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\
n
H[\[\
,o>^i^
^■
U\,VUcy
f
THE v/
MONTHLY REVIEW;
O R,
LITERARY JOURNAL:
From December 1773, to July 1774.
WITH
AN APPENDIX
Containing the Foreign Literaturx.
Bt several hands.
V O L U M E L.
LONDON:
Printed for R. Griffiths:
And Sold by T. Bicket, Corner of the Adelphi, in tke Stniid.
AlyDCCjLXXIT.
•r *
T A fi I. E
TO THE
TiTLRs, AutHOits Na^*K8, &iii df ihft fejt?d«ui
and pAMi*Hi4&T8. contained in this Volttme.
K. B. Fdr ktitARKABM ]^AS8AeA9i fte the I NO E 2C|
at the End qf the Volume.
■' • "1 I I rn iin'i ■■ -iiMiiiMt h I'l iti Ti fit -rfifr- '['if Wif rmifi rrt-*
BR,ITl$It FaBLICATXarfS.
^\ For Uie Contents of t)ie I^ORiiclr arddeii fed th^ U& pi^j^d dT
UusTiUc.
aBauzit's MiroflUiniet tran- 1>Ai<ti8iA« SeeF^KACtiQ^ii*
"• tettdi Page 3fc *^ BAa&bW's Bng* Peeflgfj ;t5oi
ABsTEAfiT of the H^hway^Aa!; Pa^te^s TraoAfetien 0i the PepHiM*
tii teodiy lOJB
Achilles in Petticoats, 74 Batt^a^ji's El^menis ^f i^icera-
AccotrvT of the Afiur between tare abridged, ir^
Teaipkaad Whately, 6:f fiaTT^Ly's Antiifoides ^ Rid^
of the Sute of ReltgioQ borougb« te« traaflated^ j i i
in Laodod* ^^ ^jatsoj^ dn the divine Chatader
AavANTACBsof Misfortune, 483 ofClkift, ftf
AiasandChorafibuLtheSylphi, BaLL'sBdit«.of5hake%ieafeb 144
15^ -—*- Letter to Bowman, aj©
Alar hi fdr Illuftrious EleOors^ij} BaltDOB's Eflay on theBldocf, 392
Allen's American Crifis, 524 > Tbcoiy of HoAan 6caia-
All EYSre on the Degrees of hiUl'- tions, ih^
riage, 2if BaiiNAao*s Letters m Aaseiioa*
Appeal to the Poblic, 224 41^
AiiBaiCA Vittdicaied, 3^c Bollan's Petition, 133
AMNER.on;heInAitutioas6f€hni- BbvaN^s Reai..^ Jalobi 49^
tianity, 1 59 Brief R^je# oi the Rife, Ac. or
AaoREws^s Hiftory of Deaiiari, New England^ 324
427 British ftogtaffay^ t6i
A«s#ER to Confideratione on Ca- BROMPiELD'iChirurgicalObf.394
rolina, 486 Bao o a E's Juliet O^mlle, if
Arcana, or Principles of Ae Pe- Bryant's newSyftem; or Ana-
tidoners, 236 lyfis of Aapcieot Mylhobgy • 46$
Art of Joking* '220 BaucKSRAWontheAbafe^iy^ui-
Assignation, 254 bonfai^ ^ti
Attempt lb ftate 4be Argomeois Xurmam's Lives of Aihmola and
b^tareen ihe Church and DiiTen'* Lillys new Edit, 168
lers« 414 BvTTBRontbeKiokco«|gh> 45
A a ^
IV
CONTENTS 9f
a
r^AMOEN, Lord. See Discus*
SfO»7«
Canterbury Palriot,
Carlisle, 6p. of» htsCottfidera
"" dons on Subfcriptioa to Articles
of Faith. $5
Caspar's Edition of ApoUonius's
Lcxioon Homericum, - 153
Casselle' French Grammar, 22$
CAVBOfMOfATV 481
Chains of Slavery, 491
Cbm ic|tV fdi^iOn of N4ig^m'«
French Didionary, . 68
Chesterfield, Lord, his Letters
tohisSoa, - ZfS, 359t 45^
Chetwynd on Fines,
Christmas T^e^ - ^ t -
Chronicles.* See Two.
Chronological Table of E-
venti, 220
Ci R c u I T of Human Life, 226
Clarendon's State Papers, 21.
Concluded, 136
Clear Difplay of theTrinity, 33 1
CoDRUs, aTragedf, 409
Colonies, TraSs relating to, 1 57,
270, 324, 3*S»3^>»4'*»4«5
Colonizing, 5cc. ^24
CoLLE-CTiON of Letters and E&ys
in Favour of Liberty, 493
Companion in a Poft-Chaife, 69
Considerations on the Impofi-
tion of 4I per Cent* at Grana^
da, ib^
. OR Snblcriptioiis
totheArtidesy ^c 170
■ on the American
Meafarety &c* 381
^ ■ on South Caro-
lina, . 208
Conway's Depopulated Vate, 484
Cooka^s Way to the Tempk of
Honour, 223
CORRE8PON0BNCB, 8o, I39, 334,
▲16, 504
CowpER on Reaibo ana Revela-
tion, .331
Crawford's Sophronia and Hi'-
lario, 407
Critic A L Inquiry concerning the
GoldAa, . 49S
Cruys's Enquiries concerning the
Septuagint Vetfion, 330
CuMBfcRtAND. SceNoTtf.
2247CuRS0Rr Refle^ibns on fmgle
Combat,
It
D.
T^NlMark. See Andrews.
Description of England and
. Wales, . 225
Detail of the EIlabliflimeAt at
Paris in lavoorof drowned Per-
foos, 150
DiuttoT's Ad«Hce to, the Peopje^ .
154
Dis^cussiON of Lord Camden's
Qpipionr^<c> . 22^
328 Divine Predidions of Daniel and
.7^- - JohUr&c... . . 344
Downman's Infancy, a Poem, 482
Drowning. See Detail.
Desiderata CurioiaHibern. 93
Duif as on Suicide, 150
Du« K I N *s Poetical Works, 35^
E,
CAcHARD'sWork8,newEdit. 141
Easy Way to.jprolong Life, 75
Elegiac EpilUe from I^Kiy Coo-
per, 232
El eg y on the Fears of Death, 3 1 ;
Ellis's hiHorical Account of Cof-
fee,-. 497
Elsefair and Evander, a Poem,
516
Essay on Ele^icity, 409
Essays on a national Bank in Ire-
land, 493
Estate Orators, 316
ENCYX)LaPieojA Bricannica, 301
Epistle from Banks toOberea, 70
£vanson\ Three Difcouries, 62
Evnomus ; or, Dialogues on the
Conftit. of England, 338, 449
F.
.pAiR Philofopher, . 294
Faith, a Poem, 232
Fa MILLAR Epiftle 10 the Aathor
cf the Heroic Epiftic, 3 1 7
■ ■■. .J Letters by Lady Mot-
ley, &c, 499
Farmer's Lawy^, 182
Farringoon HiU, 484
Fashionable Daughter, 234
f AVAL
ihi ENGLISH BOOKS-
Fatal AflTcAion, 234.
FsLi/s Poem Oh the Times 4S4
Female Artifice, i;;5
FiAG&tLATiON for an Apoche*
cary, 7'2*
Ford ycE on Fevers, 42
Ft)RTtJN1B TELLER, a Novel, 326
PfiApMENT of a Letter ro an or*
• thodox Clergyman, 77
F» A NK LI N'sScimon for the Benefit
of fm all Debtors, 415
Friend ; or, F.flays ice, 320
2— of Humanky, ijt-
Friendly Fhy^ieiaii, 403
G.
/^Awhold^s Martyrdom of #g^
natius, a Tragedy, 48^
Gamesters, a Foem. " 314
G iORCETTi*»Tranflauont)fG«>y's
Fables, 231
Glas9«^s Srnnon before die Ma-
rine Society, 41;
Glover's Speech, 487
GoL DSM I T u*8 Reuliilti<ni, a Poem,
-, Poem oil his Deaths
406. See HAwfefi. 1
Goocm's Appendix to kit Med.
and<Chtrur. Obf. 403
Grammarian*s Vade-mecum,
498
Gmgor Y^s Letter to bis Daugh-
ters, 268
H.
ItAggbriton*s Remtrks on
*^ Graham''s Sermon, 329
Ha mutton's Itaiian School for
Painting, 24 r
■ Ledores tii Natural
Phil«(bphy^ ^ 499
Hakbury's Body of Gardening,
&c. 1
' H A R M NCTOw's Scfeoce improved,
229
HsK wooD'sTranil. of Abauzit, 375
■ Edit, of CatullMS, &c.
483
Hawes's Account of Goldfmith^i
lllnefs, « 404
IleiDLEBCRC Catechifm, 7;
Henoersok's Letter to the Ss(kop
ofChefter, 412
Henry and Emma, 409
Henry's Hifl, «f Great Britain,
Vol. H, i^s
Hero and Leander from tbeGreetc'
of Muljeus, 483
Heroic Poftfcrlpt, 154
Hill's Vegetable Syf!cm, VoL
XXIIL 70
HiST-oRY of a Gentleman cviel
of Heats in his Face, 72^
■ of Lord Stanton, 1 75, 327
HoRNc's Efliiyson Iron and StedL,
■■ Letter to Sir FletcBer Nor-
ton, 1^7
HoTHAM on the Ead Jadta Coai*
• pany, trfS^
Hu<3HEs's EpifHe to Juniin, <^
H u ll's Henry the Second, *i 22
I.
J Ay's Letter to the UttiverikTe^^
Jbbb's Contin«atioiior4its Narra^
tive, 74
Jefferson's Poems, 316
JeNHB4t*5Louifa, a Tale, 309
Indies, Eait, .Pamphlets relating
to, ^5, 492
iNFi^NTs, See Treatise.
Jnflexible Captive, a Tragedy,
Inquiry into the Titles conlerrdl
at Portfmouih, 67
Irenarch, 1S4
Johnson's Mifcellan. Pieces, 147
Jones's Io Triads, 3^
Journal of Capr. Phipps's Voy-
age towards the North Pole, 1 57
Journey to London, 23J
ivER Y*s Hertfordfliire Melody, 77
Julia, a poetical Romance, 23s
Juliet Grcnville, 15
Ju sTicE and Utility of Penal Laws
for the Diredion of Confcience,
2f4
JuvENALiiro, a Satiie, 232
tr Ames's Sketches of the Hi*.
•^ of Man, 436
■ Kennedy's Dilcnflion of impor^
tants Points in Chronology, 496
Ken rick's Intrododlioa to the
School of Shai<efpeare, 2 1 S
KlJ^KCOVOlf.
CONTEKtS 9f^
&»NKCOuGH« Sec Butter.
KiKafMAH o^ Mahomet, f i
JL*
LA Cloche de L*Ame» a S^tke,
316
LAURAOAls^sMemorial, 15 S
La,yard*9 Poem on Charky, 70
I>etAND*$ Hiftft of Ifclaodi con-
cluded, 48
LfrTTERto the Reriewrew concern-
ing the Altercation between Dr«
Fotbergill and l>tk Leeds, 7S
• f lom a Father to hisDjM>gh-
to theBp4 of Landaff't 23;
> to a Layfliati, 237
to Gov* Powoal, 3?2
to Dr. Hawkefworth, 4 1 1
• toDr.TuckefiQaAi^tlcaf
1 ■■! ■ ■ to Lord North, 48^
liETTERs of Gov. HiTtchinfon, &c«
* ■ by John HiigheSf Ac*
V6t.iir. 224
. ' ■! ■ to Men ofReafon, 411
Liberty of the Prels coniidered»
LiKDSBY*s Apology, 56, too
> ■ Farewell Addrefs to his
Pariihioners, 159
• Book of Com. Prayer,5O0
Lit rr a It y Uberty coniidetod, 413
Loose Hints 00 Nonconformity,
237
Love, Friendfliip^ and Charity, a
Poem» 483
M.
"A/T Acgowa N*t Socintanifm
^^ brought to the Tcft, 76
Macicekzir*s Maritime Sorv^-
ing, 500
RiIaclurgS Exp. on the Bile, 401
Man of Bei<incfs#a Coinedy^ 205
Marriage. SeeREPLRCTiONS.
Marshall's Arhhnietit, 322
Mauitu it's View of the Hill, of
M^flachufeet'sBay, 486
* Letters. See Lbttirs.
Ma w hood's Appeal to the Pub-
lic, -^11
*^ ■ Letter to the Solicitor
General^ 499
Maxims for playicig tlie tiaidftof
whid, 22a
Medico Maftix, a Poem, 314
Melmoth's Poem on Goldfmith^s
Death, 406
MaM0i«ivOf a Gentleman in in«-
dia, 71
Mirror for Inoculatdr*^ ib.
Miscellaneous and Fugitive
Pieces, by Johnfon, &c. 1 47
Modern Pariih Ofljcer, 226
MordecaTs Apology for embra-
cing Lhriftianit/y Letters If. llfrf
and IV. 86
MOrb's SearGhaftierHappioef6,i5$
Inflexible Captive, 24J
Morel's E/cbyluit Fromthemi
C^thntSy 326
Muse in a Fright, 316
Morrison on the Advantages of
an Alliance with the Mogul, 492
N.
Y^AuTiOAi Almanac foTi775,69
Newton's Appendix, 331
News- PAPER Weddipg, 327
Not b of Hand 1 oir; Trip to New-
market, 1 96
Notes on Broa£eld's Chimr, Obf.
' 402
Nvcent. SeeCHBRisRi
Nuptial Elegies, %yt
O*
r\BsBRYATiON$ on thePowcr of
CUmate over the Policy, &c.
of Nations, 25 f
■ " on the Diicovrfes at
the Royal Academy, 297
Ode to Lord Northampton, i^$
Old Heads on young Shoulders,
Oliye r 'sScourge toCalumny, 237^
Opinions conctrotag the Univer-
iity of Oxfo#d, 22<2
Orig iNAL Poems and Tranflatiom
by a Lady, 70
Orphan Swains, a Novel, 327
Orton's Chriftian Zed, 2)9
Otahbitb, aPoem^ 310
P.
pA)*LADXUfl and Irene^ 74
PARKiNsoN'sJoumali^a Voy-
age to the Sooth Seas in ^e En-
deavour, 410
% Parhy^s
^ ENQLISH BOOKS,
vS
PA^ilY't At^pt IP dcmonftratf
the Mefliahihipy 6
I^ASTORALBalUd, in 4 Parts, 484
Patr6n» a Satire, 512
Peacb, aPocip»^ 484
pBRjuitYy aSatirCy ib.
Pb vton's French Tutor, zf%
FniLosoPMicAL TraoialUo9«i
Vol.LXlL a8, 380
. Vol LXIU* Part i, 351, 47$
Phipps, C«pt. his ]oarpal, 157
Plan to recoocila Great firiuin
and her Colooicsj 48c
Poems by Fenton, |4ci
ii' by Jerniogham, ib.
** " by Anonymous, • 4^4
PQi.iTE Pxao^tpf) ^»J|
Polish Partitioo, 233
Political Difqmftiony, tog
Practical Pifcourfes on Bap«
dfm, 198
F«r«atL8Ton gi?Hig tht Lord's'
Supper to ChHc)reo, 503
Pr/ce*s additional Preface to M
.,App^ 4941
Principles of Trade, 490
Procbboings dn the Title of
Vifcount Valcntii $^
Pa.ocRBs« of GalUfitryA 314
R.
rational Self-l<e(rt, 218
* ■' Chf iilian'i Affiibnt,
258
>A WL I n's S<rj», cm C^, Mufic, 78
ItartR CTioiTf on the Eiton com*-
mitted, in both Sexes, before ahd
nfter Marriages 320
rr rPnthcUwpfA/ICftV
$04
BiPoaT of the Lords GonButtces^
Sec on Maflachafett*s Bay, 492
RiccAltovn's Works, 50J
iicHARD Planti^en^ HI
i<;iiT of theBrioOiii^giilatuieia
tax the Americans, 270
RoaiRS*s Choice, a Poem, 314
Roman Hift. In aSeries of Letters,
409
RowLBT on the Eyes, 73
Royal Cook, 327
RuDDiMAN'sIntrodud. to Ander-
Ion's Diplomau Scotise, 312
20X
326
J30
RvTTvVNati^ral fliftoryof the
County of Dublin, 81
S,
CAuNDBRS on Antimony, 73
School for Wives, a Com« 34
■ for Hufbands, a Novel, 327
Scott's Two Sermons* 76
■ Lyik Poems, . .201
Seaman's uieful Friend* aaf
Seasons, a Poem* ^ 578
Sx^iovs Confidq^um on fome
remarkable Pai&gcs in Brom-
field's Stttpeiy,' . 40a
Sermoms, angle, 160,. 239, 333.
