajel" orange showing tumors made by the larvae of Prays
citri Mill. Twice enlarged. (Original.)
seems to be widely distributed, and should be taken account of in quar-
antine work. The determination, Prays citri Mill., of which Prays
nephelomima Meyrick is a synonym, came through Busch from Meyrick
himself. ' '
The larvae of this moth live just beneath the rind next to but not in
the pulp. They produce gall-like tumors, which remain opened at the
tips. (Pig. 389.) These tumors are often exceedingly numerous and
may almost cover the entire surface of the orange. Both the appearance
and keeping qualities of the fruit are thus destroyed, as the openings
'Professor of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los
Banos, P. I.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 723
are very repulsive to the sight and afford excellent germinating places
for destructive fungi, which are always abundant. The tumors are
often scarcely perceptible in height, while many protrude one fourth of
an inch. The opening is usually about one eighth of an inch in
diameter. The larviB are small, rarely attaining a length of more than
one fourth of an inch. They are light yellow or whitish, and have the
head, two small spine areas on the dorsum of the prathorax, two similar
areas on each of the mesothorax and metathorax, and the tip of the
abdomen dark brown. The body is covered with many colorless hairs,
which are not visible to the unaided eye.
The adult moths,- as previously stated by Prof. Baker, are of two
distinct sizes, the largest being three eighths of an inch long and the
smaller about half as large. The general color is light grayish-brown,
with large and distinct dark marking upon the front wings. The body,
legs and antennfe are light, as are the hind wings, which have large
marginal fringes. Under certain lights there is a bright blue iridescence
to the color of the wings and body.
As there is apparently no way of importing this pest except with the
fruit, the danger of introducing it to California is greatly reduced by
the quarantine laws which are being maintained against all countries
where the fruit flies (Trypetidce) are known to exist. However, the
recognition of such a pest by quarantine inspectors may prevent its
nitroduction from some other section of the world where these laws do
not apply.
2The material from whic?i these descriptions are made was furnislied by Prof. C. F.
Balcer.
724 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
GENERAL NOTES.
AN INTERESTING INTRUDER.
When we remember that there are more insects, proh^ibly more beetU^s
(Coleoptera), than there are of all other species of animals of all the
groups, Ave may not wonder that the student of this class of animals
is constantly running against surprises. An insect puzzle has just come
to us here. Mr. S. II. Essig. Horticultural Inspector of Ventura County,
sends in a large number of snout beetles, or weevils, which were found
doing no little damage to the tender foliage of the apricot trees. These
prove to be otiorhynchids, or not very distant relatives of Fuller's rose
beetle, Aramigvs fulleri. This, strange as it may seem, is a species
entirely new to science, so far as we can determine. The puzzle is just
here : How could a new species come upon us all at once in large
numbers! Is it an importation, or has it come upon the apricot from
some wild plant of our own State ? In either case we should suppose
that some keen-eyed entomologist would have "spotted" it before this.
It will be remembered that Fuller's rose beetle was discovered only
a comparatively short time ago. Yet it is now a pest to be reckoned
with, both as a larva and as an imago.
Fortunately this new pest does not come till midsummer, when the
season's growth is well advanced, and so partial defoliation is less dam-
aging than earlier in the season.
The larvaj of Aramigus fulleri feeds upon the roots of roses, rasp-
berries, blackberries and other rosaceous plants, and often does serious
mischief. It will be interesting to know where this new pest works in
the larval or grub stage.
A word as to remedial measures against this new pest. In case the
larva works on the roots of cultivated plants then bisulphide of carbon,
which has been used successfully against the grubs of Fuller's rose
weevil, would doubtless serve as a remedy. It is a well-known fact that
most weevils when jarred fall to the ground, and that all leaf -eaters are
poisoned by use of lead arsenate as a spray. By use of the jarring
method — trapping the insects — I saved my plum crop in Michigan
entirely for years, while neighbors who gave no heed to the Curculio
lost all. Lead arsenate, three pounds to fifty gallons of water, is a cheap,
effective poison. This is a mixture and not a solution, and so should be
stirred so as to keep it uniform. In case insects are very numerous,
this last may seem to be ineffective, as the multitudes killed l)y the
poison are at once replaced by other multitudes ready to take their place
and meet their fate.
This often happens when we use the arsenical mixtures to kill the
rose chafer, Macrodactijhis suhsinnosus, of the eastern states. In all
such cases, where we use poisonous sprays, we must apply with force
so as to reach all the foliage. — A. J. Cook.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 725
A NEW METHOD OF DESTROYING WOOLLY APHIS.
M. A. Cadoret, of France/ has discovered a new method of destroying-
woolly aphis on fruit trees. It consists in painting the attacked parts
with a mixture composed of :
Liiisped oil 7 Pounds
White lead H pounds
Wliite zinc 1 pourifj
Turpentine 1 pound
Boil together the first three f(jr ten minutes and allow to cool, after
which add the turpentine and apply with brush in spring and autumn.
In many sections where large knots are produced by this pest, it might
be well to give this method a trial yet this year. — E. 0. Essig.
THE ROSE APHIS.
In the Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, Vol. I, Part 8, page
271, 1913, there is a review of some experiments on the rose aphis, con-
ducted by T. Peneau in France. He calls particular attention to the
destruction of the eggs in winter by painting the stems with lime or
with a mixture of quicklime 5 parts, sulphate of iron 3 parts, water
50 parts (all by weight). A mixture which he claims is better than
either of the above is called Melange de Balbiani, and is made as follows :
Dissolve 7 pounds of naphthaline in 5 pounds of coal tar ; add 24 pounds
of slaked lime ; gradually add water until there are 10 gallons of spray.
These materials are applied in June.
It might be well to experiment with the last spray as a means of
destroying the eggs of the rosy and green apple aphids, which are so
serious in California. — E. 0. EssiG.
THE WATSONVILLE APPLE SHOW.
The exposition at Watsonville, October 6th to 14th, was a pronounced
success. The pageantry feature was strikingly attractive; the feature
exhibits most original, very ingenious and, like the pageants, must have
required days of hard work. These were in the hands of the school
children of the county, and the writer has rarely, if ever, seen anything
to equal them. The wholesome attractions other than the exhibits war-
ranted the exceptionally large attendance.
A noticeable reform over the exhibit of last year was the omission of
carload lots. Is it not much more important to exhibit single boxes,
five- and ten-box displays, as these attract the attention of the small
grower and growers rather than of the dealers?
Messrs. Rowe of Michigan and Olwell of Rogue River Valley, Oregon,
who acted with the writer as .judges at the Exposition, commented very
favorably upon the quality of the fruit. Mr. Rowe, who has acted as
judge at all of these Watsonville expositions, stated that there was a
marked improvement each year, which gives clear warrant to such
exhibitions, costly though they may be in time and money.
Two peculiarities of this Apple Show are most interesting : One, the
splendid apples coming from our mountain counties where the altitude
iRev. Appl. Ent. Vol. I, Ser. A, Part S, p. 274, Aug., 1913.
726 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,
is high and the winter temperature low. Espeeiall.y fine was the exhibit
from Inyo County. One of the judges remarked that everything in
that exhibit shoukl take a prize. The display from Humboldt County
was also greatly admired. Second, the diversity of products which we
can get almost in any county of California.
In an automobile drive we noticed some of the orchards excellently
well-cultivated ; others, not so. These last, with a large growth of weeds,
were certainly losing great quantities of water, carried off by trans-
piration, which they could illy afford to lose.
Evidently many props had been used to hold up the great crop and
to prevent breaking of branches. Would not more attention to pruning
and thinning of fruit do away with this necessity of using props, and
so permit cultivation and destruction of weeds?
It is certainly true that this year's display of exhibits at Sebastopol
and Watsonville fully demonstrates the value of such expositions. —
A. J. Cook,
TWO SPRAY FORMULA FOR FRUIT FLIES.
In the work of controlling the olive fruit fly in France, S. Scelsi^
gives two important spray formulfB which have become very noted in
that country, and which may prove of value in the control of the few
fruit flies known in this country. They are as follows :
iReview of Applied Ent. Vol. I, Ser. A, Part S, p. 271, Aug., 1913.
Berlese Formula.
Molasses 20 pounds
Arsenate of potash 4 pounds
Water 20 gallons
De Cillis Formula.
Molasses 130 pounds
Honey 62 pounds
Glycerine 4 pounds
Arsenate of soda 4 pounds
Water 20 gallons
The spraying should be done thoroughly, great care being taken to
see that all of the leaves are wet. — E. 0, EssiG.
SOME INTERESTING FRUIT FLIES.
Prof. C. F. Baker has made some remarkable discoveries in the
Philippine Islands with regard to fruit flies, which are worthy of note
here. The melon maggot, Dacvs cucurhitce Coq., is abundant there.
Dacus ferrugineiis Fab., as has been previously reported there, proves
to be Dacus ferrugineiis var. pedestris Bezzi. The most interesting fly,
the maggots of which he found swarming in wild oranges, proved to be
a new genus and a new species which Bezzi named MonacrosticJius
citricola.
Prof. R. W. Doane, of Stanford University, has recently collected the
Queensland fruit fly, Dacus zonatus Coq., on the Island of Tahiti.
Specimens of all the above species are in the collection of the State
Commission of Horticulture.
All of these fruit flies are serious pests, so these records are of great
value to the horticultural quarantine departments of the state work. —
E. 0. EssiG.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 727
CALIFORNIA NURSERYMEN'S CONVENTION. '
The meeting of the California Nurserymen was well attended, and
the program very interesting and instructive. One rarely listens to so
excellent a program.
The large attendance of county horticultural commissioners was very
gratifying. The mingling of these commissioners, the fruit growers
and the nurserymen, will tend toward that harmony of thought and
feeling which is indispensable to the best practice.
We have only to know our Californians in each of these classes to
feel sure that any want of accords results from lack of acquaintance.
Such meetings will aid greatly to secure uniform horticultural laws,
ordinances and practice. — A. J. Cook.
FORMULA FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.
The specimens to be preserved should be the most perfect obtainable,
free from all blemishes and imperfections. In most cases fruit of a
fair degree of ripeness is better than partly green specimens.
Exhibition jars should be of clear, white glass, preferably with ground
glass stoppers. The tall cylindrical form is desirable, especially for the
smaller fruits.
The sorted fruit is first carefully placed in the jar, which is then
filled with clear water. After standing a short time, the water should
be poured off, so as to remove all particles of dirt from the jar and
contents. The jar may then be filled with the preserving fluid and kept
in a dark, cool place until the time for exhibition. Frequent examina-
tion should be made to determine how well the fruit is keeping. If the
liquid becomes colored from the fruit, it should be poured off and
replaced by fresh fluid.
The following formulas have been successfully used at the Colorado
Agricultural College, especially with plums, grapes, cherries, currants
and gooseberries :
Formalin, 5 parts ; saturated solution of common table salt, 10 parts ;
water (boiled and cooled) enough to make 100 parts. This may be made
up by measures as follows: Formalin, 1 pint; salt solution, 2 pints;
water, 17 pints.
When made up, the solution will keep indefinitely. Another solution
weaker in formalin has also been used here satisfactorily. The propor-
tions are: Formalin, 3 parts; salt solution, 10 parts; water enough to
make 100 parts.
For raspberries, the following mixture is recommended: Formalin,
1 part ; glycerine, 10 parts ; water, 89 parts. Strawberries may be pre-
served fairly well in a saturated solution of common salt, and, better
still, in a fluid composed of formalin, 1 ounce ; alum, 1 drachm ; glycerine,
5 ounces; water, 3 pints.
Red currants keep best in a solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 part;
glycerine, 10 parts ; water, 90 parts.
The corrosive sublimate must be dissolved in hot water and the solu-
tion and fruit preserved in it should be labeled poison, as it is very
deadly if swallowed.
The glass stoppers of bottles and jars may be made perfectly tight
728 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
by smearing the gTound surface with a small amount of light colored
vaseline. This will also prevent, in great measure, the sticking of the
stoppers when it is desired to remove them.
CITRUS CROP ESTIMATE.
The following estimate for the citrus crop has been received from
G. Harold Powell, manager of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange,
under date of November 4, 1913 :
The estimates or oranges and lemons made by the Exchange shippers
at all of the different shipping points indicate a crop for the State of
38,000 to 40,000 carloads. This estimate would, of course, be changed
one way or the other, depending upon climatic conditions from now on.
The indications are, however, that there will be about 33,000 or 35,000
cars of oranges and approximately 4,500 cars of lemons. Of the
oranges, these preliminary estimates show about 8,000 cars of Valencias
and 23.000 to 25,000 cars of Navels. There are usually from 1,500 to
2,000 cars of other varieties of oranges. Of course these estimates are
preliminary, but they are based on accurate individual estimates of the
growers in the different sections.
SPRAYING TO CONTROL TOMATO THRIPS.
In the report of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station for
1912. issued March, 1913, pp. 61-62, R. T. AVatson has published some
interesting things regarding spraying for the tomato or grain thrips,
Enthrips tritici Fitch. He found that the majority of the tomato blos-
soms, instead of setting fruit, turned yellow, and if touched dropped
off at the node. When these were opened they were found to contain
six or more thrips apiece. The pistils and stigmas were attacked. Eggs
were found in the style and pedicle, and there was no doubt but that
the dropping was caused by the thrips. A trial piece was treated with
a spray composed of:
Commercial lime-sulphur (33° Baume) .")i gallons
Black-leaf "40" 14 fluid ouuces
Water 200 sallons
• Seventy-eight per cent of the thrips were killed. — E. 0. Essig.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 729
CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT
DISEASES.
By E. J. VosLBRj Assistant Superintendent of the State Insectary.
[Und'er the above heading the author aims to give brief, popular descriptions and
methods of controlling insect pests and plants as near as possible just prior to or at
the time when the suggestions given should be carried into effect by the growers.]
KILLING THE SQUASH BUGS.
The squash bug is a brownish-black insect with yellow spots along the
edges of the abdomen and has a dirty yellow venter. The young of this
bug, which hatch from eggs deposited by the adult in the spring on the
early sprouts of squash and pumpkin vines, attack and destroy the
young tissues of the plants. As this bug winters over in the -adult stage
under rubbish and among the old vines, clean culture is important.
At this time of the year the burning of all rubbish in the fields, espe-
cially the old vines, cleaning along fences and fall plowing, will greatly
aid in the reduction of this pest the following year.
INSECTS IN STORED PRODUCTS.
There are many species of insects which do much damage to stored
products. Among these can be mentioned the grain weevils, pea weevils,
the flower moths, etc. Use carbon bisulphide against these pests, the
vapor of which, being heavy, will go downwards, penetrating the stored
material to be fumigated. A tight fumigating room is an essential.
Pour the carbon bisulphide into shallow dishes and place in the bins,
using five pounds to one thousand cubic feet of space. As this fumigant
is highly inflammable, caution must be taken that it is not placed near
flames. The temperature should be 70° Fahr. or above to insure the
best results. Leave products in the room about twenty-four hours.
INSECTS IN GREENHOUSES.
Two pests very troublesome in greenhouses are the red spiders and
the mealy bugs. The former cause the affected leaves to turn yellow
and drop. They are noticed as small reddish dots on the under sides of
the leaves. Syringing the plants forcibly with water two or three times
a week, care being taken to reach the undersides of the leaves, will
usually suffice to keep this mite under control. The mealy bugs are
probably the hardest pests to fight in the greenhouse. Syringing, as
used against the red spider, is the most practical remedy, but will be
effective against the younger stages only.
THE FRUIT TREE LEAF-ROLLER.
The larvffi of the fruit tree leaf -roller injure the blossoms and destroy
the fruit and foliage of many species of plants, including apple, pear,
plum, cherry, apricot, quince, peach, rose, currant, raspberry and goose-
berry. This insect passes the winter in the egg stage. The egg masses
are made up of from ten to one hundred and fifty eggs covered with a
sticky substance deposited with the egg. They are laid most anywhere
730 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
on the bark of shade trees, fruit trees, shrubbery and berry bushes.^
George P. Weldon recommends the use of soluble oils used in propor-
tions not weaker than one gallon of soluble oil to nineteen gallons of
water as a winter spray to destroy the egg masses of this pest.
THE CALIFORNIA TUSSOCK MOTH.
The caterpillars of this moth are gray in color with numerous colored
spots. They have four prominent white tufts on the dorsum and two
distinct black ones on the head. They feed upon the young fruit and
foliage. As this pest spends the winter in the egg stage, the hand
picking of the egg masses after the leaves have fallen will greatly reduce
their numbers. The egg masses are attached to the trunks of trees and
to nearby objects or to twigs.
PEAR BLIGHT.
The damage wrought by pear blight and the appearance of affected
trees are too well known for comment in this article. Suffice it to say
that during the winter months the orchard should be carefully gone
over and the diseased portion of the trees cut off and burned before the
blooming season commences. The prunning tools and the cuts must be
disinfected with corrosive sublimate 1 to 1000. Care must be taken to
cut off below any sign of the visibly infected area. If after this treat-
ment blight appears during the growing season, the work of cutting out
infested areas must be continued.
SMUT OF WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY.
The smut of grains causes large losses annually to the agriculturist
in the United States. Sprinkle the grain thoroughly with formalin,
1 pint to 30 gallons of water, and allow the seed to dry before sowing.
>Mo. Bui. Cal. State Com. of Hort, Vol. 2, No. 9, p. 645.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 731
INSECT NOTES.
Conducted by the Editor.
Mr. C. W. Beers, of Santa Barbara, reports a millipede doing considerable damage
to the tender roots of vines in his county. Mr. B. R. Jones also reports this worm
and has sent in specimens of lettuce heads from Los Angeles County which are badly
damaged by this milhpede. These worms are more commonly called the thousand-
legged worms, and are, for the most part, considered harmless, feeding largely upon
decaying vegetable matter and only occasionally attacking living roots. — Lbrot Childs.
From Philo, Mendocino County, Cal., comes the report that the dark blue blister
beetle, Cantharis stygica Lee, is doing considerable damage to buds and blossoms of
asters, completely ruining them in many instances. — Lerot Childs.
The red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinna S & A, has been reported attacking
the foliage of apples, prunes, cherries, pears and walnuts at Modesto. — Lerot Childs.
A very curious insect has been reported from Los Angeles, parasitic upon pigeons.
It proves to be one of the little known parasitic flies belonging to the family Hippo-
boscidcp, and is reported as annoying the birds very much. These insects occur occa-
sionally on wild birds, such as owls, partridges and quail, but to the writer's know-
ledge have never been reported as annoying any domestic fowls. — Lerot Childs.
Currant and gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra canadensis Loew., was received from Geo.
A. Lamiman, Anderson, Shasta County, Cal., September 29, 1913.
The walnut scale, Aspidiotus juglans-regiw Comst., has been recorded as present on
walnut trees in the Anaheim section of Orange County by Roy K. Bishop, who states
that limbs are evidently killed by it.
Black scale, Saissetia olece Bern., badly infesting watermelon vines, have been sent
in by Roy K. Bishop, and with them the following data : "These vines were raised
between two rows of 3-year-old orange trees. Infestation began June 15th, the black
scale hatching at that time. The scale have come to maturity in four months on the
watermelon vines, yet on orange trees it is very hard to find living scale, and those
found are still very small. Note how much faster they grow on the melon vines than
on orange trees." A similar condition was observed by the writer at Santa Paula in
1910. In this instance the melons were also infested. On many succulent plants, such
as nightshade, geranium, ivy and melon vines, this scale matures in a very short time.
Mr. R. S. Vaile has recently reared from Aspidiotus hederw Vail., Aspidiotiphagus
cit7Hnus Craw., and Aphelinus fusclpennis Howard, which were kindly determined by
Dr. L. O. Howard. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that these parasites have
been recorded as working on this scale insect. — E. J. Vosler.
Chelonus slioshoneanorum Vier., is the name of a parasite reared by Mr. H. A.
^Veinland, of San Diego County, from the potato tuber moth, Phthorimwa operculella
Zeller. This parasite was determined by Mr. P. R. Myers of the National Museum
through the kindness of Dr. F. H. Chittenden of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. — •
E. J. VOSLER.^
The State Insectary has just received two lots of mealy bug parasites from Japan
through the kindness of Mr. S. I. Kuwana, Entomologist of the Imperial Agricultural
Experiment Station, Tokio, Japan. — E. J. Vosler.
Harry S. Smith, Superintendent of the State Insectary, is now in the Philippine
Islands collecting parasites of the black scale and the citrus mealy bug. He recently
sent over a fine lot of black scale parasites from this locality. — E. J. Vosler.
The State Insectary is greatly indebted to Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, director of the
Peruvian Entomological Stations, for a colony of black scale parasites. — E. J. Vosler.
732 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
By Geo. P. W^eldon,, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Imperial County.
Mr. F. W. Waite has been appointed Horticultural Commissioner for
Imperial County to succeed Mr. W. E. Wilsie, who resently resigned.
Humboldt County.
Humboldt County's resources were splendidly advertised by County
Horticultural Commissioner George Weatherby at the California Apple
Show recently held at Watsonville. Mr. Weatherby is alive to the
opportunities as well as the needs of his county, and is to be commended
for the splendid display of products that was made.
Santa Barbara County.
In authorizing County Horticultural Commissioner C. "W. Beers to
purchase a good power sprayer to use in his work, the board of super-
visors of Santa Barbara County are setting a good example for other
counties, whose commissioners have no facility for spraying, to follow.
Lack of equipment is a serious handicap in field work, and nothing can
be put to more practical use than a good spray outfit.
Messrs. Marchbank, Sehulz, Schell, Morris, Sharp and Stabler repre-
sented their respective counties at the State Nurserymen's Convention
held in Fresno recently. The three first mentioned took part in the
program.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 733
QUARANTINE !2 Mk S DIVISION
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco, California.
The real battle of the human species for the possession and enjoyment
of the earth has resolved itself into a universal continuous fight against
insect pests. In Continental as well as Island America, the medicos are
having a never-ending conflict with mosquitoes, flies and bacilli. The
work and triumphs of the sanitary officers in the canal zone are almost
equal to those of the engineering staff. The Marine Health Service is
constantly at war with the rats and squirrels, but the prime purpose
of the combat is directed against the disease-bearing insects that infest
these rodents. The world-wide inspection for and control measures
against cattle ticks is maintained as much, if not more, in hopes of
reducing the ultimate cost of shoes than to augment the comfort of the
animal that wears the hide, while the boll-weevil influences the cost of
calico in common with the operations of the speculators in cotton
futures. If the maggot fly pest of sheep could be eliminated from the
flocks of the world, the fabric most in vogue among the proletariate
would be all wool and a yard wide, rather than shoddy, and the mysteries
of schedule K would probably cease to be of interest.
In our own particular domain we are concerned principally with the
insects and diseases hostile to the maximum production of food plants—
especially the fruit-flies— and the strict administration of such laws and
regulations as provided for their exclusion from the fields and orchards
of California by the State and Federal governments. This, in itself,
is an undertaking that demands eternal vigilance at our maritime ports
of entry with the ever-increasing commerce from the ports of Oceanica
and those of the Orient and Central America. But we have not over-
looked the importance of the interior points open to the entrance of
these pests, and have hopes of ultimately unifying both the system and
methods of applying all the provisions of the state quarantine laAv in
the matter of horticultural imports throughout the entire State.
REPORT FOR MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1913.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports. p^^^^j^
Ships inspected '^l „ _orv
Passed as free from pests i o2c
Fumigated ^■^'*^
Destroyed or returned • ^x^
Contraband destroyed ^
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 63,599
Horticultural exports. P^^^^i3
Inspected and certified 4,004
734 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Pests Intercepted.
From Honolulu —
Live larvjB of Dacus cucurhitw in cucumbers.
Live larvae of Ceratitis capitata in string beans.
Vryptorhynchiis hatatw and lepidopterous larvae in sweet potatoes.
Diuspis hromclue and Saissctia nigra on pineapple slips.
Coccus hcspcridum and ^aisscfia nigra on betel leaves.
Pscudococciis sp. and Diuspis bromeliw on pineapples.
From China —
rseiidaouidia trilolitiformis, Chionaspis citri, Lepidosaphes Icclcii and Phomopsis
citri on pomelos.
From New Zealand —
VJiionaspis sp. on fronds of Tree ferns.
From Tahiti —
MorgancUu viaskclli on oranges.
From Mexico —
Vhrijsomphalus auraniii and Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.
Tetrapriocera longicornis, Amphicerus punctipennis and Scolytidw sp. in material
used as crates for panoche.
From Corinto —
Ant sp. on orchids.
From Philadelphia —
Aspidiotus lafaniie. Pseudococcus citri, Chrysomphalus aonidum and larvae of
Thrips sp. on palms.
From New York —
Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports.
Ships inspected 22
Passed as free from pests 16,251
Fumigated ' 5
Destroyed 0
Returned 0
Contraband 0
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 10,256
Pests Intercepted.
From Florida —
Chrysomphalus aurantii, Coccus hesperidum and Parlatoria sp. on mango trees.
From New Jersey —
Parlatoria pergandii on crotons.
Saissetia hrmisphwrica on ferns.
From Pennsylvania —
Chrysomphalus aurantii on palms.
Coccus lougnlus and Parlatoria sp. on crotons.
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Parcels.
Horticultural imports.
Ships inspected 23
Passed as free from pests 2,124
Fumigated 3
Destroyed 0
Returned 0
Contraband 8
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 2,135
Pests Intercepted.
From Arizona —
Bruehus sp. in "screw-beans."
From New York —
Monophadnoides rubi in black raspberry canes.
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Ships inspected 1
No horticultural imports.
EUREKA STATION.
Ships inspected 4
No horticultural imports.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 735
UNIFORM HORTICULTURAL LAWS.
By Frederick Maskew.
During the past month a number of earnest men have again been
striving to bring about a system of uniform horticultural laws. The
writer of this was not present in this instance, but it has been his
fortune to have attended many such meetings during the past sixteen
years, at all of which much time, thought and discussion were devoted
to this same subject, yet little of a positive satisfactory nature was
accomplished. During all of this same period we have been almost daily
engaged in putting into execution the provisions of such horticultural
laws and regulations as were in force at the time, and have of a neces-
sity given much thought to the matter. As a result of this, it is our
opinion that the principal barrier to success is the ambiguous nature
of the certificates of inspection issued. When those interested in this
much needed standardization of interstate horticultural regulations can
bring it about that each certificate of inspection covering a consignment
of horticultural material shall be virtually an affidavit of known facts
and not a supposition, the foundation will have been soundly laid, and
the superstructure of design, acceptance, respect and uniformity of
interstate horticultural regulations will quickly follow.
Under the conditions that prevail in many of our states at the present
time, it is a physical impossibility to conduct the inspection in such a
inanner as to make certificates of inspection acceptable at their face
value in California. To go into the details of why this is so would fill
this volume; suffice it to say, the true cause at the present time is the
inadequate inspection force emplo.ved. The men composing the horti-
cultural inspection service in California are endowed with robust minds.
They look at the fundamental principle underlying this inspection work
in a practical utilitarian spirit and with a full realization of the equity
of every phase of the situation. The numerical strength of the com-
bined State and county inspection force in California makes possible a
thoroughness not obtainable in many other localities, and as a result
creates a feeling of disgust for fictitious or fallacious statements of
inspection. It is our opinion that the true cause for this feeling must
be permanently removed before a full measure of support and co-opera-
tion in constructive legislation upon these matters can be obtained from
the rank and file of tlie horticultural inspection service of the State of
California.
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A- J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WBLDON Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG -Secretary
LEROY CHILDS Assistant Secretary
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL— Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLEYARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hail of Records.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL - Quarantine Inspector
VOLUME II
No. 12
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
Parsnip, badly Infested by the root-
knot nematode, Heterodera radicola.
(Photo by Leroy Childs.)
OF
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
DECEMBER, 1913
Printed at State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.
CONTENTS
ROOT KNOT— CAUSE AND CONTROL, INCLUDING A Page.
