Monthly report of the Department of Agriculture ...

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MONTHLY REPORT y

OF THE

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE”.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, mei,
1871.

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MONTHLY REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Statistical Division, January 21, 1871.
Str: I herewith report for publication a statement of the yield and
home prices of farm products, tabulated and condensed from the Janu-
ary statistical returns of county correspondents, with notes upon cer-
_tain crops, and extracts from correspondence. I also submit a paper by
the Botanist, on American Desert Flora, memoranda upon the culti-
vation of the Plains, and recent scientific notes bearing upon rural econ-—
omy, with items from various sources, and monthly meteorological tables.
J. Rk. DODGE, Statistician.
Hon. HORACE CAPRON, Commissioner.

YIELD AND HOME PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS.

The January circular inquires the yield per acre in each county, of
the principal products of the farm, and also the average prices obtained
by farmers in home markets.

YIELD.

The most noticeable feature in the returns is the uniformly high rate of
yield of corn, as compared with that of 1869, as also with the average of
a series of years.. The increase over 1869 in the northern half of New
England appears to have been at least five bushels per acre, while the
southern half, in consequence of severe drought, shows a small decrease.
The Middle States present an increase of nearly five bushels per acre.
Virginia and the Carolinas suffered severely from drought, and report
a reduced yield. The Gulf States have a better crop than last year, the
advance ranging from one to six bushels per acre. The States of the
Mississippi and Ohio valleys, with the exception of Iowa, present higher
figures than last year. The increase is marked in Illinois, the yield
having advanced from 23.2 to 35.2, a difference of 12 bushels per acre,
sor fully 75,000,000 bushels; yet the difference is due less to the liberal

“yield of 1870 than to the poor crop of 1869. Kansas shows a reduction
*from the remarkable yield of the previous seasons. The production of
rthe Pacifie Coast is larger than that of 1869. The yield of the principal
corn States is stated as follows:
= Ohio, 39 bushels ; ees, 39.5; Michigan, 37; Wisconsin, 38; Min-
—hesota, 33; Iowa, 32; Illinois, 35.2 ; Missouri, 31.4; Kansas, 28 ; 5. Ne-
~-braska, 29. 9; Arkansas, 31.8; Tennessee, 25.8; Kentucky, 52.1... The
largest reported yield is that ‘of Vermont, 39.6 ’ bushels. New York is
placed. at 34 bushels, New Jersey 353, and Pennsylvania 35,8. The
range in the cotton States is from 8.9 in South cca ie " 5 in Texas,
to 31. 8 in Arkansas. Bt ote 7 ar
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4 es

The yield of wheat is uniformly less than that of the previous
crop. The reduction is 1 bushel in Ohio, 4.5 in Indiana, 2.4 in Tli-
nois, 3.9 in Missouri, 2.2 in Iowa, 0.9 in Minnesota, 1.9 in Wisconsin.
The average yield as reported for 1870, is 10 bushels in Kentucky, 13 in
Missouri, 12 in Ilinois,.11 in Indiana, 13.8 in Ohio, 14 in Michigan, 13.4
in Wisconsin, 15.2 in Minnesota, 12.5 in Iowa, 15 in Kansas, 14.4 in
Nebraska,:19 in California, and 19.5 in Oregon. The New England
States range from 13.8 to 17.8; New York, 13.8; and New Jersey, 12.8;
Pennsylvania, 12. The Southern States, from 7 in South Carolina, to
11.7 in Texas.

The figures illustrating the yield of oats, rye, and barley, correspond
with the previous reports of comparative production, and generally
show a reduction in the rate of yield. The buckwheat crop is an
exception among the small grains, the rate of yield having manifestly
advanced, especially in the West. The decrease in the yield of potatoes
is general, the rate ranging from 48 bushels in South Carolina to 148 in -
California. Following California in order, the list producing 100 bushels
or more per acre embraces Vermont, Texas, Maine, Arkansas, Kansas,
Louisiana, and Missouri.

The yield of sweet potatoes has been much greater than that of the
Solanum tuberosum. Texas reports the highest figures, 150 bushels per
acre; California, 149; Arkansas, 132; the rate declining to 75 bushels
in Virginia. The average is about 110 bushels per acre.

The largest yields of tobacco of the Connecticut seed-leaf variety are
in the Connecticut valley and in Pennsylvania, from 1,100 to 1,350
pounds per acre. The average in Kentucky is placed at 696 pounds,
750 in Missouri, 840 in Illinois, 850 in Indiana, 916 in Ohio, 657
in Maryland, 757 in Virginia, 186 in North Carolina, and 650 in Georgia.
The comparatively high rate in the States of the Ohio Valley, north of
the Ohio River, is due to the recent successful cultivation of the Con-
necticut seed-leaf there.

The yield of sorghum sirup is assumed to be at the rate of 121 gallons
in Ohio, 117 in Nebraska, 115 in West Virginia, 106 in Missouri, 104 in
Kansas, and 100 in Michigan, declining to 34 in South Carolina. The
average is very nearly 100 gallons per acre.

The yield of hay is decreased in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, all of the Western States, and most of
the Southern. ‘The average reduction in yield as compared with the
crop of 1869 appears to be about 15 per cent., equivalent to more than
four millions of tons.

The area sown in winter wheat the past autumn appears to be slightly
increased, though the enlargement is a percentage scarcely greater than
the annual increase of population. The States reporting a decrease are
Vermont, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Mississippi, Tennessee, In-
diana. The largest percentage of increase is in Kansas and Nebraska.
Minnesota is increasing her area; most of the Western States make a
slight advance. A considerable enlargement of the breadth sown is
reported for the Pacific Coast.

PRICES.

Returns of prices in home markets indicate a decline from last January
in corn and oats, and an advance in wheat, rye, barley, hay, and pota-
toes. The small flint corn of New England bears a higher price than
the dent corn of the West, and the deficient supply of the cotton States
keeps prices high in that region. As these figures are averages 0
county prices for each State, the distance to market, and variable loca,

5 ,

demand, as well as quality and kind, have an influence in fixing the
rate, and preventing uniformity. The lowest average for corn is that
of Nebraska, 36 cents per bushel ; the highest in Florida. The averages
in New Enelat d' range from 98 cents in Massachusetts to $1 14 in
Maine, and the highoat in the South are, Florida $1 35, $1.10 in Lon-
isiana, $1 06 in South Carolina and Texas.

In January, 1869, the price in the States from North Carolina to Lon-
isiana ranged from $1 in North Carolina to $1 45 in Florida. The com-
parison is as follows in some of the principal corn-growing States :

<a | January, | Jannary,
States. 1870. 1871,
Romie kygmee cere eee. nea Ret ae oe ts Seis sews $0 66 $0 48
VSS Cuneo Ree Say see 3 BRE BSEh ee BPS 2 SET ae 60. 44
ATS Seas Sahat ler? cual ope Sem she tL ey pe tee Ape 57 a
1 ict Lege ie RRR a a EE SEE eT er ene Seen A ea 70 38
COLT, pia ase ov a sm pe a en i abc eee) Ses Eo a at a ag Rees Sie 72 48
CIO aihe see eae ae ee See Boer Bk lcm sell co aan ee se Jee. 74 5d
AVUSTRIGOUTRIND) cet ahs otto 5 SER oD ches cot SS A 2 SE ees 65 52
TUT RYERSS ONEED Be ELS Cet | Re dE Oe OS eae SEEM eR 7s Ur 63 51
1S eM SOE Ad RE Be SID DRE ie RS CTRL ENERO eS 50 34
HS WTRSP Be caper yrdeagal wh te ele ad ba « 2 oe all, lp ae be ite emda yl asi, BAAR Da 44 58
ING Drasicoramrse sects = eee cee Be SIRE ARE BaP OP LEAD SAE OUP Poe Sk 37 36

The returns of reduced yield in Kansas account for the high average
in price.
The averages for the Middle States compare as anh

} be anuary,| January,

Une. 1870. ’| 1871.
Newnvorke-o. onc: i Aigo St See SOR AIRe Bea. Rte See ear Crt ee a ey Bh RE | $1 03 &0 87
Mica enseyite = (east ected «dah cite seek ees em Pee | 95 80
Rens ybyaAMla ss cae jarsein es Aaa es He Slee smi eee ae ease, conn eeeserds | 92 75

The price of wheat in Maine and New Hampshire is lower than in
January of last year; elsewhere it is generally higher. The prices of
the small amount of native wheat for sale in county markets of the
extreme Hast had not at that date responded to the declining rates rul-
ing in the West for the see crop of 1869. The average has advanced
in New York from $1 37 to 81’ 41, and from $1 34 to $1 43 in New
Jersey. In some of the GHENEHE States, where the supply of native
wheat was entirely inadequate to the demand, and less than at present,
the average has declined ; but in the wheat-growing States the price
has advanced i in some degree of proportion to. the reduction of the crop.
The following is a comparison of the averages:

Januar January
States. 1970. | 1871.
A eT TG ES Us a er ee ne at Oe) Ree ee en eee $1 10 $1 00
UTE SLOT PE epi rae cE aden ge OS AE 5 al a St di gil ah nS Seer aed a 80 91
MITT OTR eyes sere ee oe 2 ees ah Ae As Ak Ee eee eee 76 94
a [sa y0 Tra pA Ett Sa ear STARS SA Os amg ee PRE UR gem MRE AT 93 1 00
UT a7 eae RU ae eae LS SAL is uy aa SIP eT a) 3 7d | CN 1 03 1 09
WTI era fa ye) erated eg Od eee eye aa 0 hs eae 97 1 08
IOS UILSIREES See: ee re eRe ME Ae SON A EEeE reece we ten oe. ae 68 90
IVETMIFES Obes LAs eR Oper ae eae hey ER ah Lies 7 I Mi. ak are) 59 8&3
OSS eek ep hha ied Ss ae ey SE) bs ae eee Pe i 52 73
LNAI EPS eee RS an ee Cee CREE INIA a MEME EIEN SUEUR, Wun PyeMm er Coma Lem 79 386
Ty tCEN CARESS H <a aa aa A RI or Ss en Be ge a eg H/T a) ES Ra 51 64

Cua at ee Fn SER Re es | SEY RO TS 93 110

6

The emigration to Kansas and the Territories has for years kept up
prices for the products of the region west of the Missouri.

The averages for oats have followed the decline noticed in corn, which
exhibit a greater reduction in the West than in the East, as is the case
with corn. The decline in the Western States is 12 per cent.

A material reduction is noted in the averages for barley and rye, for
details of which see the tables.

The averages for potatoes have materially advanced: from 52 to 66
cents in Maine; 45 to 79 in New Hampshire; 38 to 51 in Vermont; 68
to 96 in Massachusetts; 51 to 65 in New York; 62 to 94 in New Jersey.
Last year the western averages ranged from 37 cents in Michigan to 72 in
Minnesota, only Wisconsin, “Towa, and Kentucky being above 50; now
the range is from 52 in Iowa to 95 in Minnesota, three other States
having averages above 70, viz: Wisconsin, 74; Ohio, 81; Indiana, 83.
The prices in different sections of the South are always variable, depend-
ing upon local supply, which is small in the cotton States, and mainly
for use in the spring or early summer as a table rarity, or, in the autumn,
for seed.

The averages for hay have advanced slightly in the West, and largely
in New York and New England. In Pennsylvania and New Jersey there
is a small decline, as in the Southern Atlantic States. The drought of
this portion of the Atlantic Coast set in too late to injure the hay crop,
which was, in some sections, unusually large from the large amount of
rain-fall in the spring.

The prices of sorghum sirup are uniformly lower than in January of
last year; Ohio, as a fair example, averaging 73 cents per gallon then,
and 66 cents now.

The tables will furnish opportunities for comparison bean cannot be
improved in further detail in this analysis.

4

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9

NOTES ON THE CROPS.
WINTER GRAINS.

Seneca County, N. Y.—Winter wheat unusually well put in, and it has
larger growth than for years. It is in danger of blight from the excess-
ive cold weather without snow.

Chautauqua County, N. Y.—Wheat sown early is badly stung by the
Hessian fly. It has turned yellow and looks badly.

Camden County, N. J—Early sowm wheat much injured by the fly.

Mercer County, N. J—The very favorable fall season has given a very
heavy top to wheat. In many instances it has been pastured off.

Northumberland Connty, Pa.—Many wheat fields were infested with
the fly soon after the plants made their appearance.

Chester County, Pa.—Owing to the poor quality of the last wheat
crop, many farmers sowed old wheat, which proves to be quite thin on
the ground. Two bushels of new seed is thicker set than where three
of old seed was sown.

Lancaster County, Paa—Wheat sown early looked well until the last
of October, when it began to turn yellow. It does not cover the ground.
Farmers complain of the Hessian fly. Wheat sown on oat stubble does
not appear to suffer much.

Beaver County, Pa.—Some fields of wheat badly damaged by the Hes-
sian fly.

Baltimore County, Md.—Winter grain short, but even on the ground
and healthy in appearance. A majority of our farmers have prepared
their land well, and are using more manures than years ago. Late
seeding is too generally practiced. Mediterranean wheat is nearly alto-
gether sown, and should be in the ground between the 10th and the
20th of September. Heavy losses are annually incurred by this practice
of late seeding.

- Montgomery County, Md.—Wheat does not make much show at a dis-
tance, but looks strong and vigorous in the trenches of the drill.

Washington County, Md.—Wheat promising. In many parts of the
county, wheat, as well as the early-sown barley, has been pastured.

Surry County, Va.—Small area of wheat sown, but the plant is in fine
condition. Owing to the failure of peanuts more attention will be given
to corn this year.

Wythe County, Va.—Wheat sown late on a reduced area. Not look-
ing as well as usual.

Rockbri dge County, Va.—Wheat looking badly owing to severe weather
and no snow. The blades are as black as ink. Poor prospect for a
crop.

Buckingham County, Va.—Itis feared that the intense cold dry weather
has killed much of the late sown wheat.

‘Macon County, N. C.—An increased area in wheat, with improved
preparation of the soil.

Perquimons County, N. C.—Wheat acreage reduced owing to wet
weather and the demand for labor to pick cotton.

Stanly County, N. C.—Wheat sown late but looks well.

Jackson County, N. C.—Wheat plant rather feeble, with stand slightly
deficient. Wheat is rapidly displacing rye, and is now successfully grown
on mountain lands which twenty years ago were thought to be fit only
for rye and oats.

Newbury County, S. C——Wheat sown late, unpromising.

Lexington County, S. C_—Wheat sown very late, which, with the want of

10

‘ manure (owing to inability to purchase out of the proceeds of cotton crop)
it is feared will seriously affect the crop of 1871.

Union County, S. C.—Farmers late sowing wheat, not more than half
up. Ground not well prepared.

Johnson County, Ga.— Wheat sown late, not yet up.

Jackson County, Fla.—Barley is now being tried here, and the plant
is looking well. The acreage in oatsis annually increasing. —

Burnet County, Texas——¥or want of seed only a small area of wheat
has been sown this fall. Send us men from the North and we will raise
more grain and less cotton.

Red River Count, y, Texas.— Wheat fully up to average, wie acreage
largely increased.

Columbia County, Ark.—Area in wheat slightly increased, sown late.
Tolerably good stand.

Taney County, Mo.—One-third more wheat sown this year than last.

Franklin County, Mo.— Wheat sown in September much more promis-
ing than that sown later.

Pettis County, Mo. fhe fly has done some damage to early sown
wheat.

Moniteau County, Mo.—Wheat much injured by the Hessian fly.

Cooper County, Mo.— Wheat injured by the fly.

Benton County, Mo.—W heat never presented a more promising appear-
ance.

Shelby County, Ky.—Decrease of 30 per cent. in wheat acreage, owing
to uncertainty of yield and low price for several years past. Rye is grow-
ing in favor, as it furnishes good winter and spring pasturage without
materially injuring the yield. of grain, most of which is fed to hogs. As
a fertilizer rye is considered equal to two crops of red clover, especially
if followed by corn. Increased acreage over thirty per cent.

Henry County, Ky— Prospects for winter grain exceedingly flattering.

Ohio County, Ky.—The dry freeze has oveatly injured at least the ap-
pearance of wheat.

Smith County, Tenn.—Owing to the low price of wheat the acreage
has been reduced fully 20 per ‘cent.

Weakley County, Tenn.—Much damage is apprehended to the wheat
crop from the severe cold.

Braxton County, W. Va.—Condition of wheat and rye very promising.

Nicholas County, W. Va.—Wheat not so extensively sown as last year.

Putnam County, W. Va.—A hard winter thus far for wheat and bar-
ley ; weather dry and cold, with no snow.

Schuyler County, Ill.—W heat was put in with greater care than usual,
and has made a greater growth than common. The fly has done con-
siderable damage, especially in the earlier sown.

Montgomery County, Ill.— Wheat looks better than for many years.

Franklin County, [ll.—Prospect for wheat never better, if we except
a few fields afflicted by the fly.

Effingham County, Ill—Hessian fly has done some injury.

Putnam County, [ll.—Winter wheat is looking unusually well, with in-
creased area.

Edwards County, Il.—Owing to the dry weather and the fly, late-sown
wheat looks better than early sown. ,

Johnson County, Ind.—Early-sown wheat infested with the fly.

Warren County, Ind.—Wheat in uncertain condition. It is feared that
the fly will take the crop.

Boone County, Ind.—Wheat is better grown than usual; crop covered
finely with snow.

1%

Mercer County, Ohio.—Wheat never in better condition ; covered with
snow now.

Henry County, Ohio.—Wheat, acreage increased 20 per cent.; sown
late, grown well, but not so forward as usual.

Noble County, Ohio.—Early-sown wheat injured by the fly.

Lake County, Ohio—KEKarly sown wheat not looking so well as that
sown later.

Livingston County, Mich.—Wheat has too large a growth to be safe.

Clinton County, Mich—Wheat very large; some fields injured by the
Hessian fly.

Van Buren Count, Y, Mich.—W heat, particularly the early-sown, injured
by the fly.

Montcalm County, Mich—Wheat has very large top.

Portage County, Wis.—Winter grain has been put in with more than
usual care, and the only danger appears to be from large growth.

Outagamie County, Wis.— A wonderful growth of wheat ; many fields
fed down by stock. More eare than usual in getting the crop in, espe-
cially on fallow ground.

Richland Count y, Wis.—Wheat seems to be "injured by something.
The under leaves turn yellow. Some say it is the fly. Some fields have
been pastured.

Winona County, Minn.—W heat exposed to winter-killing.

Goodhue County, Minn.—Large increase in acreage of winter wheat,
owing to the success of the past two years. It has. been sown on open
ground, as well as in corn-fields.

Appanoose County, Iowa.—Wheat injured by the chinch-bug.

Jefferson County, Kansas.—Double the acreage of last year in winter
wheat.

Crawford County, Kansas.—Wheat in good condition, except early
sown, which was injured by the army worm.

Leavenworth County, Kansas.—Wheat went into winter quarters in
excellent condition.

Jackson County, Kansas.—Prospect never better for winter wheat.

Gage County, Neb.—Increased area in winter wheat. More would have
been sown could seed have been procured conveniently.

Santa Clara County, Cal.—The continuance of the war in Europe and
the advance in price of wheat are inducements for a largely increased
acreage in cereals, the only drawback being the high price of seeds.

Mendocino County, Cal_—Farmers sadly behind in seeding, owing to
the unfavorable season.

Stanislaus County, Cal—Twenty per cent. increase in acreage of
wheat and barley. Area in wheat estimated at 180,000 acres; barley,
40,000 acres.

San Luis Obispo County, Cal—An increase of fifty per cent. is antici-
pated in acreage of cereal crops for the ensuing year.

Napa County, Cal.—Sowing much delayed for want of rain; at present
the prospect of large acreage and yield is not flattering.

Linn County, Oreg—W inter wheat sown two months later than usual,
and one-third less in ‘acreage. About fifty per cent. increase of land
prepared for spring sowing.

San Pete County, Utah.— Decreased area in winter wheat, but the crop ~
is in good condition.

COTTON.

Chattooga County, Ga—A number of our planters have this year suc-
ceeded in raising a bale of cotton to the acre—the result of the use of
fertilizers and careful cultivation.

12

De Soto County, Miss.—The winding up of the cotton crop shows our
people generally “broke.” Large cotton crop ; low price; provisions
all from Cincinnati and St. Louis.

Attala County, Miss——Cotton crop of this county one-third larger
than that of last year. The common expression is that one-third less
cotton will be planted this year, but when planting time comes they will
probably go cotton again.

Newton County, Miss.—Cotton has made an extraordinary yield, fully
forty per cent. greater than last year.

Morehouse Par ish, La.—Much of the cotton crop remains in the field,
and will remain there, owing to the indisposition of the laborers to
gather it.

Hardin County, Texas.——One hundred per cent. increase in the cotton
crop of this county over the crop of 1868.

Milam County, Tevas.—There are in this county about 20,000 acres in
cotton that will yield 15,000 bales, and 10,000 acres that will yield 5,000
bales; 18,000 acres in corn, yielding 30 bushels to the acre; and 4,000
acres in promiscuous cultivation.

Anderson County, Texas.—Twenty per cent. of the cotton crop yet
unpicked, and most of it will be lost; the best crop year in ten years, and
with efficient labor planters would now abound in all the products of the
latitude.

Rusk County, Texas.—Other crops have been neglected for several
years past for cotton. Now that cotton has fallen in price it is thought
more attention will be given the former. During the war wheat, rye,
oats, barley, and rice were paying crops.

SUGAR-CANE.

Newton County, Miss —Our planters are now raising the genuine
Louisana sugar-cane, and are meeting with great success. They make
from four to eight barrels of sirup to the acre with the indifferent means
at hand for er ushing. Some are making sugar.

Iberia Parish, La.—Severe cold weather, A large quantity of seed-
cane has been destroyed, and a few plantations have had their ¢rops
cut short by the heavy freeze. It is feared that the orange crop and
trees have been killed.

Hardin County, Teras.—Four times as much sugar and molasses have
been produced in this county this year as was made in 1868.

Jackson County, Fla.—The cane crop has turned out better than ex-
pected. The cane was small, but the juice was sweeter than usual,
yielding one gallon of sirup to six of juice.

Manatee County y, Fla—A killing frost on Christmas day. Cane much
injured. It is feared that the seed- cane is much damaged.

SORGHUM.

Mendocino County, Cal—Sorghum is a new crop here. In a year or
two it will be an important product in this county.

Surry County, Va.—Our sorghum has much deteriorated; now hardly

worth cultivating. It is mixed with broom-corn.

Kendall County, Texas.—There has been a good yield of very superior
golden-colored sirup from sorghum.

Jackson County, Kan.—The sorghum crop was light, owing to the
drought.

13

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.
THE TOUZELLE WHEAT.

Rockbridge County, Virginia.—The small packet of white winter Touzelie
wheat you sent me last year I divided among our farmers here. They
report their experiments unsatisfactory, in consequence of the unfavor-
able weather last summer, the excessive rains preventing the crop from
maturing. [retained five ounces of the grain, which I sowed myself Octo-
ber 10, 1869, in drills, sixteen inches apart, dropping seed by hand four
inches apart in the drill, one to three grains at a place, covering about
one inch deep. The soil was a rich vegetable mold. It grew well, and
in early spring I gave it a hand culturing. It looked too thin on the
ground until it began to tiller; it then covered the whole surface, ren-
dering it impossible to trace the rows. I counted as product of a single
grain seventy-five heads, varying from one inch to five inches in length,
with a number of short stalks without ahead upon them. In fact, it,
seemed as if it would continue to send out new stalks perpetually. The
promise was for a fair yield (I had sowed less than the tenth of an acre)
of from two to three bushels of wheat. But the crop was entirely
ruined by winds, rains, and hail, that beat the heads down to the earth
and prevented their filling entirely.

}

THE EXCELSIOR OATS.

Poweshiek County, Iowa.—WLast spring I sowed one and a half bushels
of Excelsior oats (produced from Department seed of the preceding year)
on rather less than half an acre of land; they grew quite tall, and yielded
twenty-five bushels, forty pounds to the bushel. I value them very
highly.

WHEAT IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

Contra Costa County, Cal.—A correspondent reports that the staple of
that ynmediate section is wheat. The soil is new, and untilabout three
years ago was used solely for grazing purposes. Some one, more enter-
prising than his neighbors, sowed afew acres to wheat, and reaped a
ton and a half to the acre. Before the summer was ended, every acre
of Government and railroad land, as well as that claimed under Spanish
titles, was located, and wheat raising became general. In some instances
a yield of forty and fifty sacks was obtained. The following year was
one of equal success, although the rain-fall was lighter, deeper plowing
supplying the deficiency. The succeeding year was one of total failures.
The custom is to dry-plow the land, harrow it, and sow the seed imme-
diately after the first rains. It is proposed to summer fallow the land,
and plow deep, when, it is hoped, an average crop will be produced, not-
withstanding the drought, which seems to be periodical in that part of
San Joaquin Valley.

PREVENTION OF SMUT IN WHEAT.

Stockton, California.—W. G. Phelps recommends the following method
of preventing smut in wheat:

Fill a water trough, about twenty inches in height, with cold water
sufficient to cover a sack of wheat when lying on the side. If the
trough is wide enough to admit the sacks crosswise, with one man to
assist in lifting out the sacks, the work may be done more expeditiously.
Then dissolve sulphate of copper, commonly called “ blue-stone,” in hot

14

water in an iron pot, and as fast as it dissolves pour it into the water in
the trough. Then erack a few grains of wheat and dip them in the

yater, and immediately take them out and lay them in the sun to dry.
As soon as the blue color is perceivable on the cracked wheat the solution
is sufficiently strong. Nail across one end of the trough strips of board
to lay the sacks of wheat on to drain. Then lay in the sacks of wheat.
My trough is sixteen feet long, and I lay in five sacks, and as soon as I
lay in the fifth sack I take out the first one and lay it on the strips to
drain. As soon as the sacks are drained the wheat may be sown.
Otherwise, lay three strips of board on the floor and place the sacks of
wheat on them. Ag soon as the tier is full lay strips on top of the
sacks and another tiér of sacks, and so on as high as desired. There is
no danger of the wheat spoiling if under cover. It needs no rolling
in lime or ashes. This course has not failed in fifteen years’ trial with
me. If everything is convenient, with one man to assist, you can pre-
pare enough in a day to sow 1,000 acres. A person wishing to sow a
small quantity can take a smaller trough or a barrel and dip the sack
in, and take it out as soon as the water has penetrated every part of the
sack. The main point is to have your solution strong enough, and take
your wheat out as soon as every grain is touched by it.

THE CEREALS IN ARKANSAS.

Independence County, Arkansas.—W heat, rye, and. oats are planted in
this section only on eur very poorest lands. The great alluvial bottoms
of the White River, running through the center of the county, are ex-
clusively devoted to cotton. Prior to 1860 wheat was sometimes sown
upon those lands, and the average product was not less than twenty-five
bushels per acre. The universal failure of the cotton planters this
season will probably induce them to appropriate more of these rich lands
to grain-growing in the future. In that case the valley of the Upper
White River of Arkansas will rival the Shenandoah and Genesee Val-
leys of the East.

GRAPES IN KENTUCKY.

Pine Grove, Clark County, Kentucky.—Doctor S. D. Martin gives an
account of his experiments in cultivating different varieties of grapes.
His land slopes gently toward the south, having a fall of about four
feet in one hundred yards. The soil is rich, about two feet deep, and
laying upon four feet of yellow, tenacious clay, which is underlaid with
limestone. The vines on this ground have been growing from two to
four years, being a year old when planted. The rows are eight feet
apart, running nearly north and south with the slope of the hill, and
the vines from four to eight feet apart in the rows. The ground has
never had any other manure than that dropped by stock grazed or fed
upon it. One row is planted with vines upwards of twenty years old—
Isabella and Herbemont. The following summary of experiments is
given:

Anna, a very slow grower, mildewed badly, produced a few sweet
grapes; first crop.

Alvey, a fine healthy vine, yielded a good crop; first crop.

Agawam, Rogers’s No. 15, mildewed badly, grapes rotted, not half a
crop; first crop.

Concord, produced a heavy crop, no rot; second crop.

Crevelling, early and productive; first crop.

Clinton, bore a heavy crop, ripened well, except that a few vines lost
their leaves; second crop.

15

Catawba, mildewed badly and rotted, half a crop of inferior grapes,
some bitter; second crop.

Diana, mildewed, rotted, and ripened very unevenly.

Delaware, a slow grower, set a heavy crop, many vines lost their leaves
and did not ripen; first crop.

Elsingburg, a fine, healthy vine, no rot; first year.

Goethe, bore a good crop of fine, large grapes, well ripened; first

rear.

: Hartford, healthy and productive, bunches fine and large, no rot ; first
and second years.

Herbemont, bore a fair crop of delicious grapes, especially the young
vines, the old vines rotted badly; first to twentieth years.

Ives, a strong grower, healthy and productive, large crop, ripened
well; first year.

Isabella, a heavy crop, some ripened well, the roots of some destroyed
by grub worms.

Israella, mildewed and rotted so badly as to lose nearly all its fruit;
first year.

Jona, worse than the Israella, bringing very little fruit to perfection;
first year.

Le Noir, produced less than half a crop, more than half the bunches
shriveled before ripening; first year.

Lindley, many of the grapes mildewed and rotted, many of the grapes
bitter; first year.

Lydia, a slow grower, has not yet borné fruit.

Mary Ann, a healthy vine, bore a few bunches, ripened well; first
year.

Merrimac, mildewed and rotted ; first year.

Norton, vine and fruit healthy, large crop, ripened well; first year.

Northern Muscadine, vigorous grower, vine and fruit healthy, large
crop; first crop.

Perkins, vine and fruit healthy; first year.

Rogers’s Hybrids, Nos. 2 and 33, both mildewed badly, and grapes
rotted; those that did not rot ripened badly; first crop.

Rebecca, poor grower, vine unhealthy, killed to the ground some time

in winter; no grapes.
Salem, very slow grower, vine igh, produced a few bunches of
fine grapes, ripened wen; first crop.

Taylor, produced larger bunches and better grapes than usual; un-
productive from second to eighth crop.

The first mildew on the vines was noticed May 31. On the 29th very
damp fogs had prevailed.- There were also fogs on the 2d, 3d, and 4th
of June, the last very heavy. <A caterpillar (Procris Americana) did
much damage to the leaves of the vines, especially to the smooth ones
of the Clinton, Delaware, Taylor, &c. Although thousands of these
pests were killed, some of the vines were almost completely stripped of
their leaves, in consequence of which the grapes did not ripen.

TOBACCO IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania.—In the lower section of the county the
attention of farmers has been turned to raising tobacco, where it pro-
duces exceedingly remunerative crops; often $500 per acre is realized on
the sandy soil known as “‘ Penn’s manor.” Almost every farm has been
provided with a large frame building for drying purposes, which is gen-
erally paid for, and all other necessary expenses or outlay, by the product

16

of the first crop. Thus far parties have purchased the erop in the field
at an average of about 25 cents per pound.

ACREAGE OF CROPS IN YORK COUNTY, MAINE.

York County, Maine.—I think the following estimates for this county
are nearly correct: Total acreage of the county, 456,000; acres in fields,
109,000 ; acres plowed in 1870, 15,600; in grass, 93,000; in corn, 6,200 ;
in potatoes, 2,600; in oats, 4,200; in wheat, 1,500; in rye, 350; in bar-
ley, 400; in buckwheat, 300.

THE CASTOR-BEAN IN CALIFORNIA. —

The cultivation of the castor-bean in California is rapidly increasing.
The amount raised this year will be quite large. One of the largest
and most successful enterprises in this culture is that of Mr. Hedges,
whose experiments are carried on in the vicinity of Marysville. Mr.
Hedges has under cultivation this season about two hundred acres,
and expects to realize about one hundred and twenty-five tons, all
of the small “ Illinois bean.” The stalks of this variety vary in height
from six to fifteen feet. The work of gathering begins in July and
continues until the frosts set in. The drying grounds on this farm are
described as large places cleared off to the “hard pan” of ground,
and made smooth like a brick-yard. On this surface the heads or
clusters of beans are laid in the sun, many of them having been
picked in a green state, and here, as they dry, they open. When pretty
well “snapped,” the heaps are raked over and the beans removed and
placed in a fanning-mill, whence they are transferred in a merchantable
condition to the sack. Mr. Hedges utilizes the hulls as manure, and it
is asserted that they operate to loosen as well as to enrich the clay soil
of hisfarm. This gentleman finds the cultivation of the castor-bean so
profitable that he purposes next season to plant three hundred acres.

JUTE.

Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana.—A farmer makes the following state-
ment relative to the raising of jute in that section: ‘ About the middle
of May last I received from the Department of Agriculture two varie-
ties of the jute seed, one from Calcutta, the other from the south of
France. I planted on the first of June and sowed in drills sixteen inches
apart. In afew days the plants appeared and grewrapidly. In three
months the French jute grew nine feet, and the Calcutta over ten. The
French specimens throw out numerous branches and a dense foliage,
while the Calcutta has no branches and but few leaves. I believe this
plant will thrive in lower Louisiana.”

Cameron County, Texas.—On the 3d of May last I received from the
Department jute seed from Calcutta and France. On the 7th I
planted some of it on mesquit upland. It did not rain on the ground
until September 19, and I had the seed watered to bring it up. It
came up on the eighth day, and struggled along until November 16,
when we had an unusually early frost. The plant in no case got over
fourteen inches high. I send you one as a specimen. With good
seasons I have no doubt the plant would grow well on our bottom lands,
but the past season was a very severe one. We had slight rains in Jan-
uary ; then none to more than lay the dust until April 25, after which,
until September 19, no rain fell. I did not try to force its growth, for
unless it will stand our climate, it will of course be of no benefit as a
field crop.

2

17

Matagorda County, Texas.—I1 distributed the jute seed among our
best planters, but it came too late and was planted when the plants should
have been in bloom. The two varieties, French and India, are quite
distinct. From what I see I much prefer the India, which grows more
like hemp or flax, and has a pod about three or four inches long, grow-
ing on the stalk and limbs something like ocra. The pod is full of seed,
and in diameter the size of a man’s little finger. The India plant grew on
our sandy prairie soil, in a severe drought, five or six feet high, while
the other kind, planted on strong bottom lands, grew ten or fifteen feet
high. The latter throws off linbs and branches, and to my mind is
objectionable on that account. Its seed growsin little buttons. Ibelieve
soil and climate here suit the plant. I made no efforts to gather the
fiber, which will require experience and investigation.

IMPROVED CULTURE.

Marshall County, {ll.—We have come to the conclusion that for a
series of years we have been skimming the cream off our land and throw-
ing it away, and that we cannot make high-price farms pay except by a
correct system of “ high farming.” Weare now making all the improve-
ments which our means will allow in a new system of cultivation.

RECLAIMED LANDS IN NEW JERSEY.

Hudson County, N. J.—The corn planted on the drained lands of this
county did not produce as largely as anticipated; the grass choked it,
and as the newly tilled land was stubborn and still wet in May and in
July, the drought injured it. Yet they raised on an average sixty bush-
els peracre. (They say shelled corn, but I doubt it.) They have plowed
a large number of acres this fall and kept at it until the 15th of Decem-
ber, and hope to do better next year. The oats sown on this new drained
land grew too rank, and lodged badly, and the crop was a failure. The
proprietors say they will try oats next season. Corn and grass are more
certain to do well than any other crop until the land is thoroughly
worked and sweetened.

USING CROPS ON THE FARM.

Marion County, Iowa.—Our correspondent, after referring to the low
price of grain, &e., adds: “Our strength hereisin raising as much corn
and grass as possible, and then stock enough to consume the crops. The
stock should be fed up to the best marketable condition where raised,
in order to realize the greatest profit. Many sell their cattle and hogs
as soon as fit for feeding, instead of feeding and selling them when ready
for market eastward.

CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEEDS.

Fond du Lae County, Wis.—We have a large amount of clover seed in
our county, which is selling at $5 per bushel; ; also much timothy seed,
at $3.

WINE PRODUCT OF HANCOCK COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

Hancock County, [1l.—Forty thousand gallons of wine have been made
from the vintage of the past season. The grapes matured perfectly and
have never before done so well. Large quantities of the product were
sold for table use.

HOG AND CHICKEN CHOLERA.

Fairfax County, Va.—The hog cholera has been prevalent in many
portions of the county. The loss from this cause may be safely stated

2

18

at 20 per cent.
keys.

Jefferson County, W. Va.—The hog cholera has killed a few hogs in
this county during the past year. About 300 fowls were killed by
chicken cholera.

Laurens County, Ga.—Cholera is destroying hogs in some parts of the
county.

Hickman County, Tenn.—Less hog cholera in the county than for many
years.

Owsley County, Ky.—Several hogs lost from cholera. The disease
acted differently from heretofore. The hogs died gradually.

PORK PACKED ON THE FARM.

Smith County, Tenn.—More hogs fattened in the county this year than
for several years; only about half of them sold; the remainder packed
at home.

Hickman County, Tenn.—Large surplus of pork has been packed.

De Kalb County, Mo.—The farmers are packing their hogs toalarge ex-
tent. Some paid 7 to 8 cents for stock hogs and are selling the fattened
hogs at 5 cents. One farmer purchased 18 head at 8 cents per pound, fat-
tened and sold them, and had 56 cents over the cost of the stock hogs.

LIVE STOCK IN BOONE COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

Boone County, Ill.—The following table shows the number of live stock
in this county, as returned by the assessors in 1868~69~70, compared
with the census of 1860:

There has also been much loss among chickens and tur-

1860. 1868. 1869. 1870.
NAOT RES aed oe oi 2 Sa ee Ss ols TE ee a 4,711 6, 093 6, 465 6, 438
IMGs Mee en - uel ste Se ce me's le eee ee seals 14 100 98 106
Milch cows and other cattle.----...---..--- 13, 212 179 14, 882 14,718
ee See ere Ae he SR Ok ee 7, 185 28, 101 24, 008 19, 531
Sy CLIC ge ee ae cana Oe, eer earns A, O72 7,191 5, 679 6, 754

STATISTICS OF WEST VIRGINIA.

Our correspondent in Jefferson County, West Virginia, submits esti-
mates of the yield, acreage, price, and tot al value of the principal farm
products of that county for the year 1870:

Acres to | Yield per | Aggregate | Price Jan. ieee
Name of product. sats ae “yield. 1, 1871. Total value.

Indian corn .... bushels-} 21, 835. 30. 655, 050 $0 52 $340, 626 00
MHeaiike <2 - ese ss do..| 29, 232. 8.5 248, 472 1 30 323, 013 60
Rie imiieics es. joni ae do..| 1,084. 9.5 10, 298 80 8, 238 40
Qhiic!s ae eee Goes a ole, 18.5 90, 872 40 36, 348 80
NAME fe = 2's does 10. 9.5 95 90 85 50
Buckwheati-.--- --- lo 70. 10. 700 1 00 700 00
Ree a ae ae 8, 13. 104 2 75 286 00
Potatoes, (Irish) -. 400, 70, 28, 000 75 21, 0U0 00
Potatoes, (sw eet) .. ag 2.9 60. 150 1 50 225 00
TMS. wok ioyn's'a- = = do. - 10, 65. 650 50 325 00
Sorghum... -.--..gallons 32, 45. 1, 440 75 1, 080 00
Wine, (grape)... .-.. do.. 10. 100. 1, 000 2 05 2,050 00
Leaf tobacco-.... pounds. 10. 600. 6, 000 12 720 00
Hay Seco eee tons. | 6,800. 1.28 8, 604 14 00 120,456 00 .

Motes. as ct's. | (BA AM by | tee see AI tee ete ote te cic cle ee Reem 855, 154 30

‘he above table shows an increased acreage of nearly 4,000, and an

increase of nearly $45,000 in total value.

19
LIVE STOCK AT CHICAGO.

George T. Williams, assistant secretary, furnishes the following report
of receipts and shipments of live stock at the Union Stock Yards, Chi-
cago, Illinois, fur the year ending December 31, 1870:

RECEIPTS.
Source of supply. Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. he
Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacifie Railroad. . 63, 665 251, 584 22, 399 357
Dinos) Central: Railroad. .- o-..2 tjo-es505 87,915 379, 513 89, 597 289
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad..| 188, 800 491, 824 77, 326 | 1,028
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad ..-...-.- 101, 417 338, 707 107, 761 | 1,148
Chicago and Alton Railroad ...........---.- 81, 922 176, 295 27,270 455
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. 296 3, 493 1, 118 54
Michigan Central Railroad ....-..)...-.....- 2, 786 19, 423 6, 281 76
Michigan Southern Railroad.........-...-.- 670 20, 964 11, 880 107
Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railroad. 2, 805 10, 686 3, 212 23
Driven Into ghe yards ser - 2 Gass ewe soon 2, 688 669 Sy OU) 222s
Topalanv i870. seo. ee 3 bec 532,964 | 1,693,158 | 349,855 | 3,537
Motil TSG OR eye apn aerenic erences 403,102 | 1,661,869 | 340,072 | 1,524
SHIPMENTS.
Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. eee
| ses.
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago R. R..| 129, 885 | 299, 356 40, 047 717
Michigan Central Railroad.......-......-.- | 110, 404 170, 764 61, 592 363
Michigan Southern Railroad... ..........--- | 118,142 448, 965 12, 552 | 1,010
Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis R. R-..| 4, 952 1,181 189 77
Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad...) 3, 308 365 488 390
Illinois Central Railroad ...-.. ...... ...--.! 8, 063 547 230 18
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy R. R--.-...) 2, 441 412 899 52
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad.....-.. 3, 355 2,737 561 736
Chicago and Alton Railroad............---. 11, 159 126 153 125
Momailtin 1702024... Tee a | 391,709 924,453 | 116,711 | 3,488
Total in 1869..-.....-....-----------| 294,717 | 1,086,305 | 108,690 | 1,538

MARKET PRICES OF FARM PRODUCIS FOR DECEMBER,
1870, AND JANUARY, 1871.

[Record made as near the first of the month as practicable.]

,

Products. December. January.
NEW YORK.
Pienr—-State*eseray Pf. use. be per barrel_.| $4 90 to $6 20 $5 35 to $6 65
Wiestiermer 2 1s seagate do...-| 490 to 8 25 5 35 to 8 2
Wheat—No. 1 spring.-.-.......... per bushel..| 1 27+ to 1 28 141 to 1 43
JIG ASO ag ERE en = EE eg COE wis Lb Sots. te} Lok 127 to
Winter and amber western. .... GOS |4, dh 4s te» ke 45 146 to 1 48
Corn—New western mixed.............. Oz ci) 79) to). S2 76 te) Ore

*Ineluding “St. Louis extra.” {Old and new spring mixed. {New spring,

20

Market prices of farm products, &c.—Continued.

Products. | December.
New York—Continued. |
Corn—Old western mixed........-per bushel..| $0 86 to $0 88
Ly ho SoS eS ne ees See eal do 95 to 1 06
LED 112 Alsalhia dels CM es i Re ia eel do 90 to 112
Oats—Western mixed .-.-.. 22222-0805 don. 60 to 61
SUL DeLee oe Ie ere dou. .| 60 to 62
Hay—Shipping qualities.-.-.....--.. per ton..! 21 00 to 22 00
BigMmbe = ssc ee 2 et es ee fs dozss: — to
otk — Wiese ts ott ea ce eee per barrel..| 23 00 to 23 50
Benmecmesa:\ 208 5.42 2 cee SEIS dot22:| 21°50" "he"22 50
es PELE SI 22 jpg Se ee Se mae A do....| 10 00 to 15 00
5 OST AAI le hn De ee Ls aS do....| 15 00 to 18 00
we gh ea 8 RIE TS yk ep iomiacn me if per pound.. 123 to 13}
Seoiwer— vy estern. 22) |. sk See Le ieee 14 to 30
SLD Raines ae eke Oe fle ee got 20 to 45
Gheese—aitty. =e eas fase Loe Se do.... 7 to 14
“ MUACHOLY pete tee oe ce eee ee do....| 10. to 16
Cotton —Ordmary. 2.90 A ee do: 134 to 133
Me Roe eee ae eee doe: 164 to 16z
Tobacco—Sound lugs, light grades......do-.. 7 to it
heavy grades....-do....| 8 to 82
Common leaf, light grades....do...- 72 to 84
heavy grades ...do.-.. 9 to 92
Wool—Combing fleece... 22.5! dou.) 53 to 58
extra pullediS. oss 53. ses Or. 38 «to 42
Texas common to medium....-.. Ores. 30 «to 33
Cahfornia, coniiron.2..5.5..2.2.2 doses 26 to 28
CHICAGO.
Hiour—Winter extras. .2-... . 2 22) per barrel..| 475 to 7 50
Springejextrasie.<os2 2.2 See eke do..:.|\ 4:25 tokisage
Wheat—No. 1 spring.;.-.--.-... 22. per bushel..| 1 03} to 1 04
No. 2 spring... .----.- so. 4: .. -d0-22.4/ 65 0002 a eee
Ne. Ss prings. 22. Sa do. = 984 to 1 00
ee ee Yee eee Se gees G02 58 to 62
ERG QCHEC ok sree SUNN 5d Rea af ieoeese 45 to 46
IN@WSTAde 2. SSG. 8 SSeS see ee ee do.. 42 to 44
JT SES Es Gt lf oe ne SE ee a 2 ee do. 71 + to
NOS EE 2 526. Seber eee wie | do.. 69 to 70
Fe) SCAT ed AI ea meme et Ep a enn do: =: 63 to 65
PeOLGN INO. nme et Se ae E95 Ne do....} 80 to
MUD Bice Se hen «3 RE ee dos) 67 to 69
eye ChOd toe 2. Un ee do 50 to —
ONT Ea Ye ee aay SBA Ee do...) , 393 to, le
TEC UE ae A) eet eae Te SS do. .] 354 to
Hay—Timothy and clover (on track)..per ton..| 16 00 to 18 00
BEANS See SOE ee ee ec. do......:| 11-00) to) 1508
IOS fo. ee pe la oh per barrel. .| 19.25. to. 19.50
PRG NGOS A ee eee ere do_...] 18 75. to, 19°00
SS eho aed oe nO, ae do 10 00 to 11 2
Papraimiess .... . wheeeeiie. ..._.: do...-| 13 00° to.) 13°25
oa LSS Se Re ky Sa per ponnd.. 12 to WW
Butter—Firkin and tub....2...2...-.... dor: 11 to 27
A as SEE ST eae Con... to
Cheese—New York factory.............- deers: 15} to 163
fy estern: factory 2. 4.18: 2 .. Moise yy. 13 to 14
Western reserve... . 2-2. -... dow... 2 13. to 14
Wool—Medium fleece... ................do.- 38 to 42
Unwashed, medium _......_.... do... 27 «to 30
ee 6 0s. be ee doz. :.: 45 to 50
CINCINNATI.
Flour—Saay soso ees er ee ---per barrel..| 550 to 5 75
COSTE Cocos oth chet eho eae do2-2|="5 25° “to 5 50

January.
to
90 to $1 05
eto ALD.
60 to 62
60 to 613
00 to 24 00
00 to 27 00
25 to 19 50
00 to 21 00
00 to 15 00
00 to 18 00
114+ to 124
12 to 25
20 to 45
7 to 14
13. to 164
123 to 132
154 to 16
7 to 74
8 to 82
72 to 81
9 to 92
53 to 58
38 to 42
30 to 33
20 to 23
00 to 7 50
25 to 6 00
081 to 111
95 to 111
88 to 1 05
424 to 44
— to
41 to 43
72 to 76
70 to cis
65 to 70
68 to 75
53 «to 54
40 to 45
384 to 392
364 to 374

18 123 to 18 25
17.50 to 17 75

11 00 to
13 00 to
114 to 114
9 to 15
22. t0 Q8 -
14 to 15
— to
—_——— to
3D) 0 40
25 to 27
42 to 48
5°60 to” 5 65
525 te 5 35

21

Market prices of farm products, &c.—Continued.

|
Products. December. January.
Crincriynati—Continued.
Flour—Superfine...--..---..------ per barrel..| $4 25 to $4 50 $4 25 to $4 50
Wovwmecades 54am. 0 aber sac = do...-| 375 to 4 00 375 to 4 00
Wheat—No. 1 white -----.-...---. per bushel..| 120 to 1 23 I 20heton t 35
INOW Whites 32 Sasep ese cis seo do.... to to
Nowiimed tps Sap 5 Ba ae ee dave |p ely tonto Lsloiato, dal?
INOS Rede: Ae base. - gees sc) €0-/5 2) eel Ge cho Lita ria ih 15
@omn-—Nos Uae) 4 2 sees Sova | Bs 2 a dors- 50 to 52 53. . to 54
INS tC Dee ae ee Se do=s 50 to 52 53 to 54
VGN Oi dice gon ea eee eo 8 Saas yes doz 86 to 83. to
INGE Repro Nfs co Fo Renta ern rae dost 83 to 81 to
Rejected <2 22 25).22' ea ec ewes gels. dos. 78 to 78 to
arley—oNOMe 2.25 teak ices SE aso ok d@a.\-s)) 108 to 110. | 95 to 100
Os Sbahe se ae 54 (ae SME acai doz:.<| 00». to: . L505 to
Oats=No: iemixedi4s525 0. s-)- Fessos ss =e Os 42 to 44 42 to 43
INOROMIxed i.a265s8 see eee Ses dox22: 37st 39 40 to 42
Hay—Light pressed... -....---..----- per ton..| 19 00 to 22 00 17 00 to 20 00
HUOOSONPTESSedcsas - 2 425 = eee as wee oe do....| 20 00 to 24 00 19 00 to 23 00
Bork — Messen ee iit oacie see oe oe per barrel..| 19 00 to 19 25 19 00 to
IBrimeriniess.): 242 tae 78 5 fen hk S. does... to - to
Lard—Prime steam......-.------- per pound... 11% to 112 102 to 102
iButper— Choice Ohio w.2. 22588 2. - 2 dO... /- 2] 28 «to 30 26 to 28
MairitO COC esa Hees EIS So) at sc do....| 20 to 24 to
Cheese—Western reserve .....---------- dor.= + 14 to 144 134 to 144
WAGhOLY, Sie 4e iss see See Le 2 dow: 15 to 15} 144 to 154
Cotton—Ordinary 252.6 -s845 2253 seek dows. ' to 124 12 to
Mad ailiniets Spee os. av. eg See Goth. to 154 14 to 144
Tobacco—Lugs, West Virginia...-.----- dowe: 64 to 8 64 to 8
hnes, Went eley 4. J.) - doe. =..| 7 to 4 | 7 to 10
Common to medium leaf, West
Naren aye = ot eek oe os aos... 8 to 13 8 to 12
Common to medium leaf, Ken- |
pUGkyGs aos Soe es ashe dou. : | 10 to 15 10 to 18
Wiool—TLub-washed .<: 23.5225. -/54.22 doe--=| 45 to 48 45 to 48
Bleece-washed |... 022 250002212. Gaecet a0) tele 40 to 45
Winnneishedi 2) fe ga tees els 2: dou: - 30 «to 35 30 to 35
Mech Sx wee yee Cee Nt ese doses. 31 to 32 3l to 32
|
ST. LOUIS. | |
Blour—Superfine: . - 252 s22-25 ss. J... per barrel..| 420 to 4 60 420 to 460
SpRimnor o2) Bie ee See ieee do.-.2-| 425 to 4,75 325 to 5 00
WhOlees Ss Pere ak Se eee Bea doves ed OO tO” a ou 650 to 72
Wheat—Spring- 2 22h. eal per bushel..| 105 to 1 10 T 05; utoy ee 0
Winter NO: Is 42s seats Sos G0n 24st aa to— | 1 3%) .to
Winter Novas 22a sae do 22255 |- 7b 265i to 28 1 25. to
Winter Noss Sa. see oe Ses! Woe Og: bor LS to
Ge gh, Saeco aimee ntl ieee Le TS do 22) Pets to 374 | 112 to 12
Worn Mixed cook) us Soe ee le Sea COeesae} 52 to 53 55 to 56
ella ee eC ON pe oaks aatas:) Beto) ae 55 to 57
1 FY Nee es ed a a a do 22.26] 83 to 75 to 78
Barley——Wamter 3 .% 2.0) arte. hs ee S' doses? 80 to ———| 100 to 105
poe eRe oe eee Ne Aipis= oe) to -
ais Mixed AEN Sao tog oa) Ca Fee a 43 to 434 44 to 45
este SP Ment Caen ee Mie Ghee 44 to 45 45 to 46
oT IE REE ke am SB AP 5 SN a perton..| 18 00 to 1950 | 1600 to 18 50
Waork=— Migs sen: oo uae bode See hae per barrel..| 19 00 to 19 5 19 00 to 19 50
Nard—Meree) 20 2 Ae ae tees per pound..! 11} to 112 11 to 12
BG oem 2/56) ). SA CNR ae 2a do-- 2 13 to 134 13 - to 134
eauber==@ lovee «225 |Get Ani ved Made aN Coe aa 30 to 32 30 to ae
Pair:tovmedinm ) +59. 338 30225: Gare ske! 1 Wem 0) 25 20 to
Citecee—P actory Sco See solos. aos sae doves. 151 to 164 154 te

22

Market prices of farm products, &c.—Continued.

Products.

December.

Sr. Lovuris—Continued.

Cotton—Middling.........-...---- per pound..| $0 132 to
Tobocco—Sound lugs -..--- 2 RR dows. : 5 to
Commonileat 2. 22. sice 51> 4o2 Gores - 74 to
Medium jJleaf:..-2.. =. Oe donee: &2 to
Wool—Tub-washed ...-...-----.-..--- dO: = 5. 2 40 to
Fleece-washed, (accord to grade).do...- - 30 to
Combing ...22 4. oH so cease dozss=,: 30 «to
emked: oso. 2. St a eae doe 22: 30 to
NEW ORLEANS. |
Flour—Superfine...-...----.------ per barrel..; 475 to
Extras, (according to grade).-..do....- | 575 to
@Com—Mixed). 2.2. s35_- 2s cleese se per bushel... 70 to
Selig: foe See ee ee ase doves 774 to
VG aps. Li Oe Be ae Aah Bem Te Gor de 65 to
Orn Ch oiee 2. 2 2a S22 ee ok ke Ls does: . = 50 to
Mtn —-OMOICE joo. sein tte cine eeee per ton..; 30 00 to
EET TET) ae a AP ae go SE dows. = 28 50 to
Pork—Mess.....--...--.--.----.-. per barrel.-| 22 00 to
iMard—Wierege. 3s. fs) oie. et per pound... 134 to
LEC 55 PLS a SMR, Ste RA OR @G2s 552 | 14 to
Butter—Choice Western...-.......--.- does: « 32. «to
Choice Northern ...-.....-..-- do. ....} 43 to
Common Northern ......---.-- dot 2 30 to
Cheese—Choice factory..--.....--...-- dois 2 15 to
Western Reserve . 22) ek aes doeer-s | 13 to
Cotion=“Ordinary, 3222 2 ok SAcice ecee ce Pe 4} 124 to
POW GGG oo. 8 oem aie doze | 132 to
AVISeL GM ieee cco 3 eee eerste a dopace | 152 to
Tobacco—Lues, light.....--.--...224-% QO oe 54 to
Lugs, heavy REELS tac 5 ore Ee: dozz ed] 4+ to
Low leaf, light ig Mie ge does. 2 | 62 to
Low leaf, he: AVY see ceaae doves: 7 0
Medium leaf, light........... doeze: + 74 to
Medium leaf, heavy.--.-...... doers: 8 to
SAN FRANCISCO.

Paper — State 2-4. 2 0 2 be per barrel..| 5 25 to
revo ee: oe Me See oe (3 Kaye wie eee | 5 25 to
When tats... ee per bushel..; 1 85 to
AOTEC OT. of wets se ee eee dotees. 2. | 2 05 to

Gm “White’!. cst domeers:: Nigea R355

Wisllony. b5)- 5 526 Se ee oe ee doerwe<- Fepeaed bass,
PER Rei2o c e ee deste. sss | 1 20'to
LETS) SES ja RRR GE ope fo RN do-heseas 1 25 to
PN ost. nk own pt en ele aes o © per ton..| 10 00 to

Pork—Mess ..... ema thea es per barrel..| 24 00
1 TC C2) Bae ee a eC Da AOn ses. 21 00 to
ee OCRR eos ee tine oe ys per barrel..| 18 00 to
Liard—In barrels ..........--...--.per pound... 13 to
MPGMERULC 27) dis oes Boe ee Once se a 11 to
Per iabe.-.- 2 ee ee Gor asen3 40 to
ROTO eens 2 Nes TSS doses cess 15 to
OV OMIAMIG 2.3). 02 farcice a men eee dost oss-.= 25 to
DE aos 5 ote cin, = ain oe ene oe Gos seeee 2 12 to
BVOol——“Walive. -- ce eke doe ee Govseees. : | 13 to
Calitannianm over 2 tet Soe. (3 Vaca Oe 15 to
UO Gobo S/a. = win i cn tie OE homens | 24 to

January.

$0 131 to $0 14

ool eel ee or =?)
he DS LO Wo OT ON
naooococo

23
NEW YORK HAY MARKET.

The following is a comparison of the prices of hay and straw in the
New York market for the past three years

Sept. 30,1867. | Sept. 30,1868. | Sept. 30,1869. | Sept. 30, 1870.

Shipping hay-..-- $0 75 $0 70 $0 65 $1 00
Retail hay /-- 2.2. $1 30 to 1 45 | $1 25 to 1 40 t 15°)°°$1 20 to’ 1°35
Long straw -... -- 90 to 95 | 100 to 1 05 | $0 90 to 95 1 00 to 1 10
Short straw..---- 70 to 75 85 to 90 75 to 80 80 to 90

Oat straw--.---- 75 to 80 85 to 90 60 to 75 70 to 80

THE NORTH AMERICAN DESERT FLORA BETWEEN 32° AND
42°, NORTH LATITUDE.

The following paper was read at the meeting (1870) of the British
Association at Liverpool, England, by C. C. Parry, M. D., the botanist
of this Department:

The desert tracts of North America, as at present defined by our recent geographical
knowledge, comprise those interior basins of greater or less extent shut in by mountain
ranges from (the influence of the moist oceanic currents. These well-marked districts,
while presenting certain diversities of soil corresponding to particular geological con-
ditions, everywhere characterized by an arid climate, irregular and scanty rainy
seasons, and wide extremes of heat and coid, both diurnal and annual. The permanent
water-courses of this region, having their distant sources in snow-clad summits, traverse
a succession of basins, presenting occasional alluvial belts bounded by elevated and
abrupt table-land, which latter is mainly composed of beds of coarse gravel or drifting
sand. The intervening ridges forming the basin rims are cut through by those deep
chasms known as cations.

The local drainage, not connected with the main valleys, terminates rather in salt
lakes or saline flats, the intense evaporation being sufficient to carry off the superficial
supply of water, leaving their soluble mineral contents to be concentrated in the lower
depressions. The intervening rocky ridges and isolated mountain peaks, when not of
sufficient elevation to act as condensers of the upper currents of the atmosphere, exhibit
the same characters of arid vegetation, though comprising a larger proportion of
shrubbery and dwarf-tree growth.

In attempting an enumeration of North American desert plants, my aim has been not
so much completeness of detail as to exhibit the main features of desert vegetation, as
here brought to view, and to afford the means of comparison with corresponding dis-
tricts in other portions of the earth. One of the most striking features of the desert
flora may be noted in the very marked distinction between the annual and perennial
vegetation. Thus, the annual desert plants, whose period of growth is strictly confined
to a short and uncertain period of spring or fall rains, require for their continued preser-
vation a safe deposit for their usually minute seeds during the prolonged dry season.
This condition is, in great measure, supplied by the porous sandy and gravelly soil, or
rock crevices, into which they fall and are safely buried, not only out of the reach of
climatic influences, but also safe from destruction by animals. Their growth is neces-
sarily rapid and evanescent, and no sooner do warm rains moisten the ground than
they spring forth from their hiding places and clothe the barren soil with their scanty
verdure, rapidly flower and mature their seeds, which are again deposited in the earth,
while their slight evanescent forms dry up and are blown away, hardly leaving any
visible trace of their existence. These characteristics are plainly exhibited in ordinary
herbarium specimens, and are further exemplified in the specific name of “exile,” so
often very appropriately applied. On the other hand, the perennial desert plants either
store up a large amount of surplus nourishment in their thick, tuberous, or tap coots;
or, in the case of trees and shrubs, present exposed stems and foliage of the most scant
and starved character. Spine-clad branches and green-barked stems are, in many
instances, made to supply the office of leaves, or where these latter are present, they
are often thickly coated with resinous varnish, or clothed with tomentose hairs or
scales, serving, in either case, to check evaporation, and thus limit the usual processes
of growth. The preservation of species in perennial plants being less dependent than
in annuals on the production of seeds, these are generally scanty, often mature late, and

are frequently protected by hard or spiny envelopes.

24

In certain cases, especially among

cactuses, proliferous shoots, easily detached and quickly rooting, serve the purpose of
seeds in providing for the continuance and distribution of species ; and in such instances
the very remarkable and significant fact may be noted, that the fruits generally prove
abortive, or even revert to the condition of proliferous shoots.

In the accompanying list a great disproportion in the representation of different.
natural orders and of particular geuera is very plainly exhibited, and there is complete
absence of some orders aud genera usually represented in northern temperate climates.

The list contains 188 species.

Dicotyledons are represented by 169 species, included

in 48 natural orders and 144 genera; and monocotyledons include 19 species, comprised

in 4 natural orders and 10 genera.

The natural order Composite possesses the largest

number of species, viz: 44, or nearly one-fourth of the whole phaneroganic flora.
Leguminose (which includes most of the dwarf trees and larger shrubs) comes next in

point of number, with 25 species.

Other prevalent natural orders are variously repre-

sented, Of the lower orders (which are not included in the following list) lichens only

are fairly represented.

Myosurus minimus, D.
Berberis trifoliata, Moricand.
Argemone mexicana, LD.
Eschscholtzia Douglasii, Hook.
Corydalis aurea, Willd.
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt.
Vesicaria Fendleri, Gray.

V. argyrea, Gray.

Dithyrea californica, Har.
Lepidium flavum, Gray.

L. Wrightii, Gray.

L. alyssoides, Gray.
Cleomella augustifolia, Torr.
C. longipes, Yorr.

Cleome Sonor, Gray.
Polanisia wniglandulosa. DC.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L.
Lewisia rediviva, Purch.

L. Brachyearpa, Engel.
Fouquiera splendens, “ng.
Malvastrum exile, Gray.

M. coccineum, Gray.

M. Monroanum, Gray.
Hibiscus denudatus, Bth.
Larrea mexicana, Moric.

Kallstremia maxima, Torr.et Gray.

K. grandiflora, T. et G.
Cevallia sinnata, Lag.
Petalonyx Thurberi, G.
Mentzelia albicanlis, Dyl.

M. Multiflora, Nutt.

Eucnide lobata, Gray.
Cucurbita digitata, Gray.
Apodanthera undulata, Gray.
Mamillaria phellosperma, Lngel.
M. Grahami, Engel.
Echinocactus Wislizeni, Zngel.
E. horazonthalonius, Lngel.
Cereus dasyacanthus, Hig.

. Stramineus, Lngel.

C. Engelmanni. Parry.

C. Giganteus, Engel.

Opuntia basilaris, Lngel.

0. Emoryi, Engel.

O. Whipplei, “ngel.

. arborescens, Wngel.

. Parryi, Engel.

. tessellata, Lngel.

. Arbuscula, Lngel.

. Bigelovii, Engel.

Davisii, Engel.

Pectis filipes, Harv. et G.

P. longipes, Gray.

P. imberbis, Gray.

P. papposa, Harvey et G.
Carphephorus junceus 2th.
Nama Jamaicensis, L.
Phacelia micrantha, Sorr.
Gilia aurea, Nutt.

Navarretia Schottii, Vorv.
Ipomeea leptophylla, Torr.
Evolvulus argenteus, Psh.
Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh.
Physalis cardiophylla, 7. et G.
Lycium pallidum, Miers.
Amsonia tomentosa, 7.
Asclepias subulata, Dine.

Q

Thamnosma montanum, Torr.

Rhas microphylla, Engel.

Glossopetalon spinescens, Gray.

Rhamuus croceus, Nett.

Ceanothus Fendleri, Gr.

Zizyphus Parryi, Torr.

Condalia spathulata, G7.

Microthamnus ericoides, Gray.

Karwinskia Humboldtiana, Zuce.

Adolphia infesta, Meisn.

Janusia gracilis, Gray.

Holacantha Emoryi, Gr.

Canotia holacantha, Yorr. et Gray.

Polygala scoparia, H. B. K.

P. Lindheimeri, Gray.

P. Puberula, Gray.

P. Xantii, Gray.

Krameria parvifolia, Bth.

K. canescens, Gray.

Dalea spinosa, Gray.

D. Emoryi, Gray.

D. Fremontii, 7. et G.

D. Schottii, Gray.

D. divaricata, Benth.

Dalea scoparia, Gray.

D. ianata, Spreng.

Petalostemon exile, @.

Macheranthera tanacetifolia,
Nees.

Ereiniastrum belloides, Gray.

Aphanostephus ramosissimus,
DC.

Gymnosperma corymbosa, DC.

| Gutierrezia Euthami, 7. et G.

Linosyris graveolens, Torr. et G.
Aplopappus spinulosus, DC.
Perityle nuda, Torr.

P. Emoryi, Torr. et G.
Baccharis Emoryi, Yorr. et G.
b. sergiloides, 7. et G.
Melampodium cinereum, DC.
Dicoria ganescens, 7. et G.
ranseria dumosa, Gray.

| I. deltoidea, Vorr.

Flourensia cernua, DC.
Encelia conspersa, Bth.

E. nivea, Benth.

Simsia canescens, Gray.

S. frutescens, Gray.
Hymenatherum acerositn, Gray.
H. pentachetum, DC.
Nicolletia Edwardsii, G7.
Porophyllnum scoparium, Gray.
Palatoxia linearis, Lag.

Bahia rubella, Gray.

B. biternata, Gray.

E. cordatum, Torr.

E. Abertianum, Torr.
Chorizanthe brevicornu, Torr.
Acanthogonum rigidum, Torr.
Centrostegia Thurberi, G.
Achyronychia Cooperi, G.
Acanthochiton Wrightii, Torr.
Sarratia Berlandieri. Jog.
Guillemina densa, Jog.
Alternanthera lanuginosa, Torr.
Obione canescens, Moq.

A. Nuttallianus, Gray.

A. Fremontii, 7. et @.
Lupinus pusillus, Pursh.
Sophora sericea, Nutt.
Hotimanseggia microphylla, Torr.
H. drepanocarpa, Gray.
Cercidinm floridum, J3th.
Cassia bauhinioides, G.

C. Pumilio, Gray.

Parkinusonia microphylla, Torr.
Algarobia glandulosa, Torr. et G.
Mimosa Lindheimeri, @
Acacia Gregegil, Gray.

A. constricta, Benth.

A. Schottii, Torr.

Prunus minutiflora, Hing.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.
Cowania mexicana, Don.
Fallugia paradoxa, Torr.
Purshia tridentata, DC.
(@nothera albicaulis Nuit.

OE. chamenerioides, G.

GE. claveformis, Torr.

G. cardiophylla, Torr.

CS. brevipes, Vorr.

CH. dentata, Cav.

Burielia lanosa, Gray.
Trichoptilinm incisum, G.
Baileya pauciradiata, G,

B. pleniradiata, H. et G.
Ariemisia tridentata, Psh.

A. filifolia, Torr.

Psathyrotes annua, Gray.

P. scaposa, Gray.

Senecio longilobus, Bth.
Rafinesquia neo-mexicana, Gray.
Lygodesmia juncea, DC.
Stephanomeria minor, Nuét.
Nemacladus ramosissimus, Nutt.
Plantago patagonica, Jacg. var.
Chilopsis linearis, D @.
Martynia arenaria, Engel.
Maurandia Wislizeni, Lngel.
Pentstemon ambiguus, 7.

| P. puniceus, Torr.

Castilleja attinis, ook.

Mohavea viscida, T. et G.

Sericographis californica, Gray.

Hyptis Emoryi, 7. et G.

Salazaria mexicana, Torr.

Tetraclea Coulteri, Gray.

Tiquilia brevifolia, Nuit.

Eritrichium micravthum, VYorr.

Pectocarya linearis, DC.

Amsinchia spectabilis, Fisch. et
Mey.

Ephedra antisyphilitica, Berland.

Juniperus tetragona. Schl.

J. occidentatalis, Hook.

Agave americana, DL.

A. lecheguilla, Torr.

A. geminiflora, Gawl.

A. parviflora, Torr.

Dasylirion graminifolium, Zuee.

D. Bigelovii, Torr.

Hesperocallis undulata, @.

Yucca augustifolia, Psh.

25

Selinocarpus augustifolius, Torr. | O. Occidentalis, Mog. Y. stenophylla, Eng. ined.
et G. Corispermum hyssopifolium, Z. | Y. brevifolia, Lng. ined.
S. diffusus, Gray. Sarcobatis vermicularis, Nees. Y. baceata, Torr.

Phoradendron californicum, Nutt.; Aristida purpurascens, Poir.

Boerhaavia erecta, L. 1
Euphorbia albo-marginata, Yorr.| Pappophorum boreale, Led.

B. erioselina, Gray.

Abronia mellifera, Dougl. Croton procumbens, Esch. Bouteloua oligostachya, Nutt,
A. cyclopetra, Gray. Aphora serrata, Hingel. B. eriopoda, Tor7v. ~

A. fragrans, Nutt. Mozinna cardiophylla, Engel. B. polystachya, Benth.
Eriogonum fasciculatum, Benth. | Pilostyles Thurberi, G. Chloris alba, Presl.

E. gracile, Benth. Hosackia puberula, Bth. Tricuspis pulchella, Kth.

E. vimineum, Dougl. Astragalus Missouriensis, Vutt. | Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook.

O. hymenelytra, Torr.

CULTIVATION OF THE PLAINS.

Mr. R. 8S. Elliott, agent of the industrial department of the Kansas
Pacific Railway, has been making experiments in the cultivation of the
unirrigated plains at Wilson, 236 miles west of the State line of Mis-
souri, and 1,586 feet above the level of the sea; at Ellis, 502 miles west
of the State line, and 2,019 feet above the sea; at Pond Creek, 422 miles
west of State line, and 3,175 feet above the sea. These plantations are
west of the limits heretofore assumed by most meteorologists as the
limit of cultivation, except by the aid of irrigation. Only a few acres
of ground were broken at each place on account of the lateness of the
season when the work was begun. After one plowing and a slight har-
rowing the seeds were sown.

At Pond Creek, on the 26th of September, 1870, were sown 4 acres of
wheat, 3 acres rye, 2 acres barley, timothy sown on the wheat. On the
14th of November, lucerne was sown across the wheat, rye, and barley.
At Ellis were sown, on the 20th of October, wheat three acres, rye 5
acres, barley 1 acre. On the 22d of the same month 3 quarts of Tou-
zelle wheat and 3 quarts of Scotch rye, furnished by this Department,
were sown, and on the 24th, Italian rye grass, lucerne, northern lucerne,
province lucerne, Alsike clover, sainfoin, seradilla, vetches, vetchlings,
and perennial rye grass, also from this Department. | On the 12th of
November a few nuts and tree seeds were planted at Wilson, burr-oak,
pecan, chestnut, peach, and ailanthus. Myr. Elliott says:

The experiment, without irrigation, at Pond Creek, 120 miles beyond Ellis, and on
the extreme western border of the State of Kansas, in the very midst of the dry plains,
and in a soil to be classed with the least promising on the line of your road, is the most
interesting and important. The location is near the 102d degree of west longitude, four
degrees west of the limit of arable effort, depending on rain-fall alone, as heretofore
assigned by eminent meteorologists. Boldly, but not unwisely, you have invaded the
“desert,” not only with the iron rail, but the plow and harrow as well; and success,
under circumstances heretofore believed to forbid it, will prove the wisdon of your
order to make the trial; and it will also establish a new value for millions of acres of
lands heretofore regarded as worthless except for limited grazing resources in favored
portions. Even with the first trial I have no doubt of success. <A second trial, with
better culture and a decomposed sod, will yield larger results, but will not more clearly
illustrate the favorable climatic conditions and the strength of the soil.

Relative to tree growth on the plains, Mr. Elliott lays down these
propositions: 1. Forests can be established in all parts of the plains,
even without artificial irrigation. 2. Much deeper plowing will be re-
quired than for winter grains or forage plants. 3. The most rapid
growers are the beech trees for first planting. 4. Planting seed is better
than transplanting young trees.

The ailanthus seeds sent by this Department to Ellsworth County,
Kansas, last spring, have been tried by several farmers with very favor-
able results. The little trees now in Ellsworth County are “ the talk of
the county.” Mr. Elliott is satisfied that there is no tree seed so valu-
able as this for that part of the country.

26
SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA AS A MANURE.

The accumulation of sulphate of magnesia, or epsom salts, as a waste
product at a mineral-water establishment in K6onigsberg, where it is
oftered for sale at about 15 cents per hundred weight, has suggested its
use for agricultural purposes, as its constituents enter largely into the
composition of most vegetable substances. Magnesia, especially, is
found in considerable quantity in the seeds of various cultivated plants,
and especially in corn, &c. The experiment has already been tried of
applying the sulphate of magnesia to one part of the field, and the sul-
phate of lime, or gypsum, to the other; and, according to Professor
Goltz, it is stated that in the case of clover especially, the difference
was very markedly in favor of the magnesia, although the general nature
of its agency appears to be quite similar to that of the gypsum. Both
seem particularly valuable in this connection, on account of entering
directly into the composition of the plant instead of requiring a certain
transformation before being taken up. The sulphate of magnesia, as
stated by Professor Goltz, has a perhaps still more important applica-
tion in the stable, acting like gypsum in retarding the decomposition of
the manure, and fixing the ammonia developed from it. The sulphate
of magnesia, however, acts more quickly and energetically than gypsum,
in consequenee of being very soluble in water; quite the contrary being
the case with gypsum. From the preceding considerations, therefore,
it is inferred that sulphate of magnesia is quite equal to gypsum as a
fertilizer, and decidedly superior for use in stables. From one pound to
one and a half pounds per day, per head, will suffice for the latter object,
or from four to five hundred weight per annum. The cost in the vicinity
of Konigsberg being less than one-half that of gypsum, is an important
point in favor of the epsom salt.

CONSTITUENTS OF THE MILK OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS.

From a late examination of different kinds of milk, with reference
to their solid constituents, it has been ascertained that asses’ milk is
most diluted, containing scarcely 9 per cent. of solid matter. Next
comes human milk, with somewhat over 11 per cent., while mares’ milk
cortains 17 per cent. The average is seen in the milk of the goat and
ofthecow. Inreference to the percentage of casein and albumen, human
milk is poorest, containing only 4 per cent. of casein; cows’ milk nearly
) per cent., with more than one half per cent. of albumen. Again, goats’
milk, with nearly 6 per cent. of casein and albumen, as far as known,
has a larger amount of albumen than that of any other mammal. The
smallest quantity of butter is found in asses’ milk; that of the goat
containing the largest, or nearly 7 per cent. Sheeps’ milk is most nutri-
tious, as it contains 114 per cent. of protein matters and hydrocarbons ;
and while the milk of “the cow contains only about 4 per cent. of milk
sugar, that of the mare has 8 per cent., which renders it very prone to
alcoholic fermentation, and has given "rise to its employment by the
Tartars in the production of an intoxicating liquor, known as quass.

THEORY OF FATTENING ANIMALS.

An important suggestion has lately been made by Mr. Lawes, of Eng-
land, on the waste of food during respiration, and its relationship to the
fattening of animals. He remarks that in ‘the case of animals fed for

27

the butcher the economy of the feeding process will be the greater, the
less the amount of food expended by respiration, in the production of a
given amount of increase; and it is equally obvious that one ready and
efficient means of lessening the proportion of waste or expenditure to
the increase of the products, is to lessen, as far as possible, the time
taken to produce it. In other words, to fatten as quickly as possible.
Thus, from experiments made by him, he assures us that a pig weighing
100 pounds will, if supplied with as much barley meal as he can eat,
consume 500 pounds of it, and double his weight—that is, increase
from 100 pounds to 200 pounds—in seventeen weeks. He then points out
that if instead of allowing the pig to have as much barley meal as he
will eat, the 500 pounds of meal had been made to last many more
weeks, the result would have been that the animal would have appro-
priated a correspondingly larger proportion of the food for the purposes
of respiration and perspiration, and a correspondingly less proportion
in the production of increase. In other words, if the 500 pounds of bar-
ley meal were distributed over a longer period of time, it would give
less increase in live weight, and a larger proportion of it would be em-
ployed in the mere maintenance of the life of the animal. Indeed, if
the period of consumption of the 500 pounds of meal be sufficiently
exteuded, the result will be that no increase whatever will be produced,
and that the whole of the food, excepting the portion obtained as
manure, will be expended in sustaining the animal’s existence.

REARING GRAPE VINES IN POTS.

A horticulturist in Stuttgardt has devised an ingenious method of
rearing grape vines in pots so as to obtain grapes with very little trouble
in a room or other sheltered place. For this purpose a vigorous healthy
cutting of the late growth of the wood is taken, from three to five feet
in length, having at the upper end two fruit buds. The cutting is to
be entirely enveloped with moss, and bound with bast, but so as to
leave the extremity bearing the fruit buds uncovered. The cutting thus
prepared is to be inserted spirally into a sufficiently large flower-pot,
leaving the fruit buds projecting above the edge of the pot, which is
then to be filled with rich hot-bed earth well moistened, and placed in
the sun behind a window and kept uniformly moist. The water applied
should never be cold, but rather lukewarm, so as to stimulate to the
utmost the development of the young roots. When the weather is such
that there is no danger from night frosts, the pot may be placed outside.
the window or agaiust a sunny wall, or even inserted in the ground in
order to secure a more uniform moisture and temperature. When the
two fruit buds have produced branches, having bunches of grapes
upon them, these shoots are to be trimmed so that two sound leaves re-
main over each grape shoot, in order to keep up the circulation of the
Sap, Since without this the grapes would pot develop. A single leaf
would be sufficient, but two are better, for greater security. An occa-
sional watering with a liquid manure is advisable in order to stimulate
the growth of the plant, although this must be applied with care, since
an excess will do more harm than good. In one instance a grape shoot
treated in this way produced nine large bunches of fine grapes, although
such a number would be rather more than could conveniently be sup-
ported by the plant.. .

\ DESTROYING ANTS.

A French agriculturist reports that after trying every method known
to him for the destruction of ants infesting some of his fruit trees, he

28

succeeded in effecting his purpose in the most complete manner by plac-
ing a mixture of arsenic and sweetened water in a saucer at the foot of
the trees. For the larger species he made use of honey instead of sugar,
and he found that in a few days time he could exterminate them com-
pletely.

UTILIZATION OF COTTON FIBER.

A communication was presented to the British association at its late
meeting in regard to the utilization of the fibers of the cotton seed. The
author expressed his astonishment that a vegetable production which
was capable of so many important applications, and could be supplied
by millions of pounds, was now entirely wasted, the amount thus thrown
away in America alone being a million and a half tons.* According to
Mr. Rose’s estimate, as the seed is composed of 50 per cent. of kernel,
yielding about one-third of oil, and 50 per cent. of husk, one-third of which
is fiber, the wasted seed should produce 250,000 tons of pure cotton,
250,000 tons of oil, and 5,000 tons of cattle cake, representing the
value of $1,000,000. The husks could then be taken to a paper mill and
the cotton abstracted in such a state as to form most valuable material
for paper. By a process devised by the speaker, the cotton fiber could
be completely separated from the shell. He stated that a very slight
alteration in the ordinary machinery for manufacturing paper will enable
this material to be utilized.

NEW OIL-SEED.

A new form of oil-seed has lately been exciting the attention of ex-
perts. These are supposed to have come from Mozambique, although
shipped from Lisbon, aud are said to be seeds derived from the Telfairia
pedata, a tall, climbing, cucurbitaceous plant, a native of the coast op-
posite Zanzibar. These seeds look somewhat like almonds, and are flat,
nearly circular, and about one and a half inches across. The kernel is
about the color and hardness of the Brazil-nut, and contains a large
quantity of oil, said to be equal in many respects to olive oil in excel- -
lence. The fruit is very large, and is stated to contain as many as 250
seeds. '

CULTURE OF IPECACUANHA.

The government authorities in India, stimulated by their success in
introducing and naturalizing the cinchona tree in various parts of the
country, are endeavoring to do the same in regard to the 1picacuanha
plant, and with every prospect of success. The plants in the gardens
at Nelamboor are said to be doing well, some of the fleshy leaves being
already four inches in length.

IMPROVEMENT IN REFINING SUGAR.

A much-needed improvement has lately been made by Dr. Seyforth,
of the Brunswick sugar refinery, in regard to the purification of sirups
and molasses in the manufacture of sugar, especially that from the beet.
As is well known the juices and liquors employ ed in the first extraction
of beet sugar from the raw material, as well as the sirups resulting from
the sugar refining process, generally contain a certain quantity of alka-
line substances. By treating the saccharine juices with milk of lime,
several of the bases of the alkaline salts present in the juices are sepa-
rated from the acids they were at first combined with, and by thus being
set free, and remaining mixed with the sugar, impede crystallization.

* The crop of 1870 would yield at least two millions of tons.

29

One part of alkaline matter can absorb as much as four parts of sugar,
and some kinds of molasses contain as much as eight per cent. of alkali.

Various means have been used to remedy this defect; among them,
more particularly sulphuric and phosphoric acids, the use of which,
however, is, in most instances, unadvisable for various reasons. Sul-
phurous acid has also been recommended, and used with excellent ad-
vantage.

The method of Dr. Seyforth consists in introducing the sulphurous
acid either in the form of gas, or as a weak active solution, into the
vacuum pans. In this way it becomes possible to bring all particles of
the sugar solution (or sirup) into contact with the sulphurous acid, and
to eliminate, by the joint action of heat and vacuum, any excess of that
acid which, however, not only saturates free alkalies and carbonate of
lime, but also sets the organic acids which may be present, as alkaline
salts, free from those combinations. The sulphurous acid thus takes
hold of the bases they were combined with, while the greater part of
the organic acids are volatilized along with the steam. Thus the sul-
phurous acid promotes the good and ready crystallization of the sugar,
while its action as a decolorizer comes also into play. The details of the
new process embrace the two operations of the manufacture of the acid
in a simple form, and its introduction into the vacuum pans. The quan-
tity to be applied in any solution varies from four to eight, or from ten
to fifteen per cent. of the bulk of liquid sirup to be evaporated. The
process is said to involve very little cost, to require no inconveniently
large space, to be applicable to any existing manufactory, and to be
very easily understood by manufacturers.

COMPARATIVE FECUNDITY OF picks AND HENS.

Some interesting experiments have recently been made upon the com-
parative fecundity of ducks and hens so as to determine from which of
the two the larger number of eggs can be obtained in the same time.
For this purpose three hens and three ducks were selected, all hatched
in February, and nourished with suitable food. In the following autumn
the ducks laid 225 eggs, while the hens laid none. In the next Febru-
ary the laying season began again with the ducks and continued unin-
terruptedly fill August. They showed no inclination to set, but became
very thin, although they afterward fattened up somewhat. The total
number of eggs laid by the hens amounted to 257, or 86 eggs each ; and
392, or 131 each for the ducks. Although the eggs of the ducks were
rather smaller than those of the hens, yet they proved to be decidedly
superior in nutritive material, so that the superiority in productiveness
appears to be decidedly with the ducks.

PREHISTORIC HORSE.

According to Professor Owen, who has lately been examining animal
remains from the cavern of Bruniquel, the haman bones show most af-
finity with the Celtic types, the cranium being oval and rather dolico-
cephalous than brachy-cephalous in general proportion. The cranial ca-
pacity corresponds to that of uneducated Europeans of Celtic origin,
and exceeds that of the average of Australian aborigines.

Professor Owen, referring to certain carvings on the animal bones
accompanying the remains, says that some of them are pictures of the
heads of horses, and show much artistic skill. They represent an ani-
mal with short pointed ears, the stallions having beard-like hairs. The
tails of the horses also appear to have been short, and furnished with
long hairs to their base instead of having these hairs form a kind of

30

tuft nearer the end of the tail. Professor Owen finds no evidence any-
where of an aboriginal wild horse resembling that of the present day,
no remains of the kind existing in any museum; and it is probable that
the delineations of the cave horse of Bruniquel represent all that we
are likely to know of the form of the primitive stock from which the
present horse is descended.

TIN FOIL FOR PRESERVING LEMONS.

Tin foil has long been used, with excellent effect, as a preservative
from the air, of various substances that require such exclusion, especially
such as chocolate, tobacco, cocoa-butter, efflorescent and deliquescent
salts, &e. Quite recently a new application has been made of it in the
preservation of lemons, which, as is well known, soon become dry and
hard when exposed to the air, and ultimately parchment-like and covered
with mold. The foil, however, has the effect of preventing such drying up,
and of keeping the lemons fresh for an indefinite period of time. In one
experiment, after an interval of two months, the lemons had only lost
14 per cent. of their weight, and in three months little over 3 per cent.,
and in some cases even less than this. Oranges, similarly treated, lost
only about 5 per cent. in two months, and on the removal of the metal
covering, both kinds of fruit were found to be as fresh and fragrant as
when the experiment commenced.

PRESERVING MEAT IN CANS.

A new method of preserving meat in tin cans, which is favorably com-
mented upon, is that of Mr. R. Jones, of London. In this process the
meat is first packed in its raav state into tins of any desired size. The
lids are then soldered down, the top of each lid having a small tin tube
in it, which communicates with the interior of the tin. These tubes are
next inserted into the exhauster, which is a receptacle connected with a
machine designated a “Torricellian vacuum,” an apparatus in which the
air is exhausted by the action of water. The tins are then placed in the
cooking-bath, and at the proper juncture the vacuum is created and the .
meat thoroughly cooked, at a temperature varying from 180 to 228
degrees. At this stage another feature of the invention comes into play.
The vacuum having been created, a supply of gravy is turn@l on from a
receptacle, and the tins filled with nutritious fluid. The feed-pipes of the
tins are then nipped and the cases hermetically sealed. By thus filling
the tins with the gravy the difficulty of collapse, which has always pre-
vented large tins being hitherto used, is obviated, while the whole space
of the package is utilized. Testimonials from captains of ships and
others who have used it are furnished by the inventor, certifying to the
excellent quality of the meat. By this improved process the great objec-
tion of over-cooking the meat has been obviated, and as now prepared
it would seem to merit general approval.

IMITATION OF HUMAN HATR.

In a recent article upon the trade in human hair it is stated that a
patent has recently been taken out for converting goat’s hair into hair
for ladies’ use; and that the experiment is so successful as to render it
almost impossible to distinguish the real article from the imitation.
This will be good news not only to the dealers in hair, who might appre-
hend the exhaustion of their source of supply, but also to the ladies
who depend upon art to compensate tie deficiencies of nature. The
same article states that in 1868 over 22,000 pounds of hair were im-

ol

ported into Great Britain, representing the clip of about 45,000 women.
Much of this is obtained from the large communities of sisterhoods
scattered throughout France and Belgium.

PRESERVING EGGS.

The French Journal de Pharmacie contains an account of various
experiments made in France on the best method of preserving eggs—a .
subject of much importance there. Among the different processes, the
best, and at the same time one of the simplest, was found to consist in
rubbing some vegetable oil (linseed especially) on the egg, this pre-
venting any alteration for a sufficient time, and proving to be much
more satisfactory than any other plan hitherto recommended.

CARBOLIC ACID AND RINDERPEST.

Dr. Hope, in a communication to the British Association, stated the
result of certain experiments upon cattle with carbolic acid, during the
rinderpest pestilence in 1867. Of about 270 cows under his charge the
majority were attacked by the disease; but by injecting a solution
of carbolic acid, either through the mouth or rectum, he was enabled
to recover 111 of them. The remainder, not so dealt with, died, or had
to be slaughtered. For this reason, he argued tnat the chemical treat-
ment of contagion is much better than the medicinal, both in respect
to man and adult animals.

CARBOLIC ACID IN TANNING.

A patent was not long since taken out in Paris for the application
of carbolic acid as a preventive of putrefaction in the different branches
of leather manufacture, a few thousandth parts of carbolie acid added
to the liquids used in tanning preventing the rotting of the skin, it is
said, during the process of preparation.

CHINESE METHOD OF PRESERVING GRAPES.

Travelers inform us that the Chinese have a method of preserving
grapes, so as to have them at their command during the entire year;
and a recent author gives us the following account of the method
adopted. It consists in cutting a circular piece out of a ripe pumpkin
or gourd, making an aperture large enough to admit the hand. The
interior is then completely cleaned out, the ripe grapes are placed in-
side, and the cover replaced and pressed in firmly. The pumpkins are
then kept in a cool place, and the grapes will be found to retain their
freshness for a very long time. We are told that avery careful selection
must be made of the pumpkin, the common field pumpkin, however,
being well adapted for the purpose in question.

TREATMENT OF SCARLET FEVER.

Mr. Lennox, in a late communication upon the very prevalent epi-
demic of scarlet fever through England and Wales, calls attention to
certain Common sense views in regard to its treatment, which commend
themselves to all thoughtful persons. He remarks that although we
mnay not always be able to control the appearance of the disease, yet
when it has been developed, its further progress is or should be entirely
under our control, since it is a contagious disease, and, as such, capable
of being antagonized. In this case, as in many other diseases, the
poison is evidently propagated in the form of germs, whatever be their

32

character, which, thrown into the air and falling upon or entering the
body, give rise to renewed cases. In scarlet fever these germs appear
to retain their vitality for an unusual length of time, one case being
mentioned where a piece of flannel, worn around the neck of a scarlet
fever patient, was picked up and used two years after, and developed a
fresh case of the disease. In a certain instance of an outbreak of sear-
let fever over a wide neighborhood it was ascertained that in every in-
stance this took place in families that had been supplied with milk by
the same milkman. On inquiry it was found that persons connected
with the farm from which milk was supplied had been infected with
searlet fever. The precautions to be taken, according to Mr. Lennox,
after the disease has made its appearance, are, in the first place, to
isolate the patient at whatever trouble or expense, preventing the ap-
proach of any one excepting the nurse and physician. With this, dis-
infectants must be used with the utmost freedom, whether they be car-
bolic acid, permanganates of soda and potash, chloride of zine, chloride
of aluminum, chlorinated lime or soda, sulphate of iron, &c. These
should be employed in and around the patient. All his discharges and
excretions should be immediately disinfected, and all bed clothing and
linen worn by the patient treated with the same care. Nurses in at-
tendance, and physicians touching the patient in any way, should also
wash their hands in a disinfecting solution before leaving the room.
Woolen clothing that cannot be washed should be exposed to a heat
of at least 212 degrees, this temperature having the property of destroy-
ing the poisonous germs. Even after the patient has apparently re-
covered, the precautions should be maintained until the peeling off of
the cuticle, or the scales, has been entirely accomplished, as in many
cases the disease has been traced to the particles of this character.

ITEMS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

AN IMMIGRATION SCHEME.—A society in England proposes to or-
ganize a colony of agricultural laborers, in number about 60 or 70, to
settle in California, supplying them with agricultural implements, and
supporting them until such time as they can support themselves. It is
proposed that each settler receive 40 acres, ranged in alternate plats
around a central section of 640 acres. The condition of carrying out
this plan is that the owners of real estate on which the colony is located
shall contract to give the society, free of charge, the fee-simple of 640
acres, central block, and the alternate quarter quarter-sections (40 acres)
occupied by the immigrants; the owners of the estate to recompense
themselves by sale at advanced prices of the alternate quarter quarter-
sections. The estimated cost of each immigrant to the society is £100
to £150, or a total investment of £6,000 to £9,000. In the event of the
first colony proving a success, it is proposed to organize others. It is
supposed that by confining the free grant to 40 acres, each man would
soon require the contiguous 40 acres, and would pay a high price for it.
The movement originates among wealthy, charitable English persons.

CoLony IN FLormA.—A colony has recently been planted on the
Halifax River, in East Florida, where it is proposed to raise sugar-cane
and semi-tropical productions. It is thought that the climate and soil
for such purposes are as congenial as those of Cuba. The location is
within a mile of the ocean, where a forty-mile drive on the hard sand
beach may be had. The Halifax, a beautiful streain, abounds in fish

33

and oysters, and the woods in deer, turkeys, and wild cattle. The win-
ters are mild and pleasant.

CALIFORNIA FRUIT.—The aggregate value of fruit raised in California
during the year 1870, as reported by the San Francisco Bulletin, was
$2,371,612. The varieties included are apples, apricots, blackberries,
cherries, currants, figs, grapes, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, prunes,
raspberries, strawberries, quinces, oranges, lemons, limes, watermelons,
cantaloupes, and citron. Total number of pounds, exclusive of oranges,
63,574,150. Number of oranges, 2,466,000.

It is estimated that five hundred tons of California fruits have been
received in New York since the Ist of July last, all of which found
ready sale at remunerative prices. The principal fruit shipped is the
pear. A considerable quantity of grapes have been received, and a
notable instance of the effect of receiving fruit of this kind from Cali-.
fornia is the low price at which imported Malaga grapes are offered in
the market compared with last season.

FRvIT IN ALAMEDA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.—The following is reported
as the fruit crop of this county for 1870: Apples, 2,400 boxes, 50 pounds.
each; apricots, 1,950 boxes, 35 pounds each; blackberries, 1,050 chests,
100 pounds each; cherries, 9,500 boxes, 35 pounds each; currants, 2,250:
chests, 100 pounds each; figs, 6 tons; grapes, 55 tons; peaches, 5,650:
boxes, 40 pounds each; pears, 12,300 boxes, 60 pounds each; plums,
5,150 boxes, 385 pounds each; prunes, 1,100 boxes, 35 pounds each
raspberries, 300 chests, 100 pounds each ; strawberries, 100 chests, 100)
pounds each; quinces, 50 boxes, 50 pounds each.

In this county, also, the ramie plant has done extremely well, throw-.
ing out an abundance of stalks. The roots planted were brought from
New Orleans.

PALM LEAVES.—The steamship Crescent City lately took out 50 bales.
of palmetto leaves from New Orleans to Liverpool, where, at the
present gold premium, they bring about 103 cents per pound. These:
leaves, which can be had for the mere gathering in the Florida and
Louisiana forests, thus command almost the price of low ordinary cotton..
If there is any permanent demand for them in Europe it will be the basis
of a very profitable new industry. This first consignment is worth about
$1,200, of which at least $1,000 is clear profit. The labor of gathering
these leaves could not have occupied a man more than 30 or 40 days.

EXTENT OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.—The area of this valley is stated
by the Stockton (California) Independent at 32,000 square miles, in
round numbers, divided about equally between the level valley, 12,000
Square miles, and the low foot-hills, 4,000 square miles, on the one hand,
and the mountain slopes, 16,000 square miles, on the other hand. This
is equivalent to the combined areas of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The population of the valley
is 65,476, while that of the States just named is 2,854,593.

GRAPE SUGAR IN GERMANY.—The journal of Applied Chemistry is.
authority for the statement that there were in 1868 sixty establishments:
for the manufacture of grape sugar in Germany. The product for that
year was 22,000,000 pounds of sirup, and 8,000,000 pounds of sugar.
Since that time, other and more extensive factories have been estab-
lished, and the cultivation of potatoes for the purpose covers a large
extent of territory. The process of manufacture does not essentially
differ from that pursued in the United States. The great increase in the
wine growing districts of this country has occasioned an enlarged de-.
mand for glucose, and the manufacture of this article appears destined

3

As

34

to assume large proportions in the United States, where corn can be
obtained in unlimited quantity.

CHINESE SUGAR CANE.—A farmer of Stark County, Ohio, states that
from a package of Chinése sugar cane, received from this Department,
and planted on 28 rods of well- prepared ground, he derived 45 gallons
of sirup, equalin flavor to the best New Orleans molasses. With a
better mill, he thinks he night have expressed 50 gallons. The pro-
duct was at the rate of 257 gallons of sirup per acre, worth one dollar,
local price, per gallon.

ADULTERATED StRUP.—It has been stated that “sugar drips,” pro-
duced by the destructive action of strong sulphuri ic acid upon starch, is
exten sively sold and used as “ golden sirup.” A druggist in New Orleans
proposes as a test a few grains of tannic acid dissolved in a wine-glass
of rain water in which has been dissolved a teaspoonful of this sirup,
or a cup of tea, containing tannic, in which aspoonful of sirup has been
dissolved. In either case the liquid will become black and ink-like.
The American Chemist answers that the test with tannic acid in tea is
totally fallacious, as it is simply a test for iron, which would do no harm,
but in many cases, as a tonic, might be absolutely beneficial. With
this test the pure golden sirup might be rejected and the starch adulter-
ation selected instead.

LIVE STOCK IN SWITZERLAND.—The number of live stock in Switz-
erland in 1866 was as follows: Horned cattle, 992,895; sheep, 445,000 ;
swine, 304,191; goats, 374,481. Among the best horned cattle are those
of Hasli and Uri. These animals are small, but exceedingly robust.
The cows of Schwytz and Appenzell are celebrated for the quantity and
quality of their milk. Berne and Fribourg possess animals of colossal
proportions, but they do not yield much milk. The cows of Sechwytz
are perhaps the largest milk-producers in Europe, and they are bought,
with the bulls of Summenthal, by the rich farmers of the Grand Duchy
of Hesse and Rhenish Hesse. Of the 992,895 head of horned cattle,
627,116 head were mileh cows, the product of which is largely used in
the manufacture of cheese.

IMPROVED STOCK FOR UTAH.—A Meh has been organized in Salt
Lake City to promote the general introduction and improvement of
horses, horned stock, sheep, bees, fish, fowls, &c. Agents have already
been sent to the States and to Canada, to make purchases of choice
stock. Auxiliary societies are to be formed in different sections of the
Territory.

RAMIE PRODUCTION.—Mr. William Hall, President of the *‘ Ramie
Plantation Company of Louisiana,” statesthat great improvements have
very recently been made in the machinery for preparing the ramie, The
plant may now be cleaned on the field, the refuse being left for manure.
The fiber is then dried, becoming comparatively pure, white, and silky,
divested entirely of gum, and prepared for baling and for spinning.
The improved machinery was, unfortunately, not perfected till late in
the season, when the ramie had become harsh from a growth of eight
months, the tops having been partly killed by frost. It was therefore
found impossible to produce the fiber in bulk this season. With these
improvements, and one laborer to clean the product of ten acres, Mr.
Hall thinks one acre will yield at least two tons, making a product of
twenty tons to the hand, estimated to be worth $200 per ton.

Two joint stock companies for the planting and manufacture of ramie

have been organized in Louisiana, one with a working capital of $45,000,
the other with a capital of $165,000.

35

WILD FOWL.—In Princess Anne County, Virginia, during the gun-
ning season, from November 1 to March 1, 104 days, the average num-
ber of geese shot daily was 25; of ducks, 100; in all, 2,600 geese and
10,400 ducks. Average price of geese, 70 cents; of ducks, 40 cents;
making in all for the season, $5,980.

THE SHARE SYSTEM.—Mr. Louis Grevemberg, of St. Mary’s Parish,
Louisiana, has been quite successful in cultivating about three hundred
and ten acres of land in corn and cane on the share system. He em-
ployed six creole families, allowing about twenty-five acres to the hand,
or fifty to the family. Each family found their own teams, plows, feed,
and food. His share of the crop was 624 hogsheads of sugar, 100 barrels
of molasses, and 800 bushels of corn.

OSAGE ORANGE TIMBER.—It is said that Bois d’Arc timber (Osage
orange) will resist rot and decay indefinitely. It makes excellent wagon
timber. There is a forest of it on the Upper Trinity River two miles
wide and fifty miles in length.

COST OF LIVING IN CALIFORNIA.—The difference between the cost of
livin g in San Francisco and the Atlantic cities is stated by the Commercial
Herald of the former city, based on a comparison of bills of fare of well-
known restaurants in Boston, New York, and San Francisco. The fol-
lowing table is given:

|

| Boston. San Francisco.
Lennyenop, Wilh Peas. F00 ooo se Si eee panic doce == $1 00 $0 25
Perle nam amd ened). oe Celt ee es IU | 65° 4 20
MOA este bie nets Se Soe a SS Benes 60 15
(REMCerlLomebeails {2 fie wkes. Vike a ee. wee ae 1 00 20
Large porterhouse stealc..-. 2.6 d0-1)..- esis. bs-- bo 5-4. 1 50 25
RANGnof beet with: tue CSisoc cose onc. Bo aes eee se ecco: | 1 40 5
Paltet ot beet, with Ol ves. ..5 ot. anaes cue onde oan. | 1 15 374
TE DUI Rife] Za, RN A MC SE Calo 5 dA ek hy Le Oe 60 15
2 AE TCG Oc Ee Fe gee ae Oi Sd amet 9 AEE Ai a gee Ae a 1 50 50
ALE LSC, CUS ha RARE gah eaten BE i aso Soo nl 75 25
RecN R et eet io. te ASA ae. eee Ter ees teh hd 50 15
Prmedstamrmmes v7: . Ses. te se heaseeeijuctic Hauetee - ace 50 15
DUP UISOUL Re ee enn Oa ee Se en eee Wn | 40 15
SRRCG FEUER TSU el Ean SRR Nn a aU LA Tas cea | 75 25
RR PREE CVO Es Sone Sa aes el Sete ee see Se eed 40 15

In San Francisco restaurants an admirably cooked and well served
meal, consisting of tenderloin or porterhouse steak, with two kinds of
potatoes, pickles, green tomatoes, green corn, string beans or peas, and
all the bread and butter one requires, can be had for the moderate charge
of from 25 to 374 cents.

FISH CULTURE.—A practical movement is going forward in Virginia to
urge the legislature to encourage by proper enactments the propagation
of fish in the waters of that State. At the last session of the Maryland
legislature $2,000 was appropriated for the purpose of defraying the ex-
penses of a commission appointed by the governor to stock the rivers of
the State. The Alexandria Gazette says:

It is now proposed that Virginia take similar action; that a similar commission and
appropriation be made by our legislature ; that the two commissions may act jointly,
together with the aid of the proper department in Washington; that a practical exper-
iment in pisiculture be made during the spring of 1871, in this neighborhood, on shad
and herring roe taken from those fish and brought to this market.

At a late meeting of the Maryland Academy of Science it was sug-

36

gested that all persons who have ponds, streams, or fountains of water
should procure at least a few black bass, which is a hardy breeder, rank-
ing second to the brook trout, and by some considered superior. This
fish is well adapted to the waters of the State, requires but little care
besides feeding, and protects its young, which the trout does not.

BExAR Country, TExAs.—The vice-president of the Agricultural,
Stock-raising and Industrial Association of Western Texas, W. G. Kings-
bury, furnishes the Department with some interesting particulars in
regard to Bexar County, of which San Antonio is the principal town.

Prior to 185960 it was generally believed that peaches were the only
kind of fruit that would do well and pay as a marketable product.
During the war very little was done in the direction of planting
orchards. The few that were planted are now coming to maturity, and
exceed the most sanguine hopes of all parties. The peaches are of a
superior flavor, and the crop almost a certain one, there having been
but two failures in the last twenty years, in both cases caused by late
frosts. Last year peaches sold in the San Antonio market at 25 cents
& bushel. Apples, pears, apricots, nectarines, and plums, as far as tried,
are succeeding well. Peaches, plums, cherries and grapes grow wild
throughout Western Texas.

Bexar County is about equally divided into prairie and timber lands,
and is well watered by numerous springs, creeks, and one beautiful river
flowing from large springs, four miles above the city of San Antonio,
down through the center of the county. The surface is undulating, and
the soil from two feet in depth on the hills to twelve feet in the valleys.
The forest growth consists chiefly of post oak, live oak, hackberry, elm,
cotton-wood, pecan, cedar, juniper, and cypress. The air is so pure that
fresh meat will not spoil if exposed to a free circulation. The lands are
rich and productive, averaging, this season, one bale, of 500 pounds, of
cotton to the acre. With the present market facilities, stock-raising
is considered the most remunerative employment. Stock cattle (an ay-
erage of all ages) are worth from $2 50 to $3 50 per head. Lands are
worth from 50 cents to $2 00 per acre, unimproved, although they are
rapidly advancing in price.

METEOROLOGY.

NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER, 1870.

{COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY OBSERVERS OF THE SMITH-
SONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature and amount of rain-fall and melted snow, (in inches and tenths,) for November
and December, 1870, at the stations named. Daily observations at 7 a. m. and 2 and 9 p. m.

NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
: : i ‘ : Pa l=
4 gy = oa i= I = oS
Stations in States EI E 8 8 8 = | 48
and Territories. $5 ot ae tease = res Saale re
Date. | 43 | Date. | .8 | & | S83 | Date. | 23 | Date. as] 8 |e
me ate iS g@ Br sé 2 & &
z 2 ie” El ae
S| a 2 r:| | | 3 | 4
cS of o RB GI “3 o =
a a A | a A A |
MAINE.
Deg DBeg.| Deg.| In Deg Deg. | Deg.| In.
Houlton s2 222 22.2 3 58 30 15 | 33.5 | 6.0L 11 24 | —10 | 23.9) 5.10
Orono: 9.2.35. 3 57 30 21 | 36.6 | 5. 61 2 43 | 24,30} —5 | 24.4] 3.01
Shrmypseeee gs =: 3 89 | 17,30 PU ic a al ee 2,13 46 25.) — 3.2607 |aseaee
Williamsburg. --. 3 47 22 16 | 31.2} 5.75 2 40 25 | —10 | 18.2) 2.10
West Waterville. 3 61 22 24 | 37.6 | 4.34 2 46 | 25, 30 0 | 26.8} 2.60
Gardiner.......-. 3 56 17 27 | 39.5 | 4.19 2 46 24 | — 2] 27.0] 2.82
DOS] (a aes ee 3, 27 58 17 18 | 38.7 | 3.40 2 50 24|—9/ 25.8) 2.25
Norway. -ocs a <5 3 59 17 19 | 35.9 | 3.40 2 46 24 | — 4} 23.7} 1.85
Goraishh355). 426% 3 60 22 24 | 36.5 | 3.89 1 47 | 25,30} — 1] 25.8] 2.20
Cornishville ..... 3 61 22 24 | 37.9 | 4.60 2 47 25 @ | 26.3 | 3.00
Averagasees.|5 seo. cach S221 Pees e8 362,60 4008) he fam <n nfs ae ea sotalol =| een ae 2} A rig
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Stratford.......-- 2 58 16 12 | 34.6 | 5.42 2 44 30 | —12 | 20.9 1. 76
Whitefield -...... 2 59 22 13 | 33.5 | 4.58 1 45 30 | —19 | 31.9] 1.13
Mt. Washington. 25 27 30) |e 2228 BT 58 a sor [2ictS Ss alle ee rates os | 9 |
Tamworth ....... 5 56 17 15 | 35.7 | 4.05 1 49 | 24,30 | —13 | 25.3) 2.25
Contoocookville - . 2 63 17 IOP WAP Sh Ye oe 2: 1,2| 50 25) i= 2 anaes
Goffstown Centre. 3 63 |16,17,18 26 | 38.9 | 2.34 2,5 48 25 |— 2 | 24.6 | 1.69
Aver ames ee cs|c cae ecelestess tactecsnaecseas 38.4) | 4,10) eee ee ie oe anil ies aren eae 26.4] 1.69
VERMONT.
Lunenburg ...-.- 9 56 22 18 | 33.7 | 6.15 40 25 | —18 | 21.8 80
North Craftsbury 2 62 | 22,30 13 | 31.7 | 3.29 1 41 30 | —18/} 18.8] 2.28
Newport.-...---.- 9 55 30 aS ae a ea a: Ag | ee ee eee tenes nee Bele st es
Randolph .-..-.... 9 63 16 17 | 35.6 | 2.40 1,2 45 25 | —13 | 24.4] 2.02
Woodstock ...... 2,5 51 16 15 | 34.2 | 1.87 1 44 30 | —12 | 22.6 | 2.56
Near St. Albans. - 3 62 30 19 | 34.8 | 2.30 4,2 42 29 | —11 } 22.5] 2.70
West Charlotte -. 2,9 60 16, 20 20 | 38.4) 2.38) * 2 49 30 | — 4 | 27.7 1.44
Pantone, see's. 9 59 20 19. | 35.5 | 2.38 2 46 30 | —12 | 24.9] 2.12
Castleton ...--... 9 62 16 22 | 37.3 | 1.64 2 47 30 | — 3 | 26.7) 0.47
PASGT EO OSG ay 2)c\(: tater ae ae eo le ae BS ore jo) 2A | ae ee ee ered ge a) | 23.7 | 1.80
MASSACHUSETTS.
Kingston ........ 9] 66] 17,30] 28] 43.4 | 2.65 2{ 531] 25,30 0 | 33.0] 3.15
TipiVT AG ECS ae eaey mmo Pi ier tl eM Mar O'S Mead eee a Ra 1,2| 48 30 | — 2 | 28.9] 3.39
Lawrence ........ 3 65 17 25 | 44,1 | 3.62 2 50 30 0 | 30.6 | 3.03
DRE LEPC e [ee Seamed [eneee| | SHO AST | ep Aen, U aadin beans 2 50 30 ISO. yeas
Georgetown a ae 2 65 17 23 | 41.0 | 4.53 2 50 25 4/29.8| 4.45
Milton Siaeertatetete) ar 3 68 17 25 | 43.4 | 3.08 2 65 30 3} 34.1) 2.38
Cambridge....... 3 68 17 aN ae: A Ue a 2 53 25 4) SSvON|eeeees

38

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

Mass.—Contin’d.

North Billerica. . -
West Newton....
New Bedford .---
Worcester
Mendon... ------+
Lunenburg
‘Ambersts.-.-- 24
Richmond
Williams’ College
Hinsdale .......-

Averages. .-..

RHODE ISLAND.

CONNECTICUT.

Columbia
Middletown.-.-.-.-
Southington
Colebrook. ..-..--
Brooktield
Round Hill

Averages. .-.
NEW YORK.
Moriches ..-. ----
South Hartford --
North Argyle...
Luzerne
Garrison’s: —......
Throg’s Neck..-.
White Plains ....
Cooper Union. ...
Brooks. = 2 Sc
Flatbush......-..
Glssco Mae ehss
Newburg
Minayille
Cooperstown. ---.
Gouverneur...---.

North Hammond.

Utica
South Trenton. ..
Cazenovia ......-
(nt a

North Volney. -..
1CbT1) 14] a
Newark Valley. .-
Himrod’s
Little Geneseo. -

Suspens’n Bridge.
Lockport
BOs Se oso e

Averages. ...

NEW JERSEY.

Date.

aximum tempera-
ture

Fp

66

w

D9 WWW

el

NOVEMBER.
&
=
=|

pate. | ~ 8
ate. 5
BE
5
#
a
a
Deg.
17 | 16
RNG i9 | 29°
19 27
17 23
19] 26
17] tel
11,17| 26
16| 18
16,19 | 18
17 28
20 24
20} 19
19} 2
19°] 1420
173
17| 16
16 22
ae 16} 14
16,19 | 25
19,20} 26
16} 29
20} °30
19} 32
19} 29
10 22
19 | 29
15 | 20
16| 19
22] 14
22 24
16} 20
22 | 16
22 15
ig a2 | 20
22} 2
16,22 | 19
22 21
16| 17
16| 14
19} 20
Ade
19] 23
22)|' 22
22 22
16,20} 27

S | Mean temperature.

rs
S
ur

Co Ce iS ES ie

RESSSs
He OO OO

oo co
ities
ar

ee >
ro) S
wo rs

Rain and melted
snow.

re)
ae

ge | coro gogo 9 Go be
COD HD Oe & be
aunoanoocn

~
f—]

Date.

a

>
OUR OUR OT OT OT OT OTR 0 0 OD OT et 8 IT OD

ee

eS,
lott
me bet C129 1 COR DO OTD

pera-

Maximum tem
ture.

DECEMBER,
; ro
ee
5, 5 |"
| aia
2g| 3 ¢
Date. | 28 | & |S
= EM = ia BI
5 g Sw
E e
E 2 \4
Sins. (eka
Deg. | Deg.| In.
25 g Oe (Lone s
25 | — 6 | 33.1 4,35
30 4 | 32.1 3.33
25 5 | 29.1 4,10
30 | — 2 | 28.2] 1.20
30 0 | 28.4] 5.02
30 1 | 28.0] 1.84
25, 29 2 | SG eS
30 | — 3 | 26.6] 0.76
25 | — 4 | 25.6] 0.95
29.9 | 2.84
25, 30 10 | 35.6 | 3.06
30 0 | 30.6 | 3.47
30 | — 2} 31.2] 2.30
30 | —1| 30.5] 1,92
30 10.) 34.82 fees,
30 0} 29.5) 1.68
31.3'| 2.34
30 | — 4 | 29.5) 3.32
30 | — 9 | 28.4) 1.73
1 ges |
30 | —20 | 24.1 | 2.82
30 7) 33.0) 2.06
30 es -oae ) |an pae
30 12.1 Ba. Oo maies
30 10 | 35.8] 1.85
29 9 | 344} 3.19
30 | —3 | 30.2] 2.10
30 9 /:33,.0) |) 2.33
29 Op 25224" 1.30
23,29 | — 2 | 25.0] 1.96
29 | —17 | 21.3) 3.34
29 | — 8 | 25.0} 2.50
29 | — 4] 27.4} 3.31
29 | — 6 | 24.6) 2.45
29 | <= 5 Rasy diene.
29 | — 4 | 27.8} 3.56
29 | — 9 | 24.2 | 3.57
29 2 | 29.0] 3.33
29) —9 | 24.9) 1.55
29) — 41) 270).2....
22 2), BEaape see;
30 | — 8} 27.5 | 2,20
29 0} 26.7) 1.44
29 | —3 | 25.8] 3.03
29 7 | 28:3) 3.95
29 4 | 28.1} 3.26
29 2 | 29.3 3. 44
28.2 | 2,62
30 5. b BQ. as aG
30 6 | 33. 2.19

39

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §:c.—Continued.

NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
Stations in States | | ae | 2 Bing I S| s | &
and Territories. $3 #3 | 2 Ps td $5 | 2 =
Date. | 38 | Date. qe Se | wo | Date. | 34 | Date. | 4 & | so
= ~ 5 ag oS eS 5 aa
= = 2 qa = = s qa
2 & =| | A> aI 8 -
A A S — 4 qa Ss a
os = o = oS “A oO =
a a Aa |S a a A |e
N. JERsEy—Con.
Deg Deg. | Deg.| In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
South Orange ---. 9 69 19 25 | 43.1 | 3.18 4 56 30 2) 31.8); 258
Prenton 2-::.42.:- 9 74 20 29 | 47.9 | 1.67 5 58 30 8 | 37.0 0. 23
Rio Grande .-...- 2 69 20 25 | 46.7 | 4.75 4 57 24 10 | 34.5 | 4.30
Moorestown -.--. 9 | 72 16, 20 "26 | 43.4 | 1.95 4,5 57 30 5 | 33.6 1. 59
New Germantown 29 65 19 20 | 42.1 | 1.68 2 54 30 2) 31.3] 1.86
Haddonfield .._.. 9 70 20 26 | 43.3 | 1.88 4,12 55 30 5 | 33.4 1.59
Greenwich. ...-.- 9 71 25 30 | 46.3 | 1.65 5 58 | 24, 25 Ti | 35.5 1. 60
Vineland ........ 9 71 20 25 | 44.2 | 2.80 | 4,5,12 57 25 7 | 3421 | 2532
Wal Gr e's Se rei Re hee os See ete 44,4 Ae hl Ai = Se) Me seed eee [here 33.7 | 2.03
PENNSYLVANIA.
4
NinGesi eens. . 52% 2 64 16 LD |) SH) 2.22 1,4 50 30 | — 5 | 25.8 1.04
Hamilton -.:.--.. 2 70 |16,17,19 25 | 40.0 | 1.50 4 52 30 0 | 32.0 Lis
Fallsington ...--. 9 68 19 27 | 44.5 | 1.50 4,5 56 30 6 | 33.0 1. 80
Philadalphia ..... 9| 70 Pra ae coe is Sy (a a A NA
Germantown, (M) 29 67 19 QBN BET ie ee a2 1 60 30 DQ) Saree
Worse... (T) 2 66 20 Qe Sah OOS Ne Nee So aie SEE Lo a 8 ee eh ee eee
forshanie:. . 2 ...'. 2 67 20 Piel Me oes SO ae Sel eee DS eel ee ee 2
Plym’th Meeting. 2 68 17, 20 26 | 43.4 | 2.27 4 58 30 1 |*33.1 1. 49
lary Sten eo 28,29 60 19°) Peet 4LG | 2. 4| 55 30 4) Sibi. e
Factoryville ..-.-. 2 64 17 17 | 37.4 | 1.83 5 53 30 | — 2 | 27.7 1.65
Reading." =. 2... 2 67 16 29 | 46.1 | 2.09 4 59 24 12 | 36.1 2.39
West Chester. -.. 9 67 22 23 | 42.2 | 1.99 + 57 30 5 | 31.9} 2.19
Parkerville ..---- 2, 29 64 17,19 24 | 42.7 | 1.42 2,5 56 30 1 | 32.8) 2.00
Tamaqua... :-.- --- 6 63 18 1 Ta ets te | ta 5 48 26 | —10 | 25.6 |..-.--
Catawissa -.....-. 1 70 16 Aan we < l e 4 60 23 9) ioe eee
Wphrata .....:-. 29 64 16, 19 25 | 43.4 | 1.59 4 58 30 4 | 31.9 2. 00
Mount Joy..-.--- 2,17 67 16 ya Si el Pe ee! Seer Pei eel Messe mes) Pasa |b 8 3 eee ae
Warlista we. s8.. 29 66 20 24 | 42.7 | 1.75 4 61 24 8. | aa Sale
Fountain Dale - . .|2, 28, 29 62 20 29 | 43.6 | 1.28 4 61 24, 30 . | 33.0] 2.10
vA Ra A ee Ie De 2 64 16 16 | 37.3 | 0.75 3 54 30 0} 2758 1.10
Lewisburg. ...-.. 2 61 16 20 | 39.6 | 1.60 4 57 24, 30 4} 30.2 1.53
Grampian Hills. . 2 64 11 18 | 34.6 | 1.55 4 51 24 | — 6 | 23.2 3. 30
Johnstown. ..---- 2 67 11 24 | 40.1 | 1.32 5 60 24 Os WOR Sal ees
Hrankilin: .- 5-2... 2 67 11 24 | 38.0 | 2.35 4 55 |23,24,29 2 | 28.0 4. 66
Pittsburg -....... 2 67 19 29 | 43.0 | 1.30 5 57 24 2) 31.71 2.00
Connellsville. .... 2 71 19 PTE ae a es ee 5 62 i a OL Mth 2 Se os
Brownsville. ....- 2,8 70 19 DGe | AARON: es 2° 5 62 24 0: (P32). 0h /e- 2a
New Castle .....- 2,8 60 11 23 | 40.6 | 2.20 4 55 25 1 | 27.9 1.50
BBA Verne tsi. =: 2,8 65 11 27 cul (he eto (oa 5) 56 24 4 | 31.0 0. 70
Canonsburg....-- 2 78 11 22 | 41.7 | 1.06 4 62 24 | —1 | 30.1 1.78
JAS ea ee Bee Eee eal area eee 7d iS QU Be Scope teeesd a -ceoced Mace 30.7 | 1.93
DELAWARE.
eifond: 6 ke: 5 3 20 24 | 44.3 | 2.20 5 58 27 6 | 33.5] 1.06
Dover 5-22 24... $ 9 73 20 28 | 46.7 | 1.10 2 58 |24,25,30 10 | 35.8 | 0.97
MARYLAND.
Woodlawn .....-. 9 67 20 24 | 44.5 | 2.24 2 60 24 6 | 33.1 1, 84
Hallstonien cet 0255 29 42) 1% #20 Q7 | 47.0 | 1. 66 4 65 24 7 | 34.2 | 2.10
Annapolis ....... 9 74 20 25 | 49.1 | 1.82 4 60 30 6 | 37.7 aoe
BOO dsToeles Calis eter eure Sales eel Neale Lea ok 4 59 30 4| 32.41 1.22
Mt. St. Mary’s -.- 29 64 20 25 | 43.4 | 1.83 5 59 24 5 | 32581). 2.05
PASTRIES *: 2/c\| eee 2c pees Oh oie [ SE UVa) par Tse ee, apres ||Y A | 34.0)| 1274
DIST. OF COLUMBIA.
Washington ...-. 9,29 65 19 31 | 46.5 | 1.37 5 58 24 8 | 36.0{ 0.95
VIRGINIA.
Johnsontown .... 9 76 20 28 | 50.0 | 2.00 5 66 30 9| 38.7) 2.15
Hampton: -:...... 2,5 72 20 25 | 49.9 | 1.55 4,5 65 25 6138.7} 2.50

AQ

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
. : SA i=: ‘ : a i=
2 A = & =
Stations in States ey ey 8 5 g a ¢ 5
and Territories. Bs Scinh ee Ss ies $ o Z
Date. | 35 | Date. | 28 I S| Date. | 45 | Date.| . z 5 wo
ae ia g & GE =e Pia ® aa
£ A = 5 a |e
x 2 e | 8 4 2 @ | 8
| 12 4 a os
co | o 3 3 = o =
a a A | x A A a |e
Virernta—Cont’d.
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
Ssmory Co . 2... 9 738 20 20 | 49.4 | 2.54 5 val 25 | —4]| 38.27) 3.80
Womorms.. 255... 9 $1.1) 6, 19 31 | 48.2 | 0.94 5 61 25 6 | 35.9.) 0:99
WASNNA tS 3225. 29 69 20 32 | 46.8 | 1.30 5 59 25 8 | 34.8] 3.40
Fairfax C.H ..--. 1 70 16 23 | 39.2 | 0.50 4,5 GO | 24,25 10 | 32.1} 0.60
wmcecotink ~. 22... 9, 29 68 | 19, 20 24 | 44.8 | 1.75 4,5 60 30 4| 33.0} 1.45
Piedmont ........ 13, 29 67 20 22 | 44.3 | 1.80 4 63 30 3 | 36.6 | 2.30
Piedmont Station.| 27, 29 69 20 20 | 41.8 | 2.00 5 64 30 2 | 32.3) }.,.2..30
Staunton ..:..... 13, 14 66 | 16,19 29 | 44.9 | 1.56 4,5 60 24 5 | 32.3 | 2.05
Lexington .....-- 13 66 | 16,20 nH ec: 9 i rea eee ihe |e ee
Lynchburg ....--. 2,13 68 20 31 | 49.2 | 1.63 4 62 24 9 | 38.4 1.13
Near Wytheville. 2 66 20 20 | 41.9 | 1.55 4 60 24) —4/ 31.4] 1.40
PASVOEAG ESS 2 oe lac eienie nic) tele ie aif se = aie.= 1| attain 4500 | AGL || 22 ec] aie a teres aah eee 35.2] 2.01
NORTH CAROLINA.
Goldsboro.......- 3, 5,9 80 17 28 | 53.4 | 2.00 5 72 25 8 | 42.5] 3.40
Warrenton..-....- 9, 30 69 21 33°) 49. Sac O0 oes hos eee silos Se haethoeas | eee eee a
Oxford .o.sers a+ 9,13 70 20 26 | 47.2 | 2.40 5 63 25 5 | 36.2] 2.60
Albemarle ......- 13 76 20 15] 46.3 | 1.97] 2.45 70 20 0 | 36.2} 2.94
Statesville +....-- 9 66 19 18 | 46.0 | 0.75 2 56 | 24,25 0| 323] 4.06
As! eville ...(A.). 2 69 20 19 | 44.7 | 1.80 5) 64 | 24,25) —1] 34.2) 2.70
Don =: (H.). 1,2 66 20 $8.) 44D saree 5 62 | 24,25 0 | 33.0 }-----.
Jalon tS See Pee eigen aes foe eed fis oe) AG. Bol) 1.80) |. scien aol poletegene | ieee yteien ere 35.7] 3.13
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Bo TD: 2) 0 ee ee 3 78 19 29 | 52.7 | 2.41 5 75 24 10 | 43.7] 1.53
Gowdeysville . -.. 9 70 20 27 | 52.1 | 2.50 4,5 69 25 7 | 41.6} 5.10
Bluffton ......... 3,8| 86 |{ 19 dp 39 | 60.9 | 4.20 5] 68 24| 18] 48.4] 5.20
ie
PALSY OV OS 2) = || are taterc tere | =i tele lhe fate ote to ot ate ODE. SOM ||P Bisiseciciel| alee etnies eee 3. 94
GEORGIA. i oh
IBOTEO eA ts esas « 1,9 76 | 20,27 34 | 55.7 | 0.75 19 72 25 16 2.10
St. Mary7sit-°-<'-.. 9 80 26 34 | 58.9 | 2.65 19 75 25 18 3. 07
Pentieldyss. s-c~- - 3 78 |17,19,20 30 | 52.0 | 2.95 5 69 25 7 3. 40
Atlanta: -\-c,-\:-2". = 16 76 |17,19,20 82 | (5400 | 4,62 | se. 6| seen n!| Joos oe oll ae ee al
ASVOYARESs. «| 5-0 «= 2] 25 EAS? Sse aeeS Tost DO i:| Qe CA | Auk om 0)| Sete =| Sener fae ae 2. 86
ALABAMA.
Rockville ..-..... 2,5 17 19 19 | 50.6 | 3.25 5 70 24 3 . 00
Carlowville ..-..-. 2 84 23 32 | 54.9 | 8. 66 cf 72 24 12 . 70
Rebinste me es Loa. 2 2,3 85 | 17,19 31 | 57.0 | 5.15 5 74 24 14 . 20
Greene Springs .. 4 80 17 25 | 52.3 | 7.35 7 72 24 9 -13
Coatopa.......--- 4 83 17 26 | 53.4 | 5.30 5 73 | 24,25 11 80
Wish River.---'..- 5 76 20 8 || ae l= 1.40} 1,6,7 64 24 22 5. 25
PAVE TIO G2 (22° m(cvare =| Seaeaelall laters Simin hele OBs6:)| O22 || \s aise sais) Woe oni eee eae 5. OL
FLORIDA.
Port Orange ..-.. 24,14] 78 24| 35] 63.2} 2.02] 17,19] %6 24} 25 3. 30
Jacksonville ..-... 2 85 23 40 | 62.7 | 4.29 | 6, 8,19 73 25 19 1.95
Palatka. si... -' 9 90 | 17,24 38 | 64.6 | 3.60 3L 80 25 22 3.11
Newport..--...... 3 81 20 29 i073 | 2.60 pases. . ese = | casi cient een nS
(OLE Hie iG ofc) ce eee (eee eyes fe hee gee ee aa 14 87 25 15 9. 50
PARVOTEP ER <0 | "lars i= =| smeoau| Seen seat aebeios 62405.) BATS een... 4] Ssiatg:2'| See eee 5. 47
TEXAS. %,
Clarksville....... 8 7 22, 25 3B) POO Nal gene. 4 68 24 15 | 45,.4,|-s0205
Gilmer sa 5.6'5 i -'< 2 90 | 22,25 29) | 08.1 4,90 |v cen cs leeate='lienle xia sc ollelot>tm aie! teeta .

41

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §:c.—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

Texas—Cont’d.

Palestine ......--
Oakland 222-2. ---
Blue Branch...-.-

Averages. - --
LOUISIANA.

New Orleans.....
Shreveport -..-..-
Ponchatoula ..--.

MISSISSIPPI.

Columbus......-..
Philadelphia. . --.!
Grenada tec Fis: ...
Near Brookhaven
Clinton College -.
Holly Springs. --.

Averages. -..
ARKANSAS.
Helena 2322-5.
Mineral Spring - -
Fayetteville ..-...

Averages ...-
TENNESSEE.
Elizabethton. --...
Tusculum College
Knoxville - 2...
Lookout Mount’n
Clearmount...---
Clarksville.......
La Grange ...-..--

Averages. ...

KENTUCKY.

PanVWIe Me S25.
Shelby City...-.-.
Louisville........

Averages. -..

OHIO.

Dalen: so oak

Date.

aximum tempera-
ture.

| M

Wem bisponss<<...|2-55><122|Stkoes

Steubenville .---.
Painesville ......
Milmersville .....
Cleveland......-.

NAVIES GSES are (le a

Adams’ Mills ....

NOVEMBER.

Date.

PBR RVG et oe 243s aedleeae eos eteeinoe seal e gearea eae eiae

Gallipolis ........

DECEMBER.
2 oe pe = = 3S les
3 2/5 PB 3 a 14
al ae |B Ey Eh vocab se soi
>) 8 = 3 Oo. B “
“8 a ig z Date. | == | Date. i zB a is Zz
a=) a as as ge A Aad
se o aa ge =~7 o an
> = = 5 =
E FI 4 a FI
2 3 | & 4 A So iets
A oO a & = [-3) =
= ee | £4 a = a |
Deg.| Deg.| In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
ees | ee 31 78 24 10 | 47.4 | 6.30
34 | 63.9 | 2.10 4) os 23| 15 | 49.8} 1.00
Peel GQuh:| ONGDY jose sane. | wR See ete cee. eee eee
saul Gaye. | Qu6e |laes..5-|ecties. |hes.2ssalessca ieee eee
31 | 62.1 | 5.50 4 | ay 231 17/50.7| 1.10
30 | 60.1 | 3.49 4| %5 23] 11] 45.9] 1.30
Be tl ee ee a 4.6| 80 23° | AG ele yale
!
als. | G2 | 3454 |-e.<--)-29e-=|ag-2--s]2-20 ==) Aye
34 | 59.1 | 6.55 7| 6 24} 19) 49.2] 8.45
Te ar ee (area gers RR (iene Tl fo Meret. tl
29 | 60.5 | 4.22 5| 80 24| 16) 50.3| 9.01
D5 a| 52s Ml SHBG |ah a= 2 shes cles ee ee ee
PNeee| Seep eae. 57H aes 24 8 | 42.7] 4.50
nl SRI ABAD | Gee wa ISS. - | se0d-c toe oes ee eee
26 | 54.4 | 4.80 7 | arbi 2! 9| 43.9] 7.80
I ED eres rae vane ue O4' |” “it (Pash Sule ses oe
YMA AC RRO ADE AN RR EN le feeee see eae
Aan ' | BeWTe | 550 lows aersec| ca sec lee ere ce eee eee on ee Gets
= ee
Sal 546Gh| eae 7 | 893 24 FWA: con (meme
24 | 52.2 | 2.75 4,5| 66 24 8 | 40.3} 4.50
20 | 52.7 | 2.05 2,3| 72 24 | —12 | 33.0| 2.74
Te BO) DAG) |. accel eet | adh saan le ae
22 | 44.9 | 0.95 4] 60 | 95 | — 2|-33.2| 0.65
qe ial a aa) (rg 5| 64 25 On lage tk jee ee
CoM els NI Ri stig Lees egal (eat al PR Vee A ee atin
30s jerk Ol aes 5| 67 94 orl Sarat Pema
22 | 47.5 | 2.01 5| 68 24 0 | 36.9} 3.20
24 | 47.9 | 0.95 45 | 65 24 Opleaa sel Se Ow
29 | 51.3 | 1.90 4| 66 24 4| 37.3] 4.70
1ees,) - Vee #46... els ale
20 | 43.9 | 2.46 5| 64 24|—6| 311] 2.36
26 | 47.7 | 1.26 5| 70 24} —41|34.9| 2.64
24 | 46.6 | 1.91 5| 65 24) = 4| 341] 2.48
20 | 46.6 | 2.40 45] 58 24 | —2| 33.4] 2.20
Suess ABE PO Gio | 2 2. 3. sete see | eae cee pean eee
22 | 39.5 | 1.84 5| 59 25 | — 6 | 27.2| 2.79
SE: a ee 24,95 | —3|-..-.-|, 2.43
98 | 43.0 | 1.25 4| 54] 2495 2/310] 173
28 | 40.9 | 3.88 5| 54 25 | —1]| 26.0] 6.10
20 | 35.8] 1.40] 1,2,3] 50 oan Pee de | ys 0.58
22 | 40.2 | 3.07 5] 58] 24,25 1/|28.9] 2.82
RR CS an | RR 5 | 65 Oe = 4 | 300 Sul eee
21 | 42.2 | 1.56 | 5] 61 | —4| 31.0] 210
5| 54 24|—6| 28.9] 3.00
9g | 45.2 | 1.35 5| 63 24|—1| 31.3] 2.28

42

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §:c.—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

Outo—Cont’d.

Oberlin
Kelley’s Island ..
Sandusky....-.-.

Gambier
Westerville
North Bass Isl’d .
Marion
Hillsboro

Kenton
Bellefontaine ..-.
Urbana Univ .-...
Bethel
Carthagena......
Jacksonburg..--.
Mt. Auburn
Cincinnati ..(H.).

es

Detroit

Monroe City..--.|.------. peee ees faces fe a Speed ee ee |

Ann Arbor
Alpena
Macon

pe) SERN ord OF) Ae In a en Dea a a Se A ae MS

Litchfield
Cold Water. .-..-
Gr’d Rapids. (H.)-

Do (S.)-

Northport
Benzonia

Oliveé College ....-|... ==. < «|... 222. eee 2's |. o slaaell cites eva

Copper Falls.....
Ontonagon....---

A-verages:...|..------

INDIANA.

Aurora
Vevay

Mt. Carmel
Spiceland
Laconia

Columbia City . -.
Knightstown ....

Bort Wayne ..-4-|- 0...

Indianapolis - -. -.
Near La Porte...
Annapolis
Merom
Kentland
New Harmony...

Averages..--|-------- | de cia

NOVEMBER.

Date.

De WH IDI WD

WN MNO DADNW DNDN NHN Dow oawDowDnm

ture,

Maximum tempera-

66 |

for]
lr)

19, 25

24 |
2 |19,23,24

Minimum tempera-

ture.

19

| =
ae
t=)
| & A
| es s
| & |36 | Date.
| 2 a
|
| 2 |g
i Oo i
| a | es
| Deg.| In.
| 33.9 2.60 5
43.2 | 1.64 5
41.8 | 2.95 5
42.6 | 1.95 1
42.7 | 2.16 4
39.0 | 1.48 5
| 40.9 | 1.63 5
| 42.9 | 3.01 5
389/242] 1,3,4
42.3 | 1.59 5
42,5 | 1.65 4,5
42.3 | 1.75 5
40.3 | 2.25 5
40.4 | 1.90 4
42.1 | 1.50 5
43.5 | 2.75 5 |
44.2 | 1.50 4
45.5 | 2.21 4
| 45.0 | 1.50 4
44.2 | 1.40 5
(43.8) 200) 34,5
ALD Di Iuleseeread
39.0 | 2.00 4
bid oe 4
| 38.8 | 2.10 4
| 38.5 0596") -=22226.<
ba a 4 |
37.1 | 1.98 4
38.2 | 1.44 4
| 39.4 | 1.37 4
30/61) 0588, |aetese a
39.0 | 1.58 4 |
39.4 | 1.30 4
ee ee 4
32.0 | 1.85 3
390" (OF): | secre
| 382"! 1/49 |..03...-
|
43.4 | 1.16 15
| 44.9 | 1.50 5
ATS) ho 48 1,4
41.1 | 1.75 4
45.7 | 2.26 4
44,4) Jt |. ag
42.6 | 1.62 4
Ee me 4
ALE | 2.33 4
42,7 | 1.27 4
53.7 | 0.70 3
39.1 | 1.10 1,4
46.5 | 1.50 :
46.8 | 1.27 1
44.3 | 1.53

aximum tempera-
ture.

y |M
z |

we
ca)

a
o

DECEMBER.

Date.

assy

Fy s |3
Bee
A s | F
£3] 8 :
c =| =e To
a&| 3 /|@a
£ a |g
S| S i
a A |
Deg.| Deg.| In.
— 9d | 27.2) 2.35
0 | 29.9 | 223
—1/| 29.7] 2.48
0 | 29.8] 1.60
—8| 28.5] 1.81
— 7 | 29.2 | 2.43
— 2] 29.5) 2.68
— 9 | 26.5 | 2.63
— 6} 29.1] 2.41
—10 | 29.3 |] 3.75
—12 | 31.5] 5.08
—14 | 26.7 | 2.72
—12 | 26.9; 3.13
— 8 | 29.2] 2.10
—15 | 28.7 | 3.81
—12 | 29.7 | 3.10
—10 | 30.9 | 2.09
— 8} 30.4] 2.17
— 7] 31.8] 2.30
—10 | 29.4} 2.25
28.9 | 2.65
—11 | 27.2] 2.90
— 5 | 29.2] 1.40
— 4 27.9) 4.99
— 5 | 24.0 ]-....-.
—ll1 | 24.8) 2.
—12 | 24.3] 2.
—- 8/247) 3.
— 2) 27.5) 47
10 | 27.6 | 3.08
10 | 28.3 | 4.01
— 4/247) 3.97
— 3/193) 3.73
25.8} 3.39
—8/ 30.7 | 2.37
— 4} 32.1) 2.13
—10 | 26.5 | 2.07
—l1 | 284! 1.70
—4)33.8) 2.74
—15 | 27.6} 2.15
—16 | 27.4] 6.71
—14 | 27.8} 1,04
—15 | 281] 1.93
—12 | 27.4| 1.82
—26 | 25.3 | 1.60
— 8] 31.6) 1.45
—21 | 26.3 | 5.28
— 2) 32.4] 2.03
30.0] 2.50

438

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-e—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

ILLINOIS.

Marengo
Charleston

Gitwa.../.....

Galesburg --...-.
Manchester ..._..
Mt. Sterling
Andalusia

Averages. -.-

WISCONSIN,

Sturgeon Bay....
Manitowoc

“Waupacea
Embarrass.....-.
Rocky Run
Madison ....... = ..
Edgerton
Mosinee
Baraboo ........-
Tunnel City
Bayfield

Averages

MINNESOTA.

Beaver Bay
StoPanle
Minneapolis
Sibley
Koniska

Averages. -.
IOWA.
Waukon......

Dubuque ......--
Monticello

NOVEMBER.

S a

3 3

a =

Hl |
2S Bs
Date. a8 Date. ais
sf 5S

is =

a a

a Aa
Deg. Deg.
8 69 19 27
28 74 19 22
2 66 19 22
8 68 | 19,22 17
2 73 19 17
1;2 68 22 21
8 67 | 19,22 19

2 79 19 20 |
8,12 | 64 92 | 11 |

8 69 |21,22,30 26
2 69 | 19,22 20
2 R 22 22
12 62 | 21,22 ANY
2 63 | 19,22 20
12 Te 22 19
8 70 22 17
1, 2, 28 66 22 18
2, 28 68 22 20
28 70 22 15
2,4 72 22 20
2 75 23 22
12 66 22) 22
27 78 22 20
28 69 22 22
3 64 22 18
12 80 22 20
12,27,28 69 22 17
1| 71 116,18,22| 925
2, 26 58 21 18
2 60 19 20
8 65 21 20
8 69 22 20
2 62 21 14
1,27| 60 21| 18
27 62 21 16
8 7 21 16
8 64 22 19
27 66 |19,21,22 20
13, 27 55 21 10
5 60 21 0
27 60 21 12
26 60 21 8
26 62 21 20
1 64 18 19
1 63 21 6
3 60 21 10
1 60 21 4
1 64 21 16
1 68 Q1 14
25 74 21 10
1 62 18 18
6 60 22 22
2, 12, 26 60 21 17
12 62 | 21,22 21

s Ss

Oe | ss

—E us)

@ a
(3) S
f | Se
2 ae

cj

a |e
Deg.| In.
43.8 | 1.16
AS De) = 2. -
| 40.2} 1.58
37.8 | 0.69
41.9 | 2.01
| 43.7 | 3.00
| 382 | 1.51
46.4 | 1.80
| 36.6 | 2.33
| 42.9 | 1.58
| 43.4 | 1.68
|} 42.9 | 1.25
| 37.5 | 0.60
Were ean | Se
44.1 | 1.84
AOR Ste 2
| 41.9 | 2.10
| 43.3 | 1.21
| 41.6 | 2.50
ie ea a tee
| 46.2 | 2.20
| 43.1 | 0.60
| 44.0 | 1.65
| 45.8 | 1.55
ie Ee
| 44.2 | 1.67
42.9 1.40
43.9 | 1.53
42.0 1. 63
38.8 | 1.15
40.0 | 0.68
ets db lis eter
| 30.0 | 0.94
| 38.3 | 1.20
S10 | eS
36.5 | 2.15
38. 4 | 0.68
38.7 | 0.33
40.6 | 0.90
32.5 | 2.82
| 29.7% | 1.13
37.6 | 0.70
3G) Di ene =
36.9 | 1.15
36.3 | 1.04
38.4 | 1.38
36.8 | 1.76
36.4 | 1.50
35.4 | 0. 60
38.5 | 0.90
39.4 | 1.10
38.6 | 1.54
37.5 | 1.23
tii eee
39.7 | 0.96
38.0 | 0.61
39.7 | 0.82

DECEMBER.
Bs é ie
5 s | & |
= = = oS)
= = s | A
Ss 2s] & :
Date. | 3% | Date. | .& = | 36
ar se | 3 |aa
# 20h
3 A 5 |
= Aa a |e
Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In.
1} 53| 23,24|—9|283| 2.46
1| 56 a3 | =e ga
2,5 | 481] 23,24 |—10| 26.3] 215
4} 50 23 | ie)! 5 | 150
4) 359) > 23 | —saog Soi. Se
4) 54 24/—8/28.4| 2.38
4} 52] | 24) —93) 234) 147
1,4 | ~ 60 | 24 | 14 | 30.4] 2.60
1 |) iss 23 | —15 | 28 | ons
4| 60| 24) —14] an1 [9 95
1,4.) BB | S24) ad oat aes
5.1) ear 93") 15) Sta fon
4} 53 93 | 1s hee Ma,
2] cao | 1 23 | Tse sie oe ees
1|) ool | 26 |e ee
1,4| 56 23) |'—11") 96 211 dD
4| 56 | 23,24 | —13 | 27.7] 1.07
1,2,4| 56 23 | —19 | 26.4] 1.71
yd ke 23 | —'6 | 29.0 | 1.07
fo Ses 24 | —16 | 30.6] 2.15
30} 69 23 | —10 | 27.3] 1.08
9| 68 24 | —13 | 27.7] 2.30
4| 59 24) — 7 | 29.7] 299
30| 54 23.'|/-— By Blain 2
1} (59 | 23,24 |) — 5.) 28.5 | orep
4| 62 24 | —12 | 27.0| 1.41
3,4] 57 24 | —10 | 27.1 | 1.29
$8232) 5 elke Pete oe 26.7 | 1.70
1,4| 46 24|— 3] 249] 2.39
2| 48 23 | —10 | 25.6 | 2.13
2| 48] 93/94] to | oes.
2} 50| 23,24] —10 | 25.2] 1.79
2| 49 | pen ae are
2| 49 |23,24,29| —10 | 24.2] 1.20
O° aed | 8 OS ee ee aos
2| 44 29 | —14 | 23.2] 1.40
2| 4g| 24] —13] 92.21] 0.67
3| 55] 23,24 | —12| 249] 0.90
4| 48 23 | —24/17.3| 1.66
3| 50 23 | —16 | 22.3] 4.00
3 |) 48 4 | isl eee a ee
1} 50 23 | —12)| SicGr loo. =.
PERE AM | POEs Se | 23.0] 1.74
3| 52| 23] —15|19.7] 0.90
L |, Sa 23 | 21 | 17.3] 0.60
3| °53 23 | —21 | 18.8] 0.10
2} ) Bee 23 | —20 | 19.2] 0.45
1} (54 26 | —14| 18.5] 0.30
3 |) 955 23 | —20 | 20.7} 0.35
33 ea 23 | —22 | 28.8] 1.00
20.4] 0.53
12). 23 | —12 | 24.0] 0.68
pe ee 23 | —12 | 22.7] 0.54

14

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §¢.—Continued.

NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
a as Sle ‘ : Sey) es)
- F = = 2 e =) ay B (3)
pees in States 5 FI = | 5 I = |
and Territories. a) >i L £ ~ © =
Date. | ¢ = Date. | _ & Ey rg 3 Date. | ¢ E Date. 5 rd 3
ss ES 3 a 8 a+ E ae oO a 2]
= f | g E fla
z a | 8 la zs Cae ye
4 — (3) a c = Oo i
a a =a a =| =a
Iowa—Cont’d.
Deg. Deg.| Deg. | In Deg. Deg. | Deq.| In.
Bowen’s Prairie. - 1 70 |16,18,21 20 | 39.4 | 0.50 3 52 23 | —18 | 23.7 | 0.'80
Fort Madison. .-. 28 65 22 19 | 42.8 | 1.00 4 56 | 23,24)—8| 28.4] 0.72
Guttenberg ...--. 1 64] 18,21 AG BGs talc See - 3 5Q) | (2a Oe Ne Sar ee
Mount Vernon. .- 12 GL | 21, 22 TO 380) |: <i. - 1 52 23 | —14 } 23.4 (2.
Towa City.....-.- 1 66 22 20 | 39.4 | 0.94 1 54 230) AT | $24) YONBS
Independence. ... 1 61 | 16,18 18 | 37.6 | 0.80 3 52 23 | —15 | 20.9} 0.90
Near Independe’e) 1, 26 62 | 19,24 12 | 38.0 | 0.70 3 53 23 | —17 | 19:5) 0.70
Rockford .....--- 1 62 18 ES Ge chk eens 4 54 23 | —11 | 23.3 | 0.45
Algona t224.4.2.: 1 66 PAT By Sah. ose 3 57 23 | —17 } 21.2] 0. 40
Webster City. -.. 26 67 Q1 LOT arose 2 54 23 | —14 | 22.1] 0.06
Boonesboro ....-- 1 62 21 11 | 38.0 | 0.80 3 53 23 | —14 | 23402
Fontanelle....... ied 67 Q1 13 | 40.4 | 0.63 3 53 23 | —14 | 24.0 0.10
Grant City....--- 26 71 ZAl TO"! 40725} oe. 3 60 23 | —20 | 21-8 0. 20
Sae City -.....--- 26 68 21 1D SOSeHh see 3 52-| 22,23 | —14 | 22.3] 0.30
ib i ee Sea 27 65 21 84) 41Geles ee 2 58 23 | —17 | 24.4] 0.20
Woodbine ....... 3 78 21 8 | 39.9 | 0.03 2,3 56 23 | —19 | 23.0] 0.31
West Union ..... 11 76 18 19} AOL pb DT | aces. = oe) Serete em | eect ee ot aera ete ee
PANOTAPES |---| sene- === |enamee| == rs cn] lame 3838") O0.6D))..22. sSslbeneenleeer eee eee
MISSOURI.
St. owis 22 5. ae 2,4 74 22 257) 47,30 188 4 58 24) —4
Allenton... -.-=--.< 4 80 22 14 | 45.9 | 2.16 4 64 24 | —16
Hematite .....--. 2 83 22 14 | 47.0 | 2.19 1 71 24 | —95
iBamnipale: . f2c. 1 69 22 22 | 44.0 | 1.51 4 66 24 | —10
BEG eee et 4 77 22 15 |) 45,594) 2255 4 62 24 | —23
Jefferson City. .-. 27 78 22 2) |, 46e6 Meee 1 65 24 | —10 } 26.0 }......
Kansas City. ..--- 27 74 21 20 | 45.5 | 0.50 4 58 24) —6
Oregon <.-=:-.-.. 1,12 74 21 PT) 455210539 3 63 23 | —11
Cormingins.) nt <= 12 74 21 18 | 42.7 | 0.45 3 65 23 | —13
ASVGIE Os GS Se sites 8 Se oes eae c ot cai) | ARIE: Sn PR eee eee ea om ai6 ==
KANSAS.
Atchison ........ 12 72 21 16 | 43.5 | 0. 65 3 62 24 | — 7 | 27.6 0.73
Williamstown .--. 27 75 21 19 | 46.3 | 0. 64 30 66 24 | —10 | 30.4 ehh
Leavenworth ....| 12,27 72 21 17 | 44.0 | 0.76 3 62 24 | —14) 2873 0. 65
Olathe 71 Q1 15 | 43.4 | 0.50 al 63 ~24 | —11 | 27.1 0. 40
Palas ooee eco 2 78 Q1 17 | 45.6 | 0.47 3,4 63 24 | —12 | 29.3 0. 80
Baxter Springs -- 4 75 21, 22 22 |) 48.8 | 1.50 4 64 24 | —10 | 31.7 0.90
Lawrence .......- 12 72 21 17 | 44.9 | 0.57 3 64 24 | —10 | 28.7 0. 72
Holtonsse: #2 or 2 12 71 21 14 | 43.4 | 0.50 4 66 23 | —12 | 28.2 0. 48
State Ag’l College Q7 74 Q1 17 | 45.6 | 0.13 4 68 23 | —11 | 30.1 0. 45
Council Grove . .. Q7 74 21 16 | 45.6 | 0.20 4 66 23 | —12 | 29.2 0. 52
Douglass .....-.. 1 74 21 1S AG ONE one 3 66 23|— 7} 33] 1.28
PACT OP AP OS ue |< olt=~ cecal emeel | ee eben sesso S552) | O19 ees. cicero eee a ate 29.3 | 0.73
NEBRASKA. .
Omaha Mission ..- 26 72 18 22 | 44.7 | 0.10 34 70 23 | —15 | 27.1 | 0.53
We HOtoy 2.8. 2s. 27 67 Q1 13 | 41.3 | 0.07 3 57 23 | —18 | 24.7 0.13
Bellevue ......-.- 26 74 Q1 A5y|) 42.9.) «ode ci 3 63 23 | —11 | 23.1 0. 10
Nebraska City . .-| 1,26,27 72 Q1 13 | 42.0 | 0.20 3 66 23 | —14 | 26.1 | 0.17
New Castle ...... 1 72 Q1 HO) eel cece 3 68 23 || — BBV Essel Eero
PESVIOUELOS ne a. |lste'svie'einc| sic oo. ni| s\n cleo e| Staal Fed) | YOL09 i hetee-aiass a lsieia'n'e [oe ee 26.5] 0.
UTAH.
Coalville = -.2.52- 26 62 24 14 | 37.8 | 0.70 1 52 22 | —25 | 19.1 1. 30

|

45

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

ximum tempera-

ture.

yy ee
S

NOVEMBER.

PAV GRR SOS ELL. Beto. /es0852[be occ ek.

PAV OEUEOS S62 oiitn ty ase nus | sym eee

Stations in States
and Territories.
ate.
CALIFORNIA-
Monterey ..-----
Ghieo 224-2222. -. a
. 15,16,18
Watsonville ..... 19.21
@ahto:)s3.2. 221; 15,18,19
Wasalianw22. ..55.- 20, 23
Taylorsville. ..-.- 11
MONTANA.
Deer Lodge City. 25
Missoula...-..--. Ss
WASHINGTON.
1,2.8,15,
Port Angelos - - ..|16,18,21,
22,23
Cathlamet .-.-..... 23
COLORADO.
Wenver 2.2.22. 24
OREGON.
BRortland!).2 25.2% 12
TRYolerat oe eee 24
Astoriar. 25:52. =2 22

68

a
I
oO
Sy
Sl
Hs
Date. F 2
5
BS
2
a
Deg.
28 39
27 36
26, 27 33
10 38
11, 26 37
28 36
8 15
29 24
7 40
20 32
14 20
17 37
6 28
7 37

| Mean temperature.

DECEMBER.
og ‘ ‘ a fires
o
: : e |e |®
: anylets
ao Date. 3 £| Date |_2| 2 | E
ga ae g5 | aa
an 5 ~ =| ~ a aon
4 5
z eI a | 8 |g
a i e
Fa 2 a |a la
In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In
1.19 29 64 \17,18,22 31 | 47.2 | 2.37
3. 40 31 65 19 26 | 44.9] 2.80
1.50 29 73 18 28 | 49.2] 4.50
4,95 1, 29 58 | 16,23 31 | 46.0 | 14.70
0. 75 30 65 23 21 | 41.0} 0.30
aes se 17 56 16 LO} |) SBS0ii2- 3252
2. 36 44.4 | 4.93
1.17 31 56 21 | —16 | 19.2} 0.42
0.15 30 56 18 | — 4} 21.0) 0.35
SUSY ee eee ee) oma Encna see seemor| sashes) ies
0. 54 3 60 21 | —18 | 23.0} 0.73
6. 05 12 66 17 od aes fae ate =
5. 05 30 53 21 9|}33.7]} 4.38
10. 31 30 53 20 27 | 37.9 | 10.11

46

NOTES OF THE WEATHER.
NOVEMBER, 1870.

Houlton, Me.—Ground frozen hard; no sleighing yet, 30th.

West Waterville, Me.—Auroras 16th, 17th, 24th; first sleighing 20th.
Month 2.34° warmer than average of six years, and had sixteen inches
Snow.

Gardiner, Me.—Auroras 16th, 17th, 19th, 23d, 27th. A warm Novem-
ber; no sleighing; plowing possible throughout.

Oxford, Me—Thunder, then rain, 3d; auroras 19th, 24th, 30th.

Cornishville, Me. —Thunder- shower 15th. Average November tempera-
ture for forty years 35°.33; this, 37°.87. Autumn has been remarkably
pleasant.

Antrim, N. H.—Thunder storm 3d; little rain; wells very low.

Contocookville, N. H.—Thunder-shower 3d; auroras 16th, 17th, 24th.

Woodstock, Vt.—Heavy thunder-storm 3d; first skating 26th.

West Char lotte, Vt.—Heavy thunder. showers, 3d; Lake Champlain very
low. Pastures good 10th; first snow, slight, 19th, the last on April 7th.

Kingston, Mass. —Lig htning dd; mild pleasant month ; pastures green
and dandelions and other flowers in blossom.

Georgetown, Mass.—Thunder-storm, lightning vivid, 3d. Little ice or
snow.

Mendon, Mass.—Thunder-storm 2d; ground frozen two inches 30th.

Richmond, Mass.—Heaviest storm of the season, thunder, 5d; first
snow 19th. Ground has been but slightly frozen; streams very low.

Moriches, N. Y—Thunder-showers 3d; auroras 16th, 17th, 24th.

South Hartford, N. Y.—Severe thunder and lightning 3d. Month
very mild and favorable for out-door labors.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—Mouth pleasant, 3° above average; few cloudy
days; ground dry; no frost; springs low.

North Hammond, N. Y.—Sleighing one day ; last of month very mild.

Utica, N. ¥.—Thunder-shower 3d; ground first covered with snow 15th.

Depawville, N. Y—Thunder 3d; auroras 12th, 13th, 16th, 21st, 29th;
first snow 14th. . Month pleasant for plowing ; oood pastnrage.

Palermo, N. Y.—Thunder-storm 3d; roads dry 8th; first snow 14th.
Magnificent autumn; much plowing done this month.

Lockport, N. Y.—Thunder-shower 3d; first snows 14th, 23d; sleigh-
ing 23d, 24th.

Buffalo, N. Y.—Mean temperature of this month exactly the average
of twelve Novembers past, but had more clear days.

Newark, N. J—Temperature average, but more pleasant clear days
than usual. The fall one of unusual beauty, nearly seventy fair days.

South Orange, N. J.—First frost 4th, ice 15th, snow 19th.

New Germantown, N. J.—Distant thunder bd; faint auroras 17th,
18th, 19th; first snow, slight, 19th. Very pleasant month.

Greenwich, N. J.—First “heavy frost 16th ; tomatoes and Lima beans
till 23d ; very little snow ; mild month and autumn.

Fallsington, Pa.—Thunder-shower 3d. A pleasant month.

Philadelphia, Pa.—First ice 11th; first snow 19th; heavy rain 22d.

Horsham, Pa.—Month remarkably open, last part ‘delightful.

Factoryv ille, Pa.—Distant lightning 3d; first snow to coy “er ground 18th.

West Chester, Pa.—Lima beans still green 7th; first snow squall 18th.

Parkerville, Pa—ti ghtning, thunder-showers 3d. Twelve smoky days.

Catawissa, Pa.—Mouth pleasant. Many wells on high places dry.

Ephrata, Pa.—Distant thunder and lightning, rain, 3d; first ice 7th;
show 18th.

47

Carlisle, Pa.—Thunder-storm 3d; first killing frost 11th. Delightful
month.

Fountain Dale, Pa—Thunder-shower 3d; first ice 11th; first snow
19th. Weather fine, and plowing throughout the month.

Tioga, Pa.—First cold rain this fall 18th; a little snow 19th.

Connellsville, Pa.—Ground frozen 1st; thunder-shower 3d; first snow
18th.

Brownsville, Pa.—First snow 15th. Month very pleasant but dry.

New Castle, Pa.—First snow 16th. No Indian summer.

Beaver, Pa.—First ice 2d; first snow 15th. A delightful month.

Kent County, Del.—First ice 11th; ground frozen 11th, 16th, 17th;
auroras 16th, 17th; ice over half an inch thick 20th, 21st.

Woodlawn, Md.—Aurora 19th. Month 6°.2 above last year.

Fallston, Md.—Thunder-shower 3d; first ice 11th; first snow 19th.

Emmittsburg, Ma.—Thunder-storm 5d; some snow 19th. Month fine.

Hampton, Va.—First frost since March 350th, Ist; first ice since
March 19th, 16th. Month dry and pleasant, 69.5 warmer than in 1869.

Surry Court House, Va.—First ice since March 25th, Ist; dandelions,
blackbirds 11th. Month fair, mild, dry ; warmest fall remembered here.

Piedmont, Va.—Distant thunder 3d; first snow 17th; rain,hail, snow
18th; frogs heard 29th. Garden vegetables green till 11th.

Lexington, Va.—First heavy frost 1st; snow on mountains 23d.

Albemarle, N. O.—First killing frost 11th; aurora 19th; wild geese 30th.

Gowdeysville, S. C.—First killing frost 11th; ice 16th. Fine month.

Berne, Ga.—Peach blossoms Ist’; thunder and lightning 6th; slight
frost 16th.

Penfield, Ga.—First killing frost 16th; ice, aurora 17th; hail 22d.
Had beans, tomatoes, okra, &c., from garden till 11th.

Moulton, ’Ala.—Ice 11th; first snow 22d. A pleasant month but dry.

Selma, Ala.—First killing frosts 16th, 17th; heavy snow storm 22d.

Greene Springs, Ala.—Distant lightning and thunder 5th; unprece-
dented snow-storm of 10 inches, 22d.

Coatopa, Aluu—Nipping frost 10th; ice, ground frozen 17th; rain
20th to 22d, then snow; distant thunder, lightning, and rain 29th.

Jacksonville, Fla.—First frost 16th. Month 2° above average.

Gilmer, Tex.—First ice 16th. Month closed with fine weather.
’ Bluff, Tex.—First frost 17th; thunder-storm 28th. Post-oak leaves
alling.

Ponchatoula, La.—Grinding cane 4th; thunder, blue birds 5th; figs
ripening 8th; robins 15th; hard frost 17th; thunder-shower 29th.

Columbus, Miss. —Killing frost, ice 17th; rain all day 21st; snow 22d.

Brookhaven, Miss.— First killing frost, ice 16th; snow 21st, 22d.

Fayetteville, Ark.—Heavy thunder, lightning, rain 8th ; frost, ice 16th,
21st, 22d; slight snow 23d.

Hlizabethton, Tenn.—Ground frozen 19th; slight snow 25th.

Pine Grove, Ky.—Ground frozen 1st; snow on 5 days, slight. Month dry.

Shelby City, Ky.—First snow 15th. Month dry and pleasant.

Salem, Ohio—First frozen ground 1st; thunder 5d, and lightning 4th ;
first snow 14th. A mild open fall.

Adams’s Mills, Ohio.—Ice 1st; first snow, slight, 15th. Indications of
aurora nearly every night, but obscured by clouds.

Carson, Ohio.—Unusual frequency of brilliant auroras in October and
November.

North Fairfield, Ohio.—First ice 1st; lightning 2d; snow, 12 inches, 23d.

ee Bass Island, Ohio.—First frost wth; ice 10th; snow 20th, 12.8
inches.

48

Urbana, Ohio.—Lightning 2d; thunder 4th; snow gone, laid 6 days,
28th.

Bethel, Ohio.—First hard frost 1st; great snow-storm, 6 inches, 22d.

Carthagena, Ohio.—Distant lightning 2d; auroras 8th, 16th, 22d, 28th.

Mount Auburn, Ohio.—First hard frost 10th; first snow 18th; snow
and rain 22d.

Kelley’s Island, Ohio.—First frost, light, 7th; ice 10th, snow-squalls
18th

Detroit, Mich—Thunder-shower 2d; snow, 6 inches, 23d; auroral
haze 24th, 29th.

Ann Arbor, Mich.—Thunder-showers 2d, 8th; auroral light 18th.

Alpena, Mich.—First frost 7th; auroras 12th, 14th, 24th.

Titchfield, Mich—Heavy thunder 2d, 10th; first snow-flakes 19th.
Springs failing, pastures green, ground open till 30th. No Indian
summer.

Grand Rapids, Mich—Lightning, thunder, rain 8th. Warmest,
pleasantest November in Western Michigan in 30 years.

Copper Falls, Mich.—Very pleasant month, its 15 inches snow gone.

Aurora, Ind.—Lightning 2d, 8th, 15th; first snow 15th; aurora 19th.

Vevay, Ind.—Lightning, rain 2d; first heavy frost 10th; first snow, 6
inches, damp, 22d, 23d; mild, mosquitoes lively 28th.

Laconia, Ind.—First ice 1st; first snow 15th; aurora 19th. A delight-
ful fall, no severe cold, and roads firm and dry.

Knightstown, Ind.—First killing frost lst; thunder-shower 4th; first
snow-flakes 15th. <A very fine November.

Mattoon, Ill.—Aurora 17th. Many wells and cisterns dry.

Charleston, Ill.—Lightning, rain, thunder, 8th, 13th. Still very dry.

Louisville, [ll.—Heavy thunder-storm 4th; first hard freeze 9th.

Belvidere, Iil.—Very mild month and autumn, few cold days.

Winnebago, Ill.—Lightning 7th, thunder, rain 8th; auroras 17th, 18th,
19th.

Hennepin, Iil.—Good weather for farmers; pastures good yet. Fre-
quent frosts to 7th; thunder-shower 8th; thunder and forked lightning
15th.

Havana, Ill.—Thunder-showers 4th, 8th, 13th ; first snow-flakes, 15th.

Mount Sterling, Il.—Thunder-storms 4th, 8th; first snow, 23d. Month
fine, roads excellent, strawberries bloomed the first half of the month.

Manitowoc, Wis.——Thunder-storms 8th ; first snow-flakes 9th; aurora
18th.

Milwaukee, Wis.—First snow, an inch, 15th; auroras 17th, 18th.
Mosinee, Wis.—Aurora 3d; southern lights 16th. Very fine weather.
Baraboo, Wis.——Remarkable November; dry and clear; birds re-

turned.

Tunnel City, Wis.—First snow, light, 8th; aurora 9th.
ata Wis.—First snows 5th, 20th. Ground bare, open, mellow,

th.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Warmest November on our records.

Koniska, Minn.—Thunder and lightning 7th. Month fine and dry.
New Ulm, Minn.—Auroras 17th, 18th, 19th. Fine for farm work.
Waukon, Iowa.—Auroras 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th. Month dry, pleasant.
Monticello, Iowa.—The pleasantest November in many years.

Bowen’s Prairie, Iowa.—Month warm; streams low, no snow; plowing.
Towa City, Iowa.—First snow, slight, 15th. Month and fall very mild.
Independence, Iowa.—Thunder-storm 8th. Month unusually fine.
Boonesboro, Iowa.—Month about 4° above its average in 16 years.

49

Logan, Iowa.—No rain; every day fit for out-door work.

West Union, Iowa.—Thunder-storm 8th; first snow 13th; aurora
17th. Mean temperature 10° above that of November, 1869.

St. Louis, Mo.—Thunder-shower 4th ; first snow, slight, 15th.

Hematite, Mo.—Finest November known in many years.

Rolla, Mo.—Thunder-storm 4th, 11th; thunder 8th; first snow 15th.

Oregon, Mo.—Auroras, 8th, 18th, 19th, 22d ; bluebirds, crickets 12th;
first snow, light, 23d ; roads, pasture, health, ” good ; springs well filled.

Corning, Mo. — Thunder. shower 8th; first flurry of snow 23d. Pleasant
month, little rain, 27 starlight evenings.

Baxter Springs, Kans.—First ice 15th; first snow 23d; thunder 28th.

Lawrence, Kans.—Sixty-one meteors 14th. Fine month for out-door
work.

Bellevue, Nebr.—Beautiful aurora 19th. Fine weather, good roads.

Cathlamet, Wash. Ter.—Dandelions, daisies, &c., blooming all the
month.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter.—Beautiful month, no snow in valley 30th.

DECEMBER, 1870.

Gardiner, Me.—Snow; pond iced over; open 242 days, 17th; auroras
17th, 27th. Month 2°.15’ warmer than its average for seven years.

Gardiner, Me.—Auroras Ist, 16th, 17th; river closed 16th. Month
dry, 4°.24’ warmer than its average of 35 years.

Lisbon, Me.—First sleighing 31st. Brooks and wells very low.

Norway, Me.—Month very mild, no good sleighing, streams low.

Cornishville, Me.—Month 59.25’ above its average (21°) for 40 years.

Stratford, N. H.—Snow on 18 days, 17 inches ; no sunshine 7th to 14th.

Tamworth, N. H.—Aurora, brooks freezing over 17th; drought 31st.

Contocookville, N. H.—Virst sleighing 9th; plowing 13th; auroras 14th,
15th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 24th; river frozen over 17th. First half of month
mild.

Goffstown, N. H.—Drought continues; hard year for farmers.

Craftsbury, Vt.—First half of month very warm, last half cold.

Randolph, Vt.—Every month this year above the average temperature,
except February and March. Year 2°.7/ above mean temperature of five
years.
F Woodstock, Vt.—Drought continues; ice a foot thick, ground frozen a
oot.

Topsfield, Mass.—First frozen ground 15th; drought of summer con-
tinues.

New Bedford, Mass.—Little frost at any time; navigation open all
month.

Innenburg, Mass.—No sleighing till 28th, and then poor.

Williamstown, Mass.—Month mild; no sleighing.

Middletown, Ct—Auroras 15th, 17th; river closed 21st; thermometer
reached zero for first time in 1870 on 30th.

‘ Brookfield, Ct—Month cold and sap many springs and wells dry.

Moriches, N. Y.—Auroras 10th, 15th; first ice and skating 17th.

South Hartford, N. Y.—Heavy thunder 12th; lake and canal naviga-
tion closed 10th, 16th. A dry month; springs "and streams very low.

LInzerne, N. Y.— Auroras 6th, Sth, 15th; lake frozen over 17th; waters
very low.

Glasco, N. Y—Hudson River closed 27th, and harvesting ice to 31st.

Minaville, N. Y.—Highesi. water in March, and greatest drought
known here in 1870. No sleighing this December ; waters very low.

4 :

50

Cooperstown, N. Y.—Fine, pleasant month. The year was the warmest
and its winter the mildest (except March) in twenty-one years, and crops
the earliest.

North Hammond, N. Y. —Ground open till Sth; St. Lawrence closed
24th.

South Trenton, N. ¥Y.—Nine inches snow on ground, but poor sleigh-
ing. The warmest year since 1%48,

Depauville, N. Y.—Auroras 14th, 15th 16th; first sleighing 19th.

Palermo, N. Y.—Fiuished plowing 135th; first sleighing 23d. Many
brooks dr y. The warmest year on my record for seventeen years; total
snow 116 inches.

Little Genesee, N. Y.—Mild and muddy till snow of 14th; sleighing to
31st.

Buffalo, N. Y.—First week mild, no frost, thunder- show er 5th; rough
and cold after 15th; tirst sleighing 26th; mean temperature same as for
thirteen yerrs.

Trenton, N. J.—Shight earthquake 14th ; canal frozen first time 22d.

New Germantown, N. J. —Auroras 10th, 15th; ice is six inches thick
27th.

Greenwich, N. J—Roses 1st; blue violets 4th; wintry after 20th to
31st.

Hamlinton, Pa.—Very dry, springs failing, but little snow.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Very dry, mild to 2 21st, then cold to 51sé.

Fuctoryville, Puu—No real snow-storm; many wells dry; ground hard
frozen.

Fountain Dale, Pa.—First half of month mild, last half cold. ;

Tioga, Pa.—Diftuse lightning 7th; a very pleasant month.

Grampian Hills, Pa—Heavy thunder-storm 5th; to 20th pleasant;
little snow.

Pittsburg, Paa—Hard freeze 1st; river full of ice, four inches thick,
23d.

Brownsville, Paa—Thunder-storm 5th; river closed 23d; a fine month..

Cannonsburg, Pa.—Dandelions 4th; thunder and lightning 5th.

Milford, Del.—First snow 18th; coldest weather in several years 31st.

Woodlawn, Md.—Susquehanna River closed 23d.

Emmittsburg, Md.—Auvrora 16th; coldest day in 1870, 24th.

Hampton, Va.—To 23d very mild and dry, then snow and severe cold,

Surry Court House, Vu.a—Thermometer 40 (lowest since 1856) 25th;
to 21st warm, dry, windy, then to close calin, snowy, cold.

Vienna, Va. —Cold 20th, very cold 21st, still colder 22d, coldest 24th.

Piedmont, Va—Very cold 23d to 26th; ice six inches ; month dry,
windy.

Wytheville, Va.—Coldest day since December 12, 1868, 24th.

Goldsboro, N. C.—Thunder and lightning 11th, 31st; very cold 24th,
25th.

Oxford, N. C.—Three inches snow 28th; coldest December in many
years.

‘ Statesville, N. C.—Coldest December days in forty years, (or more,
4th, 25th.

Smitl’s Ford, S. C.—Coldest spell in several years, 24th, 25th.

Bluffton, 8. ane First frogs and rovins heard this winter, Ist; sleet
and suow, two to four inches, 22d; coldest Christiwas on and 25th)
in many years.

Penfield, Ga.—Ripe strawberries 15th to 23d ; Christmas coldest day
since January, 1852, when it was 1°.

Greene Sprin gs, Ala.x—Cold week after 20th; ice several inches thick.

51

Moulton, Ala.—Pleasant for out-door work till 21st; then a cold week.

Fish River, Ala.—Sleet, then one-quarter inch snow, 22d; most in
twenty years.

Jacksonville, Fla—Hard freeze 23d to 25th, injuring orange and other
trees. ;

Pilatka, Fla —Hardest freeze since 1855, 23d, 24th; lemon, lime, and
young orange trees killed to the ground; bearing orange trees will sur-
vive it.

Clarksville, Texas.—Ice 11th to 20th, mornings; 23d, 24th, froze all
day.

Pontachoula, La.—Coldest morning since 1851; ground frozen.

Brookhaven, Miss.—First frozen ground 20th; frozen five inches ; ice
three inches thick 24th; the coldest “snap” since February 8, 1835.

Clinton, Miss—Hard frost 21st; ground frozen three to six inches
22d to 25th; robins here 26th.

EKiizabethton, Tenn.—Streams full of ice 24th, 25th, and ground frozen
six inches.

Pine Grove, Ky.—Snow, hail, sleet, rain, 19th; sleet, snow, 20th;
snow, 21st.

Shelby City, Ky.—Aurora 21st; first skating 22d; ice six inches 27th.

Steubenville, Ohio.—Rain, with thunder, lightning, hail, and high
wind, 5th.

Cleveland, Ohio.—Thunder-storm 5th; river and canal freezing over
21st. December temperature in 1856, 249.81; this year, 28°.93; aver-
age for sixteen years, 50°.98.

Kelley’s Island, Ohio.—S\ush ice in lake 2ist; lake crossed on ice 24th.

Carson, Ohio.—Sudden thunder-storm, hail, almost a hurricane, 5th.

North Fairfield, Ohio—Heavy rain and wind, severe thunder and
lightning, Sth; storm commenced with hail; snow, ending in rain, 19th.

Urbana, Ohio.—Mouth 5°.5 warmer than in 1869; ice on ponds twelve
inches.

Bethel, Ohio.—Driest fall and earliest winter in many years.

‘ullege Hill, Ohio.—Ohio River full of ice; smaller streams closed.
Ann Arbor, Mich.—A foot of snow on the ground; good sleighing.
Ontonagon, Mich.—Season wild, with bat half the usual snow.
Northport, Mich—Suammer unusually wet and warm; fall very fine,

and no severe weather till 20th, and then not very severe.

Mount Carmel, Ind—Aurora 4th; coldest day since January 1, 1864,
24th, but exceeded by February 4, 1856, when the thermometer stood
at 25°.

Keniland, Ind.—Snowed before freezing; hence ground is not frozen.

Vevay, Ind.—Much ice in river 21st; six to eight inches thick 27th.
Merom, Ind.—Wabash river frozen over; crossed by teams 25th.
Marengo, IU.—Beautitul till snow-storm on 7th; thunder and light-

ning 12th; thunder and snow 13th; first sleighing 19th; a blustering
Christmas.

Mattoon, Tll.—No rain, ponds dry; no running streams here; water
scarce; two weeks’ sleighing—very rare occurrence here.

Aurora, T/l.—Ponds frozen 20th; then to-26th very cold ; ground bare.

Belvidere, Ill—Unnsually warin spring, summer, fall and Decem
ber to 16th. Rain and melted snow in 1870, 27.82; in 1869, 42.49
inches. ;

Hennepin, I.—Fair and pleasant to middle; 20th to 26th cold,
aah calm; then milder to close, with good pasture and pleuty of good

utter,

52

Havana, Ill.—Rivers bridged with ice 21st ; very pleasant 31st.

Dubois, Ill.—First snow-fall 19th, two months later than in 1869.

Galesburg, Ill.— Except a few days, a fine month; no sleighing.

Andalusia, Ill.—First snow 11th; Mississippi closed the 20th ;
drought.

Hingham, Wis.—First snow two inches 5th; streams frozen 18th;
being low, some froze to the bottom, making water very scarce for
cattle.

Mosinee, Wis.—Cold stopped vegetation 7th; not enough snow for
logging.

St. Paul, Minn.—Mild to 20th; river closed 21st; moderate 26th to
alst. Av erage mean of 46 years, 45°; of 1870, 46°. "605 187 clear days
in 1870; a pleasant year.

Koniska, Minn.—Light snow; ground frozen eighteen inches ; lake
ice eighteen inches. .
New Ulm, Minn.—River bridged with ice 21st; no snow or frost 31st.
Madelia, Minn.—Rivers and “lakes closed 20th; ground frozen two

feet 30th.

Bowen's Prairie, Iowa.—Month dry ; springs low; roads dusty.

Guttenburg, Towa.—Thunder-shower 5th; Mississippi closed 21st.

Towa City, Iowa.—To 20th very mild, then the coldest week in the
year. The year unusually warm and dry ; 29.65 above mean of 31
years; rain-fall 16.17 inches less than mean of 22 years.

Independence, Iowa.—Plowing to 5th; thunder-storm and che WPdGNeAT
Sth; raw Christmas; snow gone; mild; wheeling splendid.

Boonesboro, Iowa.—No storms worth naming for two and a _ half
months.

Sac City, Iowa.—Finest fall and winter I ever experienced. _

Woodbine, Iowa.—Delightful to 16th, much plowing done; ground
dry 31st.

St. Louis, Mo.—Month of great and sudden changes of barometer,
followed by as great atmospheric changes.

Hematite, Mo.—Gale 5th; deepest snow-fall for years 19th; coldest
ever known here24th; killed peach buds and some twigs and even trees.

Oregon, Mo.—Roads fine; plowing 16th; auroras 19th, 28th, 29th,
30th; dusty 22d; ice eight inches thick 26th; thawing 27th to 31st.

Leavenworth, Kans.—The sudden changes, (41° from heat to cold, and
49° cold te heat,) 19th to 30th, (not mere cold,) killed budded peach buds.

Olathe, Kans.—Open to 17th, when four inches snow; below zero all
23d, and below 15° from 19th to 25th; the hardest freeze in at least 13
years.

Paola, Kans.—Gales 3d, 4th; fowls froze 25th; robins and bluebirds
30th.

Baxter Springs, Kans.—Coldest since settlement of this county, 24th.

Bellevue, Nebr.—The Missouri and Platte closed 20th; pleasant yet
remarkable month; no rain, no snow to measure, and roads never
better.

Nebraska City, Nebr.—Floating ice in river 14th; river closed 21st.

Watsonville, Cal—Thunder-storm 2d; thunder 5th; coldest Decem-
ber known here for many years.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter—Middle of month colder, latter part
warmer than usual; month 49.3 colder than average of 4 years; no
snow in valley.

Missoula, Mont. Ter.—River closed 13th; warm from 26th to close.

Denver, Col. Ter.—Coldest month since settlement of this Territory.

2)

MONTHLY REPORT

OF THE
Z Rat 5s epi “
a rs 7 4 ise
} , Rite

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2

f Ayt, ; . Ae
el Pave
se 7 Sa

FEHEBRUARY, 1871.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE,
1871.

BMOwrrnayY EP on ®

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Statistical Division, February 28, 1871.
Sir: I herewith report for publication statistics showing the relative
numbers and prices of farm stock, as compared with returns made in
February of last year; also a variety of extracts from correspondence,
a copy of the circular of the Commissioner of Agriculture calling for aid
for the farmers of France, and articles on the New York Agricultural
Society, British improvements in plows, scientific notes, market prices
of farm products, meteorological tables and notes, &e.
J. R. DODGE,
Statistician.
Hon. HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner.

RELATIVE NUMBERS AND PRICES OF FARM STOCK.

The February circular was intended to obtain a comparative view of
the numbers and prices of farm stock. Returns have been received from
all the States, showing a small increase in numbers, taking the whole
country together, in all animals except sheep. The increase of swine has
been largest; that of cattle and horses moderate, slightly in excess of
the advance in population.

There is no increase of horses in the northern half of New England,
and but a slight advancein Massachusetts and Rhode Island. New Jer-
sey and Delaware have scarcely sustained the figures of last year, while
New York and Pennsylvania have exceeded them. The Southern States,
excepting Texas, return larger numbers, as do all the Western States,
Nebraska presenting an increase of 15 per cent., and Kansas 20 per
cent. The average increase is about three per cent. The prices of horses
are lower, aSa rule, than in February of 1870. A slight decrease in the
number of mules is reported in New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Florida,
Ohio, and Minnesota, and elsewhere an increase of from one to six per
cent., Kansas and Nebraska only exceeding that rate, their percentage
being respectively fifteen and sixteen per cent. A reduction in price
similar to that noticed in horses is reported. The following statement
affords a fair illustration of the range of prices of horses:

|

1870. 1871.
a ane | :
zi Z nae
5 n B x ma o oS
5 3 2 g, 3 3 e. 2
a 3 : 3 2 a 2 eg
vas 5 é 3 E E 2
SE ares a fo) } x a }
MEGS, fos ses So's / $2963] $4576] $6533} $9502) $2857] $4460] $66 66 $93 93
Tit eee ee | 34 86 54 08 73 00 | 106 34 34 70 54 00 TI AT 102 92
Kentucky ......... 40 91 58 08 7675 | 102 25 36 14 52 75 72 42 96 35
Georgia...........- 4259 68 62| 10158] 142 16 40 20 63 54 92 53 129 4
eran esos... 13 64 21 43 2631 | 42 82 12 06 18 19 26 96 45 5

56

A decrease in milch-cows is observed in Maine and New Hampshire,
many having been sold there last fall in consequence of the drought and
reduced supply of hay; and also in Maryland, North Carolina, Alabama,
and Texas. There has been no increase in New Jersey and Delaware.
The average total increase appears to be about three per cent. Kansas
claims the | largest increase, reaching 20 per cent.

Of oxen and other cattle the following States report a decrease: Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Maryland, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, and California. The
States east of the Mississippi have scarcely maintained the numbers of
last year. The aggregate numbers of all the States will not show an
increase of much more than one per cent.

A decrease in the numbers of sheep of five per cent. is indicated. The
only States showing increase are Delaware, Florida, Tennessee, Nebraska,
California, and Oregon. The largest relative increase is 31 per cent. in
Oregon, and 12 per cent. in California.

All the States report an increase in swine except Connecticut, Mary-
land, North Carolina, and Texas. The total average increase appears to
be about 10 per cent. The percentage of increase is placed at 2 in Ken-
tucky, 7 in Ohio, 14 in Illinois, 18 in Minnesota, 27 in Kansas.

The decline in the price of swine is general, yet not universal—in Ohio,
young hogs and 12 months old, from $6 95 to $6 20; $6 32 to $5 79 in
Illinois; $3 53 to $3 37 in Missouri; $6 47 to $5 28 in Iowa; $10 25 to
$8 77 in New York; $14 55 to $11 60 in Massachusetts; $3 63 to $3 46
in Tennessee; $3 51 to $3 26 in Mississippi. An increase is observed
in Georgia from $2 67 to $3 68; $3 57 to $4 77 in California; $6 11 to
$6 90in Nebraska; $5 16 to $6. 93 in Kansas.

57

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59

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.

~ A NEW GRAPE REGION.

Webster, Jackson County, North Carolina.—Permit me to digress from
a report of my county to indicate a grape region not generally known.
The Blue Ridge at its great southern bend runs nearly east and west for
one hundred miles, nearly coinciding with the thirty-fifth parallel of
latitude. It here forms a huge mountain wall, in many places six thou-
sand feet high. This great wall is braced on the south side by many
lateral ranges, running down between the heads of the rivers, thirty or
forty miles in extent. Some of the knobs on these side ranges nearly
equal in height the parent mountain. The soil on the top and east side
of many of these mountains is a loose and fertile loam, abounding in
springs and rivulets of pure water, and clothed in forests of excellent
timber. The greater part of this country is yet in a state of nature, and
the lands are cheaper than the Government lands of the West. Rail-
roads already built and in process of construction run along the lower
spurs of these mountain slopes, sometimes tunneling through them,
giving easy access to the markets of the world.

The climate is delightful; the great mountain wall on the north
breaking the force of the cold storms of winter and spring, and its great
elevation exempting it from the burning heats of summer. Here is the
country for the man of weak lungs; and if he has a turn for vine-grow-
ing, sheep husbandry, or bee culture, he may obtain health and money
at the same time. I know of no country that can surpass it in climate,
unless it be the south of Spain, under the Sierra Nevada, or some parts
of Lombardy, in Italy.

Among many desirable localities, from the Tryon Mountain, in North
Carolina, to the Yona, in Georgia, I would designate the Oconee Moun-
tain, in South Carolina, as possessing peculiar attractions. First, a
highway of easy and gentle grade to Walhalla, a German town on the
railroad. Second, an elevation of about eight hundred feet above the
valleys, and perhaps sixteen hundred feet above tide-water. Third, a
level and fertile mountain top of hundreds of acres, with springs and
rivulets everywhere. Fourth, a rich and steep mountain on the east
side with thousands of acres of sunny and shady slopes, giving every
kind of exposure except a western one, with magnificent forests of oak,
walnut, poplar, locust, pine, and bass wood. Fifth, the site is beautiful.
Looking north we behold a huge mountain for one hundred miles, in
winter covered with snow or sleet, and in summer in gorgeous green;
looking south the hill country of South Carolina lies spread out like the
billowy waves of the ocean far as the eye can reach; a few miles above
the climate is too cold for Indian corn; a few miles below grow the cot-
ton, fig, and rice. Sixth, the almost certainty of the grape being healthy
there. A mountaineer here and there has planted a few peach trees
about his house, and an Isabella or Herbemont vine. No frost has ever
killed his peaches, or rust or mildew destroyed his grapes.*

[* A letter of Hon. G. Cannon, of Spartanburg, South Carolina, directed to Senator
T. J. Robertson, in presenting the advantageg of the Cincinnati and Charleston Rail-
road, refers to this subject as follows.—Ep. REP: ]

“This line passes directly over the Tryon Mountain, where, in certain localities,
frosts have hever been known by the oldest inhabitants. Fruits of all kinds never
failing, and the wild grapes have been gathered there in the month of January, fresh
and juicy as in October. This mountain region also affords wonderful grazing adyvant-
ages, besides producing all the cereals, common to this climate, in great abundance.”

60

BANDERA, TEXAS.

Bandera County, Texas.—This county Ifes northwest of and adjoining
Bexar County, and is about nine hundred square miles in area. | It is
abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, including the Medina
River and its several tributaries, and numerous smaller creeks sustained
by unfailing springs of wholesome limestone water. The Medina
River, averaging one hundred and twenty feetin width, furnishes many
eligible sites for manufactories, some of which are utilized, there being
in operation three saw-mills and one grist-mill, the latter located at
Bandera City, the county seat, a prospering village upon the left bank
of the Medina, forty-three miles northwest of San,Antonio. Ten miles
above Bandera, ou the river, is Moundville, a thriving village, located
upon a beautiful prairie, the settlement of which was commenced about
one year ago. The lands of the county are prairie, timbered over two-
thirds of its area with live, Spanish, and post oaks, elm, cedar, walnut,
cherry, sycamore, &c. The Medina and some of its larger tributaries
are fringed with highland cypress, the manufacturing of which into
lumber is quite a lucrative business. The soil of the valleys and some
of the uplands is very dark in color, friable, and easily tilled, and is
well adapted to the growth of cereals as well as cotton, tobacco, and
various garden vegetables. The average yield of corn is thirty bushels
per acre, and other crops yield a generous return for the slight labor =
and attention usually bestowed upon them. The price of unimproved
arable Jand ranges from one to five dollars per acre. There are no
marsh or swamp lands in this region, and probably no healthier climate
known, fever and ague and epidemics being unknown. The Gulf breezes
prevail during the warm months, giving a cool, pleasant temperature,
and the small mountain and forest growths break the cold northers of
winter. The Indians have at times committed depredations, but since
the frontier troops of the State have been ranging around us we have
been free from molestation. The population, which is nearly all white,
is increasing by immigration and otherwise, and is peaceable and law.
abiding. Stock-raising is the principal business, the ranges affording
sustenance throughout the year to all classes of farm animals. ;

TRIALS OF SEEDS.

Mr. H. Bowen, of Orleans County, New York, writes as follows: “I
herewith send you a sample of White Touzelle wheat, from imported
seed, furnished by you to the New York State Agricultural Society in
the fall of 1869, while holding the fair at Elmira. The whole amount,
13 bushel, was drilled after barley, at the rate of a little over two bushels
to the acre. The season was very bad here, but the yield was sixteen
bushels. I received it rather late in 1869, so that it was not sown until
the 21st day of September. It is rather a. short, fine straw, bald wheat,
and, I think, it is well adapted to this climate, it being a little earlier
than the Treadwell variety. I sowed fifteen bushels on the 1st day of
September last. It is now looking well.”

Seth S. Barnes, of Olena, Illinois, writes that, “‘On the 20th of May last,,
I planted a peck of the Peerless potato. By ‘dividin g the eyes, I made
460 hills, but on account of the dreught not more than 300 grew. These
were planted on about 112 square rods. The land was very rich, and
was worked to the depth of fifteen inches, and thoroughly pulverized.
One handful of manure was used to the hill, composed of two-thirds
hen-droppings and one-third leached ashes. The crop was worked three

61

times with hand-hoe, and was dug the middle of October. Yield 424
bushels, or equal to 583 bushels per acre. Ground seeded at the rate of
333 bushels per acre, with a failure of over one-third of the seed to
grow. I have twenty potatoes which weigh between three and a half
and four pounds. One, when dug, weighed over six pounds. These
potatoes are solid to the center, cook up mealy, and of better quality
than the Peach-blow, as the Peach-blow in this region grows hollow and
the center of the potato does not cook well.

Columbia, S. C—Some details relative to the lucerne seed obtained
from the Department may not be without interest. I live in what,
as compared with other lands in this vicinity, are called “sand hills,”
one and a half mile from Columbia, a place of resort for health.
The soil of Columbia and much of the country is stiff red clay; but
mine, light-gray lands, that soon wash to white sand, and require con-
stant fertilizing to keep them up; also great care to prevent washing.
In this soil I planted the lucerne, in my garden; one bed, broadcast,
and allowed it to grow without cultivation; another bed I drilled, and
had it occasionally worked. Both beds had been coated with barnyard
manure, and sprinkled with the debris from a burnt building. The sea-
son was favorable to it, as we had plenteous rains. The broadcast bed
has grown, and to-day is as green aS you can imagine green to be,
though it had been repeatedly cut down; and it has settled all
doubts I ever had of our ability to raise crops of this sort. That which
was drilled and worked surpassed ail expectation. To give a more
graphic idea of yield, my children have thirty-eight grown English
rabbits, with many young ones, and these two beds have supplied them
with green food. I am sure they, together, eat as much as a horse
would eat, if not more; and I think it worth considering when two
beds of 20 by 20 feet supply such a quantity. We are vastly troubled
here with two injurious grasses—wire or joint grass and nut grass—of
which we find it very difficult to give any Northern man a correct idea.
To eradicate them is next to impossible; certainly so with the latter.
It sends its nuts down for two or three feet sometimes, and deeper,
according to the excellence of cultivation. The more work done, the
more it spreads; and as soon as it is discovered the only way is to
abandon the land for a term of years to broom-sedge, and allow it be
smothered out. As they both die in winter, but come again in spring,
I firmly believe that lucerne sown upon this land thickly, and well
manured, would smother them out, and be highly profitable also.

LIVE STOCK IN MUSCATINE, IOWA.

Muscatine County, Iowa.—The raising of horses has been overdone in
this county. We, as a farming class, have been crazy on the subject of
speed, and are now reaping the fruits of our folly. Had we a number
of years ago entered into the raising of horses for the farm instead of
the turf, we would not have the comparatively worthless animals now
on our hands—not fast enough to win or large enough to work. The
majority of farmers are, however, again raising such horses as will always
find ready sale. The Percheron is meeting with much favor. Mules
are almost entirely neglected. Those wanting them, in most cases, go
to the neighboring section of Illinois, where they are quite extensively
raised. All kinds of cattle are receiving increased attention. For beef
the short-horn takes the precedence, but for dairy purposes the Alderney
and Jersey are especial favorites. We think the day is not far distant

62

when this will be one of the first dairy counties of the West. Sheep are
neglected. All for sale, and no buyers.

If this county has any specialty it is the hog, and as the dairy interest
increases this class of stock will improve. The ruling-breeds are the
Cheshire, Chester white, Poland and China, Berkshire, Suffolk, and Eng-
lish Chester. The white breeds are generally preferred. The average
weight of hogs sold in this market is fully one hundred per cent. greater
than it was fifteen or twenty years ago, and I am confident there is not
as much corn consumed per capita as there was then—the result of
improved stock.

LIVE STOCK IN HARRISON COUNTY, W. VA.
Harrison County, W. Va.—The following table shows the number of

live stock in this county, as returned by the assessor in 1870, compared
with the number returned in 1869:

Average
Stock | 1869. 1870. value
| in 1870.
GTses AUG ONES eae ieee esi. oa eae eee ee pe | 4,731 5, 036 $73 00
TB eg AS EO gh te AD 3 Sy hai ees ee BES SR | 26739 17, 857 28 00
es ee el fel CePigh rt he eae ae 15,376 | 12, 166 1 82

Pig Ae. Pesce eb ets eles. deck, - Bee Deeg soon a | 5 98

THE SUGAR BEET IN MINNESOTA.

McLeod County, Min.—“1 think the soil in this county very favor-
able for the production of sugar beets. Joseph Le Maitre, to whom I
gave a portion of the seed received from the Agricultural Department,
raised forty bushels of beets, two bushels of which he steamed, crushed,
and pressed, by a rude process, and obtained six and a half quarts of
molasses of the consistency and taste of ordinary sorghum syrup.”

INJURY TO FRUIT TREES.

Tazewell County, Ill.—January 13 and 14, heavy storm of rain,
sleet, and snow, which froze as it fell, covering fruit and forest trees
with a very heavy coating of ice, which was followed the succeeding night
with a heavy wind, making sad havoe with peach, cherry, plum, and all
other brittle wood. Loss in this county estimated at $500,000, which I
think a very low estimate.

Henry County, Ky.—We have just got rid of one of the most extra-
ordinary sleets known to the oldest inhabitant. Great damage was
done by it both to fruit and forest trees; the peach trees have suffered
most. In many localities the peach orchards have been almost entirely
destroyed. For four or five days every branch and twig of every tree
was thoroughly encased in ice. What effect it is to have upon the
young buds is not yet known. We hope, however, that it will not be
disastrous.

CHANGE OF CROPS.

Ottawa County, Mich—Public sentiment is being changed in a rad-
ical manner as to farm products and stock. More pork, more beef,

more butter and cheese; and fewer sheep, fewer acres of wheat, and less
hay to sell, are now the words in every farmer’s mouth. With such a
change, fruit prospects will not suffer, but will be all the better.

NEW COTTON AND WOOLEN FACTORY IN GEORGIA.

Brooks County, Ga.—A cotton and wool factory is being erected in
this county, which will materially increase wool-growing. Planters are
turning their attention more to hog-raising than at any time since the war.
Brooks County is more prosperous than : any other section of Southern
Georgia.

THE DAIRY IN MEDINA COUNTY, OHIO.

Medina County, Ohio.—Our farmers are disposing of their sheep and
increasing the number of their cows. Llook upon dairying as injurious
to our best interests. During the last decade fifteen out of seventeen
townships in our county have decreased in population, and the greatest
decrease is in the townships most devoted to dairying.

SHEEP AND SWINE.

Fayette County, Pa.—The business of wool-growing has run down very
much within the last four years; formerly Fayette and Washington
counties were among the foremost in the country in wool-growing, but
the foot-rot has prevailed very extensively for several years, and many
who were formerly largely engaged in the business have now entirely
abandoned it.

Warren County, Ind.—Owing to our large corn crop last year, farmers
have gone largely into the breeding of swine, and mostly from the best
stock that can be had. A failure of the corn crop this year would have
a tendency to, decrease the number. Every species of live stock is on
the decline as to market value. Sheep are running out fast. They are
not cared,for, and the dogs have full liberty to devour whole flocks
without much complaint of the owners. I think dogs the greatest
nuisance that we have.

Caledonia County, Vt—There has been a very general disposition
among farmers to get rid of sheep, particularly the fine-wooled breeds,
_and to stock with cows. Those who keep sheep have got the coarser-
wooled kind, relying more on the mutton than wool. Fine-wooled
sheep have almost disappeared among us.

Owen County, Ind.—The destruction of sheep by dogs, together with
the low price of wool, have lessened the interest in sheep husbandry.
To these causes may also be added the fact that mutton sheep were
sought for during the past year on account of the high price of beef and

other meats. There is a growing sentiment in favor of the larger long-
wooled varieties, and if dogs could be banished, our county would be
one of the best for sheep. The enormous increase in the number of
hogs over last year is attributable alike to the surplus corn and the
remunerative price. Thousands of pigs were saved in “ feed lots” this
year, that were usually knocked in the head as soonas “ pigged.” These
now sell for $2 to $4 each.

Chariton County, Mo.—Sheep are on the decrease on account of the low
price of wool and a tendency to disease in large flocks in small pastures.
Hogs are on the increase, and a great improvement is being made in
breeds by importation from other States.

64

DISEASES OF STOCK.

Anne Arundel County, Md.—A singular disease resembling “ blind
staggers” has attacked quite a number of horses during the past month.
Every case has proved fatal in from two to four hours.

Cobb County, Ga.—The “ blind staggers” has prevailed to some extent,
proving fatal in every instance. The disease has been known in this
county since the first settlement, and is supposed to be caused by eating
corn not fully matured. No remedy known.

Upshur County, Texas.—Horses have died with “ blind staggers” dur_
ing the fall and winter.

Williamson County, Texas.—At least twenty-five per cent. of the one
and two-year-old colts have died of distemper within the last two years.

Monroe County, Tenn.—Quite a number of horses have died of “ blind
staggers” during the past few months.

Texas County, Mo.—At least twenty horses have died in this vicinity
lately, of “ blind staggers,” supposed to result from eating wormy corn,
of which there is a large quantity in the county, owing, I suppose, to the
very dry summer and wet fall.

Augusta County, Va.—Some cattle have died from being kept in corn-
fields, the stalks eaten .being too dry and indigestible. Also some loss
of calves from “ black leg. ”

Caldwell County, N. Gen, disease known as distemper prevails to
some extent. :

Worth County, Mo.—There have been many losses of cattle during the
winter, ascribed to various causes. Some attribute the disease to smut
on the corn. Post-mortem examinations made in many cases have
shown the ‘“ manifold” to be perfectly dry, and the fodder eaten—mostly
in stalk fields—to be clogged and so hard as to be almost impenetrable
to a knife. Some farmers have lost fifteen to twenty head.

Lagrange County, Ind—The fatality among cows and other catile,
eaused by smut on corn-stalks, has been much a than in any
former year.

Osage County, Kansas.—A few young cattle have died, supposes, to
have been caused by eating smut on corn fodder.

Howard County, Md.—Hog cholera has been unusually prevalent, some
farmers losing sixty head during the past year. The entire loss in the
county has been about three thousand head.

Montgomery County, Md.—Large numbers of hogs have been swept off
by cholera, and farmers are discouraged from purchasing stock hogs.
Various remedies have been tried without avail.

Loudoun County, Va.—There has been a disease among the hogs in
this county for the last few months by which some farmers have lost
almost their entire stock.

Alexander County, N. C.—Fully one-third of the hogs of this county
have died of a disease heretofore unknown in this section. Some die
in afew hours, without any swelling. Others dwindle for weeks without
eating, and become mere shadows. Some partially recover, but none
seem to thrive after having once been attacked. The disease has not
extended to many adjoining counties as yet.

Caldwell County, N. C_—Hog cholera still prevails to some extent, no
effectual remedy having been discovered.

Stanly County, N. C.—The ravages of the cholera are rapidly thinning
the stock of hogs. The disease is partially checked by administering
sulphur or spirits of turpentine, as suggested in the agricultural reports.

Tallapoosa County, Ala.—There is slight complaint of hog cholera in
the northern part of the county, but to no great extent.

65

Austin County, Texas.—Hog cholera prevails to some extent. An
active purgative has proved very beneficial. Sweet milk and soft soap,
given lukewarm, is recommended.

Sullivan County, Tenn.—Neither the cold weather nor any treatment
has checked the hog cholera. It attacks all breeds alike. Some believe
soft soap fed thrice a week to be a preventive, but the general expe-
rience has not proved it so.

Boyle County, Ky.—Hog cholera is proving very destructive. No
known remedy. .

Shelby County, Ky.—A large number of fall pigs have died this winter
from a disease resembling in some respects the cholera. The symptoms
are a cough and gradual wasting away of the system. Half a pound of
calomel to fifty shoats, stirred into shelled corn while damp from pre-
vious soaking, has been found an efficacious remedy.

Miami County, Ind.—Our hogs have been troubled with the cholera
and a disease pronounced to be quinsy, proving fatal in forty-eight
hours from the time of attack. Suds from common soft soap, and cam-
phor, have proved the most availing remedies.

AID TO THE FARMERS, OF FRANCE.

The following circular has been issued by the Commissioner of Agri-
culture, in codperation with the relief committee of the New York
Chamber of Commerce:

TO THE FARMERS OF THE COUNTRY.

The wants of the peasant-farmers of Northern and Central France,
rendered imperative by the spoliations of war, appeal to the sympathies
and benevolence of Americans, who can never forget the disinterested
services of Frenchmen in our early struggles for national independence.
The season of seed-time is approaching, and the supplies of seed to
insure a harvest and avert a famine must, in a large measure, come from
England, Belgium, and America. In this generous national rivalry it
is to be hoped that this country will not be distanced.

The New York Chamber of Commerce offers to give free transporta-
tion to France, through its relief committee, to all grains and seeds.con-
tributed, and will pay freight charges to New York on any invoice ex-
ceeding one hundred bushels; but local donors should arrange with
interior railroads for free transportation, if possible, to New York City.

The best local varieties of spring wheat of last year’s crop, sound and
clean, are especially desirable, yet winter wheat may be contributed
where spring wheat is not attainable; the heaviest and most productive
oats, as the Excelsior, Swedish, Surprise, and Norway; the most thrifty
kinds of barley, and the most prolific varieties of bush-beans. Especial
care should be exercised in avoiding seed injured by or containing in-
sects, and grains foul with the germs of pestiferous weeds. The pack-
ages should be stout and well-fastened barrels, and the net weight
Should be plainly marked upon each package, the variety of seed or
grain, and the State where grown.

These donations should be sent to the relief committee of the New
York Chamber of Commerce, at 64 Pearl street, in season for shipment
on the 15th of March, and it is hoped and believed that they will be

both liberal and general.
« HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner.

66
NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting and winter exhibition of the New York Agricul-
tural Society were held in Albany, February 8th and 9th. The attend-
ance was larger than usual. Hon. B. F. Angel, one of the vice-presi-
dents, presided, in the absence of the president, Solon D. Hungerford.
The report of the executive committee was read by T. L. Harison, cor-
responding secretary. The report of the treasurer, Luther H. Tucker,
showed the total receipts of the year to be $24,308 67, of which
$20,309 72 was received through the Utica State fair, and the total
disbursements $22,133 48, leaving a balance, with the reserve from for-
mer years, of $20,152 64. This substantial surplus has been obtained
without recourse to the race-course.

The officers selected for the ensuing year are as follows:

President—Richard Church, of Allegany.

Vice-presidents—Ist, Thomas H. Faile, Jr., of New York City; 2d,
Edwin Thorne, of Duchess; 3d, Jurian Winne, of Albany; 4th, Frank
D. Curtis, of Saratoga ; 5th, James Geddes, of Onondaga ; 6th, Wil-
liam M. Ely, of Broome; 7th, Benjamin F. Angel, of Livingston; 8th,
Horace 8. Huntley, of Cattaraugus.

Corresponding secretary—Thomas L. Harison, of St. Lawrence.

Recording secretary—W. H. Bogart, of Cayuga.

Treasurer—Luther H. Tucker, of Albany.

Executive committe ayer, jr., Rensselaer; Milo Ingalsbe,
Washington; Fordham Morris, Westchester; Robert J. Swan, Geneva;
Harris Lewis, Herkimer; George H. Brown, Dutchess; Joseph Juliand,
Chenango; John L. Cole, Wayne.

Miss Middy Morgan, of the New York Times, was introduced by Gen-
eral M. R. Patrick, and read a paper upon the transportation of cattle, its
inadequacy, cruelty, and wastefulness, and the neglect and brutality
which characterized their treatment after arrival at the market. Shealso
presented earnestly the subject of reformatory schools for vagrant chil-
dren of both sexes, under the direction of the New York Agricultural
Society, in which the boys may be taught practical agriculture, and
the girls may betrained to household arts. Thisimportant subject was
effectively presented, and its spirit and aims were heartily indorsed by
the society. itis to be hoped that State aid may be obtained for such
an institution.

On motion of Vice-President F. D. Curtis, a resolution was adopted
approving the existing law for the prevention of cruelty to animals.

The evening of the 8th was occupied by addresses, in the assembly
chamber of the State-house, on wool and mutton in America, by J. R.
Dodge, of the Department of Agriculture, and on stock-breeding, by Prof.
James ‘Law, of Cornell Univer sity. The former explained the causes of
depression in wool-growing, giving condensed statistical statements of
consumption and production, and showed where and how lamb-raising,
mutton-producing, and wool-growing yield relatively the largest profits.
The latter made a Jucid presentation of the principles which underlie
successful breeding of farm stock, illustrated by instructive diagrams.

On Wednesday a report on needed reforms of the market system, by
Joseph B. Lyman, of the New York Tribune, was read by Vice-Presi-
dent F. D. Curtis, who also read a paper of his own on the conveniences
and adornments of country homes.

The winter exhibition at the rooms of the secretary was an interest-
ing show of well-kept fruits and vegetables.

67
BRITISH IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOWS.

For the. purpose of comparison with American improvements, and to
give the general reader an idea of the style of popular foreign plows,
engravings and descriptions of two recent British inventions are here-
with given. ;

Ah i

‘MOUUNS .

The double-furrow plow -(of .G. W. Murray & Co.) is intended for
turning one furrow-slice, with a subsoiler in front for loosening the sub-

68

soil in the bottom of the furrows behind the furrow-horse. The Gar-
deners’ Chronicle says of it:

This is a much more effective plan of subsoiling than the old one, as the furrow-slice
is turned over the newly loosened subsoil, thus leaving the land in the best possible
state for aeration and drainage, with the fertilizing processes that follow. When the
work was done on the old plan, either with two teams—one in the subsoil plow and
the other a common plow—the furrow-horse of the latter team, trod and consolidated
the newly loosened subsoil. Even the feet of the plowman holding the subsoil
plow did much harm to land naturally adapted to run together in the bottom, and
besides better work done, there is a great economy of horse-power, fully as much as
when turning two furrow-slices. By removing the subsoiler, and fixing abreast, the
implement is converted into a furrow-plow. At the Oxford meeting of the Royal
Agricultural Society this combination of plow and subsoiler received the highest
commendation of the judges. Whether used in this combined form or as a double-
furrow plow, the implement is remarkably light in draught, thus proving that it is
constructed on sound principles. The simplicity of the mechanism and plainness of
the illustration render a detailed description unnecessary. The lever on the left hand
regulates the depth of the furrow-slice, and throws the implement out at the head-
land, by means of the land-wheel. The long lever to the leading furrow-wheel is for
ee and the two handles form a third lever for adjusting the depth of the sub-
soiler.

The upper figure represents the Messrs. Ransome, Sims & Head’s
first prize plow at the Newcastle and Leicester meetings of the Royal
Agricultural Society, farnished with grubbers—the invention of Mr. Rob-
inson, a practical Middlesex farmer. ‘ For deep plowing these plows were
never beaten, and as deep plowing is now the order of the day, and shal-
low plowing the exception, the implement may justly be termed ‘the
champion plow of England.’ It would take a very elaborate series of math-
ematical drawings to show how this plow turns the deep-furrow slice and
Jays it in the manner it does, leaving a clear open furrow for the next
turn. We here allude to what the judges said in their report at Leices-
ter, and perhaps we should not be thanked were we thus to lay open the
grand secret in the manufacture. But be that as it may, the Smithfield
Club show is not the time for the solution of such a question. But
speaking generally, the wrought-iron beam, instead of being a single bar,
is made double at the lower end, where it embraces the body or frame
of the plow. By this construction the beam acquires a degree of stiff-
ness sufficient to obviate vibration, while it at the same time admits of
simpler fastenings for the coulter and steam coulter, thus further in-
creasing stiffness. It is a well-known fact that any spring or vibration
of the beam greatly increases draught. For a similar reason the handles
are braced by diagonal stays. By this formation of the beam and
handles, the greatest strength is obtained by the less weight of iron.
The plow is fitted with a lever neck by which more ‘or less pitch is given
to the share. The two grubbers are not rigidly fixed, but have sufficient
play to admit of their going laterally when they come in contact with a
stone or any similar obstruction in the land, and to give them strength
the other way, they have each a drag-chain fixed in the body. Their
object is to break pan and gradually deepen the soil, and also to loosen
the soil below in plowing in manure with a shallow furrow. For this
latter purpose they are admirably adapted, for the manure laid thus
upon a loosened and properly aérated soil is in the best possible state
for thorough incorporation with the land; whereas the manure, when
turned down into a hard or close bottom, is often more than half lost.
The following figure is a front view of the wheels on a larger seale. The
judges in their report of the Leicester trials of the Royal Agricultural So-
ciety of 1868, spoke in the highest terms of these wheels. They are con-
structed on the same principle as carriage wheels, the hubs being bored,
and the axles turned and capped so as effectually to keep out dirt, and

69

they are easily oiled without the wheels being taken off. They are
attached to the beam at each end of the cross-bar in a very simple and
efficient manner, the cross bar being
held in its place by a clasp. An ad.
justable socket, with a vertical and
horizontal hole, is put on to each end
of the cross-bar. The stalks of the land
and furrow wheels are passed through [|
the vertical hole, and the socket works |)
horizontally on the cross-bar. The set-
serews which hold the stalks in the |
sockets are very accessible, little time
being occupied in altering either the
width or depth. The hake is also fur-
nished with a fine adjustment, so that =
the plow can be made to run perfectly true, Mint contributing ree
to reduce draught.”

LETTER FROM THE BOTANIST.

The following has been received from Dr. C. C. Parry, botanist of the
Department, now with the San Domingo Commission:

San DominGo Ciry, February 13, 1871.

Dear Sir: I have the honor to report that since arriving at this point I have been
closely occupied in making observations and collections of matters of interest connected
with the agriculture and natural resources of this district. As first fruits of our labors
I send by the Tybee steamer, direct for New York, three boxes, two of which contain
dried plants, (so marked ;) the larger one contains articles for the museum, including

native fibers, cordage, commercial “woods, and such articles of native produce as will
bear transportation. The fiber called Kamote is the product of Fourcroya Cabense, and
yields enormously. I hope to send some bulblets of this plant that may be grown in
the green-house.

This i is not the best fruit season, and most of the native fruits will not bear trans-
portation, but at the last point we shall stop at I shall endeavor to secure some of them
for modeling. All investigation tends to show the vast resources of this country, which
are hardly touched through imperfect methods of culture and want of enterprise. Our
collection of plants will, r think, number over five hundred species, and we hope to lay
in a good stock of seeds and live plants before leaving. I have found Mr. Shumacher
very friendly and obliging. I have visited him at his residence, two miles from town,
on the sea beach—a delightful residence. He has the Fourcroya Cabense growing in his
grounds, and is engaged in making experiments in producing the fiber from the green
plant by machinery.

My assistant, Mr. Brummel has been away on an expedition into the country for
twelve days; is expected this week. My associate, Mr. Wright, is also absent on an
expedition across the country.

I cannot ascertain certainly what will be the movements of the commission, but I
judge there will be no particular haste about returning. I shall try to improve all
the opportunities that the different movements offer. There is no doubta large section
of the mountainous districts adapted to the growth of cinchona. The fr equent 1 rains and
cool, misty atinosphere, and elevation above the sea, absence of frost, &c., supply all
the conditions of successful culture. A fair topographical map would enable one to lay
down this cinchona district with tolerable correctness.

The woods of the country are numerous and exceedingly valuable; will constitute
one great item of the wealth of the country. I have found coffee growing wild by the
roadsides. On all these points I hope to present some interesting data in my final re-

ort.

2 Respectfully, yours,
CSG: PARRY,
Botanist Agricultural Department.
Hon. H. Capron,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

70
JUTE IN THE UNITED STATES.

Reports of successful tests of jute culture in this country since its in-
troduction through this Department have been published in previous
issues. The following communication on the subject, under date of
February 28, has been received from E. H. Derby, of Boston, whose
interest in the subject is not of recent origin:

I read with much interest the letters from Louisiana and Texas, in your report for
September, which apprises us that the seed which you sent there in May last has pro-
duced plants which rose to the height of ten or fifteen feet, (the height in India,) and
ripened seed, although planted as late as June last.

It is obvious that the jute has been successfully introduced into the country, and
flourishes in the moist bottom lands of the Southern States. I entertain no doubt that
it will grow wherever the cane grows, on the moist soils of the South, and I believe
that the India plant is best suited to our requirements. One of your correspondents
says he made no effort to gather the fiber.

The process of separating the fiber from the stem is thus described in the Atlantic
Magazine for August, 1861, in an article in which I publishea some extracts from the
Journal of Agriculture for India. The plants are first placed for a week in standing
water; then ‘the native operator, standing up to his middle in water, takes as many
of the sticks in his hands as he can grasp, and removing a small portion of the bark
from the end next the roots, and grasping them together, he with a little management
strips off the whole from end to end, without breaking either stem or fiber. He then,
swinging the bark around his head, dashes it repeatedly against the surface of the
water, drawing it towards him, to wash off the impurities. The filaments are then
hung up to dry in the sun, often in lengths of twelve feet, and when dried the jute is
ready for the market.”

I trust you will urge your correspondents to preserve and circulate the seed which
they have raised, and to plant it when they plant the cotton. If the Department of
Agriculture had done nothing else, it seems to me it has earned ail the Government has
appropriated for it by introducing and acclimating this valuable plant.

I deem it almost as great an acquisition to the country as cotton itself. It yields one
of the cheapest fibers nature produces. It is raised in India, and I presume can be
raised here for less than one-half the cost of hemp, and for one-fourth the cost of cotton.
It has been produced in India for one cent per pound of fiber. It is woven not only
into gunny-cloth and gunny-bags, bit enters largely into carpets and many kinds of
tissues. In India jute has been constantly gaining upon cotton.

England has imported from India of this article more than 120,000,000 pounds in a
single year; and we last year imported more than 19,000,000, which cost more
than $3,000,000, and sold at the South for $5,000,000. It is used there chiefly to envelop
cotton. If we had diverted that amount of labor from cotton to jute we might have
raised a much larger quantity at home, and at the same time have increased the valne ~
of our cotton crop.

The jute seems to me to be a plant admirably adapted to the wants of the South.
The South requires it for bale cloths, also to divert labor from cotton, and to employ
the operatives during inclement seasons in the manufacture of cloth.

I presume that the mechanism used in Kentucky for spinning and weaving hemp
will be appropriate for jute. In India the widow still sits on the ash-heap and weaves
her sackcloth. .

I hope the Government will allow your Department ample funds to purchase some of
the simple machinery required for this manufacture, and that you will induce some
southern planters to continue the cultivation of it until its great value is generally
appreciated. ‘

This year demonstrates conclusively that a erop of 3,009,000 bales of cotton yields
more than one of 4,000,000, Let jute be the substitute for the last million.

71

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

PETROLEUM IN DRY ROT.

According to Herbst, petroleum may be applied with excellent advan-
tage in the “extirpation of the dry rot, it being only necessary to paint
the surface of wood thus affected with the petroleum. A solution of
carbolic acid, however, answers the same purpose and involves much
less danger from fire.

HARD CEMENT.

A cement which becomes excessively hard in time may be prepared
by mixing 2 parts of silica, 1 part of silicate of alumina, and 9 or 10 parts
of carbonate of lime, all in powder, and then roasting in a puddling
furnace. The remaining mass is then to be ground and again roasted
with 2 or 3 parts of carbonate of baryta. In practice, very pure sand
will answer for the silica and chalk for the carbonate of lime, the re-
maining ingredient being supplied by mineral witherite or natural car-
bonate of baryta.

CHLORALUM.

The new antiseptic commended by Professor Gamgee, and known as
chloralum bids fair to be of much value in its applications in domestic
economy and in medicine. The advantages claimed are the possession
of antiseptic qualities equal to those of any other substance; while used
in moderation it is entirely free from smell, from unpleasant fumes, has
no disagreeable taste, and is without any irritant or poisoning qual-
ities. According to Professor Gamgee, by its use as an antis@ptic, raw-
hide, meat, and other animal substances, immersed in a solution of 1.030
to 1.040, specific gravity, will be preserved perfectly for an indefinite
period of time, and what is still more to the purpose, will not be attacked
by insects after being removed from the solution. Fish, slightly tainted,
when immersed recovers its freshness of appearance and becomes firm
and palatable. In some instances fresh fish, such as salmon, when
caught were dipped in the solution, and after a passage of several days,
without ice, to London, in the summer season, were found to be entirely
eatable. This substance is suggested as an aid in drying cod on the
coast of Newfoundland and elsewhere, as thereby an immense mass of
fish that are now rejected could be readily preserved. The offal of cod

and mackerel fisheries which is now thrown overboard, could be pre-
served by this substance as long as might be required, and then carried
on shore to be converted into one or other of the various forms of fish
guano.

For disinfecting purposes a solution varying from 1.006 to 1.010 is
sufficiently strong to answer the desired object, stronger solutions being
usually unnecessary and imparting a disagreeable “smell. The solid
matter of sewage is said to be precipitated more rapidly by this sub-
stance than by the use of the persalt of iron, and the odor disappears
entirely. The use of chloralum in any epidemic, the cattle plague or
other contagious disease, including the epizodtics, is indicated by the
author of the communication. Finally, it is recommended for the treat-
ment of wounds, erysipelas, gangrene, and various contagious and in-
flammatory diseases. It may also be used for the purpose of immersing
the linen of patients before removing it from the sick chamber. For the
purification of water-closets it is said to have no equalin any of the
preparations hitherto recommended, and has also the advantage over
nearly all the rest of being free from any offensive odor.

12

SOURCE OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES.

The source of phosphatic manures, such as are found in the mineral
form in various deposits, is a subject that has attracted much attention
on the part of chemists and agriculturists. Of course, as regards guano,
the phosphoric acid is readily referable to the excrement and offal of
sea-fowl. Certain guano, such as Sombrerite, is derived from the action
of water on this matter, and the subjacent calcareous coral rocks. It
is thought that much of the paleozoic phosphatic rocks may have been
produced in this way; at any rate, those which have been formed subse-
quent to the evolution of terrestrial and vertebrate animals. There are,
however, many beds the origin of which cannot be referred to any of
the causes just mentioned. Professor Dyer, in an article on this subject
in “‘ Nature,” suggests the same view that was presented at the late
meeting of the American Association by Professor Kerr, namely, that
the brachiopods may have supplied a large percentage, the recent Lin-
gula, as is well known, having over eighty per cent. of phosphate of
lime in the mineral ingredient of its shell. In fact, he is of the opinion
that the large quantities of phosphate of lime in the Latrentian and
Silurian, as well as in the Devonian and carboniferous strata, are de-
rived from this source. In the mesozoic and tertiary strata, instead of
finding the mineral phosphate in veins and beds, it occurs mostly in the
form of nodules. Mr. Dyer coincides with the hypothesis previously
presented by Mr. Lankester, based upon the property possessed by clay
of detaching phosphate of lime from its solution in carbonated water.
The nodules in question are believed to be bits of clay, which have been
imbedded with great quantities of bones, as perhaps, also, with seaweed,
from which, by the intervention of gas-charged water, they have extracted
the phosphate. Hence the almost invariable occurrence of beds of

‘phosphatic nodules near argiilaceous strata.

This same view has been used to explain the origin of the phosphatic
nodule beds which have lately been detected in immense extent in the
vicinity of the city of Charleston, forming a mineral fertilizer which is
coming into very extended use. Among other applications, this sub-
stance is ground up and mixed with prepared fish, and converted into
an excellent manure for worn-out lands.

UTILIZATION OF COTTON SEED.

Various movements have been made of late years looking toward the
utilization of cotton seed, usually considered a burden to the cotton-
planter, and in getting rid of which great ingenuity has been expended.
Among the more recent propositions of the kind, that of the employ-
ment of the adhering cotton, and, perhaps, of the woody material, in
the manufacture of paper, has been brought forward, and a calculation
presented as to the number of tons of paper stock that could thus be
introduced into the market. Lately, large establishments have been
started in the South for the purpose of obtaining the oil from the seed,
the refuse being converted iuto oil-cake for fattening cattle. The crude
oil brings in New York from thirty-five to forty cents a gallon, and the
oil-cake commands nearly the price of corn, being said to equal it in
its fattening qualities. Shipments of the seeds have been made recently
in great quantity to Liverpool, from New Orleans, one vessel taking
over ten thousand sacks of the seeds, and about one thousand sacks of
oil-cake; and it is expected that these shipments will be followed up on
a large scale. As over two million tons of cotton seed are every year
produced in the South, we may well imagine how important it will be

73

to our country should the whole of this now nearly waste substance be
utilized in some form.

The comparative value of winter refined cotton seed oil, and of olive
oil may be gathered from the fact that at the latest dates the former is
quoted in the New York prices current at 72 cents per gallon, while the
latter with duty off brings only $1 in gold.

POTATO FLOUR.

Few persons in the United States are aware of the demand for farina,
or potato flour, and of the almost unlimited extent of the market that
can be found for this product, which is simply the dry, evaporated pulp
of the ordinary potato, the whiter and more tree from black specks the
better. It is used for sizing and other manufacturing purposes, and
with the aid of precipitation and acid_is converted into starch. In
Europe it meets a large and increasing demand, in its primitive state,
as potato flour; and in Lancashire alone 20,000 tons are annually sold,
and as many more would be taken if put into the market. When cal-
cined it is used largely for silk-dressing and other purposes.

At this time the quotation for potato farina in Liverpool is a little
over 4 cents a pound, while wheat flour is about 24 cents a pound; so
that the potato flour is worth nearly double that of the wheat at the
present rate. Consignments to Liverpool are solicited by the brokers
there, who promise to take all that can be furnished.

REMOVAL OF WALNUT STAINS FROM THE HANDS.

Those of our young friends who have oceasion to gather walnuts may
be interested to have a hint as to the best method of removing the
stains produced in hulling them. This may be accomplished simply by
rubbing with slices of apple or of pear; the cleansing power being due,
it is supposed, to the presence of the acid, which, therefore, may per-
haps be advantageously replaced by citric acid or lemon juice. If, how-
ever, the stains be at once thoroughly washed in fresh water, without
using soap, they may be made to disappear almost entirely; but soap
is unadvisable, since its alkali acts as a mordant and fixes the color.

PREPARED MEAT-EXTRACTS IN JAVA.

It has frequently been remarked that the best inventions of the west-
ern nations have, in nearly every instance, been anticipated by processes
long since devised and in use by the Orientals, especially by the natives
of China and Japan; and we are assured that the subject of prepared
meat-extracts takes its place in this category. We are informed by a
recent communication of Dr. Pott that the inhabitants of Java have
for many years been in the habit of preparing flesh extracts of various
kinds, and especially of beef, fish, and crabs, and that in this form they
enter very largely into the internal commerce of the country. The prep-
aration is known by the general name of petis, while the particular sub-
stance, whether the flesh of one of three kinds of oxen, of fish, or of
erabs, is indicated by a special affix.

The preparation of the petis appears to be a very simple one, consist-
ing merely in boiling the raw material and chopping it very fine, and
then putting it in a press and forcing out all the juices. This juice is
then boiled down at a moderate temperature to the consistency of sirup,
and kept for use. As a general rule, the preparation is made of such

74

pieces of meat of all the animals used as when brought to market are not
sold before its close, a precaution rendered necessary by the heat of the
country, and the impossibility of obtaining ice, by means of which to
carry the food oyer until the next day. The substance from which the
petis is expressed is also dried and introduced into commerce, but is
generally used immediately, while the petis is distributed widely through-
out the Indian Archipelago, and can be kept a long time. These prepar-
ations have an extremely saline taste, due almost entirely, however, to
the concentration of the organic salts originally contained in the ex-
pressed juice. The smell is said to be quite agreeable, and the taste very
appetizing. ;

VARYING EFFECTS OF POISONS ON DIFFERENT ANIMALS.

It is a well-known fact that what is poisonous to one animal may be
taken by another with entire impunity. In illustration of this proposi-
tion, we are informed that strychnine, so fatal to most animals, may be
eaten by certain species of monkeys with perfect safety. In the case of
an East India monkey, known as the Lungoor, (Presbytis entellus,) one
grain was first concealed in a piece of cucumber, which was eaten by
the animal with no apparent effect. Three grains were afterward given,
and with the same result. To test the strychnine used, three grains
were administered to a dog, which proved almost immediately fatal.
Another Indian monkey, known as the pouch cheek monkey, has been
found to be more susceptible than the Lungoor, but not so much so as
the dog.