416
Sbthowa, aTiagedy,
S^AappnDoelliogr,
Sm e-XHam> Englilh Gram.
South BHton, a Comedy,
South's Cafe of 0aelling,
Stewart's Two Englilh Gen'tfc-
^en,-e Comedy, \^.^
St. Thomas's Mouqt, a Poem, ji r
Stange^'s Guide to Bath, 69
^iai^ASios of the Evid^9ce, ^c^
and Glover*s Speech, 487
3»r{ite«N^»Hff^. of Yarmotithr 69
t:
'T'Oulmin's Two JLetttrs on the
Diflentera* Apfrf^eatioa to Par-
liamtm, 23^
Ti^ATisB on th^ Diieafes of Io«
„,|an««» 4W
T^EiTORi£if*sPir^ipi|ary pf Fr^
Idioms, 323
Trimi-p», Difflayof, • 53 s.
TaiNKBT, 327
TstvE Natttit of Religion, &ft 4 1 4
Xjucker, Uean, hisTra£l$, .127
*■ t on reli^. lotolelMKe, foa
"■ on the Diffieeltivs afiendr
ing the Trinitarian, Arian, an4
Semico $]tfteiQs, s^%
Tuck BE, Mr. his Mirmuiliam^ ^
PoeiP, 371
*TwAa Right ta Marry him, 23 i
Two Chapters x>f the laft Book ot
.* Chronicles, 487
v»
X^An Swibtbm on Inoculation,
Venn's MiAakes in Religion ex«
pofcd, 319
VlBYRA'f
ua CONTENTS y"/;5/ Foreign ARVictBy.
ViETK a's Portugucie and EnglHh*
' Diftionary, 5I9
U»fviiisAL Dr^Hbiunr, 151
W.
^IJAddimctok on the Longi-
tude» 230
Wal l 1 5*5 P^cijttf y, 484
WAi^KEn'sPIao of a Prooooncing
Eng^ Did. 548
Warner on the Eye, 47
Wab-TOn'sHiII. of Eiiglifh Poetry,
^ 289, 418
WirjMTEt.T and Temple. Sec
Account.
Wi e I. A N t>\ Hfft. of Agaehoo trarr-
flated, 176
Wilson's Obfenraiions on Lrghi-
nijig, &c. 586
WjtTON** Review of the Church
• Article'^ 384
Winter Mcdfc/, 322
WoLLASTONr*8 Qoefiei relating to
the Common Prayer, 4 1 4
Wr I GHT^'sGracious Warning, 232.
WyNN'i Seaf©ns, ic6
y.
^Ovnc Surgeon's Didtlonary,.
405
CONTENTS of the FOREIGN ARTICLES,
^ m the APPENDIX to this Volume;. and in thcRc-.
WW for Febr u ary.
AIWbcr to Country People. See
JkM9t.M,of*ivu SeeCAty^AB*
B.
MavttavtU Clrmenty of Literahirt-
abridged (Riv, FtLJ 154
lk»TKOUi>*ftTtearifeon SeaCiocki, 5^7
C
CAir»A^i TraTelt, ^ 534
Cas>ar*'8 Edit, of Apolfenias's Lezicoo
• Mbmerkofli fRev, Fils) • 153
€kmuMMT*% Fourth Letter torVoluire,
D.
DTTon*! Littiitj Anufements,' 51^
' UlLvc on- thc'AtmorpIiere, coado^,
IUktai t of tf^'c Soccert of the Bftabliift.'
nient at Paris in favour of drowsed
Ftff|»ot (Rev. Feb*) 150
]h9«L0T^t Advice to the People (Rev,
' JM.} ^54
DvitAt oi>4oictde (Rev* Feb.) 150
Ito T B Kt* ExptanatiQiiit of Greek and Phe^i.
BiciBa Medals. 571
' E.
KtSMBMA d*H4ft«he. See Mti 1 ot.
F. . .
f BBitCM Lady*t Tour to London, 5S4
jAft£V» of Humanity (Rtv.Fe^) 159
G.
CzvECTK, M. de^ his ancient World
' a«aij£cd» 305
H.
MftToar «f the Ro3f«l Acadeny ^
Sciences at Paris for 1770, 54.4.
^ Cenerai. SccMillot.
liTOiiAd* In^hilterra. Sec Marti*
MELLft.
Lbttkr from PekiO| on the Cbi«ffe
Language ao4 Writingi, 5S41
bOTZBA d^r Avocato FruffabirBe, &c.
iU.
Ii*£vAKC 11^ dolour. Sec VazTAtBt*
Mar IKK Clocks. SeeBxtTNovn.
MARTiMXLi,i*tHift. of fngland^ 5!^
M e s Voyages. See ^a» b a .
Ml BiaT*t Elements of General Hifiory.
Pan II. 5J5
MoMDBPriffliiif. SecDcGzBBiiK*
T.
Trx tt Agea of Ftcnch Literature, 579
V.
VeLtAiBB*s Filigoenit relating to In-
dif» tit, 52s
-^ Gofpa.ef the Day, VoL X;
■ , — White BuH*, 5^4
*■ ■ ■ ■ ., ClnmeniH FouHh Letter
to, ; 575
VoTACi d*une Frao^ife \ Londrca, 5S4
Univibsal Di^. *Mcdiu|ji &c. ^Re^^
Feb.) ua
THE
THE
MONTHLY REVIEW,
For JANUARY, 1774.
Art. L a cmpUti Body ff?Umting and GMnliking. Containing th^'
Natural Hiftory, Culture, «nd Management, of Deciduous and
£Yergreen Foreft Trees, with pradBcal Dirediofts .for ratfing and
in^ipving Woods, Nurferies, Seminaries, and Plantations ; and
the Method of propagating and improving the various Kinds of
deciduoQs and evergreen Shrubs and Trees, proper for Ornament
and Shade* Alfo Jbflrudions for laying out and difpoiing of Plea-
furc and Flower Gardens ; including the Culture of Prize Flowers,
* Perenxrials, Aiinuals, Biennials, Zee, Likewife plain and fatniliar
Rules for the Management of the Kitchen Garden ; comprehend-
ing the neweft and beft Method^ of raifing all its difierencProduc*
eions* To which is added, the* Manner of planting and cultivating
Fruit Gardens and Orchards. The Whole forming a complete
Hiilory of Timber Trees, whjcther raifed in Forefts, PJantationsy
or Nurferies ; as well as a general Syilem of the prefent PraAice
of Flower, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardens. By the Rev. William
Hanbury, A. M. Re<^or of Church-Langcon in LeiceAerfhtre.
Folio. 2 Vols. 4K4S. Dilly.
EVERY perfoQ who has heard of Mr. Hanbury *s extraor«
dinary plantations at Church* Langton, and of his clofe
cuicivation of them ever fince the year 1 753, will concHide that
the extenfive experience of near 20 }'ears, built, too, on the ex«
perience of former writers, mud be very fufficient to recommend
a fyftem of planting and gardening from this Gentleman's pen.
Thck, pofiefflion of knowledge, however, and an happy talent
jof communUating knowledge, are qus^ificationg feldom united
ill the fame perfon ;- nor is it altogether eafy to determine from
which of them, ftparauly^ a reader would chu(h to accept, with
^4firefu$y a treatife upon any fubje£l. From the one we may
recciife even little information with much fatisfadtion ^ while
any improvement extraSed from the other, is obtained with la- '
hour, and perhaps, too, even with dtjguft.
VoL.L, B The
2 Hanbury 'i inrnpUu Body of Planting and Gardening.
^ Tb« Ungutge of botany, tfi wbalef>er form, is not very iti^
viting to general readers ; and thougb it does not appear fuf-
ceptible of any advantages beyond perlpicuicy and brevity, yet
where thefe are wanting, cvtti the profefled botanift (thougb no
poet) may be allowed to knit his brows. Method, indeed, is
of much more importance than ftyle, in a body of gardening \
yet when a clergyman, who mtm, in courfe, be fuppofed a
own of letters, becomes our inAru^lor, we expe£t gqod lan-
guage ; free, at leaft, from that obfcurity, or unneceflary ver-
bufity, into which uneducated writers are apt to fall. We are
ibrry, however, to obferve, 4hat the merit of th'is work is ra-
ther derived from the tiller of grouad^ tham from the eulthatar
of learning. Defe&s of this kind, might pafs unnoticed in an
1U.LIS ; but they can hardly be excufied in aji HanBury.
We do notexpe£t that a cenfure of this kind will be very,
cordially received by Mr. H. himfelf; but, furely, he who
pafles fo coDfidenti to harlh^ and fe ii^difcriminate a cenfure «i^
all vfriters who h^ve gone before him in the £une walk, can
ifiever ohjt€t to the unreferved expmflb>n of, our rm/ optnkm of
his performance. IThc fecond paragraph in his pre&ce is coo*,
ceived in the foHowing etnpbatic terms :
* Numbers pf books have been written within thefe far
years on different parts of planttog, botany, or gardening; alt
of which are extremely deredive, their plan of execution being
both unnatural and abfuri.^
i>r. Jf^nfon Ihrewdly obferves, in the preface to bis edition ,
of Shakctpeare, ^ tbat great part of the labour of every writer,
is only the deftni£Hon of thofe that went before him ;' and that
^ the firft care of the builder of. a ilew fjrftem, is to demoltfli
the fabrics whic)i are ftanding/ Where a new builder deter-
mines to ered an edifice on pre-occtipied ground, he muft un-
doubtedly overturn whatever ftands in his way, without diftinc-
tion ; and then he has nothing to do but to begin his intended
foundation, and convert the old matertals and rubbifli to his
own ufe. This is exa&ly the conduA which Mr. HaDbury has
adopted. Propofing to write a voluminous body of gardening,
it was firft neceflary to prejudice the Public againft every
thing lately done of that kind, as the produ^ons of fools, or
madmen. This he attempts to efiedl in a very fummary man-
ner, by fuch confident afTertions as that above quoted.r The
proofs are next to be attended to.
We entirely agree with Mr. Hanbury, tbat * to treat tbo
plants as they ftand arranged in the different claffes of the
fcience, is certainly a good method for a treatift fotely on bo-
tany, but (hould l^ no means be adopted in a book on garden-
ing, where the unlearned bat ufeful gardener would be puzzled
to find out the forts for bis purpofe, anong the bard names^
titkS)
tiiles, cUileS) aod techotc^ termA of thf fciclicte/ Having cotw*
demi^ the bottntcal ampg;fm)cn^ of (he articles^ in a treaufe
pf pra^cal gardeiiiog» be proems (a cenfure a writer who
lias Uoiled thecn according to file feafons^ as tbey rife in the
courfe of the year ; a method not .ill calculated however for uh^
karmd gardeoors. But it is the alpJmintic^l form which Mr. Han-
b#!rj chKfly aiais to dificredit^ for a r^fbn not very difficult to
difcover. * Another performance, fays be, hag appeared under
the form of fi didionary i though nothing can be iliore tnjudi#
cious ihMB to oiosipole a book of this nature didiooary wile:
for to arrai^ the various genera, fo widely drfierent in their
natures, .in an alphabetical order, is very bad ; but to continue
idl tb^ Ipeciea, of what kind foever, under their refpe&ive ge«
nera, nrnft be ftill worTe. One fpecies of a genus may, per-«
tape, be an annual, the next a perennial, a third a tree, and
the ^rth an ufeful efculeat for the table : this perhaps may
, fequir^ the heat of a (bve ; that perhaps be hardy enough for
tb^ coldfift fituations ; while another may demand the moderate
^rniedion of a green^bouie, or thrive very well abroad under a.
warm wall.*
AH tbefe oljefHons may be admitted, and yet the alpbabeti-
cri arrangement, neverthelefa, remain the cleared both to the
talelligcntand the isnorant} having, as in Miller's Di£tiodary,
the ^rk above alluded to, an Engliih index of popular names,
referring ^ the botanical denominations under which the arti<«
cles may be found : fome trouble is undoubtedly caufed by this
double fearch, but it will daily decreafe in proportion as the
seader improves 'in hb knowledge of botanical arrangement ^
which he will infenfibly do by confulthig the articles. To this
indeed might be added, a green^houfe index, and an hot^boufe
index, far the ready turning to articles in the di£lionary, which
v«qi|ire thofe kinds of forced cultivatioOf with Indexes of other
kinds for particular purpofes. Thus the whole botanical fyftem
being digefted utidf^ em aiphaistf no perfonwith the afflftance
pf fuch proper indexes, could be at a lofs for atiiy things if he
knows what he is feeking for, either ixl botanical Latin or com*
iBQn £nglim4
It remains now to examine hew far Mr. Hanbtrry V plan ia
cakulated to guard againft the ofajedioas which he has made to
the plans of ddter writers.
The whole fubjedl is divided into fix books ; arid the dtftrt^
bution is as follows :
Sookl. After an introdufiion to botany^ accortiirfg to the
Limisean fyftem, this firft book treau of the cblcure of forcft
trees, und^ the fobdivifiont of deciduous, aquatic^ and ever**
green*
Bp Bo>Sc
4 Htnbury V cBmpUit Bntt tf PhM^ng and Gardimng\
Book II. Principles for defign in gardening, for the tiianage<-
n^ent of the (eminary wd nurfcryj^and for grafting, budding*
layering, &C. culture of hardy, deciduous, foreign trees ai^l
fbrubs, proper for the wildernefe, hardy evergreen trees and
ihrubs, and climbers.
Book IIL Treats of perennial flowers, under the fubdivifiont
of prize flowers, and hardy flowers in general. This con«
dudes the Arft volume.
Book IV. Of annuals and biennials in general; the green*
*hou&, and green-houfe plants, ftove, and ftove plants.
Book V. Of the kitchen garden in general, the dofirine of
hot beds, &c. with the management x>f low forts of fruit*
Book VI. The culture and managetijent of orchards, fruit
* trees, and fruit.