LIST OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST PLANTS Leroy Ciiilds 737
PEAR CULTURE— HISTORY AND PRESENT STATUS P. J. O'Gara 756
A CASE OF ARSENICAL INJURY TO APRICOT TREES.Geo. P. Weldon 766
THE FROST PROBLEM A. J. Cook 7GS
GENERAL NOTES—
Recent Importations of Beneficial Insects in Cali-
fornia E. J. Voslcr 770
A Great Triumph A. J. Cook 770
CALENDER OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES— E. J. A^osler 772
INSECT NOTES 'i"3'6
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Geo. P. Weldon 777
Red Spider Spread ey Winds It- P- Bfithhr 777
QUARANTINE DIVISION—
Report for the Month of October, 191;] Frederick Maskcw 781
Quarantine Note George Compere 782
ERRATA.
INDEX '^^
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
December, 1913
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN
VOLUME II No. 12
DEVOTED TO THE DESCRIPTIONS, LIFE HABITS AND METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECTS,
FUNGOID DISEASES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY IN
THEIR RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
EDITED BY THE ENTIRE FORCE OF THE COMMISSION UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS :
CENSOR
A. J. COOK - - - State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento
EDITOR
E. 0. ESSIG ....... Secretary, Sacramento
ASSISTANT EDITOR
LEROY CHILDS ..... Assistant Secretary, Sacramento
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
GEO. p. WELDON - - - Chief Deputy Commissioner, Sacramento
HARRY S. SMITH - . - Superintendent State Insectary, Sacramento
FREDERICK MASKEW - - Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco
Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins of
the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological journal!,
agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a similar nature.
Entered as second class matter December 28, 1911. at the post office at Sacramento, California,
under the act of July 16, 1894.
Friend Wu. Richardson, Superintendent of State Peintinq
sacramento, califobnli
1913
ROOT-KNOT— CAUSE AND CONTROL, INCLUD-
ING A LIST OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST PLANTS.
By Lerot Childs, Assistant Secretary State Commission of Horticulture.
Very frequently roots of various plants, bearing knots and swellings,
are sent in to the Commission with inquiries relative to the cause of the
abnormality of the root system. More often than not this disarrange-
ment may be ascribed to the presence of a minute, semi-transparent
worm, Heterodera radicicola, which has established itself in the tender
tissue of the root system. The presence of this minute parasite stimu-
lates the plant tissues to such an extent as to caus6 an abnormal devel-
opment, characterized by the familiar knotty, disorganized roots of a
worm infested plant. (Figs. 390 and 397.)
This small, semi-transparent worm has adapted itself readily to
many widely different varieties of plant life. At the present time
over 480 species of plants are known to be susceptible to the attack
of this parasite. A more thorough investigation would undoubtedly
swell the host list considerably. Again, Heterodera is unknown in
many localities, in which places the plant life of the region has never
been subject to a test, or its susceptibility or insusceptibility learned.
Distribution.
The eelworm, as it is more often called, seems to be of world-wide
distribution in the greater sense, being found in Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australia and both North and South America. Though found rather
universally all over the world, there are many localities in which the
pest has never been known.
The original native habitat of this nematode has never been definitely
established; arguments of various authors, however, seem to favor the
tropics, from where, through the importation of various plants, both
useful and ornamental, Heterodera has been transplanted unknowingly
throughout the greater portion of the civilized world.
In the United States the distribution is decidedly spotted and it is
at present regarded as a serious pest, and a menace to agriculture in
only a few rather definite localities, especially in irrigated regions, the
most prominent of which is an irrigated, potato-growing district in
Nevada, where the depredations of the pest threatened the industry.
The fact that the eelworm exists in so many places, doing little appreci-
able damage, is no criterion that all necessary care should not be
exerted in checking any further distribution of the pest. Heterodera
is a comparatively new-comer to our soils, and the maximum amount of
injury which it is capable of inflicting has undoubtedly not been
reached. Intensive farming and more thorough irrigation are two
factors which, in creating a better environmental condition, are decid-
edly advantageovi^ in increasing the number of worms which the soil
may harbor.
The recent preliminary investigations in the citrus districts of the
738
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
southern part of the State seem to show that an eelworm/ a close rela-
tive of H. radicicola, is responsible, in part at least, for the iinpro-
ductivity and "decadence" of what were at one time first-class orange
groves. Mr. E. E. Thomas,- of the University of California, in his
preliminary report on the relation of nematodes to mottled leaf of the
orange, brings to light many interesting facts which give promise of
solving another one of the serious problems of the citrus industry.
t
,
^^'"'^' ^^t^S^^mi
1
f
W/BKxSisi^^^^3^^^^^ff^99^^
11^ ' iiiiiilnPTilifTT^i hilnr
^^a^i^^^^m^^
'WJBS^Sl^a^
fc^^^^J ■
t^^m
■ 4^-: :^
Fig. 390. — Parsnip badly infested by the
root-knot nematode, Heterodera radicicola.
(Original.)
Methods of Distribution.
Until comparatively recently the ordinary nurseryman and florist
knew little of the cause of knots and swellings upon the roots of their
stock, and during these years of ignorance the worm has been shipped
throughout the temperate world. Owing to the widespread distribu-
tion of infested nursery and ornamental stock, the worm became
universally established before any legislation was made against such
shipments. The general wide dissemination of the eelworm being once
established there are many channels present through which this nema-
tode may infest a community. The eelworm moves freely in the soil
•Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
'Circular No. 85, tJniversity of California.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
739
during' its lai-val or iuiinature stages, possibly traveling a distance of
six t'ect during its life. It is ([uite evident that its spread is not the
result of its own volition, but trusts entirely upon its inconspicuous-
ness, to l>e miM-hanieally and unknowingly- transplanted from one
locality to another.
Accidental means, such as the severe washing of an infested area
by rains furnishes a means of transportation, often for considerable
distances. Wind has been suggested as a possible factor in dissemina-
FiG. 39i; — The work of the root-knot nematode on
the small rootlets of peach. (Original.)
tion, but owing to the fact that "the worm is very susceptible to
drought, it would be killed before the soil containing worms could be
moved.
Mechanical transportation is undoubtedly more responsible for the
distribution than the action of the elements, and this movement may
be explained in numerous ways. Man himself unconsciously picks the
worm up on his muddy boots, carries it from an infested area to an
uninfested field. The same is true of the damp soil or mud containing
worms being transported on wagon wheels, horses' hoofs and uncleaned
1 MB
740 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
cultivator teeth. How efficient is this method of distribution to tlie
spreading of the pest in the citrus districts! Every grower has seen
his cultivator couie from the orchard with a bunch of root fibres
clinging to the machine between the shank and shovel, and as there
have been found as many as fifty worms on a rootlet an inch in length
it is quite evident, owing to the method upon which many small ranches
are operated, i. e., by hired teamsters with their own tools, that many
worms could be "sown" in a day.
Irrigation in areas where the pest has once been established offers
an ideal method of distribution. The worm, though unable to live
any great length of time in water, finds the damp, shady, irrigated
orchard most advantageous for a successful existence.
Mr. Thomas found that the eelworm of the orange did not produce
knots and swellings as had been previously reported, and for this
reason, no doubt, the worm has been transported widely and unknow-
ingly on infested nursery stock throughout the greater part of the
citrus growing districts. Orange rootlets infested with the pest,
though not possessing the characteristic swellings, do not appear
healthy, as Fig. 396 will show. The cortex is irregular and rough,
sometimes showing spots that appear like small bits of exuding gum.
Effect Upon the Host.
The direct effect of the worm upon the plant is at the point of con-
tact, the result being the formation of knots, swelling and general
disorder of the normal function of the root tissue. This displacement
and disarrangement of tissues, results in a complete disorganization of
the cellular makeup and arrangement, often to such an extent, that
certain distinctive tissues with definite functions become entirely seg-
regated from cells of the same kind.
In the case of the strawberry plant shown in Fig. 85)2 the rootlets
show a distinct enlargement at "the point of infestation; here, through
the disorganization of cell tissues, a constriction is formed ; food prop-
erties can no longer pass, and the rootlet beyond the swelling becomes
functionless, and ultimately dies. When the roots of a plant become
badly affected the direct influence upon the plant must be felt, and as
a result that part above ground, by assuming an unhealthy appearance,
will indicate the presence of some abnormal condition, the result of
malnutrition through the loss of necessary plant foods taken from the
plant by the small parasites in its root system and the reduction of
food-getting facilities through disorganization.
Naturally, the condition of the plant varies directly in proportion to
the number of parasites which it maintains, or to the resistant qualities
which it may possess, so that the effect upon the many varieties^ of
plants is not always the same. The symptoms are much more notice-
able in fast-growing annuals than in trees and shrubs. Here the first
indications of disease are the drooping and yellowing of the foliage.
The plant in a short time becomes limp, the stems wilt and the hot
rays of the sun soon burn up the weakened, poorly nourished tissues.
When vigorously growing plants suddenly turn yellow and die,
immediately exammethe roots, and the cause of the sudden death of
the plant may usually be established by careful- observation. The tell-
tale, knotty, disarranged root system will indicate the presence of the
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
741
eelworm. Naturally, Heterodei'a can not be blamed for all sudden
yellowing and wilting of garden plants, for the gopher or cutworm in
feeding upon the roots will cause the same general effect; tbis work,
too, may be easily identified by examination. Varicuis bacterial dis-
eases will also cause a wilting and yellowing in plant life and in the
case of an attack of this kind the identity of the intruder is much
harder to establish, and will demand services of an expert.
The effect upon trees is indeed variable in the many varieties that are
subject to attack. In the case of young trees and nursery stock, the
characteristic wilting and yellowing of the leaves is an indication of
the presence of the nematode. In grown trees there is no set rule
Fig. 392. — Strawberry plant, very susceptible to nematode at-
tack. Note the terminal swellings on the rootlets ; the root has
been destroyed below the point of attack. (Original.)
which can be applied and adequately mark the presence of this dis-
eased condition of the root system. Invariably the following quotation
accompanies nematode infested roots, which seems to hold true in most
all kinds of orchard trees: "My trees are not doing well; the leaves
are small and scattering, the limbs long and scraggly, and the fruit is
small and often off season." Root specimens received, accompanied
by this data, invariably show the presence of the eelworm.
Young peach and fig are often killed outright by this pest if planted
in worm-infested soils. In the case of citrus trees there is much to
be learned and the investigators who are at work will undoubtedly
prove that the eelworm has a great deal to do with the poor condition
742
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
of many orchards where thorough pruning, cultivation, irrigation, and
fertilization have proven of no avail in restoring the productivity of
numerous groves that are known to the writer.
Pig. 39.3. — -Pig rootlets containing the root-
knot eelworm. Young figs aie often Icilled by
tliis pest when planted in a worm-infested
area. (Original.)
Life History and Description of the Eelworm.
The eelworm is a very small organism, seldom exceeding one twenty-
fifth of an inch in length, is semi-transparent and rather difficult to
detect by the untrained eye. When examining a knot for this minute
worm always endeavor to break the rootlet ; do not cut, as very
little pressure brought to bear upon this small creature ruptures the
thin epidermal covering and its presence is overlooked. Close exami-
nation will usually reveal two types of the nematodes : a spindle-shaped
form which is either the male worm or the larvte (Fig. 894-4) (which
can not be differentiated by the naked eye), and the adult female.
The mature gravid female (Fig. 394-5) has lost her worm-like appear-
ance and will appear as a pearly w^hite, pear-shaped organism, firmly
embedded in the plant tissue. This change takes place soon after the
last moult in the larval growth. This transformation is the result of
the development of the egg masses within the body.
The Egg. — The female is very prolific (Fig. 394-6), depositing no
less than 400 or .500 eggs during her lifetime. These eggs are whitish,
semi-transparent, bean-shaped bodies which are too small to be noticed
without the aid of a lens or microscope. The time required in hatch-
ing the eggs depends largely upon weather conditions ; in warm
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 743
weather the small worms or larvge may issue within two days after
the eggs have been deposited, much longer being required in cooler
weather conditions.
The Larvae.— The larvie upon hatching either establish themselves
in the host plant in which they have emerged, or as is more often the
case, leave the host and enter the soil. This is the only period during
which the worms' move to any great extent in the earth, where they
either remain for some length of time or may immediately seek out a
favorable root in which the various changes in development take place.
The nematodes, in most cases, become completely buried in the plant
tissues, establish themselves in the soft cellular structur'^ )f the rootlet
which is rich in its food supply, and from which the worm readily
draws its food. The head (Fig. 39-4-7) is provided with a boring
apparatus consisting of a sharply pointed spear (Fig. 39-t-7.s) which is
located in the mouth : this arrangement not only aids in food getting,
but is a valuable tool in battering through cell walls before it becomes
definitely located.
The two sexes during development are indistinguishable up to fifteen
or twenty days, both being spindle-shaped. In the mottling of the
skin at this time there is a marked change in the case of the female,
especially in the posterior region of the body, which no longer pos-
sesses a tail-like appendage. Fertilization undoubtedly takes place
soon after this moult, for many radical changes in shape and structural
organization of the worm take place, and the eggs begin to develop.
Adult Female. — The fertilized female (Fig. 394-.1) increases rapidly
in breadth, becoming a pearly white, flask- or pear-shaped individual.
This is the type of organism one is most likely to see in breaking open
a swelling or knot on a root-infested plant. This creature is far from
being worm-like in appearance, and would be overlooked by one not
versed in the life history of the eelworm.
Adult Male.— In shape the adult male worm is much like that of
the larva (Fig. 394-4), being decidedly spindle-shaped in outline.
The male does not inflict nearly as much damage to plant tissues as the
female, and its purpose in life seems to be only that of fertilizing the
female for, according to Bessey, after this function has been performed
it is quite probable that the worm takes no more food. He reports
finding numerous moving males with the alimentary canal reduced to
such a condition as to be functionless, and the body cavity filled with
disorganized granular masses, with the exception of the reproductive
system, which is intact.
Control Measures.
The prime factor in the control of root-knot is the cost, and this is
dependent upon the kind of culture to be treated, whether hothouse
plants, intensively cultivated fields, or the ordinary products of gen-
eral farming. Thus, for example, we could afford to place a consider-
able sum upon treating high-value plants segregated in a greenhouse,
when we could not afford to similarly treat a general crop growing in
the fields.
744
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fig. 394. — The common nematode or potato eelworni (Heterodera
radicicola Greef). 1, egg, magnified 200 time.s ; 2, sliowing develop-
ing lai-vte within ; 3, young larvfe magnified 200 time.s; 4, .same, mag-
nified 350 times; .5, adult female and gall magnified 70 times; 6,
same, opened showing organs of female and eggs and young larvte
as they are found in the gall ; 7, head of female, gieatly enlarged ; S,
part of egg tube, sliowing forming eggs ; 9, another part of tube with
a fully formed egg in it. a, alimentary canal; e, egg tube; h, head;
o, oesophagus; .s, siienr. (Oi-nwing liy Newcomer.)
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 745
Control in the Greenhouse and Seedbed.
Steam.— The best known method of controlling root worms and
root diseases in the i2^reenhouse and seedbed is by the use of steam.
The establishment of a steam plant in the greenhouse is a rather heavy
initial expense, but when once established is permanent and may be
operated at a nominal cost.
Pipes are laid at the bottom of the beds. These may be made of
either iron or tiles, perforated at regular intervals of a few inches
with holes about one sixteenth of an inch in diameter. The pipes, for
good results in sterilization, should not be greater than two feet apart ;
a lesser distance would of course reduce the time actually needed to
kill all of the worms. Before the steam is turned on the beds should
be well covered by sacks, straw, old blankets, or the like, which will
hold the heat in the top soil, allowing it to reach a temperature suf-
ficient to kill any animal life.
The best plan in laying the pipes is to arrange them lengthwise in
the beds, with the steam inlet located at one end in a cross-piece of
pipe running across one end of the bed and into which all of the
parallel pipes should open. For successful work it is very essential
that no open ends be left in the pipe, as no pressure could be main-
tained.
The greater the steam pressure, the more successful the operation,
since the work may be accomplished in muc'h le«s time with the high
pressure, which reduces the danger of saturating the soil to such a
degree that it may become soggy. The reduction of the soil to this
condition should always be avoided. Best results have been obtained
with a pressure of 80 to 100 pounds to the square inch, and should
never be allowed to fall below 40 pounds. High pressure has many
advantages in that it is more efficient in its killing power, destroying
all living matter with the possible exception of bacterial spores. _ In
the case of soil bacteria, which are very essential to good soils, it is
well that they are able to withstand this treatment. A simple and
satisfactory method of determining the length of time steaming should
be continued is obtained by placing potatoes under the covering on top
of the soil in the bed being treated. These, placed in different parts
of the bed will, when found to be cooked, indicate that the sterilization
has been thoroughly accomplished.
Formaldehyde. — Of the various chemicals which may be applied
in the greenhouse or seedbed, formaldehyde seems to be the most suc-
cessful and economical agent. Successful treatment has been obtained
in using the following formula:
Commercial (36 per cent to 40 per cent) formaldehyde 1 part
Water 100 parts
Application per square yard 1 to 1^ gallons
In case of very absorbent soils increase the amount to be used a little.
After applying the formaldehyde, efficiency will he increased by
thoroughly stiri-ing the soil. Plants vr seeds can not be planted
innncdiately after application. The formaldehyde should be allowed to
evaporate, this requiring a period of ten days before planting should be
attempted. Stirring the soil during this time aids in ridding the soil of
746
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the cheiuical. Flooding may be used, but is uot as satisfactory as
the former method.
In very small seedbeds and benches the soil may be changed; care
must, of course, be exercised in procuring soil that is free from the
nematode. Before replacing, the frames should be thoroughly washed
with a strong solution of formaldehyde or an application of hot, freshly
slacked quicklime. This will destroy all larvae and eggs that may be
attached to soft decaying wood or that may be found remaining in
the cracks. Old infested soil should be placed where it will do no
harm. The worm may be killed by excessive drought. Do not throw
on the ground, but place the removed soil upon boards or metal sheet-
ing, spreading it out rather thinly and allow it to become thoroughly
dried ; by so doing the chances of establishing the j)est in an uninf ested
area are greatly reduced.
^>m'^
'/IS
'■-'■'•Vxit ''■HO'--'- ^' -I
h
Fig. 395. — The badly disorganized root system of the tomato, the result of celworm
infestation. (Original.)
Field Control - Perennial Crops Present.
As has already been mentioned, control of the pest in the field
depends largely upon the kind of crops that are grown. Tender
growing rootlets and root hairs, which are the means through which
the plant takes food from the soil, are extremely sensitive. Chemicals
and control measures that arc^ powerful enough to destroy soil pests
are usually very harmful to the trees, especially if the plant is in a
growing state. This factor must always be taken into considei'ation
in experimentation with chemicals in the orchard.
Various chemicals have been experimented "with in soil in which
perennial plants are growing, these including carbon bisulphide, potas-
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
747
sium sulphocarbonate, calcium carbide, and formaldehyde. The
results obtained can be pronounced a complete success in no instance,
carbon bisulphide seeming to possess the greater possil^ilities. In the
cases of the other chemicals, owing to the indifferent success and the
great expense occasioned in applying these, their consideration is out
of the question for general use.
Carbon Bisulphide. — The use of this agent should never be attempted
without first experimenting with one or two trees, to ascertain the
effect, as the chemical is very powerful and is capable of inflicting
serious injury. It should only be applied at a time when the trees
Fig. 396. — Fibrous roots of orange in which many
nematodes were found living ; note the absence of
swellings. The orange eelworm, Tylenchulus senii-
penetransis, much resembles //. radicicola. (Original.)
are dormant, the roots being less susceptible at this time. The best
method of procedure is to make holes in the ground to a depth of 10
to 15 inches ; the liquid should be poured in and the holes immediately
covered to prevent the escape of the gas, as the chemical is decidedly
volatile. It should be remembered at all times that the gas is both
poisonous and explosive, and only the greatest of care should be
exercised in handling. Eight or nine holes to the square yard should
be made and into each a teaspoonful of the liquid should be placed.
Following these directions the amount used per square yard will total
about 4 ounces, a dosage thai has been found to be very satisfactory.
3 MB
748 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Fertilizers. — Feltilization will undoubtedly prove, after more
experimentation has been undertaken, to be one of the best methods of
handling root knot by forcing the growth of the root system. Observa-
tions seem to show that the nematode confines its operations for the
most part to the upper 12 to 16 inches of soil, so that if roots may be
forced to grow deep enough they may escape injury. Knowing this
fact, deep cultivation is an essential. The soil should be liberally
supplied with nitrogenous fertilizers and potash. Potassium salts have
been found to be beneficial, especially in potash-poor soils in which the
nematode occurs. Changes in appearance of badly infested orchards
to which potash has been applied have led many people to suppose
that this fertilizer actually kills the worm. Resistance to the attack
of the root-knot nematode through stimulation of the plant feeders is
undoubtedly responsible for the reduction in numbers of the worms
found to be present. It has been found in Germany that the sugar
beet nematode removes equally all mineral salts from the roots. If,
however, the soil is lacking in a particular mineral, the nematode in
taking its equal proportion of all minerals will still further diminish
the already depleted supply of that one. Therefore to benefit such
a condition one would need to add only that mineral which was orig-
inally lacking. This may explain the effect of potash in combating
this disease.
Field Control No Crops Present.
Chemicals have been experimented with in the control of the root-
knot in the fields where no crop is present and here again, owing to
the great cost incurred in purchasing and applying, they can not be
recommended. Of the various chemicals that have been experimented
with, carbon bisulphide gave the best results. To successfully destroy
the worm 4 ounces must be used per square yard and, as crude carbon
bisulphide costs 10 to 15 cents a pound, the cost of the chemical per
acre, without considering the necessary labor required, would range
between $120 and $180. The cost of other chemicals experimented
with have this same fault. However, in small areas, and in places
where a tree is to be planted, carbon bisulphide may be used effectively;
in doing so the tree is given an opportunity of obtaining a vigorous
start and will establish its roots below the area occupied by the worm.
In 1906 Prof. Bessey carried on numerous experiments with various
commercial fertilizers at Monetta, South Carolina. The results of this
experimentation showed that fertilizers applied in sufSciently large
quantities are valuable in producing crops in a nematode-infested
region. The following extract from Prof. Bessey 's "Root-knot and
its control"'' will give an idea of the work that has been done with
fertilizers :
"*' * * The following fertilizers were tested in IDOO. mostly in one twentieth
acre phats separated by ditches (or rather, very deep furrows) 2 feet wide, the
numbers in parentheses I'eferrinn' to the fiekl numbers of the plats: (12) Kainit,
1,000 pounds per acre; (13) ammonium sulphate. (107 pounds per acre; (14)
kainit, 500 pounds per acre; (!.'')) hish-grade potassium sulphate, 1,000 pounds
per acre; (16) check; (17) hiuh grade potnssium sulphate, IiOO pounds per
acre; (IS) 17 per cent acid phosphate, 1,000 pounds per acre; (19) 17 per cent
acid phosphate, 1 ton per acre ; (20) check. In 1907 the following tests were
=Root-knot and its Control, by Ernst A. Bessey, Bulletin No. 217, Bureau of Plant
Industry, U. S. Dept. Agri.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 749
made: (1) Kainit, 1,000 pounds per acre; (2) kainit, 1,500 pounds per acre;
(3) high-grade potassium sulphate, 667 pounds per acre; (4) high-grade potas-
sium sulphate. 1,33.3 pounds i)er acre; (fi) ammonium sulphate, 1,000 pounds
per acre; (6) muriate of potash, 1,000 pounds per acre; (7) potassium mag-
nesium carbonate, 667 pounds per a(.-re ; (8) potassium magnesium carbonate,
1,333 pounds per acre. The checks received no nurabei's in 1007. The plats
of that year and the checks were planted to tomatoes, okra, beans, and New
Era cowpeas, all of which are very susceptible to root-knot. The last year's
plats (1906 experiments) were also I'eplanted in 1907 with these four plants.
In 1906 the fertilizer plats were planted with New Era cowpeas and summer
squashes. To all of the fields was applied each year, at the rate of oOO pounds
per acre, a special brand of commercial fertilizer in common use in that vicinity,
the soil being so poor that without some comi^lete fertilizer nothing would grow
well. The experiments were intended to show the effect, if any, of an excess
of some particular fertilizer over the normal quantity applied.
The 1906 plats showed plainly the beneficial effects of potash fertilizers on
the sandy soil of the experimental field. All the plats treated with kainit
and potassium sulphate were darker green and the plants were far more vigorous
than on the other plats. In fact, plats 12 and 15, respectively, kainit and
potassium sulphate, both 1,000 pounds to the aci'e, were so far as the cowpeas
were concerned, hard to excel anywhere. The squashes did not show much dif-
ference in any of the plats. They were badly infested with the squash bug,
which killed the plants out in some of the plats. The cowpeas in plat 12 showed
no nematodes and but few were present in the squashes. Plat 14 had a fair
amount of root-knot in the cowpeas and from few to many on the different
squash plants. The rest of the plats did not differ materially from the check
plats which were fairly badly affected, in spots very badly.
The plants grown on these same plats in 1907 without the addition of the
fertilizers again were badly affected except in plat 12, and somewhat in plat
15, which remained fairly free, showing a residual effect.
In the 1907 fertilizer experiments the following results were obtained. The
kainit applications were injurious to the germination of the seeds, both the 1.000
as well as the 1,500 pound application, but naturally the latter more markedly.
The amount of root-knot, however, in these plats was slight. Potassium sulphate
at 667 pounds per acre was not injurious, but at twice that amount it so injured
the germination of the cowpeas and beans that they required replanting. Root-
knot was fairly abundant and strangely, more so in the more highly fertilized
plat. In both plats the growth of the plants was very vigorous. The sulphate
of ammonia at the rate used exerted a very harmful effect on germination, requir-
ing several replantings. The plants that did grow, however, were very vigorous,
dark green, and rather free from nematodes. The muriate of potash injured
the germination of the beans and cowpeas, while the nematodes were fairly
abundant. The potassium magnesium carbonate gave the best and most vigorous
plants of all, without injury to germination. Root-knot was present in most of
the plants, but not abundant.
Judging from these experiments, it is clear that fertilizers alone can not be
depended upon to exterminate root-knot. On the other hand it is also plain that
some fertilizers exert a beneficial effect upon the plant and enable it to make a
good crop in spite of nematodes. Perhaps they may also increase the resisting
power of the plant against the entrance of the nematodes into the roots. The
potash fertilizers seem to be most favorable for this purpose, so far as the experi-
ments at Monetta and observations elsewhere go. However, it will not be safe
to conclude that they will be equally beneficial everywhere. In the sandy, rather
potash-free soils of South Carolina and Florida the application of potash in
amoimts not too large seems to be followed by favorable results.
According to Stift,^ Hollrung. in Germany, has shown that fertilizing highly
with potash alone is not of much benefit to beets attacked by the sugar-beet
nematode. Wimmer has shown that the nematodes remove the different minerals
almost equally, so that only where one element is rather deficient will the addi-
tion of that alone be of benefit. The sugar-beet nematode removes large quanti-
ties of mineral food from the roots, so that unless these minerals are present in
the soil in considerable excess over that naturally needed by the crop the plants
will suffer from lack of that mineral which is not sufficiently abundant. Thus,
an amount of potash sufficient for a healthy crop may be insufiicient if the sugar-
beet nematode is present, and the symptoms of potash hunger can be averted only
by applying an excess of potash. Probably thi;^ is also true of the root-knot
nematode. The sandy soils of South Carolina are rather potash poor, so that
a diseased plant will suffer from potash hunger, while the other elements may be
in sufficient abundance. At any rate, the addition of potash in excess proves
helpful. The nitrogen-containing fertilizers when not in too great excess also
benefited the plants somewhat, but not so markedly as the potash. This is to
be expected, as nitrogen is not any too abundant in those soils. The phosphatic
fertilizers, however, showed no benefit at all.
<Stift, 1908.