It is also stated that pigeons can take opium in large quantities with
no injurious consequence; goats, tobacco; and rabbits, belladonna, stra-
monium, and hyoscyamus.

VICTORIA STONE.

In a communication upon artificial stone made to the: British Asso-
ciation by the Rey. Mr. Highton, the well-known fact was adverted to,
that certain forms of natural silica occurring in various parts of Europe,
especially in England and Germany, can be dissolved, under proper
precautions, even when cold. An important application has been
made of this soluble silica in the preparation of an artificial stone,
which is harder than any natural stone, except the hard granites and
primitive rocks. The process indicated for utilizing this consists in first
making a concrete of any good hydraulic cement. When this is dry it
is steeped in an alkaline solution of silica, in which is placed a quantity
of free silica. The following chemical process then takes place: The lime
in the concrete extracts the silica from the solution, leaving the alkali free,
which immediately attacks the free silica and conveys it in its turn to
the concrete. This process goes on continually till the lime in the con-
crete is saturated with silica. In this way, within a week, the strength
of the concrete is increased from 50 to 150 per cent., and to a still
greater degree by a longer immersion. As the alkali acts only as a car-
rier of the silica, it is used over and over again, and it is in this that
the economy of the manufacture consists. The substance thus formed
is known as silicated concrete, or the patent Victoria stone, and it has
been manufactured on a grand scale in London, and several large edi-
fices have been built entirely from it. The economy of its construction
is such that it promises to supersede natural stone, except where the
latter is very cheap and abundant. In London it can be put into place
in building at a much less cost than natural stone.

(6)
ARTIFICIAL ICE IN PACKING FISH.

As might have been expected, the artificial ice machines have been
extensively called into play for the manufacture of ice to be used in
packing fish. In corroboration of previous statements, it is said to be
far more durable than natural ice, the crystals béing much more solid
and exhibiting less tendency to split into flakes. The estimate has
been made that thirty per cent. less of artificial than of natural ice will
secure the same preservative effect. One objection to some forms of
artificial ice is said to be the opacity of its color; but an inventor
announces his discovery of a method by which perfectly transparent ice
can be obtained, and for its publication to the world he asks the modest
sum of five hundred pounds sterling.

: CINCHONA IN JAVA.

According to Professor Hasskarl, the cultivation of cinchona in Java
continues to be a success, the weather having been favorable and the
growth of the plant perfectly satisfactory. The number of plants
obtained from seeds and layers was about one and a half million, prin-
cipally of the species C. calisaya ; eight hundred and seventy thousand
were transplanted in addition, and over one thousand pounds of the
dry bark were sent to Holland in 1869, bringing from thirty-six to fifty-
four cents per pound. The total product of 1870 is estimated at eight
thousand eight hundred pounds for exportation, besides some hundreds
for home use 1n the island.

EHARLY VEGETABLES.

According to “ Nature,” Professor Decaisne has brought to the notice
of the Academy of Sciences in Paris a scheme for the rapid growing of
cabbages, radishes, &c., which are to be sown in richly manured soil,
and then used, stem, root, and all, as fresh vegetables. This diet is
intended to protect the inhabitants of Paris against the scurvy, which
may be expected to make its appearance in time in consequence of the
necessity of using salted meats.

ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE POTATO.

A careful analysis has lately been made, by Dr. Schoras, of the ash
resulting from the burning of potatoes, this amounting to from three to
four per cent. of the dried potato. According to this chemist, the
proportion of potash amounts to over fifty per cent., forty-five per cent.
_ being the smallest quantity observed. Of soda, there is generally from
two to three per cent.; in most cases only one per cent. being apprecia-
ble. Next to the potash, magnesia enters as the principal constituent
among the bases; nevertheless amounting to only the tenth part of the
proportion of potash. Lime is a subordinate element, in most cases
scarcely equaling half the amount of magnesia. The percentage of
potash was found to increase or diminish, as the yield of the crop was »
greater or less; but of the other bases little difference was found in
this respect. It was also observed that the percentage of phosphoric
acid increased as that of potash diminished; so that in the abundant
harvests it is proportionally less than in the scanty ones, varying from
ten to nearly eighteen per cent. The proportion of sulphuric acid is
tolerably constant, varying from five to six per cent. The percentage

76

of chlorine varied very much; namely, from two to nearly eight per
cent. The quantitative difference in the percentage of chlorine in the
ashes was found throughout to have a direct relationship to the amount
of the crop itself. Should this inference, which the author now presents
as provisional only, be substantiated by the further experiments he
proposes to make, it may be considered that the combinations of chlorine
have the same significance in the cultivation of the potato, that gypsum
has to various other cultivated plants.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE BREED OF CATTLE.

According to Prof. Schmied, a permanent improvement of the breed
of cattle is inseparably connected with the following proposition,
namely: that calves must be nourished with a sufficient quantity of their
mother’s milk for a much longer period than has hitherto been the cus-
tom; all other methods having reference to this same object being
insufficient without a proper adherence to this fundamental considera-
tion.

GRINDING FODDER FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The practice of grinding or crushing hay and straw, instead of the
usual method of chopping it, as an article of food for domestic animals,
is coming very muchinto favor. The digestibility of these substances,
as is well known, is much increased by steaming and softening with
water; but a very marked improvement in the condition of cattle, it is
said, is speedily observed in consequence of the adoption of the process
referred to. It is maintained, also, that horses fed with ground hay
are much less liable to suffer from attacks of colic than when the food
is chopped, and that an appreciably smaller quantity will supply suffi-
cient nutriment, less passing off in the form of undigested fiber. The
operation of grinding is efiected by means of millstones, or any other
conveniently-adapted arrangement, avery soft article of food being pro-
duced, which is extremely acceptable to the cattle.

PRESERVATION OF BEER.

The method of preserving wine devised by Pasteur, which consists in
heating it after having been bottled or put up in casks, to a temperature
sufficient to destroy the vitality of any existing spores of the wine fun-
gus, and thereby to prevent their development, marked a new era in the
business of wine-making, the treatment recommended having been fol-
lowed with great success, and coming more and more into use. Quite
recently the same principle has been made use of in regard to beer,
which is still more liable than wine to become sour. In this case, too, -
the success has been complete, aud immense quantities of malt liquors’
of various kinds, after having been subjected to the process, are now
shipped from Germany to all parts of the world. The bottles, after
being filled and well corked, are kept for about half an hour in a water-
bath having a temperature of 122° Fahrenheit, after which the warm
water is gradually replaced by cold, so as to prevent too rapid cooling.
In one of the experiments instituted for determining the feasibility of
the operation, four bottles of the same kind of beer were well corked,
and two of them were submitted to the process in question, after which
all were introduced into a heated room in the vicinity of a stove, and
kept at a temperature of between 70° and 80° for four weeks. At the
end of this time the prepared beer was found to be perfectly clear and

77

of a golden tint, with only a slight deposit of granular matter at the
bottom. The unprepared beer, however, was found to have passed into
an active state of fermentation, turning completely sour, and one of the
bottles had burst in consequence. It is requisite, however, in preparing
beer by this method, that the corks be perfectly tight, and for this pur-
pose the best champagne corks must be selected, and, if possible, soaked
in a hot solution of paraffine and some resin, (as colophony,) a composi-
tion which melts only at a temperature of 120°. In this way the eutire
percentage of carbonic acid of the beer will be retained in the bottle,
and the beer will be found capable of preservation for an indefinite period
of time. It is said that beer of any quality can be kept in this way, the
lightest and weakest being as susceptible of preservation as any other.

IMPROVED BIRD-LIME.

By adding a concentrated solution of chloride of lime to a strong so-
lution of common glue, a mixture will be produced which does not dry
up, and can be easily dissolved by the addition of water. Thus
prepared, it is recommended as a bird-lime, replacing advantageously
the article usually made out of holly-bark or other substances.

ITEMS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

A NEw InpDustrRy.—The sweet potato, used in various forms as an
esculent, in making bread, as a substitute for coffee, in the brewing
of beer, as well as for fattening farm animals, is now beginning to be
used in making a sirup ‘far surpassing that of the beet and even of the
sorghum in delicacy of flavor, while the yield is much more abundant.
The average product of a bushel of sweet potatoes—the yam variety
being preferred—is alleged to be over two gallons, and as the average
yield per acre, on poor, sandy soil, is from 150 to 180 bushels, the product
must necessarily be from 300 to 350 gallons of sirup. This must open
to the view of the piney-woods agriculturist a new and most profitable
industry, one man, with a mule, being able to cultivate at least fifteen
acres in potatoes. The residuum, after the juice for sirup has been ex-
tracted, is pronounced a valuable edible either for man or beast.”

PROTECTION AGAINST THE CABBAGE-WORM.—The European cabbage-
worm, Pieris rape, recently introduced by way of Canada, which has
proved so voracious and prolific, has become the terror of northern eab-
bage-growers, and threatens to traverse the country, unless checked by
natural or other causes. Wherever the pest has reached, so far as heard
from, very few if any remedies have availed to give relief to the gardener.
‘The most noted success is ‘that of P. T. Quinn, the market-garden re-
porter of the New York Tribune. He sends to us the following state-
ment: On his return from’ California, last summer, he found his
cabbages infested with worms, and threatened with total destruction.
He went to work with his accustomed energy, experimenting, trying
everything new and old promising riddance of the plague, all to no pur-
pose, until he hitupon the following: 20 parts of superphosphate made of
Slush acid, 1 of carbolic powder, and 3 of unslacked lime, mixed well to-
gether and dusted thoroughly into each head four times at intervals of
four days. The result was the saving of 75,000 cabbages, and a loss of
but five percent. The wroms would eat fresh lime with impunity, and car-
bolic powder would destroy cabbages and worms alike, but the ingredi-

78

ents in the proportion named, with the unsavory perfume of the super-
phosphate, either sickened or disgusted his swarming enemies.

FREIGHTS TO CHINA AND JAPAN.—The through freight from China
or Japan, to either St. Louis, Chicago, or New York, i is $5 in gold,
equal to $5 55 yy per 100 pounds; from China or Japan to
San Francisco, $2 gold or $2 22 currency; from San Francisco by
rail to. either St. Louis, Chicago, or New York, $3 gold or $3 33
currency (currency figures being based on the present price of gold).
The freight from China and Japan by sail is $1 75 to $2, gold,
per 100 pounds; at an average say $1 88 gold, equal to $2 currency; add
to this for difference in time, insurance, &c., say 17 cents per 100
pounds; add to this the present high rate of freight by rail from New
York to Chicago, $1 60 per 100 pounds, and we have a total of $3 85 per
100 pounds; showing a difference of $1 70 per 100 pounds in favor of New
York. Freights by steamer and railroad, from China or Japan to Chicago,
are calculated on the gross weight, while freights by rail to New York
are calculated upon net weight, and inasmuch as the tare of Oolongs
and Japans will average 25 per cent. of the gross weight, and greens 22
per cent. at rates as above, the freights by steamer and “yailroad,
Oolongs and Japans would be $6 93 per net 100 pounds, and on greens
would be $6 77 per 100 pounds; thus showing a further percentage in fa-
vor of New York that will average $1 30 per 100 pounds, or $3 per 100
pounds in all.—American Grocer.

THE GUAVA IN CALIFORNIA.—The San Francisco Bulletin states
that William Patterson, a nurseryman living near that city, four years
ago planted a guava, of the strawberry variety, imported from Austra-
lia, and recently removed it to his branch nursery. Only. once during
the four years has the tree failed to perfect a crop. It is now loaded
with excellent fruit in every stage of ripening. This experiment seems
decisive of the fact that the guava can be cultivated in the open air on
the Pacific slope. Guava jelly is a well known article of commerce and
brings high prices in the market. Another valuable element of agricul-
tural industry is here indicated.

TEA CULTURE IN INDIA.—The Agricultural Gazette (Indian) states
that there are in Assam 290 tea plantations, embracing 29,350 acres, and
producing 435,772 pounds of tea last year. The crop of 1869 in Darjeel-
ing amounted to 851,549 pounds from 44 tea gardens, of 10,067 acres.
The crop of Sylhet was 239,909 pounds from 22 tea eardens, having
2,240 acres. In Cachar 118 plantations, with 24,374 acres, produced
4,009,835 pounds. The other tea districts—Dacez a, Chittagong, Hager-
erbagh, and Lohardugah—contain but few gardens, and have failed to

send proper statistics. In Sylhet and Darjeeling there were but few
imported coolies, but in Assam there were 21,667. Cachar had 14,076
men under contract, and 15,000 whose time had expired. About 200,000
rupees were sent to Cachar during the year. Calcutta, during 1869,
exported 11,434,000 pounds of tea—an increase of 2,664,651 over the
previous year. ®

IMPROVED Stock IN InpIANA.—Our Sullivan County (Indiana) cor-
respondent states that much attention ‘is being given in that county to
the improvement of farm stock, several gentlemen of means having
turned their attention in this direction. Mr. John Giles, of Sugar Tree
Grove Farm, near Sullivan, has stocked his farm of six hundred acres
with superior breeds of cattle, horses, and hogs, including a fine herd
of short-horns, the pedigree of twelve of which our correspondent
sends us.

79

MARKET PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCTS.*

Articles.

NEW YORK.

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labels se SAU Ns Se ee sans SAR. sash sees per, dos
ayo nipping Qualities |2 25 ve 3 8). tN os a per ton ..
EMMI O S20 ale ots a ane ee eS a ee So Ne per }. dos
HeOTG MOSS ai oo sn| Jeon Se Sesame eee Sal Ma Sea nbs oleate ee per barrel_.
RGIIMEMINERS 2 3 toca a Sto steno ae Fe pere- doe
Bot MESSI it od Acc ese SS Same Share per? doszs2:
. PRUs s/s, nae sane pa as Sj aoe on es Seeds ae pers) does
UTD are Se ee cE (oC eae per pound...
aiber NVGSLELM ss oe wesc tase Sao. Sate eee oS per’ <dosee-
SLUR MSA ae Emel meta eerie SRD AS Raye 2 <i esate per ~:dozs.
Cheese aE osc7s5 teeta cme is See eR RS perry. does:
PACHOLY tenes dy joc eso se pees See sia tere ee per ~dozs2-
Cowon ——Cmainary oe SS SPS ose sas oe as per dos==
: iMiddling 22-5 ..;- Si Ae oe eee ree pent edoss
Tobacco—Sound lugs, light grades --..--...----.--.--per do...
Sound lugs, heavy grades-.22-)2-2.-2---52- per, does.
Common leaf, light grades ..--....---.----- per dos
Common leaf, heavy grades .:.-....---...-- per: doses:
Waol—Compbing fleece /: 2. ..2. 34: pass acaeese ce 22522 pers “dosz22
Bextra lleds os ties won ee cee abe eS pers .doz---
Texas common! tomedium 2.0220 s20- .ase= soe per (dos:
Calitorniay COMIMON se oe ss ss ole ee eee nor per) dows
CHICAGO
Brour——Wrunter exurase: 2. jc s his osee ba sessss eeg eee | per barrel...
|S] al Se Bee ROR ea LY 2 Sen RC per. doris:
Wiha Ow SDP sate eS ole a oo kes nae per bushel...
TAC REA 65 ga A emate a per. do.-.:
NOU SISPLING seers oes Shee REE SAN ee eek per do---.
Gree NONe aso a tons See ee oe Sean 2 nes aE per do...
IR O[PCIAU 2 sal fenton 2a SANA oo NS hs oo per do.--
CLE ES LTE RS SE hea ne ire Ye ek Ce RR ie per do--:
Ree CLCG (2 akan ates os Sah e e NY e O per dose.
Hay—Timothy and clover, (on track,)..:--..-.--...--- per ton --.
EPMA Ge. Se stood se See Sst ARON OLAS Oks per doz:
LOD ES USE eee a OE ny er ee lies Rime att ok per barrel-.
RBETUBELELC SS copes SEAL f 0. eke tis 2 5 21 Semen SSL Rib Ae per a.doss=-
LE EL eo ie GI alge eee CA ak A per do...
Rieter megs sei o0. 2 35 Le: Paes ae) Ce RED Es Oo peur doves
BL STRE USO ese A ae a a Se CE per |.dorey
Lev Ti eters ba 00 7705 hi] So aes ie Cee ee per dos
db SE ote Ee Re, Th oe A ea per do.:--
Oheese— New, York useconye.. oy 28055) eB Sos 2 a ee pert doz
Wiesternhfachonyiess Ste te pr ieee ag oars. per))dq 2
Western: Reseive see: Sein hey. 3 eee ne hs a8 peri doss2
Wicet— Madan fleece: 2225) stn fsa fae 2k aes per, .doress
Unwashed mediumacs seers see "eer Hs <3 per; (dosses
“LDN OP ie ps EER DY oi, nea eae per. dos!

Ree OL ON
<4)
Pw)
aH

22 374
20 50
10 00

* Record made as near the first of the month as practicable.

to
to

to
to
to

$7 30
1 57

ret 2 OD
og
Cis)

80

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles. February.
CINCINNATI.

Higa e ey, 51-2 si aano tf anen\-p foe Ce ee per barrel..| $6 00 to $6 25
[STE See ests SE ep af. . ees ge lett per do.2:-| O25 en anay
RESPEEHNG 22°55 Heid Soe nO Tee ae see eee per do... 5 00 to 5 2%
MEO WAETAC CSE. ome eee eeene oe ane cies per do....| 450 to 5 00

rset NOW White 2.5 ce sco2 jedce Aces See = eee eee per bushel..| 140 to 1 43

OORT: cierto cere per do... to
NOM Ted teas cee ee ce eres onan per do-.. 1 32 to 133
Ome Ted foo epte ce aocies eens pee eee per’ ‘dows 1 30 to

CHIEN (0 Dee ee ee oe eee, ai ete per do... 52 to 53
INeNtiCAIT Roa ee ete seene cs ee eee. 3 oe ee per. dot: 53 to

Ba Oodle Sia cee cae a ec oe a ee bo ee pmo oe ae per ~~ do... 105 to ———

NONE crates sins sete oe ieee n> ow eee per do... 100 to ——
GIP CLEM seein < Seer ore Nemec ae eeeee . soc estore per ‘dor to
a0 ie oe ie Se ae in oe ie pees waa kek per do. 100 to 1 03
INOS STC) ees SR eos 2 Rae es ales 8 per do. to

Onis“ Niomiemimed yee). meee eau. ee eee So ee per do-..- 48 to 50
BV OSG Sead Mee aoe 8, oe RSS on Reece per do. 46 to 48

Habit Pressed esp sens gist este eee < obs eee per ton -...| 18 00 to 21 00%

NNGOROM Sh eae 1 eteieey eto bites SSicemoe ac ater mees per do-....} 19 00 to 23 00

[Presa SEE ea Ee ee ee eee, is per barrel..| 2175 to 22 50
RING nNCsS eens coe. See. sees fe tore eee per do=:

Mee SEC ATE oases cms eerte niet See Reb e per pound.. eu 124 to 124

Butter—Choice Ohio ..-..----2.-...=-- AO ne per p doses. 24 to 30

AO; O OOM 25 ts Stee oe Re oo ee eae per do-.-- 18 to 21

Cheese— Western Reserve......-..-..---------.------ per. doz: 134 to 144

EGUOR Yip tec evoke Se aye: Seas Merete 6 cee eee per do 14} to 154
Pagan wmnary 2 he La. ie. ee See. eo pee 104 to © 13}
Ari VII WEE Se Te eR REARS 8 pm ap per “do... 14 to 144
Tobacco—Lugs, West Virginia ..-.-..---..-...-..---- per do..- 4 to 8
MTS CMU Kane no vat otoee een Care ee per: doses 7 to 10
Common to medium leaf, West Virginia....per do-- 8 to 9
Common to.medium leaf, Kentucky-.--..-- per do 10 to 15

ee VISE one oh os Soe) wee ~ weet one per do. 48 to 50
IRI BCCO Wes DE Un ticce <tc: c= '.=2 Sane ees per do. 42 to 44
Winwashedite ee ee ee ccd chee Cotes per do 30 to 31
recs 2 teeter ae oc ke See ee Ree per do- 36 to 38

ST. LOUIS

He UES So See RR ae ERE fey SR per barrel..| 5 40 to 5 50
NEE eo CS RE Aslan c so weidiin.- os Soe see ee per do:.--| 470 )to4i85
‘COGS ABS AR Res 4 SSS, eee rea | emis ep ne per do....| 600 to ~8°50

oe SRS 0 CRS IE «25 ae ia ae A a per bushel..| 1124 to 1 30

IWimber ING Eee sete cc ee ee he toes 2 cee eee per” «dolar.

Ve NOM eeaeeee nomics eee s. Lf eee per do....| 150 to
NVanberUN@N sapere o ee hme cS lees per do... -.|) 223) ioe
Glee asi bee Sete recor s Cotwiae clea «cans per do.-...| 130 to 1 50

Sepa OL GMs hu. Sh ere nem se ge cen wie. | Settee pers, donors 47 to 62
POM: a2¢h. Seem aes ok co eee. 3 eee per do-.-.--. 54 to 65

LYS, 2 RE oe) i 9 eg fal pee dose 85 to 95

SLES UP el ct ay yp A ep en per «dose-4 84 to 88

SUSAR RIGS “eal ES 5 a ety amt tc! 8d 28 per) Goze 40 to 75

Psa, ARR Set A ea Re ely MRE AMIN yy loool per do.... 4214 to 56

aN 2.5.2 ES Rega came ey ack ot = oc SS per do--2: 53 to 60

TE a aie we ae en's eee wie wee ee > Ree eee per ton ...| 14 00 to 20 00

(ne Ri RR ae atitle SA EO eP a at lbate per poe 21 00 to 23 00

i serene). ef... Se en eae i a pons ee per do.. 124 to 13
CRs. Sey SaaS ienepee lied 505 5 2 Le ee od ee per, do.... 13% to 144

Pee OS 2.5 2... Rw ees Le ate Se per, doze: 27 «to 29

COO CONT... See ee ems ein te Y per) couree 10 to 24

JE ee 0 ge agi LARS a per” dect.. 153 to 24

81

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles,

February.

Sr. Lours—Continued.

Carian MR roa hia. 9 2 aes nom sa ciain sae ee ae per pound..
Wepacco— Sommang. = ass. ccce assess cee «ace aeeee per = do!.s.
Canmons leat. 9.2 oe oe ee. 22 ee per do.
Wed GAL, 52 oa. eae enc age ee =, = eee per do
Wisge ap Wane: 2-202 45 sa0 sn. aaeee = «= Syee eee per do-
MUNE OCC WASN EG ae 2) ol. as ane oe ates an ee per, “do:
COMI rn ata. ane eserere ca eee. ee per do.
RIAN Be Se oon Ae sao oes eee a oe per dots
NEW ORLEANS 5
1b) TERAS SPITE: 01 eae en eee See = a Ae ere per barrel...
Extras, (according to prade)........-----.---- per do-..
Bier RE. SMS Pea EE ns Sees os oe eee per bushel...
MOM OW: 2 Sots Sota es ono last. See per ‘do.-..
1A 7 ee eee Fe eS i ie a «= ee per do..
OES OCs eR a) Se es a eae per do.
Ey OICE ae SMe Scie toto wee aoe oo ee ss per ton
SELIM Ole satya a, ae iac as Se se sieldae sem. aoe eee oo per do:-~
een ke MCSS oie Sah. oe Sos os Sous os os oe 2 Se per barrel --
PEE IOC 2S 3 312 2a al 2 os op enn oe eae 45 Rey eS per pound...
ee ee See Bee eee = Sea ib Ape per do..
Butter—Choice Western ........-...-..-25--220-+ 20. per do.
Choice Nonulemns 22252522 ee oo eee per do.
CommonyNorsherm:: 422205. Soe 8 See per do.
WRoesc—Chplcegactory.c--: 28 2). See. per do-
Western Reserve..-. - Be POSS Ce eA See per do
Uy SPD ret Oe Fe En a en Sk ke aR ee per do.
opr lenges! = poe eae ae ey. fe ree per do.
EMME 208 22. 3 sana aes samt. oS ee per do.
gepacco— lugs, Hehe 5) 255. on cae a ee oe per do.
Mags A GaN a2 on oat aeets Setee= a ee oe per do.
Bow leat, Webht...2 502 52-25 552 Sse caeeeaae sss per do.
Mawaleat heavy <2 8..). s..2 -1s- ee 2 eee a per do.
Medinmoleatinghtss. 2-fo2-sos ee eeeeee per do.
Madinim*lead, aheavyy, -- =. sesso esse cee ee aes per do--
SAN FRANCISCO.
LEUESS SEI Sak Secs £5 GEE Soot SATO aS omen Sees per barrel-.
CIRC ONY Soe cas aa agin wt ngs Re = area per do-..
peri — bale 4 A922. oS A ot ett ee ain Poe per bushel.
OES te aie ENE mec. - SMe le per ‘dose:
Corn—W hite 2Ssece Seis So am, se per do -
y 2G LU Seer a See ees oa -. Se Se ee CONES Ee
LLY oc ee ee Bee <2 5 oe ee per do
Gea ere gs ot ese 2k 2. sees oe eee oes s Sere per dor
PAY. — bale! ee a = Ses sate om) ~ = sees Sees eases per ton
Bpnic MBSR. AS oo vio Smcise Sona ete + sa eee =e ee eemie per barrel.
PPTL OM sete swe 2 cee Nae Sos 3.5 eo 3 Sareea oe ae per do-.-
Beek— Mess). i j22 hse SR Sie EERO AE OS Sa Re Ge per do-.
Pir — lin Warreliseu 2 spec. Gee ote Sse aero na 8 per pound.
ID OMERUICENHEAS yn Shi 5 582. Ss rome ut per do.
Bab ber—S babes). see tea sacl o cata oes o aoe eos per do...
Oneo OR ae ee pe 2 oe wae es Soe ake s per “do 72s
Oivierlaind 55 eae ey Seek eos cee a St per doz
CCORG ge es ow eee ae eee 3 2 eae ee nia a SS per do..-.
WOOL“ NALLV Os - -:. .5/. cote Boe Sesto eiiee alee Ve cece per do..
California, 25 33 eee sues = Saeeae aoc. cir per do....
ORCRONT 2: = 5. 38s aap an Stee cies wan re per do.

$0 13 to $0 14
3 60

METEOROLOGY.

JANUARY, 1871.

[COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY THE OBSERVERS OF THE SMITH-

SONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature, and amount of rain-fall, (in inches and tenths,) for January, 1371, as reported
by the observers at the stations named. Observations daily at 7 a. m. and 2and9 p. m.
Table from reports received up to February 18; notes from reports received up to February 15.

8
5 BAe
ro Pid |e
qs 9 | 5| 8s
State and station. County. Observer. Date. | 34 | Date. | BS |] Ss
oe a2
4 A) &
a a |4
\
MAINE.
Oo oO ie)
Houlton’). o22 20% 2 Aroostook ....| Charles H. Fernald. -.|/6, 14, 16 40 24 | —32 | 87.6
State Agr. College.| Penobscot ....| M. C. Fernald ....-. -- 16 40 23 |.—21 | 13.3
Sie Aye S See dies Hancock..-... Oscar, H. Pripp ------- 16 48 23 | —19 | 17.4
Williamsburg...... Piscataquis ...| Edwin Pitman-.~-..--. 14 40. 23 | —30 | 6.7
West Waterville...| Kennebec..... BAR Wilbur. 22-22 es 13,14 42 23 | —15 | 15.8
Gardiner 2-- 252) -.5- BO eee sere R. H. Gardiner -.---.- 13, 14 40 23 | —14 | 16.6
isbonl. see -ae se ==! Androseogein. Asa P. Moore ....--.-. 14 52 | 23,25 | —16 | 16.3
Standishie .--eeeL.- Cumberland ..} John P. Moulton.....- 14 54 23 | —16 | 18.0
INGTWaYir en icleen = = Oxfordee ssc Howard Smith......-.. 14 50 8 | —20 | 15.6
(Ofieertste aa Ge ene Morn yaeas a SilasWieStsoo. o- occaue 14 52 93° | 14
Cornishville -.--.--).-.. doe sees Ge wWaiGipoill? oes 14 52 23 | —16 | 18.4
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
SuGattord 2205.22. COs maaan oes Branch Brown ......-- 14 48 23 | —26 | 12.3
Wrhitefield..-..2..-}.2.: Goeeee es itee EAD Reid Cae? se see eee, 14 48 10 | —29 | 12.1
(avi ah cal) ee eae deities Se ME Odea. er ee 31 35> 25 | en eee
Mt. Washington ...}.--. Olea. sats J. H. Huntingdon... --. 13 36 22 | —42 | 6.14
Tamworth ..2....-. Carrollae see Alfred Brewster .....- 14 48 8 | —29 | 147
Contocookville. .--- Merrimack ...| BE. D. Couch :-.... 2... 14 50 23 | —15 | 22.3
Gotistown Center --| Hillsborough .| Alfred Colby.-.....-.-- 14 56 23 | —13 | 21.4
VERMONT.
Lunenburg ....-.-.. SsOx eee - H. A. Cutting .--22.-: 14, 31 45 23 | —30 | 13.7
Craftsbury..--.---. Orleans ...--.-- Rev: He Peswald_< 225. 13 43 23 | —28 | 10.3
South (hroy) 3... =< Gove. ee: James C. ae edy 13 52 10 | —26 | 18.6
Randolphe 22 -oa-\-- Orange ...----. Charles S. Paine ..-...- 13 44 23 | —16 | 17.0
Woodstock ....--.. Windsor .-...- Doten & Miller...----- 13 42 93 | —20 | 14.6
Near St. Albans ..-| Franklin.....- A. H. I. Gilmour...... 13 46 23 | —26 | 12.0
West Charlotte ....| Chittenden ...| Miss M. E. Wing ...-- 13 53 23 | —18 | 19.0
anton 6: hie ce Addison .....- D.C. and M. FE. Barto. 13 50 23 | —24] 14.7
Castleton Rutland ...... Rev. R. G. Williams . . 13 49 23 | —16 | 18.6
MASSACHUSETTS.
Rangston ........ 2. Plymouth... .. G.S. Newcomb ...-..-- 14 62 23 | — 5 | 27.8
Ropstield(..--...-%.- Hasexyeeene ks S.A.) Merriam |. 2. 22o- 14 50 23 | —10 | 21.9
MCW DULY) 1. <-----|-220 Oe ates John H. Caldwell ....- 14 62 23] — 8 | 23.5
awPencee: =... --|- 20 dG 2 John Fallon.......-..- 14 55 23 | — 8 | 22.3
Georgetown . ..----.|.--. Co: sMoeates Bi, Mi Nielson.\ peecae 6 14 59 23 |.— 7 | 23.8
Welton to-.-2.----- Norfolk..... =. Rev. A. K. Feele.....- 14 67 26 | —= 3) 86s5
Cambridge......... Middlesex ....| Mrs. & Rev. J. B. Perry 14 60 | 23,26 | — 6 | 25.5
North Billerica ....|.... CO. eee Rey. E. & W.W. Nason 14 60 25 | —10 | 24.3
New Bedford .....- Bristoly-. ashes Samuel Rodman .....- 14 56 23 | — 5 | 26.6
Worcester ......... W oreester 2.) D. DZ. Morrill. ..-.- 2... 14 55 26 | — 7 | 22.0
ipnonbury .-!)..--.|..... dg.sine eee Geo. A. Cunningham. . 14 59 23 | —11 | 22.6
Ti Gy) ee (ee Wonca John G. Metca f, M. D. 14 59 26 | — 9 | 22.0
GORD ees ae ee 2 Hampshire . ..) Prof. E. 8. Sneiu..--.-- 13 50 23 | — 6 | 23.3
Richmond ...-..... Berkshire. .... William Baeon......-. 14 56 23 | —12 | 23. 4
Williams College ..|.--. COs ene Prof. A. Hopkins. ..-. 13 55 23 | —15 | 22.2
Hitsdalesce.s 2... PaO ae Rey. E. Dewhurst..... 14 57 23 | —15 1 19.8

.

Rain and melted
show

Uae eel pe eet)

Wrea1O WmMUS
DAaWASWUIA

83

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station. County.
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport.......---- Newport. -..---
CONNECTICUT.
Columbian. 32. . ¢. =. Tolland: 3...
Middletown . -..... Middlesex .-..
Southington ......- Hartford... ..
Round Hill .......- Fairfield. ....-
NEW YORK.
Moriches -..-....---. Suftolki 22-5520
South Hartford ....| Washington -.
North Argyle...---|.--. Coie ss seme
JU) genase e eee Rensselaer - - - .
Garrison’s ---.- @.-.| Putnam...:-..-
Throg’s Neck -....- West Chester.
White Plains ......|.--- GOwe: See eae
Cooper Union /..-..-. New York ...-
Brooklyn 2222.2. 2+ MON gS rss
Mathbashe £22 ss5\ a5 GOs 5e
Gipscarensescs. 5h: Wister:. ===.
Newburg,..-..2---- Orange . --.-.-
Minaville .-...-.-.- Montgomery --
Cooperstown. ..---- Otsego ..-.:...
Gouvernéur........ St. Lawrence. -
North Hammond wa5 200 2 Leses:
South Trenton. .-.. Oneida 422 ee.
Cazenovia ..-...--. Riadison ------
Onerdarj2285 7... -- FOE eae te ae
Depauville.......-. Jefferson --.--.
Oswerol 3225255. -- Oswego. ..----
IPalenmoien: .2 2. oat la Pee eee
North Volney..--.- past OO) apenas sens
Nichols 2c. .- = 022-15 Topan 2.22.55
Newark Valley ....|.--.d0 .:-..:-2-
Rochester. .-....... Monroe .-.--.-
Little Genesee ..... Allegany -.----.
Amcelica eo... 52: ae AO et tiack ace
@ackionmernee tA. QOrleang2+: 22.
Suspension Bridge .| Niagara...-.--
GCpOnbys ters 252 aoe 2: dome 3.5 oe.
IbWitaloy wes soo. WLIO )-scshsecce
NEW JERSEY.

- Jersey City -.-.---- Hudson ..-----
EBGeTAOM ss ace. 2A .- - Passaic) .2-22ic2
IMewoatkenes 2-2 2. ay32|) MBSOK 25 ots tee
South Orange ..---- yee UOtaneee nae
PUTENnGORo-3- 225-2 Merceri-= 24-2
Rio Grande ..-...-. Cape May ...-.
Moorestown -.--.-- Burlington. -..
New Germantown .|....do ---...--.
Greenwich........- Cumberland -.-
Wartelmd 5 os= 2. . PeEGON | ose

PENNSYLVANIA.

Nyeesienstoe. sess Eik@ge ce 5-=
Hamlinton ..--..... Wayne ......-
IDV DBETY =. -2 Ss te,. sae Pisa nO Ome se oe
Fallsington ........ Bucksye oe
Philadelphia .....- Philadelphia.

Germantown. ...... 4 Se Rog By 3!
Horsham, 2256 2). Montgomery. -
Plymouth Meeting.|....do .--......
LUGO GU Soe ee Behisheee ss.
Factoryville ....... Luzerne _-...-
Readme peor 208 Berks)23 32 baa
West Chester.....- Chester ....-..
Parkerville........ e200, Soe
Catawissa..... - ;..-| Columbia, - .--.

|

2 ae ie
#8 2 3 a ¢
Observer. Date. zs Date. | £2 | $ = = 3
ES aS | 2°) 48
Ae gale B
Ss = 7) =
= a \/a | °S
° ° | ° In.
William A. Barber. - 14 56 23 0 | 29.1} 4.97
|
William H. Yeomans - 14 62} 23,26) — 6.) 25.1) 2.26
He PAS Wand .\.-2522" 14 57 25 | — 9 | 24.2 3. 43
Luman Andrews. ...-- 14 55 26) — 8 | 24.3] 2.93
Wiee-Alcotur-<cr:. cart 14 50 23 | — 5} 23.8 3. 09
E. A. Smith & daugh’rs 13 54 25 | — 2) 24.7) 3.66
G. M. Ingalsbe .....--. 13 54 23 | —19 | 20.2) 2.78
Gave Ein ee. ee 14 45 23 | —22 |) 17.5 1.69
John W. Heimstreet -- 13 53 26 | — 8 | 24.0] 1.60
Thomas B. Arden..... 13 54 26 | — 6 | 26.0} 2.86
Miss E. Morris. ...-..-. 12, 13 50 10 ci Ne a fel eee oe
Prof. O. R. Willis & drs 14 54 23, 26 a ey iq] ae
Prof. O. W. Morris .. -- 12 59 26 5} 29.8 | 4.37
Isaac P. Mailler....... 14, 16 51 26 4) 29.9} 415
Rev. Eli T. Mack.....- 16 51 26 Dd | 27.8 ume
D. B. Hendricks. .....- 13 58 26 | — 8] 18.5 3.45
James H. Gardiner -.. 13 55 26 | —5 | 26.3] 2.53
J. W. Bussime. oo 235.) 13 46 23 | —14/ 19.7} 1.80
G. Pomeroy Keese ....} 13,14 55 23 | —18} 20.1) 1.14
CSC Russelle2 . 22252 13 53 23 | —30 } 12.7} 1.84
OAc Wooster... = 2: 13 60 23 | —22 | 16.1 1.39
Storrs Barrows .-.-.--- 13,14,15 48 23 | 20] 17.4] 2.20
Prof. William Soule. -. 13 54 23 | —14 | 23.0] 2.98
S. Spooner, M. D.--_.. 13 | 56 23 | —13 | 26.0) 1.14
Henry Haas). 23-5252 13 52 23 | —21 | 16.7] 2.25
William 8S. Malcolhn... 15 49 23 | —16 | 23:0))] £80
Br Barheul.- se 13 49 23 | —22 | 20.0 2. 70
J: ME Patrick, ..2. =. - 13 355 23° |) —19))| 2h 2 ee ee
Robert Howell......-. 14 tai 22 | — 1 | 25.6 je-oee-
Rev. Samuel Johnson - 15 55 9|— 8} 240| 2.30
G. P. Hachenberg, M.D 13 58 23 | —10 | 26.31) 1.60
Daniel Edwards .-..-.- 14 58 4|—7/ 23.7) 3.68
C..BSArnolier 22 Seeece 14 56 22 | —10 | 24.8 j.....-
Ma Pi Godtrey: ... 2 sses- 13 60 23 | — 2 | 25.0 |......
W. Martin Jones.-....- 13 54 23 0) 24.3) 1.65
B. Wheaton Clarke ... 13 59 23 | —2/ 24.3] 1.70
William Ives ......... 13 56 23 0 | 26.17) 1.82
Thomas J. Howard, jr. 13 58 26 ae las: BASS eee
William Brooks. ...... 13 50 26 0 | 26.4} 2.81
W. A. Whitehead... -- 13 48 26 0 | 26.7 3. 04,
W.J. Chandler, M.D . 13 60 26 | — 4 | 25.4 2.10
TOAD CA Ofai2) '< ] See 15 62 26 3 | 30.5 |. 2.03
Mrs. J. R. Palmer ..--. 14 60 10 8 | 32.4| 4.28
Thomas J. Beans.. ... 15 64 26 3 | 29.3) 3.95
Ac B. Nolaeee eee ses 13 51 25 | — 3 | 26.1 ek
Miss R. C. Sheppard - -- 15 60 10 9 |, 32. 2h 252
John Ingram, M.D...| 14,15 63 10 Ly) shit 6. 23
John Grathwohl .-.-.--- 13 61 26 | — 4) | 25.05] 2.13
James D. Stocker .-.-.. 13, 14 60 23 | —2 | 26:3] 2.05
Theodore Day. --2-- 2 13 49 | 10,22} —5 | 21.9] 1.97
Ebenezer Hance -.---- 15 61 26 4| 30.0] 2.20
Prof. J. A. Kirkpatrick 15 64 26 8 | 32.6 3. 61
Thomas Meehan ...... 15 63 26 Sal eat tk ete ee
Miss Anna Spencer... 15 55 | 10, 26 5 | 28.9] 3:30
Marcus H. Corson..... 15 62 10 1/283) 4.04
Edward Kohler.---..- 13 51 26 (Uy eas ee ee
Rodman Sisson .--.--. 14 57 |9, 22,23 | —2] 24.7] 2.85
J. Heyl Raser:....-.- 15 61 26 10 |} 32.1, |. 2.79
George Martin, M. D.- 15 61 26 4/ 23.3] 3.18
F. Darlington, M.D... 15 59 10 4] 28.4) 3.25
ey GUTS uae se ones cee 15 56 25 4.) Sasa sees,

84

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station. County. Observer.
PENN’ A—Cont'd.
sepiirata,. —---5----- Lancaster. - -.. IW. He Spema) 2 2.
Oashsleerce.- =. --. Cumberland ..| William H. Cook, M. D
Fountain Dale ...-. Adams). -=.2.2, S. CoWalker...32-.=-:
York S. Springs:...| York ......... J. H. Marsden, M. D..
Lin ae IO at aes Hi, Bentley, ... <-'.2-~
Grampian Hiils....} Clearfield ..... Elisha Fenton ...-.--.
Johnstown......--- Cambria .- .-..- Dayid Peeler = 2-2-2
LUST Venango...... Rey. M. A. Tolman....
biwtsbarg..--..- - -- Allegheny ....| George Albree.......-

Connellsville ....-- Fayette. --.-.. Johnie «2-6-8
Brownsville........|.... Otter a) J. A. Hubbs, M.D...-.
Wew Castle -....... Lawrence. .... E. M. McConnell ...---
275 ee Beaver =<: yo" Rev.ck. We Tavlor..-.:
Canonsburg. -.--...- Washington ..| Rev. Wm. Smith, D. D-
DELAWARE.
MPOVGE > shee 2. 2 5: Kenbec 2-2 =-4- J. H. Bateman ..-...---
MARYLAND.
Woodlawn........-. Weel 2-28... J.O. McCormick .....-
Lap US ie Harford). 5.5.2 George G. Curtiss. .--.
Woodstock Coll.-..| Baltimore... -. Rev. A. X. Valente -.-
Mt. St. Mary’s...... Fréderick .. ..| C. H. Jourdan........-

DIST. COLUMBIA.

Washington ..--... Washington ..| Smithsonian Instit’n. -
VIRGINIA.
Johnsontown ..---. Northampton _| C. R. Moore ....-.-----
eampiort 22025. - 2 Elizab’th City | J. M. Sherman ........
Comore 2.5 22>... King George.-| E. T. Tayloe ....-.-.-.-
Mi Solon =... 2-...-.. Augusta ...... Jas. T. Clarke, M.D ..-
Wipumde = 5. 2... 2: Mairiax... s-/2 H. G. Williams ; ..-...-
JETTED of Cia 5 aie 2 Ps it) 5 ee Miss Lillie Thrift .--.-.
LAU >= -G0!2>= 2-222) 0. Dittingham .---57 2. -
Piedmont Station ..| Fauquier -.... W.. ASN a 4
eIGaMONG + -<.-.|22-2 i Pe ee ee a SWillidtime. - see
Keswick Station ...| Albemarle ....| D. B. Home-...........
Minton. 22... Aurusta...... Professor J. C. Covell.
Lynchburg ........ Bedford. .....- C. L Meriwether .....-
Near Wytheville. ..| Wythe.-....... Rey. J. A. Brown..--.-
NORTH CAROLINA.
Goldsborough. ..--.. W RVHO cee we E. W. Adams, A. M....
Oxtond 22 -.s e222. Granville ..... iW. R. dicks, MD 7
Albemarle ......... Stanley ....... 8 A ie Gj Se
Statesville ......... Wedelley op. LAL 7 ee oe
Asheville .......... Buncombe ....| E.J.Aston...........-
20) ies See eee Ses doweees eee J.T. E. Hardy, M.D..
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Gowdeysville ...... Union.2,3-—- Charles Petty.........
GEORGIA.
TE eee Camden.....-- FL Hillyer... -Sseeee-
Sli Eee eas (ee dome. -- se Ebenezer Barker....-.
ALABAMA,
Rackville-.-.-.--.. Jefferson...... Jae shieles cso.
Carlowville ........ Dallas cesses i PAUIson: . 22-5 See
Moulton. -.-.------ Lawrence..... Thos. M. Peters, A. M.
Greene Springs ....| Hale..........| H. Tutwiler, LL.D ....
Costepa 222 22....: Sumter ....... S. K. Jennings, M.D ..
Fish River......... Baldwin ...... W.d. Vian Kirk... =:

Date.

15

12
15
15
15

15

Maximum tem-
perature.

60

60
61
60
55

59

69

Date.

ee

_
eo CO OT

Minimum tem-

_
SP ESBENESES
oo

a

on CU

16

20

perature.

ean tempera-
ture.

&

WRSOLDo
SCQnwackre

%

to
IR WOMPOARE RWW

BSyeyewuyyy
Resintsusia

VOANwey

SSSSSE
ORNUSCaA

Rain and melted
snow.

roo poo 5
SSSSER°

Oo mI WSOP
RSHSSSIEE5

yoyo
wo
RAS

2.13

85

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station. County. Observer. Date.
|
|
FLORIDA.
Near Port Orange..} Volusia....-..| S. N. Chamberlin..-... 6
Jacksonville ....--. Davalless.3.53 A.S. Baldwin, M.D... 31
Pilatkaeeee sy... Putnam....... Gen. G. D. Robinson. .. ior =
Newport. ..----.-.. Wakulla ...-.. Charles Beecher -..--- "13
|
TEXAS.
|
Clarksville...-..--. Red River .-..| Rev. John M.Anderson 11
iGustones-- =... IHaErisy <5 =53 Miss E. H. Baxter..... 10, 25
@akland™ 22... --2 . Colorado .-.--. Simpson: sse- 52s. 10
fo) (lr ee Fayette ....-- Joseph Fietsam...-.--- il
Cenibon sous. DeWitt ....... A. C. White 2.2... 2.22 ; at
a A/S) eS See SRYSVIS tote ote | J. Van Nostrand .....- "Ul
LOUISIANA.
New Orleans... ---- Orleans ...---- Robert W. Foster... -.| 2
Ponchatoula -.----- Tangipahoa..-| H.C. Collins.....-----|
MISSISSIPPI.
|
Philadelphia ....... Neshoba...--. L.A. Bowden == -32-2- 13
Grenadat) 5.5.55. 25 Grenada, .--.... dx. Payne e--3ueeete.- 12
Near Brookhaven -..} Lawrence... -. | Mrs. W. E. A. Keenan 12
Clinton College ....| Hinds ......-. R. 8. Jackson.......-- 11,24,25
ARKANSAS.
Helensaiee.: a2 25-250- Phillsps=: 3. 2 O. F. Russell...--....- 12
Mineral Springs. -.-.; Hempstead ...| Harmon Bishop..... ni 11
TENNESSEE.
Elizabethton .-..-- Carter .-....2. CYB: Gewie 2<:--5--¢2 13
Tusculum College ..! Greene._-...-. S. S. and Rev. W. 5S. 14
Doak.
Lookout Mountain | Hamilton .-... Rev. C. F. P. Bancroft . 13
Clearmont .....--.. Warren ....... PP Wirights 2s: 2. ee 14
PAMBSUING see te ane iWalsone 3-22 = 3: PDB. Calhonnes.: 22 13
Clarksville. .-...--.- Montgomery ..| Prof. W. M. Stewart. - 12
‘Trenton. 29. 4-1-.). =. Gibson....2... Witt Gricstives: 222. 1, 12,13
LaGrange. 222222. Fayette.---.-.-. W. E. Franklin, M. D | 12
KENTUCKY.
Pine Grove ......-- Clark... 2.0. Sam’l D. Martin, M.D | 13,14
Danville -...--.---- Boyle ook O2 Beatty: 2269-. 2. 54- 13
Shelby City..--.--- eG Beare gee Howard Shriver ..-.--- 13
Near Louisville . ‘Jeffergon....-. Mrs, L. Young: ..--- -- 12
OHIO.
palem:3-.5-- 2. .-/s> Columbiana...| J. E. Pollock ..-....... 13, 14
Steubenville ....--. Jeiferson....-. J Joseph B. Doyle: 2.222: 14
Martin’s Ferry.-..-.- Belmont .--.-- C.K. and M. B Shreve 19
Painesville ......-. CEN ae Eee a Hdl. Merris seas. sls a 12,13
Cleveland. .......-- Cayuhoga. -... Mr. & Mrs. G. A. Hyde 13
‘W O0SLGr 22-2 -— = —- BRYN > Se Martin Winger .-....-. 12
Pennsville ..-....-. Morgan .....-. T. J. Bingman...-..-.. 14
Gallipolis ........-. Gallia.f2 >... 3. ‘A; PB: Rogers: saeee. 65 16
Oberlin, -3--- 2. -- 225 Loraine: 2.22.4. S. Herrick....2o.0 24. 12
Sandusky ...-.-..-.- HOTIG) rane Thomas Neill .....-... 13
Carsomg- 242 - S52... Huron ys. 5.- 3 Mrs. M. M. Marsh .-..- 13
North Fairfield .-..|.... do, 245 @: Barras)... 52g 13
Gambier... 2.2 -.<. Rn Os sae eK Doamnmvsee 222: 14
Westerville ...-... Franklin... -- Prot. John Haywood -. 14
Williamsport .-..-- Pickaway..-... Jobn R. Wilkinson. .-. 13
North Bass Island -| Ottawa ....-.- Geo. R. Morton, M. D.. 12
Mariongsse os. 5.t | (Marion 3. 32 A. “rite, Mee? sie: . 13

Maximum tem-
perature.

o
Et
2

tem-

perature.

nimum

ee

tempera-

ture.

| Mean

or or orn
SD MP5
© Pm WO

aowm

ate OOO

AAU Oak

corer

DreOCOR CIN RM ©

Rain and melted
snow.

wer eee

86

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

o one

| : 3 is
a gis {3
Fo Ps | & Se
gz ef|ee| be
State and station. County. Observer. Date. | 58 | Date. | 4/55) 36
&& aE ~ a a
AG 5)
tie an|2 |4
a a is Ve
| |
Oun10o—Continued. | | ,|
| o 2 2 In.
sUshGrge=- i... -< - Highland .--... J. McD. Mathews..-.-.. 14 62 7 12} 32.4 4.93.59
Bowling Green. ---- Wood E22 -. 48 John Clarke .....-..-- 13 72 | 4 2/3L7) 2.30
WeONTN ~~ - <== = 2- Hardin ..-.-.: C. H. Smith, M.D -.... 13 65 23 20 | 36.5 | 1.44
Bellefontaine ------ Logan 22:2. 2 William Barringer. --. 13 60 % 8} 29.2] 1.17
Urbana University .| Champaign ...| M. G. Williams ---.... 13 62 4,7 10 4-3153))1° 1.55
TE) ECs) Ieee a ee Clermont .....| George W. Crane ..... 14 66 7 Waleden9) |) ee 2D
Carthagena ...-.-.- Mercer ice:-. <2 Prof. W. R. Mueller... 13 65 7 7/ 32.0] 218
Jacksonburg. ------ Butler ..-...-- I. B. Owsley, M.D .... 12 64 7 10 | 32.1) 275
Mount Auburn Ins.| Hamilton .-.-.- Prof. LHW hite:: .-.. 14 67 % 14 | 34.1 | 2.52
Cmeinnati ~- 22--'.2 Wo... GO! a8 23 8 G. We damper.3.42-2 e: 14 70 7 13 | 34.5 | 2.34
i 10 ee ie pe NR dor teeece RG, Philips. 7/252 14 66 Z 14 | 34.6] 2.48
College Hill.....-..].-.- Oey eS ee John W. Hammitt. .-. 14 65 7 9} 33.5] 3.20
MICHIGAN.
Detroit sss 22-4. Wayne). .-.0.. BW. Hagens |=. 25 - 12 54 3] —1 | 26.3) 2.61
Monroe 2522 6262588 Monroe ....--- Miss H. L Whelpley -.- 13 66 4 6130/3), 0.97
Ann Arbor) 2:2... Washtenaw..-.| Mrs. N. H. Winchell -- 13 58 3 7 | 27.4) 241
Marconia -+is2-- ->- Lenawee..-...- David Howell......-... 13 62 3 5 | 23.9} 2.80
PAIDONA sp )os = 2c=-- <5 Alpena ¢./-225 J. Wi. Paxtor - 4225-52: 12 42 22 4122.2) 4.49
Olivet College..-..-. Eaton... 2). ‘Prof. Ao Kemps. oo. 12 58 23 4 | 24.2] 5.01
Mitehfield.-----...: Hilisdale =... -| ReBullarae-.-->-----. 12 58 3 2} 24.1} 3.60
Cold Water. -...-..-. Branch 22/222. N. L. Southworth -.--. 12 60 3,4 6 | 25.8} 1.58
Grand Rapids... --- Kent 252-542 E.S. Holmes, D. D.S -- 12 59 23 6 aD yelese:
Do sere a ee eke OOF862 238 oe ai) He irene 2-2 seeesoe 12 60 23 1 | 26.5 | 5.34
Northport ..------. Lelenaw --.-.- Rev. Geo. N. Smith... 12 48 29 4) 22.4) 2.23
Benzonia ...------- Benzip72 <= <7, William Wilson ..-.... 12 49 23 6 | 23.8] 3.83
Muskegon ...--..-- Muskegon ....| H. A. Pattison ........ 12 56 ; Bs =) ; 10 | 23.3) 3.90
7
Copper Falls. ..-..- Keewenaw..-..| S. H. Whittlesey ....-. 10 32 3| —7/113) 5.05
Ontonagon..--..--. Ontouagon....| Edwin Ellis, M.D ..... 10 40 20. | 6 | Vise ieee -
INDIANA.
Fort Wayne ..----- Alon Gre 2. sem: R.S. Robertson -.-.--- 12 62 a 4) 28.7) 1.8
Vevay Wier ete: We Switzerland.-..| Chas. G. Boerner ...-- i4 66 % a4 aah Diy 2. oF
Mt. Carmel .....--- Franklin. ....- J. A. Applegate and | 12,14 60 a 121) 30.37) 20.9
daughters.
TiACONIA. o22 5522 -,-12 Harrison. -..-.- Adam Crozier.......-. 13, 14 66 9 nA ee Mahe
Columbia City... -. Whitley .-.---.- Drs. McCoy &Maxvwell. 12 63 7 6 | 31.7] 2.50
Knightstown .-.--- Rushes. ae DD. Deemmm... -asices ae 12 63 7 6 | 31.6] 1.69
Indianapolis ....--. Marion ......- E. Hadley, M.D..-..-..-. 12 62 Mi 12 | 32.5] 1.44
Near La Porte ..-.. La Porte. .---- ¥F. J. Andrew. - 2.25.2. 12 58 7, 27 10 | 29.1] 4.30
Ammapolis:...----.-'.- Parke eer. acy B.C. Williams, M. D -- 12 62 6, 27 6 | 28.0] 5.10
PVRBEOMI Jo 2 ere cai aes Sullivan ....-- B.F. McHenry. ----<-. 12 66 8 16 | 35.6] 2.30
Kentland .-...-.--. Newton.....:- Daniel Spitler..:-.-...- 11 60 | 4,6,17 10 | 28.8) 5.50
New Harmony...--. IPOseyneues ee John Chappellsmith -. 12 67 18 16 | 36.4 | 2.62
ILLINOIS.
Ghicaro... .--)----: Cook /-25-<2 ee J.G. Langguth, jr .--. 12 66 17 9 | 29.6) 8.77
Near Chicago epee LgaO Bese ee Samuel Brookes ....-- 12 62 7 10 | 28.3 ].-----
Evanston .......---. Be Lee Prof. O: Marcy-..-.22- 12 61 17 512704) 2.90
Marengo....-..-.-. McHenry ..... De WiilAMes: . 2 ace Fe 12 58 17 0 | 22.5] 2.82
Charleston. -...--. Coles 2a 2% Charles Gramesley..--. 12 64 27 6 | 30.6 | 4.25
Mattoon ..-..-..--- 5 oO eet) ae W..E Henry ..2 2250-22 12 63 Q7 13 | 31.1] 4.75
TLOuIsyille. 3 >. 3.2. Clay jee. o- 2st DD A. Gases, Mi. ae 12 67 18 12 | 33.9} 3.30
Belvidere -.-.-.--.- BOGRG:Se~-- #42 [ Egh o fr): ee 2 12 61 24) — 2] 23.4] 2.84
IBPCATOL. vac. -- <5 Macones-5: 25, Timothy Dudley..-.--- 12 62 18 6 | 30.4 | 4.70
ERIN pact) or w/e cme Christian ...-. Thos. Finley, M.D... 12 64 18 4] 30.4] 4.50
Rochelle .........-- Opleter =n sa. Daniel Carey...---.-.-- 12 60 27 2 | 25.5 |.-----
Pane bas. a28 Bureau. ...--- E.S. & Miss Phelps. - - 12 62 18 | —12 | 26.0] 3.32
AU Za er ee 2 dom seo. Fut Werry, Aldrich 1404052. 12 62 Q7 1 | Reateee.:
Hennepin.......... Putnam.....-- Ethan Osborn..--...--. 12 62 17 3 | 26.4] 2.59
ODT Basie 2: -j-6-- 1 Peorlaes-.-24s Fred. Brendel..-.-..... 12 63 18 2/| 28.9} 2.45
Mavana..........-. Mason e--2 = 4 Joseph Cochrane...--. 12 62 18 | —2| 24.9} 4.20
iW aterloo\....--.... Monroe ...-..-- Chas. Jozefé ........-. 12 63 18 Tee fe OL
DTDOIR) 2. ---.= ~~ Washington -.| Win. C. Spencer...-.-- 12 66 18 10 | 33,5°]°'3:45
Galesburg ......-.-- Kmnoxe ia. 23: Prot. W. Livingston -. 12 67 18 | —5j 28.5] 2.80
Manchester. ....--. Scotti... te Dr. J. & C. W. Grant -- 10 68 18 2] 30.9] 3.50
Mt. Sterling ....... Brown 2... 220 Rev. A. Duncan......-. 12 64 18 | — 5\} 8105 |) 2.65

Andalusia .:....-.: Rock Island ..| E. H. Bowman, M.D.. 12 63 Ly 4 BRON stess

87

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station. County. Observer. Date.
Iniriois—Cont’d.
Oquawka .....:.--. Henderson ....| R. N. Paterson ...-..-- 12
Augusta....-.-..-.- Hancock... -- S. B. Mead, M.D .....- 12
Warsaw 2.5. <=- Le Oger eee B. Whittaker *:-.-.:... 12
WISCONSIN.
Sturgeon Bay ....-- DDVe) 226 dese Rufus M. Wright .---. 12
Manitowoce.......-. Manitowoc. .-..| Jacob Liips -.--.-...-- 12
Hingham .-........-. Sheboygan ....| John De Lyser-...-.--- 12
Milwaukee ..-..--. Milwaukee....| I A. Lapham, LL. D..-. 12
Appleton ....-----. Outagamie....| J.C. Foyé.-..---.------ 12
Geneva. 2 =... 55 Walworth .. ..| William H. Whiting-- 12
Rocky Rum -.-.. .-- Columbia ..... Wa We Curtis: :.2 55-5 12
Madison 0. ...2.-:. Dane: -2-25-<22 W. W. Daniels ...-.--- 12
Mdperton®_2.. 32-5. ACK shee Bedi. Shits). eee 12
Mosinee 2). 2'2 222<- Marathon -.... John O’Donaghue.. - -. 12
Baraboo 2253. 5.% se. Sduky.d 256. .5 IM? Ci, Wiaiten’s.'s «2. 322 12
New Lisbon .-...-.- Juneau ..-..-- J. L.. Dungams. .ss2e oe 1
Tunnel City ...-.- Monroe ...---- Rev. George Pegler --.}1,10, 11
Baytiold -_-/-....-- Bayfield .... -- Andrew Tate ..-....-. 10
MINNESOTA.
Beaver Bay -.-.-.---- bake: se ey- Tet C. Wieland .........-- EOE Kay
Shika 277i eae seme ie Ramsey. .----- Rev. A. B. Paterson --. a
Minneapolis ..--. .- Hennepin. ...-. William Cheney .-.---- i
Leech Lake......-.. Casane e327 H. McMahon, M.D.... 10
Binley 2 et Sibley. 22. .....: C.W. &C.E. Woodbury 10
Titchfield 222-2222. Meeker -s!_... H. L. Wadsworth ..... 10
Mew iWin. 2:0 200; Brown ..+:.-.- Charles Roos...--- ah 1,10
|
TOWA.
Dubuque .-.-.----- Dubuque ..-.-. Asa Horr, M.D. .2:-- ii
Monticello -..-...-. Joneswes33.6 Rufus P. Smith ..---.-. 11
Parana! 8G. See 2 Cedars sf... BA: ROSS* 25.322 55e4 12
Bowen's Prairie....! Muscatine ....! Samuel Woodworth. -- 1L
Fort Madison -..--. Geer eee ees Daniel McCready --..-. 12
Guttenberg .-...... Clayton.....-- J. P. Dickerson . --.---- 1
Mount Vernon..---. Bimme esses 54 Prof. A. Collins ....-.- 11
Lowa! City 32-2... Johuson -..--. Prof. T. S..Parvin /::-- 11
Independence ...-.- Buchanan..... George Warne, M. D-.. Bae
Wear dousaatern see SeteG lane ees Mrs. D. B. Wheaton . .- i
Rocktord) 3-22" Wigy dees oj2* Bs Wiadey> .Sses.22 255 10
AN pone sees a =i0e Kossuth -..--- James H. Warren....- 10
Webster City -..--- Hamilton ..--. Clayton I. Croft....... 10
Boonesboro’....-.--- Boones! 22225 HoBabcodkes 28 4-2 5-s55 10
Fontanelle -..-..... AOSIre 3h eee AK Bryanhee. 5.025: 10
Grant City.......-. S20 ana ser ets Mr. and Mrs. E. Miller 1
Baa Gilby 2. -=-2-- 5.4) Se AOE arninmers » ID) Bs Nelson. 2.2). 10
AL GV oe pee ara Harrison....-. Jacob T. Stern .....--. 7,10
Woodbine. .......-. 4 tS SON et oe DoRs Withemee o.. 582: i
MISSOURI.
SunOwIsis ooo 0e) = St. Louis...--- Rev. F. H. Stuntebeck.| 11, 12
Ailenton esr See's we O sei Bef A. Fendler, M. D....-.- il
Hematite, 2: 225. a. 2. Jeiferson...-.- John M. Smith.....-.. 11,12
Hannibalye ooo! Marion) 22. (ek ds Hearngee. 252 o- 11
ROWay es eae ease iPhelpss.= cs. Homer Ruggles. -.--.- i
Jefferson City. -.---- Coteaer.. 2282) IN: decWiyl 3232225 12
Willers s: 2 2 st Greene ..---.- R. H. McCord. .-..-.-.-- ii
Kansas City --...--- Jackson ...... S..W. Salisbury .....-- il
COs E 28 Te le fara Olt eee eS Wm. Kaucher...-..--. 10
Corning. 284-2 222 212, OPIS eh Horace Martin. ....-.-. 10
KANSAS.
AliGhisom 1 15./2). 2). Atchison.....- Dr. H. B. & Miss Horn. 10
Williamsburg... -.. Jefferson...-.- John M. Cotton-..-.-..- iL
Leavenworth ...-.-- Leavenworth..| Dr. J. Stayman.-.-...--. i
Olathe. 2-2 5522 Johngon....-.. Watts Beckwith.-....- il

perature.

| Maximum tem-

Date.

13,

18
18
18

_

perature,

| Minimum tem-

—13

|
| Lol

COW me WOR oO

tempera-

ture.

21929
MOR o
12%wo

CWWWNWNOCHDAHK DK ONAIOW

| Mean

Rain and melted

snow.

Serres

Sete cated i=

See

Phos p

88

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

State and station. County.
Kansas—Continued.
Paaleceee se 6 -- Miami ........
Baxter Springs -.-..| Cherokee .....
Lawrence ......---- Douglass ..--.
18.0:)) 0) Ts SARS es Jackson.......
Burlingame .....-.-- Osage.........
10.08 ees eeaese Coney cick aae
Burlington. ........|.... GOvicmeeke
State Agr’l College.} Riley ..-...--..
Council Grove ..--- WEOTPIS [eet ess
AQIMATO! 1. ss sen ean Crawford .....

NEBRASKA.
Omaha Agency....- Blackbird... ...
DeSoto: + at 2.0. Washington
Bellevue .....-..--- Salpye scisses =<
Nebraska City..-.. Ooo Je riees- <
New Castle ...-.-.- Dione eaters

UTAH TER.

Salt Lake City..-...
Camp Douglas ..-.-.
Coalville...........

CALIFORNIA.

Monterey ..-.--.---
Watsonville
Calito: 22 perches
Visalia =

Taylorsville

MONTANA TER.

Deer Lodge City...
Missoula s..:.--...-.

COLORADO TER.

Denver

Salt Lake...--
Summit....--:
SEO eae ee

Monterey . --..-
Santa Cruz...-.
Mendocino... .
Tulare sets *

Deer Lodge . -.
Missoula....-.
\

Arapahoe ...-.

———

Observer. Date.
IL. 1D: ‘Wialrads. tits: i
Ingraham & Hayland. 11
Prof. F. H. Snow ....-. il
Dr. James Watters. -.. 10
R. M. Hoskisson ...... 10
J. G. Shoemaker .....- i
John. D; Parker... 2224) sccs- i.e) sae
Prof. B. F. Mudge ..-.. 10’
A. Woodworth, M. D.. 10
Percy Daniels ........ il
Rey. Wm. Hamilton... 4
.| Charles Seltz..-..---.-. if
Mrs. E. Caldwell ...... 4
Professor P. Zahner...| 1, 10
Louis H. Smith ......-. 10
WW helpa) ..2sc-0. 10
AY (OA Pordieen-< sever 9
Thomas Bullock. ..-..-- 9
C. A. Canfield, M. D... 3
A.J.Compton .....--. 3
A. W. Thornton, M. D 25
James W. Blake. .-.--- 9
Mary E. Pulsifer. --.-- 31
Granville Stuart...-..- 9
Jas. M. Minnesinger -. 4,8
Byers & Sopris. --.---- 9

Date.

12

ees Minimum tem-
perature.

SCWwWAIWWAQUNDH >

D =]
at |
gy eo
Bo | Fg
Sia} So
Bi ge
& | 4
a |e
° In.
30. 2 W225
33. 6 3. 90
28.9 iy 47
27.0 1. 00
SRHONESS.. -
32, 3 i Wee g
22.8 | 0.53
30.5 1, 20
SRvBey 2S
24.0 0, 23
21.8 0.54
25. 2 0. 65
pd Rare 1.00
DGS i eae ag
SSr2iee....
Bleed 2.18
24.9} 1.00
50. 0 5. 46
56.1 4,92
49.4 | 10.50
44.9 | 0.93
SONGiNises
30. 0 0. 46
34.9 0. 76
34.3 | 0.46

89

NOTES OF THE WEATHER FOR JANUARY, 1871.

Houlton, Me.—Snow two feet deep; sleighing good all the month; cold
unusually severe, with high winds.

Gardiner, Me-—Month cold and dry, nearly 2.5° colder than average
of thirty-five years, (18.158°.) Total snow this season, 41 inches.

West Waterville, Me.—Mean temperature 0.46° above January aver-
age of eight years. Snow-fall of the month, 15.5 inches; now 12 inches
in woods.

Oxford, Me.—First good sleighing 2d ; coldest day in three years, 23d.
Ponds and streams very low ; even some deep wells have failed.

Cornishville, Me.—Average January heat for forty years 17°; this
year 18.419.

Antrim, N. H.—Little snow; unsually cold, but with three thaws this
month.

Stratford, N. H.—Drought; some wells frozen; others dry since August.

Whitefield, N. H.—Pond ice 14 inches thick; a cake 22 inches square
and 9.5 inches thick weighed 232 pounds. But little snow has fallen.

Goffstown Center, N. H.—The 23d was 11° colder than any day last
winter. Many wells yet dry, and drought still severe.

Contocookville, N. H.—Sleighing 4th, wheeling again 14th; aurora
13th; month about average temperature, but below zero on nine days.

Lunenburg, Vti—Mild January except one week ; little sleighing.

South Troy, Vt—Auroras 3d, 6th, 10th, 13th, 19th, 23d.

Woodstock, Vt—Drought continues; melting snow for family use.

Randolph, Vi—The driest January in six years.

Kingston, Mass —Mean heat 6° degrees lower than in 1870. Drought
continues.

New Bedford, Mass.—Harbor open all season; very little good sleigh-
ing.

Lunenburg, Mass.—But little sleighing now; 3 inches snow 3ist.

Amherst, Mass.—F¥irst sleighing 27th; gone 31st.

Middletown, Ct.—F aint aurora 15th; heavy snow-storm all day, with
the thermometer below and at zero till 5 p. m.

Southington, Ct.—Sireams low or dry again; suffering for water.

Garrison's, N. ¥—Streams and springs remain low ; river closed since
20th.

Brooklyn, N. ¥.—Heaviest snow-storm of season; changed to sleet 26th.

South Trenton, N. Y.—First thunder i9th. Coldest January for years.

Newburgh, N. Y.—River closed 9th; boys skating 10th; river open
13th; closed 23d.

Depauville, N. Y—Thermometer fell from 24° to 8° in six hours 21st,
22d; coldest day since January 10th, 1859, 23d; from 22d to 26th, (five
days,) the mean was 8°; coldest spell on my record for twenty-five years ;
on fourteen mornings it was near or below zero.

North Volney. N. Y—Mean heat 6.87° below last January, and 5.80°
below January, 1869. Rain or snow fell on twenty-three days.

Buffalo, N. Y.—Mean temperature same as for thirteen Januaries,
with 11 inches less snow. Snow all gone 30th; rain 30th, 31st.

Newark, N. d.—January in 1870, 7° above, and in 1871, 2.4° below the
average of twenty-seven Januaries. Snow-fall on 26th, 6.5 inches; for
the month, 16 inches.

Moorestown, N. J—Plowing ground in order 12thto 17th. Wells, &c.,
very low.

New Germantown, N. J—Auroras 13th, 16th; snow 12 inches 26th.

30

. Greenwich, N. J.—F¥irst and last ten days cold; middle genial; shad
blossom and Shepherd’s purse in blossom on 6th; sleighing on four days.
Vineland, N. J.—Month severer than usual; some good sleighing.
Dyberry, Pa—Wheeling till 22d; first good sleighing 30th. Drought.
Fallsington, Pa.—Delaware closed, second time, ‘16th; snow-storm
26th.
Philadelphia, Pa.—Snow nearly all day 8th, 23d; heavy snow-storm,
10 inches, 26th, and 3 eee 28th, 29th.

Factoryville, Pa—Aurora, with streamers, 13th. Snow-fall of the:

month 20 inches; ground rues one foot; many wells yet dry.
Reading, Pa.— Winter not severe; sleighing good since 24th.
Catawissa, Pa.—Susquehanna opened 17th; closed again 26th.
Ephrata, Pa.—Aurora 13th; snow-storms all day 23d, 26th.
Carlisle, Pa.—Roads dusty 7th; snows all day 23d, 26th.
Fountain Dale, 2° colder than in 1870, yet creeks open
all month. Snow-fall 20.25 inches.
Tioga, Pa.n—River opened 16th, closed again 26th; good sleighing
since 24th.
Grampian Hiils, Pa.—Snow 23d, 6 inches; 26th, 6.5 inches; 28th, 4.5
inches; rain 3lst. Cold spells 7th to 10th and 22d to 26th, inclusive.
Connellsville, Pa.—Severe storm, sleet, then freezing rain 25th, 26th.
Franklin, Pa.—Rain all day 15th, then snow 7 a. m. to 1 p. m. of 16th ;
moderate snow 23d; a few flakes 27th, a. m.; snow-fall 19.75 inches.
Beaver, Pa.—More snow and sleighing than for five years.
Pittsburg, Pa.—Fine snow an hour 23d, all night 25th, then misty rain,
freezing as it fell, to 3 p.m. 26th. A cool winter month.
Brownsvilie, Pa.—A fine winter month; river opened 17th.
Woodlawn, Ma.—Aurora 13th; Susquehanna opened 18th; closed again
22d, and remains closed 31st.
Fatiston, Md.—Unusually cold snow-storms 25d, 26th.
Emmitisburg, Md.—Snow 8th, 25d, 28th; great snow-storm 25th, 26th.
Tohnsontown, Va.—Cedar and “ preacher”. birds 12th; chicopee bird
25th; thunder-shower 16th; rained all day 26th; hail 25th, 27th.
Hampton, Va.—Lightning 31st; month 7° colder than in 1870; first
half no rain or snow; last week wet; five stormy days, seven wholly
clear.
Piedmont, Va.—Birds singing 15th; robins 14th. Snow in month, 8
inches.
Accotink, Va—Hail all day 26th. Snow in month 10 inches.
Wytheville, Va.—Very little SNOW ; ground hard frozen till recently.
Albemarle, N. C. —First rain this ye: ar, a thunder-shower, 15th. A
dry, cold month ; no snow; farmers plowed bottom lands.
Gowdeysville, S. C.—Fine month for farmers; first frog 31st.
_Carlowville, Ala—Thunder-storms 30th, 31st, with heavy wind 26th.
Moulton, Ala.—Generally mild and pleasant ; "rains near the close.
Kock ville, Ala.—Impending rains induced the frogs to sing, 24th.
Jacksonville, Fla.—Orange trees, injured last month, renewing their
foliage, and promise crops this year. Thunder-showers; spring weather,
and vegetation coming forward.
Houston, Tex.—Auroras 7th, 19th, 29th; ponds frozen 14th, 15th,
Oakland, Tex.—An inch of sleet 13th; prairie wild flower seen 29th.
New Orleans, La—Continuous thunder-storm, 6.9 inches rain, 25th,
26th.
Ponchatoula, La.—Thunder-storm all night 25th; soft-maple blos-
soms, 26th ; thunder and very large hail with rain 30th; thander-
storm 31st.

91

Elizabethton, Tenn.—Month pleasant; blue birds here; plowing.

Trenton, Tenn.—Heavy rain with thunder and lightning 30th, p. m.

La Grange, Tenn.—Many smoky days; heavy thunder-showers 30th.
- Pine Grove, Ky.—Sleet and rain 25th, 26th; month’s snow and sleet,
3 inches.

Shelby City, Ky.—Skating 1st to 10th ; robbins 30th; very little snow.

Martin’s Ferry, Ohio.—Ohio River opened i3th; song sparrows pres-
ent nearly all the month; snow on six days, rain on one, sleet on one.

Cleveland, Ohio.—Average January temperature for sixteen years
26.739, this year 29.569; rain-fall 2.22 inches, this year 1.27 inches;
snow-fall 12.5 inches, this year 12 inches.

North Fairfield, Ohio.—Snow, five inches, 8th; robbins and ravens
13th.

Hillsboro, Ohio.—Snow (3 inches) and sleet 25th; thunder and rain
dlst.

Bethel, Ohio.—Bees fiying 11th; great sleet, ice half an inch on twigs,
cattle slip and fall, 26th ; thunder-shower 31st.

Urbana, Ohio.—Snow gone, after twenty-five days, llth; after seven
days, 31st.

Cincinnati, Ohio.—Snow-storm, ending in heavy freezing rain, 25th,
26th ; made excellent skating on the thick crust.

College Hill, Ohio.—Canals closed December 21st; Ohio River, 4th in-
stant.

Ann Arbor, Mich—Cold storm from west; fine freezing rain here
14th, 15th; ended in snow; the icy coating remained until near end of
month.

Litchfield, Mich.—Cold rain 14th, 15th; iced and broke down trees
and shrubbery, and buildings in some places. No fair day this month.

Coldwater, Mich.—Freezing rain 13th, 14th; ice remains 29th.

Grand Rapids, Mich.—Sleighing twenty-two days; ended 11th. Not
severe yet.

Northport, Mich—Mild winter and month; snow 8 to 12 inches
deep; Lake Michigan clear of ice as in summer.

Muskegon, Mich.—Northeagt snow-storm, two feet, severest in three
years, 14th, 15th.

Ontonagon, Mich.—Eivery day cloudy ; snow on nineteen days; snow-
fall 50.5 inches. ,

Fort Wayne, Ind—Auroras 12th, 18th, 20th; robbins, blue birds,
13th. :

Vevay, Ind.—Lovely, mild to 5th; plowing; snow-drops 12th; red
birds, wrens, 18th ; northeast snow-storm, sleet, freezing rain, 25th, 26th.

Mount Carmel, Ind.—Pleasant winter ; little snow and rain this month.

Laconia, Ind.—Heaviest damaging storm of sleet known here, 25th,
25th to 30th.

Kentland, Ind.—Very mild January; but fruit generally killed.

Marengo, Iil— Warmest January day known here 12th; great snow-
storm (about 13 inches) 13th to 15th; no rain or snow reported on 26th.

Charleston, ll.—Blue birds 6th; freezin grain and sleet 13th to 16th;
ag 19th; snow (2.75 inches) sleet (ice crust $ inch) 25th ; thunder
ooth.

Belvidere, {l.—Freezing rain 13th; snow 14th to evening of 15th,
badly drifted, stopping, trains; snow 23d, with rain 30th, 31st; good
sleighing.

Tiskilwa, Ill.—Snow, (about 18 inches, strong wind,) 13th to 15th.

Dubois, Ill.—Sleet storms all day 13th, 24th; month 3.539 warmer
than average of six years.

92

Galesburg, Il.—Snow 18 inches, drifted, 13th to 15th, then fine
weather.

Mount Sterling, Ill.—Drifting snow-storm 15th to 15th; twenty-one
days’ sleighing.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Snow 15th to 15th; drifts 6 to 8 feet high. _

Baraboo, Wis.—Mild month ; good sleighing so far this winter.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Pleasant month; no severe cold or storms.

Litchfield, Minn.—Ground nearly bare till all-day snow of 23d.

New Ulm, Minn.—Aurora 13th. Pleasant month, good sleighing.

Guttenberg, Iowa.—Little snow, no stormy winds, no rains, bad wheel-
ing all winter. Cisterns dry since November, and ereeks remain very
low.

Independence, Iowa.—A mild month and mild winter.

Rockford, Iowa.—Snow (5 inches) 7th; rain, sleet, snow, 12th and
13th. <A beautiful winter, just snow enough for good ’sleighing.

Boonesboro, Lowa.—Hail, snow, 12th, icy snow ‘13th. Hast of Missis-

sippi a snow blockade, while for five hundred miles west only 2 or 3
inches.

Fontanelle, Iowa.—Mist 11th; sleet, snow, 12th; mist, snow, 19th ; fog,
rain, sleet, snow, 29th; first pewees, 24th.

St. Louis, Mo.—Hail. all day 13th, ‘shen rain all day 14th, a little snow
15th. River closed December 24, opened on 11th instant.

Hematite, Mo.—Sleet (44 inches) 13th, then freezing rain all day 14th,
icy crust rendering locomotion dangerous; renewed 25th.

Oregon, Mo.—Snow, sleet, snow, 12th; good sleighing to 20th.

Paola, Kans.—Spring birds and pleasant till the mist, hail, snow, high
wind of 12th, then solid winter to 21st. Hard month for stock.

Lawrence, Kans.—Mercury 3.5° higher on 11th than ever known here
in January; in 41 hours sunk 72°. Snow-fall 11 inches, 6 inches more
than in any previous pannalys

Holton, Kans.—A ary, windy month; but little snow.

Manhattan, Kans.—Farmers plowing 10th and 11th, but ground frozen
most of month.

Council Grove, Kans.—Vine, warm to 12h, wintry to 19th, thawing to
24th, then snow; snow gone 29th, snow 30th, beautiful day dist.

Camp Douglas, Utah Ter.—Average increase of rain-fall for nine years
3.32 inches per year. Great Salt Lake has risen in that time 80 inches,
yielding one-tenth less salt than twelve years ago.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter.—The warmest January known here;
average of three years 14.39; this year 50th no ice, snow, or sleighing
in the valley.

Missoula, Mont. Ter.—Plowing between 17th and 25th.

a a iar lr Die

EN ae

_—™

MONTHLY REPORT

OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

te

MARCH

i 2
> WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICH
1871.

er ine

*

MONTHLY REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICAL DIVISION,
April 28, 1871.
Sir: I present herewith, for publication, a summary of reports on the
condition of winter grains, on the condition of farm animals, and on
diseases of farm animals. Also a variety of extracts from the corre-
spondence of the Department, and articles upon subjects as follows:
Representation of Husbandry ; Cinchona-planting in Jamaica; Cost and
Profit of the Department of Agriculture; Agriculture and Climate of
Oregon ; Imports of 1870; Market Prices of Farm- Products ; Prices of
Middling Cotton for twenty years; English Short-horn Cattle Sales ;
Agriculture in Portugal; Agricultural Statistics of Great Britain; En-
glish Imports of Breadstuffs; British Revenue; Scientific Notes; Me-
teorology ; together with a number of items from various sources.
J. R. DODGE, Statistician.
Hon. HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner.

CONDITION OF WINTER GRAIN.

The autumn season was generally favorable for germination and vig-
orous growth; the winter has been comparatively mild and uniform in
temperature; the freezing weather mainly occurred in mid-winter, and
found the wheat plants protected by a sufficient covering of snow; the
spring has been unusually early, and the growth of grain advanced
two to four weeks beyond its accustomed status. There is no State
in which winter-killing is not exceptional, and in several it is almost
entirely unknown. It may be that future reports, as the season pro-
eresses, will be less favorable; they certainly cannot be more flattering.
In the following digest of the returns almost every unfavorable state-
ment is presented.

New England.—in Maine there has been considerable loss from winter-
killing, especially in the counties of Oxford, Piscataquis, and Cumber-
land, during the variable weather of February and March. Winter-
grain looks well in York, and rye is in fine condition in Androscoggin.

The open winter and light covering of snow has left wheat and rye
in unpromising condition in Hillsboro, Strafford, and Belknap, in New
Hampshire; while Merrimack reports a prospect above the average,
and the fields look well in Sullivan. There is little grown in Coos.

Vermont grains have suffered somewhat from open winter. The
appearance presented in Windsor County is 40 per cent. below an aver-
age upon heavy soils, but very fair upon warm lands late sown.

Reports are quite favorable from Massachusetts and Connecticut,

96

except from Middlesex, in the latter State. No wheat is grown in
Rhode Island, and, indeed, very little in New England.

The Middlé States.—But three counties in New York, Onondaga,
Schuyler, and Washington, report more winter-killing than last year.
The warm autumn gave a strong growth in Western New York, and
though the covering of snow was light the plants retained their vigor
through the winter, and are in more than medium condition. The
counties reporting “very good,” are Tioga, Westchester, Seneca, Steu-
ben, and Columbia, while Jefferson estimates her area “20 per cent.
better than last spring.” Three-fourths of the returns indicate merely
an average prospect. In Chautauqua the crop is promising, what there
is left of it after the autumn’s work of the Hessian fly. In Onondaga
the plant was small in the highlands in the autumn, and. weak and un-
thrifty in the spring, but looks well in the richest and best-tilled fields.

Of fifteen counties reporting in New Jersey, none present discourag-
ing accounts, but three limit the prospect to an average, two estimate
an advantage of ten per cent., three of 20 per cent., and one of 25,
while others return the crop “ better than for years ;” “looking remark-
ably well;” and in Burlington one correspondent makes it ‘the strong-
est and thickest stand he has ever seen.”

Forty counties in Pennsylvania send returns, of which only those
from Tioga and Union represent an inferior prospect, and fully three-
fourths report a more than average luxuriance. It is stated of Cum-
berland that “there are no poor fields and wheat could not look better ;”
itis ““remarkably fine” in Indiana, “though the fly has destroyed parts
of fields ;” “the fields of Lehigh present a finer appearance than for thirty
years,” due in part to the fine weather and absence of cold winds in
March; wheat in Beaver is ‘‘quite promising, especially the drilled
fields, and those injured by the fly have recuperated and may yield well.”
It is stated in the latter returns that a few fields, on which straw and
long manure were spread, were completely destroyed by the mice, which
were so abundant that pastures were injured by them.

Wheat and rye look well in Delaware. Every return from Maryland
is favorable in comparison with last year. The crop is generally more -
advanced than usual, and in Washington County it ‘never before,
within the recollection of the oldest inhabitants, had so promising a
look.”

Of thirty-six returns in Virginia, three (Montgomery, Northumber-
land, and Dinwiddie) are less favorable than usual; seventeen show
great improvement, and the remainder report a medium appearance.

North Carolina makes forty-two favorable returns, while those from
Chatham and Haywood declare winter grain “more backward than
usual,” though in the latter, rye is fine. York, Lexington, and Orange-
burg, in South Carolina, do not represent their crops as promising, but
the other counties make a favorable report.

Wheat was winter-killed in Morgan County, and is poor in Bartow,
Newton, and Pike, but looks well in thirty six counties reported, and
very finely in twelve.

In Lee, Alabama, wheat is very inferior; elsewhere it is generally
good, though in some sections the early sown looks much better than
the late, which is small, but of good color and a good stand.

A very small area of wheat or rye is sown in Mississippi or Louisiana,

yexcept ip the latter for winter pasture. Wheat presents a uniformly
promising appearance.

The counties in Texas in which the appearance of wheat is poor, are
McLennan, Red River, Medina, (greatly injured by drought,) and Ban-

97

dera; many counties report little sown; the prospect is good in Fayette,
Lampasas, Falls, Bexar, Bell, and Anderson, and very promising in
Dallas, Fannin, Gillespie, Lamar, Travis, Collin, Grayson, Atascosa,
and Kerr.

Winter grain is unpromising in Johnson, Arkansas; “late and back-
ward” in Columbia; better than our correspondent ever saw it in
Newton; 50 per cent. better than last year in Benton, and is doing well
in three counties.

Wheat was greatly injured by the cold in Davidson, Tennessee, but
all other returns are favorable. The season, according to the Giles
correspondent, is a month earlier than last year.

Twenty-six counties in West Virginia send reports, all of a promising
tenor, several representing winter crops “ better than for several years.”

Thirty-six counties of Kentucky make favorable returns, and in two,
Butler and Christian, wheat has suffered from an open winter. It is
two to four weeks earlier than usual.

Full returns from Missouri, fifty-six counties being represented, are
unanimous (with the single exception of Clay, in which protracted rains
have been injurious) in presenting a very promising appearance of
winter grain, and much the larger portion represent the prospect as
very flattering. In Shelby, “better than for thirty-five years;” in La
Fayette, “‘ better than for fifteen years ;” in St. Louis, “better than ever
known here ;” in Mann, “never better in the history of the State.”

Not a county in Illinois reports a poor appearance of winter wheat or
rye. It is said of the area in St. Clair that while very promising
apparently, ‘some of it looks yellow, perhaps the result of overcrop-
ping and exhaustion of the soil, or perhaps the fly ;’ in Randolph it is
claimed to be 25 per cent. better than at the same date within thirty
years ;” in Monroe and in Williamson it “has not looked better in
thirty years ;” in Putnam a similar comparison is made for a period of
twenty years; ‘“‘never appeared better” in Cass, in Knox, or in Madi-
son; ‘has afforded pasture all winter,” in Jersey; ‘one month earlier
than last year,” in Clinton; in fact, scarcely a county presents a mode-
rate statement. All circumstances have favored the crop. The fall was
characterized by warm rains, the winter brought no freezing till Janua-
ry, when the ground was covered with snow, and since the snow went
off only the surface has been slightly frozen. The Cook County corre-
spondent reports no wheat sown in the following crisp terms; “ We
have long since ceased to speculate in winter wheat and rye, as it is
easily shown that every dollar we ever made in winter grain cost us
sixteen shillings.” The report from Pope is as follows: ‘* Winter wheat
looks better than I have ever seen it at this season. There has been no
frost to keep the wheat back, since early in February, and the ground
has been wet all the time. Wheat is too rank in the top, and I fear
there is not root deep enough to sustain the stalk and enable the head
to fill with good plump grain, during the dry weather which we usually
have before harvest. Rye is in the same condition, looks very well, and
I believe will not suffer from a drought in filling as much as will wheat.”

Of fifty-two counties reporting in Indiana, none represent winter grain
in poor condition, and but five indicate a mere “ average” prospect,
while more than a third state that the appearance of such crops was
never excelled at the same season. In one-fourth of the number repre-
sented no rye was sown.

There is some complaint of the ravages of the Hessian fly, in Han-
cock and Lucas, Ohio, and in Lake County the promise is not as good as
usual; in twenty-six counties a condition above an average is reported,

98

in seven the winter grain looks better than for several years, and in
fourteen it ‘(never looked better.” Twelve counties do not report rye.

Very general returns from Michigan represent winter grains in supe-
rior condition, eleven poe giving an average promise, and none lower
than average.

In Wisconsin there was some injury in the more northern counties
from freezing, six reporting low condition, but the larger number repre-
sent the crop as better than usual. But twenty-six counties report
winter wheat.

Very little winter grain is grown in Minnesota. Five counties report
wheat looking well, and two make unfavorable returns. Ina large num-
ber winter rye is erown, and is generally looking well. 4

Less than a tenth of the wheat of Iowa is the winter variety. Only
sixteen counties report it, all favorably.

In Kansas the returns from thirty-one counties represent the range
of condition of winter grain from “ good” to “the finest. known,” and
‘Can immense yield is expected.”

Nebraska is a spring-wheat region, but the winter variety ‘looks
well, what there is of it.”

The reports from California are more variable. In Alameda ‘ wheat
and other grains do not promise an abundant crop;” in Stanislaus it
is ‘50 per cent. worse than usual, owing to cold, dry weather;” in San
Joaquin it was represented that crops would be an almost total failure
unless spring rains were enjoyed; an average condition is reported in
Santa Clara and Tuolumne; an improvement upon last year is indicated
in Napa and San Bernardino; and in Lake and Mendocino all winter
crops are in excellent condition.

Accounts are favorable from Oregon, except in Josephine County.
Where winter crops are grown in Nevada and the Territories, they are
reported in good condition almost without exception.

CONDITION OF FARM ANIMALS.

A little foresight, directing the way to judicious management, will often
remedy the deficiencies of production. Thus the comparatively short crop
of hay of last season, which was seriously light in the East and in portions
of the West, led to the husbanding of immense quantities of corn-fodder,
and to the utilizing of masses of straw for feeding purposes, so that the
animals of the farm, consigned by the timid and the croaking to semi-
starvation or the knife, have come forth from their winter quarters in
higher flesh and better health than for several years past. It is true
that, in sections in which scarcity was most apparent, beeves were sent
to the shambles in larger numbers and lighter condition than usual ;
but the relief came mainly from care in feeding, avoidance of waste,
and the use of coarse feeding material, so abundant at all times, and
generally so little utilized. Some credit should be given, however, to
providential mildness of the winter, which reduced the consumption of
fodder, and in some northern latitudes permitted an unaccustomed bite
of grass. The past season has furnished new evidences of the capacity
of this country as a meat-producer, and the extent of its feeding re-
sources ordinarily wasted; especially has it illustrated the surpassing
value of our corn crop.

The returns relative to condition of farm animals bear a remarkable

99

uniformity in their exemption from croaking and depressing views; and
while they exhibit great variety in description of the status of domestic
animals, nine-tenths of them indicate a state of health and vigor vary-
ing from medium to highest ; and care has been taken, in the following
digest, to present all the unfavorable statements made.

CONDITION OF CATTLE.

In ten counties in Maine cattle are reported in “ average” or ** good”
condition ; in Somerset they “‘came to the barn poor last fall; hay was
scarce, and they are therefore thin in flesh.” erie

In all counties reporting in New Hampshire, condition ranges ne)
‘‘fair,” “oood,” “better than common,” up to “remarkably “fine” in
Hillsboro ‘County, where hay was of fine quality, and in consequence of
a short crop more grain and attention than usual were bestowed.

Cattle have wintered unusually well in Vermont, no unfavorable
report being received. The report from Grand Isle is, “the best I ever
knew.” The correspondent in Orleans County reports as follows:

Twenty or more years ago cattle were fed very poorly in this region. I have seen
cattle driven to the woods in winter to eat the twigs of birch, hemlock, and other trees
felled for them to browse upon. I have seen cows so poor that it was necessary to help
them up; and it was no disgrace to have two or three that had to be thus aided by
lifting at the tail. Now most of the cattle in this county are wintered in stables made
so snug that the temperature is raised by animal heat several degrees above freezing,
even when the thermometer is at zero or lower. The hay is also of fine quality, and
cut earlier than formerly. More grain is fed and less straw ; and now it is quite com-
mon to have cattle gain in flesh through the winter, and dairy cows are strong and
vigorous, and come in in March or April, and are capable of giving a good flow of rich
milk. Several herds in the county yielded over two hundred - pounds of butter to each
cow last year.

The reports from Massachusetts are, “ good,” * very good,” and * never
better.” Similar statements are made from Rhode Islaud and Connecticut,
except in Fairfield, in the latter State, and Providence, in the former,
where cattle are not in as high condition as usual, though healthier.

In New York the counties reporting “‘ good condition” are Broome,
Ulster, Oneida, Clinton, Greene, Cattaraugus, Steuben, Suffolk, Schenec-
tady, Fulton, Saratoga, ‘Wyoming, Rockland, Albany, Chenango, Ontario,
Jefferson, Onondaga, Franklin, Columbia, Allegany, Dutchess, Seneca,
Washington, and Warren; “above an average,” Madison, Otsego,
Schuyler. Our correspondent in Warren writes that hay has been
high and scarce, but has been freely used, ta the great benefit of the
stock. He estimates as follows the value of a condimental feed of grain
occasionally :

IT ecaleulate a bushel of oats, 80 cents, helps a horse as much as a hundred of hay,
which costs a dollar; and a bushel of corn ground in the ear, at $1 25, is equal to two
hundred of hay.

The mild weather of the past winter has been extremely favorable to
the health and growth of cattle in New Jersey, Ocean County present-
ing the only report of inferior condition. Delaware makes an equally
favorable return.

Pennsylvania reports as fellows: “Not so good as usual, owing to
scarcity ” of feed last fall, in Wyoming County ; “* good condition when
properly cared for,” in Beaver; “excellent, ” with some exceptions, in
Berks; ‘‘poor,” not having recovered from effects of drought last fall,”
in Susquehanna; ‘‘oood” in Bradford, Somerset, Washington, Perry,
Clinton, Adams, Warren, Montgomery, Union, J uniata, Greene, Ches-
ter; “average,” Elk, Westmorland; “better than average,” Cambria,
Franklin, Cum berland , (better than for many years, ) Dauphin, Delaware,

100

Lawrence, Lebanon, Tioga, Fulton, Erie, Clearfield, Crawford, Fayette ;
“very good” in Cambria, York, Armstrong, Sullivan ; ; and in Butler
“remarkably good, the late fall pasture, with abundance of corn and
fodder, compensating for inferior quality of hay.”

In Baltimore County, Maryland, “cattle are looking thin; “ where
proper treatment has been bestowed they wintered well” in Howard ; fan
other counties the reports are all favorable, some of them in a marked
degree. ,

ia Virginia, cattle are represented in poor condition in Princess Anne,
Northumberland, Stafford, Scott, and in the part of Nelson injured by
the flood in the James ; ‘about as usual in York, “always poor;” and
from “fair” to “fine ” in thirty-one other counties reported.

The only counties reporting unfavorably in North Carolina are Samp-
son, Union, Bladen, and Orange, while forty-one return ‘better than.
usual, ” “in average anadanines ‘‘remarkably good,” or equivalent
terms.

South Carolina presents an equally favorable report, except in Martin

and Newberry.

Fifty-four counties of Georgia send returns. In McDuffie “a worse
condition than for ten years” is reported; ‘ poor” in Baldwin, Terrill,
Mason, Heard, and Decatur; “better than for ten years” in Colquitt
“better than ‘at any time since 1860” in Walton; ‘‘in unusually fine
condition” in R ichmond; “in excellent condition” in Towns, Jackson,
Schley, Bristow, Clinch, ‘Charlton, Chattanooga, Fulton; and in the re-
maining thirty- seven counties a condition up to or above an average.

Throughout Florida the reports are favorable without exception.

In Butler, Alabama, the record is “poor,” but as good as usual in the
spring; ‘ poor” in Marengo; as good as usual in Lawrence, Dallas, Tal-
lapoosa, Greene, Lee, Marshall, ‘Clarke, Etowah, Morgan; better than
usual in Jefferson and Randolph; very good in DeKalb, Montgomery,
Calhoun, and Clay.

In Newton, Mississippi, ‘‘some that have been on the range all win-
ter are now fat enough for beef;” in Wilkinson, Winston, Clark, and
Carroll, they are poorer than last spring; all other counties report —
“average, ” “better than usual,” or “ very good.”

In Louisiana, cattle wintering in canebrakes come out fat. The win-
ter has been favorable, and stock are generally in comparatively fine
order. Only one parish, Washington, presents an unfavorable report.

The returns from Texas are quite variable. In Dallas County the
winter has been severe on the unfed and unprotected stock, and one-
fifth have died; in Uvalde unusually poor; 20 per cent. below average in
Bandera; poor in Leon, Milam, Smith, Red River; very poor in For-
sythe, Galveston, Washington, and Burleson; poorer than for several
years in Refugio, where many have died; in Williamson thinner than
usual, but fattening fast; in Kendall, “those that took to the hills and
distant grazing grounds are in fine conditon, while those in the home
ranches are thin;” in Bell, “cattle four years old or upward are in
good condition, but old cows and young stock are poor;” in Wharton
they have “eome out of the bottoms sleek and fat;” in Nueces, the
grass starting early, cattle recuperated rapidly, and are selling at $20
to $21 each, to fill up immense droves starting for Kansas; in Rusk,
Harris, Lampasa as, McLennan, Gillespie, and Gonzales, an average
is reported ; in Lamar , Bee, Lavaca, Bexar, Maverick, Atascosa, Hays,
De Witt, Victoria, Austin, Anderson, Fannin, good condition; and in
Collin, Hardin, Titus, Travis, fat enough for beef; Matagorda, Falls,
Burnet, “ very good;” in Blanco “50 per cent. above an average.”

101 ff

Newton County, in Arkansas, makes unfavorable returns of pro-
tracted cold weather and weak and feeble cattle; Columbia reports a
wet spring and thin stock; Arkansas, early grass and steady improve-
ment in condition; while Monroe, Sebastian, Benton, Clark, Cross,
Johnson, Pulaski, and Prairie represent farm animals in fair condition ;
and Washington, Van Buren, Montgomery, Independence, and Jack-
son in fine order.

Twenty-four counties in Tennessee report favorably, without excep-
tion, in various degrees of thrift, as a result, in part, of a mild winter,
though reference is made in Sumner County to “ better provision in the
way of shelter.”

Of twenty-seven counties reporting in West Virginia, only two make
unfavorable returns—Wayne, “for want of attention,” and Brooke, ‘ for
want of roots’—the others representing the condition of stock as “ fair,”
“‘very good,” “better than for years,” and “ never better.”

Reports from thirty-three counties of Kentucky include but one ac-
count of poor cattle, (from Gallatin,) owing to the destruction of grass
by drought last autumn, while two-thirds of them describe farm-stock
as in high condition for the season of the yeav. d

In Missouri, cattle are reported poor in Franklin, Phelps, Vernon,
and Washington, from scarcity of food or want of protection; and in
average or excellent health and flesh in-other counties. Plenty of feed
and mild weather are assigned as causes of this favorable state of
things.

In Illinois only one county, Marshall, reports cattle in poor condition,
as a result of last season’s drought and short forage crops; “average,”
Bureau, Boone, Lawrence, White, Winnebago; “ good,” Macon, Mercer,
Pulaski, Williamson, Logan, Livingston, Stephenson, Menard, Hender-
son, Sangamon, Washington; “very good,” Grundy, Cumberland, De
Kalb, (better sheltered than usual,) Jersey, Pike, Stark, Warren, Scott,
(never better,) Champaign, (50 percent. better than common,) Clinton,
Effingham, McDonough, Pope, Putnam, Tazewell, Cook, Hancock,
Massac, McHenry, Peoria, Randolph, Schuyler, Morgan, Alexander,
Cass, Ford, Kankakee. In Winnebago ‘the finest winter and March
in twenty-five years” is reported, and the following statement is made
by the Boone correspondent :

Cattle have come out of winter quarters in full average condition, owing to the
following causes: 1st. Good pasture last fall. 2d. Weather open till 15th December,
giving time to feed standing corn-stalks. 3d. Moderate, even winter. 4th. The
unusual amount of corn-stalks cut up and housed for winter use. Probably more
stalks were saved last fall than during the entire preceding time since the county
was settled, (since 1836.) 5th. Farmers, fearing a scarcity of feed, sold an unusual
amount of stock in the fall, so the remainder fared better. 6th. The excellent quality
of the hay, though the quantity was very limited indeed, not being more than 33 per
cent. of an average, many farmers cutting none at all. 7th. Straw fed instead of being
burned. Probably one-half of all straw is burned in the field. This year it has been
fed, thus adding to the manure heap. 8th. An economical use of all fodder.

Of fifty-two counties reporting’in Indiana, eleven represent the condi-
tion of farm stock as good, fifteen as excellent, one as “ best in twelve
years,” one as ‘best in twenty years,” three as ‘never better,” fifteen
others as above an average, four “ average,” and two below an average.

In Vinton County, Ohio, cattle are “looking poorer than for years
before ;” in Montgomery they appear in “ not quite average” condition;
in Hancock, thinner than usual in consequence of drought; Hamilton,
Madison, Auglaize, Butler, Fairfield, Greene, Ross, Wayne, Warren,
Carroll, Holmes, Brown, report “‘ good condition ;” while those reporting
* fine,” “excellent,” ‘ unusually good,” and equivalent terms, are Noble,

102

.

Shelby, Williams, Athens, Tuscarawas, Perry, Clark, (never better,)
Erie, Fayette, (better than for ten years,) Henry, Highland, Jackson,
Jefferson, Morgan, Morrow, Seneca, Columbiana, Geauga, Lucas, Mahon-
ing, Crawford, Putnam, Richland, Franklin, Stark, Hardin, Marion,
Summit. ‘ Fine,” Mercer, Lake, Medina, Miami, Darke, Hocking,
Union, Wyandot, Champaign, Licking, Logan, and Lorain. Fifty-six
counties make specific returns on this point.

Twenty-six counties in Michigan make returns concerning the condi-
tion of farm animals, of which eighteen’ are marked “ good,” as follows:
St. Joseph, Genesee, Van Buren, Tuscola, Alpena, Lapeer, Gratiot,
Kalamazoo, Jackson, Berrien, Sanilac, Hillsdale, Montcalm, Monroe,
Oakland, Shiawassee, Antrim, Emmett. Cass, Barry, Lenawee, and
Washtenaw, report “ excellent,” and the return from Calhoun is, ‘ strong
and healthy.”

In Wisconsin twenty-three counties report cattle in good condition,
and fourteen returns are still more favorable. No unfavorable returns
have been received. In Iowa County, “the winter just closed has been
the best for stock of all kinds for many years, being very mild and dry,
with a very little snow, requiring less feed this winter than for a long
time. They have been able to browse in the woods and prairie.”

Of twenty-five counties in Minnesota reporting, but two present evi-
dence of poor condition, ten use the descriptive term “ good,” and thir-
teen use adjectives of higher import.

One county in Iowa, Jefferson, returns cattle “ thin,” owing to a short
crop of hay, while fifty-four make favorable returns, fourteen represent-
ing the condition as “ good,” the others characterizing the status of cat-
tle by the words “excellent,” “splendid,” “never better,” “fat enough
for beef,” (Decatur,) and,‘ better than for many years.”

Thirty-three counties in Kansas show a condition almost identical
with that of Iowa, all presenting favorable returns, the only modifying
statements relating to isolated cases of neglected animals. ‘ Fat and
fine” is the return from Crawford; and in Shawnee and Coffey cattle
have wintered better than for many years. Washington, Montgomery,
. Osage, Ottawa, Linn, Jackson, Franklin, Miami, and Nemaha are among -
those presenting the strongest statements.

Nebraska, fifteen counties reporting, makes returns equally favorable.

California returns are of variable import. In Tuolumne, cattle are in
“poor condition, owing to poor pasturage;” in San Joaquin, “poor,
because of little rain, unusually cold weather, and poor grass;” in
Stanislaus, the loss has been five to ten per cent., owing to severe
weather ; in Alameda, poorer than usual, from lateness of the spring;
in Lake, poor, from cold and open winter ; in Napa, five per cent. below
average; in Los Angeles and Santa Clara, “ fine ;” in San Bernardino,
“very fair, considering drought last year, and scarcity of winter rain ;”
and in Mendocino “better than at any former period since the settle-
ment of the county.”

In Oregon, returns are generally favorable, yet Douglas reports the
condition of stock as the worst in nine years.

The returns from the Territories are remarkably favorable, as far as
received.

CONDITION OF SHEEP.

Sheep have come from the barn in New England in comparatively
good condition. A few exceptions may be noted: Hancock County,
Maine, many ewes losing their lambs; Rockingham, New Hampshire;

103

,
Dukes, Massachusetts. Frequent mention is made of the fact that
farmers find care and feed to pay them better than neglect.

The only reports of bad condition in New York come from Chautau-
qua, Seneca, and Franklin; in Pennsylvania, from Washington. All
other sections of the Middle States report fair or superior condition.

Accounts from Maryland are uniformly favorable, and from thirty-two
counties in Virginia a like unanimity is only lost by a slight deprecia-
tion in Albemarle. All but three of the forty-four reports from North
Carolina illustrate the good condition of sheep, which ranges from
‘“‘ fair” to “fine ;” the exceptions are from Union, Stokes, and Person. |
All returns from South Carolina are favorable. Of fifty counties of
Georgia reporting, only Morgan, Clayton, and Baldwin return bad con-
dition ; and the same favorable state of things exists through the South,
the only exceptions being in Marengo and Etowah, in Alabama; Yazoo,
in Mississippi; Dallas, (from severe exposure,) Burleson, (very poor,)
Galveston, Kendall, in Texas; Newton, Arkansas, (feeble for want of
care.)

Our extensive correspondence in the Western States includes only
the following counties in which sheep are not at least in average condi-
tion: Wayne, in West Virginia, (from lack of attention ;) McCracken,
(from want of proper-protection,) Butler (poor but healthy,) in Ken-
tucky; Iron, Putnam, Phelps, (from cold storms,) and Henry, Missouri ;
Bureau and Marshall, in Illinois; Wayne, Marion, (not many alive,
owing to disease,) in Iowa; Atchison, in Kansas; La Fayette and Out-
agamie, in Wisconsin; and Ramsey, in Minnesota. Ohio, Indiana, and
Michigan make no return of sheep in inferior condition, and a majority
of the reports are very favorable.

In Lake County, California, “‘ many lambs and ewes died from back-
wardness of grass;” “losses from insufficient feed ” are reported in Ala-
meda; in Stanislaus, the severity of the winter has wrought injury ; in
Tuolumne, sheep are poor, owing to lack of pasture ; in Napa, inferior
in condition.

The only unfavorable return from Oregon is from Douglas County.
The Territories present their flocks in fine condition almost without
exception.

DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS.

It has been necessary, on each recurring annual investigation relative
to farm stock, to chronicle an amount of animal suffering, disease and
death, disagreeable in the recital, burdensome as a tax upon industry,
and much of it unnecessary as it is expensive. Neglect and exposure,
habitual and almost universal in the barnless sections of the country,
and too common in the more recent settlements of the colder Northwest,
have cost the farmers of the country millions annually. The past win-
ter has been mild, and more humane and economic views are beginning
to obtain; and the record of the present spring is therefore greatly im-
proved. A large preponderance of the returns concur in this view, and
many of them bring cheering evidence of more rational practices in the
treatment of domestic animals. Even where hay was scarce, as in
Grand Isle County, Vermont, “extra care and attention more than off-
set the reduced quantity of fodder.” It is gratifying to notice as one
of the reasons for less mortality in the Northwest, ‘“the more general
erection of warm shelters,” as in Fillmore County, Minnesota. While
cattle ‘‘ do well,” as is frequently reported, without any shelter prepared

104

by the hand of man, even in the Rocky Mountain valleys, there is no
certainty of such exemption from suffering and death, either in the Ter-
ritories, in Texas, or in Louisiana. In the latter, an almost tropical
region, the return for Washington Parish says: ‘The severity of the
winter caused considerable disease in stock, and the survivors, depend-
ing on the woods, barely lived, as a general thing.”

' Losses of the past year.—The actual mortality from exposure and disease
was probably not half as great in 1870 as in 1869. A majority of the
counties return a very favorable comparison with the report of last
spring; some estimate one-half as much loss, others one-fourth, and
several correspondents assert that they have heard of no losses whatever.
This is the case in no less than eight counties in Indiana. In Hills-
borough, New Hampshire. there has been “less than for five years.”
The correspondent in Frankin, Pennsylvania, says he “ never heard of
so little.”

A few counties report an increase of mortality; among them, McDuf-
fie, in Georgia; Fayette, (50 per cent. greater from cold rains and
scanty pasturage,) Bell, (less in sheep, more in cattle,) Milam, (50 per
cent. lost from destruction of grass and drowning,) Galveston, and Leon,
in Texas; Benton, Arkansas; Upshur, West Virginia; Marshall, (25
per cent. greater than last year,) Illinois; Barry, (owing to smutty corn,)
Michigan; Meeker, Minnesota; Lake, California, (three times as great 5)
Alameda, (scarcity of food,) Stanislaus, (severity of the winter,) Tuo-
lumne, San Joaquin, in the same State.

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Splenic fever—The “Texas cattle disease” has had few opportuni-
ties to display its malignity since the isolation and winter pasturage of
droves in Western Kansas. It has been found unprofitable and imprac-
ticable to introduce them by boats via New Orleans and the Mississippi
River, and the trade has quietly accommodated itself to what was a ne-
cessity and at the same time a convenience and economy to itself.

A few facts illustrate the capabilities for mischief of the splenic in-—
fection, and show how easily havoc might be spread again among the
herds of the West. The following statement is from—

Lincoln County, Kentucky. There was a car-load of cattle brought here from Memphis,
Tennessee, about the 1st of July, and after being here a few days seven of them died.
The cattle in the pasture were taken out and nothing more was heard of the disease
until the middle of October, when it again broke out among the native cattle that had
been pastured on the same grass, and some sixteen others died, and it again entirely
ceased about Christmas. It was supposed that the cattle were partly Texas cattle,
and that the disease was Texas fever.

The report from Madison County, Illinois, asserts that a drove of
Texas cattle lost about ten head by what was supposed to be Spanish
fever. The disease extended to native cattle and to hogs, which are
supposed to have eaten of the carcasses of the Texas beeyes. This
statement is at variance with common experience as to the effects of
the diseased meat upon swine. It is not sufficiently explicit.

The correspondent in Floyd County, Indiana, says: “No Spanish
fever has prevailed. Notwithstanding all that has been said on the
subject, our people believe that the disease was brought here by Texas
cattle; for it prevailed terribly year before last, when hundreds of
southern cattle grazed in the county. This year we have not had a
case.”

In Uvalde County, Texas, a loss of 12 per cent. from ‘‘ Spanish fever”
is returned. It is stated that cattle became much diseased in 1863, and

105

‘observation proved the disease to be contagious,” and that change of
range tends to restoration to health.

In Clark County, Arkansas, several cattle were lost by being pastured
in a field where a drove of Texas cattle had been. No disease was
noticed in the drove.

The report from Independence County, while showing exemption from
splenic fever during the past year, refers to the fearful ravages in 1868,
by which the native cattle were nearly exterminated. Laws prohibiting
the passage of Texas cattle have since kept the disease from the county.

A few cases occurred in Butler, Crawford, Montgomery, and Neosho,
in Kansas, and a larger number in Johnson.

In Linn, Missouri, ninety-five died from feeding on the track of a drove
of Texas cattle. In St. Louis a few cases occurred where Texas cattle
had been pastured. A drover in Cole County, who supplied the State
penitentiary with beef, drove some Texas cattle from the railroad depot
to his pastures a few miles from town. On the way some of the town
cattle became mixed with the drove and were driven rapidly to the
pasture, where they were separated and set free from the Texas herd.
A few days after this occurrence those town cows commenced showing
symptoms of Texas fever, and twelve head of them died. The disease
was not communicated from these natives to others grazing with them.
The drover in question. promptly paid the losses without litigation.
Another case occurred among the herd of Dr. McWorkman. It was
introduced on his place by some Texas steers bought by him for fatten-
ing, and caused severe loss. Fifty cases, all fatal, originated from
Texan cattle herded and pastured in Pettis County last August. Our
correspondent in Vernon makes the following statement:

Two droves inoculated the native cattle. They came into the county in June.
One was owned by a citizen, and remained about five weeks; the other was driven
through by strangers. Both claimed that their cattle were wintered in the State, but
did not show proof of the fact. The drove first mentioned was herded near Nevada,
the county seat. As soon as the fever broke out among the native cattle they were |
shipped, yet the fever continued to spread, through the neighborhood in which
they were herded, until frost, killing 225 head, valued at $9,000, being at or
about 80 per cent. of those exposed. The second drove, in attempting to pass
through, were stopped near Montevallo, a town eighteen miles east of Nevada, for a
day and part of a night. In about four weeks the fever appeared. The loss here was
260 head, mostly oxen and milch cows, valued at $11,700. Ninety-two per cent. of the
cattle exposed died. The excessive drought made the fever more fatal than usual, few
or none recovering. The following facts in relation to this fever are well known here ;
we have been familiar with the fever for seventeen years:

First symptom, several days before any other appearance of sickness, is a dry cough,
particularly when not feeding.

Second. More flies collect on them; at this time the breath will have lost its sweet-
ness.

Third. Ears slightly droop; eyes look dull.

Fourth. Nose dry; appetite poor; languor; cough ceases.

Fifth. Fever commences; ears hang; appetite gone; reel in walking in hind parts;
do not follow the herd.

Sixth. Eyes sink; a feverish, slaughter-house smell; generally on feet, but seldom
move.

Seventh. Hair appears dead, as on a dry hide; death with few struggles.

Some pass bloody water; feces of brown color, but plentiful. In othets no change
from health can be discovered, excepting the brown color of the feces; while others
are costive. In these the feces are very dark, small, and dry.

In Putnam, Hlinois, eighteen steers (three years old) died within three
days in a pasture which had been occupied by Texas cattle the previous
winter. In Bureau County, into which a considerable number of Texas
cattle were driven last summer, 125 to 150 fatal eases are reported.

Our correspondent for Jasper County, lowa, reports a loss of 3 per
cent. of their cattle from ‘Spanish fever.”

106

In the stock yards of Lake County, Ohio, into which southern and
western cattle are brought, deaths have occurred, but it is not certain
that they were caused by splenic fever.

In Fauquier, Virginia, the disease followed the introduction of Texas
cattle, and large numbers of native cattle died.

The same result followed a like course in Knox County, Tennessee ;
and the fever is reported also in Surry and Burke, North Carolina, and
in a few counties in Northern Georgia.

Foot and mouth disease—Epizobtic aptha, brought from Massachu-
setts, exists in three herds, in a town of Rockingham County. Great
care has been exercised, by the use of dry lime on the stall floors, and
an application of carbolic acid, to prevent its spread. No fatal cases
have occurred. The disease was carried to various points in Massachu-
setts, from Brighton Market. Prompt and thorough measures were
employed in stamping it out, with general success. No fatal cases are
reported.

In Rhode Island it has been of a very mild type, yielding readily to .
remedies. It has been very prevalent, but has now disappeared.

Animals from Albany or Brighton, infected with the virus of epizo-
dtie aptha, were brought into Litchfield, Middlesex, Hartford, Fairfield,
and other counties in Connecticut, but they were usually isolated very —
promptly, and effectually treated. There has been no mention of deaths
from this disease. .

In Westchester County, New York, several cases are reported among
cows and oxen, but no deaths. It has been quite prevalent in Dutch-
ess, 1,500 cases being reported, though there were none at the date of
the report. None were fatal, yet the milk of course was unfit for use,
during the eight or ten days of its continuance.

Abortion is reported in Windsor County, Vermont; in Essex and Wor-
cester, Massachusetts; in Otsego and Chenango, (in some herds 10 to
15 cases,) in New York; in Burlington, New Jersey; in Berks and Bea-
ver, Pennsylvania. It is little known in the West and South. The re-
ports of the present year indicate a decrease of losses from this cause
in prominent dairy districts. ' a

Disease from smut in corn.—A considerable loss has been attributed
to smut in corn in several of the Western States. In some instances the
exciting cause is assumed to be the eating of large quantities of corn-
stalks, without a sufficient supply of water. A herd of 102 steers, all
in apparent health, were taken from a poor pasture and put in a fresh
stalk field, in Marshall County, Illinois, and fourteen were found dead
the next morning, and five more on the following morning. In Dane
County, Wisconsin, a number of deaths occurred after the cattle were
turned into the stalk fields. In Kansas, losses were heavy from this
cause ; 200 died in Coffey County, and some in Shawnee and Osage.
The report from Jackson, Iowa, attributes losses to the corn-stalks,
““ causing engorgement of the paunch, and laceration, inflammation, and
death ;” and similar loss appears in Black Hawk, Bremer, Harrison, Lee,
Chickasaw, and Delaware; in the latter, “post mortem examination dis-
closes in the folds of the stomach a dark substance, similar to smut,
which it is believed to be.” In Hillsdale and Barry, Michigan, in
Holt, Missouri, and in Houston, Minnesota, similar effects of eating
stalks are reported. In Roanoke, Virginia, one-eighth of the young
cattle have died, “‘ supposed to be caused by grazing in wheat fields.”

Pleuro-pneumonia, which has been so fatal in the vicinity of Balti-
more and the District of Columbia, and to some extent in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, has been less prevalent during the past season.

107

Black leg—This disease occasions the death of many young cattle,
each spring, in every section of the country, generally attacking those
in good condition, and ending in death. It is not reported in New Eng-
land; in New York a few cases are mentioned in Ontario and Chautau-
qua; in Albemarle and Highland, Virginia; in Harrison, West Virginia;
in Mercer, Ohio, 20 fatal cases; a few deaths in Noble, Ohio; sev-
eral fatal cases in Winona and McLeod, Minnesota ; losses in Chickasaw,
Plymouth, and Jackson, the report from the latter stating that the dis-
ease usually begins on a foot or leg, and spreads quite rapidly over the
affected member, and sometimes over the whole body, autopsy showing
the tissues beneath the skin congested and really black ; considerable
loss among young cattle in Nemaha, Pawnee, aud Washington, Nebras-
ka; and many fatal cases in Coffey, Howard, Riley, and Shawnee, Kan-
Sas.

Charbon.—This virulent disease has nearly disappeared from the
South. The report from St. Mary’s Parish, Louisana, says: Malignant
pustule, or charbon, carried off twelve mules on one plantation. It did
not spread.

Murrain.—It is to be regretted that a more accurate knowledge of
cattle diseases does not exist among the farmers of the country. The
use of the words ‘“ murrain,” “dry murrain,” “bloody murrain,” and
distemper, is common in the reports, and other meaningless terms are
applied to diseases having a great diversity of symptoms. We shall re-
fer to them together, giving whatever of intelligent characterizations
may be found in the returns. The following statement, which presents
some of the symptons of splenic fever, is from

De Kalb County, Georgia.—A disease called murrain, or distemper, prevails now every
year, and nine-tenths of the cattle attacked die; they refuse all food, ears droop, have
very high fever, stand all the time, but refuse to move, bowels costive, sometimes uri-
nate blood. Death generally ensues about-thefourth day. After death the manifold,
or the contents, are dry and hard, almost as hard as if baked in an oven. Small loss
the past year—o per cent.

In Humphreys, Tennessee, a disease. has prevailed which is not un-
derstood by the farmers. ‘Cattle when first attacked look sleepy, eyes
run and are red, and an eruption of the skin, like nettle rash, appears,
which drives them frantic. The number lost is 75 head.”

In a small area on Tye River, Nelson County, Virginia, a very fatal
disease has prevailed. In Burke County, North Carolina, a disease like
Spanish fever has taken off one-fifth of the number of milch cows in
- some localities, and “ distemper” is reported in Caldwell, Person, Ran- -
dolph, Rutherford, Surry, Wilkes, and Yadkin.

In Webster County, West Virginia, some unknown disease invariably
terminates fatally an hour or so after the attack. Symptoms: Loss of
appetite and uneasiness manifested by the animal walking about, shaking
of the head, lying down and rising frequently.

In Georgia “ bloody murrain” is reported in Murry and Walker, “ mur-
rain” in Lumpkin, “ distemper” in White, and an “ unknown disease” in
Coweta and Towns.

‘Bloody murrain” has prevailed in Hardeman, Tennessee; “ dry
murrain killed afew” in Meigs, and an “unknown disease” has been
very fatal in Humphreys.

A disease terminating fatally in three days, in its features resembling
“scours” or “dry murrain,” has caused some loss in Clarke, Missouri.

In Tuscola, Michigan, “ a few cases of dry murrain” are reported.

In Weeks County, Minnesota, some animals have died from a name-
rs diseuse, which causes a swelling and subsequent soreness of the
throat.

108

Black tongue.—In Sampson County, North Carolina, a dozen deaths
have occurred from ‘“ black tongue ;% and 5 per cent. of the cows and
yearlings of Utah County, Utah, have died from the same disease.

In Washington County, Illinois, “ there is a kind of itch, in some re-
spects similar to scab in sheep; the animals afflicted seem as healthy as
others. As soon as warm weather begins the cattle commence rubbing,
in some cases rubbing the hair entirely off the head and neck. It may
be nothing but lice.”

A report from Schuyler County, Illinois, notes the loss of nearly seven
hundred cows from a kind of sore mouth, the tongue swelling so that
the animal is unable to masticate or swallow food.

In Pulaski a few cattle have died of a strange disease. ‘ In some
instances dark venous blood has been voided in the later stages, and
after death the alimentary canal is filled with the same dark blood to
the exclusion of all fecal matter. In some cases the animal continued
to feed without giving indication of disease until within twenty-four
hours of death. No evidence of contagion.”

Milk sickness is reported from Lorain, Ohio, and “ milk fever” from
Erie. In Amite County, Mississippi, cattle have been much troubled
sit lice, which infest them in immense numbers, seriously affecting their

ealth.

The buffalo gnat, which sometimes causes the destruction of cattle in
the Southwest, has been very injurious in portions of Arkansas, causing
the death of 5 per cent. of the cattle in Arkansas County already,

'“ with six weeks yet for the pest to run if the weather is wet, and three
weeks if dry.” It has not appeared at that locality before for years,
and has been a worse infliction than ever before.

Among all the diseases named, perhaps starvation, with its various
aliases, as ‘‘ general debility,” “hollow horn,” “horn ail,” or “ hollow
belly,” is productive of greater loss than any other. Neglect, exposure,
insufficient or irregular feeding, and no feeding whatever, are prolific
causes of weakness, disease, prostration, and death. In Piscataquis
County, Maine, a few cases of “ horn ail” are reported; also in Holmes,
Ohio, in Stafford, Virginia, and in Clark, Mississippi. 5

Our correspondent in Nueces, Texas, estimates that not less than
twenty thousand head of cattle have perished by drought.

It is gratifying, however, to state that the losses from exposure and
neglect are far less than in former years. That there is practiced a
more sensible economy, if not a higher humanity than formerly, is evi-
dent from the repeated mention of improvement in the treatment of
farm animals. The correspondent in Windsor County, Vermont, testi-
fies upon this point that “since farmers have generally furnished good
protection for their stock the various diseases that formerly prevailed
are scarcely heard of.”

DISEASES OF HORSES.

Diseases among horses have not been unusually prevalent or fatal.
Comparatively few cases are reported from northern latitudes. The
most frequent mention is made of “blind staggers,” which has prevailed
in Berks County, in Pennsylvania; Calvert and Queen Anne’s, in
Maryland; Sampson, Tyrell, Duplin, Hertford, and Orange, North Caro-
lina; Bartow, Richmond, and Walker, Georgia; Calhoun and Etowah,
Alabama; Uvalde, Rusk, and Red River, Texas; Benton, Arkansas ;
Sevier, Meigs, Alabama; Coffee, Monroe, Jefferson, Robertson, and
Knox, Tennessee; Butler, Cedar, Newton, and Taney, Missouri.

109

Lung fever is noticed in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, in the lum-
bering region, and in Beaver and Montgomery; in Gloucester, New
Jersey, with more than usual fatality; in Kent, Maryland, of a mild
type; in Princess Anne, Virginia; Cass, Missouri, a few cases; Geauga
and Medina, Ohio; Cass and Tuscola, Michigan, and Stearns, Minnesota.
In Fulton County, New York, a cartarrhal affection, accompanied by
croup, resulted in death in a few cases. Glanders is less known than
formerly ; a few cases are reported in Nelson, Montgomery, Patrick, and
Fauquier, Virginia; in Meriwether, Georgia; in Hardin, Texas, it has
been worse than ever before; and in Noble, Ohio, a few cases are re-
turned. In several counties in Texas something like scours, in an
epidemic form, has been fatal. It is stated that opium and camphor,
administered early, is a very efficient remedy. Three per cent. of the
horses of Prairie County, Arkansas, have yielded to the insect pest—
the buffalo gnat. In Pike County, Illinois, an unknown disease, which
has been fatal in some cases, has for its symptoms stiffness of limbs,
sore mouth, and swollen tongue. Many horses in Williamson County,
Illinois, are afflicted with blindness. ‘ Distemper” is reported in many
places, and isolated cases of tetanus or lockjaw, yellow water, colic,
and other forms of disease are reported. The following extracts fur-
ther illustrate this subject:

Cumberland, Maine.——Some horses lost early in the winter by an unusual disease—
taken with loss of appetite, general debility, a gradual sinking for several days, and in
some cases for several weeks. Most cases fatal. In some cases the animals had the
appearance of being poisoned with white lead.

Hampden, Massachusetts —A number of horses have died in one stable in Chicopee. *
Symptoms: first, loss of appetite, which returns in a few days; bunches as large as
walnuts come out on different parts of the body, and break and discharge putrid mat-
ter; legs swell; in three or four days there is a discharge at the nose similar to that
from the sores. Fatal in five to seven days. No cases of recovery, The disease was
introduced by a horse from Canada.

Washington, Pennsylvania.—Distemper exists to some extent, also a malady called the
“throat disease,” or the ‘‘ head disease ;” six deaths occurred from it. Horses when
attacked refused food or drink until half starved, when the throat was much swollen,
eyes dull and heavy, head drooping, if forced to move, holding it in one position with
nose up and forward as if it pained them to move the head; they would then eat no-
thing but choice food, swallowing with difficulty.. Various horse liniments were used,
many cures were effected.

Elk, Pennsylvania.—More than the usual number of cases of lung fever, or “ catarrh.”
Fatal in a majority of cases. Some of the finest horses in the county have died of
this disease. ~ alg

Doddridge, West Virginia.—Some unknown disease. Symptoms: swelling of the jaws
and head, which terminates in running sores; the animal refuses to eat, loses flesh
rapidly, aud soon dies; no known remedy.

Wilkinson, Mississippi.cA disease called “ distemper,” very contagious, malignant,
and fatal, has prevailed for three months, and has not yet ceased, in a part of this and
Amite Counties, and adjacent parts of Louisiana; the mortality has doubtless been
caused in great part by the treatment adopted. My own cases, and my son’s thirty
miles away in Louisiana, all recovered as well as all others similariy treated, while
others differently treated mostly died. While using my saddle and buggy horses I
noticed first some difficulty about putting down the head and drinking, and external
swelling over nasal canal, extending from near the opening of the nostril toward the
eye and resembling “big head.” The coat became staring and harsh. The glands
within the space between the arms of the lower jaw and at its junction with the neck
and tonsils swelled; the latter very much; the formerin some cases much and in others
little. There was also swelling about the larynx and pharynxso obstructing the action
of the muscles of deglutition as to render the swallowing of liquids very difficult and
in some cases utterly impossible. In attempting to swallow, a part, and as proved by -
experiments, in some cases, the whole of the fluid escaped by the nostrils, and this,
whether the head were held up or down, while drinking. This continued from two to
fifteen days, (to attempt to drench in this condition is unwise, cruel, destructive.) The
loins were weakened and the hind legs somewhat weakened and defective in action.
Opening the external tumors at any stage affurded prompt relief of all the symptoms, and
the discharge from a very small tumor was enormous, the pus being diffused extensively

110

through the loose tissues. When no such opening was made, sooner or later a pro-
fuse purulent discharge took place from the nostrils, usually beginning with one, and
after two to fifteen days the other. The loose cellular tissue was readily infiltrated
with pus, and the glands enlarged all along down the neck to the trunk. The blood
infected induced a typhoid or rather pyeemie condition.

Properly managed, no internal treatment is needed, and in most cases is very injurious
if attempted. The animal should be kept dry and comfortably warm, but in good
weather permitted to run out during the day. Although he may not be able to swallow
any liquid, he can readily eat, and should have roots and fruits, and well-moistened hay,
fodder, meal, shipstuff, &c. As soon as any tumor appears, bathe well night and morn~
ing, till the tumor opens, with kerosene. One, two, or three applications have, in every
instance that has come to my knowledge, effected the opening in twenty-four hours
from the first bathing, whatever the stage of the malady. If it should not open the
tumor, or the symptoms are too urgent to allow delay, open freely with a sharp knife;
and every animal so treated will get well promptly, however hopeless the case may
seem. Of course, the horse must not be used till convalescent.

Bee, Texas.—A kind of farcy has proved quite fatal. It commences under the jaw
and spreads over the entire body, accompanied with slow fever. The loin distemper is
quite prevalent among horses on the prairies. It is contagious between the sexes.

Victoria, Texas.—Several cases of a disease which commenced with a swelling of the
head, particularly about the lips; considerable secretion of water from the eyes;
wasting of the flesh ; no eruptions of the skin. Of six cases, three proved fatal, after
lingering six to eight months, losing the hair from their manes and tails several months
before death.

Williamson, Texas.—For the past three or four years, in this and adjoining counties, at
least one-half of the colts have died before two years old. I know of no name or rem-
edy for the disease. It runs through the young stock in the fall, and what it does not
then kill generally die in the winter. They become stiff in the legs, and walk with diffi-
culty. Many of them swell about the head and breast, until the swelling breaks and
discharges bloody water. At such times, flies are apt to blow the sores, and if not
attended to in season the screw worm will kill the animal. Calomel is the best rem-
edy I have used to destroy these worms ; one or two applications to the wound will gen-
erally suffice.

Horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and, in fact, all animals, are liable to be destroyed by this
pest in the fall season. When wounded, from any cause, the flies soon find the fresh
blood, and deposit germs of myriads of worms, which, in a few days, are full grown,
and about half an inch long. This is a critical time with the stock-raiser, for if not
attended to early the evil is much more difficult to cure.

Dunn, Wisconsin.—Last fall the influenza took off a great many colts in some locali-
ties. In one neighborhood about thirty died. They were pastured on the common,
where there is plenty of unimproved land, and it was supposed by some that the dis-
ease originated from the drinking of stagnant water in a lake in the vicinity. :

Waushara, Wisconsin.—There has been a disease among horses from which quite a
number have died. The horse’s throat seems to swell and close up the passage. It is
a new thing for this county, and no one knows how to treat it successfully.

Napa, California.—Dr. Lockwood reports a disease as follows: “ A disease, familiarly
called the ‘crazy disorder,’ has prevailed to some extent among common stock horses,
coming from the southern counties of this State, where it has existed for some years.
It is characterized by a low state of the system, induced by poor feed. Head symp-
toms are predominant; animals attacked often die, and probably none ever recover
their normal condition. One so diseased is worthless; will not repay further care. Mr.
N. Coombs has lost fifty head this winter, exclusively among his inferior stock.” The
horses referred to are what we here call Spanish horses, and are usually left in large
bands, without special feed or care, like the wild horse of Mexico.

>

DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Diseases of sheep are less general than for two or three years past,
mortality and the slaughtering house (in former years) having reduced
the numbers of the weak and diseased victims of neglect.

Foot-rot is still the most prolific source of loss, most abundant in
Ohio, severe in portions of Michigan, and found to some extent in other
Western and in the Middle States, with very few cases in New England
and the South, and none in the Territories and Pacific States. Scab is
most general in Texas, is reported in several counties in Missouri, and
is occasionally found in all sections east of the Mississippi, though few
cases are reported in the Atlantic States east and south of New York.

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“ Rot” has occasioned some loss in Alabama and Mississippi. ‘“ Grub
in the head” has been reported in very few counties. A Georgia cor-
respondent (Dooley County) reports five per cent. loss from “a new
disease, the sore nose.” It is a frequent report that there is no disease
among sheep that are well fed and properly treated. Cruel neglect and
reckless disregard of the comfort and health of flocks account for
nearly all the losses reported. Our correspondent in St. James Parish,
‘Louisiana, has lost about twenty-five sheep from the “mumps, the
throat swelling, the disease extending to the head, when death occurs ;”
and he states that he has lost ten calves from apparently the same
disease. ‘The following extracts are made from correspondence:

Bexar, Texas.—Vhere are several, but the most alarming and of marked significance
is the disease known as the “scab,” which is allowed to infect our whole pastoral
country. The extent of its ravages in Western Texas, in the counties of Bexar, Ban-
dera, Medina, Atascosa, Comal, and all adjoining counties, which are by nature the
paradise of pastoral pursuits, the sheep for the last three years have almost entirely
vanished. In Kendall County, forming a radius around the town of Boerne, the
decrease has been on a moderate average 70 per cent. The flock of the lamented
George Wilkins Kendall, once the pride of this section for Merino breeds of sheep, has
ceased to exist. This is but a sample of scores of flocks destroyed by this calamity of
“scab.” In the other counties the ratio of decline has undoubtedly been one-half.

The lombriz is so much on the decrease as to be rarely meutioned last year. The
lombriz is now believed to exist in all lambs, and post mortem examinations of healthy,
young lambs, accidentally maimed or killed, have developed in the stomach the verit-
able reddish hair-like worm, but in small numbers. It is believed that in strong,
healthy lambs these internal parasites are thrown off by nature; while in weak, delicate
subjects they multiply by millions, until the poor, suffering creature is literally eaten
up. The cause of lombriz is to be found in the poor condition of the ewes during
winter and at lambing time, and consequent lack of milk to sustain and develop the
lamb after birth. The offspring of strong, healthy ewes are never affected by it. Our
remedy is equal parts of common salt, sulphur, and copperas, to be given at intervals
of several days for three or four times. The preventive is to keep the ewes in good
condition.

Maverick, Texas.—None die from scab, but the lambs while so diseased do not thrive.
After the wool falls off they get well without applying any remedy. I have tried the
Maguey plant, which grows in some portious of this country; simply roasting it in
the fire in order to make it more juicy, then rubbing the diseased parts with if until
all the scurf is off; with two or three applications the disease is arrested, and a new,
healthy growth of wool follows on the bare places. Iam under the impression that
the juice of this plant could be made an effectual remedy for the scab.

In Morgan, West Virginia, hoof-rot has existed; Merinos a failure:
1,500 died during the past two years.

In Montgomery, Maryland, native sheep have been healthy; of 1,200
Merinos brought from Ohio here, fully three-fourths have died.

In Marion, South Carolina, lambs dropped last spring became un-
healthy, and one-third have died.

In Caldwell, North Carolina, when kept in pasture of small area sey-
eral successive years, they become affected with rot in many cases.

_In Washington, Pennsylvania, three-fifths of the sheep have foot-rot ;
the most successful cure has been to remove the flock, after paring off
the diseased part, and dusting over with blue-stone, to a field which has
not been pastured by diseased sheep; a hilly, dry, and stony field is
preferable ; feed small quantities of flour sulphur.

The ravages of dogs are perhaps more injurious to sheep husbandry
than any disease named above. The report is full of evidence on this
point.

The counties in North Carolina that report the dog disease are as
many as those which name ailments of sheep.

In Virginia “dogs are more destructive than all diseases.”

i In Marshall County, Alabama, the loss is 30 per cent. from “ starved
ogs.

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In Georgia it is stated that “the dog is the worst disease afflicting
flocks,” and that ‘‘few farmers raise sheep on account of dogs.”

In Monroe, Tennessee, “ the loss by dogs is 300.”

Dogs in Missouri have killed more than all diseases combined.

“About 300 head of sheep have been destroyed by dogs the past
year” in Sullivan, Indiana.

Our correspondent in Ripley, Indiana, after referring to dogs as the
great terror of the wool-growers, says truly: “Our legislators are very”
cowardly upon the subject of making laws to protect sheep husbandry.”
Similar statements are made from Wisconsin and Michigan.

DISEASES OF SWINE.

The diseases among swine, however various, are popularly referred to
“hog cholera,” as a rule. Whenever symptoms are detailed in the
returns, they are given as aids in determining the character of the
malady. The losses reported are less this spring than usual, indicating
far greater soundness of health than in some former years. There is
still more of disease and death among swine than in any other class of
farm animals, and probably less is accurately known of the charaeter of
the maladies ‘afflicting the species.

Having superior care and better feed in the Middle and Eastern States,
there is comparatively little loss reported in those sections. In York
County, Maine, some cases of disease have been reported among improved
breeds. The preventive practice of feeding a tablespoonful of spirits of
turpentine in milk to a hog over six months old obtains in Chautauqua,
New York. Some loss is mentioned in Columbia County. Stock hogs
from Indiana have sickened in York, Pennsylvania, and 30 per cent. of
that class have died. Abortion has prevailed in Dauphin, attributed to
over-feeding with unground corn. Two hundred and fifty pigs under six
months old have died in Washington, the remedies applied being salt
and alkaline substances ; and some fatality is reported in Cumberland,
Perry, Indiana, Beaver, Union, Fulton, and Berks; in the latter county
the symptoms reported are “loss of appetite, weakness in back and hind —
legs, with a nervous twitching of the head, which gradually extends to
the whole body.”

In Montgomery, Maryland, one-half to three-fourths of the hogs of cer-
tain neighborhoods have died. The lossin Howard is estimated at 3,000,
and slight losses have occurred in Baltimore and Kent.

More attention has been paid to swine in some parts of Virginia than
usual. In portions of Gloucester disease has nearly swept away the race

of swine; in some instances in Alexandria every individual has been
lost; in a portion of Clarke 70 to 80 per cent. have died ; loss 25 per cent.
in Fairfax; some unknown disease has carried off numbers in Princess
Anne, and ‘losses have oceurred in Albemarle, Roanoke, Pulaski, North-
ampton, Cumberland, Nelson, Lee, Prince William, Highland, Lancas-
ter, Surry, Smythe, and Patrick.

A considerable amount of mortality is reported from North Carolina ;
a loss of 50 per cent. is declared in Wautauga County; from 50 to 75 per
eent. in certain stocks in Currituck: 40 per cent. i portions of Chowan ;
large numbers from a new disease, “of a lung fever type,” in Gaston;
20 per cent. of the fattening swine in Haywood; 33 per cent. in Rowan;
25 per cent. in Davie; 20 per cent. in Lincoln; 30 per cent. in Greene;
nine out of every ten attacked in Yadkin; 20 per cent., mostly near fruit
distilleries, in Stanley; 33 per cent.in Alexandria; and smaller losses in
Sampson, Union, Surry, Terrell, Duplin, Rockingham, Jackson, Macon,

113

Caldwell, Rutherford, Wilkes, Hertford, Burke, and Orange. Great
fatality, involving three-fourths of the entire stock of Newberry, South
Carolina, is reported, and small losses are mentioned in Spartanburg
and Lexington, in the same State.

Georgia has suffered little loss; 50 per cent. is reported in Clinch, 30
in Morgan, and small losses in Bartow, McDuffie, Lumpkin, Jackson,
Harris, Catoosa, Floyd, Butts, Forsyth, Towns, Pike, Walker, Clay,
Milton, Clayton, Putnam, Newton, Pulaski, White, Franklin, and Heard.

Our correspondent in Dallas, Alabama, lost 44 out of 56 old hogs ; pigs
were not so generally attacked. In Lawrence a loss of 25 per cent. is
returned, but the mortality was reported slight in Tallapoosa, Marshall,
De Kalb, Calhoun, Clarke, Jefferson, Etowah.

Very little disease among swine is reported in Mississippi; a few
cases have occurred in the following counties: Attala, Kemper,
Neshoba, Pike, Amite, Tippah, Yalabusha, Yazoo, Lafayette, Winston,
and Carroll. In Gonzales, Texas, a disease, assumed to be “an affec-
tion of the lungs,” carried off most of the pigs and a few hogs. The
fattest were first to fall; of a litter of pigs, fat and apparently healthy
at night, half would sometimes be found dead in the morning. In Up-
shur, a loss of one-tenth of the pigs is credited to carelessness in per-
mitting them to eat ad libitum freshly ground cotton-seed. A few losses
appear in Austin, Collins, Harris, and DeWitt.

There is scarcely a live pig in Benton County, Arkansas; the result of
a cough and wasting away. A loss of 20 per cent. is returned from
Newton County. Large losses oceurred in Clarke, attributed to ‘ too
much cotton, and want of corn.” One third of the stock in Jackson
County died, generally in full flesh. Losses are also reported in John-
son, Montgomery, Pulaski, Sebastian, and Washington.

Less mortality than usual has occurred in Tennessee; very few coun-
ties reporting heavy losses, among which are Humphreys, (60 per cent.,)
Smith, (50 per cent. of all hogs since November,) and Greene, (40 per
cent.) Smaller losses appear in Sumner, Sevier, Meigs, Williams,
Giles, Weakley, Campbell, Coffee, Sullivan, Montgomery, Monroe,
Henry, Jefferson, Johnson, Robertson, Hardiman, and Hickman. ,

In Morgan, West Virginia, half of the pigs and one-fifth of the fatten-
ing hogs died last fall, and the disease is commencing its ravageS this
spring. Losses are also reported in Berkeley, Brooke, Cabell, Fayette,
Jefferson, Tyler, and Wayne.

Our correspondent in Fayette, Kentucky, where “hog cholera” has
prevailed toa great extent, with heavy losses, sends the following report:
_ Our club was induced last spring to appoint a committee of scientific members to
investigate this disease, which they did by making very thorough post mortem exami-
nations of the hogs that died of the disease. They have not yet made a formal report
of their proceedings, nor will they until they make many more examinations, which
they will do as opportunity presents. They have observed that there is no constancy
in the appearance ef organs invaded by the disease. In one the change of structure
will be observed in the lung, in another the stomach, another the small intestines,
another the large bowels. The microscope, however, revealed a constant change in the
blood, the globules being crenated or shrivelled, and a large increase of the colorless
globules. The impression was made upon the committee that the seat of the disease
was the blood, the constitution of which was changed by some poison acting upon it,
of the nature of which they are not yet satisfied.. Acting upon this view, they have
recommended a treatment and preventive which has been largely used and has gener-
ally been very successful, in some cases, however, proving to be apparently insufticient,
In the latter cases it is believed that the prescription was used in too small doses.
For a preventive they recommend the carbolic acid in strong solutions, (dissolved in
glycerine and as strong as possible,) to be given in doses of twenty drops three times
per day to each hog or shoat of four months old; younger ones smaller doses. Milk or
slop of any kind which the hog will eat, is a good vehicle in which to administer it;
say for ten hogs take-three teaspoonfuls of the solution, put in two or three gallons

114

of milk or slop; mix well by stirring; pour into a trough sufficiently long for all the
hogs to get to readily ; then let them go to it all at once. It will be better where there
is a large lot of hogs to bring them to the trough in detachments of not more than
twenty. This course, if persevered in for a week, when there are any indications of
the disease, it is believed, will arrest it.

The curative treatment is very similar—carbolic acid in the same amount three times
per day, adding to each dose a tablespoonful of sulphite of soda; if the hog is too sick
to eat, catch it, turn it on its back, and pour the medicine into its mouth; in this case
a half pint of milk is a good vehicle in which to administer the medicine,

The Spencer Reporter makes the following statement :

Hog cholera has prevailed, and still prevails. Its presence is confined to no partic-
ular district or locality, but is spreading in its visitations. When it becomes present
on a farm it generally takes off all the young pigs, and from one-fourth to three-fourths
of the rest of the swine, leaving the surviving in an unthrifty state. Within the last
fifteen years two-thirds of the farms have been visited with it, and some farms more
than once. The effect has been to discourage the raising and feeding of hogs, which
was a specialty.

In Anderson, Kentucky, the loss is estimated at 500 head; in Hardin,
33 per cent., and the disease still spreading; in Bourbon, $5,000; in
Whiteley, 50 per cent. ; very heavy in Clarke, while in Christian the loss
is placed at 25 per cent., 20 per cent. in Kenton and Laurel, about the
same in Graves, and less in Shelby, Hopkins, Scott, and Warren.

In Clarke, Missouri, the loss is estimated at 50 per cent., “confined
principally to pigs up to six months old ;” “many deaths from insuffi-
cient shelter, but all attributed to cholera,” is written from Bates; loss
1,000 head in Holt, 375 in Bates, 200 in Pettis, and small percentages
of loss in Benton, Cass, Dent, Butler, De Kalb, Montgomery, Marion,
Mercer, and Vernon.

Thirty-six counties in Illinois report losses from diseases of swine,
though the damage is comparatively slight, with few exceptions. Our
Pulaski correspondent says that some hogs have died, but in most in-
stances it seemed to be the result of poor feeding, or feeding without
proper admixture of cooked food or green pasture; and he thinks that
hogs cannot be profitably raised under the presant careless treatment.
The reporter in Williamson attributes their small loss of 5 per cent. to
the fact that last year’s corn was thoroughly matured, and hogs better
cared for than usual; though he thinks that some septic or other exter-
nal fhfluence, independent of feeding or other treatment, gives rise to
hog cholera. In Washington, disease has more generally prevailed, and
has been attended with greater loss than for many years. Losses have
been quite heavy in portions of Sangamon; are estimated at 3,000 in
Cass; 450 head in Clinton ; 25 per cent.in Scott; 20 per cent. in White
and McDonough; 15 per cent. in Menard; 10 per cent. in Edwards,
‘‘ prevailing almost exclusively in rolling districts;” and is also re-
ported in Adams, Crawford, Champaign, De Kalb, Franklin, Fulton,
Grundy, Hancock, Henderson, Jersey, Knox; Lawrence, Logan, Mercer,
Menard, Marion, Madison, Morgan, Pope, Pike, Stephenson, Stark,
Piatt, Pulaski, White, and Warren.

The loss from hog cholera or other maladies in Indiana is less than
usual. In Union County “ disease has entirely disappeared ” within the
last twelve months; it has almost disappeared in Rush ; is found “ only
in the vicinity of flouring mills and distilleries” in Switzerland; ‘ loss
small compared with other years” in Harrison; Vandenburg “ has not
been so free for twelve years;” has not been so destructive as formerly
in Marion, “though one-fifth of all the young die;” since July there
has been less complaint in Bartholomew than for several years ; loss in
Cass has been 200 head; it amounts to one-third of the young in Po-
sey; and losses have occurred in Floyd, Wabash, Howard, Jefferson,

115

Martin, Newton, Pike, Washington, Carroll, Ripley, Delaware, Clinton,
Greene, Parker, Miami, Scott, Spencer, Vermillion, Sullivan, Gibson,
and Ohio.

Ohio appears to have been nearly exempt from hog cholera. At a
distillery in Lueas from 300 to 400 head died; about one-fifth of the
swine brought into Greene from Indiana for fattening have been at-
tacked, and a few cases are reported in Jefferson, Holmes, Warren, Fair-
field, and Franklin.

The swine of Michigan are reported healthy, only one county, Cass,
returning losses, which have amounted to one or two hundred in a
locality.

A disease of the throat is reported in Green County, Wisconsin, where
it has prevailed to a limited extent. ‘“ The first appearance would be a
dark spot or spots on one or both sides of the throat, and the hog being
unable to eat. It has usually proved fatal in from 24 to 48 hours; some
eall it diphtheria.” A few cases of hog cholera are mentioned in Dane
County, and several fattening hogs in Washington have died suddenly
from some unknown cause.

Of twenty counties reporting in Minnesota, Meeker only presents
evidences of disease, in which forty pigs were lost, ‘“‘ caused by filth and
improper food, and not from any cause beyond the pen in which they
were confined.”

Small loss is reported in Iowa; in Louisa County, 25 per cent.; 150
head in Lucas; 100 head in Clarke; and in Black Hawk, Lee, Wayne,
Fremont, Dallas, Jasper, Tama, Appanoose, Madison, and Bremer, a few
cases are mentioned. Only Nemaha and Cass, in Nebraska, report losses,
and Leavenworth, in Kansas.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.
EXPERIMENTS WITH SEEDS, ETC.

A correspondent, writing from Morgan County, Illinois, says:

My experience this last year with carrots, and especially with white Silesian sugar
beets, for stock of all kinds, has both surprised and gratified me. The middle of May
last, I had a piece of ground on which apple seeds had failed. I sowed a part of it (less
than one-quarter of an acre) with beet seeds, with a common drill and weeder, without
replowing the ground, which had become beaten down by the rains as hard almost as
the road. The drill sows six rows at a time, eight and ten inches apart, and cultivates
or weeds in the same way. It took perhaps half an hour to sow the seeds, and half an
hour each at different times to cultivate or weed them, and perhaps half a day to thin
them out; after that they covered the ground wholly over and needed no more care.
The ground was ordinarily rich. With this extreme negligence, I had fifteen wagon
loads of the finest beets, being at the rate of over thirty tons to the acre. I sold two
and a half tons at $8 per ton, fed my cow and calf, two hogs, and three horses, all they
would eat all winter, and have three tons more than I can use, though we have used
no corn at all for anything but the hogs. I fed cut roots, with a pint of wheat bran
each mess. I have never before had my horses, hogs, cow, and calf come through the
winter so well and free from all symptoms of disease ; their hair is as smooth and glossy
now as though they had just come off from a clover pasture. I conclude that roots, as
part feed at least, are worth much more than their simple value as food in the extra
health they insure to the animal, and I now intend to raise them on my farms on a
larger scale. I had no idea they could be so easily and abundantly produced. I ought
to state, however, that it took me more than a week to teach one horse to eat them,
and I did not succeed until I boiled one or two of them, and mashed them in bran and
oats so fine that he could not eat one without the other, and after he found it would
not poison him, he ate them greedily in the raw state.

116

A. J. Hamilton, superintendent of Western Experimental Farm, In-
diana County, Pennsylvania, writes :

Experiments upon this farm have been carried on with uniformity, and I feel that
not a sufficient interest is felt in regard to them. Among the different varieties of
wheat sown I may mention the Jennings, Touzelle, Brittany, Talavera, Rough and
Ready, Salt, and Shoemaker. They all look remarkably fine. Only one variety of rye
is sown, the Bremen, and from its appearance now I think it a standard variety. I
have sown the Tappahannock wheat very extensively, and find it the standard variety
here. The yield last year was 30 bushels to the acre. Week’s White and White Bearded
were sown last fall, together, one acre each, ground plowed alike and manured, to test
the relative merit of each. I have also sown the French White Chaff Mediterranean
wheat; it is next to the Tappahannock in yield. A number of experiments were made
last year with potatoes by planting them whole, cut, medium, and small seed. The
whole seed showed a greater return, by 25 per cent., over the others. Experiments are
also being made in planting the butt and end grains of corn. Nothing very definite
has been reached yet in regard to this.

Dixon County, Nebraska.—Two years ago I received from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture one-fourth of a peck of Arnautka spring wheat. It
was sown and has done remarkably well, producing at the rate of 25 to
30 bushels per acre, and coming to perfection earlier than the common
kind. It has proved itself very suitable for our climate, and most of
the farmers that see it desire to obtain it for seed. The introduction of
this wheat has conferred a great benefit on this section of the country.
I sowed 12 bushels this spring, and sold and gave away 4 bushels; all
from the original one-fourth peck. Ere two years elapse, it will be the
principal variety sown in Dixon County.

Miami County, Kansas.—The experiment made on the culture of
hops by W. R. Wagstaff has proved a failure, and has been discon-
tinued. Outlay some $4,000; income, nothing.

THE DAIRY BUSINESS.

A Medina County, Ohio, correspondent writes as follows:

A sort of agricultural fever, which may be termed the dairy fever, is just now pre-
vailing in this county. The talk of farmers whenever they meet is of cows, cheese,
butter, cheese factories, probable prices, &c. No less than three cheese factories are —
being built in Hinckley now. This number ina little township of five miles square,
containing less than a thousand inhabitants, is altogether in excess of public require-
ments. Such a raging fever can have no other termination than collapse, fatal to many.
If the harm of such a fever was confined to the dairy farmers alone, I would say nothing.
But innocent people suffer. While farm is being added to farm, our population is rap-
idly decreasing. One mechanic after another is leaving for want of sufficient business
to support him. The same is true of professional men. Our school-houses are not half
filled. The Sabbath is desecrated. Our churches are becoming feeble and dying out.
Every interest is injured that this one may prosper. I look upon dairying, in the man-
ner it is now being conducted, as injurious to our best interests.

AGRICULTURE IN ARKANSAS.

P, L. Anthony, of Little Rock, disgusted with cotton at low prices,
and all other products at high rates, in an agricultural region suited in
soil and climate to the growth of everything needed for comfort and
luxury, desires to promote immigration and colonization for some pur-
pose beyond mere cotton-growing. He says:

Cotton is the curse of this country. It is produced as a means of procuring every-
thing. Even Indian corn, that can be produced here at less expense than elsewhere in
the Union, is imported in large quantities. At gathering time last fall the corn grown
on the river above and brought here in the shuck, sold at from $1 10 to $1 25 upon our
levee. Every steamboat now brings sack-corn, which ‘sells at from $1 30 to $1 35 per
bushel. We depend wholly upon other States for flour, potatoes, turnips, cabbages,
celery, horse-radish, fruit, and a variety of things, at high prices, which might be pro-
duced here at alow price. Bacon, beef, butter, lard, and eggs, are among our impor-

117

tations. To this list of agricultural productions we may also add all sorts of manu-
factures—sash, doors, window blinds, furniture, wagons, carriages, hubs, spokes, felloes,
bows, hames, ax-helves, auger-handles, ox-yokes and bows, and almost everything you
can name.

Mechanical labor is worth from $3 to $5 per day; farm labor from $18 to $25 per
month; day laborers in town want from $1 to $2 per day. With cotton 11 to 12 cents
as the base for these prices, you may well conclude we are fairly on the road to ruin.
When I add that potatoes are worth $1 50 and turnips $1 per bushel; eggs, 25 to 50
cents per dozen; fowls, 35 to 50 cents apiece; cabbages, 25 to 75 cents per head; and
a handful of greens a dime, you may judge there is great need for some one to make
endeavors to have these things produced at home. A dish of strawberries and milk for
a family of six, say a half-gallon of each, would not cost less than $1 50 to $2.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Our correspondent in Pierce County, Washington Territory, writes as
follows:

Washington Territory contains, in round numbers, seventy thousand square miles,
with a great variety of soil, climate, and resources. In this vast region there are less
than twenty-five thousand inhabitants. The Cascade Mountains extend northward
from Columbia River, which forms the southern boundary of the Territory, to the forty-
ninth parallel of latitude, and beyond into British Columbia. The Territory is thus
divided into two equal parts; that east of this mountain range being principally a
prairie country, with extensive grazing grounds, and rich valleys of arable land; while
the portion west of the mountains is in the main timbered lands; yet it too is inter-
sected by many valleys, with fertile alluvial bottoms.

The climate of these two divisions differs as widely as the soil and exposure, the
eastern being in the winter comparatively dry and cold; the western, warm and rainy.
In the eastern region the autumn and winter are so dry that the rich bunch grass of
the Great Columbia plain will actually cure upon the ground, and remain valuable
feed, usually enabling the cattle to fatten on the grazing grounds, even during the
winter. But on the western slope these seasons are so moist and temperate, that the
turnip and the grass commonly grow until the middle of December, and frequently
in sheltered places the green grass may be seen all winter. In this division cattle
usually require feeding and shelter from the winter storms, but never for more than
two or three months.

To speak more particularly of the western division, the northern portion is known
as the Puget Sound basin, and the southern as the Chehalis and Cowlitz Valleys. The
surface is covered with magnificent forests of evergreen, consisting mainly of the fir,
of which there are three varieties. There is found also the white cedar, the hemlock,
the spruce, and, in the bottoms, balm or cottonwood, alder, maple, ash, and crab-apple.

This is emphatically a dairy district. The growth of grass upon these rich lands is
almost constant, and the yield is enormous. There is spring water, pure and soft, and
abundantly distributed. Add to this the cool nights, and few bot days, and it makes all
that is desirable for the successful development of this great interest.

Twelve rivers have their sources upon the western slope of the Cascade. Range, and
these, with a current rapid at first, but afterward more gentle, deposit rich alluvial
wash as they reach the sound. These alluvial bottoms will average two miles in width,
while on the adjacent table lands there is a larger area of soil suitable for grass.

After the magnificent forests, the wonder of this region is its climate. Averaging
40° Fahrenheit during the winter, and 63° in the summer, and this up to the forty-
ninth parallel, it is not strange that people are incredulous when they hear of this
mild climate. In winter the south and southwest winds prevail, and these, withthe
warm ocean current of the Pacific, corresponding to the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic,
give the western coast of the American continent a climate which rivals that of the
western shores of Europe.

With resources so numerous and varied; with coal underlying the whole district,
iron ore in the mountains, limestone upon two of the islands in the sound, with an
inexhaustible store of the most excellent ship-building material, and with the exten-
sive and valuable fisheries of the northwest coast, we may look forward with confi-
dence to the development of a great country on this coast of the American continent.

STOCK IN IDAHO.
Ada County, Idaho Territory.—Experience is rapidly demonstrating

the fact that Idaho possesses natural facilities and advantages for the
cheap and successful growing of stock of all kinds not surpassed in any

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of the Northern or Western States or Territories. The healthfulness of
climate, excellence and abundance of water, the choice quality of native
grasses and herbage, which cover the extensive unoccupied table lands,
and the mildness of the winter season, combine to render Idaho all that
could be desired for stock-growing purposes. It is claimed that no por-
tion of the continent in this latitude and of this altitude is favored with
winters so mild. During the past four winters stock have, in many
instances, fattened, and in all cases were in good, thrifty condition in
the spring, when allowed to forage at large, without prepared food or
shelter. Our local markets are supplied with the choicest beef and mut-
ton, fresh from the ‘ range,” every month in the year. Stock-growing,
as a thorough and systematic business, has been but recently engaged
in to any extent worthy of mention.

AGRICULTURE AND STOCK-RAISING IN TEXAS.

Gonzales County, Texras.—The great mania for driving beef to Kansas
is likely, in fact certain, to produce a great revolution in the industrial
pursuits of thiscounty. Already about 12,000 beeves have been started
from this county, and at least as many more are now in herd and being
gathered. It is believed that not less than 30,000 will leave this county
this season. Not only all beeves from two to four years old are being
driven, but it is estimated that at least one-third of the stock cattle will
be disposed of, and perhaps more. Good men of the country rejoice at
the fact. They are tired of seeing so fertile and pleasant a country
devoted to raising wild cattle upon a plan that demoralizes our youth,
retards internal improvements, and that only furnishes room for specu-
lators to enrich themselves upon the labor of others. It is the wish of
all that the cattle business be drawn into such limits as to make it
profitable to those engaged in it, and enable the owners of stock to have
a voice in fixing the value of their property. If four-fifths of the cattle
ean be taken from the country, the one-fifth left will pay better than the
whole.

Refugio County, Texas.—A tithe of the capability of this county has .
not been reached in her best developed interest. Texas has been desig-
nated as the meat-house of the United States. If she be so now, what
would she be with Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri farmers to
develop her capabilities? My opinion, formed from twelve years’ expe-
rience in Texas, (I was for thirty years a Kentucky farmer,) is, that
from the same piece of land, and in one year, three crops may be taken,
either of which, judiciously fed, would make as much flesh as a crop of
corn in Kentucky or Illinois, similarly fed. You ask what would be the
crops. First, corn; after that is laid by, we have a grass here known
as buffalo grass, but I regard it as a species of millet, that springs up,
making a heavy yield, and equal to the best timothy ; after that is taken
off, either peas, beans, sorghum, or turnips may be planted; giving, as
before stated, three crops, either of which, in our mild climate, would ~
equal a crop of corn in any of the Western States in flesh-making capa-
bilities.

FISH OFFAL FOR SWINE.

Nueces County, Teras.—Hogs have been healthy the entire year. An
extensive hog ranch has lately been established on Padre Island. In-
mense quantities of fish are taken daily with a -seine, cooked in large
kettles, and fed to the hogs. Up to this time they have done remarka-
bly well; and, as the supply of fish is inexhaustible, and at no cost but

119

the labor of catching, the proprietor expects to realize large profits. A
great many hogs are being fed at the slaughter-pen, where parties are
killing cattle for the hides and tallow—tallow extracted in steam tanks.
After the tallow is drawn off, the steamed offal is fed to the hogs. Some
of these hogs have been shipped to New Orleans. I have heard no com-
plaint against them, although the offal is very offensive after coming
from the tanks.
THE FIRE BLIGHT.

Lucas County, Ohio.—The fire-blight in pear trees has been very se-
vere this season on clay soils. On sandy soils, which are slightly mixed
with rotten or decomposed iron ore, they have almost entirely escaped.
Query: Is it not a deficiency of ironin the soil which occasions the
disease? j

REPRESENTATION OF HUSBANDRY.

Regret is felt by the true friends of agriculture, that so few farmers
should be found in the halls of legislation, and especially in Congress.
Tf it is true that national detriment results from the non-representation
of tenant-farmers in the British House of Commons, an affirmation re-
cently made as a fact to be deprecated, how much greater the loss from
lack of agricultural representation in a nation of independent, thrifty, and
intelligent farmers! It is not that there is the slightest difficulty in find-
ing men of the breadth and brains of an average Congress among the
farmers of any individual State; but farmers are isolated, and unable to
combine with facility; they are more independent, and thus in feeling and
fact are lessinclined to ‘crook the pregnant hinges of the knee where [poli-
tical] thrift may follow fawning ;” they are comparatively single-minded
and conscientious, and are therefore averse to the insincerity and sinuosity
of the genus politician. While agriculture is thus unrepresented, its
interests suffer. Ambitious lawyers, scheming merchants, speculators,
and railroad monopolists, men who do not represent the producing in-
terests, and who are at best the expensive go-betweens of production
and consumption, have an impelling personal interest in seeking legisla-
tive position, and they, therefore, obtain it. Commerce has yearly had
its millions in subsidies, improvements of navigation, light-houses, and
other aids; railroads have millions of dollars of money and of acres of
land, and their managers are permitted to water their stock and drain
the resources of the farmers for double dividends. Now, the farmers
want very little money in appropriations in aid of agriculture, but they
do need an exemption from adverse legislation—statesmen understand-
ing and conscientiously working for their interests—protection against
rings of land monopolies and the tyranny of freight combinations. Farm-
ers have the numbers, wealth, and ability to protect themselves, by
acting in concert, in combination against combinations, as a grand
“ring,” which shall overwhelm all mercenary “rings” whatever. To
the honest masses of the rural population, both on account of integrity
and numbers, must the country look for its salvation from unhallowed
greed and knavery in legislation. Then let the agricultural classes
combine and make sure they are represented in State and national
legislatures. ;

120
CINCHONA PLANTING IN JAMAICA*

The history of Cinchona culture in the West Indies is thus succinctly
stated in the report of the present government botanist, Mr. R. Thom-
son, for the year 1869:

The first attempt to introduce the Cinchona cultivation into Jamaica, though in the
main unsuccessful, is instructive. In 1860, when the Indian government commissioned
an expedition to proceed to Peru for the purpose of collecting plants and seeds of vari-
ous species of Cinchona, for the introduction of their cultivation into that country, the
secretary of state for India authorized the collectors to transmit simultaneously seeds
to Jamaica. Accordingly, a large number of the seeds of C. succirubra and C. micrantha
arrived at the end of that year. Mr. Wilson, my predecessor, succeeded in rearing some
four hundred plants by the spring of the following year. In November (1861) several
of the plants were set out at Cold Spring, (near Newcastle,) and in the following year
afew more. One of them is now twenty-three feet high, with the stem near the ground
two feet in circumference, and one or two others are eighteen to twenty feet high.
About one hundred plants of C. micrantha were also sent, and kept here in pots a year
or more, and thence again brought back to Bath, to the number of sixty, in August,
1862, which, together with the plants of C. succirubra then at Bath, numbered at
least two hundred. At thistime Mr. Wilson had, by the sanction of the government,
selected and prepared a site for a plantation on a spur of the Blue Mountains above
Bath, and the same was planted to the extent of three acres in October of that year.
This site proved unfortunate, inasmuch as the soil, a tenacious clay, was opposed to the
nature of the plant. Besides, the site was too low—perhaps under three thousand
feet—for their perfect development. The consequence was that they soon perished,
except six or eight that were transplanted to Cold Spring. While the aforesaid plants
in pots lay at Cold Spring, some were procured by coffee planters; hence at Windsor
coffee plantation there are ten fine trees, sixteen to twenty feet high, one of which I had
the satisfaction, a few weeks ago, of seeing in perfect blossom.

The subsequent progress of this important enterprise is thus detailed
in the official report of Mr. Thomson for 1870:

The progress of the forty acres of Cinchonas planted here the end of the year 1868
continues highly satisfactory. The tallest plant of C. officinalis is eleven feet, of C.
‘succirubra nine feet, and of the other species eight to nine feet. The circumference of
the stems near the ground of all the species except C. officinalis, which is of more slen-
der habit, is from ten to twelve inches—double what they were twelve months ago. I
speak of the finest specimens on the plantations, but all the others have made propor-
tionate progress. The diameter of the branches from side to side in some of the best
plants is over six feet. In my report for 1869 I observed that these plants had with- —
stood the severe drought, which lasted nearly five months, in the most satisfactory
manner. I have now to announce that the opposite extreme of wet weather has pre-
. vailed in the past year. From the beginning of August till the end of the year it
rained on an average four days a week. LI regret that I was not in a position to keep
a record of the rain-fall, together with other meteorological observations of the past
pune owing to my only occupying the new plantation-house near the end of Sep-
tember.

By way, however, of indicating the excessive rain-fall experienced in these months,
I would remark that the extraordinary fall of twenty-four inches occurred in thirty
hours on the 17th and 18th November.

I have good reason to believe from this and other isolated measurements that during
the five months above referred to the rain-fall must have considerably exceeded one
hundred and fifty inches. Frequently recurring with the rain-fall violent winds pre-
vailed, which in these higher altitudes almost approach to a hurricane, but from which
the plants have sustained very little injury. The incessant rains, however, have caused
several ugly land slips, sometimes forming gullies to a depth of about twelve feet,
cutting across roads, thereby necessitating the alteration of their course to the extent
of nearly a mile. The total damage done to the plantations in this way, and by the
consequent rolling of huge stones and roots down the steep mountain slopes, has resulted
in the loss of about five hundred to six hundred fine trees. When, however, it is borne
in mind that this has been an exceptionally rainy year and that the land is steep in
some places and newly under cultivation from a state of nature—the surface denuded,
the forest roots decaying, and the soil loosened—the powerful action of tropical rains
may be easily conceived, and the extent of injury must be considered as under these
circumstances trivial. The plants have thus passed satisfactorily the ordeal of two

*A report of a visit to the Cinchona plantations in Jamaica, West Indies, March, 1871,
by C. C. Parry, botanist Agricultural Department, attached to San Domingo Commission,

121

years, exhibiting the most marked extremes of seasons to which tropical countries are
liable.

The forty acres of forest land alluded to in my report for 1869 as having then been
prepared for the extension of the plantations, were planted out, except ten acres in
December, 1869, in the months of February, March, and April. The plants were placed
six and seven feet feet apart, which gives approximately one thousand plants per acre—
forty thousand plants. The average height of these plants is now two to three feet,
in a healthy and promising condition. The principle of planting six and seven feet
apart (the previous year’s planting being ten feet apart) has occurred to me from a
similar system of close planting recently adopted in the Cinchona plantations of India—
there, indeed, planted four and five feet apart. The prospective result of this close
planting is the securing of rapid returns, a few years sufficing to cover the intervening
spaces. Each alternate tree is then cut down and the bark sent to market. The opera-
tion of cutting down creates room for the spread of the surviving trees, which, in a
few more years, again approach and impede each other, and in like manner have to be
thinned as before. This extremely thick planting of trees is objectionable, inasmuch
as the trees possess a spreading habit. For example, those planted at five feet or at
seven feet apart occupy the interspaces in three or four years. At this stage of growth
the plant would hardly, I conceive, be worth stripping, as the yield per plant probably
could not exceed one pound of dried bark, (value say 2s.) Whereas trees six or seven
years old, under favorable circumstances, must each yield five or six pounds of dry
bark. On the other hand, however, this system of thick planting has its advantages.
The close planting costs but little additional, and the plants are readily propagated.
When found too close, they are easily cut down to allow for the expansion of the re-
maining trees. When thus planted close they keep down the weeds, and hence their
culture expenses are lessened.

The entire area of ground planted with Cinchonas is nearly ninety acres. The
severe rainy weather of the past year prevented the enlargement of this area by at
least twenty acres, for which plants were in readiness. Including these twenty acres,
about eighty acres of the forest were felled and partly cleared for the extension of the
plantations. This land will be completely prepared for the reception of the plants in
a few months.

In May I hope to have forty acres planted (about one thousand plants per acre) with
C. succirubra, and near the end of the year the other forty acres, together with fifty
additional acres proposed to be cleared, planted with C. calisaya—the two most precious
species. The number of plants permanently planted out is sixty thousand, the num-
ber of seedlings in pots forty thousand, and of seedlings in nursery beds ten thousand ;
total, one hundred and ten thousand. I had intended that the plants required for the
extension of the plantations, to the extent of one hundred and thirty acres above
alluded to as under preparation for being planted out in the year 1871, should be propa-
gated chiefly from cuttings. But most fortunately two fine trees, at Cold Spring, of
C. succirubra (one of which is a magnificent tree nine years old and thirty feet high)
yielded seeds for the first time in Jamaica, from which, through the generosity of John
McLean, esq., I procured in the beginning of September nearly fifty thousand excel-
lent seeds, the result now being forty thousand healthy seedlings. Better plants are
produced by seeds than from cuttings. It is also gratifying to state that several young
trees in the government plantations have a good crop of seeds ripening and others are
coming into Hower. ‘The number of seeds likely to be obtained from these young trees
in a few months can hardly be under one hundred thousand. Thus the fifty thousand
seedlings in course of treatment, and those now ripening on the trees, will suffice to
plant all the land proposed to be prepared to the end of 1871, making a total of two
hundred and twenty acres, containing about two hundred thousand plants.

I expect shortly to have the honor of submitting samples of Cinchona bark, of the
different kinds, to the island chemist for analysis, in order to ascertain the percentage
of alkaloids. This operation is more accurately performed when the bark is in a
fresh state. It has been recently discovered that the effects of the sun’s rays falling on
the bark while in a green state is prejudicial to the alkaloids.

In view of the interest felt in this subject by the United States Gov-
ernment, as evidenced in various reports of the Department of Agricul-
ture, the writer availed himself of an opportunity, while connected
with the recent explorations of the San Domingo commission, to visit
the plantations above referred to, located in the Blue Mountain range,
twenty-three miles northeast from Kingston, leaving the latter place on
the morning of March 13. The route to the base of the mountains,
about seven miles distant, is over an excellent macadamized road, trav-
ersing an arid, barren district. The sparsely cultivated fields on either
side of the road, occupied by occasional spacious country residences,

122

are securely fenced in by close growths of the arborescent columnar
cactus, (Cereus eriophorus; ) other cactuses are also frequent, including
several scandent species, intertwined among the dense thickets of
Acacia, and other thorny shrubbery, and especially conspicuous, with
its bright pink blossoms, the Opuntia coccinellifera, on which the coch-
ineal insect feeds.

Further in the interior, the Cacti give place to shrubbery of different
kinds; an attractive feature in the cultivated landscape being presented
in clumps of lignumvite, (Guiacum officinale,) now showy with a pro-
fusion of bright blue flowers, which form a pleasing contrast with its
deep, glossy green foliage.

Entering among the foot-hills of the mountain range, the road winds at
the foot of rocky spurs overlooking the bed of a clear mountain stream,
which is frequently crossed by substantial bridges built of arched
masonry. The shrubbery occupying the steep rocky slopes is of a
varied character, conspicuous among which are the large orange-colored
panicles of the Agave Antillarum, now in full flower.

At a distance of nine miles from Kingston the smooth wagon-road is
exchanged for a rude mountain trail. In making the ascent frequent
small settlements are passed on either hand, the country generally
presenting an arid aspect, its native timber-growth having been long
since destroyed. The cultivation is here mainly confined to small
patches of coffee, now just forming its fruit; while in the vicinity of
rudely thatched houses we invariably meet with plantains, yams, and
occasional orange or mango groves.

Passing the settlement known as Guava Ridge, by dint of industrious
questioning I was enabled, out of a confused maze of mountain trails, to
select the one leading to what is generally known as the “ Quinine Gar-
dens.” After crossing a considerable mountain valley, whose water-
course now, in the height of the dry season, is contracted to a small
brook, but showing in its wide pebbly bed the high-water mark of the
rainy season, the road commences at once the steep ascent of the prin-
cipal mountain ridge towering far above. By a succession of sharp zig-
zags the ascent is gradually effected, the increasing elevation being
plainly shown not only by the extended views, but also by a marked
change in the character of the vegetation. Here wild roses, mountain
blackberries, and ordinary white clover take the place of the more
ordinary tropical forms which everywhere border the roadsides at lower
elevations.

At an elevation of 4,000 feet above the sea a marked coolness of the
atmosphere is experienced, accompanied by frequent showers and fogs
throughout the season. Above this point the profitable cultivation of
coffee ceases, though plants can be grown up to 5,000 feet ; here north-
ern fruits and vegetables flourish and produce abundantly, the winter
season barely sufticing to check ordinary growth, the temperature rang-
ing from 40° to 75° Fahrenheit through the entire year.

On this mountain eyrie, at an elevation of over 5,000 feet above the
sea, and commanding an extensive view of the adjoining lowlands and
the distant ocean, is located the permanent residence of Mr. R. Thom-
son, the superintendent of the Cinchona plantatious, a truly enviable
location for a botanist, and worthily occupied by Mr. T. and his hos
pitable family.

Refreshed by a comfortable night’s rest after the fatigues of the pre-
vious day’s journey, in company with Mr. Thomson I made an early
start to the Cinchona grounds. The path led along the edge of a steep

123

mountain slope by a narrow artificial terrace, following all the sinuosities
of the ridge, and occasionally bringing to view land-slips and precipices
terminating in deep gorges below. Stretches of the original mountain
forest here disclose their deep sombre shade, heavy with moisture and
rank with a dense undergrowth. The shrubbery is here frequently fes-
tooned with gray and yellow lichens, indicating a perennial moisture,
while the familiar forms of northern club-mosses are strangely associated
with tree-ferns and trailing grasses.

The first Cinchona plants are set out at the foot of a steep slope rising
at an angle of 45°, and extending upward over the recent forest clear-
ing to an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea. The trees, now com-
mencing the third year from planting out or the fourth from seed, look
very vigorous and thrifty, having a smooth, clean, stocky stem, often
two inches in diameter at base, and rising to a height of four to twelve
feet. Their ability to withstand the ordinary viscissitudes of this
climate has been tested by an alternation of unusually dry and wet
seasons since planting out, and their survival of harsh treatment from
bruises, land slips, and fierce winds is evidenced in frequent distorted
specimens scattered over the ground, the vitality of which remains
apparently uninjured notwithstanding this harsh treatment. Of the
species here growing, including C. officinalis, C. calisaya, C. succirubra,
C. micrantha, and OC. pahudiana, the former two have flowered for the
first time this season, and I was, fortunately, just in time to secure
flowering specimens with early-forming fruit. This early flowering is
confined to a few specimens out of many thousands, most of the plants
being in too vigorous a stage of growth to allow the process of repro-
duction. In succeeding years, however, this proportion of flowering
and seeding plants will increase rapidly, so that seed to any desired
amount can be procured from this source for distribution.

The soil is a rich loam, intermixed with small comminuted fragments
of the underlying rock, and enriched on the surface by the vegetable
mold of the decaying forest. It has been suggested by Mr. Thomson
that small forest clearings, at suitable points, might be planted out with
different species of cinchona, and after attaining a fair growth be left
to propagate themselves in the form of natural Cinchona forests. Mr.
Thomson, whose judicious selection of this first successful Cinchona
plantation in the western world entitles his opinions to great respect,
is prosecuting this enterprise with unwearied industry, and expects to
add about fifty acres annually to this Government plantation, extend-
ing to various elevations, and fully testing the particular qualities of
the various species, both as to their adaptation to different soils and
climates, and also as to their relative productiveness in the percentage
of quinine.

These experiments being directly applicable to any future enterprise
in this line in the West India mountain region, renders the results so
far obtained of great value; in addition to which the facilities offered
in the procuring of seeds and plants from this convenient source greatly
enhances its prospective advantages.

Regretting that the short time at my disposal allowed only a limited
view of this interesting mountain district, I took leave of Mr. Thomson,
and, retracing more rapidly on the descending grade the mountain road
passed over on the previous day, reached Kingston late on the evening
of March 14.

The practical application of the facts here brought to view may be
thus briefly stated :

1. That the peculiar conditions of soil and climate suitable for the

124

growth of the best varieties of Cinchona plants cannot be found within
the present limits of the United States, where no suitable elevations
possessing an equable moist, cool climate, free from frost, can be met
with.

2. That the island of San Domingo, located within the tropics and
traversed by extensive mountain ranges attaining elevations of over
6,000 feet above the sea, presents a larger scope of country especially
adapted to the growth of Cinchonas than any other insular region in the
western hemisphere.

3. That the existence of successful Cinchona plantations in Jamaica,
within two days’ sail from San Domingo, will afford the material for
stocking new plantations in the latter island at the least possible ex-
pense of time and labor.

THE COST AND PROFIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRI-
CULTURE.

No department of the Government appears to be more strongly
intrenched in the affections of the people than that of agriculture. It
is the uniform testimony of all informed and unprejudiced minds that
its meager appropriations have contributed in larger proportionate
measure to the general wealth than the average of the most judicious
expenditures of the Government. The evidence on this point is of the
most convincing character. It has excited no political antagonism,
aiming only to secure the progress of agriculture and the increase of its
production, and it enjoys the confidence and secures the codperation of
“the administration” and ‘the opposition” alike. Occasionally some
individual, more solicitous of private than of public advantage, failing
to obtain coveted but unmerited favor, is moved to misrepresentation
and even vituperation. There are “ax-grinders” constantly attempting
the exercise of their vocation, whose disappointment must naturally
take the form of opposition; and there is ignorance and prejudice
ready to echo faintly the cry of baffled greed.

The accompanying remarks of Mr. Welker, of Ohio, which are placed
upon record to show how small an amount of money has been expended
by this Department, are suggested by the following petition:

To the honorable the Senate and the House of Representatives :

The undersigned memorialists, citizens of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, would
respectfully represent to your honorable body the inutility of the Department of Agri-
culture as a national institution.

Therefore, in consideration of the following reasons, as set forth by your petitioners,
we would most earnestly request that action may be taken at an early day whereby
that institution may be discontinued.

It has already cost the Government more than three millions of dollars, and without
accomplishing any benefit whatever.

Its locality is not in any way suited for the propagation of such tropical plants and
seeds, from whence are derived the greater portion of our imported productions of the soil.

It is contrary to the laws of nature for the climate of the District of Columbia to
reproduce tropical or semi-tropical plants, &c.

Furthermore, to cultivate or experiment on such plants, in the green-house, is not
only expensive but impracticable, and never can be of any commercial value to the nation.
Hence the inutility of the Department of Agriculture.

Rare seeds and practical works on agriculture (in all its bearings) are obtainable at
most of the reliable seed stores.

By a speedy and due consideration of the foregoing, your memorialists will ever
pray, &ce.

The following names of men and boys of Camden (New Jersey) and vicinity are

125

appended: Chas. S. Ayres, M. West, George Channell; Alex. Wood, Jos. E. Ballin-
ger, C. P. Shivers, U. W. Condit, Henry C. Garrison, Chas. D. Lippincott, John F.
Musgrave, James Cheatham, W. C. Cluly, Geo. F. Turner, Wm. T. McDanel, Thomas
McDonald, Robt. W. Dickson, Henry E. Robertson, John M. Fine, Edward I. Gigham,
J. Ashbrook, jr., Ezekiel Pullen, Reuben W. Clark, D. R. Clark.

This memorial was referred to the Committee on Retrenchment, the
chairman of which, on the part of the House, Hon. Martin Welker, of
Ohio, in reporting adversely to the prayer of the petitioners, took occa-
sion to remark as follows relative to the functions, uses, and expendi-
tures of this Department:

Mr. Speaker: At the last session of Congress a memorial signed by citizens of New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, asking the abolition of the Agricultural Department, was re-
ferred to the Joint Committee on Retrenchment, of the House part of which I have the
honor to be chairman. Supposing the committee will have no opportunity to report
upon the memorial at this session, I take this occasion to make some remarks against
the prayer of the memorialists. :

Desirous as I am to retrench the expenses of the Government in every possible way,
fully recognizing the fact that the heavy burdens of the people demand relief from tax-
ation wherever it can be accomplished, yet I believe this Department, in view of the
public good, cannot be dispensed with, and that it would not be wise economy to abol-
ish it. Iregard it as a very important branch of the public service and entitled to the
liberal support of the Government. :

Much of the legislation of Congress has been in the interest of manufactures, finance,
and general commerce. Immense Government machinery in the different departments
is brought to bear upon these great interests. Until the establishment of the Agricul-
tural Department, the farming and producing interests were almost entirely neglected,
or allowed to take care of themselves as best they could under the care of the States.
Agriculture is a national interest. The importance of this branch of industry, the
great interests to develop, the wide field for improvement, demand the fostering care
of the General Government. Our people are an agricultural people. With the most
productive, lands, every variety of soil and climate, growing the products of almost
every land, we have the capacity to develop the greatest agricultural resources of any
country of the globe. . '

This Department is organized in the interest of labor. This interest, as well as capi-
tal, must be taken care of by the Government. There is no need of any conflict in
this country between labor and capital. They are coworkers; the one cannot dispense
with the other, and both must be fostered. Capital is, however, more able to take
care of itself than labor. In the old countries of Europe capital is supreme and labor
subordinate. Not so in this country. Here it is reversed, and labor is the great foun-
dation of our national prosperity and advancement.

The Department of Agriculture has been established but a short time. It may be
considered an off-shoot of the Patent Office. It had its beginning there. Prior to 1838
some attention had been given to agricultural interests in connection with inventions
of labor-saving and valuable machinery. In that year Mr. Ellsworth, then Commis-
sioner of Patents, impressed with the importance of the subject, suggested that
Government should recognize the claims of agriculture, and give a more definite char-
acter and encouragement to the measures he had commenced, on a limited scale, toward
collecting statistics, and introducing a few new seeds and plants, and particularly new
varieties. of wheat. The next year Congress appropriated $1,000 from the patent fund
for this purposé ; and with it a few new plants were introduced, and about thirty
thousand packages of seed distributed.

These suggestions of the Commissioner induced Congress to make small annual ap-
propriations for several years, and led to the adoption of schedules for the collection
of statistics in agriculture, which were used for the first time in the census of 1840,
and have been carried out more fully at each census since with increased satisfaction.
The Department was organized by act of Congress, May 15, 1862. Its purpose was
stated in the law to be “ for acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United
States useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general
and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among
the people new and valuable seeds and plants.”

In order fully to understand and appreciate the importance of the Department, and
its practical and beneficial workings, allow me to call attention to its present organi-
zation, and describe the scope and purpose of each of its divisions. From this some
correct idea can be formed of the great advantages the country will derive from its fos-
tering care by legislation of the General Government. As now organized, it comprises
several divisions:

3

126
ws DIVISION OF STATISTICS.

This is the office of publication, whence are issued the annual reports of the Depart-
ment of nearly a quarter of a million copies and a monthly report of twenty-five thou-
sand copies, embracing official data from thousands of correspondents located in nearly
every county in the Union, regarding the modes of cultivation and prospects of crops.
These reports, annual.as well as monthly, are the most popular and most desired of
any of the public documents printed by the Government. They are sought for and
distributed by the foreign legations resident in this country to all the European Govern-
ments. A much larger number of the annual report should be printed for circulation
among our people, as now half the demand for them cannot be supplied by members
of Congress or the Department.

2. DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

1. This division affords a medium ot correspondence and information between the
various agricultural societies and farmers; answering queries on samples forwarded,
as ores, minerals, waters ; making chemical examinations of natural products and fer-
tilizers, as marls, peats, &c., and giving advice upon the same. Many hundreds of
letters are answered eyery year on these subjects.

2. It is a means through which any new vegetable products, valuable through their
chemical constitution, may be examined and brought before public notice as worthy of
growth in the States. ;

3. It is a means whereby large and useful manufactures not existing in this country
may be brought under the notice of farmers. In this way the growth of the beet for
sugar has been recommended, and is becoming adopted. Comparatively few experi-

ments in its growth had been tried before the Department entered on the consideration. .

of the subject.

4. By its means chemical examinations of the value and composition of vegetable
products grown for food in the United States may be conducted on that scale which,
embracing the area of the whole country, will lead to more valuable and truthful re-.
sults than those undertaken by a single State or institution not possessing the exten-
sive communication and correspondence which the Department has. Of this nature is
the determination of the nutritive value of cereals grown in the several States, which
has just been commenced, and which no doubt will yield valuable results.

‘

3. DIVISION OF BOTANY. 4

The purpose of this division is to give a scientific basis, derived from an accurate
knowledge of the ascertained laws of vegetable growth, on which alone any success-
ful system of progressive agriculture can be founded. This is being accomplished in
this division by bringing together as far as possible all the varied forms of plants,
either in a living state or in the preserved form of herbarium specimens. These are
so arranged that any particular plant or class of plants can be readily found, and the
relation to allied plants, whether as to uses or capacity for cultivation, can be ascer-
tained with the least labor. By this arrangement, in connection with works of refer-

ence giving full accounts of habit, mode of growth, native location, geographical dis-.

tribution, changes by cultivation, and uses either for food, medicine, or in the arts,.
there will be accumulated a fund of reliable information, exceedingly valuable in di-
recting culture or indicating sources of supplies of desired materials in medicine or
the arts. It is intended by this division to secure the active coéperation of all work-:
ing botanists in this country and abroad, by a proper system of correspondence and
exchange, and thus to furnish valuable information on the progress of botanical re-
search in its direct relation to horticulture and agriculture.

4, DIVISION OF NATURAL HISTORY.

The principal feature of this division is the museum of natural history. This is an
economic collection, exhibiting the process of manufacture of the raw products of agri-
cultural industry, in which the textile arts, the making of sugars and dyes, and the
utilization and extension of the primitive products of the earth are illustrated; also
ilustrations of the various transformations of insects, both favorable and inimical to
vegetation. In this museum are models of the various fruits and Specimens of grain,
&¢., of this country. They are intended to represent type specimens of such varieties,

and to show which kinds are particularly adapted to any particular region, climate, or -

soil. It is intended to represent each State by sections of cases, containing the different
varieties of fruits, grains, &c., that have been recommended by State boards of agri-
culture as especially adapted for culture in their particular States, thus saving years of
labor and probable loss to the new settler by exhibiting at one view those varieties
which have been experimented upon and found to succeed the best. Duplicate collec

= ee ee ee ae

Pe ee

SP SO en

oe eee

127

tions can thus be obtained by each State desiring the specimens for agricultural
colleges or State cabinets.

In the collection of native birds the specimens are labeled to show at a glance which
are the friends of the farmer by destroying injurious insects, or which are the enemies
that prey upon his crops. The plates of insects are especially designed to show such
insects as are destructive to vegetation, so that the farmer or fruit grower may recog-
nize them ata glance. Then, by referring to a manuscript work by Professor Glover,
the entomologist of the Department, he can immediately learn all that is known of
their habits, and the best means to exterminate them. All inquiriesrelative to noxious
insects of the farm made by agriculturists or others desiring such information can be
readily answered and the best known remedies recommended.

In the cases devoted to the animal and vegetable fibers they are shown in all their
stages, from the seed to the manufactured articles, or from the raw material, as in the
ease of wool, to the various fabrics made from it.

The collection of domestic poultry shows type specimens of such as are recommended
as best for market, laying eggs, or for any particular purpose. The design of the
economic collection of flours manufactured from cereals, dye-stuffs, gums, oils, &c., is
to show what can be made from various native materials, or to sue@est the various

products imported from abroad that should be grown in this country.

5. DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE.

This consists of an experimental garden with the arboretum, and is devoted to the
introduction of new and valuable and promising plants, shrubs, and trees, native and
foreign, suitable to the various sections of the Union. What is known as the Botani-
cal Garden has no connection with this division or the Department.

WHAT IT HAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Now, Mr. Speaker, what has the Department accomplished? Since the claims of
agriculture have been recognized and fostered by Government, the excellence and
variety of its machinery and implements have surpassed those of all other nations.

in 1847 the number of agricultural patents granted was but 47; in 1863 it had in-
creased to 390; in 1865 to 642; in 1866 to 1,778; and for each of the last two years it
has reached nearly 2,000. These improvements are rapidly revolutionizing the agri-
culture of the West, and reducing to the lowest point ever attained the proportion of
manual labor employed in the operations of farming, saving at least fifty per cent. of
the manual labor required in agricultural pursuits.

Under its present able head the Department has distributed the last year nearly six
hundred thousand packages of seed, including upward of thirty thousand sacks of
winter wheat imported by the Commissioner, besides new varieties of oats and other
cereals, which have been sent into every congressional district in the Union; thus
affording at once a more general diffusion of new and valuable kinds of grain than
would or could be done by private enterprise in many years. As the result of this dis-
tribution of seed by the Department from year to year, there are now raised hundreds
of thousands of bushels of cats, incomparably superior to the old varieties, and in many
instances nearly doubling the crop. And so of the increased quantity and superior
quality of the wheat in many of the States. The same might be said of several of our
other prodnets. This increase has contributed millions to the wealth of the country,
and alone establishes the utility and great benefits resulting from this Department.

It is said that he who makes two blades of grass grow where one did before is a pub-
lic benefactor. This Department has done this, and more, in many varieties of agri-
cultural products. It has established relations with organized associations for agricul-
tural improvements, whether governmental or otherwise, making exchanges of seeds,
plants, and publications. Through an extended correspondence with foreign societies
and our consuls abroad it is searching the world for new and valuable plants to
acclimatize, new varieties of cereals to test, and, when found valuable, to distribute,
thus finding and introducing into our agriculture the valuable products of all countries
suitable and profitable for our cultivation.

Agriculture is the great civilizer of the world. Its improvements and advancements
mark national as well as individual progress. Whatever will add to its success, furnish
it with valuable inventions and discoveries, are so many steps toward accomplishing
the highest forms of civilization and human happiness. In this country, with its broad
and fertile acres, the cultivator of the soil is generally its owner. So large a proportion
of our population being engaged in this pursuit it must ever be a leading occupation.
The great extent of our country and its capabilities make it necessary that there shall
always be a great diversity of agricultural labor. To give direction to this diversified
agriculture is one great purpose of the Department, and it will be able to lead the way
in processes of culture, as well as selection of products and their varieties, in the dif-
ferent localities, and thus enabling farmers to give attention to that culture which
promises and secures the best results and rewards.

128

Another thing: Agricultural colleges, under the liberal land grants of Congress, are
being established in different States, under State control. This Department, as a com-
mon head, can and will furnish great assistance in the farm education proposed in these
colleges.

Like the Bureau of Education, but recently established to concentrate statistics and
lead and give information and direction to educational interests in the States, this
Department will be able to give the same, and perhaps much greater, facilities in the
direction of agricultural education among the people.

PUBLIC LANDS.

Intimately connected with this subject is the land ‘policy of the Government, about
which I desire to make a few additional remarks. In the early days of the Republic
our public lands were regarded as a source of revenue. It was expected from their
sale to pay a large proportion of the expenses of the Government; but in later days it
wasfound that, with expense of survey and sale, these expectations were not realized,
and a new policy was adopted, and large quantities of the public domain have been
used in constructing railroads, endowing colleges, rewarding military services, and

stimulating immigration by giving homesteads to all persons who will live on and

improve them.

In this way this heritage of the people has largely contributed to the material devel-
opment of our country. These grants have not always been wisely made, and in many
respects have no doubt been great outrages upon the rights of the people. The future
policy of the Government should be to so provide by legislation that our public lands
should be preserved for actual settlers, and thereby furnish free homes to the landless.
Concentration of large quantities in the hands of monopolists and speculators is the
great curse of most of the Western States, and has and does impede agricultural im-
provement and development.

Of our public lands about seyenty-eight million acres haye been granted for schools
and colleges, over ten millions of which have been given to agricultural colleges. Two
hundred million acres have been appropriated and given to build railroads and other
improvements. About seventy-three million acres have been given to our soldiers,
their widows and children. The Government still owns about a thousand million acres.
This vast domain as fast as if is surveyed is open to settlement under our homestead

‘laws, which give every man or unmarried. woman one hundred and sixty acres for the
cost of survey and entry, upon living upon and improving the same for the time lim-
ited, which is five years, except a soldier, who, under the bill passed by the House, is
allowed to count three years of his term of service in the Army, or whatever term
under that: period he has served, as part of the five years’ residence.

In the year 1869, about two and a half million acres were given'to homestead and
preémption settlers. In the same year about eight million acres were converted from
wild lands into ‘farms, making some sixty thousand farms. We now have over six
million real-estate owners, being one in about every six of our population, and nearly
one-half of our whole population are engaged in the pursuit of agriculture.

The whole landed property of England is now owned by thirty thousand persons,
making one in every six hundred and fifty of its population. One-half of its soil is
now owned by about one hundred and fifty persons. Nineteen and a half million
acres in Scotland are owned by twelve proprietors. In this country this extensive
ownership of the soil, the sense of proprietorship resulting therefrom, encouraging in-
dependence of action and thought, constitute the corner-stone of our Republic. The
multiplication of these free homes for the people, instilling into their minds the spirit
of agriculture and mechanical progress, and education, and moral development, and
improvement, will secure freedom, equality, and prosperity among our people, and
perpetuity to our Government. ‘

In this grand work, with such support as should be and no doubt will be given to it,
the Agricultural Department, in the future as in the past, will be an efficient and im-
portant aid to the other branches of the Government. The memorial to which I have
alluded alleges that over three million dollars have already been expended upon the
Department without any corresponding benefits. Having stated its great benefits in
the past, and what it is expected to accomplish in the future, I append to these remarks
a statement showing the several appropriations for each year from 1839, the first one
made, to an including 1870:

1839, (first appropriation for the promotion of agriculture, from Patent Office

MONG) oi oe aes cla eerie = tS ee ble n eleiare sm os als fe $1, 000
1842;(from Patent Office fund)?..-....-22ses-.2....---).-t 2+ boa 1, 000
1943,\(¢rom Patent Office fund)... .(:--. 2a ee-----2-- -- 022 ee 2, 000
1844) (from Patent Office fund) ees. - Smee ies e/a. 2's /an oe eee 2, 000
1845, (from Patent Office fund)....-.......-.- Se dele ales aCe eee 3, 000
1646, (trom Patent Office fand)-2222- o. .2ee a2. 2... Shee eee Sean

1847,\(from Patent Office fand)-. 02... kore cy cies es Sees = 3, 000

-

a . ‘ 2
a ee Ge ee ee

TEAS Grom, Patent Omceungye cod ys qu sete eee LS le ks
TEA (irom: Patent) Citi Gertumes ay: un) ero) arsine te lu ficio aise oc) ievars Okey & aids
Jeo Crom Patent Cmca: ames Sse all oo CRN Sa Be cow ieee
REDE (irom. Paden iyOrn Geren juris ake eo sja,2 = hae sath aintneee oi cie ke a 2
1852), (from, Paoent CGE numa )ijaia nse. LR Ry Uy ee wis Deal.
PE5S.0 ROM: E atemiGs OMG) HTNC,))<:bepe ol o's aol sare: ok a oh seal arate A cleans 2a

Total from Patent Office fund, (reimbursed in 1855) ..--....-22.-....-2.

1854

MSG Ade eta reir! <0 Sova Elk yt a, RN NS eR ee pg So NUN a
eS) lard aly ohare) rap che tes aa le BEN aL aya ors SPER Lian Ash SS Loans Uae Lat
12} 818) ces A eee gee SER SS eg kOe ND em 8 Oey ee eh Pe TRS ee
A leol Of URS RU i a USA SP Ae Bats, 1 oe ROE 2 Oa a Pe ete
1867, (transferred from the Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees and Abandoned
Lands; for seeds for Southern: States) sic. 2. seh) se ceyns Se od sod
DOGO Se uae Be Sin aye en Malte eee eed | Roan moe ES Pty Ue MeN
1868, (to pay claims against the Department contracted prior to June 1, 1867)
Sian ehh eae Meh raps ha bet alae) abs 2d Ligeti tal ak a ache x Bibel
TIC gee eget Ua a SR Pe Re hl = SME Teta Oil Bhs ib AL ie A al
ARKO ASS Ae ese SUS eR So ee mi ro Us Sem oC OM Sue eR A ene Ps yas

i i i ee ee Se

wee wee eee oe te ee em ee te eee ce eee ee eee tee ee ee ee eee eee

i ee i ad

awe ee ee ee te ee tee te ee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee eee

i i i ek i a i a aay

i i ie ir i i ee ei ee ee ee

1863, (including $20,000 to test the practicability of cultivating and pre-
paring flax and hemp as a substitute for cotton)..---..--.-....--...--

39, 000
35, 000
25, 000

105, 000
60, 000
60, 000

* 40,000
60, 000
60, 000
60, 000

185, 000
151, 370
155, 300
149, 100
179, 020

50, 000
120, 068
40, 000
141, 440
145, 370

1, 810, 668

For permanent improvements, including the erection of the new building, furnishing, finishing, §c.

1867, (for the erection of the new Department building).-..-......--...--.- $100, 000

1868, (for heating, water, and gas apparatus, furniture, cases for museum,
library, apparatus for laboratory; &&c.) =~. 2.5... 2.5. Ulla else 52, 525
LST Cor mew CONsehvanOny Ween ne sooo ee ek ee ee, ee Se We el 25, 000
Forsmprovement of agricultural orounds.2...2 fess Se el 16, 700
EOI Gere ae aes Se ype eng Rua Am ee eR Yee WR 194, 225

AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE OF OREGON.

The secretary of the Oregon State Agricultural Society sends to the
Department, under date of January 18, 1871, a lengthy report, from which
we cull the following items of information relative to the agriculture, cli-
mate, and growth of that State:

The early portion of the season of 1870 was very promising for farmers, but heavy
rains in the latter part of June, succeeded by extraordinarily hot days and nights,

arrested the filling of grain.

The wheat harvest was scarcely an average yield; the

oats crop was one-fifth below the average; late potatoes did not yield three-fourths of
an average crop. Early potatoes, however, did better, and there was a heavy crop of

hay, perhaps one-half above the average.
affected the growing grain.

Rust, unusual in the history of the State,
One farmer had a field of oats entirely destroyed by the

red rust, so common in the Eastern States, but heretofore unknown in Oregon. Our
correspondent believes that the damage to the growing crops was caused more by the

warm nights of July than by any other cause.

Usually an Oregon summer day is

succeeded by a cool night, but in the season referred to warm nights succeeded the
warm days. To the same influence is ascribed the prevalence during the year of ague
and other miasmatic diseases. He had not known up to 1870 of a single case of ague
during an experience of twenty-six years in that State.

Notwithstanding the drawbacks of 1870, the general condition and prospects of the

130

Oregon farmer are encouraging. The price of wheat has advanced, and the means of
moving heavy products to market have improved. Wheat was selling in January at
$labushel. The export trade of Oregon, consisting mainly of agricultural productions,
is steadily growing. During the sixteen months ending October 31, 1870, there were
exported to foreign countries, chiefly to British Columbia, flour, grain, provisions,
salmon, lumber, &c., amounting in value to $371,355. A large trade also exists with
the Territories north and east of Oregon. The shipments to California largely exceed
all other shipments combined. Her people take breadstufis, oats, butter, eggs, and
other provisions, wool, lumber, coal, and fruit, and, together with Washington, Idaho,
Montana, and Nevada Territories, and British Columbia, all the live stock Oregon can
spare, and more than she ought to spare. For Oregon horses California is the principal
market.

The indications in January were that all kinds of stock were passing through the
winter in good condition, except in the Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys, where there
was a scarcity of grass last summer and autumn, in consequence of prolonged drought.
Winter wheat presented a favorable appearance. Owing to the open winter, prepara-
tions for spring planting were further advanced than usual. ;

Of several varieties of wheat received from the Department and tested upon his own
farm, dur correspondent expresses a preference for the white variety, known as Oregon
white winter wheat. The crop of winter wheat which received the first premium
awarded by the Oregon State Agricultural Society at its fair for 1870 was of this va-
riety. It was raised by Mr. T. W. Davenport, of Marion County, and yielded 912
bushels, weighing 63 pounds to the measured bushel, from 20 acres—more than 454
bushels to the acre. Premiums for spring wheat were awarded to Calvin Neal, who
raised 31 bushels of Russian or ninety-days wheat to the acre; and to James Finlayson,
who raised 33 bushels of White Chili to the acre.

Two extraordinary crops of oats are reported. Joseph Hamilton raised on ten acres
of bottom land, without manure, 820 bushels of winter oats. The land had been under
cultivation for twenty-two years. J. H. Robbins raised on two and a half acres of
red hill land 250 bushels of Russian oats. :

The following weather record for 1870 was kept by Mr. T. Pearce, of Eola, in lati-
tude 44° 51’, and longitude 123° 5’:

| 3218 =) ale Sy ta Z b
~ oa Si, xe S = a = : Pas 5
Months. | ee| 55 Sed Mie =o 3 Be = 2 &
sa |as] 2 | ac 5 5 ey oS ee
30 = Si oO a =] Bb =
= (<>) i= =} = i) ~ co a &
a |S =a |a on S) S) es =
SAMUADRY 2-2 sae oes | 48 20 37 ily 4,35 3 2 3 2
HODINALY en. ie Aes AT, 33 39 15 5. 63 4 8 0 4
March icS 22 Asse eeees 47 24 39 16 5.77 9 6 0 Py
Ni ¢) wl ee Se th ree a 60 38 47 12 5. 52 ii ff
TE an Se ae eS 66 44 52 10 2. 46 9 12
Sig se ee ee 68 47 59 a 2. 26 14 8
Bt eT eee ae oe SL. | 52) | 71 27 4
ANOS oto ts eee ae 83 57 68 2 0. 08 24 5
September.--- 222 a2es5- HE 54 59 33 0.7 16 10 1 6
October 2222") eae ee 59 39 46 3 0. 90 27 i 7
November 22:42 28 208 ABN 3 42 11 5. 05 8 10 re 6
aecem ber. oe 50 20 33 9 4.38 12 5 3 2
| 105 | 37.31 | 170 | 73 | 9 29
‘ | |

131

IMPORTS OF 1870.

The following is from the official statement of incieithin and values of i imporls for the year
ending December 31, 1870, in comparison with a similar statement of the imports of 1869.

|

Articles in a crude state used in dyeing and
WOM To. Boor eldest este anaes eoepees nee
Barilla and VEL) Deas Rae pein a se lbs..
Cochineal
Cottemenmv sree Sos hel Ae ee das:
Dyewoods, PRES HIC Cte is ois aan ee ke cwt.,
Gold and silver:
Gold bullion
Silver bullion
Gold coin
MVET Kein? 62 Ae abe ee ee
Guano, except from American islands. tons. -
Gypsum, or plaster of Paris, unground. ..do--
Madder:

Ground or prepared..-.--.---.--.--- Ibs. -
ROG b iia aS na: Rem et erate seca te oe do-.|
Rags of cotton and linen for manufacture of |
paper See Sere Mla aan oes Aaa tee eee Ibs..|
Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon. ..do-.
Wood, all cabinet. unmanufactured.........- |
Animals, living, of all kinds .-.-.......-..... |
Breadstufts :
Banton, see ees eae ate deme aati bush. .
Bred an i PISCDb:. se2eanie tos arese2 Ibs. -
TR A OTON or Serena hn Slee cee bush
bay IMeD le. es OR oe hoes ce bbls
ats ne ON SS oko eA eee bush.
TGC. epee oe oe Be Ae ae sia is as poe lbs.
WV Ope tose eine sere none oe 8 Leet bush.
Huye OUD seac este fan cence tae nee bbls
AL TSO Heae ene ae es oa et eee bush
Wines OUD a os Slee teres eee cae bbls
OQUILOER 2a ones teeter aon bush ..

All other preparations from breadstuffs, used
as food.

Bocks, pamphlets, maps,
other publications.

Chiccory, ground or prepar att and root. -lbs..

Clothing, except when of silk

engravings, and

Cut and sewed together..--........------
Articles of wear not specitied 75-2222. 5-
Coal bisanvinGus 7.562 sects tak a tons.
Cope ets: ar ah ueee eth lbs.
COTO 23 sere, Ieee met open ef el epee Has do-
Copper:
LO ites ARM Soe a ee ae eet ewt..
OFT) 1) Se eee eee RE I ire lbs...
Moasintactores OL: 22.0 set. csetos- sete
Cotton, and manufactures of: os
Bleached and unbleached -....-.- sq. yds...
Printed, painted, or colored. -....- do...
Hosiery, shirts, and drawers .....-..--.---
Jeans, denims, ‘drillings, GEOL sq. yds..
Manufactures not specified ps a Ae ae

Chemicals, drugs, medicines, and dyes not
specified.

Earthen, stone, and China ware......-..-----

Fancy g inte ee ete be gone

Fish, fresh and cured, not of American fishe-
ries.

Flax and manufactures of :

IBY yard. Jo 32ssce see eee ee ee

Fruit of all kinds, (including nuts) .........--
‘Bursand fur Skins... .--e2te seasons sore ae
Glass and glasswares:

Cylinder, crown, or common window lbs. -

woe and crown, polished. ..... sq. ft..

Fluted, rolled, or rough plate reas: do.
Cast polished plate, not silvered ..... do...
Cast polished plate, silvered.......-.. do..
Manufactures not specified. ...-....-..-..

MUD ees tote nest dk oat ae eee eae

Quantities.

Value.
1870. 1869 1870. 1869.
| }
Te ee ae eb oe a $406, 101 } $511, 021

1, 928, 309
974, 591

94, 635

5, 605, 291
1, 109, 347
89) 897

121

2,259, 036
46, 065, 129
320, 964

3 '

1, 048, 205
75, 321
156, 679

456, 959
5, 105, 244
275, 242, 736

59, 765
304, 276

30, 708, 032
30, 871, 0380

33, 090, 388
58, 464
479, 328

1, 580, 112
2, 492, 721

8, 200, 359

14, 9i4
139, 124

20, 935, 291
355, 045

83, 795, 662
614, 625

6, 594, 665
706, 351
87, 002
288

550, 702
46, 112, 450
268, 976
224

640, 663
88, 114
105, 758

423, 659
2, 483, 960
243, 925, 725

140, 463
323, 721

27, 761, 136
24, 428, 970

36, 591,177
53, 852
215, 261

1, 246, 821
2, 334, 388

9, 540, 392

1, 026, 945
331, 185
635, 666

£33, 689

127, 928
9, 596, 872
5, 014, 874
2. 888, 413

83, 708

614, 511
7, 008

254,

035
7, 875
717, 045
294

567
9, 996
, 391

473
, 949
120
2, seo
19 }
V7
, 086
77, 344

227
12, 568, 930
6, 618, 554

4,251, 375
4,244 541
2, 724, 213

599, 670
12, 335, 697
4, 455, 671
7, 338, 492
2, 367, 372

1, 380, 237
16, 754

25, 264
885, 034
644, 334

1, 059, 084
1, 249, 826

12, 956
927, 946
339, 384

1, 699, 384

751, 821

97, 829

15, 829, 763
8, 289, 114
295, 721

130, 432

2, 543, 734
46, 237

3, 154, 552
3, 079, 409

661, 227
4,124) 360

5, 324, 972
49, 043
72, 959

901
205, 678
079, 760
175, 781

fide
684, 552
400, 370

64, 113

448, 058

1, 746, 728
124, 833

1, 020, 276
865, 988

1, 160, 364
234, 847
23, 834, 854

518, 383
39, 652
280, 696

3, 633, 063
3, 386, 797
4, 655, 154
1, 024, 581
9, 506, 419
7, 421, 857

4, 688, 573
3, 600, 267
2, 276, 159

642, 498
14, 079, 307
2, 976, 752
8, 047, 893
2, 865, 696

1, 539, 849
18, 481
27, 442
684,688 |
610, 817
1, 223, 135
1, 331, 687

132

Official statement of quantities and values of imports, §-c.—Continued.

Quantities.
1270. 1269.
Hemp and manufactures of:
7S 52 ea ae ee tons. . 20, 239 19, 057
Manufactures by yards..-.-..-.---s sq. yds. . 1, 011, 275 907, 029
Oiipemanndtactures Of... ../0..--- 2222 2. < Wo seeps eles -ce eee
Hidestaud Bkins,other than fara... .4.- 2.22 2| see eeee se | eee eee
India-rubber and gutta-percha:
Unmanufactured.--.--.-- --.-\..--.- lbs... 9, 266, 790 9, 972, 706
MEaTIOTACHUTE,.. - Mice. << ---n-nseeeeien 2 e|= eee eee a6e- eee
Tron and steel, and manufactures of:
EAP ALOUD = pees ee ee one eee eer ee Ibs..| 314, 630,384 | 350, 269,170
Castings ..-...----------------------- do..| 4,324, 095 1, 201, 906
(Bariron 22. cee sissce) oss peemecee eee do..| 174,578,066 | 186, 119, 940
Baer iron : 2. aes eee ees do... 2, 003, 134 1, 157, 401
Band, hoop and scroll iron ....----..-. do..| 14, 651, 896 15, 557, 761
Railroad bars or rails. 3222-5. -2e Tbs..| 798,306,761 | 626, 326, 597
secthiron 3. c5cces o.oo eee do..| 22,536, 563 27, 395, 521
Old:and scrap avon :...---. 222-52-.52- tons... 150, 194 149, 391
Harthware -O. o- - ens os. See eeae eee aaa | - See Ro ow mee ee
Anchors, cables, & chains ofallkinds-Ibs..| 10, 335, 618 12, 719, 656
: Machinery Re Ses! See ee | eee eine 2s) ace nee
Muskets, pistols, rifles, and sporting guns.|....----------|--------------
Steel ingots, bars, sheets, AIG WAKES? 9. . | eee ene Pel ae ee aoe
Gntlony 32 eee teers - soe) |) eee we eee eee
TIGR bisa ebtece wie oes ce Sea ene S? bike foe =: |2- eee el nie eee
awe and todls -San> jas eeeeren Cece be ee Sa AED ees oso
Manufactures of iron and steel not spe-
CIO: 2 -Eeclons ote Ucn pborae bee sen = << >| <n -E Oe Seen aor eee
Jute and other grasses, and cocoa fiber, and |
manufactures of :
URW A ao BSc oe oat eee aren noe tons... 25, 849 19, G14
Manufactures of; by yards.-.-...----- yds... 3, 348, 119 1, 594, 568
Gunny cloth, gunny bags, and other man-
ufactures of, used for bagging..... Ibs.-| 22, 172, 265 10, 146, 679
Other manufacines.. ico. se de sn ee
Lead and manufactures of:
Pas, bars, and Old ;-- 22 sse-cc+ so-so - lbs... 84, 955, 916 91, 829, 077
Man niachures Of oo --2<-< se eertesasen ent oa} $~ - ae be > lead eee
Leather and leather goods:
eather of all tings... -..2-26 622 <2 lbs... 9, 931, 135, 7, 834, 872
Gloves of kid and chéveril ----- doz. prs - - 446, 684 345, 725
All other gloves of skin or leather -.do....| 138, 226 114, 837
All other manufactures of....--...-...--. eas 5 aby onimate Pee epee YY ia
Oils:
Whale and fish, not of American fish-
LICR 2-6 noes aes aoe ene eee galls 395, 011 834, 145
Olive; Balad. ooo cesta eceees galls 154, 489 187, 126
not Salad . 2 oso55- saeco eke galls. - 69, 469 329, 439
All other fixedous ..... 22 322.22 galls. . 6, 595, 046 4, 006, 458
Volatile or essential..........------ Ibs... 253, 746 278, 925
Opiim, and extract of... 252 cb geek ce == lbs-. 72, 401 177, 445
Paper, and manufactures of:
Pris Paper; sae eee =| - - - cee ee eat | se ner
Wirt Paper cae ene eee soe |= 5 Seem. ni el nena te
Other paner,....--.- cee are ee erce -- = SARS a ee | eee s FE
Papier-maché and all other manufac- |
tures of paper, and including Na |
WONG) Woes se be esc neeeEe ere re = 4 [s= - eee See el ae ee
Perfumery and cosnietins ele eeen }.-- tae eens eee
PYECIONS StONECS a. * Sccsees hae Ore eee eels = -+ eee ela eee 3
Provisions, including peas, beans, and vege- | : ;
Gables. 22 '.sbosey seis cee eee eee |. 2 ae ee ee
BG See oa 2, co ASecios Ee ae lbs. i 605, 596,772 | 733, 634, 412
Saltpeter, (nitrate of potash)...........- Ibs..| 12, 366, 480 7, 625, 575
Silk, manufactures of:
Dress:and piece goods s=-cosee sees =. <- -|- ---2 seem) eee eee ee eee
Hosiery, shirts, and drawers...-.--..---.- ee ee a ea os ae
Manufactures not specified........--.--- PS 5535598) See i SP
Soda, and salts of: ;
BiGarTpDOnate =< \'5.¢ 2 acto eee Tbs..| © 15, 608, 413 14, 003, 068
Carbonate, including sal-soda and soda
Ci SE ee ee ae Se ts Se bs..| 154,343,498 | 152, 266, 721
MUSIC BOGS .c15. .< --- eo eee eee Ibs..| 26, 098, 533 18, 158, 595
Nitrate, acetate, sulphate, phosphate,
and all other salts of soda..---.- Ibs..| 33, 683, 085 32, 058, 338
Spices of all kinds, including ginger, pepper, ‘
Piika: ici | ao. a ie eee ES Ibs.-| 20,571, 942 18, 172, 580
Sugar and molasses : .
BOW aes ae one wie wie wa noc eas oe ee Tbs. .|1, 115, 348, 643 |1, 258, 569, 350

Value.
1870. 1869.
$4, 031, 874 $3, 103, 008
144) 217 . | 142) 928
311, 212 207) 716
14, 528, 988 14, 204, 009
"3, 485, 866 3, 235, 184
913, 768 | 792, 868
2, 401, 993 | 2, 424,173
32,006 27, 167
3,416,718 | 3, 664, 445
43) 836 33, 148
308, 335 315, 522
13, 322, 170 9, 092, 343
210 1, 098, 000
3, 471, 590 3, 025, 131
164, 118 293, 605
431, 272 429, 376
909, 141 1, 036, 208
805, 359 472, 205
3, 310, 686 2, 769, 140
1, 755, 499 1, 731, 132
559, 248 607, 267
220, 733 155, 07
5,601,316 | 5, 496, 350
2, 143, 714 ) * 1,243, 586
347, 394 113, 367
1, 060, 621 300, 058
1, 164, 343 1, 233, 527
3, 485, 703 3, 759, 602
-~ 13 391 | 35, 132
5, 938, 598 5, 265, 392
2) 964, 150 2) 354, 976
586, 651 463, 268
700, 103 690, 039
220, 522 520, 573
291, 455 342, 123
59, 599 278, 640
1, 768, 374 1, 207, 933
389, 512 440, 613
1, 857, 185 1, 294, 299
77, 206 75, 352
34, 882 198, 208.
505, 292 236, 201
610, 192 555, 567
284 044 272) 764
1, 909, 305 2, 079, 213
4, 421, 163 3, 107, 531
1, 202) 809 1, 416, 488:
503, 371 | 294, 557
14, 902, 727 11, 923, 359
38, 561 38, 047
12, 182, 079 11, 271, 709
326, 470 353, 238
2, 299, 880 2, 493, 616
205, 200 552, 769
884, 247 737, 292
1,857,007 ‘1, 514, 408
) ;
52,995,434 62, 497, 271 |

ee

133

Official statement of quantities and values of imports, §-c.—Continued.

Quantities. Value.
1870. 1869. 1870. 1869,
Sugar and molasses :
Richiniedl are tee re, Se ok lev wcoate Ibs.. 259, 947 1, 028, 971 $13, 365 | $70, 045
WOlgSSS) sone s hen aw eee a galls... 50, 058, 182 53, 958, 904 11, 487, 910 12, 351, 211
Melada and sirup of sugar-cane-.4...-lbs..| 38, 083, 038 21, 065, 819 1, 315, 840 726, 071
Candy and confectionery. -.-.-..--.---- do... 56, 556 48, 694 13, 629 13, 974
BY ee Cn SEB eee E eee eee UOREBEere do-.. 49, 359, 803 46, 999, 296 15, 053, 465 14, 056, 678
Tin, and manufactures of:
Tn bars, blocks, or pigs..-.--------- cwt.. 100, 709 78, 026 2, 669, 456 1, 993, 981
In plates ease aos Seen wie Suse ois do.. 1, 419, 354 1, 591, 346 8 405, 377 8, 703, 417
UATE GT gi) UE RB RC OEE RCE SEE ES eC CEL CGE DOR ESD EELS -] Casp ee aeeereicar 66, 903 42, 857
Tobacco, and manufactures of:
Leaf eee epts ata Scie artene a aete sarees Ibs... %, 180, 500 5, 849, 733 2, 849, 093 2, 259, 492
2) LEE a aes a Ray do.. 668, 533 475, 045 2, 108, 022 1, 471, 819
Renae as ay Ae NIT, oY OE? do.. 17, 255 18, 668 5, 284 6, 251
Guhenimanutachwtres! Olt sas. k oe Sas eee neta eee = = aerate Sele tekis 2 31, 025 14, 252
Watches, and watch movements and ma-
BASEN PLR erect ss hs 5 ern aS eta oe ere oe Pith ota, «adios tee ac aes ota 3, 194, 828 2, 693, 404
Wines, spirits, and cordials:
Spirits and cordials in casks. ---pf. galls: . 1, 387, 173 1, 812, 642, 1, 670, 129 1, 573, 436
Spirits and cordials in bottles....-.-. ~doz.. 56, 654 32, 934 266, 290 155, 340
IWiine,in) casks. 2.222 = Sait as galls... 9, 495, 984 8, 659, 556 3, 306, 179 3, 134, 804
sVyanlolin) hottlasissseee eke Senaes ee doz... 577, 512 394, 808 2, 598, 924 2, 466, 620
Wool, sheep’s; goats’ and camels’ hair, and
manufactures of :
Raw and toate tae ates en Ae Ibs.-| 50,230,518 | 49, 629, 419 1, 278, 745 7, 170, 495
Mlothalands exasimeres sete e acca aes os ec [he aa aloans eee Parada eneae oe 9, 543, 911 7, 688, 348
Woolen rags, shoddy, mungo, waste, and
GTR ce Beeb binO a ep aie We ae ele ee Ibs... 703, 026 795, 652 65, 864 69, 317
alae catia RGR Men TER a Ne Rea: Se OLS AES ak oh pe 2, 035, 502 1, 942, 793
PE UATUISG Le noel sete eet eee as ote cca oe Sarre a chatael| bata s ours ate 17, 481 22, 854
Gnrpetsyiese0e.. 2c. x 3, 974, 548 3, 887,730 | 4, 041, 971 4, 261, 258
TOSS COOUR RAS: ce eee ano gs csee _-| 67, 490,126 | 63,278,264 | 16,552, 393 15, 463, 942
HOSIGEY. SHIGS), ANG) OCAWELSS 2 522220. 55~o/ecaes ooaes ss slscanen crams ae 506, 209 466, 368
Manufactures not elsewhere specified.-..|........------|-----------5-- 5, 479.122 4, 938, 730

The commodities named are the principal but not the only ones
reported. The total aggregate of imports of 1869 is $463,424,421; of
1870, $486,695,673. The portion brought in American vessels in 1869
was $146, 343, 209 ; ; in 1870, $154,912 \888—a little less than one-third.

134

MARKET PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS.

Articles. March.

NEW YORK.