Notwithftanding Mr. Hanbury found To much confufion in
the didtonary form, and notwithftanding this digeft may appear
fo unexceptionable to the Author, yet tfaefe fix divifions, with
their fubdivifions, under each of which the articles are ranged
in feparate alphabets, as fo maoy^fmall didionarics, a^uallji
perplex the unity of the fubje<9, and introduce more confufion
than they were contrived to avoid. In a profefled body of
planting and gardening, why are ufeful grain, edible roots,
flowers merely for fight, ufelefs or noxious weeds, all to be af* -
(bciated together, under the clafies of perennial^ and annual
FLOWERS i When this jumble occurs under an improved ar-
raugement^ why not accept Miller's jumble, with the advan-
tage of having the whole under cm alphabet i Duck^s meat^ for
tnftar.ce, though intitled to a place among aquatic plants, in a
treatife of botany, or an herbal, has furely no bufinefs in a
treatife of planting and gardening, under the dafs of perntnial
fiowert^ where -no ihftru&ons are given for cultivating themt
and where no one wiibcs for the knowledge. As* little pro*
priety is obfenred in ranking a fpecies of the parfnep in the
fame department, among flowers ! The feveral kinds of marjo-
ram, are fcattered about under the chfles, Perennial finmrs^
Annual Jlowers^ Greenim^Je. plants, and the Kitchen^garden* Ane*
monies are divided into two chapters, xxudtv Prize fliAven^ and
Perennial flowers ; the at butu«, or ftrawberry trse, is a title to
be found under the divi&oas of Evergreen trees, and again under
Perennial fiswersy and the pine apple, with its cultivation, will
be feen under the clals of ftove plants, and in the Kitchen gar*
den, among the low fruits. Walnut trees appear three times,
firft as timber trees, fecondly as ornamental trees for.Ibade^
and thirdly as fruit trees. Thus articles are multiplied, to pre-
vent confuCon ^ though fo many chapters under the fame head
titles, in diftcrent divtiions of the woric, muft confufe and mi4qad
3 *. every
H^hlnirjr'i compUu S^ tfPJanttng and Gurdmng^ 5
<very Tcader who has not the botanical diftindions at lixs fin-
gers ends ; when he has, he will prefer coUeding all the fpe*
cies under their proper genera*
If Mr; Hanbury*8 method and dMpofition, m bis work, is not.
fo clear as might be expefied after his liberal and repeated
charges of abfunlity heaped ufion other horticultural writers^ in
bis preface, his language and ft]rie have as little claim to the
Critic's approbation. For this the very tide may be appealed
to \ ^nd (not to repeat here, whac we have frequently obferved^
of the cfnontery of thofe authors who dare to recommend their
own productions as compbat) a nu>re confufed, long-winded
enumeration of particulars, extended by and^ wiibj alfoy /»-.
tluding^ h'invi/e, compnbinding^ and other copulatives, is feldom
ieen : a farther fpedmen, or two may be given, to (hew that
this cenfare is not ill founded. The chapter upon the vifcum or '
mifleltoe,* begins in the MIowmg rambling inelegant manner :^
* The miflelcoe is a very extraordinaiy plant, growing from the
fides and branches of other ^trees, inftead of the earth, out of
which our noble colU£fton fprhtgs. This occafions a fingola-
rity beyond expreffion, and is by many thought very d^Ugbtful
andyfn^. In thofe countries where the miiTehoe is rarely founds
it is much admiredy and is to moft people a very defirabU plant ;
and even where it abounds in the hedges and woods, they have
a peculiar regard for it, and ietdom fail to procure fome of it in
the winter, by which a fHd^t of the boufi is diftinptiJhidJ Again^
the firft chapter that mentions the anem»nty introduces it in
the following pompoufly obfcurc terms : ^ Inferior in beauty
to none, though perhsips the leaft cnltivated of any of the feven
capital ihed flowers, is the wind flower; for which no other
reafon can be affigned than the inattention it has moftly met r
with, perhaps in the great regard and over- care of the other
ibrrs; and which if taken off, and the nature of the flower
duly weighed, re^on would dired us to. (hew it more refpeA
than it has hitherto met with \ for its charms in its variety of
colours are tranfcendsmtj and its compbfition is of fuch a na-
ture as to form [jA the phrafe maybe allowed) a confaous
beauty. There is a certain freedom or eafe in this flower, that
is not common \ they blow with tbofb truly admired flowers
tht ranunculi at all their times ; but the proportions required to
.eflabtifli a compleat flower of that kind, give it rather a ftifF
'formal look. Nothing of thi) is to be fpund in the anemone ;
and Without dooming the preceding flowers, for that turn in
thofe is perfeaion, the an'^nibne (hews itfelf without that ftiff
Jook in its varieties of all colours (yellow excepted) large and
double, in all its natural luxurtanct and eafe, waving with
every wind its petals of f0 delicate a nature, fo foft and fuf-
^eptible as to be affeded ^by every breath of air, opening anfl
B 3 (huitingt
6 Parry*! Atiimfi tp J^imjltaif the MsjgiiihJIitp of Jifus.
ihttttiog^ and gently oUeying tKe direSion of fuch extenudt^
The confufed turn of ezgreffion in this pafiage, is fo unifortn
throughout, that the general remark cmnnoc efcApe the reader $
but ttere are two ilietorical eflFbrts in it, that claim particular
a^ntton : tbefe are, the conjao^s iemity attl'ibuted to the ane«>
mone, and the Writer's delicate ^are not to dtfann otheir
flowers. If thofe other flowers have a confciou(hHi» of charac*
t^r, Mr; IL's tendernefs is laudable, as defamatioh ts cruel, and
(Kven aHimabli ; the confcioufnefs of beauty fli^wn by the ane«-
ou>ne, may perhaps have given difguft^ and point out the rea-^
ibn of its being fo much negleded : feif twait feldom efcapet
this mortification.
It was not without concern that we perceived, in Mr. Han*
bury, fomething of a dtljjofttion to promote old wivery, iii
order to awaken our devotion | for which good purpofe far fu*
perior motives are, we hope;, to be urged on m rattbnal foun-
dation. Under the afticte paffi^fiont^ the paflion flower, Mr«
H* obfervts that tbefe flowers * art well known ; aitd in fome
countries fcrve as monitors to the religious, as ibewrag the in*
flruments of our bleflbd Savioar's pafiton ; for they bring in th^
l^eaves of fome of the forts to reprefent fome part of k, and the
contorted <;irrhi the flagdla with which he was fcourged. I
^e no ill ufe to be made of this, and am for encouraging every
thing that may raife in us due ^efledion, and awaken us to a
ienfe of devotion and of our duty/ On the contrsry it is to be
apprehended that fuperftition^ being a veneration contraded by
FOLLY for NOtfSBNS^, can be converted to no ufe without the
interve^ition of knavbry '^ and what kind of purpoft it will then
be made to ferve^ iis left to the refleAion of every fehftUe and
boneft man.
As to die botanical dodrine, and the preceptive rules* exhibited
in the work, Mr. Hanbury is himfelf too able a gardener, and
bas moreover called in the affiftance of Miller's reprobated dic-
tionary too frequently, to leave them open to any very mate«
rial impeachn^ent : at the fame time that thefe volames bear
no jlriking appearances of fuperiority, to diftinguiih them
libove all thoie which this Gentleman treats wrrh fuch con<»
lempt, as extreamfy defe&ivi^ unmttar$l^ and ahfarcU
, ^ _-^- — ,^
prophetic Hifiory ai^d ChrQi^ok^ of Memab's Kiigdm in Dmid%
iy Richard f*arry, D. D. Preacher ^% Markct-IjarDOrpugh. 8vo,
tz. 6d. Pavis. 1773.
W£ hav^ bad mor^ than ont opportunity 6f mentioning
thi9 Writer in terms of approbation. His enifoavomv
|o plu^id^^e §cTi(>tvrei aii4 t^ remoffp Ib^dificukies with wbicb
fereriA
Pao^V Jttimpt tQ iawnftrau th Uifitkfiip of Jifm. f
isveral. particolar paffiiget are attewkd^ are cammendable, evra
wbcro his aucmpii may not be 4eened entirely fuccefsfuh
la the preTent cafe, it it no meao taflc that he hath umler^
taken. The predictions of DanieU wkea confidered in a gc-
fiai-al view> Ceem verv clear) and it apftears e&fy enough to dt*
iermine the grand leading events' prefigured by them, fiut^
when they omne to be minutely cKamined, ^uoftions arife which
do. not adkntt of a ready folution, though they are far from in^
validating the orgumenta which may be diawn from his pro«
phedo tofupport the truth of divine leveiatioA. The learned
Vxsik&x Mithadis hath lately pointexl out, in a Ariking man-*>
oer, the various difficulties which attend the famous prophecy
of the feventy weeks ; and, at the (kme time, he hath gone far^
Ibe^y in our opinion, towards a tr4ie explication of it, than any
fxeceding author.
Three of Daniel's principal predi&ions are examined by Dr.
P«ny, in the wvrk be(br« u»^ With regard to the firft of them*,
^ebudadaexsar's dream, it admitp, accompanied with Daniera
interpretation c»f it, fo eafy an explanation, that there is fcarce
any prophecy in the Old Teftament the meaning of which is more
{Kcfptcuoiis and determinate. This pjropheoy our- Author juflly
entitles, ^ The Kingdom of Heaven ; or the Fall of Pa^nifm/
The neat prediiSon, confidipred by Dr. Parry, is Daniers
vifioQ: of the four great wild beafts which came from the fea.
The firft part of iSm vifion is Sufficiently clear ; but the coff •
iduding part of it hath been very difierently explained by dif-
•feitnt waiters. Our Author refers it lo the fall of Judatfm, and
iiaah tsdceo ^ reat pains to ihew that the little horn is defcriptive
ipf the pnovince of Judea. • What he hath faid upon the fub-
jeSt^ ia «ndoabtedly worthy of attention ; though candid and
Juiiicioua pritics may, perhaps, (UU think that there is roonl for
hefitation and debate.
Dr. Parry, at the clofe of his remarks upon Daniel's vifion,
baaing taken •occafion to apply himfelf to the members of the
-papal cooamunion, makes the following judicious and liberal
ApniicatiQn to the proteftants : ^ We inde^, fays he, have pm-
6mAj withdrawn ourfelves from the groflfer pollutions of that
. laecttricious- community. How far a Jic$rtd rsformatiok
waaj be either necefiary or expedient, I muft not take upon jne
to determine* This, however, may be faid with ^truth, and
therefore, it is hoped, without offence, that the more there Ms
or THIS ^ORLD in our ecclcfiaftical eAabliihment, the nearec
it is 4o PoPE'RY, and the farther from the simplicity oj
T»R 60SFEI..'
Our Author, in bis explication ^f the prophecy of the Seventy
weekst enkavours to (hew, that the commencement oF thefe
weeks rnuit be fixed from the fecond year of Darius Notbus
^ 8 ♦ King
8 Parry 'i Aumpt U dtmnflrati tht Miffiahjbip cfjrfuu
King of Perfta. It is objo£kd to this opinion, that thcperfons
VfYio are rcprefcntcd by the prophet Uaggai,. as having £ecn both
temples, muft have been of an age beyond belief; hecaufe from
the de(lru£lion of the temple to the iecond of Darius Nothss,
y were an hundred and fixty fix years. Dr. Parry's reply to thss*
obje£iion, is too curious and. extraordinary to be omitted. * I
anfwer, fays he, in the words of a very illuftrious writer on
another occafion, ^* the promifes of God have never borrowed
help from moral probabilities.*' His promiies to Abraham were
90t of this kind. And why then fliould they be of this kind to
. the children of Abraham ? The Jews lived under an jextraor*
dinary difpenration of providence. Long liie was the general
piomife of the Mofaic law to the obedient. And this promife
was particula.riy repeated at the time we are fpeaking of.
<< There (hall yet old men and old women dwell in the ftreets
of Jerufalem, and every man with his fiaff in bis band for very
age." Who now can think it improbable, when avents corre-
fpond fo cxa£^ly with t^itxy part of the prophecy, that fome
^mong the Jews fliould be found of an 'exceeding great age?
<* If it be marvellous in the eyes of the people in thefe days,
ihould it alfo be marvellous in mine eyes, iaith the Lord qf
Hofts." • . )
Such a method of removing diiHcuIties, can never &tisfy a
difcerning critic, or do honour to revelation^- Ac the time to
which the objedlion refers,, it waa as cotttrary to t^he Aitte of
things under the Jewifh difpeniation, as ic was to the ufual
courfe of nature for perfons to live above an hundred and fiity*
fix years. Indeed, the promife of long life under the Moiaic
law, did not originally include the term contended for by our
learned Author. Unlefs, therefore, he can find out a moce ra-
tional mode of anfwering the objedions to his hypothefis, it
muft, we arc afraid, fall to the ground.
Dr. Parry has added, as he did in.his lafi publication *, a
variety of notes, fome of which are ingenious and valuable.
That upon the number 666, the number of the beafl in the '
book of ReveUtions, has very ccnfiderable merit; and fo
likewife has the note upon S^. Paul's Addrefs to the high pricft
of the Jews. We by no means agree with ouc Author in hia
opinion, that the title of Chriilians was ^iven to thedifctpiormt
Antioch.by divine appointment. Dr. Larjdner's reafi>ns totbe
contrary, appear to us decifive upon the fubjcA. Neither do
we approve of what Dr. Parry hath faid concerning the flii^iv«/*
^n» That St. Paul's reprefcntaiioo of the man of fin is pectt*
liarly defcriptive of the papal power, has been fa clearly ihawa
f The genealogies of Cluifl in Matth, and Lake explained. See
Review, vo}. xlvi. p. 62, ...
.Sharp on tbi DiftinBioh lettvetH Meaflaugbtir and Murder. 9
by Benfon) DuchaU Warburton, Newton, and Hurdd, that we
cannot bdp con&dering them as having given by far the moft
probable expUcatioa of ^e prophecy.
Art, III. Remarks on thi Opinions af Jomt of the moft celebrated Wri^;'
itrs on Crotvn LofWy refpeQing the due DiftinQion hetiueen Man*
Jlamgbttr and Murder : Being an Attempt to (hew, that the Plea of
fttdden Anger cannot rttnove the Imputation and Gailc of Murder,
■ when a i^ortal Wound ts wilfully given with a Weapon : That
^ lodnlgeace allowed by the Courts to volaQtary Manilaughter
in Rencounters, and in ludden Affrays and Duels, is indifcrimi- ■-
nate, and without foui^dation in Law : And that Impunity in fuch
Calcs of voluntary Manflaughtcr, i^ one of the pnncipal Caufes
of the Conunuance and prefcnt Increafo of the ba(c and difgraceful
Praftice of Duelling. To which are added, feme Thoughts on
the particular Cafe of the Gentlemen of the Army when involved
in fuch difagreeable private Differences. With a prefatory Addrefs
. to the Reader, concerning die Depravity and Folly of modem Men
' of Honour, iaUely fo called^ including a ihort Account pf..the
.Principles and Dj^igp of the Work. By Granville ^harp. gvo*
I $• 6d# White, /cc. 1773.
'TP KOM the verbofe title of tbis performance, it will appear
: j^ that its tendency is to prove the dectfion of private quarrels
by private combat, to be contrary t6 law ; and that when one
of the parties foils, the furvivor is guilty of wilful murder, and
' is not intitled to the mitigated verdl^of manflaughter : in which
cdlKJufion it. is difficult to dtflent from the writer. In his pre-
'lace he makes the following Juft diftindion between wilful '
, murder and manflaughter.
^ Now, certaiin it is, that fome allowance ought to be made
for heat of blood upon a fudden provocatiortj in conflderation of
the extreme frailty of human nature, provided there are no ciiw
cumihmcet of mdUa in the cafe. As if (for inflance) a mai),
in fudden anger^ fhould ftrilce another, merely wit^ bisfift^ or jl'
' Anall cdm^ or flick^ meaning onl/ to corred, and fiiould acctden^
t Ally kill \ this WQuld be, properly, ^^;i/?^&r^i^/^r; which, though
, it is deemed plony -(as the ad of ftraking, or beating another
perfon is, in \\{^i^ unlawful)^ is neverthejefs pardonahh both by
' riie laws of God and man. But when two perfons fight with
dat^iTsut wsapons^ an inUrttim of kUting is txprtjfed by the wea-
' p§ns ; zviAftnh inuntion rettdtrs the manflaughter voluntary^ which
- is the fame thing as wiy^/; and confequently the ** maiici pre^
, pinfed'* (which excluded the benefit of clergy) is necefTarily /w-
.. ptudy though the fudden anger be but a mon^ent before the fa-
carftroke ; for '* malia pnpenfid^* is thus defined by Sir Edward
Coke, ** That is (fays he) vottmtary^ and of fet purpofe, though
done iipm a^ fnddnt tfecAjkn ^ for if it be voluntary the law im-
pliclb piali(^^*' 3 Inft. 9. J^iii^ p.^6^/
The
f o Bhwtp dM ihf Diftiuaim litwi§^I^it9i/lmighkra$i Mfitritf.
The Author has flieim much reading ia efttUifliing this
point) and, prcCuoiing on (he fairnefs of his (juocatioiia, hat de«
teded fcveral inconMencies in the writings of oia« moft £hiiou|
lawyers in difUngiiiOiing between murder and manflaughter-t
though ht may not have given his ar^iiment all the advantages
it was capable of receiving. To innft on the Levitical iaw^
and to afcertain the true reading of Hebrew* t^^ta^ will not
>e likely to operate much in con&iting febe current principles
of modern honour : nor do gentlemen in (bttUng chtir Invo-
lous punAilios, concern themielves greatly \w fitai 4fthi cnwn.
It appears, however, from this* treatife, that our lawyers have,
in it&i countenanced the pernicious cuftom of duellini;, by
temporifing and warping their opinions, to m»ke more allow*
ances for it than the public good of fociety will warrant. S^clf*
defence, as he obferves, cannot be pleaded ifi behalf of men
who meet by confeot to attack each other with deadly weapona.