750 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Caution must be taken not to .apply too much ])otash. In 1907, in fact, Icainit
■ at 1,000 pounds per acre was harmful in thni u)an.v of the young seedlings were
killed, necessitating replanting several times, iu order lo get a r'air stand. This
tjuantity was not harmful in 3900 on another plat, showing that the danger
limit is probably not far below that amount. Muriate of potash at the same
rate was very harmful iu 1907, as was also the same amount of ammonium
sulphate. Potassium sulphate, 007 pounds to the acre, and potassium mag-
nesium carbonate, 007 and 1,338 pounds to the acre, were absolutely harmless,
while the latter amount of potassium sulphate ^^■as only slightly harmful.
In spite of the high fertilization a field conlinually planted to nematode-
susceptible crops will, if the nematode is present, eventually become so infested
with that parasite that it will be impossible to make paying crops. However, it
can not be denied that for special occasions it is of value to reduce part of the
evil effects of the nematode infestation by high fertilization."
Starvation.— Probably the most effective method of ridding soil
of Heterodera is attained by keeping the land free from vegetation for
a period of two years. Where this is not practicable, nonsusceptible
crops should be planted for two or three years. Care should always
be taken in keeping out weeds that might serve as a host for this worm.
By referring to the list of susceptible plants it will be noted that most
of the ordinary farm crops can not be considered and those that are
known to be resistant are few. 1 he following list can be recommended :
Cowpea (iron variety), all species of the Stizolobium (the velvet bean)
and close relations, most varieties of winter oats {Avena sativa), pea-
nut {Arachis hypogcta), Florida beggarweed, rye (Secale cereale) ,
Cr^bgrass {Syntherisma sanguina), sorghum, milo, kaffir, timothy and
red top. This list includes both summer and winter crops and in
favorable localities the use of both is recommended.
For the most part these are crops that will barely pay expenses on
valuable land, yet if the soil may be rid of the pest and expenses met it
is well worth the necessarj^ time and money losses incurred. Corn and
sorghum have been especially recommended because they permit clear
tillage and all weeds upon which the nematodes may live can be easily
kept out.
Flooding. — Other methods, such as flooding, excessive drying and
trap crops have been used with varying success. Flooding can not be
applied with safety to fields bearing perennial crops, but under favor-
able conditions, where the soil maj' be kept under water and where all
roots that might protect the worms have been removed, success has
been attained by submerging the soil for a period of fifteen or twenty
days. This method is impracticable in many instances, owing to the
lack of sufficient water and unevenness of the infested area.
Drought. — Heterodera is pai-ticularly susceptible to drought and
in regions of little rainfall, thorough drying of the soil has greatly
reduced the injury from the pest. Ploughing deeply after the last
rains in the spring will loosen the soil, and if kept unharrowed during
the hot dry months of the summer, the numbers of worms will be
greatly reduced. Of course, this method can only be applied in a
region of very little or no summer rainfall, and in regions with no
underground seepage.
Trap crops have been used but results that have been obtained do
not warrant their use.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 751
Summary of Control Measures That May Be Recommended.
In the Orchard.
At present no entirely satisfactory method of controlling or destroy-
ing root-knot is known.
Carbon Bisulphide.— Where it is the wish to reset young trees in
a nematode-infested orchard carbon bisulphide applied to the soil at
the rate of 4 ounces per square yard, placed in 8 or 9 holes to the square
yard, gives satisfactory results. The holes «hou!d be at least a foot
in depth and must be immediately filled after applying the liquid.
Carbon bisulphide can not be iised with safety around living trees.
Fertilization.— Heavy fertilization, together with thorough and
deep cultivation, especially if the particular food properties which the
soil is poor in be furnished, has been found to greatly improve the
appearance and productivity of the orchard. The growth of the root
system is stimulated and part, at least, is established below the range
of nematode depredation.
Fig. 397. — Potatoes showing injury inflicted by the eelworm. Tuber on left shows
effect on skin : on i i.a:ht, tuber cut open shows colonies of the eelworms on the inside.
( Photo by Bremner. )
Flooding.— Flooding can not be recommended in the orchard.
Water allowed to stand on the ground long enough to kill the pest will
greatly damage, if not destroy the trees.
Cover Crops. — Susceptible cover crops greatly increase the number
of worms ; in view of this fact avoid the planting of .such crops. The
iron variety of cowpea or rye can be recommended for the purpose.
In the Field — No Crops Present.
Starvation. — The most satisfactory method of ridding the soil of
the pest is to keep it free from all vegetation for a period of two years.
Allow no weeds to grow — this is a very essential point.
Nonsusceptible Crops. — The number of nonsusceptible plants is
limited. For a winter crop,- plant wheat, rye or barley ; for summer
crop peanuts, cowpeas (iron variety) or the velvet bean are recom-
mended. Destruction of all weeds is also very essential to the success
of this undertaking. The nematode infestation will be greatly reduced,
often eradicated hy continuing this process three seasons,
752
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Flooding.— Flooding' under favorable conditions has been used
more or less successfully. To obtain good results the soil must be kept
submerged for several weeks.
Excessive Dryness. — In regions of little rainfall, the number of
nematodes can be greatly reduced by deeply ploughing the infested
area after the last rains. The soil should be allowed to remain open
during the hot weather during the entire summer. This method can
not be employed where there is an underground seepage or summer
rains.
Host Plants.
(The asterisk indicates plants in wliose roots nematodes liave been found. Init
incurring no serious injury.)
list, which includes all plants that
susceptible to the attacks of Hetero-
The following is Prof. Bessey's
are at the present time known to be
(leva radicicola:
Al>ro7na augusta L.
Abutilon sp.
A cacia dealbata Link.
Acacia, several species from Au.stralia.
Achyranthes sp.
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Ageratum sp.
Ajuga rep tans L.
Alfalfa — Medicago sativa L.
AlUaria officinalis Andrz.
Amaranthus astropurpureus* Roxb.
Amaranthus palmeri* S. Wats.
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranth, spiny — Amaranthus spin-
osus* L.
Amaranthus tricolor L.
Almond — Amygdalus (Prunus) com-
munis L.
Ammi copticiovi* L.
Andropogon schoenanthus L.
Anemone apennina L.
Anethum graveolens"* L.
Angelica archangelica L.
Angelonia gardneri Hook.
Apricot — Prunus armeniaca L.
Apple — Malus sylvestris (Pin'us mains)
Mill.
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. ) Bojer.
Aristolochia clematitis L.
Artemisia ahsinihium L.
Artemisia caudata Mich.
Artichoke, Jerusalem — Helianthus tuVc-
rosus L.
Artillery plant — Pilea serpyllifolia*
(Poliv. ) Wedd.
Asparagus — Asparagus officinalis L.
Aster sp.
Astrantia carniolica Wolf.
Astrantia major L.
Australian salt bush — Atriplex semibac-
cata* R. Br.
Australian sarsaparilla — Hardenbergia
monophylla (Vent.) Benth.
Avocado — Persea gratissiina Ggertn.
Balsam apple — Momordica charantia L.
Balsam — Itnpatiens balsamina L. (,Bul-
samina hortensis.)
Banana. Bruee'.'^ — Musa evsrte Gmel.
I^anana. Dacca — Mtisn paradisiaca daccu
(Hoian) Baker.
Banana — Musa paradisiaca sapientum
(L. ) Kuntze,
Banana, dwarf — Musa cavendishii Lamb.
(M. chinensis. )
Balloon vine — • Cardiospermum halicaca-
bum L.
Barberry — Berberis vulgaris L.
Barley — Hordeum sativum Jess.
Basil — Ociinum basilicum L.
Bean, Aconite leaved — Phaseolus aconi-
tifolius Jacq.
Bean, Adsoki — Phaseolus angularis
(Willd.) Wight.
Bean, green gram — Phaseolus radiatus L.
Bean, horse — Vicia faba L.
Bean, Lima — Phaseolus lunatus L.
Bean, Metcalfe — Phaseolus retusus
Moench.
Bean, green gram — Phaseolus max L.
Bean — Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Incl.
P. nanus.)
Bean, Seeta — Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb.
Beech, Carpinus betulus L.
Beet — Beta vulgaris L.
Begonia coccinea Hooker {B. rubra).
Begonia metallica L. Smith.
Begonia olbia kuntze (Bolivia).
Begonia rex Putz.
Beggarweed, Florida — Meibomia mnlHs
(Bahl.) Kuntze.
Bermuda (Devil) grass — Capriola dacty-
lon* (L. ) Kuntze.
Bihai pulverulenta (Lindl. ) Kuntze.
Birds-foot trefoil — Lotus corniculatus L.
Bird of Paradise flower — Strelitzia nicolai
Reg.
Bittersweet — Solanutn dulcamara L.
Blackberry — Rubus subuniflorus Rydb.
kR. villosus.)
Bluegrass, annual — Poa anniia L.
Bluegrass, Kentucky — Poa pratensis L.
Boerhaavia decumbens* Dahl.
Boerhaavia erecta* L.
Bonavist bean (Hyacinth bean) — Doli-
chos lablab L.
Bosea amherstiana (Moq.) Hook. f. (Ro-
detia).
Bouvardia sp.
Buckwheat — Fagopyrum vulgare* Hill.
Ruddleia sp.
Buffalo burr — Solanum rostratum Dun.
Burdock — Arctium sp.
Butternut — Juglans cinerea L.
Cabbage — Brassica oleracea capitata.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
753
California privet — Ligustrum ovalifol-
iu»i* Hassk.
Candytuft — Iberis iivibellata L.
Caraway — Carum carvi L.
Carissa bispinosa* (L. ) Desf.
Carnation — Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Carnation, pink — Dianthus chinensis hed-
dewigi Kegel.
Carnation, pink — Dianthus plumarius L.
Carob or St. John's bread — Ceratonia sili-
qua L.
Carpet weed — Mollugo verticillata* L.
Carrot — Daucus carota L.
Cassava — Manihot utilissivia* Pohl.
Cassia niimosoides L.
Catalpa — Catalpa speciosa "Warder.
Cauliflower, broccoli — Brassica oleracea
botrytis L.
Cecropia palviata* Willd.
Celery — Apiurn graveolens L.
Centratherum reticulatum (D. C.) Benth.
Chenopodium boscianum* Moq.
Chenopodium* sp.
Cherry, choke — Prunus virginiana* L.
Cherry — Prunus sp. (from Mexico).
Chestnut — - Castanea sativa (C. vesca)
Miller.
Chick-pea — Cicer arietinum L.
Chicory — Cichorium intybus L.
Chinese cabbage — Brassica pekinensis
(Lour.) Skells.
Chinese hemp — Abutilon avicennw Gserfn.
Chinese mustard — Brassica juncea* (L. )
Cass.
Chocolate or cocoa — Theobroma cacao L.
Christ's-thorn — Paliurus spina-Christi
Mill.
Chrysanthemum cineraria' folium (Trev. )
Vis.
Chrysanthemum — Chrysanth&mum sp.
Chufa — Cyperus esculentus* L.
Circaea intermedia Ehrh.
Clematis sp.
Clematis florida Thunb.
Clematis hybrida Hurt.
Clematis lamiginosa Lindl. & Paxt.
Clematis paniculata Thunb.
Clematis patens Morr. & Decais.
Clematis vitalba L.
Clematis viticella L.
Clover, bush — Lespedeza bicolor* Turez.
Clover, crimson — Trifolium incarnatum L.
Clover, Egyptian — • Trifolium alexandri-
num* L.
Clover, Japan — Lespedeza striata
(Thunb.) Hook.
Clover, white — Trifolium repens L.
Coffee bean, wild senna — Cassia tora L.
Coffee — Coffea arabica L.
Coffee, Liberian — Coffea liberica Hiern.
Coffee, Robusta — Coffea robusta Hort.
Coleus — Coleus blumei Benth.
Coleus — Coleus scutellarioides (L. ) Benth.
Coleus — Coleus sp.
Coral tree — Erythrina americana Mill.
Coriander — Coriandrum sativum* L.
Cornflower- — Centaxirea cyanus L.
Coronopus procumbens* Gilib.
Cosmos — Cosmos bipinnatus* Cav.
Cotton, Sea Island — Gossypium harba-
dense L.
Cotton, Upland — Gossypium hirsutum. L.
Cowpea — Vigna unguiculata (L. ) Walp.
Crepis pulchra L.
Croton glandulosus simpsonii Ferg.
Crownbread — Verbesina occidentalis (L. )
Walt.
Crownbread — Verbesina virginica L.* (V.
si7iuata).
Cuci^mber — Cucumis sativus L.
Cumin — Cuminum cyminum L.
Currant — Ribes rubrum L.
Cyaniopis tetragonoloba (L. ) Taub.
Cyclamen — Cyclamen europcEum L.
Cyclamen — Cyclamen persicum Mill.
Cypress, spurge — Euphorbia cyparissias
L.
Cypress vine — Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Daisy — Bellis perennis L.
Dahlia — Dahlia pinnata Cav.
Dandelion — Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Datisca cannabina L.
Dead nettle — Lamium amplexicaule L.
Desmodiuin sp.
Deutzia — Deutzia crenata S. & Z.
Devil grass (Bermuda) — Capriola dacty-
loH (L. ) Kuntze.
Dieffenbachia sp.
Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.
Dock — Rumex sp.
Dodartia orientalis L.
Dolicholus intermedius* (P. & G. ) Vail.
Dolichos biporus L.
Dolichos umbellatus* Thunb.
Downy lime-grass — Elymus arenarius L.
Dragon tree — Draccma rosea Hort.
Eclipta alba (L) Hask.
Eggplant — Solanum melongena L.
Eleocharis palustris (L. ) R. Br.
Elm, European — Ulmus campestris L.
Enchanter's nightshade — drew lutetiana
L.
Endive — Cichorium endiva L.
Erythrina cristagalli L.
Eupatorium capillif olium (Lam.) Small.
{E. foeniculaceum.)
Euphorbia nutans* Lag.
Euphorbia pilulifcra* L.
Fenugreek — Trigonella foenum — grcccum
Xi.
Fig — Ficus carica L.
Fig marigold — Mesem bryanthemum sp.
Fig, strangling (Wild rubber plant) Ficus
aurea Nutt.
Ficus sp. (from Natal).
Ficus sp. (from Mexico).
Filbert — Corylus avellana L.
Flax — Linu7n usitatissimum L.
Frog-fruit — Lippia nodiflora (L. ) Michx.
Fuchsia — Fuchsia sp.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Geranium — Pelargonium zonale (L. )
German miHet — Chwtochloa italica*
Scrib.
Ginseng — Panax quinquef olium L.
Gladiolus — Gladiolus sp.
Gooseberry, Cape — Physalis peruviana L.
Gourd — Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.
Grabowskia glauca Hort.
Grape, Old World — Vitis vinifera L.
Grape — Vitis wstivalis Michx.
Grape^ — Vitis labrusca L.
Green gram — Phaseolus radiatus L.
Guava — Psidium guajava L.
liawk's beard — Crepis leontodontoides
AUioni.
Hawkbit — Leontodon hastilis L.
Heart-leaved basel — Basella rubra L.
Alt.
(L.)
754
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Heliotrope — Heliotropium sp.
Heteropteris sp.
Hibiscus — Hibiscus rosa — sinensis L.
Hog plum — Si)ondias lutea L.
Hollyhock — Althwa rosea (L. ) Cav.
Horehound — Marrnbium vulgare L.
Horseradish — Raclicula armoracia (L. )
Robinson.
Hyacinth bean or Bona vista bean — Dol-
ichos lablab L.
Hyssop — Hyssopus sp.
Ilysanthes dubia* (L. ) Barnh.
Immortelle — Elichrysum bracteatum
(Vent.) Andr.
Impatiens kleinii Wright & Arn.
Indian potato— liiomwa sp.
Ipomcca lacunosa L.
Ipomaa setosa Ker.
Iresine paniculata (L. ) Kuntze.
Iris — Iris sp.
Ixora aurea Hort.
Ixora chinensis Lam.
Ixora crocea Hort.
Ixora fraseri Hort.
Ixora sp.
Jack bean — Canavali ensiforme (L. ) DC.
Jacqnemontia tamnifolia (L. ) Griseb.
Jasmine, Cape — Gardenia jasminoides El-
lis (G. florida).
Japanese honeysuckle — Lonicera japon-
ica* Thunb.
Japanese paper plant — Tetrapanax papy-
rifer (Hook.) Koch.
Jerusalem oak — Chevopodium botrys L.
Juncus gerardi Loisel.
Jute — Corchorus oUtorius L.
Kadsura sp.
Kale, Collard — Brassica oleracea viridis
L.
Lamb's-quarters — Chenopodium album*
L.
Latana — Latana horrida H. B. K.
Laurtjstine — Viburimm tinns L.
Leadwort, Cape — Plumbago capcnsis
Thunb.
Leafy spurge — Euphorbia peplis L.
Leek — Allium porrum* L.
Lentil — -Lens esculentia Moench.
Lettuce — Lactuca sativa L.
Leucwna glauca* (L. ) Benth.
Linurn angustifolium Huds.
Lobelia erinus L.
Lotus sp.
Love-lies-bleeding — Amarantlins caiida-
tus* L.
Lupine, white — Lupinus albus L.
Lupine, yellow — Lujnnus luteus L.
Lupinus angiistifolius* L.
Lupinus termis Forsk.
iiladeira vine — Boussingaultia basselloides
H. B. K.
Maiz ! or Indian corn — Zca mays L.
Mallow, wild — Malva rotundifolia bore-
alis* (Wallm. ) Masters.
Manila hemp — Musa textilis Nee.
Mayweed — Anthemis cotula L.
Meadow fescue — Festuca elatior L.
Meibomia striata* (Pursh. ) Kuntze.
Melilotus indica* (L. ) All.
lUelothria crassifolia Small.
Mignonette — Reseda odorata L.
Milkweed — Asclepias sp.
Modiola caroliniana (L. ) Don. (M. luulti-
fida).
MoUugo pentaphylla L. {M. stricta).
Moonflower — Impomaea bona-nox L.
Morning-glory, Fuchsia-flowered — Ipo-
maa. fuchsioides Griseb.
Morning-glory — Ipomaa purpurea L.
Morning-glory, tree — IpovKxa syringw-
folia Meissn.
Morning-glory, wild — Ipoinaa cathartica*
Poir.
Mulberry — Morus alba multicaulis (Perr. )
Loud.
Mulberry — Morus alba tatarica (L. ) Loud.
Mulberry — Morus nigra L.
Mulberry — Morus rubra L.
Mulgedium macrophyllum (Willd.) DC.
Mullein — Verbascum thapsus* L.
Musa rosacea Jacq.
Muskmelon — Cucumis melo L.
Mustard — Brassica nigra* L.
Nasturtium, dwarf — Tropwolum minus* L.
Nasturtium — Tropwolum majus* L.
Nettle, horse — Solanum carolinense* L.
Nightshade- — Solanum nigrum* L.
Nolano sp.
Oat grass, tall meadow — Arrhenatherum
elatius L.
Oak, cork — Quercus suber.
Oats — Avena sativa* L.
Okra — Abebnoschus esculentns (L. )
Moench.
Oldenlandia sp.
Onion — Allium cepa L.
Orange, bitter — Citrus aurantium. L. (C
vulgaris) .
Orange, sweet — Citrus aurantium sinensis
L.
Orchard grass — Dactylis glomerata* L.
Oxalis stricta L.
O-xeye daisy — Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
mum L.
Oyster plant, Spanish — Scolymus hispani-
cus L.
Papaya or melon pawpaw — Carica papaya
L.
Paper mulberry — Papyrius papyrifera
( L. ) Kuntze.
jr'alm, California fan — Washingtonia ftli-
fera microsj}erma Beccari.
Palm — Washingtonia gracilis Parish.
Parsley — Petroselinum sativum* Hoffm.
Parsnip — Pastinaca sativa L.
Passiflora pfordti (P. alato-cwrulea
Lindl.).
Passiflora sp.
Passion flower — Passiflora incarnata L.
Paternoster bean* — Abrus precatorius L.
Pea, field — Pisum arvense* L.
Pea, garden — Pisum sativum L.
Pea, lesser chick — Lathyrus cicera L.
Pea, sweet — Lathyrus odoratus L.
Pea, Tangier — Lathyrus tingitanus L.
Peach — Amygdalus persica L.
Peanut — Arachis hypogwa L.
Pear — Pyrus communis L.
Pecan — Hicoria pecan (Marsh) Britt.
Pentagonia physalodes (L. ) Hiern.
Peony — Pwonia sp.
Pepper, Betel — Piper betle L.
Pepper — Piper nigrum. L.
Peppergrass, garden — Lepidinin satii-iun
L.
Perilla — Perilla frutescens (L. ) Britt.
Persimmon — Diospyros virginiana* L.
Persimmon, Japanese — Diospyros kaki L,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
755
Petunia — I'rtitiiia hiibrkla Vilin.
Peruvian baiiv — Cinchona sp.
Physalis sp.
Pigeon tea — Cajan ivdicum Spreng-.
Pineapple — Ananas sativus Seliult.
Pi7-iqueta tomentosa (Willd. ) H. B. K.
Plane tree — Platanus .sp.
Plantago* sp.
Plantain — Plantago major L.
Pluchea purpurascens (Swartz) DC.
Plum — Pruniis doniestica L.
Podranea ricasoUana (Tanf. ) Sprague.
Pokeweed — Phytolacca americuna L.
Polygala oleifera Hort.
Polygonum hydropiperoides* Mich.
Polygonum, sp.
Pomegranate — Punica granatnm L.
Poppy, California — E&chscholtzia califor-
nica Cham.
Poppy — Papaver rhocus L.
Portulaca — Portxdaca grandiflora Hook
Potato — Solanum tuberosum L.
Primrose — Primula carniolica Jacq.
Princess' feather — Amaranthus hybridus
forma hypochondriacus* (L. ) Rob.
Prunus cerosif era Ehrh (P. myrobalanus) .
Prunus japonica Thunb (P. nana and P.
lanceolata) .
Pumpkin — Cucurbita pepo L.
Purslance — Portulaca oleracea L.
Quack-grass — Agropyron (Treticnm) rt-
pens (L. ) Beauv.
Quince — Cydonia oblonga Mill.
Radicula walteri* (Ell.) Greene.
Radish — Raphanus sativus L.
Ragi millet — Eleusine coracana* ( L. )
Gsertn.
Rain tree — Pithecolohium soman (Jacq.)
Benth.
Rape — Brassica napiis L.
Raspbeiry — Rubus idwus L.
Rattlebo.x — Rhinanthus cristagalU L.
Red pepper — Capsicum annuum L.
Rib-grass — Plantago lanceolata L.
Roquette — Eruca sativa* Mill.
Rose, Cherokee — Rosa Iwvigata Michx.
Rose, Manetti — Rosa chinensis manetti
Dippel.
Rose — Rosa setigera Michx.
Rose — Rosa sp.
Rose mallow — Hibiscus coccineus Walt.
Rose of Shannon — Hibiscus syriacus L.
Roselle — Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Rubber plant — Ficus elastica Roxb.
Rubus trivialis Mich.
Rutabaga — Brassica campestris* Ij.
Safflower — Carthamus tinctorlus* L.
Sage — Salvia sp.
Sainfoin — Onobrychis viciwfolia Scop.
Salsify, black — Scorsonera hispanica L.
Salsify — Tragopogon porrifoUns L.
Scabiosa columbaria L.
Scarlet tassel flower — Einilia sacjittata
(Vahl.) DC.
Schizonotus sorbifolius (L. ) Lindl.
Sedum (several species).
Sempervivum glaucum Ten.
Bempervivum tectorum* L.
Senecio vulgaris L.
Sesban bispinosa (Jacq.) Steud.
Sesban macrocarpa Muhl.
Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B. vS. P. (S.
pentandrum ) .
Sesuvium portulacastrum* L.
4 — MB
Seradella — Oru'ithopns sativus* Brot.
Shallot — Allium ascalonicuin L.
Sheep fescue — Festuca ovina* L.
Sheep sorrel — Oxalis corniculata* \j.
Shepherd's purse — Bursa bursa-pastoris
(L. ) Brit.
Sida rhombifolia L.
Sida spinosa L.
Slender pigweed — Amaranthus hybridus*
L.
Smilax glauca* Walt.
Snapdragon — Antirrhinji}ii majus L.
Solanum sp.
Sorrel — Ruinex acetosa L.
Soy bean (Soja bean) Glycine hispida
(Moench. ) Maxim.
Speedwell — Veronica peregina* I.,.
Snermadictyon saureolens Roxb.
Spinach — Spinacia oleracea L.
Spirtea — Spiraa cantoniensis Lour.
Sponge gourd — Luff a cylindrica ( L. )
Roem.
Spurry — Spergula ai'vensis* L.
Squash — Cucurbita maxima Duch.
Squash — Cucurbita moschata Duch.
Strawberry, American — Fragaria chilan-
sis (L. ) Duches.
Strawberry, European — Fragaria vesca L.
St. John's-wor't — Hvpericum perforatum"
L.
St. John's bread or Carob — Ceratonia sili-
qua. L.
Stephanotis sp.
Stizolobium pachylobium P. & T.
Stitzolpbium pruriens (L. ) Medic.
Sugar cane — Saccharum oflicinarum L.
Sulla — Hedysarum coronarium* L.
Simllower — Helianthus annuus* L.
Sunflower — Helianthus debilis Nutt.
Sunn heinp — Crotalaria juncea* L.
Sweet alyssum — Konig maritima* ( L. ) R.
Br.
Sweet clover, white — Melilotus alba Desr.
Sweet fennel — Foeniculum vulgare Hill.
Sweet potato — Ipomaa batatas (L. ) Poir.
Sweet William — Diunthus barbatus* L.
Niedenz.
L.
oleraeeus
L.
(L.)
Du-
Syncarpia glomulifera* ( Sm. )
Tamarind — Tamarindus indica*
Tansy — Tanacetum vulgare L.
Tea — Thea sinensis L.
Teasel — Dipsacus fuUonum L.
Theophrasta erassipes Lindl.
Thunbergi fragrans Roxb.
Thistle, common sow — Sonchus
L.
Thistle, sow — Sonchns arvensis
Toadflax — Linaria canadensis*
mont.
Tobacco — Nicotiana tabacum L.
Tomato — Lycopersicum esculentum
Trichosanthes cucumeroides ( Ser. )
im.
Triumfctta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tuberose-^Po/ia?i(7ies tuherosa L.
Tumbleweed — A maranthus gnrcizans
(A. albus).
Turnip — Brassica rapa* L.
Ty-ess — Lucuma rivicoa angustifolia* Miq.
Umbrella tree — Melia azedarach* L.
Velvet bean — Stitzolobium deeringianurn
Bort.
Veronica tournefortii* Gmelin.
Vetch, bitter — Lathyrus sativus L.
Vetch, hairy — Vicia villosa Roth.
Mill.
Max-
L.
756
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
Vetch, Narbonne — Vicid narhonensis L.
Vetch, scarlet — Vicia fulgens* Battand.
Vetch — VicUi sativa L.
Vicia astropurpurea* Desf.
Vicia hirsutd. (L. ) S. P. Gray.
Vicia monanthos (L. ) Desf.
Vicia pseudocracca* Bertol.
Vigna repens Baker.
Violet — Viola odorata L.
Vitis serianwfolia (Bunge) Maxim. {Cis-
sus aconitifolia) .
Walnut, Arizona — Juglans rupestris E!n-
gelm.
Walnut, English — Juglans regia L.
Watermelon — Citrullus vulgaris Schracl.
Wax gourd — Benincasa cerifera Savi.
Wayfaring tree — Viburnuvi lantana L.
Welch onion — Allium fcstulosum L.
Wheat — Triticiiiii (rstirnin Li. ( 7'. ii<iti-
vum) .
Wild senna (coffee bean) — Cassia tora L.
vVillow, weeping — Salix babi/lonica L.
WiUuphhda scandcns (L. ) Kuntze Mika-
nia scandens).
Wistaria — Kraunhiu sincsis* (Sims.)
Greene.
Wire-grass — Eleusine indica* L.
Wood sanicle — Sanicula europwa L.
Wormwood — Chenopodium anthehiiinthi-
cum * L.
Yam — Dioscorea illustrata Hort.
Ylang-ylang — Cananga odorata (Lam.)
Hook & Thom.
Zamia floridana DC.