Wile ee ee: eee PSoe Soot ae per barrel..| $6 00 to $7 35
Wee VESDOEN a. oa aleysee bsere ccs se tte doe ie 600 to 8.75
Wheat, No. 1 spring --.----------- per bushel... 1 56
ING: a SDL ey eS E> ole nie ee done. can ‘ 1 45
Fee winter and amber western-..-do..---. 1 61 to 1-64
Corn, new western mixed...--..----- donee. 84 to 85
ram Old western mixed.-.....------- dosaeee- 854 to 864
ayette, Stoo 5 Senet at ene See Seen = domsene- 1 124
152 ia yaaa s Sees Wo aso coda Aes Greer. 1 05 to iris
@ats, ewestern mM xed - 22-2 5-- Se. -- = 3 - donee ee. 66 to 70
Wl SpAbe fees eee SeGee eee tees. Ss dO Meese ees e eee
Hay, shipping qualities ...--.------ per ton. -- 24 00
PALE seas ce eee ae ree oa 0-258 ae 25 00 to 30 00
Porky Mess 22 S23 Shae. Posey oes per barrel..) 21 50 to 22 75
‘pine Meas. Ss Fee sey see ct Baie So 19 00 to 22 00
BRE R ares hea tee eee anes Mere ccna dort. 10 00 to 15 00
"eq Ose OUae arene oa a em dO eee 15 00 to 17 50
mpd yc. sees ee keeles per pound... 124 to 134
Uther, WOSbOEM sf 2 sce eras ole altima = doweees 15 to 25
Hever os ae ere ieee GO sees 30 to 48
Gheese; dairy sen ese ce nie oe siete cise dot sees 7 to 14
FACTOR VPS te se ae mie nine are eas doseeaee 13 to 164
Wotton ordinary, 2-22 22-2 eae see = Oss. 124 to 14
middling Baas eee ete ae Coles e 144 to 174
Tobacco, sound Tugs, light grades ....do.-.... 64 to 74
sound lugs, heavy y F orades at idossmeey: 74 to 84
common Teaf, light grades...do...--. 74 to 8t
common leaf, heavy erates. aikay 5h 8} to 09
Wool, combing fleece -=.--. = -.-----.. dommes 424 to 50
extra PUNEda.2 Ao. Bibs ae Hee Su doivesc: 474 to 50
Texas, common to medium....- Cota ste 24 to 30
California, common.....-...--- doses 23 to 36
BOSTON.
Flour, western superfine.....-.---. per barrels) cic. soem ee eer
. western extra ..---. 22 s2 cL. CLO. ere op Ase 5 knees ae
Western CHOICE eres eec es ~~ 0 22s Se ee eee
Wheat S520 bee cca per bushels.) .\-2* Seco eee
Corny yellow -)-cc sss cee ere een CO sauewial| ae aes eye ee
HI 6-<o 00 eee eg pS Seer Sse GO setae | sacle eee epee
Oats ss aoe ees ee ake a aeneiee eictem at GO. 232. .| Uose ket ee eee
Rye ee sees oboe nb AR eee cte nates so 0 ..58~ 5] eee sia ce ue Se eee
Barley.) 2 2u,.c) ott ketene eeeaten = G0... 22932 aceCe eee oes
Pork, Mess: 2. = 2s. - oe seee eee per barrel !4) oie ese oe e eee
prime Sos leer ose erieee nes LO 2 2 Nees ae hee ee ete
Beef, mess 5.0/5 Shas ere ere. do. Seed ist ea eee eee
eXtra Mess clea eeeeeeose sac CLO. Resist ae ote eryeinieeteeeiietaters
Hand! 2S Sons tee oe SHEE POL, POUDA wales eames oe aan seca
Butter, New York land WArRBN se... do. tausd| toe cee wa whauec ween
Canada|: 25- ae seee nee oe oO sa, teen eae ee tem or lace
Western 22.5. cce8 iieelopeetae 2'< (LO eee ae seen wamtate arene
Cheese, eastern factory .---....---.-- oz SEBSE EF Sareeels eee acioa ter
Ohio factory. 2+. sseee eee = do , RBA are eecise = cc ceeeee
Vanes <i/< 02 c's 55 jo oioe Ce eee per tommy ee: “een. 2 eee
Woolisvester . 2.22. ...,2 eee per PouNwee |. ------- >. cee
combing and de laine fleeces..--do......|.----.---------+---
Deer aiaieia'<.e Scie care 1 hee eS WO ; JSR e las Selvin, s che eee eee
Polleghessces. +. 422.) See LO : ee hea 2 cia c's Seat

April.

eee wee wee

wee eee

seeeee

135

Articles. March. April.
CHICAGO.
Flour, winter, extras’ .22--:-2-. 322 per barrel..| $6 50 to $8 25 $7 75
PY spi) ae hat ee 2 a ee a A 5 400 to 7 374 |. $475 to 6 25
Wheat, No.1 spring.......-..:-:. per bushel..| 120 to 1 25} 1 274to0 1 28
Buy iy) ts (eR crepe ene oe ho. ees 1194to 1 264 1 27
INOc ps SEUDO? o2.6 oe) o's acne bts dOz--be. 115 to 1:20 1 20$to 1 22
Opi Wares 2. 22 352 A... 2 Ge ieee. 48} # St 51gto 544
POIOUCU ose JSS os ccc we deer EG roe ee 46 to A494 53 to 534
OniisieNGe esos oss See Se J eS dot. ee: 484 to 494 48 to 51
15) (21010516 a ae a Sy (GTR Ae AT 474 to 48
Hay, timothy and clover, (on track)--perton..| 15 00 to 16 00 15 00 to 16 00
NPRUOETON sho) sis 50, es te nee Se overs i1 00 to 16 00 10 00 to 13 00
POG WIMESS 2.2/2.5. 25284 Ee per barrel..| 21 37ito 21 50 20 00 to 20 50
[PEIME Mess 'l22 Ness. - eee oes doseks. 16 50 to 17 00 16 00 to 19 00
BEG eM Essie). <,<,.4 gos Ae lee coeee doeeeeicc 10 00 to 11 50 11 00 to 13 00
OXdRA TESS’ Veco sae ee eee ae doa 13 00 to 13 50 14 50 to 15 00
eS AS Ate AAR SR SAS ne oe per pound .. 15 to 154 141 to 15
Butter, firkin and tub..--.-...------ doe ee 13 to 25 8 to 22
exhran sy sto 2se Bet es da cee 25 to 28 25 to 28
Cheese, New York factory.-....---.- (aks eee 18 to 19 18 to 19
western factory: 2.622.225... Goch o.¥ 15 to 16 15 to 16
WESUEIN LESELVE 2358 Ste - << docesece 15 to 16 15 te 16
Wool, medium fleece ...-.....--..--- COs -22 35 to 45 38 to 48
unwashed medium......-.--.. doze 26 to 30 30 to 35
HA oe oe eee ost SNe Se Go... ee 45 to 50 45 to 50
CINCINNATI
Vi oromi nc: cake) Seneca tate ye Se meres per barrel..| $6 50 to $6 75 $6 35 to $6 50
PC) CT a ee Oeste 625 to 6 50 6 25.to 6 35
Sup OLN es 5 SSE i Oe Cae cr CORES ta 5:35 to 5 65 5 50 to 5 7
low) orades i522 .525 s.ictels Fes5 5. @O> 25 450 to 5 00 5 00 to 5 40
Wheat, No. Wyte Css eee per bushel 1 45 1 45, to 1 50
IND 2 Whee s a) u Sarees seine CG: 2 APE So Sl ae ro Sah en, See eee eS
Nos lred).25 28 as Soe ee Gores 137-40 --1.38 138 to 1 40
Nowe red) 22 5/3452) 8 ae eS dase: 2 1 35 135 to 1 38
CORI RUING lise iain eee Bons Suen Cate doen 57 59
MIO Wp @AMr = aise iss ss OS a See ee doce. 2's. 56 57
Rye Not sae access settee dos: - >: 1 05 1 13° to 1°15
INOS 2 Reed a Se GO a. se daes 22% 1 00 110 to 112
TE] GCbCAU ae oe 34 ee tf SH OG © OI as Se ee Peer eee ot ae eS
Batley; NOs dee se Aina) ee pes ee Bee dg cts 1 00 90 to 95
INO: Vi States: 228 Sse ok HSE CGS ae Mee cS ee eae 80
Oats * Nol mixed) hoses 22 Es dou. a8 50 to 52 3 to 54
Not2tniixed 24seRt a 2 y8 eee doe. 43 48 to 50 50. to 52
Hay, tight-pressed -..:---..2...2-.. per ton...| 16 00 to 19 00 16 00 to 19 00
NGOSG 2a esos ee Ne Re Re dota 18 00 to 23 00 18 00 to 21 00
Ieee AHERN 420%. = 55,25 eee atid ee per barrel.-| 21 25 to 22 00 \ 21 00
PIING MESS 2 Sess. te SR Se Os Bee BAA Si cliente ct alee ess eee:
igatd,; prime ‘steam -.22--13.-.----- per pounds: 124 113 to 113
utter: choice Ohins 225.2 35520 Se do.: 28 26 to 28 26 to 32
PATADONC OOM see. — sae do occa 20 to 22 20 to 22
Cheese, western reserve......---.---- do.c258 13} to 144 13 to 14
PACUBEY aes so bal G8. ak bk (i hs Pea 141 to 16 15 to 16}
Cotton, ordinary ....-.-... Bee re doen 2ee 9 to 13 9 to 124
middling /J2gee sos 04en. boas do..=<22 134 to 142 13 to 144
Tobacco, lugs, West Virginia .........do...-.. 4 to 12 54 to 8
lugs, Kentucky sass. 25> eee don. ee 7 to 15 7 to 10
common to medium leaf, West Vir-
SAND oo eae per pound.. 8 to 12 8 to 20
Germumnon to medcane lens, eyrie 0 w'- cee 10 to 15 10 to 14
Weol, tab-washed .....9.2./22020. Ge. ae 48 to 50 48 to 50
Reeco-washed ..- 232. Sossstadee gid. . Jae 42 to 44 42 to 44
TATTOO (521 2)s 22S ee A dos: 24: 30 to 36 30 to 36
LETS SI een etree fee L1H desi. 36 to 38. | 36 to 38

136

Articles. March. April.
ST. LOUIS.

Mionrteupernas-: 0.20). 22. 32 2c per barrel... $5 00 to $5 75 $5 00 to $5 50
Gp 4 Ae 4 ee ee does: | 575 to 7 25 y 5 25
(es ee 2 dos fen sa | 750 to 9 00 750 to 9 50

Wiktpareeqring 2.) Ss es 2s per bushel 2): 5.52.25 ee eee 120 to 1 33

4 (ORE Dd Sy ae PF ei 1165. 1550225 eee
manner iNO. 2.22) 825 voce see doen 1 524 155 to 1 58
winter No. 3..... BS DN Yareses 2 1 40 1 374 to 1 42
TOE 2h cco tc tenn ee ee doveseey 1 55 (to. 1 374 Ae eee eee eee

ULE cit or: Be ee ee te do eee. 49 to 59 50 to 62
POUOW 25 ns o/sacis Ele SOL: donee i 58 to 59 514 to 534

Lh ee On Leer ae eS dozer: 90 to 93 98 to 1 00

Barley, winter 22). 2055-2. Ae 3S doer 9 to 110 75. to 1 05

Spride ic ib. Hees es) eb deze... 65 to 7% 98 to 1 10

Onis, sauised eb). So es bea sre dozeee =. 48 to 54 50 to. 54
rite G72 2..5.35) Se cee sek, doz 58 to 60 55 to 564

Ey 5 eee cote ecm eth cee le per ton..| 21 00 16 00 to 22 00

Perk; anes 3 ooo 242 eee ee per barrel..| 2175 to 22 00 20 00 to 20 50

Land, tierce. 22. 22 oe 2 bee per pound... 12 lito 12
Rees SPE eee Ree oor domgee- A2 122 to 13

BHUpeY, “CODICE. oe ee nee ee seas. = doze 28 to 30 28 to 30

fair to medium..... Se ges oe dozer 12 to 23 15 to 22

Where “factotyn clade seco ese f zee do322— 15 to 24 154 to 23.

RSebpanl, GRINM ne 35s ee alee do. 2 teen 134 to 14 13 to 14 ,

Tobacco, sound lug --........----.--per cwt.-| 375 to 6 00 3.80 to 6 00

common leato 60 seen te dossiee: |. 550" to 730 6°25 to 7 50
anedigm Weats WSL Seeks i Tees gee 750 to 8 50 7:50 to 8 75

Wool, tub-washed-.......--....-.- per Leb ‘| 42 to 51 42 to 45
flepce-washed) ..2- 222th 25-02 do eee: 32 to 43 37 «to 43
COMMDIBE 3.0 5\)- erm wich ee eee do. ue. 38 to 40 38 to 40
pulled 2) cee oo. eee eee dO. Aas. + 32 sto.) 36 33 to 36

NEW ORLEANS.

Fipar, ‘superfine... -).. 42.7.5 ee 2 per barrel..| 6 624 to 6 75 O.VDl et monee 2
extras, (according to grade)-.-..do...... 7 00 to 9 00 6 874 to 8 00

Com iniseden ct chs eee ened per bushel..- 71P | ese eeeereee eae
Fellow 1. oS ee eee Nee cee do ase 71 to 72. No sector see 70
WMbe S-). 2). 3 teeta eee bo do - sees 73 «to 75 70 to fe

Oate, Choies) 4. bo2 A BA eee seo do 2s 73 65 to 68

HG, ROD, 35-inch ak ore eee ce =- per ton..}| 26 50 to 28 50 25 00 to 26 00

pres 22 po Oe eee - = do. cee; 24 00 to 26 00 23 00 to 24 00
POWks anees+. 2.22 te ee eee per barrel..; 23 50 to 24 25 21 00 to 23 00
TsatO, Were ee: 22 a bee eeerene ce per pou 124 to 13 12 to ‘124-

RRs Lek - ain tee ban AIO, can 14 to 144 134 to 123

Butter, choice western.......-------- a A 25 to 28 25 to 28
choice northern...-..---.---- 00 |e 40 to 43 43 to 44
common northern.....--..--- do ..5o6e | 25. to. 30 2 to 30.

Cheese, choice factory.--..---------- 0 ..2ee5 15 to 154 | *- 15 to 154

western reserve..------ «--- P00: eee 134 13 to 134-
Copton, ordinary ..24-\-eeaeassee-ee==- do. see 123 to 12% 84 to 13%
low middling. 22... - - do. <a 134 to. . 13% | cosuy ct eee ete ee
middling ........-..02200.0-- dé. ae | 144 to. 143 144 to 154
Tobacco, lugs, light; ..-2os-c2wnee---- do;-seee 54 to 7 54 to i
lungs, heayy steer. see ek do: een Vececce cheeees ce icles tenn eee nr
low leaf, light...-..-..----- do...2m | Pte.) 4 7 to 7%
low leaf, heavy --.> 220. PP Pee eer
medium leaf, light. ...-5-.-. G0. -aeae | 8 to 9 74 to 8
medium leaf, heavy. pee s-+ i rn

137

Articles. March. | April.
/ |
SAN FRANCISCO.
Flour, superfine..-.---.---.-.--.- per barrel..! $5 50 to $5 75 $5 75 to $7 25
orci eae ee a eS Se (cg eine G00 ss Gore COON ea. pee yh ee
Wiheaty Statess nese. ouoee edt Sear. per cental.-| 235 to 2 40 245 to 250
OR etee reer = art ~ = do...---| 235 to 2 40 245 to 25
Conair ee ieee a doo. 1 50 L76oto} ‘17
VOUGWesein toe Soe coca dO .2522- 1 50 165 to 170
[Ed edee co netRO ete: Soar ae acce dO: cc2s.Pen fyeo oto 140 135 to 1 60
Pbk oe: Ee Be eee ee dowes" =. Went: 507. Tons. 70 160 ‘to 1 75
Hoya siatesss 25.5 sok. 253. Wek ee per ton.-| 13 00 to 15 50 12 00 to 14 50
POPS UMERS! <= =. 2 haan fan seca sere joyete] Of: Ty Wot IN (op Pee 26 00
IMO cabal Sow ss eco tae | 2) a oe Ree 21 00 to 22 00
Jeb cit Cb Sees RS Oe i BOBS CN 22 14 00 to 18 00
Ward, IODAILElS eso sce sos. tose es ue per pound 18 to 15 144 to 154
GOMOESUIG Ee > eee sy eee eet (ik ene 14 to (144 14 to 143
enie babes? . = Peas oe Shoe es Soe Goxss.67| 274 to 35 25)" to 30
Ovegony-ose l)s Sah See? ps ee GOh = Sse oS LoS. PEs Ee ee
arenlanide,: Noda: Seay ago $10) 3% =) Dae AT oe alas ile, Sie Ss aS eae ea
WNEGSeH eee Cee See cae dele oe ae Aon = 22" 10 to 14 10 to 14
Widok: meihive: sos eee ee eee eS 20 to 23 18): toy! 274
Califormin e225 Shsse. 2 a5co a Oger es 20 to 23 18 to 274
OneCOMt: Saas asec eas och as 3 do )

PRICES OF MIDDLING COTTON.

The following statement of the

prices of middling cotton, at the first

of each month of the past twenty years, prepared Dy the editor of the
New York Shipping and Commercial List, will be found useful for

reference :
QUOTATIONS. } gS
| §
| re
a -° ete iron
YEARS. i = | 3 : 5) ofp eS
Ee = ie aay lier 5B 3 2 =o
a Ss =| | ; = & 3
= BI Sin eae 5 ¢ B ara kee S 2 2 5
pha revepe|eraielepe] & bobs
5 Bo a a 5 5 <{ 7 el Aa A Or es
Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Ots. | Ots. | Cts. | Ots. | Cts. | Cts.
171g Ney 15d ASH: WEPSE oy Tokens See mae ee: RTS RRR Seer Armee mee)
POON Real URE Be 25g | 255 | 234 | 22%-) 235 | 22g | 202 | 20 | 193 162 | 17 | 16% | 21.02
Tek Oe eee ae 264 | 294] 294] 28%] 282 | 20% | 341 | 342} 35 | 2748 | 262 | . 252 | 29.60
55, oy NS 164 | 194 |. 23 | 28 | 32%] 31 | 32 | 303 | 303] 266 | 952.1 952 | 96.7
sks ig ee et Se oe Seer 35 | 33 | 32 | 30h; 27$ | 272 | Qt | 28 | 268] 214 | 19 | 16 | 26.94
HOR Seceeeee seers blk} 48 | 44 | 40 | 34 | 38] 36 | 36 | 33 | 42 | 39 | 34 | 39.66
Asbo ee ea ers 120} 88 | 83 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 44 | 48 | 43 | 443] 56 | 50 | 58.96
pit cpaoee ge niecn ee eli ee be i ab 107 1 164 | 185 125 128 | 128 115.71
5 SOSREA RE 6 | 52k) 7%: 634 | 66h] 8 4,2
1S GI, TEE STOWE SL N23, 10 9g) 196 a 324 ra re 56 Pe an i. 3
1861). 5.2 (oe sieen 124} 13 | 122| 133 | 148 | 142| 15 | 168 | 208) 92 | 928] O74 | 17.06
BGO, ise ean oes 114} 12.| 12 | 11%] 12 | 122 | 192 | 12 | 10 | 112%) 198) 112 | 11.98
5 eee ad Lae eine te 19% | 128 | 193| 13° | 128 Wiz | 122 |°13 | 19¢| 198] 19%] 113 | 19. 49
Fos Eee ai fe 9t| 114] 12g} 19%] 135] 128] 13 | 134] 13¢| 192] 193] 193 | 19.48
or oe ee eer 134 13¢ 14 | 14h} 14t | 14 | 14h) 15h) 15f] 15k) 12h] 14 | 14.09
eae si ot] fee) Sh) ae] ie et S| | do] aL do a
oe eee eee e ee ees = vs .
el Pipe ae 103 | 102] 104} 103 | 92] 94 94 | 92| 9£| 98) 98| 94] 9.87
pEES) Nae a ae = 9) LOR Sey 0k | 10e ae | 4 |) a ae tae | 104 | 10E | 10.60
Boba ee 8} | &| 8b|.-8 8% | 10 9t| 92] 108} 104] 10 93 | 9.20
Pans 123 | 134 | 10¢ | 113] 11 $i] 94] Wh] gE | 93} st] 8) 9.98
" 8 | | !

138

ENGLISH SHORT-HORN CATTLE SALES.

Thornton’s Circular for January; 1871, contains a record of sales of
short-horns for the preceding quarter, and much other information of
interest to American stockbreeders. From its pages we compile the
following:

Short-horn sale of Messrs. Garne & Son, and Mr. George Garne, at
Churchill Heath, October 4, 1870:

LEV Aes Bs. oid.

54 cows and heifers, at an average of £36 2s. 11d......... 1,951 19 0
3 bulls, at. an average of 237, 98.2... > 0S eee 112) 1.,0
57 averaged £36 48..3d. . Total. >... .-... 22. eee 2,064 60

Three cows brought respectively 77, 75, and 85 guineas; the best bull,
50 guineas. The lowest sale was that of a two- -year old heifer, at 19
guineas.

Short-horn sale of the entire herd of William Butler, at Badminton,
October 5, 1870:

ee ae a.

62 cows and heifers, at an average of £39 9s. 2d......-...- 2,446 10 0
12 bulls and calves, at an average of £32 2s. 3d.........-- 385 7 0
74 averaged £38 5s. 4d... Total . ....0. . 2) S) eee ee 2,831 17 0

The tribe of Darlingtons, comprising 11 animals, averaged £85 ahs the
highest, a two-year old heifer, bringing 155 guineas.

Short-horn sale of selected stock from the herd of Lady Bigot at
Branche’s Park, Newmarket, October 7, 1870:

Daa gt

21 cows and heifers, at an average of £46 12s ,.....-..... 978 12 0
9 bulls and calves, at an average of £21 148s............. 195 60
30 averaged £3928. 7d. ‘Total..:..: - > 2-2 see 1,173 18 0

Short-horn sale of Sir George R. Philips, at Weston Park farm, War-
wickshire, October 18, 1870, comprising several entire tribes:

£'. 8d.

38 cows and heifers, at an average of £48..... ¥: Sie 1,824 76
9 bulls, at. an average of £28.-......-..-4-. 215-2 252 0 0
47 averaged £44 3s. 7d. Total..........+--....-5:: 2,076 76

Thirteen Sylphs and Knightleys averaged £83 16s. 9d. ; 11 Welcomes
averaged £33 4s. 4d.; 7 Gawyneths averaged £26 2s. The highest in the
whole lot, a two-year "old heifer, brought 205 guineas.

Six short-horn bulls from the Brailes her d, the property of H. J. Shel-
don, esq., sold at the Weston Park farm sale for £264 128. , averaging
£AL 28.

|
|
:
|

139

Short-horn sale of John Lynn, at Stroxton, near Grantham, October
27, 1870:

Leo stad.

32 cows and heifers, at an average of £46 8s...-..--------- 1,484 14 0
7 bulls and calves, at an average of £45 15s ...-.-.-.---- 320 5 0
39 averaged £46 5s. 7d. Total......--...-...---.- 1,804.19 0

. _ Short-horn sale of the entire herd of Wim. Cox, esq., at Brailsford
Hall, near Derby, November 9, 1870:

sre LEB

26 cows and heifers, at an average of £29 6s. 4d.....-.---- 762 6.0
14 bulls and calves, at an average of £20 4s. 3d.........-- 28219 6
40 averaged 6262s. ‘Td. “Total... 2.------.+..--+.+-- 1,045 5 6

The large herd of short-horns belonging to the late Mr. W. Hewer, at
Sevenhampton, was sold October 6, 86 head, 25 of which were calves,
averaging only £22 5s. 9d. The cattle were not in good condition. Mr.
Hewer’s Berkshire pigs were celebrated, and brought high prices, the
stock of 40 head averaging £11 10s., several being but a few weeks old.

The entire herd belonging to Mr. W. Caless was sold October 12, at
Bodicote House, Banbury. The average of the entire herd of 49 head
was £24 8s. 7d. The stock was only in fair store condition, and the
day was unfavorable.

About 50 head from the herd of J. Fawcett, esq., of Scaleby Castle,
Carlisle, were sold under unfavorable circumstances October 20, aver-
aging £24 7s.10d. Five young bulls, bred by the Right Hon. Lord
Kenlis, were sold at an average of £37 7s. 7d.

The late Mr. W. A. Provis’s herd was sold November 25, at the
Grange, Ellesmere, Salop, but, being in low store order, averaged only
£18 7s. 6d. for 30 head. r

During the week of the Birmingham cattle show, Mr. B. Wainman,
of Whitley Manor, Salop, sold 27 head of short-horns at an average of
£23 14s. One four-year old Darlington cow was sold for 110 guineas.

During the week of the York fat cattle show, Mr. Dodds offered for
sale at York, December 8, 23 bulls and 17 cows and heifers. Forty-six
guineas was the highest price given for a prize yearling bull. Lady
Fortunate, a six-year-old cow, and the winner of upward of twenty
prizes, was sold for 71 guineas, and Industry, another prize cow, four
years old, was sold for 62 guineas. Emily, a yearling heifer, brought
50 guineas.

SUMMARY OF SHORT-HORN AUCTION SALES IN 1870.

A table is given showing the number of lots of short-horn cattle sold
in 1870, the highest, lowest, and average prices obtained for them, and
the total sum realized from each sale. We glean from it the following
particulars: Total number of sales, 42; number of cattle sold, 1,853;
highest price obtained, 800 guineas; lowest price, 4 guineas; average
of all the sales, £37 19s..6d.; aggregate of all the sales, £70,363 13s.
These figures do not include the Irish and Scotch draft sales, nor the Bir-
mingham and York collective sales, nor a few drafted animals from dif-
erent herds, most of which were young bulls, offered at stock sales and
markets in England; yet they exhibit a most favorable contrast with

140

the results obtained in 1869 throughout the United Kingdom. There is
one-fourth increase in the number of head sold—1,477 against 1,853, over
£2 increase in the average price per head, and nearly £18,000 increase
in the total sum realized. Eighty-three animals were sold for 100
guineas and above, averaging about £180, against 30 animals in 1868,
and 52 in 1869. The highest price, 800 guineas, was given for a heifer,
but, as she has since failed to breed, a large portion of this sum has
since been returned. The next highest sum paid was 500 guineas for a
two-year-old heifer. Only 9 of the 83 were bulls, the highest bringing
240 guineas. Most of the trade for bulls, however, is transacted pri-
vately, when higher prices prevail. é

The table to which reference has been made is merely a summary of
public sales. Much business is done privately, at high prices. The
sale of 14 animals from the Aylesby herd for 2,000 guineas is quoted ;
-also the sale of Captain Gunter’s 2 Duchess heifers for 2,500 guineas,
and of 7 animals from the Warlaby herd for 5,000 guineas, for exporta-
tion to America, Australia, and Canada.

At the Irish draft sales, there has been a great increase in prices.
Mr. Welsted’s 14 averaged £34 1s. 10d.; Earl Fitzwilliams’s 14 averaged
£31 4s. 9d., and Mr. Crosbie’s 26 averaged £23 13s. 1d. In Scotland
prices have been similar to those of last year; three lots averaging £32,
£32 13s., and £30 7s., respectively.

An enormous foreign trade has been transacted; much of which

vas done privately, Mr. Cochrane, of Canada, alone spending nearly
£15,000 in pure-bred animals.

AMERICAN SHORT-HORNS.

The editor gives a detailed account of a visit, during the past winter,
to the United States and Canada, during which he saw several of the
leading American herds. Some of these are very minutely andjfavor-
ably described. Complimentary allusion is made to the fact that the

re-importation of short-horns from America into England has been suc- _

cessfully inaugurated within the past few years. He says: “ Short-
horn breeders, ere this, have been able to form their own judgment

upon the cattle that have, since 1861, been sent back into this country, -

and their offspring have, by their own merit, shown that the blood has
suffered little if any degeneracy, even under a change of climate, and
on different soil and food.”

The following reference is made to the Bates stock of short-horns :

Few strains of blood have created of past years more attention than that of the
Duchess tribe; the scarcity and demand for it in this country led to its re-importation
from America, where, consequently, it has drawn forth as much, or even more, notice.
Although Duchess 34th, generally admitted to be one of the finest of the tribe, was
offered by Mr. Bates, in 1835, (whilst in calf, with Duke of Northumberland 1,940, by
Belyedere,) to the Ohio Company for 150 guineas, she was not purchased; and the
first exportation of Duchesses was made by Mr. Thorne from Earl Ducie’s sale in 1853.
A period of depression in America ensued afterward, and it is considered that Thorn-
dale, Duchess County, New York, situated in a cold, hilly district, near the Hudson
River, in its deficiency of limestone, was unfitted for the growth and development of
short-horns. Mr. Thorne sold most of his herd to Mr. Sheldon, whose estate at White
Springs Farms, Geneva, is in a good grass region, has a fine wheat soil, and is
thoroughly adapted for cattle. Here the tribe increased, but domestic circumstances
led to the sale of Mr. Sheldon’s herd to Messrs. Walcott and Campbell, of New York
Mills, Utica, where this branch of the tribe is at present located. Here are (De-
cember, 1870) ten cows and heifers, varying from two to ten years old; two heifer-
calves; one three-year-old bull, and four bull-calves; but all these cows and
heifers are not in a breeding state. There is at the present time great demand for
the pure pedigree; the word pure is here used technically, and is intended to con-

ha ap Neca ai od

141

vey the biood of the successive bulls used on the family since the death of Mr.
Bates in 1850. It may further interest the uninitiated breeder to know that after Mr.
Bates obtained the tribe in 1810, he used Ketton second 710, (whose dam was by a
grandson of Favorite 252, out of a cow by J. Brown’s Red Bull;) then a pure bull,
the Earl 646, bred irom the Duchess tribe, who in his turn was succeeded by three bulls,
of different strains, viz: Second Hubback 1,423, of the Red Rose tribe; Belvedere 1,706,
of the Princess tribe; and Norfolk 2,377, bred by Mr. Whitaker, from Nonpareil, with
the blood of North Star, Punch, and Hubback ; and these three buils, be it remembered,
were all of Robert Colling’s best blood. The Cleveland Lad 3,407, (a bull with three
crosses, ) now generally known as the Oxford cross, was introduced a few years before
Mr. Bates’s death, and it is only this cross now that is admitted as pure. Since the
tribe has been in America, some of the animals have been kept pure, and the blood of
the others has been intermingled with three different families, viz: the Booth blood,
through Third Duke of Thorndale 17,749, and Third Duke of Airdrie 23,717; the
Knightly blood, through Imperial Duke 18,083; and the Burghley or Romeo 13,619
blood, through Second Duke of Geneva 23,752. It is considered that the Booth and the
Knightley crosses are failures, because being very closely or strongly bred tribes, with
a fixed type, they disturbed the strong current of the Duchess blood; but Romeo was
looked upon as being rather a loosely bred bull, so he therefore seems to have invig-
orated the tribe without disturbing their good qualities. Romeo was first used with
the Oxfords, and produced a very fine cow, whose son, Oxford Lad 24,713, was the sire
of Third Duchess of Geneva, the dam of Second Duke of Geneva 23,752. This strain
occurs also in Messrs. Leney’s Seventh Duchess of Geneva, and Mr. McIntosh’s Third
Duke of Geneva 23,753, re-imported and sold at Winslow in 1867. It may be possible
that this blood being introduced in an indirect and diluted form, was more beneficial
than the others introduced more directly.

AGRICULTURE IN PORTUGAL,

Portugal now contains, as is estimated, a population of four millions,
distributed over twenty-two millions of acres. Not more than five mil-
lions of acres are under cultivation, and of these more than one-half is
devoted to cereals, Indian corn being the staple. Next to the cereals,
olives and grapes are the leading agricultural products. The grain crop
has been valued at $28,750,000, the wine crop at $0,000,000, the olive
crop at $2,500,000, and other fruits and vegetables at $9,000,000. The
annual value of all vegetable products is estimated at $90,000,000, and
animal products at $25,500,000, or a total annual value of agricultural
products of $115,000,000. Northern Portugal greatly surpassed the
other divisions in rural activity, wealth, and density of population. The
breeding and exportation of cattie are here upon the increase. Stall-
feeding is much practiced. The famous wine-growing district of the
Duoro, with Oporto as its central mart, is in this division. In South-
thern Portugai, where the soil is poor and the climate dry and hot,
oranges, lemons, and fruits of all kinds are grown for export.

Farming in Northern Portugal is conducted almost exciusively on a
contracted scale. Harms of fifty acres are not common, the average
Size being less than fifteen acres. Farming operations are conducted
on @ primitive scale. Plows differ very little from those in use by the
Romans; the smaller kind, the one most used, can easily be carried by
alaborer. The harrow used is also of rude construction. The hoe is
indispensable. Root crops are but seldom grown, and potatoes are
almost unknown. Women work habitually in the tields from childhood.
Country life, heretofore much neglected, is becoming more attractive
and remunerative. .

4

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143

ENGLISH IMPORTS OF BREADSTUFES.

A comparative table of the imports of the United Kingdom for the
months of January and February, 1870 and 1871, shows that the late
Franco-Prussian war almost entirely arrested the impertation of bread-
stuffs from France and Germany during the latter period, and propor-
tionally increased like importations from the United States. Following
are the official figures:

Imports in cwts. 1870. 1871.
pice ait eiirnentins GOV Tanai iy <5 Gch Rey Aen peat a aah fe RUS a 330, 047 32, 555
WiheatpinonmBrance:: 2 Jee saks ras eecisats Bia. Seat Sie 8, 431 28, 286
Wihteatitrom, WUnitedsStates. 45 cate joe see wns = wile etal eae 1, 897, 645 2, 517, 113
Wheatmeal and flour from Germany .-.---...--..---.------ 160, 027 24,917
Wiheatmealand flour fron Prante. -2- 022s. -2. ses ges. <2 -- 190, 395 1,170
Wheatmeal and flour from United States.......-....-...--- 356, 232 534, 699
DRG) 21 es Be le ee eae eat ea ee ee 2,945,777 | 3,138,740

BRITISH REVENUE.

The revenue of the British government for the year 1870 was £75,434,-
252, obtained from the following sources :

CER ROmIShe eee es ee fa A a hn See eek a nee Wha a i ee £21, 529, 000
DS COTS NS oe by oe a ns ee ER ey: SA 5 Bie A ae eee ee 21, 763, 000
TD LITO 0) STs) ics Ae Oats ee a gee a ahs SRR Baer Ge Sos ai eee 9, 248, 000
gh LES SIS lop a ie as ga alge coo th MRI Lb RAS ot Suet! 8 PARAS aur) cuales odie oR Sn a eabrile td 4,500, 000
JEONG) 3}3) Qin Gait gph a aaa gE Oy ak in 4 3 ete a a RA ee eee Md 10, 044, 000
LP TO Cyn Aya Cpa Sore eas ree ae RE oe ee CR aa Ce RENN OE cr CR A Oo 4, 670, 000
WMOlGera PN SEUVACE sak iy See Be ae alametel Gichery SAS sie ae Sel aeeeepsid Speiece 100, 000
(CCG PO LETT PST IR as ns Ls ah RR I 22a MUM, OD) a ee aS 375, OOU
BTS SNE CB OTE alle See eye 8 call 2 Spd AR Lead tales oar ae Rae Mahe 8 sa he alla Ranney abi yn 3; 205, 252

ALESSI De Pa ote kL SMES ae ee SSS © C2) CS en Ny Re a 75, 434, 252

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

WEATHERING OF COAL.—An important communication has lately
been made by Dr. Richters to a German journal, upon the influence of
atmospheric agencies on stone coal exposed to the air in coal-yards and
other localities. In this memoir he states that the property which coal
has of taking up oxygen, when heated gently, (as to 375° F.,) is modi-
fied essentially by its percentage of disposable Lydrogen. This first of
all becomes oxidized together with a certain portion of the carbon;
since on the one hand water is formed and on the other hand the oxygen
enters directly into combination with the coal. Also, that the carbon
of stone coal possesses, at a temperature of about 375° F., a variable
affinity to oxygen; as the smaller portion (5 or 6 per cent. of the total
amount) combines with it and forms carbonic acid, while the rest, at the
given temperature, shows little or no attinity for oxygen. While these
two propositions respecting the oxidation of eval when heated, can be
established, our author adduces experiments to show that they apply
equally well at the ordinary atmospheric temperatures,

144

The so-called weathering of coal he ascribes to the absorption of oxy-
gen, which in one case oxidizes a portion of the carbon and hydrogen
of the coal, converting it into carbonic acid and water; in the other,
entering directly into the composition of the coal. If then the coal
becomes heated in any way, a more or less energetic chemical action,
rarying in proportion to the elevation of the temperature, takes place
upon the combustible substance of the coal; but on the other hand
the process of oxidation proceeds so slowly that the changes occurring
within the period of a year can scarcely be established with certainty,
either technically or analytically.

Moisture, as such, seems to have no accelerating influence upon the
weathering of the coal, the positive effect being generally appreciable
in coal containing a large amount of sulphuret of iron or pyrites, the
decomposition of which is accelerated by the water.

Another proposition of our author is, that pure coal, heaped up for
nine months or a year, unprotected from the weather and not allowed
to becouwe heated, is changed no more than it would have been in a per-
tectly dry locality. As long as any increase of temperature does not
exceed certain bounds, as from 340° F. to 375°, there is no appreciable
loss of weight by the weathering ; and, in fact, there should be a slight
increase in consequence of the absorption of oxygen. The decrease in
value for combustible purposes, and for other technical applications,
which coal experiences by the weathering, is produced by a slight de-
crease of carbon and hydrogen, and an absolute increase of oxygen in
consequence of the exposure.

INJURY TO VEGETATION FROM GAS.—It is by no means an uncom-
mon assumption that illuminating gas, in escaping from pipes into
the soil, exercises a poisonous influence upon vegetation; and a suit
was recently brought at Aix-la-Chapelle, by the city authorities,
against a gas company for recovery of supposed damage to the shade
trees of the city, resulting from their careless method of laying the
pipes. This was the cause of a detailed series of experiments in re-
gard to the assumed fact, and somewhat to the surprise of every oue it
was ascertained that purified illuminating gas had really little or no
injurious effect of the kind asserted. The experiments were conducted
by eminent chemists, and included trials with pure hydrogen, light car-
buretted hydrogen, and heavy carburetted hydrogen, as well as purified
illuminating gas. <A discharge, during an entire day, of these various
gaseous substances into the soil of vessels containing growing plants
was found to produce little, if any, hurtful result. It was different, how-
ever, When these same gases were impregnated with the constituents
of coal tar, especially with carbolic acid, in which case, after a few days,
a very decided injury to the vegetation was found to have taken place.
The effect seemed to be that these impurities, coming in contact with
the roots of the plants, deposit tarry matter upon them which ultimately
caused death by a kind of asphyxia. The smallest quantity of carbolic
acid was found to have a very decided influence; so that the principal
caution to be observed, as far as injurious results are concerned, is to
see that the carbolic acid is entirely eliminated. In one experiment a
discharge of gas was allowed to take place for three hours daily, for a
period of an entire year, and the effect, if anything, was to secure a
fuller development of the plant.

All that those experimeuts appear to prove, however, is that perfectly
pure illaminating gas is not injurious to the roots of vegetation, the
fact remaining demonstrable that ordinary gas does have a marked
noxious effect. The elaborate communication in 1555 to the Philadel-

145

phia Academy of Natural Seiences, by Mr. Fahnestock, shows this very
clearly in a case where the contents of a large green-house were
destroyed. In another instance a stroke of lightning, passing along the
street gas-mains in Racine, in 1867, disturbed their joints and caused a
leakage which resulted in the death of nearly all the shade trees along
an entire square.

SIEMENS’ STEEL.—Among the various methods of preparing steel,
that of Siemens, so well known in connection with an improvement of
the smelting furnaces, is likely, it is said, to attain considerable promi-
nence, possessing various advantages, both as to economy and the char-
acter of the product, over many others in common use. For its pre-
paration good hematite ore and spathic ore are mixed and treated with
carbonaceous materials, by which their total or partial reduction into
metallic iron is effected. This metallic iron is then subjected to very
intense heat on the open hearth of a Siemens regenerative gas-furnace,
and is dropped in certain given quantities or series of instalments into
a bath of cast-iron, previously prepared in the furnace. This operation
is continued until the requisite degree of decarbonization is arrived at;
the manganese is added in the form of ore or spiegeleisen. The quan-
tity of molten metal thus produced in one charge is about fourtons. It
is dipped into a ladle and poured into iron molds in the usual way, and
forms steel of the highest quality. To those acquainted with the ordi-
nary way of making steel, the superiority of this process will be mani-
fest, while as regards cost it effects a great saving. One ton of steel
ingots may be produced with a ton and a half of cheap smallcoal. The
ordinary Sheffield process requires from five to six tons of fuel for one
ton of steel.

COLORS FROM WILD PLANTS.—A German writer shows that a great
variety of colors and dyes can be readily obtained from common plants
found almost everywhere, the method consisting principally in boiling
them in water at a high temperature, so as to produce astrong decoction.
Thus, forinstance, the well-known huckleberry, or blueberry, ( Vaccinium,)
when boiled down, with an addition of a little alum and a solution of
copperas, will develop an excellent blue color. The same treatment,
with a solution of nut-galls, produces a clean dark-brown tint; while,
with alum, verdigris, and sal-ammoniac, various shades of purple and
red can be obtained. The fruit of the elder, (Sambucus niger,) so fre-
quently used for coloring spirituous liquors, will also produce a blue color
when treated with alum. The privet (Ligustrum vulgare,) boiled in a
solution of salt, will furnish an excellent color; while the over-ripe ber-
ries yield a scarlet-red. The seeds of the common burning-bush,
(Huonymus,) when treated with sal-ammoniac, produce a beautiful pur-
ple-red; while the juice of the currant, pressed out and mixed with a
solution of alum, will furnish a bright-red color. The bark treated in
the same way produces a brown. Yellow can be obtained from the
bark of the apple-tree, the box, the ash, the buckthorn, the poplar, elm,
&ec., when boiled in water and treated with alum. A lively green is
furnished by the broom-corn, (Spartium scoparium ;) and brownish-green
by the genista.

THE AILANTHUS TREE.—The disagreeable smell of the ailanthus tree
while in blossom need be no objection to the planting of it on a large
seale as a timber tree, since, as is well known, it is dicecious, and the
male tree alone possesses the unpleasant peculiarity. Itis only necessary
to propagate the female tree, therefore, in order to have an equally fine
grove without the practical inconvenience referred to. It so happened

146

that on the first introduction of the tree into this country, the male tree
alone was propagated. The female, however, is coming more rapidly
into use, and may readily be known by the clusters of seeds it bears,
similar to those of some species of the ash family.

There are few trees more valuable for timber than the ailanthus. The
wood has much of the same properties as the chestnut, and is equally
durable, grows with as great rapidity, and in its native country obtains
a height of between two and three hundred feet. It is said to be well
adapted to growth on the western prairies, and will undoubtedly per-
form an important part in clothing them with forest vegetation.

PURIFICATION OF OI1L.—Of tarious methods adopted for the purifica-
tion of burning-oils, that of Michaud is recommended as the most satis-
factory. This « consists in introducing sulphuric acid into the oil in nu-
merous thin streams, while air is forced in at the same time, so as to
throw the liquid into an active movement. The air bubbles which mix
with the oil give it a milky appearance, and carry the impurities with
them to the surface and form a copious scum, which is removed from
time to time. After each skimming air is introduced anew until the
surface continues entirely clear.

For the purpose of freeing the oil from sulphuric acid it is then to be
placed in a copper kettle, and Steam introduced until it is heated to
212°. At this temperature it is kept for half or three-quarters of an
hour, during which it becomes sufficiently clear to be filtered. The oil
is then drawn off and allowed to cool down to half the temperature men-
tioned, either by allowing it toe stand for twenty-four hours, or taking
it through a cooling tube and then filteringit. Itis said that oil, treated
in this way, exceeds in illuminating power and transparency that pre-
pared by any other method, while the process is neither costly nor pro-
tracted.

DARLINGTONIA CALIFORNICA.—Mr. Worthington G. Smith calls
attention in “* Nature” to certain living plants of Darlingtonia Califor-
nica, or the American pitcher plant, described many years ago in the
Smithsonian Contributions, by Dr. Torrey, from specimens brought by
General Frémont from what is now Nevada. According to Mr. Smith,
the plant possesses an irresistible attraction to insects, the nature of
which is entirely unaccountable. When in bloom the flower is said to
resemble the upraised head and body of the cobra, with mouth ex-
panded, and prepared for a spring, the head being at right angles with
the hollow, vertical body, and apparently presenting no opening by
which an insect can enter. Blue-bottle or blow flies are said to make
their way immediately to this plant whenever they come into a room
where it is growing, and alighting on a portion of the flower, they fly
upward into the previously unseen entrance to the tube, and from this
they descend the hollow body, and apparently never return alive, keep-
ing up a buzzing noise for half an hour and then dying. This eavity of
the plant soon becomes entirely filled with dead flies, so that, as a con-
sequence, the walls decay and the insects drop out.

LEACHED ASHES AS A MANURE.—An agricultural journal of Germany
calls renewed attention to the great value, as a manure, of soap-boilers’
leached ashes, which, as is well known, are prepared by mixing wood-
ashes with fresh burnt lime, and boiling or Jeaching the two together
for the purpose of obtaining a caustic lve. Although the soluble salts
are removed from these ashes, the insoluble parts remain, namely, the
carbonates, sulphates, and phosphates, principally lime salts, accom-
panied generally by a little caustic lime. Experience has shown that

a.

147

there is no substance equal to leached ashes of this kind for manure,
not excepting even the richest guanos; the vegetation of the cereals
becoming broader than common by its use, and the stalks more tubular,
while the leaves grow of a dark, bluish green. The value of this ap-
plication is seen more particularly in meadows, where, curiously enough,
nearly all the ordinary grass disappears in consequence, and instead of
it a thick vegetation of red clover is met with, which will be renewed
year by year for a long time, without additional supply.

PRESERVATION OF DEAD SALMON FOR AN INDEFINITE TIME.—Of
late years salmon have been quite abundant in our markets throughout
the winter season, a period when previously they were unknown, owing
to the fact of their being then, with few exceptions, in the deep waters
of the sea. For this purpose they are taken in the summer months,
when the fish are in the rivers and in best condition, and are packed in
snow as soon as caught, and in that condition carried to the establish-
ments where they are to be preserved. ‘They are first overhauled and
sorted, and then put into a room where, by means of a mixture of ice and
salt placed between zinc plates, the temperature is kept many degrees be-
low the freezing point. The fish are soon frozen, and can be kept in that
state many months and even years, provided the temperature be kept
steadily down to the proper degree. In the winter season, the salmon
thus frozen are shipped, properly packed in ice, being carried in that
condition all over the country. It is said that the taste of these fish, if
cooked directly after having been thawed, is fully equal to what it would
be if eaten at the time of capture.

TREATMENT OF WOOD FOR PAPER PULP.—Mr. Mané informs us that
the proper method of treating wood to make it a suitable material for
the manufacture of paper consists in first reducing it to a state of shav-
ings or sawdust, and then placing it for a time (the duration of this
depending upon the nature and state of division of the wood) into
water, and leaving it there to rest, as is done with flax. By this treat-
ment a great many substances are removed from the wood, which is
consequently afterward more readily reduced to pulp. The rotting in
water has the effect of disintegrating, and partly decomposing the
nitrogenous matter of the woods, which is also afterward more readily
bleached ; not demanding the use of chlorine, as is the case where these
matters have been left in the wood. The rotted wood, previous to any
other treatment, is to be thoroughly washed with boiling water and
steamed, and next treated with an alkali.

EFFECT OF MANURE ON PLANTS.—A communication, illustrated by

diagrams, was lately presented to the Horticultural Society of London,

in reference to the effect of manures upon plants in the experimental
grounds at Chiswick. As a general rule, plants in unmanured boxes
were less vigorous than in those manured; and while purely mineral
manures had little effect upon the grasses, they produced a marked im-
provement in the case of the clovers. Experiments with solutions of
ammonia salts and with nitrate of soda, showed specific differences in
the results in the case of almost all the different species of plants, and
it was found that a plant affected favorably by one of these groups of
salts was influenced in quite the opposite manner by the other.

THE COMPASS PLANT.—Many travelers and residents in the West
have called attention to a peculiarity of the so-called “compass plant,”
(Silphium laciniatum,) of the western prairies, which is alleged to pos-
sess the remarkable tendency to have the plane of its leaves directed’

148

north and south to such a degree that these points’of the compass can
readily be determined from their examination. This statement has,
however, been contradicted by others, who are unable to find any ten-
dency of the kind in question. In a recent paper by Mr. Meehan, of
Philadelphia, the discrepancy is reconciled by stating that the pecu-
liarity is only appreciable in the young plants and when they first come
up, Since, after becoming large and heavy, they are moved out of place
by the wind and rain, and unable to regain their original position.

USES OF THE “ WATER-PEST” PLANT.—Much alarni has been caused
in Europe by the spread of a certain plant, living in running water,
called the water-pest, (Hlodea canadensis,) and said to have been intro-
duced from America. By its very rapid growth it speedily chokes up
the channel-ways, thus impeding the flow of water in mill-races, and
interfering also with fishing. A recent German writer, however, finds
consolation in the fact, which he thinks he has ascertained, that this
‘‘water-pest” exercises a very important function in purifying the water,
and that if planted in streams which form the drainage of sewers, it will
take up entirely and destroy any disagreeable smell, as also the noxious
properties of ordinary sewerage. The composition of its ashes is said
to be extremely complicated, ‘and the plant itself is reeommended as
furnishing a manure of the greatest value. It has also been tried with
success in paper-making.

CIRCULATION IN PLANTS.—In conducting experiments upon the tran-
spiration of fluid by leaves, it is a matter of importance to determine
the rapidity of ascent of the fluid. Professor Church suggests for this
case the use of lithium citrate, a salt easily taken up by plants, and one
which can be detected with the greatest readiness by means of the spec-
troscope. Its advantages consist in its containing an organic acid, and
in not being likely to meet with any obstruction to its passage from the
tissues. An experiment has lately been made with this liquid, as sug-
gested, with great success; in one instance the fluid having risen nine
inches in thirty minutes, in another five and a haif inches in ten min-
utes. This is thought superior to the use of coloring matters, which ~
seemed to experience considerable resistance in their passage through
the vessels.

PRESERVATION OF MILK IN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION. — Among the
precautions taken by an extensive milk company, near London, to insure
the safe transportation of milk and cream by railway, that to which the
most importance is attached consists in the cooling of it to the tempera-
ture of 50° to 59° Fahrenheit before filling the cans. Should the milk
be placed in the cans at a higher temperature, as from 70° to 82°, the
motion of the cars will cause the butter to separate as well as to produce
a deposit of caseine, which change need not be apprehended when milk
is at the lower temperature indicated. A further requirement is to have
the vessels completely filled with the milk, and closely fastened. Some-
times a small proportion of bicarbonate of soda is added to the milk in
hot weather, with important results in preventing it from turning sour.

alli, LARV4 OF COCK-CHAFER.—It is said that the destruc-
tive larvee of the cock-chafer, which, both in this country and in Europe,
does so much damage to pastures, by devouring the roots of grass and
causing the death of the sod, may be exterminated by applying to the
places ‘affected water in which petroleum has been stirred. The same
treatment is also recommended in other instances where it is desirable
to keep down the ravages of insects on plants. Applied in this way

i i i

149

there is no danger of injuring the plant, and a small quantity of petro-
leam appears to impart its antagonistic qualities to a considerable
amount of water.

Tor HEATON AND BESSEMER PROCESSES.—A careful report by an
eminent iron-master in France upon the respective merits of the Heaton
and Bessemer processes of refining iron, presents the conclusion that
while the former is not likely to replace the latter for the manufacture
of steel, yet it is the best hitherto invented for the purification of ordi-
nary cast iron. It may be remembered that the Heaton process con-
sists, essentially, in the addition of nitrate of soda to the melted metal,
by which all the impurities, such as carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, &c.,
become chemically combined with the nitrate and pass off with a loud
defiagration in the form of vapor, leaving the metal in a state of extraor-
dinary purity.

SEASONING OF woop.—A. writer in an English journal informs us
that small pieces of non-resinous wood can be seasoned perfectly by
boiling four or five hours—the process taking the sap out of the wood,
which shrinks nearly one-tenth in the operation. The same writer states
that trees felled in full leaf, in June or July, and allowed to lie until
every leaf has fallen will then be nearly dry, as the leaves will not drop
of themselves until they have drawn up and exhausted all the sap of
the tree. The time required is from a month to six weeks, according to
the dryness or wetness of the weather. The floor of a mill laid with
poplar so treated, and eut up and put in place in less than a month after
the leaves fell, has never shown the slightest shrinkage.

WATERING PLANTS WITH HOT WATER.—It has lately been shown,
by careful experiment, that sickly potted plants, even some that have
almost died out, can be greatly benefited, and sometimes, indeed, en-
tirely restored to vigor, by applying warm water to them instead of
cold. In certain cases, oleanders which had never bloomed, or did so
only imperfectly, after being treated with luke-warm water, increasing
the temperature gradually from 140° up to 170° F., produced the most
magnificent luxuriance of bloom. Similar results occurred with ar old
plant of Hoya; and also with an India-rubber tree which had nearly
withered away. In all these cases the application of water heated to
about 110° F., without any other precaution, caused a new and flourishing
growth.

TRANSPIRATION OF LEAVES.—Von Pettenkofer, in the course of recent
researches upon the amount of evaporation which takes place from the
foliage of plants, ascertained in the case of an oak tree that this in-
creased gradually from May to July, and then decreased till October.
The number of leaves on the tree were estimated at about 751,600, and
the total amount of evaporation in the year at 539 cubic centimeters of
water for the whole area of the leaves. As the average rain-fall for the
same period was only 65 centimeters, the amount of evaporation is thus
eight and a half times greater than that of the rain-fall. This excess
must, of course, be drawn up by the roots from a great depth. The
inference is derived from the above that trees prevent the gradual drying
of a climate by restoring to the air the moisture which would otherwise
be carried off by drainage.

CATTLE PLAGUE ENTOZOA IN CEYLON.—In the course of an exam-
ination of the muscles of animals dying at Ceylon of the cattle plague
disease of that country, Mr. Boyd Morse discovered certain remarkable
organisms, of which he has lately published an account in the London

150

Microscopical Journal. He suggests the inquiry as to their relationship
to the entozoa, described by Dr. Lionel Beale as found in the muscles
of animals dying of the same disease, and thinks they may be their ova.
They lie loose among the muscular fibers of the heart, sometimes in great
numbers and at other times singly. There are several characteristic
forms, all well figured in the article referred to.

FooD FOR YouNG TROUT.—According to Dr. Slack, the well-known
proprietor of the Troutdale fish-breeding establishment, in New Jersey,
the best substance with which to feed embryo trout hatched out artifi-
cially consists of beef’s heart, prepared by first being opened that the
coagulated blood may be washed away thoroughly, and then using only
the pure muscular fiber. This is to be finely chopped into minute frag-
ments, so as almost to form a pulp; and then, mixed with a little water,
it is to be washed through a fine sieve of twenty-four threads to the
inch, to prevent any minute particles from passing through.

SEASON FOR CUTTING TIMBER.—According to Dr. Hartig, March and
April are the most favorable months for cutting timber intended to be used
by builders and carpenters, the average per cent. of moisture being less
than 47, while in the three following months the average is 48; and in
the three winter months, 51. He states that properly-seasoned timber
contains from 20 to 25 per cent. of water, and never less than about 10
per cent., and if the moisture is entirely removed by artificial means
the wood loses its elasticity and flexibility, and becomes brittle. Any
artificial seasoning of wood should be carried on very gradually; the
temperature at the beginning being low, and the process not conducted
too far.

QUERCITRON.—Among the drugs and dye-stuffs of American origin,
quercitron, or the inner bark of the common black oak, occupies a con-
spicuous place. Lately a new treatment has been devised in England
in preparing it for the market, in consequence of which its value has
risen considerably, so that it now brings about $3 per hundred-weight.

Of the various brands in the market, that of Philadelphia is most sought ~

for on account of. its supposed superiority over the others.

CATTELL’S METHOD OF PREPARING VEGETABLE FIBER.—A system
of utilizing vegetable fibers that does not involve the practice of rot-
ting, has lately been devised by Dr. Cattell, and is said to be coming
rapidly into use. The special superiority of the fiber prepared by this
system is said to be that it possesses a greater degree of strength, esti-
mated at 20 per cent. over the rotted article. The yieid of fiber is also
considerably greater from the same weight of material, while its divisi-
bility can be carried to much more than the ordinary degree, and the
whole labor accomplished in much shorter time.

STIMULATING HENS TO LAY WHILE MOULTING.—According to a
good authority in poultry-raising, it is considered inexpedient to encour-
age hens to lay while moulting. When new feathers are forming the
ovary usually remains perfectly dormant, and in fact sometimes becomes
greatly reduced in size. When, however, the feathers are renewed, if a
hen be judiciously fed, and in good health, the production of eggs will
soon recommence.

NEW CATERPILLAR DISEASE.—In a late paper by Dr. Cohn, of Bres-
lau, upon a new disease affecting certain caterpillars, during which the
skin turns black, a coal-black pigment appears in the blood, and the
caterpillar becomes a wrinkled and brittle mummy, he ascribes the phe-

151

nomenon to the development of a fungus which he calls Tarichium, and
which has a strong relationship to Em usa.

POISONING OF CATTLE BY ACORNS.—It is stated that cattle died by
scores in Gloucestershire, England, during the past fall, from having
eaten acorns that had fallen off during a ‘gale. When once taken ill,
death followed more or less quickly in ‘each case, no remedy being sufi.
cient to allay the resulting inflammation. The poison appeared to in-
duce a blackening and rotting away of the mucous membrane.

CALOMEL A POISON FOR MICE.—A preparation of one part calomel,
five parts of wheat flour, one part of sugar, and one-tenth of a part of
wltramarine, all mixed together in fine powder and placed in a dish, is
said to be a most efficient poison for mice.

GLYCONIN.—A mixture of five parts of glycerine and four parts of
yolk of egg, under the name of glyconin, has been used to some advan-
tage for the healing of wounds, the mixture forming a varnish over the
skin impenetrable to air and moisture.

GIANT MARMONT POTATO.—A potato known as the Giant Marmont
is much praised by late German writers, as occupying the very first rank
among potatoes, in consequence of various excellent peculjarities. A
single tuber was said to have produced a weight of twenty pounds.

dd FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

COAL IN rome TERRITORY.—A correspondent of the New York
Evening Post writing from Cheyenne concerning the coal deposit of
Wyoming, says that an analysis of the Evanston coal shows that in
one hundred parts there are, of carbon, 72.16; ashes, 2.50; sulphur,
none; water, 3.34; volatile matter, 22. This coal is supposed to be
the purest found in the Territory. The Hallville mine, in Carter’
County, on the line of the Union Pacific, contains two veins, with a
stratum of soapstone lying between. The upper vein is ten feet and
the lower six feet in thickness. Fifteen thousand tons from this mine
have been used in Omaha during the past year. Itis used principally
for domestic purposes. The Vandyke mine, forty miles west of Hall-
ville, produces coal which is used mainly for steam and blacksmithing
purposes. Of this coal 80,000 tons were sold in Omaha in 1870, and
the remainder of the year’s production was distributed throughout
the Western Territories for manufacturing purposes. The Carbon mines,
recently burned, are on the railroad one hundred and forty miles west
of Cheyenne. The coal is reached by a perpendicular shaft, seventy
feet deep. The vein is from six to nine feet thick. Before the ex-
plosion it produced 300 tons daily, and the Denver division of the
Kansas Pacific Railroad was supplied from it. The Rock Spring mine,
three hundred and fifteen miles west of Cheyenne, is eight feet in
height, and is reached by an open drift in the side of the hill. The
product of this mine in 1870 was about 2,000 tons per month. Ex-
plorations lately made show that the coal deposits of Wyoming cover
a very large area. Many of the best veins have not yet been worked.
The lignite deposits of the Laramie Plains, in beds from five to eleven
feet thick, have been traced ten miles east of Rock Creek, a branch of
Medicine Bow River, and crop out along the North Platte, Muddy

152

Creek, Bitter Creek, Echo Caiion, Weber River, and west as far as the
borders of Utah. The same deposits have been found eighty miles
above Fort Laramie. The whole product of the Wyoming coal mines is
now estimated to be about 20,000 tons per month.

THE SELF-PURIFICATION OF RIVERS has recently attracted the atten-
tion of scientific men in England. The discharge of sewage into rivers
in the vicinity of densely populated communities, it has been claimed,
is not an evil, because the rivers possess the property of self-purifi-
cation in exposure to the action of the atmosphere, and in the precipi-
tation of impurities to their bottoms. The clear appearance of water
after it has been polluted, and has flowed fora short distance, is alleged
to be proof of purification. But this theory of the unscientific public
has been refuted by experiments made by an English commission, ap-
pointed for the purpose of testing its truth. The results indicate very
closely the effect which would be preduced by the flow of a river or
stream containing 10 per cent. of sewage for ninety-six and one hundred
and two miles respectively, at arate per hour of one mile. The percent-
age reduction of the organic carbon in the first distance would be 6.4,
and of organic nitrogen, 28.4. For the latter distance the correspond-
ing figures are 25.1 and 33.3. As the temperature during this experi-
ment was néarly 70° Fahrenheit, it demonstrates that the oxidation of
the animal organic matters in sewage proceeds very slowly. It was
also demonstrated, by another experiment on the rate of oxidation of
sewage, that supposing a river polluted with the above proportions of
sewage received no further contamination for a distance of one hun-
dred and eighty-six miles, it would then lose about 62.3 per cent. of its
injurious and offensive properties. But most streams which are pol-
luted by animal or vegetable matter receive the pollution near to the
cities and towns which use them; hence, no stream which supplies cities
and towns with water can be regarded as even approximately pure, un-
less the emptying into it of all sewage and manufacturing refuse is pro-
hibited.

THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MILK.—Dr. Oliver C. Wiggin, of Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, bears the following testimony to the value of milk:

The nutritive value of milk, as compared with other kinds of animal food, is not
generally appreciated. There is less difference betwen the ecouomical value of milk
and beetsteak (or eggs or fish) than is commonly supposed. The quantity of water in
a good quality of milk is 86 per cent., in round steak 75 per cent., in fatter beef 60 per
cent., in eggs about 68 per cent. From several analyses, made last winter, I estimated
sirloin steak, (reckoning loss from bone,) at 35 cents a pound, as dear as milk at 24
cents a quart; round steak, at 20 cents a pound, as dear as milk at 14 cents a quart ;
eggs, at 30 cents a dozen, as dear as milk at 20 cents a quart. Many laborers who pay
17 cents for corned beef would consider themselves hardly able to pay 10 cents tor
milk, when, in fact, they could as well afford to pay 15 cents. Milk is a most whole-
some and economical food for either the rich or poor. It ought to be more largely
used. If the money expended for veal and pork were expended for milk, I doubt not
it would be an advantage both to the stomach and pocket, especially during the warm
season. Relatively speaking, then, milk at 10 cents, or even 12 cents a quart is the
cheapest animal food that can be used. Whether farmers can afford to produce it
cheaper is a matter for them to decide. It is very probable that were they to ask 12
cents a very large number of poor people would refrain from its use from mistaken
notions of economy, notwithstanding they are excessive meat-eaters.

CENTENNIAL Exurpition.—The Forty-first Congress, at its third
session, passed an act “to provide for celebrating the one hundredth
anniversary of American Independence, by holding an international
exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine, in
the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876.” The act specifies that this
exhibition shall be held under the auspices of the Government of the

153

United States, which shall be represented by a commission composed
of one delegate from each State and Territory, to be appointed, within
one year from the passage of the act, by the President of the United
States, upon the nomination of the governors of the States and Terri-
tories, respectively. This commission is empowered to prescribe all
necessary regulations for holding the exhibition, and these regulations
the President is authorized to make public by proclamation and to com-
municate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations. The exhibition
will present an opportunity for a comparison of progress in the arts of
civilization accomplished in a single century in this country with the
best results of human effort elsewhere.

PROPOSED DOG LAW IN ILLINOIS.—A bill introduced in the legislature
of Dlinois, provides stringent regulations concerning dogs. It declares
that every owner of a dog shall, on or before the 1st of September, procure
from the town clerk, and cause to be worn, a collar for each dog he may
own; the clerk to keep a record and description of all dogs for which col-
lars are obtained, with the names of their owners. For each dog regis-
tered he is to be paid a fee of $1. Any dog not wearing a collar and
registered is to be considered as abandoned, and it shall be lawful for
any person to slay such dog as he would a wild animal. The assessors
shall procure lists of all registered dogs, and shall also make return of
all abandoned dogs, with the names of persons who harbor them. <A tax
of $1 shall be paid for each registered male dog, and a tax of $2 for each
registered female dog. Owners of dogs are made liable for all injuries
the latter may inflict. Any person may kill a dog which makes a sud-
den assault upon him outside the inclosure of his owner or keeper, and
any person may kill a dog found outside the inclosure or immediate care
of its keeper worrying, wounding, or killing any domestic animal.

ALMOND TREES IN CALIFORNIA.—A record of the growth of an almond
stock, reported by the editor of the Santa Barbara (California) Press,
illustrates the adaptability of that favored region to the production of
this valuable fruit. Early in 1869 he made several grafts, all of which
are now promising. One of these, a terminal bud of the Languedoc
variety, made February 22, was measured three months afterward, when
the new stock above the old wood was found to be an inch and a half in
circumference and three feet high, with six or eight branches averaging
eighteen inches in length. On the 22d of March last, exactly two years
and one month from the day of grafting, the tree measured nine and
three-fourths inches in circumference at the ground, and was ten and a
half feet high, with twenty flourishing branches within four feet of the
ground, and over thirty in all. Up to that date it had furnished more
than a thousand buds and several hundred grafts. A three-year old
seedling, planted also by Mr. Johnson, now measures fourteen and a half
inches in circumference, and was fifteen feet high when recently cut off
for grafting. .

SEWAGE IRRIGATION.—Dr. Spencer Cobbold, of England, has micro-
scopically demonstrated the presence of thousands of entozoa in pork
which had been fed upon the produce of lands irrigated with sewage.

he introduction into the human system of countless entozoa, through
the medium of cattle fed upon sewage-irrigation grass, and swine fed
upon other food similarly produced, is regarded as a new danger with
which the public health is threatened. It is the deliberate opinion of
Dr. Cobbold that thousands of cattle in England are thus rendered wniit
to be used as food.

154

THE MARVELOUS GROWTH of some of our Western States and Territo-
ries is well exemplified in the history of Jackson County, Kansas. Below
is acomparison of the census returns of agriculture, &c., for that county
for 1860 and 1870:

1860, | 1870. Increase.

|
Popuinizen :.-- 2". ose. t .. = 2 eee ones | 1, 936 6, 053 4,117
Acres of improved land..-.-.. --------2-+------- 5, 294 41,388 | ° 36,094
@ashevalue ot farms...) = 22.2 < Soe ees eee | $210,900 | $2,305,240 | $2, 094, 340
Value of farming implements and machinery ....; $12,515 $84, 995 $72, 480
Whole number of live stock ..-.-.-. ------------ / 4,755 21, 334 | 16,579
Value of live stock.....--.------------+--------| $58,091 | $685,064 $626, 973
Number of bushels of farm products. ...----.---- 204, 042 697, 865 493, 823
Number of pounds of butter, cheese, and wool. .- 23, 850 144, 859 121, 029
onsiot hay 2263253252 ee ees te ee 519 16, 763 16, 244
Gallons of molasses! >. taco gag a2: oSeopiaetinn Se 590 18, 150 17, 560

Total valuation of farms, farm implements, ma- , $281,506 | $3,075,299 | $2,793,793
chinery, and live stock.

Up to 1867 only one-half of the county was open for settlement.

GLUT OF JAPANESE SILK-WORM EGGS.—Last year a number of
French and Italian agents passed through San Francisco for Japan to
purchase silk-worm eggs. Their credit was estimated at $5,000,000 to
$6,000,000. The usual purchases ran as high as 2,000,000 cartoons, but
the war ensuing not more than 150,000 cartoons were really taken. This
left the Japanese egg-trade in a bad condition, and resulted in the sending
of some lots to San Francisco, 150,000 cartoons recently arriving. Unfor-
tunately for the shippers the season is over in California. There are
not means in the State to feed 1,000 cartoons of silk-worms. The eggs
are now, probably, partly hatched, and will not keep for Europe, and
are not in very high estimation there if they would. They do not at all
compare with the California eggs of the French annual variety. It re-
mains to be seen what effect this short supply of eggs in Kurope this
year will have upon the California demand next year.

CATTLE MARKETS IN THE SoUTH.—The South is manifesting a new
interest in the improvement of farm animals. The first grand stock,
seed, and implement sale of the Tennessee Agricultural and Mechanical
Association will take place at the fair grounds, near Nashville, on Wed-
nesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 3d, 4th, and 5th of May, 1871. Full
pedigrees of breeding animals offered for sale are required. Persons
desiring to offer animals or articles should, as soon as practicable, for-
ward lists to John H. Williams, general agent, that they may- appear in
the programmes. ;

BUTTER-MAKING IN THE “ GREAT AMERICAN DESERT.”—Dr. Stern-
burg, of Fort Harker, Kansas, finds the “Great American Desert” of
the old geographers admirably adapted to stock-raising and dairy en-
terprise. He keeps 130 head of cattle, and milks 30 cows, from which,
last summer, he marketed 3,000 pounds of butter at 50 cents per pound.
The stock finds ample subsistence from natural grasses, except about
three weeks in the year, during which the snow covers the ground. He
prefers improved breeds of cattle to the Texan or native stock, and in-
sists upon commencing with good cows, which should be fully supplied
with good water and salt, and milked regularly every day. The milk

155

should be churned every day, the butter thoroughly worked, and the
dairy kept perfectly clean.

CHEESE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND.—The manufacture of cheese by the
factory system is an American idea, and until recently has been exclus-
ively an American enterprise. During 1870 the system was introduced
into England, and two factories were established in Derbyshire. No
Hnglishman was found to possess sufficient experience to manage them,
and two Americans, named Schermerhorn, were engaged to perform this
service. Both factories are now in successful operation.

Koumiss.—This is the name of an article of food recently introduced
into England from Germany. It is of Tartar origin, and in its original
form is made by fermenting mare’s milk and agitating it during the pro-
cess. Cow’s milk is used as a substitute. The result of the treatment
is @ mixture of alcohol, carbonic acid, lactic acid, and finely divided
caseine and butter, with the residne of the sugar and salts of the milk,
in taste resembling a mixture of champagne and cream, and supposed,
as the Tartars are very athletic, to be conducive to health and a pre-
ventive of phthisis.

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.—An invention of Mr.
Buchanan for preserving fruits and vegetables is attracting some atten-
tion in England. The moisture is expelled by a cold dry process, instead
of the former modes of desiccation by heat. It is said to preserve vege-
tables and fruits in a much more perfect and palatable state than the
heating process so generally in use.

JUTE.—Augustus F. Leory, of New Orleans, writes to the Depart-
ment, under date of March 11:

You were kind enough last year to send me several papers of jute seed. These I
planted myself on my place seventy miles below this city, on the banks of the Missis-
sippi River. In three months the plants grew, with little or no cultivation, ten feet
high. They fully matured and produced abundance of seed. I am now fully satisfied
that jute can be produced throughout all the sugar-growing portion of this valley.

Borax.—A large deposit of borax has been discovered in Bishop
Creek precinct, Inyo County, California. The borax is found in beds,
and is slightly impregnated with saltpeter. It is pronounced to be of a
superior quality.

LARGE HONEY PRODUCT.—Rey. Robert Johnson, of Kossuth, Des
Moines County, Iowa, reports to this Department that he has colonies
of bees that gave him 150 pounds of honey each during the past year.

METEOROLOGY.

[COMPILED IN '1'E LEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY OBSERVERS OF THE SMITH-
SONIAN INSTITUTION. |

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature, and amount of rain and melted snow, (in inches and tenths,) for February and
March, 1871, at the stations named. Daily observations made at7 a. m., and 2 and 9 p. m

l
| FEBRUARY. MARCH.
| eee re 2S a { *
} : r Wess | Tis é
ei ea 0 Pale al 2 |3|%
| fs | | g 51S | 2 g 5 15
° ° | = / | dean = | | = a = 2
Stations in States | ja | | =e ee | | s |
iat ce HTS a . | o . a ay | o ) I
and Territories. leo | 2s 2 = | | So 2 E
| Date. | 2 | Date. | 3 & | ZS | Date.) go | Date. | 45 | & | 38
| 2s | 1§5| 8 | 33 | | 3 BS| 3 143
\F la 5 | a 1% 5 aia
| | 3 | = eo i a = 2 3
| sci a | A a | ee a a Alm
ee —_— |—_—_ a a es 2 peters eee
| | | | |
MAIXE | | | |
| Deg. | | Deg. | Deg.| In. | | Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In.
Houlton ....----- 27 | 49 5 | —20 | 16.0 | 1.20 12} 51 7| 14| 32.4] 9.93
Orono 4 esses: 25| 47 | 5 | -—17 | 19.9 | 2.53 | 10\ | 57 da ee oh Re Sr eS
Surry ......----- |} 25] 49| 5 | —16 | 20.9 |.....- | 10] 55 29| 20| 36.7]......
Williamsburg. .-., 25} 40 5 | —26 | 12.4 | 2.00 | il 46 29 10 | 28.8) 3.10
West Waterville. 25 | 50 | 5 | —12 | 22.0 | 1.98 | i 7 29] 20) 37.1| 5.63
Gardiner. ...---.- | 951 47 5 | —10 | 23.0 | 1.55 |10,11,12| 54 BO! 2a Saal 37
Righimis 42 0S | . 951 51 5|—12|224/280| ' 13) 56 29} 18| 36.6] 5.30
Standish .....-..-.. | 24 54 5 | —13 | 23.4 | 1.94 | 11 60 29 24 | 37.9] 5.24
Norway..----.--- 25 | 47 | 5 | —12 | 20.5 | 2.10 | 11 | 55 29} 201 35.2] 5.00
Cornish ..:..-..-. | 1} 48 | 4|—9| 22.4] 3.01 | At |. 56 24] 25] 36.2] 3.90
Cornishville ..-.. 25 | 46 | 4} —10 | 22.6 |-3.25 | Td |e 29| 20) 36.8) 5.40
| | j | | | ;
NEW HAMPSHIRE. | | |
j i |
Strafford. ........ 24,251 43 | 4 | —18 | 16.7 | 2.72 9| 60 29 2.1 32. 3.1,.13.80
Whitefield _...... 24) 50 | 5 | 9) 1475 | 1. 47 | 11|_ 59 29 3 | 33.6) 2.61
Mt. Washington 24) 35] FD fees cl ess] ee BL | eae er eee (erect (|
Tamworth -...... 24,25 | 47 | 22,23 | —14 | 21.0 | 2.40 11 ay 29| 22) 36.0] 5.46
Contoocookville =a 24, 25 53 5 | —14 | 24.6 |....-- 12| 62 8 22 AS a aa
Goffstown Centre.| 24,25; 52 | 5 | —10 | 24.8 | 3.25 |.--..-.-]. 222-2] seeece|n nna =|noenn tena ==
AmoOskeap Hepes. 4|ccer.. =. | Be Oy \ Spal 8) Lae ed a Pals 12 62 29 11 | 38.0} 3.48
} | |
VERMONT.
Lunenburg .--.-- 25 40 | 28 pL Zt, DLO ed Ope emer 29 14 | 34.4] 3.50
Craftsbury..-__-. } 241 46 5|—25|149/157| ia] 51] 7,29} 18] 29.9} 4.06
South Troy ....-. 24} 50 | 5 | —26 | 17.7 | 2.02 | 11/ 58 29 4 | 33.6] 4.19
Randolph -....... 25 43 | 5 | —18 |'20.9'} 2:80] 11,421 57 29 3| 35.7] 3.47
Woodstock ...... 25|- 42] 5 | —19 | 17.8 | 3.09 11 |) 55 29] . 10 | 33.6] 3.37
Norwich ......... figel Lctaet Jalen rads leeveet | pee | eee Been: | 15'31 |e 158 7| 24/1 38.0] 4.30
Near St. Albans. . | 24) 48) 5 | —21 | 18.0} 1.70 | 9; 61 29 11 |} 347] 440
West Charlotte .- 1g | 50 | 5|—16 | 23.6/1.90! 11) 62 7| 23} 39.4| 5.50
TE eee 21 48 | 5 | —18 | 20.2 | 2.19 11} 60 24| 20/362) 5.49
Castleton ........ 18} 45 | S16 | leo we. ol 12} 62 29| 18 | 37.4] 2.79
|
MASSACHUSETTS. / |
| |
Kingston ........ 25 | 58 5|— 7] 274/390] 12,19] 63| 1,2) 22/308) 455
Topsfield......... 24,25 | 50 | 5 | —10 | 25e2| 3.78 |. -.-...-|..-2--| cate ee eee et
Newbury --.-...- 24) Si 3h Ry a 21 LR ae ata |. coc oe | oe cle =e] ener es an
Lawrence ..--.--. 24,25 | 50 5 | —10 | 26.1 | 1.65 12) 63 28 | 27 | 39.1 02
Georgetown ...-. 25 53 | 5 | — 9 | 26.2 | 3.64 12| 67 29 25 | 40.2] 32.53
Milfonieeee. 2! .. 251 56 | 5)| 5 | 2072'1'3, 40 12! 66 29 | 28] 44.1] 2.59
Cambridge....... 24] 59 | EM es i es Se 12 | 66 |27,28,29) 32 | 43.5,)-2122-
North Billerica... 18} 59 | 5)—8 | 28.0)...... 12| 66 23'|' 25 | ai Ouuubee
West Newton. ... 25] 628 5] — 8 | 28.3]...... 12\|) “69 29} 27) 425] 1.18
New Bedford ..-. 25 55 5 | — 6! 27.9 | 3.19 19.| 60 5 29} 40.1] 4.89

» 157

Table showing the range of the thermometer §-c., for February and March—Continued.

FEBRUARY. MARCH.
i] |
& 2 a tae | le eee on” Sees
5) ry Seis 13 a ieee) |
3 = Bae |) Ott ) a Cn) jas E5}
Stations in States g iat aie |e eal | 5 aacde-gt |
and Territories. 26 £3 Suet e | | og But o Ee
Date. | 3 | Date. 2 = 5 |S 6 | Date. | E = | Date. = q a aS
Be aa a | eg | a = aa © @ a
| g 3 | 2 g e
| ‘3 a |8 | in: 3 a \4
GH = to) | | | 3 “4 oD 3
a | A r= aa iA A A |e
| { i | | j %
| | | |
Mass.—Contin’d.
Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | In. | Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In.
Worcester ....--- 2 5k 5 | —10 | 26.2 | 4.36 12/ 63 29| 251 40.0] 4.68
Tmnenburg .-..-.- OR | 52 5 | —14 | 23.8 | 3.10 12; 63 29 | 92] 40.0] 3.75
Mendon.......--. 25 | 53 51 — 8 | 29.1 | 3.10 19} 59 29} 24/| 39.6] 4.80
Amherst......-.. 25) 51 5 | —10 | 26.0 | 2.91 12] 61 299 | 25] 40.5} 3.99
Richmond .....-- 25) 47 5 | —16 | 24.6 | 4.60 17| 64 Bil) Qa ese Ou lenwee
Williams’ College 95] 44 | Sule 1oy) |P 24n tl 150 17| 62 99} 221384] 3.02
Hinsdale ......-. 24 48 | 5 | —19 | 22.5 | 2.65 11 60 28 92 | 38.0 |) 5.17
RHODE ISLAND. j | }
Newport......--. 25] 52} Aco | 30.6 |.2.24} 19,31 | 58] 99 | 28) 421) 4.67
CONNECTICUT. i | | } }
Columbia .....--- 25) 50 5 | —10 | 27.9 | 4.90 19s hey | 29} 28] 41.0] 6.47
Middletown. ..... 95 | 55 5 |. —11 | 95.9 | 410} *9,19| 61 8} 28) 41.1] 6.52
Southington ...,. a5| 52 5 | —11 | 96.7 |3.91| 10,19] 58 a9| 28 | 40.9| 5.84
Round Hill ...... 28] 51 5} —9| 25.5 |.3.28 19| 60 29} 26} 40.1| 4.64
NEW YORK. |
|
Moriches ..-...-. 25) 51} 5 |— 4] 25.9 | 4.13 19 | 59 Sh Or Bt laden
South Hartford -. Ne We 4c 5 | —13 | 24.6 | 2.76 12| 62 299} 19] 40.5] 3.38
Garrison’s .....-- 25] "55 | 6: | sr 26209 30 | 19| 62 5] 32) 43.0) 371
| !
Throg’s Neck....| 25] 50 @4 2 SP age... |: 19], 6619 485 Yaar) aha fe cee
| a
White Plains .... 1} 49 BE OBER eke 19} 62 16} 30 | 44.0 }._...-
Cooper Union. ... 25) 54} 6 31 3108) 5.78 3,9| 59 29} 33 | 44.5] 5.60
Brookiyn ......-. 25] 55 5 1 | 31.1 | 3.68 | 19| 62 99 | 32) 45.3] 5.21
TUS Sia eee eel leap eee eee ss Me Een | SRO Ts |S 19 | 62 |6,15,24} 30] 41.3) 5.34
Glasco..........- 25 | 60 6 | — 5 | 26.0 | 2.15 al | [a ee ana et een Eee | 6. 00
Mewburg ........ 25 | 55 6 Ci eS TT et ae Se A ee RD i ee EN ee
Middleburg... .-.. 25 | 56 | 5 | —12 | 96.0 | 2.10 | 9| 66 29} 20/386] 690
Cooperstown. ...- 18,24] 50 5 | —22 | 22.0 | 1.94 17| 64 29 9 | 37.5] 5.29
Gouverneur.....- 24) 51 | 5 WO 1G ade 47 9| 66 299} 10] 34.4] 4.46
North Hammond. 2] 50; 5 | —26 | 23.0 | 2.54 | 11; 62 99). 18} 38/0)!" 5.87
The wivil la eee ae ee lee eee Pacey atid ye Reem ah Yee a 9| 60 29} 10] 37.0) 5.11
South Trenton... 95] 48 | 5 | —99) 91.1 |/5, 19 8| 60 29} 10| 363] 6.73
Cazenovia ....... 24| 48 5 | —18 | 23.1 | .89 | I Wa 63 205 DRA STEP sess
Queda se" o: 24] 52 5 | —13 | 22.5 | 1.95 9| 65 7| 26] 40.0] 6.55
Depanyille......- 24) 52} 5 | —21 | 22.0 | 2.15 9| 67 29| 17) 36.2] 4.65
Oswego ....--.--- 24} 48 5 | — 9 | 95.3 | 1.50 | 9| 68 Hs] 25), Sassi es aea
Palermo .......-. 24) 49 5 | —19 | 22.2 | 1.70 9| 66 29) 19|35.9| 261
North Volney. --. 24) 48 | Holla Ode ute Gee. | 9 | 66 | "429 |'- 23) | /S720F es
Nichols ....-...-- a5 51 | 5 | —10 | 25.8 |.....- 17} 64 99) |) 20/1 395 91 a eace
Newark Valley... 25| 56 6 | —16 | 24.6 | 1.30 | 17} 64 29! 10) 389) 6.20
Rochester. ....... 24/ 61 5|—5 | 28.3 | 263] 8| 66 | 24] 27] 41.2] 2.88
Angelica: .....--. 24 56 | 6 | — 6 | 25.7 |-..--- LG) eat 29 VC es8rantieece =
Little Genesee. - 24} 60 6 |— 8 | 25.6 | 2.86 15| 70| 6| 16/368] 4.86
Carlton). £2 .22".. 93 | 62 | 5|—41/26.0/208/| 9,20] 68 7| 26/380] 2.16
Suspens’n Bridge. 24 58 | 5 | — 4 | 26.3 | 2.15 | 9 | 68 | 24 25 | 39.1 | 3.30
Lockport .-....-- 24| 58 5 | — 5 | 25.9 | 2.30 | 9} 70 |3,23,24| 26/379] 3.07
Buttalo! See. 24) 55 5 | — 2 | 97 W244 | 9} 7 |= 25) 39. Bh PSE
Jamestown......- 24] 56 5 0 | 27.6 | 2.48 | 3! 66 | 7) | RaLBRh 3B: OF RSKSO
NEW JERSEY.
1 } |
Jersey City ------ Paid li Ba 5 SP S0F Si eee 19 71 29} 32/45.3} 4.91
Paterson .......-. 25) 55 5,6 | — 2| 30.1 |.3. 29 | 18| 64] 829] 30] 43.5] 3.99
Newark........-- Pa et 5 1 | 28.7 | 3.05 | 19) wes 29 | 28] 43.0| 4.99
South Orange .... 25 ae 5 | — 3 | 28.0 |: 3.33 | 19; 64) 829} 29] 428] 4.03
Trenton .......-- 251 60 5 6 | 33.0 | 4.07 | 91 m| . 8| 34/480] 5.50
Rio Grande .....- 25| 69 6 6 | 33.9 | 4.00 | 931 72 /4, 28,29 32 | 44.6 | 7.88
Moorestown ..... 95| 61 6 2 | 31.3 | 3.50 | 17. |e 8| 311 45.4] 4.39
New Germantown 95) 1) 52 5 | — 1 | 27.9 |'2.30 19] 62 20; 29) 42.2] 5.15
Readington -¢-.:|..-.:--:1.-.4-- 5,6 Move! Aine te fe 8 eee 7, 29 30 {3.22
Greenwich....... 25 | . 67 6 7 | 34.8 | 4.44 17 | 74 5| 31} 47.3} 6.68
Vimeland ........ 25 | 69 6 6 | 36.6 | 3.75 LT (oar 5] 291462] 633

158

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for February and March—Continued.

FEBRUARY. | MARCH.

eae (alent s |
zy ; 3 ee
ah ole bede Wo la | ee
i=) Sy Qo i=") i=") Oo
Stations in States a] | 2 ae | 5 a 3 |
and Territories. Se Mesied || 2: s 26 g sya E
Date. | a3 | Date. | 5] = | 38 | Date. | 2 8 | Date. | 43] 8 1/38
a= | |} 3 2 qa |} Be a+ g an
S| | 8 = s |
; Boe eee a eee
a | is ° 5 | Gt | a ° =i
=e, [A a | ea} a | A Aa |e
| H | i
PENNSYLVANIA. 4
Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In. Deg. eg. In.
NY GEE, --c.52--<-/ 28} 50 | 5] — (8 Weeeasi 04 17] 62 |5,7,13,28], 26 6.49
Hamlinton....--. 93] 52 5,6] —4]|28.1])1.55} 11,17] 60} 4,28] 28 5. 31
Ripherry SeS- + ae a 45 | A —i2 es 1 = Lo ig “ 56 2 13 5.78
Fallsington ...--- 5 57 | 5 } 3l. i H 70 2 30 5. 40
Philadelphia... ... 25| 60 | 6| 9/343/320| 47| 5,29 | 36 5.7%
Germantown... 25| 60. 6 | ~- AOE BAS | 19 | °73 ap| 30] 45.4|......
AG FG Seles tate oleh DR SER CAM ears eae pase 17 12) \ cb See ee epee oe
Horsham .....--- 25| 50 6{ 2| 30:5 | 3.50] 9] at) ae a eel 6. 64
Plym’th Meeting. 25] 56 6| 3 | 30.2 | 2.82 9| 67 29) 31 4.40
or emer aa 25} 58 6.) — pia | 11,19] 63| ~ 99] 294) 427).._.
Factoryville ..... 25 51 6 | —13 | 24.9 | 2.40 | 23 62 | 29 20 6. 87
Reading ecee a= 3 25 55 6 5 | 33.8 | 5.83 | 3 67 | 5,29 33 6 25
West Chester. --- 25 58 6 | 1 | 29.9 | 2.35 | 9 72 | 25 28 5. 88
Parkerville ...--- 16,18,25| 48 6] 3|307/ 3.22) 9,17) 71] 29] 28 5. 42
Ephrata .:.--.--- 95 | 55 | 6 | 1 1830:2) 02) 94) Vora) ees 34. .3l 6.59
ai ar fia Ee 18,25} 51 | 6 | — 2} 30.9 |...... 17] 75 | 7| 30 4,25
Nt) SOyen--'4-—| Ui sc =: | eee evaelaen ee lon ccee eee ree bere eee tee e seca ee ono de aa | ole pegs aed ete mea eerie
Carlisla -¢ <2: <2. 25] 59] 6| 9 p31giee 5. 19| S23] '$20) Jat 3. 89
Fountain Dale ... 20 50 | 6 4} 32.8 | 3.85 23 69 | 7 32 5. 20
York Sulp’r Spg’s 20 52 | 6) i | 32.1 | 2.60) 3 68 | 5 30 6.10
Ju (Ni ee aoe 24|° 56) 5,6}—6 | 26.0 | 1.60 17| 66} 99} 12 5. 45
Grampian Hills.. 24] 52 | 6 | —10 | 24.0 | 2.43 16] 68\} 729 | 116 2.73
Johnstown. ...-.. 24] 55 | 6 BS iesers|e. + 15| 30 | 12/ 16 2.70
Franklin ........ 241 65 | 6 3 | 27.6 | 2.48 | 16| 75) 729} 20 3. 40
Pittsburg .--..... 24] 05 | 6} 11 | 35.0 | 3.10 | 16| 79} 7| 29 1.30
Connellsville... 24 62 | 6 A124 dose book 16 80 | 25 OA Ae isn
Brownsville... --- 24 63 6, 15 10 )| SOROS 2 es 16 20 a 26.) 48.0 }.22.-.
New Castle .....- 24| 63 | 6| 5|314] 1.30 16| | 95| 20 1. 80
Beaver .......-.. 241 64] 6] see. 4 | 16) | 1495] 96 sip
Canonsburg... . | | 6) 9/a52]ieT| 8| | a) me 192
DELAWARE. / | ! | |
Tigres ees fe: 25| 68 | 6} 10|365/3.50| 17] 74 5| 32 6.50
Milford\.-........ 5) 772 6| 9 | 36.3] 1.90 | AU) aad 5 | 93. 6.90
MARYLAND. | |
/ | / j
Woodlawn ....... 25| 65 | 6} 2/31.4/214| 9} | 5| 29 7.33
Fallston ......... 251 64 6| 4]349)390) 93) 7 reas 3 6, 41
Sb Inigo’st os. . 2% 24,25 60 6 13) |PSRIZNGQ, 76 te SS Bee | oe oa else siete ae eae eee
Woodstock Col 25 64 6 | 4 | 33.1 | 2. 84 9 68 7 29 5. 70
Mt.St.Mary’s...| 25] 58 | 6}. 51 32513.15 23| 68) il eae: 6, 28
DIST. OF COLUMBIA. | )
| | |
Washington ..... a5} e1|- 6) 13/37.5/375/ 17] 69] 9 7) 3 5.30
|
VIRGINIA. | | le
j |
Johnsontown .... 26] 74 | 6| 16] 41.8|400| 16,17] 76 5,7] 35 6, 65
Capeville ........ 26/ 76 Bi) 20°} aaa ee ee | 16| 78|4,5,31| 40] 55.8}......
Hampton ........ 26 7 7 16 | 44.3 | 3.75 | 17 78 33 7.35
Surry C.H....... 20| 74 al: 19 | aa eee ae 16} 87 Sih ae 10. 05
ert Be ee stun 25) 66 Bar 13 a8 3 |. 2.34 537| Naa 5h) eat 5. 06
BROOIpN <2 = 2/3... 24.951 62 7 O }:S6/0 9 25 Jose. |i. | eo cla ore ne
Vieuna,.. ........ 25| 69 6) 12. | 87503 20 |. 000.2212). ee
Pema: pee 28 25| 65+ 6,15{ 15| 34.4 a5 ~ 15.) > e20F15, a 25 Hy Ep : =
edmont.....---. 25 70 6 10 | 37.2) 2 23 75 ¥
Piedmont Station. 25 70 15| 6] 36.0] 2.40 17 76 % 30 24 4. 80
Markham Station. 25 66 6 12 | 37.6 | 2.75 23 75 7 31 5.10
Keswick Station -| 20, 25 60 z 32 | SOME: 17 79 7 30 | 50.3 |....--
Staunton ........ 25 | 69 7} 10) 39.2] 3.45 | 16} | %29) 29 3.00
Lexington .- 20| 64 7 | 18 | Sawee 18 +| 15| 80 T | > ea 4,86
Lynchburg -.---- 20] 63 7 | 20 | 42.9 | 4.65 | 17 |. 741055, 291 936 575!
Near Wytheville. 26! 60 15| 14] 40.51 2.85 | 8 | Fae Beas 4.05

159

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §'c., for February and March—Continued.
» '

FEBRUARY. MARCH.
: . fo | ie Wee Re i=
5 ef § 2 | | 8 joer | alee
Nia a a | 2 |S & fe | 8 bie
Stations in States Bi] A es) i | | & ie
and Territories. £6 Se6/ 2 = beg |2=¢ | 2 S
Date. | Date. 4 Ey Ze | Date.) 53 | Date | oe) BI 5
ae 5 + ® 8 s aS s+ o q a
| g a E | 8 ie
E cae. aie Re Lapin)
oS | ord Oo = | @& = 7) 3
heed a A | FA la iA a |e
eee ——- aS = e
NORTH CAROLINA. |
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg. Deg. | Deg..\ In.
Goldsboro. ....--. 82 a 23 | 50.4 | 4.90 3,16 84 2 36 | 60.5 | 5.85
Oxiorte 2 2.52... 72 7 | 22 | 43.0 | 5.35 16 78 3) 28} 56.0) 7.70
Fayetteville...... (oy Ree a Oe es A AS a ee ae 16 80 5 38} 582) 8.85
Albemarle .....-- 73 “il 20 | 45.5 | 5.09 15 83 5 26 | 54.5] 5.61
MARLON VANE) See oo oe ea a alee eo ore emer ee at 15, 22,23) 76 28 30 | 47.7 | 6.25
Asheville .....-.. 65 15 O71 | 44.2 | 3.21 | 14,15 69 5 30 | 50.7} 5.30
Mors 223-22. =. 70} 10,28 Oo ST eG I eee ae gi ce! 5 QB Wy ots ONpiees =
SOUTH CAROLINA. |
SATKOR SW = 2. 22 DUA SES SASS ees Seo BE | 16 82 1,5 42 | 60.4) 3.14
Gowdeysville -... 64 7 2) | Spee 4, 57 | S|) . 48 5 32} 58.2] 9.13
| | | |
GEORGIA. j |
TBBRN ees se oe 26 77 | 20,28 36 | 56.3 | 1.95 26 | ° 78 1 36 | 60.1 7. 40
Mt. Mary’s. ------- 2 86 | 20,28 38 | 69.2 | 1.07 12, 16 82 1 40 | 64.3] 6.57
Quitman ......... 17, 25 77 19 39 | 60.8 | 4.59 15 81 5 40 | 64.2 | 10.50
Atlanta .......:.. 12, 20 69 38, 28 32 | 47.3 | 5.81 | 15 79 1, 29 33 | 55.0 | 5.37
MARGOT ope 2 Re ON, oa ae fh See wwick |e donee lesen s |oseh as 15 80 1,5 40 | 59.3) 5.40
| | }
ALABAMA | |
Roekville ........ 21,25 | 74 3| 28| 526)3.94 |.....2.. ae eee Bee A eT
Carlowville ...-.. 25 78 | 15 34 | 56.5 | 6.73 14,15 80 4 38 | 60.0 | 13.00
elie fy 52. 1/22: 25 77 | 15 34 | 57.7 | 5. 70 16 80 + 41 | 62.0 7.85
Moulton .....-... 25 72 | 14 32 | 50.9 | 4.09 14, 15 74 + 33 | 56.7 | 6.57
Greene Springs . a6| 76| 15] 29] 51.7 | 7.90 sis at aalig ow 1| 31) 580] 835
GoBiopa.= 2.2... a5 | 78 15| 31 | 54.8 | 5.40 [14,15,19!° 80 4| 36|59.8]| 6.80
FLORIDA. | |
Near Port Orange} 12,13 84 20! 32] 62.8] 0.95 27 87 7 45 | 67.3 | 3.38
Jacksonville ..__. 26 84 | 23} 43 | 64.0 | 1.8) 16 &7 E 42} 67.6 | 7.15
PUB Gea 22-2 2 26 90 | 19 | 40] 66.9 | 1.24 24, 26 88 aa 46 | 68.5 | 6.80
Newport......... 25 79 4,19 | 38] 60.0) 6.35 | 2) 9 5 39 | 62.5 | 11.85
| } |
TEXAS | / |
@larksville....... ap) wal 0 15 | tag 82 Sh 4k 1 G2 Betas
Houston -... 5... 25 83 1 32 89 + | 83 |' 65.2 |-----.
Galveston--....... 21 84 14 34 86 4 44 | 64.3 | 2.30
Wakland.; 525s: 21, 24 78 1| 30 83 4 38 | 65.0 1.75
and Wry 7...) 2... 24 76 ¥,12 32 82 4 42 | 62.9 | 1.20
“Ee ae 15| 76 | 1| 32 86 4] 42| 647] 2.07
Glintonr23. 2224 -: 21 19 | AL 31 81 3 45} 64.5 | 1.80
A GRU oss co. 21 80 | 14/| 31 83 . 43 | 63.1 | 2.13
| | : |
LOUISIANA. | | |
| |
New Orleans. .._.! 12 82 19 36 | 61.0 } 1.20 | 19,21 80 4,5 42 | 63.0] 4.55
Ponchatoula ..-.. | 6 82 19 | 36 | 62.7 | 4.35 18 8&5 4 40 | 65.6 | 6.35
MISSISSIPPI. | | | |
Columbus. ....--. 25 me 14 33 |} 52.9 | 8.47 14,19 “16 4 37 | 58.1 | 10. 49
Philadelphia ..--. 25 74} 14,15 32 | 54.7 | 8.30 19 79 4 36 | 59.2); 5.40
Near Brookhaven} 24,25 80 14 35 | 55.6 | 5:30 14] . 8 21 40 | 62.0 | 9.70
Clinton College --| 25 76 14 33 | 55.7 | 8.03 i4 81 4 44 | 60.7 | 11.38
Holly Springs..... 27 | 74 5| 27 | 54.0 | 7.00 20| 78 23| 34| 56.0 | 15.80
ARKANSAS. |
Helena .....-.... 20 78 3 BAN ial. Gae - < - 14 86 17 $31) 50.20) eee ae
Clarksville eo 120,22,23 2 14 eh 40. 0 Bt == 3 19 82 oy St | -5006 |e oaee
Mineral Springs .| 23 78 14 26 | 49.1 | 2.50 14,19 738 16' 341569] 732

160

Table showing the range of the thermomeier, §c., for cakes and Mareh—Continued.

um tempera-
ture.

yy Maxim
‘2

MARCH.

>
RL aohBH

—
we 0D Be

Bia
BRaRRSBBBS

-
Oe

FEBRUARY.
Saree ; aT oT j a =
& eto
Stations in States. ) 5 =i 2 =I
and Territories. | $6 | i2sg]| 2 E
| Date. | 25 | Date | .8 & | "So | Date.
| | 28 |s5| 2 | 22
| 4 e A
pars eed la a | 4
| a |S le
|
TENNESSEE. |
| Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
Elizabethton. - -.- | 24,25; 70| 10,28 25 | 41.9 | 2.85 15
Tusculum College, 25 68 10 25 | 45.6 | 2.50 16
Lookout Mount’n , 21 68 |10,14,27 SE: Via eae 15, 19
Clearmount. .-.-- 25) 70 | 3} 26 | 45.0 | 3.60 19
Austin... .--.--- 1 2a5 |" aan 3/ 24/462/672| 19
Clarksville.-...-. 21 69 | 13} 27 | 45.7 | 6.51 19
APTENUOW 228 2/552 / 22) 24 13; 29 | 49.9 | 3.00 19
La Grange ...-..- 22 74 | 13} 30] 47.0 | 5.50 | 19
KENTUCKY. | |
| } }
Pine Grove ...--- 23 65; 3,10! 20) 38.9} 4,91 | 16 |
Danyille =. o-. ==. 24! 68) 10 26 | 43.0 | 4.63 8,15 |
Shelby City. ----- 20 67 | 10 23 | 42.4 | 4.63 15
Near Louisville -. 23 67 | 3,6,10 23 | 39.5 | 5.7% 15, 19
OHIO. | hens | |
Rialemy 20. her te 24| 66 | 6| 4130.8/1.50| 16,20
New Wishons-f cs .e--s>4| eee eae Bera lesen + -) Hee 16
Steubenville --.--. : 24 63 | 6 13 | 35.0 | 1.82 16
Martin’s Ferry... 24 70 6 (Pi ie fo ee MeL Es
Painesville ...... 24 62 | 5, 6 6 | 28.5 | 3.30 8, 20
Milnersville -...-. Pace Bees peeecoe | RSace- leases | Seas 20
Cleveland......-. ; 24 64 6 | 6 | 29.0 | 2.07 20
‘Wooster .......-. 24 68 | ay Aa 3s) ea ae
Pennsville ...-.-- 24 66 | 8 12 | 33.1 | 3.21 15
Gallipolis -...--.--. 23,24) 68} 15 | 9 | 37.0 | 2.67 16
Oberlin .......... | "941 64 6 6 | 288 | 1.20 8,16, 20
Kelley’s Island -- 24 58 6 | Oo ene 2 O0 Nolen eee
Sandusky..-...... 24 64 | 6 10 | 31.2 | 2.73 | 16,20 |
Carson. fso. 22) ee 24 63 | 6 8 | 33.0 | 1.66 20
North Fairfield -.| 24 64 | 5, 6 8.) hee ase, 20
Gambier -222.2-:.. / 24 57 | 6 | 9 | 30.4 | 2.80 15
Momnt Gileades 22-2. .| sesee | 6 IOs eee ee Aas DAES 3 As)
Westerville .....- 24 64 | 6 13 | 34.1 | 1.50 15
Williamsport .... 25 Wi 6 15 | 33.7 | 2.74 16
North Bass Isl’d . 24) “seiko os) «8a bas. 40 8
Morion |). 2. . 2: 24| 61 6 7 | 30.2 | 1.84 16
Hillsboro ........ 24 62 | 13; 14 | 344] 3.56 15
Bowling Green .. 24! 65 | 13| 8 | 33.0 | 3.38 |15, 18, 30
Kenton < -5...i:.'.| 24 52 | 6 | 2.) (32544 (3.33 8
Bellefontaine .-..| 24 62 | a7) | A027 251. 15
Urbana Univ -..-.! 24 65 | 6 | 9 | 33.2'| 1.85 15
Bethel 2222 .- 22: | 23,24) 65} 6) e 918)) Bab 3.43 15
Carthagena .....-| 24 66 | 6 | 8 | 33.2 | 3.65 15
Jacksonburg..--. 23 64 | 6 | 16 | 33.4 | 3.84 20
Axford 2 sere see 23, 24 64 6,10 | 14) 32.2 | 3.63 15
Mt. Auburn Inst. 23 66 | 6 15 | 37.0 | 4.65 15
Cincinnati .......! 23) 68} 6 16 | SBiG) | 7-od- 8, 15
Moe eee deel 24 69 | 6 18 | 36.7 5. 10 15
College Hill. .....; 24 66 | 6 12 | 33.8 | 3.95 15
MICHIGAN.
i
ERO = 2-5-2 2 24] 68} G2. -2 | Sirona 8
Monroe City..... 24 67 | 13 0 | 29.8 | 1.05 2
Ann Arbor 24 61 | 5, 6 5 | 28.7} 2.89 8
Macon ...... 24 64 | 13 | — 3 | 28.8 | 2.55 8
‘Alpena .......... 24| 40 | 5| 2| 23.1] 1.40 |5,9,10,29
State Acr’l Col...) 24 57 6} —2| 2.71173] . 8
Olivet College. -..| 23 o2” 6 | — 2 | 25.2 | 2.92 8
Litchfield..-..... |) 331) BS 6 2/27.3}220| 8,15
Coldwater -..--...| 15 48 6 4 | 26.6 | 1.63 8, 16
Grand Rapids... 23 50 | 6 2 | 26.9 | 1.50 8
Ore. pO a3] en 6| 4| 276/144 8
Northport ....... 24} 46) a 2 | 24.3 | 1.67 25
Benzonia .-..--.- 16 51 | 11 0 | 25.9 | 1.79
Copper Falls..... 24) 42] 2|—7|142/3.70] 9,25
Ontonagon....... 22} 46 11 | —12 | 19.0 | 0.50 31

=
Be

2 iss

& tae dss

ei ela
q Oo

Ee] & tsk

B= | 3 | 85

= {

218 ila

—_ cs

a a is

Deg.| Deg.\ In.
98 | 51.4 | 4.25
99 | 52.2} 3.40
35 54.5 |..----
35 | 53.0 | 5,74
31 | 54.8| 6.37
33 | 53.0} 9.73
31 | 56.6] 8.20.
35 | 55.3 | 12. 80

} 30 | 51.5 | a4
32 | 52.8! 3.77
32 | 51.9} 4.19
98 | 50.7 | 7.29
20 | 43.2) 1.55
93 | 43.2} 2.39
26 | 48.0} 1.02
98 | 41.9! 3.50
oy Ran 2 (i a
26 | 41.4 | 3.92
98 | 47.4! 1.10
96 | 51.5 | 1.88
13| 41.0] 245
24| 42.6] 275
31 | 45.9 | 2.05
98 | 44.9] 2.16
9g | 44.2] 2.53
30 | 47.1 | 3.06
93 | 49.4 | 4.52
29 | 40.2} 2.88
a7 | 44.7} 3.53
30 | 47.5 | 3.42
27 | 47.0| 2.45
31 | 44.5 | 6.91
25 | 43.9} 3.57
28 | 46.9} 2.74
30 | 36.4 | 2.88
29 | 46.5 | 5.05
98 | 47.4] 4.27
221 45.6) 4.71
30 | 49.2] 3.84
31 | 49.0 | 3.57
31 | 49.6 | 4.30
28 | 46.6] 318
24 | 40.5 | 3.02
99 | 43.5 | 3.25 .
26 | 40.8| 2.15
98 | 42.5} 1.90
22 | 33.0 | 1.94
93 | 33.2] 3.31
22 | 38.6] 3.88
24 | 39.3} 3.80
20 | 39.4 | 1.95
04 | 34.1] 274
24 | 37.9 | 3.56
21 | 32.8] 3.58
5 | 25.9] 3.20
10 | 284] 2 40-

161
Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for February and March—Continued.

INDHIDTR 1O0DMO 100 hh 1AMO HOMO 1 IM + 1SHINMININSS Cie BH 19 12 1sSyeoemoe gs wt
“MOUS se SrOind NOOR aS Qo at + AS re RANKL SHS 1AwIs C3 1 1S IBA iat | His
ae ear dieneieas Yi 4 8 ote ' * Tie 5 oe pa OT soll Oa acd ga Pg aig aoe ro ey ar een . < : ' . .
peyeur pusv Urey WY kisdricsis sededesed 1S oi okotck wodoinios . Hs Hodricichtidl vricdos oa ot vob si edeis od: ot
: : ' oh ada '
LOOM RING 1OOONG it Pe HHORN ITARNNEMOIHOOCHOMMEINE HHE DIO DODOMRDOHAHDROOEN Hoc)
‘oamgeiod ato} UBAPT Sos cs St SS ier isd N ASSS 'SSaortidsHddsidcwnasrrssss isin SScsis os oigaaisr da io
Qa HHI os 1m ~~ HOD OD = RO CD SST SRE Sep Sept SSH sept sept se set epee pt ep sept eft qt eH! SRRSSSERRRSABHEA oO
SA aga , ieee S| en is esa conte gee a ee 7 Fi
ic : ° Heel} for Q DOM (ROIWNSSrHEROMSrINHSOR 1 i) Hine 19 S00
ary SRERAAR RAAB IBS BR RASS |\RARASARARARARRAARAARS TREARAGMAARN Aaa sie
_ | -eaodemey TOnTraT yy Q ' H sag ' i
jen] ee — ee = a ee a Ee eee
© . ~~ ' [ry ‘ 3 5 ba a) os CO GU GY et SH SH eit SN CS Be 09 09 6 0) ved =~) SH ed rd red et OD ret SH pet et ‘aoe
a £ SI I tas et, a apal otet Ov at SAAR AA Ra ct ata 4 Ph tae ro mw” Gt hs ae ae?
< s ~ ' nw Gt o we cidces we o oF
Q - i! Qs b oe hon ri 4 ov ~ re .
4 SDADDIO tHOARN Om QV OMIOtH (AH HOMOHNONDEDOHIOANNM HOWORSDOHMOMMOMYRD :
; Ae) SS See ie fe Be ee ee 2 i\Sroreer Saat ;
oan} Seer Per reer re EF PEOF CP Or Perr rere rerrorerrr BSBSSSESSSSRSSAG a
“B10 IO} TUN UTXB PL Q : H ‘ '
: MIMRQIOR’ udsinaiW usa D MOD NAMWIRAAMMININININNARRAHOININNE ASONDNDMIRnDHOHMDMMHOMS ‘a
2 eT) ee ee | mo SB ORR GUD GY Sl oO ie)
e 5 ot : ' or oS w o ‘
A and ; a
oo. , , 5 a Pe Se SED EM Ge OSS ae A aa eS Pi . 7 -
. : Ly 2) Ina ' irr) > Soc ' t ado} So +1 (On nS nS Aar om .Q (— 2S iv) So ioe} Hin
MOUS SRRBSSSBSSS IFS 1B Bi ‘\SRNS 1SSER 1S: 1SSSAS is + Oma RS iS iR8 iBRBSRSS iB: De
CO ae ee eee ae ‘ . . 5 . . , . . * * LU . . . . J . ’ * . . . . . . : , . . . . * , . ‘ . ‘ . . . . . a . , . a
eyo puw UPeyL Noisidisictcdcdci ida isi GH tdci iinbddat iat idhdnatidinad isda AS td in indies ids ns
Yeoh Se oe ee ee Spore aes as f : DE Sr a
7 a HOM MNOrINNOHINSD IDF MHMININAHDOSOHMMHOINOOMHDNOMAAH DOM AHOHNE DINE OUI ov
“‘OINPER.LOGUTO} TBO Ssscreasacasisssans 5 SASSid ne asitittrraddaidtdscdrtsacags G1 1S 18 08 668 oS.16 18 18 oF 2S od 16 a8 Haid a)
ses , Aw QRSESRBRRBRBRAAS BH FAL GIO OF GY.OS GR OF GR GU GT GRY 69 OD 29 SH GLO OB GLO OD OD GE GR G2 Ct GY OY GY GR ON OF Gt rt ORGY GU 4
: 6 iat Quis +s Ll HMHMHOSOONM | oa ) HAHAH HH RDO
‘ oan} Sto Resa aa mt 3 | RRA Rae Re Se eat solic nee eke head ie Seta er ova eae st
Bi | “exodure} “urnuryOTIA Q es} i Oe | | telat) OV ls Se sd Se a oa ||
3 : oepecenescoooonse S ceosesceseansonocenomoomnmcnas cs HOCCOON 'HOOCOnAAS i)
a oS o ; of ' Se
g Q ° ‘ mw rm
c SH DIF NOORVIMNGOONM-D ecbel HOON relies) MOmDo229 09 CODAGrODRNOOONONN a
OM} RPOGSoSSSSCOSHSOSOS 8 SS4SSStRASSSRERBSSESRSSRSLE SH OSH Sr SHO HG 1G Faw Ha 1 aa +
-“e1odu19} TUNMALXVTT Q
| : OM MAMMA MAH HOM aS Dm co 99 69 29 MH MOMMMmND sH 00 sh xt PebedockeoRaclacliaclscl ©
S RRRARARAAAARAR & RARARRARRRRSRARRARARARAAGGA tc oh OF SF GG St BF OO CHA 4
3 os x r os oes errs) :
ee Q oe oe é oe ate & Gt ot a &
Sac a Ot ee ee Se = eee) ae ees Fae ent te sa LOS ao = aa Se
Se ee a ean Oey aN tat Oo te eae lar SARE RFE OREO Ts RT STRUTT Lo SD Oi gee. ‘ \
- Fle +L Tett WiecTRO DaeC rtie at Vi Peat 22 Uy re *. Tih ah tame: SA Ley cep Te, 1) cote: staat @ hepa, 0 cece ny .¢ ie Cer © Come esr vl a, tet 8 ' Leet
a3 RRRRECR EROS cece pee eRRRR ECT (RED R RA SRR R BERR.
aS DE Ue te Ores Uaatauiet Li SEE eC Oe aM AMC ETT Sc AEROBIE pee CP MRR N eres tion bt i 1 Ee ana ae :
et | rp Raa Ugh ac RO a Lr a oa ae UIC TS CORD Ck Cnc oth is fer 2 AD at ae AL ea ay terre gc weralw wn Wh tgnny LE pee
ne Taher detec Bey oto Fs nitt ae t sRig co a i ag le peg Pot dba a gL Tago TN Ses :
A=} z tates doe ene a TiggcSS Taney rede nee Sv At ao MGces eat cane DS mT Le Ee oe Pehla shite ot ett otal aie at
AE ee eS ouis | ee ; oF Bt Pain rie ane 1 $05.5 coca SD as. nee SAEs ie 1 Bt M
H eae = = = =e 6-0 — ee | oO gppekt ad Saeed a0 ae
no 45 ‘peo@nakags o FSGS e ARH (SHER a ta S BOR SM SE OC EUW co ey ie By HEoo.n a et |
ga Z FEraSeeae grees g & Cgassabos Sek osanneoasibag & SSESSE ARE SE SSH OS 55
v a a N. "Ao HAR ORNRV SA 7) is on 5, a0 ig DO. =| -
By BEE SSeMaoudee “" 6 yeseeoapasaah ApS son a e ag we Bod Oa sb Ay
. ed h 4 SHarasakFogopga eq2 co og Fao taaegou wes bb &
2g BAegaa sa iS a sl A Shand a SoRShas SaSsaaesaa Fang sé passage a
R 4p anOodAnmma RESOS4SeAnePo AMPAcHedoqE 8 86FeHAOP RRR |

162

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §¢., for February and Marech—Continued.

FEBRUARY
a 3 | S
= 5 2 ls
2 = & fe o
Stations in States F] g S =|
and Territories. 2.3 S|) is E
Date. = | Date. 5 a |36
‘ He Be | aa
= 5 Ss) aa
& atl tg
I = a |
4 -— Oo [4
A A Aa |e
MINNESOTA—Con. |
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
Minneapolis ..-.. 3 44 10 | —24 | 17.9 | 0.28
Leech Lake..-.--- 22 37 9,12 | —20,)46.2 }..L2 2°
SSIS, ci 5 ba oreo fh si se a= | OES SE oie =| ee eee eee le
RHINE ae 25- shin. = 23 AT 12 | —17 | 19:2 | 0.48
Litchfield. ....... 24 39 10 18 | 18.4 | 0.78
New Ulm...-.-..-- 4, 23 44 12 | —11 | 20.0 | 0.44
Oak Lake........ 2 | 40 10 | —14 | 17.2 | 0.65
IOWA
Clinton). 25-525 20 68 | 10,13 | —10 } 28.0} 1.20
Dubuque -.-.----- 23 54 13 | — 3 | 27.5 | 1.55
Monticello.....-. 23 56 13 | —12 | 26.4 | 3.00
murant, ¢ 22. ---- 23 54 13 | — 9-| 26.7 | 1.70
Bowen's Prairie..| 23, 35 54 10 | —12 | 26.0 | 2.40
Fort Madison. ... 22 59 13 | — 8 | 30.2 | 2.57
Guttenberg -.---. 24, 28 46 13°} —19 | 25.5 |-...-.-
Monnt Vernon... 23 52 9,13 | — 8 | 25.6 |}.-.-...
Towa City.-...--- 23 53 13 | —13 | 26.2 | 3.10
Independence. ... 23 51 10 | —10 | 24.8 | 2.45
Near Independe’e 23 55 | 10,13 | —1i | 24.1 | 2.95
Rockford .......-. 23 50 10°} 954] SSO OL a es
Towa Falls....... 23 58 12 | —10 | 25.3 | 5.59
Rivorwa meio 23, 23 50 12 | —14 |} 21.2 } 1.05
Webster City---. z 54 10,12 | —10 | 24.2 } 1.99
Boonesboro . ----- 23 63 9,10 | — 8 | 24.4 | 3.05
PAGO. 2b! ee 2 23 56 10 | — 4 | 26.6 | 1.99
Fontanelle.-.-..-.. 23 68 9 | —7 | 27.5 | 4.10
Grant City. .-...-. 23 58 12 | —17 | 24.3 | 2.60
Sac City -.....-.- 23 55 12 | —12 | 22.9 | 5.00
Horan Ss. de 4. .- 23 68 12 | —11 | 28.2 | 3.10
TG NIAMS cor. = eres 23 62 12 }'——30) [Pease ese
Wocdbine ....--- 23 69 8 | — 8} 27.7) 1.12
West Union ..... 23 55 10 | —11 | 26.6 | 1.51
MISSOURI. '
St. Gionis: 5. .-2--- | 23 72 10 20 | 40.4 | 2.84
sAenton: <A... 23 74 13 15 | 39.0 | 4.21
Hematite ........ 23 75 1,10 21 | 42.5 | 3.63
Hannibal)... <-: 23 72 13 | — 4 } 33.6 |} 2.80
Tiga (Se ake 2 es 19, 22 70 14 10 | 40.4 | 2.86
Keytesville ...... , 20 65 13 | — 5 | 35.1 |.--.--
Jefferson City. -.. 23| 70 13 re) AD es
Willard socks 22 73 9 10 | 40.4 | 2.74
Cave Springs =. 2522s tee tae amen ale eee 2 | 8 eee
Kansas City. -..-- 19 68 13 | — 2} 35.0 | 1.14
Orévon 2. 45-66) 23 7 9,10 0 | 32.8/3.11
Corning .-2. 22.5 23 72 13 | — 3 | 32.7} 1.93
KANSAS. .
Atchison ........ 23 74 13 | —10 | 33.4 | 2.40
Williamstown 20 74 13 | — 4 | 38.5 | 4.30
SA TRE ere 20 75 13 | — 5 | 38.5 | 4.57
Leavenworth .... 23 70 13 | — 9 |} 33.8 | 2.89
ORC a 22, 23 70 12 | — 3 | 35.1 | 1. 60
ion Oh 23 76 13 | —16 | 36.7 | 1.73
Baxter Springs .. 22 72 13 14 | 43.4 | 2.60
iLawrence........ 22, 23 12 13 | — 6 | 35.3 | 2.43
Holton +. 2..--..-.. 23 72 12 2} SPOR ek us
LOO ss2 5-62. - 22, 23 72 13 | — 7 | 38.9} 3.41
Pa en | 955.2 2155444] See 4 Gee ee <). | ae
State Ag’l College 23 71 12,13 3 } 36.0 | 2.48
Council Grove - -. 23 72 13 | —10 | 36.5 | 3.10
Douglas .....-.-. 20 74 13!}—6!39.7'2.15

Date.

¥ | Mean temperature.

ow
S
DOMOUN-H-:

1)
pet

snow.

Rain and’ melted

NNYNHOOS

at et _
we =2 00

#eees

Pee

.

SPESEP

.

MARCH.
a | 2
Z g
| =|

o, oO.

a8 | Date. | _§

gh | |e
5 a
3 *
z =

Deg.

3 3

3,13 0

3);—2

3|—1

1,3 2

3 8

24 26

1 27

3 18

3 22

3 16

3 24

3 4

3.13 | 119

3 20

3 16

3 16

3 16

3 18

3 15

3 20

23 20

16 20

16,21 | 20

27 17

3 34

17 26

4 26

3 238

17 25

3 22

3,17] 30

27 19

Q27 26

16 22

16,27} 20

93,27 | 24

3,16,20| 26

3 26

3,16 |. 24

3 24

3 24

3,27| 30

316 | 26

16}. . 22

3 27

3,16] 2

16 22

3 20

16 25

SRASEERSESRSSSS
CLOW OWNW AR OUWO2HO

SSSRASSSARSSSS

Pees

163

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for February and March—Continued.

FEBRUARY. MARCH.
: : ie es , 7 ites
; ute’ pele : zi g(|%
= ah OS a | a = ra) & 3 o
Stations in States Fa g s | | | S, =|
and Territories. £ s oe 2 E 23 ew = a) 5
Date. & | Date. | _# 22 | Date | Date.| .& | & [oe
Bs Fe a Aaa =) a5 8 Aad
Br = g wn r= of ® qa
a g iat | Ns
13 BS =| : B a
I a a | a a 3s |} 4
Ss — oO a a | o =
A a | a8 |e A a ja |e
Kansas—Cont’d. |
Deg. Deg. | De In ,| Deg. |) Deg.| Deg.) In.
Plum Grove. ----- 22 60 1 Rea BUS BG eo eee Be Be Sos ee Pm oe ec] mee see
Girard 222 +. 23 72 13 i) 22 Oa bs al ee Sees ee Se A (eS see eae
Burlingame ---.-- 20 vi 13 EN SC Pee 14} § 16 21, P49 ee
f |
NEBRASKA. | | |
Omaha agency - -- 22], 68 12 | — 9} 31.1] 1.00 14 80 16 164 Sass se
SOU a= = oe er 23 67 12 | —13 | 28.3 | 1.37 14 81 16 18 | 40.6 0. 82
Bellevue .-.------ 23 70 123 | — 8} 31.5, [1.60 14 85 16 22 |; 42.8 0. 40
Nebraska City - - - 23 72 12 | —10 | 30.1 | 1.30 | 14 84 16 19 | 42.3 0.21
New Castle .--.-- 3 70 |7, 10, 25 i) 52 5.| Oa Sse = eee eee eee Cee eee
|
UTAH. |
Coalville.2--..-.. 18 49 25 | — 5} 27.8 ; 1.55 12 56 2 LG SS aba S eee
Camp Dongias -.-| 27 53 8, 25 19 | 32.5 | 2.44 12} 64 2 19} 38.7] 3.57
CALIFORNIA.
|
Monterey ------- 2, 26 61 23 37 | 48.2 | 2.64 3 77.5 3, 22 38 { 53.0] OSL
@hico) 2. 3232.5 53-2 4 68 16, 24 34 | 47.3 | 3.65 31 81 21 38 | 55.0 0. 90
Watsonville -.--- 4 70 2, 23 32 | 49.9 | 5.45 29 83 18 29 | 52.6 0. 40
Cahtouct-2. 222 2 | 64 oo Aas 1 a AT ee ee Ea CRS RE“ O, 6.
Wisalineics- soe 18 70 23 29 | 47.2 | 1.56 30, 31 83 14 32) Sat Geese
: 3, 12, 11, 15,
Taylorsville... 26| 67 ; a 28 | 41.9 |.... { i oe ; 64 08 | 32] 48.7 |...---
San Diego. -...---. 28 70 17 BGHtSL G4) Wee ss S. eee Pee Peer Coe eee
MONTANA. : | | !
Deer Lodge City-|- 26 52 11 | —31 | 23.5 | 0.88 | 3i 55 22 Bil 3225 1.30
Missoula........- 2t 51 11 | — 4 | 29.5 | 0.00 30 55 10 Pv fa f Po 1.47
Virginia City... 19 49 1h | —AQs| SH Tie oo. 12 56 10 6 | 33.5 2. 00
WASHINGTON.
Cathlamet .--...- 26 54 11 So) AY 2) |e te ane 30 68 29 By ee Eee
Port Angeles ---.|17, 25,26] 48 |8, 11,12 Se AS 21 TONE IS Saeco Ma ose) Bk Sa IS ee ee
COLORADO.
Denver City ..--- 20 66 1 13 | 38.5 | 0.23 13 68 9 10 | 46.0 1. 81
Colorado City...-. 21 72 2,12 9 | 37.1 | 0.55 13 76 2 15 | 44.9 0. 71
Golden City....--. 21 70 il 12 | 41.1 | 1.00 13 72 15 20 | 43.0 1.40

164

NOTES OF THE WEATHER.
FEBRUARY, 1871.

Orono, Me.—Auroras 10th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 21st.

Williamsburg, Me. — Auroras 10th, 11th; mean heat. of winter 12.45°.

West Waterville, Me.— Auroras 10th, Lith, 21st; wells and streams
low.

Gardiner, Me.—Month 2°.06 warmer than February average of thirty-
five years, and 1.55 inches less moisture than average of same period.

Standish, Me-—Wheeling till 8th; good sleighing 15th; snow gone
24th.

Oxford, Me.—Dry winter ; little good sleighing ; streams low.

Cornish, Me.—W inter like March and April; February, 19 inches snow.

Strafford, N. H.—Very cold 4th, 5th; snow on fifteen days, 20.78
inches.

Tamworth, N. H.—Ground bare 28th; wells low or dry.

Contoocookville, N. H.—Thaws 1st, 25th ; hard winter on grass fields.

Goffstown Center, N. H.—Warm 234 to 28th; many wells still dry.

Innenburg, Vt.—Month cold and clear ; Mareh less snow than usual.

Hast Bethel, Vt—Smallest amount of sleighing in fifty years.

Woodstock, Vt. —Drought partly relieved by rain and snow of 18th.

Georgetown, Mass. —_Sky nearly cloudless for seventy hours 4th to 7th.

Mendon, Mass.—Bright aurora 10th; snow gone; roads muddy;
wells rising.

Innenburg, Mass.—Severe wind and cold 3d, 4th, 5th; sleighing 13th
to 17th.

Southington, Ct.—Southeast wind melted the snow and caused freshet
18th; bluebirds 25th; mean heat of the winter 279.17.
Garrison’s, N. Y.—Month cold; much snow; ice yet on the Hudson.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—No heavy storms of snow, rain, er wind; only
ten days sleighing ; winter mean heat 3° below last winter.

North Hammond, N. Y.—Month mild, open; coldest day of winter 5th.

South Trenton, N. Y.—Snow (23.72 inches) on fourteen days; changeful
month.

Middleburg, N. Y.—Streams low; only five days good sleighing.

Depauville, N. Y.—February mean 29.5 above the last, and 1° above
the average of seven years; pleasant month, except a few days.

Palermo, N. Y.—The winter was 22° warmer than average of seven-
teen winters; snow-fall this winter was 45.75 inches.

Buffalo, N. Y—Month 1° above average of thirteen years; very
changeable, and two days sleighing; winter rough, stormy, but not very
cold.

Newark, N. J—Month 2° below average ; of twenty-seven Februaries
only seven were colder; less snow, rain, and wands than usual.

South Orange, N. J. Auroras 10th, 21st, 22d; sleighing from 23d
ultimo ended by rain 18th; traveling heav y:

Carlisle, Pa.—Coldest morning in two years 6th; robins, bluebirds,
23d.

Fountain Dale, Pa.—Bluebirds; snow and frost gone 28th.

Tioga, Pa.—Snow gone; ice out of the river 28th.

Grampian Hills, Pa—Good roads, and fine month for out-door work.

Connellsville, Pa.—Crows 23d ; frogs heard; bluebirds 26th.

Brownsville, ’Pa. —Pleasant month ; much plowing done.

Beaver, Pa.—Month nearly 4° warmer than in 1870,

165

Milford, Del.—Brilliant aurora 10th; weils rising 20th; pleasantest
day 25th.

Woodlawn, Md.—Ice leaving the Susquehanna 24th to 28th; snow
visible all month, and 14.2 inches fell in the month, but very little
sleighing.

Hampton, Va.—Robins 1st; crocus 23d; willow in leaf 25th; frogs
28th.

Surry, Va.—Month wet, cloudy ; little farm work done; coldest win-
ter day December 25, warmest 26th inst.

Piedmont, Va.—Distant thunder, frogs, doves cooing, 25th; no snow,
roads good, springs low for the season.

Lynchburg, Va.—Bright aurora 12th; nearly a foot of snow this month.

Wytheville, Va.—Blue birds 11th; bright aurora 12th; doves cooing
20th; thunder and lightning, frogs, 21st; snow 22d, 27th.

Albemarle, N. 0.—Wet month, no snow; crocus and daffodil 25th.

Unionville, S. C—Thunder and lightning 5th; frogs 28th.

Berne, Ga.—Thunder and lightning 9th, 13th, 24th, 26th; destructive
gale and drenching rain 18th; frost 28th.

Quitman, Ga.—Thunder-storms 1st, 12th, 13th, 26th; heavy wind and
rain storms 17th. ,

Rockville, Ala—Thunder 5th, with lightning 12th; Chickasaw plum
blossoms 20th, peach tree 23d.

Coatopa, Ala.—Frost, ice, 15th; peach and plum blooming 18th.

Moulton, Ala.—Month mild and pleasant, last days summer-like, frosts
15th and 19th; rains sufficient.

Jacksonville, Fla.—Mean heat of month about 2° above average, rain-
fall below average, vegetation forward.

Sand Fly, Te.c—Heel flies 22d; peach and plum trees in full bloom
26th.

Bluff, Tex.—Thunder and lightning 6th; peach blossoms 15th, leaf-.
ing 28th; plum blossoms 20th; red mulberry leafing 16th.

Clarksville, Ter—Vegetation forward, but too wet for farming.

Austin, Tex.—Frost 1st, 14th; peach blossoms 15th, plum 21st.

Ponchatoula, La.—Blackberry and wild apple in bloom, mocking birds.
nesting, young figs plentiful, 28th.

Brookhaven, Miss.—Doves 3d; green lizards 17th; toads 20th; large
butterflies 22d; only white frost this month, 28th.

Helena, Ark.—Tornado with thunder and lightning, destroyed lives.
and houses, 17th.

Clarksville, Ark.—Frogs 4th; frost 13th; wind and rain storms 23d.

Elizabethton, Tenn.—Thunder-storm 5th; tree toad 20th; freeze
28th.

Greenville, Tenn. —Remarkable thunder-storm 5th and 6th.

Shelby City, Ky.—Frogs 19th; but little snow all winter.

Pine Grove, Ky.—Thunder showers 5th; sleet, snow, hail, 6th.

Salem, Ohio.—Auroras 3d, 10th; meadow larks 22d; robins 24th.

Painesville, Ohio.—The driest month in a very dry winter.

Cleveland, Ohio.—Robins 20th; violets 24th; ice in the river broken
up 25th; February temperature for sixteen years, 299.18; winter, 299.16 ;
for sixteen years, 289.96. ;

North Bass Island, Ohio.—Crows 21st; bluebirds 24th; hawks 25th.

Bowling Green, Ohio.— Robins, bluebirds, 14th; no thunder-storms.

Urbana, Ohio.—Mean temperature 3°.08 above last February, and
nearly 3° above the February average of nineteen years.

Jacksonburg, Ohio.—Rain, hail, sleet, 5th, 12th; snow-storm 27th.

Detroit, Mich.—Snow, heavy rain, snow, 17th, 18th; bluebirds 24th.

6

166

Ann Arbor, Mich—Month open, moderate; bare ground at close.

Litchfield, Mich.—Robins, bluebirds, 28th. Little sleighing this month.

Grand Rapids, Mich—Much sleighing (64 days) this winter.

Northport, Mich.—Coldest winter day 5th. Winter mild, good sleigh-
ing; earth now bare, and bay and lake opén.

Copper Falls, Mich.—Splendid auroras 11th, 12th; sheet lightning 23d.

Onionagon, Mich.—Warm, pleasant month; little ice in lake.

Fort Wayne, Ind.—Auroras 10th, 16th; frost out of ground, third
time, 22d.

Vevay, Ind.—First copious rain in many months 17th; robins 24th,
crocus 25th; rain all day and night 25th, 26th.

Mount Carmel, Ind.—First heavy rain in several months 17th, 18th.

New Harmony, Ind.—Thunder-storms 5th; heavy rains 16th, 17th,
25th. ;

Aurora, Til.—Best and most sleighing in twenty years.

Belvidere, [ll.— Good sleighing till 23d; very high wind 24th.

Wyanet, Lll—A hazy month, some days very thick.

Hennepin, 11.—Thunder-shower 24th. Month mild.

Havana, Ill—Thunder 5th ; ice out of river 18th; robins 24th.

Dubois, [il.— Bluebirds 4th; frogs 7th ; all-day rain, flood, 17th.

Mount Sterling, [il.—sSpring birds 10th ; roads drying, frost gone, 27th.

Oquawka, Ill.—Heavy wind and rain with lightning 24th.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Heavy storm—at San Franciso 20th; at Corinne,
Utah, 21st; at Cheyenne 22d; at Omaha 23d; here 24th; reached
- Portland, Me., 25th. [In some places rain, snow, hail, attended by
wind and lightning. | .

Embarrass, Wis.—Auroras 10th, 11th, 12th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 26th.

Tunnel City, Wis —Thunder-storms 23d, 24th; snow gone, freshets,
28th. Ground frozen three feet deep. 1 .

St. Paul, Minn.—Only cold spell of winter 9th to 14th; lightning, no
thunder or rain, 24th. Warmest winter in twelve years, except 186263,
:and 186869.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Mildest February since 1865.

Oak Lake, Minn.—Most beautiful February known here.

Bowen's Prairie, lowa.—Severest gale this winter, 28th. Month warm.

Guttenburg, Iowa.—No sleighing all winter; fine season for cattle.

Independence, Iowa.—Winter very mild and even temperature.

Boonesboro’, Iowa.—But two inches rain and melted snow from No-
vember 10th to 23d instant. February free from storms or rough winds,
generally.

Hematite, Mo.—Martins 16th ; frogs 20th; meadow larks 23d.

Rolla, Mo.—Month nearly 4° warmer than in 1870.

Oregon, Mo.—Auroras 12th, 13th, 16th, 20th, 24th, 27th.

Atchison, Kans.—Brilliant aurora 12th ; heavy thunder-storm 23d.

Plum Grove, Kans.—Thunder, hail, 23d; frogs, blackbirds, 24th. .

Council Grove, Kans.—First thunder-shower 16th, with hail 23d.

Nebraska City, Neb—ULatter part of month very pleasant.

Newcastle, Neb.—Little snow this winter, weather pleasant.

Watsonville, Cal_—Gale and thunder-storm 20th ; willow in leaf 28th.

Visalia, Cal.—Winter colder than usual.
Deer Lodge City, Mont.—Auroras 11th, 12th, white light.
Missoula, Mont.—Bright auroras 11th, 12th, streamers.

167
MARCH, 1871.

Cornish, Me.—Robins and bluebirds 6th; ground bare 19th.

Oxfor d, Me.—Farmers plowing on 18th; this has not occurred in
March since 1838.

Standish, Me-—Some have done part of their sowing on light high
ground,

Gardiner, Me.—Auroras 1st, 10th,-15th, 19th, 22d, 24th, 28th. The
month 23° warmer than ever known before.

Contocookville, N. H.—An unparalleled March ; no goodsleighing; only
6 inches of snow; bare ground nearly all the month ; auroras ist, od,
15th, 19th, 22d.

Panton, Vt.—Began plowing 14th; aurora 28th.

East Bethel, Vt. —Mean temperature of the month 5° higher than for
five years preceding.

Geor getown, Mass.—Sleighing only on the morning of the 28th; auro-
ras Ist, 2d, 19th, 24th.

New "Bedford, ‘Mass. —Bluebirds 1st; thunder 25d.

Lunenburg, Mass.—The mildest March since 1851.

Middletown, Conn.—The mean temper ature higher than shown by the
records of thirteen years.

Garrisons, N. Y. —Weather mild first part of the month; cold the
latter part.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—The mildest March for twenty-two years; rob-
ins 4th.

North Hammond, N. Y.—Extraordinary season for maple sugar, trees
averaging four to five pounds each.

North Depauville, N. Y.—The mildest March for thirty-five years ; no
sleighing; auroras 9th, 10th, 17th, 20th, 22d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th.

Buffalo, N. Y.—The "temperature of the month 73° higher than the
March average of thirteen years.

Greenwich, “N. J.—Farmers plowing 2d.

Fallsington, Pa.—The warmest March since 1865.

Factoryville, Pa—The temperature of the month was 7°.5 above the
March mean of seven preceeding years.

York Sulphur Springs, Pa.—Faint aurora 10th.

Woodlawn, Md.—The first part of the month was very mild; the lat-
ter part cold; aurora 24th.

Mt. St. Mary’s, Md.—The temperature of March warmer than for sey-
eral years past.

Surry my Court-House, Va—The month has been windy, very wet, and
variable.

Albemarle, N. C.—Peach-tree bloom nearly over on the 26th, and ap-
ple and pear trees in full bloom.

Macon, Ga—Oaks begin to bud 9th; terrific wind siete of 11th;
wind-storm 26th, throwing down trees, with much thunder and light.
nin

Moulton, Ala.—An unusually damp and rainy March; the ground
during most of the month too wet to plow or plant; the spring is unu-
sually. forward.

: re he Fla.—Violent thunder-storm on the 30th, accompanied by
ai

Oakland, Tex.—Potatoes in bloom 15th; heavy thunder-shower from
the west, night of 25th.

Brookhaven, Miss.—Heavy rain and hail-storm from the northwest, p. m.
of 11th, lasting half an hour; heavy wiud-storm passed at the north-
west on the 26th, greatly damaging farms, we.

168

Elizabethton, Tenn.—An unusually warm March; the season about a
week earlier than usual.

Arcadia, Ky.—First bloom of strawberry 16th; aurora 17th, 9 p. m.

Cleveland, Ohio— Auroras evenings of 15th and 17th.

North Fair ‘field, Ohio.—First thunder-shower 15th; the season quite
two weeks earlier than usual.

North Bass Island, Ohio—Heavy gale from west night previous to
1st; ice in Lake Erie broken up 1st; heavy thunder evenings of 2d and
14th; aurora 17th; very heavy white frost 18th and 25th.

Urbana, Ohio.—The month warmer than any March for twenty years
past.

Bethel, Ohio—The month has been very changeable, though not very
cold; plowing done most of the month.

Algena, Mich.—Auroras 10th and 17th.

Ann Arbor, Mich.—An unusually pleasant J ee navigation on the
Detroit and St. Clair opened 19th.

Vevay, Ind.—Brilliant aurora 17th.

Spiceland, Ind.—The finest March for many years.

Charleston, Il.—Aurora 17th; the earliest spring for several years.

Belvidere, Ill—The month unusually mild and even; good plowing
since 8th; some grain sowed 15th.

Manitowoc, Wis.—Auroras 24th and 27th.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Ice left the Milwaukee River 9th.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Ouly one warmer March during the last six
years; bluebirds 28th.

K oniska, Minn.—On the prairies the ground is frozen more than three
feet deep, ‘and plants usually a hardy have been killed ; very
little snow until March.

Clinton, Iowa.—First boat up the river 9th; bluebirds and robins
10th.

Durant, Towa.—Aurora 17th.

Independence, Lowa.—A very warm and pleasant March, and remark-
able for the amount of thunder and lightning; farmers commenced sow-
ing grain by the middle of the month.

Los gan, Iowa.—No rain during the month; such a March has not been
known here since 1850.

St. Louis, Mo.—On the 8th, 2.30 p. m., a destructive tornado swept
over the river aud a part of East St Louis, its course being apparently
from south to north, nearly. At its commencement the sky was as
dark as night.

Hematite, Mo.—Heavy thunder-storm from the south on the 8th at
1.30 p. m.; aurora 17th.

Cave Spring, Mo.—A sudden change from warm to cold about 5 o’clock
p.m. 8th; strawberry blossom April 1.

Leavenworth, Kansas.—The average temperature of the month 11°.3
higher than that of last March.

Paola, Kansas.—On the 8th a storm from the northwest, commencing
with small hail and from that changing to a violent snow-storm, with
heavy thunder and sharp lightning.

Williamstown, Kansas. —Blackbirds 1st; plowing 2d.

Bellevue, Neb— Aurora 17th; a very pleasant and dry March.

Nebraska City, Neb—Farmers generally began plowing and sowing
about the Ist.

Denver, Col. Ter.—The month unusually windy and cloudy, and its
mean temperature 13°.3 higher than that of last March; first rain 24th
and 25th.

: |

MONTHLY REPORT

OF THE

MAY AND JUNE

1871.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.
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MONTHLY REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICAL DIVISION,
Washington, D. C., June 20, 1871.

Sir: I present herewith for publication a condensed statement of the
acreage and condition of the growing crops, together with a variety
of extracts from the correspondence of the Department; also, arti-
cles on beet-sugar manufacture; on the climate of Santa Barbara ;
temperature and rain-fall of certain stations in northeastern Ohio;
list of market prices of farm products; agriculture in Italy; the game
laws of Prussia; scientific notes; meteorological tables, and notes on
the weather, &c.

J. R. DODGE,
Statistician.
Hon. HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner.

CONDITION OF THE CROPS IN JUNE.

The meteorological peculiarity of the season has been the recurrence
of severe frosts in the interior areas, the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.
In the former the severest occurred April 19 to 25, killing fruits and
injuring grain crops; and the absence of rain is noted throughout this
region, in some places for a period of eight weeks together ; but showers
in the latter part of May have been quite general, and exceedingly
timely and refreshing. West of the Mississippi heavy frosts occurred
early in April, one on the 15th destroying much fruit in Kansas. In the
Gulf Coast States, on the contrary, rain was abundant both in April
and May, attended with a low temperature as in the section north of
them.

While the planting and germinating season was generally cool, it was
commenced at an early date, being preceded by a spell of genial and
sunny weather; the temperature of the soil has not been reduced by
evaporation of heavy falls of rain; consequently the crops of all but the
cotton States are more advanced than usual, and the grain harvests are
commencing a week, in some places ten days, earlier than their cus-
tomary date.

WHEAT.

The wheat acreage of the country has been increased. The averages,
as carefully calculated from our returns, in comparison with the breadth
sown last year, show an increase in the following States: New York, 1
per cent.; New Jersey, 2; Ohio, 6; Michigan,4. Wisconsin, 4; Minne-
sota, 10; Iowa, 15; Kansas, 30; Nebraska, 25; Oregon, 3. A small de-
crease appears in the New England States; in Pennsylvania, a reduction

172

of 2 per cent.; Maryland, 3; Kentucky, 2; Indiana,2; Mississippi, 2;
and South Carolina, 8. The average increase in acreage is estimated at
4 per cent., or about three-fourths of a million acres.

The condition of the crop in Massachusetts is placed at 14 per cent.
below an average; Connecticut, 6; New York, 2; Virginia, 8; North
Carolina, 18; South Carolina, 27; Georgia) 25; Alabama, 23; Missis-
sippi, 4; Texas, 14, Arkansas, 13; Tennessee, 26; Kentucky, 20; In-
diana, 3; California, 42. The States reporting superior condition are:
Delaware, 2 per cent. above average; Maryland, 2; West Virginia, 4;
Ohio, 7; Michigan, 6; Wisconsin, 6; Minnesota, 2; Ilinois,3; Lowa, 8;
Missouri, 4; Kansas, 9; Nebraska, 6; Oregon, 4.

The wheat plant in New England is suffering from drought in the
sandy and less elevated sections. Spring grain has been injured from
this cause in the mountain sections of Western Massachusetts.

Winter wheat is in fine condition throughout New York. Our cor-
respondent in Livingston County says it looks better than he has seen
it in the past forty-five years, though the spring grain is suffering from
drought, particularly on uplands. In Erie County, spring wheat has
had an unprecedented growth in the last ten days of May. In Onon-
daga wheat is beginning to head, and in some places is “ lodging” badly.
The growth of spring grains has been retarded in Clinton by a wet and
cold spring. Recent rains have greatly improved the crop in Seneca.
Drought has been severe in several sections, as in Albany, Livingston,
Suffolk, and other counties, causing injury to spring grains, but winter
wheat endures it well. <A fully average condition is reported through-
out the Middle States. There has rarely been a better prospect for
wheat in New Jersey, Ocean County furnishing the only unfavorable
report. In Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, it is stated that very heavy
showers have washed the pollen from the blooming wheat, and a reduc-
tion is feared in consequence.

The reports from Maryland are equally favorable as to average con-
dition. A few drawbacks are reported from the Hessian fly in Talbot,
‘Queen Anne, and St. Mary’s. In Talbot the joint-worm is troublesome.
While the injury in St. Mary’s, from the rust and fly, is severe, the
superior condition of the crop will compensate for this deficit and place
the prospective yield above the average. The following items are ex-
tracted from the returns:

Cecil County, Md.—Wheat, early in the spring, was uncommonly promising, but the
greater part of it was struck with an unusually early rust. In whole fields the leaves
turned yellow, and persons passing through them had the lower part of their garments
stained a brown color. The excessively hot weather in April, followed by heavy rains
and cool weather in the last of April and the first of May, probably caused this. At
present crops of all kinds are suffering from drought.

Queen Anne County, Md.—The Hessian fly has sadly thinned many fields of wheat, -
and the blades have been killed by redrust. Wheat passed out of blossom without
heavy rains or high winds, and is consequently entirely free from scab, which proved
so destructive last year. If the weather proves favorable for the next three weeks we
will harvest three-fourths of a crop. Had the usnal amount of fertilizers been used
last fall I think the crop would have been a full average.

In Virginia rust is reported in King George, Nansemond, Surry, Nel-
son, Chesterfield, Buchanan, Lee, Middlesex, Pulaski, and Lancaster ;
and the fly in Campbell, Chesterfield, King George, Augusta, and
Pulaski. While the general prospect is not very unpromising, there are
some counties in which the reduction is heavy, as will be seen by the
following extracts:

Buchanan County, Va.—Wheat suffering from excessive wet, hot, and sultry weather.

Rust in nearly every field. Great complaint of smut; some fields totally ruined. The

fallow erop very poor. .

173

Lee County, Va.—Rust has greatly damaged the wheat.

Clarke County, Va.—A heavy growth of straw in the northeastern part of the county ;
in others the report is less favorable. The crop of the county will probably be 5 per
cent. above an average.

Augusta County, Va.—The wheat is thin; some fields were seeded to oats. The fly
has done considerable injury. The wheat heads are long, however, and will probably
yield a good crop.

Spottsylvania County, Va.—W heat ripe sixteen days earlier than for many years. Very
little injury from disease or rust.

King George County, Va.—Wheat retains its promising appearance, but it can hardly
mature well while the ground is so saturated. Rust on several plantations. The re-
cent storms have thrown down the rank wheat. Crops are not uniform; some are
light and damaged by fly, and some by rust. Results uncertain; prospects by no
means favorable.

Nansemond County, Va.—Although we have had a very dry spring and considerable
rust, winter wheat is heavier, with larger heads, and altogether better than last year.
Birds are so destructive to smooth wheat that we cannot raise it; they injure the
bearded scarcely any.

Middlesex County, Va—The rust struck wheat as early as the 20th of April, and
before the 5th of May the lower blades were entirely dead, and now the fields through-
out the county are red, and farmers are offering their crops for half they cost them.

The prospect is less flattering in the Carolinas than in Virginia. Rust
has appeared in many sections, including the counties of Orange, Macon,
Stanley, Yadkin, Stokes, Mecklenburg, Gaston, Rockingham, Harnett,
Alamance, Beaufort, Union, Green, Davie, Anson, Montgomery, Cam-
den, Franklin, Perquimans, Bladen, Cowan, and Gates, in North Caro-
lina; and in Newberry, Union, Lexington, York, Spartanburg, and Rich-
land, in South Carolina. The fly has totally destroyed many fields in
Montgomery, produced some injury in Davie, and destroyed some early
fields in Orange, North Carolina; and injury from the same cause is
reported in Greenville and York, in South Carolina.

Pasquotank County, N. C_—We havea more perfect failure of the wheat crop than I
have ever known.

Mecklenburg County, N. C.—Wheat looked well up to the 20th of April, when a long
cold rain occurred. Rust prevalent. One farmer who sowed for 450 bushels, and who
expected 400 bushels one month ago, now thinks he will not have over 50.

Spartanburg County, S. C.—It was thought that wheat would be almost a failure
from rust, but it is filling remarkably well, and should the weather continue favor-
able, there will be a fair crop.

Union County, S. C.—Rust on the wheat and an insect in the roots.

Wheat is not a prominent crop in the South. The acreage of the
Gulf States appears to be but slightly increased. The reports of con-
dition are comparatively low, rust and the fly having wrought much
damage. The following items are from our correspondence :

Gordon County, Ga.— Wheat set back by cold rains and rust.
Dawson County, Ga.—Too much rain for wheat. Serious dainage by rust.
Talbot County, Ga.—Wheat crop reduced by immense numbers of rice birds feeding
upon it.
Murray County, Ga.— Wheat crop nearly ruined. On the bottom lands it has been
attacked by the fly, rust, and spot. Other crops promising.
De Kalb County, Ala—Wheat almost ruined by excessive rains. Some fields will not
be cut at all. Not over half a crop.
Randolph County, Ala.—Increased acreage in wheat. That sown in December look-
ing well; that sown in January is a little backward, though promising.
Washington County, Ark.— Prospect for winter wheat very good in early spring; early
sown wheat killed by frost the 25th of April; later sown more or less injured.
Madison County, Ark.—Early wheat killed by frost the 22d of April; farmers planting
their wheat fields with corn.
: Cherokee County, Teras—Wheat harvest commenced May 29; considerably damaged
y rust.
Dallas County, Texas.—Wheat poor, owing to the great quantity of rain.
Medina County, Texas.—A dry winter and severe spring frosts damaged the growth of
winter and spring wheat considerably ; the rains at the end of March came too late te
repair the injury.

174

Grayson County, Texas.—Damaged by rust, which appeared early ; quality fair, but
kernel not well filled.

Burnet County, Texas —Wheat and other cereals not much cultivated of late, on
account of rust from spring rains.

Rust is prevalent in many counties in Tennessee; the loss is estimated
at 40 per cent. in Hancock; the blades are rusted in Humphrey, and in
many fields the stalks are involved; scarcely more than half a crop is
expected in Hawkins; in Hickman some fields are given up to pas-
turage; much discouragement is felt in Knox; Stewart promises but
half a crop; and rust is also reported in Dyer, Giles, Hardin, Campbell,
Coffee, Loudon, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Monroe, Meigs, Oglethorpe, Polk,
Robertson, Rhea, Smith, Sullivan, and Sevier. The fly is reported in
several counties, and the joint-worm is mentioned in Jefferson and
Loudon. The Sullivan correspondent significantly remarks: ‘“ This
season teaches the farmers that book-farming is no hambug; we must
improve our worn-out lands or starve out.”

The reports from West Virginia are quite uniformly favorable. The
only counties reporting rust are Cabell and Jefferson. Some injury has
been wrought by ‘the fly” in Nicholas. In Braxton wheat is early,
nearly all of the Tappahannock variety, and a larger quantity is ex-
pected than ever before. The best crop ever raised in Monongalia is
predicted.

In Kentucky a full crop is scarcely expected. Much damage was done
by the heavy frost of April 23. The injury was especially severe in
Anderson, Bourbon, Clark, Carroll, Edmondson, Franklin, Henry, Jack-
son, Laurel, Lincoln, Marion, Ohio, Shelby, Spencer, Scott, and Warren.
The following items are quoted:

Carroll County, Ky.—Wheat, rye, and barley were in fine condition up to April 23,
when the frost injured the wheat very seriously, especially on the river bottoms, and
now rust has attacked many fields.

Edmondson County, Ky.— Winter wheat was damaged by frost and rust on the blades.
The prospect for a good harvest has, however, improved of late.

Jackson County, Ky.—Wheat was damaged materially by the frost of April 23, espe-
cially the Tappahannock kind. [regret very much the damage done this kind of wheat,
as it is considered by those who have made experiments with it to be the best and
most profitable wheat that has ever been introduced into this part of the State. Wheat
sowed early last fall is damaged considerably by the fly.

Laurel County, Ky.—The wheat crop has been very materially injured by the Hessian
fly, rust, and frost of April 23. Perhaps the estimate of 50 per cent. of an avearge is
too high; taking into consideration the increased acreage we shall make about one-
half crop.

Shelby County, Xy.—The frost on the night of April 22 almost entirely destroyed the
early varieties of wheat. Late varieties are more promising. Rust is on the blades of
wheat and rye.

Scott County, Ky.—The frost of April 22 injured the Tappahannock wheat very much,
it having commenced jointing. The other kinds were not advanced enough to be hurt.

Very few complaints come from Ohio. The Logan correspondent says
the growth of wheat is remarkable, and the crop is uniformly heavy,
though rust and the joint-worm have caused some uneasiness. Harly
wheat was injured in Champaign.County by the frost of April 14. In-
sects, rust, and frost have greatly injured the prospect in Adams, and
in Jackson “ there will hardly be enough wheat raised in the county for
seed.” There is some apprehension of loss felt in Holmes, Darke, and
Greene.

In Indiana the prospect is slightly below an average. Frequent and
heavy frosts during April and May did a large amount of injury. In
places some loss is apprehended from drought, which prevented growth
and tillering. In Park no rain sufficient to wet the ground has fallen
since February 17. The straw and heads are short in sections injured by
frost and drought. The harvest will be early. In Ripley ‘‘some fields are

175

as yellow as saffron—the Michigan white wheat rusted badly, while the

old Mediterranean and Hill were not much hurt.” Rust is quite general,

though not very destructive; the fly is reported in several counties, but
_ the enemies of the crop have been frost and drought.

The promise for wheat in Illinois, in the southern counties of which
the harvest commenced early in June, is fine. In Cook County a finer
prospect ‘‘ was never known ;” in De Kalb “ the outlook is encouraging
in the highest degree,” and our correspondent in Marion says: “I have
lived here thirty-three years, and never saw such a good prospect for
wheat.” The harvest is unusually early. Our Livingston correspondent
reports that * one of our farmers commenced cutting his barley May 31,
the earliest harvesting ever done in this county; while in Monroe barley
was cut in the first week in May, and some red May wheat was cut
about the same time. The chinch bug has injured spring wheat in De
Kalb, Grundy, Hancock, Kankakee, Livingston, Putnam, and Sanga-
mon; the effects of drought are mentioned in Clay, Effingham, Greene,
Jo Daviess, Franklin, Lawrence, Marion, and Randolph ; and rust, which
has been less injurious than in many other States, is reported in Kd-
wards, Peoria, Polk, Pope, Scott, and White.

A fine crop on an enlarged area is assured in Iowa. In Boone “ there
has never been a better prospect for crops of all kinds since the first
settlement of the county ;” in Clayton all crops are ten to fifteen days
in advance of other years; in Cherokee: wheat looks well, and “ the
acreage doubles each year, owing to immigration ;” in Hancock is re-
ported ‘the earliest spring ever seen by the oldest settlers of the
county ;” in Iowa “the most favorable season for starting crops ever
known ;” “the wheat crop never looked better” in Marshall, in Marion,
or in Story. The chinch bug appears in spring grain in Decatur and
Taylor; and drought has been more or less injurious in Jefferson, Page,
Plymouth, Shelby, and Wapello.

Kossuth County, Iowa.—The weather has been very favorable and crops never looked
per ine A large breadth has been sown on new land, and much breaking has been
caone.

Pocahontas County, Iowa.—Propitious spring rains have brought along the grain finely.
Acreage has increased, owing to the rapid development of the county, immigration
being very heavy.

A fine crop is reported from Missouri. The drawbacks are numerous,
but slight in influence, and include frost, drought, insects, andrust. The
chinch bug is reported in Adair, Cass, Harrison, Johnson, Linn, and
Nodaway ; the fly in Cass, Jasper, Johnson, Lafayette, Marion, and
Phelps; drought in Franklin, Texas, Phelps, and Osage; and rust in
Benton, Calloway, Cass, Chariton, Cape Girardeau, Moniteau, and
Montgomery.

Jasper County, Mo.—Most ot the wheat was sown after October 1, and is extra good:
That sown before that date is much injured by the Hessian fly.

Lafayette County, Mo.—The wheat has been injured at least 40 per cent. by the fiy.

McDonald County, Mo.—Wheat considerably injured by severe frost April 22, which
killed the young growth of timber.

Osage County, Mo.—The drought of April and May destroyed the very flattering pros-
pect for wheat.

Wisconsin appears to be as free from injuries’ to the wheat crop as
any other State. The chinch-bug is reported in lowa County, and the
worm (joint?) in Calumet and Sheboygan. A fine yield is anticipated.

Dane County, Wis—The season has been more than usually favorable, and almost
every branch of farm work and all farm crops are at least in ayerage condition. In
some fields the small grains are injured by an unusual amount of “pigeon” and “ fox-
tail” grass.

Marathon County, Wis.—No rain for four weeks previous to June 1.

176

Minnesota will sustain her reputation for good crops, though the
season‘has not been uniformly favorable. It was cold and wet in seed-
time, and several weeks of drought followed, but late rains, warm and
seasonable, have benefited the crop.

The wheat of Michigan can scarcely be improved in condition. In °
some places fears begin to be entertained of injury from drought, but
refreshing rains have dissipated such forebodings.

Kansas reports the largest increase of acreage of any of the States,,
and stands among the first in condition of the plant. In Coffey County
the rust made its appearance on the blades, but did not extend to the
stem, and ‘“‘an enormous crop” is promised. Early sown wheat in Linn
was injured by the fly to such extent that some fields were plowed up.
Injury is reported from the same cause in Bourbon, Franklin, Johnson,
Miami, Wilson, Wyandot, and Woodson. The chinch-bug has committed
depredations in Nemaha, Osage, and Shawnee.

Montgomery County, Kansas.—Crops of all kinds promise well. Plenty ot rain. This
county is about two years old. There are 100 acres in cultivation this year for every
one last year.

All kinds of spring grain look well in Nebraska, and promise a large
yield. In some sections the season has been rather dry, and the straw
will consequently be short and the heads small.

In California there is a small crop. It was feared, in the early spring,
that the failure would be disastrous, that the yield would not supply
bread for the people and seed for the next crop.. At the date of our
returns, all of which have been mailed since the commencement of the
present month, the prospect had brightened, with the aid of light but
seasonable rains, indicating a surplus of four or five millions of bushels.
It is thought in Napa that recent rains have been worth $100,000 to the
crop. In Colusa, in the midst of failure, instances of a probable yield
of 30 bushels per acre, the result of summer-fallowing and fall-plowing,
show that good crops, in California as elsewhere, depend more upon
good cultivation than fertility or climate. In San Joaquin Valley, where
utter .failure was imminent, a respectable yield will be obtained in
places. Reports are more encouraging from Stanislaus, where the
reduction will be less than was anticipated. The headers were at work
at Sherman’s Island on the 5th of June, and the harvest was progress-
ing in Merced County, with improved prospects. .A material improve-
ment is also reported in Monterey. The only counties reporting aver-
age condition are Butte, Del.Norte, Siskiyou, Tuolumne, and San Ber-
nardino. :

There is a fine prospect for a good crop in Oregon. The acreage of
spring grain is reported as slightly increased, with a small increase ot
winter wheat. Washington Territory also has a fine prospect for a
bread crop. In the Walla-Walla Valley ‘the grain crop never looked
better ;” a million bushels may be harvested in Walla- Walla -County—
promising a revenue of $700,000 in gold.

CORN.

The acreage of corn will not be reported until July. The tenor of
reports is favorable as to condition. The corn-granary ot the West, the
State of Illinois, is green with corn-fields, which were planted early, and
grew vigorously. In sod-land cut-worms have been very troublesome,
in many instances rendering a replanting necessary. The De Kalb cor-
respondent says, ‘‘The corn is looking splendid, and by the 4th of July
it will be as high as a horse’s back.” In some places the want of rain
has been felt.

177

The reports from Iowa and Missouri are mainly favorable. Worms
are quite generally injurious, and in several counties drought has been
severe, yet expressions like the following are very frequent: ‘“‘ Corn is
in fine condition, and if there is a little more rain there will be a big
erop ;” ‘“ We never had a better stand, or such clean fields ;” ‘ Corn pros-
pect was never better.” Like all other vegetation, corn is more advanced
than is usual at this date. The returns from Kansas are very favorable,
with less complaint of cut-worm and drought than from more eastern
States.

In Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee an average prospect is
revealed, with some tendency to drought in light soils, and the preva-
lence of cut-worms in sod-lands.

Throughout all these States there are counties in which “corn had a
bad start,” from cold rains early in the season, after the warm spell in
April, in which a large amount was planted. Where the surface was
level, the soil an impervious clay, and drainage therefore imperfect, this
evil was aggravated. Such reports will be inevitable until good culture,
in connection with requisite preliminary farm improvements, shall better
adapt our soils to the vicissitudes of our changing seasons.

In the Middle and Eastern States drought and cut-worms have been
more injurious than in the West.

In southern reports reference is frequently made to an increase of
acreage. ‘The crop is reported in good condition, except where growth
has been retarded by cold rains. The stand is more generally good than
in the Northern States. Corn is, in most sections, later than usual, on
account of cold, wet weather, and the consequent delay in weeding and
cultivation. The following items will show a great variety in condition:

Lawrence County, Ala.—Upland corn looks well. Planting on low lands delayed six
weeks.

Clay County, Ala.—Small corn crop from bottoms, unless the fall be late.

Dallas County, Ala.—Very promising where it has been cultivated and not neglected
for cotton.

Yalabusha County, Miss.—Acreage larger and stand better than usual, but the crop has
suffered from too much rain.

Rapides Parish, La.—Corn looks sickly, owing to cold weather ; early planted in silk.

Prairie County, Ark.—A large crop of corn has been planted; at least four weeks
later than usual, owing to heavy rains.

Union County, Ark.—Twice as much corn planted this year as last.

Refugio County, Texas.—Corn has suftered much from drought ; some too far advanced
to be benefited by the recent rains.

Bandera County, Tecas.—Spring unusually cold and dry ; about two-thirds of a stand
of corn from the first planting ; the replanted is up; a rain on the 19th of May has re-
vived the crops and the hopes of the farmer.

Austin County, Texas.—Corn looks well; is more forward than last year. Crops are
rather backward in the eastern parts of the county on bottom-lands.

COTTON.

In June, 1870, good middling cotton was quoted in New York at 234
cents ; in Boston at 244; and in October the same grade brought only
165, and in December only 154 cents. Thus the penalty for growing
four millions of bales instead of three was a reduction of seven cents
per pound, equivalent to $130,000,000 on the crop. In our monthly for
June, 1870, the declaration was made that “the cotton-growers seem
determined to reduce the price to 15 cents, with every prospect of doing
it. The acreage is materially increased in every State, while that of
wheat has decreased.” In the July report the opinion was expressed
that ‘‘ with an average season the present acreage should give nearly
three and a half millions of bales; with one of the extraordinary length

178

of the last, the produce would be little short of four millions.” The cor-
rectness of that estimate was fully verified, a full half-million of bales
having been contributed by the extreme length of the season. In Oc-
tober, the harvest having progressed thus far auspiciously, the estimate
of 3,800,000 bales was placed on record. No fairer prediction could have
been made; an early date for the recurrence of a killing frost would
have reduced the yield below that figure, while the greatly lengthened
season did actually securé a larger product.

The Department of Agriculture has received returns from nearly three
hundred counties, representing the most productive districts of each of
the cotton States, and showing the comparative acreage and the condi-
tion of the crop in the first week in June.

A diminution in the area planted in cotton appears in every State
except Florida. The most careful analysis of the returns, with due re-
gard in making averages to the extent of cotton production in the re-
spective counties, gives the following percentage of reduction in com-
parison with last year: Virginia, 30 per cent.; North Carolina, 14;
South Carolina, 13; Georgia, 12; Alabama,13; Mississippi, 15; Louis-
iana, 8; Texas, 14; Arkansas, 16; Tennessee, 12. These State aver-
ages, reduced to a general average, the assumed acreage of the respec-
tive States being an element in the calculation, will place the reduction
of the cotton area of 1871, as compared with that of 1870, between 14
and 15 per cent., equivalent to nearly a million and a third of acres.
This would leave between seven and a half and eight millions of acres
as the present area in cotton. The average yield has not, in former
years, exceeded 150 pounds per acre; that for 1870 was more than 200
pounds.

The condition of the growing crop is below an average in nearly every
State. The spring has been unusually wet and cold, retarding growth,
causing the plants to turn yellow and die, and obstructing cultivation.
To a large extent replanting has refilled the vacant spaces of imper-
fect “stands.” The weather has recently been more favorable, and
it is not impossible that an average condition may be attained |
by the commencement of the picking season. The “condition” of
cotton in July of 1869, a year favored with an abundant yield, was
only a little better than the showing for June of the present year.
While the prospect is slightly unpromising, there is nothing in it of
a decisive character. The percentage, below an average condition, is
respectively as follows in the several States: North Carolina, 10 per
cent.; South Carolina, 8; Georgia, 18; Alabama, 17; Mississippi, 16;
Louisiana, 10; Texas, 7; Arkansas, 17; Tennessee, 10. In Florida the
condition is 5 per cent. above an average.

An official estimate of the ultimate result so early in the season would
be an absurdity. The influence of future rains, floods, frosts, and insect
enemies, cannot be calculated in advance. But in view of the extremely
favorable circumstances affecting the crop of last year, there cannot be
expected in the present season, upon a reduced area, exceeding three
and one-half millions of bales. An early frost, or the prevalence of
insects, or a very unpropitious season, might reduce the yield to three
millions; and a still further reduction is possible in the union or severity
of several of these causes of failure.

A very general disuse of fertilizers is reported in Georgia and the
Carolinas, where last year their application was almost universal, and
in many instances, excessive. This fact may contribute to a reduction
of the aggregate yield of the year. Their cost was found to be dispro-
portionate to the increase in production at current prices for cotton.

179

The rains of April and May have been general, and in some sections
abundant in quantity. At Selma, Alabama, the rain-fall in April
amounted to 12.5 inches; at Green Springs, in the same’ State, 13.3
inches; at Philadelphia, Mississippi, 10.8 inches; and at Fayetteville,
Arkansas, 7.5 inches. The State averages of the several meteorological
stations of the southern States, as reported to this office for the Smith-
sonian Institution, for April and May, are as follows:

APRIL. MAY.

Inches. Inches.
Noga Carolina. 6 6. sce ee nd: ee SEMEN foie) Cina) Weert Le oot 5, 04
GRR RT Db ech 2c ee Sel ee ten a eee 4, 55
Oe 7h, 2 USSR ge Cen Pogo ete, ee ee a oper 3.87 3.85
AUTRE Lee Sy! GSE Se tute pares Bete TW ny 1) ote roy a VS 4.89
gf be aj Pid han Meee Mar a? Uns aR Roe ah! La 2. 36 3. 65
BBE TE BE gg RR OM TELA ap Mea ale sles: Peale ye. seh para nim and o & 97 oe LL
Mites Bap 54. aiafeys Bydit wi eS BIA ene Sala 22 Saar ales sees & 7. OF 8. 22
Pape ren ess. SULER eerie), He SOR NE re we eis heey 6, 25 5. 85
TGS SCG g sols Mane es npg LYS TAR) gdh BPE iC 2S ad 9 TE a ee 5. 48 4,21

In certain districts in Texas the fall of rain was much larger than the
average; at Gilmer it amounted to 6, 735 inches.

The temperature of April and May, especially of the early part of
May, was low and extremely unfavorable to the growth of the plant.

The following extracts, from the noteS accompanying the returns of
correspondents, will give an idea of local views and prospects :

Surry County, Va.—More cotton planted than last year. The cold nights of May
checked its growth.

Greene County, N. C.—Cotton fifteen days backward, caused by cold weather in May

Duplin County, N. C.—Unusually promising. Good stands and plants two weeks
earlier than usual,

Anson County, N. C—Has been injured, but will recuperate.

Ttichmond County, N. C.—Heavy rains and unseasonable weather have caused material
damage.

Camden County, N. C.—Cotton killed out when planted early; but when planted late
the stand is good, but growth much inferior to last year.

Franklin County, N. C.—Avrea greatly diminished, and the stand is a very bad one.
The hot, dry weather for a week past has been favorable to cotton and has saved it
from dying. Farmers are turning attention to corn, oats, and wheat.

Sampson County, N. C.—The wheat crop will soon disappear from this county at the
present rate, and cotton take its place. Almost every one, before cotton was planted,
said less cotton this year than last; but the fact is the acreage has been increased ten
per cent. The cold nights in May have damaged the stand materially, but I hear of
no one who has plowed up the cotton and put in corn.

Currituck County, N. C.—Cotton small. '

Edgecombe County, N. ©.—For ten or twelve days the weather has been hot and
favorable.

Pasquotank County, N. C—The recent cold weather has nearly ruined the cotton.
Probably not over one-fourth of a crop can be made this year.

Stanly County, N. C—Damp cold nights have caused the cotton to turn yellow and
rot. Many fields are an utter failure.

Gaston County, N. C.—Has suttered from cold dews, and loss may ensue. Propitious
weather will repair the breach.

Moore County, N. C.—Is late, but the present warm dry weather will start a vigorous

growth.
e Beaufort County, N. C.—Killed to some extent, and there has been considerable late
planting. Present condition a fair average. The acreage is much diminished, owing
to the low price of the staple, and there is a very decided tendency to a diversity of
crops.

Perquimons County, N. C—About two-thirds of the acreage ot last year. The pros-
pect fair.

Bertie County, N. C.—Less cotton and more corn planted.

Bladen County, N. C.—Cotton backward, but improving.

Newburg County, S C.—Stands very poor on sandy soil; plants sma!l an have suffered
from the cool weather of spring.

180

Orangeburg County, 8S. C.—The provision crop has been much inereased in acreage,
at the expense of the cotton crop ; the cold spring caused the cotton to die out so much
that many planters replanted ; very little commercial fertilizer used this year, and the
crop is very backward.

Williamsburgh County, S. C.—Acreage reduced ; comparatively little commercial fertil-
izer used; crop is in average condition.

Fairfield County, S. C-—Cotton backward and unhealthy, owing to cool nights in
May.

Lexington County, S. C_—Cotton backward, owing to cold weather.

York County, 8S. C.—It has been the general desire to cut down the acreage in cotton,
but I am satisfied that the area planted is fully up to last year, while the stand is much
better and earlier; the plants are small but healthy.

Richland County, S. C.—Is recovering from the effects of the unusual cold of the first
half of May.

Brooks County, Ga.—Cotton backward, owing to wet and cold spring; prospect im-
proving; average acreage.

Harris County, Ga—The remarkably wet spring caused much of the cotton to dwindle
and die; cotton acreage decreased and more corn planted.

Emanuel County, Ga.—Much of the area planted has been plowed up and replanted—
a good portion of it in corn. The older farmers say they never saw such a poor pros-
pect for cotton; all caused by continued heavy, beating rains, which still continue.

Newton County, Ga.—Acreage decreased 20 per cent. ; condition 28 per cent. below an
average, due to atmospheric changes with an undue quantity of rain.

Harris County, Ga.—The long, wet spring has spread general gloom over the farmers.
Cotton has died out to a very bad stand, and laborers work without spirit.

Pulaski County, Ga.—Cotton acreage reduced 10 per cent., and the condition is 25 to
33 per cent. below that of last year. Cotton poor; spring early, but too much rain.

Wilkes County, Ga.—Was never in much worse condition ; late and small. Some yet
replanting to secure a better stand.

Hancock County, Ga.—Stand of cotton below average, owing to cold wet spring.

Troup County, Ga.—Cotton backward, but quite as good as last year.

Harris County, Ga.—Is not doing well. We had some eight to ten days of rain the
last of May and first of June, which has given an impetus to grass. ‘ On all these days
our plows and hoes were idle. Most of the time the ground was too wet to work.

Twiggs County, Ga.—Cotton backward. Improving until within a few days, in
which we have been having heavy rains.

Carroll County, Ga.—The coldest and wettest spring known by the oldest inhabitants.
Cotton never worse. <A large quantity plowed up and planted in corn or replanted in
cotton ; too late to do much.

Muscogee County, Ga.—Cotton backward.

Jones County, Ga.—A poor stand; small, grassy.

Merriwether County, Ga.—Poor stand ; poor condition.

Spalding County, Ga.—The stand upon the red land is generally good ; but upon gray
land there is much complaint. :

Dooley County, Ga.—Cotton prospect not flattering.

Laurens County, Ga.—Many planters have replanted cotton, and a great deal is just
up and is completely choked with grass and weeds. Should the rains continue four
weeks longer the crop will not reach 25 per cent. of an average.

Schley County, Ga.—Cotton improving.

Walton County, Ga.—Stands good; plants healthy and growing finely.

Sumter County, Ga—Not very promising. Some farmers have plowed up and re-
planted to destroy the grass.

poe Sart County, Ga.—Young cotton killed to an alarming extent by the cold nights
of May.

Wilkinson County, Ga.—Imperfect stand, and what is left looks badly, with diseased
stem.

Chambers County, Ala—Spring uncommonly wet, and cotton has suffered consider-
ably. Many farmers have replanted. Time enough for a fair average crop. Acreage
decreased in favor of corn.

Calhoun County, Ala.—In the grass generally.

Marengo County, Ala—Very unpromising. All the river and creek lands have been
overflowed and have been replanted. Constant rains prevent working the crop.

Lawrence County, Ala.—Very much damaged by continued rains, but may still make
a full crop.

Autauga County, Ala.—Crop injured 20 per cent. by excessive rains.

Macon County, Ala—Cotton backward and poor, owing to the excessive rains. The
bottom lands cannot make a crop this year.

Tallapoosa County, Ala.—Cotton small and puny.

Greene County, Alaa—Very small and grassy. The stand not good.

Clay County, Ala.—Excessive rain has injured cotton.

181

Randolph County, Ala.—In some fields the stand and condition are very good, while in
others the plants have died out. Acreage about half that of last year.

Dallas County, Ala.—Excessive rains have materially injured the cotton crop.

Liberty County, Ga.—Cotton backward. The cool nights have caused the tender
plants to die ont.

Forsyth County, Ga.—Injured by excessive rains and cold weather between the
Ist and 12th of May.

Butis County, Ga.—Has died out in some fields of stiff lands from the effects of
cold. The spring unfavorable for cotton.

Conecuh County, Ala.—At least one-third less acreage in cotton. In bad condi-
tion on wet lands; on high land the crop is looking better than for years.

Perry County, Ala.—Excessive rains; cotton later and in worse condition than I
ever saw it on the Ist of June.

Wilcox County, Ala.—Cotton small and grassy, with poor stand.

Sumter County, Ala.—Heavy rains ; many farmers have replanted.

Hale County, Ala.—Planting interrupted by excessive rains; a portion has been
replanted in cotton anda portion in corn. Planters discouraged.

Shelby County, Ala.—Cotton crop seriously injured by rain.

Clarke County, Ala.—Much less planted than last year. On the uplands looks badly
excessive rains.

Suwanee County, Fla.—Is in poor condition, owing to the cold, backward spring.

Leon County, #la.—Good stand; the low price has induced many farmers to plant
corn instead.

Holmes County, Miss—More backward than usual; many stands totally ruined by
lice ; coo] spells and heavy rains have retarded planting, and many farmers are replant-
ing where there was a good stand at first. Late cotton has done best, but there is
scarcely a clean crop in the county.

Lauderdale County, Miss.—One-third less planted, and the unfayorable season will
destroy fully one-third of the area planted.

Lafayette County, Miss—Not promising ; grassy.

Kemper County, Miss—Cotton a month late, poorly put in, and much of the land
usually put in cotton is being planted in corn.

Grenada County, Miss—Unpromising ; excessive moisture. The weather is now more
favorable.

Marion County, Aiiss.—There will be little cotton made in this county ; excessive rains.

Pike County, Miss—Season has been unpropitious for cotton. Weather now more
favorable.

Yazoo County, Miss.—In poor condition; excessive rains; as poor a prospect as I have
ever seen in the county in forty years.

Newton County, Miss——Injured by excessive rains, but it is fast coming out; and though
the area is small compared with last year, the prospect is fair for a good crop.

Washington County, Miss.—Backward, and labor is two weeks behind on the crop.
Excessive rains.

Claiborne County, Miss—Backward, owing to the heavy rains and cold nights.

Winston County, Miss—The cold weather and the continued rains have killed a great
deal of the cotton. Some farmers have replanted ; some as late as the 20th of May.

Clark County, Miss.— Acreage decreased, and the first planting destroyed in a great
measure. Some haye just finished replanting.

Attala County, Miss.—Acreage a little larger than last year; but we have never had
a poorer crop prospect. Owing to the wet weather of the last two months, many crops
can never be fully redeemed—lost in grass and weeds.

Yalabusha County, Miss.—Stands of cotton poor, and it is so in the grass that it will
be impossible to cut ont the grass without injury to the cotton. Altogether the pros-
pect is considered gloomy for cotton.

Madison Parish, La.—One month later than usual; stand very poor; that which has
come up partly destroyed by lice; less by one-third planted this year than last, owing
to continued rains.

Winn Parish, La—Very backward in consequence of wet and cold; at present looks
unpromising.

West Feliciana Parish, La.—Stand injured by heavy rains in April and May; crop
generally unpromising.

Rapides Parish, La.—Extremely backward, owing to wet and cold weather; also
badly in grass.

Washington Parish, La.—The acreage is increased this year, but the crop in general
does not look well.

Prairie County, Ark.—About half as much planted this year as last; at least four
weeks later than usual.

Clarke County, Ark.—About half a crop planted ; has been nearly destroyed by rains.

Cross County, Ark.—Crop considerably injured by cold and wet weather.

182

Drew County, Avk.—Crop very foul, owing to heavy rains, which have prevented
working the land.

Pulaski County, Ark.—Cotton slim and infested with lice, in consequence of continued
wet and cold; coldest sedson for ten years.

Phillips County, Ark.—Crop about two weeks later than usual; cold rains and hail-
storms killed about all planted from the 10th to the 20th of April; later planted looks
finely.

Union County, Ark.—Only about half as much cotton planted as last year.

Lafayette County, Ark.—Crop very backward, owing to a late spring and consequent
delay in planting.

Cherokee County, Texas.—Spring cold and backward; cotton infested with lice.

Lavaca County, Texas—In bloom; acreage about the same as last year; prospect for
a good crop at least twenty per cent. better

Grimes County, Texas.—Season more favorable and prospect better for cotton than last
year.

Upshur County, Tecas—Not so much cotton planted as last year; crop very backward
in consequence of heavy rains.

Kendall County, Texras—Acreage much smaller than usual, caused by low price last
year.

Henderson County, Texas.—About seven-tenths the usual acreage planted this year ;
too much rain for healthy growth of the crop.

Austin County, Texas —About twenty-five per cent. less planted than usual; stand
good; prospect for a large crop promising.

Washington County, Texas—The acreage is much less than last year, occasioned by its
low price and the scarcity of labor. Much cotton was lost last year from want of hands
to gather it.

Decatur County, Tenn.—Prospect for a crop very poor.

Giles County, Tenn.—During the cold rain in the middle of May much cotton died.

Hickman County, Tenn.—Peanuts have taken the place of cotton.

Lauderdale County, Tenn.—More corn planted than last year, and less cotton; about
20 per cent. more corn, and 20 per cent. less cotton.

Lake County, Tenn.—The reduction in the acreage is attributable to the low price of
the product and the difficulty in obtaining labor.

Oglethorpe County, Tenn.—Has suttered from a variety of causes. First, it failed
to come up well; second, cold, wet spells have caused it to die out very seriously. It
is now raining, and too cold for the season.

SUGAR-CANE.

We have few returns this month concerning sugar-cane. The report
from Terre Bonne Parish, Louisiana, indicates a fine crop, three-tenths
above an average; in Saint Martin’s Parish the stand, both of stubble
and plant cane, promises to be good, except in cases in which the stubble
is a little backward; in Plaquemines, the estimate is ten per cent.
above. The condition of cane in Saint Helena is reported to be not so
good as last year by ten per cent.

PASTURES AND CLOVER.

Pastures are not in average condition on the Atlantic coast from
Maine to Virginia, or in the Ohio Valley, but are in succulent growth in
the Carolinas, the Gulf States, Wisconsin, the States bordering on the
Upper Mississippi and Missouri, and Oregon. Clover warrants a simi-
lar statement, except that there is comparatively less reduction in the
Western States. The prospect for a good crop of hay is not flattering,
on account of dry weather. A few representative extracts are pre-
sented :

Norfolk County, Mass.—Clover largely winter-killed; at least two-thirds of the
meadows seeded last spring are failures, and in most cases have been re-seeded. Old
meadows were largely injured by the dry weather of last year and the open winter, so
that the prospect for hay is extremely dark. Farmers are trying to compensate for
the loss by sowing corn, millet, &c., to cut green. Spring pastures show the effects ef
last year’s drought.

Bristol County, R. I.—Grass will probably fall short one-third from last year, on ac-
count of the dry weather last fall, which killed the grass. Farmers are plowing up the

183

fields and planting corn and English turnips, which will, in a measure, make up for the
loss of hay.

Rockland County, N. Y.—Pastures drying up, and farmers are turning their stock into
fields they had intended to mow.

Tioga County, N. Y.—Pastures have suffered from the frosts and dry weather.

Hunterdon County, N. J—Farmers are sowing their clover-seed on oats-ground ; it
does not do so well as when sown on wheat or rye. It often fails to take, and dry
weather has more effect upon it when sown on oats-ground. Spring pasturage injured
by the drought. Hay crop will be very much shortened if the drought continues.

Cambria County, Pa.—Grass short, but well set and thick.

Wyoming County, Pa.—Clover almost destroyed by the drought.

Montgomery County, Md.—Springs are failing and pastures are unusually short. The
hay crop will be a failure with many farmers.

Surry County, Va—Farmers are beginning to see the use of clover, and the area is
annually increasing. The crop fine.

Augusta County, Va.—Most of the upland grass hardly worth mowing. Pasture short.

Adams County, Ohio.—Clover greatly injured by the cut-worm.

Parke County, Ind.—Owing to drought, the hay crop will be a failure this season.

Switzerland County, Ind.—The hay crop promises to be heavy.

Crawford County, I1l—Clover short up to May 21, when rain fell. Vegetation has
since flourished. ,

Perry County, Il1l—April and early May were dry, affecting grass “disastrously.”
Late May showers will bring oats up to an average, but pastures will be short.

Winnebago County, Ill.—Clover and timothy wintered remarkably well, and obtained
an early start. Owing to short forage, farmers turned their stock into the meadows
until May, and there will be another short hay crop.

Hancock County, Iowa.—Earliest spring ever known in the county. The grass on the
prairie large enough to mow; it is a month in advance of the growth of last year.

Monona County, Iowa.—Prairie pasture earlier and better than for fifteen years. Clo-
ver, as an experiment, doing splendidly.
; Monroe County, Jowa.—Pastures got a good start, and keep up well. Timothy will be
ight.

Lincoln County, Mo.—Timothy meadows promise a light yield.

Juneau County, Wis.—Grasses are looking much better than at this time last year;
there will be an abundant crop of hay.

Bay County, Mich—Tihe lack of rain is badly felt here; the crop cf hay will be ight
unless rain falls soon.

Emmett County, Mich—Owing to cold nights in April and May grass did not grow
rapidly, but late rains have improved all crops.

Anderson County, Ky.—The winter was the mildest ever known in the county, and
the grass for pasture was the earliest.

Lincoln County, Ky.— The frost of April 23 has done great injury. Grass, which made
a very early and thrifty start, has done badly since.

Giles County, Tenn.—More of the grasses sown than in any previous year. Cold,
backward spring.

OATS.

Oats have shared the fortunes of clover and the grasses, having suf-
fered somewhat from dry weather in the Atlantic States and in the
Ohio Valley. The crop of the Gulf States will be a large one for that
section, and that of the region west of the Mississippi will be a full
average on an increased acreage. Oregon will also make a fine crop.
The following items are extracted from correspondence :

Orange County, Vt.—Increased acreage in oats, and the condition is better than last
year, on account of more rain.

Monongalia County, W. Va.—Prospect for oats very poor; eaten by a small bug or
louse; many fields have been planted in corn.

Norfolk County, Mass.—Oats have come up well; a large acreage, owing to sowing
with grass-seeds, to be cut green for fodder.

Albany County, N. Y.—The crop of oats must be very light, owing to the drought
and the open winter.

Ocean County, N. J.—Oats suffering severely from drought.

Greene County, Pa—Oats are in a deplorable condition; there is no possibility of
making more than half a crop, and many fields will have acres on which there will be
no oats. They are killed by a small green louse that clusters on the blades; the
trouble is general throughout the county. !

184

Surry County, Va.—Much larger area sown to oats than in any previous year since
the war. Condition quite good, considering the hasty manner in which it was put in.

Camden County, N. C_—Oats are looking well, but will be injured by rust.

Union County, N. C.—Rust on the oats, and insect in the roots.

Richland County, 8S. C.—More than usual attention has been given to the oat crop,
which, though slightly affected by rust, promises an abundant yield.

Leon County, Fla.—Oats (except the “rust-proof” variety) have rusted to a greater
or less extent.

Jackson County, Fla.—Crop was much increased in acreage this year, and hopes were
entertained that it would form an entering-wedge to a system of rotation and diver-
sity of crops. An oat called ‘“ anti-rust’ does well and perfects its seed annually ;
from experience and repeated trials, no other will perfect its seed with us. Why is it?
It is very difficult to determine, from the fact when sown alongside of each other no
difference is perceptible until, about the panicle, the one withers, losing vitality, and
yields nothing; the other perfects its seed and yields abundantly, season propitious.
To sow in the fall has no influence. Some farmers are of the opinion that the “ anti-
rust” grows more rapidly and comes to seed much earlier, escaping the blithing effects
of the May sun and heat. Itis a fact, however, that both may be sown on the same
piece of land, either separately or mixed, in all respects the same; at the stated time
the “ anti-rust” will stand and the other fall.

FRUITS.

Every season is replete with casualties to fruits, by frosts, hail and
rain storms, and insects; but certain sections are much more exposed
to risk of failure than others. So necessary in filling the complement
of home supplies are these products that each farmer should secure
some of them, even with a certainty of a constant partial failure of his
crops. There are valleys in which spring frosts are inevitable, and
thermal belts scarcely ever touched by early spring or autumn frosts;
there are wide districts in which fruits are very uncertain and capri-
cious in yield, and large tracts wholly or partially enveloped by water,
as the eastern shore of the Delaware, the islands of Lake Erie, the
western counties of New York, and the peninsula of Michigan. These
districts, with those affected by the Gulf Stream on the Atlantic coast
and those favored by the mild climate and favorable aspect of hill
slopes in Southern Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, constitute the main |
reliance of city populations for native fruit supplies.

A good supply of fruit will be gathered during the present season.
The peach crop of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland is above an
average, and larger than that of last year. It is also very large in most
of the Southern States, and ample in all of them. It is a fair average
in Michigan. In most of the Western States the crop will be short, on
account of the severe frosts of April, varying from one-half to three-
fourths of an average. Less exposed situations—the slopes or summits
of elevations—will furnish a large percentage of the product. Califor-
nia reports a moderate degree of abundance, with a better prospect for
apples and pears than for peaches. Texas has an abundance of the
fruits of that climate. The valley of the Missouri, including the State
of Iowa, gives assurance of nearly an average crop.

The prospect for, apples and pears appears to be best in the New
England States, Ohio, Michigan, and Missouri; a little below an aver-
age in the Middle States, with a considerable further reduction in the
West. The reports, as a whole, indicate a comparatively small crop of
these fruits.

Small fruits have been produced in moderate abundance; but the
supply has been quite generally reduced by dry weather.

Insects are swarming almost everywhere this year and reducing the
quantity and value of all kinds of fruits. Their ravages are referred
to in detail in another section of this report.

185

Duplin County, N. C—Pear blight very destructive. In one orchard three-fourths of
the bearing trees have been destroyed. In a young orchard of 200 trees three years
old twenty trees have been destroyed. The Bartlett and the Beurre superfine have
withstood its attacks better than other varieties.

Hinds County, Miss —An unusual cropof fruit—apples, pears, apricots, and peaches—
is now being shipped. One hundred thousand boxes of fruit will be shipped from Terry
this year,

Tangipahoa Parish, La.—Peach crop excellent, ten days earlier and fifty per cent. better
than the average for the last five years ; grapes above an average.

Cherokee County, Texas.—Plums more valuable in this county than apples or pears;
mine are keeping twenty-five hogs fat.

Cherokee County, Texas.—Fruits very abundant ; woods full of ripe plums and berries;
hogs fat.

Williamson County, Texas.—The crop of peaches, plums, and grapes promises to be
immense thronghout the State; Chickasaw plums (Prunus chicasa) now ripe; Hales’s
early peach by the 10th of June.

Sangamon County, [u.—Apples plenty; peaches one-third of a crop; all small fruits
except grapes abundant. Frosts as late as May 9th and 10th. Most varieties of grape-
vines were vadly winter killed.

Holt County, Mo.—Apples and pears were injured by frost; the latter a total failure.
Peaches, although in bloom, were not touched, even when ice was formed three-fourths
- an inch thick. Peaches are never hurt here by spring frosts, but are by winter

reezing.

fees Take Wis.—Fruits of all the kinds grown here promise an abundant crop, the
largest ever grown in the county.

McLeod County, Minn.—A large number of apple trees has been brought into the
county during the past two years; some are now bearing. Hardy varieties of apples
and cherries bid fair to succeed.

Jefferson County, Kansas——A hard frost, April 13th, killed all the fruit on low lands,
where many of the oldest orchards are located; but on high lands the crop will be large.
One orchard slightly elevated above the Kansas Valley will bear no fruit; all killed by
frost.

Woodson County, Kansas.—Exposed orchards have fared the best. Trees exposed to the
north winds are full of fruit, while those protected by skirts of timber along the val-
leys never bloomed. ;

Anderson County, Ky.—Grapes were killed by the frost, and the leaves and young
branches on the vines were literally blackened, but since the frost more new branches
have shot forth, and the blossoms on them give promise of a crop, not, however, as
large as the first. In some orchards the peach trees having limbs that were partially
broken off by sleet in the winter were not affected by the frost, and peaches are grow-
ing finely on them. One gentleman states that there are many. such limbs in his
orchard loaded with fruit, while on the unbroken and healthy limbs of the same trees
the fruit was all killed.

Salt Lake County, Utah.—The failure of the'apple crop is almost total. The grass-
hoppers, which for some years past have mainly taken our fruit crops, have now
seriously injured our trees, in some instances killing them outright. Peach, apricot,
plum, and pear trees do not appear to have suffered so much, although their fruit has
been completely devoured for the same period.

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186

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EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. ,
TEA CULTURE.

Hon. W. G. Howard writes to this Department as follows, from
San Antonio, Texas: The culture of the plant and the manufacture
of the tea is a much simpler and easier process than most persons think.
Of the hardy nature of the plant you have abundant evidence in those
planted out in the gardens at Washington. And from my own ex-
perience in many climates of India, from Arracan to the Himalaya
Mountains, neither frost nor snow, drought nor rain, sunshine nor shadow,
materially injure the**‘tea plant.” Nor is it subject to the visitation of
any worm, bug, or disease.

When I first went to India, all knowledge with respect to tea was
very scant and limited, and everything had to be done by hand; but
afterward, when the capital invested in tea had increased to enor-
mous proportious—indeed, many millions of pounds sterling—the cost of

manufacture was much reduced. When I left India the only manual
labor was the pickin g of the leaves, which was best done by women and
children. It is true that a man here would cost $20 or $25 per month,
against $2 50 per month there; but when you take into consideration
the great lack of economy in ‘the management there, the difference
would not amount to so much. In India all tools and lead have to
be brought from England, and transported on men’s backs for many
miles; the constant rebuilding of houses, rendered necessary by the
white ant and fire, every year ortwo; the enormous cost of management,
which amounts to more than one-half the actual amount spent in the
year; the physical inability of the Bengalee coolies to do much labor ;
the difficulty of procuring labor, and the unhealthy climate, all combine
to bring the cost per acre to as much as it would be in America.

The tea once planted only requires to be kept free from weeds, which
can be done here with the plow, the same as with Indian corn, and at
the same cost. In India they have neither horses nor plows, and all
weeding must be done with the hoe in the hands of a lazy and weak .
coolie. After the tea is pretty well grown, say four or five years old, its
own shade pretty much keeps the ground clean.

Should our Government once take hold of the subject, and demon-
strate that tea can be grown, and to a profit, the demand for seed alone
would soon pay all cost. The yield of seed is, on an average, four
‘¢maunds” (a “maund” is 80 pounds) to the acre, and I sold one year
from my garden 4,000 ‘“maunds,” at 200 rupees per “maund, ” and
could have sold 40, 000 “ maunds” ‘at the same figure.

TRIALS OF WHEAT.

Culpe er County, Va.—The Touzelle wheat, received from the Depart-
ment in 1869, one pint, and sowed November 26, 1869, was a complete
SUCCESS; ripened a week earlier than any otber kind. I saved nearly one-
half bushel from the crop. I gave away some and sowed about four
* quarts September, 1870, and it is now nearly ripe and the finest wheat
1 ever saw—admnired by all the neighborhood. I believe it will yield at
the rate of 30 bushels to the acre, at the very lowest calculation.

Cherokee County, Ga.—In the fall of 1868 I received from the Depart-
ment about one peck of Tappahannock wheat, which I planted on
rather poor, high land, and made about 14 bushels of beautiful wheat.

189

I planted the 14 bushels on good river-land, and raised last year about
16.bushels of the finest wheat ever grown on my plantation. I am well
pleased with it, and believe it to be well adapted to this climate, and a
great improvement on any we have had in this county. The Mediter-
ranean wheats were not suited to this climate—especially the white ;
the red bearded did moderately well.

WHITE SCHONEN OATS.

Mr. C. H. Stewart, of Mercer County, Missouri, states that from a
quart of white Schonen oats, furnished him by this Department, a crop
of 15 bushels was raised, and that from this crop, as seed, a second
year’s crop of 18 bushels was harvested. A portion of the second
year’s crop was destroyed before harvest, otherwise the yield would
have been larger. .

DIVERSITY OF CROPS.

Columbus, Ga.—The agricultural industry of this portion of the
South is not diversiied to the extent that it is hoped the future may
realize. Our people yet have “cotton on the brain.” Many crops, the
yam, Spanish potato, and turnips, which were largely cultivated before
emancipation, are greatly neglected. Attention, however, is being di-
rected to minor crops, and a few years may show quite a changed state
of affairs, and cotton become of secondary consideration. It is difficult
to change the habits of a people en masse, and time, together with the
conviction that a change will materially benefit their condition, alone
can do it. The southern planter who has his corn-erib in Ohio and his
smoke-house in St. Louis or Louisville can never prosper; and although
Jigures may clearly prove that foreign markets can cheaply supply his
wants, the poverty of his pocket presents incontestable proof to the con-
trary. Our soil is good, our people are intelligent and enterprising, and
when their energies are directed to other channels of industry than that
of making cotton alone, they will retrieve their fortunes and be again
prosperous and happy.

DROUGHT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

San Diego, Cal.—We have had two successive years of unusual drought.
A similar period occurred in 1863~’64. No water has been discharged
by any rivers opening into the bay or ocean in this part of California
for two years, the most of them sinking or drying up fifteen to twenty
miles from their mouths. No cereals have matured, either last year or
this, within twelve miles of the ocean. At a greater distance than that,
and near the mountains, crops are produced, and cattle find pasturage.
It is a prevalent belief here, that the approach of rains is announced by
arise in springs and’ streams. With few exceptions, there has been,
during May, whenever clear, a haze dimming or obscuring the view of
the mountains and islands twenty miles distant.

GRASS AND CLOVER IN THE SOUTH.

Amite County, Miss—I have both tested, and had tested by experi-
enced planters, the “perennial rye grass” you sent me last September,
(1870,) and can say from experience and information from others that
it is the best grass for pasturage that has yet been introduced into this
section. It is no humbug, and it should be cultivated by every planter
in this climate.

190

Pike County, Ga.—But little clover in this county previous to the pres-
ent year. Many farmers have sown small patches the past winter and
spring, and it bids fair to be a success.

Monroe County, Ga.— Have just commenced the culture of clover and
the small patches are doing finely. Have cut 34 tons per acre the first
mowing.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN THE SOUTH.

Macon, Ga.—To account for the poor condition of cotton in our county
this year, we must state that commercial fertilizers have been used to
very limited extent. Hardly 1 pound this year for 1,000 pounds last
year.

Newton, Ga.—Fifty per cent. less fertilizers used than last year in the
county. The quantity for the State is about 75 per cent. less, or in the
proportion of 65 last year to 16 this year.

Richland County, S. C—From my best information gained from our
merchants the amount of fertilizers purchased as compared with last
year is only about 16 per cent.

MAPLE SUGAR.

Orange County, Vt.—Vermont never before witnessed so great a flow
of maple-sugar sap as has flowed the past spring. The results are large
quantities of sugar and molasses.

Essex County, Vt—Maple sugar is more abundant than ever before
known here.

Warren County, N. Y.—The best sugar season for many years.

Genesee County, N. Y.—The spring of 1870 was a poor one for maple
sugar. Probably not more than one-eighth of the usual quantity was
made here. The spring of 1871 was much better, but was not a good
one.

DOGS vs. SHEEP.

Gloucester County, Va.—in one neighborhood in this county, including ~

three flocks of sheep, 35 per cent. were destroyed by dogs.

Augusta County, Va.— About three dogs to every sheep in this county.
If our legislature would tax the dogs instead of the sheep, it would soon
rid the county of a nuisance, and build up one of the most profitable
branches of industry.

Putney, Vt—We were troubled by dogs in this State, until our legis-
lature took the matter in hand, and made the owner or the keeper of a
dog pay a good round tax forthe animal. That statute has had a splen-
did effect in relieving the farmers from the depredations of thousands
of worthless, mischievous dogs. If other States would adopt a like
measure they would soon find their flocks and herds enjoying their in-
alienable rights throughout their whole domain. The result would be
that no good, respectable citizen would keep a mischievous, worthless
cur.

Jefferson County, W. Va.—The dogs have played havoe with the sheep
in this neighborhood within the last six months, having killed or erip-
pled $250 to $300 worth in that time. It is high time that a tax on
dogs, or some such law, for the protection of sheep owners, was enacted
in our State. :

HOG AND CHICKEN CHOLERA.

Rankin, Miss.—A fatal disease prevails among swine in some localities -

£91

in this county. Large numbers of hogs and pigs in good condition, as
to flesh, are dying. No remedy, as yet, has arrested its progress.
Cholera also prevails among hens and chickens, but generally yields to
sulphur, pepper, or onions mixed with the food.

Chatham, N. C.—Very heavy losses among fowls and turkeys from
cholera; ducks and geese notinjured. A litle tar in the water- -trough
and feed, or chopped onions with a liberal supply of red pepper in other
food, has proved a good preventive. Many have lost every fowl and
turkey on their farms.

Jefferson, W. Va.—The “ chicken cholera” is still killing the fowls in
different parts of the county, but the disease is not nearly so violent as
it has been.

INSECTS. °

Mr. Alexander S. Taylor sends to the Department a communication
upon the California grasshopper, or Pacific migratory locust, which has
been very destructive in all the valley portions of the State, swarms
having simultaneously appeared in Salinas, San Joaquin, Los Angeles,
and Santa Barbara in May and June. Itis similar to that which fre-
quently visits Kansas, Montana, Texas, and Colorado. It appears to
be the Caloptenus spretus of Uhler, of which mention was made in the
monthly report of this Department for February, 1870. It should not
be confounded with the wingless grasshopper, or cricket, of Utah and
Nevada. The California coast species has wings, and is but one-third
the size of the misnamed cricket.

Boone County, Ill.—The seventeen-year locusts have made their ap-
pearance, and are busy at work on the trees. They appeared in 1837
and 1854 in this county.

Grundy County, Ill. Within the few days preceding June 1, the sev-
enteen-year locusts came out of the ground in such vast numbers as to
literally swarm on all the timber in the county.

Kendall County, Ill.—The seventeen-year locusts have come again in
vast numbers, but as yet have done no damage.

Lee County, [l.—The locusts have appeared in this county. They
have done no harm yet, but are quite numerous.

Oe County Ys Ill.—Locusts numerous, but had done no harm up to
June 2.

Putnam County, Ill.—Locusts have appeared in legions.

Linn County, Towa.—Locusts in large numbers.

Mercer County, Ohio.—The Colorado potato bug destroying the pota-
toes.

Lucas County, Ohio —The Colorado potato bugs are destroying the
potatoes. Some have plowed up their potatoes; others have planted in

corn, so that it may have a start if the potatoes prove a failure ; others
‘ are trying to destroy the bugs.

Van Wert County, Ohio. —Potato bugs bad. One farmer says that
chickens keep his potatoes free.

Erie County, Ohio.—Potato bug doing some damage.

Wayne County, Ohio. —Oolorado potato bug has appeared.

Logan County, Ohio.—Colorado potato bug “doing much damage.

Franklin County, Ohio.—Colorado potato bug has made its appearance
‘in all parts of the county, but has done no serious damage as yet.

Greene County, Ohio. —The Colorado potato bug has appeared.

Wood County, Ohio.—The Colorado potato bug ‘abundant and destruc-
tive, taking nearly all the crop as fast as it comes up.

Adams Count y, Ind.—Potato bug very destructive.

192

Crawford County, Ind.—Colorado bug destroying most of the pota-
toes.

Floyd County, Ind.—Colorado bug in great numbers. The best rem-
edy known here is a sipong decoction of dog fennel. Some use Paris
green, sulphur, &c.

Howard County, Ind.—Insects have done some harm, especially the
Doryphora decemlineata.

Marshall County, Ind.—The Colorado bugs areworse than ever; they
will probably destroy the entire crop.

Pike County, Ind.—Vhe potato bug is troublesome.

Union County, Ind.—The Colorado bug takes the potatoes as fast as
they come through the ground, and then deposits its eggs on the red
clover.

Jennings County, Ind.—Potatoes being eaten up by the Colorado bug.

Boone County, Ill—Potatoes being entirely destroyed by the bugs.
In some portions of the county no Irish potatoes will be planted, for
feat of the bugs.

De Kalb County, Til.—Potatoes will fall a prey to the Colorado bug,
unless the season be wet. .

Edwards County, Ill—We have a new destroyer-of sweet potatoes
and cabbage. It is the size of a lady-bird, and of strange shape, and
of various brilliant colors. It eats close down. The Colorado bug is
very destructive this season.

Green County, Ill. Bugs bad in potatoes.

Grundy County, Ill.—Colorado bugs and chinch bugs more numerous
than ever known so early in the season, and very destructive.

Kendall County, Ill.—Potato bugs are using up the potatoes in spite
of all remedies. Poison is resorted to without effect.

Lee County, Ill.—Potato bug very numerous, and destroying the tops
nearly as fast as they make their appearance.

Montgomery County, Ill.—Colorado bugs very abundant. Paris green
has been found to be an effectual remedy in every case where tried.
Great care should be used in applying it, for if too strong it will destroy .
the leaves. ;

Mercer County, Iil—Colorado beetle more abundant than for three -
years. The mild winter has evidently been favorabie to them.

Ogle County, Ill.—The Colorado bug is ravaging the potatoes. Farm-
ers pick them off the vines, and use Paris. green mixed with flour or
ashes. Other insects more numerous than usual.

Peoria County, 1ll.—Potato bugs on hand early.

Putnam County, Ill.—Colorado bugs in legions.

Sangamon County, Ill.—Colorado bugs numerous, but potatoes ‘will
yield well nevertheless.

Stephenson County, Ill.—Potato bugs in excess of last year, and mak-
ing sad havoe.

Scott County, Jll—Potato bugs threaten to take the crop.

Buchanan County, Iowa.—The potato bug has made its appearance in
great numbers. Tears are entertained of a failure of the crop.

Clinton County, Iowa.—Colorado bug very destru¢tive. Seareely one-
fourth the crop will be saved.

Linn County, Towa.—Colorado bugs in large numbers. They prefer
early varieties of potatoes.

Muscatine County, Lowa.—Colorado bugs at work.

Chariton County, Mo.—The Colorado bug is mowing the Irish pota-
toes, and the crop will be a failure. The bug eats all the vine but the
stalk.

193

Phelps County, Mo.—The Colorado bug has done slight injury to the
potatoes.

Osage County, Mo.—The potato bug has made its appearance at Linn-
wood.

Franklin County, Mo.—The Colorado bug is very destructive to pota-
toes at Beaufort.

Columbia County, Wis.—The present prospect is that the Colorado
bug will entirely ruin the potato crop. They have never been so plenty
so early in the season.

Dane County, Wis.—The Colorado beetle is in greater numbers than
in any former year. Hand-picking and Paris green are generally the
means relied on to kill them off. Many farmers are giving up the crop;
some have plowed up their potatoes.

Fond du Lac County, Wis.—Myriads of potato bugs at work. One
farmer picked 2,400 from half an acre in an afternoon. I keep mine
clear with one part Paris green, eight parts ashes, and eight parts flour
sprinkled on the vines when the dew is on.

Green Lake County, Wis.—Potato bugs plenty. Unless great care is
taken the entire crop will be destroyed.

Iowa County, Wis.—The potato bug is more numerous this year than
ever before.

Juneau County, Wis.—Potatoes nearly all destroyed by the Colorado
bug, whose appearance is much earlier and in greater numbers than in
any previous year. It is feared that the entire crop will be destroyed.

Kenosha County, Wis——The Colorado bug threatens to destroy the
crop.

zaukee County, Wis.—The potato bug is in full operation. The young
sprouts are eaten before they have a chance to leaf. In former years it
was chiefly the brood that destroyed the crop, commencing after the
bushes were six or eight inches high, but this year the old fellows that
remained over winter are doing the job effectually. Most of our farmers
are plowing up the ground and planting it in corn; others are waiting
to see what the bugs will do, and will put in buckwheat if the potatoes
should be destroyed. At present it looks as if we would not get
a bushel, except from the gardens. Lake Michigan is represented
by our fishermen to be filled with the bugs, going over, perhaps, to
Michigan.

Outagamie’ County, Wis.—Potato bugs more numerous than ever.
They eat the vine down to the ground. Thirty have been counted on
one vine two inches high. No Paris green to be had, and the bugs
have their own way.

Portage County, Wis.—Potato bugs fearfully numerous.

Richland Count, y Wis.—Potato bugs very numerous.

St. Croix County, Wis.—Colorado bugs are injuring potatoes and
tomatoes.

Sheboygan County, Wis.—The pototo bug has appeared by the million.

Carver County, Minn.—The prospect fort the potato.crop is bad. Bugs
plenty and will damage, if not ruin, the crop. :

Fillmore County, Minn.—The Colorado bug will nearly, if not alto-
gether, destroy the crop. ;

Houston County, Minn.—Potato bugs by the bushel.

Kandayohe County, Minn.—Potato bugs very bad.

Meeker County, Minn.—Potato bugs (decemlineata) appeared June 1.
The bugs have almost covered the potatoes.

Ramsey y County, Minn.—The potato bug has appeared again, and
threatens to destroy the crop.

194

Barry County, Mich.—Colorado bug very destructive to potatoes,
tomatoes, and all garden plants. The potato crop is likely to be used up.

Bay County, Mich—Farmers are doing but little toward planting
potatoes. The bugs are very thick, coming out of the ground by hun-
dreds, apparently more plentiful than ever. Paris green, mixed with
plaster, ashes, and flour, is being used as a preventive.

Cass County, Mich.—Potato bugs in countless numbers.

Kent. County, Mich.—Potato bugs very destructive.

Kalamazoo County, Mich.—Potato beetles without number. Remedies
for extermination and protection alike fail, and the bug roams at will.

Monroe County, Mich.—The prospect is that one-half the crop will be
destroyed by the potato bug.

Newaygo County, Mich.—Potato bugs everywhere. The whole crop is
threatened.

Ottawa County, Mich—We had a few potato bugs last year, but this
year we have myriads of them. We expect no potatoes.

Van Buren County, Mich.—The potato bug is destroying the whole
crop, so far as heard from, in this county, and its ravages are general
throughout the State.

Norfolk County, Mass.—About one-fourth of the apple trees bloomed,
compared with last year, and-in many instances the entire crop has been
destroyed by the canker-worm. Some orchards present a sad sight, and
everything around them is alive with worms. Large and thrifty trees
are being cut down as worthless.

Queen Anne County, Md.—Peach trees bloomed early and set full, but
within the last two weeks fully one-half has dropped off. This is gen-
erally attributed to hot, dry weather; but I have cut open about a hun-
dred of these dropped peaches, and in every instance found a worm
similar. to the apple-worm. The fruit remaining on the trees is very fine,
double the usual size at this season.

Henry County, Ohio.—Foliage of apple trees so badly eaten by black
measuring-worms that but 25 per cent. of the apples can be perfected.
Many elm and shellbark hickories are as bare as in autumn.

Van Wert County, Ohio.—Measuring-worms are in great force, con-
suming the foliage of fruit and forest trees. .

Defiance County, Ohio—The measuring-worm is making sad havoc
with the fruit trees. In some localities trees are nearly stripped of
leaves and the fruit is dropping off.

Darke County, Ohio.—The fruit and the fruit trees are being much in-
jured by the black caterpillar or measuring-worm.

Crawford County, Ohio—Crop reduced, perhaps one-half, by frost,
April 30. Worms are taking the leaves from many fruit and forest trees.

Graves County, Ky.—Caterpillars have injured the apple crop. They
are very numerous. They begin on the leaves, and next take the fruit.
They are on the decline now, and are webbing. They stopped a pas-
senger train a few days ago.

McCracken County, Ky.—Caterpillars are so numerous that it is often
necessary to clear the railway tracks before the trains can proceed.

Adams County, Ind.—A worm resembling the caterpillar is stripping
all the foliage off the trees. They are very small at first, but grow fast,
and are now an inch and a half long. Fruit and forest trees are con-
siderably damaged by them.

Massac County, Ill.—Apple crop seriously injured by the caterpillar.
It appeared April 15th and left May 20th.

Des Moines County, Iowa.—More frosts in May than for years past.
These and the coddling-moth have nearly ruined the apple crop.

195

Jefferson County, Iowa.—The canker-worm is doing great damage to
some orchards,

Kings County, N. Y.—The cabbage-worm has made its appearance by
thousands; their first appearance here upon early cabbage. We had
them last year on late cabbage and cauliflower, and did much damage.

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.

Plaquemines Parish, La.—Rice crop ten per cent. below the average
last year.

East Baton Rouge Parish, La.—lIrish potatoes planted 10th of Jan-
uary; marketed 19th of April.

Morehouse Parish, La.—Crops utterly destroyed by a hail-storm the
27th of April. Hail-stones eight to twenty inches in circumference.

Matagorda County, Texas.—Schonen oats have done splendidly,
although sown too late, and suffered two months’ drought; did not
rust, while other kinds did; crop prospects fine.

Lavaca County, Texas.—Sheep are doing well; sheared twice a year,
April and November.

Nueces County, Texas.—Wool-clip unusually heavy this season; some
few wool-growers shear but once a year; the Mexicans shear spring and
fall.

Live Oak County, Tevas—Have had severe drought for six months
past; recently some fine showers; some stock have died for want of food
and water.

Bexar County, Texas.—Fine rains over nearly all of Western Texas
from 18th to 24th of May.

Galveston County, Texas —Schonen oats, received from the Department,
and sown February 14, were ripe for harvest May 14; some stalks meas-
ured four feet in length, and had the heaviest heads we ever saw. ‘The
variety seems to be well adapted to this climate.

Titus County, Texas.—The Hamburg oats received from the Department
promise well; the olive-shaped radish a success. ;

El Paso County, Washington Ter—Winter and spring have been ex-
ceedingly wet; have not had (May 20) twenty sunny days since the
middle of November, 1870; ground too wet for tilling.

Walla- Walla County, ‘Washington Ter—Farmers and stock-raisers of
the Great Columbian plains are greatly enlarging their farms and herds
of cattle and sheep, in consequence of the building of the North Pacific
Railroad.

Thurston County, Washington Ter.—Winter has been mild and wet;
spring very wet; has been too wet to work for a week past, (May 21.)

Lewis and Clarke County, Montana Ter.—Prospect for good crops favor-
able; the unusual spring rains have brought out the native grasses in
fine growth. 4

Deer Lodge County, Montana Ter.—Coldest May ever experienced here ;
crops backward; grass better than usual, owing to excess of cloudy
and damp weather.

BEET-SUGAR MANUFACTURE.

George T. Chapman, of New York, who has been examining the pro-
cess of beet sugar manufacture in Europe, informs us that prominent
merchants and capitalists in New York will organize a company, to

196

operate on an extensive scale in Texas, if that region proves to be
favorable to saccharine development of the beet. He reports details of
the success of Mr. James Duncan, of Lavenham, England, as follows:
Capital employed, £12,000. Beets used this year, 6,000 tons; sugar
made, 540 tons; cost of beets, £6,000; factory expenses for 110 days,
£4,400; interest, repairs, &c., £2,000; total expenses, £12,400. The
receipts for 540 tons of sugar, at £43 per ton, £23,220; 1,200 tons pulp
sold to farmers, at 12s. per ton, £720; total receipts, £23,940; profit,
£11,540. The average percentage of sugar obtained from these beets
by Dr. Voelcker’s analysis was 12, but the percentage actually obtained
at Lavenham was 9, by the process of single carbonitation. This pro-
eess is stated to‘be not equal to Schrosenbach’s alcoholic process. Car-
bonic acid gas is passed through the sirup after the first defecation with
lime and first boiling down. Itis then filtered; through bone black
once, and is then ready to boil down to the granulating point. Mr.

Chapman brought home a bag of this sugar for samples, equal to the |

best refined white cane sugar, and made in England at two-thirds the
cost of the latter.

A small brochure, the work of a Belgian agriculturist in England, just
issued, upon the “ beet-root sugar question,” represents the manufacture
of sugar as favoring greatly the interests of small farmers of Belgium.
The manufacturers are generally proprietors of 1,000 to 2,000 acres, of
which they farm 200 to 400 acres, and sow one-fourth in beet root.
Their tenants are restricted from growing the beet in larger proportion,
as a decrease in the quantity of sugar results from a rotation of less
than four years. The author, E. F. DeMean, makes the following state-
ment of the expense of growing beets in West Flanders:

Net value of an acre sold * on foot ”..:. 22.20) acbeeoweenenne ‘sanseh20
Rentand taxes .< Ks0ej6c - cement et. be ot hee £2
Plowing and harrowing «0222. ./7.. bias =) SE Ae iL
MANNER 1) 03 ost ct ee el. < ode tigbeds Jee 2
Seed and sowing...... .... ee ee jie eae 0
Weeding ise. a. ou Lah coke ee) s Se ee 1

8
Leaving a net profit-of.022. 22!.. oot seen ee ee 12

THE CLIMATE OF SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA. °

The salubrity of the climate of some portions of the Pacific coast has
become proverbial. Dryness, mildness, and equability are requisites of
a climate which shall be promotive of health, and these are possessed
by certain localities of California in a degree unequaled on the conti-
nent. The attention of the convention of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, recently in session at San Francisco, was called to a series of
thermometrical observations made at Santa Barbara during the year
commencing April 1, 1870, and ending March 31, 1871. This town lies
on the coast, in Southern California, in latitude 34 degrees, 10 minutes,
which very nearly corresponds to that of Wilmington, North Carolina,
on the Atlantic coast. The thermometrical observations referred to
embrace the weekly average for the year, the monthly mean, the
monthly mean at 2 o’clock p. m., and the warmest and coldest days in
each month, and are as follows:

«

197

WEEKLY AVERAGE.

Month. 7th. | 14th.-| 21st. | 28th. Month. 7th. | 14th. | ist. | 28th.
April ..522% 59.00 | 59.00 | 62.75 | 61.75 || October .-.| 78.71 | 66.80 | 67.76 | 60.57
Maize acer 61.66 | 63.00 | 60.75 | 64.00 || November -| 59.52 | 59.14 | 66.62 | 59.60
Ofitits) Aare c 63.00 | 65.25 | 64.75 | 69.75 || December -| 55.38 | 52.57 | 47.62 | 52.90
July 2). 52. 74,35 | 72.33 | 70.00 | 69.90 || January---| 56.89 | 54.00 | 52.63 | 54.50
August .-..| 72.20 | 73.43 | 72.41 | 70.45 || February-..| 53.09 | 53.57 | 52.33 | 54. 43
September .| 67.85 |. 78.71 | 67.71 | 68.05 || March..... ‘59. 09 | 56.68 | 54.59 | 63.33

MONTHLY MEAN—AVERAGE OF THREE OBSERVATIONS DAILY.

SACRE SES 2S ie 31S ob hal tate Sista poe GOX62; October. — 5. sete. fo Semon eae 65. 96
MRI i ee crass soc <n) Whe a ages Se a <a O2R508)) NOVEIDEN —ooeesc hactian srecteh tere 61. 22
Alga a2 ss hile Le i ye eee a HE Ee 65: TAU December). use shies tenet | Gegee 5212
Smbyget eS 38Li. Ja. See sees es 216408 | DaMUALY = 2 5% ss@ sede Sees 54. 51
EMU beers c's | cee et ates oer ee es 423 12h | MebTUaLy:< -.- -/- 4-2 asa seeot ere 53. 35
Sepiem bers 262 isa ket. fee GSROST WeMarch....o4 <<a cae betas Serer teneetaee 58. 42
Average temperature for the year, 60.20.
MONTHLY MEAN AT TWO O’CLOCK.
Arlee dats aac ee soe Seyahones 65.877 | October"! 25. h. tees os ere renee 72, 28
Waive Se eee to eee tk SR Lh. OEE 70:7 | SNOvemben ss aso s6 ses ee ataeteas= 71.38
amet ee ted ode Sse EA Sahl seeS 75) 8%) | pDeCeMbeCL/<5-aesseda=<|-- issemeness 60. 48
Chinas aioe ere cee eee gates 49. 84) Pv amMU ary 2/2 cps e aeole cielo ae cen cee 63. 92
AU SURG A Soe cete eae bake cee spice (OATS Me DEAL Ye cons sens coe eeiee a ees 58. 36
Seplembens: Les seer eee Lee ee 79 AV Mancht... sepa sees ae eaNe Gees 69 71
Average temperature for the year, 70.60. i
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM DAYS.
COLDEST. WARMEST.
Aprile thers 28° cacao oe arco oie ad seis GU | cAprile 6th poe5 eee eset e eee 74
Maye Wotan ean one wan ats tenes woes es OG0l) May 23de 522). 2a sae a eee 77
JUBOUSUS Seo esse acne <carenee eer 69h June Sd 2. 2. 58 Shee Ss eee 80
Joly: 2Ouh ess eae obs Nea ucucsee Zon daly A Loh Seen es eee ats eee 84
AWS Usb) Ml bh eee eels 2 vay aeee ra aes Wa Aucust, Sill 9 aes Sect ee eee 86
September PBT Ae eee esc SAE eee 66: | September 27th#-. 2.22 --2--- + seeece es 90
October 23d). ass se- 3 -oseeio soe 60? October 20th. 92 2s ac¢ eet oe 92
November 7th: 2s 238e25.) 2 sees 3 G4 November 20th: 222). 52-22) 87
December: 15th’ 2s ho.045 5 eas 52) |) December 28th 22s - +. sea) --4 = ptaaes 71
January V1 tbiis: ere oy. sas fpr names 56s le danuaty odo. ssn cee ames aaa sO
WEPUUADY “220 .a as oc eee eee 42 | February 6th STG ee eet
Marchelsth= sso) la2 ees 2 20 Poe: Kent Marchi: Ovth <0. ects: 22a kee eee 83

Coldest day in the year, pera 22, 42; warmest day in the year, October 20, 92.

Variation, 50.

The range between the hygrometer and the thermometer at 2

o’clock

p. m., at Santa Barbara, is usualy about four degrees, except on foggy
or rainy days, when it is sometimes identical. During the prevalence of
a high warm wind the range is extended at times to ten and even twenty
degrees; but this does not ‘happen oftener than onee or twice a year, and
then only for a short period, about the time of the equinoxes.

CLIMATE OF WESTERN OHIO.

198

The following is a record of temperature and rainfall of certain stations
in Northeastern Ohio for the years 1868, 1869, and 1870.

KELLEY’S ISLAND.

1868. 1869.
Monwhs. Mean |Rainand| Mean | Rain and
tempera-| melted | tempera-| melted
ture. snow. ture. snow.
Degrees. Inches. Degrees. Inches.
JANG te =e ove = es Aiba 7e 1. 00 Sau 0.71
HepmMiatyerse seas. 7: 23.9 0. 83 30.7 2. 67
Marenee -\2 <2 426-=2 36, 2 3.91 2907 2.45
ADIN Ee cea Soos S225 42.2 1. 83 45.0 ee
Mare 222-725 2225525: 55.9 2. 86 aie 5.11
JUNO se = Soot eese. 32 68. 2 5. 98 67.1 6. 07
UN Sess Seas eee ae 81.7 0.53 73. 4 1. 39
AUSRSi pee. cece 73.0 3.78 74,2 1. 50
September... -....--- 63.9 3. 29 67.5 1.99
Octobersz2 2: --- 5-2 50.8 0. 7 47.0 1.93
November ..--.-----. 41.8 2, 24 36.5 3. 5D
Decentber. =>. .-=- - 7 (| 0. 45 32.3 Te,
AVETaPC...----- ABS Is. seas 49.4
AEC) TET RR a age | A, Sj ee DUSAS TE Ty (seer se 32. 58
SANDUSKY.
Jauarg! 2: 522 ak pe 19.5 0,93 34.3 1, 22
Hebmuary ---------- - 23.8 0. 88 32.5 3.45
Maxghes--'... >-2 550%, 238, 2 5. 96 30.1 2567
1.\1 1) a = 43.8 4.13 46.4 3. 22
Wry Sa a a ae 1? 5644 6.11 57.6 1e99
Ait. Sok oan 68.5 13. 47 66. 4 6. 90
Aol a es oa Se ee 82.9 0. 48 71.9 Bip
August eet. 22... 70.3 5.23 Lone iP irfil
September.-.-..-.-.-- 57.6 3. 20 64,2 3. 46
Octoberws ss. s.22- = 49. 0 1,12 44.9 2. 96
November ....2--%-=- 39. 7 2. 57 36. 4 4, 26
December. =... =.2- =. 25. 1 0. 84 33.6 2. 46
Average.....--- Aira su eee aoe 49. Big lpeeeee pak ee
Total--) ee | eee NR: lll 2). 45, 82

1870.
Mean | Rain and
tempera- | melted
ture. , | snow.
Degrees Inches.

29.3 4.95
21.4 1. 00
48, 4 1,89
63.9 1.27
75.1 3. 85
76.6 6. 32
75.5 1.52
70, 5 1.50
57.8 3.13
43.2 1, 64
aso 2. 23
30.5 7.30
25.5 1. 22
33.2 3.55
49.7 2. 52
eileen 217
73.1 5. 69
75.4 5. 28
73.3 1.72
64.7 1. 83
55. 7 4. 64
41.8 2.95
29.7 2.48
BONO Ee aen od.

199

° TOLEDO.
1868. 1869. 1870.
Mer Mean Rain or Mean Rain or Mean Rain or
tempera- | melted | tempera- | melted | tempera-| melted
ture. snow. ture. | snow. ture. snow.
Degrees Inches. Degrees. Inches. Degrees. Inches.
J anUab yess sae == 21.0 1,25 33. 0 1.69 29. 0 4.50
Februdiryy.252...5-2 23. 106 30.3. | (3,44 28.1 1. 69
Marelesete se. si22e 38.3 8.75 28.3 3.63 32.7 3.31
April ere £2023 288 425 5Vk)} =. 13.38 45.8 | 4,99 50.8 2. 00
Malye Stmeetecs 2-2 /c 58.0.5 | 5.31 57.4 5S TD cea clee oe ey Ree
Ri ee 69,82 |. STOR 2166.6 8.25 72.6 4. 06
Bd co et Sep tO 2250 6250 DAS ke d ee etre ee es. ay SoS
PGT ee 69. 8 4, 44 73.1 OF G35! tle. < =. ces) 25s eee
september -.---.---- 59. 9 2.50 64.8 TGS Male os 225 tc. ots ee
October 22s225 2-2: 24 47.9 | 1.63 A453.) | (2288s Oi. s2ks cee aheesas acon
November ..-... -.-- 301 32 |» (9. Bem, i848.) P42, 56,08. 1... cS wed ane
December 125-22 i 528 25. 2 1. 06 S1y4b ||? (SS AG, Ree F-ck ee a Se
Average -.-.---- “G47, Tra Spots toce o's | AB: Bowe [esi ce test |e osecek acs See eae
Wink) 122154 2 leone 42. 95 | Dos akis at TOY ial Seen ee
>
KENTON.
| | |
Janiaiye secs ~~ ee ezeb 2g ee = Sa | ew eae 33.8 | 8. 88
Fébriary- ---->.-=-- | 30.2 1.72 pee fe | Eat St 1.98
Marchi sees pe ceeeee 39.8 Wes eS ace har aetareree & 30:4. 3 7.70
(Apr eae Sata eyc yas 43.8 2, 44 HoT. 74108 ATs 2. 55
Mayseree® ©. oo 2a Viste 9. 00 63. 0 16.75 68. 1 1.35
AI aes eee 69.0 7.41 72.6 8. 38 Zio! 5. 51
dabgeveerias ao 7.3 | (425. | m7 |. 850°) ‘sho “1° aoe
(AU @U Sti Stenn 2 sci lide 4,56 7 tet ate tt a1: Uivfed! 1.90
September -.....---- 63.9 8.19 CREE seat 159 7. 65
Octoherm=—s--. EL 5: 50.7 21s 50:4- | 3.16 51.8 4.70
November s:sse=s5). 245252 ao2| 7-455 2 see 39.5. | 3.04 42.3 1.75
Decenther 2.26 so5| 2.35522 4es|- 25h 22 38.0 |. 3.63 31.5 5. 08
AN CTAR Cts aie cee tena eats alc PE S| ee ae a) (eae ee Ae Be | et elspa
SEO tas eee oe ales oe nate ees PS eer a eee oe AR 2 tate |p hs aes eee 52. 68
A

200

URBANA,

1868. . 1869. 1870.