Mr* Sharp, however, like other fimguiiie-mefli) extends -hia
argucpent to an abfurd length ; for afotr endcttvouring to op*
pole this point of honour among the gentlemen of tl^ army,
by arguments not well adapted to their notions of thihgs, and
therelbre not calculated.to have with them the fotce that mi^t
, perhaps be wiihed, he introduces the foUowisigflraiigepctacipie:
^ The law, feys be, wiU not excufe ap wdtmpdmQ by a
ibldier^ even though he commits it by iht et^rt^ nmmtmd m£
the higheft miltcary authority in •the kingdokn :- kfld much .Us
is the fold ier obliged to conform himfelf ipm^ib'/^ to At oMe
opinions and fa^k notions of honour, which hts.&tpeiiars mty
have unfortunately adopted. — Even in plriilidcmilfattfy fiirvice,
or warlike ^peditions by nHuaal mtlmit^ -ikt Uw maniftftly
requires the ^Dldier U ibiiti for Hwftlf.^ and't^codfider,, before
iie a£l$ in a^ny war, whether the fame beyij^ ( foTi^ ifrit be otber*
wife, the ^x>maK)d law of this kingdom will ij^/rit^ihtmlW
luilt of murdir^
^ And though the law does not adtiull]r.puni(h iacb.gesMial
crimes, as may unfortunately have obtained^ at aay time, the
fan^^ion of governuient ; yqt (he time wiU ^rtainly oomc,
^hcn all fuch temporizing militarv nmrdertn mud. he mfpon*
ffble for the innocent Ueod-that is fned in ao lins^'i^ war, if thty
have rendered themfelves ii£tf^r/«f Hithyan implku^ and, thoie-
fore, criWW'obedience to the promoters of it, ^^ Item At ho*
micidium in Ml(^" (fays the learned Bra£bon) ^* et tunc vidcn*
duhf) utrum ieUum fit jujlum vol inp^mn. Si aiitem if^tifium%
tenebicur occifor : fi autem juftmm^ fient pn ieftnftmi ptOrife^
non tenebitur, nUi bw: ficurif ^nrt/fia vebadati ainlgniimut**
« Men of true h^tkour^ therefore^ at the fayie time tbut they
are fen&bje of tlu^ir duty as .faUiers and Jhl^e^tto their ki^g,
mud be mindful that they w Jutp^ glfr to ibi emfirt ^freafyn^
aind
Gurfirj ReJUflms m tbi Sh^-C^mhi^ ft Mod&n Butt 1 1
•nd are bound thereby, in comnien with all mankind, td ntf n«>
tain the digftity and natural fr^om of human nature : and tboft
foldters, who, in addition to their natural reafon^ have a trui
JTenfe of religion, wi^l not only be ^lipdfult that they are fol*
diers and fabjeda to an earthly king^ but that they are atfo Jf^
dkrs zn^fukjt^ii to the King rf Kings \ whofe laws and piecrp^
they will, on all occafions, prefer t9 ruery $tbir ^mfnmd-^ abJ
will. obey the f»ne with fuch a fliodf c^uragt^ ts mHy be equal
to every adverfity, and undeferved fuflfering that threatens them,
' It was this hidtfpenfible, this otihappy difjpbfition, and (bnfe
ef fttp^rhr duty^ vi^ich prevailed even in an unlawful ftanding
army, that had been ratjed^ and was ixfnjlj^ defied fat arbitrary
jpurpoles, and >vfatth, neverthelefs, contrary to all t%f€&?i\AQti^
exerted itfelf in faving this kingdom, at the glorious revolu-
tion, from the political flavery, which then threatened it, 4p
Well as from the more intolerable tyranny of the Romifli ra^
ligion/ .
it Will not be an eafy matter for this virriter to jufiify a mtK*-
f ary man, arid proted him from declared penaltiea, efpe^ially
if he » in a fubordinate rank, for difobedience to orders ; though
he mi^ difiipprove the caufg of a war, in vifhich the government
demands hia fervioe,. Nor cao any general prineipte bedraim
jTrom fa peculiar an exigence as the revohition, which was not
only jufttfied by the general fenfe erf" the nation, buthy what
was of much more hnportante in this view of the cafe, byfuc-
infi. Had the Prince of Orange been defeated, as MonmoUth
was, and the nation again fubjeded to Jame», it may be lett
to Mr. Sharp to imagine tvhat would have been the fate of thofr
'officers whp carried over their m^n to the unfuccefsful invad<lr 1
]£ven as affairs terminated, though the armv defertcd the King^
the individuals that compofed the bulk of jt, however wjllingl)^
they changed fides, ftill preferved military obedience to Ihett
immediate fuperiors, who led them over, , '
' ' ■ ' f - . ■ ...... . ■ . -
AaT. IV. Citrfify Re/kSions cm the Single Com6a/, or Modtm Bu$U
Addreffed to Gentlemen in every Clais of Life. 410. i s. Baid^
whi. 1773.
GOTHIC and abfurd as the cuftom of duelling is generally
allowed to be, thcfreare advocates for it, on principle j^
jreafoners, who coolly argue for the neceflity, and ei^cn conve-
nience, of this mode of accommodating certain kinds of p^fi-
ibnal xlifierences, and of redreffing certain fpecies of injorits» fbr
vvhich the laws have not provided proper or adequate remedies ^
they conclude, therefore, that an appeal to the fword is a ne^uiflt^
iiipplemeni: tolchr law, and that this (brt of fatisfaftion fbr-oc^
trajudicial ofi^nccs, mirft take ptace^ tlB fome other mode fhall
12 Curfiry ReJUSiiins mlhi Single Comhat^ or Modern Dteef^
ht icvikA' zn6 eftablrfhed. And the learned Dr. Rabcrtfon*
has obfcrved, in favour of this pradice^ — even while he condemns
it— that its infliience on modern manners, has been found, in
ibme refpeds, beneficial to mankirid.
** To this abfurd en Horn, fays he, we mtrft afcribe, in foroe de-
grte, the extraordinary gentleneis and complaifance of modern man«^
ners, and that rcfpefifttl attention of one man to another, which, at
prefent, render the ibcial intercoiurfes of liie far naore agreeable an^
decent than among the mod civilized natioat of antiquity."
The Author of thefe confiderations reduces the arguments
which have been offered in behalf of the private combat, to
thefe two,:
* * I. That the duel is the onlv expedient to obtain fatU£i£lion for
thofe injuries, of ivhich laws talce no cognizance.
* If. That a roan of honour is bound on pain of infamy to refcnt
every mdignity that may be offered him, with the point of hisfword^^
or with 9 piftoL* .
Thefe pofitions our fenfibic Author undertakes to refute ; and
we fiiall give a fpecimen of his reafbning : but, firft, it will
not be improper to lay before our Readers part of what he has
iaid on the orrgtn of the fingic con>bat, or duel.
- * The ancient flatc?, fays he, of Greece and Ronre, from whence
.we derive the noblcft models of heroifm, fupported private hononrf
without delivering down to ns any evidences ef this baneful ctiih>si
cf demanding {fk icvere a deci6on of pihrate affronts; which cor-
iidering the raiticaiy ^xirit of thofe nations* »uft» if it obtaiaed at
ally have proved more deflru^ve to dpeun at home> than the unked
fworda of their enemies abroad. The pradice is in fad of later and
mote ignoble birth ; the judicial combat, the parent of modern duels»
fpringing from monkiOi fuperfiicion* grafted op feudal barbariim*
Whoever reads Hurd's entertaining and ingenious Letters on Chi-
valry and Romance, with Robcrtfon's eteborate Hiftory of the Reign
of the Emperor Charles V. will no longer hefitate concerning this
clear ^. ^ ^ . ' *
' The judicial comba.t obtained in ignorant ages> oni a conduJkm
that in this.ajppeal .to Provuknce» innocence and right would be
pointecfout by vidory, and guilt lligmatiled and puniihed by defeat*
But, alas ! experience at length taught us not to (cxped a miracu-
lous interpofition whenever fuperior length, fuperior flcill, and fa-
perior bravery or ferocity, either or all of them, happened to appear
on the fide of injuftice.*
Dr. Robertfon, above quoted, derives the fa/him (as the
Writer of thefe Reiledions has obfervcd) of terminating pri-
.vaie differences by the fword, or p^ftol, from the illuftrious ex*
ample of the challenge fent by Francis I. of France^ to the
Emperor Charles V. This was not^ indeed, the firft rnftancc
of fuch challenges, among princes ; but as our Author remarks,
* Author of the JH iftory of Scotland, &c»
tht
Cmrfiry RifiiUions ek the Single Cbmhatj & Modern Dmet 1 3
die drgoity of the parties, in the prefent cafe, afForded a fuffi^
cient fanOion for extending this mode of deciding differences,
and fettling difputes : to which we may add, that the (pint of
chivalrjr and romantic knighthood uill prevailing ia thofe
fighting times,' wa& continually exciting the heroes of the age
to this mode of proving their perfonal prowefs and valour*
We now return to our Author's manner of reafoning upoa
the two poftulata before ftated :
* With refped to the firft argument,' fays he, if we annex any de«
terminate ideas to our words, by fatisfadion. we are to und^dand
redrefs, compcnfation, amends, or atonement. Now, Gentlemen!
for the fake of all that is valuable in life, condefcend for a minute
to bring down your refined notions to the toe ftandard of commoa
ienie, and then weigh the fatisfa^ion to be obtained in a duel.
* Is fatisfa^lion to be enforced from an* adver(ary, by putting a
weapon into kis hand, and ibndlng a contendoa with him life £ot
life, upon an equal chance i
' Is an offender againft the rules of gentility, or againft the obli-
gations of morality, a man prefumptively defUtute of honour himfel^
fkirly in titled to this eqiial chance of extending an injury already
committed, to the irreparable degree of taking Uie life aifo from aa
iiino(^nc man ?
* If a gentleman is infatuated enough to meet a perfou who has de-
graded himfelf from the chara^r of a gentleman, upon thefe equal
terms, and lofes a limb, or his life^ what fp^des of fatisfadios can '
that be-called ?— But it is better to fuffer death than indignity. What
from the injurious hand ? CorreA your ideas; and you will efteent
IHe too valuable to be complimented away for a miftaken notion*
* If the aggreflbr falb, the full pnrpofe of the injured perfen is
thus anfwered, but whaf is tde fatisiadion ? The furvivor becomes a
refugee like a felon'; or if he ihbuld be cleared by the equivocal ten-
dernefs of a court of judice, muit he not be a barbarian inilead of a
^fttkman who can feed upon this inhuman bloody fatisfa^^ion, with-
out experiencing the pangs of felf- reproach for having facrificed the
life of a fellow-creature to a punctilio ; and perhaps involved the
ruin of an innocent family hy the brutal deed f If, on the other hand,
he is leally a miftaken man of humanity, what has- he obtained ^
The fatisfadion of imbittering all tbe:remainder of his life with the
keeneft forrow ; of having forfeited all his future peace of mind by
a confcioufnefs of guilt, from which his notions of honour can never
releafe him, till the load drags him down to the grave f
' If a man of ftriA honour is reduced to beg his life of a meec
pretender tp honour, a fcoundrel ; what portion of fatisfa£tion can
this be edeemed f Is not this a mortifying gainful aggravation of a
wrong already fuilained ? What confolation can honour afford for
fuch a difgrace f*
pur Author has fomc other very fenfiblc animadverfions on this
firft branch of the argument in defence of duelling ; after which
he proceeds to the fecond plea, viz. * the obligation of refent-
ing aflFronts in this manner, founded on the infaitiy of fuf-
ptcied courage; and, in ouropinioai he fatisfadlorily proves th^t
th:s
14 Cmirjkrj JLtfiiUhm m the Sagb Ccmht^ mtMukm t>UiL
this avgumcnt is by no metns irrefragable : but fbr his reafiinkig
on this deficate point, we nmft refer to bis paniphIet,-*-aiul prp^
ceed to take notice of his plan for putting a Aop to -the pra^ace
ofdiieUing.
In the firft place^ be recommemb th^ a law be paffied^
/ declarifitf the ad of (ending a chalieiige» or the jeducinff a perfiui
to defend hii ^ with ftv^d or piftol» to be h]pmf ; 9P4 the l^ilKag .
a perfon in a duel, to be puniflied as inurder, without benefit of clerey^
ooleis fufficicBt proof is made that the party killed, r!^ly urged the
coajibat.'
As tbis lirft part of bi$ propofal relates rather to the mode of
ftmifinng than to the meafis of pnve^titg ducl^, be proceeds :
* In every qnarrel between two gentlemen where iatisfadtioa if
thought neceflary, let the parties be empowered to fummon a jury
of honour from among their friends, fix to be appointed by one gen-
tleman, and fix by the other ; or in cafe of a remfal of either party,
let the fix chofen by the other compleat the nnmb<r by their owo
appointmeaty each nominating oiie : and finally, let all this he^ooe^
if poifibie, frte from the embarrafliag intert entioa of lawyers.
' Let this jury of honour, when doiy a^mbled, difi:n& ^e me-
rits of the difpute in qneftion, and form their opiiuon by a majo*
rity of votes ; but to guard againd eenerating frefh quarrels by tbe
di&overy of che vQces on either fide, let the whole twelve be bpund
to fecrecy upon their honour^ and the whole twelve fign the verdi6l
of the majority. Let a copy of this verdi6l be delivered, or trani^
mitted to the gentleman who& condad is condemned ; and if hn
tefnles to make the required concefion or due {ktkfai&ion. Jet this
opinion be poblifhed in focfa a manner as may be thoaght proper^
and he nnderftood to diveft him of his charader as a gentleman, Ci>
long as he remains eontumacions,
* By riiis finde expedient coiMr^ed in a (ew words, it is hoped An
necefity of duds ma^ ht effedually fuperieded, the pradice fuppreiied,
and ample fatisfadion enfiweed fbr all injuries of honour. In tho
examination of fubjeds of importance we are often tempted tp over*
look the thing we want, on a fnppofition that it cannot be near at
hand. This j^an may peihaps admit of amendment, hot it is fiearedt
that the more complicated it is rendered, the more difficult it may
prove to carry into execution : and it is hoped, fuch as it is, it wiU
not be the worie thought of, for coming from an unknown pen.*
With refpe6l to the pradicabOity of this fcheme, we appre^
bend that the great difiiculty would lie in the obliging the quar*
Telling parties, or cither of them (who by the Author's plan are
merely empowered) to refer them atter to the court of honour*
But the Writer does not give this as a fini(hed plan : he barely
fuggefts the hint; leaving others to improve upon it, if thought
worthy of farther confideration.
As to the propofed ad for puni(hing the furvivor^ where one
of the parties has fallen in the conBid^, it is, indeed, a melan<>
choly truth that our laws in beins have been found inadequate
10 the purpofe of preventing duels, by the dread of legal con^
fequencesk
JuKa GfimOi: tr^ tie Bifi^ ofiht Ihman UtOfi. 15
(Sequences. The Kisg of Swedea's metbod was virtimlly the
fame with that w)iacb b hcDp recommciKied } and k ia lakl to
have been eficAual in tkac kingdom.
The great G^iftavus Adolpbus^ finding that the cuftom of
duelliog was become alarmiii^ly prevalent among the officers
in his army, was dcterminrd to Aipprefs, if poffiUb, tborefaJle
notion! of bonour« Socm after the King bad formed this refi>-
lutioa^ and ifltird fome Very rigoroua ^ids againft the pra^«
tioe, a quarrel aroft Jbetweea two of bis gcnersdt ; who agreed
to crave his Majefty^a permifioo to decide their difference by
the laws of honouTji The King confented } and faid he would
be a fp^&utot of the con^bat. He went, accordingly^ to the
plice appo(oted» attended by a body of guards, and the pubUc
executioner. He then told the combatants, that «« they mull
fight till one of them diedi" and turning to the cxecuucuier»
1m added, <^ Do you immediately ftrike on the head of the fur-
viror/'-^The Moaar<:h's infiexibility had the deCt^d tStOti the
difference between the two officers was adjujfted $ and no n)K>re
challenged were heard of in the army of Guftavus Adoipbus.
From xht pecuUar prevalencv of this cuftom, in countries
where that reUgioua fyftem is eUaWiflied, which, of aU others,
moil exprefsiy prohibits the gratification of revenge, with &ittf
ipecies of outrage and violence, we too plainly fee how little
mankind ace, in reality, iofloenced by the principles of the re-
figioa by Which they profefi to be guided: — in defeoce of
which, MMw they wtU occafionaUy ri& even their lives in figbt^
though fighting is abfolutely forbidden by it ("^But, we fear
Horace was too much in the rig^r :
Naturatn expiUas fmrea^ tamtn ufque recurret.