-PEAR CULTURE -HISTORY AND PRESENT STATUS.
By P. J. O'Gara^ Pathologist, Medford, Oregon.
The pear is without (ioiibt one of the most favorite fruits, although
in its wild state its astringent (qualities are so pronounced as to render
it unpalatable. Under cultivation it has become an excellent fruit for
all purposes, whether for dessert, for canning, for culinary use or in
the fresh state. The cultivation of the pear extends to the remotest
antiquity. It is mentioned in the oldest Greek writings and was culti-
vated by the Romans. It was common in Syria, Egypt and Greece,
and from the latter country was introducecl into Italy. The word
"pear" or its equivalent occurs in all Celtic languages, while we also
find it in Slavonic and other dialects ; and from this it is inferred that
cultivation of the pear, from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the
Atlantic, was practiced in very ancient times. According to Virgil,
Cato, Pliny and other Roman writers, the varieties in cultivation were
very numerous, and from the names of important varieties usually
referred to the countries from which the trees were imported. Unfor-
tunately, none of the old Roman varieties exist to-day, but from the
writings of Pliny we have every reason to believe that their best vari-
eties of pears were very poor in comparison with the choice varieties
under cultivation at the present time.
The pear of quality really dates from about the seventeenth century.
However, it was not until Professor Van Mons of the University of
Louvain, Belgium, by his perseverance and indefatigable labors suc-
ceeded in producing an immense number of new varieties of pears by
selexitive breeding, that the growing of pears of commercial quality was
put upon a sound basis. His whole life was mostly devoted to pear
culture, and from among the 80,000 seedlings raised by himself we find
the finest cultivated varieties of to-day — such as Bosc, Diel and others.
The work of Van Mons has given the little country of Belgium the
title of "The Eden of the Pear Tree." The net results of his work
were given to the world a little more than one hundred years ago.
Another worker, Thomas Andrew Knight, an Englishman, by hybridiz-
*This splendid paper first appeared in "Better PYuits," October, 1913, and its con-
tents applied so well to California conditions of pear growing that we obtained per-
mission from Mr. P. J. O'Gara to use it in The Monthly Bulletin, which he kindly gave
as well as the use of the cuts for illustrative purposes. — Editor.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 757
ing also produced varieties of noted quality. These two scientists and
their followers, working from different points of view, produced fruits
that have, by further cultivation, reached the limit of perfection.
From the standpoint of the botanist, there are some differences in
opinion as to the species from which cultivated pears are descendants.
There are some who hold that cultivated pears have descended from at
least three species, while others who have very carefully studied the
subject refer all cultivated pears to one species, the individuals of
which have in course of time diverged in various directions so as to
form now six races : (1) Celtic, (2) Germanic, (3) Hellenic, (4) Pon-
tic, (5) Indian, (6) Mongolic. From the Germanic race we have what
is commonly known as the European pear, Fyrus communis, while from
the Mongolic race we have the Oriental pear, Pyrus chinensis. Of
course, it is understood that there are many wild varieties which come
under the various groups. From the horticulturist's point of view
there is a totally different classification, namely, dwarf, standard and
Oriental. The dwarf pear consists mainly of European varieties
propagated by grafting onto rooted cuttings of the Anglers quince.
The Japan Golden Russet is also used for dwarfing, but it is to be
generally understood that the dwarf pear means the pear worked on
the quince root. Standards consist of the European varieties propa-
gated on the pear root, the stocks for this purpose being European or
Japan pear seedlings or rooted cuttings of some of the Oriental pears.
The Orientals are those which are partly or wholly of Chinese or Japa-
nese origin. So far as the pure Oriental pear is concerned, there are
very few plantings. The important commercial varieties of this group
are really hybrids between the Oriental and the European pears and
consist of such varieties as Kieffer, La Conte, Garber, Smith and others
of minor importance. The reason for this separation into three groups
is because the requirements of the varieties coming under each group
are usually quite different, demanding distinctive cultural methods.
With few exceptions, dwarfs must be considered as belonging to the
small gardener or the amateur horticulturist ; the Oriental hybrids,
so far as the quality of their fruit is concerned, have no place in the
commercial pear orchards of the Pacific coast. Therefore, in consider-
ing commercial pear growing in the better sections of the extreme West,
we must have in mind the better varieties which have sprung from the
European type or group grown as standard trees.
In looking over the more or less voluminous literature on pear cul-
ture, we find it frequently states that pear trees are more difficult to
maintain in a healthy, productive condition than apple trees, and can
not be grown with the same degree of success over so wide an area of
country. This statement is only partly true, for while the pear does
not enjoy the same degree of success over so wide an area of country
as does the apple, nevertheless with proper soil and climatic conditions
the pear will much outlive the apple. There are natural pear sections
or districts, just as there are apple districts, and given the suitable
varieties for such districts, the pear will always outlive the apple. At
the same time the pear will have produced commercial fruit for a
longer period and the net returns will be much greater. In its wild
state it is hardier and longer lived than the apple, making a taller
and more pyramidal head and becoming much larger in trunk diame-
758
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
ffi
M
oj _bX]
tic
o
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be
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THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
759
ter. While apples are known to reach the great age of 200 years,
many pear trees are known to be 500 years old. On the Pacific coast
we find pear trees still in bearing in the old IMission orchards of Cali-
fornia. These pear trees, after nearly two and a quarter centuries,
are still holding their own, with a few olives and date palms as com-
panions standing as reminders of the old civilization.
In a short article such as this is it is quite impossible to discuss the
important subject of varieties at any length. Considering the Pacific
coast, we find a wide variety of soil types (even in restricted areas),
climatic conditions, elevaticms, etc. The varieties best adapted under
the various conditions is a subject for wide discussion. In a few
localities, principally throughout California and the Rogue River
Fig. 3>^y. — Bearing branc-he-s of Bosc pears.
Hollywood orchard, Medford, Oregon. (Orig
inal.)
Valley in southern Oregon, the matter of varieties best suited to the
varying conditions has been well worked out, so that at this time
growers are not making the mistakes so common in the past. Besides
the matter of soils, climatic conditions, etc., the important matter of
the market demands for the various varieties must be well understood.
Taking the Rogue River Valley as an example, all plantings now made,
or which have been made during the past five or six years, take into
consideration all the above factors. In going over my notes I find that
over fifty varieties of j^ears may ])e found growing in the Rogue River
Valley, yet out of this number seven varieties are really commercial.
The varieties in the order of their ripening are Bartlett, Clairgeau,
Howell, Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Nelis. Besides these seven varieties, we
760
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
have planted considerable acreage of P. Barry and Forelle; however,
these latter varieties are not yet in bearing commercially. I do not
mean to say that the other varieties grown in the valley are not good ;
as a matter of fact they are excellent, nevertheless the market demand
does not warrant the multiplication of varieties. In the seven com-
mercial varieties mentioned it would be just as well to omit the Clair-
geau, which in no way compares with the excellence of the other
varieties. The great pear districts of the Pacific coast, so far as the
future of the pear industry is concerned, will be southern Oregon
(Rogue River Valley) and California, principally the great Sacramento
Valley and its tributary districts. In this natural pear belt any one
or all of the commercial varieties of pears may be grown; that is to say,
Fig. 4 00. — Bearing branches of Bartlett
pears. Gore orchard, Medford, Oregon.
(Original.)
hundreds of varieties. But pear growers must not fall into the error
of planting too many varieties, as has been the case in commercial
apple growing throughout the entire Northwest. Not long ago a horti-
culturist, waxing enthusiastic over the excellent quality of the pear as
grown in this district (Rogue River Valley), said that the pear growers
were making a mistake in not growing at least 100 varieties. View-
ing the pear situation from the apple standpoint, especially consider-
ing market conditions, it would ])e financial suicide for any district to
grow commercially more than six or ciglit vai'ieties. If there is any
doubt in the matter of too many varieties it would l)e well for the
reader to secure a copy of a paper written by Mr. AV. F. Gwin, man-
ager Northwest Fri'it Exehnn^^'e, Portlnnd, Orc.rcn, entitl?d "AVh-^t
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 761
is the Matter With the Apple Business ? " In this most excellent paper
Mr. Gwin shows clearly the danger of too many varieties.
It sometimes happens that new or better varieties are needed, but
they should be added with the ultimate intention of having them take
the place of inferior varieties already growing and not to increase the
total number of varieties. This holds true with the individual as well
as with the district as a whole. Where orchards are large the number
of varieties grown may be the maximum number suited to the district,
providing the soils are suitable ; however, with the small grower it is
best to restrict the plantings to two or three varieties. As a business
proposition, it is never advisable to plant less of any one variety than
will produce carload shipments, unless it be for pollination purposes.
In setting out a pear orchard less regard may 'oe had for the char-
acter of the soil than for almost 'any other kind of fruit. It will sreri-
erally do well over a tight clay hardpan where almost any other fruit
would fail. It will also thrive in clay loams and adobes as well as in
calcareous and alkali soils. The pear will flourish whether the water
is near or far from the surface, and can endure complete submergence
in water for a considerable length of time without being killed. Dur-
ing periods of high water in the lower Sacramento River districts I
have seen pear orchards completely under water, wliich did not fully
subside for several months. The regular orchard work, such as spray-
ing, pruning and thinning, was carried on by the use of boats and
barges. However, the pear demands a good soil for its best develop-
ment, and naturally the heavier alluvial, clay loam and other types
rich in plant food are the best. The varietv which is least exacting
is the Bartlett. Anjou, Clairgeau, Howell, Nelis and Bosc thrive on
heavy soils, including the heavy adobes. For early bearing such
varieties as the Bosc and Comice are best grown upon the clay loam
soils. The Comice comes into bearing rather slowly if grown on too
heavy soil. While the Nelis produces the best quality of fruit on the
lighter clay loam soils it does riot attain as good siw as the market
demands. However, increased size of the fruit might be secured by
irrigating during seasons of minimum rainfall.
The distance for the planting standard pear trees Avill depend some-
what upon the varieties. Due regard must be had for such varieties
as the Bosc or Anjou. which have a tendency to grow in a spreading
form, as against the Comice and Bartlett, which are naturally upright
growers. The iTiaximum distance for spreading varieties should not
be over 80 feet, either square or hexagonal system. The minimum
distance should not be less than 22 feet, square or hexagonal. The
average distance practiced in the Rogue River Valley is 25 feet, both
systems. However, the common practice is not to plant solid blocks of
any one variety, for the reason that certain varieties are self-sterile and
require the pollen of other varieties to fertilize the blossoms.
Self-sterility and self-fertility are not constant quantities in the
same variety; that is to say, the variety may be self-sterile in one
district and self-fertile in another. One can not tell beforehand just
what a variety will do when taken from one district into" another where
climatic conditions and soils are very different. On the Pacific coast
there is a greater tendency to self-fertility than in the East, although
varieties in the self-sterile group under Eastern conditions and quite
762
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 763
self-fertile on the coast, have the quality and form of the fruit im-
proved by crossing. Generally speaking, on the Facitic coast little or
no attention is paid to the Bartlett so far as fertility or sterility is
concerned. It regularly sets heavy crops of well-sized fruits with its
own pollen. On the other hand, such varieties as Comice and Nelis
are completely sterile to their own pollen in the Rogue River Valley,
all statements to the contrary notwithstanding. As stated before,
the matter of self-sterility and self -fertility should be worked out for
the various varieties in each particular district. I have worked this
problem out for the Rogue River Valley, and since the data have been
published elsewhere I shall not burden the reader with it here.
While volumes might be written on how to prune the pear, the
whole principle of pruning may be stated in a single short sentence — -
use the open head, no matter what variety. In such varieties as tend
to grow very upright, they should be pruned so as to throw them more
open, while the reverse should be practiced to a certain extent on
straggling or spreading varieties. The tree when set out should be
headed back so as to stand 18 to 2-i inches high. After the first year's
growth, the frame limbs should be selected and headed back to 12 or
11 inches. During the growing season, if the trees are making extreme
growth and producing too many shoots it is well to pinch back or trim
out those that are in excess of the needs of the tree. If the season has
been such that the trees have made little or no growth, the shoots should
be headed back to a single bud so as to start a new frame of vigorous
shoots. The successive years' pruning should be such as to continue
tlie open head, and by shortening in to not over eighteen inches for
each cut, stiffen up the body and framework. The frame or scatfold
branches need not be pruned of all the lateral shoots. Those to the
inside and some on the outside should be removed, but a few may be
left as temporary fruiting branches which, by heading in, will readily
develop fruit spurs. Fruit borne on these temporary fruiting branches
will hang close to the tree and will not have a tendency to throw the
tree out of shape, which so often happens where the first crop is borne
somewhat above the scafilold limbs. By means of the temporary fruit-
ing branches trees are brought into early bearing, and at the same
time no fruit spurs need be permitted on the body or scaffold limbs.
The reason for keeping fruit spurs off from the heavy wood is to
prevent dangerous body infections of pear blight. Should infection
occur on a temporary fruiting branch it is easily removed before any
damage is done to the body of the tree. Pears reach the bearing age,
under proper care, earlier than do apples, and once in bearing pruning
will not have the tendency to throw them out of bearing as it will in
apples. However, severe heading of such varieties as Bosc and Comice
is not advised; as a matter of fact after they reach the age of five or
six years it is best to withhold all pruning for two or three years,
,-5aving the thinning out of crossing or interfering limbs.
The details of cultivation, fertilization and cover cropping need no
extended discussion. To grow fruit of quality demands all that good
agricultural practice has taught in the production of other crops ; in
other words, the pear demands scientific agriculture. Unthrifty trees
can not produce luscious fruit; however, it is not good practice to
over-stimulate the trees for the reason that they are then much more
5 MB
764
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
susceptible to serious injury from pear blight should infection occur.
It will be easy for the pear grower to judge whether or not his trees
are making sufficient new wood. It will also be easy for him to note
by the appearance of 'the foliage the lack of soil fertility.
Pear growing in the United States is generally on the decrease, the
reason for this being pear blight. Many districts that were once
known for their heavy pear shipments are now without a single pear
tree. In the East we find that southward from the region of the Great
Lakes the growing of the better varieties of European pears has been
largely abandoned, and to a certain extent we find growing in their
stead the two or three Oriental hybrids, spoken of elsewhere in this
paper. Of course, large quantities of pears are produced in the East,
Fig. 402. — Anjou pear tree in full bloom. Holluwa\- orchard. Medford. Oregon. (Original.)
but for the most part they do not compare in quality with the standard
varieties grown on the Pacific coast. This fact is evident from the
great difference in price between the Eastern and Western product.
While the East and Middle West have suffered much from the ravages
of pear blight, many large districts in the West have also had their share
of trouble. In some states entire districts have been wiped out, and it
is known that in one state only a single pear orchard of about 500 trees
remains. The only district on the Pacific coast which has not only
held its own but has actually increased its pear acreage and produc-
tion is the Rogue River Valley in southern Oregon. The rate of
increase may be shown by the carload shipments made in 1911, 1912
and 1913, which were respectively 125, 250 and 500 cars (1913 crop
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 765
estimated). Pear blight has been known to be in the district since
1907, so that the growers have had to contend with it for seven seasons.
It would seem that some very good work has been done in the control
of this disease, as the increased sliipments demonstrate. When pear
blight came into the Rogue River Valley from the California districts
the growers, finding it impossible to get any help from their own state
institutions, appealed to the federal government for aid, which was
immediately forthcoming. After the United States Department of
Agriculture had demonstrated the control of blight the growers, feel-
ing the necessity of continued supervision, established a county pathol-
ogist's office, the lirst of its kind in the United States. This office
continues the work hrst undertaken and carried to success by the
Department of Agriculture. ' The fact that pear growing is on the
increase in the E-ogue Jtiiver Valley is due to the efforts of the growers
themselves. When they found that there was no possibility of getting
help within their own state they immediately set out to help themselves.
it has been stated frequently that pear blight is a disease of pome
fruits on the American continent; however, it is now known that the
disease has secured a foothold in Europe. It has been reported from
at least three countries in Europe, and while it has not yet shown great
virulence we are anxiously awaiting what will likely happen when the
disease reaches the line pear districts of Holland, Belgium and France.
Now that the disease is in Europe, and will likely spread to the better
pear sections, we should more than ever feel the necessity of guarding
our pear interests in the better pear-growing sections of the United
States; for pear- blight anywhere usually means reduced acreage and
reduced crops — therefore higher prices. Undoubtedly the countries
of Europe will make every effort to prevent the spread of this disease,
but the disease being new to them, and not being fully understood by
them so far as control is concerned, will mean that there must be some
loss once the disease enters a district.
Does pear growing pay 1 Does it pay to control pear blight ? Aside
from pear blight, the pear tree is troubled less by insect and fungous
pests than is its near relative, the apple. Furthermore, blight is no
more severe in the more susceptible varieties of pears than it is in
many varieties of apples, notably Spitzenberg, Alexander, Transcend-
ent Crab and many others. The question as to whether it pays to
control blight may be easily answered by giving the average prices
over a six-year period for pears shipped from the Rogue River Valley.
The prices given are those obtained through the association as well as
by individual growers, and represents f. o. b. averages for the first and
second grades. The average prices received during the years 1907 to
1912, inclusive, are as follows: Bartlett, $1.35; Winter Nelis, $1.65;
Howell, $1.95 ; Bosc, $2.30 ; Cornice, $2.45 ; Anjoa, $2.50.
All appl-e growers throughout the Northwest know what it costs to
raise a box of apples, and, taking everything into consideration, we
have found that it costs somewhat less to raise a box of pears.
The future of pear growing in any district will depend upon the
ability of the growers to control pear blight. If they are unwilling to
co-operate and carry out the work of eradicating the disease, which is
the only method of control, it will be just as well for them to pull out
their pear trees and have the agony over. For the district which will
control pear blight the disease may be considered a blessing in dis-
766
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
guise. Owing to the fact that the pear is very prolific aiul is other-
wise very free from troubles, if there were no such disease as pear
blight pears could be produced in such enormous quantities that there
would be no profit in growing them. But blight will continue to keep
the production limited, and there will always be a handsome profit in
pears.
A CASE OF ARSENICAL INJURY TO APRICOT TREES.
By Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
It has been known for some time that arsenic applied to trees in the
form of lead arsenate, Paris green, etc., for the control of insect pests,
may accumulate at the crowns and a sufficient amount become soluble
^r^r-.C»
^^*-^^li%
v^>\
K
Fig. 403. — Dead roots near the crown of young- api-icot tree, due to arsenical in.lury.
(Original.)
to corrode the bark and girdle the trees. Dr. W. P. Pleadden of the
Colorado Experiment Station and Prof. D. B. Swingle of the Montana
Experiment Station have given in publications from their respective
stations much analytical and experimental proof of such injury.
Typical cases of this damage to orchard trees may be recognized in
advanced cases by the following symptoms : foliage small and yellow,
or at least unnaturally colored early in the season. Usually there is
a very heavy crop of fruit, also highly colored. Longitudinal cracks
often occur in the bark which may be discolored an unnatural yellow.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
767
Corrosion at the crown completely girdling the tree in extreme cases
and in others involving only part of the crown. Dead roots or at least
portions of some of the larger roots near the crown are common
symptoms. In all typical cases the injury to the bark begins on the
outer surface and gradually the arsenic eats its way through to the
cambium. The wood of liml)s. trunks and roots of injured trees is
more or less blackened. In most cases where injury is at all severe
girdling and death of the tree takes place.
An interesting ease of similar injury to some young apricot trees was
seen in Kings County recently. Early in the season climbing cut-
worms gave considerable trouble by destroying the buds and in an
effort to rid the orchard of this pest the owner prepared a bran and
Paris green mash which he placed in generous piles about the crowns
of the affected trees. After a time the orehard was irrigated and
very soon the trees began to look sickly, many dying outright. When
the orchard was visited on October 28th some of the trees were still
alive but showed the characteristic symptoms of arsenical injury. An
Fig. 404. — ^Young apricut orduiid injured by arsenical poisoning; note the uninjured
tree in tlie second row from the left. (Original.)
examination of several of the crowns was made and the bark was found
to be more or less discolored and corroded in each case. In places it
was very black and could be crumbled easily between the fingers.
Above the ground line the bark was green and the top of the trees
showed a sickly, yellow color and an unthrifty growth to indicate the
crown and root condition. One of these trees is sliown in Fig. 408.
The portion of the trunk from the crown down, and some of the roots
were dead. Uninjured trees in the orchard were still in good foliage
and the picture gives an idea of the appearance of those that were
injured. Fig. 404 shows the portion of the on-hard where the injury
was done and gives some idea of the extent.
It is probable that the presence of alkali in the soil and water, aided
in breaking down the Paris green, thus liberating soluble arsenic
which damaged the trees.
This ease is cited, not for the purpose of alai-ming those who find it
necessary to use an arsenic compound in the form of a spray or other-
wise, but simply to show that care should be exercised in its applica-
tion. In spraying for codling moth there are times when much of the
liquid containing arsenate of lead, Paris green or zinc arsenite in
suspension, is allowed to run down the trunks of trees and collect at
768 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
the crowns, resulting in the formation of a collar of arsenic at the
ground line. Removal of the soil about the crowns after such heavy
spraying would probably eliminate all trouble.
We must apply arsenical sprays for codling moth and other insects,
but proper discretion should be used in its application, and especially
should care be exercised to prevent the collection of quantities of the
liquid at the crown. It is often necessary to spray very heavily and
in such cases it -is almost impossible to keep the liquid from running
down the trunks, and the only remedy is its removal with the soil from
about the tree.
THE FROST PROBLEM.
By A. J. CooKj State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Most of us pay extravagantly for fire and life insurance for the
security it gives and more for the comfort which attends this feeling
of security.
The plum curculio is a serious insect pest. I heard Judge Ransdall,
a very successful plum grower of Michigan, say once that he thanked
the Lord for this insect. His philosophy was as follows: It is easy
to control this enemy, but most persons will not do so. This insures
my getting a fine crop of superior fruit, and I am always sure of a
great price and a ready market. He could quote Shakespeare with
joy : ' ' Sweet are the uses of adversity. ' '
Some of the citrus growers of the South may regard the frost calam-
ity of last January in the same happy frame of mind. One firm
expended some $28,000 in the first, and has already spent nearlv three
times as much to improve its equipment since the freeze, yet the
readiness of the firm for the fray saved its fruit and trees, and it is
ahead many thousands of dollars.
Three localities in the southland were prepared for frost last year
to a greater or lesser degree: Pomona, Corona and the great Limoneira
lemon grove. In these localities the saving was immense. Does not
this all tend to prove that the citrus growers of the State face an
opportunity that may return a rich harvest of profit?
We see "by the press that Pomona is pleased with her last year's
expenditure. She has paid out one half of a million dollars to increase
her equipment for frost protection. She will have 10,000 acres of
citrus groves with improved oil pots for heating. The example of
Colorado is being followed, as the chambers of commerce and business
associations are organizing to give aid in case the "Storm King" comes
and help is needed. The motorcycle brigade, organized last year, will
be continued and strengthened, and the superior telephone equipment
of the Pomona Valley wall be at the service of the citrus growers.
News comes from Redlands that the growers there are also alive to
the necessity of quick and energetic action, and they are putting
thousands upon thousands of dollars in this effort to protect against
the possible freeze of the future.
The North is fortunate in her early market, but that will not save
her trees. San Diego had never had a damaging freeze before last
winter, and no part of the South suffered more in January, 1913, than
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 769
did many orchards in this supposed frostless area. Does it not be-
hoove the North to prepare to meet the "Frost King," in case he
should come? I believe no wise man will build too assuredly on the
assurance that his orchard is in the frostless belt.
Mr. C. C. Teague has had very extensive experience in this fight
with frost, and has won out in great shape. He will give wise sug-
gestions from his experienei' at the State Fruit (Irowers' Conventio'i
which convenes at San Jose, December 2d to 4th, inclusive. Fruit
growers from the north, central and southern sections should all listen
to his words, deciduous growers no less than citrus orchardists, pro-
ducers of nuts as well as of fruit should show that they are alive to
their own best interests by heeding the suggestions and acting on the
advice Mr. Teague Mdll give.
Among the scores of letters that come to this office are very many
asking for literature, on various phases of fruit culture. Upon taking
office we found a noticeable dearth of such publications. It is the
intention of this Commission to issue authoritative, up-to-date treatises
on each of our California fruits, nuts, etc. Already we have able
booklets on insects, the date, the fig, the avocado, walnuts, prunes,
almonds, apples and olives. The two last mentioned are not up-to-
date. Among the inquiries, those on alfalfa and citrus fruits have
been very prominent. This has led to our writing on these two sub-
jects. The peach is also in preparation by one of our most successful
growers. It is the aim to follow these with monographs on the pear,
the cherry, the apricot .and up-to-date treatises on the olive and the
apple.
770 THE MONTIIIA' BULT.ETIN.
GENERAL NOTES.
RECENT IMPORTATIONS OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN
CALIFORNIA.
During the last two or three months the State Tnsectary has received
a number of species of foreign beneficial insects which are to be intro-
duced into this State.
In the latter part of August, through the kindness of Mr. H. A.
Ballon of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies,
the State Tnsectary received a consignment of parasitized black scale
material from which we reared several hundreds of specimens of a pre-
daceous egg parasite of the black scale, known as Lecaniobitis cockerelli.
These were all liberated in an infested section and the result of this
liberation will be watched by many with great interest.
In September a shipment of mealy bug parasites was received
through the courtesy of Professor S. I. Kuwana, Entomologist for the
Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station of Japan, in conjunction
with Mr. Harry S. Smith, superintendent of the State Insectary, who
wa.s at that time in Japan. Prom this shipment we have reared what
we believe to be several valuable species of hymenopterous parasites,
and we are now attempting to breed them up in sufficient numbers to
be released in the sections infested with the mealy bug.
Again in October two more shipments of mealv bug parasites were
received from Japan from the same source. The same species of para-
sites were again reared and strengthens materially our breeding cage
supply.
One shipment has been sent by Mr. Smith from the Philippines
containing a small internal parasite of the red scale. This arrived in
fine condition. Two shipments of black scale parasites were also sent
by Mr. Smith from which we have obtained a predaceous Pteromalid
on the eggs of the black scale.
With a shipment of parasitized black scales .from Peru, sent through
the kindness of Mr. C. H. Townsend, in charge of the entomological
stations of that country, from which we have obtained several .species
of a lar^re encyrtid attackins: the old scales: with a further sunnb^
of parasitized mealy bugs and black scale material, besides several
species of ladybirds preying on both the mealy bug and black scale
which Mr. Simth is bringing with him from the Orient, we have hopes
of doing things along the line of insect natural control the next season.
— E. J. VOSLER.
A GREAT TRIUMPH.
The recent decision by the United States Supreme Court, confirming
the OT)inion of the Interstate Commerce Commission, is a signal victory
for tlio Arizona and California lemon growers. It also illustrates the
itn])ortance of a persistent fight, even though it is the rancher versus
tlie "interests."
When the tariff was raised to H<;* ppi" pound tlic railroad, evor
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. . 771
governed by the principle of "charging all that the traffic will bear,"
raised the freight tariff from $1.00 to $1.15 per hundred pounds. The
lemon growers of California, under the leadership of G. Harold Powell
of the Citrus Protective League of California and the late Judge A.
P. Call, appealed to the Interstate Commerce Commission and secured
several hearings. As a result of these hearings they obtained on
June 11, 1910, a decision from this body that the amended rate was
"unjust and unreasonable." In September, 1910, the railroads filed
a complaint with the United States Circuit Court for the District of
Kansas, alleging that the Interstate Commerce Commission in this
decision had exceeded its powers, as it favored the growers of Cali-
fornia as against the interests of the growers of Sicily, and deprived
the railroads of a reasonable and just compensation, and was con-
fseatory. This court in February, 1911, granted a preliminary in-
junction. The case was then referred to the Commerce Court for a
hearing. In October, 1911, this court filed an opinion, overruling the
decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The ground for
reversal was that the decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission
was unfair to the foreign producer of lemons. It permitted, however,
a rehearing of the case. In November, 1911, the Interstate Commerce
Commission reopened the case, and as a result again ordered the rail-
roads to fix a rate not greater than $1.00. Again the railroads asked
for a preliminary injunction which was refused, and the $1.00 rate
took effect February 15, 1912. The case was again argued before the
Commerce Commission in Los Angeles, and the request for an injunc-
tion was denied. The railroads then appealed the case to the United
States Supreme Court, and this body confirmed the decision of the
Interstate Commerce Commission, holding that a rate greater than
$1.00 was unreasonable."