Mean Rain and Mean Rain and
tempera-| melted | tempera-| melted | tempera-| melted
ture. snow. ture. snow. ture. snow.

Months. Mean | Rain and

Degrees. Inches. Degrees. | Inches. | Degrees. | Inches.
2 33. 4 1.50 29:9 6.

JAWAD co. =~. = -0- ~~ 21.8 . 44 66
Hepmuary »-.--2 5-5 - 25.1 1. 03 32.9 3. 40 29,1 2. 06
Mancheo2.) 25.0258 42.6 7.51 32.0 5.73 Bde 4, 27
Api: 5.5cse5= Sokic 46.7 3. 3D 48. 4 2.43 53.8 1.16
A ee re a oo ne cae 60, 2 6.19 59.1 7.09 65.6 0. 64
June 22. ss ee se 69. 6 10, 38 68.8 2. 49 Waa0 2. 48
POG cack t eee eet 80.5 1, 88 72.8 6.53 76.3 2. 67
AURDSD: poses he =a 71.5 5. 21 73.9 1.01 vert HERS
September.....-.--- 60.5 3. 81 65.2 3. 32 69. 0 0. 44
Ogipher 226 eos 49.9 is 43.7 1.89 54.9 4. 07
November ..-------- 40, 4 Used 34,5 4, 21 40. 4 1.90
December ..-------. 25.7 1.57 3185 3.42 26.9 3.10
Average ......-. cae gl ees sh asi 916, te erase 5 i ism ts Be
Rota Soe teen meee AGLSL) ||. case Bee AD. 72. eee sere 31.75
SUMMARY.
1868. 1869. 1870.
Stations. gir iiny NEARS ba
Average 7 Average Average
; ; Total 2 ‘Total Total
eee a | yain-fall. ee rain-fall. —— | ‘ain-fall
Kelley’s Island.-.----. 48.8 Dey. 46 49.4 on DE pat ees Hi aR ee
Saudasky 2.25.32. 47.9 44,92 49,3 45, 82 52,0. - 41.35 —
Moledo): 2 fe. sees 47.7 42,95 48.5 42, 47 ps i = Fe tert
Memon sees. sete AOR AS eek eee fie FD ee A SER Be: 54.3 52. 68
bana: 22S oe 49,5 46. 31 49.6 42.72 52.1 | 31.75
* Record incomplete.
MARKET PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS.
Articles. May. June.
NEW YORK
Hime Risto... ic 4.2 ebee ome per barrel..| $5 75 to $6°70 $5 60 to $6 80
WESDEITIic6 chic cic compares ete doeee. 610 to 9 00 5 60 to 9 00
Wheat, No. 1 spring .-..°.-----.:- per bushel..| 147 to 1 50 149) to / 152
NO..2 Spring: -p4e.be-eeemee = do; dence 143 to 1 45 146 to 1 49
winter and amber western. -..-do..---. 150 to 153 168 to 1 69
Corn, new western, mixed ..--......- doneee. - 76 to 7 _ 70 to 75
old western, mixed .....-.-.--- COz=~-<- 79) cn cixisieic Cen eet
Ve Ae a 2 7 ROAR gee oes Sooo Moeecee Nominal. Nominal.

Bavlevee sce gas 2 oso eels = a wie ree i ORES Nominal. + Nominal.

201

- Market prices of farm products—Centinued.

Articles.

May.

New YorK—Continued.

Oats, western, mixed .......--..- per bushel
URN Go 2ac' nas Be Meine Se SonceIse Goes 2-
Hay, shipping qualities ...-..-.----. per ton...
WHE) read ceoe BBE DEUS EERE aoreoE dome sa
Metoidis, TINGS) ceicone be gees eres caeene per barrel...
[OLD WHOS) 6 paca aese eecatet De doses 2.
Bear mnessee--er 25> tase ee Sosea es oe dossee=
BRihe SUNS Opapeee bebSsspescesenc doeaesrs
Mamimestutane= 22's 2 2) nace ones per pound. -
Barer westerns 12-25. sa = = domeaeee
waver = 5 Sosa cesses dosestr:
Cheesedairyn/tGo sess eases domesss:
FACTORY 4262 Sees See dowss2 3:
Copion ordinary set 5 ee Sie aes oe dozssss:
ETC chin Oy sees is keene cee doses ts2
Tobacco, sound lugs, light grades ....do...--.
sound lugs, heavy grades ...do...---
common leaf, light grades. ..do..---.
common leaf, heavy grades..do...--.

Wiooltcombrreteecey- 5254. cto 2 2. - do
extranpulledy a. 20s ceases en dozsss5:
Texas, common to medium....- ClO Bez sakes
California, common..-...--..--- dO: 2252
BOSTON.

Flour, western superfine.......---. per barrel
@XDEan vos oe chen Soo dolears3:
CHOICEr. 2 eas ea ae doles:
Compvyellow ese esses sence ae ose ‘per bushel-.
TOUR E Stes oe scare See see ne Saas dojsastese
WOH oche nose SHanBag DoEEC ot oe net dOp2523-
1G) BG SRS GS SS CRE Ee Se eee eee eae Comes st:
Barléyeecneee see: sess secccce s tose GOpe sss,
Pork, (messeer = ose st sceeee setae - per barrel-.
PILING) tes oteay sone Sec ee ee eee does 53:
Beek, MESS a seers ase n ee ence aarel does see
CXULA/IMESS! 23s 525s sas 2355552: dowss=

eee per esd
Butter, New York and Vermont....-..do-..

Canad assssjoue 2s coceeslo nae Ona te

WESUEIN 2522 See Aeneas don2soe-

Cheese, eastern factory ----..-..--.-- doe seas:

Ohio factory. ---- .- Ss AE et ok Ol a5 52:

HG priMmoer es. iso tosuol eee Sees per ton- --.

Wioolawestenn.. 2-20 leet per pound.-.

combing and delaine fleeces ....do...--.

TUDE eats ae to) a ots dope.

puller aera ae ee NES SS Sk do ssiee

CHICAGO.

Flour, winter, extras .... 2222... per barrel. .

SPUN G (OX GAS (2 are eee ee OG) es 2
Wiheat.Nowl spring 2202S. per OO

INO 2) SPLINE. iia geese See Ol aes =

No.3 spring Peace Cocos bab S ag i ee

CornsNome reise 2 5, 3.2). < cesta eget dosse22:

DHE) S he ee a Eo Bs dostss2:

MONS TAGS SES) 52. Sse does 224:

Oats, Novomeres. 74 ROPE ero esc domze-=

TE} COUCO eae an caemamuerects Sooo! Ciaeaee

8

g0 65 to $0 68

bs iis er)

27 00 to

6 50 to
4 00 to
1 244 to
1 222 to

524 to
52 to

464 to

Q9
29
18
16
15

as

onto

29

Reet 82 00

00
00

lo oor no)!
oO
i=)
+
°

Ret <2

202

Market prices of farm products—Continued.

Articles. May. June.
Curcaco—Continued. 4

Hay, timothy and clover, (on track)-.per ton-.| $14 00 to$15 00 | $14 00 to$15 00

PHITIG =o = 2 ae ~~ = dore=e-- 10 00 to 12 00 9 00 to 10 50

Pass BEES Oo. b oc ape aes - re 48 per barrel..| 17 75 to 18 25 14 50 to 15 25
prime Wess... - 2-2 -co~ sree HO” - 1. 15, 00) Nc2.2 eee

Beef, mess ...- .-----------+--------- ‘gaa 12 50 to 13 00 12 00 to 12 50

extra Mess) 2. - beso peer MO teRe 14 00 to 14 50 14 00 to 14 50
Roel oo. 2 feb 2s => dete ose per pound. 11 to 114 91 to 94

Butter, firkin and tub.------..------ SeNoee 103 to 20 8 to 18
OXEEA) .->s62b Saat ae eee eee LO’. wee 35. to 5 fa oo ee

Cheese, New York factory ---.------ a0. = 18 to 19 14 to 15

WRSIBED ~ 2 +1 - 2b wen an6 - Oca Os <1 15 to 16 12 to 13
western reserve .------------ il nn Pesto Soka o ll... ae

Wool, medium fleece ---------------- G02 22 2 38 to 47 32 to 44

unwashed medium.-.-..--.---- MO\n S526 33. to 35 20 to 33

Su Dsb ee - ~<a eae = ee = ee dO) .2.+-5|22hSicuetce sp eeeeee 40 to 54

CINCINNATI.

fignt tawily)-----s<e>-- 2p eo per barrel..| $6 25 to $6 50 675 to 695

(58 Nite ee ee ee aS Oi -sene2 6.00 to .6 35 6 60 to 675

BURerNse sete: oe one ee eee 5 35 to 5 60 600 to 615

lowsebades 2 ooo, =e ek dope so=: 5 00 to 5 30 5 50 to 5 80

Wheat, No. 1 white.....--------- per bushels4) 4 .2-3.-s24sbeseeeeed LEdOs oie: 55

Nox Qowihtte--2 eee. 22> omen dO. S252 Nea ass Ss seh ee 1 45.40 _ 1 50

No: Pred e- 262. «2. sen aeeeee sc do 2352 1°36) to. A737 148 to 1 46
Woj2ired 26) ae 52. eens dO bnae 1.33. to... 1.340 |ecees eerie =.

Corn: Now. o-2. 2226S oes. fae. cee COwaed 57 to 58 55

REOWHERE So oe eee sees eae COL 5 57 53

Rye; No. 1... ~<-- «+--+ s+-- <= - 5b = Oz = 5225 100 to 1 02 1 05

NON Oe 2h oe ere eee eee Dr. See 98 to 1 00 1 00
rejected ;..--. ---22- 0----5 ---=-+ OD... nate] oes 32 a ota oe ee

Barley, No. 1..---------- ------<----- do.-22 28 1°10 .to.\ 4-42 105 to 1 08

No; JuState:) 225 2 ee= aoe} Oe 2<65-|4ics.25 ese eee 95 to 1 00

Gals, No.1. teed... / 3. 2 et ao Es 54 to 55 54 to 55
No.2 mixed... 7255-0 peeeeee— dopa. 52 to 54 52 to 54

Hay, tight-pressed -.--------------- per ton...|- 17 00 to 21 00 15 00 to 21 00

loose 4.-Gc.. 82 Rete eee eee eee dopsss.s 18 00 to 25 00 18 00 to 25 00

Ponk, mitas;2.,. 22-t:- 2-2-2 cee per barrel..| 18 00 to 18 25 16 00
prime Mess: -....----=-e<---5-- 00... - 2. s|see deus coos pase eee eee
Lard, prime steam .-.-----=-.----- per pound -.). 2223.2 sc esce eee eee

Butter, choice Ohio...-..-----.------ do setts 20 to 28 17 to 22

fair to good). > - -c: —--- st en-=- doiss: =! 17 to 20 13 to 14

Cheese, western reserve .------------- dops=ss7 13} to 14 10 to 11
fyci@ay. = 2 4-fab- fe pees dp. scisee 15 to 154 12 to 12}
Cotton, ordinary .---------=--------- d@ro52.5 6 to 124 1li to 144

Midge Soap eee eee dor-co%s 13 to 143 154 to 18
Tobacco, lugs, West Virginia ---.-----do.-..-.. 54 to 74 4} to 74

lugs, Kentucky -----.-.----- ders. 355 63 to 10 7 to 12

common to medium leaf,

West Virginia -------per pound... 74 to 10 74 to 10

common to medium leaf, Ky..do..---. 12 to 14 104 to 15

Wool, tub-washed ._---------..-- uai@CORRocas 48 to 50 43 to 48

fleece-washed®: ==. --"e2e- ---- doses:! 42 to 47 38 to 50

Tn Wwasheds: 2_ + ae eee pee aoe ae dors... 28 to 36 28 to 38

pulled 5. fae ep eee eee ee eee doze. -:. 38 to 40 38 to 40

ST. LOUIS

Migar, Supetine..... 2.7 peas per barrel..| 5 00 to 5 40 500 to 5 2%

GXMMAB =... ¢2-~ a= --> --@e- oe = de@re--2- 5 50 to 6 8 575 to 7 00

CHOC Da esos as’ Seis se eeloae ee COn= 255: 8 00 to 8 50 725 to 8 7

203

Market prices of farm products—Continued.

Articles. June
Sr. Lovurs—Continued.
Wheatjapring.-228-. ~ 20. Siaec% . 24 per bushel--| ° $1. ¢ = $1 00 to $1 3
WalnhenN Ont 59s Be oo. SG see do ‘ 160 to 1 6
Winben DN. 2-215 sue. <5.4-).--2do 155 to 1 60
Wilber NOs 3. ie See os iat ee -do 143 to 1 50
TERME foe es Sa cease do 1 35
Comyrmimedien 52” —. o2a- | Jses2 ee a do 49 to 334
Vc. aS = ee = ee do Sk tos 59
JR Ee Be eee eee So aes do 2D tO: 4 (8S
Banlewewinter,...--- 32... 3-292 -.- do 88 to 1 00
Sprine .. 22.5. SEs... ae eee do 55 to 1 00
Oias, mimeeder).....'.4 2s. ee do 48 to 56}
CUO Wie oct <eoe sens see ee ee do 56 to 57
Jalin eee es 2 mee aes See © Bes — ae per ton.-| 15 00 to 25 00 16 00 to 23 00
pbikegIMe@ss tr. * 3 2 aa ee per barrel..-| 17 50 to 18 50 16 00 to 16 75
Leite, tlekeews. 202222 o2 eee ace per pound..|. 10 ue REE 8 to 102
eae Cispe oO 8 ais See ees doses 114 to 124 101 to 112
Butters Choice oes san == ao). a eee dozes.-- 26 to 28 17 to 20
far to medium s2- 6 es see oe OD ee Sas ceos Sb echoshecessc 13 to 15
Cheese, faclonya---.. eee = eee dowss saa 17 to 19 144 to 16
Catton; niiddling 542220 22s seas es dogo. 134 to 14} | 15 to 152
Tobaccotsoundslie 22 — ses -ssee ee per cwt-.-| 350 to 5.50 350 to 5175
COMIN Gy leah: eye oak, dosss=-3 5 50 to 6 50 57> to 6%5
medium leats-+s42 255.45) <52- doses 650 to 7 50 6% to 775
Wool, tub-washed..-.2.-..-.---.-per pound. - 48 to 53 50 to 584
fleece-washed. - 42 .)3.2. 322 $ik 35. do)225 22: 32 to 38 38 to 58
Combing. 2. see 5 hae - See dO =.2 3 33 to 38 38 to 41
UCC oe Sfae joni seas gars cee WO soon |ssesse cbedeseadesse 43 to 45
NEW ORLEANS.
Blount, sapertine .. --.34-4- 2128 «40 per barrel-.| 5 65 to 6 00 6 123 to 6 25
extras, (according to grade)....do..--- 625 to 8 75 650 to 105
Commprommed Bs. 2.21.92 Sg per bushel... 70 to 71 70 to 7
Ne) OV Seen Abe = eee donee: 71 to 72 75
AWE GI JO «al Aefaates yee Baloss: dO. 328% 72 to 76 76 to 78
Odtsrehotces sees So. aa sk Soe donee ss 64 to 65 65
Hay, choice 28522. S860 a jat et per ton.-| -23 00 to 24 00 24 00 to 25 00
PRUNE) 2S sae teens Soe tsa ce donee 20 00 to 22 00 23 00 to 24 00
Porkewmessi 2-22.22 gi.sacsas a4. por Barrell}: 19,00" ton 19e50 16 50 to 17 50
Land, tierce 22. < - Bs 3 See SCS cee per pound... 11 to 114 11 to 114
keot 2 255 oe ase ean. dos= 2245 124 to 122 12 to 124
Butter, choice western: -=-2.2. 222 se = dos 42s 25 22 to 26
choicé: northem?..02 2.34532. dos. 42 to 43 34 “to 35
commion northern’ 45/.-ce. 2 dO eas th. 55) 2s se cease snot LA ee ae eee
Cheese, choice factory. 43---.53-_-- doxsss-< 16 to 174 15 to 16
WESHETM TERCLYOG. 2-2 Sap isha. ates sere 14 13 to 14
Cottontsardinary <2. 282. . sat: dow 2 104 to 11 12 to 13
lows tmard dilimes 2s 228 toe. dossceer 134 to 14 15 to + 15}
maiddlinios: (eS 62) 22. dosha : 144 to 153! * 16 to 16}
Tobacco; luess 55-34 sees. «sate bio dO. 7555 54 to 7 54 to 62
low? leaks) eel ss's ee Se Goes =e 7 to 74 62 to 74
medium Tenfge.ae ee. ee does 74 to et 7i to 8
SAN FRANCISCO.
Hiour) supertine:.-( 2-52 m es aeee per barrel..| 625 to 6 75 6 50
CRbRAS <9 fas Poo tas arse Ga 675 to 7 75 700 to 8 2%
Wheatastatiezsi2.. J.02 225565 Saee per cental..} 270 to 2 80 275 to 2 90
Mresony: -/555 2 hss ye ee eee Oe es 255 to 2.60 240 to 2 624 \
ConnhiwHiteen do. 254 522242. RSS One ss 245 to 26 = 2725 to, 2 35
VOUOW sme elosagenineris Soc OO. sca. 245 to 2 50 225 to 2 30

204

Market prices il farm products—Continued.

Articles. May. June.
ae) aE | Te ee Bie tt ae
San Francisco—Continued.
Hany, Wameeee eee oh ee 143.28 2. ee per ton..| $16 50 to$22 00 | $14 00 to$20 00
Pork, mess.-..----------.--------per barrel. - 26 00 26 00
Ye) 2 ee oat Bes ae eer =, does 22 : 25 00 22 50
Bei GSS 2a eeiss dat oss shale wis:2 sane Oj: «2512 14 00 to 18 00 14 00 to 17 50
TEE 11), pat I RY Ren Fons Be Meee per pound.. 14 to 16 14 to 16
IBHULOL, SbatOesce-leit-sja)se ee ees ome dO} 3225. 25 to 324 25 to 324
Oregon, 322 ve eisee seleaere Owes 23 18 to WS - hi Serra aA Roe ete
overland wuckcils oe Oe. 2 Oa 5252). ses 232 ssa 25. to 30
CNeO80.. 8 asad hee teeth to om eee emus (ee 10 to 14 16 to 17
Wool; choices: -s..g5- 48028 220s tc doess2 = 304 to 32 30 to 334
inferior and medium ......----. dovsieis 27 «to 29 20 to 28

AGRICULTURE IN ITALY.

The kingdom of Italy now embraces an area of 118,000 square miles,
and a population of 26,000,000.

In 1865 the surface of Italy, including Venetia and the Roman States,
was thus distributed: Arable lands, ‘including vineyards, 29,749,167
acres; natural and artificial grass lands, 3,472,772 acres; rice planta-
tions, 363,742 acres; olive groves, 1,503,327-acres; chestnut groves,
1 609, 937 acres; woods and forests, 12,088,822 acres; pasturage,
16, 794, 847 acres ; marshes, lakes, &., 3,005,835 acres; waste lands, from
6,500,000 to 8,000,000 acres ; making a total of about 75,000,000 acres.
One-half of the soil that is cultivated is devoted to the cereals, while
only 4 per cent. of the entire surface is devoted to the cultivated .
grasses ; cattle and other domestic animals are, therefore, not numerous.
In the whole of Italy the estimated number of domestic animals is given
as follows: Horses, 1,462, 816; cattle, 4,007,476 ; sheep, 9,736,101 ; swine,
4,059,021 ; goats, 2,615, 427, This is only one-fifth the number of domes-
tic animalsin the United States in 1869. The annual average of cereal
and other productions, in bushels, is as follows: Wheat, 101,484,236 ;
maize, 48,728,339; rice, 3,972,325; chestnuts, 15,771,000; potatoes,
27,894,157 ; other vegetables, 11,899,178. Of oil the average is 1,775,256
hectoliters, and of wine, 34,977,549 hectoliters. Northern Italy is in a
higher state of cultivation than the southern portion. Among the hills
of Piedmont, which are as 0.774 to 0.226 of plain, and more particularly
where the vine is cultivated, the and is mainly owned by small farm-
ers in lots avefaging from 14 to 74 acres, but on the plains, especially
where rice is grown, the farms are large, ranging from 100 acres to 5,500
and upward, and are generally leased to substantial farmers. The prin-
cipal products are wheat, rice, Indian corn, oats, rye, and other grains,
vines and mulberry trees, clover, lucerne, flax, and hemp; apples,
peaches, pears, cherries, chestnuts, and walnuts. Irrigation is general
upon the plains. The yield of wheat, however, owing to defective til-
lage, is only about one-third of the English average per acre. HExperi-
ments have proved that it may be doubled with proper cultivation.
The use of improved agriculture ul machines, hitherto discouraged, and
of commercial fertilizers, is increasing. The cultivation of the vine in

205

Piedmont is also receiving greater attention, the old practice of festoon-
ing having been generally abandoned, and the improved French meth-
ods of culture substituted. In Lombardy there is much activity in agri-
cultural pursuits. As in Piedmont, small farms are common in the hilly
districts, and large farms on the plains. Most of thelatter are irrigated.
On the small mountain farms the spade is largely used, as it is also on
the hills of Piedmont. The cultivation of the vine and mulberry trees,
with wheat and other grains, prevails in the hills of Lombardy, while
rice, flax, and hay are grown on the plains. Silk is a staple product.
Cattle are generally kept by all farmers, and the country is rich in but-
ter and cheese. In Venetia none of the cereals are largely cultivated,
but are mostly imported from the Levant and the Black Sea. In the
Roman States and the provinces which immediately adjoin them the
modes of culture are very rude, and production is, of course, very limited.

The subdivision of the soil throughout Italy is much more favorable
to farmers of small means than the English system of large landed
estates. but is not so minute and impoverishing as that which prevails
in France. In a population of 26,000,000 the number of landed proprie-
tors is given at 4,180,000, with an average of 124 acres each. In Pied-
mont and Sicily, 1 in 4is a landholder; in Parma and Lombardy, 1 in
6; in Tuscany, 1 in 13; and in all Italy, in 1862, 17 in 100 owned land.
The most subdivisions are in Piedmont and the Two Sicilies ; the fewest,
in Tuscany, Romagna, and Umbria, where large tracts are owned by
the province, the commune, and the religious orders, and are generally
badly farmed.

The cultivation of cotton and tobacco has been introduced into some
of the Italian provinces, and the most satisfactory results have been
obtained.

THE GAME LAWS OF PRUSSIA. :

Up to 1848 the killing of game in Germany was a distinct and alien-
able proprietary right, held independently of the ownership of the soil,
and empowering the holder to hunt and shoot exclusively over other
Jands than bis own. In that year the Frankfort Parliament abolished
the game laws throughout Germany, and the principle was established
that the possession of the soil should thenceforth carry with it the
inalienable and exclusive right to pursue and kill game uponit. But
the abolition of all game laws was found, upon trial, to be too sweeping
ameasure. It permitted the taking of game in all seasons, encouraged
poaching, gave rise to lawless abuses, and threatened the extermination
of game altogether. In 1850 Prussia limited the personal exercise of
the right of killing game to owners of at least 200 acres, and restricted
the exercise of this right to certain: seasons. In 1870 the North Ger-
man Parliament passed a new game law, which retained the leading
features of the laws of 1848 and of that of 1850. As the law now
stands, any person in Prussia owning not less than 200 acres of land,
lying together, and who procures annually a game certificate, at a tri-
fling cost, has an unrestricted right to kill all game upon his owa prop-
erty; and the same right is extended to owners of all inclosed lands.
The owners of wrinclosed lands of less than 200 aeres are not entitled to
kill the game upon them; these revert, for all sporting purposes, to the
commune in which they are situated, and form a common shooting dis-
trict. There are only two months in the year—October and November—

206

during which the badger may be killed, owing to the services it ren-
The fox may be shot

ders the farmer in destroying
at any time.
which can only be shot by special license.

erubs, insects, &e.
Great eare is taken to prevent the extinction of the elk,

In 1867 an authority (Herr von Hagen) estimated the quantity of

game annually killed in Prussia, and the value thereof, as follows:

~ 3 3
© 5 ge 2
Species of game. rs o S 2
5) ee L of
a) s Ss fet
A a aw Da
TREQUCEOl sere ooo See ee ee eee saat 4, 288 120 514,560 | At 24
Piallow Heer Ws. / 0k KK Shee etek: F 2,546 127, 300 Q4
Inge) Meer Liftexg Ss ce oetheeeale lee eek 14, 204 255, 100 4
WHI DOATB Mat oh. oteatyuans Lee Serene ates 2, 358 141, 480 3
1 EVV eh Spee ei en ep NG a iy ah aha te 54 250 13, 700 14
IGS. ee. Seu ek © oe ee een Be oe ereyen LS 1, 097, 316 5, 486, 580 3
paniridpes Se Lue See ees 1, 311, 134 983, 351 5
Pheasants. s2es 22s lee oath ee ey be ein 2, 373 4,746 10
Black CAMO) 2/2 joke has Geninicielp «ee ais sala 1,340 2, 680 74
Hazel game, (“ Hazelwild”’) ....-2--.- .2---- 992 744 10
SIDES ts Shh eee 3 ote He ee en ee 13-432 6, 566 10
Wild. dick St 222 ose. Soars cee ae Ee oc ee 16, 454 24, 681 3
Gall oma fers ae sieges eyes peels eee ers ee me 8, 308 16, 616 il
Fieldfares, shock of three score .----.-.----- 4, 824 72, 360 2
|
Total number of pounds, 7,750,464, of the value of 840,752 thalers.
To the money value are to be added—
Thalers.
11:524 foxes, at 1 thaler the skin. <5. . .)Usei5. So. 1 ek ee eo
643 badgers, at 2 thalers the skin. ....--.-------'-.--s-e0e2% Nb ears 1, 286
Hides and skins of red deer, at 14 thalers the skin....---...------.---. <----« 5, 717
Hides and skins of fallow deer, at 3 thaler the skin......-.--...--..--..-.-.- 1, 697
Hides and skins of roe deer, at +. thaler the skin......-.--..--2. .-------tss-- 2, 841
Hides and skins of elks, at 3 thalers the, skin.......:< s.-« 1.2 eon iploe
Hides and skins of wild boars, at 4 thaler the skim.:.. 2... 2.222305 seeses ean eo
Hare and rabbit skins, at 3\groschen the skim .-_...2--.-2.. .322sseee- sae 110, 562
Total values. o.oo cee siceide beens eos etecsecetee cee 975, 720

(Equal to $712,275.)

Since 1867 various provinces have been annexed to Prussia, statistics

of the game product of which, if procurable, would largely add to the
above totals.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

REMOVAL OF GYPSUM FROM WATER.—An easy method of removing
gypsum from water consists in the application of the native carbonate
of baryta, ground to a fine powder, in the proportion of about half a
pound to a large pailful. After the addition of this substance the
water is well stirred, and left at rest for twenty-four hours to deposit the
sediment, after which it is to be poured off, and may be used.

CAUSE OF THE RUSTING OF IRON.—It has usually been supposed that
the rusting of iron depends principally upon moisture and oxygen. It

207

would appear, however, from Dr. Calvert’s experiments, that carbonic
acid is the principal agent, and that without this the other agencies
have very little effect. Iron does not rust at all in dry oxygen, and but
little in moist oxygen; while it rusts very rapidly in a mixture of moist
carbonic acid and oxygen. Ifa piece of bright iron be placed in water
saturated with oxygen, it rusts very little; but if carbonic ‘acid be
present, oxidation goes on so fast that a dark precipitate is produced in
avery short time. It is said that bright iron placed in a solution of
caustic alkali does not rust at all. The inference to be derived is that
by the exclusion of moist carbonic acid from contact with iron rust can
be very readily prevented.

PROPAGATION OF THE GRAPE BY EYES.—A German agricultural
journal informs us that the grape-vine can be propagated by means of eyes,
so as to save three years’ time in the growth, each eye furnishing a new
shoot. Each grape-vine will furnish as many shoots as it has sound
eyes, and they are to be cut off about a quarter of an inch from the eye
on each side, so as to leave a cylinder of wood about half an inch long,
with the eye in the center. If prepared in the autumn, these eyes may
be putin acellar in winter. In April they are to be laid down at a
depth of two or three inches in furrows about six inches apart, and
covered with a little manure, watered in dry weather, and the earth
about them occasionally loosened.

CURING DAMPNESS IN WALLS.—A Russian preparation for curing
moisture in the walls of houses consists in the use of a mixture made by
adding two pounds of white resin to a boiling solution of three and
three-fourths pounds of green vitriol in one hundred pounds of water.
To this ten pounds of sifted red ocher, or other color, eight pounds of
rye meal, and six and a half pounds of linseed oil are to be added, and
the whole stirred together until it forms a completely homogeneous
mass. Two coats of this mixture are to be applied successively, while
hot, but only in dry, warm weather.

MANURE FROM DEAD ANIMALS.—Dead animals are utilized in France
by immersing their soft parts in a very feeble solution of hydrochloric
acid, which soon transforms them into an odorless pulp. This is to be
ne with phosphate of lime, and the result is a manure of the best
quality. ‘

UTILIZING THE GREASE OF SHEEP’S WOOL.—An additional instance
of the possibility of converting what was formerly considered refuse into
valuable material, is seen in the case of the fatty matter contained in
Sheep’s wool, and technically known as suint. This contains about 40
per cent. of potassa, and when ignited the alkali becomes entirely mixed
thereby with strongly-nitrogenized animal charcoal. The result of re-
cent experiments tends to show that suint, thus treated, may be used to
an excellent profit in the manufacture of prussiates and cyanides.

UTILIZING FISH OFFAL.—An ingenious method, lately proposed, for
utilizing the residue and offal of fish, consists in first boiling it together
with one-tenth of its weight of cheap oil, heating it up from 250° to
300° F. Itis then treated with sulphide of carbon, whereby the oil naturally
contained in the fish, as well as that which was added, is extracted, and
a mass is left, quite dry, and containing from 5 to 6 per cent. of nitro-
gen, and from 12 to 15 per cent. of phosphate of lime.

MARKS OF DIFFERENCE OF SEX IN EGGS.—It is stated that the eggs
of the common hen, as well as those of many other birds, present cer-

208

tain external characteristics by means of which it is possible to deter-
mine beforehand the sex to be hatched from them. Thus, the “ male”
egg has, at its pointed end, small folds and wrinkles, while the “ female”
egg is entirely smooth, and well rounded off at both ends.

BLACKENING STONE.—A method of rendering stone completely black,
to serve as a foil to some other color, or to protect it against the weather,
consists in heating it in an oven to about 140°, and then removing it
and dipping the side to be colored into a vessel filled with melted tar,
After removal, the surplus is allowed to drain off, and laid not far from
the stove to dry. When it is half dried, it is placed in the air and
allowed to*become completely dry, after which a wisp of straw is used
to rub off the blackened side, which gives to the stone a brilliant luster,
and prepares it for further use.

ORIGIN OF MAIZE.—The claim that the maize, or Indian-corn plant,
is indigenous to the soil of the New World, has lately been contested,
and recent investigations of certain Chinese records are cited to prove
that it was cultivated in China prior to the discovery of America. Chi-
nese authors maintain that it came originally from countries west of
China, and that it was introduced into that country long before the first
arrival of the Portuguese, in 1517.

RUSSIAN METHOD OF PRESERVING FRUIT.—A method of preserv-
ing fruit, quite frequently adopted in Russia, consists in slacking fresh
lime by sprinkling it with water and adding a little creosote. The fruit
is to be packed in wooden boxes, witha layer of the prepared chalk pow-
der of an inch in depth at the bottom. This layer is to be first covered
with a sheet of paper, and upon it the fruit is to be laid so as not to
touch each other. On the first layer of fruit another sheet of paper is
placed, with the lime powder sprinkled over it, and a sheet of paper over
this; upon this another layer of fruit is spread, as before, and the pro-
cess continued until the box is full. The corners may then be filled with
charcoal. If a tight-fitting cover is put on the box, the fruit, it is said,
will maintain its freshness : for at least a year.

MANURE FROM INDIAN CORN.—It is said that a new manure is pre-
pared in France from Indian corn, a substance now largely used in
French distilleries. The grain, previously coarsely broken, is first sub-
jected to the action of dilute sulphuric acid, to convert its starch into
sugar. After fermentation the refuse is placed in large tanks, and when
all the solid matters have subsided the clear liquid is drawn off, and the
residue yields an excellent manure, containing about 9 per cent. of
water, 68 per cent. of organic matter rs, including nearly 5 per cent. of
nitrogen, and about 19 per cent. of mineral matter.

SULPHURIC ACID FOR DESTROYING WEEDS IN LAWNS.—A writer in
an English journal suggests the use of ordinary sulphuric acid or oil
of vitriol,as an excellent agent for the destruction of weeds on lawns.
The difficulty of eradicating such unsightly elements of the lawn is well
understood, since to do so satisfactorily requires the removal of a large
amount of dirt, producing a corresponding injury to the general appear-
ance. By taking the acid in question, and allowing a few drops to fall
into the crown of any obnoxious weeds, it will turn them brown in an
instant, and ultimately cause the death of the plant. Great care must
of course be taken to prevent any of the acid from falling upon the
skin, or any article of clothing; but with ordinary care a large amount
of surface can be treated in a short time with most excellent results.

209

PREPARATION OF WOODEN LABELS FOR PLANTS.—Wooden labels
for plants, to be inserted in the ground, may, it is said, be preserved for
an indefinite time by first dipping them i in a solution of one part copper
vitriol and twenty-four parts water, and subsequently immersing in
lime water, or a solution of gypsum.

PRESERVATION OF BEET LEAVES FOR FODDER.—It is well known
that in France the beet is cultivated on a large scale, mainly for the
preparation of beet sugar, and that the leaves are used very largely as
food for cattle. <A difficulty has hitherto existed in reference to this
latter application, on account of the readiness with which the leaves be-
come decomposed, and the impossibility of keeping them fresh for any
considerable length of time. We are now informed that this has been
overcome by M. Mehay, who subjects the leaves to the action of dilute
hydrochloric acid, by means of which, after undergoing a special treat-
ment, they can be stacked away in large quantities ‘and ‘kept indefinitely
for future use. The application of the acid employed, so far from injur-
ing these leaves as food, seems to impart to them special alimentary
peculiarities, seen in the production of an improved quality of butter.
Several veterinary surgeons have certified, as the result of a critical ex
amination of the experiments, that the food gave rise to no disturbance
of the digestive system, and that in every respect the new preparation
was to be considered a success.

FEEDING UNBROKEN GRAIN TO HOGS.—Dr. Lehmann has lately com-
municated to the Agricultural Association of Saxony the results of some
experiments of feeding unbroken grain to hogs, the animal to which
the test was applied being a three-year-old pig, of an English breed, which
had pr eviously been fed, for a year. and three- quarters, exclusively with
rye bran. Four pounds of bran were given to it every twenty-four hours ;
and on each of the first two days of the experiment an addition was
made of one pound of the grains experimented upon, the rations being
furnished in only a slightly moist condition. The first of the undigested
grains were passed off at the lapse of from twenty-four to twenty-five
hours, the last of them appearing at various intervals; as, at the end of
sixty- two hours for oats, seventy-two hours for barley, seventy-eight
hours for rye, and the same for peas. In reference to the quan-
tity of undigested and unaltered grains found in the excrement, it is
stated that in one hundred pounds there appeared unchanged and entire
50.6 of oats, 54.8 of barley, 49.8 of rye, and 49.4 of peas. From these
results it will be seen that in general only half of the entire grain is
used in the process of digestion, and that every one who furnishes food
in this manner has to supply twice as much as is actually necessary, at,
of course, double the necessary cost. It is, therefore, very evident that
a due regard to economy makes it expedient to reduce the food to a
more or less fine condition before it is given to such animals.

FEEDING NETTLES TO LAYING HENS.—The Vienna Agricultural and
Forest Journal states that hens fed in the winter with chopped and
boiled nettle leaves, or with the seeds, and kept in a warm place, will
continue to lay during the entire winter. The experiment was first sug-
gested by noticing the eagerness with which both domestic and wild
fowl devour the nettle leaves and seeds whenever the opportunity is
afforded. This proclivity is believed to be the reason why, with the
enormous yield of seeds on the part of the nettle, comparatively so few
plants spring. It is stated also that in Denmark the seeds and leaves
of the nettle are fed very carefully to horses, after having been collected,

210

dried, and ground; three times a week, morning and evening, a hand-
ful of this nettle dust is mixed with the oats, in consequence of which
the horses are said to become fleshy and sleek, and their hair to grow
unusually long, and to assume a remarkably beautiful, silky luster.

COOLING OF BROODED EGGS.—An inquiry is made of the German
Poultry Journal whether eggs brooded upon and allowed to become cold
can be hatched; in reply to which it is stated that, from extensive ob-
servation, it has been shown that eggs which have remained cold for
two days or more may even then be successfully brooded, and that the
nearer to the period of the escape of the young, the longer may this
cooling last. It is, however, necessary that at least half of the brood-
ing period be passed, as, if eggs are left too long in the first half of the
period, especially if this is repeated many times, the embryo will, in al-
most every instance, die. In the second half of the period the chick is
already so far formed that a prolonged cooling is not especially injurious
to it. It is also established that eggs thus cooled require a longer time
than usual to come to maturity.

DRAINING WITH FASCINES.—The choking up of clay drain-pipes,
especially when used to carry water containing iron in solution, (from
which the oxide of iron is precipitated,) has frequently caused great dif-
ficulty in keeping up a proper drainage; and, in view of this fact, the
propriety of adopting the old method of using fascines, or bundles of
wicker-work, has been urgently recommended. For this purpose a
coarse wicker-work, made of alder or willow, is to be loosely plaited
together into a tube of about ten inches in diameter, braced by cross-
pieces at intervals of two feet. A number of these are to be united
intoa continuous tube, and laid in the ditches prepared for their reception.
Sod is then to be laid on the top, with the grass side down, and the trench
filled with earth. In this way a very cheap system of drainage is ob-
tained, which will remain for a long time without filling up; while
earthen-ware tubes do not answer their purpose for more than six or
eight years. The use of the wicker-work has the additional advantage
of allowing the air to penetrate upward through the soil, thereby in-
creasing its productive properties.

EFFECT OF TREES ON CLIMATE, (MALTA.)—Much has been said in
the work of Mr. George P. Marsh, entitled ‘‘ Man and Nature,” and by
many other writers, of the influences exerted by man upon the physical
condition of the earth and the atmosphere, and deserved stress has
been laid upon the important part played by trees in all phenomena
connected with the amelioration of climates and the restoration or
increase of rain-fall, and the diminution in the number and the intense
Severity of inundations, &e. Mr. Buchan, a well-known meteorolo-
gist of Edinburgh, has lately made a report to the scientific society of
that city in regard to certain measures about being introduced by the
Governor of Malta for replanting the island with trees, in which he re-
marks that the characteristic features of the climate of that island are
the cold northerly winds of the winter, and the excessive heat of sum-
mer, with a great scarcity of water throughout the whole year. The
entire absence of trees on the island was thought to intensify and in-
crease these extremes, and it was believed that by securing an abundant
covering of forests much could be done for the amelioration of the cli-
mate. Mr. Buchan, in reference to the general theory of such ameli-
oration, states that while the highest temperature of the air occurs in
summer between 2 and 3 o’clock p. m., the change in the trees is very

211

slow, the leaves not attaining their maximum temperature until 9 o’clock
p-m. ‘Thus, while the atmospherie changes are rapid, the temperature

varies slowly in the trees, and therefore they serve, like the ocean, as
equalizers of the temperature, moderating the heat of the day and
maintaining a higher temperature during the night.

In continuation of the same subject, Mr. Buehan remarks that, as
air is heated by contact with the soil, and as trees shelter the soil from
the solar radiation, they must diminish the force of the sun’s rays, espe-
cially in the lower strata of the atmosphere. The exhalation of moist-
ure by trees produces cold in the air by abstracting the latent heat from
it. This lowering of the temperature gives to the air a greater degree
of humidity. Again, the leaves of trees exercise an important influence
in cooling the atmosphere, as the tree itself, by its radiation of heat,
becomes sensibly lower in temperature, and thus cools the air as it plays
among the leaves.

VINEGAR FROM UNRIPE FRUIT.—Unripe fruit, especially apples and
pears, as is well known, is much used in the manufacture of vinegar;
but the process usually adopted is defective in many important points.
We therefore give, for the benefit of our readers, the substance of an
article from Graeger’s Manual of Vinegar Making, just published in
Germany, which may, perhaps, serve a useful purpose. The principal
fault of the old process consists in throwing away the pulp after the
juices are expressed. As this, however, contains a large percentage of
starch, excellently adapted for conversion into vinegar, it is necessary
to prepare the fruit so as to save this portion of its substance. With
this object it is to be grated, exactly as potatoes are prepared in the
manufacture of starch, and the pulp passed through a moderately fine
sieve, or through a coarse and open meshed cloth. There is thus noth-
ing left behind but the pomace proper, or cellulose, all the starchy mat,
ter having been passed through the sieve -with the juice. This is next
to be diluted with water, in proportion to the quantity.of starchy mat-
‘ ter thus obtained; and the whole is then placed in a clean copper
kettle, one or two per cent. of concentrated sulphurie acid being added,
and heated long enough to transform the starch into grape sugar. The
sulphuric acid is to be neutralized by means of carbonate of lime; the
gypsum or the sulphate of lime thus produced allowed to settle, and the
liquid to become clear, and then poured off. This liquid is to be left for
fermentation to take place, either with or without the use of yeast. A
liquid having 8 or 10 per cent. of sugar can easily be made to have
4 or 5 per cent. of alcohol after fermentation, which, by its subsequent
acidification, will yield a vinegar of 5 to 6 per cent. of acetic acid.

USE OF FLESH OR MILK OF APHTHOUS CATTLE.—Professor Dammann
has lately renewed, with great care, the inquiry as to the wholesomeness
of flesh or milk of cattle that have been afflicted with the foot and
mouth disease, and has come to the conclusion that the use of these
substances cannot be forbidden with sound reason. He states that the
flesh is absolutely harmless, and its use should be allowed under any
circumstances, taking care in every case that the slaughtering be done
in one and the same place, in order that no new locality be unnecessarily
tainted by the liquids resulting from the operation.

In reference to using the milk, | he states that should any misgiving
be felt, it may be converted into butter or cheese, in which case it is
absolutely harmless. No reliable instances could be found, in the course
of a long and careful inquiry, of ary infection or disease having been
communicated to mankind or the lower animals by eating the flesh of

212

animals thus afflicted, or by drinking their milk. The author concludes
by saying that it is eminently right and proper that legal and other pre-
cautions be taken against the propagation of the disease in living ani-
mals, but that these measures should always be subordinated to the
general principles which have now been fairly established.

ACTION OF POTASH ON FRUIT TREES.—Dr. George B. Wood, in a
late communication to the American Philosophical Society, in Phila-
delphia, presented the result of certain experiments made by him upon
the effect of salts of potassa when applied to grain and fruit-producing
soils. In his view, the depreciation of the productiveness of apple,
peach, and quince orchards is due to the exhaustion of potash from the
soil. Several of such orchards, formerly very valuable, but which had
within a few years ceased to bear much fruit, on being treated with
an application of wood ashes to the roots of the trees, became completely
revived, producing full crops the following year. A still more striking
effect was seen the second year, uuder a renewal of the application.
He cited several other instances where the same results followed; in one
case where an apple orchard, planted on an old orchard’s site, which
had never borne fruit, was made to produce a good crop by the applica-
tion of ashes.

KILLING RABBITS BY SULPHUR.—It is well known that the European
rabbit has been introduced-into Australia, and by its enormously rapid
multiplication bids fair to become a veritable pest to the country. Many
remedies have been proposed for their extermination, among which the
burning of sulphur in their burrows has been strongly recommended.
An article by a Mr. Archer, on this subject, however, recounts the
numerous experiments made for the purpose of their destruction by
sulphur, and ends with the statement that this method is not at all
satisfactory, and that carbonic acid would probably be more efiicient.

DESTRUCTION OF GRAIN BY INSECTS.—Some idea of the injury
caused by insects to agricultural products may be formed from the state-
ment that, from 74 tons of Spanish wheat stored in a granary, 10
hundred-weight of beetles were screened out in.one instance, and in
another 35 hundred-weight were removed from 145 tons of American
corn. The offender in both cases was a weevil, known as Colandra
orise.

BAOBAB BARK AS A NEW FIBER.—It is well known that great efforts
are being made all over the world to increase the supply of material for
the manufacture of paper and textile fabrics, by calling into play sub-
stances previously unthought of in this connection. Among the later
additions to the series may be mentioned the fibrous bark of the
Baobab tree, (Adansonia digitata.) This is said to be worth in England
from $70 to $75 per ton. It furnishes, also, an almost indestructible
cordage.

COLORING FOR BUTTER.—According to the Moniteur Scientifique, a
coloring matter much superior to the annatto for coloring butter may
be prepared from carrots. For this purpose the roots are to be eut in
slices and dried, and afterwards ground to powder, and subjected to the
action of sulphide of carbon. An extract can be obtained in this way
which, rapidly crystallized, furnishes pure carotine; an insipid, modor-
ous substance, resembling alizarine in appearance.

Nrw ZEALAND FLAX.—Among the substances used in the arts as
fibers, the New Zealand flax at one time promised to be of great prom1-

213 ,

nence; but owing to its high price, and the difficulty and expense of
bleaching it, it has not been employed in so many applications as its
strength and other qualities warrant. The principal difficulty in making
a profitable use of it has been from the tenacity of the gum which
envelops the fibers. This, according to a late writer, cousists of three
distinct substances: first, an actual gum, found only on the upper
leaves and near their bases, and readily dissolved by boiling water, or
removable by mechanical meas; second, a bitter principle, which it is
suggested may be used as a dye or stain for wood, and a mucilage, both
easily extracted; and third, a kind of cement, only to be removed by
boiling water and alkali, and upon the retention of which the strength
of the fibers depends.

ITEMS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

PALACE STOCK CARS.—The first train of palace stock cars from the
West to the East passed over the Pennsylvania Railroad and its western
connections about the 1st of May. The event is of general interest, in
its humanitarian as well as economic aspect. The train consisted
of eleven cars, containing one hundred and seventy-two head of cattle.
The cars are arranged for holding sixteen’ head each, with separate
stalls connected by gates, which are closed as soon as an ox gets his
place. These stalls are readily adjustable to the size of the animal, so
as to afford ample room for lying down and rising up. A comfortable
bed of shavings is strewn over the bottom. At the top of each car is a
feed-box, with canvas spouts, which communicate with the feed-basins
underneath ; also a water tank. By this arrangement the cattle can be
fed and watered during the transit without unshipping. The cars are
about eight feet longer than ordinary stock cars, and there is ample
room to prevent the animals from being bruised or jarred. Underneath
are the passenger car trucks, with elliptical spring and swinging bar.
It is the intention to have stock trains of the above description to run
from St. Louis to New York in ninety-six hours. Under the old plan, ten
days were often consumed in making the trip, and the discomfort to
cattle and shrinkage in their weight were very great.

IMMIGRATION TO THE SOUTHERN STATES.—The policy of dividing
the large landed estates of the South into small farms, and inviting
industrious and order-loving farmers to purchase them and make their
homes upon them, is making some progress in that section. Rapid
increase in production, material improvement, and accumulation depend
upon its more general adoption. A late number of the Natchitoches
(Louisiana) Times says that, during the preceding week or two, some of
the largest land-owners of that vicinity have been quietly talking over
certain plans to induce immigration to the parish. The basis is a sub-
division of large tracts of land into small farms of forty acres or more,
and the sale to actual settlers of alternate lots, at low prices, and on
long credit, or even the donation of every third or fourth lot to indus-
trious families from abroad, whose success might induce their friends
to purchase the intervening farms. The Times prefers immigrants
from France, Louisiana being originally a French settlement, and still
continuing to be largely French in many of its social, religious, and
political features, and favors especially the organization of a plan to
induce the farmers and mechanies of Alsace and Lorraine to occupy

214

the fertile fields, which are capable of supporting a much denser popula-
tion than has ever oceupied them.

THE ALMOND AND OLIVE IN CALIFORNIA.—Captain Jonathan May-
hew, of Santa Barbara County, California, has succeeded in growing
several fine specimens of the almond tree. One tree of the Lan-
guedoe variety, two years old from the bud, produced five hundred and
fourteen nearly full-sized almonds. The tree is eight feet high with a
top spread of nine feet. Other trees of the same age are equally thrifty.
A three-year-old Languedoc tree measures thirteen feet high, with a top
spread of thirteen feet. Other three-year-old trees nearly equal this
one. Four trees, four years old, are bending with fruit. These older
trees will probably average 3,000 or 4,000 nuts, or 30 to 40 pounds per
tree. The wholesale price of the nuts is seldom less than 25 cents per
pound. Captain Mayhew has also, on his farm, three-year-old olive
trees propagated from cuttings, three inches in diameter, which are ten
and one-half feet high, and are thrifty and promising. The Santa Bar-
bara region presents very favorable conditions for olive growth. Cap-
tain Mayhew does not resort to irrigation, but practices deep plowing

SHEEP HUSBANDRY IN CALIFORNIA.—Monterey County is a great
sheep-walk. Flint, Bixby & Co., of San Juan, on 200,000 acres of land,
graze 75,000 sheep and thousands of cattle. We learn that they sheared
this spring over 300,000 pounds of wool, realizing $95,000. The Breens,
on 25,000 acres, feed 3,000 sheep and large numbers of cattle and
horses. P. Vacca & Co. have 10,000 sheep; Hernandez, 20,000; J. D.
Carr, 15,000; E. J. Donelly, 16,000; A. Mitchel, 2,500; Reynolds &
Russel, 5,000; Gooderich & Baker, 8,000; Moore, 7,000; Pendleton,
1,500; Grogan, 1,500; Dr. Matthews, 1,500; D. Wilson. 1,500; D. Dodge,
2,000; W. H. Stone, 2,000; J. W. Stone, 3,000; N. Crooks, 2,000; E.
James, 2,000; Wilcox & Bro., 3,000; U. Matthews, 2,000; T. Butter-
field & Son, 1,000, besides 200 Angora goats, worth from $100 to $500
each. The total of all the above flocks is 203,500 sheep.

THIN SEEDING.—George Wilkins, Wix Vicarage, (England,) a corre-
spondent of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, gives the results of his experi-
ence as follows: For fourteen years in succession he never exceeded
two pecks, or sixteen quarts, of seed-wheat to the acre, and sometimes
used less than one peck, and yet, in each of two of those years he har-
vested 56 bushels of wheat to the acre, and the average of the fourteen
crops in fourteen years was 44 bushels to the acre. The seed was
sown with a drill. One of the conditions necessary to the production
of large crops from thin seeding he states to be the sowing of the seed
early in the fall, that the plants may have a fair start before the setting
in of winter. Thorough drainage he also deems an essential condition.

CULTIVATION OF THE PLAINS.—R. 8. Elliott, industrial agent of the
Kansas Pacific Railroad Company, who has been experimenting exten-
sively along the line of the road with the cereals, grasses, and fruit and
forest trees, reports that his ‘‘ experience already warrants the belief
that we may grow on the plains, without irrigation, lucern and other
valuable forage plants; winter and spring grain, and trees from seeds,
as far west as the one hundredth meridian, and probably to the mount-
ains. Experiments now in progress, justify the faith that trees from
seeds, cuttings, and young plants may be grown for timber, fuel, and
fruit in all parts of the plains between the Platte and the Arkansas

tivers. The growth of living storm-shields along the line of the Kan-

215

sas Pacific Railway, and timber for the uses of the road, is only a mat-
ter of effort and time.”

TENNESSEE INDUSTRIAL EXxpostTIoN.—We note with pleasure the
complete success of the exposition of the industries of Tennessee, which
took place at Nashville in May. Much interest was manifested in the
enterprise, which was the first of its kind in the State, and its originators
and managers met with ample encow agement. The substantial and capa-
cious building devoted to the exposition was thronged with visitors for
twenty days. Tennessee is rich in many of the chief elements of mate-
rial wealth, and such exhibitions as this will soon teach all her people
that it is their true policy to develop them.

THE CENSUS establishes the fact that petite culture, or small farming,
has made rapid encroachments during the past decade upon the bound-
aries of large farms and the system of mixed husbandry in the vicinity
‘of our large cities. The production of poultry, eggs, milk, small fruits,
vegetables, &c., can be successfully engaged in upon small parcels of
land and with limited means in the neighborhood of a good market,
and the number who have within the past few years embarked in this
business is greater than has been generally supposed.

VETCHES.—Dr. H. R. Casey, the correspondent of the Department
for Columbia County, Georgia, writes that last winter he sowed in his
garden a pint of vetch seed, procured in France, as an experiment. On
the 11th of June it had produced a beautiful bed of green forage,.over
a foot high and very thickly matted. The opinion is expressed by our
correspondent that the plant will make good green pasturage, but will
possess mofe value as dry forage. The yield on good ground, he thinks,
would be heavy.

A POTATO PLANTER.—There has recently been patented another ma-
chine for planting potatoes, which, it is claimed, makes the furrow, de-
posits the seed, and covers it up, by going but once over the ground, and
can be used with either one or two horses. A machine of this character
that will do its work well is wanted by farmers, and we hope that com-
plete success may soon be obtained in this class of agricultural imple-
ments.

LIMA BEANS IN CALIFORNIA.—Captain Jonathan Mayhew, of Santa
Clara Valley, has a field of 100 acresin Lima beans. The crop is in very
promising condition. The beans sell at about 34 cents per pound when
the common white beans bring 24 cents, and are said to be no more
trouble to cultivate or to market.

SQUIRREL SKINS VALUABLE.—Squirrels are so great a nutfsance in
California that a bounty of 10 cents per head is paid for their destruc-
tion. Mr. Frank Tracy has killed and trapped 10,000 in one season, for
which he got $1,000 bounty. He sent the skins to Paris, where they
sold at 15 cents each, swelling his receipts to $2,500 for his captures.
The skins are said to be more valuable than those of the rat or kid in
the manufacture of gloves.

TEXAS CATTLE.—A dispatch from Abilene, Kansas, dated June 9,
states that one dealer in Texas cattle arrived there that day with 5,000
head of mixed stock and 2,000 beeves. <A close calculation foots up
132,000 head of Texan cattle now within a radius of twenty-five miles
of Abilene.

METEOROLOGY.

[COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY THE OBSERVERS OF -THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. |

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature, and the amount of rain and melted snow, (in inches and tenths,) for April and
May, 1871, at the stations named. Daily observations made at 7 a. m., and 2 and 9 p. m.

APRIL.
g aie '| s
2 2 =e ae
At a 2 5B)
Stations in States 5 A a |
and Territories. eas Pig a) =
Date. | = 3 | Date.| .5 | & | SS | Date.
Spe S| es Mi r= =
7 =| oO g 2
& | q
4 ‘a @ 18
= a a |e
MAINE
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
Honiton: 4-6 .05 - 29 59 9 21 | 43.3 | 6.20
State Agr. College 21 65 Wy 23 | 40.9 | 4.01 30
Surpyee---2----o- 21 638 6 CA SS Ne 30
Williamsburg. - - - 21) 62 1,6 18 | 37.3 | 4.55 30
West Waterville.| 10, 21 68 1 25 | 44.1 | 2.80 30
Gardiner. .--.----- 10, 22 58 1 30 | 44.1 | 3.38 30
TLisbomatsss 3945): 7,21 68 1 24 | 42.9 | 5.23 3
Standish |...9.2.-:2- 21 72 1 29 | 44.2 | 3.45 30
Norway... 54-222 8, 21 68 1,6 29 | 42.3 | 4.20 30
Coright, 228-2). £2 8 70 i ps ial lee: a WU 21
Cornishyville ----. 7,8 70 6 27 | 44.4 | 4.30 30
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Sirasiordse--o- + 8 V7 1 15 | 40.0 | 4.30 21
Whitefield .....-.- 8 79 1 13 | 42.2 | 3.21 21
Summit Mt. Wash- 8 47 5 ie O | Pa. oe
ington.
Tamworth ...-.-.. 8 R84 1 22 | 43.9 | 4.55 30
Contoocookville -- 8 85 1,2 i We ee ol agrees 30
Amoskeag .-..---- 8 88 1 17 | 44.3 | 2.60 30
VERMONT’.
Lunenburg .-.---- 8 75 6 23 | 43.1 | 5.50 21
Craftsbury..%.--- 8 72 1 16 | 39.4 | 4.04 21
South Troy ..-.--- 8 72 1 14 | 43.6 | 4. 64 21
Randolph .-...--- 8 82 i 21 | 44.7] 2.53 30
Woodstock ..---. 8 78 1 22 | 42.2 | 2.37 29
Worwien'. -'s.. 25-5 8 82 1,6 26 | 47.3 | 2.40 | 29,30
Near St. Albans. . 7 67 6 24 | 42.6 | 3.30 21
West Charlotte -. 7 70 1 25 | 46.8 | 6.13 21
Banton - cee eee 9 76 1,5 28 | 44.8 | 4.98 30
Castleton .....-.- 8 83 6 24 | 46.3 | 1. 64 30
MASSACHUSETTS.
Kingston ..-.-.-- 8 84 6 29 | 46.2 | 2.05 30
Newbury .----.--- 8 89 1 Aa WANS 3). eS 30
Lawrenee...-...- 8 82 6 30 | 45.2 | 2.78 | 29, 30
Georgetown ..--. 8 84 1 26 | 45.4 | 3.62
Milteneee..ceoee =: 8 87 2,11 33 | 48.5 | 2.96 30
Cambridge. .-..-- 8 36 2 SBS bee.
North Billerica. -. 8! 88155. Bao. 32 as. Ore 30
West Newton...-. 8 91 2} 30] 48.3) 1.93 30
New Bedford .-..| 8,10 73 6 30 | 46.8 | 3.76 30
Tunenburg -.---- 8 86 1 Q7 | 47.2 | 3.35 30
Mendan=. 7.72c22- 8 82 nts} 28 | 46.4 | 3.20 30

Maximum tempera-
ture

—_—|

Mean temperature.

Rain and melted
snow.

MAY.

é

esi

i=)

A
#3
Date. =
eee

4

2

a
Deg.
5 34
45) 38
5 30
5 34
4 36
4 39
4 36
4,5 34
4,5 34
ASR toe
lg, 11, 14 33
8,11 | -36
4,5 35
5 38
11 34
14 34
813] ‘32
8 34
16 34
24 33
5,11,14] 38
8 35
10 37
18 38
il 38
10 39
10 39
3,4,5| 39
8 41
10 38
14 40
10 41
5 37
11 38

or Or or Or Or G7 Ct
SAAR HVAsse
IHU W RH OMS

POI w ww
HO TOT AP ED
SSSSSR2SR28

217

Table showing the range of the thermometer, S¢., for April and May—Continued.

APRIL. MAY.
‘ DAR a=! . c=)
: ee s sles
ae a = BI? py a 8 |%3
Stations in States | | @ | A A 4 Sh ioa
and Territories. Big 23| 3 5 2 sia lee ee rc
Date. # | Date | 63] & | 3s | Date. =| afl g |ze
= 5 o/ 2 | aa ES Bei 8 | aa
| = a | 4 7 a qa |4
GS a o ‘2 Ss : o "3
a a |e A SS | etobe
Mass.—Contin’d
Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In Deg. Deg. |} Deg. | In
Amibherstee sei": 8 85 i 27 | 48.0 | 3.09 30 93 41 | 57.8 3. 82
Richmond ..-.-.--- 8 80 1 26 | 47.3 | 3.45 29 90 32 | 57.4 2. 86
Williams College. 8 82 1,6 28 | 46.2 | 2.29 30 90 36 | 56.3 2.19
Hinsdale --e cea: 8 78 2 SEAT GO EDs VS y | oe mnie etafles serait 34) |. aes fectisiaa
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport ..-......- 21 68 6 32 | 48.6 | 3.20 30 80 40 | 56.6 | 4.18
CONNECTICUT.
Columbia --...... 8 88 6 26 | 49.5 | 3.80 30 97 41 | 592) 4.03
Middletown.....- 8 87 6 29 | 48.8 | 3.14 30 90 41 | 57.4 4.80
Southington ..-.. 8 86 6 30 | 49.2 | 2.35 30 86 39 | 57.9 5. 05
Round Hill .....- 8 86 6 29 | 50.9 | 2.93 30 91 41 | 59.1 3.15
NEW YORK.
Moriches’... +)... =. 10, 26 73 3 25 | 49.8 | 4.31 Q7 92 47 | 61.5 2..37
South Hartford -- 8 84 6 22 | 48.6 | 1.95 Q1 92 38 | 60.3 2.10
North Argyle. --. w) 77 1 CN Cal) CAG Ease. oe Rene ool tore ssee|scnece\sesees|\- 0025
Garrison’s ....-..- 8 85 1,2 35 | 53.0 | 2.98 30 94 44 | 59.0] Q.11
Throg’s Neck.... 8 86 6 Him iy vit eae 30 91 45\\\ | Gls) |e
White Plains .... 8 84 0 a} pa Wey? Lt ea 31 85 eS 3 fa ie | WE
Cooper Union. --. 9 81 1 35 | 53.3 | 3. 45 30 89 44) 61.8] 4.90
Brookiyn ........ 89] 83] 1,264 36] 53.6] 3.84 30] 92 46 | 61.6] 3.90
Bilgtbush. == 24-5: 8 88 7 30 | 51.8 | 5.30 30 91 41 | 60.6 2. 78
Glaatonee ote ee ace BRA ee 9 Cee as Geecoal Aero Sopa 20 88 40 | 58.3 | 7.30
Amsterdam...--- 8 86 1 Pa Ic C7 (ene nee Sees ers AeIne Beccicell ate
IMIGMI eb URE fe. js dl ce cee | sewtmeeclicdoe se acemee Nw sie 21, 29 93 34 | 59.1 5. 20
Bairkelnee =... <i. 8 72 5 QOH NaS orO lee cae 30 86 35 | 54.2) ) cee
Cooperstown. .-.. 8 82 6 22 | 46.0 | 2.66 | 29,30 90 37} 56.0; 3.18
Gouverneur...--. 8 77 1 20h 42). 8) bocce 30 87 34 } 54.0 1. 76
North Hammond. 8 76 5, 6 24 | 49.0 | 4.60 31 88 40 | 58.0 2.19
Lowville........- 8 73 6 20 | 43.2 | 2.78 21 88 34 | 53.9 2. 20
South Trenton. .- 8 74 14 20 | 42.8 | 4.41 30 92 ; 40 | 55.5 | 2.97
Cazenovia ..-...- 8 77 5 26) WAS, Sie sare 21 90 30) |) banG.) sseeee
Oneidase. 24-- 5: 8 80 1 27 | 48.0] 7. 71 30 94 40 } 58.0 4.12
Depauville....--- ti! 72 |. 5 25 | 44.2 | 3.70 30 82 34 | 53.3 1. 82
Oswerojss.: - ec: Y 17 1,6 28 | 45.8 | 2.88 30 82 39 | 53.3 1.83
Palermo ==. 26s: 8,9 15 6 23 | 44.3 | 2.80 29 92 37 | 55.3] 0.06
North Volney..-. 8 0) 6 26: 140. 04le.- = 30 92 3 | S56. eee
“Water burro.” 3 || :jacman jecleer | Se bigee ce eremerare | Bee ene cee 30 95 33 | 96.2 |....--
NiGhols: <5. --cs5- 8 87 5 28) (4B a ae 29, 30 98 Bion mex GoW oe.
Newark Valley... | e| 618] 26] 476] 240/§ eter ; 92 35 | 55.7| 3.90
Rochester. ....... 7| 84 1| 33] 50.7] 275 30 |” 92 41 | 61.9] 1.70
Little Genesee. . 7 84 17 25 | 47.8 | 2.39 25 91 30 | 56.1 1. 64
Ampelica).. 255... 7 79 | 14,18 26. SRE es 25 87 28} 53.8] 1.01
Carnliontsu. sen see 8 76 28 | 46.3 | 2.50 30 87 40 | 55.5 1, 38
Suspens’n Bridge. 8 V7 1 29 | 47.2 | 3.50 30 92 40 | 55.0 1.30
Loc yous ees 7 75 5 28 | 47.2 | 2.26 30 89 40 | 57.0 1, 65
Sooo eee 24, 26 70 5 31 | 47.0 | 2.68 29 85 36 | 56.5 1.99
Jamestown...--... it 80 17 31 | 48.7 | 2.00 25 Bt 34 | 56.0 1. 60
NEW JERSEY.
Jersey City .....- 9 89 2,6 35 | 54.3 | 3.44 30 92 45 | 62.1 | 4,01
Paterson ...-....- 9 87 6 BPG a BE SISO ll ees Maes meso eeo|oeicdal rerescr csr =
Newark- ~~ 2. <0... 9 85 2,6 32 | 52.8 | 3.69 30 88 (0) Pees eee
South Orange .... 8 88 2 32 | 52.3 | 3.13 30 90 40 | 59.3 3. 82
Trenton! :<26,.:.4..- 9 85 2 39 | 57.8 | 2.14 30 89 46} 66.0) 2.33
Rio Grande ...... 12 83 2,16 34 | 51.8 | 3.50 26 88 45 } 61.1 3. 25
Moorestown ...-. 8 84 2,3 36 | 54.2 | 1.50 30 90 45} 61.7) 3.41
New Germantown 9 82 1 34 | 52.9 | 2.32 30 92 43 | 61.0 | 3.82
Readington ...... 8 84 14 360] OA Gil. a's «cs 30 90 38 | 62.9 |.c.... )
Greenwich....... 8 83 2 38 | 56.3 | 1.44 26 87 45 | 62.0 | 2.97
Vineland’. ....:.. 8,9 84 2 36 | 56.1 | 2,40 26 91 41 | 64.3] 3.00

+

‘ a Lo]
5 ae
ey o
a s | F
5 ¥
+o od Ee
a2] # | Be
Fae eh aa
=]
4 | Fa
ae Tea ee |
A a |e
Deg.| Deg.| In.
35° |"S8.'2"] 2550
32716B1.5.) 2,65
33 | 56.0] 2.65
47 | 63.0 | 3.80
48 | 65.2 | 2.92
AD G20 1. --.-
47 | 63.2 | 3.04
46 | 61.6) 4.85
Gh bea oe bee
BA (6140 tc. o.
35 }*Ofen |. ea.
45 | 64.6 | 4.10
44 | 62.3] 2.52
41 | 63.0] 2.50
I a ES)
39: O9eeuls ceo s
rT Fi (0)
47 | 66.4 | 3.66
44 | 64.9| 3.10
48 | 63.6 | 2.97
46 | 63.7 | 2.70
20}5L9|] 2.35
35 | 57.8 | 2.03
35 | 61.1] 2.99
34} 59.6] 2.15
41 | 63.3 | 1.10
AO’ MGARE lei:
Bs fa 2 |
37 | 58.6 | 2.30
32 | 62.2] 2.60
ASOT S allen seen
38°} 6127}, SIs
42 | 62.2] 6.40
46 | 63.5 | 2.67
45 | 68.0| 4.44
47 | 65.9 | 4.62
46 | 66.6 | 2.14
48 | 65.2] 3.70
46 | 65.0] 2.90
50 Gan ne po =
49) 67.0} 3.86
47} 66.3 | 3.76
38 | 61.7) 5.15
45 | 62.2] 3.40
42 | 61.3] 3.52
45 ldG7.0) (eae eee
45 | 63.8] 3.20
48 | 64.7] 9.40

218
Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for April and May—Continued.
APRIL. MAY.
arn ee Sees |e |
s | SRS |
o | o rt =)
5S ' a | | & ey se = |
Stations in States 8 | |B e | = |
and Territories. ae Higi|., 2 $3
Date. | -# | Date. ad a | S Date. ad Date. |
BS | |5=| & | da aS
Sy fh gd | /
& cS s 4 g
a | a Aa | | |
|
PENNSYLVANIA.
Deg. | Deg. | Deg.| In. | | Deg.
Wyees -i-ic--. 52 8 83 | 6 26 | 48.5 | 3.80 | 30 89 9
Hamlinton .....-. 8| 80) 1 | ABMS 49/0 Ae | 30} 90 9
Dyberry 2. 2:. 2.7: 8 82 | 6} 24 | 45.3 | 2.58 | 30} 91 9,11
Fallsington ...--- 89} 82 2| 35 | 53.0 | 2.00 | 30] 91] -5,6,7
Philadelphia... hie ol 2| 37| 56.6 | 1.98 30} 90 10
Germantown (M). 10 85 1 BiH o754 | 288s 30 | 92 14
Moston 32 (T)- 8| 87 2] 38) 55.9 | 3.11 30 | 89 14
Horsham ...-.-.-..-. 8 84 1,2 36 | 54.2 | 1.95 30 85a, 7, 9,10
Plym’th Meeting. 8| 84 2] 37 | 54.2] 0.99 | 30} 89 i
1, He eee ee 8,10} 83 180 e520 ls Bee 30} 95 8,9
Factoryville ..--. 84°. 182 6} 29} 47.7 | 2.20 | 30| 92 il
Reading -........ 8| 85] 11418] 40} 56.8 | 1.93 | 30 91 il
West Chester---. 8 79 2 36 {| 52.7 | 1.79 30 89 14
Parkersville ..... 9| 84 1g | 35 | 54.2 | 1.84 |27,30,31} 90] 811
RIB AQ ese os at are des Medea cep seg (SSS pee ee Sar | 21 90 9
WADI ARB elas o.c,5|- 2 Seems a|eseee alc sence "lobe eee ese eae 21 90 10
Ephrata.... (8). 8] 8 i733] 545/299! 30] 90] 911
15 Ue ee (M).. 11 79 1 San Dacha Sel esas | oe Rees
Harrisburg -.-.-- 9| 86 1] 36 | 58.0 | 2.92 30 | 94 9
Canlislase> 22... 8| 84 1} 36) 56.4 | 2.10 127,29,30} 94 il
Fountain Dale ... 8] Bl 1 || 8755.8 3.04 87 10
York Sulp’rSp’gs| 8,10| 82 1 | 936+ 55: 8 | 2580 28] 91 6
Dinga ers fs _.2 8] 84 17} 20 | 47.1 | 2.30 30] 92 9
Grampian Hills.. 7,8) 80| 1,15|. 28] 46.4) 3.8 29 | 92 9
Johnstown. .....- 8 80 16 28 | 52.6 | 4.02 | 29 90 11
Franklin .....--. | ee 165) GAB 51. 12102327 29] 91 9
Pittsburg ......-. 8| 80 1 BN Stl eal et oe 29| 87 9
Connellsville. 8] 85 AGH bSORI5S Beene 31: 9495 14
Brownsville. ....- W58)| 385") Thea 30H STDs sees 29,31! 90 11
Greenville -..--.. 7,8 78 | 15,16 30 | 50.7 | 2.30 | 29,30 86 9
Newcastle ...-... 9| 6 16} 25} 54.4 | 1.30 30| 90 9
Beaver 2.2: 3.2% 7,8) 79 TR GEN i iy 29) 87 9
Cannonsburgh . Zi 83 2 31 | 53.9 | 1.83 | 25, 29 88 8,11
DELAWARE.
|
Dover 2-¢2.-.-+ 8,9} 86 2 \e40nh 594190860"). bon. - lee | eee
Mulfgrd : % 22: .--* 8 86 2 37 | 58.4] 2.00 | 26,30 89 18
MARYLAND
Woodlawn ....--. 8} 88 2| 36] 56.3] 1.80 26} 88! 9,10
Fallston ......... 8| 83 Me £950} 955. 74 ats wl 30] 8 11
Annapolis ....-.-- 11 78 2 39 | 58.9 | 1.87 26 92 10
Woodstock Col . 8 83 2 BF 155.10 NIQS QB. LE |e ee eee
SE AWOD Es 8 a1) Be onic 2] oc Ben | See ee OP eal 2b ook cl mee 30 95 il
Mt. St. Mary’s ... 8| 84 21° ye 55. 7-1 3h6e |b 2. 1c. er
DIST. OF COLUMBIA.
Washington ..... 8 83 2 41 | 58.7 | 0.95 26 90 10
VIRGINIA.
Johnsontown ..- 8 84 2 42 | 59.3 | 3.20 26 86 10
Capeville ........ 8 86 2 BA NIG3ND | Sct = 2 26 91 1U
Hampton ........ 8} 89 2} 44] 61.0 | 3.05 26} 92 10
Surry C. Hi). -... 9)! BORK QeNS OPAC GBI 9113) G0 Sak Nee | Pa ee
Comorn --........ 8] 86 41 | 60.7 | 1.61 26} 86 10
Mt. Solon ........ 8] 96| 24{ 33/575] 1.75 S505)? a6 | tt
Fairfax C.H..... 9| 84 BA ogee Moers. 2 "96 |° a9 | 11,14
Aceotink ........ 8,9 85 2 36 | 56.4 | 1.02 26 86 10
Bp oN) | i, Pi ee eo | a 31 90 11
Piedmont .....--. g 86 1 39 | 58.8 | 1.80 31 92 9, 10
Markham Station. 8 87 1,2 40 |,60.3 |.....- 31 89 10
Piedmont Station. 8 86 213 38 | 57.0 | 2.00 |.--..--.|-----.].------"

219

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for April and May—Continued.

|
APRIL. | MAY.
\2 | s Peas. | : [és las le
hah A Bails | a yh ies Bata
S‘ations in States | 2 | A Ss | 5 | A @) |-8
and Territories. Bs Fe ya oS Ss 2 #5} 2 s
‘ Date. z Date. | — = Bs 5 Date. | 2 = | Date. pe = Sido
ae | Be] 8 [a | Be fee | 3 | 8a
q 5 = | | | 5 shi ‘
| =| =| - | pa 5 a |
| % | lq bees. | 2 a |@ |
a = a | : | 4
a | a A |e | a | a | 6
Va.—Continued. | | j
Deg Deg. | Deg. | In Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | In.
Keswick Station - 8 90 22 rN ee th 26 95 | 411650 9b) 35043
Lexington .-..--- 8 85 15 32 | 56.6 | 2.53 Q27 86 10 41 | 62.8 5 BS
Lynchburg ..---- 8 82 15 44 | 63.1 |} 2.25 26 85 10, 11 47 | 64.7 4.75
Near Wytheville | 8) s2] 24] g8]55.2/330/ 28| 94 6| 43|6L8| 470
WEST VIRGINIA. | | {
Wietow 5 | Moe ail) RS wh He le bse | 226) 90] 611} 42] 629]... :
NORTH CAROLINA. | |
Goldsboro.......4 8} 92 He ih 45 GG dy. 4.36 | 255-2) ead see. Se aes
Oxdordiese. 2b 2: | 8, 10 86 2 43 | 62.0 | 2.15 | 27 88 10 46 | 69.0 | 5.15
Fayetteville... 7] sv} 2} 44} ena}ao5] 27| 90 /$,835 $ 50 | 684} 4.00
Albemarle ....... 8 93 2 37 | 60.9 | 3.50 27, 28 90 7 38 | 65.7 6. 93
Statesville ......- 8, 9, 10 84} 23,24 34 | 59.7 | 2.25 26, 27 88 7 38 | 63.8 5. 63
Asheville... -.(A)- 8 80 1, 22 41 | 58.3} 3.50 26 83 6 41 | 62.4) 3.50
8, 19
Doz. 2. (H). | 30| 78 23 | 40| 582|....-. ; ies : 16 6| 40 | 621 }.-.-2.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
AIKEN se 2: See. : 7,8 88 22 OU! 4a o os Sib 26 88 7 44 | 69.4 1, 28
Smith’s Ford..... 8,10 84 23 424) Goa Se 3d. $6, |. 5040. 22). SRR: 2 oo ok
Gowdeysyalloy-2 2): 3-5. LoS ee sae ee ee ee we 24 87 7 44) 70.3 | 4.55
GEORGIA.
Bere}: x cee ocet - 20, 30 82 5 44 | 65.5 | 3.00 3 83 7 54 | 69.4} 1.95
St. Mary's... .::<. 30 87 2, 3,5 54 | 69.8 | 3.00 3 86 7 50 | 73.4 2.49
Quitman ......... 30 87 2 49 | 69.5 | 2.80 27 92 us of | 13.0 4.15
Macon errs =5>:.- 30 85 23 48 | 66.7 | 5.50 31 92 6 50 | 72.3 4. 65
Adtlantass=- 32. = 8 85 2 42 | 63.8 | 5.06 |26, 27,28) 85 6 43 | 67.9) 6.63
ALABAMA. |
Carlowville ---..- 29 a4 1,2 49 | 67.9 | 9.22 31 90 11 50 | 72.9 6. 04
Selmaas: = Jo.5-54: 29 84 2 43 | 67.6 |12. 50 31 89 t! 52 | 71.9 5. 75
Moulton ...---... 5 80 2, 24 42 | 64.1 | 6.96 31 84 7 45 | 67.6} 403
Greene Springs -.- 6 82 2 39 | 64.1 |13.30 | 25,31 87 7 44 | 68.7} 5.80
Coatopa.-.-.-.---- , 29 84 2 7 (iS 20 90 y( 47 | 69.5 | 7.10
FLORIDA. |
Near Port Orange 13| 90 2} 50] 70.6] 1.30 [2,10,97| 99 6| 56/745] Les
Jacksonville ..... 30 92 2 55 | 72.3 | 0.60 24 91 7 55 | 76.0 | 3.65
Buraiks 2 oe. 5--- | 30 94 5 48 | 71.8 | 1.338 2 96 7 54 | 75.1 4,39
Qanley hs = 3-5: 30 91 3 rT es iy A 24 92 9 DO Gs Ol so
"Pampa: =. sso5- 25. 29 86 5 46 | 68.5 ]...... 3, 24 86 a ca Se a 1 |
TEXAS. ‘
Clarksville... ..- 29 86 22 46 | 68.9 |...:-. 30, 31 87 i BOA (O20. tecsess
Houston .-... -... 27 94 1 43 2s Sills Sac = 14, 28 94) 10,11 B38 iy y Ac:
(ailTge Ps sese ee = 29 90 22 39 | 66.7 | 6.73 30, 31 90 5 50 | 72.0 7.92
Clear Creek.....- 14, 27 90 1 45 | 69.3 | 0.62 21 so 11 56 | 74.71 2.30
Qakland ..----::- 4 99 1 44 | 70.8 | 1.90 31 94 4 57 | 76.7 | 565.
Sand Fiy..--..--- 14 88 1 37 | 69.4 | 1.70 30 91 11 DO |. TB be et4d
BNE Ye ets oe 14 90 1 42 | 72.0 | 1.75 /29, 30, 31 90 11 6 | 76.3) 4.75
Victorian as.225), - 29 86 ne 52 | 72.3 | 0.00 89 10 6) 520) heen O
Clintons 4a.5 25... | <2 32-52 -|-Sags-)'a-aee oe eee cope cues 17 92 11 Lisa Ey a el ps
Aas. s, ee Pe. : 14, 28 87 1 45 | 68.9 | 1.30 |17,30,31) 89 10 57 | 74.3} 4.93
LOUISIANA.
New Orleans. .._. 28 84; 1,2 51 | 68.7 | 2.15 31 87 11 57 | 71.0 6. 00
Ponchatoula ..-... 291 88! 2 48 | 72.0 | 3.80 ! 3l 90 | 11! 5417 Dol bo

220

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for April and May—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

MISSISSIPPI.

Marion Station
Philadelphia
Grenada
Near Brookhaven
Holly Springs-.-.-.

Mineral § rings :
Fayetteville .....

TENNESSEE.

Elizabethton
Tusculum College
Knoxville
Lookout Mount'n
Clearmont

seeee

New Lisbon
Steubenville
Martin's Ferry. -.
Painesville ......
Milnersville
Cleveland
Adams’s Mills ...
Pennsville
Gallipolis
Oberlin
Kelley’s Island ..
Sandusky

Gambier

Williamsport .-...
North Bass Isl’d .
Marion

Kenton
Bellefontaine -...
Urbana Univ ....
Bethel
Carthagena
Jacksonburg
Oxford
Mt. Auburn Inst.

APRIL. MAY.
a i . |s & m ae N=,
z 3/2 (4 Z g | Els
: | = |F ; e |e |e
£3 Ss] 2 z fs es] 2 ze
Date. | ¢ 5 | Date. = 4 = | So | Date | 5 a 3
or st 5 5 FI 5 £ g ~ 3 = A
5 Sle E ae ie
¥ a aot sy ¥ 4 gia
cS = o = CI # CS ‘Ss
a a A | a a a |e
Deg. Deg. | Deg.{| In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
Sal a deamigg 5-5 25l belo 2S-o0 Gee. 7S see sGS- ase 31 94 48 | 69.8; 8 60
9 86 L AQ: |} 63. 5. |PONBO" | ae oc ac Se Ee ee
30} 83'12,90°03 | 4011 G3. 7 | 18.10: |... 5. | cae cee ene ae | ea eee
9, 30 85 1 40 | 65.0 | 5.10 30 89 48 | 68.9 | 9.80
29 86 22 43 | 61.0 | 6.60 31 90 43 | 68.3 | 7.40
5 83 | 12,22 44>) 64. 7 |.-2--- 26, 31 90 BO er (Ue le ee
5 88 1 38 | 61.4 | 4.80 31 91 50 | 69.6 | 5.33
29 88 22 32 | 61.4 | 7.19 | 15, 20 86 wi | 67.7) 7.06
29 84 1,11 32 | 60.5 | 7.52 |13,17,31) 86 42/685] 5.17
8,10 82 23 32: [69.5 (5S. 90 nc ee fe eee ee ee eee ee
Be Sh B 6 Be eal Seana ao Measaaie sag sSe)- Sano 25 90 44 | Gira e es
i 79 2 38 | 59.5 | 4.71 | 24,27 86 44 | 66.0] 4.38
6 81 23 43 | 63-245 pes. 27 85 43 | 66,9 |..-.--
6 82 2 41 | 61.8 | 5.68 24 83 43 | 64.7 | 4.24
6 &2 10 36 | 61.0 | 3.86 |27, 28,29} 988 40 | 67.7 | 4.10
6 84 23 38 | 61.7 | 4.76 | 25, 26 84 45} 65.6} 4.33
5 85 23 40 | 64.3 | 7.75 Se 90 44 | 68.8] 3.60
15, 20,
29| 84 1| 43 | 63.1 | 5.70 ; 26 31 ; 88 48 | 68.8} 4.20
7, 8,10 80 | 1, 2, 23 36 | 57.9 | 2.26 | 26,29 88 42 | 65.5] 6.85
30 82 1, 22 40 | 60.6 | 2.16 27 90 46 | 68.0] 6.25
6 83 23 37 | 60.8 | 1.72 28 90 42 | 67.1) 137
6 84 23 27 | 59.8 | 2.06 (26, 27,28; 91 34 | 64.0} 5.97
10 85 | 1,2,15 31 | 53.3 | 1.00 29 95 40 | 61.2 | 1.23
7 81 2 29} 92.3 | TibS [2.06 ele ean lemememcc|s am oleae eee eee
8 78 2 33 | 57.0 | 1.76 29 87 45 | 65.0 | 4.32
SP Sscl poneon pecoas [Ses 5.4! fe Se tae rs 29 91 40) Glasto. ->
7 80 2, 23 32 | 51.0 | 3.05 |20, 25,29) 84 32 | 58.5] 2.85
8 81 24 28 | 48.0 | 2.70 25 87 32 | 56.0) 4.85
7 85 2 30 | 51.3 | 2.15 25 89 8 39 | 58.0} 2.02
eS rys) ee ised Se Gado! ls-. seo) sneepol ae see 25, 29 89 6 44 | 64.4] 3.30
oe eee BARR else USA ls Ae Sea ae See 26, 28,29} 90 a 40 | 63.6 | 2.57
8 84 2 34 | 59.2 | 1.48 |25, 26,29) 89 7 40 | 65.0 | 3.65
if 80 1 28 | 51.6 | 1.20 91] 6,8,9 38 | 59.2} 1.10
8] 7 1,2°) 36.) 50.2 | 0.66 |. ..:---.|Jccsslegeanuelels ene =) a
7 81 2 36 | 52.1 | 2.89 20 86 8 43 | 61.6] 1.77
7,8 78 1 36 | 54.2 | 1.90 29 88 ayo 42 | 62.5] 1.10
1h e781 1 40 | 54.3 | 1.90 25 86 6,8 42 | 61.9} 1.39
if 94 2 32 | 51.6 | 2.09 29 83 6 42 | 60.5] 2.10
8 £0 1 35 | 54.3 | 1.11 29 90 6 41 | 62.8] 2.24
8 82 16 34 | 06.1 | S540 || cee. 2 ena oo) > ome sn cel ee oe eee
7,8 74 1 36 | 50.3 | 1.88 31 88 9 44 | 60.4 | 2.04
8 78 2 33 | 53.2 | 1.72 26 87 6 41 | 61.1] 2.60
7,8 75 a 35 | 54.7 | 1.32 29 85 10 41 | 61.6 | 4.78
7 86 | 14,23 33 | 54.9 | 3.00 | 29,31 94 8 42 | 64.2] 1.80
8,19 19 1 40 | 59.8 | 4.60 29 94 | 5, 8,10 47 | 65.7] 5.00
7 78 22 33 | 53.9 | 2.76 29 92 6 38 | 62.9] 2.86
7,8 80 1 34 | 56.4 | 2.84 25 91 6 40'| 64.6 | 2.00
7,8 81 23 32 | 59.5 | 2.13 29 91 6,9 40 | 64.5 | 5.63
9 79 15 36 | 57.0 | 4.59 29 89 5 41 | 64.5] 3.03
8 79 1 36 | 57.4 | 2.70 | © 25, 26 88 6,7 41 | 65.0] 5.50
7, 18, 19 19 22 31 | 55.0 | 1.67 27 95 6 40 | 65.0 | 2.77
7 80 1 37 | 59.0 | 1.39 |26, 28,29} 88 6 42 | 67.1] 7.26
BE ANE Be ico 31a AR abe SAE aie aie: otal Rie flatts | = eps os 2 93 6 41°| G5. 9). oes
7 82 1 30 | 57.7 | 1.23 28 91 10 41 | 66.7 | 4.66
8,10 84 23 34 | 60.4 | 1.30 27 97 10 42 | 68.4] 5.35
7 79 23 33 | 56.9 | 1.90 28, 29 92 6, 10 40 | 65.9 4,75

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §-c., for April and May—Continued.

221,

Stations in States
and Territories.

MICHIGAN.

Werravies ee. S| ee ee Ie ie

Monroe City-..--.
Ann Arbor ...-.--
Maronves eco:
Alpena .....-----
State Agr’l Col...
Olivet College. -..
Litchfield ......--
Coldwater ---.--.-
Grand Rapids (H)

Dons 2.e (S)
Northport .-.----
Benzonia .-....--
Copper Falls. ----
Ontonagon....-.-

INDIANA.

Fort Wayne ..-..-
PASIROT Ais os at ane
IWiGyaiye. soacezetese
Mt. Carmel ..-..-
Spiceland .-.-.-.-..--
Laconia’...------
Knightstown -.---
Indianapolis - .--.
Bloomington. - --.
Near La Porte. --

IRAISSOLAGH oes <a Gasca ae

EGEOM 5-52 2 -
New Harmony. --

ILLINOIS.

Chicago...-...---
Near’ Chicago. -...
HWyanston.-- ... 5:
Marengo..--.----
Charleston .......
AUIROTS, 22 anise
Lonisville .-..-.--
Belvidere ....--.-
DEC AEUT ce p= os

Pan at 88.) Fa...

Rochelle ...-...-.
Wayaneba24.2.--
Miskalwais-— 5 o.--
Hennepin -.(S),.-
D pice

seen = eyes ey Opes
faterloo ..--..-.
BO LiN tye) to )etett, AEN pa
Galesburg .-....-
Manchester... .--
Mt. Sterling.....-
Andalusia -......-
Oquawka -....--
Augusta ...------
Warsaw .-=.--=--

WISCONSIN.

Sturgeon Bay.--.
Manitowoc.......
Hinehant 2.2: 3:
Milwaukee .....-
Appleton = ..-2:--
Genevacccecsi.--

a}
Ga AB ad 9d 99 22 FW +2 2.0

tw

[=r)
(Se Kero Neorkar horn ork Mt Morin Ror seri ie sori]

an

a
2

mz)

Qe

mE ad at at 2-1 OD +1 +1

SAARI

Pi a a fe 2}

Maximum tempera-
ture.

Date.

Minimum tempera-
ture

Mean temperature.

So NOWNNRF ROD

PROMS RWAAIDUMUHWO1N OS

Rain and melted
snow

DOWN YY mwWNMNMMI
iw)
o

Tt es eat letter st SS ts
—
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|
£5
Date. | =)
t=} ~

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=
Deg.
29, 31 92
20, 25 90
29 88
20, 27,29} 91
26 70
cil 94
20 91
29 88
29 90
31 94
28 89
20 87
28 86
31 83
19 84
25 94
25, 29 95
25,26,27 | 66
Q 96
26 94
25, 28 86
26 92
26 88
28 88
26 89
27,28} 90
26 89
24 89
30 87
19,20} 90
20 88
28 88
Q7 85
26 95
28 90
31 90

9, 20,

} 36 31 } 88
15, 31 89
31 95
31 91
15,31} 91
31 98
31 93
31 94
30 88
28 90
31 91
27 89
31 93
31 88
31 90
29 84
31 80
28 86
20 $0
28 92

MAY.

Date.

aed
WOOwo

=
COPROITORUOD

8, 9,1

on gn
DNV A HB sIAMIAaAcer

OT ee

Minimum tempera-
ture.

Mean temperature.

ae
os

Rain and melted
snow

———— ee ee

oy
ae
iw)

see e eel eee eee

ADAWNIAAARAD

PSPSSSSARSSE
DWwWOAwwnowreuwe

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20 29 £9 09 429 29 E119 29 2090

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222

-

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §¢., for April and May—Continued.

APRIL. MAY.
D : ro & : :
= = = 2 2 |
Stations in States 8 A 3 A = =) 3 |
and Territories. aS Seah E £3 Sree Nae E
Date. | g% | Date. ge & |36 | Date. | 4 | Date. | .8 | & |e
hee ae | 5 | aa aS cei 3s 198
A 2p ee = ee 2
y = a | 4 y = a | a
oS 4 o o oS “A © a]
A A a | a A A | &
Wisconsty—Con.
Deg Deg. | De In 19, 28, | ) Deg Deg. | Deg. | In.
Waupaca........ 7 83 10 OO) M474) (ode. 29, ot ; 90 3,4 SiGe jens.
Embarrass......- 7 83 10 27 | 45.8 | 3.87 28 92 | 35,7 36 | 60.5 | 2.04
Rocky Run.....- 7 86 10 , 32 | 49.0 | 3.81 31 90 4 38 | 61.5 4.715
Madison Uniy....- 7 82} 10,11 33 | 48.7 | 2.00 31 86 4,5 38 | 61.2] 3.11
Edgerton ........ if 86 11 Bet Ol.) | ounO 31 96 4,5 40 | 64.5 | 4.20
Mosinee ......... 7 “Aye 10 A}, 41.19) 119,06 eo sie b= isi cerns ll iets tele eee ee i IPs
Baraboo ...7..... 6,7 84 10 30 | 50.0 | 2.42 be 31 90 5 SO TGSa0O de nciccn
New Lisbon ..... 7| 86 11] 30] 49.3 |.-.... ; eve 94 3 ll ge | eeou st. ..
?
Bayfield'........: 6 60 10 240-36. 9 |. ac - |b oa cee ele come lace eee |p eee eee ee
MINNESOTA. ’
St, Pane et. a. 6 80 10 28 | 48.5 | 4.11 19, 31 92 3 40 | 65.2] 2.79
Minneapolis ....- 6,7 76 10 25 | 45.5 | 5.00 31 91 3,5 38 | 63.2 3. 12
TGoninian so) bee 7 Is* 83 10 25. | 42.2 | 4.95 12 90 3, 10 38 | 57.4 2. 40
STi 01 Ley legs ee a 7 79 9 24 | 46.2 | 1.69 31 90 5 36 | 63.0 3. 24
Litchfield. ....... 6 80 10 24 | 45.0 | 3.60 31 88} 3,4,5 40 | 61.8 1. 60
New Ulm........ 7 85 10 25 | 48.6 | 2.59 | 19,31 92 3 39 | 65.1 | 1.30
IOWA
Clinton: 2+. .5..- 6 94 11, 20 1 i Fi i Ba: Sy fo eee beet) | Pee OS | oe eit nag
Dubuque ......-- 6,7 83 ii 32 | 52.0 | 2.28 31 89} 4,5,9 40 | 65.0] 1.87
Monticello....... 6] 88 ; 710,81 30 | 51.1 | 3.00 31| 98 5} 33| 648] 1.90
?
Durant. 1<. =<. -- 6 88 11 30 | 53.4 | 1.35 31 97 4 36 | 64.5] 1.40
Bowen’s Prairie. - 6 88 22 Pot WSR HR Ie Oe 31 98 5,6 34) 64.1} 1.55
Fort Madison. ... 5, 6 81 22 31 | 55.8 | 2, 41 31 93 10 $4" |"Gar8 | coe
Guttenberg .....- 7 84 1,9 28 P49 0 |nccne e 31 94 4,5 39 | 62.7 2. 51
Mount Vernon... 6 87 11 = {0 | (53 Bir) | 31 94 5 Sia Bono eas <me
TAPE Mt iis call gd cin ain | > oeap aie paoae ee al eimmnee [eee] seer = 31 95 6 33 | 65.9. | 2.00
Independence. . .. 6 83 11 29 | 51.1 | 1.20 31 95 5 37 | 65.6 |. 3,15
Near Independe’e 6.7 85 11 29 | 51.2 | 2.40 31 90 5 35 | 65.6 | 5.40
West Union ....-. 6 88 9 26 | 51.1 | 1.85 31 91 5 38 | 65.4] 3.72
Rockford .......- 5 81 11 S578) G3 sy Se eee 31 86 6 36 | 63:5 )..----
Iowa Falls ....... 6 82 |9, 11, 12 28 | 53.3 | 3.90 31 87 6 33 | 66.4 | 3.87
BIG ONS: epee tn oe 6 88 10 Dr SUR Mt Ri $a) ee 31 94 4 Se | Gane deem
Fontanelle....... 6 95 10 29 | 53.5 | 5.00 31 92 5 41 | 65.8] 1.50
Grant City....... 6 93 |9, 10, 11 28 | 52.2 | 3.00 31 95 5) 38 | 66.9 | 1.28
Sac City ......... 5 91 11 26 | 50.1 | 5.30 31 90 4,5 38 | 53,1 3.10
Mogan Bss.. k 5 94 |9, 10, 22 Qi vol. Dd. |/ Q70 19 85 5 33 | 63.4 1. 60
Council Bluffs... . 6 93} 11,19 34 | 56.0 | 2.04 19 84 4 40 | 64.7] 2.18
MISSOURI,
St. Louis Univ. -- 5, 6 86 11 40 | 61.7 | 0.30 31 91 4,5) 46 | 69.3] 3.45
Allenton. .......- 6 93 1 34 | 59.7 | 1.00 31 97 Fs 41 | 66.3 | 4.35
Hematite .......-. 6 90 23 35 | 62.0 | 0.77 31 97 5 45 | 69.1 4. 58
Hannibal ... .... 6 86 11 36 | 58.9 | 3.00 31 89 5 42 | 66.7 | 4.60
OMS Te ae seis eee ec 6 89 | 22,23 30 | 58.5 | 1.53 31 92 if 36 | 64.6] 4.52
Keytesville ...... ct 86 | 10,11 34.) 39) Dc) an ce. 31 92 4 48 |} 70.2} 1.00
Jefierson City. ... 6 84 1 Sa) | Oeseceall ste ete 31 91 10 |} * 44 | 68.0 |......
North Springfield. 6,7 88 22 32 | 58.9 | 3.13 31 84 5, 10 45 | 65.3 | 5.12
Kansas City...... 6 89 1 30 | 55.7 | 3.10 | 14, 31 90 2 36 | 65.1 | 2.25
Oregon. ...-...... 6 94 10 27 | 56.6 | 2.14 31 87 4,10 43 | 65.0} 2.13
GORDIDS, 3.55.42. - 5 86 11 32 | 56.9 | 0.45 |16,20,31 88 5 34 | 64.2 | 1.25
KANSAS,
Atchison ........ 6 94 10, 11 32 | 56.9 | 1.70 31 92 5 45 | 66.8 4.10
Williamstown (C) 6 94 11 31 | 58.8 | 1.88 17, 31 96 5 36 | 68.9] 3.43
Leavenworth .... 6 92 | 10,20 33 | 57.4 | 2.80 31 90 6 38 | 65.9 | 5.03
Williamsburg. ... 6 91 11 7-H ce 14 94 5 40 | 64.7 | 2.50
Paola, a. so¢ Somet. 6 90 i 34 | 59.3 | 2.55 31 88 5 45 | 66.3 1 3.83

223

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §:¢., for April and May—Continued.

—
APRIL. MAY.
a 2 2 rs | | Be Bs 2 "3
Stations in States A 5 s | 4a | 2 A 3.|4
and Territories. 23 go PS ae = oie? =
Date. = | Date. q | & |e | Date. H | Date. |-,8 | & | se
Bs g52| 8 | a4 =e! qe] 8 | 88
=} 5 2 qn ead =a is a
A ql = | a | f=
4 ie a | 4 4 ‘ql Ss | 8
oS 4 o = Gs! | o =
a a A} a a A |
| ea eR mae
Kansas—Cont’d.
Deg. | Deg.\ Deg.} In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
Baxter Springs..| 17| 86 1} 34| 60.0 | 2.40 SE} 88 5| 44|68.6| 3.80
Lawrence...-.--- 6 91 10 33 | 57.9 | 2.38 31 91 6 44 | 66.7 | 2.79
IOMON Es nic<s\2'--1<- 6 95 10 31 | 59.5 | 2.00 18, 31 92 4 45 | 69.3 | 2.75
TWOPROY s2= --<5/<- - 6 91 il 32 | 56.9 | 4.23 11 92 6 48 | 70.2 3. 42
Burlington. ------ 6 88 22 35 | 58.4 | 5.10 31 85 5 44 | 65.7 3. 20
State Ag’ College Gol oa ale 32 | 60.0 | 3.00 19 88 5 45 | 67.2 5. 07
Council Grove ..- 6 94 | 21 34 | 58.0 | 4.45 |14,16,17 90 5 45 | 66.5] 6.90
Douglass -.-.-..--- 6 90 10 36 | 60.3 | 4.20 | 14 88 5 46 | 66.9 | 4.70
Plum Grove...--- 18 79 21 33 | 54.4 | 1.30 | 12 96 4 41 | 65.5 3. 1Q
Burlingame ....-- 6| 90 AU (SOME SDS [eneeee | 14| 92 BN LST GMO. 3:
| | | | | |
NEBRASKA. |
| |
Omaha agency - -. 5 92 i 24 | 53.6.) 2.98 | 19, 31 89 4 42 | 66.7 | 3.07
De'Sotoct-22.22 y- 6 95 10 26 | 54.3 | 3.13 |14,19,30 88 4 41 | 65.9 1,13.
Bellevue -,.------ 6 96 10 31 | 56.3 | 1.80 1 90 4 44 | 66.8 | 2.40
Nebraska City . - - 6 95 10 27 | 56.0 | 1.64| 14,19 89 4 42) 65.8) 2.11
Newcastle ......- 4 95 10 Di UE Pee 8 CG RNASE ST ae a SI ad eee | eater terat | ata eel
Santee Agency -. 6 90 il PY WT os 7 ae aes 15, 31 90 4,5 42} 66.9 | 2.50
UTAH. | |
Coalville .-....--. 3,5,28) 70 11 27 | 46.2 Jeeeeee 26, 27 | 85 24 SO" rote e wl eeeas =
CALIFORNIA al
Monterey .-.--.-- 5 76 1 40 | 54.3 | 0.65 22 75 9,11 40 | 41.2 | 9.46
NVatSOU Valo: snc Se aa ese stan. cet eek esins| nese ol Meare epee ) 84 7 40 | 57.7} 0.50
Taylorsville. ....- 23 78 9 305/52, OM) 23.5.2 2 82 18 SO! (Mie i eee =
San Diego.....-... 4,25 76 8 46 | 58.8 | 0.85 24 75 19 56 | 63.4 | 0.14
|
MONTANA.
Deer Lodge City- 5 72 8,9 25 | 39.6 | 1.32 27 87 12 29°] 53: 1 | 2.29
Missoula. ws ossiar 5) 68 16 23 | 43.7 | 1.37 26 89 2 34 | 59.5 | 0.85
Virginia City..-. 4 69 13 1 RR Dal Re |! SE See ae eal eee cl acaecde
WASHINGTON.
Gaititla mesh): 15a: pia ee | te seek ake eet tey | ate tated e eles orl ete sia are 4,20 65 4,11 ADT051 Oise.
COLORADO. >
Denver City sf <2): [15 « eta gees) 6 BE eS eon eo tee ee ae, 28 86 2 42] 65.2} 2.56
Golden City...... 29; 80 Gi aA WEEP TH ONe0' aco Oi ohae ots 62 50 a
OREGON.
FOG seul inn = 24| 68 15| 34 | 47.0 4.95
Astoria ....-..--- 23 60 16 37 | 46.7 6.91
WYOMING.
Laramie City .... 28 3 9 10 | 40.4 0, 35

224
NOTES OF THE WEATHER.
APRIL, 1871.

Houlton, Me.—Aurora 1st; snow, a foot, 11th; frost gone, spring
birds, 17th.

Williamsburg, Me.—First thunder shower 7th; robins 8th; auroras
14th, 18th.

West Waterville, Me.—Frogs 6th ; month 19.32 warmer than average
for seven years.

Standish, Me.—Bees out 3d; swallows 13th; spring two or three weeks
early.

Norway, Me.—Frogs 3d; thunder shower 22d; rain on fourteen days.

Cornishville, Me-—Thunder and lightning 11th; average April heat
for forty years 399.25; this year 449.41. The last three months have
been very mild.

Stratford, N. H.—Robins 3d; frogs 19th; month cold and cloudy.

Oa aes N. H.—Flowers 5th; frogs 8th; auroras10th, 14th, 17th,
18th.

Mount Washington, N. H.—Thunder snow-storm 11th; snow, three
days, to 13th.

Tamworth, N. H.—Plowing 4th; brilliant purora 17th; flowers 20th.

Contocookville, N. H.—Month 3°.5 above ‘average; rain on seventeen
days.

Amoskeag, N. H.—Aurora 17th; a wet but forward April.

Craftsbury, Vt.—Frogs 7th; butterflies 8th; first thunder 21st.

Troy, Vt—Auroras, bright crimson, 9th, 13th, 18th; diffused 14th.

Woodstock, Vt.—Frogs 7th; first thunder-storm 11th; auroras 17th,
18th.

Kingston, Mass.—Brilliant auroras 17th, 18th; peach blossoms 19th.

New Bedford, Mass.—White magnolia opening 9th, purple 10th; dan-
delion 24th ; peach and cherry full bloom 25th.

Lunenburg, Mass.—Month very dry; vegetation a fortnight early.

Williamstown, Mass.—Auroras 13th, 14th, 16th, 17th; shade tree
blossoms 26th.

Hinsdale, Mass.—Snow 2d, with rain 3d; thunder-showers 20th.

Newport, k. J.—Brilliant aurora 17th; thunder-showers 20th, 28th.

Middletown, Conn.—Hot April day 8th; thunder-storms 11th, 21st,
28th, 29th ; auroras brilliant 13th, faint 16th, 17th; frost and ice 18th.
Southington, Conn.—Swallows, barn 20th, bank 26th; whippowil,
30th.

Moriches, N. Y.—Auroras 9th, 10th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23d, 24th ; peach
ae 25th ; whippowil 30th. Month rather cold; severe frost on
25th.

South Hartford, N. Y.—Toads 4th; auroras 14th, 17th; lake and
canal open 17th.

Garrisons, N. Y.—Month damp and cloudy, but not much rain.

Brooklyn, N. Y.—An early spring and “ good growing weather.”

North Hammond, N. Y.—Splendid aurora 9th; martins 25d; early
season.

Cazenovia, N. Y.—Fine aurora 17th; four thunder-showers, three
frosts.

Depauville, N. Y.—Fine farming weather except the rainy last week.
Prins ik N. Y.—F¥irst thunder-storm 7th; swallows 21st; daffodils

th.

225

Nichols, N. Y.—Cherries in full bloom 30th; driest March and April
known here.

Newark Valley, N. Y—A mild month; crops all in except corn.

Little Genesee, N. Y.—Month fine for farm-work ; no snow; little rain.

Buffalo, N. Y.—Lake open 3d, canal 24th; month 3°.2 warmer than
average.

Jersey City, N. J—Snow 1st, 2d; auroras 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th, 19th.

South Orange, N. J.—Cherry blossoms 16th, peach 17th, pear 21st,
apple 29th.

Moorestown, N. J.—Month dry, springs low; six frosts, did little
injury.

ae Germantown, N. J.—Thunder-storm and hail11th; corn planting
30th.

Greenwich, N. J—Peach blossoms 3d, apples 9th ; roads dusty 25th.

Dyberry, Pa.—Hottest April day known here 9th; cold rain 27th,
28th.

Fallsington, Pa.—Rain 1st, with snow 2d; auroras 9th, 13th, 17th,
18th.

Horsham, Pa.—Month dry ; vegetation suffering; fine for farm work.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa. —Warmest April on record, and driest till 27th.

Egypt, Pa.—Swallows 22d; plums full blown ‘ 25th, peaches 27th, cher-
ries 30th.

Factoryville, Pa.—Pleasant April, warm, with soe slight rains.

Reading, Pa.—First martins 3d—in 1869, March 26; in 1870, April 9.

Car isle, Pa.—Trailing arbutus 8th; corn ene 24th,

York Springs, Pa.—Drought ended and corn generally planted 350th.

Fountain Dale, Pa.—Month fine; no frost; ten days earlier than in
1870.

Tioga, Pa—Frogs 7th; swallows 25th; plum and peach in bloom 30th.

Grampian Hills, Pa. —Month dry till 19th, and cool after 10th.

Johnstown, Pa.—Peach full bloom 9th ; ; cherry 23d; sugar maple 30th.

Brow nsville, Pa—Dry month till 18th ; river lower than in twenty-
seven Aprils.

Connellsville, Pa.—Frosts 14th, 15th, killing some fruits in blossom.

Newcastle, Pa.—Month 4° abov e April average of ten years.

Beaver, Pa.—Dry ; streamslow; fruit nearly all killed by frost of 16th.

Canonsburg, Pa.—Dandelions 4th ; martins 6th; auroras 9th, 13th.

Milford, Del.—Month dry ; strawberries suffering from drought.

Woodlawn, Md.—Cowslips 7th; auroras 9th, 13th, 15th, 16th, 17th,
18th, 19th, 22d; dandelions 10th; dogwood 14th; fire- flies 19th ; ‘whip-
powil 21st.

Emmittsburg, Md.—W arnfest April in several years.

Johnsontown, Va.—Lilacs 3d, white clover 11th, red clover 17th, dog-
wood 22d.

Hampton, Va.—Month 6° above April, 1870; no ice and no frost.

Surry Court-House, Va.—Martins 2d; white’ aurora 9th.

Comorn, Va. —Month mild, spring early, frosts slight, rains light.

Fairfax Court-House, Va. ” Aurora 11th; frost injured fruit 15th ;
drought ended 30th.

Accotink, Va.—Month warm, dry, smoky, with much thunder; spring
two to four weeks early; rye in head by 20th, wheat by 350th.

Piedmont, Va.—Peach blossoms 9th ; severe frost 13th, with ice 24th.
aan Wy ytheville, Va.—Apple blossoms ith, dogwood 8th ; hail- storms 28th,

Oxford, N. C.—Earthquake at 9 p.m. 18th, rattled doors and windows.
Ailanta, Ga.—Much thunder and lightning 15th, 20th, 27th, 28th, 30th.

226 _

Moulton, Ala.—April wet and damp, advanced like May.

Selma, Ala. —Every rain was with thunder and much wind.

Coatapa, Ala.—W hippowil 2d. Thunder and lightning on iilincen
days.

Jacksonville, Fla.—Monuth 29.59 above average, and very dry.

Ocala, Fla—Frost killed tender plants 4th ; great thunder-storm 15th.

Clarksville, Texas.—Heavy thunder-storms 10th, 13th, 15th; frost 21st.

Oakland, Texas.—Best season in several years; cotton “ forms” 27th.

Bluff, Texas.—Last frost 1st; thunder-storm with hail 26th.

Victoria, Texas.—Ripe dewberries 13th. Very dry month.

Ponchatoula, La.—Ripe blackberries 26th; thunder and hail-storm
27th.

Grenada, Miss.—Heavy rain and hail storms 27th, 39th.

Brookhaven, Miss.—F¥ire-flies 4th ; ‘ bob-white” 18th; frosts 22d, 23d.

Tennessee.—Sharp frosts about 23d at various stations, injuring some
fruits and vegetables, and wheat in bloom in one section.

Trenton, Tenn.—Spring forward but wet, delaying planting.

Pine Grove, Ky.—F rost, ice, killing all tender fruits, &c., and much
wheat, 23d. Dry till 25th; several damaging wind-storms in April.

Shelby City, Ky—Aurora 9th; killing frost 23d. Month 4° above
average of ten years, and rain 2.70 inches less than average of same
period.

New Lisbon, Ohio —F rost and ice 16th—killed peaches and cherries,
not apples.

Salem, Ohio.—Frost, ground frozen 2d; auroras, fine 9th, 13th.

Cleveland, Ohio.—Cherry blossoms 7th, peach 12th ; auroras 9th, 13th.

Sandusky, Ohio.—Auroras Ist, 9th, 13th ; apricots blossom 7th, ’ (24th
in 1870.)

Carson, Ohio.—Peach blossoms 9th; frosts 13th, 14th, 15th, 22d.

North Fairfield, Ohio.—Peach blossoms 10th, pear 19th, apple 28th ;
ice 16th.

Westerville, Ohio.—Severe frosts 2d, ice 14th, 15th, 16th, 23d, 24th.

North Bass Island, Ohio.—Peach blossoms : 27th; auroras oth, 13th, ©
29th.

Hillsboro, Ohio.—Spring two weeks early ; some fruit killed by frost
23d.

Kenton, Ohio.—Martins 4th; frost, ice 16th, 23d—some fruit killed.

Urbana, Ohio.—Month 4° above average, but fruit much injured by
frost 23d.

Cincinnati, Ohio.— Auroras Ist, 9th, 14th; light frosts 23d, 24th.
Month dry.

Ann Arbor, Mich—Frogs 4th; auroras 9th, 13th, 17th; peach full
bloom 30th.

Litchfield, Mich.—Season a fortnight earlier than last year.

Northport, Mich.—F rogs 3d; Phebe-birds 8th; daffodils 26th.

Copper Falls, Mich.—A stormy, unpleasant, backward April.

Ontonagon, Mich.—Robins 15th; frogs 20th; plowing 24th.

Fort Wayne, Ind.—Auroras Ist, 9th, 13th, 15th; frost, ice 16th.

Vevay, Ind. Peach blossoms 2d, cher ry ’ 5th, lilac sth ; sharp frost
25d.

Laconia, Ind.—Apple blossoms 4th; auroras 9th, 13th, 17th; killing
frost 23d.

Knightstown, Ind.—Dry month; early season; killing frost 11th.

Merom, Ind.—Peach blossoms 4th; martins 5th; frost, ice 23d.

Aurora, Ill.—Most favorable Apr il for farmers in ten years.

Louisville, [ll.— Apple blossoms 9th; sharp frost 23d. Dry month.

227

Belvidere, 1iu.—Warm to 8th, rest moderate; ground in good order.

‘Hennepin, Ill.—Light rains, no killing frosts; windy after 10th.

Dubois, Ill. Peach blossoms 2d, apples 10th. Month very dry.

Andalusia, Til.—Season favorable and forward, frosts sli ght.

Oquawka, Tl.—Martins 30; ; cherry blossoms 20th; ice 11th, 22d; windy
month; on 8th drifts of sand on the railroad 18 inches high.

Manitow oc, Wis.—Auroras, red, white, blue, and green 9th, red and
white 15th; thunder-storms 19th, 27th. Lowest barometer on record.

Et ingham, Wis.—Plowing Sth; sowed wheat 14th; very wet after
15th.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Snow 11th, 16th; storm, lightning 19th; ice 22d.

Waupacca, Wis.—Ice out of lake 2d; hurricane, almost, 8th.

Embarrass, Wis.—Frogs 1st; hail 12th, 19th; ice 14th, 15th.

Mosinee, Wis.—Season late, soil wet, little oats or wheat sowed yet.

Baraboo, Wis.—Warmest April on record; May flowers on 15th to
25th.

Bayfield, Wis.—Thunder-storms; clearing ice out of the bay 7th to
10th.

St. Paul, Minn.—Month cloudy and stormy, seven days’ rain, three of .
snow, (6 inches. )

Minneapolis, Minn.—Snow 7 inches 10th, 11th. A warm April.

Sibley, Minn.—Frogs 5th; heaviest snow this year 10th; hail 18th.

Koniska, Minn. —Windy, ‘frequent thunder; waters very low.

Litchfield, Minn.—Pleasant to 8th, rest disagreeable and cool.

Clinton, Iowa.—Frogs 1st; flowers ! 2d; martins od; hard frost 27th.

Monticello, Towa.—Frogs ; black birds 2d. No rain worth mention.

Durant, Iowa.—Hard frost 50th; vegetation advanced ; ground dry.

Fort Madison, Iowa.—Peach blossoms 9th, apple 15th; ice 1ith, 12th,
15th.

Guttenberg, Towa.—A. fine month for farmers and their stock.

Independence, Towa.—Thunder-storms 2d, 26th; severe gale 8th; ground
froze 11th; auroras 11th, 13th; martins 17th; ice 22d; peach blossoms
28th.

Lowa Falls, Towa.—Terribie gale 8th; ground frozen hard 22d.

Algona, Iowa.—Snow, (6 inches,) sleet and rain 10th; rain with snow
19th to 21st.

Fontanelle, Iowa.—High winds 2d, 8th; ice 9th, 11th, 12th, 21st, 22d.

ein th Bluffs, Lowa.—High winds 2d, Sth, to Sth ; ; eround ‘froze hard
11t

!

St Louis, Mo.—Very high winds 2d, 18th, 19th, 20th ; thunder-storms
19th, 20th.

Allenton, Mo.—Heavy frosts 12th, 22d, 23d; the last killed much fruit.

Hematite, Mo.—Dryest spring in many years, ground baked hard.

Rolla, Mo.—Month about 5° warmer than in 1869 and 1870.

Oregon, Mo.—Great storms 8th, 10th, 18th to 20th; ice half an inch
11th; corn planting 17th; rye heading 29th. Cold injured some fruits.

Atchison, Kans.—Frost, ice 11th; aurora 18th; changeable and windy. ~

Williamstown, Kans.—Peach blossoms Ist, apples 7th; rye heads 28th.

Paola, Kans.— Terrific thunder-storm 10th; month windy in hard
gusts.

Baxter Springs, Kans.—Frost 22d, ruined and damaged fruits.

Lawrence, Kans.—Month 5°.92. warmer than mean of three Aprils.

Burlingame, Kans.—Severest wind-storms known here 7th, 8th, 10th,
17th, 18th; damaging tender vegetation, and some fruits.

Omaha Agene y, Nebr.Severe drifting snow-storms L0th, 19th, 20th.

Bellevue, Nebr.—Aurora 17th. A cloudy windy month.

=~

228
Nebraska City, Nebr.—High winds 2d, 10th, 18th; hard frosts 11th,

22d.

Dakota City, Nebr.—Dry, windy 1st to 9th, 12th to 16th ; snow 6 inches,
10th to 16th. '

Santee Agency, Nebr.—More rain fell on 10th and 14th than in a year
before.

Harrisburg, Utah.—Cold month; grasshoppers at work in places.

Taylorsville, Cal.—Snow 6 inches 7th, snow, rain, hail; sunshine 14th
to 17th. é,

Monterey, Cal—Earthquakes, two shocks at 8 p. m. 2d, one at 2.30
p. m. 4th.

Virginia City, Mont. Ter—Auroras 9th, 10th, 13th, 15th, 17th, 18th.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter—Month cold as winter, season backward.

Missoula, Mont. Ter.—Coldest April known, six heavy frosts, some ice.

Denver, Col.—Thunder snow storm 8th ; severe winds 2d, 8th; aurora
17th.

Port Angelos, Wy. T.—Cloudy month, no gales, aurora 24th.

Laramie, Wy. Ter.—Severest wind known here 18th, 19th. A bois-
terous, rough month.

MAY, 1871.

St. John, N. B.—Coldest May in eleven years. Mean temperature
44°.8, ° Faint auroras 8th, 15th, 18th. Swallows, 12th.

West Waterville, Me.—Swallows and bobolinks 16th. First blossoms
of plum and cherry 20th; of apple, 25th.

Gardiner, Me.—Auroras 8th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 26th.

Stratford, N. H.—Barn swallows 2d; hard freeze 11th.

Whitefield, N. H.—Strawberry blossoms 9th; aurora 12th.

Contocookville, N. H.—Sugar maples in blossom 3d; auroras 15th,
14th.

Craftsbury, Vt—Swallows 6th ; auroras 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th.
Mean temperature of the month .08° above that of the last five Mays.
Castleton, Vt.—Dandelion blossoms Ist, strawberry 2d, apple 20th.

Kingston, Mass—May has been very hot and dry, closing with a
severe drought. Not moisture enough to make seeds vegetate. Pastures
very dry and bare.

New Bedford, Mass.—Pear blossoms 9th; hoar frost 11th.

Inunenburg, Mass.—Cherry blossoms 1st, pear 15th, apple 20th; the
average time of the latter for seventy-four years being May 21st.

Williams College, Mass.—Aypples in full bloom 24th.

Middletown, Ct—Faint auroras 8th, 9th, 19th. Ice formed 9th, 11th.
Thunder-storm 22d. Mean temperature of first ten days of May lower
than for ten years past; of the last eleven days the highest for thirteen
years.

South Hartford, N. Y—Chimney swallows 11th. Thunder 22d and
30th.

Garrison’s, N. Y.—Ice 9th, 10th, 11th. Heavy thunder-storm, from
southwest, 16th.

Glasco, N. Y.—Auroras 8th, 10th. Heavy shower, with hail of size
of robins’ eggs, doing much damage to grain, fruit, &c., 28th. Heavy
wind from south, tearing up trees, with heavy showers, 30th.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—First part of the month cool and wet, the latter
part hot and dry.

Depauville, N. Yi—Wild plum blossoms 10th. Auroras 10th, 12th,
13th, 17th, 19th.

229

Buffalo, N. Y—Cherry and plum blossoms 3d; apple 20th.

New Germantown, N. J—<A favorable month for farmers. Auroras,
faint, 7th, 8th, 10th, 25th.

Vineland, N. J—The month drier than usual. Hay and strawberries
suffer from drought.

Greenwich, N. J—Wheat in head 12th; strawberries ripening 14th.

Brownsville, Pa.—Flood in the Monongahela, 22 feet in the channel,
7th. Asa whole the month has been dry.

Grampian Hills, Pa.—Peach, pear, and cherry blosoms 1st; wild
plum and apple 6th.

Horsham, Pa.—The month has been exhaustingly dry.

Hazleton, Pa.—Heavy thunder-storm from the west, with short, forked,
and exceedingly vivid lightning, 6 to 7 p. m. 16th.

West Chester, Pa.—Rye in head 1st. Auroras Ist, 25th.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Hard frosts, with ice, 8th, 11th, 14th. This
spring the warmest in eighty-one years.

Dyberry, Pa.—The first half of the month cold and backward, the
last warm and dry.

Beaver, Pa.—The month has been cold, dry, and frosty.

Philadelphia, Pan—The warmest May since 1864; and the warmest
spring known for twenty years.

Woodlawn, Md.—Humming-bird and king-bird 5th. Auroras 8th,
19th. The rain-fall of April and May has been very small, and the hay
crop will be quite short.

Accotink, Va.—Very little rain since the 5th, but some heavy thunder-
showers near by.

Capeville, Va.—Heavy thunder-storms 15th, 17th, 22d. A very dry
month, and all crops suffering. The season three weeks earlier than
usual; wheat ready for harvest,

Johnsontown, Va.—Dewberries ripe, fifteen days earlier than usual.

Albemarle, N. C.—Thunder on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 17th, 24th,
30th, 31st. On the 3d, 4th, and 5th a succession of thunder-clouds
from southwest, with occasional vivid lightning, various neighboring
points being struck; also intermittent rains in large quantity.

Smitl’s Ford, S. C—A favorable month for farming operations.

Quitman, Ga.—Thunder-showers 4th, 10th, 11th, 18th, 28th; that on
the 18th accompanied by some hail.

Houlton, Ala—The first part of the month cloudy and rainy. No
frost during the month, and little thunder.

Austin, Tex.—Thunder and lightning 1st, 8th, 9th, 15th, 16th, 19th,
20th, 24th; severest storm of season being on the 24th.

Oakland, Tex.—Corn tasseling 6th; cotton in bloom 22d.

Ponchatoula, La.—Thunder-storm, continuing throughout night of the
3d. Much thunder on 14th.

Near Brookhaven, Miss —Heavy rain-storms with hail from southwest ;
the hail-stones three-fourths of an inch in diameter Ist and 2d.
Heavy thunder-showers, with vivid lightning, 9th.

Shelby City, Ky.—The month a dry one for the garden, notwithstand-
ing heavy rains on the 3d and 9th.

Salem, Ohio.—The month was marked by numerous frosts and dry
weather. Wheat and corn doing well.

North Fairfield, Ohio.—Apple trees in full bloom 3d. Hard frosts
9th, 10th, 18th. A dry month.

Bowling Green, Ohio.—Rye in head 18th; wheat 27th.

Kenton, Ohio.—Frosts every morning from 6th to 11th, completing
ruin of early fruit.

230

Bethel, Ohio—On the 30th a heavy rain with thunder relieved a
severe drought. A;

Urbana, Ohio.—The mean temperature of May 3°.28 above .the
average for nineteen years. Vegetation two weeks earlier than usual.

Mount Auburn, Ohio.—On p.m. of 30th the first severe thunder-
storm of the season, the rain falling in torrents and doing much damage.
Some small hail fell.

Ann Arbor, Mich.—Apple trees in bloom 8th. Auroras 25th, 26th.

Monroe, Mich.—Violent storm of rain, hail, wind and thunder, p. m.
of 16th.

Merom, Ind.—Locust trees in bloom Ist. Wheat beginning to blos-
som 25th. -
Marengo, Ill.—Thunder-showers 2d, 24th, 27th. Apple blossoms 11th.

Tiskilwa, Ill.—A fine month ; all crops looking extremely well.

Dubois, [ll.—First appearance of the bobolink 4th.

Manitowoc, Wis.—Auroras 8th, 19th, 21st, 22d, 26th. Thunder-storms
20th, 25th.:

Mosinee, Wis.—First heavy dew 12th. Whirlwind 24 p. m. 14th.

Baraboo, Wis.—The last days of May were warmer than ever before
known here.

St. Paul, Minn.—The mean temperature of May ranges higher than in
any of the twelve preceding years.

Minneapolis, Minn.—The warmest May on record.

Litchfield, Minn.—Sand swallows in large numbers 5th. Strawberry
blossoms 9th.

Durant, Towa.— Barley heading out 31st. At close of May the ground
is very dry, but all crops at least two weeks earlier than usual.

Independence, Towa.—Burr oaks in blossom 2d; dandelions 8th.

Algona, Towa.—Thunder-showers 15th, 20th, 24th. Crops of all kinds
looking unusually well.

Grant City, Iowa.—Thunder on 16th, 20th, 24th. First auroras 22d,
23d.

Hannibal, Mo.—At 4 p.m. 24th commenced a heavy thunder-storm |
from south-southeast; and at 4:50 a violent hail-storm, lasting five
minutes, and destroying two-thirds of the fruit. The hail was of large
size.

Oregon, Mo.—Fall wheat heading out and locust blossoms 5th.

Corning, Mo.—A large number of meteors evening of 22d.

Williamstown, Kans.—Strawberries ripening 3d.

Burlington, Kans.—Very heavy storm from the west 1st.

Lawrence, Kans.—Severe thunder-storm 8th. <A fine month.

Douglas, Kans.—At 11 p.m. 30th a gale—thunder, rain and hail—
destructive, but of very short duration.

Nebraska City, Nebr.—The last half of the month dry and hot.

Watsonville, Cal—The month unusually cold. Much frost and high
winds.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter.—Ice 12th, 13th. Gale lasting all day,
with remarkable fall of the barometer 27th. Coldest May ever known
here.

Laramie City, Wy. Ter-—Unusually calm weather during the month.

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OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mae Or ks eee dk Soa,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.
1871.

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MONTHLY REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICAL DIVISION,
July 17, 1871. ;
Sir: I present herewith, for publication, a summary of reports on the
condition of the crops, with extracts from regular statistical returns and
from casual correspondence; also, a brief history of the Department of
Agriculture, and a notice of the resignation of Commissioner Capron; a
chapter of recent scientific notes, a record of market prices, meteorologi-.
cal tables, &e. ‘ ;

J. R. DODGE, Statistician.
Hon. HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner.

CONDITION OF THE CROPS IN JULY.

An average amount of rain fell during the past month, but its distri-
bution was guite unequal. While one locality suffered from drought,
another was deluged with rain. One station in Georgia returned a rain-
fall of nearly sixteen inches, while another reported but three and one-
half inches; in Galveston, Texas, it was almost nine inches, and in San
Antonio less than a third of an inch. Inequalities in amount of precipi-
tated moisture always exist, but not always in a degree so marked.
There is also reported a wide daily range of temperature in some of the
most fertile sections, with summer heats by day and low temperatures
and sometimes frosts by night—atmospherie conditions unfavorable to
the growth of corn and some other crops.

CORN.

The returns of July show an increase of acreage, slight in some States,
large in others; the New England States and New York, California, and
Oregon failing to make an extension of the corn area. The area of the
past year, assumed to be above thirty-nine millions of acres, appears to
have been increased by fully three millions, of which two millious are in
the Southern States. The increase of acreage in.the United States is
larger than eve® before reported to this office, the average for all the
States being above 8 percent. This increase will not make a correspond-
ing enlargement of the aggregate product, the average yield of the.
Southern States being less than the general average. ‘The acreage in
corn in eleven Southern States exceeds four-tenths of the total area of
this crop, but fails to produce so large a proportion of the aggregate
yield. The percentage of increase is calculated as follows: New Jersey,
2; Pennsylvania, 1; Delaware, 3; Maryland, 1; Virginia, 5; North Car-
olina, 9; South Carolina, 12; Georgia, 10; Florida, 7; Alabania, 11;
Mississippi, 14; Louisiana, 15; Texas, 15; Arkansas, 24; Tennessee, 7;
West Virginia, 5; Kentucky, 3; Missouri, 10; Illinois, 6; Indiana, 4 ;

234

Ohio, 3; Michigan, 3; Wisconsin, 7; Minnesota, 11; Iowa, 15; Kansas,
50; Nebraska, 30.

In Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island corn is not
in high condition. June was too cool for this crop in Northern New
England, and some injury was occasioned by frost as late as the 24th.
Drought, with cool or frosty nights, has been injurious to the erop in
New York. There is complaint of slow germination and backward con-
dition in part of New Jersey, and considerable injury from a brown
worm in Warren County. Frost and drought have wrought injury to
corn in Pennsylvania, but recent showers and higher night tempera-
tures are bringing the crop into fine condition. The crop is late, but
improving, in Maryland.

The influence of cool nights has been felt in Virginia and throughout
the valleys and plateaus of the Alleghenian systems; corn is conse-
quently not so far advanced in growth as usual, except in warm soils,.
and its growth has been retarded by heavy rains which have obstructed
cultivation ; ‘still it is vigorous, of good color, and promises a fine crop.
Its condition is quite as good in North Carolina, and still better in
South Carolina.

In the Gulf States heavy and frequent rains have deluged the bot-
tom lands, upon which most of the crop of that section is grown; fields
are therefore grassy and unpromising, yet the fine weather of the last
two weeks has given great encouragement, and hopes are entertained
that the injury may be fully recovered during the present month.
Should this improvement continue, the enlarged area planted will give
an unusually large aggregate of production and save the expense of
heavy purchases elsewhere at a burdensome cost for transportation.

In the great corn granary of the country, the basin of the Ohio,
Upper Mississippi, and Missouri, between the elevations of 500 to 1,500
feet above the sea level, the condition of the crop is above an average.
Frosts have been injurious in some of the Territories. In portions of
Utah the crop has been nearly destroyed by grasshoppers; in the north-
ern portions of the Pacific coast corn is late but of good color. The
following items of correspondence, from many of similar import, will
illustrate further the condition of this important cereal:

Orleans County, Vt—June 24, a heavy frost cut down the corn in the valleys.

Norfolk County, Mass.—The corn crop is a little backward.

Carroll County, N. H.—June was cool, and corn grew but little.

Wyoming County, N. Y.—Corn is not uniform. Some pieces are very forward; others
are backward from the effects of drought and frost.

Erie County, N. Y.—Frosts about June 18 injured some pieces of corn; early planted
fields are quite forward.

Ontario County, N. Y.—Corn looks well; some fields injured by a heavy frost June 17.

Niagara County, N. Y.—We have had the least rain for the last three mouths that
has been known for thirty years.
Livingston County, N. Y.—June a cool month. Corn in some parts of the county
- damaged by a slight frost June 17. ?
Chautauqua County, N. Y.—The season has been dry since April. ¢
Morris County, N. J—Much corn was slow in coming up, owing to the drought, and
many corn fields are therefore backward.
Onion County, Pa.—Corn was planted late, but looks well and promises a good crop.
Delaware County, Pa.—Recent rains have brought forward the corn.
Clearfield County, Pa.—Between frost and drought the corn has had a hard struggle.
York County, Pa.—Late rains have been of much benefit to the corn.
Elk County, Pa.—Corn injured by frosts Jane 29 and 30.
Cecil County, Md.—Corn somewhat stunted in its early growth, but recent rains have
benefited it.
Reeth County, Md.—Corn has been largely increased owing to the scarcity of tobacco
plants.
Augusta County, Va.—Corn of good color and fine promise; season favorable for
cultivation and destruction of weeds, but the nights are rather cool for rapid growth.

eo

235

Henrico County, Va.—Greater acreage in corn than usual; crop promising in spite or
drought.

King George County, Va.—In spite of late plowing and seeding, the corn is better and
more forward than usual. Perhaps it has been too much stimulated. Promises an
abundant erop.

Nelson County, Va.—Corn, whenever it has been kept clean, is very promising.

Norfolk County, Va.—Corn, up to June 15, looked better than for five years. Heavy
rains then injured it, causing a loss estimated in some cases af one-third,

Northampton County, Va.—Corn in some places injured by hail.

Rockbridge County, Va.—Corn looks well, but short for the season. May have a fair
crop.

Havinigean County, Va.— Worms injuring the corn.

Bath County, Va.—Corn short, but stands well and is of good color.

Alamance County, N. C.—Corn has been well worked and looks tolerably, but it has
been much injured,

Bertie County, N. C.—Corn crop looked finely till waist high, when the bud worm and
scatter werm—probably the same insect—have nearly destroyed the crop, although it
was generally replanted. .

Duplin County, N. C—Corn a poor stand, especially in low, wet lands.

Greene County, N. C—Corn 25 per cent. better than last year.

Mecklenburg County, N. C—Corn well worked,:and promises, with good weather, a
better crop than last year.

Rockingham County, N. C.—With continued favorable weather, the corn crop will be
larger than for ten years.

Union County, N. C.—Corn promising; early planting now silking and tasseling.

Sampson County, N. C.—Corn promising on light lands.

Newberry County, 8, C—Corn promises better than for ten years past; season has been
excellent.

Carroll County, Ca.—Upland corn fine, but best land too wet for good crops.

Chattahoochee County, Ga.—Corn injured by the rains of May and June.

Dougherty County, Ga.—Cora increased 10 per cent. in acreage, but heavy rains have
injured it, causing it to shoot and tassel at three feet high; the crop cannot exceed last
year’s. -

farly County, Ga.—Corn cut short by heavy rains, occurring nearly every day from
the middle of May, with wind, hail, and lightning. Last year this county raised 60,000

- bushels of corn.

MecDuffy County,Ga.—Rain has stimulated the corn and made it grassy.

- Monroe County, Ga.—Too much rain for the corn, which does better on stiff clay than
on light lands.

Quitman County, Ga.—Acreage one-third greater than last year, and crop, so far,
good, though injured by wet in the uplands.

Spalding County, Ga—Upland com looks well; bottom corn injured by rain.

Sumter County, Ga—Corn good, and promises, with continued good weather, a large
erop. ;

Jackson County, Ga.—Corn on bottem land almost a failure through excessive rain.

Jackson County, Fla.—Corn crop excellent, promising a heavy yield; acreage doubled.

Madison County, Fla—Rapid growth of stalk and shuck, but grain cut short by
unfavorable weather.

Clarke County, Ala.—Corn on the uplands better than last year; creek and river bot-
toms drowned out; late planting up, but the grass has got the start again.

Greene County, Ala.—Corn prospects gloomy; acreage planted 20 per cent. in advance
of last year, Mut heavy rains drowned out much, and delayed working till more was
lost. :

Marengo County, Ala.—Corn crop short; on rich lowlands have had too much rain.

Pike County, Ala—Much corn washed out by rain, which continued so as to prevent
replanting.

Randolph County, Ala.—Acreage planted 159, but drowning out of bottoms will reduce
to 150; had but five or six clear days in nearly three months.

Dallas County, Alaa—Corn has deteriorated; sudden change from excessively wet
weather to drought has injured the corn.

Attala County, Miss—We never had poorer crops of corn, but, with favorable weather ,
they will greatly improve.

Grenada County, Miss—Long continued rain has injured the corn, but it has improved
since the weather became propitious. Corn, acreage about 15 percent. increase. Daily
range of thermometer in the shade from 85° to 92° F.

Lee County, Miss—Corn in many piaces in bad condition, the grass rendering it diffi-
cult to clean the rows; where well eultivated it srows finely.

Yalabusha County, Miss.—Corn injured by rain and scarcity of labor.

East Baton Rouge County, La.—Corn seriously damaged but more will be planted; the

oe wet spring and the May storms of rain and wind seriously interfered with farm
work, ;

236 ’

La Fayette County, La.—Much larger acreage in corn, but the crop will be cut down to

an average by rain.
| St. Mary’s County, La.—The violent storms of May and June may have injured the
corn 25 per cent., but otherwise it looks well.

Washington County, La.—Corn has suffered from excessive rain, but with improved
weather comes a prospect of an average crop.

Claiborne County, La.—Heavy rains have made the grass grow so fast as greatly to

| impede corn cultivation. .
i Carroll County, La.—Corn very good, better than for many years. ;

Rapides County, La.—At least one-half the acreage planted will not return the seed ;
there will not be a bushel of home-produced corn in the county by Christmas.

Bee County, Texas.—Corn planted at the last of January did best; general time of
planting is in February. Later plantings are getting dry.

Lampasas County, Texas.—Severe drought. If it does not rain within a week there
will not be a half crop of corn.

Rusk County, Teras.—Drought and extreme heat are cutting short the corn.

Dallas County, Texas.—No rain in four weeks; without speedy rain corn will be seri-

> ously injured.

Union County, Ark.—More corn and less cotton than last year; scarcity of corn and
consequent loss of stock has stimulated this cereal growth. Laborers are neglecting
their own crops and working round for corn and meat for their families.

Dyer County, Tenn.—Corn more promising than for years.

Grainger County, Tenn.—Late rains and hot weather have greatly benefited the corn.

Robertson County, Tenn.—Corn now growing well, but has been damaged by the blue
bug.

Obion County, Tenn.— Best corn crop seen in the State.

Anderson County, Ky.—Corn acreage the largest ever known ; double that of last year,
and the crop in better condition than for years.

Henry County, Ky.—Corn looks exceedingly well, promising an abundant crop; with
continned fine weather, the crop of the county will be the largest ever grown.

McCracken County, Ky.—Corn suffering for rain.

Shelby County, Ky.—Corn looks fine and is unusually forward, but somewhat injured
by chintz. .

Cole County, Ky.—Corn doing excellently. The sweet-corn sent by the Department is
now in silk.

Daviess County, Ky.—Corn crop very large and looks better than for ten years past.
The chinch-bug is attacking it.

Berkeley County, W. Va.—Corn uneven and unpromising. Fields have generally been
replanted, and in some instances this has been repeated.

Brown County, Ohio.—An unusual breadth of clover sod plowed during winter months
and planted with corn, but worms have been destructive and much corn ground has
been replanted.

Portaye County, Ohio.—Corn exceedingly fine, dry weather not having hurt it at all.

Adams County, Ohio—Corn healthy but uneven in size, owing to much replanting,
caused by cut-worm and web-worm. ,

Huron County, Ohio.—Corn never looked so well this time of year.

Morrow County, Ohie,.—Corn never known to be more promising; the acreage is large.

Holmes County, Ohio.-Corn never promised a heavier crop at this time of the year.

Washington County, Ind.—Corn short and suffering for rain.

White County, Ind —Corn promises the best crop ever raised in the county.

Jasper County, Ind.— Crops never looked better.

Hancock County, Ind.—Corn suffering from chinch-bugs, worms, and moles.

Brown County, Ind.—Weather too dry; scarcely any rain in June; corn wilts in the
heat of the day; with rain it will yet make a good crop, for it has been well worked.

Calhoun County, Mich.—Corn on low lands injured by cold winds and occasional frosts.

Clinton County, Mich—From May 5, no rain fell for six weeks. About one-third of
the corn planted failed to grow. i

Branch County, Mich.—Corn never better and very forward. 5

Gratiot County, Mich.—June was a cold month. A heavy frost on the night of the
15th cut down the corn in some localities, but it has nearly recovered.

Will County, 1/.—Corn much in advance of last year, but the crop will not exceed
the average.

Waune County, Tl—If we have rain soon, we will have the largest crop of corn ever
raised here.

Macoupin County, Ul.—Corn promises exceedingly well.

Fayette County, Til—Corn looks well but needs rain. The chinch-bug did much dam-
age to corn adjoining wheat fields.

De Witt County, 1l.—Chinch-bugs in the corn, doing much damage. More corn has
been planted than usual, and it seems unusually vigorous.

Putnam County, Til.—Corn excellent ; some damage by the chinch-bugs.

237

Macon County, IU.—Chinch-bugs have commenced on the corn. ——*

Sangamon County, Ill.—Chinch-bugs at work on corn, and will bring the crop below
average. ; : :

Clinton County, IUl—Corn suffering for want of rain.

Wabash County, Ill.—Drought threatens the corn.

Crawford County, [il.—Vry weather injuring the corn.

Greene County, [11.—Chinch-bugs injuring the corn.

Tazewell County, 1Ul.—The fly has attacked the corn-fields, and I fear many acres will
be destroyed.

Schuyler County, Ill.—I fear the corn crop will be materially damaged by the chinch-
bug, which has attacked it four weeks earlier than usual. Some farmers plowed under
spring wheat destroyed by the bug and planted the ground with corn. In every in-
stance the corn has been utterly destroyed.

Effingham County, [ll—The chinch-bug is damaging the corn crop. The loss will
depend munch on the season; if rain is plenty, it will be light; if dry, much greater,

Troquois County, Ill.—In some localities the chinch-bug is injuring the corn, but the
crop is, nevertheless, unusually promising.

Peoria County, I1l.—Chinch-bugs leaving the wheat and going for the corn.

Lee County, 11u.—Corn never better. It never was as forward, stands well on the
ground, is healthy and large. The weather is all that could be desired.

Montgomery County, I1l.—Chinch-bugs injuring a fine stand of corn. Weather favor-
able.

McHenry County, Til.—Corn in tassel.

Hancock County, Iil—Corn unusually promising. The chinch-bugs have done some
injury, but generally they only injure from ten to twenty rows.

Williamson County, [ll.—The acreage of corn has been greatly increased in consequence

cithe clearing of new ground and the diminished acreage of cotton. An abundant
yield is promised.

McDonough County, [ll—Chinch-bugs haye attacked the corn, and are doing some
injury.

Green County, Wis.—Corn never looked better.

Dane County, Wis.—Corn, of which there is an increased acreage, is unusually prom-
ising.

Dunn County, Wis—Corn looks well and bids fair to be a good crop.

Bremer County, Iowa.—Corn looks better than ever before at tliis season.

Dallas County, Iowa.—Our corn crop is unusually fine; I never saw a better prospect
at this season.

Chickasaw County, Towa.—Corn and other crops very forward for the season.

Jackson County, Iowa.—Corn promises a fine crop.

Muscatine County, Iowa.—Corn more than usually promising.

Hardin County, Iowa.—Our corn now gives the best promise for twenty years.

Cherokee County, [owa.—Corn is earlier than usual, and looks remarkably well.

Decatur County, Iowa.—Chinch-bugs, after destroying the wheat, have commeneed on
the corn.

Page County, Iowa.—Corn never looked better. The chinch-bug has, however, been
at work upon it.

Marshall County, Towa.—Corn far ahead of other years.

Allamakee County, Jowa.—Corn three weeks earlier than usual, and the best crop in
fifteen years.

Story County, Iowa.—We never had a finer prospect for corn at this season.

Johnson County, Iowa.—The prospect for corn is better than ever known.

Delaware County, Iowa.—Earliest corn known for many years; the harvest will be
nearly one month earlier than usual.

Floyd County, Iowa.—Corn never so fine at this season.

Marion County, Jowa.— Corn is growing finely, and promises an enormons yield.

Hancock County, Iowa.—Corn is larger than we ever saw it before on the Ist of July;
generally four feet high. :

Washington County, [owa.—Corn was never farther advanced at this season.

Adams County, Iowa.—Corn very forward; some now stands shoulder high.

Wayne County, Iowa.—-Chinch-bug leaving the wheat aud attacking the corn.

Mahaska County, Iowa.—Corn never looked so well at this date; it is now as high as
the horses’ backs.

Sherburne County, Minn.—Corn looks well, but in spots cut- worms have been at work.

Steele County, Minn.—Corn looks well; the crop will equal the average,

Freeborn County, Minn.—Corn splendid.

McLeod County, Minn.—Corn looks well; in some fields it is seven feet high.

Chase County, Kans.—The best prospect fcr coin ever known,

Osage County, Kans.—Chinch-bugs in countless millions at work on the corn crop.
June 28th a great storm badly damaged corn.

Atchison County, Kans.—Weather too dry for corn.

;

238

Leavenworth County, Kans.—Corn very fine.

Neosho County, Kans.—Corn never better in Southern Kansas.

Nemaha County, Kans.—Chinch-bug injuring the corn.

Morris County, Kans.—Corn never looked better.

Howard County, Kans.—Corn splendid; never looked better.

Sedgwick County, Kans.—Corn planting commenced the last of March, and continued
to the middle of June. Season good.

Coffey County, Kans.—Corn is doing finely. A few pieces would have been injured by
the chinch-bug but for the heavy rains.

Bates County, Mo.—Corn could not be better; this season has been remarkably fayor-
able; crops four weeks in advance.

Clay County, Mo.—Bad weather has interfered with corn culture, but vegetation being
vigorous, the crops will be large.

Clinton County, Mo.—Chinch-bugs are injuring the corn.

Holt County, Mo.—Chinch-bugs at work at the corn, which otherwise would surpass
any previous crop.

Jackson County, Mo.—Corn promises a heavy yield in spite of injury from storms dur-
ing the last few days.

Lincoln County, Mo.—Two good rains at the proper time would make beautiful crops
of corn.

Moniteaw County, Mo.—Corn looking unusually well, but the chinch-bug is working on
old lands.

Montgomery County, Mo.—No such prospect for corn in ten years past.
WHEAT AND RYE.

The crop ot winter wheat has been harvested, the work commencing
the first week in June, and much of it ending in ai une, that of the more
northern sections terminating the first or second week in July. The -
ripening was fully a week earlier than usual. The condition of the plant
‘in early spring wasremarkably promising, and whilerust on the blades was
quite general in its prevalence, and insects were abundant, particularly
the chinch-bug, the returns for the 1st of July indicate a condition some-
what above an. average. The States showing a comparatively low con-
dition are as follows: New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, Virginia, and all other Southern States except Texas. All the
Western States present comparatively high averages, except Kentucky,
(35 per cent. below,) and Indiana, (7 per cent.) The California average
is 17 per cent. below. Among the States presenting higher average are.
Ohio, 4 per cent, above; Michigan, 8; Illinois, 7; Missouri, 3; Kansas,
Ls Nebraska, 10; Oregon, 1 per cent. The winter wheat of Iowa and
Wisconsin is in equally high condition, but in area it bears an insignifi- .
eant prepertion to, the spring variety.

The returns concerning spring wheat are more unfavorable than for

many previous years. Only Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and
Oregon exceed an average, while the percentages below an average are

as follows: Missouri i, 36; ; Illinois, 50; Indiana, 2 QD ; Ohio, 73 Michigan, 4;
Wisconsin, ‘ 20; Minnesota, 50 ; low a, 18; Kansas, 15; Nebr aska, 11 ;
California, 5. The chinch-bug has been more destructive to the spring
wheat than in any season since the inauguration of these reports. The
extent of the mischief from insects, rust and drought, cannot be deter-
mined until the spring wheat has matured, and the yield and quality of
the berry are indicated by the thresher.

The following items are presented from a mass of similar information
in the July correspondence:

Carroll County, N. H.—Grasshoppers numerous, and damaging beans, potatoes, and
grain. If dry weather continues, they will ser ‘iously damage ; grain

Rockingham Count y, N. H.—All kinds of grain crops look well and better than et

ear. /
3 Caledonia County, Vt.—Weather dry ; crops suffering.

Addison County, Vt.—Drought has seriously affected many crops.
Windsor County, Vt.—The dry season continues.

239

Essex County, Vt— Vegetation generally looking well. Warm days and cool nights
jn June.

New London County, ‘Conn.— Weather dry in May and early party of June; heavy
rains after June 15.

Hartford County, Conn.—Copious rains in June told favorably on all crops.

Genesee County, N. Y—Wheat harvest will begin about 15th July. Straw short, but
more than an average crop is promised.

Westchester County, N. Y.—The weather for the last two weeks has been cool, with
showers which have helped winter grain and grass very much.

Seneca County, N. ¥Y.—Harly wheat cut July 1 . The crop will be the best raised in
the county for ten years. The last three weeks have been cool and very favorable for
the filling of the berry. Only late-sowed wheat will be rusted. 2

Ontario County, N. Y.—A heavy frost June 17.

Onondaga County, N. Y—Winter wheat has succeeded admirably ; is a superior crop.
Spring crops injured by drought.

Lewis County, N. Y.—July 4th the first rain for seven weeks fell in this county.

Allegany County, N. Y.—June unusually cold and dry.

Delaware County, N. Y.—Rye slightly damaged by a frost June 17, which killed beans.

Warren County, N. Y.—Frosts June 17 and 30-did no damage except to corn.

Livingston County, N. Y—The crop of winter wheat and barley is unusually promising.
Recent rains will insure filling. Slight frost June 17. Weather cool and favorable.

Magara County, N. Y—m—We have had the least rain for the last three months that has
been known for thirty years. A frost June 30 did slight injury. Winter ib looks
better than it has for many years.

Putnam County, N. ¥.—Crops generally are looking much better since epee rains,
previous to which they had almost ceased to grow.

Cattaraugus County, N. Y.—Slight frosts June 16 and 17. Weather cool and dry.

Steuben County, N. ¥Y.—Spring wheat, oats, and barley much improved by rains 18th,
24th, and 27th June.

Yates County, N. ¥.—Cold and dry weather last three weeks of June. White frost
June 18 and 30.

Warren County, N..J—The wheat and rye crop never looked better. Itis considered
at least 20 per cent. above average.

Sussex County, N. J.— Wheat and rye looking finely.

Ocean County, N. J—W heat and rye have revived very much in consequence of June
rains, and now promise more than a full erop.

Mercer County, N. J—Wheatis fine, andif harvested in good condition will be an extra
croy).

Méorriz County, N. J—Heavy rains have improved the crops. Grain is better than
was expected.

Salem County, N. J.—Wheat good, and well harvested.

Lycoming County, Pa—Wheat is generally short, but stands well on the ground; is
well headed and well filled with a fine, plump bert Ve

Huntingdon County, Pa—Harvest is much earlier this season than it has been for
many years. Winter grain will all be cnt by July 4.

Butler County, Pa. —Wheat mostly cut and better than an average yield. Harvest
earlier than for many years. Slight frosts June 29 and 30.

Lebanon County, Pa.—The w heat and rye harvest is half finished. Old farmers con-

sider the wheat crop the best for forty-six years, and the rye crop the best ever grown.
Heads with ninety to ninety-five grains can readily be found. The average length of
rye-stalks in some lots is about eight feet. Sonte measure over nine feet.

Indiana County, Pa.—The wheat crop is good, and one-half has been ¢ué and shocked.
Harvest at least two weeks earlier than usual.

Bucks County, Pa.—The average of the rye crop is this year high, both on account of
the low average of the crop for the past few years and the very heavy crop this year,
exceeding the : yield for many years, both in straw and grain.

Mifflin “County, Pa.—We are just in the midst of wheat harvest, and it is much the
best we have had for many years. A new variety of wheat, called F ulty wheat, ori-
ginated in this county some five years ago, is about the 9 aly kind that will be sown.
I think it a very fine variety of smooth wheat.

Luzerne County, Pa.—A warm, dry spring, with very cold nights occasionally.

Armstrong County, Pa.—Season generally cool and dry. “Wheat short, but well-
headed, and grain plump. Slight frost June 30.

Westmoreland County, Pa.—Harvest well advanced. Winter wheat promises to be a

. most prolific crop. A sharp frost June 30, injuring grapes.

Franklin County, Pa.—Grain nearly all cut, and of snyerior quality.

Lycoming County, Pa.—A long continued drought retarded ail crops, but late rains

have greatly improved them.

Bucks County, Pa.—Copious rains since the 15th of June have given an impetus to
all growing crops.

240

York County, Pa. —The wheat and rye crops are generally housed, the harvest being
about two weeks in adyance of other years, and the yield promo to be full measure,
even running over.

Snyder County, Pa.—The wheat crop is the best harvested for many years.

Pike County, Pa.—The prospect of wheat and rye has not been fully realized; the fly
did more injury than was anticipated. Some kinds of wheat and rye did not fill well.
There will, however, be more than an average crop. Harvest commenced June 26, the
earliest harvest in forty years.

Union County, Pa.—Wheat now harvesting is a good yield, and well filled in the grain,
but the straw is short.

Delaware County, Pa.—Much of the wheat has been housed in good condition; re-
mainder ready; weather uncertain.

Lurwrence County y, Pa.—The season has been very dry. Fall wheat is above an average.

Clearfield County, Pa.—Wheat is sho t owing to the drought, but is well-headed and
filled. Some has been cut—at least two weeks earlier than usual.

Greene County, Pa.—Wheat is all cut, and is a good crop. The Tappahannock still
maintains a good reputation.

Baltimore Count, y, Md.—Wheat magnificent in quantity and quality. Rye never
better.

Cecil County, Md.—Wheat much better than was anticipated. The early rust affected
only the leaves and not the stems. Heads well filled. Harvest unusually early.

Frederick County, Md.--Wheat, in quantity and quality, exceeds any crop of the past
sixteen years.

Montgomery County, 1Jd.—Wheat promises better than for several years past. —

Queen Anne County, Md.—White wheat so far as threshed yields poorly, but red
wheat is turning out well, though the grain seems pinched by too hasty ripening.
Wheat, asa whole, below average.

Washing gton C ounty, Md.—Wheat will average 20 bushels per acre. Some fields reach-
ing 30 bushels. Barley about 30 bushels.

Aug gusta County, Va.—Wheat thin on the ground, but large and well filled. Harvest
ten days earlier than usual.

Botetourt County, Va—Wheat looked promising within a few days of harvest, and
then began to dry up. Many fields died out in a few days.

Buckingham County, Va.—Wheat-yield about the same as last year, with 25 per cent.
more of acreage. Probably one-fourth of the crop has been lost by smut. It will be
. very difficult to obtain good wheat in many localities.

Lauquier County, Va.— “The wheat er op not of uniform excellence, but of better average
character than for years, and harvested in better condition.

Henrico County, Va.—Wheat did not come up to general expectation at harvesting.
Considerable drought.

King George County, Va.—Wheat harvest earlier than in forty years previous, and
better than for several years past. The threshing is expected+to be fair in quantity,
and of superior quality—at least two-tenths better than last year.

Nelson County, Va.— Wheat crop of fair quality, and above the average of the past
five years. Smut appeared, however, a few days before harvest, and the rapid drying
of the straw forced an earlier cutting—at least a week before it ‘would otherwise have
been doue. The grain will probably show considerable shriveling.

Spotisylvania County, Va.—Fair weather favored the maturing of the wheat, which
was harvested ten days earlier than usual. A large proportion has been already threshed,
and the yield is superior in qnality, and abundant in quantity. Not half the phosphates
used as in former years, and but littlé appreciable benefit where used.

Montgomery County, Va.—Wheat and rye harvested, and found to be below average
in quantity, but superb in quality. Dry weather up ‘to 20th June.

Nicholas’ County, Va—Wheat a failure in many localities; highlands tolerable.
Injured by rust, midge, joint-worm and weevil.

Layeile County, Va.— Wheat looked w ell, but much of it having fallen had to be cut
before ripeving.

Alamance County, N. C.—Wheat crop the worst failure ever known—not more than
40 per cent. of an average crop—good land not producing more than three or four
bushels and much poor land not over one, two, or three bushels to one sown.

Mecklenburg County, N. C.—Wheat half a crop; thin on the ground and injured by
rust. Many fields not worth cutting.

Rowan County, N. C.—Wheat, grain well developed; but only half the ayerage amount
of straw on the ground.

Caldwell C ounty, y, VN. C.-—Wheat damaged with rust—not redeeming the fair promise of
amopth ago.

Martin County, N. C.—Wheat much injured by rust.

Greene County, N. C.—Wheat and rye almost a failure through a cold spell in May.
Many farmers will not get back their seed.

Spartanburgh County, 8. C—Wheat short of expectations; much not worth cutting,

241

Burton County, Ga.—Wheat almost a failure.

Gwinnett County, Ga.—Wheat crop meager and inferior in quality, in consequence otf
rust and fly.

Heard County, Ga.—Wheat threshes ont poor; season extremely wet.

Milton County, Ga.—Rust and fly have injured wheat very badly.

Murray County, Ga.—Wheat crop entirely worthless; many fields have not been cnt,
and of those cut many did not return the seed actually sown; whole crops not suffi-
cient to resow the land. This misfortune the result of excessive rains, producing rust.

Witkes County, Ga.—Barley, wheat, and oats have been threshed; wheat poor,
mainly from rust.

Spalding County, Ga—Wheat injured. more by rust than was anticipated; some
crops, however, were very fine, yielding from 20 to 30. bushels per acre.

Kaufman County, Texas.—W heat, rye, and barley all yielded better than last year.

Villiamson County, Texas. —Spring wheat ent from 10th to 15th June; quality, good ;
yield, 15 to 20 bushels per acre; drought for three weeks.

Bexar County, Texas.—All small grain harvested the first days of June; wheat aver-
aged 164 bushels per acre; in some cases reaching 40.

"Washington County, Ark.—Wheat harvest June 10, ten days earlier than usual ;
crops light; injured by frost in April, and afterwards by red rust.

Henry County, Tenn.—Wheat crop small; many fields yielding but three or four
bushels per acre.

Humphreys County, Tenn.—Reduced the wheat crop one-half; some fields not cut.

Jefferson County, Tenn.—Wheat crop an entire failure in some parts of the county ;
general average not over 50 per cent.; harvested in good condition, but it has not ma-
tured well; grain not plump; red- bearded or Lancaster wheat the best in the region.

Knox County, Tenn.—Bearded wheat did better than the smooth, and on elevated
lands better than on low lands.

hea County, Tean.—Rust has injured wheat; some farmers pastured their wheat.

Sullivan County, Tenn.—Wheat half a crop, but harvested in good condition between
8th and 18th June, ten days earlier than usual; Tappahannoek decidedly the best
variety.

Gibson County, Tenn.—Wheat greatly damaged; some fields on low lands not worth
cutting ; wheat market opens at $1 50 per bushel, the usual price being $1.

Adair County, Ky.—Wheat almost a total failure; scarce enough harvested for seed.

Franklin County, Ky.—Early wheat frost-killed and plowed up, Late wheat thin
on the ground, but the grain is good and heavy, though injured by late frost. Rye
almost a failure; straw heavy, but light-headed.

McCracken County, ky.—Early in the spring wheat looked finely, but about the time
of heading it took the blade-rust, causing the straw to become thin and soft, so that
the wheat. lodged and fell down. Some crops almost ruined.

Mercer County, Ky.—Georgia, white, Tappahannock, and all the early varieties of
wheat were greatly injured by the frosts of spring, which opened at least two weeks
earlier than usual.

Pulaski County, Ky.—Wheat promising on the Ist of March, but since then the fly-rust
and frost have nearly destroyed it.

Shelby County, Ky.—Early wheat almost an entire failure, but the later rains have
raised the later wheat to almost 65 per cent. Rye looked well, but on harvesting was
found deficient in grain.

Scott County, Ky.—Wheat in good condition and of superior quality, but crop’ short;
about 90 per cent. of average crop.

Columbiana County, Ohio. — Wheat harvest commenced June 22, and promises to be
excellent, both in quality and quantity.

Crawford County, Ohio —Wheat nearly all cut; a few farmers finished cutting in
June, which has not happened more than once in a quarter of a century. Plenty of
rain in June.

Lorain County, Ohio.—Winter wheat coming out finely; it is partly harvested.

Fairfield County, Ohio.—Wheat, especially the smooth varieties, injured by frost.

Holmes County, Ohio.—Wheat was all harvested July 6; a portion of it too ripe.
The first wheat cut in the county was on June 17.

Morrow County, Ohio.—Wheat promised an unusual crop, bat rust and weevil have
injured part of it.

Adams County, Ohio.—June 24, wheat nearly all harvested. The quality of the grain
is not as good as last year, in consequence of frost, midge, rust, and scab.

Portage , County, Ohio.—W heat is fully an average crop, With as plump a berry as could
be desired. No trouble from insects.

Champaign County, Ohio —Wheat reduced below average by frost in April, which
damaged early varieties, and rust, which nearly destroy ed the late stools. Tappahan-
nock is more injured than any other v ariety.

Tuscarawas County, Ohio—Weather favorable for the wheat harvest, which is nearly
completed. The berry shows that’ our soil is deficient in lime; not being filled out as

242

plump and full as one would expect, from the favorable spring we have had. It was a
common remark, that the spring was as desirable as coald be wished to develop the
wheat crop, being cool and comparatively dry.

Erie County, Ohio—Weather favorable for wheat harvest, much of which has been
cut; fine plump berry, and the crop is the best for several years.

Meigs County, Ohio.—The fly was active in wheat sown on high ground, especially
stubble, but on bottom lands the crop is heavy and fully up to the average.

Coshocton County, Ohio— Wheat harvesting commenced June 20, unusually early.
The dry weather of May shortened the crop in some localities, but the grain is of ex-
cellent quality.

Vinton County, Ohio.—A dry spring, fly and drought have shortened the wheat crop.

Miami County, Ohio.—W heat is being rapidly harvested. It is much the largest crop
ever harvested in the county. Barley all harvested in splendid condition; it will
average 45 bushels per acre.

Hamilton County, Ohio.— Wheat cut, and considered the best for ten years.

Hardin County, Ohio—Many fields of wheat were struck with rust on the leaves, and
although it did not get on the stock, it stopped the growth, causing the grain to shrink
to half its size,and the straw to break down before it could be cut; of five acres of the
Tappahannock wheat, my crop will be almost an entire failure, although it looked very
promising a week or ten days before harvest; the same has been the case with almost
all kinds of wheat in certain localities.

Huron County, Ohio.—The wheat prospect is not as good asin May. “ Rustand blight
on the leaves will shrink the grain.” ;

Madison County, Ohio—Wheat never known better.

Medina County, Ohio.—Spring wheat is the greatest failure I ever knew. Drought
and worms have so damaged it that not one-fourth of the fields are worth harvesting.
Some farmers have plowed them up and sown corn for fodder, and more would have
done so but for the grass seeds sown with the wheat. : ‘

Ashland County, Ohio.—The season has been very favorable—every crop more forward
than usual, a large amount of wheat already cut.

Johnson County, Ind.—Wheat is threshing out below the expectations of the farmers.
The average of this county will not exceed ten bushels.

Fountain County, Ind.—Season forward, and all vegetation far advanced. Some wheat
is short, owing to dry weather, but the berry is generally very good.

Washington County, Ind.—Season dry, and all crops suffering for rain. Wheat all
harvested in good order. It stood thin on the ground. The berry of all bearded varie-
ties is fulkand plump; a part of the smooth varieties very much shrunk. The erop ia
below average.

White County, Ind.—The wheat crop is one of the best ever raised in this country and
has been harvested two weeks earlier than in any preceding year.

Howard County, Ind.—Wheat cut two weeks earlier than usual, but the berry was not
well tilled in some fields.

Franklin County, Ind.-Wheat abundant in straw, but not well filled generally, owing
to rust on the blades and fly. ;

Pike County, Ind.—The grains of wheat are good, but the yield will be reduced 33 per

cent.

Jasper County, Ind.—Crops never looked so well. Showers every day.

Ltkhart County, Ind—Wheat ready for the reaper June 23 and 24. Some eut on these
days, but on the 26th the harvest was general. It never was so early. Twenty-five
years ago wheat was harvested June 28.

Madison County, Ind.—Weather very dry in Indiana. Wheat not so good as was
anticipated; all harvested.

Ripley County, Ind—Red rust attacked the wheat blades before the wheat headed,
ruining them. The fly was also injurious in some places. The wheat crop will fall
considerably below the average.

Marion County, Ind.—The wheat crop is about an average in quantity and_quality.
The harvest was the earliest ever known. : r ‘
Parke County, Ind.—Wheat all harvested; the weather has been too warm and dry,
and the yield will not be over nine bushels per acre. ; .

Noble County, Ind—Wheat harvest earlier than usual. The greater part of the crop
will be cut before July 4. Wheat generally of good quality, although in some locali-
ties somewhat injured by rust. The yield will be more abundant than for many years.
Weather favorable for harvesting.

Dubois County, Ind.—Wheat all cut; yield average. Some fields of poor or hilly
ground were not cut; straw fallen and ‘no grain. Barley is very fine; on some good
ground the heaviest ever seen in the county.

Cass County, Ind.—Wheat all cut in good order, and some in the stack. Tappahan-
nock wheat, sent from the Department, doing the best.

Boone County, Ind—The wheat crop, in quantity, is not sustaining the prospect of a
month ago; frost, midge, chinech-bug, and dry weather are charged with this result.

243

White and smooth varieties are quite a failure, and portions of red and bearded varieties
are not worth’ harvesting. Barley is extra.

Jennings County, Ind.—We have suftered from drought eight weeks.

Newton County, Ind.—This has been the best season that has been in fifteen years, all
things considered. We have the best crop of winter wheat I ever saw in this State or
Ohio. I feel safe in putting the county down at an average of twenty-five bushels per
acre.

Brown County, Ind.—Wheat harvest commenced June 13 and ended about the 20th.
Searcely any rain in June.

Warren County, Ind.—Wheat all cut during June, ten days earlier than usual. Some
fields were very good; others, owing to the chinch-bug, did not pay to cut. The acre-
age is one-third larger, hence a good yield in the county.

* Benzie County, Mich—Drought very severe. Hard frosts June 9 and 15; did much
damage to wheat away from the influence of Lake Michigan.

Washtenaw County, Mich—Weather very favorable, and the wheat crop is one of the
finest ever raised in the county.

St. Joseph County, Mich—Wheat mostly cut and in shock. It is one of the best crops
ever harvested in the county.

Muskegon County, Mich—Wheat looks well; slight indications of rust on heavy
soils.

Calhoun County, Mich—Wheat was cut 28th June, but the general crop will be ready
the first week in July. The yield is above the average.

Clinton County, Mich.—I finished cutting my wheat in June. So far as I can learn, no
wheat was ever cut in the county in June before, and no one else has yet cut any. The
variety is Diehl. It grew on warm, gravelly soil.

Branch County, Mich—The prospects for the farmer are, upon the whole, cheering.
Wheat fine.

Ottawa County, Mich.—June was very dry; crops benefited by recent rains.

Macomb County, Mich—Weather in June was dry, injuring the spring wheat. Barley
and winter wheat in good condition. Harvest will commence July 3.

Genesee County, Mich.—A protracted drought in May and early June injured spring
crops, but does not seem to have produced any bad effect upon winter wheat. .

De Witt County, Iil.—* Winter wheat was all harvested before July 1, being at least
two weeks earlier than ever known. Spring wheat, our main dependence, is an entire
failure, owing to the chinch-bug. Not an acre will be harvested in the county. Our
farmers are talking of abandoning, altogether, the sowing of small grains.”

Fayette County, Ill.—Wheat good and all safely harvested. <A larger acreage and
better wheat than for several years.

Winnebago County, Ill—We hope to get fine, plump wheat, but the yield will be
somewhat diminished in consequence of unfavorable weather.

Hancock County, 11 Wheat (winter) on old ground is the best we have ever had.
Spring wheat almost totally destroyed by chinch-bugs. All other crops are favorable.
Altogether this is the great crop year, and will no doubt exceed any crop for years to,
come. The same favorable condition of the crops extends for one hundred miles
around. Fall wheat is averaging twenty-two bushels to the acre, by measurement as
threshed. We have had new flour to use in June, which has never been the case before.
Vegetation and harvest have been two weeks earlier than usual.

Froquois County, Ill.—Spring wheat destroyed by the chinch-bug ; rye injured slightly.

Peoria County, [ll.—The chinch-bugs have destroyed the spring wheat and barley.

Massac County, Il.—For four weeks before harvest the wheat suffered from rust;
nearly every crop was injured more or less.

Lee County, [1l.— Wheat stands thin on the ground, but there is a plump, good berry.
Wheat, rye, and barley never looked better.

' Williamson County, 11.—Wheat not as well filled out, nor the grain as plump as ustal.

Bureau County, Iil.—Wheat almost a failure, from the effects of hail and the ravages
of the chinch-bug.

McDonough County, Iul.—Spring wheat is greatly damaged by the chinch-bug. Very
many farmers say that the spring wheat crop ought to be abandoned, and by them will
be abandoned forever. It so happens that fall wheat, which our farmers have sown
liberally, was never better, and, by ripening early, escaped the bugs.

Putnam County, Iil.—Spring wheat almost ruined by the chinch-bug; winter wheat
good, but not much of it cultivated.

Macoupin County, I1l.— Wheat all harvested, and is the best crop ever harvested, both
in quality and quantity.

Will County, Ill.—Spring wheat is nearly destroyed by the chinch-bug.

Schuyler County, Iil.—The probability is that the crop of spring wheat will be reduced
below the average by the chinch-bug.. Much of the wheat is utterly destroyed.

Tazewell County, Iil.—The fly has entirely destroyed the spring wheat. ‘I have not
heard of a piece worth entting.”

Kankakee County, Ill.—The chinch-bug has been so destructive to the spring wheat
that it is very probable that not an acre in'the county will pay for harvesting.

244

Greene County, I1l.—Spring wheat “burnt out.” Chinch-bug injurious to all crops.

Stark County, [ll.—The chinch-bug has injured the spring wheat, but the yield will
still be better than last year.

Crawford County, [ll.— Weather dry ; season very early.

Wabash County, [ll.—W heat sarunken to some extent, the Tappahannock being worst,
and the English least.

Carroll County, [il.—The heads of spring wheat are filling hopefully. The production
of winter wheat is nearly abandoned, but what little there is looks well.

Livingston County, Ill.—The chinch-bug is deing great injury to wheat and barley.
Season fine.

Clinton County, Ill.—Weather hot and dry for six weeks. Wheat will average 15 to
16 bushels per acre, and is number one in quality. :

Sangamon County, [1l.—Winter wheat has yielded a fair average crop; spring wheat
almost a total failure, owing to the chinch-bug. Some few farmers plowed under
wheat and planted corn. This, however, in some cases, has merely afforded a new
supply of food for the bug. The winter-wheat harvest commenced June 10; weather
in June remarkably dry.

Ogle County, [il.— Spring wheat is a staple crop; injured somewhat by rust, but will
yield an average crop.

Fond du Lac County, Wis.—Wheat is short, and generally thin; some pieces will
scarcely yield the seed. The cool, wet weather is improving the crop.

Dane County, Wis.—Wheat below the avere age; rust and chineh- bugs have done much
damage.

Pierce County, Wis.—Spring wheat, early sown on new land, promises a full average ;
on most old land it is very poor, and the crop will be below average.

Outagamie.County, Wis.—Spring wheat will not be a half crop in ‘the county, with the
most favorable weather; insects and blight the cause. Winter wheat will be injured
some with the rust; cold nights and warm days supposed to be the cause.

Brown County, Wis.—The excessive heat of May retarded the growth of all crops,
and had the eftect of bringing them to a premature development.

Waukesha County, Wis.—Wheat will be more than an average crop. Timely rains
and spnshine have forced all products grown in this latitude like a hot-bed.

Dunn County, Wis.—The extremely hot, dry weather of the latter part of May and
the Ist of June injured small grain very much, causing the wheat to dry up and turn
yellow near the root.

Green County, Wis.—Spring wheat will fall below average, owing to rust and chinch-
bug. ‘A few farmers were bold enough to sow winter wheat a year ago, and they will
reap a bountiful harvest.”

Richland County, Wis.—There is some complaint of rust and ravages of the fly in
wheat.

Washington County, Wis.— Winter wheat affected by rust about the middle of June,
and Canada club-wheat one week later. Spring wheat is damaged in some localities
by worms. ‘The season is too wet.

Grant County, Wis.—Spring wheat scalded by the hot, dry weather in June.

Ozaukee County, Wis.—Rain and cold weather have injured spring wheat cons eae 5
whole fields look yellow, and will not be worth cutting.

Green Lake County, Wis——-Wheat rusted; the indications are that the crop will be
reduced one-half.

Hancock County, Towa. at in favorable condition; there has been some
rust on the blades, but Tea have not been i injured.

Jefferson County, Jowa.—Dry weather and chinch-bug have injured spring wheat
seriously. Many fields wiil not be cut.

Marshall County, Iowa.—Wheat slightly injured by rust.

Decatur County, Jowa.—Spring wheat is the great bread-crop of this county, and the
chinch-bug has taken every acre.

Davis County, Towa. —Spring wheat has been entirely destroyed by the chinch-bug.

Clarke County, Iowa.—‘ Spring wheat was very good until about three weeks ago, when
the southern half of the county. was attacked with rust. The chinch-bug then followed
and totally destroyed many crops—nearly all. Some farmers have set fire to the wheat
and burned off the straw, hoping to kill the bugs and thereby save the corn. There
was very little fall wheat raised in the county, but what was raised was No. 1.”

Page County, Iowa.—The chinch-bug has destroyed the spring wheat. The average
will not be much over one bushel to the acre. The average for spring wheat for the
Jast three years in this county is 25 or 26 bushels. That of fall wheat is 60 bushels.

Cherokee County, Iowa.—The straw of wheat will be short, but the grains well filled.

Bates County, Mo.—W heat has been largely thrashed and ayerages over 20 bushels per
acre.

Cass County, Mo.—Wheat about average yield per acre. Rainy weather threatens
damage in the shock.

245

)

Clinton. County, Mo.—Chintz-bugs numerous and destructive, destroying nearly all
the spring wheat and barley.

Holt County, Mo.—Rye has become quite a crop in this county, and has obtained
a good reputation. The season has been exceptional and capricious. Chinch-bugs
entirely destroyed spring wheat.

Marion County, Mo.—Wheat, after promising the largest crop ever given in the
county, turns out, after cleaning up, to be greatly diminished in quantity but of good
quality. Straw very heavy.

Montgomery County, Mo.—Very dry till the 20th of June. Wheat, though plump and
good, does not turn out well to the head, yet more is raised in the county than ever
before. ‘

Pike County, Mo.—Wheat harvest earlier than ever known, commencing in May and
closing June 24. Straw heavy, but heads not well filled.

Platte County, Mo.—Wheat acreage smaller than last year, but the quality is superior.

Putnam County, Mo.—Three-fourths of the spring wheat so badly injured by chinch-
bug as not to be worth cutting.

Vernon County, Mo.—Drought-till June 24, when the ground was thoroughly wet
Chinch badly damaged the wheat.

Wayne County, Mo.—Acreage in wheat 25 per cent. greater than last year, but frost
and fly greatly reduced the yield.

Caldwell County, Mo.—Tappahannock wheat has done well but is not our best wheat
—heads too small.

Clay County, Mo.—Wheat has done very well and will be mostly saved.

Clarke County, Mfo—W heat prospects the best for five years.

Mercer County, Mo.—Winter wheat of excellent quality and harvested two weeks
earlier than usual. Spring wheat almost a failure through drought and chineh-bugs.

Franklin County, Mo.—Wheat wintered well, and in spite of rust, drought, cbinch,
and joint worm, has produced a better crop than last year, and three weeks earlier.

Phelps County, Mo.—Wheat cut two weeks earlier than usual—Tappahanock by
June 10.

Muscatine County, Iowa.—The wheat crop, as usual of late years, is one of loss to the
producer. Very early in the season it was attacked by red rust, and since then the
chinch-bug has appeared.

Harrison County, Towa.—Wheat is generally short, and has the appearance of being
light, but there is time yet for improvement.

Tama County, Iowa.—Weather highly favorable to growing crops. The blades of
wheat are somewhat rusted; no injury yet to the berry. :

Bremer County, Iowa.—Wheat thin in many cases and lower leaves rusty. Many
farmers sow too thin. Some complaint of chinch-bug.

Mahaska County, Iowa.—Some rust on the wheat, aud chinch-bugs in a few localities.
Harvesting spring wheat has commenced, which is ten days earlier than usual.

Scott County, Towa.—Until a short time ago barley looked above average condition,
but heavy rains have colored the berry. The harvest will be largein bushels. Wheat
is injured by rust, and will not yield ever 75 to 80 per cent. of an average crop.

Wayne County, Iowa.—Since the 1st of June the chinch-bug and rust have taken
three-fourths of the entire crop of spring wheat. They have not done much harm to
winter wheat.

Washington County, Iowa.—lt has been very dry until the middle of June, but abun-
dant showers have lately fallen—too late, however, to help the wheat.

Calhoun County, Iowa.—Wheat injured by drought; stalks.short and heads small.

Lee County, Iowa.—Spring wheat almost entirely destroyed by chinch-bug. Spring
barley also damaged some by the bug.

Pottawattamie County, Iowa.—Prospect for spring wheat unfavorable ; rust and chinch-
bugs plenty; will not be overhalf a crop; weather favorable, neither too wet nor dry.

Audubon County, Jowa—Great falling off in wheat; it will be far below average ut
consequence of drought in June.

Des Moines County, Jowa.—FalY wheat ripe middle of June, and is a heavy crop.
Spring wheat is being eut, and will be about half a crop, owing to the destructiveness
of the chinch-bug.

Marion County, Towa.—Spring wheat injured by the drought and chinch-bug. Win-
ter wheat is a good crop, above average, and is harvested. Ryeis a fair, average crop,
and was harvested in good order.

Plymouth County, Iowa.—Recent rains have helped the wheat. Barley is being har-
vested, and the yield is encouraging.

Palo Alto County, Iowa.—Best prospect for crops in this county for five years.

Story County, Jowa.—So far no bug, insect, or worm preys upon any kind of grain.

Allamakee County, Iowa.—Wheat leaves badly rusted; heads short; straw healthy ;
the crop may be nearly an average in quantity, but cannot be of first-rate quality.

Lee County, Jowa.—Harvesting winter grain commenced June 12, twenty days earlier
than usual. Grain saved in good condition.

246

Sherburne County, Minnesota.—Spring grain nearly ruined by drought. Some fields
plowed up; others will hardly pay for harvesting.

Meeker County, Minnesota.—Spring wheat severely injured by dry weather. In some
localities the fields were almost destroyed by a hail-storm June 30.

Biue Earth County, Minnesota—The Hessian fly is in some wheat fields, but has done
no damage.

Kandiyohi County, Minn—June was dry, and tropssuffered for want of rain. June 31
a hail-storm cut down many fields of grain.

McLeod County, Minn.—This county has suffered very much from drought. Wheat
generally short and thin. ‘“ Farmers who plow deep and keep their lands free from
weeds have promise of good crops.” :

Watonwan County, Minn.—Wheat injured by drought, so that half a crop is barely
possible. Many fields will not be harvested.

Winona County, Minn.—No rain trom middle of May, except two light showers. Seed
spring wheat did not come up well, and is inuch too thin.

Freeborn County, Minn.—Drought and rust have damaged wheat to a considerable ex-
tent, but not so much as to give cause for serious alarm. Recent rains. have revived
the crop, but it will still fall below the average.

Sieele County, Minn.—The drought in the latter part of May and first half of June
seriously injured the wheat crop, which will scarcely equal the average, notwithstand-
ing the recent heavy rains.

Leavenworth County, Kans.—From some inexplicable cause wheat, which promised the
best and largest yield for years, is undoubtedly a poor crop. Chinch-bug is found in
wheat everywhere, even on new sod broken last year. Fine rains lately.

Woodson County, Kans.—Chinch-bugs very destructive to spring wheat. Some fields
are a total failure. The uplands sutier the most this year. We have been compara-
tively exempt from the ravages of the chinch-bug for nearly six years. In this warm
country they are worse, we think, than farthernorth. They seem to survive the winter
and commenee early in the spring, hence spring crops suffer most. The Tappahannock
wheat, sent me from the Department, has never, until this year, had a fair trial, owing
to accident, but this season the yield will reach, from one bushel sowing, 45 bushels,
aud others report even more favorably ; one farmer says that from 38 pounds he raised
25 bushels.

Chase County, Kans.—Winter wheat injured materially by late frosts. Spring
wheat rusting and not filling well.

Wyandotte County, Kans.—Season very wet. It is thought some wheat will grow in
the shock. ‘I never saw a more luxuriant growth of all crops than the fields and or-
chards now present. Droughiy Kansas is a myth.”

Osage County, Kans.—Spring wheat entirely injured by the chinch-bug. May wheat
cut June 9.

Johnson County, Kans.—Winter wheat filled well. Late wheat injured by the fly
but little. Barley badly damaged by chinch-bug. ,
Jefferson County, Kans.—W heat looked well until near cutting-time, when the chinch-

bug inflicted some damage. ‘

Nemaha County, Kans.—Spring grain much damaged by chinch-bugs.

Kiley County, Kans.—Winter wheat all harvested, and is a heavy crop. Spring wheat
almost a total failure, from rust and chinch-bugs. ,

Franklin County, Kans— Wheat harvest is over. The yield is better than was antici-
pated a month ago. All crops more advanced than usual. Fine growing weather.

Neosho County, Kans.—Creps never more promising. Wheat will not yield quite as
well as was anticipated.

Clay County, Kans.—Winter wheat all harvested. Spring wheat is being ent; it is
injured by weeds. Farmers will sow a largely increased breadth of winter wheat the
coming fall.

“Morris County, Kans.—W heat injured by frost in the spring.

Sedgwick County, Kans.—Wheat on low lands injured by rust; on high ground said to
be 20 per cent. better than last year. Harvest not yet commenced, owing to cool
weather. ‘

Coffey County, Kans.—Winter wheat now being threshed. Grain somewhat shrunk.
The yield will not be as good as was expected before threshing. ‘The early May wheat
is the largest-sown variety, but, contrary to all previous years, is now in worse condi-
tion than most other kinds.

Jackson County, Kans.—Fall wheat is first-rate. Spring wheat not of much value.

Siskiyou County, Cal—Prospect for more than average wheat crop till June; since,
considerably injured by crickets.

San Joaquin County, Cal.—Season dry ; wheat crop very small.

Lake County, Cal.— Wheat crop a little larger than last year; price last year $1 per
100 pounds; present price $2. :

San Diego County, Cal.— Nothing raised within thirty miles of the coast, except some

. small crops in the mountains, by irrigation, as wheat, &c. *

247

Alameda County, Cal.—Season dry ; wheat and barley not more than half an average
crop; quality good.

Mendocino County y, Cal.—Wheat and barley in valleys one-half more than an average};
on upland short.

San Bernardino County, Cal— Wheat crop largest and of best quality for several
years; grasshoppers very destructive. |

Dakota County, Nebr.—Season very dry; wheat, rye, and barley more or less injured.

Dixon County, Nebr.—Long-continued ‘drought; Arnautka wheat four to six inches
taller: than other varieties cultivated here. f

Jefferson County, Nebr.—Season oe wheat and other crops look well; two weeks
earlier than ustal; harvesting July 1

Lancaster County, Nebr.—Serious drought the last four weeks; wheat has suffered
much.

Nemaha County, Nebry.— Wheat badly injured by chinch-bugs.

Otoe County, Nebr.mWheat and other grains considerably ‘injured by drought; some
pieces of wheat entirely destroyed by chinch-bug.

Osage County, Nebr .—Chinch- bugs appearing in large numbers; fears that they will
damage spring wheat.

Washington County, Nebr.—Weather hot and dry; wheat crop in many places nearly
ruined by drought; Arnautka wheat appears to be the best variety grown.

Dona Ana County, NV. Mex.—Wheat, corn, beans, and red pepper principal crops;
some fields of barley cultivated ; look promising; all cultivation dependent upon
irrigation.

Ada County, Tdaho.—W heat and barley seriously injured by drought and heat.

Gallatin County, Mont.—Hard frosts in June injured grain crops. ~

Clackamas County, Oreg.—Spring wheat threatened by drought.

Douglas County, Oreg.—Wheat and other grains above the average.

Marion County, Oreg—The warm we ather of June has brought crops forward very
fast ; wheat very fine.

Kane County, Utah—Wheat considerably injured by grasshoppers.

Millard, County, Viah—Tappahannock wheat sent by the Department bids fair to be
a success in this region.

Morgan County, Utah.—Severe frosts on the 3d and 4th of June will diminish the
yield of wheat and other grains.

Rich County, Utah.—W heat and other grains almost entirely destroyed by drought
and grasshoppers.

Salt Lake County, Uiah—Spring wheat seriously affected by drought; mountain
streams lower than for ten, years past.

Weber County, Utah. —Prospect for wheat and all other crops never better than this
year.

Clarke ates Wash a aiie wheat or other grain has been sown, owing to excessive
rains.

COTTON.

The July returns do not materially change the cotton crop prospect
reported in June. Severe rain storms have continued to obstruct culti-
vation and check growth in the States upon the Gulf coast. The States
of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida average lower in con-
dition than at the date of the last report; the Georgia and Texas aver-
agey remain unchanged, and an improvement is indicated in the Caroli-
nas, Tennessee, and Arkansas. The percentage in each State, as com-
pared with the July statement of last year, is as follows:

July, 1870. July, 1871. July, 1870. July, 1871.
North Carolina. 94 percent. 99 per cent.|| Mississippi - --- 95 per cent. 80 percent.
South Carolina. 96 tO 100 % Louisiana... - 101 ee 75 s
Georgia. 2. 2 101 & 82 BU OSS y= = 5 =o 97 - 93
Ploridaic ee: 98 oa 88 @ Arkansas --.--- 101 e 90 ce
Alabama -....- 102 iG 81 ag Tennessee----. 85 of 98 ef

While no estimate can, at this early date, be authoritatively made,
this information leads to the following conclusions : With a reduction of
14 per cent. in acreage, the continuance of the present relatively low
condition, and a season as long as that of 1870, there should be gath-
ered a crop of 3,200,000 bales, or about as large as that of 1869; with a
season of average length, 2,900,000; with an early frost, and a very mm-
favorable season for picking, 2,700, 600. The prevalence of insects, with

2

248

other unpropitious circumstances, would probably reduce the crop to
2,500,000 bales. ‘This is presented as a fair statement of the range of
probabilities, based upon the most extensive and reliable data, and un-
influenced by the clamor of the speculators of the cotton exchange.

Duplin County, N. C.—Cotton blossonied June 13, two weeks earlier than usual. Crop
clean and in good condition—finest prospect for many years.

Greene County, N. C.—Cotton 15 per cent. better than last year, with 10 per cent,
greater acreage.

Martin County, N. C.—Cotton has mostly done well. Promises a good crop and is two
weeks earlier than usual.

Perquimans County; N. C.—Cotton backward. Wet weather gave the start to grass,
but in the last two weeks of dry weather the crop has been cleared.

Union County, N. C.—Cotton early planted, on good land, and well worked is doing
well. There is much poor cotton in the county, and grass has injured one-fifth of the
crop.

Brooks County, Ga.—Crops on iow lands abandoned.

Burton County, Ga.—Favorable weather will make the cotton three-fourths of last
year’s yield.. ®

Chattahoochee County, Ga.—Much low-land cotton drowned out. Much depends on the
season, but the crop cannot reach an average.

Dougherty County, Ga.—Cotton acreage decreased 10 per cent. Crop will aggregate
about half of last year’s.

Forsyth County, Ga.—Cotton has gained considerably during the month, but will be
short. i

Gwinnett County, Ga.—Gotton reduced in acreage and backward. |

Milion County, Ga.—Finer weather has improved cotton, and it may be an average
crop. ‘ ‘

Muscogee County, Ga.— Continued rain has prevented any improvement in cotton.
Condition 75 per cent.

Newton County, Ga.—Cotton has improved very much in thirty days, and where free
from grass, is growing rapicaly.

Pulaski County, Ga.—Cotton backward ; first blooms June 16.

Quitman County, Ga.—Cotton exceedingly poor, and reduced in acreage one-third.

Talbot County, Ga.—Rain has injured cotton, but it has improved.

Upson County, Ga.—Cotton seriously injured.

Autauga County, Ala.—Cotton backward, very grassy. :

Chambers County, Ala—Cotton backward, but with good weather will make a fair-
crop.

Dallas County, Ala—On loam and swamp lands cotton crop will be but one-half.
On up or sandy lands cotton bas improved.

Greene County, Ala.—Cotton small, grassy, and poor, but as the weather is fine it will
probably improve.

Lauderdale County, Ala—Grassy and deficient in stand.

Lowndes County, Alaa—Has been injured by hoes in removing the grass.

Macon County, Ala—Cotton almost ruined, especially upon the bottoms, where the
grass has taken full possession. Poorest cotton prospects for thirty years.

Marengo County, Ala.—Cotton stand poor; plant small; prospects improving with the
weather.

Peary County, Ala—Cotton in a very unpromising condition.

Sumter County, Ala.—Cotton late planted and badly in grass.

Gadsden County, Fla.—Rain has injured cotton.

Jackson County, Fla.—Cotton doing well; a little too much rain in places.

Madison County, Fla.—Acreage in cotton reduced one-fourth, and crop injured by wet ;
not over half a crop expected.

Nassau County, Fla.—Cotton on low lands seriously injured by rain.

Wilkinson County, Miss.—Full 10 per cent. of cotton planted was abandoned on
account of rain; crop condition poor.

Smith County, Miss.—Cotton prospects exceedingly poor.

Sunflower County, Miss.—Cotton grassy ; too much rain.

Madison County, Miss.—Cotton in bad condition ; grassy.

Clark County, Miss.—Some cotton fields plowed up for corn and cow-peas..

Lauderdale County, Miss.—Acreage reduced 15 per cent., and 5 per cent. of the planting
turned ont.

Washington Parish, La.—Cotton has suffered from continued rains.

Union Parish, La.—Cotton may come to an average.

East Feliciana Parish, La.—Cotton has not been so unpromising since 1846.

Rapides Parish, La.—Cotton three weeks behindhand, and not over half a stand. 15
per cent. of the planting thrown out. j

Austin County, Tecas.—Dry weather has enabled farmers to clean their cotton fields,
and the crop looks fair.

249

Jefferson County, Texas.—Cotton depends upon the rains of July.

Matagorda County, Texas.—Lowland cotton injured by rain; upland promises better. °

Milan County, Texas.—Acreage in cotton increased 50 per cent.

Upshur County, Tecas.—Acreage in cotton reduced.

Williamson County, Texas —Drought threatens to shorten the cotton crop.

Sebastian County, Ark.—Cotton acreage one-third reduced.

Columbia County, Ark.—Cotton late and grassy; bad condition.

Little Rock County, Ark.— Cotton looks well on high lands, but drowned out on low
lands ; prospects greatly improved within a week.

Dyer County, Tenn.— Cotton reduced in acreage, but better in yield.

Giles County, Tenn.—Cotton culture being abandoned.

Lake County, Tenn.—Cotton culture ceasing from reduction in market price, and
searcity of reliable labor.

POTATOES.

The indications are that the crop of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
will be a full average. It has had to contend with drought and late
frosts in many of the States devoted to its culture, with grasshoppers
in some of the Eastern States, and with the Colorado bug ip nearly all
of the Western States; but to offset these unfavorable conditions the
Season as a whole has been favorable; there is an increase in the agegre-
gate acreage; rot is not reported ; and the farmers, knowing the perils to
which the crop was exposed, have shown unusual diligence in caring for
it. Thus, the Colorado bug has been industriously fought wherever it
has appeared, while the losses sustained from frosts by the early varie-
ties are compensated by increased attention to those which are later in
maturing. Late rains in June were propitious, and if the remainder of
the season prove favorable there will be no scarcity of this staple crop.
The Colorado bug is extending its ravages. It is moving eastward and
southward, having been this season ver y destructive in ‘Ohio, where it
did but little damage last year, and made its appearance in great num-
bers in Kentucky. It has done much damage in ali the Northwestern
States. On the other hand, it seems to be leaving portions of Minne-
sota, fowa, linois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana. What injury
the young may do to the present crop after the old ones have disap-
peared can only be conjectured, but the .presuimption is that it will be
very slight. The principal remedy yet relied upon for the destruction
of the bug is Paris green, but there is greater activity this year in hand-
picking than was shown last year. i{nsect enemies of the bug have also
appeared. In the Southern States sweet potatoes promise a large yield,
_and wherever Irish potatoes have been planted they have almost i inva-
riably done well. Some extracts from correspondence are subjoined, to
show, mainly, the influences that are at work to destroy the Colorado
bug.

Lapeer County, Mich—The potato crop looks fair. The old bugs have nearly disap-
peared; the young ones may yet do some damage.

Carroll County, Mich.—The bugs appeared in “ereat numbers; but the “lady-bugs ”
have eaten their eggs, and Paris gre een has kept them at bay.

Scott County, Ill. —The potato bug is being destroyed by another small bug, which is
apent the same size, with a long, sharp bill,

. Clair County, Ll. —Industrious people, who have gathered the bugs and destroyed

ie: om, will have fine crops of potatoes.

Columbia Count, y, Wis.—Potatoes look well. By perseverance and Paris green the
bugs have been kept at bay.

Douglas County, is.—Colorado bugs more numerous than last year. They were on
the ground before the potatoes were up.

Ozaukee County, Wis.—Every body has fought the potato bug, and the yield of pota-
toes will be good.

Richland County, Wis.—Colorado bugs do not seem to be doing any harm. There is a
bug that is killing them.

Green Lake County, Wis.—Bugs leaving. They have left a few eggs and some young
bugs, but the a are doing no harm. The crop looks well.

250

Franklin County, Ind.—Potatoes doing better just now. Colorado bug gone; driven
off with Paris green. When too strong it injured the tops. One ounce of green to one
and a half pounds of flour, dusted on, will do.

Howard ( County, Ind.—The Colorado bug has almost disappeared.

Washington County, Ind.—The Colorado bug has almost eaten up the potatoes; what
they left the striped bug is now eating.

Jennings County, Ind.—Colorado bugs plenty. The only remedy which promises re-
lief from the potato bug is industry in its destruction.

Cass County, Ind.—Colorado bugs have almost entirely disappeared. Their eggs are
destroyed by a small bug about one-third of an inch in length ; ; red, with black ‘spots.

Benton County, Minn.—Colorado bug disappearing ; old ones have about all gone; the
young ones don’t seem to thrive as in previous years,

Sherbur ne County, Minn.—Colorado bug destroyed by Paris green. In some cases
the remedy is about as bad as the bugs, owing to its too free use.

Licking County, Ohio.—The Colorado bugs made their appearance about the ist of
June, but have not done much damage, as s they have been killed by the bushel.

Franklin County, Ohio—The Colorado potato bug has been a gréat pest here this
season, and has injured the crops 10 per cent. The farmers fought them unceasingly,
or they would have stripped the fields. Paris green 1 pound, : and flour 10 pounds,
we found a perfect dead-shot for these pests of the potato-patch. I have seen no evil
effects following its application.

Erie County, Ohio.—Colorado bug doing some damage; most people keeping them off
by hand picking.

Crawford County, Ohio —Colorado bug plenty; has been kept in check by constant
picking and arseniate of copper.

Shelby County, Ky.—A gentleman got rid of his potato bugs by turning his Muscovey
ducks into the field. In twenty-four hours there were no bugs left,

HAY AND PASTURES.

The season has been unfavorable for the grasses, owing mainly to the
prevalence of drought. The drought of last season has also had an
unfavorable effect on meadows and pastures. There will be a short hay
crop. In Maine, where hay is a leading staple, the yield will not much
exceed two-thirds of an average crop. In all of the New England and
Middle States the condition of clover, timothy, and pastures is reported
below average. In most of the Southern and Western States, and in
Oregon, the pastures are above average, and the condition of clover and
timothy, where grown, is equally good. In California clover and tim--
othy have had a fine growth, while pastures are in relatively low con-
dition. In sections where pastures and meadows have partially failed
it is not yet too late to supplement them with corn as a soiling crop.

York County, Me—I have about two acres Alsike clover from seed you sent me in
1868. Grown alone it falls to the ground ; mixed with other grasses it is profitable.

Penobscot County, Me.—Grass badly winter killed.

Sagadahoe County, MJe—Hay must be much below the average, owing to the severe
drought last season, the open winter, and dry spring.

Hillsboro County, N. H.—Clover of last year’s standing all killed by last year's
drought; timothy and other grasses are thin.

Nor ‘folk County, Mass—Pastures show the effect of last summer’s drought, but are
improving some because of frequent rains. Clover is not sown as a distinct crop, but
in seeding new meadows it is customary to sow from 8 to 12 pounds of seed with herds’
grass and red top.

Orleans County, Vt—Farmers are now entting their hay. Pastures are better.than
the hay crop. Weather too dry.

New London County, Conn.—Pastures and meadows have greatly improved since late
rains.

Litchfield County, Conn.—The drought of last year killed the valuable grasses.

Columbia County, N. Y—Timothy was affected by the drought of last year, and has
net recovered.

Queens County, N. Yay is’a principal crop. The rains and cool weather of June
have materi: lly helped the crop.

Warren County, NV. Y.—Clover and timothy sowed a year 4 ago were a failure in great
part, owing to the dry weather.

Westchester County, N. Y.—Late rains and cool weather have helped grass very much.

Chester County, Pa.—Late rains have helped the pastures very much.

251

Butler County, Pa.—The frosty May and dry, hot June ruined our pasture fields and
meadows, so that our cattle suffer to some extent for want of good ‘pasture. The
meadows will not yield 50 per cent. of an average crop; many ¢ cannot be ent.

Beaver County, Pa.—The drought ended with a nice shower June 17, and rains have
since helped the pastures. The last of June was unfavorable for nm: vking clover hay.

Wayne County, Pa —Owing to the drought that prevailed in this county last summer
and fall, timothy meadows are found this. spring almost entirely killed, and much dam-
age was also done to clover and pasture fields. The months of May and June have
been extremely dry.

Medina County, Ohio —A severe drought in May and June injuriously affected grass
erops, but recent rains have greatly benefited them.

Portage County, Ohio. —There is an uncommon growth of -white clover this year; pas-

‘tures are a full average.

Morrow County, Ohio.—Meadows and pastures have come forward rapidly since the
late rains.

Alpena County, Mich—Hungarian grass is raised in ‘considerable quantities in this
county, and with perfect success.

Winnebago County, [ll.—Clover and timothy have done remarkably well.

Clarke County, Mo.—Prospect for timothy the best in five years.

Cole County, Mio.—First crop of clover well secured; second fine, owing to copious
rains.

Franklin County, Mo.—Pastures dried up. But few acres of either clover or timothy
will be harvested.

Cedar County, Towa.—Meadows light, but improving fast with late rains.

Marion County, Iowa.—Meadows on dry @ ground very light. Hundreds of acres barely
worth cutting and saving.

Woodson County; Kans. = Clover, timothy, and blue grass flourish in Kansas.

Anderson County, Ky. —Meadows taken’ to some extent by white blossom and other -
weeds,

Franklin County, Ky.—Pasture good; clover and timothy injured by white top ; not
over half a crop.

Jefferson County, Ky.—Timothy not so good as clover—infested with white weed or
daisy.

Lincoln County, Ky—Pasture not so good as usual; clover and timothy injured by
white top.

Shelby County, Ky.—Timothy and clover cut short by drought and white blossom.

Jefferson County, W. Va. —Hay crop short. The best crop ‘of the season was fifteen
tons on five acres.

Wilson County, Tenn.—Pastures splendid ; clover average eR timothy 50 per cent.
below last year.

Giles County, Tenn.—Greater attention paid to grass crops.

Carroll County, Md.—Hay not one-half a crop ; “poorest yield in forty years.

Howard County, Md.—A farmer who cut fifty tons of hay last year will this year cut
but five tons. This is a good sample of the county.

Greenville County, Vi a.—Clover grows luxuriantly, affording cow feed by the Ist of
April; timothy, also, does well on the heavy soils.

Bertie County, N. C.—Experimental crops of clover sown in the spring.

Greenville County, S. C.—First crop of red clover hay harvested June 9; best was 2}
feet high. :

Cobb C ounty, Ga. —Clover and timothy raised on a small scale.

Gwinnett County, Ga.—Clover and timothy becoming more common.

Wilkes County, Ga.—Clover just introduced. First ¢ crop cut and very fine.

Colbert County, Ala.—Increased disposition to grow clover. Good experimental crop
of red clover reported 3 or 4 feet high.

Manatee County, Fla—Red clover might be made valuable as a fertilizer.

Hancock County, Miss.—No*artificial pastures in the county.

La Fourche County, La.—No grasses planted for pasturage, and | wild grasses do not
exhibit much difference from year to year.

OATS.

In the New England States oats have had a rapid growth and are in
excellent condition. In all these States, except Vermont, their condi-
tion is reported above average. In the Middle States the condition of
the crop is slightly below average, Pennsylvania and Maryland being
the lowest—the former being 13 and the latter 20 per cent. below.
Drought in May and June has prevailed in all these States. Only one
of the Western States, Minnesota, reports a condition greatly below

252

average, 24 per cent. Ohio is 3 per cent. above average; Wisconsin 4
per cent.; Kansas 8 per cent. The other Western States are slightly
below average. In all the Western States the chinch-bug has been very
destructive. Of the Southern States, Mississippi and Texas present the
best showing, each being 10 per cent. above average. The other States
of the South fall below average, owing principally to rust. The aggre- -
gate crop of the year will probably be a full average. .

PRUIT.

Frosts in April and May, following the remarkably early opening of ©
spring, greatly lessened the prospect of a good crop of apples. A short
crop is indicated in all the States where they are most largely grown;
probably the crop will be three-fourths of an average. Peaches have
escaped with less damage, and in the States where special attention is
given to their culture the yield will be unusually large. In Maryland
it is estimated to be a full average; in New Jersey, 8 per cent. above ; -
in Delaware, 40 per cent. above. In South Carolina, the yield is 25 per
cent. above average; Georgia, 10; Florida, 10; Alabama, 79; Missis-
* sippi, 45; Louisiana, 47; Texas, 24; Arkansas, 8; Tennessee, 10; Michi-
gan, 5; lowa, 2. In all the remaining States the yield is below average.
Pears promise well, and plums seem to have suffered less from the cur-
culio than in late years. Cherries, strawberries, and other small fruits
have been abundant. Grapes have seldom presented a more favorable
prospect. They have met with no serious disaster in any of the grape-
growing sections.

253

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255
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

RESIGNATION OF COMMISSIONER CAPRON AND APPOINTMENT OF HIS
SUCCESSOR, HON. FREDERICK WATTS.’*

Since the last Monthly Report was issued, an-important change has
occurred in the administration of this Department. Hon. Horace
Capron has tendered to the President his resignation of the office of
Commissioner of Agriculture, to which he was appointed November 29,
1867, and the resignation has been accepted, to take effect on the Ist
day of August next. The following correspondence on the subject has
passed between the Commissioner and the President:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, June 27, 1871.

Dear Sir: In fulfillment of an engagement with representatives of a foreign govern-
ment, the nature and circumstances of which I communicated to you early in May last,
it becomes necessary to tender my resignation as Conmnissiouer of Agricultur ©; to take
effect on the Ist day of August next. In doing so, I desire to express my high appre-
ciation of your confidence and kindness, officially and personally expressed, and I assure
you of their indelible impression upon my mind and heart.

I have the satisfaé¢tion of leaying the Department in efficient working order; its
buildings and bnprovements erected, without increasing the moderate annual appro-
priations; its finances unembarrassed ; its current pecuniary obligations withont, as
heretofore, the necessity of deficiency appropriations, and an enlarged fund for the
next fiscal year. Its usefulness has been satisfactorily tested, not only in the exercise
of its well-known public functions, but in answer to ‘thousands of personal inquiries,
-involving every aspect of scientific agriculture, and tending to advance the publie weal
with private welfare; and its’ importance asserted in decided terms by industrial
authorities, official and personal, of all quarters of the globe. I scarcely need ask from
you a continuance of that intelligent appreciation and fostering care accorded hitherto,
and essential to the full development and highest utility of this Department of the
National Government.

I have the honor to be, your obedient servant,
HORACE CAPRON,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

.
EXECUTIVE Mansion, Washington, June 28, 1871.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th instant, tendering your resignation as Commissioner
of Agriculture, is just received. Appreciating as I do the value to the country at large
of the Department over which you have so ably presided for years, I should regret re-
ceiving or accepting your resignation were it not for the importance attached to the
new position which you are called on to fill, and which, no doubt, will be filled with
credit and to the inestimable value of the nation which has secured your services.

In the new place of which you have accepted the responsibilities I predict results
creditable to yourself and to the nation which has so honored you, as well as the rapid
advance of commerce between that nation and all others. Such a result cannot prove
otherwise than beneficial to the world’s interests, leaving out of the account that of
ourselves as a single nation.

Your resignation is accepted from the date proposed by yourself, with anticipations
that you will realize all that is expected from your new duties.

With sincere wishes for your future success, I subscribe my self, very sincerely, your

obedient servant, ‘
U. 8. GRANT.
Hon. HORACE Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture.

The engagement to which General Capron refers in his letter above
given was made with commissioners of the Japanese government, who
were deputed to visit this country and make arrangements for the
introduction into Japan of American methods of agriculture and a
knowledge of other industrial arts of our advanced civilization, includ-
ing our railro ad.and mining systems. General Capron has been selected
to “perform this important, work. He is empowered ‘to introduce into
Japan models of implements and machinery connected with our indus-

256

trial achievements, together with furniture, utensils, and all the other
mechanical accompaniments of our business, social, and domestic life.
He will be assisted by a corps of scientifie gentlemen, including two of
the officials of the Department of Agriculture—Dr. Thomas Antisell,
chemist, and Dr. Stuart Eldridge, librarian, both of whom have re-
signed the offices they respectively held. After the 1st of August the
address of the commission will be Yokohama, Japan.

General Capron’s mission cannot fail to result in many and enduring
benefits to the people of Japan, who, through its instrumentality, will
learn the arts that have made usa mighty nation, while the people of our
own country will be benefited in return by the demand for the products of
our mines, manufactories, and farms, to which the industrial development
of Japan will strely lead. It w ill strengthen the friendly relations
which now exist between the two nations, and it will aid greatly in
extending the influence of our civilization to the neighboring empire of
China.

General Capron bears with him to Japan letters of the most compli-
mentary character from the President, the General of the Army, the
Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Acting Secretary of
State, and Her Britannic Majesty’s minister at Washington. The em-
ployés of the Department of Agriculture have also formally united in
the following testimonial, presented at a meeting called for the purpose
on the afternoon of July 13:

Whereas, the Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture, having resigned,

for the purpose of accepting a high position under the Japanese government: There-
fore,

Resolv ed, That we congratulate him upon the distinguished compliment he has re-
/ ceived in being selected “by the government of Japan to guide and aid in the develop-
ment of the agricultural resources of that country.

Tesolved, That, in the retirement of Hon. Horace Capron from the Department of
Agriculture, the people of the United States have lost an honest, faithful, and able
public servant, and the agricultural interest of the country one of ‘its most intelligent,
zealous, and progressive advocates.

Resolved, That, as employés of the Department of Agriculture, we hereby testify our
sincere regret at the severance of those genial relations, official and personal, which
we have hitherto sustained to Commissioner Capron; that we willever cherish a warm .
remembrance of his uniform courtesy and kindness, and that we tender to him our best
wishes for his entire success in the important mission to which he has been called.

resolved, That a copy of these resolutions, properly engrossed, be presented to the
retiring Commissioner.

Hon. Frederick Watts, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, has been appointed
successor to General Capron as Commissioner of Agriculture, to date
from the 1st of August. Judge Watts is a native of Carlisle, and was
educated at Dickinson College, where he was graduated at the age
of nineteen. Immediately after his graduation he went to Erie County,
Pennsylvania, and there lived three years with an uncle, working daily
on his farm. It was while residing with this uncle that the taste for
farm life, which has characterized his whole career, was fully formed,
and a practical knowledge of its essential requirements thoroughly
learned. Returning to Carlisle, he studied law with Andrew Carothers,
and was admitted tothe bar. He practiced his profession until 1848,
when he was commissioned by Governor William F. Johnston as presi-
dent judge of the ninth judicial district of Pennsylvania, composed of the
counties of Cumberland, Perry, and Juniata. This office he held for
three years, when, it having been made elective, and the district being
under the control of the political party with which he was not in sym-
pathy, he retired from the bench and returned to the bar. He did not,
however, actively engage in his profession, a large portion of his time’
being devoted to the personal superintendence of a farm near Uar-

250

lisle. For many years he had been a farmer as well as a lawyer, and
had become known as one who believed in the application of science to
the tilling of the soil. In 1858 he abandoned entirely the practice of law,
and since then has been exclusively a farmer. During the last few years
he has resided on his farm, giving to all the details of its management
his personal attention. He is also the owner of another farm, which
he manages through a tenant.

Judge Watts’s prominence as a farmer led to his election, in 1856, as
the first president of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, which
office he held until 1862, when he declined a reélection. He was
elected the first president of the board of trustees of the Agricultural
College of Pennsylvania, a position which he still holds. He has never
been prominent as a politician, although entertaining at all times posi-
tive views of public policy, and has never been a candidate for either
congressional or legislative honors. He was not an applicant for the
distinguished position to which he has just been appointed, and its
duties and responsibilities have been accepted with reluctance.

Judge Watts is a practical and scientific farmer. He has devoted
his life to the practice of progressive methods of diversified agricul
ture, and has always manifested a deep interest and genuine enthusiasm
- the advancement of the farmer’s calling. In his new office he may be

expected to give to all the agricultural interests of the country the same
intelligent and industrious attention he has bestowed upon the varied
operations of his own farm-and the agriculture of Pennsylvania.

SKETCH OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The census establishes the fact that one-half the population of the
United States is either directly engaged in agricultural pursuits or
wholly dependent upon them for support, while no census is required to
prove that the whole country is mainly indebted for its prosperity to
the quiet labors of the independent farmer. Our commerce and manu-
factures are of vast importance, but they are of secondary interest when
compared with our stake in agriculture. Unlike some of the nations of
Europe that do not produce food enough to supply the necessary wants
of their people, poorly as some of them are always fed, the United
States annually produces more food than her people can consume or
waste. We are large exporters of meats and breadstuffs and of other
agricultural productions. We are distinctively and preéminently a
nation of farmers, and such we shall undoubtedly remain. The temper-—
ate and stimulating climate of our country, the variety of soil and range
of latitude and elev ation, the rural tastes of our people, and the vast
domain yet open to homestead occupancy, combine to assure a continu-
ance of the interest heretofore manifested in agricultural pursuits. It
is somewhat strange, therefore, in view of all these facts, that so much
attention has been bestowed from the foundation of the Government
upon the encouragement of commerce and manufactures and so little
upon the encouragement and improvement of agriculture; stranger
still, that any professedly patriotic citizen should ever have given
utterance to the sentiment that “agriculture can take care of itself.”
Not only has the attention of politicians and statesmen been diverted
from this chief of all the industries, but farmers themselves have been
slow to press their claims to more favorable recognition. It is true that
Washington, and the presidents who immediately succeeded him, urged
‘the importance and propriety of placing agriculture under the. direct
fostering care of the Government, and that the subject was considered

- 258

by committees of both houses of Congress during the early days of the
Re spublic, but constitutional and other objections, and the lack of gen-
eral interest in any, suggestion for the improvement of agricultural
methods, constantly postponed favorable legislative action.

To Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, of Connecticut, son of Hon. Oliver
Ellsworth, third Chief Justice of the United States, is the country more
indebted ‘thai to any other person for the recognition by Congress
of the claims of-agricuiture. Mr. Ellsworth’s services date from 1836,
in which year he was appointed the first Commissioner of Patents. The
Patent Office had been just then reorganized. Owing to its subsequent
intimate association with the interests of agriculture, the origin of this
office requires a brief notice before we refer to Mr. Ellsworth’s adiminis-
tration of its duties.

The first article of the Constitution provides for promoting the pro-
gress of science and the useful arts by securing to authors and in-
ventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.
This clause is the foundation of our laws regulating copyrights and
patents. _ Up to 1795 the granting of letters-patent was confided by act
of Congress to the Secretary of War, the Secretary of State, and the
Attorney General, the records of patents to be kept in the office of the
Secretary of State, and all models and drawings to be deposited there.
On the 2ist of February of that year the duty of acting upon applica-
tions for patents was assigned exclusively to the Secretary of State.
The examination of these applications was performed by a single clerk
in the office of the Secretary, who, in 1821, received the title of Super-
intendent of the Patent Office. In 1830 this office was further recog-
nized by law, and made the subject of a special appropriation. On the
4th of July, 1836, it was made a separate bureau of the Government,
and the office of Commissioner of Patents was created: In December of -
the same year, Blodgett’s Hotel, a three-story brick building, used for
Government ottices, which stood where the Post Office building now
stands, and fronted on E street, was burned to the ground. In one or
tavo of the upper rooms was located the Patent Office, and its contents
were entirely consumed. Afterwards until 1840 the business of the.
bureau was transacted in rooms appropriated to its use in the City
Hall. In 1840 the Patent Office was removed to the building erected
expressly for its accommodation and now occupied by it.

Mr. Ellsworth was Commissioner of Patents from 1856 to 1845, and
one of the first subjects which engaged his attention after assuming the
duties of the office was the impulse which had been given at that day
to improvements in the implements of agriculture, and the “aid which ’
agriculture might derive from the establishment of a regular system for
the selection and disizibution of grain and seeds of the choicest varieties
for agricultural purposes.” During the administration of John Quiney
Adams, the consuls of the United States had been instructed to forward
to the State Department rare plants and seeds for distribution, and a
botanical garden was established at Washington. Little was done in
the collection and distribution of seeds thus authorized, but to the as-
sociation of this enterprise with the Patent Office in the State Depart-

ment Mr. Ellsworth was doubtless indebted for the hint of a more com-
prehensive system of seed distribution. In 1836 and 1837, the first two
years of his incumbency,-the Commissioner, without legal authorization,
received and distributed many seeds and plants which had been gratuit-
ously transmitted to him. In his first annual report, dated January
1, 1838, he called the attention of Congress to the subject, and strongly —
recommended that provision be made for the establishment at the

259

national capital of a depository of new and valuable varieties of seeds
and plants, for distribution to every part of the United States. He fur-
ther recommended that this depository be made a part of the Patent
Office. No immediate action was taken by Congress upon the recom-
mendations, but this neglect did not discourage the Commissioner from
continuing his selfimposed task of distributing, under the frank of
friendly members of Congress, improved varieties of wheat, corn, &¢.,
the beneficial effects of which distribution were fally shown i in testimo-
nials from all parts of the country

On the 21st of January, 1839, Hon. Isaac Fletcher, of Vermont,
chairman of the Committee on Patents of the House of Represent: itives,
addressed a letter to Commissioner Ellsworth, requesting the co mmuni.

cation of information relative to the collection and distribution of seeds
and plants; also relative to the practicability of obtaining agricultural
Statistics. ‘To this letter of inquiry the Commissioner responded on the
following day, reciting the action already taken by him to further the
cause of agriculture, and assigning many reasons why his previous ree-
ommendations should be adopted. In this communication the Commis-
sioner suggested. that ‘‘arrangements could be made for the exhibition
of different kinds of grain, exotic and indigencus, in the new Patent
Office.” In the closing hours of the Twenty-fifth Congress, (act of 3d
March, 1839,) the Commissioner was gratified by the passage of an
appropriation of $1,000, to be taken from the Patent Office fund, for the
purpose of collecting and distributing seeds, prosecuting agricultural
investigations, and procuring agricultural statistics. Thus originated
the agricultural division of the Patent Office.

In his annual report of the following year, dated January 1, 1840,
Commissioner Ellsworth stated that the diplomatic corps of the United
States had been solicited to aid in procuring valuable seeds, and that
the officers of the Navy had been requested to convey to the Patent
Office such seeds as might be offered. As the sixth census was then
about to be taken, agricultural statistics were deferred until its comple-
tion. In the next report, (January 1, 1841,) it was stated that 30,000
packages of seeds had been distributed during the preceding year, and
that the agricultural statistics, based upon the returns of the census,
were being compiled. “The importance of an annual report of the
state of the crops in different sections, as a preventive against monop-
oly, and a good criterion to calculate the state of exchange,” was com-
mended to ‘the consideration of Congress, and from this suggestion were
evolved in time the annual agricultural reports.

In the report of 1842 were “given tabular estimates of the products of
agriculture in the United States in 1841. These estimates filled two
pages, and were based upon the census returns of 1840, supplemented
by such additional information as could be derived from agricultural
reports, newspapers, and official correspondence with leading citizens
in all parts of the country. The correspondence was mainly conducted
by means of printed circulars, containing inquiries by the Commis-
sioner, to which replies were returned on the same sheet. The same
general plan of obtaining information is observed by the Department
of Agriculture to-day. Fifteen pages of comment followed the tabular
statement, embracing a survey of the agricultural condition and pros-
pects of the country. Special subjects of comment were the manufac-
ture of sugar from Indian corn, and lard oil as a substitute for whale oil
as an illuminator. In this year Congress appropriated another $1,000
from the Patent Oiiice fund for agricultural purposes. There was no
appropriation in 1840 and 1841. From 1842 to 1846 the annual appro-

260

priation from the fund was continued, but in the latter year it was again
omitted. In 1847 it was revived, and afterwards annually renewed up
to 1854, when the policy of appropriating money from the fund was
abandoned; the whole amount ($59,000) drawn from it was reimbursed
in 1855. Atter 1853 appropriations for agriculture were made every
year directly from the Treasury. In no one year, up to 1854, did the
annual appropriation exceed $5,500, and it was generally below that
sum.

In his report of 1845 the Commissioner recommended ‘the consti-
tution of an agricultural bureau, or at least an agricultural clerkship,
at a moderate expense.” He further recommended ‘‘a sufficient appro-
priation to allow a personal examination of the various parts of the
country, by some one well qualified for such duty.” Accompanying the
report was an elaborate essay by the Commissioner, sixty pages long,
on the condition and prospects of American agriculture ; also, a tabular

estimate of the crops of 1842, occupying two pages, the data for which
were obtained from the sources previously relied upon. ‘The prepara-
tion of the table was stated to have been “no easy task.” Several com-
munications, from farmers and others, on practical questions relating
to avriculture, were printed in an appendix, and some of them were
illustrated by cuts. From them may be dated the practice of publish-
ing details of individual experience and elaborate essays in the annual
agricultural reports.

The report of 1844 was still more voluminous than its predecessor.
The tabular estimates, letters from correspondents, and remarks by the
Commissioner were continued. The statement was made that the labor
of the Commissioner in compiling agricultural information was chiefly
performed out of office hours. The remarks on the condition of the
crops and the growth of agriculture challenge admiration by their
comprehensiveness, (120 pages,) their minuteness of detail, and the
thorough acquaintance manifested by the writer with the agricultural
resources of the country. A more extended system of investigation was
recommended. The distribution of foreign seeds had been continned
during the preceding year, and 12,000 packages would be distributed
during the year then current.

The report of 1845 showed increased industry and enthusiasm by the
Commissioner. It was more voluminous than any of its predecessors.
The potato-rot, which began in 1843, the ravages of the Hessian fly and
other insects, and the various diseases to which wheat and other grains
are subject, were referred to at length in the general review and in the
papers contained in the appendix, and remedies were suggested. Some
of the most valuable papers in the appendix were reproduced from the
agricultural and news journals of the day.

“On the 30th of April, 1845, Mr. Ellsworth resigned the office of Com-
missioner of Patents. We have given in some ‘detail the facts in his
official career, because he was really the founder of that branch of
the Government now embraced in the Department of Agriculture, and
as such entitled to honorable mention in these pages, and because
the first successful steps in the work of securing Government recogni-
tion of agriculture deserve to be recorded. The patience, enthusiasm,
and industry of Mr. Ellsworth in this work entitle his name to the erate.
ful remembrance of American farmers.

Hon. Edmund Burke, of New Hampshire, succeeded Mr. Ellsworth
as Commissioner of Patents. During the four years (1845-1849) of his
administration of the office, the effor ts of his predecessor for the advance-
ment of agriculture were most ably seconded. The report of the Com-

261

missioner in 1846 was the largest that had yet appeared, filling 1,184
pages, less than 100 of which related to patents, the remainder
being devoted to agricultural topics. The annual reports of the De-
partment of Agriculture have seldom exceeded 700 pages, and have not
averaged above 650 pages. Mr. Burke introduced into the report many
new features, prominent among which were tables of British and U Tnited
States imports and exports, and English cotton quotations. The papers
in the appendix embraced a wide range’of subjects. The potato disease
was exhaustively discussed. The Commissioner stated that the number
of packages of seeds distributed in 1846 would exceed 50,000. Addi-
tional facilities for obtaining information and purchasing seeds were
declared to be necessary to the successful prosecution of the agricultural
work of the office, a declaration which did not prevent Congress from
withholding the appropriation of a single dollar for agricultural pur-
poses for the ensuing year. When the Patent Office report of 1847
appeared, agricultural statistics, essays, correspondence, and newspaper
articles were entirely omitted.

Congress saw and acknowledged its error, and the appropriation
($3 000) from the Patent Office fund was restored. In 1848 a very val-
uable report appeared, which was especially rich in statisties relating
to the products of laber and capital in the United States, the move-
ments of these and foreign products on interior lines 6f transportation ;
the consumption and surplus for exportation of food products, the
demands of foreign countries for these products, and tables of popula-
tion, property, prices, &c. The volume was more profusely and expen-
sively illustrated than any that had preceded it. In the report of the
following year (1849) an increased amount of space was occupied by
miscellaneous statistics, chiefly industrial. The quantity of seeds dis-
tributed in 1848 had increased to 75,000 packages, and it was announced
that nearly as many had been obtained for distribution in 1849. In
this report mention is made of foreign seeds having been submitted to
the test of experiment by an intelligent gardener,

On the 30th of April, 1849, Mr. Burke retired from the Patent Office,
and was succeeded by Hon. Thomas Ewbank, of New York. During
his administration of the office some changes were made in the manage-
ment of the agricultural division. By direction of the Secretary of the
Interior, the task of collating and arranging the materials for the agri-
cultural portion of the annual report was committed to a “ practical
and scientific agriculturist.”. Another change consisted in the publica-
tion of the agricultural portion of the report in a separate volume.
The first of these volumes appeared in 1850, edited, in accordance with
the Secretary’s views, by a scientific gentleman, Daniel Lee, M. D. It
contained many elaborate scientific and practical papers, by Mr. Lee
and others, and numerous commercial and miscellaneous statistics, but
no statistics of the agricultural productions of the preceding year.
This departure from the uniform practice of Commissioners EH! Isworth
and Burke, Mr. Lee justified by declaring that all previously published
statistics were unreliable, because of the insufficiency of the data from
which they were calculated. He declined to “‘ waste time and paper in
printing crude guesses.” The opinion was expressed that Congress or
the State legislatures should devise and execute a plan for procuring
accurate statistics, but Mr. Lee did not suggest a way by which the same
result could be reached through the instrumentality of his own office.
In the report of 1851 occurs the same important omission as in that of
1850; but in that of 1852 appeared the agricultural statistics of the
seventh census, unaccompanied, however, by any analysis, comparison,

262

or other comment. In- November, 1852, Mr. Ewbank retired, and was
succeeded by Hon. Silas H. Hodges, of Vermont, Mr. Lee remaining.
In the report of 1853 110 attempt was made to add to the value of the
census figures, and tlie reader was left in ignorance whether the agri-
cultural productions of 1852 were greater or ‘Jess than those of the cen-
sus year. In the report of 1850 Mr. Lee introduced meteorological
statistics, and the space accorded to this specialty annually increased
during his editorship of the reports. ;

On the 25th of March, 1853, Mr. Hodges was succeeded as
Commissioner by Hon. Charles Mason, of Iowa, and soon after-
wards Mr. Lee, as editor of the reports, was succeeded by Mr. D. J.
Browne. In Mr. Mason’s four reports, appearing in the years 1854,
755, 756, 757, agricultural statistics have no place, the editor enter.
taining the’ same views as his predecessor concerning the value of
statistics not collected by the State or through an annual visit
from the census marshal. Im these views he was sustained hy the Com-
missioner. Mr. Browne, however, greatly systematized the arrangement
of the matter of the reports, and during the four years above named
greatly changed its quality. Fewer letters from correspondents were
given, and more essays. A series of valuable papers on climatology
aud meteorology, by Lorin Blodget, esq., Professor Joseph Henry, and
others, extended through the whole four reports. From Mr. Mason’s
first report (1854) may be dated the declension of the crop ‘corres-
pondent and the ascendency of the essayist in the annual reports.