Aat. V. JttUii GrtnvilU : or^ the Hi/I^ry of the Human Hearu By
Mr^ Brooke, i zmo. 3 Vols. 79. 6 d. fctwed. Robiofon*
1774.
WE have fo frequeritly * given our opinion of the merit
of this Writer, as a novellift, and the two works which
be has pubHftied. of this kind, are fo uniformly charaflerrftic,
that we have little to add, on the prefent occafton, cither of
panegyric* or of Ccnfure. Mr. Brooke's heroes and heroines
are Aifl faints, or angels on earth 5 too exalted, we apprehend,
for mere finful mortals to prefume to emulare,' and we fear
toO} that they have To much of the old-faihioned form of piety
about them, and talk fo folemnly, in the fiyle and phrafe of
the fcriptures, that they will not be generally looked upon as
fit models for imitation, in this age of freedom and gaiety. Vet,
^ See our accouots of Mr. Brooke's oovel, entitled, ^' The Fogl of
Quality," given at the fevcral periods of it? fuccefiive publications,
anieparate volumes, Review, vols* xxxv. xxxi;^. xli. and xlii.
io
x6 JuUtt GrenviUi : cr^ the Hiftory of the Human HiSTi.
JD juftice to the Audior we muft obferve, that there is^ in this*
performance (if our memory fails us not) lefs of that enthu*
fiaftic rapture, and that vifionary jargon of fanaticifm, than in
Bis Fool of Quality ; fa that» with aJl its imperfections, its
fuper*human characters, its forced fituatbns, its unnatural
expedients, its improbable circumftances, and the frequent
monkifh and fometimes childiib ftrain in which the fpeakers, of
all ages, deliver themfelves, Juliet 'Orenville is, indubitably,
a work of genius, and of uncommon merit, in various refpeds :
as are, indeed, all the produ^ohs of this Writer, from his
Guftavus Fafa^ to the prefent performance. He entitles it
* The Hiftory of the Human Heart ;* and it muft be acknow^
ledged, the human heart is a fubjeCi with which Mr. Brooke
feems to be fo well acquainted, that we m^y truly fajrhe has,
in various inftances, fo well defcribed its native operations and
genuine movements, that while we read him, our feeling, to
ufe his own expreflion, ^ like a tuned though fubordinate ii^ftru-
m^ent, bear unifon and accord to every word he utters.'
We do not attempt to analyfe the ftory of Juliet Grenville^
as we apprehend that iketcbes of that kind would affford but
meagre entertainment for the generality of Review-Readers.
We fhall, probably, fucceed better by detaching a few pa(Ia|es
from fuch parts of the work as are not infeparably interwovea
with the main thread of the narrative ; but wliich will, never-
thelefs, fufficiently enable thofe who are not already acquainted
with the genius and manner of this Writer, to form a compe*
tent judgment of both.
in the fecond volume our Author has introduced his ienti<«
ments on the fubjeCt of Courage ; and what he has faid in re-
gard to this ' Capital male virtue,* will ferve as a proper fupplc-*
menc to odr two foregoing articles oh Duelling.
* True courage, Tie obfervcs, has a two-fold" virtue in it.
Fird, it has that of difregarding the danger and damage that
may threaten itfclf ; and fecondly, it has the virtue of extend*
ing its powers to the fupport of the weak, the defence of tha
afiaultcd, the vindication of the injured, and the fuppreifion and
caftigaticn of ihc fpoiler and oppreilbr. While courage is thus
emp)oycG\ it is benevolent, it is beneficent, it is juftly^ it is
cxaitedly rcrpectablc a:id amiable. But, when a fpurious and
falfe appearance of ihi; quality, called Courage, through mb-'
itives of ambiti n or dcfirc of applaufe, or any other incitements
tpertly perfonal ar, i fcififli, cxtrts its powers in a^manner feem-
ingly worihy of prri.ie, it yet iofes the whole nature and ought
to forfeit the name of Virtue ; and it wants nothing fave to have-
tthofe motives deteilcd, to become contemptible and deteftable
ki the eyes of mankind.
•Few
Juliit Gnnviili^ ^, tii Hifiwj of thi Human Hearts %j
* Few things have occafioned fo great a variety of cla(hing
OginioiiSi or have had (o wide an Influence on the tempers, th^
morals,. and the cu(ioou of manj^ind,. as the fcncimencs enter-
tained refpefiing this quality called Courage,
^ The world, ia ho has been a blockhead from the beginniD^
artd is not likely to grow a whit wifer to the end, the wor)d« I
fay, has, almoft univerfallv, he*d Courav^ to cooTift in adioa
and prowefsjt in the wrathfulnefs and de.,th doing hand of aa
Achilles s or in- the kindling fpirit of tbofe, who will not bear
the fihalleft appearance of an infult, who will burfl through al|
the bands of friendship and humanity, rather than allow the
flighteKl word or look of imagUitd difcefpcft to pais unrevengei)
' or unblooded. Wheiefore, |is tr4ith and nature he buried un^
']der fuch aa accumulation of cufioiBt and prejudices^ it may be
neceflai^ to fet up fuch critcrions and land- marks, as.ihall favf
us from ftrajftng in ourdir(%uiiiifoci.^;)d fearch after thi^fo highly
tefpeded virtMe.
^ All are clearly agreed in their ideas of this poGfipn, that
Courage and Fe^r are in ^heir natures incompatiMe sthat^ where*
ever Courage is, fo far as it prevails, it calls afi.'e Fearj and
thatt whefever F^r U^ (b f^ as it prrvailsyit caft^ a&dp Courage.
^ Now, one of the fmett (} mptoms of Feac, is angec s hr^
what ihouid provoke us to anger againft that fion) which we
have nothing to apprehend I I ofKe law a hu£e mailijf walking
.peaceably tiirough a country village, wbeo a little wretch of ^
cur ru(hed from one of the hamlets and made a furious affault :
Jhe fprung up toward the throat of the patient crcacirre ; but not
being able to reach it^ he exercjfed his inveteracjr.by b'icine at
Jiis heels. Tbp noble brute, be^ngihus teized and ppftercd by
his dcfpic^bl^ adverfury, ^t- a ^nonl^rous fore-paw upon him
and prdTed him fo the earcii^ while, liftif^ a bind Je^ be
-poured upon him the low^fk t^s^k 9.f contempt ; ao«l then per-
mitled the impotent ;K>imal to rife, who ran all dlfmayed and
yelping aMpaiy. I queiljon if lii > piince of dogs^ ip a|l his con-
•<(iilGrft# and engagements with bi^ equals in cpmbat, had ever
given fo incont^fiaiUe a proof of the truth of bis coucage as hp
4ii6 at tliis period.
* The tiM little anecdote o^ay ferve to itluilrate an approved
obfervatioE^ that cowards ^re ctm^^ but tbft^ the hr^ye delight
Hi forbearance iiod mercy. Tb« reafpn of this is d^epjy founded
jbi oatttce. - ,
^ Cowardice bas 'no concern or intereii jn, ^Ay thing fave
Self. Fi^ovided that Self is. fal^ and unhurt, ^t, (:a/ls not wh^t
^akmUtes jfriay llll or be-pourc^ upon the re0 of niapkindv
W^n it feck aa apprcben^n of danger, Jboweye^ diftant, rt
.cowMifei an.Hl^);ic«ble batfed againft the poi^t Qr paii^y /rqcti
whence the danger rnay proceed : wrath and revenge anticipa!^
Hsv. Jan. 17 74. C tbte
l8 Juliet GrtnvUle : #r, the Hl/tarjofthi Hieman Hisai.
the dreaded damage in its bofom ; and it is ftodtous and roli-
citous, by all, by any means, however treacherous or deadly,
to prevent the nearer approach of the hurt apprehended.
^ Let us now enquire, what portion of genuine Courage the
heroes of the applauded euliom of duelling can bcaft.
< The man who, purpofcly and deliberately, thirds after the
bloo'^ afid life of his fellow, is pciTcfied by as dark 2nd inhuman
a daemon, as he uho dweh among the tombs. But, duellifta
are not wholly of this malignant nature ; it is not cruelty, but
cowardice, that compels them to engage. The world, drfpar*
fionately, halloos them at each other, as it would fet maftifft
or game-cocks at variance for the diverfion of the fpeflators. It
fays to thefe combatants, ** For (bame, gentlemen, be juft to
your own honour ; refpc<a ytnirfclves above God and mankind ?
better to bleed, to pcri(h, than to live with reproach." And
thus, frequently, without refentment or ill-will to their oppo*
nents, men plunge their reludant weapons into the bofoms of
each other, being feared and impelled thereto by the fpc&tt
called CenfMre, which they dread even worfe than death or
futurity.
* Courage may well be fupported in time of aAbn or con^
left ; jt has not leifure to fink or droop during an agitation of
fpirits. But, when thefe ftays are irmoved, when calamity ot
death comes to meet us in all the filent apparatus and black
pomp of impending definidlon, the Courage that can give it
an undifmayed and calm welcome muft be from above.
• The moft indubitabhr, the moft' divine fpecies of courage,
fubfifts in Patience— when the (bul is diveft^d and ftupt of
all external affiftanccs j when the aflaults are all on one (ide,
and no kind of a£lion oSenfive or defendve is admitted on the
other, to maintain the flame of Kfe, or fupport failing exiftence ;
but where alt the concerns of Self are fubntitted, without re-
ludance, to the worft extremes, to all that the world can iit-
flia, or that time can bring to pafe ; fuch a Patience opens
the gates of the foul upon eternity, and lends it wings to iffiie
iforth in beatified benevolence upon God and all his creatures.'
How rare a quality is con/tfienry ^thtr in condu<S^ ot fcnti-
mcnt I Who would imagine, after reading the foregoing difqui*
fition concerning Courage, and the Writer's warm and pious en*
comium on the virtue of Patience, that this very Chriftian phi-
lofopher, in the next volume, involves one of his wdrthieft
charafiers in a tavem-duel ! the ctrcumftancei of which * are
related wholly to the duellift's preife, without one word of cen*
fure for his giving way to that angn- which Mr. B. has fet dowa
as ^ one of the fureft fymptoms of /ear ;' or for his total waM
of * the moft divine fpecies 0f courage,' which * fuMfts ia
Patience!'
In
In vol. ill- we have a juft remark on Mr. Aichardfon'i
celebrated Pamsla» which we do not remember to have be«
fore met witb« Lady Cranfield obferving Mifa Qrenvilie with
* Pamela i br^ VirtUi Rewardidy in her band^ afks her opinloii
of that book. * I think, Madam,* replied the young lady^
f that the author has much of nature in him ; and touches thn
paffionsf at times, with a tender and happy effed: but then, I
blu(h at the manner in which he undrefles our fex. Indeed hisi
ideas are miich too frequently and unneceilarily wantonl Neithef
can I wholly approve the tide of the book : Can virtue be re-
warded, by being united to vice f Her mafter was a ravifi^ef, a
tyraht^ a diilblute, a barbarian in manners and principle. I
admit iti the author may fay ; but then he was fuperior in riches
and ftatipn. Indeed, Mr. Richardfon never fails in due refpefk
to fuch matters | be always gives the full value to title aqd
fdrtune.' ,
The foregoing cenlure of this great maftei- of novel-writings
thd Shakespbarb of romance^ is juftly due to the defeds o^
that otherwire admimble genius } who was certainly reprehetip
fible tot indulging his imagination, as he frequently did, itt thie
luxury of undnffing his ladies: an indulgence by no means be«
coming the charader of a moral writer*
. Inihe fame volume we meet with a good ftory of a fiiher*
man, which is introduced in a converfation on the'veqaJity of
ftrvants, efpecially thofe of the nobility, &c»
K When | was at the Marquis delta Scala's^ in lt^\fi^ Tai^
Mr.Thbmaibn, ' he once invited the neighbouring gentry to
n grand entertainment^ and all the delicacies of the fewm werf
accordingly provided. .
* Some of the comf^any had already arrived, in order to
pay their very early refpeds to his excellency^ when the major
domO, k\\ in a hurry, t»me into the dinmg room*
« My lord, faid he, here is a mofl wonderful fifberman be*
low, who has brought one of the fioeft fifli I believe in all
Italy ) but then he demands fuch a price for it ! Regard not his
price, cried the Marquis^ pay it him down dire&ly. So I would^
pleafe your highnefs, but he refufes to take money. 'W'hyit
vrhat would the fellow have \ A hundred ftruke;s of the ilrap'^
pado on his bare (Koulders, my lord ; be fays he will not bate
cf a fingle blow. ^^
« Here, we all ran down, to have a View ^ this tarity Of* a
fiiherman. A fine fifl)) a mod exquifite fine fifli^ cried the
Marquis ! What is your demand, my ifriend ? you iball be p^
on the inftant. Not a quatrini, my lord i I wiil not take mo^
tiij. If you would have my fifli, you muft order me ai hun«
dred lalhes of the ffrappado upon m;^ naked bacli> if not, I
Iball go and apply elfcwbere.
Q% •Hatber
t6 yuEit Onmnlh : &r^ the Wft^ tf ibe Human HtarL
^ Ratlier than 1o(b our (i(h) faid his highners, let the fellQW
hate his hiiitiotir. Here ! hi^ cried to oo'e of his grooms, dif*
tharge this honeft matt's demand ; but don*: Ujr oh over hard,
aon*t hurt the pool: devil very much*
« The fi(hm6nger then ftripped, and the groom prepared tQ
put his lord's orders in executioiL Now, my frieqd, cried tbc
ftftimonger, keep good accoant 1 befeech you, for I ^m n9t
eovetous of a fiitgle ftroke beyond my due.
* « We Al ftood fufpended in ama^e* while this operatipii Vf^A
carrying on. At lengtli, d|i Jtfae inuant that the execHtiqncr
Bad given the fiftieth tafli. Hold! cried the fimerman, I have
ilready received my ftfll fliare of the price. Your (bare f queC-
tioned the Marquis, what can you mean by that }
* Why, my lord, you muft khow I h^ve a partner in this
bufinefr. My honour is engaged to let him have the half of
whatever J fiiould get 5 and 1 uncy that your bighjiefs will ic*
faiowledge, by and by, that it would be a tboufand pities tff
Sefraud him of a fii^gle ftroke. And pray, my friend, .V)^Iu^i$
this fame partner of yours? It is the porter, my lord, wfa»
guards the 'out-gate of yqiir highnefsV palace. He refMfed to
' admit me; bnt on the condition of promifing hiqi the hadf of
what 1 Ihould gift for my fiflj. • '
' < Oho I — exclaimed the Marquis, freaking out into a. lai^ll^
by the Meffing of heaven, he fbadl have his demand douWc^^Cio
htm in full tale. ^ . ,
< Here, the porter was font for and ftri^ped to the* fkiiH
when two grooms laid upon him with might and main, till
ihey rendered him fit to be feinted for a*fecond BartholomeWt
« The Marquis then prdered.his major dbmo to |^y the fiflief*
vAao twehty fequins ; and defu-ed him to call yearly for lhc
like film, in recompence of the friendly office bp had rendered
him' ^ .
• Wc cannot take leave of this Author without obfcrvingt^ C#
our Readers, that in perufing Mr. Brooke's novels, we have
been frequently reminded of the wild, the romantic, the cn-
chuftafttc, the vifionary John Buncle. There feeoH, indeed^ a
great funilitude between thefe two oti^ihal geniufOB* Tbcy are
both rdigioas champions, though they fight under ^ifif rent baa*
^lers. Mr. Bunde's zeal for the Unitarian fcheme if well imow^
to his readers;. and, in like manner, oar Audior's attacba«ent
to the Trinitarian hypoificTis, is equally (thoi^b Icfs frequently)
hvowed and ihanifefted, even in a n^el. Qf this a notable
Inftance occurs, in vol ii. p. 48, of the prefenj work : to whichj
however, we muft refer our Readers^ as we havp ali^y ex^
tended this article td its proper length.
A&T.