G. Harold Powell states that this decision will save to the lemon
growers in an average season $200,000 and will materially aid them in
the severe competition with Sicily in furnishing our markets with this
necessary fruit.
Wh?t is more, this advantage is retroactive, extending back to 1909.
There is much that is encouraging in this decision. Ranchers are
coming into their own. Even the railroads cannot always rule with
a hich hand. There is hope that even with the tariff reduced the
lemon interests may not wane, but increase until we can supply our
home demand froiji our own groves. — A. J. Cook.
772 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT
DISEASES.
By E. J. VosLER, Assistant Superintendent of the State Insectary.
[Under the above heading the author aims to give brief, popular descriptions and
methods of controlling insect pests and plant diseases as near as possible just prior to
or at the time when the suggestions given should be carried into effect by the growers.]
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES.
The Red-humped Caterpillar.
The red-humped caterpillar, ScJiizvra concinna S. & A., spends the
winter as a pupa in cocoons which are located several inches under the
surface of the ground, or among the thickly fallen leaves and other
matter under the trees. Hoeing or cultivating close to the trees in
the winter time will kill many pupae of this insect as well as the hiber-
nating stages of other destructive pests. The description of this
insect's appearance and work was given in a previous issue.
Scale Insects on Deciduous Trees.
If the fruit trees are infested with scale insects don't let another
year lapse before remedial measures are undertaken. The man who
g-rows the best fruit is the man who makes it his business to see that
the trees are free from all pests. If the San Jose scale, black scale,
brown apricot scale, Italian pear scale and others which might be
mentioned are destroying the vitality of your trees, a little time and
money spent in spraying will do wonders. What to use for a spray
material is another question. Crude oil emulsion, 10 per cent (home-
made) ; crude oil emulsion (prepared), 8 per cent; distillate emulsion,
5 per cent; Yel-ros, 1 to 40. and lime-snlphur. 4.5 degrees Baume, arc
all good eradicators. If you are in doubt as to what pest is troubling
your trees, send a sample to the office of the State Commissioner of
Horticulture, and it will be identified.
Apple Tree Tent Caterpillars.
The two apple tree tent caterpillars, commonly known as the eastern
apple tree tent caterpillar and the forest tent caterpillar, both occur
in California. The former has a very limited distribution in this State.
and the latter is confined to the central and northern portions. Both
attack the foliage and the young fruit of the apple. The general
appearance of the larvis of the two species is practically the same.
They are hairy caterpillars, about If inches long when full grown ;
black in color with distinct yellow and white stripes along the back
and with blue and white spots along the sides. The larva? of the
former species spin a web or tent on which they congregate when
not feeding; while the latter congregate in ma.sses on the trunks
and limbs of the trees. (Fie. 405.) The winter is spent in the em:^
stage, the egg masses being attached in cylindrical formation to the
smaller twigs. Destroying these egg masses during the winter time
is one method of controlling these two pests.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
778
The California Tussock Moth.
The California tussock moth {Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd.), is
distributed throughout the central portion of this State, being espe-
cially abundant along the coast. It feeds on the foliage and young
fruit of the apple, as well as upon live oak, lupin, cherry and walnut,
although the first is the favorite. If this pest, whose larva is a grey
caterpillar with numerous colored spots and four prominent white
tufts on the upper side, besides two black tufts on the head and one
near the posterior end, has been abundant during the past season, it
may be advantageous during the winter months to hand-pick the egg
masses which are deposited on the limbs and trunks of the trees in the
fall. They may be destroyed by burning or immersing in oil.
Fig. 405. — Larvae of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubn.), on
apple tree. (Cal. Hort. Com.)
STORED PRODUCTS AND TRUCK CROP INSECTS.
Insects Injurious to Stored Products.
In a previous issue of the Monthly Bulletin attention was called to
the work of insects in stored products. The grain weevils, bean and
pea weevils, and the well known flour moths cause annually an immense
amount of damage. If the holders of infested products will take such
time and money as is necessary to destroy these pests they will not be
the losers. Carbon bisulphide, using five pounds to the thousand
cubic feet of space, seems to be the best fumigant. A tight room is
necessary and care must be taken that the liquid shall be kept away
from any flame as it is highly explosive. The liquid is poured into
shallow dishes and soon evaporates into a heavy gas. The best results
are obtained when the temperature is above 70 degrees Fahr.
774 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
The Hop Flea Beetle.
The hop flea beetle is a small black beetle with a metallic tinge and
appears in the spring attacking the hop plants as soon as they appear
above ground. Its work is characterized by the skeletonized leaves.
On page 231 of "Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California," E. 0.
Essig recommends the thorough cleaning of the hop fields and burning
the rubbish to destroy the hibernating beetles.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Pear Blight.
The work of cutting out portions of the trees infested with pear
blight (Bacillus amylovorus) should be continued until all signs of
the dread disease have been eliminated from the orchard. As has
been stated before, the blight causes the leaves, blossoms and young
fruit to wither and turn black on the affected portions whicli do not
fall, remaining attached to the twigs during the winter. The disease
proceeds downward into the larger branches which are often killed
very rapidly. Care must be taken to disinfect the pruning tools with
a solution of corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury) 1 to 1,000,
and to cut below any sign of the affected area at the time when the
diseased parts are removed and subsequently burned.
Stem Rot of Alfalfa.
According to the CaliforniM Auricn'tural Experiment Station, a stem
rot fungus causes considerable damage to alfalfa at times in this State,
as well as in other state.s. The fungus appears to be a cosmopolitan
species affecting various plants all over the world. They^ describe the
characteristic work of this fungus as follows : The stems wilt and die
after nearly reacliing maturity. The infestation appears to be scat-
tered the attacked stems here and there in the fields are easily con-
trasted with the healthv green appearan"e of other stalks. The disea«!e
is particularly abundant during the spring when the ground is moist
and where the stand of alfalfa is .so thick as to shade the ground. The
examination of an affected stem shows a decayed base covered more or
less with a white mold. No remedy can be suggested other than the
plowing up of badly infested fields, which should be planted to other
crops for several years.
Shot-Hole Fungus of Almond Trees.
This fungus, as suggested by its name, gives a shot-hole effect to
the almond leaves. The young twigs are also sometimes spotted. A
strong attack of this disease defoliates the trees early in the season,
the crop being badly injured as a result. Control measures consist in
sprayinf? with Bordeaux mixture, ,5-5-50 formula in the spring as the
buds are opening.
Shot-Hole and Fruit Spot of Apricot.
This disease is also knov:n as the peach blight fungus and causes the
spotting of the fruit of the apricot, as well as a shot-hole effect on the
leaves and killing of the buds. If the apricot orchardist whose trees
'Ralph E. Smith and 'Rli^aheth H. Smith. California Plant Diseases. California
A»rl. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 218,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
77S
have been affected by this fungus lias neglected to spray with Bordeanx
mixture during November, there is all the more reason to apply a
thorough spraying in the spring just as soon as the buds open.
Leaf-Curl of Peach.
We wish to again call the attention of the peach growers to the leaf-
curl fungus. This disease causes the curling of the peach leaves as
they develop in the spring and which often wither and fall together
with part of the young fruit. Later on a new growth of leaves develop,
but the harm has been done. Spray with Bordeaux mixture 5-5-50,
just prior to the opening of the buds in the spring.
Apple Scab.
Apple scab is easily recognized by the scabby patches developed on
the surface of the fruit in which the brown velvet growth of the
fungus appears. Spray with Bordeaux mixture 5-5-50. just as the buds
are opening, again after the petals fall, and once or twice at intervals
later where the variety or location is particularly advantageous to the
growth of the fungus. Arsenate of lead, a remedy for the codling
moth, can be combined with the Bordeaux mixture, thus eliminatii^
two sprayings for scab and codling moth at the time both should be
applied.
776 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
INSECT NOTES.
Conducted by the Editor.
The potato tuber moth, Phthorimcea operculella Zel. The occurrence of the potato
tuber moth hi the northern part of the State was made known by its discovery recently
in Shasta County. About 150 sacks of potatoes recently dug and placed in a barn
were found to contain a bad infestation of the pest.— Geo. P. Weldon.
The large green predaceous ground beetle, Ca/osowirt scrutator Fab., has been re-
ceived in quite large quantities from Horticultural Commissioner B. V. Sharp of Han-
ford, California. These were collected by wood choppers, who stated they were feeding
upon caterpillars destructive to willows.
Narcissus bulbs have been received from Horticultural Commissioner Stabler of
Sutter County, containing the larvae of the large Narcissus bulb fly, Merodon equestris
Fab. The bulbs in many instances were badly hollowed out by the feeding larvae. —
Lerot Childs.
Quite a number of specimens of potatoes injured by wireworms have been repeatedly
sent to this office with the inquiry as to whether the work was done by the potato tuber
moth or not. The burrows of the potato tuber moth are very conspicuous just under-
neath the skin or throughout the interior of the potato, while the small holes of the
wireworm usually penetrate only a short distance.
The woolly aphis, Schisoneura lanigera Hans. An effort is being made to determine
the distribution in the State of the woolly aphis on pear roots. At present it has been
observed in the following counties : Sacramento, Yolo, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Santa
Clara, Lake, Nevada, Placer, and Napa. It is probable that it will be found, upon
investigation, in practically every pear-growing section of the State. It is quite a
serious pest because of its habit of feeding on the fibrous roots. — Geo. P. Weldon.
Platynus maculicollis, a small brown beetle belonging to the family Caiabidse, has
been reported as occurring in annoying numbers under houses and in cellars at Sacra-
mento. These insects are harmless and often beneficial in that they feed predaceously
upon smaller insects and mites.- — Lerot Childs.
A single adult specimen of the cherry borer, Dicerca divaricuta Say, has been re-
ceived from Nevada City, Nevada County, Cal., where it is claimed that the young tips
of cherry trees have been injured by it.
The cypress twig- borer, P/iZoeosijiits cristatus Lee, has just been received from San
Luis Obispo.
The citrus white fly, Aleyrodes citri. A recent inspection of trees in Marysville,
made by E. J. Branigan, indicated that the citrus white fly is still present in that secv
tion, but only in very limited numbers. — Geo. P. Weldon.
The potato flea beetle, Epitrix- cucumeris Hai*ris, has been received from Placerville
November 11, 1913, where it has been working upon the foliage of potatoes.
The peach twig-borer, Anarsia lineatella. This pest of the peach is found very
abundantly hibernating in crotches of peach, apricot, and plum trees, of both orchards
and nurseries. — Geo. P. Weldon.
The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., has been taken in Imperial
County on pears by Horticultural Commissioner F. W. Waite. The entire surface of
the fruit sent in was completely covered with the scale and shows the adaptability of
this insect in a hot climate.
Quite a serious infestation of nematode on roots of peach, was found in Kings
County. — Geo. P. Weldon.
Specimens of the larvae of Prionus sp. have been received from Chico, California,
with the report that they were causing great injury to the roots of prune trees. —
E. J. VOSLER.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. HTJ
NOTES FROM THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
By Geo. P. Weldon^ Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture.
This office is in receipt of the annual report of County Horticultural
Commissioner R. S. Vaile for Ventura County in the form of a printed
bulletin. This report is neatly gotten up and contains much informa-
tion of interest and value to the fruit growers of the county, and reflects
much credit upon its able author.
Mr. George A. Lamiman, in his November report to the Board of
Supervisors of Shasta County, tells of an important experiment he is
conducting for the good of the fruit growers. Recognizing the need
of a cover crop that will make a good winter growth, and believing
that winter vetch is such a crop if it can be grown successfully, he has
inoculated the seed with the proper bacteria in hopes that a thrifty
growth will be the result.
County Horticultural Commissioner 0. C. McManus, of Modoc
, County, has just flnished a campaign against pear blight. He states
that he has been able to secure the co-operation of the growers in his
county in this work. When first beginning his term of office Mr. Mc-
Manus found there was not a single spray pump of any kind in the
county. Through his efforts, at the present time, there are about
twenty in use. This speaks well for the work that has been instituted
for the benefit of the growers of Modoc County.
RED SPIDER SPREAD BY WINDS.
By H. P. Stabler^ Yuba City, Horticultural Commissioner, Sutter County.
During the summer of 1912 Mr. C. K. Woods, a fruit grower and
nurseryman of Sutter County, became convinced from his own observa-
tions that red spiders are carried greater distances by winds than is
generally supposed. For years it has been known that red spiders
can be blown from one tree to another in an orchard, and in many
instances for the distance of several rows, but it was generally believed
that a county road, a city lot or similar barrier was sufficient to prevent
the spread of the pest by the agency of the winds.
Acting on this theory growers felt that by treating their own
orchards they were not likely to have an infestation from neglected
trees in the neighborhood. Mr. Woods held otherwise and was quite
satisfied in his own mind that proper tests would establish the correct-
ness of his contention. Unfortunately for the purpose of making tests
the unusually heavy rains occurring about September 1, 1912, disposed
of the red spider infestation for the season.
Red spider infestation was unusually severe the past summer and it
was determined to test the efficiency of the winds as a carrier of the
mite. With this object in view, Mr. E. E. Munger of Yuba City placed
a sheet of sticky fly paper on a board and nailed it to a fence twenty
feet from an infested tree. This was done on August 2d and after
twenty-four hours examination disclosed the presence of a great many
778
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
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THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
779
mites. Oil Au,mist 5th a sheet of sticky fly paper on a board was nailed
to a telephone pole twelve feet from the ground, one hundred feet
north of a hadly infested ten-acre almond orchard of very large trees.
The spiders found on the sheet the next day were very numerous. On
August 10th the sticky paper was placed 250 feet from the orchard
Fig. 407. — Close view of the apparatus showing
tlie legs standing in cans of water and oil. (Photo
by Geo. P. V\^eldon.)
and 30 feet from the ground on top of a tank house. Spiders were
found on the paper the next day. The next test was made 650 feet
from the infested orchard and the paper placed fifty feet from the
ground on top of a school house, with the result that many spiders
were found on the paper the next day.
780 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
At this stage of the experiments Mr. Geo. P. "Weldon, Deputy State
Commissioner of Horticulture, visited this locality and saw the results
of the experiments. He identified the spiders on the sticky paper. At
his suggestion the next tests were made even more carefully; the fly
paper was tacked to a large fruit-drying tray, which was nailed to a
step-ladder, the legs of which were placed in cans of water over which
oil was floated. This was done to prove beyond doubt that the spiders -
were blown on the paper and did not crawl there.
On August 21st four sheets of the sticky paper were placed on the
tray, which was nailed to the insulated step ladder, sixty feet from
])adly infested trees in another orchard, and in twenty-four hours about
fifteen spiders were counted on each sheet of paper. The final test was
made on the 27th of August. with the same apparatus placed 105 feet
from the infested orchard. Fourteen sheets of paper were used and
after 24 hours many mites were found on the paper.
Mr. Weldon was here again at this time, and examined the appli-
ances and took the photographs which accompany this article. We
believe we have established the fact that red spiders are blown sufficient
distances by the wind to make an infested orchard a menace to orchards
within a reasonable distance. All of these tests were made at times
when the usual light summer south winds were blowing. The days
were usually calm and the winds blew at night.
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.
781
VV" — ^^
QUARANTINE (^ L#0 S) D I V I S I O N .
REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1913.
By Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco, California.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.
Horticultural imports — Purcels.
Ships inspected '' i()Q4r,c
Passed as free from pests '^''^bl
Fumigated ^'~*](\
Destroyed or returned ' >j
Contraband destroyed '__
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 10(J,T90
Horticultural exports — Panels
Inspected and certified "'" ""
Pests Intercepted.
From Honolulu — , , , ,„t i.f,>„,o
HcmicUonaspis sp. and Chrysomphahts sp. on green cocoanuts and stems.
Coccus acuminatvs and Alcyrodcs sp. on cut flowers.
Lrcanium sp. on betel leaves.
Diaspis Iromcliw and Pscudococcus sp. on pineapples.
'^Chionas^pis'citri. Pseudaonidia trilohitiformis, Lcpidosaplics hcclcii, Chrysomphalus
anranfri, Parlatoria zisiphvs and Plicmnpsis cttri on vjomelosi. ,, . , , ,^„
Parlatoria pergandli. Lrraiiiiim sp.. Puhnnaria sp., ClnonaHpis cltri, Alryiodcs
citri and Cladofiporiiim ritri on citrus phints.
Cylas formicariun in sweet potatoes.
Weevil sp. in kaffir corn and chestnuts.
From Tahiti —
]\l organella maslclli on oranges. ,
From New Jersey —
Aspidiotim hoisduvalii on orchids.
From Belaium —
Alcyrodcs sp. and moth larvae on azaleas. , „ .
Psylla sp., Aspidiotvs hritanniciis, Voccns hcspcridum and Pscudococcus sp. on
bay trees.
LOS ANGELES STATION.
Horticultural imports — Parcels.
Ships inspected '■ o-. or,-
Passed as free from pests "^ 'oX,*
Fumigated *"'
Destroyed q
Returned ^,
Contraband
Total parcels horticultural products for the month 32,202
Pests Intercepted.
'^AspidioUi^s hritannicus, Cocrvs hrspcridnm and Pscudococcus lonr/ispinus on bays.
Aspidiotvs hcdcnp on ancuba and kentia palms.
Coccus iKxpcridinii on camellias and euonymus.
Chrysomphalus dhfyospcrnii and Diaspis hoisduvalii on orchids.
ncmirluonaspis aspidhi-.w on Aspidistra lurida.
Pscudococcus ritri on mimosa and lapageria.
Pscudoccc' ns Icnyisphini: en I'!cus sp.
782 THK MONTHLY BULLETIN.
From Florida —
Alci/rodi'.s sps. on cocoa palm.
Le]ii(los(iphcf; bccLii and I'hotiKipKia litri on pomelos.
J'.^citfhicoccu.s loiif/ifipiii IIS on ferns.
/'(irlaforia pvrgainlii on pandanus.
From Indiana —
JlciiiicliioiKi.spis (i.spidistnr on Aspidistra liiridu.
From Mexico —
Aspidiotiis ciiunonhylli. Ceratanhis lut(ini<r, Chrijsomuhdhis aonidnin. Isvhnas})is Invgi-
rostris, Psciidrxocctis sp.. and t^nissitia hcDiisiilnniva on palms.
Chri/saniphaliis didiiospcrnii on pandanus.
From New York —
Lcpidosaphvs hcikii on ixmudos.
From Pennsylvania —
Aphididir sp., Aspidiotus ciniulUir. Chnjsoniphahis aoiiidinii. Vdcciis U»ifjiilus and
Diaspis sp. on maranta.
Chnjsomplialus aiiraritii and I'arlatoriii pcnjandii on pandanus.
Cocriis hcspcridinn on aralia.
I'sciidococcvs citri on crotons.
Pscudococcus longispinns on elkhorn.
SAN DIEGO STATION.
Horticultural imports —
t,, . . . , Parcels,
fenips inspected 24
Passed as free from pests i nco
' umisated C
Destroyed ~ 4
Iletnrned "__ ^
Contraband 2
Total parcels horticultural pmducrs for the monlh l..")S2
I'csts I titcri vpicd.
Frrm Mexico —
(liriisduiphdliis (iiiniiifii on citrons.
L( jiid(;siiph< s </lon rii on sour limes.
rnidcntified Lepidopterous and ( 'oleopierous larvie and pupa' on manuo seed.
Frcm Arizona —
linn h IIS sp. in "screw beans."
From Pennsylvania —
As))idintiis (■(unelliir on r^ilnis.
SANTA BARBARA STATION.
No report.
EUREKA STATION.
Ships insi)ected (j
No horticultural imports.
QUARANTINE NOTE.
By George Compere.
The sending hy the Federal Horticultural Board of Frederick
Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer, to the Hawaiian Islands to
study the Mediterranean fruit fly situation will very likely prove to be
the most important step which has yet been taken to prevent the acci-
dental introduction of that pest to the main land.
ERRATA.
='Nos. 1 and 2.
(Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California.)
I'ages 3, 10, 306 (and elsewhere). Dehydrated lime should read hydrated lime.
Page 21, Photogiaph of katydid should be labeled Scudderia and not IMicrocentrum
laurifolium.
Page 105, Hyperaspis moerens for Scymnus mcerens.
Page 110, Puivinaria amygdalus for Pulvianaria amygdalus.
Page 182, The forest tent caterpillar for the Western apple-tree tent caterpillar.
Page 189, The photograph is of the California oak moth (Phryganldia californica
Pack.) and not of the spotless webworm.
Page 199, line 22, should read Nearly all the members and not ail the members.
Pag'e 209, Olla oculata synonymous with Olla abdominalis.
Page 210, Olla plagiata .'■■> non\ mous with Olla abdominalis.
Page 220, line 15, An imported species and not a native species.
Page 229, Diabrotica trivittata is the common California species and not Diabrotica
vittata.
Pages 270 and 272, Pteromalidse for Encyrtidae.
Page 300, Formula for lime-sulphur (Home made) recommended by P. J. O'Gara is
as follows;
Lime 50 pounds
Sulphur (flower of)' J-.IIO pounds
Water to make 50 gallons
Page 302, Whale-oil soap 1 pound and not 40 pounds as given in formula.
Page 304. line 11, Add distillate and the caustic soda foi- add the caustic soda.
Page 304, line 21, Distillate 20 gallons and not 20 pounds.
Page 333, line IS, Orchards previously sprayed for orchards subsequently sprayed.
♦Detach this page and paste it in the baci^ of "Injurious and Beneficial Insects of
California."
ERRATA.
No. 5.
Page 536, Under illustiatioii, Cylas for Cyclas.
No. 8.
On cover, the illustration is the same as Fig. 341. The explanations are for Fig. 340
which should have been here.
Page 624, Hyalopterus arundinis for Aphis pruinfoilae.
Page 630, Murgantia histrionica for Murgantiaa hlstronica.
No. 10.
Page 6S5, Eucaluptus globulus for Eucaluptus giobuious.
INDEX.
A constant menace, art., 653.
A fortunate find, art., 709.
A great triumph, art., 770.
A new method of destroying woolly apple
aphis, art., 725.
Aaronsohn, A., 426, 436, 469, 482, 520.
Acacia, 127, 128, 133.
baileyana, 89.
melanoxylon, 89, 133.
Acanthiidw, 54.
Acanthoscelides obtectns. 236-237.
Acanthus, 125.
Achemon sphinx, 158.
Achillea, 93.
Achorutes, 11.
Acid containers, 325, 336.
cut-offs, 336.
generators, 325, 336.
Acridiichr, 12, 13, 20.
Adalia bipunctata, 44, 45, 205.
var. liumcralis, 2 06.
Ad'ams, Frank, 470.
Drainage and Alkali Reclamation, 460.
Adoxus obscurus, 225-226, 230; art., 585.
vitis, 225.
^geria tipuliformis, 191.
Mgopodium podograria, 86.
Aeration of soils, 420.
^sculus flava. 111.
Agaonidrc, 268.
Agave, 134.
palmeri, 12 c
Ageratum, 93, 145.
Agriculture, College of, 427, 517, 518.
Agroviyza simplex, 251.
Agromyzidw, 250, 251.
Agrostis, 245.
Agrotis atomaris, 163-164.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 139, 144, 350.
Alaptus criococci, 134.
Alcohol, 291, 293.
Alder, 111.
Aleyrodes, 275.
citri, 143-144, 350, 519, 541, 599, 600,
634 ; note, 776, 781.
nubifera, 350, 519.
sp., 600, 635, 708, 781.
vapor ariorum, 144-145.
Aleyrodidw, 38, 142.
Alfalfa, 7, 16, 17, 18, 24, 33, 41, 42, 162,
163, 229, 243, 642.
as cover crop, 425, 494.
caterpillar, art., 697; art, 713.
crane-fly, 242-244.
looper, 161-162.
stem rot of, 774.
weevil, 349, 355, 521.
Allamanda, 350.
Allen, Louise M., the Seed Law and the
Seed Growers' Association in Washing-
ton, art., 584.
■Allograpta obliqua, 45, 65, 88, 246, 248.
Allotria xanthopsis, 266.
Alkali, 419, 460.
dates and, 470.
Almeria grape, 457, 496, 501, 502.
Almond, 7, 36, 79, 91, 119, 127, 130, 302.
mite, 6-8.
trees, shot-hole fungus of. 77 4.
Alcr umbellata, 128.
Alsophila pometaria, 1S6, 187.
Alternaria citri, art., 527.
tenuis, 528.
Amaranthus, 92.
retroflexus, 58, 91.
Ambrosia, 89.
Amelanchier canadensis, 2 81.
American syrphid fly, 247, 248.
Amelopsis tricuspidata, 350.
Amphicerus hicaudatus Say, 684.
fortis, 681.
punctipennis Lee, art., 681, 734.
Amsinckia spectabilis, 79.
Amundsen, E. O.
Black rot of the Navel Orange, 527.
An improvement in the setting of way-
side trees, art., 685.
An interesting intruder, art., 724.
Anarsia lineatella, 170, 171 ; note, 630, 776.
Anasa tristis, 146, 147, 569, 668.
Andromeda, 113.
Angelica sylvestris, 86.
Angoumois grain moth, 172.
Angular-winged katydid, 21.
Anona reticulata, 113.
Anoplura. 38, 150.
Ant, 11, 24, 261, 303, 319.
lions, 150.
Anthomyidw, 256.
Anthonomus grandis, 351.
Antidesma, 119.
Anthurium, 113.
Antonina craivi, 108.
Apanteles, 199.
glomeratus, 107.
Aphelinus diaspidis. 278 ; note, 7J1.
fuscipennis, 131.
mytilaspidis, 131, 277.
Aphididw, 38, 44, 199, 291.
Aphids, see plant lice.
Avhidius testaceipes, 63, 66, 88, 2 64, 2 66.
Aphis, a new method of destroying woolly,
art, 725.
sp., 599, 634, 671.
avenw, 569.
brassiccr, 59, 207.
cookH, 61.
elm leaf, note, 630.
gossvpii, 47, 61, 203. 218, 247, 848.
265, 597.
hedercr, 63.
hop, note, 668.
maidis. 63, 248.
mali. 67.
malifoliw, 70.
mealy plum, note, 630.
nerii, 66.
persiccr-niger, 66, 86, 247, 248, 170.
pomi, 44, 67, 265.
prune, art., 624.
prunifoliw, art., 624.
pyri, 70.
rose, art., 725.
rumicis, 203.
sorbi, 70, note, 630. ,
Aphvcus flavus, 114, 119, 271.
imtnaculatus. 134. 274.
784
INDEX.
Apple. 6. 7, 9. 36, 41. 46. 51. 70, 71, 89,
99. Ill, 113, 116, 119, 120. 123, 126,
127, 130, 133, 139, 148, 150, 163, 177,
179, ISl, 182, 185, 187, 188, 195, 230,
236, 249.
aphis, 67, 70.
gravenstein. show, art., 673, 692.
leaf -hopper. 41.
rules and specifications for grading
and packing, art., 650.
scab, 775.
thorn, 41, 50, 156.
tree borer, 235.
tree tent caterpillar, 181, 182; art.,
772.
varieties of, 650, 651, 652.
Apricot, 7, 28, 34, 36, 85, 89, 116, 119,
120, 124, 176, 185, 187, 195.
shot-hole and fruit spot of, 774.
spraying for the brown scale, art., 695.
trees, a cause of arsenical injury, art.,
766.
Arachnida, 1, 3.
Aralia japonica. 111.
Aramigus fulleri, 240, 724.
Arau'caria bidwillii, 98, 131, 136.
excelsa, 98.
mealy bug, 97.
Archangelica atropurpurea, 86.
Archips argyrospila, art., 637.