The agricultural and industrial cabinet, meditated by Mr, Ellsworth,
seems to have received some attention prior to the accession of Mr.
Mason, who refers in his first report to the variety and value of the col-
lection of seeds, fibers, insects, &c., contained in it; but this collection
must have been very insignificant when compared with the present
museum of the Department of Agriculture.

The annual appropriation, which, up to and including 1853, had never
exceeded $5,500, was, in 1854, increased to $35,000, and it has never
since been less than that sum. The annual distribution of seeds, cut-
tings, and reports had so stimulated agricultural enterprise and the de-.
_ velopment of the resources of the nation, that Congress was led to adopt
a more liberal policy of disbursement as a means ; of securing yet more
bountiful results. In the first year of his administration, Commissioner
Mason was thus enabled to extend his purchases of seeds and plants
far beyond those of any of his predecessors.

In the list of plants ordered in 1854 to be imported, and which
were imported in that and the following year, were two plants of Chinese
origin—the Chinese yam and the Chinese sugar-cane. In 1856 a portion
of the Government grounds in Washington, lying between Four-and-a-
half and Sixth streets and Missouri avenue and the canal, embracing
five acres, was set apart for the propagation of the seed of the sugar-
cane, otherwi ise known as sorghum. Large quantities of the seed pro-
duced on this. ground were distributed in 1856 and 1857, after which,
the country being well supplied by individual enterprise, general distri-
bution by the Patent Office ceased. Thus originated the propagating
garden now attached to the Department of Agriculture, and which, it is
proper to add, has not now and never has had any connection with the
botanical earden established during Mr. Adams’s administration, but
with which it has often been confounded,

The subject of entomology as related to agriculture had recéived some
attention izom the Commissioners of Patents prior to 1854. In that year
Commissioner Mason employed Mr. Townend Glover, present entom-

.

263

ologist of the Department of Agriculture, to investigate and report upon
the habits of insects injurious and beneficial to vegetation, especially
those infesting the cotton-plant. Mr. Glover’s first report was pub-
lished in the volume which appeared in 1855; another appeared in 1856,
and another in 1859. From his engagement, which was temporarily
interrupted in 1859, may be dated the origin of the entomological branch
of the Department. . In 1855 an arrangement was made with the Smith-
sonian Institution, which is now in force, for procuring and publishing
meteorological statistics. In thesame year a chemist and botanist were
engaged. Their engagements were not permanent; nevertheless, the
chemical and botanical branches of the Department of Agriculture may
properly be said to have had their origin in this year. The report which
appeared in 1857 was more profusely illustrated than any of its pre-
decessors.

Mr. Mason retired in August, 1857, and in the following month was
succeeded by Hon. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, who served until March
14,1859. During his administration two annual reports were issued—
in 1858 and 1859—each edited by Mr. Browne, in accordance with his
previous views. In the report of Commissioner Mason which appeared
in 1856 much space had been devoted to the history and peculiarities
of the Chinese tea-plant, and the belief had been expressed that it
could be successfully cultivated in most if not all of the Southern
States of this country. Commissioner Holt determined to practically
test the adaptability of the plant to our soil and climate, and in his
report of May 11, 1858, he announced that an agent had been sent to
China to procure seeds of this and other plants. In the same year the
plot of ground previously appropriated to the culture of the Chinese
sugar-cane was thoroughly improved for the purpose of planting in it
the seeds of the tea-plant when they should arrive, together with cut-
tings of native and foreign grape-vines, which it had been determined to
propagate, with the view of stimulating and improving grape-culture.
The-tea seeds arrived in April, 1859, and subsequent efforts to germinate
them and grow the young plants to maturity were crowned with the
most gratifying success.

In 1858 Commissioner Holt extended invitations to a number of intel-
ligent farmers, residing in different sections of the country, to meet at
Washington for the purpose of considering the general interests of
agriculture, and especially to inquire how these might be promoted
through the instrumentality of the Patent Oifice. These gentlemen
met at the Patent Office on the 3d of January, 1859, and continued in
session eight days. The general plan of operations which had been
pursued by the agricultural division of the office was unanimously
approved.

Hon. William D. Bishop, of Connecticut, succeeded Mr. Holt May 23,
1859, and he in turn was succeeded February 16, 1860, by Hon. Philip
F. Thomas, of Maryland. With the retirement of Mr. Holt, Mr. Browne
ceased to edit the reports. The leading features of Mr. Bishop’s report,
appearing in 1860, corresponded substantially with those of the reports
for the preceding ten years. Agricultural statistics received no atten-
tion; the essay was more prominent than ever. It was announced that
there had been propagated and were ready for distribution 30,000 well-
rooted tea-plants, 12,000 foreign and domestic grape-vines, and many
other valuable exotic plants. Mr. Thomas resigned December 13, 1860,
and issued’ no report. The report of the following year was edited by
Hon. Thomas G. Clemson, superintendent of the agricultural division.
It was an able document, but Mr. Ellsworth’s favorite idea of giving

3

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264

annually a résumé of the condition of the crops found no expression in
its pages. An enlargement of the duties and an increase of the execu-
tive force of the agricultural division were recommended. In this and
the preceding report meteorological observations were omitted.

From December 13, 1860, to March 28, 1861,8. T. Shugert, esq., was Act-
ing Commissioner. He was succeeded on the date Jast named by Hon.
David P. Holloway, of Indiana, whose annual report, appearing in the
following year, (1862,) was the most complete agricultural manual the
Patent Office had yet issued, but it did not contain one line of statistics
relative to agriculture or related subjects, except some tables of milk
production, nor a single letter concerning the condition of the erops.
{t was exclusively composed of essays. The report was the last of its
kind. Thereafter the annual reports were devoted more to the presen-
tation of the current facts of agriculture in the United States, especi-
ally the recording of its achievements, and less to the presentation of
special theories and other matters which properly pertain to the pro-
vinee of the journalist and book publisher.

During Mr. Holloway’s administration the Department of Agriculture
was organized. Reference has already been made to the opinion ex-
pressed by several Commissioners in favor of an enlargement of the
duties of the agricultural division. Commissioner Holloway, in his first
annual report, which appeared in January, 1862, boldly and ably reiter-
ated and enforced this opinion. He urged the creation of a separate
Department of the Government—a Department of the Productive Arts—
to care for all the industrial interests of the country, but especially
agriculture. The Commissioner’s earnest and elaborate plea, aided by
other influential representations, prevailed with Congress. A portion
of the plan for the establishment of a Department of Industry was
adopted. |

On the 15th of May, 1862, the act establishing the “‘ Department of
Agriculture” became a law, and on the Ist day of July the Department
was formally organized in the rooms of the Patent Office previously
occupied by thé agricultural division of that bureau. The first section
of the act declared the ‘‘ general designs and duties” of the Department
to be “to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States
useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most
general and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propa-
gate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and
plants,” and the succeeding sections provided for the appointment by
the President of a chief executive officer, to be styled the ‘*Commis-
sioner of Agriculture.” It was not, however, provided that the Com-
missioner, although the head of an independent Department of the Goy-
ernment, should be a member of the Cabinet.

Hon. Isaac Newton, of Pennsylvania, who had been, since early in
1861, the superintendent of the agricultural division of the Patent Office,
was appointed by President Lincoln the first Commissioner of Agricul-
ture. Upon assuming the duties of his office, he at once proceeded to
organize the Department in accordance with the liberal spirit of the act
creating it. The time was pregnant with mighty events, and every De-
partment of the Government felt the stimulus of the grave perils which
beset the very existence of the nation. The clerical force of the former
agricultural division was increased; a chemist (Charles M. Wetherill, )
was engaged, and a laboratory established; a skillful horticulturist
was placed in charge of the propagating or experimental garden; greater
activity in the collection and dissemination of current agricultural facts
was inaugurated, and a larger quantity of seeds and cuttings was dis-
tributed.

265

The first annual report of the Department was a great improvement
on most of the reports which had preceded it. It treated mainly of
fresh topics in agriculture and gonnected fields of investigation and
development. But its most significant feature was the revival of the
long-neglected agricultural statistics, presented in connection with
observations on the leading facts they developed, and followed by full
tables of agricultural exports. The eighth census furnished the data for
the tables of agricultural production. The important feature thus
revived was specially required by the terms of the act creating the
Department, and it has never since been omitted. A statistical branch
was organized early in 1863, and to it was committed the collection and
analysis of all statistics. Mr. Lewis Bollman, of Indiana, was ap-
pointed statistician. To ascertain at the earliest practicable period the
condition of the crops, their yield, the prices obtained for them, and other
facts connected with current agricultural operations, the Commissioner
issued, during 1863, periodical “eireulars to farmer® in every county in
the loyal States. The results thus obtained were given to the public
through the medium of monthly reports, which have been continued to
the present day, with such modification of their original features as
time and experience have seemed to render necessary. The first monthly
report was issued July 10,1863. The publication in the monthly reports
of monthly and bi-monthly meteorological tables, furnished by the Smith-
sonian Institution, was commenced at the same time. These tables
were condensed for the ensuing annual report. The same arrangement
is yet in force.

The employment of a skillful gardener was one of the most auspicious
incidents of the first year of Mr. Newton’s administration. He was for-
tunate in procuring the services of Mr. William Saunders, who has ever
since given to the important duties assigned to him an intelligent and.
conscientious devotion. In the first report of the Commissioner, Mr.
Saunders presented to the public a comprehensive programme of the
uses to which he deemed it desirable to devote the experimental garden,
and this programme is observed to-day.

In the second year of Mr. Newton’s administration, (1863,) the number
of packages of seeds distributed was 1,200,000, and of bulbs, vines,
cuttings, and plants, 25,750. Mr. Townend Glover was employed
as entomologist, a position which he has since continued to hold.
The report issued in 1864, embracing the operations of the Department
for 1863, contained the first attempt that had been made since the days
of Ellsworth and Burke to ingraft upon the census returns the statisties
of the yearly progress of agricultural production. The tables given in
its pages, compiled from the monthly reports, showed the average yield
per acre of the several crops of 1865, and the average prices obtained
for them in the month of November of that year. From that day until
this the Department has aided greatly, by the publication of tables of
this character, in protecting alike consumers and producers from the
exactions of grasping speculators. A Maine farmer once wrote to the
Department: “Your monthly reports give me just the information I
have wanted for years. Knowing the supply and demand, I am able to
sell at my own price, and we can also foresee what will probably be
wanted next year. Give practical farmers facts and let gentlemen of
leisure theorize.”

The annual report of the operations of the Department for 1864 con-
tained a paper on “ Pennsylvania barns,” from the pen of Hon. Fred-
erick Watts, recently appointed Commissioner of Agriculture. In this
and the following year Mr. Henri Erni acted as chemist. In 1864

266

Government reservation No. 2, lying between Twelfth and Fourteenth
streets, and the canal and B streets south, embracing thirty-five acres,
was assigned to the Department fox experimental purposes. During
1865, 1866, and 1867 a large force of laborers was engaged on this reser-
vation in testing the merits of many varieties of cereals, grasses, potatoes,
tomatoes, and other agricultural products. At one time seventy varie-
ties of potatoes were in cultivation; at another, sixty-seven varieties
of spring wheat and fifty-five varieties of fall wheat. In 1865 a geo-
logical and mineralogical cabinet was commenced, and extensive addi-
tions were made to the chemical laboratory and the museum of fibers,
cereals, specimens in natural history, &c. The annual report for this
year was prepared in 1866, and edited by J..R. Dodge, who had been
engaged on the statistical work of the Department since its organiza-
tion. In 1866 Mr. Dodge was appointed statistician of the Department,
and has since edited all its reports. The annual reports for 1862, 1863,
and 1864 were issu@d under the supervision of James S. Grinnell, esq.,
chief clerk of the Department. In 1866 Thomas Antisell, M. D., was
appointed chemist.

Owing to the large increase in the business of the Department, it was
found that the rooms appropriated to its use in the Patent Office build-
ing were entirely inadequate. Congress, therefore, in 1867, upon the
earnest recommendation of Commissioner Newton, appropriated $100,000
for the erection of a Department building on a portion of the Govern-
ment reservation above described. The erection of the building, an
ornamental brick structure, was commenced late in the summer of that
year. Congress also appropriated $10,000 for the purchase of the pri-
vate museum of natural history and other objects owned by Mr. Glover,
the entomologist, and the collection was accordingly transferred to the
Department.

On the 19th of June, 1867, Commissioner Newton died in Wash-
ington, from the effects of overwork on the experimental farm in July,
1866. He was born in Burlington County, New Jersey, in 1800, and
passed his early years and the greater part of his long life on a farm.
Shortly after attaining his majority, he settled on a farm in Delaware
County, Pennsylvania, which became celebrated for its neatness, order,
and productiveness. He eventually took rank among the model farmers
of the State; was one of the first and most active members of the State -
Agricultural Society, and for years was prominent in urging upon Con-
gress the policy of establishing the Department of Agriculture over
which he was subsequently called to preside. John W. Stokes, esq.,
the chief clerk of the Depfrtment, acted as Commissioner until Novem-.
ber 29, 1867, when Hon. Horace Capron, of Illinois, was appointed
Commissioner. :

One of the first of Commissioner Capron’s official acts was the abolish-
ment of the experimental farm, previously determined upon, by which
the expenses of the Department were at once greatly decreased.
Attention was also promptly given to the execution of the plans
previously prepared by Mr. Saunders, the superintendent of the experi-
mental garden, for the improvement of the grounds of the farm with a
view to producing a pleasing and artistic landscape effect. Embraced
in these plans was the planting of an arboretum, comprising a complete
collection of all hardy trees and shrubs, arranged in their natural orders.
Asa result of the joint efforts of the Commissioner and Mr. Saunders,
the grounds surrounding the Department building are now the most
attractive in Washington. They not only gladden the eye of the visitor
to the national capital, but they help to educate the rural taste of the
nation itself.

267

In 1868 the Department building was finished, and in August the
records and other property of the Department, with the exception of the
museum, were moved from the Patent Office building. The museum was
moved a month or two later. In 1869 the small botanical collection of
the Department was greatly enlarged by the transfer of the extensive

-and valuable collection of the Smithsonian Institution, which had been
contributed by various Government surveying and exploring expeditions.
Mr. C. C. Parry, a scientific botanist, was placed in charge of the
herbarium thus created, and the botanical work of the Department has
since remained in his hands. In 1870 the large conservatory of the De-
partment was commenced, and in 1871 it was completed.

On the 27th of June, 1871, Commissioner Capron tendered to the
President his resignation, to take effect August 1st, and Hon. Frederick
Watts was commissioned in his stead. General Capron was born in
New York, and was the son of Dr. Seth Capron, who served with dis-
tinction in the Revolutionary army. His attention was early directed
to cotton manufacture, a business which he prosecuted «for many years.
In 1836 he became the owner of a large manufactory of cotton goods
and of another manufactory of cotton machinery at Laurel, Maryland.
He also became the owner, at the same place, of an exhausted farm of
1,200 acres. This farm he brought to a high state of fertility, and by
his management of it, and his frequent contributions to the agricultural
press, he became widely known as a progressive farmer. In 1854 he
removed to Illinois and again engaged in farming on a large scale. In
1862 he recruited the Fourteenth Regiment of Illinois Cavalry, and
served with it to the close of the war. He was successively commis-
sioned lieutenant colonel and colonel of the regiment, and at the close
of the war was made brigadier general by brevet. November 29, 1867,
he was appointed the second Commissioner of Agriculture.

The total expenditures by the Government for the encouragement of
agriculture, from the first appropriation of $1,000, in 1839, to the 30th
day of June, 1871, exclusive of the cost of printing the agricultural
reports, were $2,019,393. The total cost of the building erected for the
use of the Department of Agriculture, furniture included, was $140,000,
and the cost of the conservatory was about $25,000.

HON. HENRY L. ELLSWORTH.

The following sketch of the life of Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, first
Commissioner of Patents, and founder of the agricultural division of
that bureau, is furnished by one of his near relatives, and is given
here as written, in lieu of a longer sketch, the preparation of which has
been meditated: :

Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth was born at Windsor, Connecticut, in the year 1790. He
was the twin-brother of Hon. William W. Ellsworth, late chief justice of Connecticut,
also deceased. His father was Hon. Oliver Ellsworth, third Chief Justice of the United
States. His mother was Abigail Wolcott, a relative of Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence. Mr. Ellsworth was a graduate of Yale College in 1810,
was a classmate of Professor Morse, and perhaps did more than any other single man,
when Commissioner of Patents, to secure the appropriation from Congress to test the
practicability of the telegraph, in which he firmly believed.

He studied law at the Litchfield (Connecticut) Law School, and married for his first
wife Nancy Goodrich, daughter of Elizur Goodrich, treasurer of Yale College. His
father, Oliver Ellsworth, was both a farmer and a lawyer, in the days when the men of
mark lived in the country and upon farms—not simply at country-seats—and not in the
towns ; and he himself was in the same way a farmer, living first 4t Windsor, Connec-
ticut, and carrying on the home farm, at the same time that he commenced the practice
of law at Hartford. He, however, soon removed to Hartford, and preferred to engage
in politics and various pursuits rather than adbere to his profession. My impres-

268

sions are that he was once a candidate for mayor of Hartford, and again for the legis
lature. In one case, I think, the twin-brothers ran against each other, and Henry
L. was defeated. He was by President Jackson appointed commissioner to the Indian
tribes of the then far West, and afterward Commissioner of the Patent Office, which,
under his advice and suggestion, was created a separate burean of the Government.
When Commissioner to the Indians, on one of,his trips toward the Rocky Mountains, Mr.
Ellsworth was accompanied by Washington Irving. He was the first head of a bureau
who was invited to take a seat in the Cabinet.

His mind possessed great quickness and versatility, and he thoroughly enjoyed the
duties of his position, and was always ready to listen with eagerness and interest to
any suggestion of possibilities in the matter of progress and invention. He was the
most thoroughly amiable of men, and always accessible to all. His interest in agri-
culture was genuine and enthusiastic, and his appreciation of the agricultural wealth
of the country, and the growth of the newer portions of it, was far in advance of his
time. In fact. he had the misfortune to be in advance of his time on the entire subject
of agricultural processes, machinery, &c., and of course incurred the charge of being
visionary. That he was a theorist rather than a practical farmer was his glory; that
he was an enthusiast was a great merit; that much which he discussed and felt hopeful
of proved to be fallacious was to be expected in one whose business was at that early
day to stimulate and encourage progress and discovery. His motto as to all inventions
was, “ With hopefulness to all, and prejudice toward none.” The country will perhaps
never know the debt it owes to him for the stimulus given by his labors and publica-
tions in the Patent Office.

Early in 1834, or soon after, he commenced to make investments in wild lands at the
West, principally in the vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana. He was one of the earliest to
foretell the value of prairie lands, and invested in these when others laughed at his
folly, declaring that they were so far from timber as to be forever nninhabitable. He
also interested capitalists and public men from all sections of the country in the same
class of investments, and in some counties at the West almost the entire lands in the
county were entered by him for himself and the parties he represented ; as, for instance,
the counties of Warren and Benton, in Indiana.

On leaving the Patent Office, in 1845, he removed to Lafayette, Indiana, to take
charge personally of his large landed interests. He had already improved large sec-
tions, though still residing in Washington, and now, though residing in the town, he
commenced other large improvements in Tippecanoe, Benton, and Warren Counties,
Indiana. He was always experimenting and striving after improved results, and the
use of machinery in agriculture—an idea at that time considered nearly chimerical.
He probably used the first mowing machine ever introduced upon the prairies. He
was especially interested in the improvement and propagation of swine, and, much to
the annoyance of his family, when living in Washington he had extensive piggeries
in the vicinity of that city.

Mr. Ellsworth was an earnest Christian, and his purity in thought and language,
and his courtesy and polish, were something remarkable in one who disregarded the
externals of dress and equipage so entirely as he seems to have done. His life was
exceedingly active and laborious, and he finally became a victim of overwork, like so
many of the men of the present time, leaving his estate to be a subject of controversy .
between the members of his family and Wabash College, Indiana, on the one side, and
the corporation of Yale College and various religious and charitable societies on the
other, growing out of the existence of two wills. With a good sense and temper rare -
on such occasions, the controversy was withdrawn from the courts and compromised to
the satisfaction of all parties.

Mr. Ellsworth was thrice married. The second time to Miss Marietta Bartlett, of
Guilford, Connecticut, and the last time to Miss Catharine Smith, of Durham, Connec-
ticut, who survived him. He died at Fair Haven, Connecticut, December 27, 1858,
having remoyed from Indiana only a few months before his death, and was buried at
New Haven, Connecticut. As the father of the Patent Office in several important
particulars, his portrait should certainly grace its walls, and especially the walls of the
Department of Agriculture.

EXTRACTS FROM CASUAL CORRESPONDENCE, ETC.

SEDGWICK COUNTY, KANSAS.

A ‘letter from William Packard, one of our correspondents in this new
county, Says:

This county was organized in April, 1870. By comparing the election returns we
find that the number vf voters in one year, to April, 1871, had increased nearly nine to

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one; and in traveling through the county we see that land has been brought into cul-
tivation in nearly the same proportion. That portion of the county lying south and
west of the Arkansas River, where one year ago was a vast uninterrupted prairie, is
now dotted with houses, shanties, dug-outs, and tents, and in some cases the settler. is
still living in his wagon, with from five to forty acres of corn and potatoes growing on
his newly-taken homestead, he and his being animated by the hope of a pleasant home
all their own. Those who have matured one crop are now old settlers, and those who
have raised two crops are the oldest settlers. The old settlers have at least doubled
their crops, as many who had 30 or 40 acres planted last year have increased to 80
or 100 acres. The amount of land brought into cultivation so soon is explained by stat-
ing that we do not fence ; the sod is turned and the crop planted.

We have our troubles as well as other agriculturists. The blackbirds and the yellow-
breasted blackbirds take the young corn so badly that it is hard to get a good stand.
We fear your entomologists can do nothing for us, as the birds eat the young and ten-
der shoot when it is three or four inches high. They will eat the white and tender
part of the stalk, leaving the roots and tougher blades as a monument of their mis-
chief. Those who are farming in the older parts of the country may think this a little
thing to complain of, but we begin to think it quite serious; for three springs in suc-
cession we have had to plant three times each year, and then have a slender stand,
with seed corn that was worth from $2 to $4 per bushel, besides the labor and disad-
vantage in throwing the ground into a bad condition to cultivate. We have a few
potato-bugs here, but as we have no railroad near enough to dispose of our quails and
prairie hens, there is little danger of the bugs doing much harm.

Our sand-plums which grow wild arenowripe; they are small and tart, and recom-
mended only for their earliness. I set last spring a small orchard of trees one year old
from the seed, to see what they will be under cultivation.

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIMENTAL FARM,

Pennsylvania has three experimental farms, all under the control of
the faculty of the State Agricultural College, assisted in each instance
by a local committee. They have a regular system of rotation pre-
scribed for them, running through a period of five years. The pre-
scriptions are very minute, extending in certain cases so far as to re-
quire the transplanting of.corn, when necessary to make up the re-
quired number of three in a hill. The experiments are conducted on
plots containing one-eighth of an acre each, and there are one hun-
dred and fifty of these plots on each farm. The farm at Indiana con-
tains 119 acres of land of medium quality, part lying on gentle slopes,
and part being flat and wet. Operations have been conducted for two
years, during which time many practical experiments have been made.
This year fourteen varieties of wheat have been tested, including the
Tappahannock and Touzelle; one new variety of rye, the Bremen;
several varieties of barley, of which the common four-rowed is the only
one found desirable; twelve varieties of oats, including the White
Schonen and Excelsior; forty-three varieties of potatoes, including the
Early Rose; and several varieties of corn. We hope the superin-
tendent, Mr. A. J. Hamilton, will publish detailed results of his experi-
ments as soon as they may be completed, that the farmers of Pennsyl- °
vania and the country may be immediately benefited by them. Un-
necessary delay frequently occurs in giving to the public the results of
experiments conducted by State institutions.

IRRIGATION.

A large meeting of farmers was held at Waterloo, San Joaquin County,
California, early in June, to devise meais for the speedy construction of
a canal to lead the waters of the Mokelumne River southward for the
irrigation of farming lands. It was announced at the meeting that the
San Joaquin and Calaveras Water and Irrigating Company proposed to
irrigate the lands of farmers residing on the route of the proposed canal
for 75 cents per acre per annum, for a period of four to six years, and

270

that it would commence the construction of. the canal as soon as they
should be guaranteed the payment of this rate upon 50,000 acres for the
next four years. It was considered highly probable that the proposition
would be accepted by the farmers at a subsequent meeting. The con-
struction of this canal, it is said, would forever insure against the effects
of drought over 200, 000 acres of land, and make that large tract be most
valuable land in the State.

RUST ON WHEAT-BLADES.

Our correspondent in Ontario County, New York, writes as follows:

The drought of the last half of May, continuing until the 23d of June, has materially
reduced the average condition of the spring crops, excepting corn and potatoes. Not one
in five thousand of the leaves of winter wheat in this county has escaped the red rust.
This commenced on the 25th of June, after the rain of the 24th, and the wheat fields now
wear a brown and somber hue. Observing farmers regard this blighted condition of the
leaf at this critical period in the growth of the plant as most for tunate, insuring a plump
and perfect berry at maturity. The theory is, that when the ieaf rusts just “previo us
to the ripening of the crop, the flow of sap in the straw is in a measure arrested, so
much so that thereafter no excessive flow can occur to burst its outer coatings and pro-
duce “black rust ”—the only rust that seriously diminishes the yield and shrinks the
berry. The winter wheat crop of Ontario County is therefore considered assured, and

t will be bountiful.

WHEAT IN ILLINOIS.

Mr. C. H. Murray, of Clay City, Ilinois, writes us as follows, under
date of June 17:

To-day about finishes one of the grandest wheat harvests that have ever been known
in Southern Mlinois. It is now safe in the shock, and almost beyond the possibility of
being injured in any way. The crop, both as to quality and quantity, is believed by
many to be superior to any ever before harvested in this part of the country. Many
fields will yield as many as 35 bushels per acre, while the general average will be
much above 20 bushels. The quality could hardly be better. The grain is clear and

Imost bursting with richness. The crop between this place and Saint Louis, and
hroughout Richland, Wayne, and Clay counties, is especially heavy.

RAMIE.

The interest in this new textile is increasing in the South. We hear
recently of many experiments in its cultivation this year on a larger
scale. Mr. F. T. De Lacroix, of New Iberia, St. Martin’s Parish, Louis-
jana, is this season cultivating eleven acres of the plant, and is repre-
sented to be so well assured that it is a profitable crop that he proposes
next year to plant it more extensively. In New Orleans may now be
frequently seen dress-patterns, ake &c., made of ramie, which
strongly resemble silk.

BEET SUGAR IN WISCONSIN.

A beet-sugar manufactory was established last year in Black Hawk
Valley, twelve miles from Sauk City, in Sauk County, Wisconsin, by
thirty-four German farmers, upon the codperative principle. They
planted 180 acres in roots, one-sixth of which failed through drought;
the remainder averaged about ten tons per acre. The manufacturing
operations of the company were embarrassed by a variety of causes,
prominent among which was the delay in receiving machinery from
Europe, caused by the Franco-Prussian war. The manufacture was not
commenced till the middle of February, when it was found impossible
to work up the entire crop, the larger portion of which was fed to stock.
Under all these disadvantages some 40,000 pounds of sugar were made

271

and marketed at an average rate of 10 cents per pound, including all
grades. The coming year at least 200 acres will be cultivated with
sugar beet, and operations will be gradually extended. The machinery
in use was partly imported from Europe and partly from Fond du Lae,
Wisconsin, and Chatsworth, Illinois. It cost $25,000, and the building
$10,000. The capital of the company is limited. Its distance from
machine-shops for repairing, and the necessity of wagoning twelve
miles the sugar product and some of the material used in its manu-
facture, are drawbacks to the enterprise; but under the efficient manage-
ment of Mr. Wifferling, the superintendent, the company is sanguine of
success, both in making good sugar and in realizing a fair profit upon
the investment.

MODE OF CURING FIGS IN ASIA MINOR.

E. J. Smithers, esq., United States consul at Smyrna, communicates
to the Department some facts in regard to the process of curing figs in
that region. The fruit is allowed to ripen on the tree and to fall to the
ground, where it is allowed to remain three or four days, or until dry
enough to bear transportation. It is then collected in hair sacks, and
tightly pressed, in order to save space and to prevent fermentation.
The sacks are then taken early in the morning to the local market,
where professional packers resort to purchase material for the day’s
packing. At the packing-house the different qualities are assorted, and
the fruit skillfully manipulated and moistened with salt water. Each
quality is then placed in boxes of different sizes for the general market.
The refuse is either sold on the spot for distillation of spirits, or packed
indiscriminately, with the feet, into large boxes, to be sold as the com-
monest quality. Figs grown here are of a large whitish variety, thin
skinned, very juicy and sweet, but unpalatable when fresh. The first is
largely cultivated in the neighborhood of Aidin, but the best quality is
grown at Nasli.

COTTON AND CORN IN TEXAS.

John Dickinson, esq., of Houston, Texas, writes to the Department
as follows, under date of July 1, in relation to the cotton and corn crops
in Texas:

The months of April and May were too wet in many portions of the State, and heavy
driving rains did much injury by washing the soil. June was very favorable; dry
and hot, enabling every one to free their fields from grass and weeds. Showers every-
where are needed now, particularly for the late corn, \ the bulk of the planting. If the
dry weather continues a few weeks longer this crop will be seriously diminished. If
no rain falls soon we may look for the very early maturing of cotton, at the expense,
however, of great wastage, shedding of forms, blooms, and bolls. The general opinion
is that the Texas crop this year will be one-fourth less, under even ordinary picking
facilities, than that of last year, and that it will be sent earlier to market, and be of a
much better quality, as far as careful handling is concerned. The number of bales
already received at our ports is 300,000, and it w vill reach a little beyond it. The crop,
apparently, is pretty well in.

HEAVY WOOL-CLIPS.

The correspondent of the Department in Alameda County, California,
sends us a sample of wool taken from the hip of a fleece that weighed
785 pounds, sheared from a French merino ram, bred by John D. Pat-
terson, esq., on his breeding ranch in that county, from stock imported
by him direct from France; length of wool onthe hip, one foot. The
first fleece sheared from this ram, when he was sixteen months old,

272

weighed 422 pounds. The fleece from which the sample sent to the
Department was taken was the second shearing. The first two fleeces
taken from this wonderful ram therefore weighed 1214 pounds.

Our correspondent in Clinton County, Michigan, writes that a farmer
in that county sheared 160 pounds of wool from twenty-eight ewes, the
breed not stated.

WHEAT IN IOWA.

A correspondent of the Department, writing from Page County, Iowa,
Says:

Fall wheat has made a good harvest. Last winter being a mild one, the stand left
this spring was good. The season has been favorable to its growth and ripening. On
account of the character of our soil, being light, sandy, vegetable mold, winter wheat
freezes out badly, hence it has not been cultivated extensively until within the last
two years. Our farmers have ascertained they can succeed by planting it with the
drill. Spring wheat, however, is yet our main dependence for the supply of this kind
of farm product. It has been cut short two-thirds by the ravages of the chinch-bug,
(Micropus leucopterus, of Say.) Why this should have occurred is rather a mystery, for
we have been abundantly favored with heavy rains in sufficient quantities to make the
season a genial one. The heavy rains ought to have destroyed the bug, but they did
not. :

COTTON IN ILLINOIS.

The correspondent of the Department in Williamson County, Illinois,
writes as follows:

Cotton has almost ceased to be cultivated in this county. It cannot be raised for
much less than five cents per pound in the seed. It is generally sold to the merchant
or speculator in the seed. Last fall and winter the price was uniformly three cents
per pound. The great drawback to its culture is the picking, which has all to be done
by hand, and which costs from a cent to a cent and a half per pound. A good average
day’s picking, for a boy or girl of from twelve to sixteen years of age, is from fifty to
seventy-five pounds. But, inasmuch as it is a cash article, if the farmers could be

sure of four and a half or five cents per pound, a large breadth of ground would be
planted.

THE COMPASS PLANT.

In the monthly report of this Department for March and April refer-
ence was made to the compass plant, (Silphium laciniatum,) which it was.
therein stated ‘is alleged to possess the remarkable tendency to have
the plane of its leaves directed north and south to such a degree that
these points of the compass can readily be determined from their exam-
ination.” <A letter, inclosing a diagram of a leaf of the plant, has since
been received by the Department from 8. J. H. Snyder, of Monrovia,
Kansas, in which the opinion is expressed that the plant does possess
the quality attributed to it. The writer says:

Having been a resident of Kansas for sixteen years, I have had abundant opportunity
to become fully acquainted with the plant and its habits, and I am fully persuaded that
the course north or south is so infallibly indicated by its leaves, that I would not
hesitate to follow their directions for hundreds of miles. The leaves of the plant from
which the accompanying sketch has been made were taken from my orchard, which
has been tilled for years, and the plants cut up and turned over and under, and every
way; yet every time they come up, either from the old roots or from seed, they in-
variably turn their leaves in the same direction. There can be no question of this fact,
and if, in a group of these plants here and there, a leaf varies a little from the true
course, the appearance of the stem and its relation to the other leaves show the reason
for such discrepancy. The average of such a group is infallible.

The stalk of the plant is from three to five feet high, leaf about twelve
inches long, and flower resembling a miniature sunflower. Mr. Snyder
says it is sometimes called polar-weed, gum-weed, resin-weed, &c. The
last names are given to it because of the resinous gum which exudes
from its stem and leaves, especially when wounded. This gum is-
chewed, and the ee as well as its resinous gum, is considered | highly
medicinal.

273
SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS MANURES ON THE GROWTH OF GRASS.—Experi-
ments have been recently instituted by the Agricultural College at
Worms, Bavaria, for the purpose of ascertaining the relative effect of
several different manures upon the growth of grass. In presenting an
~ account of the results obtained we may state, for the more satisfactory

understanding of the subject, that the “‘morgen” amounts to nee
three-fifths of an acre. Muck increased the yield of hay, per morgen,
by 7 ewt., but deteriorated the quality of the grass. But this is believed
to have resulted from the use of muck not sufficiently seasoned by
exposure to atmospheric action. Human excrement gave an increase of
132 ewt. per morgen, while the growth was very thick even in the
poorest places. The cows, however, refused to eat the grass, although
they appeared to have no objection’ to the hay. It was believed that
the grass of the following season wouid be palatable to them. Liquid
manure from stable drains and sinks had a powerful effect, and increased
the crop of hay by 144 ewt. per morgen. The grass was good, but the
flowering herbs disappeared. Two cwt. of bone-dust, fermented in a
compost of earth and liquid manure, increased the yield of hay, per
morgen, 12 ewt., and developed an abundance of white and red clover;
and its influence, it was thought, would extend through several seasons.
But the best effect as to the quality, though not the quantity of grass,
was obtained by the application of potash salts. The grass was fine and
tender, and almost free from the coarse herbs, with an increased yield
of 114 cwt. per morgen.

CULTIVATION OF ASPARAGUS.—The culture of asparagus was lately
the subject of discussion by the members of the Horticultural Society in
Dessau; and among the views expressed were the following: That the
old method of burying large quantities of manure deep under the surface
_ was objectionable, since asparagus does not derive its nourishment from
‘a great depth, and the plants often become too deeply imbedded when
the thick substratum of manure collapses by rotting. The preference
often given to old plants, in making selections for a new bed, was also
considered a mistake. Plants become sickly and less vigorous. in the
seed bed, so as to be much more sensitive to the change in transplanting.
Southern exposure, shelter from cold winds, a porous soil, and the total
absence of trees, were recommended as essential conditions to the highest
success. The soil is to be turned to the depth of from two to three feet,
and then manured to the depth of one foot. This is most conveniently
done in autumn, during dry weather. Spring is the best time for plant-
ing, and the best direction of the trenches for the reception of the plants
is from north to south. The earth taken from the trenches is “ walled
up,” as it is termed, between the rows, and upon these other vegetables
may be cultivated while the asparagus bed is young; but they are
eventually absorbed in filling up the ditch around and between the
plants. Well-rotted manure, or suitable compost, is combined with the
earth of the walls for this purpose. Besides giving constant attention
to stirring the soil and weeding, the young plants need to be watered
regularly whenever the state of the weather requires it.

A NEW FIBER, (APOCYNUM.)—Nettings and cordage were to some
extent, at one time, made in Virginia and other States of North Amer-
ica of the fiber of the bark of Apocynum cannabinum. Although the
application has almost entirely gone out of use in America, we find in
the report of the Russian exhibition in St. Petersburg, in 1870, that

274

various articles were there shown as made of a similar plant which are
well worthy of attention. Woven fabrics of snowy whiteness and silken
gloss, brownish-yellow fishing nettings, hunting pouches, shoes, &c.,
trom Southern Siberia, were strikingly beautiful. They were all made
from fibers of Apocynum venetum and Apocynum Sibiricum, the use of
which, for such purposes, is quite common in Southern Siberia, along
the Caspian Sea, the Steppes of Southern Russia, &c. The plant grows
to ee height of from two to eight feet, is easily stripped of its bark
after roasting, is readily separated into its fibers, and, by bleaching,
becomes of a beautifully white and clear luster.

CATTLE INJURED BY EATING GREEN FLAX.—Recent observations in
Prussia have shown that the eating of green flax by cattle may be,
seriously injurious. A well-kept cow suddenly became ill, with high
fever and violent diarrhoea, accompanied by trembling of the muscles,
anxious look, drying up of the milk, and a lowering of the tempera-
ture at the extremities. On inquiry into thé cause of this sudden at-
tack, it was found that the animal had eaten a great quantity of the
weedings from a flax field. Strict diet, without any medicine, improved
her condition during the day, but the next morning, epileptic convul-
sions ensuing, her owner had her killed, when, on examination, solid
masses of the flax were found within the stomach.

FEEDING POTATOES TO HORSES.—In Germany, where potatoes are so
much cheaper than grain, the experiment has been repeatedly tried of
feeding horses upon them, at least in part, and this, as we understand,
has proved quite successful. In one instance five four-horse teams were
kept hard at work and in good condition on a daily ration, for the
twenty horses, of 14 cwt. of hay, 8 bushels of potatoes, 50 pounds of
meal, and a liberal allowance of chopped straw. The potatoes were
steamed, mashed, and mixed with the meal while hot, and then covered
up and allowed to remain for a time, during which they undergo a
slight’ fermentation and evolve a quantity of carbonic acid. The-
chopped straw was worked in just before feeding. This trial,was contin-
ued for more than four months, and found to agree with the horses,
while at the same time it proved satisfactory in point of economy.. As~
this food must be sweet and clean, great care is necessary to prevent
the vessels in which it is kept from becoming sour.

VALUE OF RAMIE FIBER.—The practical difficulties attendant upon
the manipulation of the Ramie fiber seem to be disappearing, as we find
that this substance is now quoted in the Liverpool market at $264, in
gold, per ton. This will doubtless be good news to such of our readers
as have either actually entered upon the cultivation of the plant or have
it in contemplation, as at this price it is said to be considerably more
profitable than cotton. Its advantages, as claimed, lie in its ready and
vigorous growth, continued from year to year, and, once planted, it re-
quires: no renewal or attention for a long time. It is said not to be
destroyed by worms, not to suffer from peculiarities of climate, soil, in-
sect enemies, &c., and to require but little labor to establish a planta-
tion; where it grows rapidly and yields largely, and commanding a ready
market at a high price, there now seems nothing needed to stimulate its
cultivation to a great extent. The portion of our country where this
plant can be raised to advantage is perhaps limited; but within its nat-
ural area it is thought that it can be produced with greater profit than
almost any other species of fibrous plant. The drawback to this flatter-
ing picture lies in the difficulty of separating the fiber from the bark,
and the bark from the stalk; but this the editor of the New York Ship-

275

ping List thinks will be eventually overcome, as it is not often that any
practical problem of this kind long resists the pertinacious attentions of
modern inventors. As we have already informed our readers, the East
Indian government has proposed a prize of $25,000 for a machine or
process that will accomplish this object. The award has not yet been
made, the period haying lately been extended, owing to the unsatisfactory
nature of the competing machines. The offer, however, still holds good,
and the prize will, we presume, be assigned in due course of time.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS.—Mr. Vogel, of the
Bavarian Academy of Sciences, has made a series of interesting exper-
iménts on the germination of seeds exposed to the action of different
chemicals, either in a solid or a liquid condition. He found that many
chemical combinations, though absolutely insoluble in distilled water,
injured or destroyed the germs of seeds, and inferred that the process
of germination itself produces vegetable acids which then act as sol-
vents. He was actually able to determine, by sprouting barley, clover,
and water-cress, the amount of said acids, which, though differing with
different seeds, was always quite considerable. He experimented with
prussian blue, carbonate of magnesia, oxide and carbonate of copper,
chromate of mercury, sulphur, and antimonial preparations, and, more
recently, with aniline and amorphous phosphorus, and found that all
these insoluble substances prevented germination, either entirely or toa
great extent, while the presence of sublimed indigo had not the least
effect. Of solutions, he mentions chromate of potash (nitrate of silver)
and arsenious acid, as especially injurious, and states that other mineral
acids, when very much diluted, are less obnoxious. Remarkable for the
anomaly is the destructive influence of acetic acid, so harmless to the
animal organism, which, even in very small quantity, prevented germi-
nation as completely as the poisonous oxalic acid; prussic acid, on the
contrary, only retarded the development of the germ. Being volatile,
it disappears from the solution, and a great proportion of the seeds
germinated, while arsenic acid, destroyed the germs entirely. Mr.
Vogel also exposed his seeds to an atmosphere of coal gas, and
found that when thoroughly purified its influence was not deleterious.
Believing that the destructive action of the impure gas is due to
the admixture of tar, he examined some of its constituents, and found
naphthalin to be quite harmless to vegetation, while a minimum of
carbolic acid was sufficient to kill every trace of germination.

RAISING FRUIT TREES FROM THE SEED.—Mr. A. Czerny, of Austria,
states, as the result of long-continued observations and experiments,
that the strongest and best fruit trees can be raised from seed, thus ob-
viating a great deal of expense and disappointment to the pomologist.
According to his observations, the extent and ramification of the roots
of a healthy tree is to that of its crown in the ratio of three to two, so
that the action of the roots is always preponderating. In this relation
he finds the reason why fruit geeds from trees, budded or grafted upon
indifferent stocks, have always been found unreliable, and he endeavors,
as the first step, toobtain good trees grown upon their own stock, the seeds
of which, he says, will reproduce their parents with certainty. To this
end he layers a branch of a good tree, which, when well rooted, serves
him as stock, into which he introduces buds or scions of such varieties
as promise to improve the original fruit. By judicious cross fertilization
he obtains fruit, the seed of which will propagate, to a greater or less
extent, the good qualities of the varieties used in hybridizing, and thus
a new fruit is originated which, when suitable, can always be reproduced

276

from its seed. Such trees, says Mr. Czerny, are more healthy and vig-
orous, (having never been wounded by the knife,) bear earlier, and when
accidentally injured in the stem, throw out shoots identical with those
of the original tree.

PRESERVING THE FLAVOR OF BUTTER.—The German Agriculturist
says that a great portion of the fine flavor of fresh butter is destroyed
by the usual mode of washing, and he recommends a thorough kneading
for the removal of the buttermilk, and a subsequent pressing in a linen
cloth. Butter thus prepared, according to our authority, is preéminent
for its sweetness of taste and flavor, qualities which are retained a long
time. To improve manufactured butter we are advised by the same
authority to work it thoroughly with fresh cold milk, and then to wash
it in clear water; and it is said that even old and rancid butter may be
rendered palatable by washing it in water to which a few drops of a
solution of chloride of lime have been added.

NEW FODDER PLANT.—A new kind of fodder plant (Gymnothria latifolia)
has recently been introduced into France from Uruguay. It is not
unlike the sugar-cane in appearance, grows eight or nine feet high, and
is said to make excellent fodder either when green or cured.

DWARF RAGWEED.—At a late meeting of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, Mr. Thomas Meeham exhibited a small plant
of the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiefolia, which had grown in a
pot in his hot-house. The plant, little more than an inch in height, was
already provided with fertile flowers and also bulblets. He remarked
that it was a common impression that when land was put down in grass
the ragweed disappeared, but that after an unlimited number of years,
when the ground was broken up, the weed reappeared, as supposed
from the development of seeds, whith had long remained in a dormant
condition. If such pigmy plants as the one exhibited can perfect seeds,
it is evident that a multitude of them might perpetuate themselves
among the grass unnoticed from year to year, until under favorable
circumstances a crop is produced, which becomes conspicuous from
their size. Thus their occurrence may be explained without the neces- .
sity of an indefinite extent of vitality.

CARBOLIC ACID FROM ANDROMEDA PLANT.—It is stated that car-
bolic acid has lately been obtained from a species of Andromeda, occur-
ring in the Neilgherry Hills of India, and that, being less deliquescent
and far more pure than ordinary earbolic acid, it may be made to serve
as a substitute in delicate medical cases. The discovery is considered
one of importance by the East Indian government, and measures are pro-
posed for utilizing it on a large scale. We have many species of this
same genus in North America, but it is questionable whether, in the
abundance of cheaper sources of supply, it would be a profitable busi-
ness to go into the manufacture.

VALUE OF THE SUNFLOWER PLANT.—Attention is called by the editor
of the Journal of Applied Science to the great value of the sunflower
plant in various economical applications. According to this article, the
sunflower can be cultivated very readily, an acre of land sustaining
25,000 plants at twelve inches distant from each other. The flowers are
yery attractive to bees and furnish a great amount of honey. The
average production of seeds ay be estimated at fitty bushels to the acre,
yielding fifty gallons of oil. This is said to be equal to olive oil for
table use, and is well adapted to burning in lamps, soap-making, and
painting. The refuse of the above quantity of seed wiil produce 1,500

217

pounds of oil-cake, and the stalks may be either burnt to furnish potash,
or, when treated like flax, may be made to yield a fiber as soft as silk,
and in large quantity.

Ea@c-or..—Few of our readers are aware, we presume, that an oil can
be made from the yolk of eggs, or that this is manufactured or used in
any quantity. We are informed, however, that such is the case in

Russia, and that a large quantity is there prepared for various pur-
poses. The better qualities are used for salad dressing, and considered
very much superior to olive oil; while from the more common kinds is
manufactured the well-known Kasan soap. Both articles are too ex-
pensive for ordinary use, the soap especially, which is only employed
among the cosmetics and toilet articles of the wealthy Russian ladies.

SAND compost.—A German agricultural paper recommends the
application of a kind of sand compost upon mossy meadows as highly
successful. jhe or sandy soil, is piled up, and daily watered with the
liquid of stable drains or sinks. To prevent the escape of ammonia, a
sprinkling of gypsum is applied. This compost is to be worked over,
and after four to five weeks it is fit for use. The writer claims that the
heavy sand smothers the moss, while the fertilizers promote the growth
of grass, and he refers to his favorable results as proof.

GROWTH OF PLANTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.—Experiments have
been prosecuted of late by German physiologists in regard to the culti-
vation of plants in aqueous solutions of different substances, without.
the addition of any earth; and, as the general result, we are informed
that a plant will grow, bloom, and ripen fruit, without being inserted
in soil of any kind, but simply in a liquid which contains eight different
substances, namely: potash, lime, magnesia, iron, sulphuric acid, phos-
phorie acid, chlorine, and nitric acid, the nitric acid being capable of
being replaced by ammonia or hippuric acid, uric acid, &c. It is further-
more stated that neither the nitrogen compounds, iron, nor any other
of these eight bodies can be omitted from the fluid in question if the
plants are to pass through their various stages of development without
becoming bleached or prematurely dwarfed. It is also shown by the
experiments that while only these eight bodies are necessary elements,
of our culture-plants, others, found in ashes, such as silicic acid, manga-
nese, copper, fluorine, and soda, are to be considered, if not essential, at
any rate useful. Finally, the experiments appear to show that a plant
is capable of deriving the whole of the carbon necessary for its growth,
for the increase of its foliage, for the formation of sugar, starch, &c.,
from the atmospheric air, in the form of carbonic acid, by means of the
stomata of its leaves. This novel method of prosecuting investigations
upon the growth of plants and the formation of their tissues and com-
ponents, it is believed, tends much toward securing exact results in
such researches, and in time may enable us to acquire a thorough
knowledge of the phenomena involved.

DYEING WOOD OF DIFFERENT SHADES OF ANILINE RED.—Mr. Stu-
benranch, of Farth, has recently made the announcement that any
woods naturally white, such as maple, linden, &c., can be easily dyed
red, of varied and brilliant hues, by means of some of the aniline
preparations, as corolin, rosein, &c. The wood is first soaked in
or washed with Marseilles soap, after which a dilute alcoholic solution
of the aniline color is applied, which may be repeated until the desired
Shade is produced. If the wood is impregnated with any pigment,

it Should be first bleached. For this purpose it is placed, for about half

278

an hour, in a bath of chloride of lime and soda; a bath of dilute sul-
phurous acid may then be used to remove the chlorine. A thorough
washing in pure water after this should precede the dyeing treatment.

NEW VARIETIES OF POTATOES IN GERMANY.—German agriculturists
speak quite favorably of some of the new varieties of potatoes recently
brought to their notice. Dr. Ranch says of the early rose potato that,
among a thousand varieties, none can be found like it. It is the
earliest, as well as the most prolific, of all early potatoes, ripening
within six weeks, and keeping well until the following spring, and even
improving in taste by being thus kept. It is pronounced excellent for
table use, very valuable for stock-feeding, and the richest in starch for
manufacturing purposes. The bovinia, or stock-feeding potato, is of
gigantic size and astonishing in its yield. Its quality is also quite
satisfactory to the housekeeper. The new ash-leaved kidney potato—
ashtop fluke—is a very fine table variety, quite early, keeps well, and
has very few and shallow eyes. It is highly recommended as a garden
vegetable.

REMOVING MOSS FROM TREES.—The removal of moss from fruit
trees, as well as their judicious pruning, is of great importance to their
health, this growth being not only detrimental to the vigor of the tree,
but also serving as a convenient hiding-place for injurious insects. Its
eradication may be accomplished by first scraping off carefully and
then covering the places where it grew with a thin paste of equal parts
of plaster and potters’ clay, in water. The moss will disappear and the
bark of the tree become smooth and healthy. Dead and broken limbs,
suckers, &c., should also be removed annually, and the head of the tree
always kept open to air and light. Pruning is usually done late in the
fall or winter; but many horticulturists now recommend the latter part
of the summer as the fitting time.

COPYING THE GRAIN OF LEATHER.—The Mechanics’ Magazine informs
us that by a recent process a perfect electrotype copy of the grain of
leather can now be produced, which may be used in imparting an exact
imitation of the grain of morocco, seal, or other skins, upon ordinary-
Jeather, so as to render them almost indistinguishable from the original.
The deposit is attached to the mandril of an ordinary machine-roller,
and, on passing the skin through this, the finest variation of the grain or
modification of the surface, in imitation of the original, is produced.
The operator takes any skin that may be desired, and supplies from it
the means of preparing a fac-simile of it.

HARD WATER VERSUS SOFT.—Dr. Letheby, at a recent meeting of the
medical officers of health of Great Britain, took occasion to renew his
Statement, already referred to in our pages, of the superiority, in a sani-
tary point of view, of a hard-water supply to towns over that of soft
water. Basing his arguments first upon physiological considerations,
he maintained that the earthy matters in the hard waters were essential
for the construction of the osseous tissues, and that they supplied much
of the calcareous salts necessary for the nutrition of the frame, and
that, by repudiating their use, we should be throwing away one pro-
vision of nature for this purpose. No one could say that a hard water
was not far more agreeable to drink than a soft water. He maintained,
in the second place, that the finest specimens of the English race were
to be found in regions where the waters were hard, from flowing out of,
or over, calcareous strata. The same wasthe case with cattle and horses;
witness those reared in such counties as Durham and Leicester, and the

279

horses of Flanders, while the Shetlands only produced a race of ponies.
But his principal argument was that on classifying the towns of Eng-
land, so far as their water-supply was known, according to the degrees
of hardnéss of the waters; the average of the death-rate was least in
those towns supplied with hard water, and increased as the waters be-
came softer and softer, until it was highest in those where, the water
supplied was most soft. These statements, however, were met with
much vigor by several speakers, among the most eminent of whom
was Mr. Wanklyn, who endeavored to show that the deductions of Dr.
Letheby were based upon incorrect premises, and that the case was
very far from being proved.

COLORING MATTER OF WINE.—A method of distinguishing genuine
red wine from the false, according to Cotteni, consists in mixing fifty
parts of the liquor to be tested with six parts of nitric acid of 1.40 spe-
cifie gravity, and heating the mixture to 190° or 200° F. Under these
circumstances natural wine experiences no change after the lapse of an

hour, while that which has been artificially colored loses its tint in five °

minutes.

USE OF THE SKIN OF THE OPOSSUM FOR GLOVES.—The Australian
papers are congratulating the people of that country upon the demand
that has lately sprung up in England for opossum skins, to be manufac-
tured inte gloves, as they appear to furnish excellent material for this
purpose. As the opossum is considered a great nuisance in Australia,
by its destruction of trees and injury to orchards, gardens, &e., it is an-
ticipated that the very great call for them will do much toward keep-
ing these animals in subjection. It is hardly necessary to say that the
species in question is very different from the well-known opossum of the
United States. :

NEW ARTICLE OF CONCENTRATED FOOD.—A concentrated prepara-
tion of food, somewhat similar in composition and character to the cele-
brated ‘peas pudding” used in the late French and German war, is
made by Mr. Batty, of England, by first reducing peas to a fine state of
division, either by boiling and then rubbing them down, or by grinding
into meal. To this meal he adds a quantity of Liebig’s extract of beef
and a small quantity of the concentrated essence of meat. He then in-
troduces a mixture of fresh vegetables, such as carrots, turnips, onions,
&e., reduced to a pulp. Mint may be introduced in the form of dry
powder, and celery may be used in the form of anessence. Pepper and
other condiments are added to suit the taste, and salt, as may be re-
quired.

DYNAMITE IN ARTESIAN-WELL BORING.—Dynamite, so extensively
used for blasting in mines, tunnels, &c., has lately been applied in Den-
mark to anew purpose of great utility, viz: as an aid in boring artesian
wells. The owner of a large estate wanted water for his dairy, and
commenced boring for it. For 80 to 90 feet no difficulty occurred, when
astratum of flint was struck, so unyielding that it appeared advisable
to give up the enterprise, but, as‘a last resort, dynamite was tried with
the best possible result. Two pounds of dynamite, in a flask provided
with isolated conducting wires, were lowered down the well-cleaned bor-
ing to its bottom, upon the impenetrable flint, and then exploded. ‘The
percussion was barely perceptible at the surface of the ground, but the
water in the bore was thrown up many yards. The bore, however, filled
again immediately, and it became evident that not only the flint layer
was pierced, but also that strata, rich in water, were opened so as to

280

render further boring unnecessary. Two more charges were exploded,
and the flint at the bottom was found to be broken into fragments, while
the tubing was entirely uninjured. The well now yields daily an ample
supply of water. .

LEATHER BOARDS.—Within a few years past refuse leather, in the
form of ¢nttings, scrapings, &c., from shoe and harness factories, has
been utilized by being converted into leather boards, which are ex-
' tensively employed at the present time in the United States and Europe
for the manufacture of inner soles of shoes, and for other purposes,
where the material is not likely to be exposed to the wet. The process
of preparing these boards consists in first cleaning the scraps, so as to
free them from all foreign substances, and then softening them for a
time in water, to which is added some adhesive substance, such as glue
or gelatine. After being sufficiently softened the scraps are laid upon
tin plates of the proper size, having a rim all around, and arranged
longitudinally and transversely, so as to make the strata nearly even,
until the required thickness is obtained. A number of these plates are
then placed one upon another and subjected to a hydraulic pressure,
until the separate fragments are united into a nearly uniform mass.
After these layers have dried sufficiently they are passed under a roller,
so as to smooth them off and give to them the external appearance of
the original leather.

MARKET PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS.

=
Articles. July. Articles. July.
NEW YORK. Boston—Continued.
Mourn State:-- -- -o-5-55 per bbl..| $5 40 to $6 65 || Corn, yellow -| $0 81 to $0 82
WOSLOTIM =... -2-5565 do...-| 540 to 9 00 mixed ef 69 to 71
Wheat, No. 1 spring .-per bush..| 150 to 1 51 Oasis. Sse eee pan 65 to 70
ENOs2ISPEINE. > ea. do! : 22] -1:44 .to”1 48 >| Rye et 6-2) 2 oe eee e|(* el tio! 120
winter and amber west- Barley. - 2s: «s4e-ee eee eee do aed retee eet, a
Or Qiong ese per bush-:| 148 to 1 5¥° (| Pork,mess--- sees soe per bbl..| 16 00 to 16 50
Corn, new western, mixed.do---. 1k to 72 PLiNte ieee eee eee do....| 13 50 to 14 50
oldiwestern; mixed) = dole -|!esee en eee Beef, mess --.2--2 12 00 to 14 00
HY Ot ee ese oeiecaeee nies do..-.| Nominal. extra mess. - Sie ---| 15 00 to 17 00
Barley. =:- - SEE SA GSE Rane do....| Nominal. ard)).\2 cee 5 10 to 13
Oxsts; western: --.22- .-5--- do.... 65 to 70 Butter, New York ad Ver-
Diaeiee cee meats: 3 MON cee eee ee eee; mount ....... per lb... 18 to Q7
Hay, shipping qualities. perton..| 21 00 to — — Canada 3icce-eee- dors. ! 20 to* 26
DIMM Eeee eer ers ee do....| 24 00 to 29 00 western ..--:---.- dows: 10 to 23
PORKIMESS Eee set per bbl..| 15 00 to 15 75 Cheese, eastern factory ...do-.-.-. 10 to 12%
prime mess. d0<c<=-|03 00%to 13125 || hid. = ssc do-28 8 to 12
BSCR MCHS scree naicnm do....| 800 to 12 00 Hay, prime: --oseseee eer per ton.-| 30 00 to 32 00
extra sessed do....| 13 00 to 16 00 Wool, western..---.---.. erlb.. 60 to 75
Lard, extra -.-------:.--per Ib.. 9% to 11 combing and elaine
Butter, western..-...-..-. do... 11 to 23 Heeces=-oee eee per Ib.. 46 to oe 65
ALG aioe eee ee do... 15 to 31 tubs). 2020s do... /+ 55) to 72
Cheese, dairy ..---.-.----- doite 5 to 12 pulled-2=:-eeecemees Aost: 423 to 62
factory J2lle- sete does 8 to 12}
Cotton, or dinar Wie sae he donc 15 to 182 CHICAGO.
middling.......... doses 19% to 22
Tobacco, sound lugs, L. G.do.... 5% to 6% || Flour, winter, extras...per bbl..| 6 75 to 8 50
sound lugs, H. G.do..-. 64 to 73 SPLINE -cc see c cece ee do..-.| 5 50:40. 700
common le’f,L.G.do.... 7 to 7+ || Wheat, No.1 spring. -per bush. -| 1283to 1 284
common I’f, H.G.do.... 7% to 83 No. 2 spring ----..- do..-.| 1 26%to 1 274
Wool, combing fleece..... douse: 48% to — No. 3 spring .-..-.- do. o.| tae es
extra pulled 2200-6200. si alee lee cle Cee. Corn, INOW? 5.2.2 S25. = eee dor 544 to 546
Texas, common to medi-- rejected .----2.-c5se do...2. 52 to 52t
COC aes Sees per lb.. 30 to — no prade..!)-esaeee= GOP seawe cos scenic.
California, common. Mahe 39 to 20. < || (Oats, INO: 2222. : <0. eeeeeee do.... 423 to 494
rejected... .S2ade-% dole. 46 to 474
BOSTON. Hay, timothy and clover, (on
track)j< acceneer per ton..| 14 00 to 15 00
Flour, west’n superfine.per bbl..| 500 to 5 25 PLATIO) eases eee *.do....| 8 00 to 11 00
(oq ets Aes ae ome eee do... 46100 tose S000" ||, Pork/mess2.+-eeeeeeree per bbl..| 14 50 to — —
POG) Soas5be aeene do....! 700 to 10 50 prime mess ...-..--. do....| 12 00 to 13 50

281

Market prices of farm products—Continued.

Articles. July. Articles. July.
Cuicaco—Continued. Sr. Louris—Continued.
Beefamessessce sss eae per bbl.|$11 00 to $13 00 Corn Pmixcdyre eater per bush.| 0$ 50 to #0 54
extra mess.----.---. do....| 14 00 to 14 50 | VEWO Ween eee st dom. -: 503 to 5
Mardy? 2s. San eanas eens Pper lb.. 104 to — SBS yee ee eee nema e per ton..|/ 15 00 to 23 00
Butter, firkin and tub ....do.... 7 to 1G || Rorkamesstcpes--t-5 =~ per bbl..| 14 00 to 16 00
(oti aye ee Pa eT Gow Te to 20 || Lard. HETCOR eet eae per lb.. Vito! 2225
Cheese, New York factory .do-... 10 to 11 egy fo fee eps oak dow 113 to 112
"western. .......... douect 9 to 10 || Butter, Ghoivente wala tae do... 18 to 20
NVESLODNNESeLVe! 2 CO. 2. |- -o\.ce com = eieere fair to medium. ...do. - 12 to 16
Wool, medium fleece... -.-. do... 45 to 55 Cheese, factory ..--------. do... 12 to 134
unwashed medium do.... 33 to 42 Cotton, middling...-...--. Gores. 174 to 19
GUDecscsaecee lose do. - 55. to 64 || Tobacco, sound Tus. - ane ewt..| 550 to 7 00
| common leaf ....do....| 675 to 775
CINCINNATI. - medium leaf... -- dorset iron, LOM ae oO
Wool, tub-washed .....-. per lb 57 to 64
Plour, family .....-..-. per bbl 6 35 to 6 60 fleece-washed .. +... do. . 45 to 55
Oxi Mee saan cos es do. - 615 to 6 25 COmpIN eee saree do.. 41 to 43
superfine... 2-2 do 525 to 95 50 pulled aane-- eas do. 43 to 45
low grades......--. do....| 400 to 4 50
Wheat, No. "1 white... -per poste (hh g 2 oe NEW ORLEANS.
0.2 white ....... JOSS BeseaarpecDerraoas r
NOs ined) ia -eeeeer do. . ff) 35) to 3s Flour, superfine. -...--. per bbl..| 500 to 5 25
DN Os 2iTOdst OL -G hee (eel ee nee Gee oO Extras, (according to
PONG NOs <5 crtat sian do. . 59 to — orade)ie eee per bbl.-| 5 75 to 975
MGW) Cals scen scien see do 55 to Abe || Con maixedine sassy: per bush. . 70 to 75
Reyer Nonda2 seiecnaaeke eer do... 98 to 100 || soln nespbreossccs dose-: 71 to 72
Oa seetggcsadbRare do 93 to 95 WHILO rc asiae tees doves: 74 to 75
Tejecte@ipee. «6 --c1 oe aen os ccs. teiaseeer Oats, choice ......--...-.. doe oa. 63 to 65
IbarleyaNoOnls 2-2. - << 61- doe sai sasb ese econo Hay, choice..----.-- -.--per ton.-.| 27 00 to 28 00
PNOR I Stateren nes lOs, joe lee ans = a cmsetterenee Pulte) 2224s do....| 25 00 to 26 00
‘Oats, No.1 mixed ......... do 55. to 57 Porizmesses2o5-hee2 ee per bbl..| 16 124to 16 75
Nose mime dire tee CORRES Bap aaenemne seta: =o | Warde-tierce soc eeenss ae per Ib.. 104 to i
Hay, tight-pressed. -.-- per ton..| 17 00 to 23 00 Kk@ pre 54... fe ss ate do... 114 to 11¢
OOSOS seca socces Ss do 19 00 to 30 00 Butter, choice western. ...do- ‘ 20 to 23
Worksmessi 2-555 40-52 per bbl..} 15 00 to 15 25 choice northern...do.... 32 to 35
prime Mess. --..-5-- Ol. ace aes) sense tacos common northern.do. .. — to —
Lard, prime steam -..-.--- per lb.. 11 to — Cheese, choice factory ....do.--. 124 to 13
Butter, choice Ohio...--.- dows: 18 to 20 western reserve..do...: ii to 12
fair to good..-..-.. doss-= 14 to 15 || Cotton, ordinary...--..... dosee- 133 to 18t
‘Cheese, western reserve ..do---- 9 to 10 || low middling.....- doves 20 to 205
HAClONy = ieee a do.... 10 to 11 middling: 2-2-4. 4 domes 21 to _—
Cotton, ordinary-..-.--.-. Glogene 133 to 183 eRe aGcOmlaesy essere sees do 6 to 7
mad dliniowse. seers doses: 193 to 214 low leaf....-...-do 7 to re
Tobacco, lugs, West Va..-do-.... 4i to 64 medium leaf ....do-. 74 to 8
lugs, Kentucky..do.. 74 to 84
common to medium leaf, SAN FRANCISCO.
West Va ..-.per lb.. 74 to 10
eommon to medium leaf, Flour, superfine.......- per bbl..; 600 to 6 25
Kentucky -.--per lb-. 10 to 16 @Xtrasic--. see eee do....| 650 to 7% 25
Wool, tub-washed .......: do... 55. to 58 || Wheat, State.......- per cental..| 2 27ito 2 40
fleece-washed -.---- does: 48 to 55 Oregon: |. fae ee. do....| — — to — —
unwashed.....-.... do: 5. 34 to 40 Corn, WPHIGOr 2s Meee do 200 to 225
pullediec-5-2-)-ce- 2.00. 45 to 47 VellOwe ecm cee do....| 200 to 225
Hayy Statens t. 5 oat: per ton..| 15 00 to 21 00
Sv. LOUIS. |, Pork meses ates per bbl..| 26 00 to — —
; prime do....| — — to — —
Flour, superfine -...--- per bbl 420 to — — || Beef, mess...--...----.... do....} — — to — —
Gra «7. dyajars eae do. - Suittow tore Gueoms || andeesere cso ole ccs os per lb — to —
CHOIGGy sath sane sane do. 100% tor 0 75u) ||, Butter! State’. 22 a2... - a do.. 27 to 31
Wheat, spring ....--- per bush 105 to — — Oregon sss sees do. . 20 to 25°
~~ winter No.1 .-..-- do. 124 to 140 overland.....-.-..- do.. — to —
winter No.2 ...... do. 122) to 1 25 Cheesev his. sse2s8 cases dozas: — to —
winter No.3 .....- dol2:. |) 15) tory W20m|| Wooll choice: =) saesct case dovees 35 to 42
Redisacecseeas se dobee: | 00) tom dsp inferior & medium .do.... 25 to 30

METEOROLOGY.

JUNE, 1871.

[COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS’ MADE BY OBSERVERS OF THE SMITH-
SONIAN INSTITUTION. |

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature, and amount of rain-fall, (in inches and tenths,) for June, 1871, as reported
by the observers at the stations named. Observations daily at 7 a. m. and 2 and 9 p. m.

z # | 3
oF S Qo
B+) Po] &
are | H 8 )
. : EE HEB eieh tl es
State and station. County. Observer. Date. | 34 | Date. | S8)/28) 3
BS Belge) 2
Ke q — Lond a
st “= o a
a = ae |
MAINE.
Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
ORGHOLEE sos- oe 22 Penobscot ....} M. C. Fernald ...----- 2 83 21 47 | 62.0] 2.58
\ West Waterville...| Kennebec..... BH Walbuns:.-ssecee 3 91 24 52) 65.8) 1.15
Gardiner). -.-.j- ---- Cee (OR eee R. Hs Gardiner \.--.--- 3 84 1, 24 53 | 63.7) 1.58
Tnsbonue wooo. Androscoggin.| Asa P. Moore......... 3 88 1,18 52 | 63.9] 2.45
Spandisn = 26 222! Cumberland ..| John P. Moulton...... 3 92 24 51 | 64.4 | 3.02
INOTWAY - == --55,- a WO RtONO eee e - Howard D. Smith..... 3 91 24 51 | 65.2} 1.85
@ornishe eb - see ~<.- Morass. cee Silas: Westess- scence 3 92 19 51 | 64.4 | 2.00
Cornishville ...-... “Ee eee GW. Gapoill 22 5 93 19 52 | 66.7 | 3.10
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
PPE MOM cis= = 5-8. Coos...---....| Branch Brown ..-.-.-. 3 92 | 16,30 46 | 66.5 | 1.62
Whitefield.......-. Bee One ea TD; Kaidder...-2-2see 3 92 17 46 | 62.2] 1.82
Tamworth...-..--- Carroll. a2. = == 2 Alfred Brewster ..-...- 3 93 |. 24,30 Ate | Ga: Suh ells 76
Contoocookville. --.| Merrimack ...| E. D. Couch ...--..---. 3 92 18 53 | 67.3) 3.20
Amoskeag -.--.---. Hillsboro -...-. Alfred Colby? <25- 2. -« 3 95 | 10,22 45 | 60.9 | 3.15
VERMONT.
Lunenburg ---.---.- ISSOXo- 225 souk H. A. Cutting .....--. 3 90 | 10,18 50 | 66.0 | 2.13
@ratisbury::-/2--) >.< Orleans ..-.--- Rev, E. P. Wild... ----- 3 88 43 | 60.9 | 1.94
South Troy .--..-.. Sees eee ee ye James C. Kennedy. -- 3 90 22 51 | 65.9] 1.90
Hast Bethel .....-. Orange -..-.---. Charles 8. Paine -.-.--- 3 93} 10,30 42 | 63.6 | 1.60
Woodstock .--..--. Windsor. -.--- Doton & Miller...-...- 3 87 22 46 | 62.0] 1.54
INOEWIGH 27 25 .5--- Bee Opesn ec. aes Samuel B. Phelps..... 3 92 | 10,30 47 | 66.1 | 4.10
West Charlotte --..} Chittenden -..| Miss M. E. Wing...-. 2 93 22 46 | 68.4] 2.81
IRAN: pee ae 26 Addison ....-. D. C. and M. E. Barto. 2 90 | 13,24 54 | 67.1 | 1.93
Castleton ..--...--. Rutland .....- Rey. R. G. Williams - . 3 89 17 49 | 66.1} 1.29
MASSACHUSETTS.
Mainosionies.. 2-5.) Plymouth....-. G. S. Newcomb .....-. 3 92 19 50 | 65.4] 4, 74
Tawrence......----- MIBSEX at c™ seis Jobn Mallon... 22454. 3 94 | 18,19 52 | 66.7] 5.21
Miltongeer =e bo. Norfolk! soe Rev. A. K. Teele. ..-.- 3 94 10 53 | 65.2 | 4.35
North Billerica’ ....) Middlesex ....} Rev. E. & W.W. Nason 3 92 18 BOg | VEG a ee
Wriorcestere.-=----- Worcester ....| Merrick Bemis, M. D-.- 3 89 |17,19,24, 54) 66.2] 5.39
Lunenburg ..-...--.- siz SOS ee tents Geo. A. Cunningham. . 3 93} 15,18 52 | 66.0 | 6.20
Wiendon eo eseor ree iy eee a see John G. Metcalf, M. D. 2 88 |1, 18, 19 53 } 69.2) 3.10
PAMMINGLSt ihn ectone Hampshire . ..| Prof. E. S. Snell. ....-- 3 88 10 52 | 65.4 | 6.58
Richmond ........- Berkshire. - .-- William Bacon..-....-. 4 90 9 44 | 66.5 | 6.80
Williams College ..|..-.do-..-- --- Prof. A. Hopkins. .:.. 3 88 ‘ 22 48 | 64.3 | 4.85
\ ( 9,14,
| 16, 17, |
OMA ALC = <<<! Pee dO cise eee Rey. E. Dewhurst..--. 3) 88 |< 18, 22,) § 50 | 62.9} 3.50
3s 29, |
30
RHODE ISLAND.
Wewporb o.. 52... - Newport..-.-- William A. Barber. ... 4 89 1 54 | 66.4 | 4.26

283

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

a aE
5 5 =
: gs ae; eS :
State and station. County. Observer. Date. ze Date. | & e\|28 a
Ao SH a ee |S
Ke sete a
os | «= S) ‘3
a ele het =
CONNECTICUT. |
Deg. | Deg.| Deg.| In.
Columbia ..----..--- Molland: 5. -= =~ William H. Yeomans - 3 94} 19,22| 53}|65.8| 499
Middletown . -..--.- Middlesex ....| H. D. A. Ward -...:---. a 90 17 52 | 65.8 | 4.24
Southington -.-...- Hartford..-..- Luman Andrews. .---- 3 87 19°} 53 | 65.2 | 5.11
Round Hill ........ Fairfield. _.-.. Rev. W. P. ‘Alcott .---- 3 87 30} 55] 67.1] 6.00
NEW YORK.
Moriches .....---.- Suffolk 25 -..-2- E. A. Smith & daugh’r. 4 87 Dee. $59)| GOL. 8) aire
South Hartford ....| Washington G. M. Ingalsbe -..-.-.-. 2 7 16} 50/ 69.5} 3.25
North Argyle...-..|:.-. do 5.33.52: G. Me Bunge. .- = ofa: 3 87 | 17,22; 53} 66.8} 3.47
Garrison’s)..-..'.=.. Putnam...:... Thomas B. Arden...-- 3 92) 15,30 55 | 68.0] 5.29
Throg’s Neck ....-- West Chester.| Miss E. Morris......-. 3, 4, 20 89 TS) 7928 GEO ec
White: Plains : 222. .|...-- dOt earn Prof. O. R. Willis & drs 3 85 LE (S60), G4e5. eae
Cooper Union .....- New York .-.-..| Prof. 0. W. Morris -... 4 87 30 59 |,69.3 | 8.02
Brooklyn! == -- 2-5. -- KEN OSE Sees 2 Isaac P. Mailler....... 3 87 16; 60] 69.6 | 6.45
inlatGbusk-* =. - 3225 <| i=. doin as.53)4 Rev. Eli T. Mack..--.- 3, 20 89 | 24,25) 55] 69.6] 5.81
GABCO sees ae Sse Wister} a 44-42 D. B. Hendricks. ..---. 3 94 10 46 | 66.8 | 6.35
Amsterdam :....... Montgomery ..| J. W. Bussing.-....--. 2 87 24 55 | 686] 6.45
Middleburg ...-...-| Schoharie..... Rev. Sanford W. Roe.. 2 93. | 10, 17%} * 50 GR 3r) WG. 10
Cooperstown Qisezo.---: 2... G. Pomeroy Keese -... 3 88 17} 43 | 64.5 |, 5.25
Gouverneur. .-.-- ..| St. Lawrence-..| C. H. Russell.-........ 6 88 16 42-| 62.3} 1.58
@anton 235.5 22... - S. GOW sess Leslié-A.. Hae... 5.3.2. 3 93 16 49 | 65.9) 22222
North Hammond..-.|.--.do ..-----.- @;. AS Wooster: 2... 227. 4 98 17| 54] 67.1] 1.88
mow villese* 22.7: se waASe see 2a A. Judson Barrett ---. Bee 88 22) 41/1 60.0} 1.94
Cazenovia ..-....-.. Madison .--.-.- Prof. William Soule. -. 3 90 9 | 4051685 Gaieeaeee
Onerdaiay25) 2 Ys 22 Wee Ome ee c tare S. Spooner, M. D.-.-... 2,6 91 16| 46} 64.0) & 73
Depauville--.--..----. Jefferson --.... Henry: Haag ...52822 4 84 | 16,17}, 48 | 61.8] 2.80
BWEROCEes = folks. Oswego.=.---- William 8. Malcolm... 27 83 16 | 50/| 63.4] 2.28
BlERMG ies uee~ s~ EOYs see a ae E. B. Bartlett .....2.-. 2,6 90 9 46 | 65.7] 2.10
North Volney...-.- ee COM teeter J. Me Patricks: ..- 225. 6 93 16 SP 665.8) (--e aes
Woaterburg .......- Tompkins -...| David Trowbridge. --. 6 89 LG) AO") '6553> |e
ENTOHOIS 2 aoa: 280 oe “eee 2 See Robert Howell.....--. 1,6 89 17 42.) G6: 20-2525
Newark Valley - - PMO Ge ee Rey. Samuel Johnson - 2,6 89 | 16,30 46 | 65.8 | 3.60
Rochester: = ..©...-. Monroe ..-.--.- G. P. Hachenberg, M.D 3,6 89 16 52 | 69.5 | 4.20
Little Genesee --... Allegany ..... Daniel Edwards ....-- 2,6 86 30 36 | 64.3 | 3.62
AMoelicas.. =e. o- B00 2 Sa s-c68 CE PRAtnoldien 2 oases. 2 88 17 38 | 63:0 | 2.57
Canliont 22% 2-82. -/<: Orleans?..---- M: Pi Godfrey. {Jase ue 27 85 17 | 48/| 63.8} 1.81
Bockport.2-- x. 2-2 Niagara... -...- B. Wheaton Clarke. . 6 90 13 50 | 64.7] 3.07
IButalowe eat ces irate) ee ee William Ives .-....-... 1 93 29.| 49 | 66.5 | 3.65
Jamestown ........ Chautauqua Samuel H. Albro.-.--. 6 86 16 46 | 65.5 | 3.30
|
NEW JERSEY. .
Jersey City ..-...-- Hudson ....-.- Thomas J. Howard, jr. 3 89 24 59 | 70.6 | 7.47
Newark 255.2225 -2 NSSOK:- esses W.A. Whitehead ..-.. 3 86 10, 17,30} 54/682) 7.11
Trenton) es. 35. 22. Mercer .-:--..< ih COO KM Mee: - thea 4 90 |15, ry 30; 60 73.6] 5.87
Rio Grande .--..... Cape May .--.| Mrs. J. R. Palmer ..... 3 89 25 52 | 67.7 | 463
Moorestown ...--.- Burlington.-...| Thomas J. Beans.. --- 4 89 30 58 | 69.9| 6.11
New Germantown .| Hunterdon -...| A. B. Noll............- 5, 6 85 15] ° 51} 6828!) “S238
Readington .-....-.. Gye ee oe John Fleming...-..-.. 3, 4 90 16 92)'|) GOs Seer
Greenwich. -.....-.- Cumberland - Miss R. C. Sheppard. 7% | 85. |L6, 26,30) 2/59) Wisma
Waneland =). oe sais ae 3 eae John Ingram, M.D ... 3 96 | 25,30 57 | 73.5] 5.03
PENNSYLVANIA
INV CES) Sena ee ace Bike secees eee John Grathwohl ---.--- 5 90 9| 43] 60.3] 2.15
Hamlinton..-...... Wayne'.-..--- James D. Stocker - ---- 5, 28 88 9,16 48 | 67.9 | 2.50
ID YOERCY ona eee ae Sec eee =e Theodore Day ---.---. 2 87 30 45 | 64.5 | 2.51
Fallsington ........ “Bucks .._..-.. Ebenezer Hance ------ 3,4 89 15 59 | 71.0} 5.00
Philadelphia ae Philadelphia. -} Prof. J. A. Kirkpatrick B3 90 25 60 | 73.0] 4.51
Germantown. -....- ESCO aie er Thomas Meehan -..--- 3 91 16 ae ace i Sal ee
Oe teh 2 etl ale Pdowe seen ad Ernest Turner..-...-. 3 88 | 16,30 BOOT Divesee
Horsham. . 2-5.) -/-. “Montgomery. Miss Anna Spencer... 3 86 15| 56/687] 8.33
.Plymouth Meeting.|..-.do -........ Marcus H. Corson. -... 3 88 16 57 | 70.3 | & 06
JUaN A eae See eee ehighses san 56 Edward Kohler..-..--. 3,5 91 30 46} 69.6) [2325
Factoryville .....-. Luzerne ...-.- Rodman Sisson .-.-..- 2,6 87 30 49 | 66.3 | 5.20
Reading... ....2--25 Berks = ser Jubleyl Reser. 292 5- 3 92 30 57 | Th.3 | 624
West Chester...... Chester. ---= -- George Martin, M. D-.- 4 $0 29 61 | 73.5] 3.85
Parkersville. ....-.. s20.00,2 = ao see se F. Darlington, M.D. 3 90 17 59 | 71.9] 5.00
Ephrata oo-2 2-2-3 Lancaster. - --.- iW. H: Spera Ae ee 3 90 FOES Sa el. Ob) son ae
OMe Yee hs CO tuo Pee W.. BY Madie@m® 2-3. 3 OGn) 125167}, 53) | 71.10) 4889
Harmmisburges 2.224 “Dauphin ee ee Samuel A. Black..-..- 4 94 12 60 | 74.4] 5.94
Carhisle=ass- 55-2 - | Cumberland...| William H. Cook, M. D 6 93 30} 58] 71.9 | 3.65

284

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §:c.—Continued.

i
i
State and station, County. Observer. Date
'
|
| |
|
|
PENN.—Cont’d.
Fountain Dale -..--. Adamsi:) 2... -:)8.C: Wallkeri: ...2-02 é 20
MOTOS PLING Ss... 5-00. eee. <= J. H. Marsden, M.D... Al
PRO mae ee Sots: PM OS 8 8 Ben oe BTR B en tle ae ae ie 19
Grampian Hills....| Clearfield -.--- Elisha Fenton ..--..--. ! 5
Johnstown...-...-- Cambria ..---- David Peelonwm: - =:c= se, | 4
mamislines 2-7. ol Venango....-.- tev. M. A. Tolman. - a) 2
Greensburg......-. Westmoreland| J. M. L. Stump ---.-.-- 4
Pittsburg --....---- Allegheny ....| George Albree .....-.. | 6
Connellsville. ....-- Fayette, ...-.- John Daylore. so se-6 | 5, 6
Greenville ......--- Mercer ...---- DNB.WPackardy. -seso2. i 6
Wewcastle. .-...--- Lawrence. ..-. E. M. McConnell . -t .-- | 2
Canonsburg..----.- Washington Rev. Win. Smith, D. D. 1, 2, 3,6
DELAWARE.
Dover:s 2255-2254 - Mente sees 5 | J. H. Bateman -....--- 5
IMA Ford yeas ase - 21 AO fase ste | Robert H. Gilman...-.. 4
MARYLAND.
Woodlawn......-.--. Cecil se 2 2-4. | J.O. McCormick ....-- 3,9
HMalistonles’ 2.5.2 Harford 22.22 George G. Curtis. ----- Boise
Annapolis ..--.--.- Anne Arundel) William R. Goodman... 3
Woodstock COREE e.| Baltimore... -. | Rev. A. X. Valente -.- 3, 4
Sain’s Creek . ...- 4. Carroll ese. 8 | F. J. Devilbiss -....--. 5
Met. St. Mary’s. --.-- Frederick .. ..| Prof. C. H. Jourdan... 3
Cumberland ....... Alleghany...) H. DoShrivers.... 25226 |:eeeeene
DIST. COLUMBIA. °
Washington .....-.. Washington ..| Smithsonian Instit’n-.. 7
VIRGINIA.
Johnsontown ..--.- Northampton | C. R. Moore .--..--7--- 4
@apeville 2222. =... EO ay sie Emma C. Townsend ..| 24, 28
15 yen oy} ee aee ‘Elizab’th ee J. M. Sherman ........ 20, 24
Comorn ls. 2-54 -5 King George.-.| E. T. Tayloe ...-.-.-.. 24
Mt; Solon2=2.5: =. Augusta. Jas. T. Clarke, M.D .. 24
pA M Ae eis oss sen ‘idwbuith< Sagagaa- H.C. Williams ...-.... 28
Bh Het): Oa! = Eanes 22007 A) ooeeee Miss Lillie Thrift ..... 25
PAICCOMINGS eee oe === SOOM wee ack C. Gillingham. ....-.--- 24
Near Waterford....)| Loudon -....--- Mrs. S. E.Chamberlin.| 5, 28
Piedmont .---.----- Fauquier ----- He) Wallhiameye*-\J2 =.=. 20, 24
Markham Station..|....do -.--..-.. ID) PEARY ILC wastes ~ai- sects 28
Piedmont Station ..|....do -..-.---. William A. Martin. . Ped 24,
Keswick Station ...| Albemarle ....| Capt..D. B. Horn ...... 4
Lexington ...-..-. Rockbridge ...| Prof. J. L. Campbell. - 24
Tyaichbure 2))25~-.:- Bedtord)..--22- C. I. Meriwether ...... 24, 28
Near Wytheville. ..| Wythe.-.-.-..-- Rey. J. A. Brown.....- 23
WEST VIRGINIA.
NWVGSLOM eee tet. TO WAS) soe he Benjamin Owens..---.. 1
NORTH CAROLINA,
TOTO aie. She Pe ies Granville ..-... W.R. Hicks, M.D .. ..|20, 23, 24
Fayetteville ....... Cumberland ..| G. W. Lawrence ...--- 28
Albemarle '...-----< Stanley ....--. IRSA, GK. Se 25
Statesville ......... Tredell eee sae mm eAY Alison... 22 23, 24, 28
Asheville --.-.---2. Buncombe BY ie) ASS LOM sapel + ete ee Q
U0). 6A AB Seer ISLA © Kovthae pa erleee J.T. EH. Hardy, M.D...) 22, 23
SOUTH CAROLINA.
IATken eerie eis c = 2 Barnwell. ....! John H. Cornish...... 15, 19, 23
Gowdeysville .-..-. mon Fae | Charles Pete 2: sees 20, 22

|

| |
253 £5
a 5
2 £ | Date. a =
BS a5
ae ee
= =
Deg. Deg.
87 | 12,29] 59
92 99 |. 55
90| 17,30] 36
90 291 48
88 30| 44
o4 30| 45
87 99 | 52
88 30) 50
94 30| 52
87 30| 48
88 30| 43
86 30| 47
92] 2,25] 62
89 95| 55
10, 16,
88 } 1735 60
30
7 | 12,30 |° 60
90 12| 63
86 30 | 57
85 12] 57
87 30} 58
ae 16] 57
85 30| 63
89 12| 62
92 12| 66
04 13| 65
e9 | 12,30] 64
88 16| 54
90 |16, 25,30! 62
89 30 | 60
90 30 | 60
92 12| 56
91| 7, 12| 55
88 12| 60
} 86 12| 55
95 16| 60
89 16] 56
86 16] 61
86 12| 59
92 30] 56
90| 12,13| 64
92| 13:17| 66
94 13| 54
92 12) 52
85 13| 56
a0) 13| 54
lL; 2, 4,
90 ji id ; 71
16
90 12|° 69

tempera-

ture.

Ze 8 Mean
waAV

a
w

66.

DUOROKRUIAWH

coOrFOOe oo

74,

79. 6

Sy | Rain-fall.

OT IO OD
wuUckemanwo’
wunaowd

99

3. 97

285

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Coutinued.

State and station. County. Observer. Date.
GEORGIA.
Bernetseye cee: Camden: ----- I Ten Eye a. aaa 29
Sto Manyise=s---0---/- 00) 2 aoascss Ebenezer Barker. ..--- 29
Quitman! s2-52--- 2: IBrOGKSe-e eee Jd. Q@ Cutler: 72-255.) 18, 26, 27
15, 21,
997 935
Meron ees obs. Bib. eee A se: S. P.Sanford........-- | oaee|
30
Jig a Oty ee ee olton®--s-4-- Charles Deckner...--- 30
ALABAMA. z
Huntsville ........ Madison ...... E. L. Antony, M. D. - - ./21, 27, 28
Carlowville ......-.. Dallas 2o.-.0228 SLUTS i: Seen 28
OMT Ruse ess soe a (ane eee Dr. Fahs and Miss R. 28
B. Deans.
Moulton. 25225- 22. Lawrence. .-.. Thos: Mi Peters: - - =. - 20, 26, 27
Greene Springs ....| Hale-.......-.. H. Tutwiler, LL. D----. 28
@oatopar sos2 22/22 SUMLeteee eee S. K. Jennings, M.D ..| 21, 28
FLORIDA.
Near Port Orange..} Volusia .....-. S. W. Chamberlin. .... t 13
New Smyrna ....-.|.-- SG ne See) el Wore eee Oey! . Seomes see 12.13
Jacksonville .....-. Divalleee. 258 | A.S. Baldwin, M.D ... 29
(pilatkar 86255 -=<12 Putnam: .- 22-2 Gen. G. D. Robinson. . . 18
TEXAS.
HVOUSTON fos-- 52 <: Harris's =A ceo a. Miss E. H. Baxter..... 18
Clear Creek........| Galveston... .. George N. Leoni ..--.- 29
Oakland -..-.....-. Colorado .---.- In} SUMPSOHee. <3 32-88 29
ilott: S- f5ssh2 sce Fayette .....-. Joseph Fietsam...---- 29
Wilctonia: 5. .225-.+: Wictoria =. 252 I Deaton: 52 sees s: 29
Clinitont. She a5 55. WeWiltis 2 -2- CAC Ci Wik b@e = toca ee = 28, 29
PATS ye 2 ce Dravis':s2 0-2 2. J. Van Nostrand ...-.. 29
San Antonio ....... Bexar. 22: Fred. Pettersin ..... -- 29
LOUISIANA.
New Orleans. .....-. Orleans --.---: Robert W. Foster -... 8
Ponchatoula -...--.- Livingston....| H. C. Collins. .-...---. 27, 28 |
MISSISSIPPI. |
Marion Station ....| Lauderdale ...| Thos W. Storer, M. D. 23
Philadelphia ---..-. Neshoba .....- L. A. Bowden......... 29, 30 |
Near Brookhaven ..| Lawrence....:| Mrs. W.E. Keenan... 28 |
Holly Springs..---- Marshall....-- Thomas B. Coleman... 27 |
:
ARKANSAS. |
Helena ss sl Phillips....... C. F. Russell. ......... 98 |
Clarksyilles2=2* 2: Johnson ....-. Hr Greene see - = = Sass ce 26, 27 |
Washington ...-.-. Hempstead ...| Charles White..-.... 23, 28 |
Mineral Springs. --.|....do ......... Harmon Bishop..... 21, 27, 28
TENNESSEE.
Elizabethton -..... Corian scans ChB Lewis: «22555: 5, 24
Tusculum College.-| Greene........ S. S. and Rev. W. S. 6)
Doak.
Knoxville. 2252-5. Knox peeuscese Protd. keyPayne®! 2. 23 |
Lookout Mountain.| Hamilton -.... Rey. C. F. P. Bancroft -/14, 19, 28)
Clearmont!.:....-. |) Wiarrenten asses RAP Witten - 2. j= oot 25
i ih ei Wilson. 212 7) P. B. Calhoun......... 125, 26, 27,
Clarksville: 22... .:| Montgomery .-| Prof. W. M. Stewart-- 5, 27

a PI S
== | Date. Fe |2 =
a3 He | ae
AS ae a
ij — oO
= a =
Deg. Deg. | Deg.
90 |5 4 ake t1 | 77.8
18, 21 oe
92 5 | 72| 20.4
93 1| 73 | 80.5
94 1| 7| 81.4
91 12| 64| 77.4
86| 1,13| 70] 78.4.
96 2/ 70 | 80.2
95 16} 68| 81.1
86 13| 62] 76.6
94 14]. 65] 78.0
92 14°] 66 | 78.5
93 19| 70|7a8
92 13| 75 | 81.4
95| 6,26| 72] 81.2
93 20| 71/818
101 9| 74] 83.9
102} 10,11| 74] 81.9
101 12| 71 | 93.4
96 8| 72] 80.9
106 7,9| 74| 85.9
98 g| 73 | 929
100! gig! 72] 83.1
104 9| 71] 84.8
94/ 213] 69} 80.0
94 13| 74 | 92.7
98 |f 1o°43'|$ 70 | 80.6
| fa e |
90 |4 19) 26; | f 10 | 77.6
Les |)
95 2| 69 | 79.0
94/ 30] 60| 73.0
9 | 12] 63] 80.8
.97| 8,12] 71] 80.6
| § 1,8,13,| 2 ne
90 Trier $ 72 | 80.2 |
98| '13] 64] 80.8
|
91 13] 50| 74.3 |
92 8| 52| 77.0
89 13| 58] 75.4
87 1| 64 | 76.5 |
87 13| 60 | 73.5
90 13| 62| 74.3]
8} 301 61/745

ts

SAR toon

286

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §¢.—Continued. ~

ig 4 |e
o 2 7
AEE ine 48 otal
State and station. County. Observer. Date. | 38 | Date. |] 33) qi =|
a5 BS) go |
a> a|3 aa
pee BI
a : Pha | 5
xr J
Texn.—Cont'd. Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In.
Wrenton ste a - Gipsqn=- to: W:. Le Grigsby .=-2-22e) 20 93 30 60 | 78.6 | 2.80
La Grange.--...-... Fayette. ..-- *..| W. E. Franklin, M. D. 23 94 30 65 | 78.7 | 2.80
KENTUCKY. ‘ |
Pine Grove .....-.. Olarks 3202 S53 Sam’l D. Martin, M.D.) 23, 27 88 | 29,30 58 | 73.2] 4.64
WAR VINE - 6 2522's. -'- Boyle. 422-425 OQ; Beatty,-2e- = <2 2225 \) Ay 2] 12,29 62 | 76.6 |} 3.51
Shelby City...---.- Peeedo Poe Soy Howard Shriver .....- 5 90 | 12,13 64) Tro | 92-71
Near Louisville ....| Jefferson.....- Mrs. Laurence Young. | 27 94 29,30 54 | 75.2 | 3.86
OHIO
Stl plana seeeee Columbiana...| J. E. Pollock ...-. sihenee 2 97 29 48 | 69.2 | 4.69
Steubenville --.-.-. Jefferson...--- Joseph B. Doyle ..---- 20 85 30 53 | 74.0 | 2. 93
Painesville .--..--- ake oes 36 Hi); Werrings. -'- ee 6 85 30 48 | 66.5 | 6.00
Milnersville .....-. Guernsey .--.- Rev. D. Thompson. - -. 1 7 ; a is } OOM sees ae 3. 85
Cleveland)... 22... Cuyahoga..... Mr. & Mrs. G. A. Hyde 2,6 89 | 16,29 48 | 67.1) 3.58
Adams’ Mills ..-.-- Muskingum ..| Charles A. Stilwell... -| 1 88] 14,21 60) | BBS |oscus
Pennsville... -!---. Morgan -.-..-. Jee. Mano Beer. 2 jac ) ae) 92 30 36 | 73.3.) 2.62
Gallipolis: s--~---'--| ‘Gallia... 5. - A iPPROSeIS eS 2. cee 3 90 30 50 | 74.3 | 3.69
Sandusky ..-..-..-- rie. e255 - 44 Thomas Newly...) 2252. 2 89 29 56 | 69.7 | 3.77
KUALROU = ose} ott Haron 2. =~. 2-2 Mrs. M. M. Marsh ....- 2 90 29 54 | 67.7 | 5.75
Worth Wairfeld 2. -.|)=2-do .°2)_. 5.2 ‘O:spirrass Stee - 6 es he 1 88] 29,30 54 | 69.0! 6.25
Westerville ........ Franklin. ..-... Prof. John Haywood . . 1p 89 29 53 | 70.1 | 4.47
North Bass Island .| Ottawa .-..... Geo. R. Morton, M. D-. 6 90 29 54} 69.9 | 3.15
NUE tO oe goed Seaee Marion ee. 2! HA. Ermer, Ieee. 1 89 29 51 | 69.5 | 3.26
HITUSUDTOS, 2. eee Highland -.... J. McD. Mathews. .... 23 85 30 59.| 70.5 | 2.67
Bowling Green. --.. Woods. 3.5. John Clarke ©. ...-.-5: 19 96 29 52 | 72.9 | 4.28
Kentonie--< 22.2 ° = a1 iardin = 2-22: C. H. Smith, M.D ..... 6 95 30 59 | 78.7 | -4.20
Bellefontaine .-..-. Ihopany 2-3 William Barringer. ... i 91 29 50 | 70.5 | 3. 03
Urbana University.| Champaign ...| M. G. Williams -.....- 23 90 29 52 | 71.4] 3.65
pine) Sears oF a Clermont. <2.=|G. W.sCranete. 2a: - 23 91 29 DO | Pastetata a
Carthagena ....---.- Menceriet 2a2.0 Prof. W. R. Mueller... 23 91 29 51 | 71.4) 3.00
Jacksonburg..--.-. Hes atOPa series oe J. B.Owsley, M.D -<°-) 5,16 88 30 52 | 72.4} 5.10
tor pee oa ess BOER Ops noe R. W. MecFarland.....! 23 95 29 56 | 74.4 / 6. 08
Mount Auburn Ins.| Hamilton ..:.. Prof. I. H. White...... 1 2 as 89 29 60 | 76.0} 1.81
Cumminsville...... OO Raeree Jou; Shieldsss. 2s. a--.| 5 92 30 55 | 72.5) 2.30
Cincmpatr.: 22: POO Bees 5 Seo GoW. arper:.:-= peel 1 96 | 29,30 56 | 74.4] 2.02
Diese res poses Se SOO PA ma cdcim Dee Oral ele wil hy 0)<) pee ee 24 92 29,30 60 | 78.2) 2.15
College Hill......-. ee eOm shee ce. J. W. Hammitt....... 6, 23 92 |9, 12, 16 62 | 81.2 | 3.63
MICHIGAN.
Deinmbes. 3. s.-<¢ Wayne: f222-- SOW CEL ONS. a= oh || aed sren 92 29 51 | 68.8! 6.26
Monroe City. ..--.. Monroe = 2-2 - Miss H.1. Whelpley,.-| 6,19 92 29 55 | 72.3] 1.00
AT A TDOR clot 2... Washtenaw...| Mrs. N. H. Winchell -. 1 88 29 48 | 67.9 | 3.37
NIACON es ces eae Lenawee...... David Howell......... 27 94 29 49 | 69.4 | 6.10
Alpena 2. $2) i225 232). Alpena ..-.... De Wis SP ASUOM es «leew ce 3, 4 72 9 46 | 59,23| 1.16
State Agr. College .| Ingham......- Prof. R. C. Kedzie ....| 2 98 | 43,05 44 | 68.2 | 2.93
Olivet College. ...-. Eaton........- Prof. A. F. Kemp...... 1s2 91 29 50 | 63.7 | 4.40
Litchfield: --.:.--.. Hilisdale= ~~.) R. Bullard 227. -. 22222 1, 4,19 87 29 48 | 63.0 | 3.53
Cold Water........ Brauch. ---4-2 N. L. Southworth .-... 1 94 29 42 | 66.5] 2.75
Grand Rapids...... ION es ae e. E.S. Holmes, D. D.S -. 1 98 | 28, 29 49 | 69.8 | 3.36
Northport ..-....., .-| Leelenaw .. --- Rev. Geo. N. Smith... 1 86 8 44) 61.5) 1.69
Benzonia:=-. 2.2.5. Benzie.....-.. William Wilson ...... 1,5 87 8 44 | 63.5 | 0.80
Copper Falls. .....- Keweenaw. ...| 5. H. Whittlesey, M. D. 1 87 8,9 39 | 58.0} 1.40
Ontonagon...-..... Ontouagon....)| Edwin Ellis, M.D ..... 9 78 8 44 | 57.0 | 1.20
INDIANA,
Fort Wayne ....... Alen ......-2: R.S. Robertson .-..... 1 92 29 50 | 71.8 | 2.60
Rising Sun......... ONTO mee secs cee | Thomas E. Alden ..... Q7 93 30° OD | T2Gee
WIEN AN Horie dione 2ou Se Switzerland...) Chas. G. Boerner ..... | 23 92 29 59 | 74.9 | 2.30
Mt. Carmel ........ Franklin. ..... J. A. Applegate and} 1,23 94 29 57 | 73.2) 35.55
daughter.
Spiceland .......... Henry 272i oo5 William Dawson....-. 23 95 29 55 | 74.1] 3.25
Waconia... +.--- ==. | Harrison... -.- Adam Crozier ..-...-. | eit 90 29 58 | 74.8] 1.43
Beech Grove......- ERTS, Sees aoe | William S. Clark...... | 26 88 30 48 | 71,0} 3.80
Knightstown ....-.. eR (Oar es 1) eein) see ae eee | 23 94 29 58 | 74.0] 4.49
Bloomington. ...... Monroe ....... Mallow & Kilpatrick. . 23 91 29 56 | 74.0 | 1.29
Near La Porte ..... La Porte: ....- HS li, AMOrO Wiese 2 oo. 23 86 29]° 50 | 70.4] 6.05
Wierominerer 2s 2: Sullivan ....-- Thomas Holmes ...... 23 94 29 ot | 7.81) 0.70
New Harmony..-.. POSS 2 cites ue John Chappellsmith .-.! 23 94 29 59 | 79.0 | «0.82

287

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Coutinued.

2 [ee hess
#3 | P=) s =
State and station. | County. Observer. | Date. | 28 | Date. | 28 ge =
Ao } & S ante 7
; | Ep Bt) Sones
a A |e 4
ILLINOIS.
| | | Deg. | Deg.| Deg.) In.
@hrear ose see ae @ooks.aee 3.5% J.G. Langeguth, jr ---.| 23) 88 11 54 | 72.0 | 5.87
Near Chicago Bewinet fee Ome a. 52 ae Samuel Brookes -.----| 23 90 24 42 | 69.7 |...-.-
PVADSLON: 1-5-5525. Sd Oe ees nee Prof. Oliver Meek ts St 30 55 | 67.1 | 4.06
Marengo. ...4-.-=--- “McHenry nee Jin Wh eee. - 2 aerate 1 90 29} 46/663] 5.17
Mattoon. ---+---- InColes 22-2 222 AAW RHOei ees 23 | 99 / 30| 55 | 76.3) 9.37
Wuaproraie ce s<o2-'s = Kane see ae sae A. Spaulding, M. D.--. 1} 90] 29 48 | 69.5] 5.25
Louisville... --.---. Clay. 28- s2tcs D. H: Chase, M. Bt era | 23 96 29} 56/777) 2.60
Mocahuesss- 2-22... =| Macon 25-2222. Timothy Dudley ere 22, 23 94} 5.29} 48/731] 1.90
ILRI pao eee ee Christian -.... Thos. Finley, M.D. - 23 93 | 99). 60°) 7528} 1.70
MOCchele e225: <<'. Oplew mss sss: Daniel Carey. --------=| 1 94| 898] 54] 68.0].....-
Wivametie +. 2 2... eee Bureau. ....-- E.S. & Miss Phelps. --| AS 93 | 29,30) 47] 72.2) 5.90
Miskilwas 2-2. ---- [seo Or. tgnceeee | Verry Aldrich -.-..-.- 5] 96] 30! |) «541 | 2ie eee
Hennepin...-.:----- Patnam) 222-22 Smiley Shepherd. ..... 1 |. 96} 129530) 1 45) Bro; eee
IDG. goo e ee peal le dome asa Ethan Osborn. .......- | 1| 96 30| 52) 734] 4:70
LEGC ReneS aeeee Péeoriage ean Fred. Brendel.........| 4,5,22 | 92] 12,29] 57] 75.2] 3.47
aan ae oss. c\os Mason seen oy: Joseph Cochrane. ...-. 11, 22,23 | 98 | 29| 56/ 74.8] 3.00
Waterloo .....----- | Monroe ...---- Chas. Jozefé ........-- 23 | 98 99 | 54 |-75.5] 2.30
MP OS) ooo. foc ee Washington ..| Wm.C. Spencer...-.--- | 27) 95 13,29 | 62) 77.4} 2.14
Galesburg .-..2-.-- Ox wis. s0 | Prof. W. Livingston --| i) 90 | 29,30 58 | 73.0] 3.41
Manchester. .-..--. Scotti: .-2+ <2. Dr. J. & C. W. Grant --| fe Ee 8 57 | 75.0 | 2.00
Mt. Sterling ....... BLOW =a eee Rev. A. Dunean.....-.. 1/ 92 30°} 257) 78884] 28595
Andalusia ..-......| Rock Island ..| M. B. Bowman ........ ko) 45>] © 901 | 29} 42) 7.8] 1.65
Oquawka .......... Henderson ....| R. N. Patterson ....... ee Saal 30-| 59 | 77.5 | 2.26
Woousta2. 22225. Hancock....-. S. B. Mead, M.D ..-.-- 4 92 99) | 6) 25ers
Warsaw ........--. Bo seOO) es eecinc ae B. Whitakeg-----. =5- 1 92 30| 57 | 74.4] 6.91
WISCONSIN. | |
Sturgeon Bay ..--... Woon see. a Rufus M. Wright -.--.| 1 BY 28.15) 44.) 63c5 lvoe
Hingham .......... Sheboygan ....| John de Lyser ....---. ew Beg 29| 50] 68.1] 4.00
Milwaukee ........ Milwaukee....| I. A. Lapham, LL. D...-| lie aie a)et 29) 45 | 65.1) 3.03
Geneva cess sass Walworth .. ..) W. H. Whiting...._-- 1 96 | 15 | 49 | 67.8) 6.98
mpaArTrass:- <2 sn- le Waupaca ..... E. Everett Breed. ...-- | ti 930) 29 | AS GU} eon,
mock y On soe: Columbia .---. | W. W. Curtis ......... 1 92 | 30 53 | 68.0] 6.38
Bdeerton) 2.0252... ROCKS estos: [Hee Shintses oe | 1| 98] 28} 54|70.6| 4.40
BALA NGO ee esses. Sans. So WM C.Wralte®. a. 5.5. | ergy! 8} 52) 70.1) 5.38
New: Lisbon --2--:- dJumeam ©... .-- oe. Le Dengan ee ese. ~ 1 99 99) |) 50) 69 Ouleese ne
Bail denen se ce Bayfield .... .. Agxidrew Tate .:-..__.- | 27 | 86, | 23) | 44:| (6450) Saeee:
|
MINNESOTA. | |
| | be
Sta Panksee- eee cok. | Ramsey...-.--- Rev. A. B. Paterson . -- 4) 92 15} 55 | 68.0] 4.30
aiimnenvolis 5 Sales Hennepin. .... William Cheney -.--.. 4 91 15 50 | 67.9 | 3.11
Sibley eee ee Sibley races o: C.W.&C.E.Woodbury 4 90 | 15) | Soe esssn ener
eihehhelde. seo oes Meeker ....--- H. L. Wadsworth ...-. 4 90 | 7| 50] 66.3} 3.00
Now Wilms: 5232: 5, Brows seen ae Charles Roos--.---.-.--. | . 4 92 8 52 | 70.1) 1.35
|
IOWA.
iO DUGUC..-2 5-24 - == | Dubuque ...-. | Asa Horr, M.D......- 1} 95 29 55 | 72.2) 4.47
Monticello ......... Jones...-..-.-2 rs P. Smith --....-} 4 98 |10,12,21) 57) 72.5) 4.57
1B svt Th) AR ee eee Cedars aera TAS AV ROSK psec 2 oe eee 951)) (GS usa 56 | 69.5 | 4.50
Bowen's Prairie....| Muscatine Samuel Woodworth. -.| 1,4] “98 8.9 | 54) | aONG | aeoert>
Fort Madison -.-... IGG ease Daniel McCready ..... Dui 3298 28 | *52175.7)| 3.44
Guttenberg... .... Clayton......- | J. P. Dickerson . ...-.. 4 98 § a aa } SOuNGReduileees =
Independence ...... | Buchanan..... George Warne, M. D..| 4/ 98 "98 | 35d | 73.2] 2.35
Near Independence.|....do .-....--. Mrs. D. B. Wheaton . -.| 18) 94 28 53 | 70.5 | 5.00
ROGKOrd wel ee Floyd EPR See irae} Nee Wiad eyes «20 ae 5, | aGa che Sues Bl ie ie it eee
Towa Falls......... iMfardin\= 32 22: Nathan Townsend ..-.; 5 90 | 10}; 60) 733] 3.75
PMIMES soe sememscsase Stopyee see cee Ernest Adams .-.-.-.... 22 96 28; 956) 73.7 | 2.50
leona saan ses sam a | Kossuth ...._. James H. Warren..... 5] 96 | 19 56s |) a0) panne
Boonesboro .....--. BOOUG Asse = 5: i. Babcockse. . 2.22.5 18 92 29 BOD) G92. eae ene
PARELOE ee yee oe) Unionyss-> IME VicAShiba 525k. | 26 92 28 52 | 70.2 | 3.60
Fontanelle ........- ING nL ee IA RB ryanith se senc3) 26} 99 11 | 59] 75.5 | 1.50
Grant City..... --- Saciswerase sees Mr. and Mrs. E. Miller | 18 | 102} 14,29 56 | 75.4 | 1.00
oe (Chinese apa Mi Cs Sue eee IDB: Nelsom.. 22252: 3, 4,18 92 it 52 | 56.6 | 3.80
ihc eee “Harrison...... Jacob T. Stern ._..._.. | 22,26} 94] 1215| 55/722] 1.00
Council Bluffs ..._ | | Pottawatomie.| Benjamin Talbot ..--.. 22 94 28} 58 | 74.7] 2.36
MISSOURI. | |
St. Louis University, St. Louis...... | Rev. F. H. Stuntebeck. | 23} 95] 29,30 61 | 79.1 | 3.09
‘Alientontere ses s>. Ihe, ead ove jase ees | A. Fendler, M. D...... | 22,23 | 100 BOs) <5) 16:75 eetetg

2&8

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

igh ties ©
State and station. County. Observer.
Missouri—Cont'd. |
Hematite =-.--2.---| Jefferson. .---- John M. Smith......-.
Hannibal 2.-2-4.-. Marion 22--52 F. J. Hearne -....-----
igi: oe oe es Phelps. 22 5-. Homer Ruggles. ..----
Jefferson City. -.--- COT seonee Nicolas de Wy] .------
North Springfield ..| Greene ....--. Rio. MeCorde...--2- =.
Cave Spring ..----- BedO Je deers Dr. T. W. Coltrane - --
Kansas City .-.-.--.- | Jackson ...... S. W. Salisbury -....-.
Cormmey fs tisse=- + Tek iat ae mois oe Horace Martin.....-.--
KANSAS.
PASTCDISOU- Pee 3-6. < Atchison....-- Dr. H. B. & Miss Horn.
Williamstown... -... Jefferson. ----- John M. Cotton.-.-....
Leavenworth ..--.- Leavenworth..| Dr. J. Stayman--..----.
Williamsburg..---- Franklin... --. DP Hople) cess -s cee
Paola Pees 2 ssn = 2 Wiami:=s- 2.2. 1G) Walrade: .2t525
Lebo tis Se aaa gackson.....--- James Watters, M.D.
Liss oh a Coffey :22-2-= 2 J. G. Shoemaker .-.----
State Agr’l College.) Riley -.--.---. Prof. B. F. Mudge ...--
Council Grove -.--- Mormisie=c2-: A. Woodworth, M. D-.
Woegrlsss .o-52-2---\sButler .:!.25. 0 W.M. Lamb, M.D .-..|
NEBRASKA.
Omaha Agency. - --. Blackbird..... Rey. Wm. Hamilton. -.
DEMS UI SC es Washington -.| Charles Seltz.---..-----
Bellevue. s--5 -.-2.- SHLPY eos osce =e Mrs..E. E. Caldwell... .
Nebraska City..---. OpoOpatets ces Prot.P; Zabuer ---=---
HM ersonees- 255. 5t\2... dord.252) 2: William Dunn ..-..--.
Newcastle :.....--- (ODIs pris io 3 Ses Louis H. Smith ..--.--
Santee Agency .... L’EauquiCourt| George TI. Truman.-.-.
CALIFORNIA.
Monterey ...-.-..-. | Monterey .....| C. A. Canfield, M. D...
Mendocino.......--. Mendocino....| A. W. Thornton, M. D.
Taylprsville......-. Plumas -..-.-.-. Mary E P. Ames-.*-.-
MONTANA TER. | .

Deer Lodge City...| Deer Lodge...

MISSOONR -- 22522522. Missoula..-....
COLORADO TER.

DGNNED Cees cee | Arapahoe.....

Golden City.-..-..-.. Jefferson ... .-

WYOMING TER.

Laramie City -....| Albany .....-.

Granville Stuart..-..-
Jas. M. Minnesinger .-.

Byers & Sopris..-.-..--
G. W. Davies & J. Hall

D. J. Pierce

Date.

rw)
nw)
~
w

10, 25
21, 22, 26.
26

26 |
26 |

re)
1)
29
f=)

ximum tem-
perature.

& os
§

99

92 |

Date.

perature.

Minimum tem-

46

pera-

ture.

Mean tem

Rain-fall.

289
NOTES OF THE WEATHER.

JUNE, 1871.

Mt. Desert, Me.—Fires in forests Ist to 15th; frost 22d; dry spring and
June.

Vest Waterville, Me.—No entire cloudy, one entire clear day; month
dry.

Gardiner, Me—Cool, dry June. Mean heat 0.74° below average of
thirty-five years, (63.81°.) Moisture of past six mons 17.93 inches; in
1870, 23.89 inches.

Cor nish, Me.—Average June heat for forty years 61.759; this year
66.729.

Tamworth, N. H.—Frosts 22d, 30th; month cool and very dry.

Contoocookville, N. H.—¥irst good rain in six weeks 19th; clover blos-
soms 20th.

Amoskeag, N. H.—June calm; little thunder and lightning; frosts
10th, 22d.

Craftsbury, Vt—Thunder-showers 3d, 15th; light frost 22d, sharp 30th.

Woodstock, Vt.—Slight frosts 10th, 17th, 23d, 30th; month dry: ; Springs
low.

West Charlotte, Vt—Auroras 7th, 9th, 17th, 30th; very bright 4th,
8th, 25d, 24th; haying began 30th; getting very dry; crops suffering.

Kingston, Mass.—Distressing drought till 12th; hail 16th; aurora 17th.

TInnenburg, Mass.—Thunder-shower 11th, (was a tornado in neighbor-
ing towns.) June mean temper ature for 1870, 71.019; average 10s thirty-
one years 66.24°.

Southing gton, Conn.—Rain on ten days; all day on 15th and 18th.

Moriches, N. Y.—Save a few days in May, cool weather to 30th.

Garrison's, N. Y.—A cool and rather wet month.

Brooklyn, N. Y.—Earthquake at 10 p. m. 19th; heavy rain; fine June.

New York Cityx—Earthquake felt on Staten and Long Islands at 10
p. m. of 19th, preceded by a rumbling sound, followed by tremulous
motion.

North Hammond, N. Y. Light frosts 17th, 22d, 30th; a cool, rainy
month.

Cazenovia, N. Y.—Thunder-showers 10th, 11th, 15th, with hail 28th.

Depauville, N. Y.—Coolest June in seven years, except in 1869, and
dry in places.

Angelica, N. Y.—Frosts 10th, 16th, 30th; sharp 17th; rain on ten days.

Little Genesee, N. Y.—Dry till latter part, and cool all month; ice 17th.

Bufialo, N. Y.—First strawberries 8th; Isabella grape blossoms 14th.

Newark, N. J.—A delightful month in temperature, and abundantrains.

New Germantown, N. J. —Auroras 21st, 26th; small hail 24th.

Greenwich, N. J.—Wheat harvest 16th; two weeks early; no hot
weather.

Hamlinton, Pa.—Frost 30th; killed some vines; season very dry.

Dyberry, Pa.—F¥irst strawberries 4th.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Territic thunder 24th. Rainiest month since
September, 1868.

Factoryville, Pa.—Cool month ; rains too late to benefit hay crop.

Parkerville, Pa.—Dry till 12th; haying commenced 21st.

Carlisle, Pa.—Cutting clover 5th to 12th, barley 12th, wheat 19th.

Fountain Dale, Paa—May dry, and June till 15th. Harvest early.

York Springs, Pa.—Aurora 10th; wheat harvested by 30th.

Tioga, Pa.—Light frost 17th, hard 30th. Month cold and very dry.

290

Grampian Hills, Pa.—Month variable, last part quite dry.

Greenville, Pa.—Frost 30th, injured corn in some places.

Newcastle, Pan—Heavy northwest winds 10th to 15th; ice 50th.

Milford, Del.—Showers too light to aid early crops of fruit and grass.
Woodlawn, Md.—Auroras 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th; harvest ended 30th.
Sam’s Creek, Md.—Hail 1.5 inches diameter, little damage here, 27th.
Johnsontown, Va.—Raspberries two weeks earlier than usual, 1st.
Hampton, Va.—Only one entirely clear day in June.

Comorn, Va.—Rain-fall of first six months of 1871, 21.56 inches;
average of the six months for twenty-two years, 16.04 inches; June
average of twenty-two years, 3.27 inches.

Vienna, Va.—Aurora 18th; June rather dry; crops backward.

Capeville, Va.—First heavy rain since May 17th—11th, 12th.

Wytheville, Va.—Rains partial; earliest harvest known here.

Statesville, N. C.—Harvest early; rust in oats—first in fifteen years.

Gowdeysville, S. C—Heavy general thunder-storms 23d.

Berne, Ga.—Much thunder and lightning, with heavy rains, this month.

Atlanta, Ga.—Lightning and thunder nearly every day in June.

Coatopa, Ala.—Thunder-showers on sixteen days in June.

Huntsville, Ala—Aurora 18th; many showers 11th to close.

Moulton, Ala.—Warm June; heavy rains; roasting ears on 25th.

Jacksonville, Fla.—Greatest rain-fall known in June; much thunder
and lightning.

- Pilatka, Fla—Rainiest June known, and all thunder-storms.
Oakland, Tex.—Cotton opening 29th; very dry; corn suffering.
Ponchatoula, La.—Thunder-showers in this section every day.
Marion, Miss.—Excessive rains, moist air, high temperature,
Brookhaven, Miss.—Very wet to 11th; high winds 10th, 11th; peaches

11th; katydids 15th. Not one entirely clear day in June.

Clarksville, Ark.—Auroras, faint 12th; rosy streamers 17th.

Elizabethton, Tenn.—Much cioudy weather; hail and gale 25th.

Trenton, Tenn.—A dry month, but not injurious to crops.

Salem, Ohio— Aurora 18th; destructive thunder and hajl storm 25d;
light frost 30th.

Kenton, Ohio.—Grass stiff and white with frost 30th.

Urbana, Ohio.—Beautiful aurora 17th. Harvest two weeks early.

Carthagena, Ohio —Aurora 17th, 18th, 19th; cool 28th to 30th.

Jacksonbury, Ohio—Harvest—barley 5th to 10th, wheat 15th to 22d.

Cincinnati, Ohio.—Auroras 9th, 17th.

Litchfield, Mich.—Frosts—heavy 14th, light 29th, 30th. Seven auro-
ras in June. Crops generally two weeks earlier than usual.

Grand Rapids, Mich—Frosts 9th, 29th; aurora 10th. Month of ex-
tremes.

Benzonia, Mich.—Killing frost 9th. Drought severe.

Vevay, Ind.—Faint aurora 17th; dewberries 24th; haying 27th.

Laconia, Ind.—Month warm and dry ; crops suffering.

Knightstown, Ind.—Wheat harvest ended by 28th.

Laporte, Ind.—Thunder-storms 2d, 6th, 17th, 23d, 24th; aurora 10th.

Rising Sun, Ind.—Wheat cut 12th, (last year 21st;) aurora 18th.

Marengo, Ill.— Auroras 10th, 11th, 17th. Seventeen-year locusts ap-
peared May 27th, very numerous and destructive to tender twigs from
June 8th to 23d, when they began dying off rapidly.

Wyanet, [ll.—Hail-storm 9th; cut grain and other crops badly.

Hennepin, Ill.—Month pleasant; rain well distributed for crops.

Dubois, [1l.— Wheat harvest began 8th; aurora 17th.

Galesburg, I1.—Month warm; frequent thunder-showers.

291

Mt. Sterling, IU.—Bright aurora 10th; wheat harvested 30th.
Augusta, Iil.—Violent gale, thunder-storm 18th; red currants 26th.
Sturgeon Bay, Wis.—Frosts 16th, 21st; sharp 29th.

Geneva, Wis.—Locusts (seventeen-vyear) lst: aurora 10th.

Rocky Run, Wis.—Bright aurora 17th; cherries ripe 20th.

Mosinee, Wis.—Frosts 7th, 16th, 29th, slightly injuring corn; tornado,
thunder-storm, hail, doing some damage to trees and buildings, 18th.

Baraboo, Wis.—Drought to 21st, then rains and floods to 29th never
before equaled here in June. Month cooler than May.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Strawberries 6th. Month cooler than usual.

Litehfield, Minn.—First shower to wet the ground 25th; violent gale,
thunder, hail, doing much damage to crops, 50th.

Durant, Iowa.—Auroras 10th, 17th. Barley harvest began 27th.

Guttenberg, Iowa.—Seventeen-year locusts innumerable this month.

Independence, Lowa.—Many wells dry; streams very low.

Rockford, Iowa.—Heavy rain 22d, 23d; first in a long time.

Boonesboro, fowa.—Hurricane 18th, doing great injury in its course ;
in Carroll County several persons killed and others severely injured.

Sac City, Iowa.—Severe gales 18th, 30th. For fifteen months fine
weather.

Logan, Iowa.—Hottest Juue in twelve years—cucumbers cooked on
the vines.

St. Louis, Mo.—Thunder-shower, hail, 24; blood-red aurora 18th:

Rolla, Mo.—Frequent thunder. Month 5° warmer than last year.

Jefferson City, Mo.— Heavy thunder-storms 16th, 18th; rain all day
24th, 25th; splendid aurora, lighted up the whole horizon, 18th.

Corning, Mo.—Very hot, in the sun, 154° at five p. m. 26th.

Cave Spring, Mo.—Wheat harvest began two weeks earlier than ever
here 3d; ended 22d; oats harvest began 29th.

Paola, Kans.—Ground very wet, hindering farm work, 30th.

Holton, Kans.—Very fine season for farmers, but heavy rains lately.

Burlingame, Kans.—Grand aurora 26th; thunder-storm, wind, rain,
hail, doing much injury to the crops, 28th. \

Council Grove, Kans.—Five days excessively damp air to 3d; again
about the 19th.

Douglass, Kans.—Thunder-storm with tornado 16th; destroyed nearly
all crops in its path, and about one hundred houses in El Dorado.

Santee Agency, Nebr.—Rain and hail 5th, 30th; auroras 10th, 17th.

Bellevue, Nebr.—Hail-storm 8th; auroras 10th, 17th; warm month.

Newcastle, Nebr.—A dry and windy June, with but littlé rain.

Denver, Col—Very heavy thunder and hail storm 20th.

Laramie, Wyo.—Auroras 10th, 22d; hail 26th; hottest month known
here; lightning and thunder frequent; much snow and rain fell on the
hills. We never have smoky days here.

Deer Lodge City, Mont.—Snowed hard, but melted as it fell, 3d; heavy
thunder-storm 13th; very dry month with high winds. .

Missoula Mills, Mont.—Frosts, light 1st, heavy 25th; thunder-showers
2d, 3d, 13th.

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MONTHLY REPORT

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AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER,

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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
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MONTHLY REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICAL DIVISION,
Washington, D. €., September 15, 1871.

Sir: I present herewith for publication a digest of the reports of
August and September upon the condition of the harvested and the
erowing crops of the country, with brief notes from statistical reporters
in relation thereto; also a variety of extracts from the communications
of regular correspondents; articles on the British imports of wheat and
cotton; sugar and molasses crops of Cuba for 1870/71; the “Fultz”
wheat; notice of meeting of the American Pomological Society; a list
of sales of short-horn stock; a mention of personal observations in
Colorado and Wyoming; statistics of live stock, and of flax produc-
tion in Ireland; together with an entomological record, scientific notes,
and a variety of industrial data; a list of fairs for 1870; market prices
of farm products in August and September; meteorological tables and
notes, &e., &e.

Very respectfully,
J. R. DODGE,
Statistician.
Hon. FREDERICK WATTS,
Commissioner.

CONDITION OF CROPS.

Great unevenness, meteorological and statistical, appears in the pres-
ent returns. The most encouraging and very unpromising indications
are presented from the same State, and often from the same district.
Changes in the tenor of returns of the same county from month to month
have sometimes been necessary.

The New England States have had generally a good supply of rain,
with storms of hail, high winds, and at several points a hint of earth-
quakes. July was unusually cold; August generally warmer than
an average temperature for that month. At Cooperstown, N. Y., there
was frost on the 24th of July, and at several points in the same State
the month was recorded as the coolest for several years; while the Au-
gust temperature was exceptionally high. The rain-fall was large dur-
ing both months, particularly in August on the sea-coast. Abundant
moisture, somewhat unevenly distributed in point of space and time,
was enjoyed in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In portions of the At-
Jantic coast, from Delaware to Georgia, drought was suffered, broken
at last by heavy rains; and the season in that district has been marked
by extremes of temperature, the occurrence of cyclones, and other dis-

296

turbances of a meteorological equilibrium. Tennessee has enjoyed very
seasonable weather; the Gulf States have in places suffered somewhat
from absence of rain, and parts of Texas have endured a severe drought
and high temperature. Portions of Michigan and of Lilinois have been
parched with drought. Iowa and Missouri have reported a sufficient

rain-fall in most localities ; and *‘ droughty ” Kansas has been moister
than ever—the meteorologist of Council Grove e reportitg for the season
“over eighty days of clouds obscuring sun’s rays, and more rain than
in any July in ten years, except 1867.7 Hight of the thirteen Kansas
stations reported from six to eight inches of rain in J os Nebraska
had less moisture. °

conwe'"¢

The condition of corn, as reported in the August returns, was high,
except in the Southern States; and the reports of September are equally
favorable in the Eastern and Middle States, still more encouraging in
the States beyond the Mississippi and Missouri, and somewhat “less SO
in the States of the Ohio Valley. Those below an average in the
great corn-producing district are: Kentucky, 85 per cent. ; ‘Ohio, 9 8
Michigan, 93; Indiana, 97; Illinois, 95. Those above an average: Wis.
consin, 109; Minnesota, 108; Low at 113; Missouri, 108; Kansas, iL Lys
Nebraska, 112,

The noticeable local facts aad oS this crop will be given in brief
detail. In several counties in Maine, grasshoppers have wrought some
injury. The crop is somewhat later than usual in some parts of Ver-
mont. In New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con-
necticut the crop will be large.

in Niagara County, New York, some fields have been nearly ruined
by a season of dry weather, said to be unexampled in thirty years.
Depreciation from a similar cause exists in Steuben, where much has been
cut up for fodder; and also in Erie. In Hunterdon County, New Jersey, a
loss of one-half by ‘‘the white grub” is reported, and worms have been
injurious in Warren. Reports are quite favorable from Pennsylvania;
with few exceptions, as in the cases of early planting on heavy, wet
soils, and late planting on lighter lands subject to drought.

Cumberland County, Pa.—The crop is very flourishing in the eastern part of the county,
but not so heavy in the western.

Warren County, Pa.—July and August much too dry for this crop.

Chester County, Pa.—Those fields not seriously injured by the cold, wet spring, and by
birds and worms, will give a heavy yield. Many fields have only half a set.

Mifflin County, Pa.—Will be a very large crop if not injured by frost.

The prospect has brightened in Maryland during the past month, and
an average crop will be gathered. On the Chesapeake it is ripening

earlier than usual. In Virginia, a very fine prospect is reported from
Princess Anne, Nansemond, Henrico, and Surry, while drought is
materially shortening the crop in Nelson, Buckingham, Madison, Amelia,
Pulaski, Bath, Highland, Louisa, Rappahannock, and Augusta.

Paty County, Va.—The crop was terribly injured by drought, but has improved
beyond expectation.

King George County, Va.—Unusually abundant in the upper section of the county,
but suffered for want of rain in the eastern section. In favored portions the yield is
50 per cent. above that of last year.

The crop of North Carolina will be diminished somewhat by drought,
though several counties claim a prospect for more than an ayerage yield.

Mecklenburg County, N. C.—About half a crop on upland. No rain for ten weexs suf-
ficient to wet the ground for plowing.

297

Hertford County, N. C.—The late rains have greatly improved the corn Laney and the
yield will probably be better than at any time since 1865.

Franklin County, N. C.—Though the yield per acre will be short, the pee acre-
age will insure enough for home consumption.

“Gaston County, N. C.—Promised well until August ; after which, on account of the dry
weather, it fell off rapidly. Droughts in July and August always prove fatal to crops
on the high lands of this county.

Caswell, County, N. C—Fully equal to the crop of last year, notwithstanding the
drought from the 15th of June to the latter part of July.

In Ashe County the crop has been seriously injured by a violent
Storm. Similar accounts of drought come from South Carolina, with
statements indicating considerable amelioration from recent rains.

Fairfield County, S. C.-—The early planting matured prior to the drought. The as
planting is almost entirely destroyed.
Union County, 8. C.—Late crop injured one-half by drought. Early corn, well culti-
vated, is good.
Horry County, S. C.—Reduced by drought, but the crop will be somewhat above that
of last year.

Losses in several counties in Georgia have resulted from severe storms,
yet a greater injury has been caused by drought.

Hancock County, Ga.—Late ‘and lowland corn cut short by drought, following the
excessive rains of spring.and early summer.

Clay County, Ga.—Suticient corn has been made to supply the wants of this section.
There is a growing disposition to gather hay, raise hogs, cattle, and sheep, and to make
the farm self-sustaining.

Butis County, Ga.—On bottom land, inferior—too much rain; that on upland is suf-
ficiently good to compensate for loss on the bottoms, making together an average crop.

In the bottom lands which were not too wet in spring a good crop is
assured; on uplands not retentive of moisture corn will be light. In
Marshall County, ‘nearly one-fourth of the crop will be lost by being
blown down during the rains of the last month.” In Mississippi the
crop has improved since last month, though local depreciation is reported
at several points, the injury being caused by rain in one place and
drought in another. The principal injury of the crop of F lorida was
wrought by the cyclone of August 17 and 18.

Levy County, Fla.—Crop harvested, cris badly injured by the storm.

Nassau County, Fla.—Whole valley of the St. Mary inundated by the suecessive gales,
with heavy rains, and crops are utterly ruined in most places.

The reports of injury from drought in Texas are more numerous than
elsewhere. Some counties will still have a surplus, while others wiil
searcely be able to supply the home consumption.

Uvalde County, Texas.—Fully matured. Average on irrigated lands, 35 bushels per
acre; fields not irrigated, 10 bushels; quality inferior.

Kendall County, Texas.—Yield hardly 8 bushels per acre. Cause, the unprecedented
dry season.

Coryell County, Texas.—Cut short one-half by drought. Not a drop of rain for thir-
teen weeks.

Williamson County, Texas——Injured by drought. No rain from 12th of May to 16th
of August.

Colorado County, Texas.—A full average, though the drought cut off late planted corn.
The increased acreage makes up the average.

A full average will be realized in Arkansas, notwithstanding the dry
weather of August. In the vicinity of Independence, “ the large yield,
with the increase of acreage, promises an abundance which has had no

equal since North Arkansas has been settled.” It is stated that very
little corn will be needed for fattening hogs, as “the forest trees are
breaking with their load of mast.” The middle and eastern counties of
Tennessee have had a very dry season, which has reduced the yield of
corn. That which was planted early in deep soil is heavy, while fields
planted after the middle of May are, in many places, of little value. In

298

Fayette County, while the drought has pinched the ears and reduced
the size of the g grains, the best crop gathered since the war is expected.

Complaint of injury from dry weather comes from the southern por-
tion of West Virginia. In many fields the stalks were dry before the
ears were half filled. Injury from the same cause has resulted through-
out a large portion of Kentucky. The lighter: uplands in Ohio have
been too dry, and the crop in some places will be much reduced.

Morrow County, Ohio.— Drought severely affected the corn; many fields cut to save
the fodder.

Franklin County, Ohio. —Drought, in the south half of the county, cut short the corn
50 per cent.; in the north half, “the low, black lands return an excellent crop; the up-
lands 25 per cent. short.

Scioto County, Ohio—Drought caught our splendid corn crop just as it was shooting,
and cut it down 25 per cent. ‘below last report.

Mercer County, Ohio —Chinch-bug injuring corn in some localities.

Notwithstanding the depreciation in certain soils and districts, the
crop of Ohio will not be much below an average. In Michigan the loss
is greater. Some fields have been cut up for fodder. Yet there are
counties which report a larger yield than ever before. Portions of Indi-
ana have been very dry, but recent rains have greatly improved the
crop. In Putnam it is said that “‘corn has matured beyond expecta-
tion in spite of the drought, and will yield a full average ;” in Dubois
it was ‘“‘never better ;” in La Grange, though the large expectation at
first entertained has been reduced 25 per cent., an average quantity is
still expected. An immense yield was anticipated in Illinois prior to
numerous local drawbacks, from drought, hail-storms, and chinch-bugs.
The report from Lake—“ the promise of a prodigious yield has subsided
into an average crop”—is not far from a fair summary of the entire re-
turns. The crop will be large in Missouri. :

Audrain County, Mo.—Ten days ago there was promise of the heaviest corn crop
ever produced in the county ; chinch- bugs have since cut it down to an average.

Monroe County, Mo.—Corn injured by ‘the chinch- bug, yet the crop is larger | than for
six years.

Bates County, Mo.—Corn crop has not been so good for ten yearsas now. The aver-
age for the county will be 60 bushels.

Linn County, Mo.—Chinch- bugs, a new swarm, have for twenty-five days been wast- -
ing the corn crop; otherwise it would have been 40 or 50 per cent. larger than usual.

Harrison C founty, Afo.— Corn maturing well, though somewhat injured | by chinch and
grub worm.

Mercer County, Mo.—Corn crop better than we ever had before.

Schuyler County, Mo.—In spite of drought, corn will be above an average.

Wisconsin and Minnesota have large crops. There has been some
injury from drought in the former State, but no reports of depreciation
from this cause have come from the latter.

Blue Earth County, Minn—Corn splendid; out of the way of frost; a hail-storm.
destroyed 767 acres of corn.

Winona County, Minn.—Corn mostly cut up and out of the way. of frost.

-In lowa, Kansas, and Nebraska a considerable increase in quantity
is assured. he following items are specimens of the returns:

Washington County, Jowa.—Corn magnificent; one field, by actual count, averaged
four ears to the hill.

Clinton County, Iowa.—Corn crop made; the best for ten years.

Appanoose County, Iowa.—Corn, though materially injured by chinch, will exceed last
year’s crop.

Boone County, Iowa.—Farmers lamenting the low price of corn, caused by its super-
abundance.

Carroll County, Iowa. —Corn not filling out well; heavy wind-storms have loosened
the roots.

Hardin County, Iowa.—Corn heavy and far advanced; nearly out of danger from
frost.

Jasper County, Iowa.—Corn crop the best in sixteen years, and cut of danger from
frost; saw a load of new corn in market to-day.

Pe)

Douglas County, Kansas.—Corn two weeks earlier than usual. It is already being
cut.

Shawnee County, Kansas.—Corn will be a heavy crop.

Republic County, Kansas.—Chinch-bugs thick on corn; also a great deal of smut,
which old farmers here say is a sign of a good crop.

Jackson County, Kansas.—Corn may make heavy yield in spite of the chinch.

Aitchison County, Kansas.—Corn crop will be a third less than was anticipated.

Neosho County, Kansas.—Corn remarkably forward and good; will probably average
50 bushels per acre. ‘

Butler County, Kansas.—Corn crop better than ever known.

Howard County, Kansas.—Corn could not be better.

WHEAT.

The wheat report is far less favorable than the returns of spring and
early summer, except as far as relates to the Eastern and Middle States.
The condition of wheat at the time of harvesting is thus stated: Above
an average—New Hampshire, 104; Massachusetts, 101; New York,
102; New Jersey, 110; Pennsylvania, 107; Maryland, 102; Michigan,
106. Below an average—Maine, 95; Vermont, 99; Delaware, 97; Vir-
ginia, 79; North Carolina, 59; South Carolina, 53; Georgia, 52; Ala-
bama, 65; Mississippi, 94; Texas, 84; Arkansas, 70; Tennessee, 70; West
Virginia, 94; Kentucky, 65; Missouri, 97; [llinois, 92; Indiana, 91;
Ohio, 99; Wisconsin, 94; Minnesota, 80; Iowa, 90; Kansas, 98; Ne-
braska, 80; California, 75; Oregon, 95.

The amount grown in the South is small, and low condition there will
affect the supply but little. The depreciation is about 10 per cent. in
the West, which will be partially offset by increase of area.

The proportion of counties, in this section, in which the condition of
the crop is above an average, may be understood from an analysis of
160 returns, as follows:

Over 100. At 100. Under 100.

Ong! aos PS Wie MORN ide ne bs Sgt EMI Bea 14 22, 10
TLL TING ea fe aa Saget IG Sa ate aed it SRC a 7 14 19
ROIS es See LS Ne liter ye . uaa 13 13 23
Owe a oe oes LSA eat aN Re QR oe al 19 18

The following items from crop reports indicate some of the local
aspects of these returns:

Penobscot County, Me.—Dry weather has injured the crop.
Somerset County, Me.—Average not more than 15 bushels per acre.
Androscoggin County, Me.—In good condition as to quality, but little sown, and injured
by grasshoppers.
Oxford County, Me.—Generally of good quality, sometimes pinched by drought.
Sagadahoc County, Me.—Considerably injured by drought and grasshoppers.
Orange County, Vt.—A good crop.
Caledonia County, Vti—Light growth, but well filled.
Otsego County, N. Y.—Yery fine crop, but injured in harvesting by rains.
Washington County, N. ¥.—Quality of spring wheat injured by heavy rains.
Livingston County, N. Y.—The crop turns out better than was expected. Have not
seen a poor piece in the county this season.
Seneca County, N. Y.—Never had such a yield, and the quality is fine.
Burlington County, N. J—A good yield. On a field of thirteen acres 412 bushels were
raised, and several farmers report over 30 bushels to the aere.
Union County, N. J—The crop was never better.
Cumberland County, N. J.—The quality 1s better than last year, when it was below the
average. ;
; Lancaster County, Pa.—The harvest was earlier than ever known, and the yield is
arge. S
Westmoreland County, Pa—Quality uniformly superior.
Luzerne County, Pa.—A larger yield per acre than for many years.
Berks County, Pa.—A larger yield per acre than last year, and of the very best quality.
_ Armstrong County, Pa.—Plump and heavy, and good bulk of straw, which will be
used as fodder.

, 300°

Northumberland County, Pa.—Yield better than that of 1870. Berry plump and of
superior quality.

Mifilin County, Pa.—Better than ever before. A new variety, called Fultz, has been
yielding from 30 to 45 bushels per acre.

Clearfield County, Pa—Much superior to the yield of past seasons, and quality good.

Prince George's County, Md.—A poor crop—not well filled.

Worcester County, Md.—On white clay soil the best crop in twenty years, but on the
seaside almost wholly destroyed by rust.

Washington County, Md—Much over an average crop.

Nansemond County, Va.—More than an average yield was expected, but on being
thrashed it fell short surprisingly.

Nelson County, Va.—Quality very fair, but yield light, falling below the estimates
made before harvest, in most cases.

Mecklenburgh County, Va.—Almost an entire failure. Many pieces scarcely returned
seed. ,

King William County, Va.—A lamentable failure.

Orange County, Va.—Quality fine, but yield much less than was expected.

Middlesex County, Va.—Not over half a crop, on account of rust.

Amelia County, Va.—Very nearly a failure; the best yield is five bushels for one of
seed. Drought has greatly injured crops generally.

Pulaski County, Va.—Thin, and does not yield well in proportion to straw.

Louisa County, Va.—Not more than half an average crop.

Surry County, Va.—Small area planted; crop good.

Augusta County, Va.—Injured by the fly. The stand at harvest was very thin, but
the berry is plump and heavy.

Mecklenburgh County, N. C.—Average yield not over 3 bushels to the acre. . Quality
poor. Weight about 50 pounds. :

Person County, N. C.—Crop much injured by rust. Average yield, 3 bushels to the
acre.

Hertford County, N. C.—Greatly injured by rust. Yield will not average more than
5 bushels to the acre.

Tyrell County, N. C—Wheat culture abandoned in this county on account of the
rust.

Currituck County, N. C—Badly damaged by rust. But little grown in the county.

Gaston County, N. C.—The crop is an utter failure.

Davie County, N. C.—About half a crop in a portion of the county, and three-fourths
in the other portion.

Lenoir County, N. C—Damaged seriously by rust.

Caswell County, N. C—The most inferior crop for twenty years. Rust. Not over 3
bushels per acre.

Stokes County, N. C.—Three bushels per acre. - Rust.

Perquimons County, N. C.—Almost a dead failure. 34 to 4 bushels to the acre.

Camden County, N. C.—The crop in this and adjoining counties has been almost aban-
doned, ow ing to the red rust. The best yield, 8 bushels per acre, from Pennsylvania
red wheat.’ “Average, from ordinary seed, 2 to 3 bushels.

Yadkin County, N. C.—Yield, 4 to 5 bushels. Badly injured by rust.

Randolph County, N. C.—Lightest crop since 1850. Average, 4 bushels per acre.

« Burke County, N. C—Not more than half a crop. On our rich bottom-lands wheat
was almost an entire failure.

Stanly County, N. C.—Average does not exceed 3 bushels per acre. Late wheat
~ suffered most. We have a red-wheat here, called spring-wheat, but which has to be
sown in the fall, that generally succeeds when other varieties fail, on account, it i¢
thought, of its having bloomed when the rainy season has fairly set in. The ‘great
desideratum among wheat-growers in this section is a very early wheat that will meet
the alterations of the seasons.

Alleghany County, N. C—Wheat was thin on the ground, but good in the head.
Average yield, 5 to 8 bushels.

Wake County, N. C.—Hardly half an average crop, and very inferior in quality.

Orangeburgh County, S. C.—Rust prevailed ‘ ‘generally. Average yield not more than
3¢ bushels.

York County, S. C.—Very poor crop in quality and quantity.

Chester County, S.C.—Complete failure. Rust. Yield aboutequal to theseed planted.

Spartanburgh County, S. C—Quality inferior. Many farmers made less than they
sowed.

Clayton County, Ga.—Rust reduced the crop to an average of 3 bushels per acre.

Melton County, Ga.—Almost a total failure. 14 bushels to the acre, and that inferior.

Jackson County, Ga.—Almost an entire failure. What was made is so small and
withered that the yield of flour is small.

Gwinnett County, Ga—A failure. Average yield will not exceed 2} bushels.

S60), ) :

Forsyth County, Ga—Ayerage yield this year about 2 bushels. Usual product about
7 bushels. ;

Murray County, Ga.—Yield about three pecks to the acre, and that almost worthless.
The heads did not average more than three to five grains, and these were injured by
rust.

Chattooga County, Ga.—So much injured by rust that a great deal that was sown
was not harvested. Yield not over 2 bushels per acre, on an average.

Madison County, Ga.—Average yield about 3 bushels ; quality very inferior.

Lawrence County, Ala.—Almost a failure. Bad culture and rust.

Etowah County, Ala.—Nearly a complete failure. Average not over 3 bushels per
acre.

Rankin County, Miss.
none was gathered.

Red River County, Texas.—Previous to 1865 the average yield of wheat was 16 bush-
els. Since that time about 10 bushels, owing to the increase of rain and cold weather
in March and April.

Bandera County, Texas—Spring-wheat a failure, owing to the drought during. the
summer months.” Winter-wheat averaged about 10 bushels to the acre; about one-
half the yield in a favorable season with good cultivation.

Columbia County, Ark—Crop unusually poor; average per acre not over 5 bushels.
Many fields were not cut at all.

Montgomery County, Ark.—Yield will not average more than 5 bushels per acre.
Worse than ever before. ;

Independence County, Ark.—Average less than 5 bushels, and the quality very inferior.
Rust attacked every field in the county.

Newton County, Ark.—aA failure throughout the county.

Stewart County, Tenn.—About one-third of an average crop, Some crops barely
returned the seed.

Montgomery County, Tenn.—Scarcely 21 bushels to the acre. It scarcely looks like
wheat. We are importing our seed-wheat and flour also to some extent.

Campbell County, Tenn.—Crop damaged by late frost, rust, and the fly.

Greene County, Tenn.—Some fields not cut at all; very few crops of average yield ;
not more than 4 bushels harvested to the acre, on an average.

Humphreys Gounty, Tenn.—Many fields ruined by rust. Late sowing and the imper-
fect manner in which it is put in are considered causes of the poor crops.

Lauderdale County, Tenn.—Will not average more than 3 bushels per acre, owing to
rust, which is almost sure to damage late-sown wheat.

Nichols County, W. Va.—Wheat, half a crop; injured by fly and rust. The new
variety of German wheat sent by the Department was damaged by rust and weevil.
Tappahannock does best, maturing before the time for rust or insects.

Tyler County, W. Va.—Wheat, average yield greatly reduced by frost, fly, and rust ;
many fields, however, above the usual average.

Hart County, Ky.—Wheat crop light; many large farmers did not cut any. Bye
yielded better in straw than grain.

Henry County, Ky.—Wh®at yield has fallen short of expectations; crops estimated at
12 and 15 bushels yield but half that amount.

Carroll County, Ky.—The frost of April greatly injured wheat on the low lands on the
Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. Crops on the high lands not injured, but the falling off on
the river crops makes the average low, perhaps 12 bushe!s’to the acre.

St. Joseph County, Mo.— Wheat averages 20 bushels, ranging from 8 to 43. :

Monroe County, Mo.—Wheat more or less injured by chinch, yet more wheat has been
raised than during any former year of the last six.

Worth County, Mo.—Wheat averages, per acre, not over 8 bushels. Spring-wheat will
not return the seed, while winter-wheat averages 12 bushels. The failure of spring-
wheat directed general attention to buckwheat.

Holt County, Mo.—Spring-wheat will average 15 bushels, and winter wheat 17 bushels
per acre.

Clinton County, Mo.—Winter-wheat averages 15 bushels per acre ; spring-wheat nearly
all destroyed by chineh-bugs; will not average over 2 bushels.

Miller County, Mo.—Tappahannock wheat will average 20 bushels, and other varie-
ties 12 bushels per acre.

Cole County, Mo.—Wheat average less than 15 bushels per acre. Tappahannock, (re-
ceived from the Department,) 20 bushels, in good ground. Quality of the crops 30 per
cent. above average.

_ Schuyler County, Mo.—Winter-wheat averages 15 bushels; spring-wheat completely
destroyed by chinch.

Grundy County, Il.—Spring-wheat almost totally destroyed; not one-twentieth of
the area planted was harvested. Winter-wheat but little raised; average 25 bushels
per acre.

Little wheat sown last fall, which was so badly rusted that

. 302

Loone Connty, Iil.—Wheat averages 11 bushels; crops By down by chinch-bugs, in
the northern part of the county, to 5 bushels.

Schuyler County, IU. —Spring-whe: it destroyed by chinch; winkesSameee averages 19
bushels; some crops average 41 bushels.

Tazewell County, [1l.—W inter-wheat aver ages 20 bushels per acre.

Sangamon County, Ll. —Spr ine-wheat a failure ; ; winter-wheat, 23 bushels per acre.

Marshall County, [1].—Spring-wheat almost a failure; but one- -third of the area planted
was harvested ; winter- wheat ay erages 22 bushels.

Pulaski County, Ill.—Though some fields reach an average of 20 and 30 bushels, the
imperfect modes of culture bring down the general avy erage to 10.

Fulton County, Iil.—W inter-w heat, the first I have seen in thirty-six years’ farming in
Illinois, averaged 30 bushels, ranging from 25 to 40. Spring-wheat will not return ‘the
seed. Winter will hereafter be sown more extensively.

Pike County, Ill.—Wheat averages 14 bushels, with very heavy straw; best varieties
Walker, Genesee, Gold Drop, and Mediterranean. The White and Red May, Blue Stem,
and Tappahannock did not do so well. More smut than I ever saw before.

Peoria County, [il—Spring-wheat eaten by chinch. Winter-wheat but little-sown,
but of excellent yield; averages of 22 bushels reported.

‘Hancock County, Tll.—Wheat averages 22 bushels, single fields being reported as
high as 38, and very few below 20 bushels. Spring-wheat eaten by chinch. Rye aver-
ages considerably less than winter-wheat.

“Steuben County, Ind.—Yield in timber-land, 30 bushels per acre; partial prairie, 20!
bushels per acre; harvested in fine condition, ‘and more has been raised in the county
than ever before, the acreage having been largely increased.

Madison Coun ty, Ind.—Wheat averages 9 bushels; injured by rust and fly.

Ripley County, Ind.—W heat turning ¢ out badly ; injured by rust.

Cass County, Ind.—I have just thrashed out’ of Tappahannock, 21 bushels per acre,
weighing 61 pounds per bushel.

Carroll County, Ind.—Rust, fly, and bad weather have cut down the tata average to
10 bushels.

Harrison County, Ind.—Wheat averages not over 5 bushels; quality inferior.

Morrow County, Chio.—W heat averages 12 bushels; 50 per cent. below anticipations ;
some fields injured by frost ; -quality inferior.

Vinton County Ohio.—W heat av erages this year 7 bushels; general average, 10; in-
_ jured by rust and fly.

Hardin County, Ohio.— Wheat averages 12 bushels; grain shrunk and lighter than last

ear.
2 Ashland County, Ohio— Wheat crop averages 18 bushels; very good quality.

Calhoun County, Mich—Wheat yield per acre varies. One field of Tappahannock
yielded 40 busheis per acre, and a neighboring field of Diehl, 34. General average
about 20 bushels, as sound as was ever made into flour. Chief varieties, Diehl, Tread-
well, and Tappahannock. ;

Shiawassee County, Mich.—Yield of wheat greater than usual, averaging 25 bushels ;
some fields 40 bushels.

Newaygo County, Mich.— Wheat, in spite of frost, more thanan average crop; averag-
ing’ 17 bushels per acre; quality unusually good; weighs 64$ pounds per bushel.

Mecosta County, Mich.—W inter-wheat better than usual; some fields not affected by
frost ; average 40 bushels.

Washington County, Wis.—Club-wheat a failure, ranging from 7 to 12 bushels per
acre. It is the main crop of the county. Rio Grande ‘and Mammoth are plump and of
good color, ranging from 14 to 21 bushels per acre ; winter-wheat yields from 18 to 30
bushels, but there is but little sown.

Jackson County, Wis.—Spring-wheat will average 8 bushels; winter, 15; average
reduced by extreme drought in May and June.

Sherburne County, Minn.—Wheat crop suffered from drought, but late raius have
benefited it; quality good; housed in good condition.

Washington County, Lowa. Wheat averages 20 bushels; quality fine; housed in good
order with favorable weather.

Tama County, Iowa.—Wheat averages 11 bushels; quality good; price at the station,
85 to 90 cents.

Dubuque County, Iowa.—Wheat averages 15 bushels; my crop of white Michigan, 25
bushels.

Allamakee County, lowa.—Spring-wheat averages 13 bushels; winter-wheat 17; quality
better than for many years, weighing 60 pounds per bushel.

Appanoose County, Iowa. —Wheat crop a failure; 95 per cent. of if spring-wheat, of
which I cannot hear of a single bushel saved from the chinch-bugs.

Shelby County, Iowa.—About a quarter of the wheat crop has been thrashed, showing
an average of 114 bushels.

Hancock County, fowa.—Wheat never better in quality, but below average in quan-

303 Ayn

tity ; average yield not over 10 bushels per acre. This is our second light crop and
worse than last year; cropinjured by drought.

Labeite County, Kans.—Wheat averages 1D bushels; rye 16; chinch nearly destroyed
the late wheat, greatly reducing our usual av erage. They swept many fields of every-
thing green.

Wilson County, Kans.—Average yield of wheat 18 bushels. <A field of ‘Red Sea
yielded 28? per acre. An unknown variety is reported as yielding an average of ae

Anderson County, Kans—May-wheat averages 8 bushels; nearly run out from long
use; Lancaster 20; white-wheat 22. All new varieties have done well.

Cloud County, Kans.—F all-wheat very fine; average yield 274 bushels, in some cases
reaching 54 bushels. Spring-wheat below average.

Linn County, Kans.—Wheat will average 12 bushels in spite of chinch.

Jefferson County, Kans.— Average yield of wheat less than was expected from the
growth of straw ; average about 18 bushels, some crops reaching 42 bushels; weight
per bushel unusually heav y-

Washington County, Kans.—Spring-wheat falls far short of the average, but winter-
wheat is good, and, on the whole, the crop is about an average one. The chinch-bug
damaged ‘the spring- wheat.

Dakota County, Nebr.—Wheat averages 18 bushels ; quality superior.

Nemeha County, Nebr.—W inter-w heat will average 24 bushels; spring-wheat nearly
destroyed by chinch; will not average over three bushels.

Cuming County, Nebr.— Wheat averages 8 bushels; the lightest crop ever raised here ;
injured by rust.

Dixon County, Nebri—Wheat crop very bad; many fields not cut; others mowed for
fodder; cause of this failure, drought. Arnautka spring-wheat did well.

Johnson County, Nebr _—Spring- wheat amounts to almost nothing, in consequence of
the depredations of the chinch. Some fields entirely destroyed ; others yield 2 bushels,
and the best fields but 12 bushels. per acre. What little winter-wheat was sown did
well. Hereafter but little spring-wheat will be sown, most of our farmers intending
to sow the fall-wheat.

Del Norte County, Cal. heat averages 20 bushels.

Lake County, Cal—Wheat-thrashing two weeks later than last year; quantity and
quality better than was expected.

San Joaquin County, Cal.—Not one acre in twenty cultivated in wheat produced 5
bushels. River bottoms that had been flooded produced from 15 to 16 bushels, thus
demonstrating the necessity of irrigation.

Colusa County, Cal.—Wheat almost a total failure, except in a small area in the upper
end of the county.

Stanislaus County, Cal—I have heard from every thrashing-machine in the county,
and find the amount of wheat threshed to be 210,565 bushels—about one bushel
to each acre planted. Of barley, 90,251 bushels. Our thrashing-machine has just
finished thrashing 24,000 bushels of wheat in Tuolumne County, where none has here-
tofore been raised.

Lane County, Oreg.— Wheat averages about 22 bushels; county capable of much better
yield with high cultivation.

Marion County, Oreg.—W inter- Ghent will average 25 bushels; spring-wheat, sowed
before the long rain of April, about the same; that sowed afterwards is scarcely worth
harvesting. Straw short, but heads long and beautiful.

Conejos ‘County, Colo.—W heat not harvested ; grasshoppers have done great mischief
to the crops.

Beaver County, Utah.—Yield of wheat decreased, as also that of barley, by rayages of
grasshoppers.

Kane County, Utah.—Wheat destroyed to a great extent by birds, especially by a
striped-headed sparrow.

Salt Lake County, Utah.—Average yield of wheat 28} bushels; no grasshoppers yet.

Tooele County, Utah.—Wheat averages 30 bushels.

Ada County, Idaho.—Wheat averages, probably, 15 bushels. Season the most unfavor-
able since the settlement of the Territory ; ; sudden and annoying extremes of tempera-
ture, and great dryness.

Gallatin Count, y, Mont.—Wheat averages 25 bushels; unusually large:

Choctaw Nation, Indian Ter.—Wheat averages 15 bushels; very little sown.

e

OATS.

The oats crop is not a full one, though the deficiency will be small.
The States reporting an average crop are New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Mississippi, Wisconsin,
Iowa. The depreciation, as represented by the last reports, amounts to
18 per cent. in New Jersey, 8 in Pennsy Ivania, 8 in West Virginia, 4 in

304

Kentucky, 10 in Missouri, 5 in Illinois, 4 in Indiana, 5 in Minnesota, 3
in Kansas, 14 in Nebraska, 20 in California, and 10 in Oregon. A small
yield on a small area is generally reported in the South.

Chesterfield County, S. C.—A failure; not yielding the amount of seed planted.
Jackson County, Ga.—Spring-sown crop entirely destroyed by rust. Fall-sown, good,
when not killed ont by hard weather in the winter.
Kendall County, Texas.—What little oats were planted did well.
Marshall County, W. Va.—Oats will probably average 45 bushels; the iv aaet crop
ever raised.
Shelby County, Ky.—Cats average 38 bushels.
Hardin County, T y average; damaged by rust before harvesting.
Vernon County, ie Cinch. bugs have nearly ruined the oats crop; average yield
10.6 bushels.
St. Francois County, Mfo.—Oats deficient in quantity, but of good quality.
New Madrid County, Mo.—Short crop, owing to cold, wet weather at seeding time.
Livingston County, [1l.—Oats have thrashed out from 35 to 40 bushels per acre.
Lake County, 1ul.—Oats yield good; crops will average 45 bushels.
Cass County, Ind.—Swedish oats the favorite variety ; it yields 30 bushels of 40 pounds
each per acre. Black Norway yields 40 bushels of 30 poynds each.
Richland County, Ohio.—Oats will average 40 bushels; one field, perhaps, 75 bushels
er acre.
a Van Buren County, Mich.—Oats turned out better than was expected during the
drought. Later rains have made the heads fill out well on short straw.
Clinton County, Mich.—Oats, in spite of drought, reach their usual average of 40
bushels.
Mecosta County, Mich.—Oats thrash out better than was expected.
Green County, Wis——The oats crop of this year was never excelled; average yield,
50 bushels per acre.
Fillmore County, Minn.—Oats heavier than last year.
Greene County, Lowa.—Common white oats a full crop; Norway and Surprise, rather
failures.
Pranklin County, Iowa.—Oats will average from 50 to 60 bushels. My oats thrashed
out 70. Varieties, Black and Surprise.
Osage County, Kans.—Oats light, on account of chinch.
Curry County, Oreg.—Late-sown oats badly rusted; early sown, bright and sound.
Marion County, Oreg—Oats sown after the April rain scarcely worth harvesting.
Beaver County, Uiah.—Gyrasshoppers and hares have cut down the oats crop.

OTHER GRAINS.

Barley is generally reported in condition below an average, except in
a few of the States. Among the most favored are New York, Ohio, In-
diana, and Wisconsin.

Buckwheat will also be less in quantity than usual, The Western
States promising full supplies are Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kan-
sas. An average depreciation of 10 per cent. may be expected.

Rye is in nearly average condition, the heaviest depreciation in
the South.

Penobscot County, Me.—Barley injured by dry weather.

Androscoggin County, Me.—Barley ruined by grasshoppers.

Oxford County, Me.—But little rye sown; condition good. Barley good.

Caledonia County, Vt.—Barley good.

Columbia County, N. ¥.—Barley is shorter in head than usual. <A large quantity of
rye was sown in August.

Washington County, N. Y.—Rye was much of it sprouted before being housed.

Seneca County, N. Y.—Many pieces are yielding 50 bushels per acre of barley.

Sussex County, N. J—Rye excellent.

King George County, Va.—Rye is a light crop.

Androscoggin County, Me.—Buckw heat did not fill.

Columbia County, N. Y.—A large quantity of buckwheat was sown in the eastern
portion of the county, and promises a large yield.

Northumberland County, Pa.—Early sown buckwheat is not so good as that sown late
in July.

Highland County, Va.—Noi over one-fourth of an average crop of buckwheat expected.
Crop blasted.

oU5
COTTON.

No cotton erop reports purporting to have come from the Department
of Agriculture during the past month have been genuine. The items
n circulation, often contradictory in tenor, assumed to be official, have
had no origin in the statistical data of this office.* . The returns of August
and September include reports from about four hundred cotton-growing
counties, representing a very large proportion of the cotton area. Those
for August point to an average condition of the crop, almost identical
with that of the preceding report, the averages for Alabama and Missis-:
sippi being the same; those of Louisiana, Ar kansas, and Tennessee being
higher, and those of the other cotton States being lower. The State
averages of the September report are somewhat lower than those of
August, though the principal depreciation occurs in States which yield
a small. proportion of the crop, while the reduction is slight in the dis-
trict represented by the States of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Louisiana. The percentage of full condition, as averaged from all
attainable data, is thus stated: North Carolina, 82; South Carolina, 80;
Georgia, 78; Florida, 75; Alabama, 80; Mississippi, 80; Louisiana, TT:
Texas, 80; Arkansas, 95: Tennessee, 96.

There are reports of injuries by the boll-worm and caterpillar, mainly
in Mississippi and Louisiana, but no evidence that a general or very
serious loss from insects is probable. tust is common in the Atlantic
States, and tosome extent on the Gulf coast. Drought has been injurious
in the Carolinas and in Texas, though the reports of rain-fall through
the South indicate a fair supply of moisture, the distribution of which
has been somewhat more unequal than usual. At one point in Georgia
the fall in August was nearly fourteen inches, and in parts of EF Florida it
amounted to ‘twenty- three inches. These variable atmospheric condi-
tions have increased the prevalence of rust, and caused the destruction
both of leaves and fruit. These drawbacks, though greater than those
reported in September of last year, are not sufficiently serious to excite
apprehensions of a greatly depreciated yield. They are reported each
year in some portions of the cotton area. In the record of last year
there was “considerable complaint of damage to the cotton erop from
rust, worms, and unfavorable August weather.”

These facts donot point to an enlargement of the expectation hitherto
indulged. If they are reliable, the most favorable season could scarcely
bring a crop exceeding three and one-third millions of bales; if the
growing season should be short or unfavorable, three millions would be
a good result. With the-combination of unfavorable circumstances, the
product might be still further reduced.

The local history of the crop makes a wonderfully variable record.

* The Statistician has no occasion for explanation or apology on account of official
crop statements. Their intended meaning is sufficiently plain for honest investigators
of facts. Persons engaged in reckless speculation may be expected to garble quota-
tions, pervert language, and force conclusions that are plainly illogical and false. It
may not be possible to protect conscientious inquiry against the influence of these
perversions. The public should discriminate carefully between statements that are
official and those which are deliberately fabricated, as well as those, by mistake,
assumed to be official, or credited to this office. While the statistical reports need no
vindication, the burden of fabr ications, misrepresentations, and false assumptions, which
increase with the furor of speculation, should not be augmented by a thoughtless lack
of public discrimination. As to oceasional newspaper charges of éollusion : among our
correspondents, in aid of speculation, or of interested motives of the Commissioner or
Statistician, it is creditable to the good sense and honesty of the fraternity that they
are few, and gratifying to know that those few are from irresponsible or PRelneaves
sources,

306

Storms have wrought injury at one point, and drought has been notice-
ably severe in a neighboring county; an average healthfulness and
growth are reported at one point, near to which comparative desolation
appears toreign. One field or district may have a deep and well-prepared
soil, with clean after-culture, and be able to defy ordinary drought;
another is thin .and poor, imperfectly cultivated, and overgrown with
neglected grass or weeds, promising comparative failure. Fully five-
sixths of the returns represent “ condition below 100.”

The following extracts from correspondence—representing a very
small proportion of the returns used in the tabular statement, and in-
cluding those most unfavorable—illustrate these differences :

Mecklenburgh County, N. C.—In some sections of the county no.rain since the 12th of
May. One farmer, who raised 20 bales last year, planted more acres this year and will
not pick over two bales. Several others in the neighborhood will do no better. The
plants are 10 to 24 inches high. The bolls and forms fall off from extreme dry weather.
One of our best farmers last year averaged 800 pounds of seed-cotton per acre on one
of his fields. He used 200 pounds of Mapes’ superphosphate to the acre. This year he
used the same amount, and the same field will average 175 to 200 pounds with favora-
ble fall. Up to July 1 we never had a better prospect. I think we cannot possibly
raise half a crop in the county. Farmers all discouraged. e ;

Bladen County, N. C.—The average condition has deteriorated 40 per cent. since July
1, and the crop promises a worse showing two or three weeks hence. The drought,
extending from the last of June to the middle of August, stopped the growth; the
cold snap of July 17 started the rust, and the cold spell of August 16 to 25, and the
steady showers with no sunshine. increased it, and it has now run over nearly all the
cotton ; the leaves are off, the stalks are dead or dying, and the immature bolls are
rapidly opening. The prospect now is for about half the crop expected July 1.

Greene County, N. C.—Rust since last report, and in some portions of the county the
crop is almost a total failure. Two-thirds of a crop is all that can be expected, with
the prospect of not doing as well as that. Since the unusually cool weather of July
the plant bas done next to nothing; all the forms and many of the bolls that have
come since August 1 have dropped. The picking season will end thirty days earlier
than last year. e

Duplin County, N. C.—Rust appeared the first week in August, and rapidly spread
over the entire crop, stopping growth, and causing the squares to fall off. Very little
cotton has been made since August 15, and but for the unusually favorable spring and
early summer, not one-half an average crop would have been made.

Franklin County, N. C.—The yield will probably be not much over half as large as -
last year. Severe drought.

Gaston County, N. C.—Cut short at a critical age, and will not recover. Estimate,
seven-tenths. : - :

Sampson County, N. C.—The crop did not suffer much until three weeks ago, when
rust set in and has very much injured the crop. The estimate is four-fifths ofan aver-
age product, and some think this too high.

Bertie County, N. C—Rust has damaged cotton, and the dry weather of last month
has caused it to shed its forms and small bolls.

Moore County, N. C.—Small growth and not well bolled.

Anson County, N. C.—Not over two-fifths of a crop. Drought. :

Chowan County, N. C.—Badly injured by rust in some localities, and its general spread
is apprehended, in which event the crop will be very short.

Beaufort County, N. C—Rust more general than for many' years ; many fields ruined.
All the middle and top forms and most of the leaves have dropped off. With 20 per
cent. reduction of acreage and the condition hardly up to average, the crop will be
reduced to 80 per cent. of that of last year.

Edgecombe County, N. C.—Sad change in the prospect since the last report. “The
plant did not seem to be very injuriously affected by the cold of July; it remained
green and shed no more than usual. The stalks and limbs, not the roots, turned a
deep red, however, and the plant ceased to grow. A blight, similar to black rust, has
appeared all over the county, and the crop is very seriously damaged. Fall picking
will be at least ten days earlier than usual.

Gates County, N. C.—Good growth, but the cold and wet have caused rust.

Perquimans County, N. C.—About two-thirds of last year’s crop.

Martin County, N. C.—At least 33 per cent. below an average,‘and 50 per cent. short
of the prospect six weeks ago.

Stanly County, N. C.—Hardly half a crop. :

Craven County, N. C.—Injured by rust to the extent of 15 per cent.

307

Wake County, N. C.—Cotton has a very small weed; was very full, but has thrown
oft the forms to the extent of one-fifth or one-sixth.

Orangeburgh County, S. C—The drought, ending with heavy rains and wind, has ma-
terially injured the cotton prospect in this county.

Chesterfield County, S. C—Too much rain early, followed by drought. With the most
favorable season the crop cannot ¢xceed three-fifths of a crop.

Williamsburgh County, S. C—Very little cotton made during the past month, most of
the forms having fallen, and the plant is now so far advanced that there is no possi-
bility of recovery. Allowing for reduged acreage, the crop of this county is estimated
at 60 per cent. of that of 1870.

Fairfield County, S. C—Drought has sadly injured the prospect since last report.
Many farmers estimate half a crop; highest estimate, two-thirds. The crop will be

harvested by the middle of November. ‘
Lexington County, S. C.—Injured by drought, and cannot now produce an average
crop.

Marion County, S. C—Rust si’eceeded the dry weather. The yield will be less than
two-thirds of an average, and the staple of low grade.

Sumter County, S. C—In an experience of twenty years I have never seen a brighter
prospect for a full crop than we had July 1, nor a prospect so completely blighted in
so short atime. The harvest will close by October 15.

Clarendon County, S. C—Decrease in acreage 30 per cent.; decrease in product 40
per cent. Up to the 10th of July the crop was promising, but, owing to the extreme
heat and long drought with high winds, it showed sigus of falling off. On 4th of
August light rains commenced, and continued almost daily up to the present time.
This dripping weather served to increase the rust, which had previously appeared, to
an extent never before witnessed in the county.

Richland County, S. C.—Three-fifths of a crop is rather too high than too low for an
estimate. Many farmers are not making one-third of a crop; very few are making
full crops; and in rare instances more than a full crop.

Abbeville County, S. C.—Suffered from drought. In places the rust has made its
appearance. If the fall should be favorable, the crop may recover all that it has lost.
If we should not have early frost and the season should suit the plant, the blooms
that may come for the next two weeks may make good cotton. :

Union County, S. C—The drought has reduced the late crop one-half. Most of it
he be open by October 10, with favorable weather. The lint is short, and not first
quality.

Spartanburgh County, S..C—Seldom a better prospect for cotton than before the
drought. Recent rains too late for the new growth to mature, unless the fall be
unusually late and dry.

Newberry County, S. C—Crop injured by drought. Average condition about 70 per
cent. ,

York County, S. C.—Cut heavily by drought. Manured fields most injured.

Sumter County, Ga.—Suttered from drought; rust has appeared in some places.

Lincoln County, Ga.—The excessive rain of the past twelve days has materially re-
duced ‘the prospects, to perhaps one-third below the average crop of last yéar; the
season is so far advanced that an average product is impossible.

McDuffie County, Ga.—The dry weather and the excessive rains have caused the cot-
ton to shed all its squares, and it has the rust on gray or sandy lands. I have not seen
any field that will yield one-half a crop.

aba County, Ga.—Materially injured by the protracted rains; yield will be
short. 5

Greene County, Ga.—Drought and intense heat caused the squares to burn to a black
crisp; the rains have caused an improvement.

Stewart County, Ga.—Seriously injured by rust, nearly all of the upland and much of
the bottom.

Jones County, Ga.—Crop cannot exceed 70 per cent. of an average yield.

Newton County, Ga.—Depreciated since last report, drought and high winds haying
thrown off the top crop.

Lee County, Ga.—Not more than two-thirds of a crop expected; injured by rains, and
worms threaten further damage.

Spalding County, Ga.—Reports from different sections of this county vary; some claim-
ing a crop equal to that of last year, others only half a crop; I think the product of
the county will be an average one, but yet about one-fourth less than last year.

Milton County, Ga.—Very inferior, owing to drought in July and first half of August,
and the rust causing it to shed forms. With favorable seasons henceforth, the crop
may be 60 per cent. of an average.

Irayette County, Ga.—The showers have slightly improved the crop; prospect, 62 per
cent.

Brooks County, Ga.—Boll-worm ; rust and storm have seriously injured the crop, and

with unfavorable seasons for gathering, not exceeding half a crop can be made.

308

Crawford County, Ga.—Drought, rust, and the boll-worm have caused a falling off in
cotton.

Jackson County, Ga.—Prospect gloomy ; the crop looked well up to the middle of July,
when the drought began, continuing up to the 20th of August, with scarcely any rain ;
all the bolls have dropped ; scarcely. a bloom can be seen, and upon many fields the dry
weather rust has done its work ; one-third of a crop is a high estimate; rain is now
falling, but it is too late for cotton or corn.

Wilcox County, Ga.—One-third less planted than last year; less manure used, and é¢he
crop is now taking the rust, rapidly dying and rotting in the field. The crop will be

_ short of that of last year one-third, some farmers say one-half.

Murray County, Ga.—Injured by drought; short crop.

Marion County, Ga.—Suttered much from drought, and recently from storm.

Dooly County, Ga.—The drought and rust bid fair to cut the crop very short.

Schley Couniy, Ga.—Prospects gloomy ; just out of a four- weeks drought ; from ap-
pearances, cannot make above half a crop.

Macon County,
cumstances; about half a » exop estimated.

Madison County, Ga.—Crop 40 per cent. below that of last year.

Wilkinson County, Ga.—Not more than half a stand, and rust taking it badly; not
more than half a crop can be made.

Wilkes County, Ga.—The drought and the subsequent rainy weather have injured cot-
ton; large proportion of bolls now matured and wiil soon open with dry weather; late
planting now mest promising, but necessarily a short crop.

Liberty County, Ga.—Not more than half the crop of 1870 in thig county; all crops
have suffered from a series of*disastrous storins;. fields deluged, crops blown down and
partially destroyed, to the extent of at least 33 per cent. of the whole.

_ Carroll County, Ga.—Since last report the drought has almost ruined the cotton crop.
The best fields in the county will not average more than 500 pounds to the acre—160
pounds of lint; the plant has shed the late bolls and forms.

Glynn County, Ga.—Much injured by late heavy rains; the bottom ¢rop almost a
failure.

Hancock County, Ga.—Drought and rust have greatly reduced the prospect.

Clay County, Ga.—Rust has ‘appeared and stopped the growth of the plant and the

maturing of the fruit; the few bolls opening on such stalks are light and defective in
quality.

Columbia County, Ga.—Short crop; the heavy rains following the long drought have
cansed the plant to cast off the greater part of the young fruit; the crop is estimated
to be the shortest that has been made for years—one-third to one-half less tham last
year.

Calhoun County, Ga.—The plants have shed most of the squares and bolls of August;
rust very bad.

annot, be much atiected by future cir-

Laurens County, Ga.—Rust is general; storms have injured the crop, and the prospect’

diminishes daily.

Jackson County, Fla—Rust severe, and will prebably reduce the yield 25 per cent.
from the crop anticipated about the 1st of July.

Hilisboro County, Fla.—Crop suffered severely from heavy storm which extendéd over
the whole county, doing great damage.

Liberty County, Fla.n—The wet weather of June and July has caused cotton to shed
both its forms and leaves. No insects thus far.

Madison County, Fla.—The boll-worm has appeared, and is doing much damage. A
heavy storm of rain and wind has blown down both trees and cotton, the latter being
much damaged. Rust has also appeared in some places, and boll-rot, it is feared, will
extensively “prevail.

Leon County, Fla.—Suffering severely from rust and recent storms. There will not
be much late cotton.

Clay County, Fla.n—The storms of the 17th and 25th August injured the crop one-
fourth it is thought.

Suwanee County, Fia.—Much damaged recently by boll-worms.

Putnam County, Fla.—Not more than one-fourth of a crop. Destroyed by storm of
17th and 18th August. The plants were entirely stripped of foliage and of the greater
portion of the bolis and bloom.

Levy County, Fla.—Much injured by August storms, but with favorable season hence-
forth, there may yet be a good crop, as it is starting anew and is filling fast.

Dallas County, ‘Ala.—The crop, which was well cultivated, has been ent short by a
drought of nine weeks’ duration. Rust is more general than ever before known. With

weather favorable for picking the crop will be gathered by the 15th of October in this

county. The crop cannot exceed two-thirds an average yield.
Pike County, Ala—Much injured by drought—rust general. A late season cannot
benefit the crop much, if any.

309

Randolph County, Ala.—Reduced acreage and crop injured by drought. This county
made 5,015 bales last year; 2,000 bales will cover the crop this year.

Conecuh County, Ala—Caterpillar appeared 10th August, and is increasing rapidly ;
moving slowly in a northeast course. One-fourth less planted than last year, and the
dry weather will cause present planting to fall short at least one-fourth.

Marengo County, Ala.—Drought, rust, and worms. The general estimate is about half
the yield of last year.

Autauga County, Ala—Very short ; not over three-fourths of a crop. Some putit at
half the crop of last year.

Crenshaw County, Ala.—Injured by severe drought.

Montgomery County, Ala.—Some complaint of the boll-worm.

Etowah County, Ala.—Injured by drought.

Clarke County, Ala.—Cut off by drought of August. Allowing for decreased acreage,

_the crop will fall 50 per cent. short of that of last year.
Macon County, Ala.—The late drought has caused the ridge lands to shed the squares
_and the grown bolls to open prematurely. Some complaint of rust and worms. With
favorable season, without insects, the county may make half a crop, and it may fall to
one-third.

Chambers County, Ala.—Owing to the drought and heat the plants have thrown off
their fruit, and some think there will be not more than half a crop; but if no disaster
befalls the crop, I think it will reach two-thirds.

Hale County, Ala.—The army-worm is-at work; crop backward. Two-thirds of an
average crop is a liberal estimate.

Limestone County, Ala——Walf a crop. Long-continued drought.

Marshall County, Ala—Injured by wet spring, and was insufficiently tended, or tended
while the ground was too wet ; hence it could not stand the drought from the middle of
July to August 20. Rust has destroyed many acres. Many fields laid by in good con-
dition are now foul, caused by the excessive rains of the last ten days.

Greene County, Ala—Comparatively dried up in many places, and long since done
growing and making. In bottom black lands, however, it is still growing and making
slowly. Sixty-five percent. of last year’s crop is estimating hardly low enough to corre-
spond with the prospect.

Clay County, Ala.—With our early frosts we cannot expect a half crop.

Attala County, Miss.——Crop at least one-third short. If injured by worms and early
frost not more than half a crop will be realized. Where crops have been well worked
they are as good as usual, but there is not more than one out of twenty of this sort.

Clark County, Miss.—The drought following the wet season preceding the middle of
July has caused the middle and top crops to shed badly, at least one-half. Many of
the half-grown bolls are now opening. Caterpillars and boll-worms have also injured
the crop.

Claiborne County, Miss—Army-worm in the adjoining county. There is little bottom
crop, and the middle and top crops will not mature until the middle of the month.
Prespect not encouraging, unless we have a late fall.

Grenada County, Miss.—Doing well at present, where there has been good culture.
Most of the negro crops have been badly cultivated, and are very much spotted. There
cannot be more than half to two-thirds of a crop.

- Coahoma County, Miss—The caterpillar has appeared. Extent of their depredations
uncertain. :

Kemper County, Miss.—Badly damaged by rust since last report. The uplands, which
promised the best, have very nuch deteriorated. Will not make half a crop.

Lauderdale County, Miss.—Wet weather and the drought have caused the plant to
shed the top crop. Caterpillars in some sections.

Issaquena County, Miss —The worm has appeared in many parts of the county. No
appreciable injury as yet.

Bolivar County, Miss.—Excessive rains have caused the plants to shed their forms to
a great extent. Worms have appeared. Some call them the army or cotton worm, but
T think them only grass-worms, whieh resemble the cotton-worm, and occasionally eat
the cotton leaves. ;

Yalabusha County, Miss.—Cotton-werm has appeared, and it is feared they will eat
every leaf in two weeks. If so the erop will be shortened very materially.

Newton County, Miss—The boll-worm and caterpillar have made their appearance,
but under the scorching rays of the sun they have not made much headway. The
crop in Newton is better than those of adjoining counties.

Madison County, Miss. —The army and the boll worm have appeared on many planta-
tions, and have already been very destructive. Their early appearance, while the crop
is late, indicates that the already short crop will be reduced fully one-half.

Wilkinson County, Miss.—In estimation 60 per cent. of a crop. No allowance is made
for the possible depredations of the cottou-caterpillar, which has appeared on many
farms, and on some have done considerable damage already.

De Soto County, Miss.—Crop being shortened from want of rain.

2

310

Jefferson County, Miss.—The army or cotton worm appeared about August 10th, and
has done considerable damage. The crop being a month late, will suffer more than
usual from their ravages. Picking commencing slowly ; most of the crops were laid by
badly in the grass, which retards opening.

ek County, Miss.—The army-worm has appeared in some localities, but is not

eneral.
a Winston County, Miss.—Injured by drought. May yet improve.

Rapides Parish, La.—Three weeks ago the caterpillar was doing a small amount of
injury in nearly every field. To-day there is scarcely a leaf left, and it is now believed
that the yield cannot exceed one-fourth of a crop, and may fall as low as one-sixth.

St. Landry Parish, La.—The late dry weather has improved the crop, and it is now
nearly an average. The army-worm has made its appearance, however, all over the
parish, and there is every probability that the crop will be destroyed by the 5th to the
10th September, in which event but very little cotton will be made.

Washington Parish, La.—The late heavy rain during the past month has materially.
injured cotton, causing the plant to shed very much. There is also considerable com-
plaint of worms, and fears are entertained that they will do much damage the coming
month.

East Feliciana Parish, La—Crop small, late, and full of worms, and now suffering
from drought.

Tangipahoa Parish, La.—The caterpillar has appeared in almost every field, and,
though late, will injure the crop materially. Bets are freely offered that the product
will not exceed half of that made last year. ©

Avoyelles Parish, La.—The second crop of caterpillars are eating the cotton, and it is
probable that in fifteen days all the leaves will be eaten.

Madison Parish, La—No worms; weather fine and prospects flattering. If nothing
occurs to change the prospect, I shall increase my present estimate (90 per cent.) next
month.

Richland Parish, La.—The cotton worm has made its appearance in all parts of the
parish, but no serious damage has yet been done. It is almost certain, however, that
all the leaves will be eaten by the 20th or 25th, in which event not more than one-third
of a crop can be expected. ;

West Feliciana Parish, La——The unfavorable weather of the first part of August
caused the plants to shed their forms, and stimulated the growth of the weed at the
expense of the fruit and bolls. The crop has been laid by very grassy, and where the
attempt to free it from grass was made, the cotton is yellow and has some rust. The
caterpillar has appeared in every section of the parish and has increased rapidly.
Though the weather is now dry, cotton is very green and full of sap, and the best
judges think the crop will be destroyed, so far as leaves and young bolls are concerned,
by the 20th September, if not sooner.

Morehouse Parish, La.—Crop three weeks behind the usual season, and will be cut
short fully one-third. Damage by worms is apprehended, though they haye done little
as yet. Should their depredations continue, it is estimated that the foliage will be
stripped by the 15th September, in which event not a half crop will be made.

Claiborne Parish, La.—Cotton-worm or caterpillar is in damaging numbers. Yet the
erop is promising. bs

Tensas Parish, La.—Good weather and hard work have brought out the crop so that
I have raised my estimate from 50 to 70 per cent. of a crop. The worms are abroad,
however, the cotton is backward, and should the worms strip off the leaves in the
first half of September, which is probable, the crop may be cut off one-half.

Williamson County, Texas.—The best crops will not average over half a bale to the
acre. Injured by drought. Quality above average. A heavy rain would cause the
forms to shed, and the new growth of stock would be too late to mature cotton.

Hardin County, Texas.—Acreage one-sixth less than last year, but the crop has been
well cultivated, and the prospect is better. The worm has appeared and may do much
damage.

Titus County, Texas.—The crop of Northeast Texas will fall 50 per cent. below that
of last year. The prairie counties have sutfered more than the timbered counties from
the drought.

Marion County, Texas.—Short crop this year. Drought.

Ellis County, Texas.—Not more than half crop. Drought.

McLennan County, Texas.—Our farmers generally handle their cotton badly and
allow a great deal to waste.

Upshur County, Texas.—Continued drought has reduced the crop to little more than~
one-half. p

Red River County, Teras—On the ist of August a heavy yield was promised ; fif-
teen days later the worms appeared, and already there are many ragged spots in the
fields. Ten days will show to what extent they are to injure the crop.

Grayson County, Texas.—The drought has seriously injured the crop. No rain for nine
weeks,

311

Milam County, Texas.—Yield small; staple inferior. Summer very dry.

Austin County, Texas—Not more than half a crop. Badly injured by drought. The
plant is not more than half its usual size. The recent showers have started the growth
of the top crop, but the season is far advanced, the worm has made-its appearance,
and the crop can hardly mature.

Henderson County, Teras.—About 35 per cent. of a crop. The top crop cannot mature.
The bolls are small and inferior. The lint is fine and strong, but very short.

Rusk County, Texas.—Suftered from dry, hot weather. The plants shed many of the
squares left by the drought.

Smith County, Texas. —Dr ought and heat have materially reduced the crop.

Blanco County, Texas. —Not more than one-tenth of a crop. No rain for about three
months.

Colorado County, Texas.—Crop has not been better for several years, according to
acreage. The quality is also superior.

Dallas County, Texas.—Crop about one-third as large as that of last year.

Woodruff County, Ark.—Very wet in northern portion of the county; in southern
part dry, eee material damage to the crop by rust.

Cross C Crop failing. Drought and heat.

Jackson Bini, Anil —Some complaint of rust.

Union County, Ark.—Improved within thirty days, and as much per acre will be
gathered as last year, but the acreage is much less.

Columbia County, Ark.—Better than usual. Many reports of the caterpillar in circu-
lation ; none in this neighborhood, but they have no doubt appeared in some crops.

Sebastian County, Ark.——The hot, dry weather has injured the crop to the extent of
one-half. 3

Pulaski County, Ark.Fewer bolls than last year ; forms shedding; injured by hot,
dry weather succeeding the wet. Too much growth in stalk. '

Prairie County, Ark.—Weather throughout the year unfavorable to cotton. Not
more than two-thirds the usual acreage planted, and that will average little over
two-thirds of a crop.

Johnson County, 4rk.—The hot-dry weather has reduced the condition to about 90
per cent., affecting most seriously the poor and dry upiands and the sandy bottoms,
causing squares to fall, and a premature opening of the bolls.

La Kayette County, Ark.—The cotton-worm—leaf and boll—appeared on the 24th
August, and is now in almost every field of cotton in the county.

Independence County, drk.—The wet warm summer promises to be followed by a dry
fall. Very little rain during the last fifteen days, and cotton is maturing —
Picking has already commenced—ne arly twenty days earlier than usual.

Cray ford County, Ark.—The crop, which promised to be an average, has been reduced
25 per cent. by shedding the bolls.

Drew County, Ark.—Crop being damaged by drought.

Henry County, Tenn.— Good prospect.

Hardeman County, Tenn.—From the dry weather and the haste with which the crop

was “laid by,” cotton has very materially fallen off. The) product cannot be larger
than last year.

Gibson County, Tenn.—Decreased acreage and rust ; crop lina 60 per cent.

Giles County, Tenn.— Owing to the wet spring, cotton was grassy; hence the dry
weather has been favorable.

Fayette County, Tenn.—Dry weather has materially injured cotton. Rust and shed-
ding have caused considerable loss. An assistant, in another part of the county,
writes that the er op has wonderfully improved since the last report, but some appre-
hension is felt for highland cotton, on account of the dry weather. If slight rains fall
within the next ten. days, the yield will exceed the average for the past five or six
years.

Lauderdale Count y, Tenn.—Not more than half a crop. Rust and drought. Half the
erop is now open.

New Madrid County, Mo.—A yield of one bale to the acre promised. Staple good.

HAY.

The hay crop is greatly reduced in quantity, but excellent in quality,
in a majority of the States. The States producing a greater supply
than usual are Georgia, Arkansas, Wisconsin, Lowa, Kansas, and Ne-
braska. The Missouri Valley, so long assumed to be a-dry region, has
secured an abundance, while the Ohio Valley has cut 10 per cent. less
than usual. The crop of the States bordering upon the Atlantic, between
South Carolina and Maine, has been reduced one-sixth, the reduction in
those east of New York being one-fourth. The quality of hay gathered

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is generally superior. In some sections injury resulted from sudden and
frequent showers and storms in haying-time.

In Oxford County, Maine, it is deemed the smallest crop ever grown
there. In Norfolk, Maine, the deficiency has been supplied by corn-
fodder and millet. A second crop of much value, grown since the close
of the dry season, has been secured in Montgomery, Pennsylvania, and
the quantity of clover- hay has been increased 2() per cent. from a second
cutting in Berks. In Carroll, Ohio, heavy rains are making a large
autumn crop. A large portion ‘of the Kansas and Nebraska hay is made
from prairie-grass, aud in the Northwestern States generally the wild
grasses are greatly depended upon for supplies, which can be increased
in many places very largely by utilizing a wider area of grasses, which
would otherwise decay upon the ground. In the sparsely settled dis-
tricts a dearth of hay may almost invariably be avoided by extra effort
and industry in enlarging the area cut. In the Ohio Valley, also, the
utilization of corn-fodder can make up almost any deficiency of the hay
crop. Famine in the stock-yards of the West is, therefore, only possible
through the negligence of stock-growers.

. POTATOES.

The potato crop promises to be nearly an average one. The per-
centages below 100, or a full crop, are—Maine, 94; Vermont, 90; Massa-
chusetts, 97.5 West Virginia, 89; Kentucky, 81; "Illinois, 63; Indiana,
81; Ohio, 98; Michigan, 68; Wisconsin, 96 ; California, 88s Oregon,
90; and several of the Southern States, im which few are orown. Amon
the States above an average are New Hampshire, 105; Rhode Island,
102; Connecticut, 105; New York, 103; New Jersey, 105; Pennsylva.
nia, 104; Missouri, 101; Minnesota, 111; Iowa, 105; Kansas, 105; Ne-
braska, 104,

The sweet- potato crop is a full one between New York and Virginia,
and in Mississippi and Louisiana, and elsewhere in the Southern States
somewhat below an average. The Eastern market supplies must be
abundant. The following comprise a very few of the many notes which
come with the estimates sent from each county for tabulation :

Oxford County, Mfe.—Good, but showing indications of rot.

Norfolk County, Mass. —Better than for some years, aud no signs of rot.

Orange County, Vt.—Injured by rust and potato-bug in some ; localities, but promise
an average crop.

Rensselaer County, N. Y.—Many raised. Early ones poor, and beginning to rot.

Allamakee Coe Towa.—Potato bug not very injurious.

Woodson County, Kansas.—Potatoes above average, and dull sale at 25 and 30 cents
per bushel.

Seward County, Nebr.—Potato-bugs have not troubled us. Grasshoppers have not vis-
ited us.

Plumas County, Cal.—F rost has injured potatoes.

Erie County, Ohio.—Potatoes injured by drought and Colorado ped but by fighting
the latter a very large crop has been secured. “I harvested 650 bushels from 3 acres,
and sold 500 bushels at 50 cents per bushel.

Mercer. County, Ohio.—The potato-bugs have almost entirely disappeared.

Scioto County, Ohio—Drought cutting short Irish potatoes. Sweet-potatoes stand the
drought much better.

é Van Buren County, Michigan.—P otatoes, a fair yield in spite of bugs. Enough for home
consumption, but will rule high in price

Newaygo County, Mick.—Potatoes ret: viling at $1 40 per bushel.

Mason County, Mich.—Potatoes will be scarcely worth digging.

St. Clair County, Mich.—Late potatoes seriously affected by drought.

Richland County, Wis—Potato-bugs have not done much. Another bug has been
killing them and destroying their eggs.

Walworth Count, ty, Wis.—Potatoes 60 per cent. of an average, and six-fold last year’s
aroy). a

313

Madison County, Ill.—Potatoes in good condition. Yield reduced by several sorts of
bugs.

Sangamon County, Ill.—Potatoes a very poor crop; injured by drought and bugs.

La Grange County, Ind—Potato bugs numerous and appeared early, but not near so
destructive as last year. 3

Martin County, Ind.—Potato-bugs more destructive than ever. The striped and the
black are very bad, but the Colorado has nearly disappeared.

Pike County, Ind.—Potato-bugs, especially Colorado beetles, very destructive.

Sieuben County, Ind.—Crop,greatly reduced by the ravages of the bug. The Early Rose
was hardly molested by the bug, and fine crops of this variety have been grown.

Switzerland County, Ind.—Early potatoes did better than was expected in the pres-
ence of the potato-bugs. The crop of the county will be 90,600 bushels—10 per cent.
above average.

Washington County, Ohkio.—Potatees on deep moist soils will be a good crop; on thin
light soils poor.

z Henrico County, Va.—Not very good, except sweet-potatoes, which are exceedingly
ne.

Fairfax County, Va—Early planted, a full average crop; late, not more than half a
crop.

Surry County, Va.—A. large yield of sweet-potatoes expected.

Monroe County, Tenn.—The crop greatly damaged by late frosts, bugs, and dry
weather.

Colorado County, Texas.—Sweet-potatoes almost a failure. Without early and abund-
ant rain seed will not’ be made.

Tyler County, W. Va.—Potatoes above average in size and quantity.

Harding County, Ky.—Potatoes ruined by bugs.

Texas County, Mo—The Colorado potato-bug has killed nearly all the potatoes.

New Madrid County, Mo.—Crop-unusually fine, both Irish and sweet. I am cultivat-
ing a variety recently imported from Brazil, that yields 12 to 18 pounds to the plant,
single potatoes often weighing 8 to 10 pounds.

Washington County, N. Y.—Symptoms of rot. :

_ Erie County, N. ¥Y.—Crop good. Early Rose splendid in size and yield.

Alleghany County, N. Y.—The Early Rose has done well despite the drought ; never
saw better.

Lancaster County, Pa—Late planted will yield a large crop. The early will not be
so productive, on account of spring drought.

Huntingdon County, Pa.—The late crop is being damaged. considerably in some parts
by the potato-bug. :

Butler County, Pa—A dry season, but some of the early varieties, as the Early Rose,
have done remarkably well. :

Elk County, Pa.—Late planted generally are better than the early, though the Early
Rose seem to,be taking the lead here for earliness and quality.

Bucks County, Pa—The crop is very large and the early varieties are gathered in fine
condition. Indications of rot in the late varieties have appeared in some localities.

Northumberland County, Pa.--Brown, striped, and black potato-bugs have made their
appearance, and we fear they will injure our crop next year. The crop now harvest-
ing is uncommonly abundant and of large size.

Nansemond County, Va.—There is no doubt of an average yield of potatoes.

TOBACCO.

Franklin County, Mass.—Looks finely, and the river towns are now cutting.

Hampden County, Mass.—Would have been above an average but from injury from
hail and wind on the 7th of August, in parts of the southeast and northeast portions of
the county.

Lancaster County, Pa—That planted in the drought, just before the late rains, will
be a better crop than last year, but in the northern, southern, and eastern parts of the
county the crop will be poor, on account of rust.

Nelson County, Va—Much below an average crop, and being kept back by dry
weather, is late, and will be liable to injury from frost.

Mecklenburg County, Va.—Late planted still has a chance if rain comes soon. *

Amelia County, Va.—A late crop, owing to severe dry weather.

Louisa County, Va.—The crop looks well.

Amherst County, Va.—The erop is improving rapidly.

Person County, N. C-—Tobacco, our special crop, much injured by dry weather. Crop
will be short.

Wayne County, W. Va.—Tobacco promising up to the last week in July, when the
extreme drought, lasting till August 25, materially injured the crop.

Trimble County, Ky.—The tobacco crop will be short.

Webster County, Mo.—The early promise of tobacco will not be realized.

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SUGAR-CANE. }

From the data received relative to the sugar crop, an increase of 30
per cent. in the aggregate manufacture may be expected. Last year’s
crop was, in round ‘numbers, 145,000 hogsheads. It is possible that the
sprouting of the cane, reported i in several Li may result in greater
injury than at present appears probable.

The persistent effort of sugar-planters, from year to year, to increase
the area of plantations, merits and secures a‘fair degree of success; yet
further time and effort will be necessary to place the business on its
former footing. There is suitable land, capital, and labor enough in
the country to furnish our full supply of sugar at a fair profit, and there
appears to be a disposition on the part of sugar-growers to attain that
result at as early a day as possible.

Plaquemines Parish, La.—The cane crop ot this entire parish is in advance of last
season about four weeks, and is of such superior character that the yield of the parish
will exceed that of 1870-’71 by’50 per cent. The rains have been at no time excessive,
nor have we suffered from drought. Mr. W. E. Lawrence’s steam-plowed and steam
cultivated corn fields are the best ev idence of the great and universal necessity for the
steam-plow and cultivator.

Levy County, Fla.—Blown down by the storms of August, the cane is taking root and
sprouting at every joint, and it is feared the er op is ruined for either seed or sugar.

Nassau, F'la.—Though sugar-cane is under water, it does not appear to be much inj ured.

Jackson, Fla.—Sugar-cane promises a fine yield.

Leon County, Fla.—Cane crop doing well.

Putnam County, Fla.—Cane crop either submerged or flattened to the earth by the
cyclone of 17th and 18th August. There will be about three-foarths of a crop.

Conecuh County, Ala—Sorghum and sugar-cane badly injured by dry weather. Yield
at least one-fourth short.

Crenshaw County, Ala.—Sugar-cane injured by severe drought.

SORGHUM.

This crop is reported in fine condition in Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri,
Kansas, and Nebraska, and below an average in the other Western
States, where the principal portion of the crop is grown. If is highly’
promising in Mississippi, and in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as far as
it is grown in those States. In Braxton, West Virginia, it was attacked
in places with a sort of rust at the time of heading out, causing the ,
blades to dry up, and giving a disagreeable flavor to the sirup. Rust
upon sorghum is reported “also from Adair, Kentucky. In Harrison,
Indiana, rust was noticed last year on the Chinese sorghum. The
African Imphee has been grown in the same region this year, and is en-
tirely free from blight.

RICE.

Promising accounts of the crop of 1871 have thus far been received.
On the Atlantic coast a crop as large as that of last year is expected.
Some increase in the area has doubtless been made in Louisiana, and
the weather has been favorable to curing and stacking. A erop of
50,000 barrels is expected there, and sanguine estimates of 60,000
barrels are indulged in. The first consignment of 21 barrels from the

arish of Plaquemines and 3 from St. Charles was received in New
Orleans August 5th, and 19 barrels, classed at low prime, brought 93
cents. It is reported that at least 8,000 barrels of rough rice were lost
by the overflow of the Bonnet Carre crevasse.

McIntosh County, Ga.—Rice is largely grown in this county. On the Altamaha
River, one side being McIntosh County and the other Glynn, I think there are 5,000

315

acres of land planted in rice this year. The harvest is just commencing. The crop is
good, fully'an average. The risk to the planter is yet great from high winds, high tides,
and bad weather.

Manatee County, Fla.—Rice promises a good yield.

Plaquemines Parish, La—The rice crop of our parish will greatly exceed that of last
year. Cutting commenced August 12 with those whose crops had sufficiently ripened.
Much of it has been thrashed and cleaned and gone to market.

James Wood, in his recent circular, makes the following statement of
the quantity and value of the Louisiana rice crop, so far as indicated
by the yearly commercial record of sales:

Year. Barrels. pa reek Total value.
SGU he Be ey eee a Pen We pce. yee aeaeee 7, 300 $12 $94, 900
LSC Ses See NS Pe Penh a Pees es aR 8, 921 18 100, 578
MOGI. RLS a eS Sen RR A Sen © 8, 636 . 20 172, 720
B51 0/3) Bred Alege Ores es Een? ey SRL" op ry Mee a oad a Be 6, 873 30 206, 190
1G ee Sepa aby Be Sat ea Jpn eee ee me 9, 866 25 246, 650
Ufo ate AS ee a ess ee Cee em ey - 11,943 ys 274, 689
B06) -246)- Bre he WESLEY We Hot Perse ee Fe Ree 20, 464 20 409, 280
dV (ete ne ee Oey ot hoe ey EL ee he 21, 663 18 389, 934
USGS eet Sy oe) Ses a ee ee eR 41,317 17 702, 389
PSO OU Rees iow agecoe eat ease Sa SUE et ee 57, 956 15 869, 340
SD) ate oe 8 ee ene ee eee 37, 585 16 601, 360

The receipts of rice at the several ports, as commercially reported for
the year just closed, are as-follows:

Tierces.

Receipts at Charleston and Georgetown, South Carolina...... 44, 073
ineeeipts, at, Savannah, Georgia . 2.5 =.) t-te tae woe ae olee ee 21, 725
Receipts at Walmington, North Carolina .....-....-.:-...--- 600
Receipts at New Orleans, Louisiana ..........- ee Sito gd yt sy gle
Total receipts, 187071 ........-.- we Vtkos Seva ue eee 83, 098
Potalrecenpts 1 S697 G0 485, R edo a!c. atin dees SUE ete

WCET EASE TPN Da ots ih re ete 6 1) RRs ln Laat ee weasel GR

At the commencement of the season the price at Charleston was 9
cents per pound for good; in November 54 to 53; in May, 82@ 9, and
in August closing at 8 to 84 cents.

The returns of sales of the rice of last year’s crop indicate a large
deficiency in the product of 1870. The amount of clean rice reported at
New Orleans up to August 1 of the present year is 37,585 barrels,
against 57,956 last year. The rough rice amounted to 25,899 sacks.
The deficiency was in a large measure due, in Louisiana, toa late spring,
a bad stand, and a deficiency of water to flood the fields.

FRUIT.

In New England the apple prospectsis reported less than half a crop
in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 56 per cent. of an average in
Vermont and Connecticut, and about two-thirds of a crop in Maine and
Rhode Island. In some counties the crop is almost a total failure,:
while in others the fruit is small, though fair. In New York six-tenths

316

of a crop is reported, the product being much reduced by the dry sea-
son, causing the fruit to fall. In New Jersey the crop is less than half
an average yield. Injury from hail-storms and from drought is reported
from Pennsylvania, and in some sections the fruit is knotty and wormy ;
the crop is estimated at about three-tenths below average. Delaware
reports three-fifths of a crop, and the hill country of the. south, half to
two-thirds of a crop. In Maryland the fruit is two weeks earlier than
usual; the quality is inferior in the neighborhood of Baltimore. The
dry weather affected the crop seriously in the South, but our Northuin-
berland, Virginia, correspondent writes that apples have pajd better
than any other farm product this season. The Woodruff, Arkansas,
reporter complains that, for several years past, midsummer apples have
rotted and fallen. In the Western States the crop is generally better
than in the east or south, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Lowa, and
Kansas each reporting more than an average. Kentucky falls the
lowest—to 56 per cent. of an average. Ohio, West Virginia, Nebraska,
California, and Oregon range from seven to nine-tenths of an average.
Illinois and Indiana fall five.to eight per cent. below an average. In
localities, the fruit is dropping from the trees. Im Warren and Butler
Counties, Ohio, the crop is reported to be the best grown in twelve to
fifteen years; and in Peoria, Illinois, it is “enormous.” In Muscatine,
Iowa, apples are ‘a drug in the market, selling at 25 to 55 cents per
bushel,” while in Woodson, Kansas, they “ are not so fair or plenty as
usual, and are: selling at 85 cents to $1 per bushel.” In Osage, Kan-
sas, the crop was nearly destroyed by spring frosts.

Peaches have yielded above an average crop in most of the peach-
growing regions of the Middle’ and Southern States, falling short only
in Pennsylvania, Virginia, in the Carolinas, and in Tennessee. Our
Morris, New Jersey, correspondent writes that the fruit has rotted con-
siderably ; that the late varieties have black spots on the skin and erack
open; and that white moldy spots also appear on the under side of the
leaves, causing them to die. In Cecil, Maryland, ‘“ there has never been
a larger peach crop—many will go to waste.” In Williamson, ‘Texas,
‘*‘ peaches are plenty, butsmall, owing to the drought. Probably, ten times
as many have been canned in this State this year as ever before in one
season.” Ih the Western States the crop ranges from about two-thirds
of an average in Kentucky, Nebraska, and Oregon, to three-fourths in-
West Virginia, Indiana, Ohio, and California, over nine-tenths in Illi-
nois, Missouri, Iowa, and above average in Kansas and Michigan. In
Nicholas, West Virginia, the crop was s reduced one-half by the curculio,
and in Raleigh County there was much falling off. In Woodson, Kan-
sas, where apples are scarce and high, peaches have been abundant at
30 cents per bushel. In Osage County they were wilting and rotting
on the trees.

Grapes promise well from -Maine to North Carolina. In the States
south the crop is below an average, except in Alabama and Mississippi,
and falling to about two-thirds of a crop in Georgia. In the West the
crop is above an average, except in Kentucky, where it is only three-
fifths, in Indiana, where it is reported five per cent. below an average,
and in California, where it is rated 16 per cent. below. In Addison,
Vermont, grapes have mildewed badly. In Essex, New Jersey, they
have been seriously damaged by drought, Isabellas and Catawbas
especially suffering. The Concord and Delaware remain comparatively
free from rot. In Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, the “ spot” on grapes
is almost universal, and the slug, so prevalent on the rose in the early
summer, has attacked the foliage of the grape. In Northumberland,

317

Pennsylvania, grapes are abundant and fine, but disposed to rot. In
King George, Virginia, the ‘‘ Monroe” grape bears abundantly, and of
fine quality ; other varieties badly affected by rot, except Concord and
Maxatawney, which partially escaped. The black rot has cut off the
crop in Marion, Georgia, and in Nicholas, Western Virginia, the curculio
is said to have reduced the crop one-half. In Cass County, Missouri,
early ripening stopped the rot, but the crop was injured by a heavy
hail-storm. ‘The largest yield ever known” is reported from Franklin,
Missouri. In Cole County there has been considerable rot, especially
in the Delaware, Catawba, and Clinton; also in Rogers’s Hy-
brids, except the Goethe, which is healthy. In Lawrence, Missouri, .
cultivated grapes are reported half a crop, wild grapes a failure.
In Madison, Illinois, ‘‘ grapes harvested in good condition before
Setember 1; Concords have made a gallon of wine per plant.” St.
Clair County reports “ grapes finer and more abundant than ever before,
a drug in the market, selling at 2 cents per pound ;” and in Knox
County ‘“ grapes rival California grapes in abundance and cheapness,
the finest Concords selling at 2 and 3 cents per pound.” In Calhoun,
Michigan, of eighteen varieties in fruit, only the Catawbas have suffered
from rot to any extent. Rogers’s Hybrid No. 15 rotted slightly. In
Macomb County the crop was suffering for rain. In Muscatine, Iowa,
grapes were selling at 2 to 3 cents per pound. The crop in Douglas,
Kansas, was blighted to the extent of one-tenth, but ae product is still
large.

WEIGHT OF FLEECES.

The returns relative to condition of wool and comparative weight
of fleeces of sheep do not indicate any very material changes. It
is shown that a reaction has been commenced, as faith in the
future of wool as a profitable product has increased; and in the wool-
producing States, California, Ohio, and Illinois, fleeces are averaging °
somewhat heavier, asa result of greater care of flocks on the part of the
best wool-growers:

Boone County, Lil—Wool a better clip than usual. ‘Our smaller number of sheep are
better cared for.

Ripley County, Ind.—Sheep becoming scarce; good wethers bringing $3 per head. If
sheep could be protected from dogs, they would be extensiv ely kept on account of their
wool, lambs, and manure.

Alameda County y, Cal.—The spring clip of wool has been sold or gone to eastern mar-
kets; average price here, 30 or 31 cents per pound. Fall- shearing in progress ; some
clips arriving into market ; prices 28 to 31 cents per pound. Full- ‘plooded Merinos and
their grades much sought after. English coarse-wool sheep are in less demand, being
less suited to our lone, dry seasons. Several manufacturers and agents have left for
Australia to purchase fine wools.

Lake County, Cal.—This county noted for good wool, having 15,000 sheep. New Eng-
land agents are buying up the clip. The mountain wool of California superior to the
valley “wool.

Los Angeles County, Cal.—Wool of better quality and price than ever before, though
the fleeces average a little smaller than last year; more wool exported thanin any former
year.

Conejos County, Colo.— Wool i improving in weight and quality.

Colfax County, N. Mex.—Wool in course of improvement by importation of sheep from
Canada.

; Fillmore County, Minn.—Manufacturers estimate the wool-clip ten per cent. less than
ast year.

Jackson County, Fla.—Sheep are increasing in numbers, anid. are receiving more atten-
tion; the wool will be of better quality.

318

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EXTRACTS FROM REGULAR CORRESPONDENCE.
THE EGYPTIAN COTTON-SEED.

Stewart County, Ga.—The Tumel Maki cotton-seed from your Depart-
ment has given different results. Some plantings have done very little
in fruiting, though the pt is all fine, while other plantings have a
heavy yield of bolls and are now doing well, never having been dis-
turbed by insects or other cotton accidents.

Macon County, Ga.—Tine Tumel Maki cotton-seed sent to me by the
Department seems to have proved itself worthless. I planted some
of the seed on ground that would produce, with ordinary cotton, 600 or
700 pounds lint cotton to the acre. This will not produce 50.

Randolph County, Ala—My Egyptian cotton, Tumel Maki, is ae
very well, considering the lateness of sowing and drought. I think it
will aver age twenty bolls to the stalk, five or six feet “high ; common
cotton, two and three feet.

Duplin County, N. C_—A package of Tumel Maki cotton-seed received
from the Department has grown to an extraordinary height, but from
present appearances will not yield one-fourth the amount of our ordinary
cotton.

Chowan County, N. C.—The Egyptian cotton-seed was planted in due
time. The growth is very pretty. Its leaf is much larger than the com-
mon variety, and the bloom yellow, while ours is white. It is at least
fifteen days later than ours, and I fear it will be too late for this climate.

SCHONEN OATS.

Clark Count, y, Miss.—I sowed four pounds of white Schonen oats on
one-ninth of an acre of flat pine-woods land, fertilized with ten bushels
of cotton-seed. Yield, four bushels, weighing a little over forty pounds
to the bushel. I think the yield would have been one-third more but for _
the frequent heavy rains at the time the oats were in bloom. Sone rust
appeared on the’blades. Straw, bright and clean. I believe that it will
prove a good variety for this part of the State.

Macon County, Ga.—The white Schonen oats did tolerably well, but
they are subject to rust, and, therefore, not so suitable to this section as
oats that are known as “rust-proof oats.”

ONIONS IN MISSISSIPPI.

Yalabusha County, Miss.—I planted the onion-seed in May, hoping to
get sets by fall, and, to my surprise, gathered a fine Hae of onions,
some measuring ‘thirteen inches in circumference.

CORN FROM PERU.

Lincoln County, N. C.—I planted the corn from Peru very carefully
and in rich soil; it came up well but did hot flourish. It was planted
sufficiently early not to be affected by the drought, yet there has not
been a single shoot and but few tassels. From this I judge it will not
suit our climate.

CALIFORNIA CLOVER.

Victoria County, Teras.—The California clover is being tried as a for-
age crop with eminent success.

321
ORANGES.

Hillsborough County, Fla.—The orange crop has been cut short at least
one-fourth by the severe storm. Bananas suffered severely. Great
damage done to young fruit trees all over the country. Many trees blown
down.

Plaquemines Parish, La.—The orange crop of the east side of the Mis-
sissippiis an entire failure, the trees having either been killed or so dam-
aged by the cold of Jast winter that they will not bear fruit for several
seasons. On the west side the trees are laden with fruit, all of which
has been purchased by speculators, as is the custom, when the trees are
in bloom or when the fruit is about the size of the hazel-nut.

Manatee County, Flan—Sweet oranges do not look so well as early in
August, owing to having been beaten and switched about by a heavy
gale on the 17th. Guavas have recovered from last year’s freeze and
are in bloom again. Never a more abundant yield of wild grapes.

PEANUTS.

Hickman County, Tenn.—Owing to the drought our staple crop, the
peanut, will be cut short 50,000 bushels.

Cheatham County, Tenn.—About 60 per cent. of a crop as compared
with last year.

Humphreys. County, Tenn.—Crop farge and very fine.

PECAN NUTS.

Victoria County, Texas.—The prospect of the pecan crop at present is
worth five times as much as the cotton crop.

CHEESE AND TOBACCO IN BUNCOMBE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.

Buncombe County, N. C.—This part of the country is rapidly increasing
in the growth of the various grasses, both for mowing and pasturage.
Several cheese factories are now in full operation, with flattering pros-
pects of success. Our people are now growing considerable tobacco,
with a fair prospect of its being a profitable crop. A manufactory to
put it up is now in full blast in our county.

COTTON-SEED AS A FERTILIZER.

De Soto County, Miss.—On the 15th of last December’ I sowed 40
bushels of cotton-seed per acre on four acres of ordinary upland ;
plowed thoroughly with two horses; sowed wheat and dragged it in
with a two-horse harrow. February. 10, sowed one gallon clover-seed
per acre. June 10, cut the wheat, full 20 bushels per acre. July 20,
mowed the clover, fully 14 ton per. acre, and shall get gh mowing
of same quantity in about twenty days.

GUM FROM THE MESQUITE.

Bexar County, Texas.—Our children are making from two to three
dollars per day gathering gum from the mesquite tree, (Algarobia glandu-
losa.) Itis found oozing from the tree in quantities of one-half an ounce
to pounds in weight. If the crop could have been gathered and sold at
15 cents per pound, it would have brought millions of dollars to West-
ern Texas. About 40, 000 pounds have been bought by our druggists.

322
COTTON-SEED MEAL FOR MILCH COWS.

Ashby, Mass.—Up to September 7, of last year, I had been feeding,
in addition to poor pasturage, to each cow one quart each of shorts and
corn-meal mixed. On that day I commenced to feed to each cow a
handful of clean cotton-seed meal mixed with an equal quantity of corn-
meal, doubling the quantity each day until it reached two quarts to
each cow, or four quarts of the mixture. The measure of milk was as
follows: September 7, 12 quarts; 8th, 13 quarts; 9th, 14 quarts; 10th,
14$ quarts; 11th, 16 quarts; 12th, 17 quarts; 13th, 174 quarts—making
an increase of nearly 50 per cent. in one week. Never saw that it
caused garget. When I notice any tendency that way I mix one pint of
bran-meal with the feed. .

DROUGHT, ETC., IN FRANKLIN COUNTY, MISSOURI.

Franklin County, Mo.—This year, up to August 30, will long be re-
membered as the dry season. There has not been rain enough for the
water to run in the furrow since the 15th of April. The springs and
cisterns have failed to afford water, and four-fifths of the farmers get
their supply from some distant brook or fountain. While the yield of
smali grains and grass is light, Indian corn is what might be called a
medium crop. Of hogs there are now one-third more in this county
than ever before, and with an abundance of apples, peaches, wild fruit,
and nuts, there will be a good surplus of pork. The potato crop has
suffered from the ravages of the bug. This county claims to be the
banner tobacco county of the State, having taken more premiums at
the State fairs during the last ten years than all the rest of the State
combined. Much attention is now being paid to fruit culture, which is
likely to supplant tobacco culture.

EFFECT OF IMPROVED DRAINAGE.

Wood County, Ohio.—Here, when the soil is first brought under the
plow it is too rich for wheat ; and, owing to this fact, corn has hitherto
been the staple crop of the county. But the relative acreage of these
crops is changing, and last fall a much greater breadth was sown to
wheat than ever before, and the yield is excellent both in quantity and.
quality. This liberal harvest is owing, in a great measure, to improved
drainage. The lands of the county incline very gradually toward Lake
Erie, having few natural drains, and these of limited effectiveness. To
supply this want, the people have applied themselves energetically to
the construction of artificial water-channels, until now the ditches in
this county amount to thousands of miles in length.

FLAX IN OHIO.

Delaware County, Ohio.—It is estimated that in this county quite 4,000:
acres are devoted to flax, yielding 30,000 bushels of seed. The straw is
sold at Delaware, the county seat, where there is a large manufactory,
at from $4 to $10 per ton.

EXCESSIVE DEVOTION TO SPECIAL PRODUCTS.

Medina County, Ohio.—Dairy products are low in price, while wool has.
advanced quite 25 per cent. In 1866 this county had 17,130 head of

323

cattle, and 161,616 sheep; now it has 28,373 cattle, and only 51,757
sheep, showing a decrease, in five years, of 109,859 sheep, and an in-
crease of 11,245 cattle, chiefly cows. The change has been too sudden
and violent, and reaction is taking place. Medina is not an exceptional
county. A similar state of things prevails over the whole of Northern
Ohio, the number of cows having increased, and that of sheep dimin-
ished, until now we average one cow to every man, woman, and child,
and have scarcely sheep enough to supply our own woolens. j

HEAVY WOOL-CLIPS.

Boone County, Il.—My father has 22 ewes, grades, which in June
sheared 130 pounds of clean wool, or an average of 51° pounds per head.
They had had good pa e and good care, and each has raised a thrifty
lamb.

CATTLE IN SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN REGIONS.

Cherokee County, N. C.—At this season of the year fat beeves are
being driven from the-mountains, which were poor when sent hither in
the spring. Every spring, Tennessee dealers drive into our mountains
hundreds of cattle, which they sell the ensuing fall for beef.

DISEASE AMONG HORSES.

Stanislaus County, Cal., August 1.—In my July report I mentioned the
appearance of a new disease among horses and mules in the east section
of this county. Since then it has spread and increased, and there is
probably now near two hundred head of old and young animals affected.
Not more than six or seven have died; still, none are getting better.
All that I have seen are affected very similar to the account of the
“nervous phenomena,” in the splenic fever, on page 99 of the “ Report
on the Diseases of Cattle,” recently forwarded me from the Department.
A neighbor, two and a half miles south of our farm, has forty or fifty
horses and mules affected. Other farms have from one to ten horses
or mules in different stages of the disease. We have twenty odd head,
none being affected, as we can see. We attribute our exemption to the
fact that our stock has free access to salt at all times.

September 1.—The new disease among horses, in the east part of this
county, has not increaséd since my last report. About two hundred
have been affected, while only ten have died. The others are slowly
recovering, but none will be fit for work for some length of time.

Marion County, Ky.—There is some distemper among the horses and
mules; also, there has been a greater amount of lockjaw among the
horses this summer than ever before known. A specific for lockjaw is
to immerse, if possible, the animal in coldgwater, except the head; and
if no pond or stream is near that is deep enough for i immersion, pour the
water on as continuously as possible. A horse in the very worst stage
of lockjaw, if immersed in a pond, creek, or river, will be relieved in

thirty minutes.

' A Queens County (New York) correspondent states that the disease
which threatened to become epidemic among horses in New York City,
has almost entirely disappeared amu those taken from the city to
pasture in that county.

324

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

A correspondent writes from Middlesex County, Virginia, that there
have been fifteen cases of pleuro-pneumonia, or lung plague, in that
county, recently, and all were fatal,

HOG-CHOLERA.

Moore County, N. C.—There has been great mortality among hogs, in
some portions of this county, from what is popularly known as hog-
cholera. ,

Lincoln County, N. C.—Hog-cholera has prevailed to an alarming
extent; atleast 50 per cent. have died. For the past three or four weeks
have heard of no new eases, and hope it has abated. .

Glynn County, Ga.—Cholera has prevailed to a very great extent among
the hogs. In some parts of the county more than half have died. I
have not had an opportunity to observe any ease closely, but find that
nearly all the dead hogs were in good condition. '

Dooly County, Ga.—The cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent
among hogs in this county, and no remedy for a cure has yet been dis-
covered. We believe that it is contagious; and the best preventive I
have found is the free use of spirits of turpentine, mixed with tar anda
small quantity of camphor. It can be used either externally or inter-
nally. I prefer the latter, by soaking corn in it for ten or twelve hours.
I have never failed in arresting the disease.

Richland Parish, La.—Hog-cholera in some localities.

Stewart County, Tenn.—There has not been much hog-cholera, but a
few farmers have lost nearly all their pork-hogs.

Monroe County, Tenn.—Hogs are greatly reduced in number by cholera
and other diseases. We have as many, however, as we can fatten well.

Lawrence County, Tenn.—Cholera is commencing among the hogs.

Marion County, Ky—Some hog-cholera in different parts of the
eounty.

Southampton, Va.—Cholera and other diseases have been prevalent,
and the stock has suffered greatly.

BRITISH IMPORTATIONS OF WHEAT AND COTTON.

The following is the official record of imports of cotton into Great
Britain during six months of 1870, ending June 30, and a similar period
In LST Ls

RAW COTTON.

Quantities. Value.
a
1870. 1871. 1S705oee 1871.

From United States .....- (ewt.).| 3,914,270 | 7,099, 428 | £20, 831,175 | £24, 566, 770
Brazil. S25 te eeeees eee do..| 309, 120 395, 840 1, 675, 368 1, 447, 949
MMIkey 2.2 2. seein do.. 62, 414 7,913 294, 288 27, 769
SEAT ieee emai do..| 709,124 | 829,173 3, 979, 288 3, 341, 627
British India... 23623 do.. 802, 947 | 1,244, 686 3, 309, 401 3, 623, 911

Other countries. ..--.. do.. 97, 241 131, 205 507, 252 498, 850

Reta eee ne 5, 895,116 | 9,708,245 | 30,596,772 | 33, 506, 876

325

The proportion of cotton imported from the United States in this
period of six months is 66 per cent. in 1870, (January 1 to July 1,) and
73 per cent. in 1871; the proportionate importation from India decreased
in the same period from 13.2 per cent. to 12.8. The total increase in
quantity is 64 per cent., and the increase in the United States shipments
80 per cent., over those of the previous period. The reduction in price
of our cotton is 35 per cent., or from 23.7 cents (gold) to 15.4 cents per
pound. The reduction in the case of India cotton has been from 18.3 to
12.9 cents, or 29 per cent. ;

Later official returns show the receipts from the United States for
eight months, to August 1, 1871, to be 7,670,577. The average price
for this period is 22.8 cents in 1870, and 15.5 cents in 1871, while the
average prices of India receipts were respectively, for the periods
named, 16.6 cents, and 13.2 cents.

z WHEAT.
Quantities. Value.
1870 1871 1870. 1871.

From Russia .--.-----.--.(ewt.)-| 4,563,334 | 5,906,640 | £2, 033,840 | £3, 377, 868

Wenmark:- fs2\ss2ee sos do-..- 221, 187 14, 340 105, 013 9, 370
Germanys. clea soa dos=|) 1; 691; 927 1, 327, 310 919, 385 878, 761
IDTaneO see sie eee ere do 17, 377 38, 246 8, 581 21, 248
Austrian Territories... -.do-- 42, 327 191, 546 19, 304 119, 229
Turkey. Wallachia, and
Moldavia. .....-.-. (cwt.} - 272, 605 573, 538 116, 200 308, 230
ov pb, sess scmo <6 aoe do. 95, 550 35, 611 40, 702 19, 598
United States... ....- do..| 6,081,277 | 5,619, 861 3, 083, 597 3, 365, 300
ChrhOseees. Sa eee do.. 187, 020 136, 457 107, 668 92, 132
British North America-.do.. 580, 655 734, 826 301, 5385 417,729
Other countries. -.-.... do..- 89, 865 175,183 41, 871 108, 271
Rotali cms ies! Poses so 13, 843, 124 | 14,753, 558 6, 777, 696 8, 717, 736
WHEAT, MEAL, AND FLOUR.
Quantities. Value.
1870. 1871. 1870.

From Germany .----.---- (ewt.) 548, 281. 446,788 £362, 744 £415, 644
INTANGO ne oe cece. eS do..| 555, 968 1,224 392, 809 828
United States........ do..| 1,105,782 | 1,156, 672 702, 765 879, 395
British North America-do.. 62, 357 94, 416 42, 451 69, 358
Other countries....... do.. 203, 828 415, 065 135, 921 409, 440

Total . seers e222 -------.| 2,476, 216 | 2,114, 165 1, 636, 690 1, 774, 665

The wheat received from the United States, 5,619,861 cwt., was 38

per cent. of the total of 14,753,558 during six months of the present
year; while the proportion for this country during a like period of 1870
was 44 per cent. The proportion received from Russia was 33 per cent.
in a and 40 in 1871. In wheat flour the advantage is with the

326

United States, the receipts being 1,105,782 cwt. in six months of 1870,
and 1,156,672 cwt. in 1871, of the respective aggregates of 2,476,216
and 2,114,165 cwt. The increase in prices is marked, the average price
of flour from the United States being but a fraction less than $3 per
cwt. ' ‘
Although the cash receipts of our shipments of wheat and flour
amount toa larger sum than those of the first half of 1870, they repre-
sent an insignificant proportion of the value of our wheat crop. Their
value for the first half of the present year is $21,223,475. Even the
proportion exported from the great wheat mart of the West, upon which
foreign purchasers depend largely for supplies, is quite small—a well-
known fact, which is thus stated in the Chicago Tribune of August
18: “ Of the vast quantities of: grain that leave Chicago yearly, scarcely
20 per cent. of the wheat, and not 5 per cent. of the corn, finds its way
across the Atlantic. The rest all goes to supply the wants of the
American people who live to the east of us, and is scattered, in big lots or
little driblets, all along the route to the sea-shore. The demand for
American consumption is what has built up the grain trade of this city.”

SUGAR AND MOLASSES CROPS OF CUBA, 1870-71.