, f »«■ 1 ■-'
A»T. VL SuUi Pap€f$ cdUatd iv Mdmiori ^wrl tf Cldnniiit; W*
lome the Secpnd* Fo!:o* Large ^aper' i\. lit. vi Stictxu
Small Pitpev il. 5 s. 6d. Oxford printed, Und fi^d by T* Payne
in tcndoo, 1773.
IN the accoiiDts we gave of die ft^r/poer pirt of this ^eajt
QoUc6Uod, we blamed the £()itof> (or not alw^iys pa/^
ing ft, due attention to the order of tu^^ in which the papers
CN^t to be iniertcd ; and we mentioned two^ inftances in
{BBiticular^ wherein it appeared to i<sVl;Lat letters had beea.
iotroduced in an improper place,. It .hath ftn9e been fuddled
to us, that we were too hafty in our cea,fiu« 1^ aDd that, if we
4iftd compared the letters in queftion, with the rule and its cx-
-ce|>tions laid dow» in the preface^ Wfniould have found qq
jnft caaie for complaint. Not having)* at preient, tbac editioii
of the Clarendon papers by us to wbich we tben referred^ Wf^
tijmaot fay how ^far this ftri^ure upon our, conduct Is wcQ
^bunded. But we intimated, at tbf t^^ fbat it might be
akcmed too minaee criticifm, to enlarge pn (he inadv^rt^ncicsi
-wbtdi bad, as we- thought, occurred to. us; and it muft b^ ac*
knowledged, that t fagacious and diiigei^ editor may occafioor
adly- have good mafons for the trani^iition of his m'aiterialst
-iwhich ma/^not immediately be perceived, even by an atteptiv)e
reader.
The Reverend J>f. Richard Si^ropfe, of Magdalen Collegt*
Ozferd, is the ible publitber of tfa^ volunie before us. Tl^e
difiosldes attending the u^ertaki^gi . and which have occa-
iioned the progrefs of it to be flower ifhaii could otberwifc hare
been defined, are ftated by hidi xv^ the preface & from which we
Irain, with pleiifurr, that tbe trqftces of the late Lord fiy;^
have indulged thb Kditor with n^c)) fuller po^rers of felei^ioi]
Aaa* wece finrmtiJy given tf> biipai. in conjundllon with his
^league.
It was oMtntioiifd in the 5rft volume, that this entire ppllec-
tion of manuicripts confifted of two pares,, viz. of fuqh papers
as wcfe given to the Ur^iverfuy by tb? noble defcendanis of the
£rftJSaiIe{ClarendQr(9 and of fuch. as were communicated bjr
^rileiietB Kichaiid PQWf>ey« LL- P* in qrder to be publiflied
joMthr with thie iDweri ^\. whic^b they were originally a part.
But iince that tfoo there h#s be<n tfanfmitted to the Univerfity
ei thhrd ahdf v^ maienial pprtipn of the colledion, which was
iir the poOeiioaf of Jofci^^Radciiffe^ £fq^ one of t^e executors
$m Bdwand Eaot qf Gljir^iido^y w^a w^^ grandfon tQ the firft
fiaris and died jo. the }mf 1 723.
Mine ofthea anftetial a^QeiS^ns b^ve alfo been made to the
>edledton ; fofl mieh the greater part of which the Public is
\ to die miw«aii(d mhI^ ^^ induftry of the very worthy
C 3 and
tt €l2feniotfi^^tah Papers.
fud learned Dr. John Douglas, cano|i of Windlbr ; who hat
^m^de it; his buiinefs to draw together all the detached and
/catterc^ parts of the. original colledion. It was by means of
this gentleman, that the re-union between the Powney papers
;rnd the Hyde part of |he colledion was' tSt&cA. He was
afterwards commtffioned to purchafe the papers, left by Mr.
lladcliffCt He has fince himrelf purchafed, and thrown into
the common ftodc,'a parcel of manufcripts, which belonged to
the lace Mr. Guthrie* By Dn Douglas's means; other impon>>
^nt addiMons have been procured ; and the Editor i& obliged to
him for many valoable hints ahd informacions, which have
been of confidtrable ofe in conduding the prefent publication.
The title of the preceding volume was, * State Papers col-
Icflcd by Edward Earl bf- Clarendon.— Containing the Mate-
rials from which his Hiftory of the great Rebellion was com-
rfed, auJ the Authorities on which the Truth of his Relation
founded.' Prom this title we took occafion to expreft our
>pprehenfions, that the ilobie Hiftorian had culled out every
thing of ftcrling worth, and that what was left 'behind, was little
l)etter than drofs. But now a very dift'erent fcene ^refents it-
(etf. The Editor is convinced, upon a farther inCght into tho
'materials before him, of the impropriety of continuing, the fame
title to the fecond volume, which was prefixed totl^ former ;
^d which was then adopted upon a very partial view and com-
r' arifon of the contems of it with the hlftory of the rebellion.
For, not to mention, fays Dr. ScropQ, that there are many
valuable papers below the period of that hiftory, it will appear^
fven upon a curfory reading of this volume alone, that there
;ire many curious and entertaining particulars of which Lord
Clarendon has talcen no notice, either in that hiftory, or to has
]ife, and the continuation of his life, publtflied a few ]rean
fince ; and ilill farther, that t))ere is at leaft one very tmporc»
^nt point of bi(lory^ on. which be has alfo been filent, the tui-
certainty whereof has afforded matter of cbntroverly to the
^ble{l hiftorians of later days, but which is by tbefe papers
placed beyond ^11 manner of doubt. Indeed, ^here is nothing
fnore evident, than that much of his hiftory of the rebeUion
was compofed when he was at a diftance from thofe autterials,
%)^t mpft important parts of which are now, and will herealieri
be ptefipntcd to the Public in the prefent work.*
If this account Qicws, as it undoubtedly doth, that the cc4-
. legion of the -Clarendon ftate papers is much more valuable
$ind interefting than we at ntft apprehended, it refleAs, at the
fame time, a proportjonahle degree of difcredit oit the hiftory of
(h^ rebcll ion* Independently of Lord Claicodon's particular
'{pX\x\tn^ni% and reprefentations of things, we have long beei
if aA^^I^ (M therp a^e fpveral inftgnces iq whid^ he 4* qnooeous
<vt defeflive in his relation of h&s themfetvcs. This h now
rendered indubitable by the publication before us, and by the
teftimony of a friend to hia memory) who, of all others, is the
beft acquainted with the fubjed. As thefe papers will be too
▼olumtnous and expenfive e^r to fall into the hands of the ge-
nerality of readers, it muft certainly hereafter be defirable, igt
fome well-wi(her to the noble Earl's reputation, to col ledi to-
gether the various particulars, by which he would probably Jiave
given additional accuracy and perfedion to his hiftory, had he
been poflefled of bis original and authentic memorials, at the
time in which it Was finiihed.
The papers comprised in this volume, commence in the
year 1637, and are brought down to King Charles the Second's
fafe arrival on the Continent after the battle of Worceficr \ (b
that they include a moft important and interefting period of
the £ngli(h brftory, to which they may juftly be regarded as a
valuable acquifition.
• In the firft fct of letters which we here meet with, we have
a continuation of Secretary Windebank's correfpondence with his
Majefty, and feveral eminent perfons. Thefe were probably the
Secretary's moft confidential diipatches, which eicaped the vigi«
lance of the parliament. They relate to various tranfadHoos at
home and abroad, down to the 1 6th of O^ober, 1 640 ; and many
of them are very curious. The following letter, from the Earl of
Newcaftle, on his being appointed Gentleman of the Bedcham-
ber to the Prince of Wales, may fervc to fhew the high feufc
which the nobility at that time entertained of a court favour.
The Earl of NewcafUe to Mr. Secretary Windebank.
Noble Sir,
** I befeech yoo to prefent me In the moll humble manner in the
world tO' his Sacred Majefty, and to let his Majedy know I Oiall as
cheerfully as diligently obey his Majeily^s commands. Truly, the
infinite uvoar» honour, and trad his Majefty is pleafed to heap on
me in this princely employment, is beyond any thing^I can exprefs.
It was beyond a hope of the moft parti^ thoughts I had about me ;
neither is there any thing in me left, bat a thankful heart filled Avith
diligence, and obedience to his Sacred Majefty*s will.
** It is not the leaft favour of the King and Queen's Majefti<?s t6
let me know my obligation. And I pray. Sir, humbly inform their
Majefttes, it is my gceateft bleffiog that I owe myfelf to none but
their Sacred Majefties. God ever preferve them and their's, and
make me worthy of their Majefties' favours !
'* I have had but feldom the honour to receive letters from you %
but fuch as thefe you cannot write often. But truly 1 am very proud
I received fuch nappy news by your hand, which ihall ever oblige
me to be inviolably,
Sir, Your moft faithful
Welbeck, the 1 1 ft of and obliged Servant,
March 1657. W. Newcastle.**
C 4 In
i|4 0$MAotC§ Sut$ Tafdfs^
In (M^e td !tVio4ebank*8 tettcri to hia Majeify; iKefe it tii kih
torica) ciccumftaoce, rclpefiing Sir FfMKu SeyflMmr*^ c&odiiA
in the aflFair of Ship-oKmcy^ wJuch it mucb to diat geBtieiiiui'«
bopour, aiid is little^ if at all, known, l^he marginai Aote of
the Kiogt accompanying the letter, is a fufficient' indication of
bia arbitrary principles.
^* Sir Fraocis Seymour, upon complaint of the Qitriif of Wi]ts»
^at he refuied to pay the ihlppipg-money, amd tMl his example
diifcouraged others, which is the caafe of the great arrears in th^t
^oanty, was called to the board upon Wedoefday laft : where he tol^
the lords, he had againft his confcience, an^ upon the importonity
of his friends, paid that mojaey twice 5 but now his confcience would
futfer hiqf no more to do a thing (as he thoo^ht) fo contrary to law
and to the liberty of a (bbje^.- He (nrther acquainted the lords^
be bfld tauly received a leuex' from the board, giving him notice Of
your Majedy't expedition in 1^ >farth, and was ready to give ad
infwer. My lords apprehending by his boldneis in the Aipping
bufinefs, that he came pr^ared with a worfe on this, told hbn they
^ Cxpedlcd his anfwer in writing, and would i^t hearken to any ver-
bal difcourfe : only wjfhed hLp to be well a4vi/ed how he (pake
againft the legality of the former^ feeing it is fettled by a judgment,
arid fo confirmed by the judges. Hf
" 71f wiMfi needs make would have replied ; bqt iny lords com-i
l^m am exampU^ mi enfy manded him to withdraw ; and after, cave
iy dlirefi^ lui^ if it ^ Sir Edward Baynton, the fkttiff of the
f^bU^ an it^ormatioii in county for the preoedeit ytar, commandA
Jhme ecmrti, of f4r, A^nrtut fflcjit to diftrain his goodi ; which he hark
fiali a4*v}/e. hitherto iprborn in regard of his birth* aQ4
C. ^. .P9*fr in the country ; and he verily be-
lieves, he will make rcfillancc.
**'TIiis is too much unpleafing matter
fiamvih 23 Maj 1639. for jfour Mj^efty, for which I moft humbly
crave your princely pardon, aAd that I maj
ncverthelefs have the honour to reH
Vour Majeft)'*s
^oH humble ai[id obedient
Drury Lane, Subjcft and Servant,
J4.thMay 1^3 . Fran. V^i«debank.V
Among the reft of Secretary Windebank'a papery, wc find
& narrative, by Lord Conway,, of his condud in th^ afS^ion at
, cwburn^ and of the reafofis of his retreat from Newcaftle ;
which throws important light upon thofe events^^ and (hews, be-»
^ofld a ceafoiuble doubt, diat bia Lor4fi)ip hath bcea very itn-*
juftly. cenfqred by all our biftoriatis, not excepting the flarl of
Citrendon hlmfelf.
Sir Francis Windebank's difpatches are fucceeded by a num*
ber of lettefSt written by a v^ety of perfons^ on a variety of
occaGons. Here Mr. Hyde's correspondence properly begins j
and it is intermixed with many other papers* reUtive to the
Affairs both of England and Ireland. The letter (ubjoioody from
the
die Laki MmmtMtm to tkfi KmtI of »tr^fE^^ will ^ 4^m€i
fheiinofc remarkably, as it was feat to that ^oblw^u^ the dajr
'befair bia ;exccMttQfi.
The Lord Moantnorris to the £arl of Strafford. '
Myl#or4.c . ^
** With all humble fincerij^ of be^Mt I fpeak tt, I come not to yoa
to diHurb your peace» but to further it. My conieience witnefleth
Wi A K?e, «s I hope ^r ^v^ioAi thatt until you took away the Se^^
cretary's {Jnce mm w^ J hoiMmred and efteemed ^ou as my b^
friend, and p«vftr wittingljr Qffir94e4 you in word or deed, but nn*
boiojned my heart and advice to yofi* as I would have done to my
fiither, if htt had been liviagp And how fervently 1 (ought your r^^
conciliation» my feveral letters, and my poor afiii^ed wi^'t, written
and dire&ed.to Y^urftlf, may teftify for me. You brought me into
difgi^ce GsmkUSkblf with, my Rtacious Sovereign; whom 1 call God
to be my witneft I have ferved wjth sll poflible JTa^hfuInelk : ^ tbc^
^cprivii^ B^ of his Ma^lly'^ f^ybur^ hath been, and h more griev«
ous td mt than any deaxb can be* Yon have pubUckly di(hoooure4
and diigracod i^e by accufiqg me of bribery, corruption, and oppref^
fion, whereof my God knows I am inpocent ; ina for trial thereof (
have fuhmit^ niy felf to the ftrifleft forutiny of tl^| parliament. You
have by a high and powerful IkmmI by miiin&rmadon to his Majefty^
irippcd mn of iftU tey offices and f n^pWymcnts, and fo ioipoveritbe4
a^e iln n^ a^tate^ and broughl fo n^any calamities upon me and m\(
iiiikitSs4 w9l apd her &v«a children, who are nearly allied to hei^
tiiajt is &£uttt in heaven, and w^ the mother of your dear children,
•s have rained their footon^s* which I hoped would have been adr
vaaced by y6ur favourable furtherance. My {jord, I beieech yon
pardon me ibr. making this woefol relation^ which proceeds from 9,
grieved fiifrowful foul with teai? from my eyes ; not for mvfelf, (foe
I ble6 Cod my aftiflions have weaned^ m^ fron^ this world, and my
Ibcart is fiiced upon a heavenly habitaoon) but for my poor infanta*
fokes* whom I am Hke by thefo ocpaiions to leave dulrefled, if hia
lifajefty take noit .oon6deratk)n of them. If your («ord(hip's heart
do not tell yon yon h»re bee^too croel to meand mine, Imuft leave it
iothe^ipardicX'Qf allJiesrts t» be judge batwi^ct as; but if it do,.yoa
may be pleafed, in difcharge of a good confcience, to make fome iig«
atication thereof to his Ari^eiiy 1 and I wili not doubt but my God
will difpofb ^h Ms^efty 'shear t to t^ cprap^ffion of my poor infants,
and rewaiid it into the bofom of yoa^ and your's accordingly. And,
»y Lord, i do £|[0» my heart forgive you ajlthe wrongs you have
dosecomeand imne; and do upon the kneesof my heart befccdl
my God not to ky ^em to your charge, but to receive your fbul
into his ^oriona prefeoeei where all tears ihaU be wiped fkom
jpmt tye^ Aaon* amen, forcer Jefnsl which (hail be the inccffant
sSrayerof
^ YowrLofdftrff^'s
itofMaytd4U Broths in Chri# Jefos,
FaA. MOVNTKORRIS.'*
. (jord Digby having fpoken^ in a letliier written frdg) Dul)lja
ta Sir Edward Hyde ) 0^ the proccedin^a againfi. the ^arl of
GlaiBOfga%
126 ClarendonV ^ait Paperi.
Glamorgan, relative to his cdminifioA to treat with the Irifli
Catholics, the Editor hath taken oocafiooi/o introduce a very
curious letter from that Earl to Lord Claren^ony ibon after the
Reftoration,
The Marquis of Worcefter (late Ear! of Glamorgan) to the Earl of
' Clarendon.