Arctiidw, 189.
Argyreia speciosa, 125.
Arilus cristatus, 146.
Arizona commission of agriculture and
horticulture, art., 662.
Armillaria mellea, 570.
Army worm, 159, 162, 163, 297.
Arsenate of lead' vs. Paris green, art., 590.
Arsenic, 299.
Arsenical injury to apricOt trees, art.. 766.
Arteviisia californica, 33, 97.
mealy bug, 96.
Arthroconodax occidentals. 10.
Arthropoda, 1.
Artocarpus, 143.
Ash, 116, 119.
green, 350.
prickly, 350.
mountain, 123, 281.
Ashbury, Mr., 458.
Ash-gray ladybird beetle, 208.
Asida leconti, 569.
Asparagus, 227, 251.
beetle, 226.
fern, 117, 128.
miner, 251.
Aspen. 54.
Asphaltum. 195.
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, 124, 131, 136,
137, 275 ; note, 731, 101.
Aspidiotus sp., 599, 635, 672, 708.
ancylus, 276.
boisduvalii, 781.
britannicus, 597, 600, 781.
camellicr, 126. 127, 635, 781.
cyanophylli, 583.
hederw, 127, 225, 583, 672, 70S, 731.
juglans-regiw, 129, 276; note, 731.
lataniw, 599, 734.
perniciosus. 129. 211. 225. 276, 277,
562 ; note, 776.
pini, 276.
rapax, 12 6.
rossi, 136.
Aapidi^tra lurida, 131.
Aspidium, 32.
Aster, 119, 145.
Asterolecanium sp., 708.
aureum, 583.
epidendri, 583.
variolosum note, 7 05.
Aucuba, 135.
Aulacaspis manzanitw, 597.
pentagonia, 124, 599.
ros(e, 124, 125, 278.
Autographa gamma californica, 161.
Axion pilatii, 212.
plagiatus, 119, 212.
Azalea, 32.
Baccharis pilularis, 127.
inminea, 119.
Bacillus amylovorus, 774.
Baits, poison, 299.
Bamboo, 83, 108.
plant louse, 83.
scale, 108.
Banana, 96, 132, 25'l. 255.
shrub, 350.
Bancroft, A. L.,
An improvement in the Setting of
Wayside Trees, art., 68 5.
Bands, 309.
Banks, J. R., 399.
Banksia integrifolia. 137.
Bark-beetle, the fruit-tree, art., 658.
Bark lice, 11.
Barley, 16, 64, 162, 173.
Barnacle scale, 112.
Basswood, 41.
Bay, 113, 144, 350.
Bead-like cottonwood gall-louse, 55.
Bean, 8, 30, 41, 145, 146, 229, 237.
aphis, 203.
pod-borer, 73.
tenebrionid beetle injuring, art., 591.
thrips, 29.
weevil, 236.
Bee, 11, 261, 288.
Beech, 111, 119.
Beet, 30, 53. 146. 163. 229, 241.
army worm, 162.
louse. 53.
sugar, 150.
Beetle, 11, 199, 240, 241, 288, 297.
glue, 291.
ladybird, art., 541 ; sent out, art., 626.
small blup and bronze chrysomelid,
note, 630.
tenebrionid, a beetle injuring beans,
art., 591.
Begonia, 32, 102, 132.
Ben Davis apple, 70.
Beneficial insects, a new beginning in tlie
importation and establishment of, art.,
660.
recent importatir-ns into California,
art., 770.
Bermuda grass, 91.
Berries, 8, 26, 241.
Bessey, Prof. B. A., Root-knot and its
Control, ref. and quotation, 74 9.
Bidens, 134.
pilosa, 30.
Bignonia, 102, 117.
Billbergia zebrina, 123.
Billbug, injurious to small grain, art., 619;
note 705.
Bioletti, B. P., 490.
Increasing Returns , of Muscat Vine-
yards, art., 483,
INDEX.
785
Biotrites japonica, 113.
Birch, 41, 116, 139.
Bird lice, 11.
Bishop, R. K., 519.
Bittacus, 11.
Blacliberry, 11, 26, 41, 125, 139, 191, 280.
Black cherry louse. 76.
citrus louse, 86.
leaf, 3 6, 46.
leaf "40," 647.
peach aphis, 66, 86.
rot of navel orange, art., 527.
sage, 96.
scale. 118, 217, 224, 271, 331, 333.
new parasite of, art., 661.
spraying for the, on oli\'p, art-,
695.
parasite, 272.
spotted ladybird beetle, 45.
twig apple, 70.
Blapstinus sp., 591.
discolor, 5C9.
Blastophaga grossorum, 269.
Blastothrix yucca- , 96.
Blattid(c, 12.
Blight, pear, 730.
spraying for peach, art., 698.
Blissus leucopterns, 14 8.
Blister beetle, dark blue, note, 668.
mite, pear leaf, attacking fruit, art.,
563.
Block fumigation, 334.
Blood-red ladybird beetle, 2 07.
Bloomer, P. R. M., 3 69.
Blowers, 312, 314.
Bluestone, 307, 316.
Body lice, 11.
Bonus, W. W., Some Orchard Spraying
Problems and Experiments, art., 439-
448.
Bordeaux mixture, 440-448.
paste, use of in the control of gum-
mosis, 616.
Bordered soldier-bug, 227.
Borers, 319.
branch and twig, art., 587.
shothole, 658.
Botrytis vulgaris, art., 601.
grey fungus, gummosis, 606.
Bouvardia, 102.
Box-elder, 41, 111, 114, 134.
Boxwood, 12 8.
Br aeon charus, 236.
BraconidcF, 264, 587, 657.
Bran, poisoned, 14, 299.
Branch and twig borer, art., 587, 668.
Branigan, Edw. J., A New Host Plant of
the California Grape Root Worm, art.,
585.
Brassica oleracea, 79.
Bristle tail, 11.
Broad bean, 239.
weavll, 239.
-necked borer, 233.
Bromelia pinguin, 123.
Brown apricot sca4e, 116, 119, 269.
spraying for, art., 695.
parasite, 269.
day moth, 183.
lacewing, see Symoherobius angustufi.
ladybird beetle, 219.
rot (Phthiacystis) , gimimosis, 611.
scale, 114.
Bruchidw, 236, 238, 239.
Brtichophagus funebris How., 267; art.,
696.
Bruchus, 599, 671, 708. 734, 781.
obtectus, 236.
pisorum, 238.
pruininus, note, 630.
rufimanus, 239.
Brussels sprouts, 60, 196.
Bryobia, 356.
pratensis, 6, 220, 306.
Bryophyllum calycinum, 125.
Buckthorn, 41, 119, 129, 139.
Buckwheat, 7, 41.
Buffalo tree-hopper, 40.
Bugs, 11, 38, 145, 281, 288, 292.
harlequin cabbage, note, 630.
killing squash, 729.
Buhach, 306.
Buprestidw, 235.
Burning, 15
Bursa bursa-pastoris, 62.
Buthus, 1.
Buttercup, 53.
louse, 53.
Butterfly, 11, 154.
Butternut, 139.
Button-bush, 281.
Cabbage, 60, 79, 146, 150, 162, 163, 196,
228, 231, 256, 257.
bug, 145.
louse, 59, 207.
maggot, 25 6.
worm, 196, 297.
Caddis flies, 11, 150.
Cajanus, 119.
Calendar of insect pests and plant diseases
(October), 695: (November) arts., 729;
(December) arts., 772.
California angular-winged katydid, 21.
cured fruit exchange, 471.
fruit growers exchange, report of the
manager, G. Harold Powell, art.,
720.
grape-root worm, 22 5.
laurel, 114, 127.
map showing quarantine work, 401.
nurserymen's convention, art., 727.
orange dog, 198.
peach borer, 193.
red ladybird beetle, 207.
sage, 33, 97.
tussock moth, 178, 729 ; art., 773.
Caliroa cerasi, 281, 597, 630.
Calla, 8.
Callacarpa lanata, 125.
CalUephialtes messor, 178. 265.
Callistemon lanceolatus, 102.
Calosoma calidum, 161.
introduction for use against the oak
moth, art, 590.
scrutator, 590; note, 776.
sycophanta, 590, 65 6.
Calotropis procera, 125.
Camellia, SS, 111, 114, 117, 119. 127, 128,
132, 240.
Camnula pellucida, 15.
Camphor, 127, 132, 133.
Campoplex, 715.
Canada balsam, 293.
Canaigre, 41.
Cankerworm, 185, 186.
Canna, 123.
indica, 240.
786
INDEX.
•■uitaloupe, !S0. 2 4».
fly. 249.
Cantharia stygica -aotem, 868, 781.
Caper family, 146.
Caprifig, 268.
Capsus solani, 553.
Capsicum, 93, 125.
annuum obbreinatum. 79.
Capsidw, 148.
Carabidce, 161.
Caradrina exigua, 162.
Caraway, 198.
Carbolic acid, 291, 303, 317.
emulsion, 47, 303.
Carbon bisulphide, 28, 47, 49. 318.
use in the control of the root-knot
nematode, 747.
Care of tents, 324.
Carnation, 38, 79.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 176; art.. 621.
Carpodetus serratus, 128.
Carrot, 86, 198.
Carum kelloggii, 199.
Caryota cumingii, 113.
Case of arsenical Injury to apricot trees,
art., 766.
Cases for insects, 291.
Castor bean, 89.
Caterpillar, 181, 182, 2 61.
alfalfa, art., 697.
red-humped, art., 654 ; note, 66S.
zebra, art., 713.
Cat-tails, 167.
Cattleya, 32.
Cauliflower, 60, 79, 146. 196, 257.
Caulophilus latinasus, 671.
Cause and control of root-knot, art., 737.
Caustic sod'a, 304, 317.
Cauthard, Miss L. A., 353.
Ceanothus, sp., 127, 622.
americanus , 139.
hirsutus, 96.
integerriinus, 102.
Cecidomyia destructor, 244.
Cecidomyiidw, 244.
Cedar oil, 293.
Celastrus scandens, 122.
Celatoria crawii, 258.
diabroticw, 229, 258.
Celerio hneata, 155.
Celery, 41, 86, 163, 198.
caterpillar, 197.
Celestial pepper, 79.
Cemented soils, 419.
Centipede, 1, 2.
Cerasus, 350.
de77iissa, 195.
Cerataphis lataniw, 781.
Ceratitis capitata, 414, 586, 599, 634 : art.,
709, 734.
Ceratonia, 12 8.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 137.
Cercis, 127, 128.
Cercopidw, 38.
Cereal and forage crop in.=!ects, art.. 696.
Ceresa bubalus, 40.
Ceroplastes ceriferus, 111.
cirripediformis, 112.
floridensis. 111, 112.
sp.. 708.
0«roputo, 583.
yuccCB, 95, 96, 106.
(nutrophyllum temulum, S(.
Ch&ff Boal*, 141.
Chalcid, the clover seed, art., 696.
Chalcidoidea, 262, 587.
Chalcis, 267.
Chapman, C. C, 362, 363. 374, 39S, 399,
400, 421, 426.
Details in Citrus Culture, 390.
discussion of soils, 421.
Charips xanthopsis, 63, 66, 72. 88, 264. 266.
Chase, Elmore, 42 5.
Cheilonerurus dactylopii, 103.
Chelomis shoshoneanoruvi, note, 731.
Chemicals, 329, 336.
Chemical wagons, 324, 336.
Chenopodiuin, 91.
murale, 30.
Cherry, 7, 32, 36, 41, 77. 79, 115, 116,
120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 139,
146, 179, 181, 1S5, 187. ISS, 195, 281,
642, 658.
choke, 41, 123.
louse, 7 6.
Portugal, 350.
scale, 115.
slug, 281 ; note, 630.
western choke, 195.
Chestnut, 120.
Chewing insects, 297.
Childs, Leroy, Root-Knot — Cause and Con-
trol, Including a List of Susceptible Host
Plants, art, 737.
Chilocorus bivulnerus, 94. 125, 131, 134,
209, 211.
cacti, 140.
Chilopoda, 1.
Chinaberry, 144, 350.
Chinch bug, 148.
Chionaspis. 276.
citri, 120, 599, 708, 734, 781.
enonmyi, 121, 122.
fur fur a, 122.
pinifolue, 277.
sp., 7S4.
Choisya ternata, 350.
Choke-cherry, 41, 123.
Chorisagrotis agrestis, 163.
Chromanhis juglandicola. SI.
Chrysanthemum, 92, 117, 14."), 146, 223.
indicutn, 79.
Chrysobothris femorata, 235.
Chrvsomelid, small blue and bronze, note,
630.
Chrysomelida-, 225. 226, 228. 229, 230, 231.
Chrysomphalus alienus, 583.
aonidum, 131,' 683, 734, 781.
aurantii, 127, 132, 211, 225, 274, 276,
278, 279, 600, 635, 708, 734, 781.
biformis, 583, 671, 708.
cattleyw, 583.
citrinus, 134, 211, 225, 276, 277, 708.
dictyospermi, 671, 708, 781.
aracw, 583.
ficus, 131, 600, 708.
rossi, 136, 211.
persew, 708.
sp., 781.
Chrysopa calif nrnica, 7, 10, 43, 44, 63, 72,
102, 134, 137, 153.
Chrysopidft:, 44, 45, 150, 153.
Chrvsoplatycerus splendens, 103, 271.
Cicada, 11, 38, 39, 43, 597.
CicadidXB, 38, 39.
Cicuta virosa, 8 6.
Circular scale 131.
Cissus, 127.
Citron. 102, XiO,
IKDEX.
m
Citrus, 4, 9, 28, 32, 61, 62, 7,^, 8S, S9, 93,
102, 106, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 121,
128, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138, 146. 150,
229, 240, 302, 350, 390, 394, 395, 396,
398, 400, 426, 601.
aphid parasite, 63, 66, 72, 88, 264. 266.
cmrantium, 102.
crop estimate, 72 S.
decumana, 102.
louse, 72, 86.
mealy bug, 98, 99, 151, 272.
parasite, 2 71.
medica, 102.
var. Union, 102.
I'ed spider, 9, 61 ; art., the use of flour
paste in lime-sulphur solutions in
the control of the red spider, 557.
scale, 134.
trees injured by ants in Brazil, 539.
white fly, 143 ; note, 776.
Classification of insects, 1.
Clematis, 8, 114.
Click beetles, 234.
CUnopleura pavomarginata, 23.
melanopleura, 23.
var. infuscata, 23.
minuta, 23.
Closterocerus cinctipennis, 281.
Clove oil, 293.
Clover, 7, 17, 24, 30, 41, 42, 128, 162, 163,
231, 243.
mite, 6.
seed chalcid, the, art., 696.
chalcis, 267.
Coccidw, 38, 88, 199, 291, 292.
Coccince, 89, 199.
Coccinella californica, 45, 60, 88, 134, 207.
trifasciata var. Juliana. 206.
CoccinelUda-, 44, 45, 199, 291.
Coccophagus aurantii, 2 76.
lecanii. 111, 114, 118, 279.
lunulatus, 114, 134, 278.
Coccus acuviinatus. 583, 781.
hesperidum, 113, 114, 119, 262, 270,
273, 279, 583, 599, 600, 617, 635,
671, 734, 781.
longulus, 708, 734.
Cockroaches, 11, 12.
Cocoanut, 132, 134.
infested, 412, 413.
Cocos, 107.
Codling moth, 176, 298.
art, 621, 647.
attacking walnut art., C59.
parasite, 2 65.
Coffea arabica, 350.
Coffee, 88, 102, 144, 350.
Colaspidea varicolor, note, 63 0.
Coleoptera, 111, 199, 288, 291.
ColletotricJium glasporiodes, art., 560.
Coleus, 92, 102, 106, 145.
Collections of insects. 285.
College of Agricultu'-e, 427.
Collembola, 1, 11, 12.
Common asparagus beetle, 226.
cut worm, 163.
red spider, 8.
termite, 28.
white fly, 144.
Companies carrying insecticide* materials,
318, 336.
Compere, Geo., What of Introduced Para-
sites, art., 626.
New Beginning In the Importatlefc
and Establishment of Beneficial In-
sects, art., 660.
Quarantine Note, 781.
Coniys fusca, 116, 118, 120, 269, 6«2.
Conchaspis angrcBci, 5 83.
sp., 583.
Concord grape, 493.
Confused flour beetle, note, 66$.
Coniontis subpubescens, 591.
Contact insecticides, 300.
Control of
black rot of navel orange, 6J4.
citrus red spider, 557.
date palm scales, 538.
grape leaf-hopper, 377, 379.
red spiders, 357.
Convention, California nurserymea'a, art.,
727.
Convent sia hageni, 10.
Cook, A. J., 353, 362, 367, 382, J$9, 426.
468, 477, 516.
Response, 353.
Soils and Subsoils, 416.
Ladybird Beetles, 541.
Frosts, 542.
Horticultural Legislation, &42.
Corn Worm, 555.
Root-Knot, art., 562.
Lime-Sulphur, 562.
Sulphuring for Mildew, 563.
Arsenate of Lead vs. Paris Green,
art., 590.
Insectary Superintendent to Collect
Insects in The Orient, art., 626.
Ladybird Beetles Sent Out, art, 626.
The Jumping Oak Galls, Note, 630.
Resignation of Professor H. S. Faw-
cett 660.
Melanose (stem-end' rot), art, 662.
More Irrigation, art., 680.
The Sebastopol Gravenstein Appl«
Show, art, 692.
Report of Dr. C. Harold Powell, Main-
ager of the California Fruit Grow-
ers' Exchange, art., 720.
An Interesting Intruder, art., 724.
The Watsonville Apple Show, art,
725.
California Nurserymen's Convention,
art., 727.
The Frost Problem, art, 768.
A Great Triumph, art., 770.
Copper sulphate, 307, 316.
Coreidw, 146.
Corn, 17, 41, 64, 149, 163, 1«5, 17S, »«f.
ear-worm, 164.
leaf-aphis, 63.
worm, art, 555.
Corrodentia, 11, 27.
Corjjneum beiierinki, 373, 602.
Cost of insecticides and materials, 816, S14.
Cotoneaster, 6
Cotton, 30, 62, 102, 125, 165, 249.
bands, 310.
boll weevil, 351.
worm, 164.
Cottonwood, 41, 54, 84, 127, 1J9, IM.
louse 55, 84.
788
INDEX.
Cottony bamboo scale, 108.
cushion scale, 88, 89, 205, 250.
note, 668.
County horticultural commissioners, state
association of, 340.
and state quai-antine guardian.s, art,
670, 710.
minutes, 519, 525.
new officers of, 522.
notes from, 548, 570. 598, 631. 668,
706, 732, 777.
Cover croi s, 425, 426.
Cowpea, 8.
Crab apple, 70, 123.
Crabs, 1.
Crane-fly, 242.
Crayfish, 1.
Crepis, 30.
Crickets, 11, 12, 25, 288.
Criddle mixture, 14, 300.
Crioceris asparagi, 226.
Crop, monthly reports :
April, 544.
May, 565.
June, 592.
July, 628.
August, 667.
September, 700.
reports, 355, 517.
Croton. 32, 106, 136.
Crown gall, art, 664.
Cruciferw, 60.
Crude oil, 303, 317.
emulsion, 303, 361, 647.
Crustacea, 1.
CryptochwUim iceryie, 91, 250.
Cryptogonus orhiculus, 103. 213, 214.
Cryptohrvms montrousieri, 103, 214.
Cryptorhynchus hatatw, 634, 671, 708, 734.
mangiferoe, 635.
Cryptus grallator, 236.
Ctenochiton elongatus, 583.
Cucumber, 8, 145, 229, 230, 231.
beetle, 228, 229.
Cucurbita pepo, 102.
' Cucurbttw, 147.
Cudweed, 30.
Cultivation, 14.
Culture, citrus, 390.
prune, 382.
Cundiff, R. P., 363.
Cuphea, 93.
Currant, 41, 123, 126, 128, 130, 139, 193,
642.
borer, 191.
worms, 306.
Cutworms, 159, 163, 165, 297.
fall plowing as a remedy, art., 698.
Cyanide, 329, 330, 336.
bottle, 386, 387.
can, 296, 287.
Cycas circinalis, 124, 635.
media, 124.
revoUta, 106, 114, 128.
Cycloneda abdominalis, 208.
oculata, 209.
sangninea, 45, 207.
Ci/dia ponionella, 176.
Cvlas formicariiis, 412, 781, 535, 599, 634,
671, 708.
Cynipoidea, 262.
Cyanoglossum, 97.
Cfiperus alternifolius, 102, 106, 128.
Cystisus, 139.
Dactylopiince, 89, 93.
Dacus cucurbitw, 599, 634, 726, 734.
ferrugineus, 726.
var., pedestris, 726.
siovatus, 726.
Dahlia, 32, 41.
Daisy, 229.
Dalmatian insect powder, 306.
Dammara ovata, 98.
vitiensis, 98.
Daphne gnidium, 128.
Dargitz, J. P., 480.
California Cured Fruit Exeliange, 471.
Dark blue blister beetle, 731.
Dascyllus plumbeus, 569.
Date palm scale, 139.
. art., 538.
Deilephila lineata, 155.
Destructive eleodes, the, art, 627.
pea louse, 73.
Devastating grasshoppei-, 1 8.
Devilwood, 350.
Diabrotica parasite, 25 8.
Diabrotica soror, 22 8, 230, 259.
note. 705.
vittata, 229.
Diceretus californicus, 60.
Dianthiis caryophyllus. 79.
Diaspinw, 89, 120.
Diaspis boisduvalH, 583, 671, 70S, 734.
bromeliw, 123, 409, 599, 634, 670, 708,
734, 781.
carueli, 277.
cattleya', 593.
echinocacti, 583, 70 8.
sainicB, 634.
Dicerca divaricata. note, 7 7 6.
Differential grasshopper, 17.
Dill, 198.
Dilophogaster calif orn tea, 272.
Dioscorea, 127.
Diospyros kaki, 350.
virginiana, 350.
Diplacus ceroputo, 95.
Diplacus glutinosus, 96.
Diplodia natalensis, 6U2.
Diplopod, 2.
Diplopoda, 1.
Dipping tents, 322.
Diptera, 11, 241, 288, 291.
Dipterous, parasite of cottony cusliion
scale, 250.
Diseases of plants, arts., 774.
Distillate, 303, 304, 317.
emulsion, 303, 304.
oil mechanical mixture, 304.
Dix, P. A., 370.
"Dock, 34, 153, 162, 231.
Dogwood, 139.
Dore, Mr., 490.
Dosage for fumigating. .'!31.
schedule, 32 7.
Dracwna, 106.
Dragon flies, 11.
Drainage and alkali recljunation, 460.
Drill tents, 322, 335.
Drosophila nvipelophila. 252, 253.
busckii, 255.
punctulata, 255.
repleta. 255.
Drosophilidw. 252.
Duck tents. 322, 335.
Duranta, 119.
Dust sprays, 305, 361.
Earwigs, 11, 12.
Easter lily, 8.
INDEX.
789
Eastern tent caterpillar, 181.
Eelworm, attacking parsnips, 549, 737.
potato. 282, 348, 737.
Effects of hot weather on lemon trees
sprayed with lime-sulphur, art., 692.
Eggplant, 8, 145. 146.
Eggs of green apple aphis, 67.
Eichochaitophorus populifolii, 21^.
Elaagnus, 137.
Elateridw, 23 4.
Elder, 162.
Eleodes arviata, 5 69.
destructive, art., 627.
gigantea var. estriata. note, 705.
07uissa var. borealis, 569, 570.
Elm, 41, 93, 111, 130, 230, 642.
American, 93, 123.
aphis, the, note, 6i0.
cork, 93, 116.
scale, 93.
Elymus, 245.
condensatiis, 108.
Embiids, 11.
Empoasca mail, 41.
p]mulsion, 302, 303, 304.
crude oil, 647.
Encyrtidw, 269, 270, 273.
Encyrtus flavus. 111, 114, 270.
English dwarf bean, 239.
ivy plant louse, 63.
walnut scale, 129.
Ephemerida, 11, 12.
Ephestia eliitella, 708.
Epidiaspis piricola, 126, 304.
Epitriinerus pyri, note, 668
Epitrix cucumeris, note, 776.
Epochra canadensis, 569 ; note, 731.
Equipment, 310, 318, 328, 335.
Erica, 127, 128.
Eriocampoides limncina, 281.
Eriococcus sp., 708.
Eriophyes oleivorus, 4.
pyri, 5, 6.
note, 705.
EriosovHt lanigera, 49, 203.
Erysimum vulgare, 86.
Erythea edulis, 102.
Essig, E. O., 353. 516.
Injurious and Beneficial Insects of
California, 1.
Pear-leaf Blister Mite Attacking
Fruit, art., 563.
The Branch and Twig Borer, art., 587.
The Manzanita Serica, art., 622.
The Destructive Eleodes, art., 62 7.
The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, note, 630.
The Elm-leaf Aphis, Note, 630.
The Fruit-tree Bark-Beetle, art., 65 8.
The Codling Moth Attacking Walnut,
art, 659.
The Potato Tuber Moth, art, 665.
The Western Twig Borer, art., 681.
A New Appointment, art, 693.
A New Method of Destroying Woolly
Aphis, art., 725.
The Rose Aphis, art.. 725.
Two Spray Formulae for Fruit Flies,
art., 72 6.
Some Interesting Fruit Flies, art.,
726.
Spraying to Control Tomato Thrips,
art, 728.
Essigella calif ornica, 58.
Etiella zinckenella, 173.
Estimate, citrus crop, 728.
Eucalymnatus perforatus, 113, 58S, 600
671.
Eucalyptus, 119. 127, 128, 133.
globulus, 685.
Eugenia jambos, 113.
Eulecanium armeniacum, 11 y.
cerasorum, 115.
persicw, 276.
pruinosum, 115, 269, 2 i 9.
Eulophidw, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279.
Eunanus brevipes, 30.
Euonymus, 121, 122, 127, 134, 136.
atropurpureus, 122.
europaus, 122.
japonicus, 122.
latifolius, 122.
scale, 121.
Eupagoderes mortivalUs, 597.
Eupelmus mirabilis, 22, 274.
Euphatorium, 112.
Euphorbia pulcherrima, 102.
Euplexoptera, 12.
European elm scale, 93.
fruit scale, 116, 119.
mountain ash, 6.
Eurymetopon bicolor, 569.
Euryinus eurythenie, note, 705.
Euryptera lucida, 30.
Eurytomidw, 267.
Euthrips citri, 33.
py7-i, 32, 35. '
tritici, 32, 597. 728.
Euxesta notata, 249.
Euxoa atomaris, 163.
Exoascus deformans, 373.
Exochomus californicus, 212.
pilatii, 212.
Exposure for fumigating, 332.
Eyed ladybird beetle, 45.
Fall cankerworm, 186 ; art., 695.
-plowing as a cutworm remedy, art.,
698.
False chincii bug, 149.
Fawcett H. S., Orchard Sanitation, 371.
Fungus Gardens Cultivated by Ants,
539.
Tear Staining of Lemon, art.. 560.
Two Fungi as Casual Agents in Gum-
mosis of Lemon Trees in California,
art, 601.
Resignation of, art., 660.
Fennel, 198.
Ferns, 32, 106, 113, 118, 128.
maidenhair, 128.
staghorn, 106.
(fertilization of citrus, 3 94.
Feverfew, 8.
Ficus, 32, 114.
macrophylla, 350.
utilis, 671.
Fig, 36, 89, 106, 113, 133, 1S7, 2S4, 26S.
Moreton bay, 350.
Figitidcp, 2 66.
Filaree, 42.
Filicales, 102, 128.
Fiorinia sp., 5 83.
stricta, 583.
Fish oil, 304.
Fiske and the gypsy moth, art., 558.
Flacourtia sepiaria, 106.
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 235.
Flea, 11.
beetle, grapevine, 230.
hop, 231.
790
INDEX.
Flies. 11, 241, 28«.
flower, 245.
honey, 245.
lesser fruit, 2i2.
sweat, 245.
tachina, 258.
Florida red scale, 131.
wax scale, 112.