We gather some facts in regard to the above interests from the Ha-
vana Weekly Report. As is generally known, the production this year
has been comparatively small, owing to the two hurricanes that swept
over the principal sugar districts of the island in October, 1870, and to
the drought which preceded and followed them. Cuba produces nearly
one-third of the quantity of sugar consumed in Europe and America ;
hence it is quite natural that, in view of the decrease of production,
speculators have been operating on a large scale, causing an almost con-.
tinuous advance of prices, much to the profit of the planters, who have
thus been partly compensated for the decrease in their crops. The
prices for clayed sugars No. 12, of current classes, average 10? reals per
arrobe, for the period from January 7 to July 15, against 84 reals per ar-
robe for the corresponding period of 1870, and was selling at 114 to 114
reals per arrobe at the latest date named. Special sorts have sold at 4
to 2 real higher, and whites have exceeded last year’s range by 14 to 24
reals per arrobe.

The total exports this year from the ten principal ports of the island
are equal to 1,868,300 boxes, (reducing hogsheads to boxes,) against
2,665,184 boxes last year. Hstimating the stock remaining at 638,750
boxes, and the local consumption (for the whole year) at 350,000 boxes,
the total production of the island for the season of 187071 is 2,857,050
boxes, against 3,818,447 boxes for the preceding year.

The exports of molasses from the several ports of the island, to June
30, were 215,090 hogsheads, against 292,926 hogsheads in same period
of 1870. The remaining stock is not more than half the amount at same
date last year, when it amounted to 35,000 hogsheads. The prices for
clayed have advanced from 44 to 54 reals in January to 8 to 84 reals in
June, and for muscovado from 5 to 6 reals in January to 84 to 94 reals
in June—the average being for clayed 64 reals, and for muscovado 6%
_reals, against an average in 1870 of 54 reals for clayed and 6} reals for
muscovado. "

327

The probable total exports in 1871, and the totals of previous years,

are shown in the following statement:
; Hhds. Hhds.
Exported to 30th June, 1871..... 215,090 | Exports in 1866.-....-...-....... 321, 000
Stocks at date=-------s--------- 17, 500 POOO Mas cee ca cieece Ser 285, 500
—- 16642254500 522 2 =. WEED
Pxportemn (6vieso-- + 2-25-22 -.25 232,590 ABO Daa ~ sso =o 2s) = cas ee
Gr 0 CAR re 328, 292 PSO eho. eto 265, 000
fen eee 2-25 800,008 A ec ge ok 262, 000
Pee ones esc ec 5s BOONES TEGO eee cece os. OT OO

LCP Go Sea ee epee a 298, 000

The yield of the cane on the island for the past ten years is given as

follows in tons:

Sugar. Molasses. Total. *} Sugar. Molasses. Total.
INS AS Geerers 542,840 151,183 694,023) 1866.. Septet 612,180 208,650 820, 830
CVAD Say eee 725% 505) 213, 380 19388949) 1665—. 2-1. .)-. (OLO} 780 185,575 805, 355
PEG OSE. maces 726! 2377 OAT s050 Oa eed PeOsee-.. cee 515,090 170,950 686, 040
WSGoete sess 749, 389 259,011 1,008, 400 | 1863.....--.. 511, 860 170,480 682, 290
telay es ees 5975 146 S932 700m 17905 S46 A 1862 © =a =. 511,100 172,250 683,350

The exports

of sugar and molasses to the 30th of June were dis-

tributed as follows: United States, 78 per cent. ; Great Britain, 12; south
of Burope, 5; France 2; north of Europe, 1; other ports, 2 per cent. In
1870 they were to the United States, 61 per cent.; Great Britain, 26 ;
south of Europe, 5; France, 4; north of Europe, 1; and other ports, 3 per
cent. The imports of the United States up to the 30th of June were
348,303 tons, against 308,151 tons in 1870. The consumption amounted
to 272,378 tons, against 242,954 tons in 1870, and the stock left was
132,422 tons, against 146,153 tons in 1870.

THE “EULLA” WHEAT.

A new and very promising variety of wheat, called the ‘ Fultz”
wheat, is attracting considerable attention in Mifflin, Juniata, Lancas-
ter, and neighboring counties in Pennsylvania. It is nearly smooth,
-with beards occasionally; is very evenly six-rowed; the straw stands
well, the chaff very close and adherent; and it is claimed that it has
never been affected by weevil; the grains are short and plump, and in
color a light dull red or dark white. The Department of Agriculture

has distributed

a quantity of this wheat, and as the variety will be likely

to receive an extended trial the coming year, its alleged history will
prove interesting. Itis stated that in the summer of 1862 Mr. Abm.
Fultz, of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, while harvesting some old Lan-
caster Red wheat, noticed three beautiful heads of smooth wheat. He
took these heads home, and in the fall sowed the wheat on a spot where
a brush-heap had been burned. The following summer he harvested
half a pint. In 1864 his crop filled a basket, and in 1865 he had nine-

teen sheaves.

Mr. Fultz then parted with a bushel of the wheat to

Christian Detweiler, who sgwed it along the northwestern side of an
old orchard, where it was partly smothered by snow-drifts and shaded

by apple trees.
worth sowing,”

In the harvest of 1866 it was pronounced “scarcely
but when thrashed it was found to yield better than the

favorite Lancaster Red. Mr. Detweiler again tried it, and the next year,
from about three acres of sandy land, he harvested 94 bushels of prime
clean wheat; and the following year, from 13 bushels sown on nine
acres, he harvested 300 bushels. The yield with other parties has been

328

30 to 35 bushels to the acre. The highest yield reported is by Mr.
Emanuel Kauffman—180 bushels on fouracres. This wheat makes an
indifferent show above ground in the fall and early spring, but it makes
up when harvest comes by its splendid straw, fine heads, and plump
grains. The Department has already distributed all that it had at
disposal.

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The thirteenth session of this society was held at Richmond, Virginia,
on the 6th, 7th, and 8th of September. As it is eminently national in
its character, its transactions are justly regarded with deep interest by
pomologists and fruit-growers throughout the country. All of the
prominent State pomological and horticultural societies are represented
at its biennial meetings, and as the delegates participate in the discus-
sions on fruits and other topics that are introduced, the proceedings are
very important, and have a decided influence upon the extension of fruit-
culture, as well as upon the value of the products of this source of na-
tional industry and wealth. One of the most valuable works that has
occupied the attention of this society is that of preparing a list of fruits
best adapted to each State. . So marked is the influence of climate on
certain kinds, that it has been found expedient to divide several of the
States into sections or districts, to each of which several varieties are
allotted. °

Various circumstances, having hitherto prevented the thorough com-
pletion of this catalogue, as representing the Southern States, the session
just closed was mainly devoted to this purpose, and the list is new as
complete as the nature of the subjects will admit. Yearly revisions of
the catalogue will be necessary, as experience with older fruits over
broader localities, and the introduction of new varieties, may suggest.

The organization of the American Pomological Society consists of a
president, with a vice-president from each State and Territory ; treasu-—
rer and secretary; a general fruit committee, composed of one member
from each State; an executive committee; also committees on foreign
fruits; synonymous and rejected fruits; new fruits ; and revision of cat-
alogue. The president is Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston; treasurer,
Thos. P. James, Cambridgé, Massachusetts ; secretary, F. R. Elliott,
Cleveland, Ohio. The next session of the society will be held at Boston,
in 1873.

SALES OF SHORT-HORNS.

James N. Brown’s sons, Grove Park farm, near Berlin, Illinois, sold
August 9,31 cows and heifers, and 11 bulls, Short-horns. The cows and
heifers brought a total of $13,430; the bulls a total of $3,330. One of
the cows, a barren animal, sold at $65; one bull, young, and not a sure
getter, sold at $50. Setting these two aside, the cows averaged $445 50
each, and the bulls $333 each. The cows bringing highest prices
were—Illustrious 3d, red roan, calved March 24, 1868, sold for $1,135;
Maud Muller, roan, calved July 28, 1869, $1,025. The two bulls bring-
ing highest prices were—Tycoon, roan, calved March 27, 1867, $865;
Sir Frederick, red and white, calved December 6, 1870, $420. }

The following is a statement of recent sales in Kentucky: J. M. Van

329

Meter, near Midway, June 27, 25 cows and heifers for $7,675, averaging
$307 each; and 8 bulls for $1,535, averaging $191 838 each. The high-
est prices obtained for cows were—$1,025 for Mazurka 26th, three
years ten months and a half old; and $455 for Lou Logan, eight. years
one month old; the bulls ranging from $100 to $450. Edwin G. Bed-
ford, near Houston Station, June 29, 28 cows and heifers for $6,413, -
averaging $229 04 each, the highest price paid being $400; also, 10
bulls for $2,815, averaging $218 50 each, prices ranging from $130 to
$435. The choicest animals of the herd were reserved. B. IF. and A.
Van Meter, near Winchester, June 30, 23 cows and heifers for $5,975,
averaging $259 78 each, the highest price paid being $710; also, 14
bulls for $5,610, averaging $400 71 each, three of the animals bringing,
respectively, $1,090, $1,060, and $1,000. Harvey W. Rice, near North Mid-
dletown, July 4, 20 cows and heifers for $7,012, averaging $350 60 each,
the prices paid ranging from $115 to $755; also, 4 bulls for $1,282, aver-
aging $320 50 each, prices ranging from $150 to $500.

The following is a statement of sales made at Winchester, Kentucky,
August 26, of imported Short-horns, belonging to the Clark County Im-
porting Company: Cows—Lady Pawlett, $900; Miranda, $975; Cow-
slip 2d, $1,300; Rose of Wicken, $850; Fatiko, $975; Gerty, $895;
Dulcimer, $570; Lady Penrhyn, $710; Sweet Rose, $910; Pride of the
West, $1,250; Patchouli 4th, $870; Rarity, $1,080; Rosette 5th, $900 ;
Harttord Strawberry, $900; Red Princess, $800; Welcome, $700; Tiny,
$600; Lady Spencer 2d, $1,220; Clochette, $855; Princess Maud, $330;
average, $879 50. Bulls—Duke of Babraham, $790; Peabody, $900; Pio-
neer, $400; average, $696 67. There were also sold 28 head of pure-bred
Short-horns, belonging to Lewis Hampton, and 10 head belonging to other
members of the company. Names and prices of the animals are as follows:

Cows: Adelia, $430; Red Bell, $315; Beck Taylor, $600; Juniata,
$280; Pearly, $210; Alida, $190; Red Rose, $300; Moss Rose, $300 ;
Anna, $90; Bostona 2d, $105; Dora Dean, $230; Fragrance Filligree,
$330; Snowflake, $140; Queen of Hearts, $550; Autumn Leaf, $165 ;
Flora Temple, $150; Fannie Abram, $105; average, $264 12. Bulls:
Duke of Greenwood 9,855, $350; Ben Thorndale, $380; Captain Gun-
ter, $240; Crook-tail Lad, $260; Wellington, 9,292, $124; Christmas
HKve, $1385; Frank, $120; Rone Duke, $80; Butterfly Lad, $120; May
Duke, $200; Pilot, $150; Dandy Duke 9,720, $165; Duke of Walberg,
$185; Bismarck, $165; Sam Thorne, $190; Neptune, $80; Hamlet,
$120; Ivanhoe, $225; Warwick, $100; Grand Duke, $150; Hero, $100;
average, $159 05. The whole number of cows disposed of at these sales
was 37; of bulls, 24. Total amount of sales, $27,510. |

AGRICULTURAL CONDITION OF WESTERN AMERICA. :

Perhaps the most important special work engaging the present atten-
tion of the statistical division is the collection of facts 7” -~trating the
industrial status of Western America, showing the pro ie
ment and colonization, the yield and quality of agriculti
the profit of the several branches of agricultural indus}
ities of climate and soil, and the economic aspects 0:
planting, and other specialties incident to rural imy
Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific C

The great want in this regard is accuracy. In ad

330

dental facilities supplied by records of the official, scientific, and rail-
road explorations of the great region—which will only be used for pur-
poses of comparison, verification, and illustration—our regular corre-

spondents, as well as local officials and residents of enlarged information
and accurate and unbiased judgment, will be employed, public addresses
* examined, and the records of current newspaper and book literature
searched, "for the material, which will be sifted, analyzed, and compared,

and the compilation made by the statistician and others, after explora-
tion and observation to the greatest practicable extent. The work will
be difficult and laborious, and may not be concluded for the report of
1871, but its results, it is hoped, will find at least a partial record in
the annual of the current year.

With reference to this work the statistician joined the agricultural
editorial excursion party, (consisting of many of the principal agricul-
tural editors of the country,) which left New York on the 18th of July,
passing through Southern New York, Northwestern Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, (diverging here to Southern Kentucky,) and Illinois to
St. Louis; making another diversion, via the Atlantic and Pacific Rail-
road, to the rich agricultural and mineral lands of Southwestern Mis-
souri and to the verdure-clad and cattle-teeming prairie of the Indian
Territory ; thence to the fruit-yielding bluff-lands of Missouri, the long
vista of intermingled corn and grasses for two hundred miles of the
Kansas Valley, and the plains stretching through four hundred miles of
buffalo pasture to Denver. Nearly three weeks were then spent in Col-
orado and Wyoming in observation by railroad, by carriage, on horse-
back, and on foot, among the agricultural valleys of the mountainous
mining sections, the elevated pasture. grounds of the South Park, the pro-
ductive farm- lands of the Grand Divide which separates the waters of the
Arkansas from those of the South Platte, the great cattle-herding plains
of Laramie and the valley-lands of the Platte and its branches, for a
distance of six hundred miles. Opportunity was afforded to inves-
tigate the methods and prove the success and comparative cheapness
of irrigation in farm and garden culture, and also to witness the won-
derful progress of agricultural colonization, on a codperative and peculiar
basis, as illustr ated : at Greeley, in Weld County, near the junction of the
Cache-a-la-Pondre and the South Platte Rivers. The location, about
twenty-five miles from the Snowy Range, in a valley which gathers the
waters of the most reliable mountain streams of Colorado, is a good one;
the population is rapidly increasing, as is the price of lands; the crops
are generally good, remarkably so for the first year of cultivation and
the inexperience of colonists in irrigation.

The tree-planting operations of Mr. R.S. Elliott, industrial agent of the
Kansas Pacific Railroad, which embrace three locations on the arid plains,
and include several varieties of deciduous and evergreen trees, have thus
far been quite successful, without irrigation. A great variety of trees,
including maple, walnut, ash, pine, larch, ailanthus, chestnut, and poplar,
presented nearly as promising an appearance as similar plantations in
Illinois. The experiment will be continued with a ‘Teo expec-
tation of continued success.

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332

FLAX CULTURE IN IRELAND.

The acreage in flax in the several provinces of Ireland in 1870 and
1871, together with the number of scutching-mills, is given by the regis-
trar-general as follows:

ary * De- ch-
1810, > 1871. ee init.
Wistenmecrneee sess ek. ce ace > soe hscceclbsees = cenere 180,412 147,188 33,224 1,409
DiaUStOL Peete ct He ens ccs oo osc ones cee eae sem eee 4,192 2,929 1,263 39
TiS Roe 2 OR e eA EE SOe OPE COS Cn pone BeBe osc 4, 238 3,199 1,039 39
GAR ee le. boo cen sm pee eek bee iae 6, 068 3,448 2,620 31

194,910 156,764 38,146 1,518

The following table shows the total extent of flax grown in Ireland in
each of the years named :

Acres. i Aeres.
ACLS Phe, ee tS RIS ea a Sn ae eee 1A0; 536) 186220 - 2 2a ee eee eee ee 150, 070
WES eee eer de eee cmisees Coes 137, 008) 1863.52. 222. Sass eee 214, 099
1he'S 3 aS oe ee he Se ee 174,579)|\ 1864.12. 2.5.2 eee eee eee 301, 693
Ths 7: WES a ae en Hees ae 8 oy OAR La TDL, 403i) 1865.4. 22 5 sce ee eee eee 251, 433
Wi ee Stee cise c ciceeroecrectmesee sees 97, 075 |) 18662.......- 2 So ein ee ee eer meee) Oe,
TS URES Begs SOR Ree SNe ¢ 106, 810\| 18672... 2 32 oe cere cecal eee 253, 207
SO Se eee oe cts eee Seemed 97,721 || 1868)2 2. 3). on eis eee ete 206, 483
SHBR Metin cht. ooeee test eee 91,646} 1869.0. 2-2). cc seme Smee een 229, 252
SO eee NE IS ae ie ee Rt 136; 282 ||A870 5 oo on oe See ele eee 194, 910
SOP ie eo ae cir eee ce nae 128 595 T8711. Sees ees eee eee Seo 156, 764
TCT Mea Oo ee I ei I a es eer 147, 957 ||

ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD.

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE.—AS much anxiety has lately

been manifested in the Eastern States, in consequence of the rapid

approach of the much-dreaded western Colorado potato-bug, or ten-lined
spearman of Walsh, (Doryphora decem-lineata, Say,) and as several
reports have lately been published as to its appearance in Massa-
chusetts, Pennsylvania, and other States, and as, in many of the cases,
totally different insects have been mistaken for it, it may be well to
give a short account of the general appearance and habits of this insect,
for the benefit of those farmers who have as yet, fortunately, had no
opportunity of seeing it, or of learning anything about its general natural
history. The Doryphora decem-lineata, Colorado, or western ten-lined
potato-bug, was described by Say in the journal of the Academy of

Natural Sciences, in 1823, as occurring in Missouri and Arkansas, and |

was so named from the ten black lines on its wing covers, five on each
side. One of the first notices of its appearance, as a destructive insect,
was in 1861, when Judge Edgerton described it as being very destruc-
tive to the potatoes in Iowa; and, in 1862, it was reported by Thomas
Murphy, of Atchison, in Kansas, as doing much damage to the crops
and being very numerous. The insect is said to have first fed on a

species of wild potato, growing out in the far West, and is stated to

have traveled east about three hundred and sixty miles in six years, or
at a rate of about sixty miles a year. They are now said to be found as
far north as Canada, as far east as Ohio, and, according to some papers,
(but doubtful,) even in New York and Pennsylvania. In 1864 Mr.

339

Walsh calculated that, if not checked, they would reach the Atlantic
States about the year 1880. The eggs, to the number of seven hundred
to twelve hundred, are deposited on the young leaves of the potato.
These eggs are attached by one end to the under side of the leaves,
usually in clusters of one to two dozen. The larve hatch out in a few
days, and feed from seventeen to twenty days. They then bury
themselves in the earth, where they change into pupa, and remain
as pup from ten to twelve days, and finally emerge from the earth
as perfect beetles to deposit more eggs for a second generation. In
order to give some idea of their powers of multiplication and the
injury effected by them, the Canadian Entomologist states that all
their transformations are effected in fifty days, so that the result of
a singe pair, if allowed to increase without molestation, would, in one
season, amount to over sixty millions. And Mr. Walsh, after a care-
_ ful examination of facts, states that in one year (1866) these insects had
destroyed one and a quarter million dollars’ worth of potatoes in one
small portion of the United States which came under his observation.
The insect, after laying its eggs, does not die immediately, Professor
Daniels, of Wisconsin University, having kept a female alive six weeks
without food after she had laid twelve hundred eggs. There are said
to be three broods annually in Missouri and Mlinois, the last brood re-
maining under ground all winter, and appearing as perfect beetles the
following spring. This insect is stated to possess poisonous properties
when incautiously handled; but the Canadian Entomologist has been
unable to find any evidence of poisonous properties, and doubts the
statement. It feeds upon the potato, tomato, egg-plant, thorn-apple,
and black henbane, &c., &e.

There are several parasitical insects which destroy the Colorado potato-
bug, but their numbers will not admit of their being enumerated in this
_ article. Among the principal ones are several plant bugs, Arma, Har-

pactor, &c.; some beetles, Lebia, Coccinella, &c.; a two-winged fly,
Tachina, besides several other insects which prey upon it in the larval
state, and serve essentially to lessen the number of these pests. These
insects should by all means be protected in the potato-fields and
suffered to increase. The larva of the Colorado potato-bug is at first
dark reddish-brown, but becomes paler, and brightens as it matures.
The head is black, and it has a ring of black on the first segment of its
body, and two rows of black spots on each side. The perfect insect is
about half an inch in length, of a thick, oval shape, and of a yel-
lowish cream color, with ten black lines running lengthwise down the
wing-covers. The head and thorax are of an orange-brown color,
spotted and marked with black. There is another insect closely resem-
bling the true Colorado bug in form, coloration, and markings;
this is called the Doryphora juncta, and may be distinguished by having
the second and third stripes always united behind, and sometimes
before, giving it the appearance of having only eight stripes instead of
ten on the wing-covers. This insect has not yet been reported as hay-
ing done any material injury to the.potato, although in Alabama it has
been said to injure the potato slightly, and is found in Maryland, Vir-
ginia, and South Carolina, feeding on the Solanum carolinense, and
sometimes injures egg-plant in the South. A second insect, the three- —
lined potato-beetle, (Lema trilineata,) has also recently been mistaken
for the Colorado bug, but may readily be recognized by its smaller size,
more elongate form, and having only three longitudinal black lines on
its reddish-yellow wing-covers. The larva may also readily be dis-
tinguished by its habit of carrying a disgusting mass of excrement.on

334

its back, and by its smaller size. Some of the cantharides, (Zpicauta
vittata and lemniscata are also sometimes confounded with the Colorado
beetle, by farmers, and, although they are striped in a similar manner
on their wing-covers, they may be known by their much narrower and
elongate form and narrow thorax. The Colorado bugs are partial to
certain varieties of potatoes, such as the Mercer, Shaker, Pinkeye, &c.,
avoiding as much as possible the Peachblow, Early Rose, Peerless, and
Chili, &c., when other varieties are to be obtained.

As a remedy, Professor Verrill recommends Paris green, mixed with
eight to twelve parts of wheat flour, or with three parts of wood ashes,
to be dusted over the plants when wet with dew; he, however, prudently
adds, “It may be questioned whether it is safe or advisable to mix
dangerous mineral poisons with the soil, for the arsenic and copper will
remain in the earth, or may be absorbed by growing vegetables, or
cause mischief in other ways.” The American Entomologist also states
that “ Paris green (arsenite of copper) is a slow but dangerous poison ;
and when dusting plants with it the greatest care should be exercised,
so that the wind may not carry it toward the person of the operator,
and it may injure the soil if used repeatedly.” In proof of this, peas
planted at the Department of Agriculture, in soil mixed with Paris
green rotted immediately and would not germinate, while those in
unadulterated soil grew finely and flourished, but died immediately
when transplanted into the soil mixed with Paris green. This danger-
ous remedy has already been used to such an extent that in an
entomological paper it is stated that 1,200 pounds has been sold in one
season at La Crosse, Wisconsin, for the destruction of these potato-bugs.
Professor Cook, of Michigan Agricultural College, reports that some of
their potato vines and egg-plants were totally ruined by a too free use
of Paris green, mixed in the proportion of one part of the mineral to
five parts of flour. Mr. H. H. McAfee, superintendent of the experi-
mental farm of the University of Wisconsin, disapproves of the use of
Paris green, on account of its poisonous properties, and recommends hand-
picking and destroying the beetles when they first appear; he also
states that the potatoes are often watery, rank, and of a bad flavor
where the Paris green has been used. Mr. Riley says, ‘“ Watch for and
destroy early beetles, and ensnar€ as many as you can by making small
heaps of potatoes in the field planted; to these the beetles will be
attracted for food, and may readily be killed in the morning.” Paris
green, (Scheele’s green,) he states, if used too abundantly, will kill the
vines, and recommends it to be used with six to twelve parts of flour, ashes,
plaster, or slaked lime. He also says it is highly improbable that any
substance sprinkled either on the vines or on the ground will ever
accompany to the table a vegetable that develops under ground, or, in
other words, that the arsenic cannot’ be absorbed by the plant, to render
the root in some degree poisonous. The Canadian Entomologist also
recommends Paris green, mixed with flour, ashes, or air-slaked lime,
but states that flour is much the best when mixed in the proportion of
one part of Paris green, by weight, to ten or twelve parts of flour, dusted

“over the plants when the dew is on the foliage, from an ordinary flour-
dredge. Three pounds of Paris green to thirty or thirty-six parts of flour
is sufficient for an acre of potatoes. It also states that it is not danger-
ous if carefully used. ‘

Several substitutes for Paris green are also mentioned, among them
arsenic itself, (arsenious acid,) which may be used in the proportion of
one ounce to a pound of flour, but it should be colored black with char-
coal or some other coloring matter, to lessen risk of accident from use.

335

Powdered cobalt, or fly poison, was also tested, but it is a much dearer
remedy. Bluestone (sulphate of copper) solution injured neither bugs
nor plant. Bichromate of potash, dissolved in water, killed insects and
plants. Powdered hellebore had a perceptible effect. Carbolate of
lime varies much in composition and character; some of it was
partially successful with the larve, but doubtfui with the perfect insect.
Ashes and air-slaked lime gave no perceptible results.

In summing up all the evidence on the subject of remedies, it appears
that hand-picking, especially very early in the season, when the insects
first appear, and before they have had time to lay their eggs, is
highly advantageous, and that the use of Paris green is recommended
by the best authorities; but that, when using this dangerous poison,
the greatest care should be taken when dusting the plants that none of
it is carried by the wind on the person of the operator, or on any
neighbor’s fruit, vegetables, or forage crops, and that it should be
mixed with at least ten to twelve parts of flour, plaster, or some other
material, and that an overdose is apt to kill the plants, besides leaving
a residuum in the soil which may prove injurious to the crops.

INSECT DEPREDATIONS.—THE CHINCH-BUG.—A correspondent of the
Missouri Republican writes that, after trying other ways to prevent the
chinch-bugs going through his corn, he tried salt, and found that it will
effectually stop them. Take a pail of water and halfa gallon of salt,
stir well, then with a small broom or bunch of feathers sprinkle well a
row of corn just ahead of the bugs, taking care that the ground between
the hills of corn in said row is well sprinkled with the brine. Three
pails of brine will sprinkle a quarter of a mile, if properly applied, and
will stop the bugs, if well done. The bugs generally commence on a
corn-field at one side and go through from row to row with almost as
much precision as the plowman in plowin g the corn.

RAVAGES OF GRASSHOPPERS.—These pests have been numerous and
destructive during the past month in some portions of the Eastern
States. In Sagadahoc County, Maine, the crops and pastures were
injured by them very much; also in Hancock County. In Franklin
many fields of grain were cut to save the crops from them and for feed-
ing. In Oxford oats were “eaten entirely down, as clean as though fed
upon by sheep.” In some portions of Ply mouth County, Massachusetts,
they are reported to have eaten everything green. In Caledonia County,
Vermont, they have been very destructive. All through Windsor they
have been “a terrible scourge.” In Orleans they are reported abun-
dant, and in Windham they have done “much injury to some of the crops.”
In Wayne County, Pennsylvania, also, they are reported to have done
much damage.

Reports from San Bernardino, California, state that grasshoppers in
“brigades” are moving from San Gorgonio to the sea, destroying every-
thing eatable on their line of march. These insects are said ‘to be of
extr aordinary size and voracity.

THRIPS ON ONIONS.—The Massachusetts Ploughman learns that the
genuine wheat-thrip has this season attacked the onion crop on one or
two farms in Swampscot, carrying all before them and making a clean
sweep. This is something new, if accurate, as there is great paueronte :
between the wheat plant ‘and the onion.

YELLOW-JACKETS.—A correspondent of the Department, writing
from Brookhaven, Mississippi, gives the following method of destroy-
ing yellow- jackets, Vespa vulgaris: “Into four ounces of water put

336

three cunces of cyanide of potassium; and of this solution pour two or
three or four table-spoonfuls in and around the holes of the pests. Its
contact appears to paralyze the insects, and they soon die. If the first
application does not finish them, another one will. The nests can then
be dug out and burned. Great care should be observéd in handling the
remedy, as it is poisonous.” We believe the use of benzine would prove
to be an equally efficacious remedy.

THE DECAY OF FOREST PINES.—A correspondent in Mississippi writes
that, within a radius of five miles of his residence, many forest pine-trees
have died this year from an unknown cause. Four clusters are entirely
dead, three of which will average twenty trees each. In another and
_ a larger cluster, seventy-five trees are dead. A small bark and wood
eating insect, either a Tomicus or Scolytus, is probably the cause of the
death of the trees. it would be well to examine the bark of a tree after
its vitality has been destroyed, and if insects are found under its bark,
the whole tree should be burned. By thus destroying the insects, other
trees would probably Saas? injury.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

USE OF WATER-GLASS IN WASHING WOOL.—-Among the many practi-
cal applications of water-glass, or the silicate of potash and soda, its use
in the washing of wool is said to be not the least important. For this
purpose one part of the water-glass is to be dissolved in forty of warm
water, and the wool placed in it for a minute, and stirred around a little
with the hand. It is then to be taken out and rinsed in cold or luke-
warm water, when it will be white and entirely free from smell. After
this treatment the wool is said to remain perfectly soft, and is not af-

fected in the slightest degree, even if allowed to remain for several days .

in the solution, and then rinsed out with warm water. Wool may be
washed very rapidly i in this way, and in large quantity, by inclosing it
in baskets or nets, immersing it in the solution, and treating it as above
mentioned. Even the sheep can be rendered of snowy whiteness very
quickly, if immersed for a minute in a vessel containing the above solu-
tion at a temperature of 100° to 120°, and then rinsed in pure water.
In this case it may be necessary to take some precaution to prevent the
introduction of the solution into the eye of the sheep, which may be
done by fastening the legs securely to prevent strug ggling, and, perhaps,
enveloping the head for ‘the time in cloth.

A similar use of the water-glass is recommended for the ordinary

washing of clothes, the process consisting in laying the fabrics in a
solution of one part of glass and twenty to “thir ty of water at a tempera-
ture of 100° to 150° F., and allowing them to stand several hours, when
they are to be stirred ar ound witha stick, the bath having been previously
heated up by the addition of warm water. The clothes are then laid
upon a board or over bars to drain, when the liquid coming from them
will be found to contain nearly all the dirt. After this, treatment in
‘the ordinary way, with a very little soap, will quickly remove any re-
maining impurity. It is recommended to place the clothes a second
time in a weak solution of water-glass—one part in fifty—and finally to
rinse out with warm water. Clothes thus treated, it is said, become of
a dazzling white, and do not need bleaching.

*

337

PREPARATION OF DESICCATED VEGETABLES.—A convenient method
of preparing desiccated vegetables, as practiced largely in some coun-
tries, consists in drying them fora short time and then exposing them to
a slow heat in ovens. When soaked for cooking, peas, roots, potatoes,
beets, corn, and other substances, swell out and show very little change
in their esculent properties. A modification of the process consists in
placing the substances, after being sun-dried, in paper bags, which are
pasted up at the mouth, and then covered with sand and heated until
perfectly crisp, but not burned nor materially changed in color.

ECONOMY OF LONG FURROWS IN PLOWING.—A ‘German agricultu-
ral journal observes that farmers usually pay very little attention to
the length of the furrows to be plowed in a field, and yet great waste
of time and labor is the necessary consequence of unsuitable arrange-
ments in this respect. The turning of the plow and the commencing of
a new furrow requires more exertion in the plowman and the team than
continued work on a straight line, and how great may really be the loss
of time from frequent interruptions in short turns may be shown by the
following calculation: In a field 225 feet long, five and a half hours
out of ten are used in redirecting the plow; with a length of 575 feet,
four hours are sufficient for the purpose, and when the plow can pro-
ceed without interruption for 800 feet, only one and a half hours of the
daily working time are consumed. Hence the rule to make the furrows
as long as circumstances will admit.

PASTEUR’S MODE OF PREPARING VINEGAR.—The researches of Pas-
teur, in regard to the microscopic growths that affect the silk-worm, the
vine, wine, &c., are well known to many of our readers; but they may
not be so familiar with one of his many important practical applications of
science to the economical manufacture of an excellent quality of vinegar.
His method has been practiced in an extensive establishment in Orleans,
France, for some time past, under his direction, although it is but recently
that the details of the process have been made known. The apparatus
employed consists of as many tubs, holding about thirty gallons each,
as can conveniently be accommodated in one room, kept heated to a
temperature of 70° to 80°. These are filled with a mixture of vinegar
and wine, and the vinegar fungus is planted, or sown, upon the surface.
This is an application of the fact, established by Pasteur, that the con-
version of wine into vinegar is caused by the development in the liquid
of the so-called vinegar fungus, or Mycoderma aceti. This planting, or
sowing, is accomplished by the use of thin wooden spatulas, previously
moistened to prevent adhesion, and then laid on the liquid covered by
the fungus, so as to take off a thin layer, and afterward immersing this
carefully in the unchanged liquid, and stirring round so as to carry the
fungus to the bottom. This soon rises to the surface, which is completely
covered by it in about eighteen hours. With the development of the
plant the manufacture begins, accompanied by a considerably concomi-
tant development of heat. In the course of nine or ten days, and some- °
times in eight, the entire liquid is transformed into vinegar, the comple-
tion of the operation being shown by the tearing apart of the fungus
layer, and its falling tothe bottom. The vinegar, which by this time has
become cold, is drawn off through an opening near the bottom of the
tub; ninety-five parts of vinegar being obtainable from one hundred
parts of the wine. When the vinegar is drawn off the tubs are to be
well scrubbed out with clean water, so as to be entirely free from all
particles of fungus; they are then ready for a new mixture of wine and
vinegar. The advantage of this method consists in its simplicity and

008

in the ease with which the work can be prosecuted; the first results
being obtained in ten days, and the whole completed in twelve or four-
teen. In the old methods, it was necessary to add a very large propor-
tion of vinegar to the wine in order to transform a small quantity of
the latter, so that from one tub of one hundred quarts only nine quarts
of vinegar were furnished weekly ; while by the new method nine and
a half quarts can be furnished daily, or sixty-six in a week, being seven
times as much as by the old method. In consequence of the more rapid
preparation by the new process, the vinegar is less aromatic when com-
pleted, but very soon acquires this important quality.

ADULTERATION OF WOOL.—An additional illustration of the modern
tendency to adulterate articles of commerce, (in this instance, fortu-
nately, the result not being injurious to health,) we find in an adver-
tisement in a recent German journal offering to sell the secret of a
process by which wool, in the yarn or the fabric, can be made to weigh
from 10 to 25 per cent. more than originally, according to the color
desired, and without injury to the fiber or affecting the most delicate
colors, or the physical character of the article in the slightest degree.

PROTECTING GRAIN FIELDS FROM CROWS.—Aneffective method of pre-
venting the devastation, by crows, of fields that have been recently
planted with grain, is said to consist in stretching cords, longitudinally
and transversely, upon stakes, about a foot above the earth, and about
ten paces apart.

ADULTERATION OF CLOVER-SEED.—A confidential circular from an
. enterprising German in Hamburg has lately come to light containing an
offer to sell several tons of sand suitable for mixture with clover seed,
the grains of which resemble the seed so closely that it is almost
impossible to distinguish them by the eye. The writer of this circular
announces that this sand is in great demand, especially in England, for
purposes of adulteration. Two colors are supplied, one for red clover
and one for white.

NITROGEN IN MULBERRY LEAVES.—Some important investigations

were prosecuted, not long since, by Dr. Reichenbach upon the chemical
composition of the leaves of the mulberry in connection with the silk-worm
disease, in the course of which he ascertained that such leaves, as grown
in Europe generally, had a much less percentage of njtrogenous matter
than those of China and Japan. He has lately continued his inquiries
by an analysis of leaves from Turkistan, and has found in these an unusual
percentage of nitrogen, varying from 3.35 to 4.05 per cent. in the dry
leaf.

In some accompanying remarks upon this paper by Liebig, stress is
laid upon the importance of such investigations in determining @ priori
the value of different qualities of leaves for raising silk-worms, and it
is stated that where nitrogen is deficient, the silk-worm suffers in its
general health, and consequently in its ability to produce a healthy and
abundant silk cocoon. The cause of the paucity of nitrogen in the
European leayes is believed to be the result of long-continued cultiva-
tion of the tree in the same soil, and especially the use of leaves from
trees that have attained their full size. In a growing plant, as the
roots are perpetually pushing out into new and unexhausted soil, the
proper supply of nourishment is obtained; but the moment a complete
development of the tree is accomplished a diminution of nitrogen in
the leaves commences, with the results indicated ; so much so that a

*

339

yield of even 24 to 3 per cent. of nitrogen from the dry leaves is not
common.

TANNIN IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BEER.—We have already referred
to the increasing use of tannin as obtained from the grape, in the treat-
ment of wine, for the special object of arresting fermentation and
preventing change beyond a desired point. A similar application is
now made with much success in the preparation of beer; and the result,
according to critical authority, has been to establish a new epoch in this
manufacture. Itisto the presence of tannin in the leaves of the hop that
its preservative peculiarities are due; and in the tannin of the nut-gall
we have the same agent in greater intensity, 75 grains of tannin exert-
ing as positive an action upon beer as a pound of the best hops. By
taking tannin dissolved in ten times its weight of warm water and add-
ing it to the wort, a complete clarification will take place, and on cool-
ing a deposit will be thrown down. In all cases where the peculiar
aroma and bitter substance of hops are not desired, but a sweet wine or
beer is to be produced, the hops can always be replaced completely and
with advantage by the tannin. The use of this new material allows the
manufacture of several new kinds of beer, and obviates the necessity of
using any other modes of clarifying.

MANGANESE IN BEECH-NUTS.—It has lately been ascertained, in cor-
roboration of experiments made some years ago, but to which little im-
portance was attached, that beech-nuts contain a large percentage of
manganese, although the soil in which they are grown may exhibit ne
appreciable trace of this metal.

SUBSTANCES AFFECTING THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS.—According
to alate paper by Dr. Vogel, upon the influence of various substances
on the germination of seeds, itis stated that among those most injurious
in this respect are dilute acetic acid, and carbolic acid, although the
substances in question are present in very small percentage. Solutions
of hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, phosphorus, &c., were found to be much
less injurious in the same proportion than those first mentioned. This
explains the unsatisfactory nature of experiments for the destruction of
insects on plants by means of solutions of carbolic acid; the insects, it
is true, being killed by a very weak solution, while at the same time the
plants themselves rarely survive.

INFLUENCE OF CONDITIONS OF HEAT ON THE GROWTH OF PLANTS.—
A paper has lately been published by Kiéppen, upon the relationship of
conditions of heat to the phenomena of growth in plants; his first
inquiry being limited to the questions connected with the germination
of the seed. The general conclusion arrived at was that variations of
temperature were in all cases prejudicial to the growth of the germ, even
when amounting to but a few degrees, and these within limits favorable
to energetic growth. That is to say, the germination proceeds more
rapidly at alow temperature of a uniform degree, than at a higher,
where subjected to more or less variation. From this we derive the
inference that a nearly uniform spring temperature, with a cloudy sky,
is more favorable to rapid development of vegetation than the alterna-
tion of hot days and cool nights, it being of course understood that the
mean temperature in each case is about the same.

: INK-PLANT OF NEW GRANADA.—Among vegetable substances useful
in the arts is one that has long been known in New Granada under the
name of the ink-plant, as furnishing a juice which can be used in writing

340

without previous preparation. Characters traced with this substance
have a reddish color at first, which turns to a deep black in a few hours.
This juice is said to be really less liable to thicken than ordinary ink,
and not to corrode steel pens. It resists the action of water, and is prac-
tically indelible. The plant is known as Coryaria thymifolia.

MURRAY ON BLIGHT IN PLANTS.—At a recent meeting of the scienti-
fie committee of the Horticultural Society of London, Mr. Andrew Mur-
ray read a paper on the blight of plants, in which he combated the
ordinary theory that the lower forms of vegetable organisms, which
constitute ordinary blight, are developed from germs existing in the
plant, or floating in the air. :

ACTION OF ELECTRICITY ON THE COLORED TISSUES ON VEGETA-
BLES.—In a recent memoir by M. Becqueérel, the elder, upon the action
of electricity upon the colored tissues of vegetables, he remarks that
electrical discharges, whether strong or weak, produce three distinct ac-
tions upon the colors of the leaves of plants and the flower: First, that by
virtue of which the parts electrized allow the coloring matters, which
are in a state of solution in the cellules, to be absorbed, or rather filtered,
in cold water, in which they are plunged after electrization. This effect
takes place principally with red and blue colors; while the yellow shades,
due to the solid granules situated in the cellules, do not appear to be
modified. Second, a direct decolorizing action upon red and blue color-
ing matters, which are found in a liquid state in the cellules whenever
the electrization of the plant is sufficiently prolonged, this effect being
sometimes very rapid. Third, infiltration, so to speak, or a transfer of
coloring matter sensible to the preceding influences, and that found in
the interior of the electrized organs. An example is seen in the effect
produced in the red, found in the under surface of leaves of the Begonia
discolor, its color, during the electrization of the leaf, becoming gradu-
ally infiltrated towards the upper green surface, so as to mask the color
of the chlorophyl. He further remarks, that the atmosphere and the
earth are constantly in two dissimilar electrical conditions; the first pos- -
sessing an excess of positive electricity ; the second, of negative; these
two excesses becoming neutralized by means of the conducting sub-
stances found at the surface of the earth, plants especially.

OIL FROM BIRDS.—Our readers may be surprised to learn that the
oil obtained from several distinct species of birds possesses a decided
economical value, and that various sorts are recognized as articles of
trade in different parts of the world. In our own domestic medicine
goose-grease is known as an emollient, and for other purposes. The
penguins, petrels, mutton-birds, frigate-birds, Mother Cary’s chickens,
&ce., all ocean forms, are sometimes killed, in immense numbers, for their .
oil, and to such an extent is the destruction of penguins carried, in this
connection, that while the fat of eleven penguins is required to furnish
a gallon of oil, a single vessel has been known to bring back, after a six
weeks’ campaign, twenty-five to thirty thousand gallons, representing,
of course, over ten times that number of birds. This is taken to London
and used almost exclusively in currying leather. Ostrich fat has much
reputation in Africa as a remedy for rheumatism, and is greatly sought
after by the Arabs for this purpose. The Emu, or Australian ostrich,
is hunted very much for a similar purpose. A single bird will produce
six or seven quarts of a beautiful, bright yellow oil.

In South America a species of goat-sucker, known as guacharo, (Stea-
tornis caripensis,) and remarkable for its excessive fatness, is hunted in

341

large numbers by the Indians, the young birds especially. This species
differs from the ordinary goat-sucker in being almost exclusively a veg-
etable-feeder, the result of which is the deposit of a large quantity of
fat under the skin. The oil is half liquid, transparent, and so pure that
it will keep more than a year without becoming rancid. In many parts
of North America the fat of the wild pigeon is said to be collected by
the Indians, both as an oil for light and as asubstitute for butter. Very
recently a trade has sprung up in the Gulf States in oil obtained from
the American pelican, which, we learn, is actually quoted in the market
of New Orleans at about a dollar and a half per gallon. A fleet of
small vessels is occupied in following up these birds in their different
haunts, and killing them, although the process by which the oil is ex-
tracted is not indicated; nor is the reason given why the value of the
product should be so great, compared with that of nearly all the other
animal oils in market. It is much to .be regretted that this new mode
of extermination of our coast birds should have been initiated; and it
may well be asked whether it is not the duty of the proper authorities
to pass stringent laws prohibiting this practice.

NEW DISEASE OF THE COFFEE-PLANT.—According to M. J. Berkley,
a disease has lately appeared in the coffee plantations of Ceylon which
threatens to become of -serious import. The albumen of the berry is
developed sufficiently to present the usual convoluted appearance, but
the growth appears to be suddenly arrested. As aresult, the substance
is not sufficiently solidified, and consequently it contracts and acquires
a dusky tinge, in some cases becoming black. No indications of fungi
were observed by Mr. Berkley. The disease has been attributed to sud-
den changes of weather, and it is thought to be possibly of no more
than local development.

NEW MILK-PRODUCING TREE.—A new milk-producing tree in the
Valley of the Amazon has lately been brought to the notice of Europe- -
ans. It is known as the Massaranduba, and appears to be a species of
Mimusops, ot the naturai order Sapotacee. The wood is valuable, and
used for various purposes, and the milk flows freely from the trunk
upon incision, but hardens on exposure to the air, and then has an
elastic property similar to that of gutta-percha. This juice is used as
food when fresh, but never in its pure state, being either mixed with a
small quantity of water, or with coffee or tea like ordinary milk.

TREMELLAT PROCESS’ FOR PRESERVING GRAPES.—A recent process
for preserving grapes through the winter, introduced by M. Tremellat,
of Marseilles, is commended in agricultural journals as answering its
purpose better than many of the improved methods of the day. This
depends upon the fact that, in the ordinary storage of grapes, a portion
of the water, both of the stem and of the berry, is lost by evaporation,
so that they dry up unless moisture is restored to them. To obviate
this difficulty the bunches are cut in such a manner as to leave a con-
siderable portion of the adjacent woody part of the vine, and are then
suspended over a vessel filled with water, so that while-only hanging
near the surface of the water the ends of the stems are immersed.
As the moisture evaporates from the grapes it is restored by capillary
absorption through the stem, and no change takes place. By means of
the arrangement thus indicated M. Tremellat has succeeded in keeping
grapes from one year over into another, fresh and fair as in the moment
of gathering, and his method is now used on a large scale in Paris and
elsewhere. ,

4

342

CHARLIER HORSESHOE.—A new horseshoe introduced in Paris by
M. Charlier has been favorably received. It consists of a narrow rim
of iron, thoroughly protecting the edge of the hoof without cramping
its sole in theleast. The material to be used must be of the best quality,
but the weight being considerably less, the cost isnot increased. Thou-
sands of horses of the many public conveyances in Paris have been
provided with these shoes, and they give general satisfaction.

THE HUROPEAN PLANE-TREE IN CITIES.—No tree resists so well the
smoke and impure air of European cities as the plane, (Platanus occi-
dentalis,) although it is net a native of that continent. It is the tree
most generally seen in the churchyards, squares, and other open spaces.
in London, thriving well, and living to a considerable age. This is
probably in part due to the fact of the outer layer of bark being shed
yearly, and thus not becoming choked with smoke so that its functions
are destroyed. The rows of young plane-trees planted along the re-
cently opened portion of the Thames embankment, from the Houses of
Parliament to Charing Cross and the Temple, are growing vigorously,
and promise in a few years to afford a grateful shade, and to add much
to the beauty of the banks of the river.

REPORT ON THE POTATO DISEASE.—The Prussian Agricultural
Academy has been occupied since 1863 in making laborious investiga-
tions into the mode of propagation and possible prevention of the potato
disease. A report of operations has recently been published, from which
it appears that the following points, among others, may be considered
as finally determined: First. A relationship and connection between
the disease of the leaf and of the tuber, and the fact that the potato-
fungus is the cause of the wet-rot of the potato. Second. The wintering
of the mycelium of the fungus in the diseased tubers is considered well
established and as needing no further verification. The mode of dissem-
ination of the disease, however, is considered as requiring additional
investigation, including the development of the mycelium of the infected
tubers in the superficial portion of the young plant, as well as the for-
mation of the leaf fungus. The inquiry is suggested also whether the
first traces of the leaf disease in the summer come from the mycelium
of the infected seed-potatoes of the previous year. UWxperiments are
also proposed for ascertaining whether, if the young plants are com-
pletely protected from the entrance of fungus-spores from the exterior,
a diseased mother bulb would produce diseased plants. The eftort to
find some convenient mode of disinfection of seed-potatoes for the pur-
pose of preventing the disease has not, so far, met with any satisfactory
result. It is possible, of course, to destroy the mycelium of the fungus
in the tuber by various means; but this generally age the bud at the
same time and prevents its row th.

One very important feature accomplished by ieee inquiries is the
ascertaining that different varieties of potatoes vary extremely in their
susceptibility to disease, some kinds being much easier of infection than
others. It is suggested that the collateral inquiry be carried out for the
determination of the best varieties of potatoes which enjoy a greater or
less immunity from attack. What it is, in the plant or tuber, that
causes this condition is not yet ascertained, and it is thought that possi-
bly when the cause is known the more sensitive varieties may be so
modified as to have an equal advantage. According to some the differ-
ence consists in the degree of smoothness of the external skin of the
potato, while others maintain that it pepends upon the thickness of the
skin.

343

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR POTATOES.—It is generally understood
that the value of potatoes depends upon their specitic gravity, and that
the heavier the potato the greater the amount of nitrogenous matter it
contains. This has suggested the idea of a convenient test by which
the excellence of different varieties can be readily determined, and
which’ consists in the use of saline solutions of different degrees of
strength. If, assuming one variety as a standard, we make a solution
of such strength that the potato will float at about the middle of the
mass, neither falling to the botton nor rising to the surface, and apply
the same test to other potatoes, we may conclude that if one fall to the
bottom it is better, or if it rise to the top it is poorer, than the standard.
A series of standards has been suggested, therefore, by Dr. Neslee, of
definite percentages of salt and water, thus producing a sliding scale
applicable under any circumstances for the test in question.

POISON FROM THE SHADE OF THE MANZANILLA.—Mr. Karsten has
lately published the detail of observations made upon himself, in refer-
ence to poison by exposure to the shade of the manzanilla tree, (Hippoma-
nis manzanilla.) After remaining several hours under the tree, he ex-
perienced a burning sensation over the entire surface of his body, which
at length centered in certain parts of the skin, especially about the face,
and above all around the eyes. After a time the eyes were swelled so as
to be almost closed, and were so sensitive that for several days he found
it necessary to remain in a perfectly-darkened room, being also in great
pain. After three days the swelling diminished, and the epidermis began
to peel off. These symptoms he supposed to be the result of poisonous
exhalations from the tree, a peculiarity which is shared with the man-
zanilla in South America by several other species of plants. An ana-
logue of these deleterious exhalations may be seen in certain volatile
organic bases, such as trimethylamin; and it is suggested that similar
nitrogenous combinations may have a much wider distribution than has
hitherto been suspected.

FACTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT.—Mr. J. I. Car ter, superintendent, reports
the results of experiments with sixty-nine varieties of wheat at the
Eastern Experimental Farm, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Most of
the varieties have done well, ‘tree from smut, rust, or blight to any great
extent. The time of cutting, the weight of straw, and the yield of grain
Ee acre are given as follows :

Quality. Whencut.| Straw. | Wheat. Quality. Whencut.| Straw. | Wheat.
; Pounds.| Bushels. : Pounds.| Bushels.
S. White Blue Stem ...| June 22 | 3,348] 19.73 || B. Week’s White ...--- Tungege 3, 366 32. 40
SeDieh lh: cess sacar June 28) 2,848] 21.86 || S.& B. Rough & Ready.| Jun 3, 504 32. 26
S. B. White Touzelle, | June 28 | 3,600 |. 26.13 || B. Brittany ............ June 28} 3,696 | 32.00

(last year’s product. if B. Light RedChaff Med- | June 28 | 3,344 31. 20
S. B. White Tpuzelle, | June 28] 3,600] 26.93 iterranean Amber.

(recent importation.) S. Early Georgia ..-..-- June 24] 2,640 18. 66
BB. Mountain, 55... .-.< June 28} 2,848] 24.53 || B. Red BeardedSuissette June 28 | 3,504 25. 86
By HOS ie eee oe. June 28} 3,376} 14.13 || S. Arnold No.1 ...do...| June 28 | 3, 424 26. 13
B. Jennings 2.... .... June 24] 2,876 | 23.53 || S. Arnold No.2 ...do...| June 28 | 2,752 26. 66
S. Talavera ........... July 5] 2,928] 17.06 || S. Arnold No.3 ...do...| June 28 | 3,008 23. 46
S. Rough Chaff........ July 5] 2,904] 15.20 || S. Arnold No-4 ...do...| June 28 | 2, 784 26. 13
S. Model White ....... June 28} 2,504] 18.26 || S. Armold No.5...do...| June 28] 3,392 25. 60
S. Tappahannock Shafi June 24} 3,152} 21.86 || S. Arnold No.6 ...do...) June 28 | 3,552 22. 93
Si) Rogers's. --2020-5 June 28 | 3,844 | 37.80 || S. Arnold No.7 ...do...| June 28 | 3,552] 25.08

344

Quality. Whencut.| Straw. | Wheat.|| Quality. Whencut.! Straw. | Wheat.
Pounds.| Bushels.|, Pounds. Bushels.
S. Arnold No.8 Suissette,; June 28 | 3,328 | 26.66 | B.Old_ White Chaff) June 28} 4,704 37. 86
S. Arnold No.9 ...do.-.| June 28 | 3,228 | 22.43 || Mediterranean. \
B. Baard, (Cape of Good | June 28} 1,936} 15.70 || S.and B. Treadwell...| June 28 | 3, 760 29. 86
Hope.) | B. Russian Amber ....| June 28 | 3, 428 30. 86
S.Du Loits, (Cape of | June 24{ 2,000} 15.73 || B. Rue’s Amber..-.-.-- June 24] 2,736 26. 66
Good Hope.) | B. Prolific Amber ....| June 24 | 2, 640 27. 46
S. French Wheat, (in-| June 28] 2,464} 15.46.|| S.German Amber ....] June 24 | 2, 528 21. 06
troduced into Cape | B. French Red Chaff ..| June 28 | 2,924 23. 66
Colony in 1860.) | S. Hungarian Red..-.. July 5] 2,128 16. 80
B. Black Ear, (Cape of | June 28 976 560 || S. Berdenska Red ..... June 28 | 3, 456 11.73
Good Hope.) . B. American White...| June 28 | 2, 656 19. 73
8. White Surrey, (Cape | July 5] 2,952] 11.61 || B.Shade Mountain] June 28| 2,896 21. 06
ot Good Hope.) White.
B. Golden Ball,(Cape of | June 28 | 2,424) 20.40 || S. Orceina.........-.-. June 28 | 1,712 12. 00
Good Hope.) S. Salla Red......-22.- July 5] 2,032 9. 86
B. Knopjes or Liebrits, | June 28} 3,072 9.60 || S. California White ...| June 28] 2,192 21. 06
(Cape of Good Hope.) S. Italian White .....- June 28} 2,288 19. 46
B.Strydoms, (Cape of} June 28} 2,592 16.00 || B. Old Red Chaff Med-| June 28} 2,752 23. 46
Good Hope.) iterranean.
S. Brink’s, (Cape of| June 24] 1,152 4.80 || B. Lancaster Red ....- June 28 | 2,672 monde
Good Hope.) B. Ancona Red.......- June 28} 2,336 20. 80
B. Bengal White, (Cape | June 28 | 1,536 8.00 || B. Bohemia Red...-..- July 5] 2,304 13. 26
of Good Hope.) B. Sakonka Red..-...- June 28 | 2, 992 16, 26
B. White Australian...| June 28] 2,896 | 18.80 || B. Rochester Red .: ...} June 28} 3, 024 24, 26
S. Dtalian Red..........-- June 28} 4,240 | 27.46 || S. Extra Early Jersey.| June 24 | 2, 688 19, 20
B. French White Chaff| June 28 | 3,952] 33.33 || B. Michigan Amber...| June 28 | 2,976 22. 66
Mediterranean. B. Sandomirca White..} July 5 | 3,344 12. 53
B. Parker’s Italian. -.... June 24) 3,792") 34/66: ||, BubPotist:- soee.eeeee TUL ask emesis 20. 00
S. and B. Witter .....-- June 28] 3,792 | 36.53 || B. Lancaster Early....| July 3 |.------- 22. 80
B. White Chaff Medi-| June 28| 4,536 | 36.13
terranean, (recent
importation.)

Norte.—S. smooth; B. bearded; S. B. short beards; S. and B. both smooth and bearded heads.

EXCELSIOR oOATS.—Mr. S. S. Fenn, of Nez Percés County, Idaho, ©
received from this Department, in the spring of 1869, two and a half
pounds of the Excelsior oats. He sowed the seed about the 1st of June,
and harvested 179 pounds. This product was sown the following year,
and produced 1944 bushels, weighing 49 pounds per bushel. The land
was irrigated and otherwise prepared with great care.

In another case one acre was sown with the Excelsior oats about the
last of May, 1870, and 794 bushels, of 49 pounds each, were harvested.
This crop was raised on high and dry ground, without irrigation. The
straw was bright and strong, and averaged 4 feet above ground. The
common varieties of oats cultivated in that region average only 60 bush-
els, weighing 34 pounds each, and were considered an excellent crop
when raised without irrigation. Other attempts at the cultivation of
these oats in this region have met with flattering results.

OLIVE CULTURE IN GEORGIA.—Mr. P. M. Nightingale, of Brunswick,
Georgia, writes us his observations and experience in the culture of the
olive, and the manufacture of olive oil, as follows:

IT have successfully’ cultivated the olive on Cumberland Island, my former place ot
residence, and before the war I made a very superior quality of sweet-oil, pronounced
by very good judges to be quite equal, if not superior, to the best that has been im-
ported. The olive grows with little care and great rapidity on Cumberland Island, and
it is the impression of all who have seen the grove on that island, that the trees com-
pare very favorably in point of size with those in Europe. They bear nearly every
year, and produce two to three bushels of fruit to the tree. Each bushel of olives will
yield one to two gallons of oil. I also sueceeded in pickling the olives, but not to my
entire satisfaction. This process is more difficult, and requires more care and judg-
ment than extracting and preparing the oil. The fruit must be in exactly the right
state for pickling. If that stage is passed, the pickles, though very nice at first, will
not keep. If, on the contrary, the fruit is gathered for this process before it is
sufficiently matured, it becomes hard and tasteless. The olive tree is easily propa-
gated from cuttings, layers or shorts, or by ingrafting into the root. It begins to bear
in about six years, but does not produce abundantly until it is ten or twelve years old.
When matured it is larger than the largest apple tree. The oldest trees on Cumber-

.

345

land Island were planted by Mrs. Greene, the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, in
1793, and they are still fine vigorous trees, and may live a century longer. They are
not subject to the devastatious of the insect which has seriously injured the orange
trees in Southern Georgia and in Florida for thirty years past. Mrs. Greene commenced
the eultivation of the olive on Cumberland Island at the special recommendation of
Mr. Jefferson.

LOTUS AND THE VINE IN MicuiGan.—Mr. Thomas Whelpley, of Mon-
roe, Michigan, writes to the Department as follows:

The Nelumbeum luteum, or lotus of Asia, that I reported to the Smithsonian Institution
in 1851 as existing in our bayous, though scarce and feeble, has since that time been
rapidly spreading and increasing in vigor and proportions, until now we have hundreds
of acres of our marshes and bayous occupied by it in solid masses, overriding and
displacing all other water vegetation in its way. They turn out corollas 12 inches,
toruses 6 inches, and leaves 30 inches in diameter, as acommon thing. Some toruses
mature 30 to 35 nuts, large and sweet as filberts, indicating an extraordinary mildness
of climate for so high a latitude. (See Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 171.)

The mouth of the river Raisin this day rivals the famous Rhine, in Germany, in
richness and luxuriance of vintage. The six miles square, including the city of Mon-
roe, turned out last year 16,000 gallons of wine that is actually displacing the German
Rhine wine in our midst, and the vintage of this year pronrises to double that of last.

SIXTY-NINE BUSHELS TO THE ACRE.—The San Joaquin Republican
is informed that 58 acres of wheat on Sherman Island has this year
‘produced 4,000 bushels of grain—very nearly 69 bushels to the acre.
The same authority reports a yield of 6 tons of hay to the aere on the
island. Thisislandisreclaimed tule land. The American Rural Home,
Rochester, New York, reports a yield of a trifle over 40 bushels per acre
of the Diehl wheat, on between eight and nine acres in Monroe County.
The soil on this farm is largely clay, deep and fertile. The owner sel-
dom plows less than 12 inches in depth, using a strong team and a large
Wiard plow. ‘Che furrows are leveled with a harrow, and the soil is
then thoroughly disintegrated with a wheel-cultivator with teeth 15
inches long and drawn by four horses. The seed-bed is worked 12 inches
deep; then it rests awhile and settles, and the seed isdrilled in. James
H. Graham, of Mason, Michigan, reports a yield of 35$ bushels per acre
on a field of five acres; and Mr. C. T. Beck, of Monroe, 37 bushels 6
quarts per acre on a field of 5f acres. Mr. Joseph E. Roberts, of Bur-
lington County, New Jersey, reports a yield of 412 bushels on 13 acres—
over 312 bushels per acre. Several crops of over 30 bushels to the acre
are reported from the same neighborhood.

PREMIUMS FOR CoTTon.—In connection with the fair of the St. Louis
Agricultural and Mechanical Association, to be held in that city for one
week trom October 2, there will be held the exposition of the Woolen
and Cotton Manufacturers’ Association. of the West and South. The
merchants and manufacturers of St. Louis have contributed $10,000 to
be awarded in premiums for cotton, which amount will be distributed as
follows: For the best bale of long or short staple cotton raised in Ten-
nessee, $500; for second-best bale, $250; for the third-best bale, $100.
The same amounts will be paid, under the same conditions, for the best,
second-best, and third-best cotton products of the States of Mississippi,
Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North
Carolina, and Missouri, respectively. A premium of $500 is also offered
for the best bale of cotton raised from Peeler, Dickson, Silk, Lace, or any
other improved seed; and $1,000 for the best bale of long or short sta-
ple cotton raised in any State. These large premiums will doubtless _
draw out many competitors and insure a fine display of the staple.

The Cincinnati Industrial Exposition of 1871 offer premiums amount-
ing to $2,450 for the best bales of cotton from Texas, Louisiana, Arkan-
sas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia; the premiums being,

346

respectively, $250 for the best bale, and $100 for the second-best bale,
from each State. In addition, a large gold medal is to be given for
the best bale among the total receipts from these States. Cotton will
be admitted for entry up to September 30. ‘

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION.—The Tennessee A gricultu-
ral and Mechanical Association has issued circular letters inviting all
societies of like description throughout the United States to meet in
congress at Nashville, Tennessee, October 3, 1871, for the purpose of
forming a national agricultural association. The object of this move-
ment is to secure, by concerted action, unity and harmony in the promo-
tion of agriculture, and to increase the advantages offered by experi-
ence, skill, and science, in its development. Each society taking part in
the congress will be entitled to one delegate for every fifty members, or
fractional part of that number. Manufacturers of agricultural imple-
ments, throughout the United States, are invited to exhibit their articles
at a national exposition during the State Fair.

ADDRESS OF Dr. GEORGE B. Lorinc.—Dr. George B. Loring, in an
address before the New England Agricultural Society, at Lowell, Massa-
chusetts, September 8, urged upon mechanics and others engaged in
daily labor in large cities and towns the propriety of securing rural
homes within reach of their daily avocations, thus advancing the health
and moral well-being of themselves and their families, and establishing
a surer basis of material prosperity. The address also contains these
suggestive remarks on the pecuniary condition of the agricultural popu-
lation of Massachusetts :

I think I may safely say that we have no industrious farmers who are poor, and
very few farms, unless it be those which are in the hands of what are called fancy farm-
ers, Which are unprofitable. The homesteads of the agricultural community are in
good condition ; good houses, good barns, and well-tilled fields greeting you on every
hand. Farms which were mortgaged ten years ago are now free from ineumbrance ;
and even while the debts resting upon them have been paid, it would be difficult to
estimate the amount of money which has been drawn from them in the shape of taxes
for general and local purposes, and of contributions to all charitable purposes.

SoILInG cRoPs.—Mr. E. W Stewart gives the following as a good di-
vision of soiling crops when twenty cows are wholly soiled: first, two
and a half acres of winter-rye, sown late in August or early in Septem-
ber, in the Middleand New England States ; but may be somewhat later in
the season inthe South. Cutin the spring before the heads form, so that
it will immediately commence a new growth. Under favorable condi-
tions of soil and climate, rye may be cutin the way recommended every
three weeks. Second, two and a half acres of orchard-grass and early
clover, sown together, and cut just before coming into blossom. Three
cuttings may be obtained on good ground in moist seasons. Sow twenty
pounds of orchard-grass and twelve pounds of clover to the acre on land
in fine tilth and well manured. Third, two and a half acres of timothy
and large red clover, to be cut before coming into blossom. Ten pounds
of timothy-seed and ten pounds of clover-seed to the acre wiil be suffi-.
cient. Fourth, two and a half acres of oats, sown early in April, at the
rate of three or four bushels of seed to the aere, to be cut while in blos-
som. fifth, four acres of corn, sown as follows: one acre each on the
20th of May, and on the 1st, 10th, and 20th of June. The rotation rec-
ommended will permit the feeding ofa variety of food to stock at the
same time, as clover with corn—a practice always desirable.

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.—For two years the wheat crop in Cali-
fornia has suffered. greatly from drought, and the journals of that State

347

are earnestly advocating the more extended construction of irrigating,
canals as a safeguard for the future. The Stockton Independent claims
than San Joaquin County would at this moment have been richer by one
million of dollars had a canal been constructed last year to carry the
waters of the Mokelumne upon the plains.

*The canal which is being constructed from the San Joaquin River,
near Firebaugh’s Ferry, Fresno County, California, for the irrigation of
the plains west of that river, will be about one hundred and ten miles
in length. At the middle of August four hundred men and three hun-
dred teams were pushing forward the work at the rate of two-thirds of
a mile per day, and thirty-five miles of the canal had been completed.
Its width at the bottom is thirty-two feet ; at the top, forty-eight feet.
The excavation is two feet in depth, but embankments are carried up on
the sides to the height of four feet above the level of the plain, making
the entire depth six feet. The canalis also designed for navigation.

CHINESE LABOR IN LOUISIANA.—Mr. J. Y. Gilmore, editor of the
Louisiana Sugar-Bowl, gives a favorable account of the working of
Chinese labor on seven plantations in the parishes of St. Mary, Terre-
bonne, Lafourche, and Assumption, in that State, the total number of
Chinamen employed on these plantations being about two hundred and
fifty. Two hundred of these were imported in one cargo, and previous
to arrival had been, for the most part, unaccustomed to agricultural
labor. These are scattered among five plantations, where they receive
$13 per month and rations, lost time being charged against them, and
three-thirteenths of their wages held in reserve till the expiration of
their contract for three years, or an equivalent of nine hundred and
thirty-six days of actual work. Their rations consist of one-and three-
quarters pounds of rice and one-half pound of pork daily, and they
receive medical attendance and rations when sick. A majority of those
planters and overseers with whom Mr. Gilmore conversed preferred
Chinamen to negroes, the former being the more easily managed, and
doing better work, though requiring more time for performance‘than
the latter. ’

FRUIT IN PERRY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.—A correspondent writes :
most of our apple-orchards contain few of the best varieties—generally
young trees. The most reliable for productiveness are the Baldwin, Tul-
pehocken, Wilderness, and Maiden’s Blush, in the order named. Our
peaches are chiefly from seedling trees. Hale’s Early, Oldmixon, and
Crawford’s Late do well, considering that the peach crop is very uncertain
here, except in a few favored localities. Pears are also uncertain, Louise
Bonne de Jersey, Buffum, and Beurré @Anjou being the most reliable
among the varieties tried. Plums do quite well when the eurculio is not
unusually destructive. More than twenty varieties of American grapes
have been tried by me. Concord, Creveling, Union Village, Ives, Mar-
tha, Hartford Prolific, and Clinton are reliable. “I have never seen
mildew on Ives, Creveling, or Union Village. Delaware and Rogers’s 15
mildew frequently ; Maxatawney more or less every year.

THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT-TRADE.—The growing importance of the
overland trade in California fruit is shown by the following statements:
From July 20 to August 1, of the present year, four houses in Sacra-
mento forwarded to points on the overland railroad, beyond the State
line, shipments of fruit averaging over eleven and one-half tons daily;
pears, peaches, apples, plums, grapes, &c. Producers received, per
pound, on an average, for pears 24 cents; peaches, 24 cents; apples, 14

s

348

cents; plums, 3 cents; grapes, 3 cents. According to estimate, the
length vf the shipping season would be about ninety days, producers
receiving for this period a total of $49,500 on shipments from Sacra-
mento; and the total of shipments from Marysville, Lincoln, and Au-
burn would equal that from Sacramento. In addition to these amounts,
other points in California make large shipments.

TRANS-CONTINENTAL TRADE.—Dnuring the present year the commerce
of San Francisco with China and Japan has very largely increased.
July 15th the steamship America, from China and Japan, brought 25,215
packages of tea, of which 16,357 packages were in transit for eastern
cities, overland; besides 514 packages of silk for the East, by rail. In
addition to this very large cargo of teas and silk, the steamer also
brought 800 bales of hemp, 300 bags of coffee, oils, spices, and chow-
chow, and of treasure $83,000. August 13th the steamer Japan brought
42,821 packages of teas, 1, 025 of silk, and 1,663 of assorted merchandise.
This i is much the largest single impor tation of teas that ever entered an
American port. Of ‘this quantity no less than 29,735 packages were for
New York, 2,092 for Boston, 263 for Philadelphia, 135 for Cincinnati, and
4,599 for Chicago, making a total of 36,824 packages for Atlantic and
western markets. The Japan was thirty-three days in making the trip
from Hong-Kong, and twenty-three days in coming from Yokohama.
The San Francisco Commercial Herald, of August 18, states that 30,000
tons of teas, silks, &c., were awaiting shipment to America from Asiatic

ports at the time of the sailing of the Japan, the greater part of which
’ would probably come to that city. Our trade with Asia, by way of San
Francisco and the Union Pacific Railway, has suddenly assumed very
large and gratifying proportions.

SILK-CULTURE IN UTAH.—Reports of success with silk-worms in
Utah are increasingly frequent. The worms have been healthy a
proper treatment, and the yield of cocoons satisfactory in style “th
soundness. Samuel Carnaby, of Spanish Fork, states that upward’ o
fifty families in his neighborhood have produced silk this season. Ho.
has silk from worms fed upon osage orange, and reports a successful
experience of four years in the exclusive use.of that plant.

SASSAFRAS-OIL.—In Richmond, Virginia, a firm of colored persons
has for two years manufactured sassafras-oil on a large scale. The root
is purchased at the factory at the rate of 30 cents per hundred pounds,
and 40,000 pounds are used per week, producing 2 per cent., or 800
pounds of unrectified oil. Since this establishment commenced opera-
tions, other factories of like description have been started in Virginia.
Sassafras-oil is used for scenting toilet soaps, flavoring tobacco, &c. ,

CoTTon IN CALIFORNIA.—Recent accounts from California state that
the cotton plantation on the Merced River bottoms is giving an excel-
lent promise, and that southern experts who have visited the region
pronounce its climatic conditions more favorable to the crop than those
of the best portions of the South.

THE LOUISIANA ORANGE CROP.—The Louisiana Sugar-Bowl says that,
notwithstanding the severity of the past winter, which greatly injured
the orange- trees in some localities, where the branches were not killed
by the freeze, they are, in every locality in Western Louisiana, well filled
with fruit. The er op is a very sure one along the water-courses in South-
ern Louisiana. The lower Téche, Atchafalay a, Beeuf, Black, Du Large,
Grand Caillou, Little Caillou, Lower Bayou Terrebonne, Le Bleu, and

349

Bayou Lafourche, are all well adapted to the growth of the tree, and
generally have good facilities for shipping the fruit to market.

THE DESTRUCTION OF SHADE-TREES.—The wanton destruction of
shade-trees is meeting with just condemnation in influential quarters in
England. The Gardeners’ Chronicle calls for the appointment in each
town and city of a public officer, to be called the conservator of trees,
whose duty it shall be to protect from ruthless destruction all ornamental
and shade-trees on the line of public highways and side-walks. Officers
with similar powers are needed in this country.

RICE-CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA.—The Sacramento Bee states that rice-
culture has been successful in the swamp lands. In district No. 28, two
persons planted a few acres in rice, last year, with results so encourage-
ing as to induce them to greatly extend their enterprise this year. There
is reason to believe that this branch of production may be greatly en-
larged in these swamp lands.

TEA-SEED FROM JAPAN.—W. W., Hollister, of Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia, has received fifteen to twenty bushels of tea-seed, from Japan,
to plant on his farm near Santa Barbara.

CHEAP COOKING APPARATUS.—E. C. Coombs, of Cherokee. AOWas
states that he uses, in cooking food for stock, a "box, chiefly of 2-inch
oak plank, made flaring, the length being 8 feet, the depth 2 feet, and
the width 2 feet at bottom and D4 feet at top. The bottom of the box
is made of heavy sheet iron, lapping on the sides and ends. The box is
set on a brick or stone flue, and is found especially valuable in cooking
corn on the ear for hogs.

CATTLE-DISEASE IN DAKOTA TERRITORY.—A note has been received
from the post-surgeon of Fort Randall, J. Frazee Boughter, M. D., giving
the following statement concerning the disease among the cattle of that
vicinity :

A disease has appeared among the cattle at this post; over fifty head have died in
less than four months. The animals are generally sick only a few hours before dying.
The disease I regard as a blood-poison, of some malignant nature; the spleen and liver
are the organs principally affected. If you can give me some information, or refer me
to some authorities, I shall be greatly obliged. I think the disease here is the so-called
_ “splenic fever.”

It may be the Texas cattle-fever, if we may judge from the reference
to the organs mainly implicated. What are the other symptoms? Are
Texas herds, recently arrived, kept in the neighborhood, or have any
such herds been driven over the feeding-grounds of the native stock? .

- THE WESTERN CATTLE-BLINDNESS.—A singular disease of the eyes,
resulting in blindness, is prevailing among cattle in Western Missouri.
In the early stage of the disease the eyes commence swelling, at the
same time running water. The swelling lasts from five to fourteen
days, and when the discharge of water ceases, a firm white film covers
the eyes, completely destroying sight. The disease is said not to impair
the general health of the animal. The Kansas City Times, (Jackson
County, Missouri,) states that this “epidemic” is spreading rapidly
through that county, and along the line of the Memphis and Kansas
City Railroad. In Independence from thirty to forty cattle, some of
them very fine animals, are completely blind, and in Kansas City there
are two hundred blind cows, some of the dairies having had fifteen blind
milkers at one time.

350

THE STATISTICS OF LABOR.—In 1869 the State of Massachusetts
instituted a bureau of statistics, whose office it is to collect, assort,
systematize, and present, in annual reports to the legislature, statistical
details relating to all departments of labor in the commonwealth,
especially in its relations to the commercial, industrial, social, educa-
tional, and sanitary condition of the laboring classes, and to the per-
manent prosperity of the productive industry of the commonwealth.
General Henry K. Oliver, the chief of this bureau, has presented two
reports, in volumes covering more than a thousand octavo pages, and
has given a full history of “labor reform” movements and their ante-
cedents, *‘ dependencies, and contingencies,” not only in our own country
but in England. Acting upon this example, the State of New Hamp-
shire, through its legislature, has recently instructed its governor to
appoint a committee of three persons to collect material and present a
pian for the organization of a bureau of labor statisties, to be established ~
at the next session of the legisiature. The relations of capital to labor
are everywhere but imperfectly understood, and any light that may be
thrown upon them, especially with the view of harmonizing their inter-
ests, will be timely and valuable.

INLAND FISHERIES.—The attorney general for South Carolina, in an
official opinion directed to the acting commissioner of agricultural sta-
tistics of that State, deciares that the uniform legislation of the State
since 1780, has been in favor of protecting the inland fisheries, by
making unlawful all obstructions to the free passage of migratory fish
from the ocean through the rivers to the creeks and smaller streams.
All such obstructions are declared by law public nuisances, which the
parties aggrieved may summarily abate.

The act of January 19, 1870, provides for a board of fish commis-
sioners, to inspect all inland streams, and to report to the legislature
any obstructions or impurities permitted to flow into them. It is, fur-
ther, their duty to report violations of the fish laws to the solicitors of
the various judicial circuits, in order that offenders may be prosecuted.
At the late session of the legislature, the leading features of former laws
were embodied in a new statute forbidding any obstruction, and desig-
nating as “close time” in each week from Saturday night to Monday
morning, during which it is unlawful to take fish. Effective penalties
are prescribed for violations of the act.

The commissioner of agricultural statistics, in a note to this Depart-
ment, promises a vigorous ‘effort, with the assistance of the law officers, to
remove existing illegal obstructions, and to adinit the passage of migra-
tory fishes to the inland streams. i

UNJUST DEALINGS WITH FARMERS.—An Illinois correspondent com-
plains of the practices of buyers in his region, who, in their dealings
with farmers, contrive to obtain 60 pounds of shelled corn to the bushel,
or 72 pounds in the ear, dry, selling the same in the Chicago market at
the legal rate of 56 pounds of shelled corn to the bushel, equivalent to
70 pounds of dry ear-corn. Rye is also bought from first hands at 60
pounds to the bushel, and put on the market at the legal rate of 56
pounds. He urges farmers to make common cause against these prac-
tices, and wherever they are persisted in, to club and ship their corn
&c., directly to the large markets. A united protest and refusal to sell
at unlegalized rates will remedy the injustice.

SALE OF BERKSHIRE HoGS.—A company of gentlemen residing.in
Scott County, Kentucky, known as the Scott County Importing Com-

d51

pany, some time ago sent an agent to England, who purchased a number
of the finest Berkshire hogs to be found in the best herds of that coun-
try. The sale of this stock took place on Thursday, July 13, at the
farm of Mr. Barbee, near Georgetown, and attracted a large attendance.
Eighteen animals were sold at an average of $171 each. One sow sold
for $510, another for $335, and another: for $300. The lowest figures
for a sow were $65. The highest price for a boar was $160 and the
lowest $80.

A NEW HEDGE-PLANT.—The Kangaroo hedge-plant is about to be
tried in California. It is a native of Australia, where it is largely used
for fencing purposes, is arapid grower, and peculiarly adapted to dry
soils. The success of Australian timber trees in Calitornia augurs well
for the result of this new experiment.

BEE-KEEPING.—There is a growing interest in this specialty, and bee-
keepers’ associations have been organized in many States. Two national
associations have been formed, one in December, 1870, and the other in’
February of the present year, both of which will meet at Cleveland, Ohio,
in December, 1871.

THE CLIMATE OF ASTORIA, OREGON.—Mr. Lewis Wilson, of Astoria,

Oregon, has compiled the following table of the monthly mean tempera-
ture of that place since 1865, three observations having been made daily:

1867. 1868. | 1869. | 1870.

{
| 1866. |
| |
ii EULESS S10 7.3 | 41.7 | 29.4 | 41.7 | 41.2
RGD EUaliyges seser2 Ors Setanta ott the sto Seata sep oe = 37.1 39.4 | 39.2 41.6 42.3
erie arias tae ARON ag OY AEN Math SUD aa | 47.7 | 41.0
Py tae dS Re ee ALS YEE ieee ie one oe ok 46.5 | 46.5 | 48.6 | 50.4 } 48.5
JE Be ce AR OR Sac Sat ROP ee aa Dee © meneame See 51.0 52.6 5232 |) 5a. 52.2
UNOS oe sap ae ke ee eee. eee Beet ase 5d. 0 56. 3 56. 1 59.8 57.4
i clicp AiR Belk onal OIC) Ek ak Sk BRD ay A ae 59.5 | 60.6 | 59.9)“ GOsd a beatees
ZANTE) Oe ee re id SE eed Re Ree RE 59.2 6054} °59!5 Bohs irae ser
Democmibery ss yale ses IN fe pss ed ANNES 2 07.7 57.4 54.5 BOM
October. -.-.-- Ft RT ES oo a Ae) ae eee 52.7 | 50°6 52. 2 BQ paste
NOVEM DEI eae ta cies sete ration OA CP an REE hs ASO, AGaSi4\) AOS On, NAT el eee
December - ----: eR tteee. ee tee Gio ae as Se lis 44.1 | 42. 6 44.1 AQ Peucisss
Pidenerely | a
AnnGaleMeani. £2 9.455 seg oases | 49.4 | 49.3 AB. 6. (i SELB) Passes
| |

DROUGHT IN GEORGIA.—A correspondent at Cartersville, Georgia,
states that drought is much more prevalent in North Georgia now than
formerly, owing probably to destruction of forests on the line of march
of the two armies during the war. Wheat, with the seed ordinarily used,
has ceased to be remunerative.

AN ENGLISH PRIZE FARM.—The prize offered by the Royal A gricul-
tural Society, of England, for the best farm of the year, has been
adjudged to Mr. Forrester, Sherlowe, High Ercall, near Wellington.
His farm has been cultivated by him for more than twenty years, on
the principle of a four-course rotation—wheat, barley, turnips, and
clover. It comprises 400 acres, of which less than 300 acres are arable,
the soil being characterized as good, but not of the best quality. Nine.
horses are employed and do all the work easily. Twenty tons of man-
ufactured turnip-manures and two tons of nitrate of soda are used
annually, besides large quantities of farm-yard manure from cake-fed
animals. The annual meat product of the herds and flocks of the farm

352

is, approximately, 28 Herefords, between the ages of two and a half
years and three years, selling for £30 each, amounting to £840, and 200
fat shearlings, fifteen months old, selling for £2 10s. each, amounting to
£500; making the value of the annual meat product . an "340, exclusive
of hogs fed, but not bred, on the farm. There are 72 acres in wheat,
giving an average of 54 bushels per acre, or a total of 2,448 bushels ;
and an equal area in barley gives an average of 47 bushels per acre, or
a total of 3,384 bushels.

PROTECTION OF ANIMALS IN BELGIUM.—The “ Societé Royale Pro-
tectrice des Animaux” held its annual session on Sunday, May 21, 187 i
M. Aug. Visscher, the president, in the chair. The report of the’ secre.
tary, upon the labors of the society during 1870, was read. Among the
interesting points presented was the project of a confederative union of
the animal-protective societies of Belgium, an‘idea which, however, had
been found very difficult to realize. The tendency to or ganize inde-

. pendent associations in different provinces is strongly deprecated. The
society has been very active in the work of publication. In addition to
its Monthly Official Bulletin, it purchased a newspaper—L/Album Popu-
laire—of considerable circulation, reduced its price 50 per cent., and
gave it a new character of devotion to the humane mission of benevo-
lence to animals. It also published several works bearing upon the
subject. For all its publications it has found an increasing demand,
showing that the cause it represents is winning its way to the popular
heart. During the year 1870 not less than eighty medals were distri-
buted, mostly among hackney coachmen, for services in bringing to
justice cases of cruelty to horses, perpetrated by men of their own call-

ing. In the prosecution of cases of this character, the society has man-

ifested an energy and determination which have gone far toward the
repression of cruelty. During the last year, in Brussels alone, seventy-
five offenses were prosecuted to conviction; of these, fifteen were for
the maltreatment of horses, nine for maltreatment of dogs, and one for
cruelty to a cat. In thirteen cases, in addition to the payment of dam-.
ages done to the animals, imprisonment varying from one to five days
was added. The omnibus companies, in reply to the letters addressed
them by the president of the society, promise strict compliance with
the law fixing the number of passengers that may be transported in each
vehicle. An American street-railroad had been built, the director of
which sympathizes with the objects of the seciety and asked admission
to membership.

GROWING MADDER IN ENGLAND.—Experiments made by Mr. Side-
botham, in England, in the cultivation of madder for dyeing purposes,
have proved substantially a failure. The roots were nearly equal in size
to fine French roots, but showed in fracture an orange or yellow, instead
of a deep red color. On application to fabrics the dyes derived from
the madder appeared at first full in color, but, on being cleared with
soap, proved quite the contrary, resembling Dutch madder, the purple
element almost entirely wanting, and the reds and pinks weak and loose.
M. Sidebotham inclines to the opinion that good madder cannot be
grown in England.

THE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.—This disease is spreading in Glas-
gow, Scotland. The last week in August the inspector seized upward
of one hundred head. In Lancashire, England, reports are made daily
of fresh outbreaks. The disease is extremely prevalent in West Derby
Hundred, and in the north of Amounderness Hundred. In Fulwood and

353

Broughton, in the neighborhood of Preston, thirty-five farms are de-
clared infected; and in Leyland Hundred ninety farms have been reported.
The inspector reports that the disease has made its appearance on twenty
farms in Halsted, Febmarsh, Lamarsh, &c., nearly two hundred cattle
and pigs being affected.

HEALTHFULNESS OF SEWAGE-FERTILIZED PRODUCTS.—On the 26th
of July several members of the Essex Chamber of Agriculture paid a visit
of inspection to the farm of Mr. W. V. Hope, which is irrigated with the
Romford sewage, and subsequently held a meeting in the town of Rom-
ford, to discuss the subject of legislation affecting the utilization of sew-
age. In the course of an address before the meeting, Mr. Hope stated that
_ one of the objections to the utilization of sewage by irrigation, advanced
by Dr. Cobbold, that it would produce parasites in cattle fed upon the
land thus irrigated, and that the eggs of those parasites would be taken
into the stomachs of the people, had been refuted by an experiment he bad
recently made. He had fed an ox for twenty two months on sewage-
produce—grass, mangel-wurzel, cabbage-leaves, and very often the
rakings of the grass. The animal was slaughtered on the 15th of July,
in the presence of Dr. Cobbold and other scientific gentlemen, and after
it had been minutely dissected and examined, these gentlemen failed to
detect any trace of disease whatever, and Dr. Cobbold was entirely
converted to sewage irrigation. The meeting adopted a resolution
declaring, ‘“* That, in view of the large amount of foreign wheat paid for
every year by the population of England, and the large amount of ma-
nure wasted in polluting rivers with town sewage, it is desirable that
such pollution should now be prohibited by legislative enactment.”

A STEAM-DITCHER.— A steam ditching-machine recently exhibited
at Wolverhampton, England, is stated to be capable of digging a ditch
two feet deep, at the rate of about one mile an hour. The following is
a general statement of its construction : A strong frame is supported on
four wheels, the front and smaller pair being provided with steerage
gear, and the two hind wheels mounted on a cranked axle, having a
segment by which it can be turned. A wire rope leads from the haul-
ing-engine around a sheave at the front of the ditcher and back to the
hind wheel of the engine, thus securing a double purchase. Beneath
the main frame of the ditcher is attached, by three strong colters, a
large scoop, resembling inform a right-hand and a left-hand plow joined
back to back. In digging, the two outside colters and the share cut the
sides and bottom of the ditch, and the mass of earth, split by the cen-
tral colter, is brought to the surface and thrown at some distance from
the margins of the cutting. The lifting of the scoop is thus brought
about: The sheave over which the hauling-rope passes, at the front of
the ditcher, communicates by clutch with a small winding-drum oper-
ating a chain which passes over the segment on the hind axle, and the
winding up of the chain turns the hind axle and wheels, and throws the
scoop upward.

LIST OF FAIRS FOR 1871.
American Pomological Society, at Richmond, Vir-

COTO, RRR ee YEAS ORIN Ba ec. At Ss Sept. 6—8.
Cotton States, Augusta, Georgia..-........-.-..- Oct. 31 to Nov. 7.
New England, Lowell, Massachusetts.....-....... Sept. 5—8.

American Institute, New York City...............- Sept. 7 to Nov. 2.

Agricultural and Horticultural, Aurora, [linois.... Sept.
Agricultural and Industrial, Atlanta, Georgia. .-..- Oct.
Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa.......--.- peeen? ? Sept.
Agricultural, Horticultural, and Mechanical, Indian-
Apolis, Livchiamas as ty ti5-2b- p= )ssSioi2 is Se reper Sept.
. Belle Plain Union, Belle Plain, lowa............-.. Sept.
Blue Grass and Kansas Valley, Manhattan, Kansas. Sept.
Bridgeton District, Bridgeton, Indiana..........-- Aug.
Cedar Valley,-Cedar Falls, lowa....--....:----222 Sept.
Central Fair, Hubbardstown, Iowa...---.-.---..-- Oct.
Central Illinois, Jacksonville, Illinois....--.......-. Sept.
Central Towa, Des: Moines,) Iowa. : 2522022652. -ee Sept.
Central Kentucky, Danville, Kentucky ...-...-.-..-- Sept.
Central Michigan, Lansing, Michigan........- eee Oct.
Central New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey.-.-.----..- Sept.
Central Ohio, Mechanicsburg, Ohio......---.------ Sept.
Central Pennsylvania, Altoona, Pennsylvania... -- Sept.
Cherokee and Alabama, Rome, Georgia.........--- Oct.
Cincinnati Industrial, Cincinnati, Ohio.........-.-. Sept.
District Fair, Cambridge, Indiana ........-..... . 26 UBept

354

STATE FAIRS.

Alabama; Moput@mery,y: 6:5 ~~ 2... - ixsieeee eee eee Oct.
Axkansass 1athlennocke...% .. ...-5. -' Jeo. eee eee eee Oct.
Californiawbaceamento.....2.2.... 7 2 See er eee Sept.
ColoradePerritery, Denver... ..'-.~ 1. opeemereeas Sept.
Georgian mace. 25.22. -. Se oJ. eee Oct.
Hitiigesircpuoin . 2...’ ..- (2282). -\2 7 ee Sept.
Tatiana, Mndtanapolis «... . 2 yes 32 =. == eee ee Oct.
Iowa, Cedar Rapids....-...- PO Se 3 3 Sept.
Kemsas, Topeka is. .< 2.2 She oe Sept.
Louisiana, New Orleans... .-.: 2.2... 2.220 aes Nov.
Maryland, Baltimore’: 202 to. 2) - eee Oct.
Michigan, KalamiaZz00'. 3.0 niet ey. 2) ise Sept.
Michigan, (Pomological,) Grand Rapids......-..... Sept.
Mississippi, Jackson... 2: 2. 2,2 Sees eee Oct.
Minnesota: St. Fanls 2-7 o0 - 2 2 tiene eee Sept.
Nebraska, Brownville:...........-- $1. 0s Je Sept.
New Jersey, Waverly Station.....-.-.--.:.-)2.-.4 Sept.
Wew VOrke Aliana st oo tod owen em ee 2/3 eee Oct.
Wew Hampshire, Dover: .(..'2 002s eee 2 eae
Ohio, Springfield... -. 2.22.2 22110.) 0 ee Sept.
Orewon. Salemi’: !s. 225 t2 2 eee 3) Gee:
Pennsylvania, (Horticultural,) Philadelphia ....--- Sept.
Pennsylvania, Scranton............-.-. = es ae Sept.
south-Carolina, Columbia. 22). 62054 002.2 Nov.
Tennessee; Nashvilleso 0. 2.2.02... 22a 2. eee Sept.
Vermont; St: Johnsburg 22 tue eee leche LUNE Sept.
Varga, Biehmond).))22-°-2 +r be ee Oct.
Virginia (Pomological,) Richmond ....-..-.--. . le Sept.

Virginia, (Trial of Plows,) White Sulphur Springs.. Aug.

‘Wisconsin, Milwaukee? iu Oa.) icp ee ae Sept.

DISTRICT FAIRS.

District Fair, Middleton, Indiana.....-...--...--- Sept.

16—20.
3— 6.
18—23.
12—16.
20.
25—30.

/ 2— 7.

Sip:
GU eaeed C23
18:

Ee 15
19—22.
12 =p,
23—28.
26—29.
26—29.
19-33.

19
eee bs
26—30.
12oohy,
31 to Nov. 3.
6— 8.

25—29;
6—2 1.
26-28,

25—30.
19—22.,
26—28.
28 to Sept. 2.
19—21.

r,s
19—22.
19—21.
19—20.

3-5;
19—21.
19—22.
12—16.
10—13.

6 to Oct. 7.
25—29.
12—16.

District Fair, Ripon) Wisconsin 13). 22.22.22. .5- Sept. 19—21
District Fair, Russellville, Indiana.............-.- Sept. 4— 9
District Fair, Waupun, Wisconsin ...-....--.---.. Sept. 14—16
District Fair, Elgin, Wlinois.....- RE tS Pee ... Sept. 12—25.
East Pennsylvania, Norristown, Pennsylvania... .-. Sept. 27—30.
Fall Creek District, Pendleton, Indiana pio ee eae Sept. 26—29.
Farmers and Mechanics’ Institute, Danville, Illinois. Sept. 19—21
Honey Creek District, New London, Indiana....... Sept. 25.
Horse thaime Dizon, Tllinois. -: 13298 «3. 4s ia) s2'- Sept. 15—16.
Horse Fair, Kalamazoo, Michigan ........-.------ Aug. 15—18
Industrial, Sav annah,. Georgian 198. wy s: ciao Nov. 21—25
Industrial, Richmond, Indiana Peo ace. 8" Fee Sept. 12—15
Memphis Agricultural and Mechanical, Memphis,

PE UMCS SOC) <3 fs ie Sok a ee eae 2 a 3 ae Oct. 16—21
Mooresville District, Mooresville, Indiana.......... Sept. 4— 8
Minneopolis Association, Minneopolis, Minnesota... ‘Sept. 12—16
Nishua: Valley, Cass County. -=..2222- 2 s5..-4--- Oct. 12—13
Northern Kansas, tehison, Kamsage. 2... 662%, 58 Oct. 3— 6
New York and Pleasant Valley Grape Growers’, Ham-

MeGuCSHOTG, WeNg Ot ooo. eos s 24 Sess es Sept. 26—28
Northern Kentucky, Florence, Kentucky -..-- 2SuLe IBept., £9:
Northern Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan. ..-... Sept. 12—15
Northern Missouri, Hannibal, Missouri ........-.--. Sept. 25—3

. Northern OhiowCleveland, Ohiots tessa. 222255 )e 2. Sept. 12—17.
Northern Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.......-.-.- Oct. 2— 6.
Northeastern Iowa, Postville, lowa........-..----- Oct. 4— 6.
Northwestern Iowa, Clermont, Iowa. -........---+- Oct. 4— 6.
Northwestern Horticultural, St. Joseph, Missouri... Oct. 5— 7.
Pekin District, Pekin, Illinois WB ete cnet ee eee Sept. 18—22.
Poweshick Central, Malcom, TON ae. - cites ase 8 Sept. 26—28.
Sabine Valley, Tecgrisitanicy sas dee elatiyig ya Mk tase Oetis, 3.

San Ifrancisco Mechanics’ Institute, San Francisco, :

RIMOE IDI Ae eee tote foes iat MENON ys oc Aug. 8 toSept. 5.
San Francisco Bay Horticultural, San Francisco, Cal-

WEGUERUsa EES 9) MN es Ae Gol. cd ae we tte Sa 3 Aug. 8to Sept. 5.
San Joaquin Valley, Stockton; California.......-.. Sept. 12—15.
Santa Clara Valley, D cprets SNELL S GRRL ES, be) ead Aug. 28 to Sept. 1.
Shenandoah Valley, W inchester, Wintoreniiay SCE, Oct. 18—20.
Sonoma and Maria District, Petaluma, California... Sépt. 25 to Oct. 1.
Southern Kansas and Missouri, Fort Scott, Kansas. Sept. 25.

South Kentucky, Glasgow, Kentucky...........-. Oct. 3— 6.
South Georgia, Thomasville, Georgia............-- Oct. 3 to Nov. 4.
Southern Wisconsin, Jonesville, Wisconsin...-..... Sept. 12—15.
Southeast Missouri, Cape Girardeau, Missouri. ..... Oct. 12—14.
Southwest Wisconsin, Mineral Point, Wisconsin.... Sept. 5— 9.
Southwest Iowa, Red Oak, Jowa.-................ Oct. 38— 6.
Southwestern Virginia, Wytheville, Virginia. ..... Oct. 11—13.

St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical, St. Louis,

ISSO LIS: Sore oy oo cot tee) Oy ore Oct. 2— 7.
Stock Fair, Salvisa, Kentucky --..2.22...-.-.-.-- Sept. 15.

Swine Exposition, Chicago, [linois............... Sept. 19—21.
Tennessee Central, Murfreesborough, Tennessee.... Sept. 26 to Oct. 1.
Thorntown Union, Thorntown, Indiane eae ae Sept. 25—29.
Union Central, Atlanta, Mlinois , eee Che ae Aug. 29 to Sept. 2.
Union Fair, Centralia, MI RiS. sc. YA Pe Vel Sept. 18—22.
Union Fair, Covington, hidiana 2.2488... fase Sept. 26—29.

Union Fair, Kingston, Indiana.....-...2...2--..-- Aug. 29 to Sept. 1.
Union Fair, Talerky, dndiana --...-... --RjAaee 42k Aug. 29 to Sept. 1.
Union Fair, Mechanicsville, lowa .........-......-- Sept. 19—22.
Union Fair, Sandwich, Illinois........----.--.---- Sept. 5— 8.
Union Mamiygerem lines... 5. eae ees Sept. 12—15.
Union Harm Wilton, lowa::. .......'. t-saeeeeees Aug, 23—25.
Upper Sacramento Valley, Chico, California ....... Sept. 26.

West Alabama, Eutaw, Alabama................-. Oct. 17—21.
Western New York, Rochester, New York......-.-.. Sept. 26—29.
Western Texas, San Pedro Springs, Texas.-.....-. Sept. 27—30.

West Virginia Central, Clarksburgh, West Virginia. Sept. 19—21.

MARKET PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCTS.

Articles. August. September.

NEW YORK.

LIT CEM iS TT eR Ge, Se Ral oh ate all per barrel..| $4 65 to $650 | $495 to $6 40
western! eset wate sas ak do 2ss88 465 to 9 00 495 to 9 00
Wheat, No. l spring ------...---- per bushel...) ; L'28 “te AO NSaeeee ene
No. 2isprimet soos. 22-5. dopseee 135 to 1 37 132 to 1 36
winter, amber, western. - --.- COo ee 138 to 1 46 1 37 to 1 46
Corn, new western, mixed ....-.----- dO. 0 SO ee
old western, mixed....-.- ---- 6.049327 65 to, 674 65 to 68
USVG) ces Sao. cHee SH SESS oar Spe eR Do seeeeees ama: Nominal. Nominal.
VTLS ee eee Soe: ce Seen meee eos Nominal. 80 to
Oats, western, mixed ......---.-- per bushel. - 62. to 63 40 to 48
SA Laseeoet Leases seo eesees ee MO iota oS Ie are eee
Hay, shipping qualities ....-..----. per ton...| 22 50 to 20 00 to -
PUMGG ne oy ee oe ered Ho’. 3203 26 00 to 32 00 23 00 to 27 00
Orig es A Sete eee aw eae per barrel..| .13 62 to 14 00 13 50 to 13 55
[PEWS WOE foo oes i le aa 12 00 to 12 75 10 25 to 11 00
Wpel, WEES yo es Sate eaters ee 0. eee 8 00 to 12 00 7 00 to 11 00
BXOU MN. 2 2 face ae Belek Da tow ose dows sce 13 00 to 15 00 11 00 to 14 00
Ward, extra-->,)-oSebtce seaaves See per pound. - 10 to 10% 9} to 92
Buttoriy ester): 22 toe eae eee dots 11 to 20 12 to 20
(SUC TI ema es Ail lee es Sis ee = 10). se 15 to 30 15 to 31
Cheese, dairy --.-. --. Eis a De ae Ol sae e 5 to 10 5 to 10
PAGLOPY:. seas. Sete coe ce kios dose! - 8 to 11 8 to 102
Cotton Ordimaryies-4 2 - eee een a tees 154 to 174 _ 153 to 172
middling s.2 Sees sees -'- Gas wee 183 to 212 188 to 212
Tobacco, sound lugs, light grades -...do....-- 62 to 72 62 to ve?
sound lugs, heavy grades -..do...--. 7} to 8 7% to 8
common leaf, light grades...do...--. 8 to 84 8 to 84
common leaf, heavy grades-.do....-. 81 to 94 8} to 94
Wool) combing fleeces >. Paice... GO}. cach eee Sea ois ois bea ee ae ee eee er
expra, pulled: oo ee eeee erie = <-> d0.4eeee 45 to 60 62 to 624
Texas, common to medium....- G0 28S Se ee eee 46 to ———
California, common.-...---..-.-. do.2geee 38 «to 424 31 to 454
BOSTON.
Flour, western, superfine -..------ per barrel..| 5 00 to 475 to 5 50
OXDTAME ed ieee ee. do..228 5 50 to 7 00 5 50 to 6 50
Chaicet ce. 25 eee sie: dove 7.00 to 9 00 700 to 9 00
Cormy yellows 2: 0.202 22 es ce ee per bushel... 77. to, 738 77 to 79
052 EE Ieee Gone cos 6 Caer dosstere 74 to 76 75 to iM
OI het ey fs ee A Ai ei dotaas 60 to 66 47 to 55
Rye! tee. flared an os mare 2 doseses: 95 to 1.00 75 to 80

Barley een schon asec tee eee dour =e 90 to 110 Nominal.

\

357

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

ee SP) SS ee re

OateyNoy tl mixed 2.4. 32. sees eee dove
5

Articles. August. September.
Boston—Continued.
Poekinesspeeees kan so> v-2 20 per barrel..| $16 00 to$16 50 | $14 00. to $15 00
TUNING ~ 30 5560 bode Bp po Oeao coeEoe doe sse5 13 00 to 14 00 12 00 to 12 50
Piehy DOCS oo 22's) a aate ae a2 oS - do-...2..| 12.00 to 14 00 12 00 to 14 00
ORPHANS! (48 ots Hea aha ste dois 15 00 to 17 00 15 00 to 17 00
Biandls dass Le oas-e per, pounds: 104 to 114 94 to 114
Butter, New York and Vermont......do.....- 15 to 28 12 to 28
Canada. - ane ain ie Sas Leer 18 to 26 18 to 27
WeSDOEN |< fo ctsce eateee se eae > doses 12. to 23 15 to 24
Cheese, eastern factory .---...------- DOs 5 to 104 5 to 11
ey PLM Osc = 255s oes see ee trae per ton...| 30 00 to 33 00 30 00 to 37 00
MoO) wesbern! 2. 2. sso ee ere per pound... 59 to 65 60 to 634
combing, and delaine fleeces....do..---- 46 to 67 654 to 75
GUD ee a cts seks etiae Spe cioat=ss dows 72, to: 1 0¢% 704 to 90
Pullledii 2a)... 2s stare sa tees nic clos d6as5— 40 to 625 24 to 65
CHICAGO.
Flour, winter, extras -.....--..---per barrel..| 5 90 to 6 2% 6 60 to 6 874
SPUN SA OXt CAS) aos ae se ieteta1s a OO eras 5 25 to. 6 00 450 to 6 25
Wheat iNo. Wisprite. 2 .sssos - er pee bushel.-| 105 to 1 06 107 to 1 07%
NOTTS PLING eee ele - see te doesssa: 101: to 1 03% 1 064 to
INOSSISPIING S25 s.:254-s-te 4-1 dopss == 95 to 100 to 1 02
CALNE ONO: Ora ir in ait ol 56 teow auloas aa doen sas: 43 to 45} 54 to 54¢
ROTQGUER.~ Sos sa nie ao Bal caata doe 232% 41 to 42 52. to 52t
NOMWTAE: - 721 sa!) ee cero noes Cael eee see as Res Pe ee ke Saree
OBteINOs Oise 2 2S Vth oie algo eec COs 6555 , 282 to 29 482 to 494
LEJCCLEMS sa rse- Lena eto GO2322/5 25 to 254 46 to A474
Hay, timothy and clover, (in trade) --per ton 13 00 to 14 00 14 00 to 15 00
DPIAILIO ce oclse eae a wae toe dO-5 5-4 9 00 to 11 00 8 00 to 11 00
Borlks smess eA. o3\-\- bs semis sss 35% per barrel..| 13 25 to 13 75 14 50 to
PLUME MESS) =) Vslee Sie slalssae= So OO cosa ae we fora ieee errs 12 00 to 13 50
POL PIOOSS top see ot fede acl eel te tos) dowssses 12 00 to 12 50 11 00 to 13 00
extra WOOSS: £4 )5 5 ste ss Sues FH Sr dO 14 00 to 14 50 14 00 to 15 00
hardys ees ee Sears els ate me sade ahefe per pound... 94 to 98 104 to
Butter, firkin ang tube aon s-ate eke €On 45532 9 to 18 7 to 19
GRA tetas Soi alssce:= Qs sa35 19 to 20 17 te 20
Cheese, New York factory.--..-.--.-do...-.- 10 to 11 10 to 11
western factory -.-.---..+---- dOeaance -8 to 9 9 to 10
western reserve ..---.------- Giver Ses! Ua Sars ee acod MmeneES nce ee Reeeus
Wool, mediuin fleece ..----. eas 3 dO oes 50 to 5g" 45 to 55
unwashed, medium -...-...--. dowaees 37 to 42 - 33 to 42
Ul Vea Seoeeeocer ecco dhe teppar Opa ee se eee coasts 55. to 64
CINCINNATI
Hilour, familys 2-2 )- As. seine Sa per barrel- 5E 50. tO" 215.65 5 50 to 5 75
ONT Meas fe cacieaten Mase sass do2s-8: Fy bon) AG 5 25 to 5 50
BUPCHING ee se says hia isi<t~ dO aoa 475 to 4 90 425 te 475
lO weerades| see selects vita tas dossas4 400 to 4 50 400 to 4 50
Wheat, No. iy Aittig. woes... sca per bushet 1 25 to 1 25 to
NOs CUNO ete oko t aloe Omran 1 22 to 1 22 te ———
No. reds eaase NS 2 he Soe ae sree 112 to: 143 119 te ———
INO: 2 ROGiee Dae eae ye sod Sa Cease 110 to 1.17 te ——
Corny Nol A ear’. c/s eee so oki donsaaes 51 to 52 54 to ——
NOW), CALs. - 5 \ (2 Sateen tet ais do. 2 tM Se we os Vo Sa eee BY
PUVO ONO wih ioe clean eee eee doz seeen 65 to —— fs i =
INO eis Ses ste ope Se d6532385 63 to 65 to ——
TEIPC LEM 275 < <'a|- Sls eersateeeee Cage ao |! RUE SR co APS BE SS ae eee ese
BanloyanNonbe 60 05 0) 2s See: CG anes | Rare OS 6 8 | OS ae a t= —
Nota State sso ee eae doves 65 to 70. 70 to
35 to 37 34 te 35

398

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles.

Crncrinnati—Continued.

IITHEMNICSS 22 noe ela nietieie eee eee dO... -..7|.-s Seles'2e ee eee eee Eee See

Cheese, western reserve.---.----.---- GO) 2-202] sere chee pee eee eee

Wheat Springs - 2. eee eine pees per bushel: .|:...-2 22 sscepceced eee

WOUOW ses Sela tener eee eaees dO. - eles no oo oe ce See ee ee ee

Oats Noo? mixed 5.2252 2252... per bushel..
Hay, tight-pressed ..-.-..-.-..----- per ton-..
IGOSD IEEE boos peste. Hs.) Soeeee dose ses
Porktmess:!2 2 .\- - - eat Sasa ae per barrel...
ard, prame steam’... --..-- = 2-25 per pound..
Baier Cuoice O10. 2 son. se ee eee eee dOpee-e=
fair tO POOR. oa. ceca ee eee Omere ss
fACLORY, Cece ense Cech eee OO ese ee
Wotton, ordinary. =e ee. eee eee doreeee
muiddiimecos.20 2. See eee dos seee
Tobacco, lugs, West Virginia .....-.-- dO--ss--
lugs, Kentucky ae Rei etopnererte G02 pee-
common to medium leaf,
West Virginia- 3 Sd0s-2e2-
common to medium leaf, Ky. ROO peeeee
Wool tub- washed. -2-- 200-2. eeee ney 0 Pee
fleece-washed, 222; -0--5. == - do. tee
naw ashed erent ea eee ar dO: ere
Du Se ees Sh a Ae oe se Ow 5545
ST. LOUIS

Plopr, (SuUperine*.-.2-.2222 seca per barrel...
Ethitlst. he 2s se boo see a SS ese M0 -2eeee
WINTSL INO: Les seamen eon bose dOzzee+2
WANDBLINO) ose tele sect bees dosseise
WANED INO. comer eb Oo ese tae ri Coys ae
11 Oe oe na ae GOPa-eee
Chit Ty bait sons Sou sogee sso doer:
GU See ES SSeS oees do. 2226
BN Goch: fe eee eects Sele - beer ioe ale G0 -.2-eb
IBALLey,Swinber s---seiseee sei seten ees = dO pases
Sane SS es BB he 5545 Ashes do-= ese
Oats, mixed! =... 2 425 een ces sooo ec GO- eee
Waveched Saban; ete sere eteeimet <% per ton..
POtk; WMGsS8..2\0c22725-- Spee eens per barrel..
Lard, MELCE ers ask See eeEe Eee per pound..
OG bee ca hem eae rem eeteie - domewos.:
Butter; Chores. c-oose ease eee = — = Cores
fair to medium eee. e = - dove pes
Cheese; factory. 2222s Seee we ciec |= i= dofeeess
Cotton, middling 2-2-2 --6ee.-a-- =). --- doveee=s
Tobacco,sound leat 5-22 e--. serene - = per cwt- -
conimon fleaterten ose es - =. do.eteee
MECN 22 ee patie bine =. = do -ceee

Wool, tub-washed ....-......----- per pound. -| «
feece-washed oes oee eee =. dO. Soca.
COMMING 2-2 ete ae. ee eee == do: Soeur

pulled 225204 >-cesismsclseiann- os GO. sf. ce lcee sees tacs ce asses cee ee ene

NEW ORLEANS.

Plour Wenperine -— A... --.-)- enero per barrel-.
extras, (according to grade)....do.....

CPanel (ert | a eee oceans See per bushel. .

WENO Ee sseele seins heme. dosonaes

SAO el SRO Ese erses SAIS 5 o= Cys don see=s

August.

$0 33 to ¢0 35

16 00 to 18 00

18 00 to 27 00

12 50 to 13 00

94 to

17 to 22
12 to 15
91 to

34 to 174
18 to 204
43 to 82
81 to iP
74 to 10
12 to 18
65 to 67
50 to 55
40 to 45
50 to 52

400 to 4 50

5 00 to “6 00

1 224 to 1 40

118° toes

1 10 _ to gists

107 .to lees
41 to 44
421 to 43
40 to 58
55 to 90
45 to 68
314 to 38

18 00 to 20 50

14 25 to 14 50
104 to
114 to ———
18 to 20
14 to 15
103 to 2
19 to 194

550% to "ves

725 to 8 00

8 00 to 9 00
594 to 674
50 to 60
40 to 44

SP Ey a)

625 to 9 25
724 to 0183
74 to -
Tid. te 78

September.
$0 30 to $0 33
15 00 to 18 00
16 00 to 22 00
12 25: to 12 75
&ito
18 to 22
12 to 14
9 to 94
134 to 163
17 to 19
44 to 74
&4 to 12
7 to 10
12 to 18
65 to 67
50 to 55
40 to 42
50 to 52
375 to 4 20
475 to 6 00
130 to 1 40
1 20 to 1 26
1 10 ston 15
1072 oe 3
43 to 50
58 to
65 to 75
70 to 85
30 bp Al
16 00 to 24 00
13 00 to
94 to 93°
11 to
18 to 21
14 to 16
9} to 10
18 to 184
6) 50) toh 7°75
700 to 8 00
850 to
60 to 684
48 to 56
42 to 434
450 to
5 25 to 8 00
67 «to 68
70 to
70 to ———

359

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles.

New ORLEANS—Continued.

Oats pLiMetecee sats se == >----per bushel...
liaiys CHOICO seer acne <== ssc = = == +-per ton..
THING LScooses ceeetoceacecdapes dna e ct
nde TESS = Soc Baan Shits baeckeeeone per barrel..
LOO PCG a Be eee per pound...
IRGG. E eee Gee eeoeenoeecpoeb eee dames:
Butter, choice western. .-.-.-...-.-.---- doze
ehoice northern - 3-2-2 -- 45 dGzeee
COMMON = (5225) ac ee sag 45 oe domes ts
Cheese, choice factory.-..-----..----- does
WeESLOIN) TESCLVO.— 22 soni cas = ae darts
Cotton vordinary . $5: js--<ses-.24- +54. dossss
lowe rod dlinteea=-teestecctee = Coase eee
middling: esac 5 piesa cs sOmeeiee
Wobacco; lugs: 4/2~...2 sss. sca y ass a doese-
low leats22astees50 362255 dowsna::
medinmyleaie= = pase ase == dots-ss-

j

IRLOURW SUPELING 2.0 s5ces5 ces ese per barrel..
Ch he posAen pe peppopen acts dozeess
Wheat, State...--. ae oe eat ay reir per cental..}
Oregany seo ete ss oe cce aes dosaere-
Corn whtess5-see sta sccss Sane ndOls eee
yollow? 25-1. sos 225 sashes Fosse. dots. -23
Hay, Staley ssc 2 3 eee ot ae Seaae per ton..|
IPorks mess s2 5. oseiests oso ae per barrel..
| OLE 102) aie Arce Be eee oD dow xe255
HSC CL INLGRS Une mets aaers at ete ee Goreeee
HATO AA ue ease eae per pound..
IButitersy State s<-'\os ses oeeaescees ve: dove"
Onegonien=-tss-jsa5 aos eee do. 5228:
Overlandy cs. ses ns ee) See doscesss
Wheeseme ee an os ae Sos Cera donitke
Wicolt choice esao5 se 82 eee S Seek dos-eee
imerior topmedsnm. 24-)52o2\-- 2 doss2e"

August.
$0 64 to $0 66
32 00 to
30 00 to
14 50 to 15 75
102 to 11
112 to 112 |
20 to 23
32 tO 34
12 40 13
11 to
3 to 17
18 to 184
20 to 204
6 to Zi.
7 - to 74
74 to 8
5-75. te. 6 25
625 to 6 50
2.208 tor Bred
2°20) ton. 2h 25
2.15: tor 2:20
2 LS tom 220
17 00 to 20 00
25 00 to
22 U0 to ——
14 00 to
124 to 144
20 to 30
14 to
40 to 424
274 to 35

September.
$0 49 to $0 50
32 00 to 35 00
“14 00 to 14 50.
103 to 103
112 to) 114
21 to 22
30 to 34
Th 10 to 123
eh 1Ghto .17
174 to 172
1283 to 182
63 to 82
Se Steet
62a ster. 50
6 75 to
2424 to 2 474
VE AO) dg eee
2 40 to
17 00 to 22 00
22 00 to
20 00 to ———
17 50 to ——
l) 1530 epee
a 17 to
9 to 14
28 to 37
Neglected.

WETEOROLOGY.

JULY AND AUGEST 2272

«
COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY THE OBSERVERS OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates prefixed,) the mean
temperature, and amount of rain-fall, (in inches and tenths,) for July and August, 1871, as
reported by the observers at the stations named. Observations daily at 7 a. m., and 2 and

9 p.m.
JULY. AUGUST.
: ‘ Ne ne 1 es é
i at os Billing
Z : = a = a I £
Btations in States 2 =| e 2 eI &
and Territories. Ss = a) 6 £$ 3)
Date. | = 5 Date. iZ B| & Date. | s = Date. = =
a= SLE a Reel. eee fe) 8] 4
| qi = oa q g = ce
“3 a= 8 a 5 a= | a +
R eI a | 4 4 A a |] §
S A 3 | & 3
2 ST | deh lives A el dee
MAINE.
Deg Deg. | Deg.| In. Deg. Deg In.
PROC LOU em icpaeecaallele ee ple te Re Pososeee| asso) Gescied soseecleseansed eas 25) )5¢ 2-5 454 snee- 2) oe ra ee
MOTONO 2S an- 8a ese cos 13, 15 82 17 54 | 67.1 | 2.13 3 83 22 45 3. 85
IITA gee $5 o8aaBe 15 89 1 DY |) WOOF. 3,17 85 23 So OU Win css ces
td ERG ET le coe oo fe see | ee ene Cee ee | eee eee | pete 3 83 21 50 4.00
West Waterville. 13 88 26 59 |.70.5 | 4.21 4,5 84 13 56 4,98
Gardiner. .-......-. 2 90 24 58 | 69.3 | 4.58 4 82 23 {+ 53 4. 93
Ligbon-.......-.. 5 Gils) 88 22 54 | 68.4 | 3.90" 5 88 22 50 6. 22
916
Standish ......... 6,9,13| 90 | doas} 58 | 70.5 | 461 4| (eo) aries 4.74
Norwaysce ic 2 13 89 22 55 | 69.7 | 5. 25 4 89 21 55 5. 50
Cormish =. se> =~ 13, 15 86 23 53 | 68.2 | 4.95 4 86 20 50 6, 62
Cornishyille ..... 6, 9,13 Bi) 7726 98 | 71.5 | 5.80 4 90 21 35 p) San |e ee
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
UPAOM Ss ass stool = rok eee le focoe| Gop ecle 34 assoc ostadle= 3655 4 90 20 43 9.15
Whitefield ....... 6, 13 87 1 50 | 66.3 | 3. 87 15 87 20 44 5. 89
Tamworth ...... 6 89 |- 17,20 51 | 69.2 | 7.08 4 89 20 50 3. 61
Contooco: kville - - 9 91 22, 24 dd | 71.8 | 3.80 4,5 88 20 52 4, 50
Amoskeag ......- 9 93 18} ° 42 | 67.5 | 2.50 4|, 93 18 38 5. 7
‘VERMONT.
Aunenburgh ..... 6, 13 88 18 50 | 68.2 | 4.33 16 90)}° . 8 50 | 66.9) 7.07
Craftsbury......- 14 89 | 20,22 47 | 64.3 | 7.00 4 88 |13,19,31) 47) 625! 6.54
South Troy ....-. 13 90 22 53 | 69.2 | 7. 44 15 88 20 50 | 66.61 9.72
East Bethel.....- 6,13 93 | 21,22 51 | 65.1 | 3.13 15 90 20 42 66.9! 5.40
Woodstock ...... 13 85 1, 22 50 | 66.0 | 4. 67 4 84 20 45 | 64.0} 3.93
IN OMWION cee Sk 6 89 23 o2 | 71.1 | 3.30 15 90 | 18,20 50 | 69.5] 4.00
Near St. Albans. . 2 93 | 21,23 55 | 67.8 | 6.90 16 | .87 19 51 | 66.4} 6.50
‘West Charlotte -. 13 94 22 56 | 71.5 | 9.06 A 90 20 55 | 71.6} 6.31
Panton). s-U oe hase. 13 90 22 55 | 70.8 | 8.29 15,24 88 |19, 20, 21 56 | 68.8] 6.39
Castleton ........ 13 87 22 54 | 70.7 | 5.95 4,15 85 2 49 | 68.94 5.00
MASSACHUSETTS.
Kingston ........ 13 92 23 ov | 72.2 | 2.25 a 92 20 56 | 71.9) 5.49
9
Lawrence........ 9,13| 89 22| 55 | 70.8 | 3.35 ; Sigal 85 a1} 52] 70.7] 5.39
Georgetown ..... 9 89 22 55 | 69.8 | 2.65 4,12 87 20 54 | 070.2 | 5.27
Marltgniee t= see 6,9 93 24 6 | 72.3 | 2. 68 4,12 90 23 52.) 72.6) 2.67
North Billerica. -. 13 90 | 22,24 Ob | 21a el ees 12 87 19 OU WAR. OU Sos uae
New Bedford .... 12 83 25 57 | 69.1 | 1.75 6 81 19 57 | 70.0} 6.49
Worcester ...-..- 9513; 15 83 22 DO) | sc cee eeeeee 12,17 83 20 54 | 69.7} 3.94
Imnenburgh ..... 87 23 54 | 69.8 | 3.65 |7, 12, 27 84 20 51 | 69.8) 5.7%
MGNGON sts hemor at: a -isec = f= scne 6] = ees ee eeimee ean | ole arte amen Ben dyes 84 20 54 | 69.6] 4,60
13 86 1 o4 | 69.2 | 3.52! 71 8 20 50 | 69.2. 6.46

361

é '
Table showing the range of the thermometer, Sc., for July and August—Continued.

| JULY. | ‘AUGUST.

= = ¢ = ES 3
Be By a a By d
Stations in States Sle A S A | =
and Territories. 23 $3} 3 \* 23 2 le
Date. | g5 | Date. | +5 & ., | Date. 3 | Date. Ee earl es
ae ge) & =| fe gS) ¢ ‘a
ae: ae | & : es fe
% 3 a | 4 3 a | 3
a |alé | a |4 |"
Tica wi Lt a es
Mass.—Contin’d.
Deg. .| Deg.} Deg.| In. Deg. Deg. | Deg.\ In.
Richmond ..-.--- 3, 18 90 1 d+ | 72.7 | 6.45 7,16 91 20 50 |} 70.28 | 12.81
Williams College. 13 7 | 23,24 52 | 72.8 | 4.73 16 7 20 52) | 68.7 | 6.53
Hinsdale’... =: .- 13 85 | 22,23 52 | 66.3 | 5.90 rb 84 |18,19,20| 52) 66.9 5. 90
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport...--.---- 12 91 23 59 | 72.9 | 1.94 17, 11,12 88 23 60 | 74.0 7.68
CONNECTICUT.
, 22, 23
Columbia ........ 15| 94 ; ae } 58 | 72.0 | 3, 44 12| 94 93| 53|722| 8/31
Middletown..-.-- 12 88 23 53 | 70.0 | 5.48 7 90 20 52) | 722 8. 31
Southington ..--. 13 84 22 of |) 691.7 | 2. 46 7 85 20 58 | 71.6 8. 72
Round Hill ...-..- 6,11 86 25 yey) deaean ly) CROs ta Cee Re al eee Wee So See so ccl|ccares||acan-s
Golehrdo ket os oe le doe ce le oe cctelb se econ slew tee meee ab aismicsi bane sapenie os oct 20 51 | 67.3 | 10.28
NEW YORK.
Morichests.2..5.- ut 93 22 62 | 73.7 | 5.36 10 87 20 58 | 74.8 3.18
Warrensburgh ... ; aay } 90 1|° 55/7.8| 815 9| 96| 21,96) 55/736] 3.47
South Hartford ..| 14,15 90 17 56 | 72.8 | 5.45 | 4,7, 16 87 20 Cara heaaa! y 9.10
North Argyle. ... 9| e8} + 22] 56] 70.8 | 5.22 3.4) 85 20| 56| 729] 5.70
SEO Vat. gene as 6 91 22 Ste ta oh hl lal ir 2 al Se ee ee Cl Neat Recein Semeeal oer on | Socce =
Garrison's _--.--- 12, 13 86 | 23,29 58 | 70.0 | 4.63 16 86 19 55 | 72.6 6.12
Throg’s Netk..-- 13 90 25 GO; FP 72e 9h eS" 5 88 20 GN) 74s a eee
White Plains ..-. 12) 9.84 25 OD th Vor samme apf! 83 19 bof eal hal it Se ae es
Cooper Union.--. 15 87 25 61 | 73.3 | 6.27 27 86 3l 65 | 75.2] 6.41
Brookiyn ....---- 15 90 25 61 | 72.9 | 5.53 16 88 20 60 | 74.3} 9.91
Flatbush........-: 5, 15, 16 89 25 61 | 75.7 | 5.05 9 90 24 62 | 75.9 | 9.74
GISSCO.., 2. sce acne 9 93 25 De |i eee toed: 16 So 6 48 |. 72.1 %3o
Middleburgh..-.-. 9, 12,13 90 25 58 | 75.8 | 8.40 8 92° 20 52 | 73.7 4,50
Cooperstown... -. 13 87 24 oO | 67.7 | 4.64 16 89 20 46 | 69.2 | 4.50
Gouverneur....-- 13 86 22 ol | 65.3 | 3.33 16 86 19 48 | 66.1 2. 84
Cantonese. ses: 13 90 17 D4) Guo. Gilecceas . 16 88 20 Cay GU ase eS
North Hammond. 6, 13 90 19 58 | 69.0 | 4. 23 14 96 19, 28 58 | 7453 | 3,21
Lowville......... 9,13 86 | 21, 24 ‘D1 | 66.2 | 2.53 3, 16 87 20 46 | 67.3 3. 58
-SHLOURG WILLGy eee ala cease e mnie sistant || waeletere |= aeigetihe sateen 3 39 3l 52 | 68.8 6. 31
South Trenton. .. 14 94 21 AB) GONNA OO! Ne SaterS an freee teem cen orale aes ae | eee a feeenetes
Oneida ss) 25-2 13 90 20, 2% 52 | 64.0 | 4.49 7,16 $0 19 50 | 68.9 | 5.40
Depauville...-.--- v7 6G 84 | ° 22 53 | 65.7 | 2.68 14 &8 20 50 | 67.7 | 4.
Oswego .---.-.... 9 Se ese eka saeiocs 66.2 | 2.62 29 90 | 18, 20 53 | 68.8} 5.91
Palermo ......--- 9,13} 93 22| 52] 65.2 | 1.40 ; See ; 90 20| 51/688) 5.20
North Volney-.--. 13 O2it T2123 OO! | OMe an 3 92 10 Co: PON PA es ae
Waterburgh. .... 9 95 20 49 | 66.6 |.-.... 4,16 92 20 480) 6826) (oa. .-.
INIGHOIS) 5-5 <n = 9 91 22, 24 DOy ast eee 15 94 19 DON OFS he
Newark Valley. -.-} 2,9, 13 88 23 49 | 67.8 | 5.40 15 95 20 50 | 69.8.) 5.90
EeiMmrods 2 -2/7.2 22 9 88 22 50 | 66.1 | 1.80 16 92 20 51 | 69.7] 3.06
Rochester. .....-- a 92 19, 20 57 | 71.7 | 3.00 11 96 19 06 | 73.1 4.90
Little Genesee. . 9 OF |) 22, 23 48 | 66.2 | 3.32 15 94 19 42 | 68.0] 3.48
Angelica. ..:..)... 9 89 23 44 | 66.2 | 3.02 15 93 19 42 | 68.4) 3.72
Carlton. -e45 2" 14 90 | 21,25 54.} 68.0 | 1.88 15, 16 88 19 52 | 69.4 | 3.25
Lockport ......-- 13 89 |19, 21, 22 56 | 68.4 | 2.85 15 92 25 56 | 70.4] 5.83
SEU SLO. one eae t= 13 92 51) |) 69saq scsi: a 93 31 Do: |, 13. 6 4, 43
NEW JERSEY.
Jersey City -..--- 15 89 a) 60 | 74.1 | 4.87 12 89 21 62) | Wi 3-} 3378
Newark. 3° .:...-- 10, 13, 15 86 23 56 | 71.5 | 4.14 12 86 Q1 AG! htoe 5.31
South Orange -.-. 6 &8 23 55 | 69.8 | 4.56 12 90 19 50 | 69.7} 4.61
(Lenton ys}... - 6 90 1, 25 62 | 76.2 | 6.54 4 90 20 62) 77.2} 5.14
Rio Grande ..-..- 9,11 980 25 54 | 69.7 |14.13 8 94 20 53: | 73.3 3.29
Moorestown ...-. 6 87 1, 25 59 | 72.3 | 6.22 5, 7 89 20 60 | 73.3 | 6.82
New Germantown 9 90 22 58 | 71.4 | 3.67 7,12 89 19 52 | 73.2 | 9.48
Readington ....-. 6|° 92| 22,94} 58] 71.6 |..-.-- 7,12| 92] 20,21] 56} 73.6|.....-
Greenwich....... aed 88 22 58 | 73.4 | 5.14 16 a4 20 59 | 75.9 1. 67
Vineland ........ 11 | 93 a3 | st! 74.9 | 9.82 16} 91 311! 60| 762! 3.02

362

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §'c., for July and August—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

PENNSYLVANIA.

PVIVUOSi< somes out
Hamlinton.......

)
[Diane (J.)
Parkersville .....

Ephratah. - -.

Dars. 2 2
Harrisburgh .-....
Warlisle. .262542,2

7A
Se

Fountain Dale _..
York Sulp’r Sp’gs
OOP. soe). s-ciek
Lewisburgh......
Grampian Hills. .
Johustown.......

Mranikslin (oon. 2. |

Greensbur:; See
Connellsville. ....
Greenville .......
Newcastle .......
HSBAVED ote ertsc
Cannonsburgh ...

DELAWARE.
.

[Dover s-j5 cee hc

MARYLAND.

Woodlawn .......
Annapolis -......
Woodstock Coll. -
Sam’s Creek .....

DIST. OF COLUMBIA.
Washington .....
VIRGINIA.

Johnsontown ....
Capeville ........
Hampton ........
SarryC i o.oo...
Comorn.......

¥

Accotink -..)..2.-.
Near Waterford...
Piedmont .....-..
Piedmont Station,
Markham Station.
Keswick Station .

2
eta o
wmMoowwrsds

15

10, 16
9, 10

aximum tempera-
ture.

JULY.

=

Deg.

89

86

84

89

89

90

88

86

88

94

90

88

90

87

} 90 26
sat 9.20
88 20
95 | 21,22
94 23
80 | 20
92 21
90 24
91 ai
92 24
94 23
97 21
94 ot
90 a1
95 | 22,23
88 21
94 25
94 a1
96 | 20,23
90 | 21,25
91 22
89 21, 22, 2
91 25
90 39
8B} —-22
92 22
97 39
102 | 22,23
91 21
87 | 21,93
93 21
84 a1
93 22
95 21
94 21
93 25
89 | 20, 21
98 21

am tempera-

ture.

by | Minimt
Ss
2

60

¢ S | Mean temperature.

~3
. . . vt .
IR WAIDNWDORAIMOLTWS

-~I
Wownw y
mom e

78.5

~!
on
=}

AUGUST. ,

Date.

Maximum tempera-
ture

Minimum tempera-
ture.
Mean temperature

+

POP pO P g79
SSaASSSsSEg

363

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Continued.

JULY. AUGUST.
4 E é a ;
s s-| 3 |= 3 s | §
A = iE = = =)
‘ations in States | ql & 2 EI zg
and Territories. 26 2g) 92 2 Ss]
Date. 5 | Date. y |. Date. | ¢ 5 | Date. a E
8 & ge] 4a 3 IE EE =
= B) A = = a 3
q g 5, ee & q te See
g a | 4 # q- 13/4
S q S$ a S 5 o 3
= a = 4 = = =) a
SSS = | a Larne sto [Ie Py
Va.—Continued.
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
Lexington ....... 9,11} 91 22/ 52) 72.9 | 4.09 16| 92| 21,31] 63|783| 3.75
Lynchburg ...-.. 9 90 j, 22, 23 Olt Pas TG Beedec sd beaes pcuncasdl aotsed eee Seolccone
Near Wytheville. 9| 88 23| 51| 712/170} 3,13] 89 31| 56] 73.3] 3.40
WEST VIRGINIA.
Weston.......... 8| 93 251 54| 728 |.-...- 15| 94 at |): 54 PvE a tee
Cabell ©. H ...-.. 31| 93 20} 53 | 72.4| 4.10 5| 96 31 | 52] 71.81 0.80
NORTH CAROLINA
Oxford. .......... 9| 94 22] 58] 77.0] 3.75 1g} 98 31 | 62| 79.1] 2.35
Fayetteville...... 9] 97 24| 62] 81.0 | 1.60 16| 92 3{ 68| 787] 7.40
‘Albemarle ....... 10,12} 98| 23,26] 52/77.9/3.05| 7,16] 99] 21,31] 56] 79.3] 238
Statesville ....... Sai i } 94| 24,25| 52] 76.4 | 7.00 17| 98] 21,31] 54/773] 2%
Asheville...(A.).| 10] 93 24] 531 71.2|3.20| 3,16] 988 a1) 57| 724] 7.40
Tees (H.) 8] 84 241 50| 70.5 |...... 3:5) oa) eat | 56 | Tae ees
SOUTH CAROLINA
PAT ere eee ae. 10] 95 26| 66 | 80.0| 4.88 31 96 21| 67) 78.6] 7.96
Gowdeysville ..../9,10,12| 95] 24,25| 64) 81.5 | 1.63 5| 94] 21,31 | 66|81.7| 4.30
GEORGIA.
Ti Ge 9,10} 90 95| 63} 76.6 | 4.55 10} 29 20| 66] 75.7 | 13.95
St. Mary’s........ 10, 11,16, 92] 27,28] 73] 81.1| 4.49 4| 90 21| 73| 80.6] 9.73
Sandersville ..-... 13, 16,31} 94] 23,24 68 | 81.0
ii 8,17 | 93 271 68 | 80.4
ALABAMA,
Huntsville. ...... 18] 90] 23,24] 65 /739/200} ° 4] 90 31} 63] 79.91 6.00
Carlowville .... § ie ” a 96 |24,25,26) 72 | 84.5 | 0.85 92| 98 |21,24,26, 72/834] 4.71
Solna ey ei4 eee. 471" 97| 26,27) 72) 84.5] 1.40 22| 98 21) 74/847] 4.05
Moulton ......-.. 7,8,17,18| 90 23 NGS Pa on o2 4| 89 31| 61/77.2| 2.49
Greene Springs ..| 7,16,17| 97| 21,26] 70| 83.0 | 2.95 22] 98 31} 71/840! 4.70
2
Coatopa.......... 6| 7] 26] 8} 75/200} 17] 98/55 5r$ 70] 83.1 | 020
FLORIDA. t ‘
Near Port Orange 15 95 | 24,25 70 | 79.2 | 3.09 22 91 2. 72 | 78.7 | 16.97
New Smyrna .... 10| 92 24] 70 | 81.5 | 3.30 | 22,23] 90 1] 73] 81.7 | 23.00
Jacksonville ..... 11 | 97 24] 71/|83'8|3.95| 9,31} 95 1g| 72] 81.5 | 13.70
Picolata ......... 10,11} 93 96) Vi [eae Sh 4| 94 18 |) 273 |) Sho he...
is ae 8,10,11| 98 25} 66 | 82.5 | 4.30 29| 95 21] 72/| 81.3] 21.35
i IP 2S ER eae aa AE asa aie 1 Begg | ST bas 48,9,31| 96 95/ 64] 80.8].....-
Tange. 6 10,27 | 92 25 | 67] 76.1 | 5.30 23| 89 95| 67] 75.6 | 13.45
Welborn ......... 10,11 | 96 26] 68] 83.5 | 2.63 51 96 21| 76] 83.8 | 12.21
TEXAS.
Clarksville. ...... 16 | 100 1 T2Ui Board e aie Neo - RS ce Sates | eee rene eee 2 2a
Near Clarksville. 16 97 2 10. 2es DEB pene eae (eet i Ae ea bce Pee eey Paes
Houston .... .-.. 3,5,20|} 99 gl) ¢ 7H | eamenewece 14, 27,29] 99] 25,31| 76| 85.5 |......
Guimers-s5-05:.>- 16} 100 3 "TS: || BAG TENG? Ie ot oS IRS seer eee ee ee eee
Clear Creek...... 31 | 97 28} 76 | 82.7 | 3.80 \23,24,29] 98 16| 7i| 84.4] 288
Oakland ......... 21| 103 5| 6 | 86.9.| 0.85 54] 102 251 70/ 86.9] 2.85
Sand Fly......... 21} 100 |24,27,28} 78 | 89.9/0.10| 7,12] 101 951 74] 87.3] 0.30
EAP a1| 97 #k° 78 Sige... 67,12 | 99 }25,30,31] 78 | 87.2] 3.10
Wictoriai.-2....-- 120, 21,22) 104 7| 84| 91.1] 0.50 12| 106] 16,17| 982/ 91.2] 1.10
@linton 2.2.22... in ee 100 22| 78/8611 0.75 24] 102 17| 75| 85.7| 0.80
Matinee sso... 31}, 100:) 3% 14 |) 77 saan... 7,12 | 102 31| 72/9861] 214
San Antonio..... $38, 30" Y102 611| 75/873] 0.02 12| 104 31] 75 | 86.9] 1.74
; |

364

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Continued.

JULY.
s a ; a
3 a ae 3
4 : = = BE) =
Stations in States 8 A s A
and Territories, @ 3 2g) 2 $63
Date. | ¢% | Date. | 58 | & _ | Date. | gk
aS BE | 3 =| aS
| A id aes I
y id aS A e
rood . o a GH
A Bd vata yes a
LOUISIANA.
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg.
New Orleans.... 17 94°]. 24,27 73 | 81.0} 4.70 20 94
Shreveport -.--.-. thle 95 |22, 23,24) ~72 | 84.6 ]...... 8 97
Ponchatoula ..-.. 5 98 26 74 | 85.0 |10. 35 18 98
MISSISSIPPI.
Marion Station. .. 16} 102 26 68 | 82.9 | 4.20 3,5 | 100
Philadelphia..... ; es } 92| 25,26] 65 | 76.0 | 2.80 2| 92
Grenada peeeeoeee 16 93 | 24,26 65 | 78.9 | 6.20 11 92
. 14, 19,
Near Brookhaven /6, 16, 17 96 25 73 | 84.0 | 4.80 3 26, ! 94
27:
Holly Springs... 17] 99 27 | 60 | 79.4 | 9.00 1,2] 96
ARKANSAS,
Pocahontas .....-. 8,17 | 103 23 Be (Bl: 6 te sees
‘Helenati2 i.e 7 97 24 G7 t80; 0 eee
8, 15,
Clarksville....... ; 16, 17, t 99 21 0 WN Fe (a 1) 7, 22 100
18
8, 15, 1; 12)
Washington ..... 16,17,|§ 92 { zs 24, } 72 | 70.1 | 4.13 |221/99'| 6 99
:. 18 ide 24
5 1 ae
Mineral Springs .|4 17,19,|> 98 22 62) | 78.3 | 5.23 91 24) 98
: 20 | Be
TENNESSEE.
; 4,7,13,
Elizabethton. .... 9] 96 22) 50 | 74.1 | 3.19 |2 14,15, , 96
16
Tusculum College 8 89 | 23,24 G2) OP Sad ASD 8 ea yee
Lookout Mount’n x 90 22 G3)) SiON coe 4 93
Clearmont....... if 91 Q1 60 | 75.6 | 2.90 2, 15'| “ide
Austin........... ; ae ; 94 a1] 60| 720/350] 216| 96
Clarksville....... 8 91 23 or | 75.3.) 2.58 3 92
Lenton 22 ss 5e 8, 16 98 |, a2 64 | 79.4 | 3.20 23 94
La Grange....... 7 96 26 65 | 80.1 | 7.50 3, 25 94
Knoxville........ 10 93 22 61) 17352 | 3.22 2 95
KENTUCKY.
é 20, 21,
Pine Grove ..-..- 8,9| 96 5 2 53'|¢ 60 | 74.2 | 1.75 |13,14,16) 98
Near Louisville -. 8 | *99 PES ME I Mire Ae) | Fod 2) 14} 102
OHIO, t
SALEM iets ee sees 9 98 22 50 | 70.4 | 5.80 -7 | 100
New Lisbon ..... 9 88 21 50 | 70.2 | 6.43
Steubenville ..... 9 93 } 21,22 55 | 73.0 | 3. 44 16 91
Marpins MOrry,.a-|-<.sev9| cate easee cal: cee cl «sel ee aeee 15 96
Painesville ...... 9 90 23 50 | 69.0 | 3.80 15 90
Milnersville ..... 14 88 22 48 | 68.0 | 7.09 15 95
Cleveland........ 9 87 22 o4 | 69.0 | 3.42
9 96 22 55 | 72.8 | 2.39 15 98
9 98 20 52.| 76.4 | 5.60
9 96 Q1 52 | 75.1 | 3. 46 |. 16 98
9 96 22 50 | 69.5 | 1.50
8 90 | 20,23 59 | 72.2 | 3.90 15 95
9 93 19 Oa 4072.0 ioe
North Fairfield .. 9, 14 88} 20, 22 54 | 71.6 | 2.91 15 94
Westerville...... 8 91 22 503 | 71.4 | 1.50 15 96
North Bass Isl’d .|8, 14,16} 91] 19,28| 53 | 73.1} 2.00 15 | 100

= | Mean temperature.

[ome oles]
ras
Om RS

Sees Pees ee ee ee ed be es ee

AUGUST.
3
3
=
3
S
wH
Date. F EI
z
i
Aa
Deg.
6 73
29, 31 74
77
20, 21,23) 68
31 | 70
20 64
22 66
31 62
~
31 60
2, 30, 31 72
18, 19,20} 62
31 51
31 66
31 59
19 58
31 55
31 57
31 64
31 54
31 60
18, 31 52
aii 50
20,31 |. «58
18 54
31 54
31 48
18 57
31 60
31 57
31 56
31 53
31 57

365

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §¢., for July and August—Continued.

JULY. AUGUST.
# & é a 3 :
al owed
Stations in States 2 a |S ; | a |S
and Territories. Sys Be $3 2D
Date. = | Date. 4 a Date. BW) Dates |i ja | & i
Ee I | ; ae Fen erty eae
as ay Mp cea nh ed ea = i eae
Ie | aH ce B E eae le Se
q Beit vel cz q ab
3 “ot oO a 3 “A ° =
a A a | w | =| a |
Out1o—Continued. Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
‘Marion 22522020 8 94] 19,20 FANE 03,84)" | 15 95 31 52) | 72.5 | 5.08
Hillsboro......... 3,9}| 901 20,21] 56|71.8| 4:15 ; ag : s9| 19,31] 58|745| 4.97
Bowling Green -. 9 99 22 55 | 76.2 | 5.30 15 LOL 30 5p) | 79.0 | 2:89
en tanl)o2- © <)c[- =\- 10 99 |} 19,23 68 | 80.2 | 3.00 24 100 3l 60 | 80.6 | 12.81
Bellefontaine .---. 8 94 19 52 + 70.5 | 2.73 15 94 3L 53 | 73.4 | 9.80
Urbana Univ .... 8 93 22 53. | 72.7 | 2.45 15 96 31 56 | 74.8 6. 48
Bethel .-..-.-.-.. 8,9 94 22 5D | 72.3) (5.25 | 15.16 96 31 54 | 73.8 | 3.87
Edgerton ......-. 8 GON ey |) Nay ed) esl ise) I ees ee ole Spier | /aohobe(seeccel|Sseke=
Carthagena......- 8 93 22 55 | 74.5 | 3.88 15 97 31 56 | 78.5 4,27
TDRRHTIGTS patty aeeee aesod ne aeesee 5 50aban £ GANSbe beaches Ienaae 15 96 30 55 | 70.1} 4.30
Jacksonburgh. ... 8 94 1 52 | 73.3 | 2.82 | 16,23 94 31 58 | 75.4 | 8.75
Oxford sees 8 98 22 57 | 74.8 | 2.03 16 98 30, 31 58 | 75.8 6. 07
Mt. Auburn Inst- 8,9 93 21 58 | 76.0 | 4. 62 16 93 31 59 | 77.8 5. 89
Cumminsville. --. 8 94 23 56 |i2ao' bo, 12 4 89 31 59 ar - - ¢
Cincinnati -.(H.). 9 95 21 57 | 74.8 | 3.37 16 95 31 5D | 76.9 | 5.22
DORE =. (Ere 9 97 30 STM aaOY |p SoG [lente teaem ae cise = <1 a etehae cima lector = es eter apa ma
College Hill. ----. 8,9 98} 22,23 60 | 77.6 | 5.13 |14, 15, 16 94 31 62 | 77.4 8. 36
MICHIGAN.
DWebroibpees-see 14 96 19 54 | 72.1 | 4.12 15 98 30 55 | 71.4 1.91
Monroe City..--. 9 98 | 19,28 58 | 75.9 | 2.53 20 95 30 58 | 75.6) 2.85
AmmvATbOR cree 8 91 19 55°} 71.8 | 2.02 15 98} 30,31 56 | 72.6 | 2.32
Allipenany Sse ste en 2,13 75 21 51 | 62.8 | 3.77 6 76 | 30,31 52 | 65.0) 0.88
State Agr’l Col... 13| 95 19 | 49 | 70.6 | 3.10 15 | 100 |19,30,31) 54 | 71.3] 1.42
Olivet College. ... Bulb weO4, | ORQOE SOW Ise Av ey AOU) eeeeee nel. Sees fee nee ees al cae okey
Litchfield ......-: 8 92} 20, 22 53 | 69.5 | 3.40 15 92) 30,31 54 | 69.3 | 4.18
Coldwater .:...--. 13 93 | 20, 23 AM GOEL. [NDS Gos ssc te hae eae theta ae SSeS Reel te ei
IBatbleOneokettes Meee cle ete hee sole eee sae ee. 14 95 31 54 | 71.6 | 12. 64
Grand Rapids(H.)| —s- 13 98 19 55 | 73.2 | 1.71 15 96 31 54 | 72.8 | 2.00
DONS aaah (S.) 13 91 19 53 | 71.0] 1.68 | 14,15 90 31 41 | 70.2] 2.85
Northport,....-.. 12 90 19 50 | 65.4 | 4.25 2 89 31 52 | 67.3 1. 87
Benzonia .......- 12 90 20 53 | 67.2 | 2.90 6 88 31 51 | 68.0 1. 90
Copper Falls..... 12 93 18 44 | 60.9 | 1.35 L 85 27 45 | 61.9 4.90
Ontonagon......- 12 92 27 BG Sey BAU eB Seer aor cel mee sees iotocce) coceveyoseoes
INDIANA. F
Fort Wayne ..--. 8 99 20 57 | 77.4 | 2.50 15 98 31 BD, | 3.9 4. 30
Aaron) Si: ec 8 | 202°), 21) 22 59 | 75.7 | 5. 48 15 102 31 58 | 77.2 | ,4.06
Rising Sun..-.--.- 8 93 + 422 55 | 73.4 | 5.45 16 94 3l 56 | 75.5 3. 37
WGNEN AS eoeeeboaae 8 97 23 58 | 75.2 | 3.82 16 96 31 56 | 77.3 | 4.06
Mt. Carmel ...--.- 8 98 21 60 | 77.4 | 3.58 13 96 31 65 | 79.1 3. 52
Spiceland.....--. 8 98 | 20, 22 57 | 75.0 | 1.68 | 14,15 99 30, 31 54] 76:5 | 2.78
Waconia. ..---2--'- 8 98 20 59 | 75.8 | 3.22 2,3 96 3l 56 | 76.8 4.95
Knightstown .--. Sie (Map eRe BOT eat Ges) |\(Cu ris) Poa eeas see Al tere |ecemol| cance) -daned
Beech Grove....-. 8 95 23 53 | 72.6 | 3.15 15 96 31 48 | 71.9) 4.73
Bloomington ...-. 8 95 22 58 | 74.3 | 4.65 15 92 |° 31 55 | 74.8 3. 47
Rensselaer. ..---. 8,9 96 Q1 Bie A con )a | See ee nl ae See eS ee Rel eee
AG et Bea ee g 98 22 61 | 78.3 | 3.30 14 97 31 55 '| 78.1 1. 45
New Harmony... 8 98 22 63 | 78.4 | 2.06 15 98 31 57} 81.8 | 1.24
ILLINOIS. H
Chicago.......... 8} 101 23 60 | 77.1 | 2.55 14 99 31 58 | 76.2) 1.65
Near Chicago. 52 8 | .102 19 56 | ESRB 14 98 31 60 | 74.0 1.25
Evanston .....-.-. & 92 20 59 | 70.4 | 2.33 14 86 30 ov | 72.1 3. 41
Marengo..-......- 30 93 21 51 | 7.2 | 1.04 14 93 31 43 | 69.4 3. 07
‘Mattoon :...-.-.. 8 7 102 24 60 | 78.8 | 7. 70 14°), LOL) 3L 53 | 79.0 4.00
PATITONA eee 4 cs. =< 8 90 19 53.) 75.6) 1.75.) 14,15 96 30 50 | 73.6 1. 97
Louisville ......- 8 | 100 20} . 60 | 74.6 | 3.50 15 | 104 31 56 | 79.7] 2.35
Belvidere ........ 8, 30 94 23 Essa) yea yas a et a Se I | Pe BE
Sandwich.......- 8 95 19 5B) |PTSSOUMOnOG: 20. 28. ep eee "GN Wee eee! aca =
Decatur e..2--..-- 8 | 100 24 63'| 77.5 | 1.85 15} 101 31) S| 77.5) 1.05
(Pama P8252 es. 8 98 20 60 | 77.0 | 1.65 14 95 31 | 56.) 77.2) 1.90
Rochelle -.....--. 8 92 19 Be AL Bi) oe ee Oa Ed ee eee Be ct 2G
Wyanet.......... Or (E95) {tater ty w5S) | N7an2r NaN SOA |e oe seh oe | een te eee ote Beep ee ee mersalacetcen.

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories. (
‘Date.
,IntiNors—Con’d.
ate ‘ 8, 12,
ziskilwa Etsen ee ss ; 30, 31
Hennepin ...(0.). 8
IPGOVIS oc sosts acer 8
play anes eee eee ee 8
Waterloo. ...(J.). 16
npn eee eee 8
Galesburgh ...... 8
Manchester ....-. 9
Mt. Sterling....-. 8, 31
Andalusia ....... 9
8, 9, 13,
Oquawka .....-.. ; 14115
Augusta......... 31
Warsaw . 5.2... 8, 31
WISCONSIN.
Sturgeon Bay.... 12
Manitowoc....... 13, 15
Hingham ......-.. 13
Milwaukee ...... 8
Geneva ..;.2.5< 8, 12, 15
Waupaca .......- 12
Embarrass ..-... 12,15
Rocky Run...... 8
Madisontes. 25 en seencssshace oe
Edgerton ........ 30
IMLosiniee eet ERA soem coe etatae
IDATADOO Cee eceee. 8
New Lisbon ..... 13, 30
Bayheld, 2. + ..2)5- 12
MINNESOTA.
Beaver Bay..-.--- 13, 17
BeaVer -i---'-= = 5-5 8, 30
Dt: Pal. 2. 3 ele 8
Minneapolis ..... 12
Sibleyiew ser. sec 30
Litchfield..-..... 15
New ‘Ulm: ------- 15
IOWA.
Dubuque ........ 8, 30
Monticello....... 30, 31
Durante eee es 16
Wrest Branch 24). 75-60. ca) aeeeee
Bowen's Prairie. - 30
Fort Madison. ... 31
Guttenberg ...... 30
Mount Vernon...| 13, 30
Iowa City........ 8
Independence.... 30
Near Independe’e 30
West Union ..... 30
Rockford ........ 8
Ames..... eae 15, 30
Algona eves <5 << 15, 31
Boonesboro ..... ‘| 8
Aiftoneceeee tees: 15, 16
Fontanelle....... 16
Grant City....... 30
Sac City 2.22252. 18

Maximum tempera-
ture.
Minimum tempera-
ture.

Mean temperature.

3
wo S

a3 -3 3
DAH

5]

-
on

3-3
ones

a 343
wan

~
See tes Ome tie Fe
ww w So OMNIS m-+tO=+t0

SoOrwocwr-!t

Date.
Ee
A
3S
ia]
In.
Beyer 14
1. 80 15
3.76 15
5, 5 1
4.50 | 14,21
1.09 | 10.15
3.51 14
1. 40 15
2.20 | 15
3, 12,
1.88 ; 14,15
1.79 | 1,14
2, 81 15
2,34 "
1.85 3
aa i eee
SiR 6
1.84 6
2. 43 1
Ee Ome 3
3. 00 3
5.50 14
Jig 10
4. 30 1
Bige ey 14)
ree Q
YAY thaces soem
2. 65

1.29] 1,10
2.05| 1,14
2.70 14
vee 14
O50 i ocecaee
4.07| 14,15
MS, 1
+ ee 1,14
6.56 10
2. 65 1
1.90 1,2
1,14 14
La. 1
7.70 14
peta 1
5.72 | 7.10
4.00 7
5. 00 13
3. 20 13
4.40} 1,13

AUGUST.

Fs a

5 5

= a

a a’

ao Date. im:

ep Ae

E

=|

Deg. Deg
99 31 47
$8 31 48
96 31 49
98 | 30,31] 54
96 29 54
100 31 58
90 31 52
98 31 53
93 31 60

} 90 31| 46
95 | 30,31] 57
95 31 51
96 31 55

94} 30,31] 53
90 31.| 53
93 5| 47
97 31] 50
92| 30,31! 55
92 24] 50
a9 31] 50
91 31] 52
96| 29,31] 55
94 31| 50

88 31| . 44
93 3 |) a7
92 31| 45
93 31) Ch
89 30| 44
95 30] 53
96 31| 49
96 31| 46
101 31}. 50
95 31] 48
96} 30,31| 56
96 | 30,31] 46
97 31] 50
95 31] 44
105 31] 45
98 31} 44
96 31] 48
89 31] 50
96| 30,31] 52
94 30| 46
91 31{ 40

3
iol
=}
~—
oS
oH
oO
=")
8 | 4
~ x
4 a
ge | 8
oS
= 64
Deg. | In
Toshi eee
76.0 | 3.60
75.7) 4.95
75,8) | 2.15
72.1 | 3.90
81.3] 2.60
73.9 | 6.46
76.4 | 0.80
78.1} 5.22
74.2 | 2.32
76.6 | 12.00
75.2 | 6.48
75.2 | 2,25
68.7] 1.10
ry
69.2} 3.77
70.9 | 4.16
GOT ak o
64.5] 4.70
69.3 | 2.87
69.8 | 3.35
72.7 | 6.20
se Ree 6. 80
70.6 | 3.56
BTan eee:
"65.7 | 2.60
69.5 | 4.83
67.9 | 5.40
68.5 | 3.03
66.1 | 2.40
71.7 | 2.50
72.1] 6.40
72.2) 5.15
72.6] 4.45
72.7 | 4.13
95.8 | 7.45
Cie: ts eae
Oa evel
71.8 | 5.23
73.8 | 2.47
71.6 | 3.30
73.8 | 4.40
69,/Gulieaace
73.8 | 4.96
TONG \benes y
71.9.) 95,10
70.6 | 4.90
72.9 | 6.00
73.4 | 5.80
69.3 | 5.10

567

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.
. Date.
Towsa—Cont’d.
MLO PAT 4) ees ee 5/3 16
Woodbine: 4222.).\|'2 sac. s/--
Council Blufts.... 16
MISSOURI.
St. Louis Univ-.- 16
FAllentonee.: = s2< 8
Hematite ........ 16
Hannibal -....-+- 8,16
ROMs ose Ioe ose 8, 15
Jefferson City.--. 17
Cave Spring .....| 15,16
North Springfield. 16
Mount Vernon. .- 18
Kansas City....-. 9, 15, 16
QOrevonl2-ose-ees- 15
Comming 223-522 15
KANSAS.
ATCHISON re sane 16
Williamstown (C.)} 9, 16
Leavenworth -... 16
Williamsburgh .. 16
SP AOD Sstoicm: « eee 15, 16, 17
Baxter Springs -- 13
HOON: sae! Jae 16
GG ARO Ys <a (c'si5 155 =~ 17
State Ag’l College 16
Council Grove . .. 16
Douglass -...-.--. 16
Holdonw isaac ae see 16
Burlingame .....-. 16
NEBRASKA.
Omaha Agency -- 16
DeSotoe se. -- ses 16
Bellevue ......... 8, 16
Nebraska City...| 8, 16
niersoneee cess 14
Neweastle ....... 29
Santee Agency -- 16
UTAH
. 13, 14,
Coalville......... ; a
CALIFORNIA,
Monterey ..-...- 5
Chicossi5ss4ge55 1
Watsonville ..... 21
Mendocino......- 9
IWisalibag eee a3 .02 18
Taylorsville...... 2,18
San Diego........ 22
ARIZONA.
St. Thomas ...... 13, 14

y Maximum tempera-
S ture.

87

111

105

118

JULY.

Date.

Minimum tempera-
ture.

Deg.

20 52
aoe 19| 59
20 66

93 54

23 50

20 62

93 52

17 60

20 58

24 59

20 56

25 65
20,22 | 63
2 58

.

Q1 62

19 64

19 60

20 63
19,24] 63
24 62

20 60

19 62

Q1 64

20 6L

21| 64

19 63

19 59
3,19 | 57
3 61
19,21| 61
92 58

7 61

19 56

3 49

31 47
30,31] 68
11 50

25 ai
30,31] 66
99 40

Ups ay

tz 8,11 } 63
23 75

: = | Mean temperature.

AUGUST,
ls ne
= BS °
2) <3) a
= Ee 5
aes | S
es &s3| 2
Date. 4 | Date.| 8 Fj
gs Es oO A
E a ale
i a ee
=| a =| fa
[a |
Deg. Deg. | Deg In.
13 | 92 5| 42-| 69.9 | 2.60
13° 94 31| 40/1 69.7] 3.10
7,13 | 90 30) 51/729] 3.55
15| 96 31| 58/738] +428
ies 14] 99| 31| 55 |782{ 1.21
i tae 92 |, 99 | 311 45 | 74.0) 644
PPS a1{ 98| 30| 52|75.6| 3.20
Nery Riera bo 30| 55 | 76.9| 4.31
14,21] 96 30| 55|76.5| 2.18
13,14,21| 94, 30,31] 54] 74.3] 3.40
21} 97 30| 5417.0] 220
14| 99 30} 541767] 2.90
14,15 | 101 31| 48/75.71 2.76
‘Sra 15| 97| 30] 56|76.2| 3.95
14,21] 96 31| 52] 75.5] 2.20
13] 98 30| 62] 78.2} 3.00
7,14,21| 100 30] 55] 75.3} 287
14,15 | 100 30| 53/7.99| 3.78
7, 13, :
, pa } 94 30| 531 76.3) 4.25
21|° 96 29| 4815.4] 5.50
12, 13,
¢ Bee } 98 29) 58/779] 4.40
721 | 98 29| 55|77.6| 0.70
S caine ius ot She [eect cif: a areas ool ats Otel ee eer 3. 56
7] 95 28| 50|73.2| 1.56
13] 99 30; 49|72.8| 1.63
13| 95 30| 52/746] 3.30
Was: 2/98] 301 48| 735) 135
2,17| 95 13) |) 4 Gah eee oc
19| 83 2| 48] 62.2]......
a9} 112 14 |) Ga 4 Nos.
18| 86} 12% 52] 63.0 |......
6, 7, 9,
17, 24, , 68 a ee a
27) 28
arr, 4, |: Sena 2| 48 | 75.2 |.-..--
18 | 86 12| 60| 70.5] 0.00

368

Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Continued.

JULY. AUGUST.
& a : 3 3 2
S 8 | § 3 18 | §
é 4 =u a Be} a i= Pp
Stations in States =| 3 r= S r= g 3
and Terxitories. Bois $g| 2 ies Soe
Date. | «4 | Date.} _3 | & Date. q | Date. mH} &
EE b5/-8 | 4 ES gS) 81s
5 BI ' % A A 3 A Pa &
4 A S 5 . A 3 #
3S : o o . © a
A Bl] ca a a i
MONTANA.
Deg Deg.| Deg.| In . | Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
Deer Lodge City- 15 97 8,9 43 | 66.0 | 1.20 17 96 22 41 | 62.0| 0.55
Missoula......-.. 20 99 8 38 | 74.2 | 0.97 7 97 15 AD ee Tacs c3
WASHINGTON. ‘
Cathlamet .--..-- 9 92 7 A8
Port’Angeles ....} 14,15 67 | 11,16 53
Union Ridge -.-.. 9, 10, 20 90 6 56
COLORADO,
Denver <--245--. 4 13, 16 97 3 58 | 78.0 | 0.51 18 95 30 54 | 75.2} 0.27
Colorado City.--. 13°}; WU6) 112,18, 22) | 64 | 80. 8)) 3.45 |. 20) ol eee ata ee eel ee eee
_ Golden City.-..-- 15 99°.) > 3 57 | 78.0 | 0.80 18 96 | 27,28 56 | 75.3 | 0.40
OREGON.
Portland......... 2 90 7 58 | 70.0 | 0.55 5 96 31 53 | 71.4} 0.45
Hols | fates ee 2 85 21 44 | 63.3 | 0.32 5 91 138 44 | 67.7 | 0.04
SASUOFIS - - 30-1051. => 9 74 120, 22,28] 52 | 57.4 | 1.36 4 73 16 50 | 59.1} 0.61
WYOMING,

* Laramie City .--.

eee eee ee ee ee ee eee

369

NOTES OF THE WEATHER.

JULY, 1871.

Houlton, Me—Aurora 8th ; no soaking rain; ground dry beneath.

Union, Me.—Haying 7th; cherries ripe 12th; corn silking 25th.

Norway, Me.—Grasshoppers destructive to 15th; slight earthquake
20th.

West Waterville, Me—Damaging hail 20th. Heat about July average.

Gardiner, Me.— Month 3° colder than mean of thirty-five years; dry
till last week.

Lisbon, Me.—Slight earthquake 20th; haying finished generally 31st.

Peterboro, N. H.—Uarge hail, covering the ground, 16th.

Whitefield, N. H.—Very heavy thunder; earthquake Shocks at 3 a.m.
20th.

Tamworth, N. H.—Frost 1st; earthquake 20th; long drought about
ended.

Contoocookville, N. H.—Haying begun 34; oats ripening 25th, har-
vested 28th.

Amoskeag, N. H.—Slight frost 18th; frequent showers 15th to 31st.

Lunenburgh, Vt.—Earthquake of 30 seconds, north to south, at 1
a.m. 20th. .

Craftsbury, Vt.—Very dry till 20th, then wet till close—heavy rains.

East Bethel, Vt—Heavy thunder-showers; fine hail 18th; earthquake
20th. . |

West Charlotte, Vt.—First real rain and wind-storm this season, 31st.

Panton, Vt.—Terrific thunder-storm 14th, with large hail, 4 inches
deep, 28th. '

Kingston, Mass——Most of month very dry after great drought of May
and June.

North Billerica, Mass.—Copious showers during last week in July.

Lunenburgh, Mass.—Earthquake, shaking houses, &c., north northwest
to south southeast, 20th.

Middletown, Conn.—Heavy thunder, copious rain, and damaging hail
15th.

Southington, Conn.—Cicada (locust) 10th. Coldest July since 1859.

South Hartford, N. Y.—Fifteen light showers during July; one very
heavy 31st.
Brooklyn, N. Y.—Month showery but pleasant; no signs of midsum-
mer.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—Frost 24th; month 6° colder than in 1870.

North Hammond, N. Y.—Drought 1st; haying begun 5th; harvest
dist. Cool July.

South Trenton, N. Y.—Ground covered with hail, large as bantam
eggs, 20th.

Depauville, N. Y.—Wheat harvest began 14th. Heat 3°.8 below mean
of seven years.

Palermo, N. Y.—Coldest July in eighteen years, except in 1860,
(629.09 ;) warmest, 1868, (799.12.)

Nichols, N. Y.—Wettest July (hardest showers) in many years.

Newark Valley, N. Y—Very wet month; weather quite cool.

Little Genesee, N. Y.—Showers light; streams never lower, some dry.

Lockport, N. Y—Month unusually cold ; on 17th, before sunrise, 539.5.

Newark, N. J.—In twenty-eight years, warmest July 1866, mean
769.08; coldest, 1859, mean 70°.23; 1871, 719.475; four Julys whose

370 ‘

means were lower than this, but none whose maximum was lower, and
only one, 1863, as low. Locusts on 16th; no katydids yet, and tew
mosquitoes. .

Rio Grande, N. J—Grand thunder-storm 6th; rain 19th, overflowed

gauge.
vew Germantown, N. J.—Hail 16th, 28th; frequent showers, light
winds, '

Greenwich, N. J.—Showers on thirteen days; warm 6th to 16th; 20th
to 26th needed fires; cool to 31st. Peaches 3d; tomatoes 10th; corn
cooked 24th; sweet-potatoes 31st.

Vineland, N. J.—Violent hurricane 16th, houses, &e., destroyed. Very
wet July. .

Dyberry, Pa.—Very wet month, rain on sixteen days; destructive hail-
storm 16th, hail piled up 6 to 12 inches deep in some places.

Horsham, Pa.—Month cool and wet; showers seen nearly every day.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Temperature but once above 802, 17th to 31st.

Factoryville, Pa.—Terrible tornado, demolishing buildings, trees, &c.,
9th ; hail-storm, size of hen’s eggs downward, destroying crops, and
even cattle, 16th : hail 6 inches deep covered ‘sev eral counties. <A se-
verely destructive month.

Parkerville, Pa.—Raius on eighteen days, four or five very heavy.

West Chester, Pa.—Heavy thunder. storms 3d, 6th, 11th, 16th, 27th.
A wet month.

Ephratah, Pa—Thunder and terrific hail-storm, damaging houses,
&c., 6th.

Carlisle, Pa.—Tornado from northwest in Perry and this county,
with much hail, large as walnuts, destroying trees and crops, 16th. A
showery month. .

Fountain Dale, Pa—Month dry; but little rain, yet damp air.

York Springs, Pa.—Hail storms frequent after 15th to 31st.

Tioga, Pa.n—Mouth cool and wet; some nights cold ; frost in some
places.

Grampian Hills, Pa.—Terrific hail-storm, injuring fruit and crops, 16th.

Greensburgh, Pa.—Oats housed 24th ; martins left 30th. Very cool
July.

Newcastle, Pie Bebon two weeks earlier than ever known here.

Dover, Del.—Heavy thunder-storms 11th, 15th; heaviest rain in years
25th, 26th.

Milford, Del—From 15th to close of month was cold and wet.

W oodlawn, Md.—Month 8° below average of six years, and cloudy and
showery.

Johnsontown, Va.—Aurora 22d; first real rainy day this year 25th.

Hampton, Va.—First half of mouth hot and dry; last half cool and
wet. ’

Surry Court-House, Va.—To 10th hot and dry; remainder showery
and copious rains; 25th the coldest July day ever known here—fire
was cointortable.

Comorn, Va.—Second and third weeks very wet, rest favorable. Rain-
fall 5.06—average for twenty-two years 3.88.

Wytheville, Va.—Cutting oats 7th; katydids 27th. A very dry July.

Oxford, N. C.—The coldest July known to any person here.

Albemarle, N. €.—Storms, incessant thunder, 6th, 12th, 13th. Very
dry month—crops drying up, and wells and springs failing.

Statesville, N. C.—Rain, incessant thunder, 6th; heavy rain 12th.

Aiken, S. C.—Rain on eight days, with hail on 18th.

Gowdeysville, S. C_—Slight rains and showers on six days.

371

Berne, Ga.—Frequent sprinkles and light showers on fifteen days.

Atlanta, Ga.—Heavy thunder-storm, and hail an ineh deep 23d.

Moulton, Ala.—Cotton blooms 15th. Month dry to 10th, then copious
rains ; cool 18th to 28th, then dry and dusty.

Coatopa, Ala. —Thunder and lightning on eleven days, often without

rain. iis

New Smyrna, Fla.—On 24th, sea and river water almost ice-cold ; many
fish died; water cold for several days. Air at 70° to 85° 24th to 31st.

Jacksonville, Fla.—A warm July till 25th, then three days cold. =~ -

Picolata, Fla.—Northeast winds since "92d, bringing intermittent
fevers.

Pilatka, Fia.—All rains were thunder-storms. Cold 25th to 28th. =~

Welborn, Fla.—Isabellas and catawbas ripe 15th; scuppernongs ripe
294.

Gilmer, Texas.—Month very dry; rains very light ; erops suffering.

Oakland, Texas.—Hottest summer in many years; crops suffer from
drought.

Sand Fly, Texas.—Highest mean of. any month ,in twelve years; last

rain June 8th.

Victoria, Texas.—Very little thunder and lightning; very dry ; light
winds.

Clinton, Texas.—Long drought and great evaporation ; month hot.

Ponchatoula, La. —Rain in some directions, and thunder ev ery day.

Brookhaven, Miss.—Recent rains have revived late crops ; cold 25th.

Marion, Miss.—Chilly 21st; drying winds for a week past, 28th.

Washington, Ark. —Katy dids Sth ; cotton opening 31st; copious show-
ers came in time to save the crops.

Elizabethton, Tenn.—Cloudy to 15th; eight thunder-storms in July.

Clearmont, Tenn.—Drought continues ; month dry.

La Grange, Tenn. —Cool, pleasant days; nights chilly, 19th to 24th ;
cold rain 25th; fires needed 25th, 26th ; then cool nights; warm, op-
pressive days to olst.

Pine Grove, Ky.—After 13th dry; crops suffering; grass drying up.

New Lisbon, Ohio.—Frosts 19th, 20th, 21st; thunder-storm, hail 2st.

Cleveland, Ohio.— July mean for seventeen years: temperature 729.38 ;
rain 3.29 inches.

Adams’s Mills, Ohio.—Hottest day for over twenty years 9th.

North Fairfield, Ohio.—Most destructive tornado ever known here
16th; hail large as one’s fist; crops, buildings, trees, destroyed.

North Bass Island, Ohio.—Tornadoes ; some damage 9th, little 16th.
Mornings and evenings cool, noondays hot; vegetation drying up.

Hillsborough, Ohio—Showers and sprinkles on thirteen days in July.

Kenton, Ohio.—Frost 23d, making frost every month this year.
Ground dry.

Urbana, Ohio.—Thunder-storm, large hail, 9th. Month 3°.5 cooler
than last year; 1°.19 below June. Rain 1.15 inches below average.
Vegetation suffering.

Alpena, Mich.—Brightest aurora this year, covering whole northern
sky, 21st; moderate 20th, 22d; sweet elder blossoms 31st.

Northport, Mich—Monuth closes very dry, and vegetation suffering.

Vevay, Ind.—Violent thunder and rain storm 16th.

Mount Carmel, Ind.—Violent gale, then thunder-storm, 9th.
iene Ind.—Terrific thunder, pouring rain and damaging gale,.

th

Marengo, 1il.—Driest July on record ; only one-fifth of average rain.
of ten years,

¢

372

Mattoon, Ill.—First thunder-storm this month 27th; very warm and
dry.

Aurora, Ill.—Frost 22d; killed buckwheat and vines in places.

Louisville, Iil—Heavy thunder-storms 9th, 10th, 16th; cold 19th to
25th. .

Belvidere, Iil.—Month dry. Some finished stacking grain by 31st.

Wyanet, [11.—Thunder-showers frequent till 14th.

Havana, [il.—Rain on. 10th 4 inches. Entire season dry.

Dubois, iti: —Katydids 1st. Month 2°.26* warmer than average of
seven years. Average July rain for seven years 3.92 inches; ; this July
1,09 inches. ;

Mount Sterling, Ill.—To 14th, seven thunder-storms; dry to 51st.

Manitowoc, Wis.—Nine thunder-storms; large hail on 50th.

Waupaca, Wis.—Terrific thunder-storm,’ ‘with high wind and hail, 8th.

Mosinee, Wis.—Southern lights with streamers to horizon 24th ; slight
frost 28th ; harvest not yet begun dlst.

St. Paul, Minn.—Rain for seven mouths above average, yet the Mis-
Sissippi is lower than in seven years and still falling.

Minneapolis, Minn.—Month nearly 3° lower than in 1870.

Guttenberg, Iowa.—Harvest stacked and part thrashed. Locusts gone
pby12th. Pastures and cisterns dry, and Mississippi as low as ever known.

lowa City, Iowa—June 5th to July 2d 11.20 inches rain. Harvest

. three weeks early.

West Union, Iowa.—Ground dry at depth of 2 feet—temperature 68°,
open air 89°,
Independence, Iowa.—Soaking rain 5th ; coolest J uly weather known

‘here; 28th, thermometer 102° in shade, 121° in sun 30th,

Ames, Towa.—Too much rain 6th ; hail 8th; tornado 13th; harvest
ended 27th. Coolest and warmest July known here.

Algona, Iowa.—Soaking rain 28th. Month favorable for farmers.

Boonesborough, Iowa.—To 15th terrific wind, lightning, &e.; then fine
harvest.

Logan, Iowa.—Heaviest rain known here 28th; bridges, &c., ‘Swept
off.

Council Bluffs, Towa.—Thunder-storms on seven days; inane rains
28th, 29th.

St. Joseph, Mo,—Tornado, destroying buildings, trees, crops, &c., 13th.

Hematite, Mo.—Magnificent thunder-storm 10th; another, with tor-

nado, 18th.

Jefferson City, Mo.—Hurricane 5th to 6th; thunder-storms, gales, 13th,
14th, 17th, 18th.

Cave Spr ing, Mo.—Hay and oats cut 1st; rain sufficient till 30th.

Oregon, Mo.—Katydids 1st; blac kberries 5th; great storm, hail, 13th.

Williamstown, Kan. —Severe gale 2d; katydids 15th; cutting prairie
grass 19th.

Paola, Kan.—Heavy blows; thunder 10th, 11th, 14th; gale 18th.

Holton, Kan.—More thunder: storms and rains than usual.

Burlingame, Kan.—Terrible lightning, killing grass in circles of from
20 to 50 feet in diameter, 6th, 10th, 14th, 17th.

Council Grove, Kan. —Ov er eighty days of clouds obseuring sun’s
rays, and more rain than in any July in ten years, except 1867.

De Soto, Neb.—Tornado, with hail, 5th—blew cars off the track of B.
and F. Railroad; another 28th, with a deluge, doing immense damage
by rain and by wind.

Emerson, Neb.—Great thunder-storm, gale, and 4.4 inches rain, 29th.

Bellevue, Neb.— Heaviest rain known here 1st; another, with hail, 28th.

O73

Newcastle, Neb.—A dry summer, no rain, save a few drops.

Taylorsville, Cal.—F laming auroras 7th, 10th; frosts 21st, 22d, severe
30th, 31st.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter.—Severe frost 8th; new snow on mountains
9th. “e
Missoula, Mont. Ter.—Light frost 7th; frequent light HE

Cathlamet, W. Ter. —Very dry month ; no rain from J une 2 to 27th
inst.

Port Angeles, W. Ter. —Aurora 28th. Foggy and thick; only four
clear days.

Union Ridge, W. Ter.—Auroras 21st, 26th. Month dry till 27th.

Templeton’s Gap, Col.—Very heavy thunder-shower 31st. Month dry.

Hola, Oregon.—Thunder-showers 28th to 30th. Harvest begun 31st.

Laramie City, Wy. Ter.—More rain fell oe 20th than in the previous
year, and the heaviest ever known here on 22d, with some hail.

AvUGUST, 1871.

West Waterville, Me-——Month 1°.69 warmer than average of last seven
Augusts ; 1.27 inches rain more than August average of seven years.

Gardiner, Me—Auroras 5th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 21st, 24th. Mean tem-
perature for thirty-five years 679.019. Drought continued till 26th.

Lisbon, Me.—Severe hail-storm 5th; heavy rains 26th, 27th, 30th.

Amoskeag, N. H.—Slight frost 18th. Last of month quite wet.

Tamworth, N. H.—Hot night of 14th; auroras 5th, 17th; drought
severe to 25th.

Troy, Vt. — Auroras 10th, 12th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 24th. Rain on eleven
days.

Hast Bethel, Vt—White frost 20th; long drought ended 26th.

Near St. Albans, Vt—Thunder and hail storm 8th; light frost 20th.

West Charlotte, Vt—An October day 19th; orioles and swallows gone
29th ; drought ended 26th.

Lunenburgh, Mass.—Heavy thunder-showers 8th, 30th; high winds
27th.

North Adams, Mass—Heavy thunder-storm, hail, 8th; rain, high
wind, 21st.

Hinsdale, Mass.—Heavy rain, with almost a tornado, 27th.

Newport, ee very wet month, dense fogs, and much rain.

Moriches, N. Y.—A very cloudy and damp month; not very rainy.

Garrison's, N. Y.—More than usually uniform temperature and moist-
ure.

Brooklyn, N. Y.—¥requent rains, some heavy; foliage green as in
June.

North Hammond, N. Y.—To 26th great drought, ground baked, vege-
tation dried to a crisp; then dews, rains, reviving vegetation.

Lowville, N. Y—Shooting stars seen 10th, 12th; 11th cloudy. Au-
rora 12th.

Depauville, N. Y.—Auroras 5th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 2ist;
meteors 10th, 12th, 13th, (11th cloudy ;) thunder. storm, high wind, 29th.

Waterbury, iV. Y, —Until the last week month very dry : and warm.

Nichols, N. Y.—Many hazy days; rainiest August in twelve years.

Newark Valley, N. Y.—A heavy rain and severe hail-storm 24th.

Buffalo, N. Y.—Month 3°.97 warmer than the August average of
thirteen years; rain-fall three inches above the average.

Newark, N. J—Warmest August, 749.61, 1864; coldest, 679.3, 1866;

6

374

this, 73°.12=2° above average of twenty-eight Augusts. Average rain
5.11 inches, this month 5.31.

New Germantown, N. J.—Lightning on seven days; avery wet month.

Greenwich, N. J— Warmest day of 1871, 16th; first rain in four weeks
23d. Summer mean 2°.33 below 1870, and 19.04 below seven summers
past.

Vineland, N. J—A good season; warm month; farmers pleased.

Dyberry, Pa.—The last part of the month Was very wet.

Horsham, Pa.—A heavy thunder-storm 30th; for ten days sultry and
damp. .

Plymouth Meeting, Pa—Thermometer 80° and above, twenty-two
days; rain every day 23d to 30th, eight days. Summer mean 72°.2;
rain-fall 17.06 inches. P

Factoryville, Pa—A hazy month, 2°.5 warmer than average of seven
years.

Carlisle, Pa.—Thunder-storm, 4 inches rain in two hours, 7th; many
meteors 11th; hottest day 16th. Too much rain for farmers.

York Sulphur Springs, Pa.—Ground dry for three months 8th; streams
very low 20th.

Tioga, Pa.—Month favorable for farmers; the late rains seasonable.

Grampian Hills, Pa.—Severe drought 10th to 24th, then copious rains.

Greensburgh, Pa.—Severe thunder-storm, almost a tornado, 16th.
Atmosphere very hazy all summer.

Fallston, Md.—Rain-fall in the year ending with this month, 41.49
inches.

Sam’s Creek, Md.—Severe drought ended 25th—wells were drying up.

Capeville, Va.—Heaviest thunder-storm this season 8th; copious
rains.

Hampton, Va.—Thunder-storms on seven days, violent 1st; no day
entirely clear.

Surry Court-House, Va.—Warm and showery till 29th—very favorable
for crops.

Mount Solon, Va.—Fruit trees lost much foliage during drought this
month.

Accotink, Va.—Little thunder or rain, except in lower Maryland.

Piedmont, Va.—Run at Somerset dry 19th to 25th—first time in thirty
years.

Wytheville, Va.—Rain 26th, 27th, the first of note since July 12th.

Albemarle, N. C.—Long drought to 18th; more rain 27th, 28th.

Gowdeysville, S. C.—No general rain from July 2d to 26th instant.

Berne, Ga.—Violent gale, with hard rain, 17th, 18th, and with showers
25th, doing much damage by wind and floods. ©

St. Mary’s, Ga—Gales, from southeast 18th, from northeast 25th,
with much rain. é

Huntsville, Ala—Crops dried up to 24th, then gusts of wind and
rain.

Moulton, Ala.—Warm; dry till 24th, then sufficient rain; cool 31st.

Ocala, Fla.—Tornado and pouring rains 16th, 17th, and again and
worse 25th; immense destruction by wind and flood.

New Smyrna, Fla.—Most violent gale since October 23, 1865, with
thunder and deluging showers, 16th, 17th, 18th, and again, and as hard,
24th, 25th.

Jacksonville, Fla—Gales and rains of 17th, 18th, and 25th very
destructive here; worse south of this; scarcely felt on Gulf coast.

Picolata, Fla.—Storms of 16th to 19th came in puffs, destroying wees,
buildings, &c.

375

Pilatka, Fla.—Cyclone with sheets of rain (11.6 inches in forty hours)
16th, 17th, 18th; another as severe 25th. Damage to shipping, build-
ings, &c., cannot be estimated.

Ponchatoula, La.—Violent thunder every day, but few showers, 1st to
15th; smoky, continued rains 20th to 23d; violent storm 28th.

Brookhaven, Miss. —Cotton- picking 28th; whippoorwills silent 31st;
summer dry.

Elizabethton, Tenn—Month exceedingly dry; upland crops damaged.

Trenton, Tenn.—A. dry month; weeds and rust ceased among cotton.

Washington, Ark.—Very little rain during August; crops suffering.

Westerville, Ohio.—First sufficient rain of the season 26th.

North Bass Island, Ohio—Vegetation suffered severely in drought
from 5th to 25th.

Hillsborough, Ohio.—Rain.on eleven days, with thunder 24th, 25th.

Kenton, Ohio.—First rain from northeast (all day) in many years 25th.

Urbana, Ohio— Warmest day of 1871 15th; mean of month 3° above
average for twenty years; rain 3 inches above August average.

Bethel, Ohio.—Great damaging hail three miles south Ist; a good
needed rain 25th.

Jacksonburgh, Ohio.—Martins leave 6th; light frost 31st.

Cincinnati, Ohio.—Terrific thunder-storms, an inch rain in thirty min-
utes, 7th, and 1.5 inches, in an hour 11th; a heavy one also on the 8th.

College Hill, Ohio.—Thunder-storm, 3.25 inches rain fell in two hours,
11th.

Detroit, Mich— Hottest day of season 15th; hazy and smoky 9th to

’ 26th. Drought, on uplands earth dry 3 feet down, many wells dry, up
to 25th. '

Alpena, Mich.—Auroras 11th, 12th, 23d. Many smoky days.

Intehfield, Mich.Auroras 9th to 12th, 17th. Very dry; no frost yet.

Northport, Mich.—Dryest season known here; trees losing foliage.

Copper Fails, Mich.— Auroras 23d, 24th ; heavy rain (3.3 inches) 28th,
29th.

Rising Sun, Ind.—Slight frost, first this fall, 31st.

Vevay, Ind. —Except thunder- storm (th, dry till rains 25th, 28th, 29th.

Beech Grove, Ind.—Rain scarce since May, 1870, till 28th inst.

Mattoon, Ill.—Very dry 1st to 8th, but little rain afterward; cool
nights.

Louisville, [ll.—Locusts 2d ; first light frost; 31st.

Hennepin, Ill.—Month hot, windy, and only slight rain till 28th.

Belvidere, Ill.—No rain 10th to 22d; slight rainsto close; hot to 29th.

Manchester, JUl.—Few rains and slight ; drought severe ; ’ wells nearly

ry.
Andalusia, Ill.—Light frost in low places, no damage, 31st.
Milwaukee, Wis— Almost tornadoes at 12.30 and 9.30 p. m. of 7th.
Embarrass, Wis.—Most thunder-storms this summer from northwest,
bringing cold weather—almost frosts.
Muneapolis, Minn.—First frost, slight, 31st. Month 2° above last
year’s.
Guttenberg, Towa. —Thunder-showers and hail 7th, 22d; first rain this
summer to soak the ground 25th. Thrashing done, plowi ing begun.
Independence, Iowa.—First day hot, (105°,) last day frosts, dry month.
Rockford, Iowa.—Thunder-storms 2d, 3d, 13th; light frost 31st.
Ames, Towa. —Tornado 3d; aurora 16th ; frost in low lands 31st.
Algona, Iowa.—Warm month, best corn season known here.
Boonesborough, Towa. —August average of eighteen years 670—_this
71°. Frost 3ist.

Paws
376

St. Louis, Mo.—Violent gale, terrific lightning and thunder, and heavy
rain 8th.

Hematite, Mo.—June, July, and August have been excessively hot
and dry.

Rolla, Mo.—Heavy thunder-storms 3d, 16th, 22d, 23d, with gale 28th.

Cave Spring, Mo.—Gale, thunder-storm, 27th. Month dry, streams
very low.

Oregon, Mo.—Great thunder-storm, heaviest rain since July 21th, 1868;
many meteors 10th, 11th, 12th; fire needed 26th to 30th., Great storms
frequent near here.

Atchison, Kan.—Brilliant aurora 16th; light frost on low lands 30th.

Paola, Kan.—Month began very wet, but ended very dry, springs
failing. ‘

Holton, Kan.—A warm and dry month, splendid for harvesting,
thrashing, &c.

Omaha Agency, Neb.—A dry, pleasant month; most nights cool.

Deer Lodge City, Mont. Ter —New snow on mountains 12th; first kill-
ing frost 22d.

MONTHLY REPORT

OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OC POts be. 71 Sie 1.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
. LS 7H.

o
me.
; pny

rh ae is 1 ee
Le a

MONTH LYE EP ORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
STATISTICAL DIVISION,
Washington, D. C., October 19, 1871.
Srr: I present herewith, for publication, a digest of the reports of
our correspondents upon the condition of the growing crops, and the
product and quality of those harvested, together with a variety of notes
of reporters in relation thereto. Also a number of general extracts
from the communications of regular correspondents, with articles upon
the drought and the great fires in the Northwest, the jute plant, cundu-
rango, entomological record, scientific notes, facts from various sources,
market prices of farm products in several cities, meteorological tables
and notes, &., &e.
Respectfully,
J. R. DODGE,
Statistician.
Hon. FREDERICK WATTS, Commissioner.

CONDITION OF THE CROPS.

The influence of drought and of the unusually low temperature of Sep-
tember have been unfavorable to the ripening of fruits and to the ma-
turing of corn and other crops. No general or serious damage has re-
sulted to corn, a large portion of the crop being well advanced by the
high temperature of August before the recurrence of frost. The drought
of midsummer has been almost unbroken in the West up. to the date of
these returns, interfering’ greatly with the seeding of winter grain, and
with the germination and growth of the areas which farmers have been
able to plant. .

‘CORN.

In Maine and Vermont injuries from early frosts are reported, and in
portions of the former State from grasshoppers. The other New Eng-
land States indicate comparatively high condition. On Lake Ontario
an injurious frost is recorded as early as the 21st ultimo, and injuries
from frost are indicated in Erie, Franklin, Putnam, Ulster, and Wyo-
ming. In some of the upper counties of New Jersey, and in the high-
lands of Northeast Pennsylvania, there wiil be immature corn from the
same cause; in Greene, Pennsylvania, the fodder is much damaged,
though the corn itself is too far advanced for material injury. In all
the States between New York and Virginia, condition averages high.
In Virginia the best soils well cultivated are covered with superior corn,
and several counties report the best cropsin several years ; others have

‘ 380

suffered from drought, as Clarke, where “many fields will not make a
bushel per acre,” while in Albemarle one farmer will harvest fifty bush-
els per acre on 300 acres. The crop has been reduced in quantity and
quality in the Carolinas by drought, mainly upon uplands of a light
character. The bottom-lands in Georgia have been flooded to an un-
usual extent at various times, and especially during the great storms of
August, and drought has parched thin soils; otherwise the crop would
have been superior. Similar causes have reduced the yield in Alabama,
and drought has wrought much damage in Mississippi and the more
western Gulf States. Arkansas is the only Southern State that claims
average condition for this important crop. The increase in area, was so
large that a greater product than that of last year may be expected in
the cotton belt.

In the West, Kentucky, Illinois, and Michigan, report reduced con-
dition in consequence of drought; and while local damages from this
cause appear in other Western States, their average condition is high,
and alarge crop is certain. Some fields were injured by frost in Northern
Ohio and in Michigan on the 21st ultimo. The yield in Wisconsin and
Minnesota will be heavy, withoutinjury from frost; and in lowa, Nebraska,
Kansas, and Missouri, another overflowing harvest of sound corn is
assured. :

The present condition, expressed as a percentage, 100 representing a
good crop, is as follows: Above an average, New Hampshire, 111;
Massachusetts, 103; Rhode Island, 101; Connecticut, 105; New Jersey,
102; Delaware, 108; Maryland, 103; Arkansas, 102; Missouri, 112;
Ohio, 104; Wisconsin, 108; Minnesota, 110; Iowa, 114; Kansas, 119;
Nebraska, 112.

Androscoggin County, Maine.—Extra crop.

Oxford County, Maine-—Many fields are worthless except for fodder, owing to the
grasshoppers.

Hillsborough County, N. H.—Crop 15 per cent. less than last year.

Stafford County, N. H.—Being harvested in splendid condition.

Windsor County, Vt.—Fully three weeks later than last year.
‘ Grand Isle County, Vi.—Ripened slowly, and .many fields were seriously injured by
Yost. ;

Orleans County, Vt.—Frost killed the corn when it needed two weeks to mature.

Norfolk County, Mass.—Greatly injured by frost.

New London County, Conn.—Better than. last year.

Ulster County, N. Y.—Frost, 21st September, killed corn.

Puinam County, N. Y.—Much better than anticipated.

Wyoming County, N. Y.—Late crop injured by frost.

Franklin County, N. Y.—Heavy frost, 16th September, killed corn before it was ripe.

Ontario County, N. Y.—Injured in some localities by the frost of 21st September.

Erie County, N. ¥Y.—Injured by drought and frost. Little over half a crop.

Alleghany County, N. Y.—About an average crop, but not so good as last year.

Gloucester County, N. J.—Very heavy, but late. All cut.

Bergen County, N. J—Seriously injured by the frost of September 21.

Burlington County, N. J—The past month has been very favorable for ripening late
eorn, of which we have rather more than usual.

Indiana County, Pa.—Cut short by drought.

Westmoreland County, Pa.—Much of the crop will be soft, it is feared.

Wayne County, Pa.n—Damaged by frost.

Greene County, Pa.—Killing frosts injured fodder where the corn was not cut up.
Corn too far advanced to be damaged.

Northumberland County, Pa.—Crop unusually large and good.

Tioga County, Pa.—Ripened early and harvested in better condition than usual.

Baltimore County, Md.—Fair average yield of good quality.

Charles County, Md.—Crop exceeds the average for ten years past.

Albemarle County, Va.—A grand crop in some sections.’ One farmer, it is estimated,
will harvest 50 bushels per acre on 300 acres. In other sections the crop is short.

Culpeper County, Va.—Early planted, a good average crop; late planted, about half a
crop.

York County, Va.—Best season for corn since 1865.

a

Madison County, Va.—Short generally, but much improved by September rains.
King George County, Va.—Best crop for many years.
Alexandria County, Va.—All crops injured by drought.
Clarke County, Va.—Drought disastrous. Many fields will not make a bushel to the
acre. On the river bottoms and along other streams there are some good fields of corn.
Fauquier County, Va.—Materially reduced by drought.
Siry County, Va.—Very good. More corn than in any year for six years past.
Gloucester County, Va.—Large crops wherever the cultivation has been good.
Wautauga. County, N. C—Crop injured about 10 per cent. by a severe storm of rain and
wind on the Ist of September.
_. Caldwell County, N. C.—Early summer yery wet, followed by drought in July and
August, reduced the crop very much.

Bladen County, N. C—Crop reduced at least one-third by drought on all uplands.
Bottom lands rather better.

Franklin County, N. C.—We have had one of the most disastrous droughts ever known
in this county. Crops of all kinds have suffered. ‘The corn acreage was largely
increased, and a supply of corn will probably be made.

Mecklenburgh County, N. C—Early crop much the best. The crop is light, and mostly
nubbins, except in the boftoms. Crop in the county will not average over five bushels

‘to the acre. Bits

Gaston County, N. C.—Very short on high lands and very goodon low lands. Drought
reduced the upland crop two-thirds. :

Beaufort County, N. C.—Late crop injured by drought, but as a whole the yield will! be
about an average. ,

Craven County, N. C.—Heavy, sound, and good.

Person County, N. C.—Injured by drought.. '

York County, 8. C—Three-fourths cf a crop. It has turned out better than reported
Jast month. : ;

Clarendon County, 8. C_—Yield pez acre not so good as last year. Acreage increased
20 per cent.

Lexington County, S. C.—Fully up to an average; which, with the very promising pea
crop, will supply abundant food for man and beast.

Newberry County, 8. C—The crop gathers light; much less than anticipated.

Putnam County, Ga.—Most unfavorable season within my recollection for both corn
and cotton. °

Sealey County, Ga.—Sufficient for home consumption.

Lumpkin County, Ga.—Injured by storm in August by being blown down.

Clayton County, Ga.—Injured by wet weather in spring and summer, and severe storm
in August.

Butts County, Ga.—Injured by drought and by storms.

Crawford County, Ga.—Nearly all the corn on the river and large creek bottoms
destroyed by floods.

Spalding County, Ga.—Over an average. Where it was well cultivated it is superior.

Habersham County, Ga.—Bottom corn flooded while in the milk.

Suwanee County, Fla—Some fields ungathered at the overflow of the river were
destroyed. ;

Levy County, Fla—Badly damaged by the storms of August. When reedy for gather-
ing it was broken down and covered with water, and a great deal of it rotted.

Greene County, Ala.—Late corn destroyed by drought.

Wilcox County, Ala.—Very light and inferior.

Dallas County, Ala.—Not over three-fifths.of a crop, and’ quality inferior.

Macon County, Ala.—Almost an entire failure.

Chambers County, Ala.—Early corn good; late cut off by drought m August.

Sumter County, Ala.—Scarcely any corn. Quality poor.

Clarke County, Ala—Early planted corn on the uplands, over an average crop. The
river and creek lands, owing to overflow, were planted late, and are an entire Biltire.

Hancock County, Miss.—Crop reduced by drought at one time and excessive rains at
another.

Jefferson County, Miss—Almost a total failure.

Wilkinson. County, Miss.—Heavily damaged by drought.

Marshall County, Miss.—Injured by drought when in the milk state. When the rains

* came it was heavy, with a brisk wind, which blew the stalks down, and ‘much of tke
corn was destroyed.

Rapides Parish, La.—Not over five-per cent. of a crop.

Franklin Parish, La4—But little more than half a crop.

Milam County, Texas —Much better than anticipated two months ago.

Hardin County, Texas.—Crop gathered—abundant and of good quality.

Sinith County, Texas—The increased acreage brings the aggregate production up to
that of last year.

tied River County, Texas.—Below an average; but sufficient for home use and to spare

382

Upshur County, Texas.—The drought, followed by the extreme wet weather, cut the
erop short. ;

McLelian County, Texas—Half a crop; now worth $1 25 per bushel.

De Witt County, Texas.—Cut short by drought, though many farmers have harvested
better crops than usual.

Williamson County, Texas.—Shortened by a four months’ drought. Selling at $1 per
bushel. Last year, same date, 50 cents.

Washington County, Avrk.—Probably an average crop; but the yield will be less than
anticipated. Wet weather in the spring, poor cultivation while young, drought after
middle of July, so that the crop did not mature well.

Columbia County, Ark.—Crop greater than last year.

Drew County, Ark.—Notwithstanding the large area planted, the crop will not more
than suffice for home consumption.

Johnson County, Ark.—Yield reduced by drought. Ears small, but sound. Housed in
good condition.

Fayette County, Tenn.—Larger acreage and better yield per acre than last year.

Doddridge County, W. Va.—The dry weather of the last month has been very favora-
ble to the corn crop.

Taylor County, W. Va.—Late corn crop considerably injured by the heavy frosts in
September.

Brooke County, W. Va.—Slightly damaged by the extreme drought.

Lincoln County, Ky.—Corn does not exceed half a crop, owing to drought from July 1
to September 13; late planted of no account. ;

' Graves County, Ky.—Late corn was considerably injured by the heavy frost Septem-
ber 28.

Breckinridge County, Ky.—Injured 20 per cent. by dry weather in August.

Henderson County, Ky.—Corn much improved by rains the last of August.

Gentry County, Mo.—Crop well matured; sufficiently dry to harvest. ,

Carroll County, Mo.—Corn crop has been considerably injured by the chinch-bug
and drought during August and September.

Audrain County, Mo—Corn injured by chinch-bug more than for many years.

Perry County, Mo.—Drought for six weeks and the chifich-bug have nearly destroyed
the corn crop on old lands; chinch-bugs never so numerous.

Callaway County, Mo.—Pretty good yield, but some of it light and chaffy.

Moniteau County, Mo.—Early corn crop large; late corn almost a failure.

Clay County, Mo.—Corn crop splendid; price advancing. :

Pemiscot County, Mo.—Crop considerably diminished by drought in August and Sep-
tember.

Lee County, 1U.—Badly damaged by drought on sandy soil; on moist land above an
average. crop.

DeWitt County, Ill.—Corn crop about an average; greatly reduced by dry weather.

Perry County, [Ul.—Corn crop very much injured by drought. :

Lawrence County, I1l.—Comn on the prairies almost entirely destroyed by the chinch-
bug.

Wabash County, Ill.—Corn averages about three-fourths of a crop; quality good.

Pike County, Ill.—Corn on moist lands never better; on dry not more than halfa
crop, owing to drought.

Jersey County, 1ll.—Injured by dry weather and chinch-bug.

Ogle County, 111.—Crop ready for harvesting several weeks earlier than usual.

De Kalb County, Ill—Dry weather has injured the corn considerably; the quality is
excellent. ;

Boone County, Il.—Corn crop diminished by severe drought in August and Septem-
ber; quality good. 4 ;

Livingston County, IUl.—There will be a large crop of corn notwithstanding injury by
drought. .

Carroll County, 111.—Ripened unusually early, and is in good condition to harvest.

Macoupin County, Ill—Owing to light rains in early summer corn has done well;
late crops injured by drought.

Hancock County, 1ll.—Considerably injured by dry weather and chinch-bug.

Fayette County, 11l.—Crop considerably less than last year, owing to injury by chinch-
bug and drought. " Ae

St. Clair County, 1ll.—Corn in northern part of county good; southern and eastern
very poor.

Pulaski County, Ind.—Corn crop has beet diminished 15 to 25 per cent. by drought.

Madison Couniy, Ind.—Crop light, but safe from injury by frost.

Noble County, Ind.—Dry weather has considerably injured the corn crop.

Decatur County, Ind.— Corn is good, and out of danger from frost.

Ohio County, Ind.—Corn is fully an average crop; all ripe.

Clark County, Ind.—Corn is not maturing well.

Dubois County, Ind.—Much above an average, and well matured.

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383

Floyd County, Ind.—Perfectly. matured, and much of it harvested.

Union County, Ind.—Best crop of corn for four years. }

St. Joseph County, Ind.—Not more than three-fourths of a crop, owing to excessive dry
weather.

Franklin County, Ind.—-Corn ripening in excellent condition ; not so heavy in kernel
as last year. i

Fayette County, Ind.—Corn is ripening very fast ; will soon be ready to harvest.

Loraine County, Ohio—Late-planted corn injured by severe frost September 20.

Lawrence County, Ohio.—Crop the best known for many years.

Geauga County, Ohio.—No better crop of corn ever seen in the county.

Athens County, Ohio.—The quantity of corn is much reduced by long-continued
drought.

Crawford County, Ohio.—The crop of corn is unusually large and fine.

Hamilton County, Ohio.—Owing to dry weather in the spring, corn on bottom and
sandy soils is not so good as in other localities.

Ross County, Ohio.—In fine condition for harvesting.

Defiance County, Ohio.—Late corn was entirely killed by the heavy frosts the 21st and
22d of September.

Union County, Ohio.—Corn all ripe and in good condition.

Adams County, Ohio.— Drought has injured the corn crop considerably.

Mason County, Mich.—Late corn injared by early frost.

Muskegon County, Mich.—Continued drought has diminished the corn crop materially.

Emmet County, Mich.—Half a crop, with quality so inferior as to make it equal to about
one-fourth of that of last year.

La Fayette County, Wis—Heaviest crop of corn ever raised in the county.

Fillmore County, Minn.—Corn is being harvested in good order.

Steele County, Minn.—Best crop we have ever had, both in product and quality.

Cass County, Iowa.—Corn crop probably the best ever raised in the county.

Marshall County, Iowa.—Corn well ripened and in good condition. {

Clinton County, Iowa.—Corn crop best for five years; perfectly ripe.

Tama County, Towa.—Late corn injured by dry weather during the last two months.

Mahaska County, Iowa.—Corn all ripe and in good condition to harvest; a month
earlier than usual.

Washington County, Iowa.—Corn crop the best known for twenty years.

Muscatine County, Iowa.—A very great yield of corn; all wanting more crib-room.

Webster County, Iowa.—Best crop of corn ever raised in this county; average yield,
about fifty bushels per acre.

Keokuk County, Iowa.—Corn crop truly wonderful; nothing before to be compared
with it.

Dallas County, Iowa.—Corn has ripened finely without injury from frost.

Monona County, Iowa.—Corn crop exceeds any before raised in this county.

Harrison County, [owa.—Corn fully matured; crop heavy.

Jackson County, Kans.—Corn very good; selling at 25 cents per bushel.

Riley County, Kans.—The crop of corn is large; rain destroyed the chinch-bugs.

Douglas County, Kans—Corn good ; suffered some injury from chinch-bug.

Jefferson County, Kans.—Corn nearly fit to harvest; crop bountiful.

Norris County, Kans.—Corn crop is unsurpassed.

Crawford County, Kans.—Mosi corn in vicinity of wheat injured by chinch-bug.

Wyandotte County, Kans.—Yield of corn large; crop is being harvested.

Doniphan County, Kans.—Corn crop the largest ever raised in the county.

Osage County, Kans.—Many fields badly damaged by chinch-bug.

Merrick County, Nebr—Chinch-bug injured corn crop considerably.

Cass County, Nebr.—Corn is drying up early ; injured by chinch-bug.

Douglas County, Nebr.—Best corn crop ever raised in this section of the country.
sah ied County, Nebr.—Corn is much better than last year, both in quantity and
quality. e

Saunders County, Nebr —Acreage increased 150 per cent.; condition 50 per cent. above
average.

Curry County, Oreg—Corn has grown well notwithstanding the severe drought.

WHEAT.

The product of wheat, as calculated from county estimates of our cor-
respondents, appears to be about 7 per cent. less than last year. The per-
centages of last yeaxg’ crop in the several States are as follows: Maine, 87;
New Hampshire, 106; Vermont, 94; Massachusetts, 104; Connecticut,
100; New. York, 104; New Jersey, 125; Pennsylvania, 123; Delaware,
100; Maryland, 120; Virginia, 85; North Carolina, 65 ;. South Carolina,

”

384

60; Georgia, 65; Alabama, 71; Mississippi, 84; Texas, 90; Arkansas,
85; Tennessee, 60; West Virginia, 103; Kentucky, 75; Missouri, 102 ;
Illinois, 93; Indiana, 90; Ohio, 99 ; Michigan, 110; Wisconsin, 90; Min-
nesota, 75; Iowa, 90; Kansas, 113; Nebraska, 96 ; California, 90; Ore-
gon, 101. The quality is generally superior. It is placed above an
avevage in all the Western States except Kentucky, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Drought and grasshoppers reduced the yield materially in portions of
Maine and Vermont. In Albany County, New York, there was loss of
early-sown wheat from weevil, but in several of the best wheat-growing
counties of that State the best result for several years was obtained. A
fine crop in quantity and quality is reported in Pennsylvania; in some
places where the straw was short the season was favorable for heading
well. The wheat of the Southern States was considerably injured by
rust. The Tappahannock is still the most reliable variety in that sec-
tion. . One correspondent in Tennessee (Sullivan County) reports that
notwithstanding the’general failure of wheat, he was able to secure,
upon poor soil, 244 bushels per acre, by the application of twenty two-
horse loads of sheep manure per acre. Wheat was greatly injured in
Kentucky by the frost of Apri] 23, and the severe drought which fol-
lowed reduced still further both yield and quality. The losses in the
West were mainly from insects, slightly from winter-killing, and from
April frosts, and to some extent due to drought which retarded growth
and tillering. Spring-wheat was in many places almost destroyed by
the chinch-bug.

The yield in Minnesota is greatly reduced. Several counties report
an average of only eight bushels per acre. Disappointment is experi-
enced in many places at the result in thrashing. The depreciation in
Towa is estimated at 10 per cent. The-chinch-bug was especially inju-
rious in the Northwest. The product is large in Kansas, notwithstand-
ing the destruction of spring-wheat by this pest. In Doniphan County,
fall-wheat is unusually heavy and of fine quality, averaging sixty-three
pounds to the bushel and twenty five bushels per acre, but spring- wheat
is so destroyed by the chinch-bug as to be scarcely worth harvesting.
In Nebraska there will be a large increase of fall sowing, as the result
of experience of the past. The crop of Oregon isa good one; one county
(Polk) reports a product of half a million bushels.

OATS.

The product of oats will be about as large as the crop of last year.
The States producing more than in 1870 are New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Mississippi, Arkansas,
‘Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, lowa and Kansas. The quality in the EKast-
ern, Middle, and Western States is.good. Drought and grasshoppers
cut short the crop in Maine. The product is large in New York, though
not uniform, some counties reporting less than last year, others an
“enormous yield.” The harvest was shortened in New Jersey by dry
weather early in the season, and wet weather prior to harvesting; and
also in sections of Pennsylvania, as in Berks, where the weight is reported
at 24 to 30 pounds to the bushel. Rust prevailed generally in the South-
ern States, and drought wrought localinjury. In Kentucky, oats is the
best grain crop. In Illinois the product is anaverage one. In Decatur,
as in many other counties, the crop is, reported good, notwithstanding
the drought, and in Livingston, as elsewhere, “ the yield is 40 to 3D
bushels per acre where not injured by the chinch-bug.” In [Lafayette
County, Wisconsin, is reported “the finest crop of oats ever raised ;”

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385

in some cases 95 bushels per acre. In Milwaukee County, the White
Schonen (distributed by the Department of Agriculture) “averages 65
bushels per acre, the Norway 384 bushels.” In Muscatine County, Lowa,
the yield is 40 to 75 bushels per acre. The losses from the chinch bug
were general in Missouri, yet a nearly average crop is reported; and
Kansas has bid defiance to chinch-bugs,‘and claims an increase of 10
per cent. on last year.
BARLEY.

The product is greater than last year in New Hampshire, Vermont,
New York, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and Oregon. The
quality is above an average in all of the New England States exdept
Maine, and in New York, Tennessee, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and Oregon. As a whole, the quality may
be said to be fully medium, and the quantity very nearly an average.

BUCKWHEAT.

This crop is comparatively a poor one, the average condition being
low in nearly all the States. In Maine the growth was large, and blos-
soms abundant, but they did not fill. In all the States north of Vir-
ginia and Kentucky it was injured by the ‘frosts of September 21 and
22, and in Southern Indiana and Ohio by the frosts of the 29th and 30th
September. In Des Moines County, Iowa, it was ‘all killed by frost
September 21.” In Dakota killing frosts came as early as the 12th of
September. Drought has also reduced the yield.

POTATOES.

The potato crop is somewhat above an average in the New England
and Middle States, Vermont and Delaware constituting the only excep-
tions; below an average in nearly all the States of the South; a poor
yield in Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, and a fine product
in the Northwestern and Trans-Missouri States. Taken together, the
product of the country must fall below an average. <A few notes of cor-
respondence are appended ;

Ulster County, N. Y.—Vines killed by frost September 21.

St. Lawrence County, N. Y.—Enormous yield.

Kings County, N. Y.—An unusually good crop. The Peerless has been grown in
small quantities and yields rather better than the Rose.

Albany County, N. ¥Y.—Not more than half a crop, and rotting badly at that.

Kings County, N. Y.—Yield larger than usual. Quality fine. Hardly any rot.

Gloucester County, N. J.—Early varieties, large.crop; late ones,medium. Sweet-pota-
toes, light crop.

Warren County, N. J—Good yield, but considerable complaint of rot among those
taken out of the ground after the heavy rain of the 20th September.

Burlington County, N. J—Many report the Peach Blow as not yielding so well as
earlier varieties.

Indiana Cownty, Pa.—At least three-fifths below last year, owing to drought and bugs.

Elk County, Pa.—Very good in quantity and quality; Early Rose the favorite.

Tioga County, Pa.—Harvested earlier and in better condition than usual.

Kent County, Del.Sweet-potatoes injured by drought and frost.

Howard County, Md.—Vines injured by frost of September 21 and 22.

Orange County, Va.—Root crops generally poor, from dry season.

Surry County, Va—Above average crop; quality excellent. Irish potatoes very
scarce; rotted badly.

Beaufort County, N. C—The early crop, planted in February or first of March, was
very fine. J raised at the rate of 400 bushels to the acre of the Early Rose ; many of
the tubers weighed one pound each, and some of the largest 1} pounds each. The late
crop, planted in June and July, is an entire failure.

386

Craven County, N. C.—Sweet-potatoes have suffered from drought and cold.
Union County, S. C.—Sweet-potatoes small, owing to drought.
Suwanee County, Fla.—Whole fields destroyed by overflow.
Jackson County, Fla—The sweet-potato crop has failed comparatively in some
places, while in other places it is abundant.
Montgomery County, Ala—Sweet-potatoes greatly benefited by favorable weather ot
September. Fall turnips promising,
Lauderdale County, Miss.—Very short crop of potatoes.
Richland Parish, La.—Sweet-potatoes injured by drought.
Washington Parish, La.—Sweet-potatoes promise an abundant crop.
_ Rapides Parish, La.—Large patches of sweet-potatoes planted, but they promise
poorly. Quality inferior. :
Hardin County, Texas.—Sweet-potatoes good, with prospect of a heavy crop.
Upshur County, Texas.—Much injured by dry weather.
Austin County, Texas.—Sweet-potatoes almost an entire failure.
Sebastian County, Ark.—Irish potatoes full crop ; sweet-potatoes not more than two-
thirds of a crop and of inferior quality.
Humphreys County, Tenn.—Crop very short, particularly the late crop.
Tyler County, W. Va.—Crop remarkably good; Early Rose largely cultivated and
very prolific.
Webster County, Mo.—Potato crop not so good as anticipated; latter part of the
season very dry.
St. Louis County, Mo.—Early potatoes an average crop; late ones injured by drought.
Greene County, Mo.—Eate potatoes nearly a failure, in consequence of dry weather.
Cass County, Mo.—Early potatoes and Neshannocks good yield; late ones and Peach
Blows not so good.
Callaway County, Mo.—Cut short by drought; sweet-potatoes very fine and cheap.
Lee County, [il.—Potatoes totally destroyed in some localities by the Colorado potato-
beetle ; in others, an average crop; quality good. ,
De Witt County, Ilu.—Early potatoes for winter, fine; late-planted an entire failure,
owing to severe drought.
Perry County, [ll.—Severe drought has very much dim&nished the potato crop.
Pope County, 41.—Much injured by the Colorado potato-beetle and drought.
Putnam County, Ill.—Potatoes less than half a crop, on account of the Colorado po-
tato-beetle and drought.
Champaign County, 1ll.—Scarcely any potatoes will be raised.
De Kalb County, 1ll.—Potatoes are a failure, owing to the ravages of the Colorado
potato-beetle ; not half enough for home consumption.
Boone County, Iil.—Potatoes not enough to mention; destroyed by the bugs. Few
sweet-potatoes raised; quality excellent.
Massac County, [1l.—Potatoes will not be more than half a crop.
Fayette County, [ll.— Potatoes very much injured by the great drought.
La Grange County, Ind.—Potato crop considerably injured since our last report by
drought. Sweet-potatoes are,cultivated by some farmers this year; are doing well.
Madison County, Ind.—Late potatoes considerably injured by frosts during the last
weekof September; also, sweet-potatoes.
Decatur County, Ind.—Potatoes good, but saved from the Colorado potato-beetle only
by the unremitted efforts of the farmers.
Clark County, Ind.—Late potatoes slightly injured by frosts September 30.
Dubois County, Ind.—Potatoes much injured by Colorado potato-beetle.
Switzerland County, Ind.—Late potatoes about half an average crop, owing to ex-
treme dry weather and recent frosts.
Adams County, Ind.—Crop never better.
Loraine County, Ohio.—Late-planted potatoes injured by heavy frost September 20.
Washington County, Ohio.—The severe drought during September has diminished the
crop of late potatoes and injured their quality.
Geauga County, Ohio.—The potato crop was never better.
: A eg County, Ohio.—Potatoes have been much injured by severe drought; late ones
y frost.
Crawford County, Ohio.—Potato crop is unusually large and fine.
Union County, Ohio.—Late potatoes killed by frost September 19.
Mason County, Mich.—Late potatoes injured by early frosts.
Van Buren County, Mich.—Potatoes will not average more than half a crop; injured
by potato-beetle and drought. K
Lapeer County, Mich.—Potatoes not more than half a crop, occasioned by drought.
Muskegon County, Mich.—Potatoes have ‘suffered from the ravages of grasshoppers.
Grant County, HWis.—Potato crop fair; injured considerably by Colorado potato-beetle.
Brown County, Wis.—Potatoes better than for the last three years.
Buffalo County, Wis.—The potato crop the best for several years; not much damaged
by the potato-beetle.

387

Ozaukee County, Wis.—Potatoes uninjured by potato-beetle this year; all the beetles
have disappeared.

Faribault County, Minn.—The potato crop good this year ; Colorado potato-beetle, so
destructive for the past five years, has disappeared.

Fillmore County, Minn.—Potato crop mostly harvested.

Marshall County, Iowa.—Potatoes well ripened and of good quality.

Tama County, Iowa.—Late. potatoes injured by the dry weather during the last two
months.

Harrison County, Iowa.—A large crop; digging commenced: Sweet- -potatoes culti-
vated extensively ; have succeeded well ; present price $1 per bushel.

Douglas County, Kans.—Crop of sweet- -potatoes large; yield heavy. Irish potatoes
injured by drought ; crop less than last year.

Labette County, Kans.—The potato crop has been diminished by the drought.

Norris County, Kans.—A better potato crop has never been known.

Sedgwick County, Kans.—Potato crop extra good.

Kearney County, Nebr.—The potato crop is larger and of better quality than last year.

Humboldt County, Cal.—Fifteen per cent. better than last year in quantity and quality.

Grant County, Oreg.—Ixish potatoes considerably injured by frost 7th and Sth of
September.

Marion County, Oreg.—Potatoes are good; selling at 75 cents per bushel.

Morgan County, Utah.—Only half a crop, owing to June frost and excessive drought.

Summit County, Utah. —Smaill potato crop ; injured 1 by frost and excessiye e drought.

COTTON.

The cotton returns of October are-no more favorable than those of
the preceding month. In no State is the average of September fully
sustained. The general average of condition in the first week of the
present month is 76 per cent. against 380 per cent. in September. In
some sections im the Mississippi Valley and in Texas improved prospects
are reported, while the preponderance of testimony in the southwest,
as well as on the Atlantic coast, favors a further reduction of the ex-
pected yield. The percentage of the condition of the several States is
as follows: North Carolina, 80; South Carolina, 75; Georgia, 7 4 Flor-
ida, 73; Alabama, 75 ; Mississippi, 76; Louisiana, 3 ; Texas, 72; Ar-
kansas, 82; Tennessee, 94.

The injuries reported are from rust, shedding of bolls prematurely,
sufficiently low temperature to check the development of bolls in more
northern latitudes, floods and inundations in Florida and Georgia;
sprouting or rotting of bolls from rains, drought in some sections of
Georgia, and the boll and army worms in portions of Mississippi and
more western States. It does not appear that the losses from insects
are general or very serious, with a few isolated exceptions. Drought
should be credited with a larger proportion of the depreciation than any
other assigned cause, notwithstanding the fact that cotton endures lagi
of moisture better than any other crop.

The present indications do not point to acrop of more than three mil-
lions of bales, and if the remaining season should be unfavorable for the
development and gathering ef the fiber, a smaller result must be
accepted.

Sampson County, N. C.—Some say half a crop, others two-thirds, while others say
three-fourths. My own opinion is that there will be fully three- fourths of an average
crop, as many now Bay the crops pick out better than they expected.

Bladen County, N. C—The early cold fall has stopped all growth ; the bolls are nearly
all open; mueh immature; crop one-third short of a full average yield.

Chowan County, N.C. —Reduced at least one-third by rust, which is general.

Camden County, N. C.—The drought and rust have changed the condition within a
few days. The yield will be below average, but the quality will be fair. .

Mecklenburg County, N.C.—About half eathered. No late bolls to mature. Drought
destroyed the bright prospect up to July 1.

Gaston County, N.C. —Nearly all picked; short crop.

Anson County, N. C.—All crops have failed. «Drought from 27th June to 22d Sagiene
ber. Cotton crop will not exceed one-third of an average yield.

388

"Beaufort County, N. C.—Picking commenced two weeks earlier than usual, and is
now fully half done. ,The crop w vill be at least 20 per cent. less than last year.

Craven County, N. C. —Saffered greatly within the past forty days: first, from rust,
causing premature opening - then from frost. Cotton has never before been so for-
ward in opening in this county. The staple is short, light, and of inferior quality.

Onslow County, N. C.—I fear I have overestimated the cotton crop—(estimate 80 per
cent.

Bay gecombe County, N. C.—Yielding a little better than was anticipated five weeks
ago. The season could not have been better for picking. More than half the crop
now in the gin-house or baled.

Hertford County, N. C.—Opening rapidly and yield of lint very good. Scarcity of
labor, however, and farmers are fearful they will be unable to gather the crop before
it falls from the bolls.

York County, S. C.—No improvement. Crop somewhat damaged by rain since open-
Ing.

Clarendon County, S. C—Decrease in acreage 30 per cent.; in yield, 40 per cent.
Three-fourths of the crop now open. Continuous rains have retarded the gathering.

Lexington Cownty, S. C.—Falling short of anticipations, and many planters say that

only half a crop can be made.

Marlborough County, S. C.—Fields are now as clear of cotton as is usual December 1.
The entire crop has been made between 10th June and 28th July. Cannot exceed three-
fifths of a crop.

Spartanburgh, 8. C.—For the first time within my knowledge the summer drought
injured cotton more than corn. There are now many squares on the top, but too late to

mature.

Fairfield County, S. C.—Not more than three-fifths of a crop. No late fruit.

Newberry County, S. C.—Not improved since last report. Yield reduced nearly one-
half by drought.

Union County, S. C.—The best crops in the county will not be more than half an
average. The sandy and poorer parts of the county will give a very small yield.
Picking will be finished by November 15.

Schley County, Ga.—Wet weather continues. Open cotton is sprouting in the bolls ;
bolls not open are eae With plenty of sunshine there cannot be over half a crop.

Lincoln County, Ga. —Crop of county 33 per cent. below that of 1870. Excessive rain
the past month has seriously damaged the bolls, causing those full-grown to rot.

Walton County, Ga.—Likely to turn out worse than was anticipated six weeks ago.
Recent continuous rains have, in many instances, seriously injured the crop. Many
planters represent the most promising portions of their crop %s likely to prove least
productive, in consequence of rot in all cotton of rank growth, induced by excessive
wet.

Butts County, Ga.—Materially damaged by drought and by storms.

Clayton County, Ga.—Injured in quality and quantity by excessive rain in spring and
summer, and by severe storm in August.

Marion County, Ga. —Deterior ated. “considerably since last report. I have not seen so
poor a crop in forty years’ experience.

Clay County, Ga. —Very short crop. Seasons have been unfavorable, and the cater-
pillars have eaten the leaves and destroyed many of the young bolls by eating the
husks.

Brooks County, Ga.—Poorest erop since 1860, By October Ist last year 1,000 bales
had been shipped from Quitman depot. This year not 100 have been received.

Spalding County, Ga.—Yield one-fourth short of last year.

Houston County, Ga.—One of the most unfavorable seasons in twenty-five years.

Pike County, Ga.—Recent rains have greatly reduced the prospect. Sprouting in the
boll. '

Crawford County, Ga.—Floods have destroyed nearly all the cotton upon the river
and large creek bottoms. No fruiting since 20th of August, which equals a loss of one-
third.

Coweta County, Ga.—Three weeks of present favorable weather will open most all the
cotton. Not over seven-tenths of a crop. Some rich patches will not make half of
last year’s yield. Late planting seems to be best, except when cut by frost.

Johnson Courty, Ga.—Cotton has rust, from which there is no recovery.

Liberty County, Ga.—-Crop in this se ction will not average more than one-third.

Pulaski County, Ga.—Crop reduced one-third by unfavorable seasons,

Wilcox County, Ga——Not maturing properly.

Randolph County, Ga.—Not over half a crop. Quality an average.

Putnam County, Ga.—Season very unfavorable.

_Madison County, Ga.—Crop ten per cent. lower than on Ist of September.

Liberty County, Fla.—Crop almost ruined by excessive rains.

Leou County, Fla—Continued rains have beaten out much cotton, prevented it from
opening well, rotted many bolls, and stained and sanded it badly.

.

389

Suwanee County, Flaa—The Suwanee River is now six feet higher than ever known
before, destroying whole fields of cotton.

Jackson County, Fla.—The top crop will fail on a majority of farms. Not more than
three-fifths of a crop.

Clay County, Fla.—Injured by wet weather.

Levy County, Fla.—Short crop. Seriously damaged by storms of August. The best
fields were ruined, and the poor fields are now the most promising.

Greene County, Ala.—Cut short by drought.

Crenshaw County, Ala.—W orms and rust have seriously injured cotton since last report.

Calhoun County, Ala.—Late growth entirely too late to mature.

Montgomery County, Ala.—Cotton being past redemption, remains in sfatu quo.
Favorable weather has greatly benefited other crops.

Autauga County, Ala.—The crop will be picked out much sooner than usual; owing
to the dry summer little cotton has been made since August 1.

Shelby County, Ala—Not more than half a crop, but the staple is much better than
last year.

Ghanters County, Ala.n—Farmers are unwilling to put the crop at more than one-half,
but Ihave been over the county, and think it will reach three-fifths of an average.

Macon County, Ala.—The recent rains have caused the forms to fall, and the stalk to
' throw off much of its fruit. Not over two-fifths of a crop.

Marengo County, Ala.—Not over half the yield of last year.

Hale County, Ala.—Very short crop. Ishall make about 350 bales on the land that
made 600 last year. I think I am fully up to the average.

Perry County, Ala.—Cannot exceed half of last year’s crop.

Lawrence County, Ala.—I think the crop will not fall short more than 25 per cent.,
though the impression is that the reduction will reach 50 per gent.; the late rains haye
been very beneficial to the crop.

Dallas County, Ala.—Two-thirds of an average crop. Quality inferior.

Clarke County, Ala.—In many neighborhoods nearly all gathered. Yield on fertilized
lands 300 to 500 pounds seed-cotton per acre. °

Sumter County, Ala.—Short crop; will all be gathered by the 15th of November.

Newton County, Miss—Not more than half a crop.

Tippah County, Miss.—Since last report the second and third crops of cotton have proved
entire failures, leaving only the first setting of bolls to be picked. The falling off is
equally heavy throughout North Mississippi. The crop in this county will not exceed
one-half the estimate of forty days since.

pe ne Miss.—Season unusually dry. Crop will fall short of that of last year
one-half.

Hancock County, Miss—Cotton of the sea-island variety, fully equal to the best Geor-
gia sea-island, is turning out well. The salt air of the ocean seems to prevent the
visits of worms. .

Rankin County, Miss—The general opinion is that cotton will fall short one-half.

Grenada County, Miss.—In no event can the crop exceed three-fourths of that of last
season.

Winston County, Miss.—Injured by drought; persons in different parts of the county
say they will not make over half a crop; others say three-fourths, and a few report an
average product.

- Lauderdale County, Miss—Drought destroyed the top crop; many planters have
already gathered two-thirds of the crop. °

Coahoma County, Miss.—The crop cannot exceed three-fourths of that of last year.

De Soto County, Miss.—Weather very fine; cotton nearly all open; crop 15 per cent.
short. My assistants estimate the crop lower than I have put it.

Jefferson County, Miss.—Crop failing daily ; worms destroying what is left.

Yalabusha.County, Miss —Drought has caused cotton to shed and to fail rapidly.
Planters have lowered their estimates considerably.

Attala County, Miss.—Three weeks of dry weather have seriously injured the crop.

Wilkinson County, Miss——Manry fields have not a leaf; destroyed by the caterpillar.
ee Poa ae has also done very serious damage,and the shed has been unprece-

ented.

Marshall County, Miss.—The shortest crop I have ever seen in the county; have been
here thirty-five years.

Washington County, Miss.—No rain since the last of July; consequently cotton has shed
badly, and there is no top crop. The boll-worms were bad. Many put the crop at half
an average yield. ;

Issaquena County, Miss.—The army-worm and drought have reduced the crop to three-
fifths of an average.

Ouachita Parish, La.—The erop is poor, but it has improved since the appearance of
the worms, which are few in numbers and not destructive.

Madison Parish, La.—Few or no worms. Crop has improved wonderfully. Within
five per cent. of that of last year. r

390

Avoyelles Parish, La.—The worms have entirely eaten the cotton.