My I^rd Chancellor,
" For his Msjcfty*s better infbrniation» through your fiivoor, and
hy the channel of your Lord{hip*a nnderftandiirg ihingi n^tXy^ give
me leave to acqdaint yoa widi one chief key, wheremch to opea
the fecret paiTages between his late ^Majefty and myielf in order to
his fervice ; which was no other than a i«al expofing of myielf toaof
^xpence or difiicnlty, rather than hk jaft defign (hould not tiJco
^lace ; or, in taking effed, that his hbdour fhoold faffer. An efied.
yon may jnftly fay, relifhing more of a fi^flionate and blind tfiec<*
tion to his Majeftv's fervice, than of difcrcdon and care of mf(c\£m^
This made me taKe a refolndon that he (honld have fi«med angry
with me at my retnm out of Ireland, until I had brought hiAi into a
pofture and power to own his commands, to make good his inftroc"
lions, and to rewaitf my faithfalnef^ and zeal therein*
^ ^ Your Lordfhip may well wonder, and the King too, at the am-
plitude of my commiffion. But when you have anderftood the height
of his Majefty's deiign, you will foon be fatiafied that nothing left
could have made me capable to efiedl it ; being that one army oif tea
thoufand men was to have come out of Ireland through North Wnles;
another, of a like number at lead under mv command in chief, have
iexpe6led my return in South Wales, which Sir Henry Gage was to
have commanded as Lieutenant General; and a thiid (honld have
confided of a matter of fix thoufand men, two thou&nd of which were
to have been Liegois, commanded by Sir Francis Edmonds, two
thoufand Lorrainers to have been commanded by Colonel Bro^e,
and two thoufand of fnch French, Englilh, Scots, and Iri(h, as could
be drawn out of Flanders and Holland. And the fix'thoufitad were
toJiave been, by the Prince of Grangers affiftance, in the flffiieiated
counties : and the Governor of Lyne, coofin-german to Mi^<h>
Bacon, Major of my own regiment, was to have delivered the towa
unto them.
* ** The maintenance of this army of foreigners was to have come
from the Pope, and fuch Catholtck Princes as he (hould draw into it,
having engaged to afibrd and procure 309000 1. a month ; out of
which the loreign army was firft to be provided for ; and the remain-
der to be divided among other armies. And for this purpofe had I
power to treat with the Pope and Catholick Printes with pardcnlar
advantages promifed to Catholicks, for the quiet enjoying their re^
iigion, without the penalties which the ftatotes in force nad power
to inHJ^ upon them. And my inftruftions for this purpofe, and my
powers to trea| and conclude thereupon, were figned by the King
linder his pocket fi^net, with blanks for me to pot in the aaaws m
Pope or Princes, to the end the King might have a ftardng hole to
deny the having given me fuch coonniffions, if excepted agaiaft by
his own fubjeds ; leaving me as it were at ftake, who for his M4«
j^y*s fake was willing to undergo it, tmfting to his word alone.
«« la
*^ Tn like {nanner did I not ftick n^n kniring thb comaifliott
inrolled or aflented' onto by his Cooncili nor iiMetd the Teal to be
pat onto it in an Ofdinary manner, bot as Mr. Endymion Porter and
1 coold perform it, with rollers and no fcrew-preis,
'* One ihkig I befeech your Lordfliip to obTerve. that though T had
DOwer by it to erefl a mint any where, and to dlfpoie of his Ma-
jefty*s revenues and delinquents' eftates, yet I never did either to the
Talue of a forthing, notwith^oding my own necei&cies, a^know^
ledging that the intention of thoTe pow^s given me, was to make ule
-of them when the armies (hoold be afoot ; which dcfign being broken
by tey commitment in Irdaod, I made no ufe of thofe powers ;
and confeouently, repaying no«r whatever was difb^rfed by any for
patents of honour, as now I am contented to do, it will evidently
appear that nothiog hath ftuck to jny fingers in order to benefit or
iblf-intereii ; which I h«n»bly fi^bmit to his Majefly-s princely con^
£dermtioo, and the mamf^aienc of. my concerns therein to your
Lord/hip s grave judgment, and to the care of me» which your Lord-
ihip was pioafed to own was recommended unto you by the late King,
my mod gracious Mafter, of glorious memory ; and the continuance
thereof is moil humbly implored and begged by me who am really
and freely at your Lprd&ip's difpofal, firit^ in order to his Majefty s
'ftrvke, and next to the applying mylelf,
My Lord,
Yoor Lordfhip's mod really affedionate
' Jane ii , i66o. and mod humble Servant,
WoRCBSTEa.**
Dr, Scrope obferves^ in a note, that this letter is decifive of
the difpute concerning theaitrhenticity of the commifEon granted
to the Earl of Glamorgan. But, in the preface, he retraorthis
aflertion, as too inconriderately expreffed. The letter, he fayt«
does not prove the commiflton to be authentic^ the proof there
refting folcly upon the veracity of the writer, a very intercKed
perfon. The £)odor takes notice, however, that the authen-
lidty of the commiffion is abundantly confirmed by two letters
from Sir Edward Hyde to Secretary Nicholas, and by a letter of
Mbnf. MontreuiPs to the King, all of which are inferted in this
volume. The general fa£t, therefore, is now afcertained beyond
contradidion, whatever credit be paid to fome of the particular
circumfiances mentioned by the Earl of Glamorgao.
We fliall clofe the prefent article, with a ipirited letter of
tx>rd Culpeper'sy concerning the ftate pf his Majefty'a afBurt -
The Lord Culpeper to Mr. John Aihbambam»
'* This is again mod eamefUy to intreat you to bend all your wi$s
to advance the Scotch treaty. It is the only way Itft to faye the
crown and three kingdoms ; all other tricks will deceive ^oo. This
is no age for miracles \ and certainly the King's condition is fuch,
ihitt lefs than a mirade cannot fave him without a treaty, nor any
treaty (probably) bot that. If this take, the King will be in London
in yi%Kt before phf iftmiu. Therefore, if the opportunity I left in
your
St PUUJipbuafTfafi/UlioHfi fir thi Tear 1773;
jrocrr power be loft, gfre not over tilt you find another ; and iT foa
£i>d it nott make it. It is no time to ckUIy ttpon diftinflioiis omA
xrkidrns. All the world will laugh at them when a crown is iu
queftiQn* If yoo can make the Scots yoor friends dMn any IumkII
Henns, do it. Remember^ that kingdom onited, and w North, And
rise King^ frtemJs at London, will quickly ntaRer any oppofitm
^htch the independents can make. The queftion ought not to be.
Whether, but how, yotf (hoald do ih If yon can engage a tKaty,
^t a nafsfbr me, I will qnickly be with yoa. Whether the King take
my advice, or not, he will beHevrk 10 be the bell couafel that ever
^as given htm. The beft yon can ho|)e for in the Weft It a reprieves
lilidlunimer-day will not leave the'Kiag one town in it : livland witf
be a broken reed ; neither can I believe much in Scotland withoitt n
treaty. As for foreign force, it is a vain dream. At foes as Fmr*
fsx advancetb, all the horfe here are in a aet, withont poffibiltty ei-
liier to b^ak through, or to fave themfelres in our garrifons. Tb^
borfe loft^ it will he nnpofBble ever to get op an army again : and fif
yon faw os, yon wonld believe we are not in condition to fight. The
^iaily venture of the King's perfbn will be great ; (b vmll Uie hazard
be of the Princess eicaping In^ond fea, if he (hould be put to it^
and if he were there, it would be a M condition ; and if he were t*
fall bto the rebels' hands, the King were undone, undone. , If half
your Scots news be true, the intereft of that nation is clearly of your
fide ; and /on may gain them, and thereby certainly fave the crown^
^f you will. But yon muft not ilick upon circumftancea, nor part
unwillingly with what you cannot keep. . Your treaty muft not be an
vnderha^ one, (that wHI deceive yon) but an avowed one with Lef-
]e^ and Calander. As foon as they have pronnfed to piotcd thfc
Kmg's perfon and his prerogative,, he n fafer with tlttm. than in
JNmraftle. All thaa they can a(k, or the King part wiih» is a trifle in
acyQp^ft of the f rice of a crown. Diijpiite not wbilft you. (hould re-
ibivc; nor fpend in debate that precious time which is only fit for
tt^lion. This opportunity loft is not to be Recovered. Ufe this bearer
Jciiidty* If there be a Scotch treaty, his Lord miift be at one end
ofity and will be very ufeful. He belicveth this letter h wholly coti-
cerning his Lord. Send him fpeedily back; 'and write at large by
1dm and all other weys to, &c.
February.
. . . [To hi ecncbided In aur nsxiJ]
AftT^VlL ^hiUfifhuulTranfaaiofa^ Vot.. tjcii. 4tO.. 14 s (hidved.
Dayiea. 1773- r
WE find, by an advcrtifement prefixed to this v<i)iiine»
thatj in confequence of a rrfolutidn, at a council of
the Royal Society, Tart. 28, \^^%^ the PbilofopivieaK Tianfac*
tioiis win be pubjjmed twice in each year. Aceordiirgly tire
voliime before us* and the lA part * of vol. Ixtii. have appeardl
* The volume ^ox each year is forihe future, to be pubjilhed in
fwo parts, under the diftinft titles of " Firft Paxt,'^ and ^^ :5econJd
''-n, ' of the volume.
within
PhlkfofbUal TranfaSlhns^ for the Yior 1773. ay
within the fpace' of a few^ months paft. The fixty-fccond vo-
lume} however, has the firft claim co a place in our Review;
and we fhail begin with thofe articles which relate to
Astronomy.
Article 4. Extras of a Letut from Mr. George JViuhell^ F.R.S.
and Ma/ier of the Royal Academy .at Portjmouth^ to Charles Mvr^
• ton^ M.D. Sec. R, S,inttft'7g Jome Account of a Solar Ecli^t
\ oj^ferved at George^ tfiand^ by Captain JVal&i\ and ffveral ajiio*
/ mthical Ohfirvauom made at Portjmouth,
This cclipfc was obfcrvcd, on the 15th of July 1767, from a
point of land, the latitude of which, deduced from the mean of
many cfbfcrvatioiw, isr t7« "y/ South ; and the longitude, deter-
mined,* by various obftrvations^of the diftance of the fun from the
moon, between i49<» 30^ and 149 •* 50' Weft from London. Mr.
IfiPiycA^// tomputes the longitude from tlic end of the ecllp^
Which ^em> to have been more exactly afcertained than the
beginning, and finds it 9 h. 55' 55'' Weft from Gr^nwich^
or 148^ 58' i. Which is 41' i lefe than the mean refult of the
lunar oUervaUons ; A difference, all ctrcumftances Confidered;
Inot very greit, as thefe were the firft obiervations that were effct
tnad^ on this i&and.
The 6ther Dbfervatlotfs tdntained ih thi^ article arc thofeof
meitdian tranfits for determining the folfiices and the oppofi-
tfons of the threi fuperior planets. . They were partly made by
Mr, Bradley^ and partly by Mr. lyitchelL . From a comparifoa
pf the former obfervations it appears that the true 2enith dif-
tance of the fun's center
* At the winter folftice is - ' - - 74*^ 16^ ^^^4,
' And at the fummer Iblftice - - 27 19 51.6
Therefore, the diftance of the Tropics 46 56 21,8
The half of which is - - 23 28 lo . 9
By Mr. Mayer's tables, the decrement of
the obliquity in three months is - - 0 . 1
Hencethemean6bIiquity,Dec,2i, 1770,1323 28 ii%o
Junc2i,r77i, 23 28 10.8
And from thefe obfervationi the latkude of their ob&rvatory at
Partfmotub appears to be 50^ 48^ tJ' 4 North. *
Article 6. Di reliant for ufing the common Micrometer^ tatenfrom
et Paper in the late Dr. Bradley's Hand-writing : Communikatod
^ Nevil Mafketyney Aflronomer Royal, and F, R. S.
The firft ufe of micrometers uras eolv that of meafuring finall
angles, fuch as the diameters of the fun and moon, arid other
plaiitts, and taking the Jiftaitce of feeh ebjcQs, as appeared
within the apertt^^e of the felefcope at the fame time t l>ut they
luvf fince been contrived for more general ufe ; and» in their
4 laicr
N. ^
30 PbikfiphUalTranfaAimSifir tbiTiori'J'j^^
*atcr conftruftlon, anfwer the end of taking the difiirenccof
right afcenfion and declination of thole objeds, which, in their
apparent diurnal motion follovr one another through the tele-
fcope, provided it be kept in the fame fituatioti. This paper
contains very ufeful indrudions for applying the micrometer
to every kind of obfcrvation, of which it is capable. It doea
not admit of an abridgment, and our limits will not allow us to
infert'the whole of it.
Article 9. A DeduSihn of tbt quantity of the furCs parallax from
the Comparifon of the fever al Obfervations of the late Tranfit of
Venusy made in Europe, with thofe made in George IfUmd in the
South Seas : Communicated by Mr. Euler^ jun. Secretary of thi
Imperial Academy at Peterfburg ; in a Letter to Charles Aurton^
M.D. ^c.
An abridgment of a diflertatkm on this fubjed writfen by
^i. Le:(itL^ a member of the imperial academy, and to be in*
ferted in the 1 6th volume of their Commentaries. By com*
paring fcveral obfervations and applying the neceflary correc-
tions, he makes the fun's parallax 8.^' 55.
Article 14, A Letter from Mr. Peter Dollond to Kevil Majkelynif
F.R.S. and Ajlronomer Royal \ defcribing fomk Additions and
Alterations made to Hadkfs ^adrant^ to render it moreferina^
able at Sea.
The principal improvements introduced by Mr. Dollond in
the conftrudion of Hadlef^ quadrant, relate to the methods of
adjufting the glades for the back obfervation. For this purpofe he
applies an index to the back horizon glafs, by which it may be
moved into a parallel pofition to the index glafs : and by mov-
ing this index exadly 90^, the glafs is fet at right angles to
the index glafs, and is properly adjufted for ufe* In order ta
fix the horizon glafles in a perpendicular pefition to the plane
of the inftrument, he has contrived to move each of them by a
(ingle fcrew, that goes through the frame of the quadrant, and <
which may be turned by means of a milled head at the back,
while the obferver is looking at the objc<£t. Mr. D. has like-
wife placed the darkening glafles, propofed by the Aftronomer
Royal^ in (nth a manner, that they may be eadly turned behiml
either of the two horizon glafles | and of thefe there are threcr
different ihades.
Article 15. • Remarks on the Hadleys\^adrant, tending prin^-
cipally to remroe the Difficulties which have hitherto attended ttk
XJJe of the Back'Obfeivation^ and to obviate the Errors ihtft
might arife from a IVant of Parallelifm in the two Surfaces of tbt
Index'Glafs. By Nevil Mafkelyne, F. R. S. i^c.
■ I I II I ■ I ■ ■ i_. ■ lit J I I J
* See the Nautical Almanack for 1774*
Some
fbibfipbiiol Trofl/a^ictu^ fvt tbeTior 1773; 31
Some Biethod of facilitating the back-obfervation in the ufe of
HtuUt/n quadrant^ is ^iblutdy neceflary to the perfedion of this
ufeful fnftrtunejit. In order to this, the back horizon- glafs muft
be carefully adjufted and the fight muft be direfied parallel to the
plane of the quadrant. Mr. DoUond has contrived to obviate
the firft diffic^ulty by a new conftr(i£lion» of which \ye have
given a brief account in the preceding article. The proper ad<^
juftment of the line of fight, or axis of the tcle(cppe, is the.
fiibje^ of this article. If the quadrant be not fitted with a
telefcope, a direftor of the fight fhould by no means be omitted :
but wlien a tcMpope is ufed, the exaS pofition of it is a mat-
ter of great importance ; and therefore Mr. M. lias fuggefied
feveral direSions for this purpofe* He recommends an adjuft*
ing piece to be applied to the tclefcope, in order to malce its axis
parallel to the plane of the quadrant v the filvcring of the back
horizonrglais ; and the placing of two filver thick wires within
the eye-tube in the Jocua of the eye glafs, parallel to one ano-
ther and to the pl^e of the quadrant. He then propofe^s two
methods for bringing the axis of the telefcope into a poruion
parallel to the plane of the q.uadrant* In the fequel of the
paper there are many inftru&ions and remarks, that may be oi
ipreat ufe, both to thofe who make and to thofe who ufe ^bia
loftrument. . .
Article 24* A lattir /rem Jchn Call, Efq'f to Ntvil Majieljm^
F* R. S. Jlfirgmnur Rfyal^ cMaining a Skttch of the ^Ignsofthe
Zodiac, fannd in a Pagoda^ n$^ Cape Comer in in India.