Flour, 306.
paste, 7, 8, 30, 301.
the use of in lime-sulphur in the
control of the citrus red spider,
art., 557.
Flower, 166.
flies, 245.
Fluted scale, 89.
Fly, cantaloupe, 249.
Hessian, 244.
large syrplaid, 2 46.
lesser fruit, 253.
Fceniculum vulgar e, 198.
Forficulidw, 12.
Formaldehyde, 282.
use in the control of root-knot, 7 4 4.
Formalin, 293.
Formulte for preserving fruit, art., 7 27.
Four-o'clock, 30.
Fraxinus lanceolata, 350.
Freezing, injury and protection of fruit
from, art., 715.
Freight rates, 448. 449, 470, 478, 480, 49(5.
Frontina arniigera, 165.
Frost, art., 542.
problem, the, art., 768.
Frosted scale, 115, 269.
Fruit Exchange, California Cured, 4 71.
fly, Mediterranean, 354, 586.
two spray formulae for, art., 726.
pear-leaf blister-mite attaclving, art.,
563.
tree bark beetle, the, art., 658.
tree leaf-roller, art., 637, 729.
tree pulvinaria, 109.
formulae for preserving, art., 727.
truck and crop pests, art., 551.
kind that pays, art, 581.
Fuchsia, 8, 32, 102, 127, 134, 145.
Fulgoridw, 38.
Fuller's rose beetle, 240, 724.
Fumigation, 318, art, 606.
Fungi, 371.
two, as causal agents in gummosis of
lemon trees in California, art., 601.
P\ingicide law, 345.
Fungous diseases of plants, art, 693.
Fungus, gardens cultivated by ants, art.,
593.
Gall flies, 261.
crown, art., 664.
jumping oak, note, 630.
Gallaway, A. R., 3 88. 389.
Garden, Wm., 519, 525.
Gardenia, 93, 111, 541.
florida, 350
jasminoides, 350.
Gardens, cultivated by ants, ait., 539.
Gelechiida-, 166, 170, 172.
General crop conditions, 568, 594.
notes, 724, 770.
Generators, acid, 326, 336.
Genista, 127.
Geonietrid(r, 185, 186.
Geranium, 8, 124, 145.
rose, 89.
Glass tubes for insects, 2 92.
Glover's scale, 138.
Glycerine, 292.
Gnaphaliuvi calif orniciun, 30.
(iodetia, 8.
Golden clialcid, 278.
mealy bug, 97.
rod, 134, 176.
Jooseberry, 41. 120, 123, 193, 642.
joosefoot, 30.
rossyparia spuria, 9 3, 211.
rossypiuni, 102.
Gourd, 147.
powder horn, 62.
Government fornuila foi- pear thrips, 36.
38, 304.
Grade law. Pajaro ^'alley apple, art, 64 9.
Sulzer apple packing and, art, 649.
Graduates, 325, 336.
Graf, John, 374.
Grain, 7, 17, 148, 149.
billbug injurious to, art, 619.
moth, 17 2.
thrips, 32.
Grape, 32, 34, 36, 41. 42, 48. 89, 111, 116.
119, 120, 125, 127, 133, 145, 149, 156,
158, 164. 226, 230, 233, 241.
Almeria, 457, 459, 596, 501, 502.
Concord, 493.
day 1915, 515.
gunworm of the, art, 677.
Imperial. 457, 502.
leaf-hopper, 42, 47, 375.
Malaga, 457.
Muscat, 483.
Olivette de Vendemian, 501.
packing in sawdust, 457.
Petit, 493.
root-worm, 225.
a new host plant of the California.
art, 585.
Sultana, 487.
Syrah, 493.
table, 450, 510.
Thompson's Seedless. 504.
Tokay, 493.
viticulture, 492.
wine, 496.
Zante, 502, 503, 504.
Grapefruit, 350.
Grapevine flea beetle, 230.
hoplia, 232.
Grass, 7, 16, 24, 38. 41, 42, 86. 12S, 148,
149, 163.
Grasshoriper, 11, 12. 13, 20, 288. 297.
differential, 17.
long-horned, 20.
pale-Manged, 19.
pellucid, 15.
valley, 16.
parasite, 260.
Gray ladybird' beetle. 2 OS, 210.
Greasewood, 233.
Great Triumph, ait.. 770.
Greedy scale, 12 6.
Green apple aphis, 67.
citrus louse, 72.
lacewing. see Chrysopa calif ornica.
peach aphid, 57, 77.
rose louse, 76, 79.
Greenhouse, insects in, art, 72 9,
mealy bug, 99.
thrips, 31
orthezia, 92.
white fly, 144.
INDEX.
791
Greening apple, 70.
Grevillea, 119.
Grewia, 119.
Grey fungus (Botrytis), gunimo.si.s, 606.
Groundsel, 79.
GrylUdcE, 12, 25.
Guaguma ulmifoUa, 124.
Guava, 106, 113, 117, 119, 132.
mealy bug, 106.
Gum arable, 291.
Gummosis, treatment of, art., 613.
two fungi as causal agents in, of
lemon trees of Californiff, art.. 601.
Gvmworm of the grape, art., 677.
Gypsy moth, Fiske and. art., 55S.
Gyrolasia flavimedia, 274.
Hahrothamnus, 102, 119.
Hadronotits anasw. 147.
Haltica carinata, 230.
Hampton, H. S., 3S0
Handling citrus fruits, 396.
Harlequin cabbage bug. 145; note, 630.
Hm'tigia abdominolis, 2 79.
cressonia, 279. 597.
Harvest flies, 39.
Has.sler, J. E., 448.
Hawk moths, 154.
Hawksbeard, 30.
Hawthorn, 70, 71. Ill, 116, 123, 128. 130,
139, 186.
Hatch, Miss, 468.
Hazel, 41.
Head lice, 11.
Hedera helix, 79. 102, 350.
Heilinus lauri, 634, 671.
HeUothis ariniper, 164.
obsoleta, 164, 555.
Heliothrips fasciatus, 29.
hwinorrlioidaUs, 31.
Heliotrope, 8.
wild, 30, 125.
Hellebore, 3 06,
Hemerohndw, 150, 151.
Hemerobius paciftcus, 10.
Hemerocavipa vettistd, 178, j;59, 261, 773.
Hemichionasnis asnidistrfr, 583.
minor. 599, 671, 708.
sp. 583, 761.
Hemispherical scale, 117, 224.
Hemp, 41.
Heraclenm sphondylium, 8 6.
Hessian fly, 244.
Heterodera radicicoln. 282, 562, 737.
Heterovieles arbutifolia. 119.
Heterontera, 11, 38, 14-5. 288, 289.
Hexapoda, 1.
Hex glabra, 113.
Hihertia sp., 671.
Hibiscus, 11, 123.
escitlentus, 125.
Hinpoboscidtr. 731.
Hippodamia, 199.
ambigua, 45, 63, 134, 204.
convergeiis, 45, 60. 63, 72. 134, 202,
203, 204, 208, 227, 541, 585.
r,-signata, 201.
lecontii. 202.
note, 668.
sent out, art., 626.
History and present status of peai' culture
art., 756.
Hodges, .J. R.. Nematode Worms an<l Mot-
tled Leaf, 555.
Holly, 114, 119, 121, 128.
Hollyhock, 41.
county, 34 0.
Homopteru, 11, 38, 291.
Honey flies, 245.
Hop, 8, 85, 231, 302.
flea beetle, 231. 7 74
plant louse, 8 4.
Hoplia callipyge. 232.
pubicollis, 232.
sackenii, 232.
Hoplocampa cooker. 569.
Hopper-dozer, 15, 42.
Hop-tree, 139.
Horn-tail, 11, 279.
Horse bean, 239.
chestnut, 41. 139.
dung, 300.
radish, 146, 163, 146.
Horticultural, commissionei-,
state, 337.
legislation, art., 542.
notes from Madera County, art., 687
picket line, the, art., 575.
products from Japan, art., 625.
Host plants of root-knot nematode, 752.
Howardia biclavis. 708.
Hoioea belmorcana. 113.
Hovt. A. S . Quarantine Work in Southern
California, 541.
Hunt. Dean Thos. F., Motive of the Col-
lege of Agriculture of the University of
California, 427.
Hutchinson. B. E., 389, 400. 469.
Hvadaphis pastinaca-, 85.
Hyalopterns nrundinis, 86.
note, 630.
Hydrocyanic acid gas. 318, 3T>.
Hymenoptera. 11, 261, 288, 289, 291.
Hyperaspis dissoluta. 216.
lateralis, 103, 215.
in err ens, 217.
Hyphantria cnnea, 189.
textor 189.
Icerya purchasi, 88, 89, 205. 221, 222, 223.
crawii. 89, note, 668.
maskeli, 89.
seychellarum. 708.
Ichneumonidw, 161. 265.
Ichenmonoidca, 262.
Imperial grape, 457, 502.
prune, 389.
Valley, 542.
Imported cabbage woi-m, 19 6.
currant borer, 191.
In.iury and protection of fruit from freez-
ing, art., 715.
Insecta, 1.
Insectary, State, 294.
Superintendent to collect in the
Orient, art., 626.
Insecticide, 297, 300.
law, 345.
Insects, 1, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 297,
318, 337, 731, 776.
in greenhouses, art., 729.
in stored products, art., 729,
Ipomaa bona-nox, 8, 92, 102.
Irbisia brachycerus, art., 551.
Iris, 275.
Iron .sulphate, 7, 302.
sulphide. 302, 360.
Irrigation, citrus, 393, 398.
more, art., 680.
Isaac, John, 449.
Tsrhnas2ns longirostris. 600, 781.
Isndromns iceryw, 151.
T sop t era, 27.
77;
792
INDEX.
Ivv, Boston, 350.
English, 79. 102, 114, 123, 127, 128,
144, 350.
German, 79.
plant louse, 63.
scale, 12 7.
Japanese law relating to inspection of ex-
ported ornamental and nursery stock,
art, 694.
wax scale, 111.
Japan, horticultural products from, art.,
625.
plum, 113.
Japonica, 14 2.
Jasmine, 144.
Jasminum, 125.
fruticans, 350.
odoratissimum, 350.
sp., 672.
Jassidw, 38, 4 0.
Jerusalem cricket. 24.
Jessamine, cape, 144, 350.
yellow, 144, 350.
Jones, B. R., 363.
Jnglans californica, 83.
Jumping oak galls, note, 630.
plant lice, 38, 43.
Juniper, 119.
Kaller, Mr., 490, 492.
Katydid, 11, 12, 20, 21, 274, 288.
angular-winged. 21.
egg para.site, 274.
Kell, Delacourt, Some Field Notes on a
Soft Gray Scale Known Locally as the
"Longulus" Scale, art., 617.
Kennedya, 134.
Kentia, 107, 113.
mealy bug. 107.
Kermes, a new, note, 705.
ntgropnnctatus. Ehr. & Ckll., note,
705.
Kero-sene, 302, 317.
emulsion, 47, 302, 303.
Killing Insects, 287.
squash bugs, art., 729.
King of Tompkins County apple, 51.
Kirkman, W. T., 400.
Knotweed, 53.
Knebele's ladybird beetle, 222.
Kruckeberg, H. W., 374.
Kumquat, 350.
Labor, 512.
Lacewing, 11, 150.
brown, see Sympherohius angustus.
green, see Chrjisopa californica.
Lachnns juniperi Del G., note, 668.
Ladybird beetle, 7, 8, 10, 43, 45, 60, 63, 88,
153, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208,
-209, 210, 211, 212, 218, 220, 222, 223,
291.
art. 541.
sent out. art., 626.
Lambsquarters, 146, 163, 231.
Lantava, 92, 145. •
Tvantern flies, 38.
Laphygma exigua, 162.
Large syrphid fly, 246.
Laria pisoruni, 238.
rufiviana, 238, 239.
Larvae, pi-eserving, 292, 293.
Lasiocntnpidti', 181, 182.
Lnsinphthicns pyrnstri. 45, 72, 88, 246.
Latanin horbonica, 128.
Laurel, 32, 114, 116, 119, 125.
California, 114, 129.
cherry, 350.
Laurestinus, 32, 350.
Lavatera, 127.
Laws, horticultural, 337, 340, 343, 345.
and the nurserymen, 364.
uniform horticultural, 735.
L"ead arsenate, 297, 298, 299, 316.
Leaf -hoppers, 3 8, 40, 41, 42.
roller, the fruit tree, art., 637, 729.
curl, peach, 774.
Lecnniohius cockerelU, 770.
Lecanium, 269.
corni. 116, 119, 269, 279, 304.
sp., 635, 708, 781.
Legislation, horticultural, art., 542.
Tjegumes, 74.
Lemons, 4, 99, 102, 142, 350.
effect of hot weather on trees sprayed
with lime-sulphur, art., 692.
tear staining of, art., 560.
two fungi as causal agents in guni-
mosis of trees of California, art.,
601.
Lepidoptera. 11, 154, 289, 290.
Lepidosaphes beckii. 136, 13 8, 211, 225,
276, 599, 600, 634, 635, 671, 708, 734,
781.
cocculli, 5 83.
gloverii. 138, 781.
pallida. 583.
pinnrrformis, 5 83.
uhni. 138. 211, 277, 600.
sp., 583, 635, 708.
Leptothyrium poml. 599.
Lesser fruit flies, 252.
Lestophonus iceriifr. 91, 250.
Lettuce, 30, 145, 149, 229.
wild, 30, 146.
Leucaspis japonica, 671.
sp., 708.
Lencopis bella, 103.
Lice, 11, 150.
Lichens, 304.
Lignum vitfr, 112, 113, 134.
spiculinota, 217.
undulata. 215.
Ligustrunu 19, 134, 350.
amiirense, 350.
Lilac, 33, 111, 139, 144, 350.
LiliaccfF, 32.
Lima bean, 174, 237.
pod borer, 173.
Lime Cfruit). 96.
Lime, 8, 10, 299, 306, 307, 310, 316, 361.
sulphur, 7. 10, 35, 299, 300, 302, 316,
441, 448.
effects of hot weather on lemon
trees sprayed with, art.. 692.
use of, 562.
use of flour paste in sohition. in
the control of the citrus red
spider, art., 557.
TAmneriiim. sp., 656.
Linden. Ill, 139.
Lindorns Inpanthw, 103, 131, 134. 137, 21't,
224.
Liparidir, 17 8.
Liquid sprays, 300.
Lobsters, 1.
Locust ftreeL 89, 111, 129, 14 6.
Iioney, 119.
INDEX.
793
Locust, 13, 39.
another poison, art., 697.
Locustidw, 12, 20, 25.
Loganberry, 116, 280.
London purple, 297.
Long-legged grasshopper, 23.
-tailed mealy bug, 105.
Long scale, 138.
Longulus, or soft grey scale, some field
notes on, art., 617.
Lonicera, 93.
Louse, juniper, note, 668.
Lupine, 426.
aphid, 72.
silver, 72.
yellow, 179..
Lupinus alMfrons, 72.
Lygwidw, 148, 149, 150.
Lyffus pratensis, 14 8.
Li/siphlebus testaceipes. 264.
Madura aurentiaca, 350.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 721.
Macrosiphum, 531.
alMfrons, 72.
citrifolii, 72, 247, 248.
destructor, 72, 73, 203.
rosw, 76, 79.
Macrosnorium, 699.
Maggot, 241, 256.
Magnolia, 89, 119, 128.
fuscata, 138, 350.
Maidenhair fern, 128.
Malacopoda, 1.
Malacosoma, 259.
americana, 181.
disstria, 182, 259, 773.
Malaga grape, 457, 492, 493.
Mallophagn, 11, 27.
Mallow, 163.
Malva, 162.
parviflora, 79.
rotundifolia, 79.
Mamestra picta, art., 713
Mamme flg crop, 268.
Mammoni fig crop, 2 68.
Mango, 32, 106, 111, 113.
infested, 414.
Mantidw, 12.
Manzanita, 33, 569.
serica, art, 622.
Maple, 41, 111, 119, 128, 139.
scale, 110.
Marchbank, Geo., 480.
Marking tents, 324.
Marlatt scale, 94.
Masicera pachytili, 260.
Maskew, Frederick, Work of the Quaran
tine Division, 400.
Sweet Potato Weevil
Quarantine Statistics
The Horticultui-al
Monthly reports,
733, 781.
Horticultural ProdYicts
art., 625.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, art., 633.
A Constant Menace, art., 653.
County Horticultural Commissioneis
and State Quarantine Guardians,
art., 670.
The Gunworm of the Gi'ape, art., 677.
County Hoi-ticultui-al Commissioners,
art., 710.
Uniform Hoi-ticultural Laws, art., 735.
535.
572.
Picket Line, 575.
599, 634, 671, 707,
from Japan,
Materials, fumigating, 333.
spraying, 316.
Mayetiola destructor. 24 4.
May flies, 11, 241, 244.
McDonald, G. R. E., 3 53.
McFadden tent hoist, 329, 330.
Mealy bug, 211, 213, 215. 218, 219, 224,
225, 272, 303, 332.
control of, 554.
citrus, 661.
destroyer, 214.
parasite, 271.
walnut, 554.
plum aphis, the, note, 63 0.
louse, 86.
wings, 38, 142.
Measuring tents, 327.
Mecoptera, 11, 12.
Mediterranean fruit fly, 354, 412, 414, 586;
art., 633, 653.
Megilla maculata, 45, 60, 227.
vittigera, 201.
Melnnoplus, 119.
Melanoplus devastator consincuus, 18, 597.
differentialis, 17.
spretus, 13.
uniformis, 19.
Melanose, 635.
(stem-end rot) art., 662, 671.
Melia azedarach, 128, 144.
var. umbra culif era, 144, 350.
Melon, 62, 119, 145, 156, 229, 249.
aphis, 61, 203.
Membranous-winged insects, 2 61.
Membracidw, 38, 39.
Merisus destructor, 244, 245.
Merddon equestris, 776.
Merrill, G. E., 367.
Mesembryanthemum, 96.
Messenger, C. B., 389.
Methods of fumigatmg, 330.
Mexican orange maggot,' 575.
wax scale. 111.
Microcentrum laurifolinm, 21.
Mignonette, 8, 197.
Mildew, sulphuring for, art., 563.
Millipeds, note, 731.
Minute black ladybird beetle, 7, 8, 10,
220.
false chinch bug, 150.
Minutes of state association of county
horticultural commissioners' association,
519-525.
Mirabilis californica, 30.
Miscible oils, 645.
Missouri pippin apple, 70.
Mistletoe, 127, 128.
Mites, 1, 2, 3. 32. 153, 210, 220.
Molasses, 299.
M onacrostichus citricola. 72 6.
Monellia californica, 81.
Monkey flower, 96.
puzzler, 98.
Monophadnoides rubi, 734.
Monophlebinco, 89.
Monterey pine, 58.
louse, 58.
Moonflower, S, 106.
Morganella maskelli,^ 634, 70S, 734.
Morning-glory, 114.
Morrill system of fumigating, 319.
Morrill, A. W., Arizona Commission of
Agriculture and Horticulture, art., 662.
Crown Gall, art., 664.
794
INDEX.
Moss, 314.
Moth, 11, 154.
codling, the, art., 621.
potato tuber, art., 665.
Philippine orange, art., 722.
i.j.ottled leaf, nematode worms and, art.,
555.
Mounting insects, 2 89.
Mucor mucedo, 532.
Mulberry, 111, 114, 124, 128.
Mulch, soil, 420.
Mullein, 30.
Murgantia histrionica, 145 ; note, 630.
Muscat grape, 483.
sweet, 509.
vineyartls, return of, 4 83.
Mustard, 42, 60, 146, 150, 163, 196, 229,
231.
wild, 196.
Myrmeleonidcr, 150.
Myrobalan plum, 195.
Myoporum, 119.
Myrica cerifera, 111.
Myrsine retusa, 12 8.
Myrtle, 112, 113, 114, 127, 350.
crape, 144, 350.
Myrtus bullata, 708.
communis, 350.
lagerstrwmia, 350.
Myzocallis ' arundicolens, 83.
Myzus cerasi, 76.
persicw, 67, 77.
rosarum, 7 6, 79.
Nakayama, S.. Japane.se Law Relating to
Inspection of Exported Ornamental and
Nursery Stock, art., 694.
Nasturtium, 30, 197.
Nectarine, 28, 67.
Nematode, 282.
worms, mottled leaf and, art., 555.
Nephrodinm, 106.
Nerium oleander, 66, 102.
Nerve-winged insects, 150.
Net, insect, 285.
Nettle, 79, 89, 231.
Neuls, J. D., The U.se of Flour Paste in
Lime-sulphur Solution in The Control
of The Citrus Red Spider, art.. 557.
Neuroptera, 11, 150, 289.
New appointment, art., 693.
beginning in the importation and
establishment of beneficial insects,
art, 660.
parasite of the black scale, art., 661.
Nicotiana glauca, 30.
tabacum, 102
Nicotine sprays, 361.
Nightshade, 34. 58, 91, 102, 119. 127, 129,
133, 167.
Nipa fruticans, 106
Noctuidw. 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165.
Norfolk Island pine, 32, 98.
Northern spy apple. 46, 51, 70.
Notes from county commissioners, 548,
570, 598, 631, 669, 706, 732, 777.
Notodontidcr, 188.
Novius cnrdinalis, 88, 91, 221, 223, 250.
kncbelei. 91, 222, 250.
Nozzles, 313.
Nurserymen, convention, ail., 727.
Nutting, W. R., 482, 500. 503.
^ysius avpiistatus. 149,
Viinutus, 150,
Oak, 111, 133, 137. 139, 176, 240. 241.
live, 179.
moth, the introduction of Calosoma
for use against, art., 590.
water, 350.
white, 91.
Oats, 16, 41.
Odonata, 11, 12.
CEcanthus niveus. 25.
CEdaleonotus enigma, 16.
O'Gara, P. J., Pear Culture Histor.v and
Present Status, art., 756.
Oiled paper, 319.
Oils, miscible, 645.
Okra, 146.
Olea europcca, 34.
fragrans, 123.
straussia, 88.
Oleander, 66, 102, 106. 113, 111. 117. 1 1't.
128, 132.
aphid, 66.
scale, 127.
Oliqota oviformis, 10.
Olive, 34, 119, 127, 128, 133, 136, 137.
mock, 350.
spraying for the black scale on, art.,
695.
Olivette de Vendemian grape, 501.
Olla abdominalis. 45, 81, 140, 208.
oculata, 45, 209.
plagiata, 119, 210.
Omphisa anastomosalis, 599.
One cause for the failure of tomatoes tn
set fruit, art., 699.
Onion, 37, 163, 249, 642.
thrips, 37.
Ocencyrtus anas<r, 147.
johnsoni, 14 6.
Ophelosia craiofordi, 91.
Opuntia littoralis, 128.
sp., 708.
Orange, 22, 33. 61, 102. Ill, 116, 121, 128,
142, 176, 249, 350.
black rot of, art., 527.
chionaspis, 120.
dog, 198.
Mexican, 350.
osage, 130, 249, 250.
scale, 132.
tortrix, 175.
Orchard Heating, art., 719.
mite, 668.
moth, serious Philippine, art., 732.
sanitation, 371.
spraying problems, 439.
Orchids. 32, 117.
their scale pests found at the port of
San Francisco, art., 582.
Ordinances, county, 355.
Orcus chalybeus, 131, 134, 136, 137, 311.
Orient, Superintendent of insectary to col-
lect in, art., 626.
Orialidw, 249.
Orthesia insignis. 92, 600, 671, 708.
sp., 672. Ortheziinae, 89, 92.
Orthoptera, 11, 12, 288, 289.
Osmnnthvs americanns, 350.
ilicifolius, 121.
Otiorhynchidxr, 240.
Oyster shell scale, 138.
Ptronia, 102.
Pajaro Valley apple .gtade ruli s, art.. 639,
Paleacrita vernata, 185.
INDEX.
795
64.
00,
Pale-winged srassliopper, 19.
Palm. 22, •)4. 106. 107. 113. 117. 121. 13!t.
240.
date. 94, 128. 133, 140.
fan, 128, 133.
scale, 113.
.scales on date, art., .538.
I'apilio aster ias, 197.
polyxenes, 197.
zolicaon. 198.
Papilionidw, 1%1, 198.
Parndejeania rutilioides, 261.
f'dranwmia vittigera, 201.
Parasita, 11. 38, 150.
Parasites, 45, 91, 250, 258, 260, 262, 2
265, 269, 270, 272, 274, 281, 295.
what of introduced, art., 626.
Paris green, 297, 299, 300. 316, 440.
vs. arsenate of lead, art., 590.
Parlatoria blanchardii, 139, art., 538, 6
671.
mangiferw, 5 83.
pergandii. 141, 583, 699, 734, 781.
proteus, 583.
paeudaspidiotxis. 583.
sp., 583, 634, 635. 734.
ziziphus, 599, 781.
Parasol ant, 539.
Par.sley, 198.
caterpillar, 197.
Parsnip, 86, 198.
infested with eelworm. 549.
louse, 85.
Pa.ssion flower. 102. 127. 133.
Passi/lora, 8.
violacea, 102.
Pea, 7, 30, 74, 162, 229, 230, 237, 238.
louse. 72, 73, 203.
weevil, 238.
Peach, 7. 9, 28, 34, 36, 67, 79, 89, 110, 111,
116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 130, 171, 181,
190, 194, 236, 658.
aphid, green, 67, 77, 79.
aphis, black, 67.
blight, 373.
brown rot, 442.
leaf curl. 373, 775.
scab, 442.
spraying for blight, art., 698.
twig-borer, 170 ; note, 630, 776.
yellow.s. quarantine regulation No. 4,
694.
Peanut, 229.
Pear, 6, 30. 34, 41, 44, 50, 70. 99, 111, 113,
115, 116, 119, 123, 124. 126. 217, 129,
130, 133, 139, 148. 156. 177, 236, 281,
350, 642, 658.
blight. 730, 774.
culture, art., 756.
leaf blister-mite, art., 563.
psylla, 43.
scale, 126.
slug, 280. 297.
thrips, 35, 304.
varieties of. 756.
Pease, S. A., 362.
Pecan, 91.
Pelargoniiim, 8, 125.
Peleteria robusta. 260.
Pellwa hastata, 32.
Pellucid grasshopper, 15.
Pemphigus betw, 53, 201
calif ornicus, 53.
populicaulis , 53.
populimoiiilis, 55.
Pentarthron minnHim, 281.
Pentatomidw, 145.
Pepper. 8, 79, 89, 125.
Peridrniiiu -inargaritosrt vm. saiicia, 163,
165.
Periodical cicada, 39.
Peripatus, 1.
Peritymhia vitifolitr. 4 7.
Perkins, Mr., 3 81.
Pernicious scale, 129.
Persian insect powder, 306.
Persimmon, 112, 125, 144, 350.
Japan. 350.
wild, 350.
Pests, fruit and truck ci-op. art.. 551.
of citrus, 395.
Petit grape, 493.
Petitions to Railroad Commission, 470.
Phasmidw, 12.
Philampelus achemon, 158.
Phlegethontius quinquemaciiUita, 157.
sexta, 156.
Phlasinus pu,nctatus, 569.
cristatus, 776.
Phlox, 32, 114, 119.
Plunticococcus inarlatti. 94; art.. 538,
600. 671.
Phunix dactylif era , 128.
Pholus acliemon, 158.
Phomopsis citri, 599, 70S, 734, 781.
Phorbia brassicw, 256.
Pliorocera parva, 176.
Phorodon humuli, 84 ; note, 668.
Phragmites vulgaris, 86.
Phri/ganidia calif arnica, the introduction
of Calosoma for usp against, art., 590.
Phylloxera vastatrix, 47, 375, 492.
Phthorimaa opercnlplla, 166. 548, 731, 776.
Phymata wolfii, 197.
Physcus flaviventris, 134.
Phytonomus posticus. 349, 597.
Phytoptus oleivorus, 4.
Pierida, 196.
Pieris rapw, 196.
Pigw^eed, 58, 146, 163, 231.
Pilate's ladybird beetle, 212.