West Feliciana Par ish, La.— Unfavorable weather has checked the growth, causing the
forms to shed and the leaves to turn yellow. The weed is large, but there is less fruit
than there ought to be. The caterpillar has done considerable damage. .The boll-
worm is also complained of. Picking rather small up to date. Late cotton just begin-

ning to open.

i Faskiiniod Parish, La.—At least one-fourth of the crop of the parish cut off by worms.

Caddo Parish, La. —Short, from drought. Worms now seriously damaging the crop.

Winn Parish, "La.—Three-fourths of an average crop. The plants have shed a great
many young bolls, caused by drought.

Iberia Parish, La.—Cut short 45 per cent. by wet weather and the worms.

St. Landry Parish, La.—The army-worm destroyed cotton generally in this parish by
the 10th of September.

Richland Parish, La.—Cotton-worm at work. In some cases the leaves. have been
eaten ; in others but little damage has been done. Rust and the boll-worm have also
done much damage.

Rapides Parish, “La.—Not more than one-fifth of a crop.

Franklin Parish, La.—Good judges estimate half a crop.

Matagorda County, Texas.—With favorable weather half a crop will be gathered.

Grimes County, Teras.—Fully 35 per cent. short, and should wet weather set in it will
be further reduced. Staple short.

McClellan County, Texas.—Last year this county made 7,500 bales. This year the
product cannot exceed 2,000.

DeWitt County, Texas. ~The drought from May to September cut short both cotton
and corn, though some persons have harvested better crops than usual. Some have
already realized $40, coin, per acre for their cotton, with good prospect for a late top
crop.

Austin County, Texras.—Weather favorable to picking. About half an average crop,
three-fourths of which has been gathered.

Milam County, Texas.—Much better than anticipated two months ago. Farmers in
good spirits.

Hardin County, Texas.—Less acreage than last year. Fair prospect.

Rusk County, Teras.—The rain of the last of August caused a new growth, throwing
off the few remaining squares, but making a luxuriant top crop, which might mature
with a late fall as last year, but the real army worm (Anomis aylina) has appeared
and will destroy it, even if the frost should spare it. ‘

Upshur County, Teras.—Thir ty per cent. below last vear.

Smith County, Texras.—No changes ince last report. Rains came too late to add
another matured boll.

Red River County, Teras.—F ull average crop ; season favorable for picking.

Henderson County, Texas.—Crop will De all gathered by November.

Lamar County, Teras.—Not over one-third of acrop. Some fields will make half a_
crop; others almost entire failures.

Cherokee County, Texas.—Some fields on bottom lands will make 1,600 to 2,000 pounds
seed cotton to the acre. Upland crops are cut off 50 to 75 per cent., and staple short.

Bexar County, Teras.—Since.our fine rains of August, cotton is again in full bloom.
A late fall and no worms must give us a half a crop. A few worms in some localities.

Williamson County, Texas. —Shortened by a four months’ drought.

Johnson County Ys Arkansas.—On dry uplands 60 per cent. of an average; sandy river
and creek lands 75 per cent.; stiff, waxy river and creek bottoms, 10 per cent. above
average. General average about 80 per cent.

Pulaski Count, y, Ark _—Three-fourths of a crop. '

Drew County, Ark.—Seriously damaged by the unfavorable seasons, and also by the
caterpillar in portions of the county.

Jackson County, Ark.—No rain for five weeks. Rust and the boll-worm are injuring
cotton.

Monroe County, Ark.—Materially injured by drought.” Late bolls and squares shed-
ding. Acreage 15 per cent. less than last year.

Sebastian County, Ark.—Beautifully white, but not more than half a crop, owing to
the drought.

Cross County, Ark.—Drought has reduced the crop below the anticipations of early’
summer; still I think an average crop will be gathered. -

Prairie County, Ark.—Worst year for cotton since the war. Frost on 25th, 28th, and
29th September hard enough tokillcotton. Cotton is nearly all open, and the crop will
be out by the middle ‘of November.

Independence County, Ark.—Crop lighter than anticipated in August. The cool, dry
weather has caused the plant to shed 1 nearly all the top gti? so that one-third of the
plant is almost without bolls.

Columbia County, Ark.—Much shorter than last year.

391

Giles County, Tenn.—Opened early, and promises to be a full average crop, in propor-
tion to acreage.

Decatur County, Tenn.—Reduced at least 20 per cent. by. drought and rust,

Fayette County, Tenn.—One:tenth less acreage, and one-third less yield per acre, than
last year, is the general opinion. I have allowed for “croaking,” and put it at three-
fourths of a crop. In West Tennessee the crop will average less than three bales to four
of last year. Old and worn-out lands will not average one bale to two of last year.
Freshly cleared land is not so bad.

Hardeman County, Tenn.—In July, and as late as August, cotton promised an unusual
yield; but a drought in the latter part of August and the early part of September,
accompanied by three or four cold nights, has materially damaged the crop, leaving
the yield per acre about as last year, with decrease in acreage of about 10 per cent.

Weakley County, Tenn.—Not more than three-fifths of last year’s crop.

Lauderdale County, Tenn.—Turning out cotton better than was anticipated a month
ago; will probably make two-thirds of a crop. Lint good.

SUGAR-CANE.

Jackson County, Fla.—The cane is better than last year, and the season is propitious
for its maturing well.

Suwanee County, Fla—Whole fields destroyed by overflow.

Levy County, Fla.—Badly injured by being blown down, and by falling trees. It is
sprouting at every eye, which injures it for sugar and ruins it for seed; with a long
fall season, it may make up much of the loss.

Puénam County, Fla.—Sugar-cane has so far recovered from the effects of the cyclone,
as to promise a fair average crop.

Ascension Parish, La.—Cane is ripening very fast, but it is short in length, compared
with last year.

Iberia Parish, La—Cane ripening rapidly, and grinding will commence the middle
of the month. ne

Terrebonne Parish, La.—The storm of the 2d and 3d September improved the cane, by
loosening the roots, and laying it open to the sun. The product of sugar will be far
in excess of last year.

SORGHUM.

Doddridge County, W. Va.—Sorghum very much injured by rust.

Braxton County, W. Va—The black bushy variety of sorghum has been diseased this
year; other varieties have done well.

Butler County, Ky.—The black seed, tall sorghum is all destroyed by rust.

Lawrence County, Mo.—Sorghum crop is excellent, 75 per cent. above an average.

ee Grange County, Ind.—Sorghum crop good; yield of sirup large and of good
quality.

Floyd County, Ind—Sorghum nearly ruined in some localities by “black blight.”

ae County, Ind.—The crop of sorghum is reduced one-half, but the quality is
good.

Shelby Cowity, Iowa.—Sorghum not ripened, all destroyed by heavy frost September
28th and 29th.

Marshall County, Iowa.—Sorghum well ripened and in good condition.

FATTENING STOCK.

The number of beeves reported is greater than usual in most of the
States. Texas reports a reduction of 21 per cent. from last year; Ken-
tucky, 2; Illinois, 2; Indiana, 2; and California, 5 per cent. The fol-
lowing extracts from correspondence are given:

Piscataquis County, Maine —The number of fattening cattle is much in excess of last
year, but owing to the short crop of hay, farmers are reducing their stock proportion-
ately. The condition of stock is better than last year at this date, the feed being
much better.

Hillsborough County, N. H.—Fifteen to twenty per cent. less of beef and pork than
last year. Fall feed is good, and the prospect is that we shall have as much feed in our
barns the 1st of November as last year. ;

Caledonia County, Vt.—No beef. What would have been beef with an ordinary sea-
son for feed, is not in good store order. No sale for cattle.

Franklin County, Mass.—Stock reduced in numbers. Hay worth $25 per ton in barn.
Probably as high now as it will be next spring. It is common for farmers to sell hay
and buy corn.

392

New London Cownty, Conn.—Owing to the short crop of hay, farmers are reducing
their stock by fattening it for beef.

Hartford County, Conn .—Looking exceedingly well, but will be sent to the shambles
early on account of short crop of hay.

Franklin County, N. Y.—No rain; no after-feed; cattle fais

Ontario County, N. Y.—Stock plenty and cheap.

Brie County, N. ¥.—The number will be small.

Albany County, N. Y.—In number about the same as last year. Condition good.
Hogs plenty, prices low. Sheep scarce and prices good.

Warren County, N. J—Very plenty and in good condition.

Butler County, Pa.—Young cattle are selling at 25 per cent. less than the same could
have been sold for last spring. Scarcity of w ater is felt by cattle; in some parts of the
county the springs are drying up.

Indiana County, Pa. —Cattle haveruled low this season, and farmers are not fattening
so much stock as usual.

Beaver County, Pa.—Cattle and sheep in good stock order; cattle fever going down ;
sheep fever arising.

-Warren County, ‘Pa—Not as fat as usual, owing to the Gry season; mostly unsold;
prices very low.

\ Culpeper County, Va.—Near the mountains cattle are very plentiful and in good con-
dition; prices quite low.

Orange Couniy, Va.—Stock generally in good condition.

Surry County, Va.—Good condition : ; more being slaughtered than last year.

oy anklin County y, N. C.—Above an average. ‘There will be a considerable increase in ~
pork.

Callaway County, Mo.—Cattle shrinking, owing to the drought. Grass all dried up
and water scarce. Many farmers are hauling water two to seven miles, and drive stock
to water.

Liberty County, Fla.—Above average.

Williamson County, Texas——With an early and severe winter the loss of stock will be
large, as grass is poorer than known in 20 years on the 1st of October.

Austin County, Texas.—Water scant, pasture poor, and it is feared that a large per-
centage of the cattle will be lost in consequence. :

Humphn ‘eys County, Tenn.—Beef cattle not in as good condition as usual. Pasture
short. Drought.

Meigs County, Ohio.—But few cattle, compared with last year, have been shipped, owing
to the low prices.

Ll Paso County, Colo—Cattle in a remarkably fine condition notwithstanding the
drought; wild grasses are very nutritious.

Mendocino Count y, Cal.—Cattle are decreasing in numbers ; sheep are taking their
places gradually.

In portions of the South mast is abundant. The following extracts.
illustrate the importance attached to this spontaneous product:

Jackson County, N. C.—An extraordinary crop of acorns. Hogs all fat without corn.

Alamance County, N. C.—A fine mast, which will nearly winter the hogs.

Smith County, Texas.—Fine prospect for a heavy mast.

De Witt County, Texas.—Fine mast; but for a scarcity of hogs pork would be cheap.
There will probably be enough for home consumption.

HAY AND PASTURES.

Lincoln County, Ky.—Grass is now growing well since the rain, September 13.

Boyle County, Ky.—Severe drought” has dried up the grass very badly, and farmers
are obliged to sell stock early and at low prices.

Mercer County, Ky.—Recent rains about the 10th of September have revived the
parched pastures ; they will afford good fall feed.

Pike County, Mo.—Pastures completely parched by severe drought; water scarcer
than ever before.

Greene County, Mo.—F all feed destroyed by drought; hay crop 50 per cent. better
than last year; rains abundant. in the early part of ‘the’ season.

Maniteau County, Mo.—Pasturage so dried that. it would burn; no rain for three
months.

Clay County, Mo.
scarce.

Lee County, Iil.—Pastures short and dry; water scarce.

Clinton County, IU.—Pastures dried up; farmers feeding all their stock.

Perry Couuty, Ill.—Meadows and pastures are entirely dried up; no heavy rain since
March.

Pastures and meadows dry enough to burn if fired; stock water

393

Lawrence County, Ill.—Pastures are entirely dried up; are compelled to feed stock
to keep them in living condition. .

Jersey County, 1U.—Meadows are dried up; want of feed and water for stock is
severely felt. :

Sangamon County, 111.—Pastures very short, owing to continued drought.

Winnebago County, {1.—Fall feed and all fall crops nearly a failure, owing to severe
drought.

Putnam County, Tll.—Pastures dried up ; water on the prairies very scarce.

Boone County, [Ul.—Pastures very short; cattle being fed on hay. vi

Carroll County, Ill.—Pasture feed failing ; must soon be fed from barn.
Williamson County, IUl.—Pasturage dried up; cattle not fed becoming thinner every
day. Ms
Iroquois County, Ill.—Pastures very much shortened by severe drought; feeding stock
will commence a month earlier than usual.

Fayette County, Ill.— Pastures suffering severely from protracted drought.

Greene County, Ind.—Pastures are dried up, and stock must soon be fed; hay very
scarce. :

Wayne County, Ind.—Pastures fine; cattle looking well.

Wells County, Ind.—Pastures drying up; weather very dry.

Cass County, Ind.—Our pastures are dried up ; many find difficulty in procuring water
for stock.

Lawrence County, Ind.—F all pasturage an entire failure.

Delaware County, Ohio.—Pastures drying up badly; stock not doing well; farmers
selling at low prices.

Athens County, Ohio.—Pastures are almost entirely dried up; many farmers are feed-
ing their stock on hay and other fodder.

Cranford County, Ohio.—Pastures are becoming short, owing to dry weather.

Logan County, Ohio—Fall pasturage is very fine.

Vinton County, Ohio.—Driest fall ever known here; pastures dried up; water for
stock very scarce.

Montgomery County, Ohio—Hay crop larger and of better quality than usual.

Montcalm County, Mich.—Pastures dried up; commenced feeding stock.

Van Buren County, Mich.—ay light, owing to drought.

Portage County, Wis.—Great drought; grass as dry as hay.
Outagamie County, Wis.—Pastures are all dried up.

La Fayette County, Wis—Pasturage very much dried up; cattle are being fed.

St. Croix County, Wis——Fall pasturage has suffered severely from drought.

Clinton County, Towa.—Pastures short; grass stopped growing; water scarce.

Howard County, Iowa.—Pastures drying up from severe drought.

Mahaska County, Jowa.—Drought has made pastures very short.

Keokuk County, Jowa.—Pastures very short, owing to drought; cattle rather thin.

Meeker County, Kaus.—Large quantities of hay destroyed by prairie fire.

Fillmore County, Kans.—No fall feed, owing to great drought.

Butler County, Kans.—Large crop of the very best hay cut. A great number of
Texas cattle will be wintered in this county.

Douglas County, Kans.—Haying on the prairie just closing; crop large and of the
best quality.

Jefferson County, Kans.—Fall feed very good; cattle very fat.

Sedgwick County, Kans—Much of the prairie grass land has been burned over by
accidental fire.

Davis County, Kans—Heavy crop of prairie hay; range good, but prairie fires con-
suming it.

Umatilla County, Oreg.—Much damage done the native grass-range by fire.

Douglas County, Oreg.—Feed short; stock will suffer unless there is rain soon.

il Paso County, Colo.—Season has been remarkably dry, but late rains have improved
the pastures. :

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395
EXTRACTS FROM REGULAR CORRESPONDENCE.

TRIALS OF DEPARTMENT SEEDS.

Stanley County, N. C-—The Egyptian cotton seed received from the
Department has had a fair trial. It fails to come up to the high promise
of its early growth. The weed grew thriftily, forming a lar ge high
bush, full of yellow blossoms and a deeply divided foliage, which re-
mained green when everything else around was withering from heat
and drought. At this time, however, when other varieties have yielded
nearly all their crop, the abundant bolls of the Eg gyptian cotton hang
green on the stalk. Only a few bolls opened fully ripe amid a large
proportion of faulty and decaying ones. Those that were fairly ripe
yielded a long snow-white lint, finer than silk, out of which, being
picked by hand, the women can spin a very slender thread without
much previous preparation. The extreme lateness of maturity will be
a serious objection to the introduction of this variety into this part of
the country. We will give it another trial with earlier planting. The
bolls, though numerous, are smaller than those of the other varieties,
averaging but three partitions to the boll, and the contents of 100 bolls
are one-fourth lighter.

Chowan County, N. C.—The Egyptian cotton will not suit our climate.
It grows beautifully, but does not bear. more than one-third as much as
the Peeler cotton.

Randolph County, N. C.—The Egyptian cotton seed was planted on
mulatto clay soil, about 1,200 feet above the level of the sea, a table-
spoonful of guano to the hill. The plant is three to six feet high ;
average number of bolls; the bloom is yellow ; boll smaller than com-
mon cotton, inclined to be long and tapering . the lint has rather a yellow
tint, but very fine and large. If planted earlier it will do better.

Walton County, Ga.—The Egyptian cotton seed received from the
Department is likely to be of little value here. It fruits well, and resists
drought, but the fruit is entirely too small and too late in maturing,

Clark County, Miss.—The Egyptian cotton seed sent from the De-
partment will not answer for this climate. The summers are not long
enough for it; it stands dry weather well. The plant is still green and
blooming, while the common cotton of the country, where the leaves
have not been destroyed by worms, are yellow and almost entirely shed
off.

Kemper County, Miss—The Egyptian cotton seed was planted as
other cotton.. The leaf is large and the bloom yellow; too stalky and
very little fruit; does not lint out well; unless it does better after accli-
mation it is worthless.

Culpeper County, Va.—From three: quarts of the Touzelle wheat,
received from the Department, sown on one-tenth of an acre, I harvested
five bushels, weighing 66 pounds per bushel. It ripened June 1, about
eight days earlier than other varieties.

‘Cumberland County, Va—The Touzelle wheat received from the
Department last year has proved very prolific. From one quart I saved °
one bushel and seven gallons.

Dixon County, Neb. the Arnautka spring wheat received from the
Department yielded four bushels per acre more than other wheat
cultivated here. Its growth is vigorous, and it appears to be well
adapted to this part of the ee If it has any fault it is that

596

the kernel is a little more flinty than some other varieties. The aspar-
agus seed has done exceedingly well; so also the blood-red beet.

Shawnee County, Kansas.—Tappahannock wheat received from the
Department has yielded 30 bushels per acre; quality equal to the seed
received.

Auglaize County, Ohio.—Tappahannock wheat partially failed this
season, on account of rust; previously it has had a good reputation.

Carroll County, Ill.—The Tappahanock wheat failed from not being
hardy enough to endure the severity of our winters. The Polish winter
wheat was sufficiently hardy, but matured too late to escape rust. The
Schonen oats were destroyed by the rust. They were sown late, and
the failure may be owing to this.

CRANBERRIES.

Ocean County, N. J.—Cranberries, which are an important crop in
this county, are a partial failure. Many of the parks are affected by
scald, worms, grasshoppers, or a stinted growth, so that there will be
not more than two-thirds of a crop.

Atlantic County, N. J.—Cranberries have been badly scalded on most
three year-old meadows; on old meadows the crop is very fine.

Norfolk County, Mass.—Heavy frosts. Cranberries have suffered ;
more than half the crop destroyed. .

Tyrell County, N. C—The cranberries growing wild in the swamps
and marshes of this county are very fine, the berries large and full.

Portage County, Wis.—Cranberry lands are advancing greatly in price ;
the profits of the business are said to be very large.

HOPS.

Madison County, N. Y.—Very few of first quality raised, lice having
destroyed the vines. First quality are selling at 50 to 60 cents per
pound.

Oneida County, N. Y.—Crop harvested about one-third as large as last
year, and quality very poor. Some of the best cultivated yards not
_ harvested, while others have yielded not more than 300 to 400 pounds
to the acre. Causes, lice and mold. Prices, range from 30 to 60 cents
per pound, according to quality.

Franklin County, N. Y.—Crop reported too high in September. It
will not exceed two-fifths of a crop.

Outagamie County, Wis.—The cultivation of hops has very much de-
creased; three-fourths of the yards have been plowed up for other crops.

SAFFRON.

Madison County, N. Y.—Saffron is raised here in small quantities for
commercial purposes. Last year it sold at $4 to $6 per pound. Pres-
ent price $1 to $1 50 per pound, offered by speculators.

MUSTARD.

Monterey County, Cal.—In Castroville, in this county, this year, Mr.
J. J. Heating raised 83,173 pounds of mustard-seed on sixty acres of
land. .

SERICULTURE.

Tooele County, Utah.—Our mulberry plantations are doing finely; we
expect to raise quite a number of silk-worms this season.

397
HAY IN LOUISIANA.

Rapides Parish, La.—More hay is being gathered than for many years,
probably 100 per cent. more. The mode of cutting is quite primitive—
. the instrument the hoe, chiefly.

‘ALFALFA CLOVER.

Colusa County, Cal.—Farmers are beginning to sow alfalfa, (Chili clo-
ver,) which produces about three tons of hay per acre, at each cutting,
twice a year ; if irrigated, three tons three times a year.

GRAPES AND WINE.

Albemarle County, Va.—There are several good vineyards in this
county which are producing very abundantly. The grapes have been
converted into wine this season, as the market price was too low to
warrant their sale. We look forward to the day when many of our now
barren hills will be clothed in this beautiful and remunerative crop.

Orangeburg County, S. C.—There are a number of vineyards in this
county, and a good deal of very fine wine has been made. The Scup-
pernong grape is the favorite.

Williamson County, Texas.—In this county 10,000 gallons of wine have
been made from the mustang grape. The first pressing of the grape
makes a superior wine, similar to brown sherry; the second pressing is
quite like good claret. The mustang grows wild over thegreater portion
of the State, and if all the grapes were made into wine it would be worth
more than the cotton crop of the State.

ORANGES.

Putnam County, Fla.—The orange crop will be diminished about one-
fourth, but what is lost in quantity will be principally made up in the
improved quality of the fruit.

INFERIOR, COTTON SEED IN FLORIDA.

Wellborn, Suwanee County, Fla—We greatly need reliable seed in
Florida, especially of the sea island cotton and improved varieties of
sugar cane. ‘The seed. of our sea island cotton is poor, old, mixed, -
degenerated, and unreliable. I planted six acres and spent two days in
picking, and know the foregoing to be true. The seed was the best I
could find; the bolls are of all kinds; some passably good, other bolls
almost entirely seed without staple. From some bolls the cotton falls
as soon as ripe; others have to be opened with force. The entire yield
of staple is small, and the seed large. Frequently seven pounds of seed
cotton are required to make one of lint.

PRODUCTS OF PRINCESS ANNE COUNTY, VIRGINIA.

Princess Anne County, Va.—Fish, oysters, crabs, and wild fowl con-
stitute an important indistry in this county. Large quantities of spots, a
fish noted for its rich, delicious flavor, are now being taken on our coast.
The celebrated Lynn Haven bivalves are in demand at $3 per bushel.
Wild ducks are beginning to appear, but the “ ducking Season” proper
begins in October.

398

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

Colusa County, Cal.—Our farmers are beginning to irrigate on a small
scale, and are making flood-gates out of wrought-iron instead of wood.
Where there is no rain for six months wooden gates shrink, and are apt to
break the nextseason. We are now making Tound tubes, one to six feet
in diameter, with the gate in the upper end.

HOGS IN NORTHUMBERLAND, PENNSYLVANIA.

Northumberland County, Pa—Hogs have become so numerous, and
the corn crop is so large and good, that fresh pork will, it is thought,
by the holidays, sell for six cents per pound by the hundred-weight.
Small pigs, four to five weeks old, can now be purchased for fifty cents
per head. In fact hogs are more plenty now than before the war. Our
breeds have also been. improved, being mostly a cross between the old
country hogs and the large and famous Chester County white hogs.

DISEASES OF STOCK.

Gloucester County, Va. —Horned. eattle have been attacked with
“murrain,” and large numbers have died. One farmer lost two-thirds
of his herd, embracing nine out of eleven milch cows. The mortality
has been far beyond that of any previous year for the last twenty-five
years, and it still continues.

‘Knox County, Tenn.—Cattle, especially milch cows, are still dying near
where the Texas cattle were fed as they were shipped through to Vir-
ginia. Cholera is again making its ravages among the hogs and chick-
ens in different parts of the county.

Woodson County, Kans.—Many cattle have died of Spanish fever in
the southeastern portion of the county during the last two weeks. A
drove of Texas cattle were driven through that part of the county in
August, and in about two weeks the disease broke out among the native
cattle. Several horses died of the same disease. The symptoms of the
horses were the same as of the cattle.

Labette County, Kans.—Spanish fever is prevailing among cattle; has

proved fatal to many herds.

Lebanon County, Pa.—A disease among chickens (said to be worms in
the throat) has in many instances destroyed nearly whole flocks. To-
bacco-smoke, turpentine, and drawing out the worms with small pinch-
ers, are remedies used with more or less effect.

Graves County, Ky.—Hog cholera is raging to considerable extent, and

chickens are affected by a similar disease.

Spencer County, Ky.—Hog cholera is prevailing in isolated cases.

Incas County, Lowa. —Many hogs have died of cholera; Some farmers
have lost all; no remedy found.

Newton Counts y, Ark.—Number of hogs reduced 60 per cent. the past
summer by cholera. ‘ Murrain” is making sad havoc among the cattle
of this county.

SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE.

The Department of Agriculture has omitted no opportunity to aid in
organizing anew the rural industry of the South, prostrated by civil war,
and limited by traditional usage to a few specialties, while its variety in
climate and soil actually adapts it to the widest range of possibilities,

399

which combine all the capabilities of the temperate and many of the
tropical zone. To this end, ramie, jute, tropical fruits, and various prom-
ising grasses, and many other plants hitherto unknown on this conti-
nent, have been introduced, and valuable seeds of cereals and garden
vegetables have been distributed, greatly to the advantage of southern
agriculture. During the past two months large quantities of seeds of
cereals and grasses have thus been distributed, and a choice selection of
vegetable seeds is now in process of distribution, allin ample time for
early planting of field and garden.

The following letter of the Commissioner, addressed to the president
and members of the Agricultural Congress recently convened in Nash-
ville, Tennessee, expresses his views concerning some of the means to
be used for the improvement of the agriculture of the South:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Washington, D. C., September 28, 1871.

To the President of the Agricultural Congress, Nashville, Tennessee :

Sir: I congratulate you upon the assembling of your convention. The
meeting of northern,farmers and southern planters in a southern city,
upon the invitation of southern gentlemen, for the purpose of discussing
mutual interests, is auspicious of a better understanding between the
people of both sections, and indicates a disposition to bestow upon ques-
tions affecting the material welfare of the country some portion of that
attention which has of late been directed to questions chiefly political. .
Surely there exists no good reason why those who live upon the same
soil, speak the same language, and shart the same heritage of blessed
privileges should not agree to join hands in the common cause of mate-
rial advancement, although they may not be of one mind in the consider-
ation of other questions. Such conventions as yours make such agree-
ment possible, and give assurance of its permanency. Your meeting
accords with the various industrial and agricultural meetings of the year
which have had a national scope and purpose, and I trust that it may be
followed by others of like character which will bring in their train pros-
perity to all sections and increased development of our national wealth.
It is the South that to-day most needs this prosperity,.and it is in the
South that the sources of national wealth have been most neglected.
The sittings of your convention may, therefore, well be devoted in large
degree to an inquiry into the best means of fostering the industries
adapted to the South, especially agriculture.

Official intercourse and correspondence with southern gentlemen and
the tone of southern journals convince me that the whole people of the
South fully realize that their industrial methods have not heretofore been
conducive to their best interests, and that enduring prosperity can only
come with the introduction of new methods. What these new methods
shall be is a problem which a glance at the present wants of the South
may help to solve.

With the complete restoration of order and tranquillity in the South,
which it is the hope of all good men may not longer be delayed, an op-
portunity will be afforded for capital to take fresh courage, for labor to
assume more settled conditions, and for emigrants from the Northern
States and from Europe to push into every Southern State with the same
sturdy enterprise that now leads them into the shadows of the Rocky
Mountains and upon the far-off line of the Northern Pacific Railway.
These are the three great wants of the South to-day: Capital that shall
be active, labor that shall be judiciously employed, and population that

409

shall possess the waste places and make them vocal with the hum of
busy industry. The time is near at hand when all these elements of
material greatness may be possessed by the South if it will but learn a
lesson from the example of those communities and nations which have
become rich while it has become poor.

Undoubtedly, the -first of the new methods essential to the new life
of the South is a diversification of industry. The example of Germany
conclusively shows that the nation which utilizes all its forces and
encourages the employment of every human faculty is the one which
takes deepest root and offers the greatest resistance to storms, while the
example of Persia and Turkey and Portugal shows that nations which
engage in one pursuit to the comparative neglect of all others do not
have a flourishing growth, and are not capable of resisting adversity.
The people of the South should so direct their future that success will
not be contingent upon a bountiful harvest from a single crop. They
should establish new manufactures and stimulate those already estab-
lished ; open new mines and develop those already opened; build rail-
roads and spread wider the wings of foreign commerce ; and, most im-
portant of all, divide their thousands of exhausted aeres into small
tarms and farm them well. ,

The South has abundant water-power, extensive coal-fields, and cheap.
labor. If it will but put forth its hand it can successfully compete with
either New England or Old England in the manufacture of many articles
to procure which it now sends its money abroad., Especially can it man-
ufacture the coarser grades of cotton fabrics and shoes for its working
classes. In more than half of the States lying south of the Ohio may
be found iron ore of the best quality, and other valuable minerals. The
example of Pennsylvania shows how prosperous a people may become

who will manufacture iron. Tennessee may become another Pennsyl-
vania if it will. By employing its laboring population in manufactur-
ing enterprises, the South will not only retain within its own borders
the money of which it is now depleted, but it will have more to sell to
other countries. And the more it has to sell the more miles of. railroad
will be built, the more certain and remunerative will be the home mar-
kets of its farmers, and the greater will be the ability of all its people
to possess themselves of comforts and luxuries drawn from every quar-
ter of the globe.

But the South needs most to diversify its agriculture. By devoting
its capital and energies mainly to the cultivation of cotton, it has pro-
duced two disastrous results: its soil has been exhausted, and it has.
been compelled to rely upon the West for its bread and meat. To remedy
the first error will require time and the exercise of the best brain of the
South; but the, concentration upon small areas of the efforts now
bestowed upon large plantations will be a necessary accompaniment of
all remedial agencies. The second error of looking to the West for the
necessaries of life can easily be corrected by growing all those food-
producing crops suited to the South. There are few States in the South
in which wheat and corn will not do well; fewer yet in which some of
the grasses and the various edible roots will not grow. Cattle and hogs.
may be raised with profit where these conditions exist, and not the least
of the profit will be the fertilizing elements which they will return to
the soil if confined to close quarters. An improvement of the breeds.
now in general use would increase the income from these sources. The
South also produces many kinds of fruit and a long list of the choicest
vegetables. Indeed, there is scarcely a limit to its food-producing capa-
bilities. .A southern journal has recently stated that, with the exception.

401

of coffee, there is not a product of the soil pertaining to the tropical or
temperate zones, and which is of real use to man as food, which cannot
be grown in the South.

In the efforts which southern people may make to improve their
agricultural methods they shall receive my hearty sympathy and earnest
co-operation. The Department over which I have been called to preside
was established for the benefit of the whole country, and I invite
southern men to look to it as to a friend, and to make free use of the
facilities it offers.

I am, sir, very respectfully, “
FREDERICK WATTS, 4
Commissioner of Agriculture.

}

DROUGHT AND FIRE IN THE NORTHWEST.

Our correspondents in the Northwestern States send us distressing
details of the effects of the two months’ drought throughout the most
of that region, and of the terrible fires which have, in a great measure,
resulted therefrom. The earth is dried to such a depth that it acts as a
conductor, and living trees are falling from the action of the fire which
undermines them. Streams and wells are unprecedentedly low, or, en-
tirely dry; vegetation is dried up; fields are so parched that there is
little succulent food for stock. The fire-fiend has followed with appall-
ing fury, causing fearful destruction of life and property. For several
weeks great fires have been raging in the woods, in the dried marshes,
and along the lines of railways, consuming buildings, fences, crops, and
destroying live stock, desolating hundreds of square miles, and render-
ing homeless and without food or employment thousands of men, women,
and children, just at the opening of winter. The loss of life is of fright-
ful magnitude, and rarely in the history of the world have these fires
been equaled in the destruction of human life and of property and in
the desolation of whole communities. Towns and villages have been
swept out of existence in the space of a few hours, and thousands of
human beings have been burned, drowned, or have fallen victims to other
violent forms of death. Not less than fifty villages, in the States of
Wisconsin and Michigan, have been wholly or in part destroyed. The
town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, with a population of 1,500 to 2,000, has
been entirely consumed, not a vestige’of its habitations remaining, and
those only of its population escaped who threw themselves into the
river and reached the opposite shore. Hundreds were burned, suffo-
cated, and drowned. This fire, driven by the high winds, swept over
an area of eight miles square, destroying houses, barns, fences, &e., and
the loss of life will number over a thousand. The Belgian settlement
of Brussels was almost entirely consumed, many persons are missing,
and the survivors are left destitute amid the ashes of their ruined
homes. The whole coast, from Green Bay to Menomonee, has been de-
vastated, many villages consumed and their population made houseless
wanderers, dependent upon charity for the necessaries of life. On the
east shore of Green Bay the loss of life is placed as high as at Peshtigo,
and the destriction of buildings, fences, stock, W&e., is complete.
More than a dozen towns along the eastern shore of Michigan have
been swept away, and many hundreds of people left without food or
shelter. <A large district, including several towns, has been devastated.

402

on the western coast. The town of Manistee, with a population of 4,000,
has suffered severely by the flames, and the loss of property is stated at
‘not less than one million of dollars. In the counties of Huron and San-
ilac, with a total population of 24,000, ten thousand must commence life
anew, having lost everything but their lives. Besides the frightful loss
of life reported, hundreds have been disabled, many partially roasted,
causing additional suffering and destitution throughout the region
devastated. Detroit, Port Huron, Milwaukee, and other cities have con-
verted all available space into hospitals, and the citizens have become
nurses.

Destauctive fires are also raging in the forests and on the prairies of
Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming,
Dakota, and in Ontario, Canada, involving immense losses of property,
of live stock, and of human life. In Minnesota the fire swept over the
prairie into the forests of Glencoe, Le Sueur, Mankato, and New Ulm.
The fire is said to have reached nearly as far south as the Lowa border,
and east to the Minnesota River. Many small towns have been com-
pletely destroyed, and the farms in the track of the flames have been
almost invariably swept of buildings, fences, crops, &c. Northern Min-
nesota is also the field of similar disasters. Nemaha and other counties
in Kansas have suffered from these prairie fires; also various sections
of Missouri and the other States named. In California fires are said to
be raging in the mountains the whole length of the State. Copious
rains in the regions of the Northwest, which have been the most fear-
fully scourged, have diminished the ravages and may soon exhaust the
destructive power of the flamés; but the devastation already accom-
plished is sickening to contemplate, and the sufferings of the people
must be great the ensuing winter, and the agricultural interests of the
burned districts will be crippled for some time to come.

,

THE JUTE PLANT.

Mr. E. H. Derby, of Boston, Massachusetts, who has taken much
interest in the introduction of the jute plant into the United States,
forwards to the Department for publication the following letter from
Mr. R. Macallister, Calcutta, India, in reference to the cultivation and
gathering of the plant and the separation and curing of the fiber:

The seeds are sown in the months of March and April, broadcast, on plowed land,
preference being given to moist high ground, situated if possible on the bank of a
river, and somewhat sandy. Asa general rule mayure is not used, but animal dung
has been employed to advantage; nor is it necessary to irrigate the ground, as no more
water is required than is sufiicient to keep the roots moist, for which the ordinary
showers of this country generally suffice. It is allowed to grow three to four months,
and is cut in the months of June, July, and August, when it has attained a height of
74 to 12 feet, the size depending of course on the fertility of the soil and the season.

The time chosen for cutting is just after the flowers have turned to seed and before
the seeds begin to ripen, for it isfound when cut thus early to be of better color and to
have less root. When the seeds are allowed to ripen it appears that the fiber becomes
_ stiff and hard, and the inferior portion of the stem changes color, becoming blackish or
reddish.

When cut the stalks are tied in bundles and thrown into tanks of dirty water and
allowed to remain there five to eight days to rot, (the dirtier the water the faster, I
believe, the rotting process takes place,) at the expiration of which time they are taken
out and the fiber falls from the stick. The fiber is then hung up to dry and when dry
is assorted, packed in round bundles called drums, and sent off. y

The finer qualities of jute sometimes attain a height of 15 feet. The smaller the
plant the lower the quality. The seeds are used for cultivation only. They contain very

403

little oil, and no one has ever thought it worth while to crush them, neither have they
ever been tried for feeding poultry or cattle. Small plants yield more seeds than the
larger ones, and supposing all the plants on an acre to be allowed to ripen, the yield
of seed would be about one hundred and twenty pounds, as I am informed.

To encourage the general cultivation of this valuable fiber-plant in
the Southern States, the Commissioner of Agriculture has ordered a
large quantity of the seed for distribution. The seed heretofore distrib-
uted by the Department is reported to have succeeded admirably. Itis
stated that on the banks of the Lower Mississippi, with little or no culti-
vation, in the course of three months it grew 8 to 12 feet high, matur-
ing an abundance of seed. It can prob: ably be raised as e easily as hemp
throughout the South, and in a large part of the Mississippi Valley, and
possibly as far north as Virginia and Tennessee.

CUNDURANGO.

The Secretary of State, Hon. Hamilton Fish, has transmitted to this
Department a package containing specimens of the fruit and seed-bear-
ing capsules of the “‘ cundurango” plant or vine, received from Charles
Weile, United States consul at Guayaquil, together with the following
extract from the official letter of the consul :

I have just returned from a visit to the cundurango region, in the province of Loja,
where I spent a’ month in collecting the different species of the plant. Dr. Destruge,
of this city, an excellent botanist, “has classified the vine as belonging to the order
asclepiadie. The word “eundurango” is a compound of “ cundur,” eagle, ‘and “ ango,” a
vine. The aborigines probably applied this name owing to the winding growth of the
vine, and. because it seeks the highest trees for its support. Its growth is most vigorous
in moist places, on the banks of rivers and creeks, where the body often attains a
diameter of two to three inches, diminishing gradually to tendrils at the top. The
family is antmerous one. Leaves, vines, fruit, and flowers of the species differ materi-
ally, but all contain—some in a vreater degree than others—a liquid that resembles
milk, and which, exposed to heat, or coming in contact with other bodies, coagulates
and forms an aromatic resinous substance.

Inclosed was a list of the specimens and a piece of the balsam which
the milk produces. The list names the OTA fe varieties, all found at
Zaruma: No. 1, Cundurango Pepino; No. 2, C. Tumbo Grande ; No. 3, C.
Tumbo chico ; No. 4, variety of C. Fate Grande; No. 5, 0. Paloma
Grande ; No. 6, C. Batea. Grande.

The seeds received by this Department will be propagated, ‘with the
design of testing the practicability of the cultivation of the plant in
some section of this country, should its production be found to be
desirable.

ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD.

[The “ Entomological Record” of the monthly report, to be a permanent
feature hereafter, is prepared by Prof. Townend Glover, entomologist
of the Department.—ED. REP.|

As the Department of Agriculture has lately received several com-
munications inquiring about the natural history and habits of the
grape-vine hopper, improperly called the vine-thrips, a very small insect
which, for several years past, has been extremely injurious to the foliage

404

of the cultivated grape-vines by puncturing the leaves and sucking
out the sap, it may be well to give a short history of the insect, from
the egg to the full-grown imago, and the various remedies already pro-
posed to destroy them.

The grape-vine hopper, Hrythroncura (Tettigonia) vitis, is a very small
Fig. 1, insect, about 0.13 inch in length, of a pale yellow color, with
: two blood-red bands, and a third dusky band across the wing-
eee covers. It is supposed by most entomologists that these in-
a sects pass the winter in the perfect state, hybernating under

‘ bark, dead leaves, and rubbish; but during the last winter
a thorough search was made in the neighborhood of some
grape-vines which had been very much injured by the leaf-hoppers
the previous season, and no mature insects could be discovered, either
under the loose bark of the grape-vine, the supporting posts, or under
the leaves and loose rubbish near the vines. It therefore appears
probable that some of the early broods may be produced from eggs laid
by the parent insect the previous autumn, either on the stem of the
vine itself, or on foliage. The first perfect grape-leaf hopper this season
was found in April, and had probably hybernated on the stem of the
vine, under the bark, as before mentioned. The insects, as soon as
hatched, commence to suck the sap of the plant, and change their skin
several times before attaining their full size; and these cast-off white
skins may be seen in the autumn in multitudes, adhering to the under
side of the leaves, each of them with a slit down the back, through
which the perfect insect has escaped. m

As larvee, or when very young, they .do not possess any wings, and it
is only in the adult state that the perfect wings are acquired. The
leaves injured by these insects appear at first flecked and spotted with
whitish marks, showing where the sap has been drawn out by the leaf-
hopper. They then assume a sickly appearance, and if the insects are
very numerous the foliage will finally turn brown and fall to the ground.
Some varieties of vines suffer more from this pest than others, and the
Clinton, Delaware, and other thin-leaved grapes are said to suffer the most

Fig. 2. from their attacks. There are several other species of -
vine-hoppers beside the Hrythroneura, mentioned by Har-
ris, which injure the foliage of the grape-vine, and we
“ have found a species of Typhlocyba as destructive in Mary-
. land and Virginia, puncturing the leaves and sucking the
sap in a similar manner.

The remedies already proposed for the destruction of these insects are
syringing the vines with strong tobacco-water or soap-suds. A very
weak mixture of carbolic acid and water has also been recommended,
but when made too strong the leaves are apt to be injured. Dusting
the vines with lime, wood-ashes, lime and sulphur, is said to be benefi-
cial, and fumigation with strong tobacco when under glass will destroy
many of them. Mr. Saunders, of Canada, states that a lighted torch
carried through a vineyard at night will destroy multitudes, as they fly
to the light and are burnt. This should be repeated several times at
short intervals. He also says that constant stirring the earth in the
immediate vicinity of the vines in spring and autumn will probably
operate by disturbing the perfect insect (and eggs) by exposing them to
the frost. As lights also attract these insects at night, if a lantern were
placed immediately over a pail or tub nearly filled with water, on the
surface of which a little oil or turpentine had been poured, whenever the
vines were disturbed the insects would immediately fly toward the light
and fall into the vessel below and perish by hundreds. The same plan

¥

405

would also answer if lights were placed before or on boards painted with

a thick sirup, or any adhesive substance like the celebrated fly-paper.
a the*former part of this article, it was mentioned that the common
name of thrips is misapplied when used to designate the grape-leaf hop-
per, the true thrips being a very different insect and belonging to an
entirely different family. “The true thrips is very minute in size, and
has a long and slender body ; the wings are long, narrow, and
Sringed with fine hairs ; they live on leaves, flowe ers, buds, and ivy
also infest grape-leaves. And although almost all European \(\/
authorities are unanimous in saying that they are injurious to
grains, foliage, &c., Mr. Walsh states that although hitherto
considered as vegetable. feeders, they are generally, if not anitecaaties
insectivorous, and feed on the eggs of the wheat-midge ad other
insects. Mr. Riley also states that a species of thrips. destroys the
eges of the curculio. Notwithstanding these proofs of the “cannibal”
propensities of the true thrips, we are also convinced that it causes
injury to several kinds of plants by draining the sap from them; as some
grape-leaves, infested by the true thrips, and with no other insect on
them whatever, when subjected to examination under a powerful micro-
scope were found to have the sap exuding in minute drops or globules
from numerous small punctures or holes made in the leaves, and which
had evidently been made by the ‘thrips, as some of these insects were
actually employed in boring the leaves at the time, and no eggs or any
other insects could be discovered. It is true the thrips may possibly
destroy the eggs of the vine-hopper, and of other insects also, but no
doubt they also injure foliage by draining them of sap. This fact may
be more plainly demonstrated by examining the plants in any green house
infested with the true thrips, where there are no vine-hoppers whatever,
and the thrips-infested plants may readily be recognized by their spot-
ted and unhealthy appearance. Some of the same remedies already
proposed for the destruction of the vine-hoppers, as syringing with soap-
a &e., would probably also, answer, if applied, to destroy the true
thrips.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. ‘

VOELCKER ON SOILS.—Mr. Voelcker, an eminent agricultural chemist,
lately delivered a lecture before the Chemical Society of London upon
the productive power of soils in relation to the loss of plant-food by
drainage, in which he took occasion to refer to the inutility, for most pur-
poses, of the analysis of soils, as ordinarily conducted. He states that
there are many apparently similar soils—that is, soils in which analysis
shows like quantities of the same constituents—which differ widely
in their productive powers, owing to the fact that the indications are of
ultimate composition instead of showing states of combination in which
the ingredients exist in the soil.

Another consideration of importance is that soil analyses throw no
hght upon the physical or mechanical conditions which affect the fertility
of land. The productiveness of land is much influenced, too, by the
character of the sub-soil and its composition in relation to the surface-
soil, of which a soil analysis conveys no information. Again, meteoro-
logical conditions, such as the aspect of the field, the prevailing wind,
the amount of rain, and the er sony ena of the rain- fall in the year, are

406

all of the utmost importance in farming, and are, of course, not indicated
by any analysis.

Dr. Voelcker, however, would not be considered as regarding such
analyses as of no value, since in many cases quite the contrary is the
fact. For instance, it is easy to determine whether a soil is deficient in
lime or not, and thus ascertain whether it is proper to impart a dressing
of this mineral. It is also known that potash salts may be applied with
great advantage on some soils, while on others their fertilizing effects
are scarcely perceptible ; and the determination of the question whether
there be enough potash in the soil will enable us to decide upon the
proper action in this respect.

Again, it is possible to ascertain, by finding whether there is potash
in clay, as to its being benefited by burning; burnt clay being an
excellent fertilizer if the clay contains undecomposed silicates of potash ;
but the expense of this process would be entirely wasted if the clay be
naturally poor in alkaline silicates. Again, peaty soils are often com-
pletely barren, this condition being due, in most cases, to the presence
of sulphate of iron and finely divided iron pyrites, so small an amount
as 4 per cent. of the former being quite sufficient to render a-soil entirely
unproductive.

We can also ascertain by analysis whether a soil contains an excessive
portion of one or more matters otherwise useful to vegetation, such as
nitrate of potash, chloride of sodium, &c. It appears to be the fact that
all soils which contain readily soluble salts, in quantities admitting of
precise determination, are more or less unproductive, although the salt
may be a very effective fertilizer when applied in a weaker solution.
Thus, a soil containing 5}, per cent., or even less, of common salt hardly
grows any crop; this being the case with land inundated by the sea. Such
a proportion, indeed, of any substance is much greater than could at any
time be applied with safety, while very minute quantities are frequently
of the utmost efficiency; for so small a quantity as 50 pounds of nitrate
of soda, applied to an acre of grass land, or to wheat or barley, and
thoroughly washed into the soil, will produce a most marked effect in ~
the darker green color and greater luxuriance of the herbage compared
with the portion not so treated. One hundred pounds of ammonia
applied to an acre of land, in the shape of sulphate or of chloride of
ammonium, has been known to raise the average produce of wheat 20
bushels, with a corresponding increase of wheat straw; and 300 pounds
of superphosphate of lime, of good quality, has been found to increase
the turnip crop in favorable seasons from six to ten tons per acre.

If a man wishes to make a living by farming, Dr. Voelcker thinks
that at least from three to five times as much of all the more important
fertilizers must be put annually upon the land as is removed from it in
the crops, a depreciation in the crop resulting when a materially less
amount is applied.

EFFECT OF KEEPING FLOUR IN BARRELS.—As is well known, flour
kept in barrels for a long time often acquires a peculiar odor, supposed
to be derived from the barrel. Professor Poleck, of Silesia, has lately
made a careful examination of such flour, and has ascertained that this
smell actually indicates an incipient decomposition prejudicial to bread:
making, the gluten of the flour having in part become changed into a
soluble body. Thus, while sound flour preserved in sacks contained ©
11.06 per cent. of gluten and 1.44 per cent. of soluble albuminous mat-
ter, four other specimens of flour taken from different barrels were sev-
erally composed of 8.37 per cent. gluten to 2.14 per cent. soluble alou-

407

men; 7.40 per cent. to 6.90 per cent. y 7.23 per cent. to 4.44 per cent. ;
and 6.54 per cent. to 6.46 per cent. Two samples with more than
6 per cent. of soluble matter had an acid reaction, while the others were
neutral. Professor Poleck believes this chemical change of the flour to
be induced by the fact that the barrel prevents communication with
the atmospherie air and the equalization of temperature. This viewis
confirmed by the oft-repeated observation that flour in sacks keeps
fresh for a much longer time, and that the mustiness in barrels always
developes first, and exists in the highest degree in the center, viz, that
portion most remote from the outer air.

EFFECT OF THE FOOD OF COWS ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE
MILK.—A series of experiments prosecuted not long since in Germany
led to the conclusion that, contrary to.the usual impression on the sub-
ject, very considerable changes in the composition of food may be made
without inducing corresponding changes in the relative constituents of
the milk of the cow; the only effect being in the amount of the con-
centration of the milk. To determine these results with accuracy, Dr.
Kuhn has repeated the experiments, with the general result of showing
‘that an increase in the albumen and fatty elements of a moderate diet
produces an increase in the milky yield, which gradually rises (along
with bodily condition) to a certain maximum, corresponding in each
ease with the maximum increase of the above elements. Sooner or
later, however, the natural diminution depending on the duration of
lactation occurs, and no increase can be produced by increasing the
food. Diminution of the above elements of the food causes a diminu-
tion in the milk yield. The addition of fat increases the ingredients of
milk generally, and has no special influence on the amount of fat in the
milk. The absolute production of the individual elements of the milk
agrees generally with the relative production of the milk as a whole,
(most regularly in the case of sugar.) The variations from this are
different for the different ingredients. ;

In the percentage numbers, sugar does not seem to be affected by the
diet. The variations in the amount of albumen are so small as not to be
capable of determination. No influence on the amount of caseine could
be traced to the food. The influence of food on the amount of fat is
seen to be very small. When it appeared to be altered it was after in-
crease of the albuminiods of the food. Increase of the fatty elements
of the food did not specially affect the amount of butter; the variations
in the percentage amount of caseine and fat are to be attributed to irreg-
ularities in the fat production in the gland. The farmer must therefore
not hope by variations in the food to produce a “butter-cow” or a
‘“cheese-cow.”’ The differences in this respect are differences of stock
and individuals.

PITH OF WOODY MATTER.—Mr. A. Grés, in a recent memoir upon the
pith of woody plants, endeavors to show that this pith, in the dicotyle-
donous species, is not simple and uniform in its organization, as has
been supposed, but that it is capable of furnishing appreciable charac-
teristics for a natural classification. He finds that it preserves its vitality
for many years, sometimes eyen to a very advanced age, and that it con-
tains in one part or other of its cellules a supply of nutritive material in
the form of starch and tannin, which is taken up again at the moment
of the development of the new verdure in spring. He thinks, also, that
it participates with some of the tissues of the wood itself in the nutri-
tion of the plant, and that it fills an important physiological place

408

being far from drying up after the second year, and thus becoming sub-
sequently only a dead tissue.

INFLUENCE OF HEAT OF SOIL ON GROWTH OF PLANTS.—The result
of a recent investigation by Bialoblocki, in regard to the influence of
the warmth of soil upon the development of certain cultivated plants,
is summed up by him in the following words: The influence of warmth
of the soil is made manifest in two directions; in the shortening or
lengthening of the period of vegetation, and in affecting the external
form of the plant; the acceleration of growth of vegetation occurring
principally in the earlier periods. With an ascending temperature of
the soil, vegetation is forwarded up to a certain point. From the mo-
ment, however, when this point is reached, an increase of temperature
in the soil actually retards growth. The maximum point of favorable
temperature of the soil varies for different plants; but the maintenance
of a constant temperature has for its result a more vigorous growth of
the plant experimented on. The extreme limit of a constant tempera-
ture of the soil at which a growth of the roots can still take place, we
may assume to be below, but very near 104° F. A ground temperature
of 50° F. barely allows plants to fulfill completely all their functions of
life and conditions of development. An increased ground temperature
has no special influence upon the absorption of nutritious matter through
the roots; and the accelerated growth resulting from an increase of heat
is usually accompanied by a greater percentage of water in the plant.

MAKING SUGAR FROM FALLEN CANE.—At a late meeting of the Acad-
emy of Medical, Physical, and Natural Sciences of Havana, Mr. de Cas-
tro presented a communication of important practical moment, bearing
upon the feasibility of obtaining sugar from cane that has fallen to the
ground and thrown out roots into the earth from its joints. It has gen-
erally been supposed that the development of these roots takes place at
the expense of the crystallizable sugar; but a critical comparative anal;
ysis, made by Dr. Koehl at the plantation Las Caiias, of juice extracted
from the normal cane, and from that which had thrown out the roots in

question, shows that the development of the latter does not interfere ©

appreciably with the amount of sugar in the cane; or, at least, to so
slight an extent as not to affect the saccharine richness of the plant.
For this reason fallen cane, and cane which has been thrown down by
hurricanes, can be turned to almost as good account as if it had
remained erect.”

LACTARIN.—Lactarin is a substance which has been lately introduced
as a substitute for albumen, for manufacturing purposes; and it is said
to have great advantages on the score of cheapness and convenience of
preparation. It is essentially a form of caseine, rendered impure by a
little fat and the salts of milk. For use it is diluted with water, dis-
solved in ammonia, and then added to the coloring matter.

DETERMINING TANNIN IN OAK BARK.—A method lately introduced by
Loewenthal for determining the amount of tannin in oak bark is based
upon the fact that tannin, in the presence of indigo, is decomposed by
permanganate of potash in such a manner that, with the final disap-
pearance of the blue color, the last trace of the tannin is also decom-
posed. For this inquiry the following liquids are needed: First, a solu-
tion of indigo carmine; second, a solution of tannin; third, a solution
of the chameleon mineral or permanganate of potash; and fourth, a
solution of oxalic acid.

APPLICATION OF POTASH TO PLANTS.—Professor Nobbe, of Tharand,

409

has lately published the result of certain experiments made by him
upon potash as a nutrient of plants, the method adopted being one to
which we have already referred, and known as the “ water culture.”
The plants experimented upon were buckwheat and rye, although the
conclusions arrived at had reference more particularly to the former.
The solutions used were divided into those in which the potash was
completely excluded, or in certain cases replaced by bodies of similar
chemical properties, and into those in which potash is present, but in
different chemical combinations. The general conclusions reached were
that, in solutions free from potash, otherwise nutrient, the plants vege-
tated asifin pure water. They were unable to assimilate, and exhibited
no increase in weight, for the reason that without the co-operation of
the potash in the chlorophyl grains no starch was developed. The
chloride of potassium was found to be the most effective form of combi-
nation under which the potash could be offered to the buckwheat plants ;
next to this came the nitrate of potash. With sulphate or phosphate
of potash, a disease was developed sooner or later, which, starting with
a positive heaping up of the starch, ended in preventing the starch
from being taken into the chlorophyl grains, and rendered useful in
vegetation. Soda and lithia were found incapable of replacing potash
in a physiological point of view; furthermore, while soda was found to
be perfectly useless to the plant, lithia, when introduced, proved to be
positively destructive to the vegetable tissues.

INFLUENCE OF AMMONIA ON THE COLOR OF FLOWERS.—An experi-
ment was lately made by Vogel upon the influence of ammonia upon
the colors of flowers, in which eighty-six species and varieties were ex-
posed, under a glass bell, to a mixture of sal-ammoniac and lime-water,
the fresh flowers being placed at the same height in all the experiments.
As a general result a difference was appreciable between the action of
the gas upon the colored matter deposited in granules, and that forming a
solution, the effect being much less in the former than in the latter. In
most cases the changes produced agreed closely with those which the
coloring matter of the flowers passed through in the course of withering ;
and even in natural withering and fading there is the same difference
to be observed between the soluble colors and the granules.

ORANGE FUNGUS OF BREAD.—At a late meeting of the Academy of
Sciences of Paris, specimens of bread, baked for the use of the army,
were exhibited, which had been rendered entirely unfit for food by the
development of a yellowish-white substance, changing gradually to an
orange-red color, and emitting a nauseous odor. Considerable agglom-
erations of this substance were formed, so as to fill all the cavities of
the loaf. When examined by the microscope, this appearance was found
to be due to the presence of a cryptogamic plant, already described as
Oidium aurantiacum, and which was observed in the bread in Paris in
the summer of 1843, and at a later period at Marseilles and in Algeria.
The sporules of the Oidiwm were found to adhere to the husk of the
wheat, and were probably abundant in proportion as this was in a humid
state, badly cleansed, and had undergone alteration from the larve of
the weevil, as it never occurs in bread of the best quality, carefully pre-
pared.

WHEAT vs. FLOUR.—In Dr. Moffat’s paper on “ Geological Systems
and Endemic Disease,” before the British Association, after pointing
out that anemia, goitre, and phthisis were more prevalent among the
inhabitants of the carboniferous districts than among those living on

3

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410

the new red sandstone, he stated that analysis showed that the wheat
grown upon the carboniferous system was deficient in phosphates or
nutritive salts; and that a man who consumed a pound of Cheshire wheat
per day took in nine grains more of phosphoric acid than one who took
a pound of wheat grown upon the carboniferous system. The deficiency
also of the nutritive salts in the bread compared with those in the wheat
was very remarkable; and it was no doubt owing to the removal of the
bran from the flour with which the bread was made. Medical men, he
said, could not too much impress upon the minds of the public the im-
portance of using flour made from the whole of the wheat or “ whole
grain.” Professor Church, of Cirencester, has lately found in entire wheat
2.12 per cent. of nitrogen, equivalent to 13.40 per cent. of albuminoids,
or flesh formers.

ANALYSIS OF SACCHARINE MATTERS.—During the late meeting of
the British Association, Dr. Apjohn gave a brief sketch of the methods
of analysis usually applied to different varieties of saccharine matters,
stating that they were three in number, namely: The optical method,
the chemical method, and that in which both these methods are com-
bined. Hethen explained the principle on which the saccharometer of
Edhil is based, and how, with the aid of this instrument, and a double
observation with it, one before and the other after inversion of the
sirup, the amount of cane-sugar in the saccharine material is deter-
mined. He considers the information thus obtained of the highest
value, the cane-sugar being by far the most valuable constituent of
crude saccharine matter. But the analysis is imperfect, since it gives
no information as to the amount of the inverted sugar and the grape-
sugar, which are invariably associated with the cane element, and does
not even make it possible to assign the aggregate quantity of these
varieties of sugar. The analysis, however, may be completed in a very
simple way, namely, by acting with the sirup, after its inversion, upon
Barrossmill’s solution of copper, by means of which a third equa-
tion is obtained, which, as there are only three unknown quantities, con-

ducts at once to a complete solution of the problem. The object of this —

paper, as stated by Dr. Apjohn, was principally to call the attention of
chemists to the present imperfect state of saccharine analysis.

APPLICATION OF THE GERM THEORY TO MAKING PRESERVES.—
Miss Lydia Becker, although best known as a writer on political econ-
omy and social science, gave a valuable hint during a recent discussion
of the British Association upon the ‘‘Germ Theory,” in which she
showed its bearing upon the making of preserves, and keeping mold
from settling on the jam. According to the old practice of leaving the
pots uncovered for several days’ time was allowed for the germs in the
atmosphere to descend and settle on the jam, which was a capital soil,
and the result was a plentiful crop of mold. She therefore advised
the ladies in the section, when making preserves, to cover up the pots
while the sweetmeats were in a heated condition. ;

ALBUMEN CHARCOAL.—A preparation called albumen charcoal has
been devised for the purpose of clarifying sugar sirups, and for which
it is said to answer an excellent purpose, a very small quantity only
being required. Its application in clarifying wines has been suggested,
although it is not stated whether it is exactly suitable. To prepare this
substance, finely powdered and purified animal charcoal is to be mixed
to a stiff dough with white of egg, and torn apart into small pieces,
dusted with the charcoal, dried, and pulverized, and again kneaded with
egg albumen to a dough, which is to be dried and powdered anew.

Ait

MATERIAL FOR BLEACHING WOOL.—<According to a patent lately
taken out in Melbourne, by Lande, one-sixteenth part of soap and one
part of cyanide of potassium in eighteen parts of water, constitute an
excellent material for bleaching wool or cotton. When used it is to be
diluted with fifty times its bulk of water.

SPEEDY GROWTH OF RADISHES.—In the publications of the Acecli-
matization Society of Palermo, we are informed that radishes may be
obtained at any season, and very quickly, in the following manner: The
seeds are to be first soaked for twenty-four hours and then placed in
bags and exposed to the sun. They will begin to germinate in about
twenty-four hours, and are then to be set in a box filled with well-ma-
nured earth, and moistened from time to time with lukewarm water.
In five or six days the radishes will attain the size of a small onion. To
grow radishes in winter the box is to be placed in a warm cellar, covered
with a top, and the earth moistened from day to day with lukewarm
water.

LA PLATA OR CARNO GUANO.—The residuum of the flesh used in
the establishments of Buenos Ayres for the purpose of preparing Lie-
big’s extract of meat, is now to be met with in commerce under the
name of La Plata, or Carno guano, and is recommended very highly as
a manure. Analysis shows that this contains nine parts in one hundred
of water, forty-one of organic matter, nineteen of lime, magnesia, oxide
of iron, &e., ten of phosphoric acid, from one-half to one part of potash,
and the rest of insoluble matter, such as sand, clay, &c. The nitrogen
amounts to nearly 6 per cent.

LIQUID SOAP FOR CLEANING WOOL.—An excellent liquid soap, for
cleaning and washing raw wool, according to Moser, may be pre-
pared by using a kettle in which the mass can be heated, by means of a
steam tube opening directly into it. The kettle (holding 150 gallons) is
first to be half filled with water, which is then to be heated, and 68
pounds of caustic soda of 42 B, and 125 pounds of oleine added to
it. This soap is to be boiled thoroughly for twenty to thirty minutes
with continued stirring, and is then ready for use, forming a very homo-
geneous, so-called, soap-glue, of a sirupy consistency, and especially
adapted for washing wool. Should the soap be required for fulling, an ad-
dition of some ammoniacal salt will be of advantage, to be introduced im-
mediately before using. Instead of caustic soda, which it is sometimes
difficult to obtain, we may use ordinary soda salt, which is to be ren-
dered caustic by leaching through freshly burned and slightly moistened
lime. Even ordinary potash lye, obtained from ashes, mixed with fresh
quicklime, can be employed in this preparation.

RAISING APPLES AND PEARS IN DRY SEASONS.—An eminent pomo-
logist in Brussels, De Johnghe, has succeeded in obtaining well-grown
apples and pears in dry seasons by watering the trees from time to time,
and by making holes in the ground underneath them and occasionally
introducing some liquid, but not very highly concentrated, manure.
This application is stated to be particularly important at the time when.
the fruit is setting.

REGIANINE.—According to Dr. Phipson, the English walnut, (Juglans
regia,) and probably the American species also, contain, among other
substances, one which he calls regianine, (obtained by treating the green
husk of the fruit with benzole,) which appears in the form of a yellow-
ish substance crystallizing in groups of feather-like crystals. These are

412

easily decomposed, and when treated with alkalies or ammonia, yield a
splendid and durable red solution which, by a subsequent treatment,
becomes the jet black, amorphous, pure regianic acid.

VoHL ON EXTRACTION OF FATS.—Much difficulty is experienced in.
keeping lard and other animal fats for any considerable length of time,
without their becoming rancid or acquiring some accessory taste which
renders them less fit for use. This rancidity results from several gen-
eral causes, in most cases in consequence of the presence of water, or
from a mixture of some nitrogenous substance. These fats are gen-
erally obtained in two different ways: In one, the raw fat is boiled with
water, the clear, melted fat skimmed off, and the remaining water re-
moved by adding pulverized salt, or otherwise. In the other the fat is
cut into pieces after it has been washed with water, and heated, without
water, at an elevated temperature, either with or without the addition
of salt. In the first instance there is usually a considerable percentage
of animal matter, especially of gelatine and fibrin, mixed with a certain
percentage of water, which speedily pass into decomposition. In the
second case, although this difficulty is less troublesome, there is almost
always a burnt taste and more or less of color, while rancidity is less
common. .

In a late article, Dr. Vohl, of Cologne, presents what he considers a
greatly improved method for the extraction of animal oils, so as to have
them entirely free from the foreign substances referred to, and conse-
quently not liable to change. For this purpose the fresh, raw fat is to
be freed as completely as possible from the adherent particles of flesh
and skin, and cut up into thin slices or small cubes. These are then to
be washed with cold water (as free as possible from lime) until this runs
off entirely colorless and no particles of blood remain in the fat. When
properly drained off this washed fat is to be placed in a cylindrical tub-
shaped stoneware vessel of about four feet in height and a foot and a
half in diameter, which is inserted in a water-bath, which can be heated
by steam to the melting point of the fat. At the bottom of the vessel
is a cock of wood, earthenware, or porcelain, so attached that the ves- -
sel can be emptied while in the bath. After the vessel is filled to about
three-fourths of its capacity with raw fat, a sieve like perforated disk of
stoneware is to be laid upon the surface of the pot, and 10 per cent. of
extremely diluted and chemically pure hydrochloric acid added, in a
proportion of 3 pounds of the acid (of 1.12 specific gravity) to 100 pounds
of water. The vessel is then to be covered with a well-ground and
tightly fitting stoneware top. By heating, the fat is melted in the cells,
the membranous walls of which are dissolved by the diluted acid, allow-
ing the fat to escape, which rises above the disk, this at the same time
gradually sinking toward the bottom. All the membranous, unmelted
portions are carried down under it and accumulate at the bottom with
the dilute acid. :

When all the fat is melted and all the membranous portions destroyed,
the acid liquid is to be let off and the fat washed two or three times
with hot water. (This acid gelatinous solution can be converted into an
excellent manure by the addition of a powdered phosphorite.) A small
quantity of carbonate of magnesia is to be added in the last washing,
so as to completely remove the acid. The fat, thus washed, is now to
be dissolved in its volume, or less, of canadol, in the course of which
the water and nitrogenous animal substances are removed, and may be
separated, by decanting. The clean fatty solution is now to be intro-
duced into a tinned copper distilling apparatus, and the solvent ayain

413

recovered by distillation. The resulting fat will be completely free from
smell, taste, and color, and is absolutely neutral, containing no trace of
water or nitrogenous substances, on which account it can be kept with-
out change for years. Although this method is somewhat tedious, it is
yet effective; and taking into consideration the much greater quantity
of fat extracted and its greater purity, its economy will be amply vin-
dicated.

UTILIZATION OF SURPLUS POTATOES.—In cases where the potato crop
is so large as not to be readily marketable, and more or less in danger
of decaying through the winter, the surplus can be so treated as to
furnish a valuable article of food, capable of preservation for a long
time. For this purpose the potatoes are to be washed clean, steamed,
peeled while still hot, and finally pressed through a fine sieve. The
potatoes thus compressed are then to be laid, while still hot, upon grat-
‘ings and dried as quickly as possible, say in ten or twelve hours, in order
to avoid any souring or putrefaction; this being generally the result of
drying too slowly, or with an insufficient heat. The potatoes dried in
this way are of an excellent flavor, and can be packed and kept for years
in a dry place, and are serviceable for provisioning ships, armies in the
field, '&c. About 1,000 pounds of fresh potatoes will make 100 pounds
of the dry article, which, when properly prepared, will have precisely
the flavor and appearance of freshly boiled potatoes.

PRIZE OF BEET SUGAR ASSOCIATION.—The German Association for
beet-root industry, at Berlin, has lately offered a prize of a thousand
thalers for the solution of the following problem: The yield of crystal-
lized white sugar from the different crude beet sugars is not in a direct
ratio to their polarization. What investigations and calculations can
be suggested in order to determine, theoretically, beforehand, the yield,
in refined white sugar, which any beet-root sugar will furnish ?

FACTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

*
AGRICULTURE IN Eaypt.—A paper was recently read before the
Ayrshire (Scotland) Farmers’ Club, on the condition of agriculture in
Egypt, from which we. glean some interesting facts. Although the
methods of agriculture are yet primitive, the tenure of lands uncertain,
and a system of forced labor obtaining to a considerable extent, Egypt
produces considerable crops of grain, cotton, sugar, corn, and clover.
Thousands of tons of sugar are yearly exported from Alexandria; while
it is stated that the cereals and clover return crops as heavy as those
of Scotland, even under what is called in that country high farming. As
is well known, this great fertility is promoted by the rich deposits of the
Nile in its annual overflows. The water of this stream is brownish in
color, and leaves a sediment on the land in the shape of a crust, which
prevents evaporation and consequent drought. When it is necessary to
overflow lands on a higher than ordinary level, or still furthet to enrich
them, three modes of raising the water are practiced. The first is by
manual labor, the second by animal labor, and the third by steam-power.
A very common mode of manual labor is to use a Jeathern basin slung
from a pole, which is mounted on pivots and balanced by a large stone
aS a counterpoise at the other end. The basin end is depressed by the
laborer until it dips into the water below; on being freed it is raised by

414

the counterpoise until the leathern basin comes to the level. The animal
labor is sometimes done by donkeys, but generally by oxen, in connec-
tion with pumps. The apparatus consists of a wheel turning on a hor-
izontal axis and carrying an endlessrope, upon which are placed earthen
pots or jars. As the wheel is turned the pots and jars are carried round
and fill themselves with water at the bottom, and empty themselves at
the top. Steam-power is used in connection with hydraulic pumps.

In the system of rotation of crops, cotton planted in March is. cleared
from the ground in November ; clover follows and matures in February ;
‘wheat, beans, or barley are then sown, and reaped in May or June; In-
dian corn follows, and is reaped in September. Sometimes,.two crops of
clover can be raised up to February, when cotton may follow in rotation.
The land is only stirred up by a wooden implement somewhat similar to
a plow, but without mold-board. Reaping is done by pulling, or cutting
with small hooks; carrying is all done on the backs of camels or don-
keys; thrashing, by the treading of oxen; winnowing, by casting the
grain into the air to be cleansed of chaff by the wind.

The most serious hinderances to progress in methods of agricultural
production lie in the matter of land tenure, and arbitrary and oppres-
sive taxation. If an owner of land is unable to pay: a tax levied his ~
property is confiscated, and the tax is diseretionary with the Viceroy or
with local governors. It is stated that the Viceroy holds about one-
third of all thelands of Egypt, the profits of which accrue to him. But
this ruler encourages Europeans engaged in commerce, relieving them
of taxation and the operation of the laws of the country, every nation-
ality being allowed to set up its own legal tribunal.

The paper concludes with the hopeful statement that there are indica-
tions of an important change, and if it would bring about security in
the tenure of land, combined with moderate taxation, the agriculture of
Egypt might yet become a field for British capital and enterprise.

CAROLINA RICE IN InpDIA.—The Agricultural Gazette of India reports
five experiments with Carolina and native rice, made under the auspices
of the government in the districts of Nagpur, Chanda, Bhandara, and
Rajpur, of the central provinces, and the Upper Godavery district,
Madras presidency. The reports trom the four districts first named
represent the Carolina rice as superior to the native in strength and
stiffness of stalk, and those from Bhandara and ‘ handa state that
the grain of the Carolina is more firmly set than that of the native, and
therefore less liable to be shaken off by high winds, &c. While the
report from Bhandara speaks favorably of the productiveness of the
Carolina rice under proper cultivation, and commends the large size of
its grain, and that from the Rajpur district indicates large results under

careful irrigation and manuring, the general expression is that under
the ordinary methods of the country the produc, is no larger than that
of the native seed.

In the Upper Godavery district fields of a similar character were
selected, the soil being rich, loamy, ‘“‘approaching cotton-soil in charac-
ter, but containing a pretty large admixture of sand,” and well supplied
with water. The field allotted to the Carolina rice was thoroughly
plowed 18 inches deep, manured with cow-dung incorporated with the
soil, then watered and replowed. The seed was sown July 1; trans-
planted August 17; crop harvested November 22. On a field having
like advantages of manure, water, &c., the native rice was sown broad-
cast July 20; crop harvested November 15. The chief point of differ-
ence in the management of the two fields consisted in the transplanting

415

of the Carolina rice instead of growing from broadcast seed. Results:
Carolina rice—area planted, 3,334 square yards; manure, 5 maunds of
cow-dung; seed, 6 pounds 6 ounces; a 2,464 pounds of grain, and
896 pounds of straw. Native rice—area, 5,277 square yards; manure,
6 maunds of cow-dung;- seed, 308 pounds ; cael, 2,480 pounds of grain,
and 906 pounds of straw. The rain-fall in the first case amounted to
30.31 inches ; in the second to 20.24 inches.

The conductors of this experiment regard it as indicative of great
advantage in the introduction of the Carolina rice. The cultivators
were quite desirous to obtain the Carolina seed, and directions for its
culture are to be distributed throughout the district.

COTTON EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.—An experiment in growing cotton
was made in the season of 1869~70, on the Khandeish model farm, In-
dia. The Hingunghat seed was used, and the crop was neither manured
nor irrigated, but was carefully cultivated according to the native
method of shallow plowing. The first half of the season was very
favorable, but subsequent heavy and prolonged rains seriously injured
the crop by beating the cotton from the plant; further loss was caused
by scarcity of laborers at the time of picking. The areas of experiment
amounted to 152 acres, which gave an average yield of 724 pounds of
cleaned cotton per acre. The fields varied greatly in product, the larg-
est yield being on four acres of rich soil, the debris of a deserted village,
which returned 2291 pounds of cleaned cotton per acre.

The superintendent of cotton experiments in Sind details experi-
ments with sea-island, Egyptian, and American seed at the Halla farm,
thirty-four miles north of Hyderabad. The farm is watered by two
canals, which seldom fail to give an abundant supply of water during
nine months in the year. The soil used is represented as fit for any pur-
pose, from brick-making to the producing of good mangoes. The sea-
island, the first in time of planting, failed entirely. The Egyptian, next
in order of planting, germinated well, and flourished until the plants
were about nine inches high, when they assumed a sickly appearance.
After a prolonged struggle they had, at the time of report, attained a
fine, healthy appearance, but had net yielded any cotton. The Ameri-
can is favorably reported, both in respect to the condition of the plants
and the yield.

Mr. Strachan is continuing experiments with crossed and hybridized
seed, and by the introduction of suitable implements and improved eul-
tivation of the soil.

FIBER FROM COTTON STALKS.—B. F. Thompson, civil surgeon, in a
recent letter to prominent officials in India, recommended the utilization
of the fiber of the stalks of the cotton plant in the manufacture of
gunny-cloth and other textiles. He claimed that the fiber offered an
excellent and cheap substitute for jute, and forwarded for examination
Specimens of the fiber, and of a gunny-cloth made therefrom, which he
thought equal to the best cloth manufactured from fine jute. He also
referred to papers bearing on the subject in the United States A gricul-
tural Reports for 1854 and 1859. The letter and accompanying speci-
mens were referred to the fiber committee of the Agricultural Society.
Mr. Knowles, of that committee, reported that he “had examined the
fiber and considers it equal to a middling quality of jute, and that it
has neither the color nor the strength of fine jute. Mr. Robinson ranked
the fiber with a very low quality of jute, as it seems very deficient in
strength and color, but that the fiber might be useful for some of the
purposes to which inferior jute is applied.

416

. EK. J. Peck, of Lindon, New Jersey,
writes as follows in reference to this plant:

The “ partridge-pea” seed received from the Department was sown on a dry loam soil,
nearly all the seed vegetating and producing thrifty plants twenty inches in height.
It commenced blooming about August 1, and continued to throw out an abundance of
flowers until September 15, and ceased by the 25th. During the time it was in blos-
som the humble-bee was very attentive, but during the entire time I never saw a
honey-bee on the plant, although it was in bloom during the greatest scarcity of
honey-yielding plants this section has known for several years. As a plant for bee
pasture it has not the least value.

DaKkoTA TERRITORY.—Lieutenant E. B. Northup, Seventeenth
United States Infantry, in a recent communication to this Department,
states that at the Indian agency at Fort Berthold, in tle northern part
of Dakota, large quantities of melons, cabbages, tomatoes, &¢c., have
been grown this year. At Fort Stevenson, about thirty miles south,
the garrison have about 20 acres under cultivation, and have raised, this
year, about 300 bushels, of potatoes, 50 bushels of onions, 30 bushels of
beets, 75 bushels of ruta bagas, Xe.

DRAINED LAND AND DROUGHT.—A correspondent at Milo, New
York, says: “ Drained land has stood our two-years’ drought better
than undrained, and a free use of gypsum has helped out the crops very
much.”

SUGAR CULTURE IN AUSTRALIA.—In an address delivered at Mel-
bourne upon fhe practicability and advantages of sugar production in
Australia, Rev. Mr. Holland stated that he commenced the culture sey-
enteen years ago, and after much investigation in regard to the variety
of cane best suited to his purpose, he had found the “ planter’s friend”
to be the species best adapted to the general requirements of the col-
ony. It produces sugar and rum of the best quality, while all portions
of it can be utilized. The seed and cane are excellent fodder for stock,
and paper can be made from the leaves. A company has been formed
to export what is called the “half stuff” to England, to be made into
paper. The trash (crushed cane) supplies fuel for the manufacture of
the sugar. The soil best adapted to the growth of this variety is that
of a sandy, loamy nature, oh a limestone formation. It yields 20 to 25
tons per acre, and matures within six months; other varieties yield 30
tons per acre, but require two years to mature. There were instances
where it produced 25 tons 12 ecwt. of stalks per acre, sufficient to give
13 tons of sugar, 60 gallons of spirits, 40 bushels of seed, and -10 tons
of fodder. Mr. Holland estimates a net profit of £750 the first year on
a farm of 50 acres, after paying all expenses of machinery, buildings,
culture, &c.; the second year the profit is much larger, no extra ma-
chinery, &c., being requisite. He urged the formation of a company to
engage in the business on a large scale, and expressed the opinion that
eventually it would become the back-bone industry of the colony.

GRINDING WHEAT WITHOUT MILLSTONES.—A paper was recently
read before the British Association of Science, at Edinburgh, upon a
new mill for grinding wheat. It is described as reducing the erain by
percussion while it'is “unsupported and projected through the air. When
passing through the machine the wheat is struck by a series of bars
moving in opposite directions, which reduce the wheat so quickly to a
state ready for bolting that no injurious heat is caused; hence the flour is
superior to that obtained by the usual process, and: produced at less cost.
An Edinburgh firm has one of these disintegrating flour-mills in full
operation, and its advantages over the millstones that it supersedes are

417

X . .
stated to be that it rarely needs repairs, requires fewer men; is free from
loss by scorching, occupies less space, requires less driving-power, and
produces a superior quality of flour.

PREPARATION OF PALMETTO-LEAVES FOR SHIPMENT.—As there has
been considerable inquiry upon this subject, we give the directions
given by Alexander McRae, commercial agent, Liverpool, England, for
gathering, curing, packing, and shipping these leaves. Mr. McRae
states that they should be cut and gathered when fully grown, with six
or eight inches of the leaf-stalk left on. They should then be dried in
the shade, where the air circulates freely, and be prevented from warping
or twisting too much by being occasionally piled one upon another and
pressed by a moderately heavy piece of plank or other weight. When
fully dried they should be tied, compactly, in bundles of forty to fifty
leaves, and these bundles afterward made up into bales like cotton, of
suitable size and weight for handling and shipping. <A long, open, airy
shed, with a tight roof, should be provided for drying and baling the
leaves; and this shed should be fitted up with tiers of open racks, from
floor to roof, constructed after the manner of houses for drying the
brush of broom-corn. These racks, of open slats, one above the other,
may be six or eight inches apart and three feet wide, with passages
between. In gathering the leaves, handle carefully, piling the fans one
upon the other in the cart or wagon, taking care not to split or “ fray”
the webs. The largest and most perfect leaves are, of course, most
valuable, and they should be sized and sorted before baling. The dry-
ing process must not be carried forward too fast; nor should the leaves
be allowed to get wet while drying, as this will render them brittle and
impair their value.

COTTON CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA.—A committee of the California
Cotton Growers’ Association, recently appointed to examine a tract of
land near Bakersfield, Kern County, have reported favorably upon its
adaptability for the purposes of a cotton plantation, and the association
will probably locate their operations there. Upwards of 20,000 acres
will be included in the purchase, located in a rich and well-watered
region. The cotton experiments in Merced County have thus far proved
quite successful. Colonel Strong states that the crop was dependent
upon the rain-fall for the moisture by which it was sustained. While
the average yield of wheat and barley is stated to be only 24 bushels,
and of corn 15 bushels, the average yield of the cotton will be 375
pounds of ginned cotton to the acre. Colonel Strong thinks that with
irrigation the yield would have reached 750 pounds of ginned cotton,
‘and 45 bushels of seed per acre, and that a similar yield would have
resulted from the rain-fall of a good season.

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.—Work is progressing on the San Joa-
quin Irrigating Canal with considerable energy. Thirty miles have
already been excavated, and the work is to be pushed rapidly through
the winter. The canal is to be two hundred miles long, commencing at
King’s River, thence sixty miles to Fresno Slough, thence one hundred
and fifty miles to a point near Antioch, onthe San Joaquin River. The
cut is. 40 feet wide, 7 feet deep, including height of bank ; width of bank
at base, 12 feet; top, 6 feet. Tow-boats are to be run along the canal
when complete.

BEET-SUGAR IN CALIFORNIA.—The Alvarado Beet-Sugar Company
are now well under way again in the manufacture of sugar. It is stated
that the supply of beets this year will reach 800 tons—16 tons to the

418

acre. The juice yields most satisfactorily. The amount of sugar made
last year was 500,000 pounds. This year itis expected to reach 1,125,000
pounds. This will employ the mill about five months. The remainder
of the year will be occupied in refining imported sugar. The Sacra-
mento Company will soon be ready for operations. This company ex-
pect to realize about 400 tons of beets this year.

WARM WATER FOR PLANTS.—Mr. R. G. Williams, of Vermont State
Normal School, writes us upon this subject as follows :

I see some remarks in your monthly report upon the benefit of watering house-plants
with warm water. Last winter we had about one hundred plants. in the house, and
usually gave them warm water, and very frequently water that was much too warm
for the hand ; some water at or very near the boiling point, has been poured into the
saucers of the pots and just on the sides. We have about forty persons in the family,
from different parts of the country, and their testimony is that they never saw so fine
geraniums, heliotropes, fuchsias, verbenas, passion-flowers, oleanders. These plants
show very marked improvement; others have flourished finely under the treatment.

All house-plants are better for being watered with water several de-
grees warmer than the atmosphere in which they are grown.

WHEAT IN TENNESSEE.—A correspondent at Florence Station, Ruth-
erford County, Tennessee, says :

Good seed-wheat, adapted to our climate and soil, will be of inestimable value to us.
Our State average is only about 7.10 bushels per acre. This year the yield will not
average 24 bushels per acre, owing, I suppose, to peculiarities of the season. My usual
average is 22 bushels per acre, but this year I got but 4 bushels per acre from good
land, well prepared, well put in, and with good seed. Red Mediterranean produced
nearly double the yield of the best white wheats. The straw was absolutely worth-
less, except for bedding stables. ;

PLOWING IN JANUARY.—In the report of the farm-visiting commit-
tee of the Washington County Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, it is
stated that Mr. James W. Dickey, of Donegal Township, plows in Jan-
uary for corn, if it can be done, even if snow is on the ground. He
once plowed down five inches of snow, and the crop was one-fourth
greater than that on the same kind of ground plowed the last of March.
Mr. Dickey showed to the committee a field of 35 acres, which he had
in corn in 1869, and which yielded 3,200 bushels shelled corn, and 250
bushels buckeye potatoes. This ground was plowed shallow, about four
inches deep, and received four strokes of the harrow; marked one way
34 feet wide, planted in hills 24 feet apart, leaving three stalks to the
hill; commenced to work as soon as up with a light cultivator, next
used the double-shovel; worked four times, and hoed every time.

WINE BY STEAM.—At the wine-making establishment of Don Mateo
Keller, in Los Angeles, California, a LO-horse power steam-engine is
being used to drive a grape-stemmer and crusher of sufficient capacity .
to stem and mash 50 tons of grapes per day. The machine is a Los
Angeles invention. The grapes are cleaned, stemmed, and mashed
without breaking the seeds, and dropped into a large trough beneath.
A press is to be added to the machine next year, which will extract the
juice from the grapes as fast as they are mashed.

BEET-ROOT SUGAR.—It is stated in Wood’s Monthly Scientific List
that there existed in Europe, at the close of last year, 1,507 beet-root
sugar-works, of which 483 belonged to France, 310 to the German Con-
federation, 283 to Russia, 228 to Austro-Hungary, 53 to Belgium, 42 to
Poland, 20 to the Netherlands, 4 to Sweden, and 1 each to Italy and -
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

.

419

THE SUNFLOWER.—The cultivation of the sunflower is likely to be-
come popular in India. An Indian authority says:

The oil extracted from the seed is said to be superior to both almond and olive oil
for table use, and to be employed in manufacturing woolen goods, soap, and candles,
as well as for lighting purposes. The leaves have been manufactured into cigars,
having pectoral qualities, and might perhaps be found more efficacious than stramo-
nium. The blossoms furnish a brilliant yellow dye, which stands well. Each acre
will contain from 15,000 to 20,000 plants, and the average quantity of seed will be 50
bushels, each of which will give a gallon of oil. The quantity of seed is much in-
creased by dwarfing the plants, the best manure for which is said to be old mortar
broken up. The plants should be kept clean and free from weeds, and the quantity of
seed required is about six pounds per acre. They should have sufficient interval
between them for exposure to the sun, as under such circumstances they become larger
and more fully stored with seed.

VEGETABLE CARBOLIC ACID.—Dr. Broughton, the British quinologist,
in India, has succeeded in obtaining earbolic acid from a plant (Andro-
meda leschenaultii) which grows in inexhaustible abundance on the Neil-
gherries. The acid obtained in this way is said to be purer than that
obtained from coal-tar, but it is more expensive, for while the latter
costs only four shillings a pound in India, the acid prepared from the
indigenous plant costs five shillings. Unless, therefore, the process of
preparation can be cheapened, the discovery will be of little practical
value.

MARKET PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS.

Articles. October. Articles. | October.
NEW YORK. BOSTON. |
Flour, State _-2+...2.-.- per bbl.| $6 25 to $7 50 || Flour,western,superfine per bbl.| $5 25 to $5 75
WESUCIN: 22-2226 = Gs=--()) On20) shOu 19b2o OXU0 Bes ss sooo wee do...| 650 to 700
Wheat, No. 1 spring..per bush..| — — to — — CHOIEGBE = eas cso oars do...) 7125 to 9 50
NOL? SPE O aaa. dor=_-| Lovotoy 16 Corn, yellow, mixed. .-per bus 82 to 83
winter, amber, west- MIXGGWeoe soe eda do: a. 79 to 81
Orn) S234 45 per bush-.}| 170 to 1 75 IY Ore, Satan soins eh other do, = 75 to 80
Corn, new western, mixed do. .-. %5, to 78 Barley cco na enor ean G0: as 95 to 100
old western, mixed. .do.-..; — — to — — || Pork, mess ..-..-.------ per bbl..| 14 00 to 1450
RG eas eee sabes do-=5- 93 to — — PLUNGE! 45. See do.-2-|,11 50 ‘to: 12°00
Barle yess ceetec see. te ace Gees 90 to 95 Beet Messe sas seen do..-.| 800 to 12 00
Oats, western, mixed ..--. doze: 52 to 54 CX4ra IMeSS ssececse5. do....| 12 50 to 16 00
Saber asses. sero do. <4] = — to ——WeLard) 224 22.022... Toca per Ib.. 93 to 104
Hay, shipping qualities.perton..| 22 00 to 23 00 Butter, N. Y. and Vt..--. donee 20 to 32
PLUMC, son. g-0- oases do..-..} 25 00 to 33 00 Canada, 22 nesn eee do== =: 18 to 29
BPorks mess) so -~ 2 425-<= per bbl. .| 13 45 to 13 62 western.-.---.--- doz--s 12 to 20
. DIUM Gy son so 242253 do..../ 10 00 to 11 25 Cheese, eastern factory. .-.do---. 8 to 14
IBGGE;MCSS\s- =.= 22 25s se25- do..-.| 700 to 11 00 Hay, prime --.-..-.--- per ton..-..| 25 00 to 34 00
GSE ee ee SS ite do...-| 11 00 to 14 00 Wool, western ----.----- per lb.. 55 to 62
Ward Ox ura. 25-45 =e per lb..- 93 to 103 combing and de laine
Butter, western .-.-..---- Gace 10 to 20 fleeces 22 5-- 2 = per lb-. 68 to 75
Sibatie ye tsesté eau do. 222 15 to 30 LOH Wena Sak Seaccesse do....; —— to ——
@nBese;1daityses 4-2 3-- - dares 1] to 124 pulled) Seen aseeee doreee 40 to 724
fAChory= 4-75 4-2-2 dos 12 to 134
Cotton, ordimary.-.----..- do .- 174 to 19 CHICAGO.
middling. =52. 2--= done 193 to 212 f
Tobacco, sound, lugs, light Flour, winter extras...per bbl..| 700 to 7 75
grades. ....per lb. . 7k to 8 spring extras-..--. do....| 562 to 6 75
sound lugs, heavy Wheat, No.1 sprivg..per bush..| 125 to 1 30
grades -._.. per lb.- 7Z to 8t No. 2 spring ----.- do....| 121¢to 12
common leaf, light No. 3 spring ...--- dov---| 1 18¢to 1 19%
grades. ..-. per lb.. 84 to SF horn. Nos 2)... 5-5-saee ee ae 46 to 48+
common leaf, heavy rejected — 45 to — —
grades. ..-- per lb.. 84 to 10 no grade ---| —— to ——
Wool, combing fleece -.--. do..-.| —— to —— || Oats, No2...-.--- BdGsee = 30 to 308
. extra, pulled......-. do--- =| S161 to 63 rejected. ..-.......-- dase = 27 to 28
Texas, common to me- Hay, timothy and clover (on
diginys= = 232 25-2 per lb. . 46 to — — =track))-seese per ton..| 13 50 to 14 50
California common.do.... 38 to 41 Toe ta Ch eaceaspecsee do....| 800 to 10 00

420

Market prices of farm products.—Continued.

* Articles.

October.

Cxricaco—Continued.

Pork, Mess ~----==----- per beg
prime mess .....-.--
Beet, Mess 5-22 ease. = - per bbL.
extra mess...---.--. do. -
ard 2 22 eee Eee eee 2 er Ib...
Butter, firkin and tub .--.do..-
RG es ies wae, = do. --
Cheese, New York factory -do- - -
"western........... do...
western reserve. .-do.---
Wool, medium fleece. -..--- doles
unwashed medium.do.-..
iT tee a eee do...
CINCINNATI
Flour, family ...s-----. per bbl..
Oxia 6.2252 bee doz s=
supertine.c2e-e-e ore dees
low grades..-...---- do. -
Wheat, No. 1 white-..-per bush...
No.2 white ......- GO522-
Nop redas2 2s 555 do7- 2
No: 2iredli-s--..-+-4 dos.
Como: ear. $2. 22a = = do...
WO WHORL eee ateccee GRU
Ryness cocenasclecs do==-
On eases eee ek aor--
rejected 222252-05--24 dot as.
Barley, Np ldo: es -ce 5-22 dot =:
No.1 State......-- Gore.
Oats; No, dumixed 7227-2 2" aols!
No. 2 mixed -.----.-- do.

Butter, choice Ohio. -.-..--- doe:
fair to good..-.-..- doz.

Cheese, western reserve -.do-.--
TACKOLY =<) eases ae doris

Cotton, ordinary.........- do...
middling ....-...-. do

Tobacco, lugs, West Va...do...-
lugs, Kentucky. -.do..
common to medium leaf,

West Va ....per lb-..
common to medium leaf,
Kentucky ..-per 1
Wool, tub-washed -......-. dose.
fleece-washed --.-.- do...
upwashed...-.-..-. do.:
pulled) cee ee do....
ST. LOUIS.
Flour, superfine ...--.- per bbl
Oxtidpee esse do...
Wheat, spring -.-..-- per bush. :
winter No.1 ....-.. do:--
winter No.2 .....- Goss
winter No.3 ....-- do...
, Red (ee soe ees dors:
orm mixed '.-2.:. 2282-852 dosfze
WELOW --2ic a ee eee (i eee

n..| 16

.-|$13 00 to $13 25

— o0o—_e—_
12 00 to — —
13 50 to — —
83 to 94 |
10 to 20
20 to 25
13 to 14
114 to 123
— ee —
55 to 61
37 to 42
60 to 73
700 to 7 25
68 to 700
575 to 6 25
450 to 5 25
155 to 1 60
150 to 1 60
150 to -—
148 to -—
53 to 54
54 to ae
82 to —
80 to: —
— he —
95 to —
90 to —
34 to 36
35 to _
00 to 17 00
17 00 to 24 00
.| 12 50 to 13 00
— ae =
91 to 12%
18 to 22
10 to 14
=) 0) —
14 to 143
16 to 165
19} to 194
—— ne —
"9 to 124
= 1p —
13 to 18
65 to 67
50 to 55
40 to 45
50 to 52
480 to 5 20
525 to 6 50
2 to as
160 to 175
155 to 1 60
140 to 150
a =
47 to 49
51 to 52

|) Ryersetas Sees ee per bush. .

eere WINTER L. 22s - ate do. --
AplInGee eee oe do...

Oats, mixed! sie 20) 262.200... -

. yellow.--.-cbe--eer do. --
Hayce.cesfeeneres areas per ton

|| Pork, moess2-02--. - ee per bbl...
Lard) oe nto eee per lb
Butter, choice ---.-...---- doz. -

|| Cheese, factory

Articles.

St. Louris—Continued.

fair to medium. --.do..-.

Cotton, middlin
Tobacco, sound leaf. -..per cwt..

common leaf ....do.-.-
medium leaf... -- do
Wool, tub-washed -..-.--. per lb.
fleece-washed -.-..- do. .-
combing =). ssseer= do...
pulled =.-e--eeeesee do...
NEW ORLEANS.
Flour, superfine..-.---- per bbl. -
extras, (according to
grade) ---.--=- per bbl. -
Corn, mixed. i2 =... - =. per bush
Vellow.e- -n-3-eoeeee dose
WIG). oe seis dom
Oats, prime)... -2eeeees do. --
Hay, choice: -.-...-222 per ton. -
prime’: 5-222 3-2e eee doz. 22
Pork, messe-s=--2.eeeee per bbl...
Tard, .. Le sesceee ee eee bert lb.-

common Lie
Cheese, choice factory - - --do.
western reserve. -do-

Cotton, ordinary.-----.-.- do....
low middling. ....- do..-2
middling iss sa-—e do...-

Tobaccomlugs.-2-fesac-ee do .i25

low leaf........- dos:
medium leaf ....do-.-..-.

SAN FRANCISCO.

Flour, superfine... .---.- per bbl.-
OXiPSS) --c- ves sep do...-
Wheat, State per cental
Oregon 0) eee
Corn, white do..-.
yellow do...
Hay. State:. 2.52.0 eee per ton..
Pork, Mess. .....--=5-- per bbl...
prime dps
Beet, Mess;---=-- clean eee do.
Lard \o2. st eene ee per lb.-
Butter, State -.--..-.....- do. .-
TegOn eee eee ages
overland.....--.-- dose):
Chee86 =. =e -eue-eoer eee Gos:.s
Wool, choice.-...-<-.-.-.5 do...

inferior to medium .do.

Quotations, as nearly as practicable, at the beginning of each month.

October.

METEOROLOGY.

SEPTEMBER, 1871.

[COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY OBSERVERS OF THE SMITH-

SONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, the mean temperature, and
amount of rain-fall, (in inches,) for September, 1871, as reported by the observers at the sta-

tions named. Observations daily y at 7 a.m. and 2 and 9 p. m.

State and station. County.
MAINE.

State Ag’l College..| Penobscot ..-.
SESH: Cossec Sobses Hancock......
BUGKSHOrbms-see = 4- EG gees see
West Waterville...| Kennebec. .--.
Gardiner 25-2-=)-- =: SOOn sen ote
PASHOM sso -ys si = “Androscoggin.
Standish) ce. -s--c == Cumberlan
INOEW aypooeieecee SfoRde se tes
@ornishea. 2. cea Work eee 5s-F
Cornishyille ....---|.... GO zeesaan4

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Siattond seo. 54-2 Coosessetas 3-2
Whitefield. ---s.--:)oa.- O'S 2c Seek
Tamworth... =... =: Warrolleaeteaes
Contoocookville..-.| Merrimack .--
Amoskeag ..-.-..--. Hillsborough. -

VERMONT.

Lunenburgh....- oe WHISS @XGE jaro sci eles
South Troy Saeian se Orleans -...--.
Randolph.:.-..---.: Orange -..-+.--.
Woodstock ......-- -Windsor
NOR WIG saee ccc aes Got seh 2228
Near St. Albans .--| Franklin
West Charlotte ..-.| Chittenden .--
PANTO M ye = ses ecte rn =e Addison .....-
Castleton -.-...-.-.- Rutland ......
Bennington ...-.--- Bennington

MASSACHUSETTS.
Kang stom.s.22554-4e Plymouth. .--.
Lawrence. .-*.....- IMSSOX22 2 <-.552
Milton ose eeease Norfolki.. =.=. =
Cambridge. ......-. Middlesex
North Billerica ..-.|.... GO oee sae
New Bedford ---.--- Bristol ses= 6.
DO gece sae ee dl vee LO) Stee eecos
Worcester ......--- ‘Worcester - - -
Lunenburgh..-...-..|..-. dot eee. 4:
Mien dona so—a< snes @owesee as ee
PAmHerstigee on s46<5s Hampshire -
Williams College -.| Berkshire.....
RHODE ISLAND.

Newport..........-. Newport......

= | =
QD . a eo)
+s $s a
; qs g 5 | 46 :
Observer. Date. | 24 | Date. | 58/28 | 3
BH aH + =)
B= i) Bo qd D
we Seals &
S “A o 4
a a |e a
Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
M..C. Fernald -- ------ 3 79 15 31 | 54.4} 1.10
OSH Tripp ees: sae 3 81 22 39). | Ot Oe eae ee
Willabe Haskell .-.-.- 3 80 15 40 | 56.2 | 1.50
Bete Wall puree. a2 3 81 Q2 40 | 58.2 1. 66
R. Hy Gardiner <4: 225. 3 77 15, 22 39 | 56.4 1. 84
Asa) :P. Moores: =.3826- 3 80 22 31 | 56.3 | 2.00
John P. Moulton...... 5 84 23 36 | 57.0) 1035
Heep u Smithy c-ees a. 3, 5, 16 80 Q2 32) | 53: 9 150
Silas West........-.-- 6 81 22 32) ds 2) 1 TO
GaN... Gupulleees- 6 83 30 40 | 58.0 1.90
Branch Brown ....---- 5 82 22 26) ate si eras
sh Koddersescace se 6 83 22 25 | 51.0 Lsby)
Alfred Brewster ...-.-- 6 83 22 26 | 53.8 | 1.56
HD: Couche seen: 6b lho e5 220) 930) Water et 30
Alfred Colby......---- 3,4,5,6| 82 22) 241545] 1.55
Hora Cubbuaes- 32 se- = 6 88 22 30) 5552) e2a01
J.C. Kennedy Sees 5 87 21 30 | 53.8 | 1.23
C. S. Paine.2-..- 6 84 22 De | 5252) | LIS!
H. Doton& L. A. Miller 5 79 22 28 | 49.8 | 1.73
Sabebhelpsee. 2a 5 84 22 32 | 57.2) 10
A. H.I. Gilmour ...-... 4,5 20 20 35 | 53.0 | 1.60
Miss M. BE. Wing ...-. 4,5 84 22 Coll Misr i) aaobed
D.C. and M. E. Barto. 5,6 82 22 34 | 56.6] 2.12
R. G. Williams ...----. 6 82 22 32 aden | 125
G. W. Robinson ......-. 6 78 21, 30 32 | 52.8 1.50
G. S. Newcomb .....-- 5,6 80 30 40 | 58.3 | 1.00
John: Hallon gees ls. 6 83 Q1 39 | 56.5] 1.18
As Ke. Teele asees ea 6 85 22 36 | 59.7 | 0.88
Boe ub Iseisb Dee ao 25 el 22 Soe ROY spereee
EK. & W.W. Nason..... 6 86 22 BPM ta G)Y Memes.
Samuel Rodman ...... 5 75 22 36 | 57.4 | 2.25
i. DS Tucker eae 6 78 | 22,23 eos t 2. 25
-| Merrick Bemis........ 3 V7 18 40 | 58.8] 0.90
G. A. Cunningham. ... 6 80 22 39 | 57.2 | 1.25
dy G. Motcalites-5 22) 35 78 22 35. 56s 45 eee
=|| Ha. S.Snell ee - opens 3 i 22 32>) 5490 sO
‘A. Hopkins.....:.:... 6 78 22 30 | 52.7) 1.00
W.. A. Barbers. 2522.2 = 5 83 22 44 | 62.0] 1.60

422

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

State and station.

CONNECTICUT.

Columbia
Middletown . .--.---
Southington
Round Hill

Colebrook

NEW YORK.

Moriches
Warreusburgh
South Hartford ---.
Garrisolse . 3.2
Throg’s Neck
White Plains
Cooper Union
Brooklyn
Flatbusk
Glasco
Minaville
Middleburgh
Cooperstown
Gouverneur. -...---
Canton

Lowville
Cazenovia

North Volney.----.|.-..

Waterburgh
Nichols. 2-> 2as-22
Newark Valley
Himrod’s

Rochester
Little Genesee
Angelica
Carlton

NEW JERSEY.

Jersey City
Reweuk eee oe
South Orange
Trenton, -54 23,22 =~.
Rio Grande
Moorestown
New Germantown .
Readington
Greenwich
Vineland

phia cae |
Germantown
Plymouth Meeting.

County. Observer.
Wolland......-\=2 W. H. Yeomans .....-
Middlesex ..-.| H. D. A. Ward .---.---
Hartford....-- Luman Andrews..----
Fairfield. ..... Rev. W. P. Alcott -.--.
Litchfield... .. Charlotte Rockwell...
Suffolk ......- LAS SHAD) 4.) me ase
Warren....--- 4.2, Welds. -- seen
Washington ..| G. M. Ingalsbe ---..---
Puimam:. 2 5? TP: BaATGen: 2550.22
West Chester | Miss E. Morris......-.

Pei eS OF Wllin= . 22s
New York O} We Bomb . : 222222 28
Men gs 2. 2c 5-5 ie Pe Maaler .-\2 eases
= aie LO) Se ee ee Up WE" Ves ‘Sa ere
Ulster. D. B. Hendricks...----
Montgomery -.| D.S. Bussing -.....--.
Schoharie... .. Be Wie uOBeene eee
Otsego..--.--. G. Ba Keeseee nesses
St. Lawrence. .| C. H. Russell. ---..----
Je OD See i PAS Hester: o--2G-ece
da Ag teen es C, AL Wooster - 222 2¢5.
Ghewin) -ees.-.4 A. dsiBarretb ..35 32252
Madison ..--.-.- William Soule ........
Eee ees eee 5, SPOONGES... 3226-4:
Jefferson ..--. Henry Haas -.22.52--:
Oswego...---- W.S. Malcolm. .-...--
1-200) Sept E. B. Bartlett .........

does 3 Je MP aisek 254
Tompkins .-..| David Trowbridge. --..
[Wyo ihe pee Robert Howell.....--.
EO Ph eeeees Samuel Johnson ...-.-.
Watés::=-.2-/-. Goin Baker 05 ..2.se8
Monroe ..-...- G.P. Hachenberg ..--.
Allegany ...-- Daniel Edwards ..-.---

£26300 Srngecaee CiB. Ammold). 248s es
Orleans‘....--. MM: P. Godfrey: -551--"
Niagara.=..-.. We Clarke... saa
ET = 5-225 -<2- William Ives ........-
Chautauqua -.-.} 8. G: Love .-.......-.-
Hudson. ....-- TS) Howard, jr
Hipsexs pe. 2/54 W. A. Whitehead .....
Son ieee sees iW. J. Chandler -.....-
Mercer 22--+) - He OOOK. 5"... ee
Cape May ....| Mrs.J.R. Palmer .--..
Burlingion....:| T. J. Beans®-..-- 22.22
Hunterdon PAC a NGULe... Bees
Sra ee ee John Fleming..--..-..
Cumberland ..| Miss R. C. Sheppard...
Bees eee ae John Ingram ......-.-.
Pike =34 442-2 John Grathwohl ..--.-
Wayne ....... J.D) Stocker ~... 2225.
eGo tse E) Theodore Day .-...--.-
Bucks ee. ne es Ebenezer Hance ..
Philadelphia. .| J. A. Kirkpatrick »....
Pee: ee Spee Thomas Meehan -...---
Montgomery. .| M.H. Corson .-.-..-----
| Lehigh.22.2--2 Edward Kohler....--.
Luzerne .....- Rodman Sisson ..--..-.
Berke £) Ae) J. HeRaser ..... ...keees
Chester ...-..- George Martin.......-
S00 S552 ae F. Darlington ......--.
Lancaster. .... Wire Spera . lesa 22
Cumberland ..| W. H. Cook ..........
ge=00 2ceeccse Jacob Lefever ......-.

8 E 2
i) [] (3)
Oo +S |
ae afles| .
Date. | =8 | Date. | £2 | 28 =
Be 1 153 =
2 Z. ag/8 | 4
o = o
s =. Aces
| Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
5,6 | 84 22| 30/584] 212
6 82 22 33 4 55.9 | 1.92
516) a 21| 39 | 57.4] .1.40
5, 6 78 22 38 | 58.6] 1.06
3,4,6| 80 92| 32] 55.4]......
3 86 22 43 | 63.2] 2.03
6} 84 22| 381 57.9] 0.90
6 82 22 34 | 58.64 2.00
5] Sf] 21220). 40a) a7
4,6,7| 85 30.| 4236283) |5.--5-
3,441 35 30] | 42) Sean: 3
6} 79 21| 45 | 62.6] 1.85
35,6 | 21| 411| 60.5| 2.00
6} 80 97) 2416 Silieaio0
6 84 | 21,22 33 | 55.6] 1.38
6| 85 Din SEN Stina tece ee
6 90 21 32 | 57.5 | 0.80
6 82 22 26 | S404) Daz
5,6 | 80 21| 27/523] 1.48
5,6] 84 21°) - Si 55Otlee es.
4,5 90 21 38 | 60.7 | 0.69
4, 5,6 82 30 32 | 53.2] 0.94
5] .83 02\| 32 | Seat ee
5.6 85 21 35 | 58.0] 1.71
4] 80 22| 31] 54.1) 3.05
5 82 22 34 | 56.4 1.04
6) 8 21) 31) 544) 1.20
5 87 21 34) Shh ys 228
5 84 22 RG Wadeae cease
5,6 | 86 30.) «29, | Ger ese 2
6| 94 22| 23] 53.4] 0.50
6| 83 | 21,22] 341] 54.7] 0.50
5| 86] 21,22] 421586] 0.50
6 | 85 92] 26] 54.0] 0.50
4] 83 22) 27] 54.2) 0.68
5| 86 |. 21,22] 36] 57.3| 1.00
4} 84 92| 40] 57.5] 1.40
4] 84 A): °36 4 5 ops
6 83 21 33 | 54.8] 1.30
|
6; 80° 21 39 | 61.1} 220
6 78 21 38 | 60.0} 1.99
6 80 21 33 | 50.1 | 2.05
°4,6 80 21 42:| 63.6 |] 1.57
24| 82] 21,22) 42| 61.4] 3.62
2 83 23 40 | 60.6°| 1.61
6 82 | 21,23 39 | 58.4] 1.93
3| 86 |21,22,23| 38 | 52.8 |.-----
ea 77 42| 61.7 | 1.55
18 | 102 |21,23,30 39 | 61.5} 1.89
# 3 81 22 31 | Shoah) ee
3 83 | 21,30 38 | 57.6} 0.75
5,6) 80 921 27/525] 1.18
4 81 30 42 | 60.6] 1.50
4 81 21 43 | 63.0] 1.75
46| 84 21| 40 | 61.0 ]......
6 82 22 39 | 59.9] 1.06
4,5| 87 92| 32] 60.0 |.-....
5, 6 84 30 28 | 54.4] 0.80
6 83 22 42 | 62.0] 2.34
4 83 30 40 | 58.9] 2.35
6 83 22 39 | 61.5} 1.99
1,6 82 30 38 | 59.6} 1.88
5, 6 82 22 39 | 61.3] 27€5
6 82 22 35 | 59.3 | 2.22

423

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station.

PENN.—Cont’d.

York S. Springs. - -.|

hie ga Sees ees |
Grampian Hills....
Johnstown..-...---
Queensburgh ....--
Pittsburgh _... ..-.-
Connellsville
Greenville
Newcastle. ..-..--.

MARYLAND.

Woodlawn
Fallston
Annapolis
St. Inigoes
Woodstock College.
Sam’s Creek
Mt. St. Mary’s. -----
Préderick® 4.225: =. -
Cumberland

DIST. COLUMBIA.
Washington -.-.-.-.-

VIRGINIA.

Johnsontown
Capeville

Piedmont Station --
Keswick Station - .-
Lynchburgh.....-.-
Wytheville ...--..-.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Weston
Cabell Court-House.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Oxtord 33-422. 2+ -
Albemarle
Statesville
Asheville

SOUTH CAROLINA.

ATen 222%) 02's:<i<
Gowdeysville
Greenville C.H..-.

GEORGIA.

County. Observer.
eee te Sete fs
Adams ....... di. Hi, Marsden: =: -42-
Drop a. se. 25. EK; DP. Bentleyee=- =.=:
Clearfield ..... Elisha Fenton ....-.-.-.
@WampbTiaieesse= David Peelor ...------
Venango. .-.- IME AS Tolmaneer - =. 02
Westmoreland) J. M. L. Stump -.-----
Allegheny ....| George Albree .....---
Fayette. .....- John Taylor -.-.-..-.--
IMercer?:...- 4 1D) Biebackanrdee 22.
Lawrence. .... E. M. McConnell . -----
IBGAVEL IS. oS oe RD Davlonzese ees.
Washington ..| William Smith..-...--
Kent. 225-255 J. H. Batemany . =.= =.
EEG (eet eee Ri. Gilmanes 22-2525
Wecil's- S35. 22 J.O. McCormick ..-..-
IHertord essa Gz G:\Curtissee.---.22:
Anne Arundel| W. R. Goodman. ...--.
St. Mary’s ....| James Stephenson ---.
Baltimore... -.- A. X. Valente’. .--22.
Carrollp ess. F. J. Devilbiss -----.---
Frederick. 2) C: He Jordansss- = --
bei Ve in J. ka Hanshewe.. 2225
Alleghany ....| E. T. Shriver. --..--.---
Washington -)-}5 J5..<sas<2s senses sass
Northampton .| C. R. Moore ..-..------
Os ee Emma C. Townsend --
Elizab’th City.) J. M. Sherman .....--..
King George..| E. T. Tayloe ...---..-.
Augusta .-..-- James T. Clark......-
Wairfars sess ss Randolph Robey.-----
SeOOwss oe G. A. Bowman......--
BRAC (eee eee Chalkley Gillingham. .
Loudoun....-. Mrs. 8. E. Chamberlin.
Fauquier -..... W's At. Marting== 2-20.
Albemarle ..,.| 1D) 3B Horn tae. 25.22:
Bedford. ..---- C. J. Meriwether .-.---
Wythe: 22-2. J. A. Browni-ees= 3-22.
B@wis 2322 s<: Benjamin Owens....--
Gabel. 324222<- Cul. Rofte ass: 5-25:
Granville ..... W.. Re Hicks eee oe -
Stanley ......- Bd. Kron cseaeeee! 2.
redeliase =. 2 T. A. Alison
Buncombe ....| E.J.Aston....--.-----
Barnwell. .... John H. Cornish....--
Union 2s-2-. Charles Petty.----.---
Greenville ....| Lardner Gibbon ..----
Camden......- W..L Willyer=e--s-52-
262500 220252500 Ebenezer Barker... --.

Date.

6, 19
5,

AAAAAAAMUAH

DD
=
AMAAADWA eS

13

]

5 BG
es #5 | a
as si| 8c
33 | Date. | 58 | 28
EE ae] 4°
ete eas
a =| a
Deg. Deg. | Deg
80 21 40 | 59.0
80 30 22 | 50.2
el 22 28 | 54.1
84 |21, 22, 30 34 | 47.6
84} 22,30| 34| 56.1
&4 21 34 | 59.7
81 30 39 | 61.0
85 21 35 | 60.5
80 30 33 | 50.9
82 30 30 | 60.5
81 21 39 | 59.9
85 30 32] 59.0
84 22 44 | 61.1
82 29 39 | 63.2
82 22 41 | 61.0
80 |21, 29, 30 44 | 59.3
83 | 27,30 45 | 65.2
80 30 48 | 66.1
80 22 38 | 58.8
80 22 35 | 61.0
81 21 45 | 60.4
87 22 45 | 65.0
81 22 40 | 61.1
80} 21,22 45 | 64.0
82 30 48 | 66.0
82 30 503 | 70.0
84 | 29,30 47 | 67.4
81 | 21,29 48 | 66.4
84 30 32 | 60.3
82 30 34 | 61.1
86 30 34 | 65.4
85 30 43 | 64.1
85 22 35 | 63.6
82 22 36 | 64.0
90 28 42 | 64.4
81 29 46 | 65.5
82 30 37 | 61.4
84 30 36 | 62.2
89 20 40 | 65.6
84 30 50 | 57.4
85 | 29,30} . 38 | 66.2
wesese 30 34 | 63.6
Lisp 30 34 | 61.9
85 30 53 | 69.8
83 30 OT wl er Aes (
86 30 46 | 70.3
86 | 29,30} 54] 69.3
86 30 58 | 75.5

Rain-fall,

po
—)
S

pAb pt 29 1 29 29 20
o
(os)

ne
ma
oa

1.80

$9 pm NO SPO WI TO Ge BO
> 10 Oro Co DD =
ace onoounom

Ou

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued. »

424

State and station. County. Observer.
GrEorGIA—Cont'd.
Brooks..-.---- Jedaa@atler 2. aeeeeee
ulton..c-=-"- Charies Deckner..----
Walkers. ----¢ A. R. MceCutchen...---
Madison ..---- E. L. Antony, M. D....
Lawrence. .--.- Thos. M. Peters..----.-
Dallas $52. -45- Dr. Fahs and Miss R.
B. Deans.
Carlowville .-.-..--. Bees | peers conse A eASON: = serene
Green Springs .----- Hale 22-423: 25: H. Tutwiler, LL. D....
Coatopa..------.--. Sumter ......- 8. K. Jennings, M.D ..
*
FLORIDA.
Near Port Orange. .| Volusia ...---. S. W? Chamberlin. .--.
Jacksonville -...--- Duvall... ss. A.S. Baldwin, M.D...
Picolata s2e.Geo sees St: John’s... -... COR ae eton ce! | es a
Pilate eee ccee ns Putnam: --25-- G. D. Robinson.......-
"OCala hese ete aeces Marion acc i= Edward Barker ....---
Welborn ie--22--2: Suwannee -..2|(G. Bsbhralls (2235) ses
TEXAS.
Clarksville......-.-. Red River ....| J. M. Anderson..-...-..
Near Clarksville. -..|---.do .-...---- Allen Martin 5-6 5aa02
ORS bOR Jae. - oe ==: Harris: ccs Miss E. H. Baxter... --
Clear Creek..----.. Galveston. ..-- George N. Leoni -.....-
Greenville ......--. Munteereesces ‘Samuel Davis eaeeasse
Sandys eis. 5 Burleson. -.--. BIS. Wiad@eet ce cece ot
Blnittss ese. eae ess Fayette ..---- Joseph Fietsom..----.-
Clinton! 22.355. .326/25 DeWitt..----- AC C2Wihite: =x eee
Asistin: AtGs oes = DDravis -ise5 cso J. Van Nostrand .....-.
San Antonio....... Bexarss seer eee Fred. Pettersen..... ..
LOUISIANA.
New Orleans...-..-.. Orleans ....-... Robert W. Foster. --
Shreveport .--..--- @addorzee. ine Ji. ER Carter ..oscacsee
Ponchatoula ..-..--- Livingston. ...] H. Collins............-
MISSISSIPPL
Marion Station ....| Lauderdale ...| Thos. W. Storer, M.D.
Gronadaieee..2s2: 2 Grenada .....- J.o: Paynes... v-Yaeerss
Brookhaven .-.----- Lawrence... .-.- Mrs. W. E. Keenan... -
Holly Springs... --- Marshall..-..-- Thomas B. Coleman. -.
ARKANSAS.
Clarksville.......-. Johnson ...--- WNGESCHE. < ....- cjeseuces
Mineral Spring ....| Hempstead ...| Harmon Bishop....-
TENNESSEE.
Etizabethton.-..-.- Cre hewis-=.aseceeee
Lookout Mountain. NECaHAe: Bancroft cases
Clearmont ......... TEP AW richt..-seseane
AGES 80 ee 2B, Calhoun: .sese:
Clarksville......... Montgomery ..| W. M. Stewart .....-..
Prenton): 5-52. =. Gibson -ee.--2: Wi. Grigsby <. 2a.
La Grange.....--.. Fayette.....-. W. E. Franklin, M. D.
Knoxyilles.:..--.. Knox s)rae-ee Jee Payne - -socsesee-
KENTUCKY.
Pine Grove ..-..---- Clark 2.232288 Sam’l D. Martin, M. D.
Louisville...-...-.. ' Jefferson...-..- Mrs. Lawrence Young.
Shelby City...-..-. BOVE i. esse. Howard Shriver ..--.--

i,

5, 6

Date.

15

3, 15, 18
2

Maximum tem-

ee
SSés

Date.

nimum tem-

perature.

is) Mi
|

tempera-

ture.

| Mean

65. 2

Rain-fall.

FURS Bes]
aa
on

425

4

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §c.—Continued.

State and station. County.
OHIO.

Salemi she eeeeee se Columbiana. - -
Painesville --...... alkeu- so! 42
Baldwin University | Cuyahoga. ....
Adams’s Mills....-- Muskingum ..
Pennsville ..-.-.-., Morgan ....--:
Obertiny.--et sus: -\: Lorain .-.-
Sandusky .-.---.-.-- HWe'So25.05-5-

BTSOn eee yee Soe emairon eee see
Worthebairteld:) 22]. ---d0.--9e5-542
Westerville >... .... Franklin. ---.-

North Bass Island ._| Ottawa

State Agr. College .| Ingham

f

Mam OM Ea ee y's 5 Marion) 234-5
Hillsborough.....-- Highland ..-..
EnGOM ote re oe ela Hardin» 522°
Bellefontaine Logan -....-..
Urbana University .| Champaign ...
Beuhel? see essa. Clermont ....
Carthagena .....---. Mercer aoe ee
Ramer ee. se ace Defiance. ...:.
Jacksonburgh ..... Butler 2225. .--
Omfordhs sear 25 sce Oke ee eee
Mount Auburn Ins.} Hamilton .....
Cumminsville-..--. BORA Gye eee Oe
Cmeinnaties2- SdOeeke ci
College Hill........ WOK OEE IoRoa se
MICHIGAN.

Detroit. 32-..-2--- Wayne ...--

Monroe City. --..-.- Monroe ...-- ee
AmmiAr bores = s-- Washtenaw. ..
‘Allpenar sos. sees. aie Alpena se. = 52

Olivet College...... Baton) 5-32. - ©:
Litchfield. ---..---. Hillsdale - ..-.
Grand Rapids. ..-.. ents 2 5b sso 52

Dolaceeesre 22 aS O ssp Sic cicss
Nonthportie- eee. Leelenaw .....
Benzonia esas - Benzie\.22...--
Copper Falls. -....-- Keweenaw....
Ontonagon......--. Ontonagon. ...

INDIANA.

- Fort Wayne ...-..- eal ene eee ae
Atinora ee fo- = 325-.- = Dearborn .....
Rising Sun...--..-. Ohio 722220 —- 5
\/GNCh neues same Switzerland. .
Mt. Carmel .....-... Franklin. .....
Spiceland!é2..25.--- Benry ys202 =!
Maconiat=-/3-..28.=,-- Harrison: ...-.-
Knightstown -.-.-.- Rush. 38.212.
Beech Grove.....-- SOBER Gite aan
Bloomington. ....-. Monroe ...---.
New Harmony...-.. POsSey 2 aso see
Meromis. 24. - ae st Sullivan .....-.

ILLINOIS.

Near Chicago...... @ookst e225 2
Hiyanstom 225 1292. -2\se- donstee 328
Marengo: he. ss5c2 =: McHenry .....
Mattoon... -+ 5-2: Colesisaiesnn:
Sandwich .....-.-.. De Kalbs-.3- 2
Mecatareescss aces. Macon? 22.2...
02) 0 | ee eee Peorlaessse se
Weaterloota4:-25--- Monroe .......
Dabo ees. Washington ..
Galesburgh.-....... Knox. -3254-:
Manchester. --....-. Scott.\.225 =.

Mt. Sterling ....... Browit see sc-5
Andalusiaie..s:---- Rock Island .

I | £

Oo o oO

n: 81 @

Observer. Date. | 2S | Date.| £8 | 28) 3

ES as|o"| &

me Aes A=

ss a © z

a | 4

1

Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
de HP ollockime: = 5. =. 3 88 22 36 | 59.6 | 0.25
Hy, che MORTISuseee. - =). 5, 6 80 |1s, 21, 22 44 | 59.3] 1.20
J. McK. Pittenger --.. 5, 6 85 30 40 | 60.5 | 1.50
Charles A. Stilwell... 6 85 30 34 | 59.7) 0.85
T. J. Bingham......--. 5, 6 90 21 38 | 63.6 | 0.80
S. Hertick Vessee: 2... 5 88 29 36 | 59.0 | 0.30
“Thomas Neill ..-...... 5 84 30 ot | DSnar 2. 07
Mrs. M. M. Marsh..... 5 86 30 39 | 61.0} 0.05
OWBurrass eee B45.) 64 30 | 37] 60.1] 0.29
Prof. John Haywood .. 6 86 30 32} 61.0} 0.25
Geo. R. Morton, M. D.. 5 89 29 46 | 63.4} 0.27
A. Prue; Mee: 5 87 30 34 | 58.9] 0.18
J. McD. Mathews. -.-.. 6 80 29 39 | 61.3 | 0.69
C. H. Smith, M.D ..... 5 94 27 AQ) | GS.Bitsewss
William Barringer. ... i 90 29 34 | 60.5 | 0.25
M. G: Williams: --...- 6 87 30 34.9 6155) |e 25
Giws Cranes 00 4,5,6,9| 84 30} 33) 61.9] 1.25
Prof. W. R. Mueller... 5 85 30 32 | 61.1] 0.49
‘A Cerwin) Soar can 5 88 30 31} 61.1 0. 40
J. B. Owsley, M.D.... 6 87 29 40 | 63.8] 0.50
R. W. McFarland..... 6 88 30 SL; | Glsay| 5 (07.39
Prof. Ti Wihite: - . =. - 6 84 30 40 | 64.4 0. 69
Jj. EL Shieldstsee..2-5. 4,5,6 77 30 36 | 60.6 | 0.90
G: We Harpersee.- 2s 6 88 30 38 | 64.5} 1.08
J. W. Hammitt......- 6 90 30 36 | 65.8} 1.00
F. W. Higgins ........ ews 30| 32/586} 1.04
Miss H. I. Whelpley -- 5 89 29 48 | 66.4} 0.25
Mrs. N. H. Winchell .. 4 86 29 36 | 60.3}. 1-10
Ji) Wie x ton acon ee 23 15 21 38 | 50. 7 2. 00
Prof. R. C. Kedzie : 5 96 21 31 | 58.04 0.79
Prof. A. F. Kemp. ..... 4 86 29 31 | 56.8] 1.85
Re Bullard) 2. eeeeee see 45 86 29 29 | 57.9 | 0:90
E.S. Holmes, D. D.S -. 5 92 29 31 | 59.3 | 1.94
EE Strong! seme soa 5 &6 29 31 | 57.4] 0.76
Rev. Geo. N. Smith... 4 88 29 38 | 57.0} 2.25
William Wilson ...-.. 4,5 83 21 31 | 56.2} 2.40
S. H. Whittlesey, M. D. 1 uo 21 31 | 51.4] 1.62
Edwin Ellis, M.D ..... Sule 19| 41] 56.9] 1.00
R.S. Robertson ....... 5 90 | 29,30 34 | 62.3} 0.50
George Sutton ........ 6 92 30 36 | 64.1} 2.65
Thomas E. Alden ..... 4,6 83 30 36 | 63:5) 1.75
Chas. G. Boerner ..... 6 88 30 37 | 63.9 | 0.47
J. A. Applegate...... 6 88 | Q9 47 | 65.6 | 2.00
William Dawson....-.. 4,5 on 30 32 | 60.0 | 0.28
Adam Crozier ........ 9 89 30 38 | 40.9 | 2.05
D. Deem .....- Brest 4 89 29; 33) 63.3 | 0.60
William S. Clark..._.. 6} 84 29} 35] 61.9] 0.45
Mallow & Kirkpatrick. 6 86 30 33 | 61.7] 0.35
John Chappellsmith -. 5 89 30 39 | 65.7 | 1.36
Thomas Holmes ...... 5 7 30 394 PONG Reade ae
Samuel Brookes ...... 5 95 29 SF 5), 62. OH} ose
Oliver, Marcy 222. .42-- 5 89 29 37 | 60.8} 0.66
JalWi id) AMOS eo neeeee ae 5 89 29 29 | 57.8; 0.68
Wi. BH. Henry bese ae 5 97 29 38 | 66.4 | 1.25
INE: Ballou seeeeeeee 3 90 29 32 | 60.5 | 0.40
Timothy Dudley...... 9 95 28 34 | 64.6 | 0.25
Fred. Brendel... 1-4. 5 93 29 34 | 63.9 | 0.65
Chas, Jozefe. sce. 5s5- 4,9 88} 29,30 39 | 63.4 0. 55
iW. C.'Speneer!aee5) 2! 6 93 29 38 | 68.8} 0.23
W. Livingston........ 4,5 85 21 40 | 62.5} 0.90
J. & C. W. Grant...... 5 92 |27, 28,29) 42 | 66.2} 0.08
At Dun Canis. cess: 5 86} 21,30; 45 | 64.7] 1.20
M. B. Bowman........ Siler ea 99} 31 | 61.9] 0.21

426

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

SoU @m

é AY Ae
2 7] cy
Yo ae A =)
: =e ge| es d
State and station. County. Observer. Date. | = | Date | 55 )48) 4
ES abe ian
ie ae|8 | 4
a : S a
Ss Se
ILuiNois—Cont'd.
Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
Augusta...-------- Hancock. ....- od Ceo Re ooo = 5 87 f 29 36 | 62.5} 1,55
21, 26,
Wrarsuwe as-- =2---5 $2200 ses see | B. Whitaker .....-.-.. 5 93 }38 29, ; 44 | 64.9; 1.00
@Qnincy =e. 22> =~ Adams .....-. Frank J. Heance------ 4] 92 26| 38/646] 260
WISCONSIN.
Sturgeon Bay ------ Woon. 2-05 ss: Bo Me Wright: -2--=--- | 5 85 20 35 | 57.6 | 0.25
Pingeham 2: -- 2s. --- | Sheboygan....| John de Lyser --.----- 5 7 29 ps Sirf Ea
Milwaukee ..-..--. Milwaukee ...| J. A. Lapham -..------ 4{ 91 29| 34) 58.9] 0.60
Genevaw s+) -ae-2 22 Walworth ....| W. H. Whiting--....-. 4,5} 93] 29,30) 34) 58.5! 0.45
Waupaca -.-------- | Waupaca ...-- H. C. Mead. .---------- z 87 BO) VSO B02.
Embarrass. -.------- ado eee se B,D Breed: 622s ae ay 86 29 30 | 581] 0.37
Madison ...:------- Dane! = 452<--- 4 W. W. Daniells-.----- 4 88 28 40 | 59.8) 0.47
Edgerton -.+..----- ROCK? <222-2-2 H. J. Shints ....---.--- 5| 94 29°) 34) 61.3) 0.70
Baraboo). 25--22.---- Sank. 2pecnisce M. C:. Waite. -----..--- 5 90 29 30 | 59.1] 1.50
New Lisbon ......- Juneau ....--- J... Dutigan - =... ----5: 2 89 29 5 al Ni Ror hl haan
Bayheldl pes se-(- 22 Bayfield ...... Andrew Tate......... 4 86 hencatetes =| oe oe eee bee oe
Mosinee .....------ Marathon..... John O'Donoghue. --.. 3 83 29 22 | 54.1] 4.90
MINNESOTA.
Beaver Bay.-.----- Take 234: ee Co Wyland), eee 2 81 29 36 | 55.4] 1.29
Reavers 6s 2.222 Winona-=--=-- J. KC. Winters. -_.-=- 23 82 29 32 | 56.6 | 2.30
Sibi eee As Ramsey. ..---- A. B; Peterson -.-.---- 3) DB 29 33 | 58.9 | 2.02
Atione so. scape Washington) | CASE RGR <2 na -- | eee ee eee 29 | ° 36 | 60.5 | 1.25
Minneapolis ----.-- Hennepin. ---. | William Cheney ------ 3 88 29 30 | 57.4] 2.25
Riblovsecee ee eee | Sibley 2 -2.5.2 C.W. &C. E. Woodbury 8 eg 28 25 | 57.9] 0.85
Tien neld 2552.2: Meeker -....--- H. L. Wadsworth ..--. 1 84 28 27 | 56.4] 0.50
New Ulm ...-....-... iBTOWH - 22-225. Charles Roos........--. 8 92 29 34 | 61.8 | 0.62
IOWA. |
. |
Dubuque % -222.--. | Dubuque --... Asa, Horr: jo 32 s= 22-525 4 88 29 31.(/S60n0, ee
Monticello -----.--. JONES 5-25-22 R. PrSmith:... 2 2eees 3 92 Q1 34 | 64.2) 0.50
West Branch.....- (*Gedars 2-25: A.M. Russell ...-...-- 4 93 29 QO MEO ML eles
Bowen's Prairie. ...| Jones ..--.---- S. Woodworth......- be ee Bi) 90 |19, 21,29) 40 | 58.4 |__....
Guttenberg ..-.---- Clayton. ....-.- J. P. Dickinson ..:...- 3,4,5 90 | 28,29 96) || Sarre
Mount Vernon..... inn’ es #1 Alonzo Collins.--...-. 4,5 89 28 33; || 62a vee
Towa Grby2- =-5: <2 Johnson .-----| TT Webarvgn cero: 2,4 86 29 30) (860) 6 ansn
Fort Madison .----- Mee. een eee | D. McCready. -....---.- 4,5 86 29 33 | 62.5} 0.50
Indepenfence. ----- Buchanan..-.. George Warne..--..-.- 4 93 29 27 | 62.5) 0.10
Near Independence.|....do -.....--. Mrs. D. B. Wheaton - -. 5} 93 29 SO WORM = 2
Rooksord soe. - 2 Wloyd oeeceae HE Wi Oye- ~~ sce seen 4| 85 | 29 BS) |hOBES) | eee
OTE ieee hee CoS tory 2 Soe Ernest Adams ...-..-- 5 92 20 34 | 61.2) 1.6
itn ee ae (Optra ese Sass MEV Ahsby 2226-22 5 87 | 26,29 34 | 57.0] 1.8
Fontanelle.......-- Adair -ee 02) A. F. & Julia A. Bryant 4 91 27 35. | \6OuMe |wrgny
Sail see as Bac: oe Pore Ds Nelson Jieert. a. 4,8 90 28 30 | 56.4} 2.5
Council Blnffs.-...-- | Pottawatomie.| Benjamin Talbot---.--. GF 88 28 35 | 61.1] 1.92
Teogant. 2 Habe 2a: Harrison...... Oe Re Sterns: 2 stesso 2 88 28 28 | 61.2} 3.10
Woodbing = 522—: a Baers Crp ds eee a Da Witter . ese s 8 94 28 32 | 61.1 | 2,60
AlvonaSoeesos2- = Kossuth .-..--- ds H. Warrent®...22- 22% 4 94 28 67h | oy A
MISSOURI.
|
St. Louis University) St. Louis.-..-.- F. H. Stuntebeck...-.- 9 89 29 44 67.4] 0,26
Hematite .....-.-.. Jefferson. -.-..-- Je ME Smith 29.2222. . 9 97 29 32 | 66.4] 0.48
Lv LT fe epee Se -'e Phelps stesso Homer Ruggles....-.- 9,17 90 29 26 | 61.6 | 0.05
Cave Spring -..---- Greene ...---- T. W. Coltrane} ..-...- 4,8,9,25 90 29 32 | 65.1 | 0.10
North Springfield -.| ...do -......-- EL MeCordl-e2ea-e- ,8 90 Q7 38 |-65.7 | 0.60
Mount Vernon. ...- Lawrence. .... W yatt Harris.222:2..2 HI 88 Q7 42 | 67.4] 0.35
Mrigeniee ce... 22--3 Holts William Kaucher ...-. 5 91 28 34 | 64.2] 1.13
@onmingsst.: 2 £2... eee Ce ees” Si Horace Martin..-..--. 4] 92 28} 33 | 64.51} 0.95
Weyadaie 222. .2----- 1 Vernon 92-222 Bid. Bond :-.esseaeeee 4 90 Q7 36 | 67.9 | 0.40
KANSAS. ;
PCWISOM sees = =~ «2 | Atchison....-- Dr. H. B. & Miss Horn. 8 92 | 28,29 36 | 65.3} 1,10
Williamstown. .----- Jefferson. ...-- John M. Cotton-.-...- 2 98 27 34 | 66.5 | 2,492
Paals.-- pee. = Mahan 22 20 es tT DSW alradee tees 4,5 92 27 35 | 66.1) 0.25
Baxter Springs. - --- Cherokee .....| Ingraham £& Hayland.} 5,7,8 88 FT 46 | 71.2] 0.30
Lawrence ...---.--- | Douglass -..... } EL Snow. ees sen 5 91 27 38 | 67.4) 1.49

427

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, §-c.—Continued.

State and station.

Kansas—Cont’d.

Holton
Le Roy
State A gr’l College.
Council Grove

Omaha Agency..--.
Santee Agency .-.-.

CALIFORNIA.

Monterey
-Mendocino City..-.
Taylorsville
San Diego.......-..

MONTANA.

WASHINGTON.

Cathlamet

OREGON.
Eola

County. Observer.
Jackson. ..-..- James Walters .-...---
Cofeyieeereaes J. G. Shoemaker -...-.-
Riley e255 4=5 Bs Wa Mind popes: 2 32:
IMomises--5--1- A. Woodworth. .------

| Getler oo eee ee }) WWE ami bree. 22
Sedgwick ...-. _A. G. Richardson. -..--
pOBA One ere eee R. M. Hoskinson .-----
Washington -.| Charles Seltz..-....-.-
SeEpyetoce=-ne Mrs. E. E. Caldwell... -
Blackbird... ... William Hamilton .-...

‘L'Eau quiCourt, G. 8. Troman

| C. A. Canfield

Monterey .....| C. A. Canfield .........
Mendocino..../ A. W. Thornton. -.-..---
iPlamas'2-\. =: Mary E. P. Ames..-.-..
San Diego..... G. W...Baries 482-3222
Missoula. .-..-- J.M. Minnesinger -...
Wahkiacum ..| Charles McCall ....-.--
4
PON as iz eee Thomas Pearce ...--..
Clatsop‘: -=-% Louis Wilson .......--

an tempera-

A E

oO oO
as ro
Date. = = Date. = =
AS as
Ke 3

3S os

= =
Deg. Deg.
4| 96 ag| 32
45| 96 97| 36
5| 91 a7| 39
5| 92 a7 | 38
5| 95 a7 | 40
45,61 790 a1 | 47
45} 90 a7 | 36
5 | . 93 og | 34
5] 91| 29] 34

620, 27,

g| 95 | Be a9 1 40
4| 97| 298| 28
13} 80 is| 52
61 %6 10} 50
4| g2| 1899] 42
23| 87/ 29:30) 58
21 99| 9,21! 40
10| 88 g| 42
10| 81 7| 44
9| %6 a| 47

ture.

AAR
= DW =

rar)
>

me OO De

Ry Me.
Ss

a
S

WII nwnnwooa’s

Rain-fall.

428

NOTES OF THE WEATHER.
SEPTEMBER, 1871.

Mt. Desert, Me.—Frost 9th, 21st, and 22d,

West Waterville, Me—Frost 14th and 22d; mean temperature 1.69
colder than the average of seven years; rain-fall 1.35 inches less than
the average of seven years.

Gardiner, Me.—Killing frost 15th; month cold and dry.

- Tamworth, N. H—Frost 9th and 12th; ice 15th; mornings and
* nights unusually cold.

Strafford, N. H—Hard frost 15th; snow on the mountains 30th;
. drought continues.

Amoskeag, N. H.—Month cold and calm; severe frost 22d and 23d.

LIunenburgh, Vt.—Frequent frosts; severe 14th and 23d.

fear St. Albans, Vt.—Virst frost 14th.

Castleton, Vt.—Frost Sth, 14th, 21st, 22d, 23d, and 30th..

Kingston, Mass.—A very dry and cold month.

Worcester, Mass.—Squall of hail 29th.

Lunenburgh, Mass.—Killing frost 22d ; coldest September since 1849.

Williamstown, Mass.—Severe frost 22d.

Southington, Ct—The month has been very dry, and the coldest in
eighteen years; 7° colder than last year, and 11° colder than in 1865.

Glasco, N. Y.—First frost 21st and 22d.

Middleburgh, N. Y.—Severe frost 18th, 20th, and 21st; the month has
been cold and dry.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—The coldest September in six years; mean tem-
perature 7° lower than in September, 1870; hard frost 21st, 22d, and
30th.

North Hammond, N. Y.—First frost 8th; hard frost 11th, 18th, 20th,
21st, and 22d. ’

Cazenovia, N. Y.—Frost 8th, 11th, 14th, 18th, 21st, 22d, (severe,) 27th,
and 30th.

Depauville, N. Y.—Lowest mean temperature in seven years.

Little Genesee, N. Y.—Very dry; springs have failed “for the first time
since the pale-faces have lived here.” '

Newark, N. J—Month remarkably cool, its mean temperature being
4° below the average of the month for the last twenty-eight years; only
seven of the preceding twenty-eight Septembers had so little rain.

Trenton, N. J.—Frosts 21st, 22d, and 30th.

Rio Grande, N. J.—Slight frost 29th.

Vineland, N. J—Light frost 22d, 23d, and 30th.

Fallsington, Pa.—Frost 21st, 22d,,and 23d; the coldest September in
twenty-two years.

Ephratah, Pa—Heavy frost 22d and 30th.

Carlisle, Pa.—Frost 21st and 22d; ‘“‘a cool and dry month.”

ag Pa.—Heavy frost 15th and 18th; month very dry and quite
cool.

Connellsville, Pa.—Frost 21st, 22d, and 30th.

Beaver, Pa.—Frost much earlier than last year; month has been dry,
and 3° colder than last year.

Dover, Del.—¥rost 21st and 22d.

Woodlawn, Md.—Frost 21st, 22d, 23d, 27th, 28th, 29th, and 30th.

Emmittsburgh, Md.—Frost 21st and 22d; month very dry.

Accotink, Va.—Month very dry andsmoky ; springs low; an unusual
amount of sickness.

429

Mount Solon, Va.—First frost 22d; first ice 30th.

Albemarle, N. C.—First white frost 30th.

Statesville, N. C.—Frost 27th, 28th, 29th, and 30th—three weeks earlier
than usual.

Gowdeysville, S. C—Frost 29th and 30th.

Moulton, Ala.—White frost 30th.

Picolata, Fla.— Rains frequent during the month.

Welborn, Fla.—Rain on sixteen days; 17th, ground covered. with
water; cattle “‘miring in the Woods;” the Suwanee River reported 6
feet higher than ever known by the oldest residents. ;

Blue Branch, Texas.—Rain the 13th—the first since the 8th of June
sufficient to lay the dust. “The water-courses were dry.” Wells
held out.

Ponchatoula, La.—Very hard rain, 18th.

Marion Station, Miss—Frost 28th ; crops have suffered seriously
from the limited rain-fall.

Clarksville, Ark.—Slight frost 30th.

Knoxville, Tenn.—First frost 30th.

Hlizabethton, Tenn.—Very little rain; streams running dry.

Shelby City, Ky—Drought excessive to the 12th; vegetation dried
up; forest trees suffered; 12th, 13th, and 14th, copious rain ; frost 28th,
29th, and 30th.

Adams Mills, Ohio.—First frost 21st—several weeks earlier than usual.

North Bass Island, Ohio.—Yarth completely parched ; crops suffering
from cold and drought. .

Westerville, Ohio.—Frosts 21st, 22d, 29th, and 30th.

Urbana, Ohio.—Rain Jess than for any month for the last twenty
years.

Oxford, Ohio—Smoky from 8th to 30th; frost from 22d to 30th.

Grand Rapids, Mich—Heavy shower 2d; first frost 6th; hard frost
29th and 30th. .

Ann Arbor, Mich.—Frost, 18th, 20th, and 21st.

Grand Rapids, Mich.—Fine weather most of the month.

Litchfield, Mich—Heavy frost 20th and 21st; springs very low;
ground unusually dry ; muck in several marshes on fire.

Rising Sun, Ind.—Month very dry ; Ohio. lowest this year 24th.

Mount Carmel, Ind.—Greatest rain in same time in two years 4th;
smoky 13th and 14th; first frost, 21st.

Vevay, Ind.—Twelve mornings foggy; month extremely dry; Ohio
River so low that steamers run with great irregularity.

Beech Grove, Ind.—Very smoky 5th to 18th; frost 21st and 22d.

Fort Wayne, Ind.—First frost 8th; heavy frost 21st, 22d, 26th, 28th,
29th, and 30th. ,

Mount Sterling, Iil—Month remarkable for drought; pastures dried
up and:farmers obliged to feed stock; many wells dry.

Sandwich, Ill.—Frost 21st and 29th; the drought exceeds any ever
known here. {

Chicago, Tul. Weather fine and cool.

Embarrass, Wis.—Light frosts from 7th to 14th; hard frosts late in
the month:

Sibley, Minn.—First hard frost 28th.

Minneapolis, Minn.—“ The coolest September in three years, and the
driest in five.”

Algona, Iowa.—Rain 5th, 9th, 13th, and 15th; frost 28th and 30th.
: Independence, Iowa.— No rains this month; streams very low; wells

ry?

430

Council Bluff, Towa.—Frost 26th, 27th, and 28th.

Hematite, Mo.—Very smoky 16th, 25th, and 26th; month remarkably
dry.

Nevada, Mo.—Month dry and hot; an early frost 27th.

Oregon, Mo.—Sprinkling showers 10th, 11th, and 13th; heavy frost
27th and 28th.

Atchison, Kans.—Very smoky 24th, 25th, and 26th; white frost 27th.

Williamstown, Kans.—Dense haze 26th; heavy frost 27th.

LeRoy, Kans.—‘ Month dry; ground dry and hard; streams low;
but little plowing ;” frost 27th.

Bellevue, Neb.—Hard frost 26th.

Harrisburgh, Utah.—“ A very dry month.”

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MONTHLY REPORT

OF THE

NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER,

L871.

WASHINGTON:.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1871.

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MONTHLY» REPORT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
STATISTICAL DIVISION,
December 16, 1871.
Str: I present herewith, for publication, a digest of the reports of
statistical correspondents upon the quantity and condition of the later
crops of the season, with occasional extracts from such correspondence ;
also articles on wheat deterioration, value of corn-fodder, agricultural
societies and farmers’ clubs, notices of recent stock sales, notes from
the garden, entomological record, chemical memoranda, scientific notes,
a table of market prices of farm products, a meteorological record, and
& variety of other matter from the correspondence of this division.
J. R DODGE,
Statistician.
Hon. FREDERICK WATTS,
Commissioner.

CONDITION OF THE CROPS,
CORN.

The corn area was greater in 1871 than in any former year. In June
and July the prospect was favorable for a larger aggregate than in the
great corn year, 1870, which exceeded the yield of the preceding year by
& quantity greater than that which represents the advance made from
1859 to 1869. The corn crop of the latter year being small, while the
wheat crop was exceptionally large, a comparison of the figures for the
decennial periods will very inadequately represent the average increase
of either crop in the past ten years. The first indications of damage to
corn were received in June from many points in the West where worms in
sod lands were more destructive than usual. Some injury was wrought
by frost in northern New England as late as June 24. In July the con-
dition of maize was reported above an average, though chinch-bugs were
becoming numerous in the Ohio basin. Growth was slow in moist, cold
soils in the Allegheny region till July i. In August the effect of drought
became manifest in different portions of the west, and of the Gulf States.
The ravages of the chinch became more severe in the Western States, in
some localities proving a scourge. With these exceptions, circumstances
were highly favorable to vigorous growth and thorough ripening. In the
districts parched with drought, rich soils, deeply plowed and well cultiva-
ted, generally yielded heavy crops ofsound corn. Neglected and shallow
culture, more than poverty of soil, wrought the ruin so frequently reported
in such localities.

434

The high temperature of August advanced maturation rapidly, and
when aided by drought caused premature ripening, leaving the kernels
shrivelled, loose on the cob, and not filled out to the point. In such
cases the harvest disappoints the expectation raised by the appearance
of the field. In northern latitudes frost appeared from September
21 to 30, causing complaints of soft corn. As a whole, the crop is about
an average, and in view of the increased area occupied, a large one. Com-
pared with that of last year, it is scarcely less in total number of bushels,
though somewhat lower in yield per acre. The estimate for 1870 was
1,094,000,000 of bushels, being 220,000,000 more than that of the small
crop of 1869, while a calculation of the local estimates of the present
gives a total product.of 1,092,000,000. The States producing less than
Jast year are Maine, Vermont, New York, Maryland, North Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas,
Tennessee, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, California,
Oregon. ‘The remaining States show an equal or an increased yield.
The quality compares favorably with last year in Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Virginia, Missouri 1 Minnesota,
Towa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oregon.

Androscoggin County, Maine—Extra in quality and quantity.

Kennebec County, Maine-—Grasshoppers destroyed, or nearly so, whole fields of corn,
beans, turnips, &c. In a few localities the yield of corn is larger than usual.

Aroostook County, Maine.—Most unfavorable season for corn in twelve years. There
. was more planted than usual. It is not universally cultivated here; wheat, oats, bar-
ley, and buckwheat being considered more profitable.

Coos County, N. H.—Injured by frost.

Windsor County, Vt.—Corn in many instances failed to ripen.

Orange County, Vt.—In many localities failed to mature before the frost of 2ist; hence
the product is smaller and of poorer quality than last year on equal acreage.

Orleans County, Vt—Muceh soft corn.

Caledonia County, Vt.—Injured in some localities by frost of September.

Addison County, Vt.—The season has been too cold for corn.

Norfolk County, Mass.—The crop would have been large but for depreciation by early
frost. The quality of that saved is very good; better than last year’s crop.

New London County, Conn.—Excellent crop, but the storms and warm weather have
tended to mold it a little and to injure the fodder.

Litchfield County, Seriously injured by worms and erasshoppers; in seme
towns nearly destroyed.

Albany County, N. ¥.—Poor crop; ripened badly.

Madison County, N. Y.—Injured by frest in September.

Delaware County, N. ¥Y.—Extra growth of stalk ; ears short and unsound.

Genesee County, N. ¥.—The drought has injured the crop more than was anticipated,
shortening the ears, and leaving the kernel smaller than usual. Corn-fodder is of the
finest quality.

Sullivan County, N. Y.—Injured by early frost.

Warren County, N. J.—Crop somewhat short,.but rather better in quality than was
anticipated. ‘

Ocean County, N. J.—Excellent crop.

Gloucester County, N. J—The summer having been cool and not dry, the crop is very
good.

Burlington County, N. J—Uardly an average on light sandy soil.

Lycoming County, Pa.—Ripened early ; finely eared, and perfectly sound.

Llk County, Pa.—F air crop on increased acreage ; quality injured by drought.

mae County, Pa.—The crop is not meeting expectations either in quantit iy or
quality

Beaver County, Pa.—Quality injured by drought, and in some fields the grain is loose
on the cob. Considerable soft corn.

Kent County, Del.—A good erop is being gathered in good condition.

Baltimore County, Ud.—Medium crop; quality g good. In fields properly cultivated
the crop is excellent; fields that were weedy and slothfully tilled yielded a heavy
crop of mullens.

Cecil County, Md.—Better yield than last year, but not equal to expectations before
husking; many short ears.

Howard County, Md.—Crop diminished by drought ; but on good land, where a good

435

sod was turned under for corn, the crop has suffered but little compared with that on
light and thin land.

“Goochland County, Va.—Best crop for many years. Some of the upland corn, which

was planted late, was injured by the dry weather of July and August.

Washington County, Va.—Crop, light; quality, indifferent ; cause, the drought.

Surry County, Va.—Best crop in ten years. Farmers are beginning to cultivate fewer

acres and to use more manure than formerly. Now that they have to work for them-
selves they find it profitable to use more brains and to save muscle.

Highland County, Va—Injured by drought and worms. Short crop but well ma-
tured.

Powhatan County, Va. rae 20 per cent. greater than last year, and of good quality.

King William County, Va.—Crop unusually heavy.

King George County, Va.—Yielding well; best crop since the war.

Culpeper County, Va.—Average. Very little unsound corn.

Prince George County, Va.—One-third better than last year.

Fairfax County, Va.—The supply of fodder will be less than usual, in consequence of
the drying up of the early corn crop, and the injury to the late crop by frost.

Scott County, Va.—Short crop. Drought.

Henrico County, Va.—Unusually large crop. Quality injured by wet weather.

Gloucester County, Va.—Season favorable and the crop would have been larger if the
cultivation had been even tolerable.

Rockbridge County, Va.—Corn has not dried well. It is too soft to crib, and it is
feared much will be lost.

Matthews County, Va.—Best crop since the war.

Haywood County, N. C.—Crop decreased by drought, and quality injured by storms.

Caldwell County, N. C.—Reduced 10 per cent. by drought.

Granville County, N. C.—Fully 10 per cent. better than in 1870. Turning out much
better than anticipated two months ago.

Transylvania County, N. C.—Lighter than usual; but about the same number of
bushels as last year on an acreage 15 per cent. greater.

Perquimans County, N. C.—Not equal to anticipations, but larger crop than last year,
on an inereased acreage.

Hertford County, N. C CG Unuswally fine crop, quantity and quality.

Lincoln County, N. C—Far better than expected two months ago, owing to fine
weather.

Rockingham County N. C.—Crop much better than supposed a month or two ago.

Henderson County, N. C.—With the 10 per cent. increase of acreage the product will
be equal to last year’s crop, but quality inferior, damaged by being blown down and
by continued rains.

Greene County, N. C.—Splendid crop in quantity and quality.

Sampson County, N. C.—Almost a failure on poor uplands; very good on lowlands.

Franklin County, N. C.—Increased product on increased acreage.

Duplin County, N. C.—Unusually fine on swamp lands; on uplands not more than
half a crop.

Gaston County, N. C—The corn crop of this year admonishes us in forcible terms of the
necessity of deep plowing, thorough preparation, and early planting. The few farmers
_ in this county who have obser ved these rules have made fair crops, notwithstanding
the long drought.

Stanly Co ounty, N. C.—Crop has turned out better in quantity and quality than an-
ticipated. Fewer rotten ears than usual.

Williamsburgh County, S. C—A failure in the northwestern corner of the county ;
other parts excellent crop.

Anderson County, S.C. —Drought reduced upland crop fully 50 per cent. ; a full aver-
age on bottom-lands.

“Cherokee County, Ga.—Fine erop on uplands; too wet for lowlands.

Milton County, Ga.—Crop has gathered much better than was anticipated; quality
very good.

Greene County, Ga.—Ruined hy high water on the lowlands after maturity.

Fayette County, Ga.—Tolerably good on well cultivated uplands.

Columbia County, Ga.—Proves less crop than anticipated.

Early County, Ga.—Reduced one-third by excessive rains.

Jackson County, Ga.—Turning out a little better than anticipated, though the crop is
poor.

Worth County, Ga.—Rotted considerably in the field.

Clayton County, Ga.—The wet season reduced the crop on bottom-lands at least 50
per cent., but the loss was made up on the uplands.

Douglas County, Ga.—Yield not so good as last year, but more planted.

Oglethorpe County, Ga.—Late corn entirely destroyed; crop mostly early.

Columbia County, Flan—About three-fourths of a crop compared with that of last
year, 10 per cent. of which is rotten, caused by the incessant rains. During the last

436

120 days-it has rained on my, farm 110 days, accompanied by heavy blows on the 17th
and 25th of August.

Alachua County, Fla—The storms had a disastrous effect on corn, beating it to the
ground and causing it to rot.

Jackson County, Fla.—In consequence of the drought of July the ears did not fill out
well. :

Orange County, Fla—The storms of August broke down a large quantity of corn, and
the ground was so saturated that in many places it was impossible to get the corn out
of the field; in consequence much of it sprouted; the acreage was much greater than
ever before.

Hamilton County, Pla.—Much damaged by wet weather.

St. John’s County, £’la.—Great loss from the storms.

Levy County, /la.—Crop short, but quality good.

Conecuh County, Ala.—Yield equal to last year; acreage increased.

Dallas County, Alabama.—Poor yield. Deeper plowing and more thorough prepara-
tion of the soil might have alleviated in a great measure the injury inflicted by the
drought.

Blount County, Ala.—Deficient in quantity and quality.

Yalabusha County, Miss.—Yield fully 25 per cent. less than last year; quality inferior.

Jefferson County, Miss —Almost a total failure; not sufficient to last us until March.

Jasper County, Miss —Almost a failure on bottom and prairie lands; upland crop
rood.

Pike County, Miss.— Rotting in the fields.

Lee County, Miss —Small, light, and badly worm-eaten.

Grenada County, Miss.—Unusually short; in many sections not half a crop.

Tishemingo County, Miss—Late corn affected by drought. Early crop very fine.
More corn, more acorns, and more hogs than in any other year since the war.

Rapides Parish, La—Not more than 5 per cent. of an average yield per acre.

Claiborne Parish, La.— Nearly ruined by drought.

St. Mary’s Parish, La—Even a greater failure than anticipated. In some localities
the crop hardly pays for harvesting. ;

Hast Ieliciana Parish, La.—At least 10 per cent. found to be rotten on gathering.

Red River Parish, La.—Interior in quantity and quality, but increased acreage makes
up deficiency. :

Grayson County, Texas.—Materially injured by drought; but the increased acreage
will make the product equal to the crop of last year. The best acre of bottom-land
entered for premium at our fair yielded 81 bushels; the best prairie, 63 bushels.

Matagorda County, Texas.—Injured by being blown down, which caused it to rot on
the ground. ‘There will be enough for home consumption.

Travis County, Texas.—Acreage increased 40 per cent.

Fannin County, Texas.—Larger yield than anticipated. On black land. this erop is
well matured and sound, almost verifying the opinion that corn can be raised on black
land without rain.

Coryell County, Teras,—Acreage increased 50 per cent. Produet reduced one-half by
drought.

Liberty County, Texas.—Crop reduced by drought, but the acreage was larger than
last year.

Austin County, Texas.—Owing to increased acreage the product slightly exceeds that
of last year.

Kendall County, Texas.— One-third of a crop. Drought.

Upshur County, Tecas.—Yield lighter than last year, but the grain is sound. Crop
about 15 per cent. short of last year.

Milam County, Texas.—A considerable surplus of corn.

Rusk County, Texas.—Corn does not yield from the field as well as last year.

Lampasas County, Texas —Equal in bushels to the crop of last year, a greater area
having been planted, but the quality is inferior. Drought.

Williamson County, Tecas.—Acreage 25 per cent. larger than last year. Yield abont
two-thirds as great per acre. Quality only fair.

Lavaca County, Texas.—Acreage increased 25 per cent., but yield per acre decreased.

Hardin County, Tecas.—Crop heavy, except in a few places.

Johnson County, Ark.—Acreage increased 25 per cent. ‘The drought has redueed the
yield 30 per cent. Quality 10 per cent. above average.

Washington County, Ark.—Yield 30 bushels per acre. The husks are thick, ears small
and. short.

Jackson County, Ark.—Very faulty, rotting, and has the heaviest shuck I ever saw,

Prairie County, Ark.— Large surplus, very little of which will.be needed for fattening
purposes, on account of the very heavy mast.

Carter County, Tenn.—Reduced crop. Drought.

A correspondent at Pocahontas, Arkansas, writes that in the counties of Fulton,
Sharp, Lawrence, Randolph, on the hilly country, and Craighead, Poinsett, Cross, Green,

437

St. Francis, and Phillips, along Crow ley’s Ridge, have made more than an average crop
of corn. Acreage of corn increased one-third, but less cotton.

Giles County, Fenn.—Very good crop—40 bushels to the acre.

Knox County, Tenn.—Much better than was thought last month.

Monroe County, Tenn.—Quality generally good. Injured in places by grasshoppers
eating the blades before the maturity of the crop.

Gibson County, Tenn.—Crop increased 20 to 30 per cent. in acreage, product, and
quality. :

Obion County, Tenn.—Drought injured the crop 25 percent. The prospect was for an
increase of 25 per cent. over last year.

Grainger County, Tenn.—Crop 50 per cent. short, and quality inferior.

Fentress County, Tenn.—Injured by frost and rain in the spring; by drought since, and
by lice upon the roots in June and July; yet the yield is an average one. ‘The quan-
tity needed will be less, owing to the abundant mast.

Dyer County, Tenn.—Crop unusually heavy and well mattred. Quality very fine.

Sevier County, Tenn.—Yielding much better than expected. Early corn, on good
ground well cultivated, is better than last year. Uncommonly sound.

Monroe County, W. Va.—In some neighborhoods a failure; in others a fair average
crop of good quality.

Marion County, W. Va.—Corn hard and ary, and a good crop gathered.

Harrison Couniy, W. Va.—Yhe most favorable season for corn that we have had tor
several years,

Tyler County, W. Va.—Product greater than last year ; quality not so good.

Boone County, W. Va.—Deficient in quantity ; quality excellent.

Taylor County, Ky.—Yields better than anticicipated in former reports.

Butler County, Ky.—Best crop since 1854.

Laurel County, Ky.—The early-plauted corn only matured ; that planted as late as May
11 was very light. x

Daviess County, Ky.—The erop will turn out about 1,000,000 bushels.

Anderson County, y.—Said to be the best crop since 1855.

Graves County, Ky.—The crop turns out better than heretofore reported. Nearly an
average.

Owen County, Ky.—Better erep than for several years.

Ohio County, Ky—Short in quantity, but quality superior, and with abundant mast ;
corn is likely to be cheaper than usual.

Henderson County, Ky.— Yield on bottom-lands reduced by drought; on uplands, little
affected ; quality, superior.

Russell County, Ky.—Much better than anticipated. In fields planted early on land
broken. deep the crop is better than last year. I have gathered half my crop, which turns
out 10 per cent. better than last season. Many of my neighbors who plowed shallow
will not gather half a crop. Grain sound and good. ;

St. Francois County, Mo—Yair crop, notwithstanding the drought; on deep-plowed
land 50 per cent. better than where the plowing was shallow.

Clinton County, Mo.—A late crop; chinch-bugs reduced the yield’ and injured the
quality.

Harrison County, Mo.—Yielding well; quality good; worth 20 cents per bushel.

Carroll County, Mo.—The drought reduced the crop to about an average; quality w
little below that of the crop of last year; the chinch-bug injured the quality.

Chariton County, Mo.—Injured by the chinch-bug; otherwise the crop would have
been very heavy.

De Kalb County, Xo—Deep-plowed land, well cultivated, has yielded a very heavy
crop; shallow-plowed, a very poor crop; grubs in all the fields, but did not injure the

_ctop on the deep-piowed land.
Nodaway County, Mo.—Splendid weather for gathering corn. Probably more corn in.
the cribs now than the whole crop amounted to last year; very dry and sound.

Holt County, Mo.—Crop turns out much less than was thought last month; the grub
and the chinch-bug have destroyed perhaps one-third.

Vernon County, Mfo.—Superior crop. :

k Marion County, Mo—Crop unusually large, but grain light, from drought and chineh-

ug. ;

Madison County, Iil.— Nearly an average, but lighter than last year. ‘

Lawrence County, I11,—Reduced by drought and damaged by the chinch-bug. t

Macoupin County [1.—The drought has prevented late corn from filling as well as
usual,

Fairfield County, 11—Drought and chinch-bug have reduced the crop at least one-
third.

Boone County, [1.—Product about the same as last year en an increased area. Yield
per acre reduced by drought; also by hail, in the north, of the storm of July 30; grain
sound and dry. Selling at 28 cents per bushel. :

438

Winnebago County, 1L—Not yielding as well as expected before husking. Late crop
uniformly poor.

Williamson County, I11.—Crop 20 per cent. short, but the deficiency will be made up
by the abundant mast.

Carroll County, Ill.—Harvested unusually early. Yield above average in western
part of the county, say 50 bushels to the acre. In the southwest part, it is reported
10 per cent. below the crop of last year.

Sangamon County, 111.—Shortened by drought.

De Kalb County, J1l.—Three-fourths of a crop, but quality excellent.

Champaign County, I1l—Half a crop—grub-worm, drought, and chinceh-bug.

Elkhart County, Ind.—Reducead one-half by drought. ;

Noble County, Ind.—Corn generally matured, yet, from the dry summer, it is not a
full set.

St. Joseph County, ind.—Yield reduced 25 per cent., but with the increased acreage
the aggregate product will not be more than 10 per cent. short.

Marion County, Ind.—Not yielding so well as expected. The grain is found to be loose
on the cob, and chaffy in many instances.

Dubois County, Ind.—The drought prevented corn from filling to the point of.the cob.

Coles County, Ind—Yield reduced considerably by premature ripening.

Knox County, Ind.—In the spring the crop bid fair to be the heaviest ever raised in the
county, but the terrible drought greatly disappointed the farmers. I am past sixty,
‘and have never known such a drought before. ’

Steuben County, Ind.—Largely in excess of an average in quantity and quality.

Harrison County, Ind.—Injured by drought, but improved by favorable fall weather.

Lake County, Ind.—Much inferior to the crop of last year in quality, but equal in
quantity, owing to increased acreage.

Fayelte County, Ind.—Not so good in quantity or quality as was anticipated a month
ago. °

Hendricks County, Ind.—Owing to the cut-worm and drought the erep is considerably
below that of last year. 5

Martin County, Ind.—Reduced product. Crops on new lands generally satisfactory.
but deficient on old, and thin and dry rolling Iands.

Clark County, Ind.—Not turning out as well as expected ; much loose on the cob.

LaGrange County, Ind.—Short crop. Owing to drought, ears did not fill out.

Orange County, Ind.—Everyhody disappointed with the small yield and poor quality.

Perry County, Ind.—Corn looks well in the fields, but fails in gathering.

Franklin County, Ind.—Not equalin quality to the crop of last year ; loose on the cob.

Darke County, Ohio.—Larger crop than last year, but not so sound.

Defiance County, Ohio —Dry season reduced the crop on clay lands.

Morrow County, Ohio.—Crop better than anticipated.

Coshocton County, Ohio.—Best crop for many years.

Henry County, Ohio.—Short crop; drought; ripened well; much of it dry enough to
shell at time of husking. . 4

Logan County, Ohio.—Crop being gathered in the best condition, and, being sound,
will add much to the hog product.

Berrian County, Mich.—Large crop, but light in consequence of the drought.

Hillsdale County, Mich.—Suttered much from drought.

Cass County, Mich.—In superb condition.

Mecosta County, Mich.—Not so large a yield as expected, but the grain‘is sound.

Greene County, Wis.—Increased acreage will give a greater yield for the county.

La Fayette County, Wis.—Some fields have yielded 80 bushels to the acre.

Goodhue County, Minn.—Crop increased by increased acreage. Ripened well.

Meeker County, Minn.—Crop well matured.

Steele County, Minn.—Best crop we have ever had, both in quantity and quality.

Jones County, lowa.—Ripened too quickly to be of good quality.

Story County, Iowa.—Yielding much better than expected.

Muscatine County, Iowa.—Remarkable season for corn. Yield large in bulk, and the
magi is heavier than usual. Yield 100 bushels per acre in some instances ou bottom
and.

Woodbury County, Jowa.—Unusually good crop.

Chickasaw County, [owa.—A fine crop.

Floyd County, Iowa.—Unusually sound and dry.

Henry County, Iowa.—Best matured crop I have seen during a residence here of thir-
teen years.

Calhoun County, Iowa.—Injured by hail in some localities.

Adams County, Iowa.—Cheaper than at any time within fifteen years.

Dallas County, Iowa.—Less smut than usual.

Allamakee County, Iowa.—Stalks are larger, but the ears are smaller than last year.

Shelby County, Iowa.—Not so good as expected ; ears short, and not well filled out.

Johnson County, Towa.—Largest crop for many years; 60 to 80 bushels per acre.

439

Mitchell County, fowa.—An excellent crop.

Washington County, Iowa.—Such crops, for quantity and quality, never known here
before. ;

Crawford County, Kans.—Average yield 25 per cent. better than last year; average
largely increased.

Clay County, Kans.—Crop remarkably heavy ; ripened up well; yield 15 or 20 bush-
els per acre above an average.

Douglas County, Kans.—Much injured by chinch-bug; now selling corn at 20 to 30
cents per bushel.

Franklin County, Kans.—Yield not equaling expectations ; chinch-bug.

Washington County, Kans.—Yield not so good as anticipated, though better than in
years past ; the chinch-bug injured the crop.

Atchison County, Kans.—Some very good, some very poor, in consequence of the chinch-
bug, especially when planted near small grains.

Labette County, Kans.—In quantity and quality above the average of any that I
have seen this season in any of the Western States.

Butler County, Kans.—Better than ever before in this part of Kansas.

Cowley County, Kans.—In quantity and quality No. 1.

Osage County, Kans.—Very light; caused by chinch-bug and white grub. Chinch-bug
still alive by the million.

Cloud County, Kans.—Almost an entire failure, owing to drought. *

Anderson County, Kans.—Largest acreage and largest yield per acre ever grown in the
county.

Dixon County, Nebr —Temperature higher the past season thanever before known by
white men here. Hence corn did remarkably well. Potatoes not so well.

Cuming County, Nebr.—Very heavy crop, dry enough to shell as soon as gathered. The
trouble of farmers seems to be to find places to put their corn.

Cass County, Nebr.—Considerably above the average where not cut up by the hail-storm
of July. More than an average the county over.

Lancaster County, Nebr.—A perfect success ; ripening perfectly before frost.

Lake County, Cal.—Crops all matured well.

Fresno County, Cal.—Acreage double that of 1870. Quality of crop better also.

Box Elder County, Utah.—Attacked by grasshoppers in many localities just at the time
of silking, reducing the yield to not over 60 per cent. of that of 1870. Acreage increased
about 50 per cent.

Faos County, N. Mexr.—Far above average. Matured unusually well in this valley.

San Miguel County, N. Mex.—Far below average, owing to the drought.

Yuma County, Arizona.—A failure, owing to the drought. No overflow in the Colorado

tiver in three years.

COTTON.

The November returns relative to the condition and yield of the cot-
ton crop indicated a larger product than was expected in October, prom-
ising fully to make good the moderate expectations of July and August.
There were no killing frosts up to the date of these reports. In rich
and well-cultivated soils of the lower tier of States the plant was as
ereen and as vigorous as in summer. In some places the top crop was
maturing, though complaints of the immaturity or loss of the later
erowth are quite general. In the latitude of Middle Georgia, the squares
formed between August 25 and September 25, under favorable circum-
stances, made good cotton.

The principal cause of the reduction of the yield in Texas is drought;
in Louisiana, drought, insects, and black rot; in Mississippi, wet weathet
in spring, drought in summer, and in isolated sections the caterpillar or
boll-worm; in Florida, driving winds and floods, which occasioned nearly
total destruction of considerable areas; and drought has wrought more
or less injury in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. The yield per
acre, aS indicated by the November returns, is largest in Arkansas,
_ decreasing in the following order: Texas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louis-
iana, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida. The
more northern belt of the cotton States shows the least reduction from
their usual averages.

The tabulations for November are estimates for each county of the
total product of the year, expressed as percentages of the actual crop

440

of last year. These averages, adjusted with regard to the relative pro-
duction of the counties reported, give the following results for each
State: North Carolina, 80 per cent.; South Carolina, 68; Georgia, 67;
Florida, 58; Alabama, 73; Mississippi, 72; Louisiana, 65; Texas, 68;
Arkansas, 85; Tennessee, 90. A few counties in Virginia, Kentucky,
and Missouri make reports of much the same tenor as the returns from
North Carolina and Tennessee.

The quality of the fiber is reported good in all sections. A very small
proportion of discolored or trashy cotton has been gathered. Some
attention has been paid to improvement in quality by the use of the
Peeler and other improved varieties.

Many correspondents note the superiority in yield and comparative
exemption from disease under careful culture and judicious fertilization.

The cotton returns received in December are similar in tenor to the
November reports, fully sustaining the. moderate premise of improve-
ment upon the semewhat gloomy views presented in October. Yet the
change in condition is not so marked as to modify materially the pros-
pect foreshadowed in the monthly reports for July and September, except
that the growing season has been from 7 to 10 days longer than the ay-
erage of seasons, increasing the crop prospect at least 200,000 bales. The
latest returns would indicate an estimate almost identical with that of the
September report, for a favoring autumn, which “could scarcely bring
a crop exceeding three and one-third millions of bales.” Frosts have
been delayed till late in November, in some localities till the 20th, and the
weather has been generaliy favorable for picking without waste or dis-
coloring of fiber. A fair rendering of the recent local estimates, which
have been unusually numerous and complete, gives a total aggregate of
3,400,000 bales as the present expectation of the cotton yield of 1871.

Surry County, Va.—Small acreage. Red rust and cool weather have cansed the bolls
to fall off.

Prince George County, Va.—The area in cotton in this county has been extended this
year. The first planting was much injured by heavy rains early in May and much
had to be replanted, but the favorable season later, with the increased acreage, will
bring the product fully up to that of last year. The staple is very good.

Perquimans County, N. C.—Short of expectations; dronght caused shedding and
rast. The latter isour greatest drawback. An application of 30 to 40 bushels of good
wood-ashes, applied in the bottom of the furrow at the time of planting, comes nearer
to a specific than anything else I have tried.

Beaufort County, N. C.—Picking out better than expected. The season has been very
favorable, and most of the crop has been ginned and sent to market. I increase my
estimate 10 per cent. on ‘the October report, attributable to the favorable weather.
Good farmers will average 300 to 400 pounds of lint per acre; general average, 200
pounds.

Bertie County, N. C.—Product 25 per cent. less than last year; 200 pounds of lint
to the acre; quality fine.

Hertford County, N. C.—Crop not so heavy as last year, but the staple is better and
saved in fine condition. Increased interest has been taken in testing improved varie-
ties. The Peeler and the Dickson Prolific take the lead in productiveness and staple.
Improved plows have enabled farmers to cultivate this crop with much more ease than
formerly, and the general spirit of improvement is greater. Many farmers in this
county will produce 1,000 pounds seed-cotton per acre.

Pitt County, N.C.—A great falling off from the product anticipated early in the season,
yet we have made an average crop.

Lenoir County, N. C_—Much better than was expected in July and August.

Franklin County, N. C.—Favorable fall for cotton, and the yield will exceed the an-
ticipations of two months ago.

Craven County, N. C.—Better in quantity and quality than was anticipated when
October report was made.

Sampson County, N. C.—Mosily picked out. Crop will not vary much from three-
fourths of an average. The fall season has been favorable.

Newberry County, 8. C.—The crop has not improved with the fali season. The frnit is
too late to mature. Very little over half crop.

441

Kershaw County, S. C—The receipts at the depot in this place are 25 per cent. in ex-
cess of those for September and October of 1870. The excess falls in September almost
entirely, and is due to the early season, caused by the drought, which has so much
shortened the total product. Notwithstanding the drought, thorough culture and a
liberal (not excessive) use of fertilizers, even on lands most susceptible to the effects of
the drought, have secured 400, 500, and even 600 pounds of lint to the acre. Such
treatment has been exceptional. f

Williamsburgh County, S.C.—The early pickings were very good, but there is very
little fruit on the center or top of the plants. The harvest is now nearly over ; it ordi-
narily runs into December.

Marlborough County, S. C.—No late crop. The stalks are full of forms and smail bolls,
which will be killed before maturing. Most unfavorable season in thirty years.

Lexington County, S. C-—The late fail is adding something to the crop.

Benneitsvile, 8S. C., November 30.—The black frost and freeze of the 16th, 17th, and Isth
of October killed ali the late bolls, entirely destroying all vitality. Plantations in this
neighborhood usually making ten to fifteen bales of yellow (from irost,) and late cotton
will not turn out a single bale this year.

Muscogee County, Ga.—Most unfavorable year since 1566.

Early County, Ga.—Reduced one-half by rains in early part of the season and by
storms of wind and rain after the crop had matured, beating it out and so mixing if
with the soil as to render it unfit for use.

Calhoun County, Ga.—Weather favorable since August 25, and most of the squares
from that time to the 20th September have matured.

Columbia County, Ga.—Very short crop. The continued rains have caused consid-
erable rot in the bolls; much has been beaten out.

Lee County, Ga.—Weather favorable, but no material change in the crop can result ;
about two-thirds of an average.

Fayette County, Ga—When well fertilized and properly cultivated, on ground not too
much drenched, has done well for the year. Our county, though behind many others,
is manifesting increased interest in improved modes of culture and the use of fertilizers.

Upson County, Ga.—The poorest lands have made nearly a full crop, while the best
lands have fallen short nearly one-half; average, 70 per cent. of a full crop. The sec-
ond growth amounts to nearly half a crop, not a pod of which can mature,

Fulton County, Ga.—Favorable weather is increasing the yield, and the lint is equal
to the crop of last year in quality.

Gwinnett County, Ga.—Quality good; no yellow cotton ; no top crop.

Oglethorpe County, Ga.—A luxuriant “second growth,” which is a serious injury, as ié
makes nothing and impairs the maturing of the old wood of the stalk. ™

Chattooga County, Ga.—The fall has been especially favorable to cotton.

Stewart County Ga.—Quality of lint better than for five years; clear and white; no
sand or trash; in quantity about half an average crop.

Douglas County, Ga.—Wilk turn out better than anticipated, owing to the lateness of
frost; area planted 25 per cent. less than last year; very little guano used.

Cherokee County, Ga.—A few farmers make 400 pounds of lint to the acre, but many
acres yield at the rate of 100 to 200 pounds only.

Milton County, Ga.—Owing to the late fall, the crop will be nearly an average in
quantity, and a full average in quality.

Harris County, Ga.—Cotton is not haifa crop. For the surrounding counties if may
reach five-eighths. ;

Orange Mills, St. John’s County, Fla—The heavy storms have almost to tally destroyed
the crops for fifty miles around here.

Levy County, Fla.—Much short of an average crop. It is thought the crop of the
county will be under 100 bales; some think not over 50; last year 200 bales.

Santa Rosa County, Fla—Sunday night, November 11, clouds came up from the south-
west, and the rain literally poured; a box ten inches deep was found to be full, and
how much ran over is not known. The wind shifted to the north and cleared up, and
and on the 14th, 15th, and 16th there were very heavy frosts, the first of the season.

Hamilton County, Fla—Much damaged by storms.

Orange County, Fla.—Acreage small; completely destroyed in many places by the
storm.

Gadsden County, Fla.—I have planted cotton since 1828, and have no recollection of so
unpropitious a season as the present one during the entire period. Where the crop
escaped the rust it was attacked by the caterpillar.

Jackson County, Fla.—Improved tive per cent. since last report. The crop will aver-
age about 150 pounds of lint per acre.

Alachua County, /la.—A disastrous year for East and South Florida. The prospect
for sea-island cotton and corn was hardly ever better up to the time of the storms
which swept these sections the latter part of August. The cotton was thrashed out
where opened, and the young bolls were destroyed in great part. In some sections of
Kast Florida the failure is almost total, and in no part is there more than half a crop.

442

Columbia County, F'la.—Cotton (sea-island grown here) much injured by the heavy
blows and constant rains, which caused it to. sucker badly and to throw off much of
the immature fruit; ‘vhile the want of sunshine has caused much of the matured bolls
to rot. The cotton gathered is badly stained and can hardly rank above ordinary.
The late picking much the best. The yield will not exceed 70 per cent. of the erop of
last year.

Lauderdale County, Ala.n—Drought, poor stand, and, in many instances slovenly culti-
vation, have reduced the crop to one-half an average. The yield of lint is 100 pounds
to 300 pounds seed-cotton.

Calhoun County, Alaa—The favorable fall season will not materially inerease the pro-
duct, as the bolls that should be maturing dropped off.

Dallas County, Ala.—Five-sixths of the crop gathered.

Colbert County, Ala.a—Four-fifths of the crop gathered, free from dirt or stain; conse-
quently of superior quality.

Lowndes County, Ala.—Crop gathered; opened well; staple good.

Blount County, Ala.—The plant is small, with fewer matured bolls than usual. In
quality, a full average crop.

Autauga County, A ia.—Many of the large farmers have finished gathering their cotton.
Owing to the drought the cotton ceased to make after the 15th of July.

Clarke County, Ala.—Favorable season. will augment the crop to some extent.

Geneva County, Ala.—The crop will exceed that of last year. The top crop heavy
and of good guality. 7

De Soto County, Miss.—Cotton going to market rapidly, and the good price gives our
county quite a prosperous look.

Jefferson County, Miss.—Will hardly average two bales to the hand, or about one-
fourth of a bale to the acre. The lateness of frost has been of material ‘advantage.

Rankin County, Miss.—Average of lint not over 150 pounds to the acre.

Lauderdale County, Miss. —No cotton made since September 1.

Pike County, Miss.—At least one-fourth less than last year. :

Hancock County, Miss.—Sea-island cotton grown here. Crop about the same as last
year. The yield per acre could be increased “by judicious manuring. New varieties of
sea-island cotton-seed would be of benefit.

Grenada County, Miss—Short one-half compared with the crop of last year. Bad
culture has added to the depreciation.

Noxubee County, Miss—Mostly gathered. On sandy land, elevated, and well culti- -

vated, the crop is equal to that of last year; on prairie lands well worked, a good crop;
on slough and. bottom lands, from bad cultivation and the wet spring, not more than
halfa crop. Aggregate yield fully three-fourths of last year.

Jasper County, “Miss.—Cut off by boll-worm and army-worm, after being seriously in-
jured by wet weather and succeeding drought.

Washington County, Miss.—The favorabie season has improved the prospect at least 10
per cent. No killing frost in October.

Rapides Parish, La.—Cotton has pressed out even worse than anticipated. Crop
nearly picked and ginned. Not more than one-sixth of an average yield per acre.

Richland Parish, La.—Not much, if any, over half a crop. Drought, rust, blight,
boll-worm, and army-worm.

Washington Parish, La.—Late crop ruined by the worms; fully one-third cut off by
them.

East Baton Rouge Parish, La.—Favorable fall weather has done much to improve
cotton, and much remains to be picked, which will be gathered if laborers can be
retained. Many, however, will be taken off to the sugar plantations, where wages are
higher. The probability i is that much cotton will be left in the fields to waste.

‘West Feliciana Par ish, La.—Short crop. In spite of all drawbacks, small patches,
highly manured and well cultivated, have produced splendid crops, showing that it
pays to cultivate good land well.

Tensas Parish, La.—Since last report cotton has depreciated. The drought has cansed
it to shed, the caterpillars have stripped off the leaves, and the black-rot has caused
greater destruction than both the other causes in many places. Forty-five per cent. of
a crop is a full estimate.

Claiborne Parish, La.—The boll-worm reduced this crop one-half.

Red River Par ish, La.—Damaged by the worm; acreage much decreased.

Leon County, Texas. —Not more than one-fourth of an. average crop. Drought from
May to the middle of September.

Grayson County, Texas.—The late fall has added much to the cotton erop.

Blanco County, Texas.—Short crop. Some farmers will not make any worth picking.
The weed was very small. Some cotton may yet mature, yet the worm has been eating
all the tender parts for about a week.

Cherokee County, Texas——Al\though a light yield in the seed, cotton is turning out
more than the usual proportion of lint. ‘The small erop will be beneficial in showing
the farmer that he can make more profit from a few acres well cultivated than from

443

more acres poorly cultivated. Farmers are learning that corn and cotton alone are not
so profitable as mixed crops.

Matagorda County, Texas.—Greatly injured by wet weather, the average being reduced ~
below the half bale per acre which the worms had left up to October 1.

Travis County, Texas.—Acreage decreased about 40 per cent. Average yield not
more than thirty pounds of lint to the acre. Have not had a good rain since May.

Fannin County, Texas.—Yield light. Staple good; probably the nicest ever gathered
in the county.

Liberty County, Texas.—Drought and the caterpillars have shortened the crop. The
culture of sea-island cotton is assuming some importance here, the contiguity of the
county to the Gulf coast rendering the locality favorable. The yield is 20 per cent.
greater than last year.

San Antonio County, Texas.—Excessive rains, together with the cotton-worm, have.
nearly finished the crop.

Falls County, Tecas.—About half a crop, with greatly decreased acreage.

Kendall County, Texas.—The desire for planting cotton is fast dying out, and oats are
being substituted, which seem to flourish and give a good yield.

Upshur County, Texas.—The plant is short, but has a better crop than earlier indica-
tions warranted. .

Red River County, Texas.— Notwithstanding the many disasters to the plant during
the season, this county makes a good crop.

Rusk County, Texras.—The worms have eaten all the leaves from the plants, destroying
the prospect for a top crop.

Williamson County, Texas.—Acreage decreased one-third. Yield of lint per acre not
over half as much as last year.

aoe County, Texas.—Less acreage than last yéar, but generally better, and better
handled.

Dallas County, Texas.—Cotton shed the squares, and did not bloom after July. Drought.

McLellan County, Texas—The crop all gathered, ginned, and eight-tenths sold at 124
cents, coin, per pound, about two-thirds of the cost of production. We cannot produce
cotton, averaging five years, for less than 12 cents per pound, coin; yet McLellan is
the best cotton county in the State three years out of five. Worms haye never
damaged a crop here. The want of more thorough culture and more reliable labor is
the difficulty. :

Uvalde County, Texas —Crop about 1,000 pounds seed-cotton, or 333 lint, per acre.

Arkansas County, Ark.—On bottom lands, fully 33 per cent. short ; and on the uplands
50 per cent. short.

Johnson County, Ark.—About 30 per cent. less than last year. Yield of lint per acre,
shout 175 pounds. Cotton picked before October 12 is white and free from trash and
sand.

Craighead County, Ark.—An average crop. The crop of 1870 was the best in 20 years.

Prairie County, Ark.—The September frost cut off all the young bolls. About three-
fifths of a crop. :

Monroe County, Ark.—Poor stand, drought, &e. Top crop almost a failure.

Tincoln County, Tenn.—The acreage in cotton has been reduced about one-half, but
the yield per acre is nearly double that of last year.

Dyer County, Tenn.—The crop consists principally of the July formation of bolls, and
will fall one-third short of the crop of last year. The lint is of good quality, and will
be handled much better than last year. ;

Rutherford County, Tenn.—Best yield per acre since the war.

. Haywood County, Tenn.—Owing to the very favorable season for picking, many young
; a which, it was supposed, could not mature, are now open, giving increased pro-
uct.

Hardin County, Tenn.—Reduced yield, but quality above average.

Giles County, Tenn.—Owing to the fine weather, cotton is yielding better than antici-
pated. Every boll has matured. Acreage short 33 per cent.

Lauderdale County, Tenn.—Crop better than thought at last report. From 50 to 60
per cent. of an average crop.

Williamson County, [1l—But half a crop, owing to the drought. The usual yield is
200 pounds of lint per acre.

POTATOES.

The total product of potatoes is reported larger than last year in all
of the Middle States aud in Georgia, Ohic, Wisconsin, Minnesota, lowa,
Kansas, and Nebraska. The average reduction in the Southern States
is 5 per cent.; the decrease in Illinois, 35 per cent.; Missouri, 20;
Kentucky, 20; Indiana, 15; Michigan, 34.

444

The following extracts from notes of correspondents are appended:

Aroostook County, Me-—Good and plenty of them. The Early Rose takes precedenes,
although Davis's Seedling holds high rank for a general crop. The latter is of good
quality, yields well, and is the most hardy variety we cultivate.

Coos County, N. H.—Late crop injured by frost. ‘

Orleans County, Vt.—Lighter than last year and more disposed to rot. Early Rose
most affected.

Norfolk County, Mass.—In excess of the crop of last year, and the quality is much
better ; little affected by rot as yet.

Suffolk County, Mass.—Potatoes very small; suffered from drought.

New London County, Conn.—Good yield; complaint of rot in some localities, and

_also of worms.

Albany County, N. Y.—Not very good; rotted in some localities.

Delaware County, N. Y—Favorable season for potatoes, and in some parts of the
eounty they are selling at 30 cents per bushel.

Genesee County, N. ¥.—Much above average in quality.

Suffolk County, N. Y.—Better than last year in quantity and quality, although there
ig some rot. ; re 4

Warren County, N. J.—Extra in quantity and quality ; a few show signs of rof, but
to small extent.

Ocean County, N. J.—Some rot, especiaily in moist land.

Gloucester County, N. J—The cool weather in August and September caused a defi-
ciency in the crop of sweet-potitoes. ‘

Camden County, N. J.—Contrary to expectations sweet-potatses are a light crop and
of indifferent quality. :

Lycoming County, Pa—Quality very fine; early crop full; late varieties few in the
ground but large and good.

Delaware County, Pa.—Rotting to some extent. p

Kent County, Del.—Late crop much better than anticipated.

Prince George's County, Md.—Potatoes a failure.

Washington County, Va.—Owing to the excessive dry weather the crop is light and
quality inferior.

Surry County, Va—Below average, except in particular fields. A few farmers mado
excellent second crops. Sweet-potatoes abundant and good; a few failures.

Prince George County, Va.—The low prices of 1869 caused a decrease in the area
planted in potatoes last year. This year the acreage was increased fully 30 per cent.

Henrico County, Va.—Deficiency in the early has been made up by the late crop.

Highland County, Va.—Injured by rot and bugs.

King William County, Va.—Crop best for years.

Nansemond County, Va.—Many farmers replanted, about August 15, a part of their
Trish-potato patches with small whole potatoes of the early summer digging, (Karly
Rose almost invariably.) The result is a heavy crop of late potatoes, fully equal to the
spring crop on the same area, without additional manure.

Chowan County, N. C.—Sweet-potato crop reduced by cool nights and dry weather.

Gaston County, N. C.—Sweet-potatoes have grown beyond all expectation since the
rain-fall of September; fully three-fourths of a good crop.

Stanley County, N. C.—Early crop good; late varieties are utter failure; in but few
instances will the seed be returned.

Anderson County, 8. C.—Only those potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) which are planted in
the spring will grow here. I planted six acres of the Pink Eye and the Early Rose in |
July, and manured with cotton-seed meal and dissolved phosphate—one part of the
latter to four of the former—and not one ina thousand sprouted. In August the
ground was plowed and sown with Swede turnips, of which a very good crop is now
growing. The land was irrigated for the latter crop.

Butts County, Ga.—I have my second crop of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) from seed
raised this year. The tubers are now ripe, and tops dead or yellow. With proper eare
in preparation I seldom fail to make a second crop.

MeIntosh County, Ga.—Badly damaged by heavy rains.

Liberty County, Texas.—Sweet-potatoes reduced somewhat by drought.

Coryell County, Teras.—Sweet-potatoes almost a failure.

Falls County, Teras.—Sweet-potatoes alinost a total failure.

Williamson County, Texas.—A full average crop of Irish potatoes. They keep in this
climate about three months. Now nearly out of market. Seed renewed every year

from the North. Not one-half a crop of sweet-potatoes, owing to the drought. A few
full crops on irrigated lands. ;

Jackson County, Ark.—I\rish potatoes almost a failure; quality poor. ;

Monroe County, Tenn.—Early crop ruined by frost in May ; late crop by drought and
bugs. Sweet-potatoes greatly improved by seasonable rains and fine fall weather.

Wilson County, Tenn.—Seriously injured by late spring frosts, and subsequently by

445

the bug. Swect-potatoes were never finer—50 per cent. better than last year in quan-
tity and quality. Turnips far above an average.

Humphreys County, Tenn.—Late crop almost a failure. Sweet-potatoes short, but
quality good.

Pocahontas County, W. Va.—Product and quality affected by drought.

Tyler County, W. Va.—Product and quality better than last year; especially the Gar-
uet and the Early Rose, the former yielding 160 bushels to the acre.

Nicholas County, Ky.—Injured by drought; the earliest the best. Sweet-potatoes
good,

. Anderson County, Ky.—As good a crop as has been known in many years.

Owen County, Ky.—Large crop of sweet-potatoes; single potatoes weighing 6 to 8
pounds.

Russell County, Ky.—I have lost more than half my potatoes from rot.

Harrison County, Mfo.—Very fine; worth 20 cents per bushel.

Douglas County, Mo.—Bug has done much damage; the yield much better than ex-
pected.

Cole County, Mfo.—Crop has suffered from the bug, the drought and rot, which latter
is rather severe in many fields.

Pent County, Mo.—Bug destroyed the crop.

Sangamon County, Ill—Crop shortened by drought. Sweet-potatoes improved by this
cause.

Marshall County, 1t.—Only half a crop; quality good.

Champaign County, Ill—Nearly an entire failure; drought.

Dubois County, Ind.—The bug and the drought reduced the crop materially.

Coles County, Ind.—Large fields failed to develop a single tuber. Causes, the bug and
the drought. In some instances where Paris green was used on early-planted crops
the yield is fair.

Hancock County, Ind.—Crop short in quantity; quality as good as last year. Bugs
injured the crop.

Ripley County, Ind.—Crop a little short, owing to the bug. The bugs came in such
force tlfat many farmers made no effort to destroy them, and they destroyed the vines
entirely. I made war upon them day after day and subdued them sufficiently to raise
a fair crop. I planted for early potatoes the Early Rose, Early Goodrich, and White
Sprouts. The Early Rose and the White Sprouts rotted badly after they were dug.

Steuben County, Ind.—Poor crop; bug and drought.

Harrison County, Ind.—Injured by dry weather and bugs.

Pulaski County, Ind—Late crop good; suffered little from the bug. Early crop in-
jured by the bug. Average, about 100 bushels per acre. By manuring and careful
attention, with a fair season, 200 to 300 bushels per acre can be grown.

Perry County, Ind.—All that were put in late have failed. The early crop was so fino
in quality and quantity as to increase the aggregate preduct. The acreage was in-
creased also.

Lagrange County, Ind.—The Peach Blow, being late, was injured by the bug and by
dry weather. Many are raising sweet-potatoes, for which our soil and eliinate appear
to be suited.

Darke County, Ohio—The largest and best crop ever raised here.

Coshocton County, Ohio.—Best erop for many years. ;

Washington County, Ohio.—The Early Rose made a good yield in some instances, but
the variety is not valued highly, except as an early potato. ‘The Peach Blow, which
is our principal crop, was stinted in growth by the drought, and is consequently infe-
rior in quality.

Berrien County, Mich.—Good yield, owing to the free use of Paris green. Quality
superior.

Montcalm County, Mich—Many farmers have not raised a potato. Selling at $1 25
per bushel.

Tuscola County, Mich.—Injured by the bug. The crop is a failure where the bugs
were left unmolested. Hand-picking and Paris green are the remedies principally
relied on.

Ottawa County, Mich.—Injured by the bug, but what we have are of good quality.

Cass County, Mich.—Quality good. We are making encouraging headway against
the bugs.

Waukesha County, Wis——Crop a full average, andof good quality. The bugs appeared
to have destroyed them, but in three weeks nearly all the bugs disappeared. Some
persons insist that they picked and destroyed the bugs, but potatoes that were not se
picked over are as good as those that were. ;

Rice County, Minn.—Very large yield, and quality excellent. The first season in a
number of years that the crop has escaped the ravages of the bug.

Goodhue County, Minn.—Not extensively planted, but the yield is much better than
for two or three years past—less damage by bugs.

446

Sicele County, Minn.—Good crop; quality fair. Injured less by the bug than for
several years. .

Muscatine County, Iowa.—Good yield ; prices making the crop one of the most profit-
able of the season.

Butler County, Kans.—Best crop ever known in the county.

Lancaster County, Nebr.—Very fair quality, but not more than average yield.

Fresno County, Cal.—Acreage decreased 20 per cent., but quality of potatoes much
improved. An increase in quantity and quality of sweet-potatoes, attributable to the
dry season and improved irrigation.

Linn County, Oreg.—Season unfavorable to all root crops, except potatoes. The im-
provement in this crop is attributed to better cultivation and improved varieties.

Lillamook County, Oreg.—Injured by frost, but we have potatoes weighing upward of
four pounds.

Chehalis County, Wash—Drought caused a failure in the potato crop.

Clallam County, Wash.—Injured by early frost.

BUCKWHEAT.

This crop is a light one in nearly every State. In northern locations
it was injured by frost. Failure to fill well is frequently reported, even
when a good growth of straw was made. Drought in the season of
germination or growth, has been an influential cause of failure.. In
Marshall County, Illinois, ‘not an acre of buckwheat was harvested.”
In Henry County, Ohio, little was sown, because the ground was too
dry to plow, and a ripened field was unknown to our correspondent there.
In some counties in Iowa it was scarcely worth cutting; in others a
good crop was secured.

TOBACCO.

The product of the following States is reported above an average:
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Illinois, Ohio,
Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kansas. An average product is reported in Mis-
souri and California; Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and North Car-
olina, the prominent sources of the supply, show a decrease. The fol-
lowing notes are appended:

Tolland County, Conn.—The tobacco crop is almost unprecedented in quantity, but
the quality cannot be fairly determined yet, as it is not fully cured.

Hartford County, Conn.—Considering quality and quantity, the crop is 50 per cent.
better than last year.

Bucks County, Pa.—The tobacco crop is confined to a few townships in the southern
end of the county, but the area planted is annually increasing. ;

Prince George’s County, Md.—Short in quantity, but quality remarkably fine, owing
to the peculiarly favorable season for housing and curing. The crop will bring more
money than for years past. ;

Goochland County, Va.—Area planted not over one-third as great as last year; quality
of the crop very fine. Scarcity of plants and low prices caused the decrease in acreage.

Washington County, Va.—Injured by frost and drought,

Prince George County, Va.—Season very favorable, and I think I never saw a better
crop, quantity and quality, half-pound plants being common. Some of our best farm-
ers say that, owing to the constant failure of wheat, the cultivation of tobacco and .
cotton is likely to be much increased.

Orange County, Va.—Favorable season for tobacco, though the heavy frost of 22d
September damaged to some extent the late crop.

Henry County, Va—Late tobacco considerably injured by frost, especially on low
land. The supply of fine bright tobacco from this county will be very light; not more
than one-third as large as last year.

Nelson County, Va—Materially damaged by frost of 20th September on low and
exposed situations, which caused considerable of that crop to be cut before it was ripe.
After September 25th the weather became mild, and tobacco growing on high land
and in localities protected by forests and mountains, generally matured.

Campbell County, Va.—Extremely bad season. But little over half a crop.

Cumberland County, Va.—Crop much shorter than last year, owing to the dry weather
in the planting season. In cases where great care was taken (such as to place a clod of

447

earth or a small stone on each plant after setting out, to protect it from the sun, and
removing the same atter the plants had taken root 5) we secured a stand and a crop
above average.

Floyd County, Va.—A good average in quantity and quality.

Granville County, N.C ~—Owing to the scarcity of plants and the early drought not
more than half a crop was expected, but the later favorable weather insures fally
two-fourths of an average yield. This is one of the largest tobacco grow ing’ counties
in the State. A much larger proportion than usual has been cool cured, and some of
our farmers has already sold and delivered their crops at an average price of 25 to 30
cents per pound.

Moore County, N. C.—Injured by frost.

Gaston County, N. C.—Tobacco is attracting attention, and is returning flattering
results to the few engaged in the culture.

Geneva County, Alabama. —Better crop than ever before.—The Connecticut seed-leaf
tobacco is a complete success in this section. Product per acre at least one-third more
than of our own tobacco.

Grainger County, Tenn.—The crop ripened finely.

Rutherford County, Tenn.—Acreage decreased 30 per cent. Crop injured in grantity
and quality by drought. yee

Tyler County, W. Va.—¥inest crop ever raised in the county.

Butler County, Ky.—Very fine, but not much grown.

Nicholas County, Ky.—But little raised; very good.

Daviess County, Ky.—The crop will be near 6,000,000 pounds; somewhat injured by
frost in September, and some cut too green for fear of frost. Quality five to ten per
cent. inferior to the crop of 1870. hic

Graves,County, Ky.—Injured by frost; will not equal the crop of last. yeat in quan-
tity or quality.

Owen County, Ky.—Generally very fine, but, owing to the dry weather, dees not cure
as bright as it should. In some localities the frost injured the crop.

Henderson County, Ky.—Acreage decreased forty per cent. Yield per acre twenty-five
per cert. less than last year. Quality much inferior, being uneven, small, much of it
unripe, and some frosted. ’

Vernon County, Mo.—Very superior.

Cole County, Mo.—Less planted team last year, ow ing to late spring frosts, but quality
very good.

Perry County, Ind.—Tobacco had a late start, and but little has been cut ripe:

Noble County, Okio.—Injured somewhat in quality by frost.

Medina County, Ohio.—The cultivation of tobacco is on the increase in the southern
tier of townships of this county.

Bon Homme County, Dak.—i think tobacco culture wilk prove a success in this county.
Small quantities have been grown for home use, and the report is favorable.

SUGAR-CANE. as

Reports of the past two months do not sustain the promises held forth
in October. The injury from sprouting has been extensive in some
districts. An increase in quality as compared with the crop of lat year ;
445,000 hegsheads are still expected with some confidence from the
increase in ‘the area planted.

Lee County, Ga.—Sugar-cane fine.

Columbia County, Fla.—Cane is now being converted into sugar and sirup by almost
every planter in the county. Yield fully as good as last year, though much damaged
by the storms of August, which blew it down, causing much of it to sucker and sprout
at the joints, materially decreasing the yield.

Manatee County, Fla—Very much injured by heavy rains.

Jackson County, Flaa—The cane crop is somewhat better than last year.

Orange County, Flaa—Cane much injured, but the acreage is larger than Jast year.

Wakulla County, Fla.—The cane is larger and longer than I ever before saw it. The
yield must be abundant.

St. John’s County, Fla—Fully an average crop. Not injured by the storm.

Levy County, Fla—Cane is growing well, and in a month, without frost, will make
up most of its loss by the storm. :

Conecuh County, Fla.—F ull crop; doing well; no frost to kill up to date.

Hancock County, Miss —Raised this year for home consumption only. Ripened finely.
Stalks with seventeen to twenty joints may be seen in little patches all along the
coast.

Iberia Parish, La.—Acreage increased, but the yield per acre is slightly diminished.
Sniall plantations are multiplying, and the disposition is be coming ge ueral to introduce

y)

448

a system of tenantry, under which the proprietors need have nothing to do with the
oultivation of the crops, but simply to take them off with the necessary machinery,
upon shares. Many small planters are also engaged in growing cane, and being with-
out means to purchase machinery, they have their cane ground at the neighboring
mills. A better article of sugar is being made here than formerly. Many new defeca-
tors are in use, and some of them are really valuable. The first steamer direct from St.
Louis is due here this week, which gives planters promise of a better market for their
sugar, and a more direct means of obtaining western supplies—the traditional cause of
impoverishment in the South

La Fourche Parish, La.—Weather unpropitiously warm, and many have stopped
grinding. From what I can learn planters are disappointed in the yield.

St. Landry Parish, La.—Continued warm and wet weather has injured the crop.

St. Mary’s Parish, La.—Plant cane is above average in quantity and quality, while
the stubble cane is far below the average in quantity, due to the severe cold of last
December.

Jefferson Parish, La.—Plant cane much better than last year; stubble not as good,
injured by the cold weather of February last. The storm of October 3d damaged the
crop by breaking the roots, and the warm weather has started the roots; no grinding
yet.
Rapides Parish, La.—Quite unpromising, although the season thus far has been pro-
pitious. No frost up to date (November 9) to injure it. Grinding is being delayed as
long as possible to give the plant time to improve. December 1, yielding very poorly ;
500 pounds or less per acre. Best cane fit to be ground.

Gonzales County, Texas.—The culture of sugar cane is on the increase in this county.

Hardin County, Texas.—Cane good, but late. Should the frost be late will have a
good crop. ! ;

Smith County, Texas.—Increased attention being paid to the culture of sugar-cane,
the “ Ribbon cane,” so called. Sorghum is not so much grown as heretofore.

SORGHUM.

There has been an increase in the sorghum product of the country
west of the Mississippi, but Wisconsin is the only’State east of that
river which does not report a decrease:

Cherokee County, N. C.—The cloudy, wet spell in August caused the sorghum to take
something like rust or rot. This crop has failed for two years. Vhe yield has been
small and poor, and the molasses is dark with bad flavor. The stalks appeared to rot
at the joints.

Kendall County, Tecas—Sorghum seems to luxuriate in a dry climate, as the yield
comes up to an average, notwithstanding the drought.

Gonzales County, Texas.—Sorghum is raised in quantities sufficient to supply the home
demand for molasses.

Williamson County, Texas.—Short, owing to drought.

Dallas County, Texcas.—Sorghum dried upin the field. Drought.

Monroe County, Tenn.—Sorghum, black-seeded variety, utterly worthless ; other var-
ieties good for the season.

Carter County, Tenn.—Very inferior ; little sweetness init; made very poor molasses.

Boone Counly, W. Va.—Rust, or something of that nature, destroyed at least one-
fourth of the sorghum.

Butler County, Ky.—All the black-seed sorghum rusted by the 15th of September.
Some was worked into molasses; but a poor yield or poor quality is reported. The red-
seed variety did not rust, and the yield is good.

Edmondson County, Ky.—The black-top sorghum took the rust this year and did not
turn out well. Some fields not worth working. ‘The red-top does somewhat better, but
does not yield nearly so much molasses as usual.

Sangamon County, Lil.—Scarcely any sorghum grown this year.

Grundy County, [ll.—The crop has declined more than nine-tenths in the past seven

ears.
: Lagrange County, Ind.—Sorghum is being laid aside, owing to the low prices of other
sirups. Sorghum is worth only 40 cents.

Dubois County, Ind.—Sorghum was infested with a kind of plant louse, which pro-
duced rust and reduced the quantity of sap.

Posey County, Ind.—Not half a crop, owing to the drought. The juice is strongerthan _
in the cane of last year.

Medina County, Ohio.—For some reason, the cultivation of sorghum has nearly ceased,
which is to be regretted.

Floyd County, lowa.—Sorghum is lcsing favor. But little planted now.

449

Hancock County, Iowa.—The sorghum business has been ranning down for trres years
past ; but there is now more interest, and more will be raised next year.

Crawford County, Kans.—Increase in quantity 10 per cent.; in quality, 25 per cent.

Butler County, Kans.—Better than ever before.

RICE.

Helntosh County, Ga.—The rice crop on the Altamaha River will be reduced at least
one-half by the freshet and bad weather.

Georgaown County, S. C.—Rice is the only crop for market in this county. Acreage
in 1868, 12,143; in 1869, 16,100; in 1870, 15,133; and in 1871, 17,439. The crop has
been harvested in bad condition; three-fourths of it was wet upon the stubble. The
grain is soft and does not pound well, and requires 20 to 25 per cent. more than prime
rice to the tierce of 600 pounds. Prime rough takes 19 to 21 bushels to the tierce.
The crop of this county thus far requires 23 to 27 bushels to the tierce of clean rice.
The aggregate product for market will be less than in 1869-70.

APPLES, PEARS, ETC.

Androscoggin County, Me.—Apples and pears almost a failure. A good crop of grapes.

Coos County, N. H.—Grapes nearly ruined by frost.

Grafton County, N. H.—Apple crop almost an entire failure. Not one barrel of cider
made this year where four were made last year.

Orange County, Vt-—One-fourth less than last, but the quality is good and prices
much higher; nice winter apples selling as high as $4 50 per barrel.

Addison County, Vt—The choice varieties, except the Delaware, did notripen. Apples
almost a failure. Pears never more abundant.

Norfolk County, Mass.—Grapes promised a very large crop; but hundreds cof bushels
have been destroved by frost. Apples scarcely worth naming. Pears, large product ;
quality very good, especially near the sea-coast.

Suffolk County, Mass.—Apple crop a failure.

Bristol County, Mass.—Grapes have been unusnally abundant. Apple crop very light.

Windham County, Conn.—Few apples and of inferior quality. Many orchards that
yielded 150 bushels last year do not yield 10 bushels this year.

New London County, Conn.—Very small crop of apples and quality poor.

Hartford County, Conn.—Grapes better in quality and quantity than last year.

Albany County, N. ¥Y.—Apples poor and rusty. Pears never better.

Ocean County, N. J—The apple crop is a failure.

Warren County, N. J—Generally almost a failure. <A few orchards full and quality
good.

Burlington County, N. J—Some varieties of grapes did not ripen so well as usual, par-
ticularly the Isabella.

Lancaster County. Pa.—Apples, small crop; quality good; pears, crop large, quality
good ; grapes, small crop and inferior. ‘

Lycoming County, Pa—An average crop of grapes, but many were destroyed by early
frost.

Baltimore County, Md—Winter apples are rotting. The dry hot summer affected
the crop very much. Grapes very good.

Culpeper County, Va.—Good crop of apples near the mountains; very poor in the
valley. :

Transylwania County, N. C—Fruit almost a failure. Late spring frosts.

Henderson County, N. C.—Fruit crops, especially apples, which are an important pro-
duct in this region, were curtailed by the severe frosts of early spring.

Gilmer County, Ga.—The apple crop is nearer a failure this year than in the past ten
years.

Jackson County, Flaa—More attention is given to the culture of grapes; more wine
made this year than usual.

Marion County, Ala.—The Scuppernong is attracting attention, and experiments in its
culture have proved successful.

Winston County, Miss.—The apple crop was over an average, but rotted badly—nearly
all the winter apples. Early apples only do well here.

Hancock County, Miss —Extraordinary crop of Scuppernong grapes. The country
along the Mississippi sea-coast is well adapted to fruit culture.

Falls County, Texas—Great quantities of wild grapes—the Mustang, of which we
make a very palatable wine.

Kendall County, Texas.—Farmers very busy making a good quality of wine from the
native grapes which literally cover the hill-sides and valleys.

Gonzales County, Texas.—The culture of the grape and the manufacture of wine are
receiving increased attention.

450

Lavaca County, Texas.—Wild grapes abundant. A great deal of wine made this year
A large income could be drawn from this industry properly conducted.

Gibson County, Tenn.—Apple crop reduced at least one-half.

Rutherford County, Tenn.—Grapes an entire failure, owing to late spring frosts, follow-
ing an early-developed bloom.

Carter County y, Tenn.—Apples almost an entire failure. Those that matured are of
superior quality.

Lrooke County, W. Va.—Lightest crop in fifteen years. Owing to the mild winter,
insects were numerous, and apples dropped off.

Anderson County, Ky.—F ruit crop almost an entire failure.

Owen County, Ky.—Apple crop very fine.

Ohio County, Ky.—Apples are diseased to such an extent that the trees seem scarcely
worth the ground they occupy.

Henderson County, Ky.—Apple crop large, but those ungathered are falling off; those
gathered are rotting rapidly, attributable, probably, to the warm fall.

Cass County, Mo. —Grapes abundant. Some rot.

Platie County, Mo.
an item in “teat Missouri. rises quantities are being shipped to the far West.
Worth $1 per bushel.

White County, Ill—Apple crop short, owing to late frost. :

Carroll County, Il—Apples have been a drug in the market. Early ripening will
impair their keeping qualities.

Boone County, [i1.—Apples excellent in quality. A very large quantity made into
cider.

Pulaski County, [l.—The drought and heat caused winter apples to drop prematurely.
The hardest year on winter apples. within the recollection of our people. Scarcely any
in the county, it, being necessary to dispose of them early.

Floyd County, Ind.—Apple crop large, especially winter varieties.

Likhart County, 1U.—Fruit of all kinds, except peaches, never more abundant. The
apple crop will make up for the deficiency in peaches.

Noble County, Ind.—Apples abundant, but will not keep.

Dubois County, Ind.—Winter apples will nearly all rot by Christmas.

Coles County, Ind.—A full crop of apples in a portion of the county; in others none at
all. A general tendency to rot.

Harrison County, Ind.—Apples an entire failure on all lowlands, owing to late spring
frost.

Steuben County, Ind.—Large amount of fruit; quality unsurpassed; fruit culture fast
becoming a specialty.

Gibson "County, Ind.—Apples rotting badly.

Lagrange County, Ind.—A great crop of apples, worth $1 per barrel (without the
barrel) at the railroad station.

Franklin County, Ind.—Apple crop on upland excessive; thousands of bushels left to
rot; best winter fruit selling at 40 cents per bushel, delivered ten. to twenty: miles dis-
tant; cider $2 to $3 at the press, with scarcely any demand.

Defiance County, Ohio.—The frost caused winter apples to fall.

Medina County, Ohio—Grapes abundant and cheap; pears never more abundant ian,
during the present season.

Vinton Oounty, Ohio.—Apples have rotted badly and fallen prematurely.

Morrow County, Ohio—Gyrapes a drug in the market.

Wayne County, Ohio.—A large crop of grapes, but none except the Concords matured
well. :

Berrien County, Mich.—Gzrapes, apples, and pears abundant. '

Van Buren County, Mich.—Gyrapes, apples, and pears never. more sounitomiie apples

rotting extensively ; the dry weather has been hard on fruit, a sort of dry-rot prevail-
ing on 1 the inside, w ‘hile the exterior is fair!

Cass County, Mich. —Apples 50 per cent. above any former crop ; donsequanle largely
upon ¢rowth of orchards; not keeping well; grapes abundant and good.

Calhoun County, Mich.—Grapes and pears very fine crops, but the drought materially
affected ripening and the keeping properties of the fruit.

Waukesha County, Wis.—Unprecedented yield of apples; quality good.

Kenosha County, Wis.—Crop of apples unprecedented.

Rice County, Minn.—Apples have justified the most sanguine hopes; pears produced :
for the first time ; all doubt as to the practicability of grape culture bas been dissipated ;
the yield is fully ten times as large as in any former year; new vineyards have averaged
10 pounds to the vine; one viney yard of about 14 acres, second year in bearing, yielded
about 3,000 pounds.

Goodhue County, Minn.—Season peculiarly favorable for erapes; many young apple
orchards are beginning to bear, and the opinion obtains that Minnesota will yet be
able to supply her people with this fruit.

Stecle County, Minn.—Apples yielded finely on young orchards.

451

Muscatine County, Iowa.—Grapes too plentiful to be appreciated. Concord the lead-
ing variety. Apples more abundant than ever before, selling at 30 to 50 cents per
bushel in the orchard. Pears more abundant than usual, ranging from $1 50 to $3 per
bushel.

Floyd County, Iowa.—Apple crop fast increasing. Pears cannot be relied on here. — -

Harrison County, Iowa.—Many more grape-vines in bearing this year than last. Qual-
ity excellent.

Calhoun County, Iowa.—Apple-trees not quite so full as last year, but more trees in
bearing.

Monroe County, Iowa.—F rost killed most of the apples and all of the pears.

Adams County, Iowa.—Apples and other fruit ripened well.

Mitchell County, Iowa.—Grapes good. Mostly Concord.

Crawford County, Kansas.—Fruit crop 25 per cent. short, and of inferior quality.

Douglas County, Kansas.—Grapes have averaged 4 to 5 cents per pound. Crop large.

- Grant County, Oregon.—Apple crop increased 50 per cent. by young orchards coming
into bearing.

Salt Lake County, Utah. —Apples almost a total failure. Peaches, apricots, plums,
and pears have given fair crops, but quality very inferior. The past has been the
driest season since the settlement of the Great Basin.

ORANGES.

Alachua County, ’'la—The orange crop, getting’to be valuable in Hast and South Flor-
ida, was damaged by the excessive cold of last winter, and by the storm thrashing off
the fruit.

Orange Mills, St. John’s County, Fla—The orange on the St. John’s River will not
average half a crop, thonsands having been thrashed from the trees by high winds.

Jefferson Parish, La.—The orange crop will fall ten per cent. below that of last year.

BANANAS.

Manatee County, Fla —Banana crop very promising.

PECAN-NUTS.

Jefferson Parish, La.—The, crop of yegne will be 25 per cent. above that of last year.

Blanco County, Texas.—Very good crop; but the trees are scarce in this county.

San Antonio County, Texas.—The pecan-trees are breaking down oe fruit. The
crop will bring over $1,000,000 to this immediate section. The price is $2 50 per bushel.

PEANUTS.

Surry County, Va,—An excellent crop. It has become a staple crop here. It pays
better than any other we cultivate, but is exhaustive.

Prince George County, Va—With one exception, the best crop since 1865 ; .40 per eent.
better than last year’s crop.

James City County, Va.—Peanuts were a specialty in 1869 and 1870, but were found
to be ruinous, and the crop has totally disappeared.

Beaufort County, N. J—The peanut crop is becoming one of considerable importance
in this county. Several hundred acres planted this. year. One farmer near me will
have 10,000 to 12,000 bushels. Average yield 40 to 50 bushels per acre.

Carter ‘et County, N. C.—Good crop.

New Hanover County, N. J—An average crop. .

CRANBERRIES.

Hancock County, Me —Severe and unusual frost early in September seriously injuring
the cranberry crop.

Norfolk County, Mass.—A great many destroyed by frost. We have but few culti-
vated meadows.

Dukes County, Mass.—Far better crops than usual. From one acre 125 barrels have
been picked, and many other acres have produced nearly as well.

bristol County, Mass.—Injured by frost in September.

New London County, Conn.—Much larger crop than usual.

Camden County, N. J.—The promise of a fall yield was flattering; until near the time
for gathering, when the berries were badly scalded. ,

Princess Anne County Va.—Cranberries grow wild in the marshes. A full crop. Sell
readily at $3 50 to $4 per bushel.

452

/

Pulaski County, Ind.—Almost an entire failure, owing to a frost in June, when the
plants were in blossom.

Lake County, Ind.—The crop is larger than for many years, and of fine quality. The
season has been particularly favorable.

Van Buren County, Mich.—Nearly all destroyed by the drought and tho fires, which
have been raging in nearly every large marsh.

Crow Wing County, Minn.—A marked decrease in the crop.

Tillamook County, Oregon.—Cranberries grow wild, but in places difficult to got at.
We have a large extent of marsh-land fit for this culture.

FLAX,

Elkhart County, Ind.—Flax raised mostly for seed. Very fine. Lint not so good,
being short.

Hamilion County, Ind.—¥ lax only raised for the seed.

Hancock County, Ind.—F lax was raised extensively in this county for a number of
years, but the acreage is falling off each year. It is not considered very profitable.

Medina County, Ohio.—The cultivation of flax i is on the increase in the southorn tier
of townships of this county.

Morrow County, Ohio.—A large crop.

Delaware County, Ohio.—The crop has exceeded expectations both in seed and straw.
The yield will probably reach 50,000 bushels of seed on an acreage of about 4,500.

Louisa County, Jowa.—T here has been shipped fromm Morning “Sun 4,000 bushels of
flax-seed, and there seems to be a lively interest taken in the business.

“WAST.”

An extraordinary fruitage of forest trees is almost everywhere re-
ported. In many sections this voluntary crop is relied upon for fatten-
ing hogs, more than upon any other fattening material, corn only ex-
cepted. The following items will illustrate the general abundance:

Surry County, Va.—Fine mast; hogs nearly fat without corn; pork will be cheap.

Hertford County, N. C.—Fine acorn. mast, which, with the large corn crop, will enable
farmers to fatten their pork with light expense.

Rockingham County, N. C.—The crop of acorns is as great as ever known, and the
few hogs we have will fatten upon them.

Cherokee County y. N. C.—Hogs are now about as fat from the mast as bacon-hogs were
last year from corn. The mast will probably keep them till June. One hand has
picked up as high as one and a half bushel of chestnuts a day for market.

Tallapoosa County, Ala.—Good mast crop; hogs doing well.

Tishemingo County, Miss.—More acorns and more hogs i in this county this year than
in any year since the war. .

Grayson County, Texas.—Best crop of acorns of the post-oak and of hickory-nuts in
twelve years. There will be plenty till spoiled by spring.

Coryell County, Texas.—Very fine; most of pecan, bur, and post-oak, and black-jack.

Halls County, Texas.—Very fine mast, which will compensate in a measure for the
short corn crop.

Prairie County, Ark.—Exceedingly heavy mast; sufficient to feed all the cattle and
hogs in the State.

Craighard County, Ark.—The corn crop will be improved 25 per cent. by the acorn
mast.

Union County, Tenn.—Heaviest mast ever known in this county; will make up for
the deficiency in corn.

Fentress County, Tenn.—The quantity of corn needed will be far less than usual, as the
hogs are fattening upon acorns.

7 ‘akeley County, Yenn.—Hogs tolerably plenty, and getting fat on the mast. Pork-.
buyers are offering 5 cents per , pound.

Cainpbell County, Tenn.—Best mast in forty years. Hogs will get quite fat on the
acorns, and stock-hogs will do well without feeding up to next harvest.

Boone County, W. Va.—The deficiency in corn crop is fully met by the abundant mast.
Hogs are getting fat, and stock-hogs will do well without feeding until June.

Jackson County, Ky.—Acorns enough to fatten our winter hogs.

Clay County, Mo.—Hogs go off the mast to the fattening pens in good condition.

Williamson County, il.—Corn is deficient 20 per cent., but it is thought to be more
‘than made up by the abundance of acorns and hickory- -nuts.

Washington County, Iowa.—Mast abundant. Hogs doing well upon it.

Owen County, Ind—Much corn saved by the heavy mast.

453

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454

EXTRACTS FROM REGULAR CORRESPONDENTS.
THE EGYPTIAN COTTON.

Stanly County, N. C.—The bolls of the Egyptian cotton begin to open
freely. Up to October 18, we had no killing frost, and the plants
kept growing, yet displaying their ample green foliage, yellow blos-
soms, and profusion of green bolls. The seed was received rather
late for planting, the common sorts having already made a fine start.
Thad seed sufficient for 1,600 hills, three in a hill. Sixteen rows, 100
yards long, one yard apart, were prepared by thorough plowing and
right manuring, in rows, with well decomposed stable manure. The
whole occupied a fraction over one-third of an acre. The landis sandy
loam, on a gentle slope well exposed to the sun. In about 100 hills the
seéd failed to vegetate, and in most instances but one or two came up.
When three came up only one was left for a stand; the one stalk in the
hill was universally the thriftiest, some stalks being over an inch in
diameter. During the whole season the vegetation was uninterrupted ;
the foliage remained fresh when everything around was drooping from
drought. On the other hand, the middle of September came on and

-few bolls were opening, while ordinary cotton was nearly all gathered __
in. The plants are now covered with green bolls from top to bottongs7# ~
There are no plants under three feet high; some are five to six; all
branching so as to meet across the rows. The stalks average not less
than 50 bolls, and many stalks have over 150. Estimating one pound
to 100 bolls (the common varieties yield more) the 1,500 hills in which
the seeds vegetated, if all the bolls were to open, would yield 700 to 800
pounds of seed-cotton, or about 2,400 pounds to the acre. Harlier plant-
ing may insure the maturity of a full crop next year. For a further.
trial seeds from the earliest bolls have been saved. big We

Duplin County, N. C.—The Egyptian cotton has grown to an enor-
mous height, some of the stalks measuring 12 feet, but has failed to pro-
duce much cotton, not more than one-fourth the yield of ordinary cotton.
on the same land. The staple is very beautiful, very long and very fine;
far surpassing the Peeler, Moina, or any other of the long-staple upland
varieties. I think our seasons are too short for it to succeed here.

Greene County, N. C_—The Egyptian seed came up well and grew finely,
to almost double the size of common cotton by its side, but bloomed
fifteen days later than thelatter. The bolls were about one-fourth the
usual size ; the lint not as white as it should be; the yield about one-
third that of the common. The rust or blight did not make its appear-
ance on the Egyptian, while it almost killed the row of the common
next to it. It will not suit our climate.

Craven County, N. C.—I Think the Egyptian cotton will not be profit-
able here unless it will sell for at least 50 per cent. more than ordinary
cotton. The weed grows large; bolls small and scattering ; staple short,
but fine and glossy. a

Hertford County, N. C._—The Egyptian cotton bolls well, but the bolls
are So small and so late in maturing that it is unsuited to this climate.

Perquimans County, N. C.—Too late for this climate; does not mature
well and is not productive, though the staple is much longer and finer
than that of our common cotton. The bolls have but three lobes, while
our cotton has four, and sometimes five.

Barneell County, 8. C—The Egyptian cotton-seed sent meisa black
or clean seed variety, which is not adapted to this county, situated in

455

the “uplands.” We are careful to keep all black seed out of our cotton,
but they will appear as the pure seed degenerates. I tested the Egyp-
tian on good land and with the best of culture. It will yield 250 to 300
pounds of seed-cotton, while the common Prolific will yield 800 to 1,000,
while I think the price would be no more, prepared for market in the
ordinary way. The “ Moina,” an upland long-staple variety, as fine as
the Egyptian and twice as prolific, was abandoned because there was
so little difference in the price of that and the common Prolific, which
yields 50 per cent. more. The bolls of the Egyptian have but three
lobes; those of the common Prolific have four, and about one-third
will be found with five.

Georgetown County, S. C_—The Egyptian cotton-seed was carefully eul-
tivated in the same field with Carolina varieties. It grew well; yellow
blossoms, good stalks, but small bolls, and late in maturing. 1t pos-
sesses no advantages for this region.

Wilkes County, Ga.—A decided failure thus far; a fine weed is the
only product; some fine stalks without a single boll; seed from this
year’s crop may produce better results. It is becoming an accepted fact
that we generally plant too early. When cotton is planted very early
the crop is entirely at the mercy of the inevitable summer drought,
which has comparatively little effect on later plantings.

Wilkinson County, Ga.—Will hot answer for this section... Bolls small
and seattering; lint good, but not worth bothering with. ,._,

McDuffie. County, Ga.—A failure in this climate. It will not yield 20
pounds of lint per acre on land that would produce 400 pounds of the
Prolific. .

Murray County, Ga.—A fine weed, but few bolls, and they are inferior.
Not suitable to this climate.

Clayton County, Ga.—Does not suit our climate.

Bolivar County, Miss —I had the Egyptian cotton-seed planted, but
did not give it enough space in the drill, which makes it grow too tall,
(some growing 12 feet high,) with poor branches. I think if it was
checked four feet each way, it would produce well, and not grow so tall,
and have more branches. I sent a sample to a few cotton merchants in
New Orleans and Memphis. They say it is very fine, but that it cannot
be ginned on our common gins, as they cut the lint badly.

. Winston County, Miss—I planted the Egyptian cotton about the 15th
of April, on the same kind of ground on which our ordinary seed was
planted, without manure. The summer and fall have been very dry.
The stalks grew very tall and are full of bolls, but it is at least three
weeks later than our common cotton. The bolls cannot mature, as they
are now quite green, and some of them quite small.

Washington County, Miss—The Egyptian cotton has proved a failure.
The stalk is very large, but it has not bolled well, and as yet but few
of the bolls are open. I think it will not yield over one-twentieth of a
good, ordinary crop on the same ground.

Clark County, Miss —Will not answer for this climate ; summers not
long enough. It stands dry weather well, and is still green and bloom-
ing, while the common cotton is yellow and almost entirely shed.

Coahoma County, Miss.—A failure here. But few bolls have matured.

Lawrence County, Ala—The Egyptian cotton I find to be a vigorous,
thrifty plant, free from rust and the boll-worm this season; but it is
much later than the green seed-cotton—too late for this climate. The
first boll opened 25th September, and the yield is not above second-rate
green seed, say 500 pounds seed-cotton to the acre. It may, however,
produce some yaluable hybrids with the early green seed.

456

Clarke County, Ala—Not nearly so prolific as our common native
cotton.

Calhoun County, Ala.—A failure here. Bolls small and few in number.
Too late.

Lafayette County, Ark—The Egyptian cotton proves hardy, thrifty,
bolls well, resists drought, escapes the worms, and yields an abundant
staple, fine, long, and silky.

Bastrop, La.—Opinions differ in regard to the Tumel maki or Egyp-
tian cotton. It has not been fairly tested yet, and will be tried again
next year. Some of the seed was planted too late. The weed or stalk
grows large before it commences to make, but it makes rapidly, and
grows and makes in the dryest season, when other cotton ceases to grow
and sheds its bolls. It is also the last to be attacked by the cotton-
worm, and the caterpillar did not touch it this year for two weeks after
it had riddled the cotton fields. I have seen a small pateh which will
yield at the rate of 13 bales to the acre. If planted early it must make
afine crop. It requires along season for full maturity, however. There
is a stalk of this cotton near here 14 feet high and 22 feet across from
tip to tip of limb. This variety would probably succeed better in the
more southern part of the State, where the season is longer. As a cot-
ton for hand-spinning it has no equal] that we have ever known. It re-
quires no preparation; the spinning goes on without the breaking of a
thread, even upon the old-time spinning-wheel.

Rapides Parish, La—The Egyptian cotton-seed, from the one trial,
seems to possess no real value. The growth was luxuriant, the leaves a
dark, rich green, the flowers yellow or a rich straw-color, but the forms
and bolls are too far apart, averaging 6 to 10 inches, whereas on Boyd,
Prolific, and Dixson, they are usually two to four inches, with the top
branches short, and hence less likely to break under the weight of bolls
during a storm.

THE CHINESE COTTON.

Laconia, Harrison County, Ind.—The quart of the China cotton-seed -
received was divided with two neighbors, for the purpose of testing its
adaptability to different kinds of soil. My own portion was planted
May 13, on upland, dry soil, at an elevation of about 150 feet above the
Ohio River, and about one-fourth of a mile from it; elevation above the
sea, 500 feet; soil, a clay loam, with limestone formation. Only about
half the seed germinated, and scarcely a single stalk came to maturity.
The season was long enough, and the failure seemed to be due entirely
to local causes. I shall repeat the experiment. A neighbor was more
successful. His location and soil are similar to mine, though the soil
in the spring was not quite so dry. His crop matured fully. Stalks,
blossoms, and bolls very small. The yield per acre not one-half that of
ordinary Tennessee cotton. The fiber is short and rather inferior. He
has had experience in raising cottoh in Tennessee, and he is of opinion
that this variety could not be made profitable, unless the yield should
be much better than given in this trial.

OATS.

Essex County, N. Y—From one pound six ounces of Schonen oats,
received from the Department, I have raised 72 measured bushels on 12
square rods of ground. The land is river bottom, manured, and culti-
vated last year in corn. No fertilizer this year. Land prepared for
wheat in the spring. The ground was raked off with a hand-rake and

457

the oats sowed in drills 14 inches apart. When the oats were 8 to 10
inches high the weeds were hoed out of the spaces between the drills
with a hand-hoe; the oats grew 6 feet high, with large healthy stalks,
which stood up well until the crop began to ripen, when the whole was
prostrated by rain and wind and did not rise. The product weighed
235 pounds—a littie below the standard in weight. If not blown down
the yield might have been a bushel or two more. From the above re-
sult, would it not pay to sow our grain crops in drills and hoe them?

Gilmer County, Ga.—A package of the Schonen oats, sown March 10,
on low wet soil, and, though somewhat damaged by rust, the yield was
very good, while other varieties were almost a total failure. I have
great hope that this variety will do well with us.

Blanco County, Teras.—Sowed three pounds of Schonen oats March
24, on one-eighth ofan acre. No fertilizer used. Yield 5 bushels, weigh-
ing 52 pounds to the bushel. I think one more rain would have doubled
the yield.

Marengo County, Ala.—ULast season I distributed the Excelsior oats,
and grew some myself, and in every case they grew well, much taller
and more luxuriant than the common oats, but rusted so badly that we
did not save aseed. The only oats that do not rust here are the red
oats, introduced since the war. I would like to know the proper name
and the history of this variety. It seems to be really a non-rusting oats.
This grain will hold its own in southern agriculture, being more valu-
able, all things considered, than even Indian corn. Put in properly, at
this season of the year, I think it pays better for the labor bestowed
upon it than any other crop we raise, and its extended and successful
growth will mark a new era in our agricultural advancement.

THE PERUVIAN CORN.

Haywood County, N. C.—The corn from Peru made a large flourishing
growth, but did not mature.

JUTE.

Charleston, 8S. C.—Last season I received from the Department some
jute seed, which I planted at Summerville, twenty-two miles from this
city. The seed was not planted until June 10, and was on very poor
land, but by October 1 the plant had attained a height of six feet. This
fully demonstrated to me that the cultivation of this fibrous plant can
be a success in the South. I have preserved seed, and will plant it next
March for a further test.

GRAPES IN ALABAMA.

Lawrence County, Ala—About three years ago I receivedfrom the
Agricultural Department several specimens of grape-vines for experi-
ment. Those that have lived and borne fruit this year are as follows:

1. Rogers, No. 15.—This vine is rather a slow grower, but stout, and
stands the winter like a native. The fruit is pale red; berry large and
round, sweet and luscious; bunches equal to the Catawba in size and
number of berries. This is the first year that it has borne fruit with
me. It was quite free from mildew, and ripened from the first to the
middle of August. I thoroughly sprinkled it with sulphur from the
first show of the bloom till the end of May. This is a most excellent
grape for this region.

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2. Hartford Prolifie—This is now a well-known grape. It is a strong,
thrifty vine, and an abundant bearer. Under the sulphur treatment, as
above; it wholly escaped the mildew. It is a very early grape ; ripens
early in July. A

3. Oreveling—This grape much resembles the Clinton, with larger
berries, sweet and juicy. It ripens shortly after the Hartford Prolific,
and, with the sulphur treatment, was this year quite ftee from mildew—
the great pest of all grapes here except the Scuppernong.

PRODUCTS OF SONOMA, CALIFORNIA.

Sonoma County, Cal.—The chief products of Sonoma County, Califor-
nia, are wheat, corn, barley, oats, potatoes, and all the varieties of fruits.
grown in a semi-tropical climate. The grape is cultivated very exten-
sively for wine and table purposes, and will eventually constitute the
chief product of the county. The variety known as the Mission or
Native grape is chiefly grown for wine-making, but ail the foreign
varieties yield equally well, and seem to be adapted to the climate.
Price paid by wine makers to the farmers from three-quarters to one
cent per pound, delivered at the press. In that portion of the county
contiguous to the sea-coast, where, in consequence of the prevailing
heavy fogs, the grass does not entirely dry, the dairy business is chiefly:
carried on, yielding handsome returns to those engaged in it. Potatoes
are also extensively cultivated there, but for want of rotation of crops
the yield has decreased and the quality deteriorated, causing farmers
to abandon their cultivation and turn their attention and farms to the
more profitable business of the dairy, which, however, is confined to the
making of butter, which meets with ready sale in the San Francisco
market at from 30 to 75 cents per pound. The yield of wheat has been
very large this year in Sonoma County, considering the fact that in the
greater portion of the State the wheat crop has been an almost entire
failure for want of moisture. The several valleys in the county yielded
as follows: Dry Creek, 42 bushels per acre; Russian, 38; Santa Rosa,
35; Sonoma, 34.40; other small localities equal to 35; making the aver-_
age yield for the county 37.35. Average price paid per bushel, $1 44;
many farmers realized $1 65.

Hops were at one time profitably cultivated in this county, but the
prices having declined to 10 to 12 cents per pound, growers found that
they could cultivate more profiable crops, and nearly all the growers
plowed up their yards, and abandoned their cultivation. The fruit crop,
peaches, apples, pears, &c., has been unusually light this year, owing to
the prevailing north winds at the time the fruit was in blossom and while
forming. From the same causes the quality is not as. good as it is
generally.

WOOL IN MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA.

Mendocino County, Cal.—One of the most important items of interest
in this county is wool, the fall clip of which is just now going to market.
This business is rapidly growing in importance, and the experiment has
met with great success. The fall clip this year is largely in excess of
that of any former year; in fact, is nearly equal to last spring’s clip in
quantity. Not that sheep will produce an equal clip in the fall to the
spring clip, but owing to the large number of spring lambs that yield
their first fleece in the fall.

459

BUTTER AND CHEESE.

Outagamie County, Wis.—Not one-fourth the quantity of butter and
cheese made in this county in September and October that was made
in the same months last year.

Trumbull County, Ohio.—The season will compare fully with last year,
for dairy products. Nearly all the milk worked up by factories. The
prices during the fore part of the season were very low, but later prices
have ruled much better, and the most of the August, September, and
October cheese has been sold at remunerative rates.

FODDER IN THE SOUTH.

Gladsden County, Fla.—Permit me to call attention to the fact that
neither in the last census report, nor in the forms for the Agricultural
Reports, is there a column for the noting of the “fodder” crop. The
blade of the corn designated as “fodder” is our chief dependence for
long forage, supplying the place of “hay” in all of the South Atlantic
and Gulf States, and deserves some notice in making up the aggregate
value of southern products. An approximation tothe amount and value
of this crop may be had by allowing 1,000 pounds of “ fodder” for every
‘30 bushels of corn, and valuing it at $12 50 per thousand.

CLOVER IN GEORGIA.

Wilkes County, Ga.—Quite an increase in clover-sowing. We look
upon its culture as a decided success. I cut two tons from an acre at
one time. .

One of the most profitable lots I have is seeded with yellow or Chilian
clover ; now up and on good ground; gives good grazing by middle of
January; dies in June; seeds itself no matter how closely grazed, and
comes up again during the rainy season in late summer. Seed from
Patent Office between 1856 and 1860.

CLOVER IN NANSEMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA.

A correspondent at Suffolk, Virginia, writes: Much of our land pro-
duces clover well, and at present I have 16 acres, a part of which cut
two tons to the acre last summer. We find that oats, (winter,) sown
either in the fall months or in January, yield much better than the
spring oats. Some of my neighbors have done well with spring wheat.
I have prepared a plat of five acres, clover-sod turned under in Novem-
ber, on which I desire to seed with several kinds of wheat and oats, with
and without fertilizers; (bones, 100 pounds; guano, 100 pounds; salt,
10 pounds, per acre, and two bushels of plaster on growing crop.)

DEPRECIATION OF SUGAR-CANE.

Liberty County, Fla.—Your attention is called to the depreciation of
the sugar-cane. It has been planted here so long that it has become
almost as hard as a hickory sapling, and contains but little saccharine
matter. We see Congress making liberal appropriations for everything
but the Agricultural Department; this is always stinted. It is the eul-
tivation of the soil that makes a nation prosperous. Why, then, can-
not a small appropriation be made to introduce a few ship-loads of Afri-
can cane, to reinstate the planters in: profitable seed? This would
increase the crop in five years 25 per cent.. — is

460

THE QUALITY OF FERTILIZERS.

Kershaw County, S. C.—I know no boon to the cotton-planter which
would be so great as the promulgation of some method by which the
unscientific planter could test his fertilizers as to percentage of soluble
matter, or, better still, a law of Congress requiring manipulators of fer-
tilizers to truly label the quantity and nature of ingredients on each
parcel, with a sufficient penalty to prevent frauds.

WHEAT IN RUSK COUNTY, TEXAS.

Rusk County, Texas.—\ am satisfied that the sandy lands in this vicinity
do not suit wheat. I have tried for four years to raise it, and have
abandoned it altogether. I tried the Deihl and Mediterranean ; they
both rusted and made nothing. The Tappahannock did quite well two-
years, and last fall I planted three acres, but it rusted so badly this
spring that it was not worth cutting.

OVERCUP OAK.

Prairie County, Ark.—There will be plenty of ‘‘ overcup” to keep hogs.
until next fall. The overcup oak is a species of the white oak, which
grows exclusively upon overflowed lands. The timber is better than
any other variety of white oak. The acorn is entirely covered with a
thick hull; it floats in the water, and is drifted in great heaps, some-
times containing many wagon-loads. The fruit is nearly as pleasant to
the taste as the chincapin. This oak should not be confounded with the
overcup or burr oak of Kentucky, which is here called cow oak.

CROPS IN UTAH.

Sevier County, Utah.—This county having been farmed but one sea-
son, no comparison can be made with former years. Estimated product:
wheat, 5,000 bushels; oats, 2,000 bushels; barley, 500 bushels; pota- —
toes, 1,000 bushels.

GOOD STOCK PROFITABLE.

Giles County, Tenn.—I have recently,sold 20 head of horses, mares,
eolts, and fillies, at from $300 to $3,366 a head. If all the stock of the
county were the best of its kind, how much wealth would be added to:
individuals and to the country !

BEAR GRASS.

Cherokee County, Texas—I have growing in my field a plant which I
have seen only in Florida and Texas. The common name is bear grass,
(Yucca filamentosa.) The leaves are 2 to 34 feet long, one-half to one and
@ half inch wide, very strong and tough, and when wilted by immersion
in boiling water a moment are very pliable. They are the best thing I
ever saw for tying grape-vines, fruit-trees, hanging meat, &c. The
flower is magnificent, growing on a stalk 4 to 10 feet high, and 23 to 3
inches in diameter; white or light cream color, like wax, and 500 to
1,000 on each stalk. It will grow in the poorest white sand, and will
stand heavy freezing any length of time. The root and leaves are per-
ennial, but the flower-stalk comes from the root each year, something

461

like the banana. The seed-vessel resembles the banana in shape, hav-
ing, when ripe, a little pulp around the seeds, which is also like,the
banana in taste, but of a dark brown color.

CULTIVATED GRASSES IN TENNESSEE.

Wilson County, Tennessee.—Our farmers are paying more attention to
the grasses, and are rapidly increasing the quantity of both pasturage
and hay. For the former they prefer blue grass, orchard grass, and
clover ; for the latter, timothy, redtop, and clover. Timothy is univer-
sally preferred.

GRAPES.

Orange County, Va.—Some new enterprises are being entertained in
this section, among which grape culture is most prominent and thus far
successful. It promises to be progressive, and we expect wine-making
to become one of the institutions of the county.

Carteret County, N. C.—AIl varieties of the grape, except the Seup-
pernong family, have generally failed from the effects of mildew. The
Delaware, Iona, Concord, and Walter, as far as our observation ex-
tends, are the best of the soft-wood varieties for this climate. The cul-
ture of the soft-wood grape in this county is quite recent, however.
The Scuppernongs have been cultivated more or less for a number of
years, but have received more attention of late, and we are generally
sure of a good yield in quantity and quality, with much less expense
than with other grapes.

Craven County, N. C.—Grapes will be an important product with us
in a few years. Large vineyards have been planted, and are coming
into bearing.

SILK CULTURE IN TEXAS.

Gonzales County, Texas.—At our recent fair there was on exhibition a
skein of beautiful silk, manufactured in this county from the raw mate-
rial produced here. This encourages us to hope that this industry, with
proper attention, may prove a source of revenue.

EARLY APPLES IN VIRGINIA.

Prince George County, Virginia.—Large orchards of early apples are
being planted, as there is quite a brisk demand for such fruit for the
New York markets.

GINSENG.

Cherokee County, N. C—From 80,000 to 100,000 pounds of ginseng
have been dug from the mountains this fall and sold at 25 to 274 cents
per pound.

CHICCORY.

Tillamook County, Oreg.—A little chiccory has been grown here this
year. It does remarkably well.

WOOL IN CALIFORNIA.

Alameda County, Cal—The fall clip of wool is about all in market,
but sales have been light. Several of the extensive wool-houses and
manufacturers in the Eastern States have sent their agents to Australia
to purchase wools, some of which are being sent forward to New York

462

and Boston, via San Francisco. These wools will come strongly in com-
petition with the finer grades of wool grown in the United States, and
will be a great detriment to the producers of that class of wool.

DROUGHT AND FIRE.

Gratiot County, Mich.—The late fires swept over our country, destroy-
ing fodder, crops, and fences, and, in some instances, houses and barns,
but I think no lives were lost. Hay has been destroyed to such an ex-
tent that the price has gone up at least one-third, and before next spring
hay will bring $25 per ton, at least 100 per cent. higher than it was
before the fire.

Mecosta County, Mich—With the exception of one or two light show-
ers about the 1st of September, we have had no rain since the 20th of
July, till the middle of October. We are now having an abundance.
The fires, which have devastated so much territory north and west,
swept through the forests here generally, but did not kill ntuch timber,
and did but little damage in the county.

Wayne County, Mich.—The drought continued until last evening, when
we had a fine fain. Much of the wheat sown in September has not yet
come up. Pastures are nearly all dried up, and stock has to be foddered
as in the winter. There has been much suffering among the stock from
want of water, many farmers being obliged to drive their stock from
three to five miles to water.

Livingston County, Mich.—The drought is unprecedented. No rain to
amount to anything since the last of June. Pastures, even on low
lands, are completely dried up, and much of the corn-fodder is already
fed out. Scarcely any wheat sown on summer fallows, and much of the
seed sown is lost. Many fires yet burning in swamps and marshes.

Ingham County, Miech.—This county, more favored than some others
in the State, has suffered considerably from drought and fire. Pas-
tures are short, and wells and watering places dry. Fences have been
consumed and timber burned, notwithstanding the zealous efforts of the
citizens to save them. But a plentiful rain on the last day of August —
has for the present put a quietus upon the ravages of fire.

Juneau County, Wis.—The hay crop was large, but the late fires de-
stroyed hundreds of tons, which will cause considerable scarcity of fod-
der in this vicinity.

Outagamie County, Wis.—One hundred stacks of hay reported burned
by the late fire on Rat River Marsh. Stacks would average, perhaps,
three tons each. In many localities the soil has been burned to the
depth of two feet. A great quantity of valuable timber and fences
have been destroyed. It has been a terrible month for Northern Wis-
consin on account of fire. Rain has finally put a stop to our troubles.
For nearly a month work of all kinds has been neglected on account of
fighting fire.

Defiance County, Ohio.—The woods are all on fire, the swales are
entirely dry, and much good timber is ruined by fire.

Morgan County, Ohio.—October the driest for ten years; water very
scarce; several heavy frosts; no snow, and but one small shower of
rain. Ice the 29th.

Gibson County, Ind.—In some parts of our county water is very scarce.
Some hauling for stock two to four miles.

Vanderburgh County, Ind.—The dryest fall, up to the 20th of Octo-
ber, known in this county for twenty years. But little rain since the
middle of August, to w ithin about the 20th instant.

463

Grant County, Ind. — The dryest time experienced since our county
was settled.

Perry County, Til.—The season has been dry without precedent.
Showers have fallen in some parts of this county sufficient to insure
reasonable or nearly average crops of corn, potatoes, &c., but we have
had no general rain sufficient to wet the ground thoroughly, since first
week in March last.

Wright County, Minn.—The fall season has been very dry. Fires
have run over large tracts of land, destroying buildings, crops, and
even lives. Much suffering will be experienced on the frontier during
the coming winter.

Meeker County, Minn.—A large amount of hay has been destroyed
by fires, and should the winter be severe must occasion scarcity of hay.

Franklin County, Mo.— Drought continued until October 9. Much
destruction by fire in consequence thereof.

Marion County, Iowa.—Weather extremely dry, and very pleasant.
Most farmers are feeding their stock now, in consequence of short pas-
turage. Water lower than ever known since the county was settled.
Many farmers have much difficulty and great inconvenience in procur-
ing water for their stock.

Nemaha County, Kans.—This fall has been very dry and windy, and
with a heavy coat of dry grass on the prairies, much loss has been sus-
tained by fires. One thousand tons of hay, many miles of fenees, 500
bushels of corn, grain in the stacks, stables, and three houses have been
burned; about one-third of the prairie in this county has been burned
over, and night is luminous with fires in every direction.

Cowley County, Kans.—Near 1,000 tons of hay have been destroyed
by the extensive prairie fires which have raged among us this fall. Was
very dry until October 30, when some 4 inches of rain fell.

Sedgwick County, Kans.—Corn is the main crop, mostly on prairie
sod. Much hay has been destroyed by prairie fires, ranging from one
small stack to 600 tons in a yard. The largest portion of the prairie is
burned over. It appears that some are determined to drive all the cat-
tle out of the county.

Gage County, Nebr.—Large amount of hay, grain, and some stock
burned through this section by prairie fire.

Hall County, Nebr.—Prairie fires are raging in every direction, but no
lives have been lost yet; a considerable amount of property has been
destroyed by those fires, and a great many farmers have been compelled
to take home their cattle from the herds, on account of the prairies
being burned about four weeks too early, the 15th of November being
the date when cattle are usually taken from their pasturing-grounds.

San Bernardino County, Cal.—The heated term continues, and no rain
yet, the thermometer averaging 95° for the month of October so far, and
what the grasshoppers left the heat has parched up. No feed of any
amount in the valleys for months, and the mountain range, for the first
time since the county was settled by a white population, is completely
eaten up, and unless rain comes within four or five weeks, dead cattle and
sheep will literally strew the plains by thousands.

Yankton County, Dak.—Only two light showers since July; conse-
quently have suffered great damage by prairie fires.

DISEASES OF STOCK.
Clarke County, Va.—A disease, improperly called hog-cholera, has pre«

vailed in this vicinity to a very fatal extent, from early spring to the
3

464

1st of September. [I am safe in saying that one-third of the hogs in the
county have died with it, and more than one-half in particular districts.
I said it was improperly called cholera, because in no stage of the dis-
ease is there any excessive discharge from the bowels until just before
death, and not then except in chronic cases. The great majority die
upon the third or fourth day of the attack with all the symptoms of
pneumonia. This has been confirmed by post mortem examinations,
and when they do recover there has been obstinate constipation of the
bowels throughout the disease. I have now two hogs which have recoy-
ered from it; one had a great many tumors upon his legs and feet, which
did not suppurate, but remained for along time; blindness from opacity
of the cornea and total loss of the hair from the body were also symp-
toms in this case. This hog has recovered his eye-sight, but his eyes
have changed to an intense black from a chestnut-brown color. The
treatment found most successful, in the absence of apples, is calomel in
twenty-grain doses for the first two or three days. But there is no
longer any doubt in this community that an apple-orchard will both
prevent and aid in the cure of the disease. After losing one-half of my
hogs, the remainder (seventeen) were turned into an orchard, and not
one took the disease, and two that were sick recovered. This is also
the experience of others. It has been most confidently asserted that
hog-cholera will be cured by feeding parched corn.

Montgomery County, Iowa.—Hog-cholera has made its appearance in
a few localities.

Fort Randall, Todd County, Dak.—An outbreak of “splenic or peri-
odic fever,” among beef-cattle, (about 200 head,) at this post commenced
in May, 1871, when ten deaths occurred; in June, six; in July, ten;
in August, twenty-two, andin September, three. The epidemic reached
its acme about the middle of July. The total number of deaths in 200
head of cattle was 51. Mode of invasion, rapidity of course of disease,
and death qccurring at an early period, together with the post mortem ap-
pearances, prove conclusively that it was the “ splenic fever,” the affection
described by Professor John Gamgee in report of Agricultural Depart-
ment for the year 1869. It is highly probable that the cattle arriving
here in two different lots have had the disease communicated to them
by passing over or having been herded in sections of country previously
traveled over by droves of Texas cattle, en route to supply the various
Indian agencies along the Missouri River. The disease has not, how-
ever, appeared at any other point where cattle are herded and kept for
issue as beef, as for instance at the Yankton agency, 15 miles from here ;
’ Whetstone agency, 30 miles from here, and other agencies still more-
remote on the Missouri River.

Ellsworth County, Kans.—A large number of cattle have died within
the last six weeks in this county, with a disease supposed to be “ Span-
ish fever.” Some herds of fine stock, numbering twenty to thirty head,
have lost as high as 60 per cent. Texas cattle were not affected with
the disease. Of those examined the gall was found to be five or six
times as large as it should be, the spleenenlarged, and the manifold dry
and hard.

Vernon County, Mo.—Calves are dying in the eastern part of the
county with the black leg, which is very fatal.

Dallas County, Iowa.—Some deaths are reported among calves and
young cattle, occurring very soon after the stock was turned into the
fields from which the corn had been gathered. ‘There is little “ smut” in
the corn—less than usual.

Jackson County, Ga—We have had an unusual disease among the

465

poultry ; thousands have been swept off this summer. I lost all mine,
about 100 head. The disease seemed to be a loathsome disease attack-
ing and killing the same day. The only remedy was to feed on salt
dough.

A correspondent reports that there is a disease in some parts of Ohio
County among horses, old and young, which affects the upper part of
the throat and breaks into running sores. Many valuable horses have
died.

Montgomery County, Va.—Hog-cholera has prevailed extensively on
the fine corn-lands of New River. Some farmers have lost 25, some 50,
and some 100 head, mostly stock hogs. An observing farmer has made
several post-mortem examinations. He invariably found the entrails
filled with worms, whenever examined, 2 to 4 inches long, in countless
numbers, which so completely filling the cavity as to prevent the pas-
sage of anything. Headministered croton oil and spirits of turpentine;
out of 20 shoats 17 were thus relieved.

Marion County, Towa—Many hogs have died of “ quinsy.” Thou-
sands of dollars’ worth have died in the county in the last five weeks.

Johnson County, Lowa.—Hog-cholera slightly manifest in some parts
of the county.

DETERIORATION OF WHEAT.

The causes of deterioration in the yield and quality of certain crops, so
manifest in the experience of a majority of American farmers, demand
investigation. The fact that one field produces double the quantity of
another adjoining, and that the yield of virgin soils diminishes year by
year, calls for explanation and even reiteration of the reasons for such
deterioration, and suggestions of remedies and means of recuperation.
Recent inquiries have been directed to the present Commissioner of
Agriculture relative to the diminution in the average yield of wheat.
He has felt a personal interest in this subject, and enjoyed the advantage
of many years of experience and investigation, and thus responds to
such inquiries:

Many farmers look upon the culture of wheat as the most profitable
work in which they can be engaged, while some claim that corn is a
more profitable crop. Let the question be settled by the fact that land
is Sometimes better adapted to corn than to wheat; but, be that as it
may, the wheat crop is certainly of sufficient importance to claim our
attention to all the prominent errors which exist with regard to its
proper cultivation.

It is a curious and no less remarkable fact, that, in the midst of the
use of highly improved implements, guided by experienced hands and
superior knowledge of the science of agriculture, the production of
wheat has gradually and certainly diminished in quantity in all the
wheat-growing States. Why is this? May the evil be overcome? It
is no solution of these questions to answer that the soil has been
exhausted of those peculiar constituents essential to the growth and
maturity of wheat, for this argument would lead to the conclusion that
nature had not by "her laws made provision for the perfect growth of
wheat at all, and that ultimately this production must become utterly
extinct. But this is an unwise as well as unprofitable conclusion. We
must, therefore, resolutely face the fact that the cause of the failure is

466

to be found in the farmer’s want of skill, and inquire how this skill may
be improved.

Examine the present mode of cultivation in the wheat-growing States.
Finding a field in clover, it is plowed in the fall or in the spring, and
planted with corn. The corn having been taken off, it is plowed again
the next spring and sown with oats, and upon this oats-stubble all the
manure of the barn-yard is put. It is then plowed under, and the field
sown with wheat; and when this crop is taken off it is either sown again
with wheat, “‘stubbled in,” as it is called, or it is sown with timothy in
the fall, clover in the spring, and again is laid down to grass, remains
two years, and then goes through the same rotation. ‘This is the ordi-
nary process of cultivation throughout all the Middle States, and it is
by this process that our wheat crops have diminished at ieast one-third
in the last twenty-five years, while there is not the same diminution in
any of the other crops which make up the whole course. The products
of corn, oats, and grass are as large if not larger than they ever were.
The marked failure is in the wheat crop. It is visited by fly, midge,
rust, mildew, or it grows into straw without a corresponding produc-
tion of grain. An experiment made upon my farm, and running through
a period of ten-years, induces me to say that the failure of the wheat crop is
occasioned, in a great measure, by the improper use of barn-yard manure.
Wheat is a delicate plant, both in its organic structure and the food it
consumes, and yet we apply, in aid of its germination and growth, the
gross, raw product of the barn-yard, filled with embryos of worms, bugs,
midges, and beetles, giving a nauseous dose to the first germ of the
wheat, and furnishing an unfit food throughout the whole life of the
plant. Add to this the vermin which the contents of the barn-yard have
brought upon the field, and then we may account for the midge, Hessian
fly, mildew, rust, and all other evils which we have been accustomed to
deplore when harvest comes.

I trust I may not be understood as depreciating the use of barn-yard
manure; so far from this, 1am convinced that human skill has never
been able to concoct a combination of plant food so excellent as that
which comes from the stable, when properly used. But the proper use
of it is upon corn ground. After the grass has been cut and made into
hay the second year, and when the tap-roots of the clover have attained
the size which makes them valuable as renovators of the soil, let the
grass grow up for a few weeks; then haul all available barn-yard manure
upon it, and scatter it over the ground; and as late in the fall as the
season will allow plow it under deeply. Corn is a voracious plant, and
will consume any food, however gross. Its roots are all-reaching and far-
reaching; they will find the manure readily, and the crop will tell the
story of its value. When the corn is taken off, and during the next
winter, let the corn stubble be broken close to the ground, raked off,
and burned, or, what is better, hauled to the barn-yard, and in the
spring as soon as the ground is dry enough harrow with a sharp and heavy
harrow until the surface is smooth; sow oats without plowing, and
roll after sowing. The manure is yet undisturbed, and not likely to
make the oats so rank as to cause them tolodge. Oats will grow better
and be more productive without plowing than with it. As soon as the
oats are off, let the stubble be plowed in as deeply as possible, by which
the manure, covered before corn-planting, will be thrown to the top, and
the scattered oats will have an opportunity to vegetate; then stir the
ground again with the plow, thus destroying the growing oats, and
thoroughly mixing the earth and upturned manure, which, by the lapse
of time, has undergone a thorough decomposition and combined with tie

467

earth, and in this way has been made a food properly prepared for the
wheat plant. The earth throngh its influence has been assimilated to
the humus which was originally so productive of wheat. If the land
under this treatment tends to become too mellow, let timothy be sown
in the fall with the wheat, at the rate of one bushel to the acre, and clover
in the spring at the rate of one bushel upon five acres. If no timothy
be sown in the fall, the wheat will be greatly benefited by harrowing
it with a sharp harrow in the spring. No fear need be entertained of
injuring the roots, and the ground will be freshened and well prepared
for receiving the clover-seed. When it is sown, a roller passed over the
ground will fix the clover-seed for immediate germination, and level the
surface for the reaper and mower; and I may add, that the habitual use
of a roller upon cultivated land, whether in corn, oats, wheat, barley, or
clover, has a tendency to destroy the larvee and pupe of insects to an
extent rendering them harmless, while ali these crops are benefited by it.

In the Southern States there is no reason why cotton or tobacco
may not be substituted in this course for wheat. It may be suggested
that, when either of these crops is cultivated the last time, the land may
be sown with clover, which by the following June will grow to its full
size, and may then be plowed under. If the ground be again plowed
in September, it will be in the best condition for a wheat crop, or, what
is better, if the clover be left until the following spring, when it shall have
attained its full growth, the land will be in a condition to grow corn,
cotton, tobacco, or anything else. This system, pursued for a series of
years, may be relied upon for the production of crops perpetually, always
using barn-yard manure upon the clover sod, and planting with corn.
It is the enriching influence of clover roots and the rotation of crops
which produce the result. Let if be remembered that there is little
reliance to be placed upon the effect of a green crop turned under by
the plow; ninety per cent. of it is water. It is the full-grown root of
clover that enriches the soil.

Care in the selection of seed wheat is of the very first importance.
Discard all idea of mixing ingredients with it to destroy smut, rust,
mildew, or anything else; for, beyond the mere operation of washing or
the manure they may furnish, it is questionable whether they produce
any good effect. Smut is a fungoid growth from a diseased grain of
wheat, which by contagion will be communicated to the mass, but from
which the mass may be purified by washing with soap and salt water.
Mildew is a parasitic fungus upon the straw, by which the seed is never
affected otherwise than by the destruction of the straw and consequent
shrinking of the wheat in the head. The midge, Hessian fly, and weevil,
are insects the consideration of which should be introduced in any dis-
cussion on the subject of the cultivation of wheat. The midgeisa small
winged insect, the larva of which is an orange-colored maggot, found
between the skin and chaff of the grain of wheat while it is in its
milky state. The egg is deposited between the chaff and the kernel,
and is so minute as not to be discoverable by the naked eye. The larva
extracts the milk and destroys the grain. The Hessian fly deposits its
egg, which is about the size of the smallest grain of clover-seed, upon
the blade of wheat, from which it falls into the crotch of the plant or
upon the ground; if upon the latter it perishes, and if upon the former
it is hatched into a larva resembling a flaxseed. As it grows, it lives
upon the sap of the straw, and destroys it at its point of contact, which
is usually in the first joint, so that it is broken off by the wind or its
own weight. The weevil is a hard-shelled beetle, which preys only
upon grain after it is matured. The remedy for smut and mildew is

468

careful cultivation, frequent rolling, and selection of clean, pure, heavy
seed. The weevil may be driven from barns or bins by any strongly
smelling plant, such as mint or burdock.

There are involved in this discussion two simple principles of agri-
culture—the timely application of manure, and the proper rotation of
crops. It may and probably will be said that clover will not grow suc-
cessfully in the Southern States. With all due respect to the little
experience which southern farmers have had in the use of this grass, I
must insist that such is the character of the clover-plant, with its
deeply penetrating tap-root, which nature intended for the supply of
moisture and nourishment, that no other grass will endure more drought.
Lime is one of the largest constituent elements of clover, and, if it be
applied to the land, clover will grow almost anywhere, and wherever it
grows the soil is renovated and erriched by it.

APPEARANCE OF WINTER-WHEAT.

Voluntary returns from regular correspondents indicate a medium
condition of winter-wheat. The dry weather in many localities inter-
fered with early seeding, and the fly has been at work in ‘some places.
An increase of area sown appears probable in Arkansas and Texas. The
following extracts are given:

WINTER CROPS.

York County, Maine—Many pieces of wet land have been sown to winter-wheat.

Windsor County, Vt—The recent rains have filled streams and springs, and have
helped fall feed and fall-sowed grains.

Yates County, N. Y.—Wheat came up well; small but healthy; slight damage by the
worm. The severe drought prevents as large a top as usual; about the same area sown
as last year.

Otsego County, N. Y.—Winter grain and fall feed are looking poorly.

Seneca County, N. Y.—Wheat has come up badly and looks spindling, with decreased
acreage.

Bradford County, Pa.—Wheat has come up very slowly; a poor stand.

Huntingdon County, Pa.—Light showers have kept the winter-wheat in good condi-
tion. Itis fully up to un average.

Butler County, Pa.—The showers of the past few weeks have improved the appearance
of fall grains fifty per cent.

Lancaster County, Pa.—Wheat looks well; neither too thin nor too rank.

Sussex County, Del.—Decreased acreage sown to wheat, attention being given to
small fruits, which are more profitable.

Carroll County, Md.—Late showers have improved wheat and rye, which are looking
well.

Fauquier County, Va.—The favorable fall has given wheat a fine start.

Prince George County, Va.—The wet weather will diminish the already small area in
winter-wheat. Winter oats have almost entirely superseded wheat, except immediately
on the James River.

Fairfax County, Va.—Fall months have been favorable and wheat has come up well.
Decreased acreage.

Powhatan County, Va.—Most favorable seeding season for several years, but, owing
to failure of the wheat crop in this county, there is not a full crop seeded. Winter oats
have been substituted by many farmers.

King George County, Va—Wheat looking finely; acreage somewhat increased.

Culpeper County, Va.—Karly sown wheat looking well.

Nelson County, Va.—Wheat came up rapidly, and is looking unusually promising.

Frederick County, Va.—A good stand of wheat.

Rockbridge County, Va.—Fine stand of wheat, and looking well, except that sown in
August and September, on which the fly has been working. :

Transylvania County, N. C.—Early sown wheat looking well.

Moore County, N. C.—The drought has delayed the sowing of oats and wheat.

469

Jackson County, N. C—A heavy seeding of wheat and small area of rye; growing
finely.

Fannin County, Tex.—Almost every farmer has sown what seed-wheat he could pro-
cure. Wheat, very scarce; price, $2 to $2 25 per bushel, in specie.

Coryell County y, Yex.—Prospect for winter wheat and rye never better. A larger
area has been sown to wheat than for several years.

Prairie County, Ark.—Area in winter wheat increased 25 per cent. above average.
Winter-oats 20 per cent. above average. Little rye sown.

Weakley County, Tenn.—F ine sowing season ; but the area sown to wheat will be
smaller than for several years.

Smith County, Tenn.—Wheat is being put in better than last year, but not very well

et.
“ Carter County, Tenn.—Wheat has taken good root, and looks well.

Giles County, Tenn.—-Wheat and rye quite promising. Acreage increased 10 per cent.

Fayette County, W. Va.—Some farmers deferred sowing wheat until late in October,
hoping thereby to escape the ravages of the Hessian fly next season.

Marion County, W. Va.n—Wheat aud rye have come up well. I never saw a better
stand at date.

Mason County, W. Va.—The showers in October have brought up the wheat, which is
looking very well for the season.

Grant County, Ky.— Wheat and rye looking badly. The drought and the fly are
affecting them seriously.

Lincoin County, Ky.— Wheat and rye doing well.

Livingston County, Ky.—Wheat looking well.

Adair County, Ky.—Wheat looking better than usual.

Vernon County, Mo.—Wheat sown nearly a month later than usual, to avoid the fly
and chinch-bug, but warm days and frequent showers have hastened growth. Pros-
pect never better.

Phelps County, Mo.—Dry season. Grain sown late and on reduced area.

Adair County, Mo.—Too dry for seeding.

Putnam County, Mo.—The chinch-bug is the great pest of thts county, in some in-
stances destroying nearly all the crop. There appears to be no way to get rid of it but
to quit sowing spring-wheat.

Montgomery County, and growing rapidly.

Hdwards County, Ill. —Wheat has been put in well and early, but it is small and back-
ward, owing to drought.

Fairfield County; Tll—The rains are brin ging up the wheat, and benefiting pasturage.

Scott County, ill.—Large erop of wheat s sown, and looking well.

Pike County, Ill.—Not “much moré than half the wheat up; dry weather; farmers
put it in deep, hoping to reach moist earth. The rain came and run the ground to-
gether, forming a crust, which prevents the plants from coming through.

St. Clair County, Ill. —Wheat very promising.

Floyd County, Ind.—Wheat is not overgrown, but well rooted and set.

Noble County, Ind.—W heat has had very little rain.

Brown County, Ind—Dry month, but the small showers and cloudy weather have
kept wheat alive.

Fayette County, Ind.—The drought ended, and fall grains are coming up finely.

Cass County, Ind.—W heat is 1n worse condition for winter quarters than for many
years. Drought.

- Par A County y, Ind. —Poorest prospect for wheat in the past ten to fifteen years.
rought.

Scott County y, Ind.—The season continues dry, with occasional showers, just enough
to keep wheat alive. Increased acreage sown. The fly is damaging the early sown.

Madison County, Ind.—Remarkably dry. Wheat looks better than could have been
expected.

Franklin County, Ind.— Wheat is looking well.

Logan County, Ohio.—The effect of the drought upon wheat cannot yet be determined.
I have known in other years wheat to lay in the dust in the fall, and with the late fall
rains spring up and mat the ground before the winter proper set i in, and produce above
an average crop.

Cr awford County, Ohio—Wheat doing well; as large a growth as is desirable at this
time of year.

Henry County, Ohio—Wheat less promising than I remember to have seen it in thirty
years. Ground exceedingly dry at time of sowing. Came up thin and in spots.

Vinton County, Ohio.—Most of the wheat sown late. The fly is in the early sown.

Branch County, Mich.—Wheat looks poorly, owing to the drought. Unpromising for
& crop next season.

Hillsdale County, Mich.—Wheat does not come up well. Fire still raging in the woods.
In many localities the earth is dry to the depth of three feet.

470

Clinton County, Mich.—Wheat has not come up well. Some farmers have waited for
rain before sowing.

Livingston Coun ly y, Mich.—Scarcely any wheat sown on summer-fallow, and much
of the seed sown is lost. Many fires yet burning in the swamps and marshes.

Wayne County, Mich Much of the wheat sown ‘in September has not yet come up. Pas-
tures nearly all dried up. Much suffering among stock for water.

Mercer County, Wis.—Owing to the continued dry weather, wheat and rye have not
been sown as early as usual, but what has been sown looks well.

Columbia County, Wis. —Little grain sown this fall, owing to the dry weather.

Washington County, Iowa.—F all wheat prospect poor. Drought.

Adams County, Iowa.—Five times as much winter-wheat sown as in any pic ions
year.

Shawnee County, Kans.——Wheat sown a month later than usual, but it is looking
well.

Morris County, Kans.—Very little seeding done before October 10. A good breadth
sown, but hardly as great as last year.

Republic County, Kans—Two years ago I spent a week with a team in going after
winter-wheat for seeding. The result from ten bushels was very satisfactory. Last
year I sowed again, and four other farmers followed. The results were so good that five
hundred to one thousand aeres have been sown this fall—last year thirty-one. I have
just procured five bushels of winter-rye, and will start that over the county nent fall.
Will get winter-barley as soon as I can procure it.

Dickinson County, Kans.—Dry month; wheat backward.

Osage County, Kans.—Chinch-bugs still alive by millions, and in some fields attacking
the growing wheat.

Bourbon Count, y. Kans.—Decreased breadth in wheat and put in worse than usual.

Miami County, Kans.—Sown late, but looking well.

Gage County, Nebr.—Early sown wheat looks well; late sown not so good.

Cass County, Nebr—Wheat looking remarkably well.

Slanislaus County, CalNo rain yet, but the farmers have been sowing wheat and
barley extensively on dry summer- -fallow.

Alameda County, Cal.—No rain since the middle of May; but little wheat sown in
this section of the State for the want of rain to moisten the ground.

‘

VALUE OF CORN FODDER.

2, the annual report of 1870 a digest of the views of numerous cor-
respondents, of intelligence and experience, is presented, from which
the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Green corn-fodder is neither worthless nor the poorest of all soiling material.

2. It is best when planted in drills or hills, not so thickly as to prevent ‘normal growth
and development, cultivated to destroy weeds and grasses, and cut between tasseling
and earing, when the elements elaborated for production of the ear are stored in readi-
ness for immediate use.

3. It is probable, both from the rationale of the case and from facts presented above,
that in the more northern latitudes a mistake has often been made in sowing thickly
southern corn which cannot mature, the fodder from which, fedin August, must be very
nearly worthless. On the contrary, the fodder from northern corn, especially sweet
corn, drilled widely and cultivated, and fed just before earing, is found to be very val-
uable.

4. Its value, compared with lucern, millet, the best grasses, and other plants con-
taining a large percentage of nutriment, taking into consideration the quantity pro-
duced and the cost of its production, has not been determined fully, and should be
decided by a series of thorough and exhaustive experiments. . :

Confirmations of the correctness of these conclusions are received
from every direction, as the result of further and more careful experi-
ment during the present year. Among the authoritiesrepeatedly quoted
to show the assumed worthlessness of corn-fodder, is the Boston Journal
of Chemistry. The position of that journal is that ‘ when raised from
broadcast-sowing it is nearly worthless, but when sown in hills or in
drills and cultivated with access of air and sunlight, it is of high value.”
An experiment made by the editor this season shows that fodder- corn

AT1

planted in drills contained of dry matter, the water being evaporated in
a drying closet, 17 per cent., while that from corn sown broadcast con-
tained but 8 per cent.,in which sugar and gum were almost entirely
wanting. This illustrates the great superiority of stalks collected just
as the ear begins to form. Bory

Ata meeting of the Western New York Dairymen’s Association, in
September, Mr. Lewis F. Allen stated that, in experimenting with fod-
der-corn, he had planted one acre in sweet corn, which grew to a height
of about 24 feet, feeding being commenced when the corn began to tas-
sel. The acre supplied sixteen cows twenty-three days, (equivalent to
feeding one cow three hundred and sixty-eight days,). yielding about 84
tons. Common Ohio green corn, of which the crop was double that of
the sweet corn, was then fed, and the cows appeared to relish it equally
well. The result was a steady increase of milk and alarge increase of
butter.

In respect to a substitution of lucern in place of fodder-corn, Mr.
Martin said that the value of the former as a food for dairy cows would
appear to have been overrated tosome extent. It belongs to the clover
family, and the milk of cows fed upon it is not equal for purposes of
butter and cheese to milk from the grasses proper; and the butter and
cheese obtained from feeding it are deficient in keeping qualities.

Mr. EK. W. Stewart brought forward the practice of Mr. Fry, who raised
corn in drills, dropping the seed in every third furrow. One acre sup-
plied one hundred and five cows four days, equivalent to feeding one
cow four hundred and twenty days. Mr. Stewart held that when the
corn-plant began to tassel it contained all the constituents of the grain.

Mr. Pierce, of Hast Hamburgh, said that he had not found sowed
corn capable of increasing the production of milk after it had fallen off,
but that if the feeding was commenced in season the flow would be kept
up, and the cows sustained in good heart and flesh.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FARMERS’ CLUBS.

A correspondent in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, writes urging
the formation of farmers’ clubs and the frequent meeting of farmers for
comparison of views, &c. He says:

If we had farmers’ clubs organized in all the towus, and these in communication with
a central head, any important fact established could be at once made known to all the
clubs throughout the country. The most important work for the clubs would be to
establish facts by actual experiments. Thisis our great want at present. We have
very little positive knowledge in regard to the best methods of applying labor or ma-
terial to the soil for any crop. Take Indian corn, for example. We find great differ-
ence of opinion in regard to the plowing of the land, the application of fertilizers, the
planting of seed, and the cultivating and harvesting of the crop. This ought not to
be. It is true that climate and soil have something to do with the methods; but with
organized effort and experiment the best methods of planting and cultivating our prin-
cipal crops may be developed, and thereby some progress be made in the right direc-
tion. Leta farmers’ club be formed in every town, and let no year pass without the
institution of some experiment in agriculture for the instruction of the members, and
when the results are important let the facts be communicated to the Department of
Agriculture for more general dissemination.

The Concord (Massachusetts) Farmers’ Club presents the following
list of subjects to be discussed by members during the ensuing winter,
one being assigned to each weekly meeting, from November 2 to April
18, the meetings to be held at the houses of the members:

Economy of small farms as compared with large ones. Our discussions—what
questions shall we select, and how discuss them? Insects injurious to fruit-trees and

472

flowering shrubs, and the remedies. Birds, their habits and agricultural value. The
farmer and the hired man—cannot some means be adopted to secure responsible help
on our farms? Comparative value of heavy and light soils for farming purposes.
Field and garden seeds. Co-operation for farmers. Restoring worn-out lands—how shall
we doit? The farmer and the markets—how can the farmer get a fair return for his
crops? Crops of 1871—what crops have paid the best for the labor and money ex-
pended? Of what benefit has chemistry been to agriculture? Special fertilizers—
notes of experiments. Agricultural machinery—what machines does the farmer need ?
The law of germination—our use and abuse of it. History of the Concord Farmers’
Club. Profits and losses in milk-raising. Education of farmers’ sons and daughters.
The cranberry crop—soil and cultivation. Experimental farming—its value to the pub-
lic. Small frnits raised for family and market. Pickles—at what price can we afford
to raise them? Barns—plans and specifications, with details.

This programme is suggestive to such clubs as are at a loss to know
what course to pursue to make their meetings interesting and instructive.
These organizations are rapidly increasing in numbers, and, when prop-
erly conducted, must result in much practical good to the agricultural
interest. |

As an adjunct of town clubs, supplying a feature calculated to give
vitality and permanency, as well as interest and utility to these local
organizations, we would recommend rural libraries, in which the farmer
may find the latest and best agricultural books and journals for the in-
struction and profitable entertainment of himself and family.

In the West a lively interest is springing up in the formation of town
clubs among the farmers, and the good results are already apparent.
Our correspondent for Rock County, Wisconsin, reports the existence
of a club at Beloit, embracing thirty-four farmers of the township, who
farm each from 60 to 360 acres, limestone soil, prairie, and timber-land.
He adds:

We are advancing in this town; getting more correct ideas of farming by rotation,
clovering, pasturing cattle and sheep, raising horses of breeds adapted to farming
purposes. We have better stock than formerly, and are also raising more fine-boned
hogs than heretofore, and considerably more corn and less wheat ; make more manure,
and draw it out and plow it under, instead of burning the straw, as was done twenty
years ago. We make no crop a specialty ; mixed husbandry pays the best.

A correspondent in Butler County, Ohio, in a communication trans- ©
mitting names of the officers of the county society, adds:

We have very successful fairs, and in many regards our society is well managed.
Our grounds are large and commodious, and in every way well improved. Our officers,
however, a long time ago, permitted the introduction of negro minstrels, fat women,
big babies, deformed animals, riding nuisances, &c., to the annoyance of visitors and
to the disgust of those who believe that such exhibitions should not be tolerated at
such a place. Part of the grounds became worse than a bear-garden, and the “ noise
and confusion” are enough to drive quiet people out of the grounds. Besides, these
exhibitions distract the attention of the young, and some older people, from the real
object of the fair, and tend to educate the people in the Ais direction ; they degrade

and debase, rather than instruct and improve. I wish the influence of the Department -
of Agriculture could be bronght to bear against this abomination.

RECENT STOCK SALES.

At the cattle sale of Edward Iles, near Springfield, Illinois, Novem-
ber 15, 22 short-horn cows sold for $15,664, or an average of $712
each. ‘Jesse Hopewell” was sold to J. H. Kissenger, Clarksville, Mis-
souri, for $2,499; ‘Oxford Duchess” to J. G. Taylor, Decatur, Illinois,
for $2,100; “Potentilla” to D. Sodowsky, Indianola, for $1,800; and
“Nelly Bly” to Frank Spear, Tollula, Illinois, for $1,800. The lowast
price realized was $150, for “ Rosalie.” Ten bulls brought $3,725, an

473

average of $372 50 each. The highest price, $800, for ‘“‘ Chief Napier,”
purchased by E. W. Mills, Sullivan, Illinois; * Canadian Prince” brought
$510, and “Seventh Duke of Airdrie” $500. At this sale 16 Berkshire
swine averaged $28 68 each. Chester Whites sold low.

At the sale of the Clifton stud, property of R. W. Cameron, New
York, November 1, 35 thorough-breds of all ages sold for $27,985, an
average of $799 60 each. The stallion « Hampton Court,” foaled in
1864, and sired by Young Melbourne, brought $3,000; J. Carter Brown,
of Providence, the purchaser. *¢ Warminster,” foaled in 1869, sold for
$1,650; and “Glen Athol,” foaled 1869, brought $1,400. The six stal-
lions averaged $1,426 66 each. The mare “Stolen Kisses,” foaled in
1864, was sold for $1,900, to P. W. Hudson, Manchester, Connecticut ;
“ Invercauld” brought $1, 580, and Eleanor, $1,000. The lowest price
was $300, for “ Casemate,” foaled i in 1860. of the two-year olds “ In-
verary,” brown filly, sired by Leamington, was bought by P. W. Hud-
son for $2,400. The yearlings ranged “from $925 to $375, and the wean-
lings from $925 for a bay colt of “‘ Stolen Kisses,” by “‘ Leamington,” down
to $100. Of half-breeds a bay gelding, by “‘ Hartington,” brought $500.
Two colts by “ Leamington,” property of R. B. Forbes, jr., brought respect-
ively $705 and $500. In Jersey cattle the cow “ Daisy,” four years old,
brought $350; ‘ Daffodil” $225; three heifer calves, respectively, $165,
$150, and $140; and a yearling bull, $130.

The stock consigned to A. M. Harkness, Philadelphia, by P. H. Fowler,
Watford, England, weresold November7. Twelve Jersey cows and heifers,
aud two bulls, and four Guernsey heifers, were disposed of at an average of
$213 75 per head, $290 being the highest price realized for a cow, ‘and
$115 for a bull. Blev en mountain and Shetland ponies averaged $143

each. Twenty Shropshire Down sheep averaged $19 per head—$11 to
$25 for young rams, and $24 to $40 for ewes.

General Singleton, Quincy, Dlinois, sold, November 1, i1 short-horn
cows at an average of $294 18 per head, and one bull at $475. The
highest price paid for a cow was $450 for “ Deborah,” by S. L. Crippen,
Camp Point. The Alderney cow, “Buttercup Fifth,” brought $500,
bought by J. P. Erskine, of Quincy. A number of Berkshire swine
was sold. One sow, with five pigs, ‘brought $55; another, with seven
pigs, $49, and another, with the same number of pigs, $41; single sows,
$22 to $26 ; pigs, $15 to $25

Geo. E. Waring, of Gtien Farm, Newport, Rhode Island, has sold his
Jersey cow “Fancy” (reserving her next calf) for $1,250 to John S.
Eldridge, jr., Readville, Massachusetts.

Ata sale of stock consigned to Richards, Leftwich & Co., Baltimore,
on November 21, ten Jersey cows and heifers averaged $192 50 per
head, $340 being the highest figures reached. Five Guernsey heifers
averaged $104 per head, and six short-horns averaged $161 66.

At asale of Jersey cattle belonging toS. J. Megargee, Montgomery
County, Pennsylvania, November 15, prices ruled low. The highest
price realized was for ‘ Buttercup,” six years old, $250, and run as low
as $30 for a four-year old. Calves ranged from $7 for a bull one month
old to $54 for a heifer calf six months old.

R. W. Cameron, of New York, has sold Alderneys as follows: Cow
Heatherbell, four and a half years old, $450; cow Daisy, four years old,
imported, $350; bull, fifteen months ‘old, $130 ; one heifer calf, eight
meni old, $160; and one at $140; and another, seven months old,

5.
J. J. Davidson, Balsam, Ontario, Canada, has recently sold the three-

474

year old Clydesdale mare “ Darling Third,” by imported Netherby, to
William Moffat, of Strongville, Ohio, for $1,000 gold.

Colonel J. J. De Forest, of Duanesburgh, New York, has recently sold
twelve pigs, the produce of one improved Cheshire sow for one year, for
$163. The prices ranged from $15 for a pair of pigs, to $30 for a boar.

Joseph Harris, of Rochester, New York, has sold to J. 8. Hardin,
Louisville, Kentucky, two Essex sows for $350. Mr. Hardin has also
purchased three Jersey cows at $316 each.

Mr. M. H. Cochrane, Compton, Canada, shipped, November 2, eight
head of short-horns—Duchesses, Oxfords, and Cambridge Roses—to
Earl Dunmore, in Scotland. The Mark Lane Express says that the two
Duchess heifers are the produce of Duchess 101st and Duchess 103d,
which Mr. Cochrane bought in calf last summer for 2,500 guineas, and
the same price is now paid for their calves. The calves are considered
superior to their dams. The Oxford cows were bred by Mr. Sheldon.

Messrs. Wolcott & Campbell, New York Mills, New York, have sold
to Mr. Cheney, of Gaddisby, England, five head of short-horns, which
were shipped to Southampton. One of the five, the Ninth Maid, of Ox-
ford, although landed safely, died afew days after arrival at Southamp-
ton, during the quarantine to which all stock is subjected, and in this
case with very few of the comforts to which such animals are accustomed.

One of the largest public sales of horses and cattle which ever took
place in California was held at Bellevue ranche, belonging to the estate
of the late R. J. Walsh, Colusa County. The horses, 148 head, were
all unbroken. They were bred from the best American mares by supe-
rior horses. The first, second, third, and fourth choice, one pair each,
sold for $120, $120, $80, and $67, respectively. The remainder were
sold in a single lot at $24 each. The bulls were sold as follows: first,
second, and third choice, $100 each; fourth choice, $52 50; fifth, $40;
and the four remaining bulls for $155. The general horned stock sold,
first choice, 5 head, $100 each; second choice, 10 head, $70 each; third
choice, 10 head, $59 each; and so on down to the eighteenth choice,
comprising the remaining 380 head, which sold for $18 25 per head.
—altogether, 1,145 were sold under this head. The Bellevue ranche
contains 20,000 acres, extending along the Sacramento River for eight
miles, and mostly valley land. For the past five years the ranche
has been managed by the executor of Mr. Walsh, who died in 1866,
leaving a debt of $80,000 on the property. There were then 1,200 head
of stock on the ranch. In the five years the total sales of stock and
grain have amounted to over $250,000. The $80,000 debt has been
paid ; over forty miles of fence have been built; there is now as much
stock on hand as there was five years ago, and the executor has in hand
$40,000, the proceeds of the stock sale.

FARM MANAGEMENT IN ENGLAND.

A heavy clay farm of 133 acres, in Clavering, Essex, abandoned to
weeds and neglect, and clover sick, producing but 24 to 32 bushels of
wheat, was rented in 1862 by Mr. W. Savill, a schoolmaster of the vil-
lage, for a period of seventeen years. He put in drains three feet
deep, and kept the surface clear of weeds. Commencing with 85 acres
of arable land, he has increased his annual tillage since 1867 to one
hundred acres, and has steam-plowed an average of 35 acres annually

475

for the past four years. He applies eight loads per acre of farm-yard
manure once in three years, and every year gives his crops a top-dress-
ing, costing at least 25 shillings per acre. The result of this treatment
is an average of 47 bushels of wheat per acre, or 48 bushels of barley.
His last crop of wheat, after potatoes, was 534 bushels per acre. He
employs five men and five boys regularly, and occasionally five extra
men and six to eight girls of thirteen to sixteen years of age.

Professor George H. Cook, of the New Jersey Agricultural College,
reports the practice of Robert Leeds, an English farmer of considera-
ble reputation. Mr. Leeds’s farm embraces 1,160 acres ; 1,000 acres be-
ing in active tillage under four-field rotation—roots, wheat, barley and
oats, clover and timothy—the remainder in pasture or permanent
meadow. Last year there were 300 acres in beets, ruta-bagas, and tur-
nips, yielding 900 bushels of roots per acre, the whole of which were con-
sumed upon the farm. The stock consists of 2,000 sheep and 150 beeves,
besides horses, calves, and pigs. The sheep are chiefly Southdowns,
the beeves Durham, all in fine condition. Mr. L. calculates to add $30
to $80 to the value of a steer in eight or nine months. He practices
the system of box-feeding. These boxes are about ten feet square,
quite high, sheltered and well ventilated, in which the steer can turn
around and lie or stand at pleasure. The water and feed boxes are
movable up and down, as in a month after going in they may need to
come up a foot to clear the bedding. One box has oil-meal, another
cut roots, another hay, and a fourth water. He can help himself at any
time, and such generous bedding of clean straw is thrown to him that
he eats some of it, while he tramples the remainder and converts it with
his droppings into the best of manure. The bullock stays in this box
until ready for the knife, and when he comes out, fat, he leaves, per-
haps, ten cubic yards of rich compost beneath him. Mr. Leeds sells, an-
nually, 260 to 250 beeves, and 500 sheep.

William Smith, of Woolston, Bucks, reports the cost of steam culture
upon his farm, in preparation of seed-bed for wheat, barley, beans, and
roots. A field of 39 acres of heavy clay land, sown to wheat, which is
the seventeenth crop under steam culture, cost an average of 4s. 74d.
A field of 29 acres heavy land, which produced a crop of beans in 1870,
when the preparation cost 4s. 8d. per acre; wheat in 1871, at 5s. 114d. per
acre, has been prepared for beans next year at a cost of 6s. 2d. The
field is not quite clean, but will be so when the beans come off next
year. The ridges will be forked and picked this winter at an expense
of about 5s. per acre. Another field of heavy land, 24 acres, has been
prepared for barley next year. The ridges will, after picking, asin the
preceding case, need splitting by a subsoiler worked by horses, in the
winter, at a cost of 3s. per acre. This, added to the ridging and sub-
soiling at Gs. 2d. per acre, makes the total cost of the seed-bed 9s. 2d.
per acre. A field of light land, 14 acres, prepared for barley—the sixth
white straw crop in succession—costs 6s. 2d. per acre, requiring only
ridging and subsoiling. Thirty years ago this field was in grass of the
poorest sort, giving a very light produce on an average of years, and
when plowed up, twenty to thirty years ago, the yellow clay, which
plowed up at not over four inches from the surface, looked like good
stuff to adulterate butter with; yet, by the aid of the ridger and sub-
soiler, this clay has been converted into black mold to the depth of
afoot. A lot of 13 acres of light land has been similarly prepared for
beans at the same expense, and neither the spade nor plow, worked by
man or horse, can equal it in quality at any cost. To steam culture Mr.
Smith attributes his success in keeping his land clean under a yearly

476

system of grain-cropping, and thinks it has much to do in keeping it in
condition. His land is not only heavy, but very hilly and uneven, which
would need, under horse culture, four good horses to plow three roods
per day, and the best farmers cannot, with horses in such land, make a
clean seed-bed on an average of years for £1 per acre. He states that
his own clay lands did not, under horse culture, produce over 20 bush-
els of grain per acre, and that the best-farmed land of like kind in the
neighborhood does not now produce over 24 bushels per acre on an aver-
age of years, while his clay land yields an average of 36 bushels. The
character of the land has been entirely changed, and his opinion is that
clay soils in other districts would change under similar treatment.

THE BRITISH FOOD SUPPLY.

The importations of wheat into Great Britain for the months of 1871,
as reported from the official records, amount to 32,365,338 ewt., against
25,969,710 cwt. for the same period last year. The Russian contribution
is 13,310,475 cwt., against 8,219,154 cwt. for a similar period of 1870.
That of the United States, 10,832,561, against 10,666,001 last year.
Germany reduces her proportion for these periods from 3,085,895 to
2,447,256 cwt. France, usually sparing little, sends 122,004 cwt.,
against 174,651 the previous year. Next to Germany, in quantity, comes
British North America, supplying 2,426,248 ewt. this year, and
2,212,723 in ten months of 1870. The United States has increased her
proportion but little, which stands at 33 per cent. of the whole; but
Russia has advanced from 32 to 41 per cent. The average price paid
for Kussian wheat was $2 84 per cwt.; for that of the United States,
$2 99, being an increase from last year of 37 cents per ewt. -The total
receipts for our wheat for this period have been $32,464,350 ; for flour,
$6,168,680. Russia sends little wheat in this shape; none is separately
reported this year. The total receipts of flour and wheat meal are but
3,347,001 cwt. The quantity of Indian corn imported in ten months
is 14,260,760 cwt., costing $27,330,870.

NOTES FROM THE GARDEN.

DEPTH TO PLANT SEEDS.

The proper depth to plant seeds is a question of considerabie import-
ance, and one which, like many other similar questionsrelating to plant
growth, cannot receive a definite answer that would be of general or
universal application. In dry sandy soils, situated in dry climates, a
deeper covering will be required than would be judicious where both
soil and climate indicate the reverse of these conditions. For instance,
it has been shown that peas continue longer in bearing condition, on
sandy soils, when sown at a depth of 6 inches, than they do when placed
nearer the surface ; and it is said that the Indians upon the table-lands
of the Colorado plant corn 10 to 12 inches below the surface with the
best results; but if planted with only 1 or 2 inches of covering, the crop
fails. Seeds also vary in their ability to penetrate depths of soil in
germinating. Leguminous seeds, and some of the largest seeding

ATT

gramine, can be planted deeper than those of a lighter character. It.
has been given as a general rule that all seeds germinate most speedily
when covered with a depth of soil equal to their own thickness, and
where the constant presence of sufficient moisture for germination can
be maintained ; this rule is, perhaps, as nearly correct as any that can
be given.

A BERLIN PROJECT.

A “dendro-pomological garden” is about to be established at Berlin.
This garden is to be planted with a collection of fruit-trees, and to com-
prise an arboretum where ali hardy ligneocus plants will be systemati-
cally arranged. Hedges of various plants, capable of being used for the
purpose of live fences, will also be introduced. The idea and the botani-
cal arrangement emanates from Professor Karl Koch, the plans for laying
out the garden being perfected by Mr. Meyer, landscape gardener of Sans.
Souci.

Several years ago, a similar project was proposed by Mr. William
Saunders, of this Department, who prepared plans for the botanical
arrangement, and for the laying out of the grounds. The work was not
commenced until the spring of 1868; since that time operations have
been gradually progressing, the ground-plans are nearly completed, and
the collections yearly increasing in value and interest. The plan of
the Department embraces various important details not included in the
published plan of the Berlin project.

AUSTRALIAN SEEDS AND PLANTS.

Inquiries are frequently made of this Department for seeds of Aus-
tralian trees, especially for the rapid-growing species of Hucalyptus and.
Acacia. The native habitats of these plants being characterized by
seasons of extreme dryness, has led to the belief that they would be par-
ticularly adapted to the dry atmosphere of the western plains. This is
a mistake, so far as regards the growth of these plants in dry soils and
climates, inasmuch as the season of growth in Australia is very wet;
dry weather succeeds this growing period, corresponding to our winters,
which is the period of rest. The seplants are unable to resist even 10°
of frost, consequently they are not adapted to climates where this degree
of frost prevails. No instance is known where they have flourished in
the open air east of the Pacific coast. Our native trees furnish species
of as rapid growth as any of these Australian plants, so that there seems
no necessity for anxiety in this matter. There are a sufficiency of hardy
trees known to be well adapted to meet all reasonable necessities. .

JINFOMOLOGICAL RECORD.

[By TOWNEND GLOVER, Entomologist. ]

BEETLES DESTROYING TWIGS.—Many small branches or twigs of pear,
persimmon, and various other trees, deeply cut into and girdled by some
insect, have been received by the Department this autumn, with letters
making inquiry as to the insect causing the injury, and the best mode of
preventing its ravages. It appears, from the correspondence, that the
trees are much more injured this autumn by it than they were a few
years ago, thus proving that the insect is increasing in numbers, and, if

478

not prevented, may eventually do much injury. A correspondent at
Richmond, Virginia, writes that the elm, persimmon, &c., have been
much injured in that neighborhood. Mr, G. F. B. Leighton, of Norfolk,
Virginia, states that the pear, hickory, elm, and persimmon are attacked
in his vicinity ; but that the persimmon receives the greatest injury.

The beetle that thus girdles the twigs is the perfect insect of the

<2, » So-called “ twig-girdler,” Oncideres cingulatus, Say, (Fig. 1,)
ay f a medium-sized, long-horned beetle, of a chestnut-brown color,
and having a broad lighter-colored band across the wing-
covers. The female beetle first makes a perforation in a
branch, generally just below a bud; she then deposits an egg
in this perforation, in one case even making as many as six
perforations, in which eggs were deposited below the buds in a
single branch, not more than a foot in length, sent by Mr.
Leighton.

After the insect has deposited her eggs, she then proceeds
to gnaw all around the branch, thus forming a circular cut or
WZy\ 19 § incision, about one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch in width,

Fig.1. below the place where the eggs are deposited, so that the
exterior part or end dies; the larva, when hatched, feeds on the dead
wood, which sort of food appears to be essential to its growth. The
principal injury is said to be done in August and September. They
have also been found to injure walnut and apple as well as the trees
above mentioned.

A great number of the perfect beetles that had just changed were
found in Maryland in twigs broken from a large hickory tree, and lying
on the ground beneath it. The best way to eradicate this insectis to cut
off all such branches and twigs as have the least appearance of having
been girdled, and to gather up all fallen branches on the ground and to
burn them immediately, as the eggs or larve of the next year’s genera-
tion are contained in these twigs, and, if allowed to remain undisturbed,
would produce a race of beetles next season which would girdle all the
trees in the neighborhood. The best time to prune off the infested .
branches is after the leaves have fallen from the trees, as the injury can
be more plainly seen than when the tree is in full leaf.

There is another long-horned brownish beetle which also cuts off the
twa branches of oak, apple, peach, hickory, and chest-
2% nut. This beetle, whichis known as the “ oak-pruner,”

‘€4j| Elaphidion villosum, Fab., (Fig. 2,) (Stenocorus putator of

“) Peck,) does not make the incision from the outside of
the branch like the twig-girdler above mentioned, but
thelarvacuts the twig from the inside. The egg is depos-
ited in July on a twig near the extremity of a branch
«/ The larva, when hatched, penetrates into the wood, and
Fig. 2. forms a cylindrical burrow several inches in length
in the interior of the branch, and, when full grown, eats away parts
of the wood of the branch in which it resides, from the inside, leaving
only the bark untouched, so that these branches are broken off in
autumn by the first strong wind, and fall to the earth with the larve
yetin them. Professor Peck considered that this was done in order that
the branch might retain sufficient moisture from lying on the damp ground
to enable the pupa and insect to be perfectly developed. If this insect
should increase so as to-become very injurious, it may readily be de-
stroyed by gathering up all fallen branches under the trees in winter or
spring, before the perfect beetle is developed, and burning them immedi-
ately. If such fallen branches are examined in early spring, they will

479

be found to contain either pupz or perfect beetles, which, if not de-
stroyed, would, next season, deposit eggs on the neighboring trees.

The white poplar (Populus alda) in this neighborhood is subject to a
species of shedding of the twigs, but this does not appear to be caused
by any insect, as, upon examination of the fallen twigs, no eggs or ves-
tiges of the work of any insect could be found, and the only peculiarity
exhibited by the twigs is a very great enlargement or swelling just
above or at the place where the twig is broken.

A NEW ENEMY TO THE STRAWBERRY.—Last May a communication
was received from Mr. B. Bryan, of Silver Hill, Maryland, stating that
he had observed some small insects injuring his strawberries soon after
they had commenced blooming. In his letter he says: “I noticed that
the blossoms were dying, and, upon examination, found that a small insect
somewhat similar to the curculio was stinging or piercing with its snout
the blossom-bud and footstalk of the blossom-bud, thereby causing the
death of the blossom.” “TI found these little eurculios in all parts of the
field where the berries were growing, and the damage was the same
all over the place, and on some vines as high as two-thirds of the blos-
soms were killed.” Mr. Bryan also states that if these insects deposit
eggs in the punctures they make, they fail to hatch in almost every
instance. On searching a neighboring patch of strawberry plants, he
‘‘failed to find any of these small cureulios.” The insect
sent proved to be Anthonomus signatus, Say, (bisignatus of
Schonher,) (Fig. 3,) and as yet must be extremely local,
for although diligently searched for in several straw- “
berry beds, both in this neighborhood and in Maryland, |
not one of these insects could be found. In the speci- /
mens of blossoms injured, no eggs or vestiges of larve
could be found, thus proving that the punctures are #&* a
merely made for the sake of feeding upon the plant. As Fig. 3.
this insect has not yet been mentioned as injuring the strawberry, it
has been thought-advisable to draw the attention of horticulturists to
Mr. Bryan’s letter, as the fact of this beetle having injured his crop so
materially may perhaps account for the failure of the strawberry crop
in certain localities. This insect is about 0.11 inch in length; including
snout, 0.15 inch. Oval in shape, the thorax one-half the width of the
body; elytra or wing-covers reddish brown, with two large irregular
oval spots of a darker shade, margined with white, occupying a space a
little below the center of each wing; inner margin around the scutellum
same color as the spots; scutellum, or triangular spot between the base
of the wing-covers, white; thorax, head, and legs dark chestnut brown,
coarsely punctured ; underside of body clothed with fine whitish hairs;
end of abdomen reddish brown. They vary much, some of them being
almost entirely without the irregular oval spots on the wing-covers,and
of a nearly uniform chestnut-brown color.

NEW INSECTS FROM THE WES?T.—During the summer, the assistant
entomologist, in company with the New York agricultural editorial
excursion party, made collections of insects in Kansas, Colorado, Wy-
oming, and Nebraska, among which five species have been described as
new. Arctia Williamsii, Dodge, (Fig. 4,) recently described in the
Canadian Entomologist, occurs in the mountains.
It is avery pretty moth, with chocolate-brown
upper wings marked with lines of creamy white;
the hind wings rust-red, with brown spots. It
is dedicated to Mr. Henry T. Williams, editor of
the Horticulturist. Caloptenus Dodgei, Thos., a
small, almost wingless grasshopper, is found near

4

480

the summit of Pike’s Peak. Acridium frontalis, Thos., is quite abund-
ant on the wild sunflower in Kansas. GU?dipoda undulata, Thos., and
Pezotettix megacephala, Thos., were collected from the cowecatcher of
the locomotive, running at usual speed, during the trip through Ne-
braska. All are grasshoppers, with the exception of the first named.

CHEMICAL MEMORANDA.

The labratory of the Department is engaged upon several researches
of considerable importance and extent. Theresults of the weekly deter-
mination of chlorine and phosphorus in the grape vine and leaf will, when
duly completed, possess both a practical and scientific value. The exami-
nation of some of the principal commercial fertilizers has been commenced,
with the intention to exhibit, at least partially, the condition of this man-
ufacture. The work will be fairly and accurately performed, and will
fully set forth the facts of each case.

Among the analyses incidentally executed this month, a few possess
special interest.

SUGAR-BEETS.—Messrs. Chaffee and Schreiner, of Denver, Colorado
Territory, lately sent to the Department specimens of sugar-beets raised
in that vicinity. They were of unusual size, averaging 5 pounds 4 ounces
in weight, 184 inches in length, and 14 inches in circumference two
inches below the collar. The substance of the root was compact, firm,
and perfectly white. The polarization process gave 14.50 per cent. of
sugar, several determinations yielding the same figures,

Dr. Nichols, superintendent of the Government Asylum for the Insane,
near Washington, furnished samples of beets grown on the farm attached
to that institution. They were of large size, remarkably well grown,
firm, and uniform in texture. Average weight, 5 pounds 2 ounces; length,
14 1-5 inches; ciicumference, 154 inches. Sugar, per cent., 9.50.

C. F. Hawley, esq., of Kansas City, Missouri, forwarded beets grown
in that region. Their weight averaged 2 pounds 4 ounces; length, 113
inches; circumference, 114 inches; percentage of sugar, 6.75. These
beets were badly grown, small, unhealthy in texture, and very uneven
in point of size.

These results go to confirm the prediction already made by the De-
partment, that the natural conditions of growth in the United States
are very generally favorable to the production of sugar-beet. ‘The points
at which the experiments were made are sufficiently distant from each
other to represent much of the territory hitherto untried by this crop,
and the percentages of sugar obtained average higher than in most
European factories.

Dr. Jellett lately reported from the model farm at Glasnevin, Ireland,
12.05, 9.50, 12.59, 11.62, and 12.43 per cent. of sugar. In Germany and
France the working average is less than 10. The ‘second figure obtained
by Dr. J., (9.50,) was from beets which had not been earthed up, while
the others had been thoroughly cultivated; and he claims that this
instance alone proves that direct solar influence is unnecessary for the
formation of sugar.

A beet-sugar factory has lately been established in Black Hawk Val-
ley, Sauk County, Wisconsin, by a co-operative association of thirty-four
German farmers. Their first crop was a partial failure, but the success
of the enterprise seems now (from our meager reports) to be certain.

481

Their machinery was in part derived from Chatsworth, Illinois, and cost
about $25,000. The success and economy of the new diffusion processes,
and the improved modes of utilizing the residues, warrant the belief
that certain prosperity will reward the energy which engages in these
enterprises.

A FLORIDA LAKE-WATER.—A specimen of the water from a small
lake in the northeastern part of Florida was recently examined qualita-
tively. The residue of the filtered liquid reached 300 grains per gallon.
Reaction slightly alkaline; specific gravity, 1.0059. A large amount of
organic matter was suspended, probably owing to carelessness in bot-
tling. The solid matters were chiefly sulphates of lime and magnesia,
common salt, and small percentages of iron and potash salts. The spee-
troscope gave no indication of the rarer elements sometimes found in
mineral waters. It is unusual to observe so large a proportion of dis-
solved mineral matter in lake-water.

VIRGINIA GOLD-BEARING QUARTZ.—The assay of a gold-bearing quartz
derived from Virginia yielded $2,237 54 perton. As the specimens were
not selected by experts, this very unusual richness is deserving only of
brief notice.

EDIBLE FUNGUS.—An analysis of the fungus called “ tuckahoe” or
“Indian bread,” Scleroticum cocos, Schweinitz: (Sclerotium gigantewm,
Torrey,) is of interest as showing that its nutritive value has been.
greatly over-estimated. A specimen received from Mr. J. R. Bryan, of
Columbia, Virginia, has been very carefully analyzed by the assistant
in this laboratory. In external appearance it was rough, dark-brown
or brownish-gray in color, covered with a thin and hard cuticle, and pene-
trated by cracks in every direction. The substance internally was
extremely hard and dry, and pinkish in color. Analysis of the latter,
(the bark having been removed,) gave the following results:

Moisture, at 140° centigrade, in an atmosphere of carbonic acid-..........---. 14.16
Orenmie Matters sos det i eee e ats 2S. SS ae! - soeeeleee eee Gan sees ete ses 85. 68
Mime rallies hteaes Lns ess vat ieee ota ea oh cakes oh ee ee te 0.16

100. 00

A portion of the dried material yielded to the proper solvents and
reagents :

GlnCOse L228 ht sab eRe Ls 2 Se OO CORenaG tha gage m ee ete tc wiptanet ates fe 0.93
GumeGArabin’ {and opecuiny (cas ac sects sees: oo Vay ee eee Bee 2. 60
2 EA E(EL CoC ee RR ee a Siac oli ea ee UATE os YS Aapeat SO. beng Ae ok ect elie
Cellulose, and insoluble nitrogenous matter......:....--2.-.--2-. 22222. ween 64, 81

85. 68

The material also yielded by two experiments: Nitrogen, 0.364 per
cent. and 0.592. As no nitrogenous body could be dissolved in the wa-
tery solution, it is inferred that some insoluble azotized principle is
present which was not separated from the cellulose. No fat, resin, oil,
or starch was contained in the specimen analyzed.

The analysis of this curious fungus, or parasitic growth, by Dr. Tor-
rey, describes it as chiefly composed of a substance which he called
sclerotine. He considered this principle to be identical with pectin, a
substance since discovered. It is not impossible that the extremely
hard and dry condition of the material, evidencing its subjection to a
temperature sufficient to change at least its physical character some-
what before its receipt at the laboratory, may account for this discrep-

482

ancy in percentage of soluble matters. It is, however, certain that
tuckahoe possesses a very small nutritive value.

PoOUDRETTES.—A sample of poudrette analyzed recently will serve to
introduce the subject of fertilizers. ‘It contained in 100 parts:

MoisbuneL coe eee Ue ecco len ee wees Ne eee ORO ee Rene ee ee ea 11,23
Organic Maher has cets - 2 los |= = sie eo tS niet ee pete eel ee ere ee ere ale el 6. 96
Phosphates 422 apes J sens o-oo ainie bis eine reins ae Sella ee ee 1.72
Asma ONT aie See ate ie ic atieiaisre dia, vn) opoiose jamb <nce e e per pee atere all dks Ie olga te ee none.
Mineral mater: to 8 .cnjccn coco cence ts Camis cence s cecal pee eee ee 80. 09
100. 00

Mineral matter cai mann omy, dese ocebw cc esas bo ames -e eee 67.93
Soluble in acids-.- oe casa ceucimetie oh se cae cieeeie one's, = See Sea nee eee ene EEO
80. 09

This poudrette has lost all its ammonia in the process of manufacture,
and the original manure has apparently been mixed with about twice
its weight of worthless material, probably with the view of absorbing
and retaining the liquid portion. One hundred. tons would be worth,
(approximately :)

6. 96 tons organic matter, at'$2'50.-.. 222 2. 2s SS eee ee --- $17 40
1.72 tons phosphates, ab PL SOL! Se coe coate cele Sis DIS aloes eee ree 258 00
12.16 tons.solubler salts, aii$5.-./3--5 sees <eseles ee as eS - See eee 60 81

335 21

Or about $3 35 per ton.
Name, “ Dogan’s Poudrette;” sample left by John J. Shipman, Lew-
isville, Fairfax County, Virginia. Price stated to be $20 per ton.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

REFRIGERATION OF WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS.—In a series of experi-
ments upon the refrigeration of warm-blooded animals, by Dr. Horvath,
a young dog was cooled to such a degree that the temperature in the
rectum descended to 40° Fahrenheit; yet the animal on the application
of heat revived, perfectly uninjured.

In another experiment, where the same region in a rabbit indicated
45°, and in a cat 49°, neither the action of the heat nor of the respir-
atory movement could be perceived. On the restoration of warmth by
pouring warm water over these animals, (which had remained for an
hour in a state of apparent death,) spontaneous contractions of the
heart, which had ceased for an hour, were observed. The electrical eur-
rent applied directly to the muscles induced energetic contractions in
the same muscles which, before the warmth was applied, were insensi-
ble to the strongest electrical action. Another interesting and import-
ant fact was, that in an animal which was first refrigerated and then
warmed, it was not possible to excite the action of the muscles of the
skeleton by even the strongest electrical stimulus when applied to its
nerves, while the same muscles, on the direct application of the current,
contracted energetically. The fact that we can separate nervous and
muscular energy from each other by this agency, which hitherto it has
only been possible to do by the employment of curare, promises to be

483

of good service in future researches concerning the physiology of the
muscular and nervous systems.

PREPARATION OF PEAT.—Mr. Alloway has lately delivered a lecture
upon peat, before the Society of Arts of London, in which he points out
the difficulties that have hitherto prevented the utilization of this sub-
stance as a fuel. He adverts to the expensive apparatus used by various
persons for treating it, and especially for condensing the peat by press-
ure, and states that it is impossible to do this satisfactorily by the ordi-
nary means, owing to the peculiar spongy structure of peat and the
difficulty of drying it. His method consists in first breaking up the
freshly-eut clods with a mallet, by which they are disintegrated, after
which they are to be placed in a ditch in the peat-bog, filled with water
where they are to remain, forming a thick mush, until the time comes
for further treatment. Early in “April the operation of making into
bricks is commenced, and a small quantity is taken up at a time and
molded rapidly by hand into pats, which are then laid upon slats and
allowed to drain and dry; this being generally accomplished in the course:
of a few days.

METAMORPHOSIS OF ALBUMINOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE BODIES OF
ANIMALS.—In the investigations upon the metamorphosis of albuminous
substances in the bodies of ruminants, by Stohmann, Friihling, and Rost,
it has been shown: First, that the whole of the albuminoids undergoing
decomposition in the organism appear in the form of oxidation products
in the solid and liquid excretions. These results were obtained with
food not only poor but also richin nitrogen. Second, the metamorphosis
of albumen is dependent on the quantity of albumen in circulation in the
organism. As a rule, the metamorphosis of albumen rises and falls with
the albumen in the food. The increase of albuminous matters, above a
certain quantity, is a waste with adult animals. Third, the imbibition
. of large quantities of water increases the metamorphosis of nitrogenous
matters. Fourth, the excretion of nitrogen quickly adapts itself to an in-
crease of nitrogen i in the food. Fifth, with an insufficiency of albumen in
the food the body becomes poorer in albumen. A goat which daily con-
sumed in its food 8.27 grams of nitrogen excreted 111. The 2.55
grams lost daily correspond to 74 grams of flesh. The weight of the
animal sank, in the ten days of ‘the experiment, from 31.54 to 29.72
kilograms. Sixth, considerable increase of weight took place when,
along with a sufficiency of albumen, larger quantities of non-nitrogenous
substances were administered.

These experiments showed that the metamorphosis of nitrogenous
nutritive materials takes place in the herbivora exactly according to the
same law as Voit established for the carnivora; and that relative to the
metamorphosis of albuminous matters there is no distinction between
carnivorous and herbivorous animals, save that the nitrogenous pro-
ducts of decomposition assume a different form, so that in the herbivora
a portion of the nitrogen takes the form of hippuric acid, a substance
which is wanting in the carnivora.

CHANGE OF MATERIAL IN ADULT SHEEP.—Henneberg and others
have been lately conducting a series of experiments upon the change of
material in the adult sheep, under uniform feeding, the animals being
two four to five year old wethers. These were fed with as much meadow-
hay as was needed to keep them in good condition in regard to nourish-
_ment, while each had ninety grains of common salt daily, and as much
water as they wished. The experiments were conducted with the assist-
ance of Pettenkefer’s respiration-apparatus. It was found that the

484

excretion of carbonic acid by the animals during the day-time was
different from that during the night, but that this was determined, not
by the amount of light and darkness, but by the distribution of food
during the two portions of the twenty-four hours. The feeding was
generally followed very soon by the excretion of carbonic .acid. The
excretion of water by the skin followed much the same rules as that of
the carbonic-acid excretion. A parallelism was found between the ex-
eretion of the carbonic acid and of the water in twenty-four hours, both
being greater or less as the consumption of nutriment or respiration
material was greater or less. From this it would appear that, to econo-
mize food, it is necessary to protect animals from conditions which induce
perspiration.

A certain medium temperature of the stall in which the animal is fed
will be the most economical, since, while the lesser heat involves the
necessity of a greater amount of food, an increased temperature, on the
other hand, produces an increased consumption of water, and, in conse-
quence, the increased transudation of water through the skin of the
animal, produces a loss of heat of the body by conduction and radia-
tion.

The result showed that the food consumed was slightly greater than
that required to keep the body in statu quo along with a normal growth
of wool, but not to an extent which had any real significance. The
atmosphere contributed only one-sixth part to the material received,
but, on the other hand, laid claim to nearly one-half of the material
excreted. More than one-half of the organic substance of the food fell,
directly or indirectly, to the process of respiration, while the growth of
new wool absorbed not one per cent. of it. About eight-ninths of the
residue were found in the fzeces and one-ninth in the urine.

The oxygen excreted in the form of carbonic acid was nearly
equal to that removed from the atmosphere, which is a general charac-
teristic of herbivorous animals. The distribution of various mineral
constituents of food, on their reappearance in the feces and urine,
corresponds, on the whole, though not exactly, with their respective
solubilities and dyalitic relations. The two alkaline earths, lime and
magnesia, appeared in relatively large proportions in the feeces—the
lime in greater proportion than the magnesia. Similarly with the two
alkalies and the urine, the potash was recovered therefrom in greater
proportion than the soda. Of the phosphoric acid scarcely more than
a trace was found in the urine.

HUMATE OF AMMONIA.—It has already been observed that plants
grown on soil rich in silica and poor in humus contain less silica in
their ash than those grown on soil poor in silica but rich in humus.
Since an excess of silica is always present in soil, the amount taken up
by a plant must clearly depend on other circumstances than the quan-
tity at its disposal. Thénard has recently thrown light on the subject,
by showing that humic acid forms, with ammonia and silica, very per-
manent acid compounds. These compounds are soluble in very dilute
alkali, from which solution they can be separated unchanged. They
lose nitrogen only at a high temperature. Humic acid does not com-
bine with silica unless ammonia be present. It appears probable from
these considerations that humic acid plays an important part in the
economy of plant-growth. When seeds germinate on wet blotting-
paper, a brown zone, having the reactions of humus, forms at some dis-
tance from the seed. The author concludes that humus is produced in
this case from a soluble colorless body by the action of the atmosphere.

’

485

PREPARATION OF BUTTER.—It is quite a common belief that butter
can only be made from sour milk, and chemists explain this on the
ground that acidity is necessary to destroy the membrane which envel-
opes the butter molecules, so that they are set free to combine with each
other after shaking. Mr. EK. H. Baumhauer thinks he has disproved
this theory by the following experiment: He first carried fresh milk to
his laboratory without shaking or exposing it; this he divided in four
portions of half a gallon each, placing them in bottles of one gallon
capacity. One he left neutral, viz, as it came from the cow; one was
acidulated with lactic acid ; one made slightly alkaline with carbonate of
potash, (this became acid during the manipulation ;) and the fourth re-
ceived a greater quantity of carbonate of potash, and remained alkaline
throughout. The temperature was about 70° Fahrenheit. These bot-
tles were shaken violently for one minute by four men. When at rest
wart-like grains adhered to the glass, which, under the microscope,
looked like drops of fat of oval, but irregular shape, somewhat like mul-
berries. From minute to minute the shaking was interrupted; the
globules uniformly increased, and after eighteen minutes yellow butter
was obtained in all the bottles, in little masses like peas. According to
our author, the lactic acid could have had no influence in dissolving the
membranes of the globules, and, in fact, he doubts the existence of ‘such
membranes. He thinks that shaking at the proper temperature com-
bines the floating particles of butter; when the mill is too cold no but-
ter forms ; when too warm, a kind of emulsion is obtained, which, at a
low temperature, hardens, but is white and less tr anslucent than good
yellow butter. Mr. 3aumh: Auer promises the best success in butter-
making whenever proper attention is given to the temperature of the
milk, which ought to be between the narrow limits of 65° to 70° Fahren-
heit.

PROPER KIND OF WATER FOR WASHING WOOL.—Professor Trom-
mer, of the Agricultural Academy in Eldena, in reference to the impor-
tance of the quality and chemical composition of the water used for
washing the wool of sheep, whether before or after shearing, calls atten-
tion to the fact that the matter to be removed by washing is quite com-
plex, and consists, in the main, of the non-volatile portion of the sweat,
the grease of the wool, abrasions of the epidermis, the dust from the
surroundings, and the dirt from the excretions of the animal. It has
an alkaline reaction from the prevalence of potassium, either in the form
of carbonate, or in itscombination with grease asakind of soap. Pure

water readily dissolves these potash eqmpounds, and the resulting solu-
tion is in itself a very good wash; but when the water contains lime,
a decomposition takes “place, and insoluble compounds of lime (either
carbonate or soap of lime) precipitate upon the wool and are removed
with the greatest difficulty Hence the necessity of avoiding calea-
reous water. Professor Trommer mentions an easy way to detect the
presence of lime, viz: a solution of soap in alcohol, when poured into a
tumbler of water, will make it rapidly turbid whenever it contains salts
of lime, while pure water remains clear for some time. When, however,
necessity compels us to the use of hard water, the addition of some
alkali is recommended, which shail precipitate the lime in solution as
an insoluble carbonate. Caustic soda is the cheapest for that purpose.
The author enumerates some of the advantages arising from the wash-
ing of the wool after being shorn, remarking “that the quantity of water
necessary for the operation being so much less, its qualities can be cor-
rected much more easily and with less expense, and its temperature

1

486

made exactly suitable. Above all, the health of the animal will not be
endangered, as is done by the old proceeding. The professor caleulates
that in the average 6,040 units of heat are consumed in the evapora-
tion of the adhering water, which he thinks too heavy a tax on the
animal economy.

NITROUS AND NITRIC ACIDS IN SOILS.—Investigations have lately
been prosecuted by Chabrier upon the presence and functions of nitrous
acids in soils. The soils examined were finely powdered and passed
through a sieve, and then bleached, according to the method adopted in
the saltpeter works of Algiers, for the purpose of determining the per-
centage of nitrous and nitric acids. As the result, it was ascertained
that all tilled soils contained nitrous acid. Nitric acid, as is well known,
is accumulated, especially in dry weather, in the superficial strata of the
earth, the reverse being the case with the nitrous acid. Hence, it would
seem that the soluble nitrates ascend in the soil by capillarity in dry
weather, when they are transformed, at least in part, into nitrates,
which, on the other hand, are washed out by therain. The water of the
soil generally contains 1 part of nitrous acid to 25,000 parts of water;
never more than 1 part in 5,000. Fields which have lain fallow con-
tain little nitrous acid but much nitric acid; while, on the other hand,
forest land contains moderate quantities of nitrous and but little nitric
acid; and inundated clay no nitrous and but little nitric acid. The au-
thor is of the opinion that the nitric acid, in spite of its slight percent-
age, is of importance in the earlier periods of vegetation.

DISPOSAL OF THE NITROGEN OF MANURE.—From more than twenty
years of experiment, Laws & Gilbert have ascertained that harvest
plants do not by any means take up all the nitrogen which has been
put into the soil in the form of manure, or of ammonia, or other concen-
trated substances. Even if land be manured with the same amount of
nitrogenous matters, and the same plants be cultivated, not half of the
nitrogen is abstracted from the manure. Of the remainder, a certain
part is to be met with in the form of ammonia in the drainage water, ©
and a considerably larger amount occurs therein as nitric acid, a large
part of the nitrogen being abstracted from the manure in this way. Of
what is left, however, a very considerable portion is accumulated in the
soil, and is carried into its deeper strata.

SORBY ON TINTS OF FOLIAGE.—We have already referred to the in-
vestigations of Sorby in regard to the various tints of foliage, and
especially to the change of color.in the leaves in autumn; and in a late
number of “ Nature” we find a résumé by him, giving the present state
of his inquiries on the subject. He separates the different coloring mat-
ters into five groups: first, the chlorophyl group, characterized by being
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in bisulphide of carbon,
and embracing three or four species; second, the xanthophyl group,
containing several species, only two of which are common in leaves, one
being more and the other less orange. They are characterized by being
insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol and in bisulphide of carbon,
differing, however, from the members of the first-mentioned group in
having peculiar spectra; third, the erythrophyl group, comprising a
number of colors soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether, but insoluble
in bisulphide of carbon. Those met with in leaves are more or less pur-
ple, are made bluer by alkalies and redder by acids; and thus sometimes
plants containing the same kind may vary more in tint, owing to a va-
riation in the amount of free acid, than others colored by entirely differ-
ent kinds. Among the species some have very interesting botanical

487

relationships, being so far found only in particular classes of plants.
Fourth, the chrysotannic group, containing a considerable number of
yellow colors, some so pale as to be nearly colorless, and others of a fine,
dark, golden-yellow. They are soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether,
but not in bisulphide of carbon. Of these there are two sub-groups,
one in which a dark color is produced with ferric salts, constituting the
tannic acid sub-group, and the other giving no such reaction, and form-
ng the chrysophyl sub-group. In both sub-groups the intensity of
color is usually greatly increased by partial oxidization, and they are
thus altered into colors of the following group. Fifth, the phatophyl
group, which comprises a number of colors insoluble in bisulphide of
carbon, and of very variable solubility in water or alcohol. These are in
that state of oxidization which has a maximuin intensity of color, and are
simply decolorized by further oxidization. Our author proceeds to state
that the numerous tints of foliage depend almost entirely on the relative
and absolute amount of the various colors of these different groups,
although all their relationships cannot at present be explained.

The color of green leaves is mainly due to a mixture of chlorophyl
and xanthophyl, and the variation in the relative and absolute amount
of these easily accounts for the darker and brighter greens. The tints
are also much modified by the presence of colors of the erythrophyl
group, which, according to circumstances, may give rise to lighter or
darker browns, approaching to black or to reds. Healthy unchanged
leaves also contain various substances belonging to the chrysotannic
group; but in many cases when these belong to the more typical kinds
of tannic acid, their color is so faint that they have little or no influence
on the general appearance of the leaves.

On the approach of autumn, before the leaves have withered, the
foliage of different plants presents an exceedingly variable mixture of
chlorophyl, xanthophyl, and erythrophyl, with the different members
of the chrysotannin group, and it is to the changes which occur in some
or all of these substances that the very variable tints of autumn are
due. The most striking of these depend on the alteration of the chlo-
rophyl. So long as it remains green the production of the bright reds
and yellows is impossible; but when it disappears, the yellow color of
the xanthophyl is made apparent, and if much erythrophyl be present
or contemporaneously developed, its color, combined with this yellow,
gives rise to scarlet or red. In many cases, however, the chlorophyl
does not disappear, but is changed into the dark olive modification,
easily prepared artificially by the action of acids on the more green
shades; and when this is present, only dull and unattractive tints can be
produced. We may thus easily understand why the special tints of
early autumn are yellows and reds, or dull and dark greens. In these
changes the various pale-yellow substances of the chrysotannin group
remain comparatively unaltered, and even sometimes increase in quan-
tity, but they soon pass into the much darker red-browns of the phaio-
phyl group, while the erythrophyl fades, and thus later in the autumn
the most striking tints are the brighter or the duller browns, character-
istic of the different kinds of plants or trees.

As far as we are able to judge from the various facts described above,
we must look, according to Mr. Sorby, upon the more characteristic
tints of the foliage of early spring as evidence of the not yet matured
vital powers of the plant. In summer the deeper and clearer greens
are evidence of full vigor and high vitality, which not only resist but
also actually overcome the powerful affinity of oxygen. Later in the

season the vital powers are diminished, and partial changes occur; but

438

the affinity of the oxygen of the atmosphere is nearly balanced by the
weakened, though not destroyed, vitality. At this stage the beautiful
red and yellow tints are developed, which produce so fine an effect in
certain kinds of scenery. Then comes more complete death, when the
affinity of oxygen acts without any opposition, and the various brown
tints of later autumn make their appearance, due to changes which we
can imitate in our experiments with dead compounds.

HYDRATED LIME ON WATER-PLANTS.—Bauer found small erystals on
conferve in a fresh-water pond, which, on further examination, he dis-
covered to consist of a hydrate of the carbonate of lime, containing five
molecules of water, precisely similar to those first discovered by Pelouze
in a solution of lime in sugar, and subsequently detected in a well-tube.
This hydrate is distinguished by the peculiarity of losing its water at
a temperature higher than 59° F., even when under water.

SUB-TROPICAL GARDENING IN ENGLAND.—One of the most successful
attempts at sub-tropical gardening in England is on the estate of Mr.
Robert Were Fox, F. R.8., at Penjerrich, near Falmouth, in Cornwall.
The temperature is here extremely mild in winter, the thermometer never
falling below the freezing-point for more than two or three nights in
succession, and hardly ever below 30° F., and snow never lying on the
ground. Many trees and shrubs which are only seen in hot-houses in
other parts of England here grow to perfection out of doors. The
hydrangeas, covered with magnificent masses of blue flowers, here form
splendid banks by the side of a stream running through the grounds,
the small Jakes in which are covered with several exotic species of
water-lily, and the grass by tbe side carpeted with the selaginelle,
which forms such a favorite bed for ferns in green-houses. There is a
specimen of rhododendron 180 feet in circumference, and the camellias
are everywhere loaded with fruit. The dragon’s-blood tree (Dracena
draco) grows well out of doors, as also does the Australian gum tree,
(Hucalyptus globulus.) There is a magnificent specimen of the camphor-
tree, (Laurus camphora,) and several of the rare Benthamia. Several
marmosets are allowed free liberty in the grounds, climbing to the tops
of the highest trees, and always returning to the house at night. Ata
spot on Falmouth Harbor called Flushing, the temperature through the
year is even still more equable, and the establishment of a tropical
garden there would probably be attended with the most successful
results.

THE JARDIN D’ESSAIIN ALGIERS.—The French government estab-
lished many years ago in Algeria a “jardin d’essai,” in which all plants
likely to be easily grown in Algeria, and which might be useful either for
their ornamentation or from their economic value, should be kept for
distribution or for sale. The Société Générale Algérienne has now the
control of these gardens, and, under the able management of its present
president, M. Auguste Rivére, they have attained great interest and
importance. An avenue was planted in 1847, which now consists of
about eighty trees of the date-palm, from 20 to 50 feet high, and about
one hundred and fifty of the dragon’s-blood tree, (Dracaena draco,) about
8 feet in height. All the trees were, in last December, in full flower or
fruit. Among the more remarkable of the smaller avenues is one formed
of bamboo, (Bambusa arundinacea,) planted in 1863, and forming an
immense mass of foliage, the stems supporting which are from 40 to 50
feet high; and another formed of about one hundred plants of Chamerops
excelsa, each being about 10 feet in height; other palms which flourish

489

to perfection are Caryota urens and C. Cumingii, growing 15 feet high
and covered with fruit; Oreodoxa regia, from Cuba; several plants up-
ward of 25 feet in height, and a plant of Juboa spectabilis 12 feet high.
There is a small forest of Anona cherimoya in full fruit, which is nearly
as good as that of the closely related species which yields the custard-
apple. Near this is an immense tree, some 30 feet in height, covered
with fruit of the Avocado pear, (Persea gratissima,) and at its feet a
quantity of guava-trees (Pisidium cattleyanus) crowded with its per-
fectly ripe, large, pear-shaped, golden fruit. In the New Holland dis-
trict of the garden are different species of acacia, many of them 20 to
25 feet in height, and magnificent trees of several genera of Proteacee,
Banksia, Hokea, and Grevillea ; and trees of Hucalyptus globulus planted
in 1862, and then only a few inches high, which are now about 40 feet
in height, and over 44 feet in circumference. There is a specimen of
Araucaria excelsa about 60 feet high, and measuring a little over 9 feet
in circumference at its base.

ARTIFICIAL PREPARATION OF MILK.—One of the latest enterprises
in organic chemistry consists in the preparation of artificial milk, which
has been attempted by Dubrunfaut, and which he claims to have accom-
plished by emulsifying fatty matters with an artificial serum. This is
done as follows: 40 or 50 grams of succharine matter (lactin, cane-
sugar, or glucose,) 20 or 30 grams of dried albumen. (the dried white
of egg as met with in Paris,) and 1 or 2 grams of crystals of soda
corbonate, are dissolved in a half liter of water, and the whole is emulsi-
fied with 50 or 60 grams.of olive-oil, or other comestible fatty matter.
The emulsification takes place best at a moderate temperature, that of
50° or 60° being sufficient. The liquid thus prepared has the appear-
ance of cream, and requires to be mixed with twice its volume of water
to acquire the consistence and aspect of milk. To prepare a fluid ap-
proaching cream in its qualities, gelatin is substituted for albumen; 100
grams of fat are emulsified in a liter of serum, containing 2 or 3 grams
of gelatin. Artificial cream prepared in this way, shows no tendency
to separate into fat or serum.

Gaudin, in discussing the preceding suggestion, gives his testimony
as to the depriving fats of all unpleasant odor by mere subjection to an
appropriate temperature. He also states that very good artificial milk
can be prepared from bones rich in fat, by purifying this fat by means of
superheated steam, and combining the fat thus obtained with gelatin.
This milk is, he says, almost like that of the cow; and, when kept,
acquires first the odor of sour milk, then that of cheese. The gelatin in
it represents the caseine; the fat, the butter; the sugar, the sugar of
milk. It serves for the preparation of coffee and chocolate, of soups
and creams of excellent flavor, and its cost is but trifling.

490

MARKET PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCTS.

Articles.
|
NEW YORK.
Biour, Staig sc eee meres bees per barrel
WOSbORR Se os. 2222.5 less eile dou-2be
Wheat, Noalspring (<2). 2.2.22 per bushel..
NOG SPINE. 2 ~. J he ‘ie eS -
winter and amber, western...do......
Corn, new western, mixed .-..------- do--2s
old western, mixed..---.. -..- do:: 22:
1 PR) ts che oO Be es a= ae do. 228
AEB ys Se yo 222s P= te iva eee docsene
Oats, wearer, Mixed -22.-.-Cesce- =. O02. are
State... ele dee ete ee eee GOtcoeee
Hay, shipping qualities .........--. per ton. -
PUNO eo soe eto ae re eee tere dos. =. =<
Pork; Mess se os2-sosiee oUt tee per barrel
primous: Jyh eee ec ee ee dons -ff
Beet mess. 5b. S15 ese aoe eee ae do---.2%
OMbEM MESSE. Ae ete meer dose cees
Dard cace cose eecen bese ee eee ee per pound. -
Butter, western 2) 2.ch sib 20s: 0.42582 do.ct cee
Slatesi: J22k> eee eee Ea dor stze
Cheese; Gairys. seo 6 Seo eee eeeeuss dO 25-5
fACHOLY 25 2 Stace ssem soe Ree dossc2e<
Cotton; ordinary --2 eo eee eee dosce-
TMG 2 BTS et seao doz=-52.
Tobacco, sound Tugs, light grades ....do......
sound lugs, heavy grades -..do.-----
common leaf, light grades...do..---.
common leaf, heavy grades..do-.----.
Wool; combitig fleece 52252.).55502.-5. doteezs:
extra, pulledie2--2 2-22 fie S82 dog. =ee
Texas, common to medium,....- dons wee
California, common....---.---- dors.
BOSTON.
Flour, western,superfine .......-- per barrel
OxdTaise ees awe 0.225.
ChHOiCe) 24.2222 Ses scnce do-e2 224
Corns yellow <2". sli) Jobsit Vee per bushel
MECN 2. by eG. oe ey eet Se dO. 2. 5:
Oate a tien Seco Usain eer eee doses =cr
RYO: oc ace tales: a5 0.06/. lena celeene. QO :eecee
Barley se: 5055.2 9352 oe ese Or 22 Jas
Porks mess. iis 3.22 e 8 2b eee per barrel...
PTiMe J... aa ce sees coe eee dos.--25
Deel, Messe os see ee ee eee doz. . 235
OXtTa Messi 4.2592 Faces ase ee 0.225
Lit ee eae ens
Butter, New York and Vermont......do..
Canada. 2 ce ees costes eee do: =.sae
VESLCIN .. -oneie ss sceee see men 02-326
Cheese, eastern factory -.......-.-.-- dos 2225
Oliofactory..2422. 0 Jeon OOns ce
Hay, ieee ss 5. Se sdiekooee per ton...
Wool} Grestetm.-).. 22.0.2 sane eeee per pound..|
combing, and delaine fleeces..-.do.----.!
bulb) Meeeaese ss 2. Cs tee eee GOs =25e |
pulledittece. J. -< ide ees eee Ge:tsa22

November.
$6 00 to $7 30
6 00 to 9 25
1546 «1955
149 to’ 1 52
1 55 “to: deb
75 to
76 to wd
Nominal |
724 to <L+02 4)
50 to 51
52 to
22 50 to
24 00 to 31 00
13 00 to

91 to 104
12 to 23
15 to 34
11 to 124
12 to 132
162 to 184
182 to 202
74 to 8
7% to
81 to 9+
84 to 10
60 to
20 to 374
Der 00) MOL oe
7°20) tO". F780
9 00 to 10 25
88 to 90
86 to 88
50 to 57
95\ to” 100
90 to 112

8 00 to 12 00
12 00 to 13 00
103 to 102
18 to 33
20 to 30
10 to 29
10 to 14
10 to 13
20 00 to 382 00
55 to 75
68 to 75
40 tow 75

December.
$5 80 to $7 10
5 80 to 9 25
150 fob
Seu tel, ox
76 to 78
784 to 80
90 to -
90 to 1 30
55 to ia
54 to
22 00 to
24 00 to 32 00
13 45 to 13 50
10 50 to
7 00 to 11 00
11 00 to 14 00
9 to 93
12 to 23
21 to 33
11 to 123
12 to 14
164 to 188
183 to 202
74 to 8
72 to 82
8i to 92
8ito 10
48 to 61
32 to
20 to 43
550 fo a 70
1025 1018.
8 00 to 10 00
86 to 87
82 to 85
51 to HY
95 to 1 00
75 to 95
13 50 to 15 00
11 00 to 12 50
10 00 to 12 00
12 00 to 13 00
93 to 10
13 to 33
20 to 30
12 to 28
10 to 144
10 to 134
20 00 to 33 00
56 to 70
68 to 72
72 te? “105
40 to 7Dt

491

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles. November. December.
CHICAGO.
Hlour, wanter/extray--5 2225-2... per barrel..| $7 50 to $8 25 $8 00 to
BPLING OX OLA Css = csciso4 seins 2 do22e2e5 6 75.to. 7 55 6 00 to $7 00
Wheat, No. I spring ..--..--.. ---- per bushel-. 1 224 to 1 233 to
INOg2 SPLIND; 5 Jose ease G0 -sees- 119 to tL 204 118ito 1 194
INGHo SPLING S52 gope er) = relacye!s does 1 123 to 1 09 to
(Conn PNOBers = st)=) 6 =o! Sia tam ernie Sr doe see 474 to 483 40 to 41k
MEVCCUEMS,... 25's sae atiaceie dere s do jaar 44 to 45 382 to 40
MO, OTHE = 5- sseteelaoetoaseer a CURE Jee lS See beere Bee = ok CONT SnOOLs Sot CORE BEEeE
Osts, NOs 2) 515.2 a. Sa Me sce See aoa d0sseees 30 to 304 31% to 32
LE) OChEM) 2/25 se sesamiae = Sane =e dowtasees 264 to 27 29 to 294
Hay, timothy and clover, (on track)-.-perton-.| 13 00 to 14 00 14 00 to 15 00
prainiel 25.3) 2S... semosee is - d0-se-se 9 00 to 10 00 10 00 to il 50
Bork; Mess) s..3 25-12 fsb aos ose sates per barrel..| 12 75 to 13 00 13 00 to 13 10
QUOT AMESS Cece re Sa ate elas GO ap SoA kcs ci enon Uieyes See all nite aerate reco
Beef Mess oh: ona 5 fess seek else donssaes 8 25, to), ||}. So eee ee
ORbFA MOSS) 27 ookteys cee pce = a= Onn sets 9 25 to 9 50 10 00 to
Man desAst ole 2s aSerd A pass HS wes per pound... 82 to 82 8&3 to 82
Butter, shirkin andstubt. sah cae dO. -2a5 15 to 20 14 to 13
OXtlais se sas OOS aes aa dorassee 22 to 25 23 to 25
Cheese, New York factory.-.--.-.----.- dogerect 15 to 154 15 to 154
Western factory: -ao-2- saa = donee es 12 to 14 13 to 14
western reserve -.--..------- SCE ee eae ee ae eee Oe AA Ser 1S
Wool, medium fleece -..-.....----.-.- oysters ssn eh ase a 55 to 62
unwashed, medium .......---- GO sd Seat es Raye items ia see 32 to 42
GOD a rans oe’ Sod a Sees CL REN | Sa ee en E oe Hee oee 61 to 75
CINCINNATI.
our familly; —. <2". toate ra dees Seki per barrel 6 75 to ~ 6 90 6 60 to 6 90
OX OLA). c= 2 4 ccue Hee eee Seen dowees-* 6 30 to 6 50 6 50 to 6 60
SUPEMHMO) 2) see te ses sees = GOmaee-i Bri ane BN 575 to 6 00
low eradesy. = 222 qolsace eet Sea dO == 450 to 5 00 450 to 5 25
Wheat, No. 1 white..-.-..-.----- per bushel 155 to 1.60 155 to 1 60
INOt2 Whites sen esses sts dO: 45-2 150 to 1 55 150 to 1 55
NOM Tred Cea en cack cece nn oc Oss ares 141 to J 43 143 to 1 45
INOS 2abed eee aeae trian: ams cn do--se48 1 40 to 140 to 1 42
Gorn Now see so cee ececoeciocogs se = dO. aas=- 56 to 47 to
NOW Oaboos ae cee incest a ateete douse. 53 to BA pale seas rap Serors ee
Rayos Now asses nc ccs oacecesaseats dozses-ts 78 to 79 to 80
INOS Beene sate sees Sasa oer dosssase 76 to —— 77 to 78
VOjCCtCO << se teenie ee meee CO saws alisanss sciociseeh Galt bees oemeeee aeeee
BanleyaiNOn sss sen aceon sence tees doraeere 80 to ——— 88 to 90
INO. 1) Stabe ss aewiee sere ceie ae dGOsseeae 70 to 75 to 80
Oats No; mixed: 2425. oat goes @O-naes: 34 to 36 37 to 38
INO: 2, xed: Sem. jacee cree Sa: OOo 35 to 36 to
Hay, tight-pressed ...-...--.-.----. per ton.-.| 16 00 to 17 00 15 00 to 19 00
LOOSE Se ke. zs oucke Sasa ee d0s-ees- 17 00 to 18 00 17 00 to 21 00
Porky messi. 3 22. 232i seb toe cates per barrel..| 12 00 to 12 50 12 50 to 13 50
PLUMEMMNESS 22s sss s alesis 2 ee = DO ps BEA re ictao'sj00 oe paicicle wes lama eeee ate
Lard, prime, steam...22.---.--5-- per pound... 82 to 8g &3 to 82
Butter choice Ohion- 25: -22-cee- 2. doneeese 16 to 22 23 to 25+
PAIN EO) SOOM! 228 wa one ose hia Ossetia so 5.c,5 iar eeee 16 to 18
Cheese, western reserve.-....---..--- do: jas 13 to BE ee ote ee
fACLOLY Wns aoee oe = sO) -Sasese: doi. sees 14 to 14} 14 to 15
Catton; ordinary:-pseemes eee aes oes dessa 144 to 164 14 to 172
ard dilin ot) eee: oes 22 G0. eeeee 17 to 18% 172 to 194
Tobacco, lugs, West Virginia ....-..-.- dos Seis = += 2-65 -e eee 5 to 6
logs; Kenbuckyeees: i42----- dos. 3435 94 to 13 94 to 11
common leaf (West) Virginia do. -ms:-.--- 29254495544" & to 2
common leaf, Kentucky -.--- doxssee- 13 to 16 13 to 16
Wooly tib-=washed) --keeesee BS 528 dope 65 to 70 65 to 70

492

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles,

Crncrinnati—Continued.

Wool, fleece-washed ...........-. per pound..
unwashed | fotos. 2th. 222i. CO sis <4a8
pullede Se Aa t2 28 eee do. 22238

Mlgurisuperine=. 2.2. -.. 0.2. per barrel..-|
BRtEAG ise 2 ceecccspeeeeepeen OC. - omen

CHOICE «2235-285. - 22 Sees do.22ss%
Wheat, spring... .- 2.25. =-68- er per bushel-.|
printer No.l 522.6 a seek do. 2s

winter No.2 S2.\t6< sh. Be do. 2-e-2

Winter iNo. BlS5 2b .e see eee do.#-/-2

POO wee towne ce ease oe ee COvccen8

Corn, mixed). .-2- ine. coos eee = dOveccs@
yellows. a5; She S22) Seo eet do---=-5

RVG eee eesete teen aces Meee 0.2 S228
Barley, Water's. 222 -Ut ..<2ni- Banca dora-.-8
SPTING Son se eee eae ere = dows 26

Oats; mixed 22-2. shit see eee ei dOzes==e
yellow: 22.52 2-8 2a Ne eleo-- do .72256

Haine Sete bee ctxt ecient sees eee per ton..
Pork, \mess#en a. ie aeccececosneemce per barrel...
Mard iercems 2 <2 22sec cise sajna per pound...
KOGe ser es csccecbn Pec emcee eres Woes Bas =
Butter), Chowes es. see ssS sees GOneee =.
fair) bO MedMM S22 os 522 = 2 dO. =<...
Cheese ftaChoryy sane nee oicee aoe oe MOn weiss.
Cotton, tmiddling 22 S327. -2o.-4-..55-2 Mov. sae
Tobacco, sound lugs -..-..-...---.--per cwt--|
common eats... 2.5. so5e8 dosn.<-0

medium to good leaf..-..--.- d0:.2 #2.
Wool, tub-=washed =. <2 ..22'- 25. per pound. -|
fleece-washed <2../...22..02.-/5-- d0\...e-
combing. 2c seeeener. te. d0.- =e

pulled): - oo) scseeos coe US do--.=-8

NEW ORLEANS.

}

Flour, superiine 2.2. .sle= 1 ae per barrel.-
extras, (according to grade).-..do.----.

Gorn, smixed:2-- 2 S2een=- keene per bushel.-|
Vollow*:..- 25-252 =0--e aueee= do.<<=2-

WALLS 252 cine a Win a oie Sha tee coke O0ccsene |

Osta ychoices.2--s.: ase Paes eerere G0.-rae
Hay choice)! 2°. sate eee steerer per ton...

prime. 525. 2.268 ob ee eee do. -<.-e |
ork, MOSS El shtw. soe Sree per barrel..
Hard, tierce erepeces 2 ope eoeees per pound..
Keo Seiler ee eee ee do. 2228
Butter, choice western....-..-------- do .sceee
choice northerm.-.---ereee ce do. 2eem
common northern ....--..---- G0 .-ceee
Cheese, ‘choice: factory.-...4-.-/.L---- do.2t228
Western Treserve....---- ----.- dO. cece
Cotton; Foramary 292-12. So pees = = dO: cere
Nowamid din g./-\- 27sec eer do.-ceee
MMGGUINP,. >. 3:2 oo. eee ee doers
TOWACCOMUUB Sree no a i< te asenstoteree eee 0.2 seen
lowmle@atnss 2. . 22 os aeeeeee GO.2caiee

medium leaf... Ooi secaes do. scwen

November.

poh ee ee ee SOT
mn nen

@

+

°

December.
$0 42 to $0 55
42 to 45
| 50. to be
5/10: to
Bip wboe 700
750 to 8 00
1 SPR so
1.55. to
144 to 1°45
dissiebon 1455
44 to 46
46 to
70 to 73
(hoya 10)
54 to 75
36 to 38
22 00 to 26 50
13 00 to
84 to
23 «to 28
17 «to 25
144 to 15
174 to ———
675 to 8 00
8 00 to 8 75
9 00 to 12 00
58 to 67
48 to 56
42 to 434
7 30 to 9 00
75. to 78
73 to 77
78 to
53 to 55
40 00 to 42 00
40 00 to
14 50 to 15 00
82 to 102
10 to 104
22 to 25
33) -to 34
14 to 15
124 to
16 to 173%
18 to 184
183 to 18%
7 to fehl y
8 to

493

Market prices for farm products—Continued.

Articles. November. December.
SAN FRANCISCO.
Flour, superfine....-...----..---.per barrel..| $6 50 to $7 00 $6 00 to $6 25
CNORASE a oseter es eels akae do? 2268 725 to 8 00 675 to 7 7
Wheat, State. 222-0522. ..22-.---.-per centale-}) 72150" to 2 65 240 to 2 65
Orevonkig2ss ses sccc2 = se s0aese do..2235 2 pt to 2 65’. | . 2.40. to, 2°65
Gorm ewhite 22 va2- op. s-fas aes se 5-00. sara > 00 ton 2.05 210 to
WIG Sao ASe eeeane 3k Soe (ee ue dowseas- | 200 to 205 200 to. ——=
lai iSbaberes: 2-2, = Jew ase See, soa per ton..| 2250 to 25 00 to ——
Pork pmess2o= 5 2-225 sess per barrel..| 19 00 to 22 00 20 00 to ———
PUMICE) a. 25 527s ts Age sera sense d0s sea: | 18 00 to 18 50 18 50 to ——
IBeetmess 4 ='-5. 2525 sso e one ~ee dO-ca5e6 14 00 to 17,00 17 00 to
1 Dent Ip Ses I AO ee he Leena, ee per pound... 12 to 13 114 to 13
Dubber, Stabel ey ase. aces ieee as = Gh esas: 30 to 50 35 «to 50
Oregon. Sa saecess caesar == dOs2a-25 20 to 25 20 to 25
Overland! 22 2k oo. 2S ate doses! 20 to 39 20 to 35
@heesbiess She emere ese e sae se sees e dOzsseee 124 to 17 15) "to nls
WoolichOice! tte sa nes eee ene cae os doeeeaes | 32 to 35 32 to 35
inferior to common.....-.-.---- dO522252 18 to 25 18 to 20

ITEMS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN COTTON.—Mr. 8. G. Godfrey, of Cheraw,
Chesterfield County, South Carolina, responds to some interrogations
on this subject, from this Department, as follows:

The experiments of our cotton planters recently have all aimed at an increase of
production, without regard to the quality of staple, and with success, as is shown by
the crops of the past few years, when, with our imperfect system of labor, we have
been enabled to produce crops which will compare favorably with the largest crops
made before the war, with the most perfect system of labor. I say ‘“ without regard
to quality,” because the most prolific variety of cotton with us, and the most popular
(the Dickson,) is decidedly the shortest and coarsest staple we have. I have thought
for some time that it would be to our interest to turn our attention more to the im-
provement of our staple, in order to place our prominence over the foreign staple on a
surer foundation in the markets of Europe. Iam afraid we cannot look to the farmer
to make the start in this matter. So long as the Dickson cotton commands as high
prices in the market as the Peeler and other improved varieties, the farmer will plant
the Dickson, because it has the reputation of being the most productive. The South-
ern cotton farmer is poor, and cannot afford to risk experiments; besides, he is not a
speculator; he is accustomed to make his money by hard labor. We cannot expect
him to go to the expense and take the trouble to change his seed unless he is paid for
it. We will have to look tothe cotton dealers. If they would pay a higher price for
improved cotton, I think the thing could be accomplished. Let the improved variety
be quoted every day in the papers a few cents per pound higher than common up-
lands. The farmers would soon see it, would get improved seed, and in a few years
we would have a staple as much better than our present cotton as the latter is now
the superior of the Surats. The Peeler is the only improved variety that I am ac-
quainted with. Ihave tried it three years, and find that it produces equally as much
to the acre, and matures as well as our ordinaty variety. The staple is finer and at
least one-third longer.

JUTE.—Mr. John A. Bassett, of Salem, Massachusetts, in a note to
this Department, accompanying specimens of jute manufacture, states
that—

Cotten is baled almost exclusively in gunny cloth. It requires seven yards to the
bale. All this, with the exception of 4,000,000 yards, is imported. The domestic cloth
is preferred to the imported, and brings a better price in the market. All the imported
cloth is made from long-fiber jute. The use of the butts for cloth making is the result
of improvements in machinery made by Mr. John R. Norfolk, of this city. The value
of the importation last year was something over $5,006,000. The outer bark of the
jute plant is difficult to remove, and nothing has yet been devised to supersede hand
labor for this purpose. If the plant is to be cultivated in this country, a machine for
this purpose will be indispensable. In India, with labor at a few cents per day, the
fiber is produced at less than 1 cent per pound. The average cost of jute butts here is

/

494

4} cents per pound; long jute, 6 cents. The cloth weighs 2} to 24 pounds to the yard
of 45 inches in width. The price ranges from 21 to 35 cents per yard, according to the
season in which it is sold. In the bagging season it brings the highest price. The
imported cloth is always a few cents cheaper. There are probably not over 200 looms
in this country producing this cloth, and their existence depends entirely upon the
tariff on imported gunny cloth.

THE PEA-NUT CROP OF VIRGINIA IN 1870.—The statement of Mr.
T. B. Bowland, of Norfolk, Virginia, of the amount of the Virginia pea-
nut crop for the year ended October 1, 1871, reports that the first con-
signment of the crop was received October 10, 1870, and were quite
green, and that sales were made during the month at $1 10 to $1 50
per bushel. The highest prices were reached in March, $2 65 to $2 75,
with a few sales of fancy at $3 per bushel. In June prices fell to $1 50
and $2, with few sales. Nothing could be done in them in July, and
little in August. In September the trade revived sufficiently to close
out the stock on hand at $2 to $2 25 per bushel. The receipts of pea-
nuts at Norfolk in 186869 amounted to 139,178 bags; in 1869~70,
to 90,112 bags; and in 1870~71, to 65,150 bags. The crop of 1868-69
averaged about 3 bushels of 22 pounds to the bag; that of 1896-70
was poor in quality, very light in weight, and barely averaged 24 bush-
els per bag; the crop of 1870-71 was good and heavy, and averaged
fully three bushels to the bag. The statement estimates 10,000 bags
taken elsewhere, which makes the total crop of Virginia 75,150 bags, or
225,450 bushels of 22 pounds. Mr. B. states that the present crop is
large and of excellent quality.

PREMIUMS FOR TOBACCO.—A committee of the St. Louis Tobacco
Association have raised $10,000, to be awarded in premiums to tobacco
growers of the West and South, with a view to the encouragement of
this culture in those sections. The premiums are to be offered in classes
as follows: 1st class, factory-dried dark leaf; 2d, dark and medium
bright manufacturing leaf; 3d, bright manufacturing leaf; 4th, cutting
tobacco; 5th, largest crop by any one planter; 6th, manufacturing leat ;
7th, factory-dried leaf; 8th, cutting leaf; 9th, black wrappers; 10th,
factory-dried leaf. Premiums ranging from $1,000 down to $100 for the
best in the classes named; and from $700 to $50 for less quantity and
second best. Competition in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th classes, open
only to Missouri, Kansas, and Illinois; in 6th and 7th classes, open only
to planters. All tobacco entered for premium is to be exhibited at St.
Louis under the direction of the association.

Porasu.—The use of this product in agriculture has been increasing
rapidly during the past few years, and the article is becoming one ot
considerable commercial importance, while the natural supply is being
developed in practically exhaustless quantities. Vast deposits have
been opened at the Stassfurth salt works in Germany, the magnitude
of which may be inferred from the fact that at the present time more
potash is being furnished from these mines—where, a dozen years ago,
it was not supposed that a ton could be produced—than from the wood-
ash sources of the whole world, 30,000 tons of the muriate of potash
having been manufactured there during the year 1870. The surface
salts (which hold the potash) at these mines are capable of supplying
millions of tons. It is probable that the salt mines of this country will
be found, upon careful examination, to contain potash, and we may
confidently look for the rapid cheapening of this useful product. The
exports of ashes, pot and pearl, from the United States for the fiscal
year 1870~71 were 13,169 hundred-weight, valued at $103,249; in 1869-

495

70, 22,030 fase weight, valued at $256,530; and in 186869, 20,686
hundred- weight, valued. at "$161, (Ens

ASPHALT WALKS.—An economical asphalting of walks is suggested
in England, as, and upon trial, is said to have cost only 3d. per yard.
The materials used were merely tar and burned turf ashes. The ashes
were burned in large heaps in the course of converting old pastures
into arable lands. The cost of burning 20 cubic yards was rather under
2d. per yard after the ground was plowed; the tar cost 1d. per gallon.
The ashes were pr ocured from the middle of a heap of a bright red color.
About 450 square yards of walk were asphalted with 336 ¢ gallons of tar,
rather less than one gallon per yard. The walks were quite firm with
fine gravel before being operated upon with tar and ashes; only 10
cubic yards of ashes were required. The work was done by various
systems. A strong stand, about a foot high, was placed against the
ashes, shot down in cart-Ioads, and the barrels rolled upon the stand as
wanted ; a common pail was used to pour the tar upon the ashes ; about
a barrowful of ashes was mixed with the tar until saturated, so that,
when patted with the back of a shovel, the mixture did not adhere to it;
the mixture was then wheeled to the spot where required, laid upon the
walk about an inch thick, patted down smooth, and sprinkled with dry
ashes. The work was done in'June and July, so that the surface gen-
erally became dry enough to roll in about half a day. The rolling ean-
not be overdone, and may be continued day after day for a week. The
other methods were merely to hoe the walks, pour tar on them and then,
to throw the ashes over the tar, rolling as in the former process; or, by
picking up the surface about two inches, smoothing down, applying the
tar to soak the gravel, then adding dry ashes on the surface and rolling.
The hoeing or picking of the walks is a much quicker process than by
mixing the tar and ashes together first, but the latter makes the most
finished job. A man may asphalt about 40 square. yards per day.

THE HOG CROP IN MiIssourI.—The Missouri Democrat publishes a list
of about 2,000 hog-growers of that State, with the number of hogs on hand,
the latter footing up 65,914, against 53,041 last year, an increase of about
24 per cent. The number of hogs listed for taxation in the States of
Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, lowa, and Kentucky, in April, which includes

-only those six months old, is stated, on the authority of the several State
auditors, to be 9,541,706, against 7,836,121 last year, an inerease of 213
per cent. The average ‘prices from 1850 to 1860, at St. Louis, were, for
mess pork, $14 624 per barrel; clear sides, 84 cents per pound; should-
ers, 64 cents per pound; lard ‘93 cents per ‘pound. From 1860 to 1870,
mess ‘pork, $24 733; clear sides, 155 cents per pound; shoulders, 2
cents per pound; lard, 123, cents per pound. The average price of
live hogs from 1850 to 1860 1s stated to have been $4 65 to $5 43; from
1861 to 1870, $6 11 to $7 76. The lowest and highest yearly average
prices of live hogs, per 100 pounds, in St. Louis, for 21 years, are given
as follows:

1850) 22-15-31 $2.60 to, $3.27 | 1857, .....---$6 12 do $7 23,1 1864 .-2--- $7 52 to $10 48

nso Aare a 3 42 to 4 65 | 1858 ----- +. 4070) to 5 67 |1865\ 522225 8 45 to 10 94
TSG eee tases 4 52 to 5 50} 1859 ....--. 5 06 to 6 71 | 1866 ._---. 7 48to 8 90
WSS) 5275252 4318 ton hound |) BGO, 2222) vom Otor 6! 71.) LeGie. eee 5 46 to 6 83
tole eee 3 80 to 4 65 | 1861 .----4- 4 02 to 5 10 | 1868 ...-... 613to 817
LICE BS) eee 480'to 1G oy L862 022. See an00) tO; 13) 80) | 1869Reeee 8 66 to 10 57
LESS 5.12.2. 4 65 to 5 46 | 1863 3 fo bo. 5) 19) 1870) 2. 6 66to 7 65

496

DISEASES OF HOGS.—Mr. Walter Barnes, of Larissa, Cherokee County,
Texas, writes to the Department as follows:

In May and June of 1870, the black jack, red oak, and hickory trees were infested
with the large, black, striped caterpillar, which, on coming to maturity, fell to the
ground, to burrow and to change to the chrysalis. Hogs ate them with avidity, and
nearly ali the sows lost their pigs before yeaning time. In the fall there was a large
bitter mast, and many hogs had the kidney worm; I know of none that died. They
would be weak in the loins, frequently so weak as to drag the hind legs on the ground,
for five to ten days, then gradually get stronger, and after a month or-two get well,
but with sunken loin andshrunken hams. I have now several in the latter condition,
which I would not kill last winter, although they were fat and never got thin. I
killed one hog, of which one kidney was entirely gone, the other only a skin full of liy-
ing worms, with not a particle of the kidney tissue. I am feeding over two hundred
head in all. Occasionally have a case of cholera.

[The caterpillar mentioned is probably an oak-feeding insect, Anisota
(dryocampa) senatoria, the larva of which answers this description. It
changes into a yellowish-brown moth. If have never before heard of
their injuring hogs; if so, it is a new fact.—T. G.]

SHEEP HUSBANDRY IN NEw MeExico.—During the summer of 1870,
Colonel P. R. Skinner transported from Connecticut to his residence, at
Cimarron Seco, Colfax County, New Mexico, 50 Cotswold bucks, im-
ported from the flock of Robert Garnes in England. ‘These he placed
in a sheep run, with 3,000 native merino ewes, in a locality of favorable
conditions, both of pasture and climate, for the growth of the sheep.
At the lambing season, about the 1st of May, his ewes were in as good
flesh as was desirable at the time, and the lambs of superior size and
quality. Many of them weighed from 12 to 14 pounds when dropped,
and increased to 20 and 25 pounds at the age of seven or eight days.
He thinks the grade bucks will make a more eligible cross than the pure
blood, from the fact that the latter produces a lamb rather too large for
the capacity of the New Mexican ewes. In order to guard against
danger from this source, he was obliged to exercise very great care. The
Mexican ewes averaged but 14 pounds per fleece, while the Cotswold
bucks averaged 11 pounds. He estimates that the half-bloods, next
year, will average 5 pounds. He does not find it necessary to provide
any food for his stock, except the grass which is abundant both in
summer and winter.

SURFEIT OF CLOVER.— West Charlotte, Vermont.—In looking over the
report of diseases in cattle in the monthly report, I am reminded of a
sick cow on this farm in March last. She would be taken about 9 or 10 .
o’clock in the morning with dizziness—keep going backward in a circle,
and if she turned to the right in her backward march would often lick
her right shoulder, or if to the left she took a turn a similar action was
observed. These spells lasted about two hours each day; she was very
fat when first taken, and in half an hour would look like a mere skeleton,
and before night no one could discover that anything had ailed her. It
was discovered that the cause was feeding bright-green clover hay, which
was discontinued in her case, and the fits ceased; but ever after, if a
little clover hay was given her, she would have a fit just in proportion
to the amount of hay given. She was bled once, which is all that was
done for her, and now is apparently as well as any of the eows. Her
milk, during her season of dizzy fits, had a greenish hue. When she
was first taken her calf was a week or ten days old.

RAILROADS.—Poor’s Manual for 1871~72 reports number of miles of
‘ railroad in operation in the United States in 1850, 9,021; in 1860, 30,635 ;
in 1870, 53,399. Constructed in the decade ended in 1850, 5,508 miles ;
in that ended in 1860, 21,614 miles; in that ended in 1870, 22,764 miles.

497

The building of railroads was seriously interrupted during the war, but
from 1865 to 1870 a fresh impetus was,given to all railroad enterprises.
In 1870 there were 6,145 miles constructed—more than in the whole de-
cade ended with 1850. In 1850 the net merchandise tonnage of all the
railroads was estimated at 4,500,000 tons; in 1860 it was 18,500,000
tons; and in 1870 it was 72,500,000, exclusive of coals, ores, and similar
freights, and 95,000,000 tons including these items. In 1850 the ton-
nage was 400 pounds per head of total population; in 1860 it was 1,200
pounds per head, and in 1870 it reached 3,816 pounds to each inhab-
itant. The value of the tonnage per head in 1850 was $29; in 1860, $84;
and in 1870, $285. From 1850 to 1860 the increase in tonnage was 13
tons for each added head of population; from 1860 to 1870, the increase
was more than four times as large, or nearly 8 tons. In 1850 the aver-
age earnings per mile were $4,000, or $1 55 per head of population ; in
1860 they were $4,000 per mile, or $4 90 per head; and in 1870, $9,000
per mile, or $11 75 per head.

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN LOUISIANA.—Richard H. Day, president
of the Louisiana State Agricultural Society, in a recent letter to this
Department, says:

You are doubtless aware of the great wants of the South at the present time—labor,
capital, and a diversified industry. The latter will eventually bring the two former.
Heretofore the culture of cane and cotton has monopolized the entire attention of our
people. It is only within the last year or two that the folly of this course has begun
to be appreciated, and that other crops have been cultivated. The failure of the cot-
ton crop this year will strengthen and confirm this appreciation, and give stability to
the culture of other crops. Jt has been demonstrated by actual trial that even in this
latitude apples, pears, peaches, and, indeed, almost every fruit, can be raised as suc-
cessfully as in the North; and, when proper cultivation is given, as large crops of
corn. Ihave been raising corn on a few acres consecutively every year since 1867
and every year increasing the yield without any commercial fertilizers. This year the
yield was over 100 bushels to the acre.

CHINESE SUGAR-CANE.—NS. F. Taft, corresponding secretary of New
Mexico Horticultural Society, in a letter to this Department, says:

The Chinese sugar-cane seed is decidedly a good acquisition. Crystals like rock-
candy formed in the sirup made from it; (1 suppose this would be termed grape sugar.)
No effort was made by any one to granulate it. Where grown upon the same ground
with the common Chinese, white, black, and red imphee, the sirup was lighter-colored,
and of decidedly superior flavor. It was tested by four persons upon four different
soils, holding its superiority upon all; that upon the white-oak soil being superior in
quality, that upon the bottoms yielding the greatest quantity. It stood up well this
dry season; dou’t know how it will do in a wet one. .

NortH CAROLINA TRUCKERS.—A correspondent writing from Golds-
borough, North Carolina, says that the country around that place affords
great facilities for market-gardening and fruit-culture. The soil and
climate are favorable. and the access to northern markets convenient
and quick. The trucker can ship his vegetables and fruit from this
point at 104 a.m. and have them in Washington, in the market, at 6
a.m, thenextday. The afternoon picking, shipped at 9 p.m., will bein
New York at 5 p. m. the next day. Crops are claimed to be fifteen to
twenty days earlier than in the vicinity of Norfolk, and only five to eight
days later than Charleston, South Carolina, while shipping facilities are
quicker.

FRUIT IN THE WALLA WALLA VALLEY.—Mr. Thomas K. McCoy, of
Walla Walla, Washington Territory, writes that he has apples, peaches,
pears, plums, and various berries, in bearing, and has taken out from the
States during the past year forty varieties of peaches and six of apricots.
He claims to have planted the first peach-pit in that valley, and has had

498

peaches eight years in succession. He pronounces his region the best
fruit country he has ever seen.

THE DROUGHT IN UTAH.—William Fuller, secretary of Eastern Gar-
deners’ Club, Salt Lake City, writes that ‘on Sunday, October 8, we had
a storm of snow and rain which continued, with intermissions, until
Monday morning. This was the first moisture of any amount that we
have had since the 13th of May, with the exception of one or two light
sprinklings. The continued drought caused our mountain streams to
greatly diminish, and, as a consequence, many of our garden crops have
suffered, and some trees have died.”

Winter wheat in Nebraska.—Robert W. Furnas, president Nebraska
State Board of Agriculture, in transmitting samples of Nebraska grains
to this Department, states: “Our fall crops could not look better than
now, (November 7.) Our farmers are discarding spring wheat almost
entirely, and sowing fall wheat. Putin with drill and rolled, the suecess
of fall wheat is no longer doubtful.” Another correspondent at Grove-
land, Nebraska, says: “‘A good many farmers have sown a little winter
wheat this fall, and more would have been put in if the seed could have
been procured.” ;

Improved swine in Iowa.—A correspondent in Iowa City, Johnson
County, Iowa, writes that there is considerable interest felt in that sec-
tion in the improving of stock, especially hogs. Poland-Chinas take the
lead; Chester whites rank next. Sales of shoats: Poland-Chinas, $18
to $25, for breeders; Chester whites, $6 to $12, for breeders. Hog crop
large and fat now, selling at $3 25 per ewt. Corn, 18 cents per bushel.

Cotton-culture in California—The California Cotton Planters and
Manufacturers’ Association have purchased a large tract of land on K- rn
Island, in Kern County, for agricultural purposes, and propose to plant
1,000 acres in gotton the coming season, and several hundred acres in
corn, potatoes, cabbages, onions, parsnips, carrots, &c. The prospectus
of the company indulges in some rather extravagant calculations of pro-
duct and profit of the area to be devoted to cotton-culture.

NOVEMBER WEATHER IN KING GEORGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA.—Our
King George County, Virginia, correspondent writes as follows:

November is commonly one of the most pleasant months of the year in Eastern
Virginia. The month just passed, however, has been exceptional. After the first week
it was wet, rainy; and cloudy, and very unfavorable for our main farm work of this
season, the gathering of the corn crop. The temperature has been low, falling with
some regularity. There was very little ice formed until the last twodays. Rains have
been heavy and frequent. The mercury ranged from 70° on the Ist to 27° on the
30th. Rain-fall for the month, 3.62 inches. The average of the month for twenty-two
years is 2.33 inches.

HEAVY YIELD OF WHEAT.—Mr. James Smith, of Cedarville, Wash-
ington Territory, writes to the Department as follows:

I send youa sample of wheat that I have raised the past season; 1,200 bushels on
26 acres of land, a trifle over 46 bushels to the acre. In the spring of 1870 the land was
covered with brush and timber. I cleared the land the following summer, burnt it in
August, got ready for sowing February 1, 1871, without plowing, and harrowed the
seed in, finishing February 12. Finished thrashing September 7.

ITALIAN BEES IN UTAn.—A Utah correspondent writes that there
were a number of Italian bees imported into that Territory last spring,
and that they have thus far proved a decided success; in many instances,
one hive producing four to six swarms, and 100 pounds of honey and
upward. There is also a lively interest noted in relation to the impor-
tation of improved breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine.

499

GRASSHOPPERS IN UTAH.—A correspondent in Cache County, Utah,
writes that ‘“‘the grasshoppers have not deposited any eggs in our
vicinity, and we hope for better crop results next year.”

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN NoRTH CAROLINA.—A correspondent
in Halifax County, North Carolina, writes:

It is evident that the effort to make a large crop of cotton, to the exclusion of most
other farm interests, is the cause of the extensive wastes of second-growth pines and
gulleys so common to the eye. Many of our people are waking up to the fact, and, so
far as their shattered resources admit, are adopting a mixed husbandry. Information
on agricultural subjects is eagerly sought by the more intelligent, and the system of
rotation of crops, with its necessary concomitants, is beginning to elicit inquiry.

PULASKI COUNTY, VIRGINIA.—A correspondent-at Dublin writes:

This county is a beautiful blue-grass country, and can compare with almost any
other region except Kentucky. The stock of fat cattle shipping to Baltimore and other
points from this.county has been large this fall. Superior coal is found in the county,
and iron ore of good quality is abundant.

FISH-CULTURE IN ENGLAND.—It is stated that, under the care
bestowed by various associations and the legislature, food fishes are
rapidly increasing in numbers in the rivers and estuaries of Great
Britain. The increase in the salmon supply is especially noted. The
total quantity of salmon sold at Billingsgate during the year 1870 was
3,859,184 pounds, an increase of 224,784 pounds over the sales of 1869.
The total value is given at £213,059, or about 271 cents per pound.
The increase of salmon is not confined to the great salmon rivers. The
fishermen of the Cornish rivers, the Fowey and the Looe, agree
that where there was one salmon or salmon-trout ten years ago, there
are fifty now. Mr. Cuthbert W. Johnson concludes an article upon the
subject by remarking that—

It is evident that in protecting the fish in their migrations up streams, by keeping
those waters free from the matters noxious to the fish, and from unlawful fishing, far
greater things are yet to be. accomplished in increasing our supply of fish. That our
rivers may thus be made far more profitable than at present has been clearly proved
by the results of the efforts made during the last few years. Our information on this
national question has only recently been increasing. The same remark applies to our
great sea fisheries; for it has only within the last few years been shown by the commis-
sioners appointed to inquire into those fisheries that the value of the fish annually
caught on the Great North Sea Dogger bank exceeds the value of all the yearly agri-
cultural produce of the fine counties of Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

SouTH AUSTRALIAN STATISTICS.—The report on the crops and live
stock of South Australia for the season of 1870-71 states the area of
land under cultivation to be 959,006 acres, against 850,576 acres the
previous year. This was distributed as follows: Wheat, 604,761 acres,
an increase of 72,626 acres; barley, 22,912 acres, increase 2,798 acres;
oats, 6,188 acres, increase 1,750 acres; peas, 3,719 acres, decrease 133
acres ; hay, 140,316 acres, decrease 1,583. The remainder is divided
among other crops. The products were as follows: Wheat, 6,961,164
bushels; barley, 337,792, bushels; oats, 88,383 bushels; peas, 47,341
bushels; hay, 197,149 tons; potatoes, 9,563 tons; wine, 801,694 gal-
lons; grapes sold, 35,847 hundred-weight. Average yields per acre:
Wheat, 11 bushels 30 pounds; barley, 14 bushels 37 pounds; oats, 14
bushels 11 pounds; peas, 12 bushels 44 pounds ; hay, 28 hundred-weight;
potatoes, 57 hundred-weight. The cultivation of grape-vines occupies
6,131 acres, planted with 6,168,758 vines, of which 5,783,674 were in full
bearing. The average product of wine in the last five seasons is 820,000
gallons, of which only 123,041 gallons have been exported. Fodder
crops occupy 10,772 acres, and include wheat, barley, oats, lucern, arti-
ficial grasses, &c. Orchards and gardens cover 7,108 acres. The total

500

quantity of land of the province, exclusive of the northern portion, is
245,329,920 acres. Area sold, 4,198,999 acres. The live stock is reported -
as follows: Horses, 83,744, increase 9,916; cattle, 136,832, increase
17,135; sheep, 4,400,655, decrease 36,300; goats, 25,008, increase 11,031 ;
pigs, 76,025, increase 12,199; poultry, 550,426, increase 182,587. The
large decrease in sheep is accounted for by losses from drought, and
overstocking in the far north, the absence of inducement for breeders
to augment their flocks, and to the practice of boiling down and meat-
preserving. .

THE ROAD-STEAMER IN GREAT BRITAIN.—English papers publish
an account of the trial trip of a new road-steamer, which made the run
from Ipswich to Edinburgh by road, a distance of four hundred and fifty
miles, in seventy-seven hours’ traveling time. The engine is one of
four now being built for the Indian government, under Thompson’s
patent, with India rubber tires, and is of 14 nominal horse-power, but
which has been worked up to 80 indicated horse-power. Her weight is
about 134 tons; length, 15 feet; breadth, 8 feet 8 inches; height to top
of chimney, 15 feet. The omnibus weighs about 34 tons, and seats 21
passengers inside and 44 outside. The chief difficulties encountered by
the engine on her journey appear to have arisen from foraging for water
and coal. Since this trip she has made several of an experimental
nature, in one of which she took 40, tons of gross load up a hill one mile
in length, with an incline of one in seventeen. After a return journey
to Ipswich, she will be shipped to India.

INDIAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.—A department of agricul-
ture, revenue, and commerce has been created in British India, to take
official cognizance of the following subjects: land revenue and settle-
ments; advances for works of agricultural improvement; agricul-
ture and horticulture; fibers and silk; studs and cattle-breeding;
cattle disease; forests; meteorology; commerce and trade; customs,
sea and inland; opium; salt; excise; stamps; minerals and geological
survey; fisheries; industrial arts; museums; exhibitions; statistics;
gazetteers; weights and measures; census; surveys, revenue, topo-
graphical, and trigonometrical.

METEOROLOGY.

OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER, 1871.

(COMPILED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FROM REPORTS MADE BY THE OBSERVERS OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, the mean temperature, and amount
of rain-fall, (in inches,) for October and November, 1871, as reported by the observers at the
stations named. Observations daily at 7 a. m., and2 and 9 p. m.

2

OCTOBER. NOVEMBER.
S s ; & s $
5 5 5 5 5 5
: ‘ ry ray i = ry =
Stations in States q g S A q =
and Territories. ore ease ew 26 a
Date. | g% | Date.| .3 | & Date. | g 3 | Date | oe
ie Bey els g ge) 8 | 4
= = a eee = Shee
f= A as A q 2a ibe
zt iE Se 8 4 = oS a=|
cS . ! co) =I |: oO z
A a fe | a A Bl | Biel en
\ =
MAINE. | .
Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In. Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
State Ag. College. 10 72 21 27 | 47.3 | 7.50 1 53 30 0} 29.0] 3.58
OUT Ycce sess ws 23 rads 21 Call hads Ob, lise 21 49 30 4}, S0EQM eee”
Bucksport ------- 25 65 21 31 | 49.3 | 5.23 1 52 28 5 | 31.3 | 3.65
West Waterville. il 74 21 28 | 50.3 | 6.94 1 48 30 4) 31,1 3. 87
Guandinenyser =e. oe 10, 11 66 21 30 | 49.7 | 7.58 1 55 30 7 | 33.4) 4.90
Woishonts 2s. faa ee 10 73 21 25 | 49.4 | 8.50 1 52 30 5} 315) 71.37
Standish ......... il 74 21 24 | 50.1 | 5. 41 1 64 30 6 | 32.5] 6.60
Mast Walton... est. shee See le casa sale teece soc sees oce 1 44 28 1-} 28.4] 2.90
INOVWa View soi cnr 10 vis) 21 24 | 48.2 | 5.80 1 48 | 28, 30 2) 29.4) 5.40
Cornish 25 -- 45.75 10 73 21 24 | 49.2 | 4.50 1 58 28 2 | 29.9 5. 20
Cornishville .-.--. 10, 11 72 21 27 | 50.8 | 5.90 1 61 30 2} 30.6} 5.01
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Bipatiordee ae. =.= 10 738 21 19 | 45.2 | 4.20 1 50 28 | —10 | 25.5] 2.18
Whitefield -.....- 10 76} 24,25) 18 | 45.4 | 5.74 1 60 | 28,30 | —5/} 26.8] 216
Tamworth ....... 11 76 21 19 | 48.0 | 5.13 L 50 28 2} 2952 4.10
Contoocookville - - 11 V7 25 32°| 51.5 | 4.30 1 67 30 3 | 33.1] 6.20
Amoskeag .--.-.--- 15 74 21 18 | 48.5 | 5.63 1 58 30 3} 31.4] 6.41
{
VERMONT.
Lunenburgh -.-.. 10 74 21 23 | 47.9 | 3.88 1 50 30 | — 6 | 26.8] 1.00
Craftsbury ------ 10 68 19, 21 18 | 43.1 | 4.02 1 48 28 | —15 | 22.6] 2.43
South Troy ..-..-- 10 80} 21,25 22 | 47.9 | 4.55 il 52 29} —5 | 26.7] 2.78
Randolph .--...-- 9 3 30 24 | 48.2 | 1.95 1 63 28 | — 9 | 28.5] 3.60
Woodstock ...--. 9,10 70 21 20 | 44.9 | 2.06 1 58 28 | — 9 | 26.6] 283
PNOIWwIChe! .. ===. 22 72 19 30 | 50:6 | 1.50 1 62 28 | — 1] 31.4| 2.70
Near St. Albans. . 10 73 |19, 21,30} 25 | 47.4 | 3.00 20 45 28 | — 6 | 26.7} 0.70
West Charlotte -. 2 70 21 26 | 51.1 | 5.06 1 55 | 28, 30 4) 32.2) 3.28
PPAMNTOHe eS Soon = 25] 1S 54 oc] ectaae eaten Hees sol. See se = 1 54 28 | —2/ 29.0] 3.67
Castleton ...---.- 10 72 21} 25} 49.9 | 4.12 1 58 30 | — 2] 30.9] 2.55
MASSACHUSETTS.
Kingston .-.....- 23 15 21 29 | 54.0 | 4.63 1 60} 28, 30 10} 37.7 | 4.55
Lawrence ..----.-- 10,15 74 21 30 | 52.3 | 4.82 1 63 28, 30 7 | 34.4 4.14
Malton 22-5256 10, 23 78 21 28) | 55.3) || 4.13 1 63 30 9 | 38.5] 4.18
Cambridge. .-.-.---. 9 78 21 PS A) ee eee 1 67 30 6 1 36/60 eeeae
North Billerica .- 9 76 21 24, | Olaoulse cas 1 64 30 6.) S40 eae
New Bediord, (R) 10 69 21 31 | 53.2 | 6.53 1 59 30 9 | 36.8] 6.76
10 Yak eee (T) 10 72 21 Pach eA |) yen) 1 60 | 28,30 10:)| 365 70h Ghad
Worcester ...-.-.- 9, 23 76 21 30 | 55.5 | 5. 31 1 65 30 5} 37.1 5. 04
Tunenburgh -.... 15 74 21 28 | 51.9 | 5.36 EY Sigs 30 2| 33.7 | 4.62
(Mendonees. = 2... 11, 23 73 21 290 | 52.5 | 4.10 1 63 30 6 | 34.0; 3.10
Amnerst......-:. 23 73 | 21 24 | 51.0 | 6.09 1 62 30 7| 340] 3.50

502

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §-c., for October and November—Continued.

a

OCTOBER. NOVEMBER.

rs rs : a &
5 ata 5 Beg
By a 5 y r=¥
Stations in States | | B | q =
and Territories. iG Sasuall te 26 Sesh eS
Date. & | Date Bo) es Date. 5 | Date. Ron ee ;
BE Eel El i qs Teel sales
5 5 o q = oO &
5 8 eels z| E Pie
7 ee ele cI ea pa ee ie
oS g a aS 3 o fo}
a ee a =i
Mass.—Contin’d.
Deg. Deg.\ Deg.| In Deg. Deq.| Deg.| In
Richmond ..----- 12 75 31 ir Win usa yp lV Pes 1 50 30} —2) 30.1 | 4.56
Williams College. 9 74 21 25 | 49.3 | 2.00 1 60 30 | —5 | 32.04 2.74
LehnsiPiy, 25 36 Saas seag 2 Sa Soee en aE sbasiiassa5aiesooc- 1 66 30 | —8 | 27.2) 4.45
North Adams .... QO" 75 30} 29: | 51.3.) 2°93.) li 2c |e es Se a eee ee
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport..---.---- 10 74 21 |° 32 | 56.8 | 6.06 a ie 61 | 30 10 | 39.8) 4.13
CONNECTICUT.
Columbia --...... 23 80 | 20,30 34 | 53.6 | 5.17 a ia be) 58 30 6 | 35.4) 4.63
Middletown.....- 2, 10 13 21 25 | 52.5 | 3.60 1 63 30 11} 35;:6 4. 06
Southington ...-. 23 73 22 29 | 52.6 | 6.05 il 61 30 9 | 35.2) 4.15
Colebrook.-.....-. 9 74 21 20 | 50.0 | 6. 48 1 62 30 0 | 30.4 4, 34
Round Hill ...--- 23 75 21 33 | 53.6 | 4.98 1 64 28 8| 40.7] 4.30
NEW YORK.
Moriches .-...-.. 23 76 21 30 | 57.6 | 5.23 1 62 30 18 | 42.2] 5.59
South Hartford -- 2 76 30 30 | 52.1 | 3.50 1 72 30 | —2'| 33.0} 2.15
North Argyle. ... 10 70 21 DOO tadere |) os108 i 538 30 | —5 | 29.1 2. 65
Garrison’s = .-..-2 15 76 Q1 3} o2. 8 447 1 67 30 13 | 36.9 | 3.99
Throg’s Neck..-. 23 76 21 Sasa ees See 1 65 30 py ee eel ea eee
White Plains ....| 16, 23 73 30 34/946) |. oo. 1 64 28 ibys cid eae es
Cooper Union.... 23 72 30 41 | 56.8 | 7. 72 1 63 30 15 | 40.9 | 4.79
IBrooklymle- one. 15 15 21 32 | 54.5 | 9.30 1 66 30 15 | 40.8 | 4.37
Flatbush..--..... 15 76 |. 30 34 | 54.3 | 2.40 1 63 30 15 | 40.6 | 7.18
West Day-.-.---- 9 val 21 26 | 48.7 | 2.85 1 ole | 30 | —5 | 30.2] 3.20
Glascop- eases ee 23 77 21 30 | 52.8 | 2.88 1,3 58 30 9 | 35.2] 1.05
Minayilles—-:-2) 5 74 19 Sh Wie Ee eee e iJ 56 30 De tO Oa eae
Middleburgh..... 8 80 30 32 | 54.9 | 1.30 1 68 28 8 | 36.5] 3.00
Canton2) 5.2525. 5. 77 Q1 26 | 49.4 | 1.71 20 47 30 —5 | 28.5] 2 70
Gouverneur...... 10 76 | 25, 30 26 | 48.1 | 1.63 1 45 30 | —7 | 27.2 1. 83
North hlammonds|ccecace|peenee teeueeraltes een le eoealeeeeee 3 55 30 | —=8 |"32.5"| "3.01
Tobie Oils lisyo ili pe maces tee sale e teseon|eogasl aece ae lloe se ac 1, 15, 20 42 30) | —5 |) 27. 7) 2-2-5.
Cooperstown... -. 9 77 21 De ONO. |) dees: 1 58 28 | —2} 29.9 27/88
Wow Ville..-2 seo. 2 13 87 30 PA ie: (oa Yel ee Ay” el ee ee ye som alma calles. toe) 8
South Trenton. -- 9 76 21 24 | 49.8 | 3.86 1 55 30 —3 | 30.4 5. 43
Cazenovia......-. 9 aes 30 28 | OOL ON ease 1 59 30 Tal be Dae? al acai
Oneidareccss ee. 9 78 21 30 | 52.4 | 4.38 i 52 28 4| 31.9 5. 83
Depauville.....-- 9 78 Q1 28 | 48.8 | 2.00 1 56 30 | -—3 | 29:2)" S83
Oswego ...----.-- 5, 9 75 Q1 31 | 52,4 | 1.62 1 59 30 8 | 33.9 3. 73
Palermo --5-= > «= 9 78 21 26 | 49.8 | 1.20 20 45 28 3 | 29.5 | 3.20
North Volney.... 9 78 21 29) || Dore) |k eareiere 1 60 | 28,30 T WSR eee.
Waterburgh. -... 9 Us 2A! DAUR Gh Dal Ae 1 57 A’! BONNE we s~=
NN ECROMS 225 oe cee 9 77 21 A | SLi meee 1 60 30 10.| 340 |. - 222.
Newark Valley. -- 1,9 78 | 21,30 20 | 47.9 | 2.10 1 58 30 4/311] 2.80
mlamrods S.. v.22. 9 80 | 20, 21 28 | 50.9°| 1.38 1 60 30 6 | 30.9] 2.70
mochester..-;.-=. 10 76 20 34 | 53.8 | 1.55 1 BY (Meee cere licen 33.0 | 3.'70
Little Genesee. - 9 719 21 18 | 50.2 | 2.00 d 60 | 28, 29 9 | 31.2] 3.83
Angelica...-..... 9 ad 21 23 | 49.5 | 2.15 1 58 30 | Peed 1. 64
Curiton 83.0 2.22) 9 1 20 29 | 52.58.02. 26 48 |} 28, 30 12 | 32.8) 3/40
Lockport ........ 10 3 29 33!) 525% | LS J 49 30 | ' 11] 31.4) 4 15-
BUR AMO as. 2 <5 oom 10 78 18 34 | 53.5 | 1. 70 18 55 30 VL 38e7"" S500
Jamestown ...... 9 78 21 31 | 51.3 | 2.10 4 59 28 14 | 33.7] 2.30
NEW JERSEY. |
Jersey City ....-- 15| 76 21| 32/| 56.1 | 6.94 1| 65 30} 14/393] 471
Newatk-cescs-!- 15 73 21 32 | 53:0 | 6:03 1 64 28 13 | 39.3 | 3.99
South Orange .... 15 72 21 22 | 48.7 | 6.27 1 62 30 8 | 31.7] 3.02
Trenton... cies. 11,15,23| %5 2a1| 36 | 58.2) 5.99 1| 64 30| 19] 425] 4.83
Moorestown ..-.. 4 19 30 BL |) Dos | Onl al 63 30 20 | 39.1 4.37
Rio Grande .....- 14, 23 84 19 39 | 61.4 | 8.50 1 69 30 22 | 41.2 | 10.33
New Germantown il 76 21 27 | 52.5 | 5.10 uf 66 30 14 | 37.3 | 4.60
MCAGIIC tN) <- se eeee tel 2 oe =| 4oe- = 8 eee eres | Span Si 1 62 29 20°| "40. Baleeee
Vineland ........ 15 V7 21 30 | 55.5 | 3.35 1 66 29 20 | 40.4] 5.18

ee

503

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

Date.
N.JERsEy—Con'd.
Greenwich. ...--- 23
ACOs. 2.25. ee
Allowaystown .--
PENNSYLVANIA.

INYGES' bes. 222s 9
Dyberny,--------% 9
Hamlinton ....... 9
Fallsington -.-.-- 23
Germantown, (M.) 15
Philadelphia . - --. 23
Horsham: .-=..->- 15
Plym’th Meeting. 15
OVD bees sc - 13
West Chester- --. 5
Parkersville ._... 23
Factoryville ..-... 23
Reading ..-....-. 15
Ephratah....(S.) 5, 23

Doce GME) ssciese
WO PA oa s fecsH 9
@arlisles2e.25---- 15
MieiRoek 2 = 222 | 15
Fountain Dale ._-| 5
York Sulp’r Sp’gs. 23
Grampian Hills. -| 5
Johnstown. -.-.-- 9
Greensburgh .... 5
Connellsville. .-.. 5
Brownsville. ----- 5
Pittsburgh -...-- 5, 10, 26
Greenville --....- 5, 26
Newcastle --.--.-- 5
Beaver
Cannonsburgh ... 5,9

DELAWARE.
Mford) to. 22s-2- 5
Wover’: 5.55. 225... 5

MARYLAND.
Woodlawn ...-.---. 23
ali Shonee ts = o> - 15
Woodstock Coll... 15
Annapolis ..-.--- 15
Saint! Inigoes.. .-|.--..---
Sam’s Creek. --.. 15

Mt. St. Mary’s - --| 4,5, 23

Frederick.-..---..- 5, 15
Cumberland ..--. 4,5
Bilicott City ----..|/..-.---

DIST. OF COLUMBIA.

Washington ...-. 4
VIRGINIA.
Johnsontown ..-. 15
Capeville .....-.- 15 |
Hampton -....... 15 |
Gomornees 2... - 4, 23
Vienna ....(W.).- 4,15
De:222-5 (B. ) 119, 20, 27

ture.

16

77

es] | Maximum tempera-
is}
—)

OCTOBER. NOVEMBER.

3 = a 5 q

= & a a ie

ay 8 3 pore Oh

¥o 2 Yo $5 2

| Date. = a Date. | g = | Date. # =
eo ES d=] 8 | 3
I 2s 5 FI eae
| s | 4 ‘| 3 4
| 4 ® 3 3 . 2 a
a | at a 2 a [a]
Deg. | Deg.| In. Deg. Deg. | Deg In.
91| 35 | 57.2 | 3.40 1| 66| 29,30| 924] 424]| 5.16
eet) Ee 1| 67 (28,29,30| 21 | 40.8 |......
Ries Pause 1| 65 30| 20| 40.3]. 4.65
30} 23 | 50.6 | 1.85 1] 59 30 6| 33.1] 4.81
21| 18 | 47.1 | 240 1| 58] 28,30 6| 31.4] 2.70
30} 28 | 526/202 1) oY 30 6/343] 2.99
30| 31] 55.3 | 5.40 t RvSe 30} 20| 42.3] 3.80
20| 32|56.2|.__... 1] 60| 28,30) 20) 37.7)...-..
21} 38 | 57.7 | 3.89 1] 66 301 24| 43.0) 3.97
30| 31 | 54.8 | 4.95 1,2} 64] 29,30! 20] 39.0] 3.78
21| 30 | 54.6 | 3.36 1| 66 30! 20| 39.5] 3.27
91 {° 95 | 52.5 |...... 1| 63 30: |. 45 | 376u|bee ae
21| 29 | 53.2 | 4.80 1] 65 28 | 20 | 39.2) 5.37
29,30| 37] 54.6 | 3.80 1| 55 30| 22/39.7) 4.19
21} 20/| 49.2 | 2.85 _1| 58 30 7|32.6| 2.93
21| 34 | 57.1] 1.62 1] 65 30! 17/427) 3.94
1} 38|56.1|214 1| 56 28; 19/386) 3.44
aoe oe (Bae Sill seteea be Dee, 1] 68 23{ 21|39.3| 2.55
30| 16 | 45.2 | 1.15 1| 50 30 2 | 28.9| 1.60
30| 33 | 54.7 | 3.30 1] € 29{ 231 40.9| 3.35
300). 6; Sabi | OOH. 4. coe) Bae a Sh ieee
Bot as || Sher So hisses ee Leen eee
1) B81 | 5381290: 81}. So 29} 22/38.8| 3.40
21] 24| 47.5 | 2.88 1| 57 98} 12/315] 471
21,30} 26 | 526) 275 1} 58 231 151 35.7] 3.00
19] 34|54.5 | 4.15 4| 62 28 | 22] 39.6] 3.93
49°) 30 Nek ey 1/ 60 og | 19: Sy see
Bint ~<a Patadele soe 3] 68| - 23] 20) -41.9]......
21| 34/ 55.1 | 2 40 26| 63| 23,30] 23/39.9| 276
21} 29/50.3/1.75| 4,13] 52 |28,29,30! 20) 341] 4.95
eter : 32 | 55.1 | 1.70 aes 23} 15] 36.6) 2.75
Ot ee: 3] 60 30 |. aaiigoienl: 202
21} 29 | 52.6] 1.79 4| 64 23) 12] 37.3] 1.92
29| 34) 589 | 3.15 2) “er 30} 23] 43.2| 5.65
30| 34 | 56.2 | 270 1| 66 30| 24] 43.2] 3.73
21| 32] 56.3 | 3.65 1| 66 29} 22] 40.6) 5.00
21,29| 35 | 55.0 | 3.82 1} S68 29} 24| 40.8) 4.95
30} 30] 53.4 | 3.32 1| 66 29| 93/39.3| 4.84
19| 36 | 58.9 | 3.69 1| 69 30| 26| 454) 4.97
| ek dae 2a eee Sea en 1,2| 68] 29,30| 30] 45.5] 5.09
30} 31 | 55.5 | 2.97 1} 60 a9 | 22| 40.2| 254
30| 36 | 56.8 | 2.90 1| 61 29} 24| 40.7 | 3.95
18| 40 | 587| 2.50 1 29} 27| 43.3| 2.68
30| 34 | 54.1 | 2 60 5 2 29 | 25| 40.6| 2.25
re eee aes Ye 1 29,30| 26] 41.6 |......
30}. 30 | 57.5 | 3.45 1} ‘67 29| 28) 44.0] 3.85

|

19,30} 39 | 60.5 | 4.10 1] 69 30| 28] 47.1] 4.70
2029 | 486469 s 5. 1,10,20} 68 30)} _ 32. (tia 28
29,30 | 40} 61.5 | 4.75 1]. %4 30| 281 486| 4.45
29,30} 39 | 60.7 | 3.21 1| 7% 30{ 27| 45.1] 3.62
29| 41 | 60.2 | 4.90 1} 69| 29,30} 28| 440] 4.10
12,13 | 48 | 63.0 | 5.00 10} 82] 29,30! 28|566] 1.00

504

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

as
cl
Oo
; a
Stations in States |
and Territories. Sis
Date. g 5
3 ~~
a: |
i
oS
=
Virewia—Cont’d.
Deg.
Accotink -...--.. 15 80
Wolf Trap, near /4, 15, 23 78
Vienna. |
Near Waterford. -| 4 83
Piedmont ........- 15 80
Piedmont Station. 23 88
Keswick Station -| 3 82
Mount Solon...-. | 15 82
Lynchburgh ..... Jectewsae|eatinee
Wytheville ...... 15 79
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wieston®=2.- 282. | Q7 78
NORTH CAROLINA. |
Tarborough. ---.- 16 82
Oxtoria 625 ee. - 4, 10,15 78
Fayetteville _(S.)- 16 78
Doe eae (L.). 16 84
Greensborough ..| 10,11 76
Albemarle ....... | 17 86
Statesville -...... 10 76
Asheville...(A.).| 10,15 | 75
Doves: (Hi. ) | Gotan | |
Charlotte =... .- 16 77
Henoir SFE else: 23 72
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Gowdeysville - --. 23 78
Greenville C. H.. 28 82
GEORGIA.
IBBING sees ee ee 17 81
Saint Mary’s...-. 11 84
Quitman .......-.. 16, 23 87
La Fayette ....-. 8,15 78
MACON ee 2 cae tes 16 86
ALABAMA.
Huntsville. --.-.-. 29 80
Moulton ...-..... 15 wo
Salma:¢-cn2) sae 6 86
Carlowville ..-.... 6 85
Greene Springs -- 15 85
Coatopa.......... 6,15 84
FLORIDA.
Near Port Orange 6 %.,
Jacksonville ..... ily Gal Pee
Picolata ......... 23 86
St. Augustine. ._. 24 90
Pilatka 92
QOcalay-ees-r---.. 96
Tampa-ooe-be--.- 2 84
Wellborn .....--. 18, 24 90
TEXAS.
Clarksville....... 9 80
Near Clarksville. 5 82
Gilmer 2 .b5 iE 5 3,9,23,25| 85

Date. |

OCTOBER. 4 NOVEMBER.
ee | 4 a | 3
| @ y S 5 5
| Be = = £
| 8 S | | s .
ls] % 85 $5| 3
gi] @ _ | Date. | gH | Date. B| q i
|g o S | pe gS £3] =|
= » oS | + os
=| os | 5 | Fa] +
TE | A I S ;
-— Oo a cI A oS 2 .
= =| —4 =| =| | (4 |
=) :
| Bos
Deg. | Deg. | In. | Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
35 | 56.1 | 2.85 1| 14 30| 27|440| 3.7
32 | 56.5 | 2.70 1! 66] 2329} 24] 43.8] 3.70
30 | 57.0 | 2.90 1| 66 29} 20/ 40.9} 3.00 )
32 | 55.1 | 3.10 1| 68 29} 22/ 41.6] 3.20 :
35 | 59.0 | 3.00 1/ 69| 29,30) 26| 426] 3.95
35 | 59.5 | 1.80 1| 69 0} 27] 43.9) 3.40
31 | 56.3 | 3.65 3| 7 ($1018 3 92 | 42.3] 2.67 ;
29; 30 .
Sepia Me fey eA | Ck 1| 70 30|° 28] 46.7] 3.50
31 | 56.3 | 1.75 26 68 30| 22/433] 1.60
on [ipa pact Meee Pa LEE ee ol
Pele,
36 | 62.3 | 6.60 1| 7% 30| 27|47.6| 5.20
38 | 61.0 | 2.70 1| 68 30| 26) 46.5| 4.50
49 | 63.0 | 4.80 |2.--.---)-2. ce eee ae eer
490) G49B1 (4300) | sabe | 22. |: See a ee eee
59 | 67.3 |.4.55 |. 2c-----|..c0 s2|0amenbee |e nee anamaenaen m
33 | 60.0 | 3.83 27 | 80 17| 22) 46.6| 4.73
32 | 57.31475| 1,27] 70| 1617] 221448] 4.75
36 | 57.0/280| 26] 69 29} 26 | 45.1| 2.20
Ee a eee [gears | ieee pa ney 74 17 | BAAS eta
4206014) | eee 74 30 29: | 40.Biieeco.
39 | 57.7. | 3.50 |.---.---),Je8 cleat sake) eee
| |
|
50 | 64.2 | 4.80 | 1| 78] 16,17| 28|529| 4.90
49|61.9| 5.00) 27] 82 16| 30/524] 3.66
| ea
50 | 67.2 | 2055. |..--.-- |eso--s)iceee eet eee en
56 | 73.4 | 4.78 1| 84] 16,17| 40/649] 142
49 | 71.2| 3.40; 1,27] 80 17| 35|623] 5.40
44 | 61.5 | 4.40 | 7| .72 22) 26) 51.4] 5.04 ;
52 | 67.3 | 2.95 | 1| 80 17| 341561] 8.25
45 | 65.6 | 4.40 26| 76 30] 31] 57.4" 1.10
41 | 62.9 | 4.40 9| 67 22| °30/ 50.0] 1.35 |
46 | 70.6 |1.60| 6,26} 76 17| 35|57.8| 5.90
46 | 68.2| 1.20| 25,26| 76 30| 35/556] 8.74
44 | 65.7 | 5.45 26| %6 92| 321537] 5.05 :
44 | 66,0: | 3:80 |. 22---2-|s ice 22] eee eee ee ee
65 | 74.9 $3.86 1| ‘94 [15,1617] 43] 67.5] 218
58 | 75.4 | 3.23 1|. 86 17| 41 | 66.7| 3.23
61 |°76,1 |....--|os-ecceelecs owe |e-+ +> =e) hr
62 | 75.9 | 1.00 1| 90 | 16,17} 46} 68:0) cs
62 | 777. | 3.72 |.2..---|.Jcs..|.-2-- a0 fee er |
60 | 68.0 |..-..- 24) 93 i6| 40 | 70.1 |.-... 3
57 | 70.5 | 2.10 1| 84] 1617| 42/643] 280 - |
59 | 77.7 | 3.12 2| 83 17} 40|69.3| 1.95
|
mo |'65.4) (bs .28 26 | 94} 19,30 | 93'| 52 Oe wee
44 | 63.7 | 8 45 96| 2 |19,24,30/ 30] 49.8] 4.43
40. |) 65.0) | 8°60'|)-..<2..|, dsn-- [san 2<> 0 eee] aoe

505

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

OCTOBER.

_ NOVEMBER.
uth | a ; & z
3 a | § 3 ae
. . = = 2 = a >|
Stations in States q | 8 A A 8
and Territories. Ba 2g | @ 2g 25] 2
Date. | g 4 | Date. | 8 Date. | g 5 | Date. | 8
de] a 23 5 ge/ 4 Me
ie Bee |) 2 Ss Ee a- | 3 3
| q = & | 4 oa
3 | £ P 4 a q
H = 3 A i” a S A
3 oA 3) a “s oS “4 Oo B
=| = a m4 a | a
Trexas—Cont’d.
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. ! Deg. Deg. | Deg.| In.
Clear Creek .--...- 6 89 3l 46 | 69.2 |14. 88 4, 26 80 30 36 | 58.3 4. 64
Gusto —— 2.) 2222 22 90 31 49)) BBO seen < 235 87 19 Sey Owe Bulle. << sete
Greenville ......-. ayes 84 31 40)" |) 66:78) 40465 hos cnn =| oe ore er aeeetne eet eee [nce aisle
Ve ed SHG ple gs aa es | a | a a(R cae 26 82 30 32 | 06.1 0. 70
Sand biyes s-)s: 4,8,9 89 28 47 | 67.6 | 6.10 26 87 |19, 20, 30 ryt) las Be? ee
Grlibiz ep Sas eee ‘9 88 31 46 | 71.2 |15.10 25, 26 83 30 32 | 58.2 2. 88
@lintompes se. ae.- 7 9, 14 6 31 46 | 68.5 |10. 65 26 83 30 34 | 58.4 1.50
PASUS GLI ae), 7238 9 87 3h 45 | 66.0 | 7.22 26 82 30 30 | 54.9 4.14
San Antonio -.... 4 90 3h 44 | 66.0 | 7.09 26 82 30 32 | 56.8 2.16
LOUISIANA.
8, 14, |
New Orleans... . ; 15, 16, ; 84 12 50 | 70.0 | 8.24 | 26 84 22, 30 42 | 60.0 7.95
22 | |
Ponchatoula ..... 25| 90 20| 50 | 73.4 [12.50 | ; a ; 82 23 | 35 | 60.3 | 11.52
Shreveport ...-.. 14 85 28, 31 DO) 69e8) emai | ¥( 81 30 28) | oF, Fie coea
MISSISSIPPI. | |
Marion Station. -. 15 86 12 40 | 65.6 | 2.10 | 25, 26 82 15 30) O90 T 7.50
Philadelphia... . .|9, 15, 22 80 12 AA \GGKO) | BOO Me ec = Se see cape Oe aren | ei pee
Grenada: 2! 8252. 5, 22 84 19,20} 41 | 62.9 | 2.80 | 26 80° 22 27 | 52.0 4,52
Near Brookhaven| 14, 22 88 12} 46 | 67.7 | 4.00 | 26 84 20, 22 Doulas b 9. 20
Columbus...-...- i) 82 12, 19 46 | 64.1 | 2.61 26 7 22 32 | 52.8 5. 10
ARKANSAS.
‘Pocshontasrs = h-|ase se elena 14 By (gl Sueea| cere 25 17 30 26 | 45.7 | 2.60
Clarksville. ...... 9, 8, 20 82 12 40 | 60.5 | 7.95 | 26 72 20, 29 25 | 338.1 2. 30
Mineral Springs .|5,8,9,10 | 88 19| 38 | 60.5 | 3.75 | 5| 74 |19,20,21| 261 45.8| 2.10
TENNESSEE.

Elizabethton. -..- 2 86 19 34 | 60.3 | 2.31 | 3 78 17 22 | 49.7 3. 45
tusculomi Colleges.) sc" |-aasealts ose sesleceee ale leeeeee 26 68 | 17,30 27 | 48.9] 1.80
SRNORVIO esas ae 5, 6 13 12 36 | 58.4 | 4.77 26 66 30 26 | 46.3 2.61 «©
Lookout Mount’n 4 79 12 ADSI Ge dol Oia le occa 22 a's meres =il= omelets | eee | eee
Clearmont..--.-.-.- 5,9 78 19 36 | 52.1 | 1.00 | 26 73 28 PAUL Gls gpa]
VACHSHINY 2.1: Se5e | 4,8,9,25 | 80 12| 36 | 60.7 | 2.05 4| 72 |21,22,24) 26] 45.8] 2.20
Clarksville....-.. 5, 8 79 19 39 | 59.4 | 2.08 26 75 23 25 | 43.2 1.55
renton, =~ -.-- =. 20 86 12, 19 39 | 62.2 | 4.20) 5,26 77 29 25 | 47.3 1. 20
La Grange -.-.-.--- 9, 25 82 43 | 63.0 | 3.00 26 78 30 24 | 49.1 3. 70

KENTUCKY.
Pine Grove .....- 5,9 78 19 34 | 54.1 | 2.44 | . 26 70 23 14 | 41.1 2. 83
Shelby City-.-.-..-.- 9 78 19 38 | .58. 2 | 2. 51 5 68 23 22 | 43.8 2. 68
Danville usseeeos: 9 80 29 41 | 59.9 | 1.34 | 26 74 23 22 | 44.9 2. 33
Near Louisville -. 5 85 19 32 | 59.8 | 2.53 5 69 23 16 | 42.8 2. 29
JSLEAIG iat GiRs coupe a ee a med UN Bp ee BEN aoe Re) Pile Ll wt Mee e 2,6 76 29 i ly Kee eae 2. 35

OHIO. ;

Salem BRS ESO EE CRG iD 80 18 29 | 52.7 | 0.85 26 64 23 10 | 34.6 1.95
Martin’s Ferry. -. 5] 82 UT si yea! || ee Bee pesad ooSed boot ise.|oAncohl eee eee
Painesville o-2--- 5 76 28, 29 38 | 54.1 | 1.90 13, 26 SL 29, 30 22 | 35.9 3.10
Bold yin’s Univ., 5 81 18 34 | 55.0 | 2.53 2 55 16 | 36.6 | 4.35

erea.
Adams’s Mills ... 9 78 29 29 | 54.2 | 1555 26 70 23 13 | 37.8 2. 03
Pennsville ....... ; bab } 16 29| 27 | 59.2 | 0.90 26| 74 a3| 14| 347] 1.70
Gallipotia <-.. (oo 2 tes ee ee 26] 4 931 16| 41.9] 1.70
Oberlin .......... 5| 80} 18,28] 33] 53.31 0.45 ; ah } 54 93| 10 | 342] 2.05
Minto ee Pr a. | Oe 2] 55 30| 15 | 36.5] 2.45
Sandusky..-...-. 9 80 17 36 | 54.8 } 1.68 13 55 23 17 | 36.1 | .2588

506

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

Stations in States
and Territories.

Oxn10o—Continued.

Warsoney act ese ce
North Fairfield --
Westerville .....-.
North Bass Isl’d -
Marion
Hillsborough .....
Bowling Green ..-
Kenton
Bellefontaine ...-
Urbana Univ ....
Hoihel -22562 Ess
Carthagena
Marmeree =e). =
Jacksonburgh. .-.
Oxfords eee
Mt. Auburn Inst.
Cumminsville. --.
Cincinnati -. (H.)-

Dots.

Monroe City..--.
Ann Arbor .....-.
MACON i228 cee
State Agr’l Col...
Litchfield.....-.-.
Olivet College. -.-
Grand Rapids(H.)

Dor e.f 4 (8.)
Northport ......-
Benzonia

INDIANA.

Fort Wayne
Mt. Carmel
Aurora

Vevay
Spiceland
Knightstown ...-
Indianapolis
VOU eee heen ae
MACOUIG eee eee
Bloomington
Wieromes: =o. ere
New Harmony...

ILLINOIs.

Chicago. ---.-..
Near Chicago. ...
Evanston
Mattoon
Marengo........-
Aurora
Louisville
Belvidere........
Sandwich........

Date.

on

oN
Soy re
MOOGOOOOUN MMO W OMS NWS O

8

won

pe FPOOMUOUK

VOTO OT CH OT OT

Mean temperature.

Rain-fall.

VNR PNHNYE wy
AUT POW
SBSSRuSSS85

19
=v
ow

rr
“O00
ou

OCTOBER.
3 e 3 s
Co) ro) 3 ro)
(=) =I > roy)
q q 3 F
Pl hates 8 | aise |e
ce ate. mel ate.
Be se) 2 | a gz
5 EB aes EI
A 2 3 BI 4
Gi rial 2 3 3
a a a ee} a
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In. Deg.
80 29| 30 | 56.1 | 0.92 13] 56
78 22} 30] 55.5 | 0.16 3| 60
82 29 | 26 | 52.5 | 0.88 5 | 59
80 29| 33 | 55.6 | 0.73 2| 54
a 29 | 26 | 52.7 | 1.16 5| 57
78 299| 32] 56.9 | 1.41 26| 65
85 29] 25 | 56.1 | 2.80 3| 65
75 29 OS. |: doen wh, oo 4 59
80 98| 28 | 54.2 | 1.15 5| 58
84 29 | 24 | 55.6 | 1.20 5| 62
83 |12, 17,28] 34 | 60.3 | 1.13 26) 69
81 17 ol yo6. 01, 4082 4 62
83 | 17,18; 33 | 53.8] 0.80 4| 59
83 28 | 34] 58.0] 1.70 4| 66
s2| 1,12} 31)543) 1.77 5| 63
80 | 28,29] 36] 57.5 | 1.07 5165
79 29 | 32 | 53.4] 1.15 26| 66
83 98 | 41 | 57.5 | 0.98 6| 68
82 28 | 36 | 59.9 | 1.80 26| 72
79 1) 87-1 58°65\ 1035 26] 70
, 69 27 | 34 | 49.0) 1.36] 4,9,13| 44
84 Q1| 25 | 52.0 | 1.45 2| 55
82 17 | 40 | 60.4 | 0.09 12| 66
79 1871) 38) S389) | eo 4| 53
pe AUS orc SA A A 4| 57
80 7| 9271 54.0] 1.43 4| 62
79 20) 26 | 52.6 | 2.38 3| 62
79 |20, 28,29) 33 | 52.6 | 1.50 4| 56
79 20 | 31 | 52.4 / 2.72 4| 62
76 204) Se3ie | SIs BuoNyacleen es. foal
75 28 | 33 | 50.2 | 5.62 4} 50
72 31 | 33 | 50.3 | 3.60 4| 52
72 QT) 27 aoe Mss aisle ese eee
20, 26,
68 $2.38 t 32 | 45.2 | 3.30 11 | 48
30, 31
85 | 28,29 | 32] 57.6 | 0.85 4| 68
78 | 2829] 36] 57.9 | 1.50 26| 66
84 29} 32] 56.2} 1.09
82 28] 31 | 54.7 | 2.05 26] 70
84 28] 35 | 57.5 | 1.00 5| 67
84 28] 29 | 56.6 | 1.73 4| 64
84 28| 27 | 57.0 | 2.05 4| 65
84 29| 28) 54.5 | 1.57 3,4| 64
Mies as Sh eee ae al Sls 26| 68
a4 19| 37] 584/264 | 7B
78 | 17,28) 34|55.91112] 45,8] 60
81 28 | 34 | 60.7 | 1.00 Cilr6e
83 7 | 38 | 58.9 | 1.87 8| 69
85 OB 80 | SONO I ess e.. ene Rem
Aa IN Ateeaen ees > | eee eae 3,4| 66
81 98 | 27 | 53.7] 1.13 4| 60
88 QBN 841 GON SHODI hoes. cael eee =
82 28} 21 | 50.5 | 2.97 4| 58
80 2s| 24] 55.9 | 3.31 4| 63
88 | 16,17] 34 | 59.0 | 2.50 8| 72
86 28] 22 | 54.2 | 3.45 3 |) 563
85 28 | 21 | 53.6 | 5.04 3| 68
88 28 | 28 | 57.6 | 2.50 9| 64
3] 65

TOPO POW WED ow
SESSS2SEnus

NOVEMBER.
4
3
ry
q
#3
Date. PE 2
5 »”
ES
AS
a
Deg.
25, 30 20
23 14
23 8
30 18
23 10
23 13
25 9
29 i ly4
23 5
23 3
23 8
25 4
25 2
23 10
23 3
23 14
23 12
23 13
23 15
23 9
27 14
23, 29 7
28 24
29 9
23 9
29| —2
22 9
29 8
29} —2
29, 30 18
29 16
2,3 2
25 4
23 10
23 19
23 13
23 2
23 0
22 6
23 10
23 16
23 9
23 8
23 15
23, 30 10
23 7
23 —3
23, 25 1
23 10
23 | —3
25) —3
22 4
23,24 | —1

507

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

: OCTOBER. | NOVEMBER.
a a - Ss =
3 aed te | ay 5 e |
ae ae = |B = = 2 2
Stations in States | A | = eB A S
and Territories. | 23 Spe) | | 5 Sore
Date. | ¢ 3 | Date | 25) & _ | Date. | 38 | Date. | 5 =
52 |, Bes) Bal 5 Be | Shanes
Si A ~ 1s | 8 = &
- = =| ” A= a a
g ace ee g a |38|4
a \a | = a} a a a S
Intivois—Cont’d. |
Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In Deg. Deg. | Deg. | In.
Hennepin ---(0O.)- 4 88 28 26 | 58.0 | 1.10 4 67 23 2| 35.1] 2.80
Dubeis: ---=- 5. 5-. 5 88 16 34 | 58.0 | 1.23 | 7 74 | 23,29 11 | 338.8 1. 62
LGU EY eee Oa oene 4 838 23 29 | 57.6 | 3.37 4 66 23 3 | 36.6 | 2.09
Jeg Bee saaecos 4, 20 88 28 26 | 55.2 | 3.05 4 66 24 0 | 34.4 1.95
Galesburgh ....-- 8 82 27 34 | 54.4 | 3.80 4 69 30 | — 2| 32.4 1.94
Waterloo ....-.-.- 5 79 16 32 | 55.4 } 3.35 6,8 64 29 5 | 36.0} 2.10
Manchester. - .--- 4 70 28 32 | 56.8] 3.10) 2,4,6 64 29 4) 37.1], 3.05
Nean Manchester: |: 42235. 2|/= 2-38: faose-2--| 3-292 SARS 4,6 64 24 3 Sore eae
Andalusia ..-..--.- 4 81 28 32 } 55.9 | 1. 23 4 64 29 | — 2) 35.2) 1.36
Mount Sterling. -. oe 78 28 40 | 58.4 | 4.20 | 3,4 61 23 5 | 36.6 |} 3.30
Oquawka ---.-.--- 4 91 28 j 3h | 57.6 | 5.43 4 73 29 | = 3s) Jo. S ee
Augusta ..--.---- 8 83 28} 30) 55.8] 5.61 3 68 29 | — 3 | 34:6']' 26
Warsaw —.=-->---- 4 92 28 30 | 57.5 | 6.73 2 67 29 0} 34.2] 3.83
QuimGyet ates. ® 4 90 28) 413i) a5) 060 6 66 29 0| 34.8) 400
WISCONSIN. |
Manitowoc. --.---- 22 7 28 28 | 50.1 )3.35] 2,47 50 23 8 | 32.8] 1.20
Hingham ....-.-.. 2 78 28 Sat pie One aata 4 SL 23 Hl fis 5 Ha 3g) [eee
Milwaukee --.-.--- | 8 82 28 Q7 | 51.8 | 2. 72 3 51 23, 30 8 | 32.8} 2.40
Geneva -.--.2-=-- 1,3, 4,8 82 28 23 | 30.8 | 2.23 4 59 23 | — 4} 30.1 4.05
W aupaca ...-.---- 8 78 20 Sith 7/9 | Seer = 3 56 23, 30 Pal lis 1 Ph (Be Se
Embarrass. .----- FSi Gs 18| 98] 51.2 | 3.84 3 52 93) = 6 | S801: 26s
Edgerton -..-..--. 3,4 82 28 26 | 53.7 | 1.60 2,3 57 30 | — 2} 30.4 |.-.-.-
Rocky Run .-.-.-- 38 83 28 23 | 51.3.) 3.50 | 3 53 30 | —16 | 36.6 | 2.55
Madison’---.----.- 8 80 28 PA fed - R eees 5| eeiel eee cee eee | aes! |S oS Se
Mosinee ..-..---- 1 75 20 23 | 45.2 | 6.20 3 53 Pa fe 6 eS e 4 ee
Barapoo | 2-22 -- 8 80 28 28 | 54.6 | 3.90 3 538 28 | — 6 | 29.0} 2.80
New Lisbon ....- 8 88 27 pn || GSE ee ee 3 62 23 | — 7| 30.0 |------
iB aye ersten | sare tno ne 27 OAR Va Bi Ee. 9,12 48 23 | — 2 |) 24.0) 1-2...
MINNESOTA.
Beaver Bay-.---- 1,3 70 27 O56 4408) Si aO bee oc os forsale os ee eee ae
IBGANCE ------ ---- 8 80 Q7 OZ Me ORC tal IP-S(, 1h b= eae eee Boerne I keer een |e lee
Atftone® 42222 ae Bi S10] ag 1 SOLS S100 eae Safest [ies se | ee ae eee pees
Samit Paul-<..--- 1 78 31 23 | 47.5 | 1.98 2 57 29 | —11 | 27-6} 1.34
Minneapolis .-.-.-. 8 80 31 20 | 45.8 | 2.34 1 53 29 | —16 | 29.1 | 2.07
Sibleye-24 2: 48) |) 81 98} 19 | 46.2 | 1.20 TeoM) bs 29 | —25 | 23.9} 1.93
Litchfield ..-...-- 4 75 31 16 | 43.7 | 2.40 3 46 29 | —23 | 20.7| 1.80
New Ulm......-- 4 838 31 22 | 50.4 | 1.69 1 60 29 | —14 | 25.9| 229
IOWA. M
Dubuque ...----- 4,8 82 28 26 | 53.212. 79 3 64 29 | — 2] 31.9} 5.33
Bowen’s Prairie. - 4,8 88 28 18 | 53.5 | 3.50 2 64 29 | —12 | 30.3| 3.55
West Branch .--. 3 81 28 a oY 6 3 62 29 | —11 | 29.0} 4.42
Guttenberg -..--.- 8 88 28 OO Sindee 3 62 | 23,29 | — 6 | 28.7 |------
Kowa Gtby = - -- Oso ssies.. hosel to Se ele alee 3 56 29 | —10 | 28.9| 3.99
Mount Vernon. -- 8 84 28 23 | ol: i [222-2 2,3 60 29 | —13 | 29.4] 3.26
Fort Madison. --. 4 84 18 33 | 55.7 | 4.36 3 61 29 | — 41 33.8] 3.20
West Union ..... 23 90 28 pe 3 eh bl oe SC eee he ene he Bs es LS eee
Independence. .-. 8 838 28 25 | 51.5 | 3.35 3 62 29 | —14/ 28.1 ].-.----
Near Independe’e 8 83 31 25 | 51.2 | 4.08 3 63 29 | —16 | 26.4) 4.35
ROSE Oreos a eat net 28 a A) ee Ae ae BEY | 3 61 29 | —15 | 25.5 2.97
Rockford... .-c 8 80 | 27,30 29 FSIS 9) [aaa 3 58 29 | —10 | 29.3 | 3.60
Iowa Falls ...--. 8 8&2 31 28 | 54.7 | 0.62 3 58 29 | —10 | 28.6] 3.56
(AINER |: sae a 8 89. 23 25 = & fe
Algona ....... 4| 85 27,2830] 24] 49.8
PANEGOM = ot = =e 8 82 3 26 :
Fontanelle..----- = 88} 30,31 27
Grant City.....-- 4| 88 31] 22
Sac:Gity =o: =22-- 4 83 31 20
Council Bluffs. - -- 4 86 30 26

Inst. Df. and Db.,
Council Bluffs.
Lopan =. 22225. 20. 4 86 30 23

508

Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for October and November—Continued.

]

OCTOBER. | NOVEMBER.
la | | a. doe | | a |¢
|3 | | Boe | | 3 s | &
Re / a | Betuece / 2. ad oF:
Stations in States | =I | Aer is | | | S
and Territories. | SY Rees ps 25 $3| 58
| Date.| 4& | Date.| _& | & | Date. | .# | Date.| _& | &
AB | |ae| 8 me BS aa) Ss Bs
) Be |} EF] 9g a | She rhea | be VS S
a 4 | 8 q | 3 | & | 8) Nitto
i ae S a4 4 iI a 8
CS | (5 o a °
| ja | la | a] 8 A a | a | &
| | | | | ae SS
|
MISSOURL
| Deg. Deg.| Deg. | In. Deg. Deg.| Deg.| In.
St. Lonis Univ... 4,5 | 84] 28 39 | 60.0 | 2.65 | 8 67 29 12 | 40.5 | 1.08
Hematite .-..-.-- 5| 93 | 12,16 33 58.6 | 2. 62 2,4,6 75 25 6 | 39.9 1. 68
co i | 4} 89.|f t'a7'|$ 30 | 56.3 | 2.98 6| 74| 99| 11/382] 169
Cave Spring -.--. 5 eo 18 30 55.9 | 7.00 5,8] 70 29 8 | 27.2] 3.90
North Springfield. 14) 98) 11,18 34 56.3 | 5. 64 6 74 29 7 | 37.9} 2.10
Mount Vernon. -- 5| 8 | 31 37 | 57.9 | 8. 65 8 79 29 9/388) 4.17
Kansas City. -----| 4] 91) 30| 34 58.0} 3.87 6 76 29 6 | 37.4] 1.90
Nevada 2: -25---- 4 90 | 31 36 58.4 | 8.50 6 65 29 8 | 38,3! 2,41
Oregon - 5222 =.= 25. / 4). 92] 31 30 | 55.9 | 2. 42 D4 bie 29 | — 3 | 35.4 3. 73
Comming?! .2 2 2:5<< 4} 92] 31 31 | 55.4 | 1. 46 6 74 29) — 1] 35.7}; 1.41
Saint Joseph..... Pegseo) Pesca pe “coer bese pesos pes 5 71 29 7| 39.3) 3.40
KANSAS. | |
Papla-sicseo ees 4| 92 31] 28 | 56.9 | 5.58 Bil. Megs 29 6 | 36.9 | 1.40
Baxter Springs --| 4,8 84 31 36 59.4 | 5.30 | 6 78 29 10 | 39.3 | 4.12
Leavenworth -.-- 4} 90] 31] 32 | 55.4 | (3.19 |/.--. 22]: oe ae oe
Atchison -.....-- 4; 90} 31 31 56.4 4.60 8 74 29 Uh ee Sea 4. 00
Williamstown. --- Ea ee 31 30 | 56.4 | 2.79 6 78 29 0} 22222 3. 30
Lawrence. -...---| d 90 31 32 55.8 | 3.58 5 73 29 3} 35.9) 2.48
Williamsburgh -.| 4) 92] 31 32 |-57.7 | 3.85 | 5 73 29 4) 37.2) 227
Molton a> see 2-5-5] 4; 90 31 30:1 56:3 193.56 |- 2-2. 2-06 50 ee ee
Burlingame --.--- 4; 90 15, 31 31 | 56.3 | 3.25 6,7 70 2a el ee 2. 95
TPE) ple as | aN 02 15 32 58.9 | 4.57 5,7 75 29 6 | 40.3 | 5.03
State Ag’l College 4{ 91] 31 Si (5765/7 5 72 29 4| 37.0] 2.15
Council Grove ---| 4; 89 31 30 | 56.3 | 3.35 5 72 | 27,29 8 | 36.5} 2.40
Douglass .....- Aros: 15 26 56.5 | 3.55 5, 6 74 27 6 | 38.4] 2.30
Holden .-.--.--. 4 91 | 15,30 29 56.6 | 0.10 6 78 27 4| 34.0} 2.60
Olathe ..-...-.... 4; 90} 6 32. 06.7 | 3.10 6 74 29 3) S481. 5..%-
NEBRASKA. | / |
De pote ose e a= 4; 90 | 30; 2 53.3) 118 | 1 66 29 | — 8 | 29.4) 3.82
Bellevue ...-..... 4) 92) 45 | (27 + S70 | 5,6 69 29 0 | 34.0} 3.20
Nebraska City... 4} 91 30 | 98. \ 54.6 1/0, 50 |..--.--.|s-20%e| eco eee see ae
HIMNEYSDUS -o- ee =e |- eons eee ieee } OD) 22 ees 1.40 | 4 72 29 | —10 | 31.9 | 2.55
Omiaha -Agency-.-|-- 25223) 22 lt | 54 oc ee ee ee | 2 74 29|— 8] 30.8] 4.45
Santee Agency .- 3,20; 8 | 31 20 50.4 | 0.25 2 73 29 | —16 | 27.0] 2.65
UTAH. ‘
Coalville......... 3] 74] 30 | 19] 44701 ) 14| 55 30 | —21 | 28.1] 2.50
CALIFORNIA. | |
| | | | r
San Diego .-.-..--| 18 88 29 52 64.6 | 0.00 21, 22 79 30*|* 41 | 57.2] 0.90
Taylorsville . ....| 2 87 | 30,31 eR Be cB) eae 2.45 66 30 1531 41-9 ise:
BUT che 2) Soe eae Ae, ae Papeete, erento [ee A Bee | I Sn a 1 es 5 90 30 38 | 27.8] 0.50
Mendocino....... | 2| 86 30| 50 62.5 | 0.30 |10,19,21) 70 30| 41] 60.2] 4.89
MONTANA. |
Deer Lodge City -| 3] 7%] 13) 9 41,0) 0.79 |.....-..)-.20 [eee
Missoulas.---<- 5 4) 79 | 29,30 21 | 45.4 | 0.65 2 58 26 | —2| 32.1 2. 54
WASHINGTON. |
Union Ridge... .. 2 78 13 29 52.0 |. 2o2|+-- -on-.| ondaes| aoe eee) Se eee ae
Cathlamet ....".-. 2) 59 HSe | 33.50 o uae 14| 57 6,7 |" 130), Abi acne
Port Angeles ....| 2 59 28 44 - 51.8 | 6,92 |... 2-5 0]5.$ 22]. 2 2. cle eee eee ee
GOLORADO. |
Demver .......... | 3| 85| 14,31] 24 53.5] 0.40 11,2,3,4| 70 30 0 | 35.8) 3.10
T= aR eee Mas ae 0. ena | saday: 15| 62 30| 10/| 33.4| 0.79
OREGON. | | | |
Portland......... 1,2| 7 <A a AC i) eee i Pee i
iF ie Se ae ae | 1 69 30 28 | 48.9 | OFBS. | - -ee- |--oebs|-cnas~ >|) oe eee eed eee
ALOTIS 2 oes 16 64 28 40 5).6 | 3.85 1| 56 29| 53] 445) 1.44
WYOMING. | | | | ode,
Laramie City .--.|_ se Ay 7b 8 ee ET 1 64 30 | —20 | 28.1) 1.20
|

509

NOTES OF THE WEATHER.

OCTOBER, 1871.

Orono, Me.—Heavy frost 17th ; earthquake 19th.

Bucksport, Me.—Frost 1st, 8th, 17th, 19th; a haze bearing the appear-
ance of dense smoke.

_ Mount Desert, Me.—A gale the night of the 6th; smoky 9th and 10th;
smart rain 12th and 27th; hard frost 17th and 21st.

West Waterville, Me-—Flooding rain, doing much damage to railways
and highways throughout the State; first snow of the season, also a
slight earthquake, 19th; very smoky 23d; average temperature 3°.71
above that of the last seven years, and the average rain-fall 2.33 inches
greater.

Gardiner, Me-—Month very warm, and wet; mean temperature 2°.16
higher, and the average rain-fall 2.91 inches greater, than for the last
thirty-five years.

LTisbon, Me.—Severe rain 12th ; four inches fell from 8 a.m.tolp. m.;
streams higher than for forty years ; seven main bridges and all smaller
ones, together with a house and barn, swept away and destroyed ; rail-
roads badly damaged; sun totally obscured by a dense smoke all day
23d.

Standish, Me.—Dense smoke 9th and 23d.

Oxford, Me.-—Very smoky 9th, 10th, 13th, 22d, 23d; sun entirely ob-
scured at times; heavy rain 12th; high wind 20th.

Cornish, Me.—Ten days smoky; earthquake 18th.

Cornishville, Me-—Month has been warm and pleasant.

Whitefield, N. H.—Atmosphere very smoky, making it impossible
to determine the kind of clouds or amount of cloudiness, 8th, 9th, 13th,
and 23d.

Tamworth, N. H.—Ground frozen 1st and 2tst; atmosphere very
smoky 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 13th, and 23d.

Contoocookville, N. H.—Very smoky atmosphere 8th, 7th, 13th, 22d,
and 23d.

Dunbarton, N. H.—It has been quite smoky on several days. There
have been no great fires in this region.

Lnunenburgh, Vt.—Frost 1st, 8th, 14th, 20th, 21st, and 30th.

Craftsbury, Vt.—First snow 18th.

South Troy, Vt-—Rain and hail 4th; light snow 18th, 19th, 20th, and
29th.

Randolph, Vt—Dense smoke, smelling of fire, 13th. Smoke so dense
as to make it difficult to read, affecting the taste and making the eyes
smart, 23d; springs and streams still low.

Castleton, Vt.—Air full of smoke 12th.

New Bedford, Mass.—Hard frost 1st, 19th, 21st, 28th, and 30th.

Inunenburgh, Mass.—Very smoky atmosphere, with a strong smell of
burning wood, the darkness at times making it difficult to read, 21st to
24th.

Mendon, Mass.—Very smoky 8th, 9th, 20th, 21st, 22d, and 23d; wells
low; reservoirs empty.

North Adams, Mass—Atmosphere so full of smoke that no clouds
could be seen 25d, 24th, and 25th.

Newport, R. I.—First ice 21st.

Southington, Conn.—Very smoky 5th, 8th, 12th, and 24th; first hard
frost 21st.

510

West Day, N. Y.—Twelve smoky days.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—Month dry; springs and wells very low; dense
smoky atmosphere 21st to 24th.

Lowville, N. Y.—First snow 28th.

Cazenovia, N. Y.—Hail 3d; frost 1st, 8th, and 13th.

Depauville, N. Y.—Frequent high winds; thick smoke 22d.

Palermo, N. Y.—Air full of smoke 22d and 23d.

Newark Valley, N. Y.—Very dry month; springs low; water scarce.

Angelica, N. Y.—Rain, hail, and thunder 3d; snow and rain 11th;.
very smoky 6th.

Buffalo, N. Y—A. gale 19th.

Jamestown, N. Y.—Wells dry during the month.

Rio Grande, N. J.—Heavy frost 19th and 30th.

Vineland, N. j.—Month pleasant; wells low.

Fallsington, Pa.—Frost 19th ; ice ‘21st ; dense smoke 24th. .

Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Month mild; frost 1st, 8th, 13th, 18th; ice
21st and 30th; high winds from 18th to 31st.

North Abington, Pa.—Dense smoke, affecting the eyes, 5th, 8th, 11th,
14th, 23d, and 24th.

Ephratah, Pa.—The month has been very smoky throughout, often ob-
seuring the light of the sun.

Carlisle, Pa.—Temperature 3° above the average; rain-fall below the
average for October; but few frosts.

Connellsville, Pa—Dense smoke, brought by northwest wind, 6th, 7th,
8th; rain and snow 11th; heavy rain, with sharp lightning and thun-
der, 26th.

Greenville, Pa.—Frost 1st, 8th, 13th, 17th, 20th, 21st; less water in
Chenango Creek than ever known before.

Fallston, Md.—Near midnight a northwest wind filled the house with
a pungent smoke, alarming the inmates, 6th ; dense smoke also 12th.

Sam’s Creek, Md.—Month very dry till 25th; frost 1st, 8th, 13th, 19th,
and 30th; first ice 21st; smoky 8th, 9th, 12th, 13th, and 14th.

Johnsontown, Va.—White frost 19th, Dist, and 30th.

Capeville, Va.—First heavy frost 350th.

Wytheville, Va.— A dry month.

Fayetteville, N. C.—Smoky 2d, 7th, 13th, and 31st; heavy rain night of
17th.

Albemarle, N. C.—Very smoky; wind northwest 7th, 8th, and 16th ;
high wind and copious rain night of 11th; a dry month, and unusually
warm.

Gowdeysville, S. C.—Month unusually warm; not frost enough to in-
jure the tenderest plants; violent shower 11th.

Greenville, S. C—Atmosphere very smoky 8th and 9th.

Moulton, Ala—Month mild and pleasant, the greater portion dry ; no
severe frosts ; heavy: rain 15th and 16th.

St. Augustine, Fla—Month cool and pleasant, with frequent light
showers.

Clarksville, Tex. Rit little rain during the month, and no frost.

Sand Fly, Tex.—Month wet and cold.

Delhi, La.—White frost 11th.

Marion Station, Miss.—Slight frost 19th and 28th.

Brookhaven, Miss.—An exceedingly pleasant month; nine cloudless
days.

‘ Elizabethton, Tenn.—Month unusually warm and pleasant; no hard
rosts.

511

La Grange, Tenn.—Dense smoke 4th ; very_smoky 11th to 14th; light
frost 28th.

Arcadia, Ky.—Month warm and pleasant.

Westerville, Ohio.—Heavy frost 1st.

Urbana, Ohi
ture higher than usual; ten days cloudless.

Elwood, Ohio.—Streams lower than ever known before.

Farmer, Ohio.—Month remarkable for extensive fires, and want of
rain.

Sandusky, Ohio.— Nine very smoky days.

Bowling Green, Ohio.—Month noted for fires on the prairies, in the
woods and swamps, and smoke everywhere; also for scarcity of water.

Mount Auburn, Ohio.—First killing frost 29th.

Grand Rapids, Mich.—At nineteen observations smoke has been so
dense that the clouds could not be seen.

Litchfield, Mich.—Severest drought within the memory of the oldest
settlers; great destruction of hay and timber at the north of the
village.

Benzonia, Mich.—Dense and almost impenetrable smoke the first
sixteen days and the 23d and 24th.

Copper Falls, Mich.—A stormy, unpleasant month.

Northport, Mich—Extensive ‘fires in the State Sth h; air hot in the
evening, (8 o’clock, ) almost suffocating, 8th.

Knightstown, Ind.—Still dry, and wells failing.

Fort Wayne, Ind.—The woods and prairies on fire in every. direction ;
air full of smoke; wind hot and dry 8th and 9th; frost 17th and 18th ;
ice 28th and 29th.

Rising Sun, Ind.—Ohio River lower than for thirty years; width from
bank to bank, 693.22 yards; month very dry.

Chicago, Ill. Hurricane for a few hours 14th.

Aurora, [ll.— Dense smoke 24th and 25th.

Louisville, Iil.—Violent gale from the south all day; great conflagra-
tion in Chicago; a dry month; wells nearly empty.

Manchester, Ill.—Month dry; ; pastures unproductive; dews light;
streams unusually low; fruit good and plenty.

Hennepin, Ill. Smoky 4th, ‘bth, 2 23d, and 24th. ‘

Marengo, [ll.—The drought that commenced the 1st ultimo, and con-

; INean tempera-

-tinued to the 30th instant, was probably the greatest ever known here.

Dubois, Ill.—Great wind- storm from the southwest 9th and 14th;
first killing frost 15th’; drought still continues, 31st.

Galesbur ‘g, Till. —Month very fine; warm days followi ing the storms, and
but little frost.

Bayfield, Wis—Heavy frost 6th; rain 11th, 12th, and 13th; light snow
31st.

Madison, Wis.—Snow 31st.

Bloomfield, Wis.—fierce fires have raged through our northern coun-
ties, destroying everything in the section burned; five-hundred persons
are said to have perished.

Mosinee, Wis—Smoky 3d and 4th; woods on fire in a great many
places 5th; fire in the woods, every where about us, 8th. This has been
a beautiful season, but rather too dry.

Embarrass, Wis.—Furious fire in the woods, southeast and. southwest,
destroying everything before it, Ist; soaking rain, that stops the devas
tating fire, 14th; snow 31st.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Smoky ; fires all the way from Lake Michigan to

G

_—

512

Dakota. Chicago and several towns burned 4th, 5th, 9th; ice, 18th;
snow and ice 27th; a rainy day 3ist.

Baraboo, Wis.—Vine weather; too dry to plow ; snow 31st.

New Ulm, Minn.—Frost 6th; ice 17th, 27th, 30th, and 31st.

Whitewater, Minn.—Snow 14th and 15th.

Litchfield, Minn.—Prairie fires raging 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th; dense smoke
3d and 4th; snow 9th; ground frozen 12th.

Bowen's Prairie, Towa.—Month very dry.

Rockford, Iowa.-—A much-needed rain 13th; many wells dry that
never failed before; frost 15th. .

Fontanelle, Iowa.—Smoky 1st to 8th, and 18th to 25th; ice 15th, 16th,
26th, 27th, 28th, and 30th; snow 31st.

Algona, Iowa.—There has been but little rain; a slight snow-storm
14th, since which the weather has been delightful.

Guttenburgh, Towa.—First railroad train arrived 1st; grade of track one
foot per mile; rain to just lay the dust 9th, 25th, and 26th; soft snow
dlst.

Independence, Iowa.—Very smoky 2d, 3d, 4th; prairie-fires doing great
damage; hard frost 6th; hard gale from the south 8th; snow 31st.

Hematite, Mo.—A high wind from the north, lasting a few minutes,
brought a dense cloud of smoke 5th.

Cave Spring, Mo.—Many springs and wells dry; creeks and small
streams all dried up; stock on the prairies suffering for water; ground
too hard to plow 5th; ground getting wet; waters rising 27th. Two
pelicans captured, the first ever seen here, 10th.

Corning, Mo.—Rained and snowed, and froze as it fell, 31st.

Douglass, Kans.—Ueavy frost 6th, 10th, 11th, and 31st.

Williamstown, Kans.—Rain 30th; hail, followed by snow; trees loaded
with ice dist.

Holton, Kans.—Quite dry most of the month.

Council Grove, Kans.—Extensive fires on the prairies 1st, 2d, 3d; frost
2d, 6th, and 15th; everything covered with ice; limbs of trees breaking
dist.

Le Roy, Kans.—Month warm and pleasant; rain plenty from the
middle to the last; no ice till 31st.

Santee Agency, Nebr.—Frost 6th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 26th, 27th,
29th, and 30th.

Omaha Agency, Nebr.—Month ary and pleasant; frost 16th; half inch
of snow 24th and 25th.

Emerson, Nebr.—F¥irst snow 14th. ‘

Denver, Colo.—First killing frost 3d; first and only snow 13th and

_ 14th.

.

Harrisburgh, Utah.—Month pleasant and very dry ; creeks lower than
ever known before at this season; farmers have lost their crops by
grasshoppers and drought. Bread will have to be hauled three hundred
miles.

Missoula, Mont.—Showery 1st, 7th, 8th, 27th, and 28th; first ice in
creek 13th; storming in mountains 7th, 8th, 24th, 25th, and 26th.

Laramie City, Wyo.—First snow, with heavy thunder and lightning,
Sth; one inch of snow fell on plains and two feet on mountains 12th.
Coldest day 14th.

Indian Valley, Cal.—Heavy white frost 10th, 11th, 14th, 28th, 29th,
30th, and 31st, with ice half an inch thick ; frequent showers and snow
on the mountains 27th.

Cathlamet, Wash. Ter.—A pleasant month; only four rainy days; heavy
showers night of 26th.

513

Portland, Oreg—Slight frosts 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 17th, 29th,
30th, and 31st. :

NOVEMBER, 1871.

Lisbon, Me.—Unusually cold for November 28th, 29th and 30th; An-
droscoggin frozen so that men cross on foot.

Gardiner, Me.—Good sleighing 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th; river closed
29th.

Oxford, Me.—Sleighing 10th to 17th, and 24th to 27th; terribly cold
and windy 30th.

Mount Desert, Me.—Severe gale all last night, heavy rain, some snow

and hail, highest tide for many years 16th; very cold 28th, 29th, and
30th. .
Contoocookville, N. H.—Ten inches of snow fell 10th and 11th; heavy
rain 16th ; three of the coldest days ever a in Nov ember; ; mill-
wheels stopped by anchor ice from the river 28th, 29th, and 30th. BN.
cold montb, rain and melted snow nearly twice the usual amount; ground
frozen 8 inches.

Stratford, N. H.—Snow on seventeen days; the coldest November in
seventeen years. ;

Tamworth, N. H.—Ground continued frozen throughout the day 5th;
aurora brilliant and blood-red 9th; ponds closed over 28th; ground
covered with snow from the 10th.

Shelburne, N. H.—The last three days said to be the coldest ever known
here in November ; Androscoggin River frozen over the earliest for more
than twenty-five ye ars.

Dunbarton, N. H.—An uncsual amount of rain this month.

Woodstock, Vt.—Brilliant aurora borealis 9th; ponds frozen over .
12th; boys skating 13th; river cleared of ice 16th; ponds frozen and
boys skating again 28th.

Norwich, Vt.—Remarkably cold for the season 350th.

Craftsbury, Vt.—A cold November, remarkable for the extreme cold
of its last three days; sleighing since the 25th.

Inmenburgh, Vt—A meteor observed east-northeast about half the
diameter of the moon, and so bright as to cast a shadow, though the
moon was shining at the time.

Near St. Albans, Vt.—A little snow 3d, 7th, 8th, and 11th.

Panton, Vt.—Sharp winter weather, but little snow, 30th.

Randolph, Vt.—Water froze one and one-half ineh thick 5th; seven
inches of snow fell 10th; rain carried off the snow 15th and 16th; weather
mild from 15th to 21st ; nine inches of snow fell 24th; w eather very
mild 25th to 28th; the coldest November in seven year’s.

West Charlotte, Vt—Seven and a half inches of snow fell 11th; month
unusually cold. '

Lunenburgh, Mass.—The 28th and 30th were the coldest mornings that
have occurred in November in thirty-three years—the thermometer be-
low zero in some places—a high wind, blowing at times a gale; these
days have been seldom exceeded in severity in the depth of winter.

New Bedford, Mass.—An exceedingly cold day on account of the vio-
lence of the wind 30th. Ice prevented in the harbor by the wind.

Richmond, Mass.—Snow, hail, and rain, which froze on the trees and
gave them a beautiful appearance for several days, llth. Coldest No-
vember days we have ever known—ponds, &e., firmly frozen—28th,
29th, and 30th.

Southington, Conn.—A furious wind from 2 to 4a. m., prostrating trees

514

and fences ; the last three days of the month the coldest November
days within the memory of the oldest inhabitants.

Cooperstown, N. Y.—Colder than any November in twenty- one years ;
the last three days severely cold ; ground frozen 6 inches deep; very
little rain ; lake and streams as low as in August.

Newark Valley, N. Y.—Very cold and blustering 30th ; streams low.

Lockport, N. Y—Canal closed with ice 29th.

North Hammond, N. Y.—Mornings very cold 28th, 29th, and 30th;
St. Lawrence River exceedingly low.

Middleburgh, N. Y.—The last three days of the month the coldest for
the time of year remembered here; ground nearly bare.

Palermo, N. Y.—The coldest November in eighteen years.

Canton, N. Y.—First snow 7th.

Garrison’s, N. Y.—Gale from northeast night of 14th and 29th;
gale from northwest 30th; ponds frozen 8 inches.

Brooklyn, N. Y.—Gale from eastward with heavy rain 14th; first suow
16th.

Depauville, N. Y.—First snow of the season 2d; coldest weather in
November remembered for forty years 30th.

South Trenton, N. Y—A remarkable smoke, following immediately
upon a change of wind to the west, filled the entire canopy; the odor
was that of burning buildings 11th.

South Hartford, N. Y.—Colder than any November for the last ten
years.

Trenton, N. J.—First ice 6th; first snow 16th.

Vineland, N. J.—Rains 1st, 10th, 20th, and 24th; most violent wind
and rain storm 14th; snow in the night 2ist; month colder than usual.

Ephrata, Pa.—First snow of the season 16th.

Carlisle, Pa—The atmosphere this month has been particularly pure
and salubrious, and general good health prevails among the people.

Plymouth Meeting, Pa—A cold month, and the windiest on record;
first snow 16th; violent storm of wind and rain, many trees prostrated,
14th ; last three days severely cold.

Dyberry, Pa.—The coldest November for the past fifteen years; the
last three days remarkably cold, forming ice 4 inches thick.

Greensburgh, Pa.—First permanent snow 15th.

Germantown, Pa.—First slight snow 16th.

Tioga, Pa.—Very dry ; streams, wells, and springs very low, 30th.

Milfor d, Del.—Gale with violent rain 14th; violent wind night of 15th;
show night of 28th.

Dover, Del.—First snow, light, 16th.

Frederick City, Md.—Ground frozen 3 inches deep, 30th.

Fallston, Md.—A few flakes of snow 24th and 28th.

Sam’s Creek, Md.—Frost 12th; first snow 16th; snow and hail 24th;
ground frozen 5 inches deep 30th.

Wytheville, Va.—The season has been remarkably fine, not enough
snow at any time to cover the ground; ground frozen for the first time
30th ; rain is much needed; springs are failing.

Lynchburgh, Va.—First killing frost 12th.

Piedmont, Va.—First snow 2d; heavy rain 14th; cold, with high wind,
15th and 16th.

Statesville, N. C.—First killing frost 15th—three weeks later than
usual; two inches of snow 30th; ‘early for the latitude.

Gowdysville, S. C.—Killing frosts, freezing the ground 1-inch 16th,
17th, and 18th; Very warm 27th ; snow 30th.

515

Greenville, S. C.—First ice 15th; first snow 30th.

Atlanta, Ga.—First killing frost 16th.

Macon, Ga.—Thin ice 23d.

La Fayette, Ga.—First snow 30th.

Moulton, Ala.n—The month damp, but mild and pleasant; first ice
16th; two inches of snow 30th.

Carloville, Ala—The month has been very wet, but not cold—nothing
killed on the uplands.

St. Augustine, Fla.—The month somewhat remarkable for cloudy and
misty weather.

Jacksonville, Fla.—The only frost, 17th.

Ocala, Fla.—Frost 15th and 16th.

Austin, Texas.—Frost 19th, 20th, and 22d.

Delhi, La.—Frost 10th, 15th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22d; heat oppres-
sive 25th, 26th, and 27th; cool 29th; storm of rain and sleet 30th.

Shreveport, La.—The rains have been very light; frosts very heavy ;
boating on the river good 50th.

Grenada, Miss.—Severe frost 10th and 15th; strong southeast wind
with thunder, lightning, and rain 23d.

Holly Springs, Miss.—Deep snow for the latitude 30th.

Pocahontas, Ark.—First snow, succeeded by a sudden rise of the ther-
_mometer and a heavy rain, storm 23d.

Mineral Springs, Ark. —Frost 2d.

Elizabethton, Tenn.—There has been but little rain during the month,
and the streams are unusually low for the season.

Knoxville, Tenn.—First killing frost 18th.

Clarksville, Tenn.—Frost 3d, 12th, 16th, 17th, 20th, and 21st.

Blandville, Ky.—First ice 11th; northwest gale with rain, which
changed to snow 13th; ground, trees, and fences covered with ice 24th.

Johnsonburgh, Ohio.—First ice 11th.

North Bass Island, Ohio.—Heavy frost 3d; ice one-fourth ineh 7th;
first hard freezing of the ground 16th.

Salem, Ohio.—A very dry month; wells and springs have failed; water
scarce.

Kenton, Ohio.—First snow this fall 14th.

Litchfield, Mich—Snow to cover the ground 22d; springs very low;
rain enough to prevent fires from running, but in many localities the
muck is still on fire and undermining the timber 30th.

Alpena, Mich—End of the month very cold. The fall has been very
stormy.

Rising Sun, Ind—Northeast gale for an hour 10th; the only hard
frosts 11th and 12th; air sultry, rocks and walls of houses dripping with
moisture 26th; Ohio River rising 30th.

Vevay, Ind.—Frost 1st, 3d, and 4th; hard frost 6th, 11th, 16th, 17th,
and 30th.

Fort Wayne, ind.—Hard frost and thick ice 11th, 12th, and 17th;
first snow 21st; warm, snow all gone 26th.

Spiceland, Ind.—First snow since March 11th, 21st.

Galesburgh, Ill.—The first of the month was pleasant, but the last ten
days were unusually cold and wintry.

Belvidere, [il.—First of the month moderate; after 23d unusually
severe; less than a week of Indian summer.

Dubois, [ll.—First snow-storm: commenced feeding cattle 14th.

Quincy, Jll.—Extreme height of the Mississippi “River during the
month 2 feet 94 inches above low-water mark, 19th; lowest stage of

516

water 3 inches above low-water mark, 29th; floating ice in the river 3
inches thick, 30th. :

Andalusia, Iil.—Mississippi River quite low; froze over 28th; earlier
than for twelve years previous.

Oquawka, Ill.—Mississippi River closed 29th; the first time in No-
vember since 1842.

Hennepin, Lil.—The last week of the month smoky, with little snow-
falls. Water (stock) scarce.

Aurora, Ill.—The coldest November in seven years.

Augusta, Ill.—First snow 22d.

Mount Sterling, Ill.—First snow of the season, immediately succeed-
ing a heavy rain, 19th.

Milwaukee, Wis——Milwaukee River covered with ice, which was
broken by steam-tugs 23d.

Rocky Run, Wis—A year of extremes in droughts and floods. The
ground has never been washed and gullied so badly before since the
settlement of the country as this year.

Embarrass, Wis.—Snow 6th, 9th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 25d, 25th, and 26th ;
rain 13th; ground frozen hard 16th; wells and brooks very low; Wolf
River frozen, men crossing on the ice 26th; cattle foddered throughout
the month.

New Ulm, Minn.—Minnesota River frozen over 21st; average depth
of snow 4 inches 30th.

Algona, fowa.—The coldest November since the settlement of the
country.

Council Bluffs, Jowa.—Missouri River closed 25d; ground frozen one
foot deep 28th. |

Oregon, Mo.—Prairies burning northwest and southwest 6th; driz-
zling rain 7th and 12th; showers 17th and 18th; snow 18th, 19th, 23d,
and 28th.

Rolla, Mo.—A little snow 19th and 22d; a finemist all day 26th and
27th.

Mount Vernon, Mo.—Hard frost 10th; drizzling rain 13th; first snow,
melting as it fell, 17th; snow to the depth of 63 inches 23d; coldest
weather for November in several years; ground froze to the depth of
three inches 26th to 30th.

Nevada, Mo.—Winter unusually early for this Jatitude; month goes
out with moderating signs.

Le Roy, Kans—Snow 21st; month wet and cloudy; colder toward
the last than usual.

Burlingame, Kans.—The last thirteen days of the month the most
severe known to the oldest inhabitants; wind all the time from north-
west, with slight snow 20th, 26th, 27th, and 29th; ground frozen
four inches deep 30th.

Lawrence, Kans.—The coldest November on record ; first eighteen days
warmer than usual, the last thirteen colder; Kansas River closed 27th;
never before in November.

Omaha Agency, Nebr.—Winter has set in unusually early; sleighing
from the 18th to 80th.

De Soto, Neby.—Missouri River frozen over 22d.

New Castle, Neby.—Greatest snow-storm in five years 17th, 18th, and
19th; pleasant 21st.

Emerson, Nebr.—Coldest November on record.

Santee Agency, Nebr.—Rain and first snow 12th; floating ice in the
river 1ith; snow-fall of 14 inches 18th; Missouri River closed 19th.

Harrisburg, Utah.—Wide cracks in the ground caused by drought,

517

ist; ice, 1st, Sth, 16th, 29th; the last half of the mouth unusually cold ;
the mountains covered with snow, which has not occurred before Feb-
ruary for the last three years; ground frozen 30th.

Denver, Col.—The most snow and coldest November known in Col-
orado since its settlement, thirteen years.

Astoria, Oreg.—Southern gales Ist, 3d, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 23d;
slight snow 26th; light frost 16th and 30th.

Laramie, Wyo.—The worst November ever known here—trains often
delayed by drifted snow.

St. John’s, New Brunswick.—Brilliant aurora borealis 9th; navigation
closed on river St. John’s 23d.

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