Pimpinella magna, 86.
saxifrage, 86.
Pine, Monterey, 58.
louse, 58.
scale, 276, 277.
Pineapple, 123.
scale, 123.
Pink, 8, 32.
Pinning, insects, 2 88.
Pinus radiata, 58, 129, 705.
Pistacia, 134.
Pittosporiim, 12 7.
Plague grasshopper parasite, 260.
Plantain, 163.
Plant-bug, 148.
Plant lice, 11, 38. 44. 151, 153, 201, 202,
203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 216,
218, 220, 292, 303, 304, 305.
Plaques for insects. 292.
Platycerium, 106.
Platyiitera, 11, 27, 289.
Plecoptera, 11, 12.
Plowing as a cutworm remedy, art., 69S.
Plum, 7, 34, 36, 40, 67, 79, 85, 86, 106.
Ill, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124. 126, 127,
130, 133, 139, 146, 188, 236, 281, 642,
658.
louse, mealy, 86.
Podisus macultiventris, 227, 2S1.
796
INDEX.
350.
196.
139,
642.
123.
5S,
34.
329
S4.
:30.
668.
548;
art.,
art.,
535.
149,
665, 776.
421, 425, 526, 435,
12
Podocarpus, 134.
ferruginea, 708.
Poisons, 297, 299.
PoHstcs pallipes, 197.
Pohjcaon cnnfertiis, art., 587 ; note 66S,
681.
Polygonum arviculare, 30, 89.
Pomaderris apetala, 137.
Pomegranate, 34, 89, 113, 119, 127, 129,
350.
Pomelo, It.
Pontia rapce.
Poplar, 130,
Lombardy, 119,
-stem gall-louse, 53.
Popiilus balsamifera var. (mgitst'ifolia, 5.S,
freviontii, 58.
monilifera, 54.
tremuloides, 54.
trichocarpa, 54,
Portulaca oleracea,
Potassium cyanide,
hydroxide, 293.
Potato, 17, 25, 41, 58, 78, 91, 146,
156, 163, 167, 229, 231. 255, 28t.
eelworm, 282, 248, 737.
on parsnips, 549.
flea beetle, 776.
mealy bug, note,
tuber moth, 166,
weevil of sweet,
Potato-vine, 102.
Powell, G. H., 416,
448.
Praying mantis, 11,
Praon cerasaphis, 77.
Predaceous insects, 91, 295.
Pressure, spraying, 313.
Primrose, 145.
Prionus laticollis, 233.
sp. 776.
Privet, 130, 144, 350.
California, 350.
golden, 350.
Procedure, fumigating
Proctotrypoidea, 262,
Products, horticultural,
625:
Proflchi fig crop, 268.
Prosopis juliflora, 684.
Prospalta aurantii, 276.
Prospaltella aurantii, 134,
Protopnrce Carolina, 156.
celeus, 157.
quinqiiemaculata,
sexta, 15 6.
Prune, 7, 9, 36, 86,
124, 130, 164, 184,
aphis, the, art.,
culture, 382.
Pruning citrus, 394.
Prunus amygdalus, 79.
armeniaca, 34.
caroliniana, 350.
cerasifera, 195.
cerasus, 79.
domestica, 34, 79.
insititia, 79.
laurocerasus . 350.
persica, 34, 79.
Prays citri, art., 72 2.
nephelomivia, 722.
, 330.
587.
from
.Japan, art..
re.
157.
no.
116,
119,
120
185,
1S7,
188,
195
624.
781.
, 211,
781.
219,
note,
213, 215, 219,
70S, 734,
■>G9.
I'seiidaonidia duplex, 599.
paoniw, 599.
sp., 708.
trilobitiformis, 70S, 734, 781.
rseudococcus adonidiiiii. 105.
arteinisiir, 96.
aurilanatus, 97.
hakeri, 98 ; art., 554.
citri, 99, 106, 151, 211, 213, 215,
225, 272, 554, 600, 635, 671 ;
705, 708, 734,
craioii, lOo.
lojigispiuus, 105
600, 635, 708,
nipw, 106.
pseudonipw, 107.
solani (Ckll.), note, 668.
sp., 599, 600, 634, 671, 672,
781.
Pseudohazis eglenterina, 183.
Psocids, 11.
Psylla pyricola, 43.
sp., 781.
Psyllidw, 38, 4 3.
Psyllobora tudata, 210.
Psylliodes punctulata, 2 31.
Pteromalus puparum, 197.
I'ulvinaria amygdali, 109
floccifera, 583.
innumerabilis, 110.
sp., 583, 634, 671, 781.
vitis, 110.
Pumpkin, 102, 147, 230.
Pumps, spray, 310, 311, 312
I'nnica granatum, 34, 350.
Purple apple aphis, 70.
scale, 136, 217, 275
661.
Purslane, 34, 89, 150.
Pyralidcc, 173.
Pyrethrum, 306, 317.
Pyrus chine'iisis, 757.
communis, 34, 350, 757.
Pvthiacvstis citroohthora. art., 601, 606,
609, 611, 612, 616, 617.
brown rot gummosis, 611.
Quarantine division, report foi- May, 1913,
599.
June, 1913, 634.
July, 1913.
August. 1913.
September, 733.
October, 781
law, state, 343.
horticultural, 400.
note, art, 781.
orders, alfalfa weevil. 349.
citrus white flies, 3 5 0.
cotton boll weevil. 351.
potato eelworm, 348.
Tulare County, 34S.
regulation No. 4, 694.
statistics, 572.
work in Southern California, art.,
541.
Quayle, H. J., 380, 381, 382.
The Grape Leaf-hopper, 375.
Qitercus aquatica, 350.
ilex, 12 8.
Quince, '?, 70,' 89, 112, 113, 123
133, 139, 281.
Japanese flowering, 123.
313, 318.
276, 332, 333,
127, 130,
INDEX.
797
Radish, 30, 60, 146, 150, 163, 196, 231.
I!a6, -57.
masgot, 256.
wild, 197.
Ragweed, 42, 146.
Rumonu polystachiju, 105.
stachyoidcs, 95, 96.
Ranunculus calif ornicus, 53.
Rape, 146.
Raphidiidir, 150.
Raspberiw, ZG, 34, 125, 130, 139, 199, 236,
2S0, 642.
liorn-tail, 379.
Recent importations of beneficial insects
in California, art., 770.
Red-humped caterpillar, 188, 297 ; art.,
654; note, 668, 731; art, 772.
ladybird beetle, 45, 204.
scale, 132, 332, 333, 661.
spider, 7, 9, 356.
spread by winds, art., 777.
-tailed tachina fly, 160.
Reduviidw, 134.
Redwood, 139.
Reed grass, 86.
Repellents, 307.
Reports, see crop.
Report of Di-. G. Harold Powell on citrus
crop, art, 720.
Resignation of Professor H. S. Pawcett,
art, 660.
Resin, 304, 317.
wash, 47, 304.
Resolutions- —
agricultural education, 454.
College of Agriculture, 517, 51S.
committee, 374, 400.
crop reports, 517.
employer's liability, 455.
examinations for horticultural com-
missioner, 456.
freight rates, 455
in memoriam, 456.
manifest in shipping nursery stock,
455.
meeting at Panama-Pacific Exposi-
tion, 517.
Monthly Bulletin, 455.
referee board, 52 5.
report, 508.
rural economy, 566.
shipping green fruit, 508, 518.
thanks, 456, 518.
white fly quarantine, 454.
Response to address of welcome, 354.
Rhamnns, 281.
Rhizobins lopanthrr. 224.
toowoombw, 224.
ventralis, 103, 111, 118, 119, 223.
Rhode Island greening apple, 51, 70.
Rhopalosiphum viola', 7 6.
Rhubarb. 41, 163, 231.
Rhynchites oicolor, 240.
Rhynchitidcr, 240.
Rhyncolopnus arenicola, 2.
Richmond, E. N., 389.
Prune Culture, 382.
Ricinus communis, 125.
Riversia smithii, 107.
Risser, R. G., 458, 459.
Packing Grapes in Sawdust for Ship-
ment, 457.
Rocky Mountain locust, 13.
Rodent injury, to prevent, black tree pro-
tectors should not be used, art., 625.
Roeding-, Geo. C, 367, 374, 501-504.
Horticultural Laws and the Nursery-
men, 364.
Rome beauty apple, 70.
Root-knot, ai't., 562, 787.
louse, 58.
pests, 319.
I'ot fungus, 373.
Rosa, 84.
Rose, 8, 33, 34, 38, 41, 76, 80, 89, 116,
125, 127, 130, 133, 139, 145, 146, 229,
233, 240, 241, 280, 642.
aphid, large, 76.
aphis, art., 725.
beetle, 240.
chafer, 724.
scale, 125.
slugs, 306.
snout beetle, 240.
Rosy apple aphis, 70; art., 630.
Rot, black of navel orange, art., 527.
Rozites gongylophora, 540.
Rubber, 114, 119, 144.
gloves for fumigation, 328, 336.
tubing, 328, 336.
Rubia peregrina, 128.
Rubus id(eus, 34.
Rules and specifications for grading and
packing apples, art., 650.
Rumex, 34.
Ruscus aculeatus, 128.
Rutabaga, 257.
Rye, wild, 108.
Sage, 8.
mealy bug, 105.
Sago palm, 106, 117, 133.
Saissetia hemispharica, 117, 271, 583, 734.
nigroy 70S, 734.
olecr, 117, 118, 137, 211, 212, 224, 225,
270, 273, 304, 635, 661, 708; note,
731.
.Sal Bordeaux, 306.
Salix, 34.
albw, 86.
amygdaloides, 86.
aurita, 86.
babylonica, 86.
caprea, 86.
lucida, 8 6.
nigra, 86. } '
Salt 3 00.
Saltbush, 163.
Salvia, 93, 127, 145.
Sand cricket, 24.
pear, 130.
San Jose scale, 129; note, 766.
Sanninoidea opalescens, 193.
Sassaf7-as officinale, 139.
Saturniidcr, 183.
Saw-fly, 11, 261, 306.
Saxifraga peltata, 585.
Scab, apple, 775.
Scale, black, 661.
Blanchard's, 538.
control of date palm, art., 538.
insects, 11, 38, 88, 151, 153, 207, 209,
211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218,
220, 241, 292, 304, 305.
on deciduous trees, art., 772.
Marlatt's, 538.
pests of orchids as found at the port
of San Francisco, art., 582.
purple, 661.
red, 661.
798
INDEX.
Scale, some rteld notes on a soft gi-e.\- or
"longulus," art., 617.
spraying- for tlic ))laik, art., 6IJ5.
695.
Scales, c.vanid'e, 336.
Scale-winged insects, 1.54.
Scarabwidcp, 2 32.
Schedules, fumigation dosage, 32 7, 331,
332.
Schinus molle, 34, 119.
Schisoneura lanigera, 49, 776.
rileyi, note, 630.
Schizura concinna, 188, 597 ; art., 654 ;
note, 668; note, 731, 772.
Schmidt, R., 459, 501, 502, 504.
iicholothrips sexmaculutun, 10.
Schulz, A. G., 362, 374, 399.
Sciopteron regale But., art., 677.
Scolopendra, 1.
her OS, 2.
Scolytus rugulosus. art., 658.
Scorpion, 1.
flies, 11.
Scurfy scale, 122.
HcutelHsta, 270.
cyanea, 118, 119, 270, 271, 661.
Scymmis, 108, 140.
guttulatus, 103, 214, 218.
marginicolhs, 103, 134, 137, 219, 224.
mcerens, 105 (error; should be Hyper-
aspis mwrens, 217).
nehulosus, 84, 134, 219.
sordidus, 103, 218.
vagans, 220.
Sebastopol apple show, art., 692.
Gravenstein apple show, art., 673.
Secondary pinning, 289.
Sedum, 125, 12 7.
Seed chalcis, 267.
law, the, and the state seed growers'
association in Washington, art., 584.
Self-boiled lime-sulphur, 441.
Semiotellus destructor, 245.
Senecio vulgaris, 79.
Sequoia senipervirens, 12 9.
Serica alternata, 597.
anthrucina, 569, 622.
the manzanita, art., 622.
Serious Philippine orpnge moth, art., 722.
Service-berry, 6.
Sesia rutUans, 190.
tipuliforniis, 191.
Sesiidw, 190, 191, 193.
Sessions, Mr., 491.
Sexual plant lice, 70.
Sheath-winged insects, 199.
Shepherd, Dr. L. A., 480, 491, 508.
Shepherd's purse, 62.
Shield fern, 32.
Shothole borer, 658.
and fruit spots of apricots, 774.
of almond trees, ai't., 774.
Signiphora accidentalis, 134, 277.
Silver fish, 11.
mite, 4.
moth, 11.
Sinea diadema, 281.
Siphonaptera, 11, 12.
Siricidw, 279.
Sitotroga cerealella, 172.
Six-spotted .mite, 8.
Slater Bill, 542.
Small brown ladybird beetle, 218.
gray ladybird beetle, 210.
steel-blue grapevine flea beetle, 230.
syrphid fly, 248.
Sniilax. 8, 32, 350.
Smitli, Harry S., A Billbug Injurious to
Small Grain, art., 619.
Dr. Sylvestri's West African Mission,
art., 586.
Fiske and the Gypsy Moth, art, 558.
The Introduction of Calosoma for Use
Against the Oak Moth, art., 590.
Sminthurus, 11.
Smut of wheat, oats and barley, 730.
Snout beetle, 240.
Snow, Mayor A. E., Address of Welcome,
353.
Snowball, 41.
Snowy tree-cricket, 25.
Soap, 47, 302, 303, 305, 317.
Sodium cyanide, 329, 330.
hydroxide, 293.
Soft brown scale, 113, 114, 119, 262, 270,
303.
parasite, 270.
grey scale, some field notes on. art..
617.
Soils, 416.
Eeration, 420.
alkali, 419.
cemented, 419.
dry mulch, 420.
water content, 420.
Solanacew, 15 6, 157.
Solanuni, 34, 112.
carolinense, 2 49.
douglasii, 58, 102.
jasminoides, 102.
root louse, 58.
Solpugids, 1.
Sonchus asper, 79.
oleraceus, 79.
Sorhus, 71.
Sorghum, 64.
Sow bugs, 1.
Sow-thistle, 30.
Spearmint, 89.
SphenoiJhorus discolor, art., 619, 705.
pictus Dec, note, 705.
rhabdocnemis ohscia-us. art., 653.
Sphinigida; 154, 155, 156, 157, 158.
Sphinx moth, 154.
achemon, 158.
tobacco, 157.
tomato, 156.
white-lined, 155.
Spiders, 1, 3, 220.
control of citrus red', art., 557.
red, 356.
spread by winds, art., 777.
Spinach, 229.
Spindle-tree, 111.
Spined soldier-bug, 227.
Spir obelus, 1.
marginatus, 2.
Spirpus lacustris, 621.
Spittle insects, 38.
Spotless fall webworm, IS 9.
Spraying for peach blight, art., 698.
for tomato thrips, art., 728.
Sprays, 35, 36, 45, 297, 305, 310.
companies, 318.
dust, 361.
for grape leaf-hopper, 378.
orchard problems, 439.
red spiders, 359, 361.
formulffi for fruit flies, art., 726.
pumps. 310, 311, 312, 313. 318.
to kill eggs, 645.
Spreading insects, 289.
INDEX.
799
Spring cankerworm, 185.
tail, 11.
Squash, 8. 146, 147, 229, 230, 255.
bug, 146 ; note, 668.
Icilling, art., 729.
Stabler, H. P., Red Spider Spread by
Winds, art., 777.
Staghorn fern, 106.
Stangeria schisodon, 106.
State commission of horticulture, 337.
insectary, 294.
quarantine law, 343.
seed growers' association in Washing-
ton, and the seed law, art., 584.
Steam, to control root-knot, 749.
Steel-blue grapevine flea beetle, 230.
ladybird beetle. 119, 211.
Steiroxys melanopleura, 23.
Stem-end rot, melanose, art., 662.
mothers of green apple aphis, 68.
Stem rot of alfalfa, 774.
Stenopelmatus irregularis, 24.
Stephens, R. D., 400, 478.
Freight Rates, 44 8, 499.
Stethorus picipes, 7, 8. 10.
vagans, 7, 8, 10, 330.
Sticky rope, 303.
Stiretrus anchorago, 227.
StoU, H. F., Califi)rnia's Viticultural
Industry: Past, Present, Future, 509.
Stone flies, 11.
Storehouse pests, control, 319, 729.
Strawberry, 33, 93, 149, 191, 240.
crown moth, 190.
thrips, 32.
Strelitsia, 127.
gigantea, 102.
regina, 102.
Striped cucumber beetle, 229.
ladybird beetle, 201.
Strobilanthes, 93.
Strong, L. A., A Fortunate Find, art., 709.
Subsoils, 416.
Sucking insects, control, 300.
Sugar, 291.
beet, 8, 41, 53, 150, 163.
Sulfocide, 445.
Sulphur, 8, 9, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 306,
317, 562.
dioxide, 318.
injury, 36.
sprays, 360, 361.
Sulphuric acid, 330, 336.
Sulphuring, for mildew, art., 563.
Sultana grape, 487.
Sulzer apple packing and grade law, art.,
648.
Sumach, 41, 111, 119, 129, 249.
Sunflower, 146, 163.
wild, 30.
Superintendent of insectary to collect in
the Orient, art, 626.
Sweat flies, 245.
Swett, F. T., 374, 458, 459, 508.
Viticulture in Interior Valleys, 492.
Sweet alyssum, 197.
gum, 89.
potato weevil, art., 535.
Sycamore, 111, 116, 119.
Sylvestri's, Dr., West African Mission,
art, 586.
Sympherotius angustus, 10, 103, 134, 137,
151.
Synanthedon rutilans, 190.
Syrah grape, 493.
Syringa, 41.
persica, 139.
vulgaris, 350.
SyrpMdw, 44, 80, 245.
Syrphid fly, American, 247.
large, 246.
small, 248.
Syrphus americanus, 45, 66, 67, 88, 246,
247.
Tachina flies, 258.
Tachina mella, 180, 259.
Tachinidce, 258.
Tacsonia mollissima, 30.
Tallow tree, 139.
Tangerine, 350.
Tanglefoot, 46, 309.
Tannin for tents, 323.
Tape, fumigating, 336.
Tarnished plant-bug, 148.
Taxus cuspidata, 137.
Tea, 93, 111, 113, 133.
Tecoma radicans, 350.
Telenomus orgyiw, 180.
Temperature for fumigation, 333.
Tenebrionid beetle injuring beans, a, art.,
591.
Tent caterpillar, 181, 182, 297.
Tentative program of the forty-third Cali-
fornia state fruit growers' convention.
TenthredinidoB, 281.
Tent hoist, 329, 330.
Tents, fumigating, 321, 335.
Term.es lucifugus, 27, 28.
Terminalia cattapa, 710.
Termites, 11, 27, 28.
Termitida, 27.
Tetranychus bimaculatus, 8, 220, 303, 306,
356, 357, 359.
mvtilaspidis, 9, 220, 306, 356 ; art,
557.
sexmaculatus , 8.
telarius, 8.
Tetrapriocera longicornis, 734.
Thermometer, 336.
Thespesia, 119.
Thomasia populicola, 84.
Thompson's seedless grape, 504.
Thorn, 281.
apple, 41.
Thousand-legged worms, 1.
Thriphleps insidiosus, 10.
Thrips, 10, 11, 29.
bean, 29.
citrus, 33.
grain, 32.
greenhouse, 31.
onion, 37.
pear, 35, 304.
sprays for tomato, art., 728.
strawberry, 32.
Thrips tabaci, 37, 597.
sp., 734.
Thunhergia, 8, 92.
Thysanoptera, 11, 29.
Thysanura, 1, 11, 12.
Tibicen septendecim, 39.
Ticks, 1.
bean, 239.
Time for .spraying, 315.
to fumigate, 333.
Tipula simplex, 242.
Tipulida, 242.
800
INDEX.
Tobacco, 102, 156, 157, 167.
fumes, 218, 219.
sphinx, 156, 157.
sprays, 36, 46, 304, 305, 317.
tree, 30.
wild, 163.
Tokay grape, 492, 493.
Tomato, 8, 79, 93, 145, 156, 157, 163, 165.
one cause for the failure to set fruit,
art, 699.
sphinx, 156.
thrips, spraying for, art., 728.
worm, 164, 297 ; art., 698.
Tomicus confusus Lee, note, 705.
Tomocera californica, 119, 272.
Tortricidw, 175, 176.
Tortrix citrana, 175.
Toxoptera aurantiw, 86, 247, 248, 263,
265, 266.
Trachy carpus excelsus, 113. •
Tradescantia multicolor, 102.
Tree, black protectors, etc., 625.
cricket, snowy, 25.
hopper, 38, 39, 40.
of heaven, 144, 350.
protectors, black, to prevent rodent
injury should not be used, art., 625.
wax, 373.
Trees, 14, 18, 19, 40, 163.
an improvement in the setting of
wayside trees, art., 685.
fruit, 163, 166, 184, 187, 190, 282.
Tribolium confusum, note, 668.
Trichoptera, 11, 12.
TrifidapMs radicicola, 58.
Tripleps insidiosus, 42.
Trissolcus murgantiw, 146.
Trogus exidianator, 198.
vulpinus, 198.
Truck, crop insects, art, 698.
fruit and crop pests, art., 551.
Trumpet vine, 350.
Trypeta ludens. 578.
TrypetidoE, 249, 344, 413, 634.
Tuber moth, 166.
Tulip, 30.
Turnip, 146, 150, 163, 196, 231, 256, 257.
wild, 30.
Tussock moth, 178.
California, 729, 773.
tachinid, 259.
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, 228.
Twig and branch borer, art., 587.
borer, the peach, note, 630, 668.
Western, art, 681.
Two-spotted ladybird battle, 44, 45.
spray formulae for fruit flies, art, 726.
stabbed ladybird beetle, 125, 211.
winged insects, 241.
Tylophora asthmatica, 125.
Tylocyba comes, 42.
Ulmus americana, 93.
racemosa, 93.
JJlus crassus, 569.
Vmbellifercr, 198.
Umbellularia californica, 114, 129
Umbrella, 144, 350.
tree, 34, 127. 128, 144, 350.
Uniform horticultural laws, art, 735.
University of California, journal of agri-
culture, 564.
Urtica urens, 79.
Vaile, R. S., 368, 397, 398.
A Tenebrionid Injuring Beans, art.,
591.
Effects of Hot Weather on Lemon
Trees Sprayed with Lime-sulphur,
art, 692.
Walnut Mealy Bug, art., 554.
Lime-sulphur, art., 692.
Valley grasshopper, 16.
Variegated cut worm, 165.
Vedalia, 88, 91, 221, 250.
Vegetables, 17, 38, 40, 230.
Verbascum virgatum, 30.
Verbena, 8, 32, 89, 92.
Veronica, 89, 93. ,
Vetch, 74.
Viburnum, 350.
dentatum. 111.
nudum,, 350.
tinus, 350.
Vicia faba, 239.
Vines, 32.
Vineyards, 17, 18.
returns of Muscat, 4 83.
Sultana, 487.
Vinsonia stellifera, 583.
Violet 8, 76.
louse, 76.
Virginia creeper, 158.
Virgin's bower, 8.
Vitex littoralis, 128.
Vitis vinifera, 34.
Viticulture, in interior valleys of Cali-
fornia, 492.
industry, 509.
Volck, W. H., Control of Red Spiders,
356.
Vosler, E. J., A New Fruit and Ti-uck
Crop Pest 551.
A New Parasite of The Black Scale,
art, 661.
Calendar of Insect Pests and Plant
Diseases, art., 695. (Oct.)
The Red-humped Caterpillar, art.,
654.
Zebra Caterpillar, art., 713.
Calendar of Insect Pests and Plant
Diseases, arts., 729, 702.
Recent Importation of Beneficial In-
sects into California, art.. 770.
Vriesia splendens, 128.
Walking sticks, 11, 12.
Walnut, black, 41, 83, 123, 176.
codling moth attacking, art.. 659.
English. 36, 81, 89. 99, 116. 124, 127,
129, 130, 133, 179, 234.
mealy bug, 98 ; art, 554.
plant lice, 81, 209.
scale, 129, 276.
Wandering Jew, 102.
Wasp, 11, 261, 288, 319.
Water content of soils, 420.
Watermelon, 119, 230.
Water tank, fumigating, 325.
wagon, fumigating, 328.
Watsonville apple show, art., 725.
Wattle, 133.
Wax scale, Florida, 112.
Japanese, 111.
tree, 373.
Weeds, 40.
INDEX.
801
'Weevil, 11, 199.
alfalfa, 349.
bean, 236.
broad-bean, 239.
cotton boll, 351.
pea, 238.
sweet potato, art., 535.
"Welcome, address of, 353.
"Weldon, Geo. P., The Kind of Fruit that
Pays, 581.
The Codling Moth, art., 621.
Black Tree Protectors to Prevent Ro-
dent Injury Should Not Be Used,
art., 625.
The Peach Twig-Borer, note, 630.
The Cherry Slug, note, 630.
The Mealy Plum Aphis, note, 630.
The Fruit-Tree Leaf- Roller, art., 637.
Notes From the County Commission-
ers, 668.
The Sebastopol Gravenstein Apple
Show, art., 673.
Horticultural Notes From Madera
County, art, 687.
Injury and Protection of Fruit From
Freezing, art., 715.
Notes From the County Commission-
ers, 732, 777.
A Case of Arsenical Injury to Apricot
Trees, art., 766.
"Western army worm, 163.
tent caterpillar, 182.
twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, 228.
twig-borer, art., 681.
"West Indian scale, 124.
"Whale oil soap, 302, 303, 304, 205, 317.
"What of introduced parasites? art, 626.
Wheat 16, 173, 245.
"Wheel bug, 146.
"White ants, 11, 27.
beam tree, 6.
flies, 11, 38, 143, 274, 350.
fly, 355.
lined sphinx, 155.
peach scale, 124.
sage, 105.
mealy bug, 105.
scale, 112.
"Whitewash, 36. 310.
Whitney, B. B., Orchids and Their Pests
As Found at the Port of San Francisco,
art, 5 82.
Wild pea, 30.
rye ripersia, 107.
walnut louse, 81.
Wllsie, W. E., The Date Palm Scales and
Their Control, 538.
Willow, 34, 86. 89, 111, 125, 127, 130, 133,
139, 176, 190.
Windsor bean, 239.
Wine grapes, 496.
industry, 510.
vineyards, 483.
Winthemia J,-postulata, 160.
Wire grass, 30.
Wireworm, 234.
Wood fern, 32.
Woodpeckers, 236.
Woolly apple aphis, 46, 49, 203, 776.
new method of destroying, art.,
725.
buttercup louse, 52, 53.
citrus aphid, 61.
Worm, corn, art, 555.
fall canker, art, 695.
nematode, 555.
new host plant of the California grape
root, art, 585.
tomato, art, 598.
Xanthoxylum clava-hercuUs, 350.
Xylol, 293.
Xysticus gulosus, 229.
rarrow, 53.
Yellow mite, 356, 359.
scale, 134, 332, 333.
winged grasshopper, 15.
Yucca, 128.
australis, 96. i
fiUfera, 96.
whipplei, 96.
Zalophothrix sp., 662.
Zamia, 106, 117.
■mexicana, 125.
Zante currant 502, 503.
Zinc arsenite, 297, 316.
Zebra caterpillar, art., 713.
Zinnia, 229.
Zizia aurea, 86.
Zizyphus, 125. ■ ,
OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF
HORTICULTURE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.
A. J. COOK Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON : Chief Deputy Commissioner
E. O. ESSIG Secretary
LEROY CHILDS Assistant Secretary
MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk
MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer
INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.
HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent
E. J. VOSLER Assistant Superintendent
E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy
MISS A. APPLETARD Stenographer
QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.
FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector
B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector
ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector
LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector
MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hall of Records.
A. S. IIOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer
C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector
San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector
New York Botanical Garden Librar
3 5185 00259 6474
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