This letter is attended with a drawing, taken from the ciel-
ing of a Qfotdtry 01 Peigoda at Verdapettah in the Madurah counr
try« The cielipg is of a fquare figure, from the center of
which is fufpended by two hooks a throne on which the Deity
or Swamy^fits, when exhibited to the worfiiippers. in. the .
fides and at the angular points are delineated the figures of the
12 figns of the Zodiac : Aries and Haurus are to the £aft ; Ge*
nam in the South £afi angle ; Cancer and Leo to the South } '
Virgo in the Squth-Wcft corner ; Libra and Scorpio to the
Wdli^^rjr/i!^; to the North- Weft j Capricornus and Aqua*
rim to the North, and Pi/cis to the North- taft. Mr. Call in-
forms us, that he has often, met with detached pieces of tbb
kind, but with only one fo complete. And he cooje£iures, that
the SigtM of the Zodiac now in ufe among Europeans were prir
gioally derived from the Indians by Zorpafter and Pythagoras ;
and as tbefc pbilofophers are fiill fpokei} of in India under the
names of Z/r^i^ and Pyttagore^ he fii)!gefts the idea, that the
worfhip of the cow, which fiill prevails i;i that cqujjtry, wa^
tranfplanted from thence into Egypt. He thinks ^ it may be
£ifely pronounced that no part of the world has more marks of
antiquity for arts, ^lences, and cnltivation, than the Pcnin»
f, fula
jl nUkfophii^ TrdnfiMmu for th$ IW* 1773.
Alia of Ittdtfl, ffoin the Ganges t6 Ca{M Coiti6riR 1 nor b there
in tbe worM a §iier cHmnte, or f aoe of ibe coMftry, nor 9 fjpol
better inhabited, or Aled with towm, templet^ andvillagei,
tban this Tpact is throughout^ if China and feme parts of Europe
are cxdB^d.*
Mr. CaH baa tranAnitttd to the Society tbe roanufcripts of
tbe late Mr. RMm^ which b^ entrufted with bim at hit death i
tbey have Itoce been examine by fevefal of tbe membe#t) who
found, that they conuin nothing material more than hat been
already printed ; excepting a treatifa on military diltiplf n« ;
which may probably be inferted in tbe next editkNi of his
works.
I^ ATHEMATICt
Arricle 22. KOEKINON EPATOZeEHOTZ : ar, rh$ Suw
ifEratofthmei. Being an AceOtmi rf hit MHb$d pf fihS^g all thi
Primi Numkns. By the Rev. Samuel He^fley^ /. *. S.
Tbe nature and diftindion of prime and cocnpofite mimbtn
are generally undcrftood } fo is tikewife the matbodof dettr-
minmg) whether feveral numbers propofed be prime or compo*
. lite wi(fa refjp^a to one another : thia is a problem, tbe Motion
of which Budid has given in the three firft pfopoifitiona of tbe
^th book of the Elements, and it is Co be met with in the com-
mon treatifes of arithmetic and algebra. But to dttermi«e
whether any nunfber propofed be abfolutely prime or compofife
is much more difficult } dor doea there feem to be ar^ general
method^ whereby this problein may be Sre&iy folved } and
whereby a table may be conftruded, including all the pifme
numbers to any given Kmrt« Eratofcheiies, who wma fo jufliy
celebrated * among the fages of the Alexandrian fetmol,' con*
trived an \ndirt& method for conftrudmg fuch a table, and for
carrying it to a great length, in a (bort timoi and with imk Im*
boun This curious imfcniion has been defcribtd only by twio
very obfcure writers, and has diercfore in a^reac meaTum
efcaped notice* 1 be names of Nicmaihui (atrafininj who,
among other treaties, wrote an ^kwoLyayei A^i^/u^ik^, and
lived in tbe 3d or 4th century, and Beethiks^ whofe (ceatife of
numbers is only an abridgment of tbe ^ wretched performanoe*
of tbe former, are but little known.
Mr. Horfley prefents the Society with a particular account oif
Ibis extraordinary iavention : ik^hicb he confiders * as one of
the moft precious remnants of antient' arithmetic/ He has not
tbought it neceflary to confine bimfelf in every particular to the
account of Nicomacbus^ moft of whofe obTervaticms are ehber
erroneous or foreign to the purpofe $ ind that tbe learned may
judge bow far he has done juftice to this invention, he baa fete*
joined extrafis both from the treatiie of Nieemaihtt^ tod tJtit
jhithmetica of Boetbiui. Mn //. Q\^tnt%^ tbac ^^ ficsre e€
> Eratoftbcaea
Philofophical frOfi^a^f^ /of the fear 1773,' 39
&r^k>(lhene%is a vqfy dUFa-^t^ih^g frcunxbat table^ which haf
bcea falfely afcribed to hio), and which is printed at the end
X)f ihc beautiful edition of Jnius publiiKed a: Oxford. ia 1762,
and adorned wjtb ^he title o{ K^fr^yov Epxrcr^tuitg^ This^* he
apprehepdS) was copied from ftbpic G^eeic comipent upon the'
arithmetic of Nicomachuf, and. to have been the prodiition o^
(bme monk in a barbarous age^ and.not the whole of tl^e myea*
lion qf £ratoilbenes. , . - . ^^ • .
. We will tranfcriipe thi^ problem, with its (bl^ipi?^ iW tbt
amusement of our nuthemaxical Readers : .. *
I . • Problem, fa, find all thg prime numhers^ ,
Th« number 2 is a prime nurabei; j but, except 2j no cveit
number is prime, bccaufe every cve^' number, except 2, is di-
yifible \^y a, ^nd ;is tb^reforf comppfite. Hence it follows^
that all the prime numi>ers, except the number ^, afe included
in the feries of the odd ^umh(yrs,in their natural ofcl^r, infinitely
extended, 0at js, ill the feries, ...
^5.7. 9. II. 13. IS. 17- '9v^ir23»25. 27. 219.3t.3>3j»&C4
Every number^ which is not prime. Is, a multiple of iiime prime
number, as Ei^clid jfiath demonilrated (l£|cment. 7. pr^, 33)*
therefore the foregoixig fcries confifls of the prime n^umbcfrs, ami
of multiples of the primes. Anfl ^he muUiplri of every num-
ber in the Xexies follow at r^ular diil«iiices^ by. atti^uding to,
which circumflance all the multiples, that is^ ;)U th^ rompo*
fite nuitibers, may be cafily difTmguilbed and exterminateJ/-**-^
• For between 3 and its'iirft multiple in the feries (9) two num-
bers intervene. Between 9 and the next multiple of 3^(45)
two numbers likewire intervene, whiCb arc not mukipfes of 3/
* Again, between 5 arid its .firft* multiple (15) four num-
bers intervene, which are nptmultiplfspf j/^— * In lilc^nW^
tier, between every pair of the mohiples of ^s a^ they (taiSlRA
tlieir natural order In the ferres, fix numbers intcrv^e,' wKfch
are not multiples of 7, Uniirerfally, bietween every two mul-
tiples of any number », as they ftaild in their naptural brder iit
the feries, «— i numbers intervene, \Vhich arc not multiples of
ir. Hence may be derived an opdriatiort for extermioatiftg thd
compolite numbers, which I take to have been the operation of
the fievc, and is as follows t '
7 he Operation of the Sievi,
Count all the terms of. the feries following the riumbj^r 3, b/
three, and. expunge every third number. Thus all the rtiuU
tiplcs of 3 ire expunged. The firft uncancelled' nurttbcfr that
appears in' the feries. aftc!r % is 5. Expunge ttte fcjuare
of 5* Count all the term^ of the feries, which follow the
fquareof J* by fives, and expunge every fifth numl^er, if not
expunged before. Thus all the multiples of 5 are e>(punged^
l/?hich were not at firft expunged, among the multiples of 3.
• K£ir« Jan. I774r D The
|0 Ih Sd^fu^ Vhb.
The natt^w^BcdM number to < b 7. Kcpmige the fi|iiM
0f 7. Count all the terms of the ieries following the fquare of
7« fey ferenst nd expunge every (eventh number, if not ex-
.^nged before. Thus an the mdtipltt of 7 are expunged^
#nich were not before expunged among the muMplei of 3 or
5 /'*-*-'* Continue tbefe expan^Hons till the firft uncanceled
Aitmber that ap^ean, next to that wbofe multiples have been
laii expunged, is fuch, that hs fijaare is j^reater than the laft
and g;reatm dumber to which the fories is extended. The
num&rs which then remain uncancelled «re all the prime mm-
berS| except the liumber a, which occur in the natural pro-
{^reiBon of number from i to the limit of thd feriet • By the
imit of the ftries I mean the laft and g|[5^^ number, to whteh;'
It is thought proper to extend it. THut the ^kne mimberf
are found to any given Kmrt f •'
Article 30. Geometricot Scbttiom tf ^n ceMratii Jfirmomkal
PrcbUms^ bf the hi$ Dr. Henry Fimberton. Commumcatei if
MaAm Raier^ EJq\ F.JLS.'
The firft of thefe problems Is to find in t)ie Ecliptic the point
of trngefi afcenfion ; the focond is to find when dM are of the
Kdiptic difiiers moft from Its obUque afoenfion 1 and the thhd
Is to find the Tropic, by Dr. HaU$/% method *, without uwf
eonfideration of the paralK)la» To thefe three plrobtems a htm-
ma it premi(ed ; but as they are purely geometrica!, they admrt
<rf no extra A or abridgment.
{To h cdtttlntted.]
Art. VUL n0fS^ho$I /ft Whrn, a<:«idy 1 as it b peiAnaed at
the Theatrc-Roja], ia Drory-Laaca SrOb is. 6 d. Becket*
THIS play (as ufoal fincc the dayt of Drydeh) is preteded
by a prMoe; and it baa occurred to us, in perufin|; it,
Aat the author of a ptay, ibould write hit prdimmary dtfcourfe
before be has known hie fuecefs : if daoaned^ Ills readers wotiM
not tben^ by his alrafe and iU-natare, be put into an tumour
that might provoke them to repeat the fentencer ; <and If he hasK^
been faved, they would not come prep#flb(fed againft him, as a'
coxcomb, from a vain parade of his aims and iiftentk>nS) am)
his infipid compHmenta to the a^rs.
If we did not think the'ScbooI for Wives a comedy of nlerir,
we fliQuld not trouble ourfelves about the Autfior's ^rtf»sti tut
if he wUhes it to be read with pleafure by perfons of Judgment
/and take/ we would advife hiq» in future^edition^ tb let the
11 J ■ ill ... ■ . ■ r ■ ' ti I In II lii I ii II
j7. 19, it. 4V 4^; 4?' 4g' W- 53- it' |^ S9n 61.. 6j. ^ 67.
?9. 7».- 73. !fS' J7?' 79-. 81. »3- 4^. \^' 89. 91. ifi. pi»
• Vi4e Philo&phical Tranfaftions, Nq. 2.1 5«
Tl)i Sth'ool fir Wiv'ih Jfj
Mef«ce be forgotten. At prtffeilf/ bo#e^Hi it^tBto^jltrva to
^peajk of his opinbns snrd pnrpofes : *^*^* -^ ^ * * _r
* The Authored chief ftuxJy hw becir W *ecf batitceriflWIexh^rats
of iei|tiincfiui gioon, a|id tke exceflb of aniii^eftiBgiiptttyVlkie hat
ioflK bagii» ftt he hopes hehts alfii fo«ie JeiSEKri ^ond- IkQiiombleas It
has lately bc«o for ^ wits, eyeii with bis friend |ili\ G^fHck at their
hcad» to ridicule the Comic Muik when a Jittle gwt^ be mufi think
^bat flie degenerates Jnto f^rcc:* whete the erana hufineis of^injtnic-
tio^ is'ne^eded^ and coniider it as a heitiy in criticiH^.to j^y that
one of themofi arduous tafics within the reach* of literaturei ^ould^
when executed, be wholly ivithont triility.** /
'. The Author having betn prefumfkuotis enough to aflert that he
has BOt porMned a flugle ^ri^ of bays ihmi tke-brow of aay other
wrtltr, he jMy perhaps, be aflced/if there are not feveval i^iays in the
£i]|;]id) Ungit^ whi^h; before hts« producff^ gpner^ls; hwycr?,
Iriumen^ dnels, mafquerades, and miftakes I ^e a^fv^ers, Y^ j ond
confefo* moreover^ that a]l t||e comedies before hi^ were compofed
^ot only of men and women^ but that before hi^, the 2feat buiincfs
of comedy confifted in making difficulfies for the purpofe of /^nioving
chem ; in diitrefibie poor young lovei-s, and in rcnclerio^ a. happy
nttiriage the obje£ of every cataftrophe* , ^ .
" « Tfet ihotigh the Author of the 8chool ftr Wives plea^b goitty to
idl'tbeA durges,. Hitl in exceQUition of his offence, he begs leave to
oWbnrc^ that having only men and women to introduce ilpon th;:
(iMit^ was obliged to eompofe hu Dramatis ?crfon«x)f meer fieOi
and.blpod; if however he has thfovvn this„Ae(h ai)dthis bJood into
mrw fituations; if he h^s given a ami} fable, and placed hj^ charac-
ters in a point of light hitherto unexhibtted : — he flatters himfelf that
he m^y £9ll bis pky»_a new play ; and though it did not exiit before
lhe<reatio« of the woiid» like the lamoue Welch pedigree, tfaae he
SUtv have fome faall oroteniions to originality/
• By this method of expatiating, we fuppoiC) the Authoir meaoa
ai^fipppflefe-ptopkr i» fav^Hj of bis plaft § hM^ in^OMr a^ielien-
fy», lie ia miftaktn. We ioa^iae 'ihat .his Read^ra^w^uld
^ve aioro readilf yWUtd him&bc'praifo which ho CEUijr nally
ifkfW\ if ^ biid i>Ql« ii^ this BMiB0cr» ffic^mid Ms^ datm to
it»f-iBcttfiewfi»^ boMrev«r» ^re pt^v ^ifpaffionatt men; and
^l(efHdi4>^d to overjool^ i bejime i^Hrmitiesyalid foibks^ of de-
feiyiAg-Authorst Thtsy will tbctf^efote forgive the fuilts of the
fH^f^i aadpfOCee<} to qonfidci.xbe wori^ which.it intfoduce^
to our notice.
* '^te^a^iwJ «iofM'Af Aiaplajr is» iaitfelff cxcclleot, and
f)9C94«l)y leffmtJ^^ ^ 9 tio^, y}9fl^<MyMg^l in&iditjr in thf
aifi^ii»r^i4 in kinft by liie Udiea^, wilb an oflNBUiGtye.and «iar*
«^lj9r i^^Unoft } and aU tbe foft ami mrifUMiq^ grf4^ of the £sx
•!>• almoft loft lo the werld.«->Tho Author haa alib vcryjiap*
|rilf^^pofcii the foUy and abAirdity of daellin^.
' Tfie iirft Aft is opened by t^o lovers prtvateljr engaged-^*
Captain Savage, and Mifs Walfingham; whofe converlatioh
prioc)pa% tarns on an rntriguo of VetviHe's. This BelviUe ii
{fat faBftMid who furnifbes die wife with fubjeaa for her lef*
D % fofK
36 The School for JVlvfS.
fons. He had got acquainted with and deluded Mlfs LecJotTf
niece of Mrs, Tcmpcft, the miftrcfs oT General Savage, who ia
the Captaiii's father. Behille had effected this tender pretence
of being an Irifli manager, and had engaged the Lady for the
Dublin ftage. Mrs. Tempcft procured fomc knowledge of his
defign, and bad upbraided \\'n\ with it in the hearing of Mrs.
Belville ; but in fo outrngcous a manner, that Bflville cafily
pcrfuad^d his gcod wife th^t the woman was mad. Mr, and
Mrs. JBiilvilJc join Captain Savage and Mifs Walfingham ; and
a few words pafs on this fubject, when Lady Rachel Mildew
fends her compliments and fays (he will wait on Mr. and "Mrs.
Belvilltf. Some witty hints arc given of a love-affair bctvveen
this Lady, who is a poet and a wit, and Torrint;tcn^ an old
lawyer ; and Mifs Wallingham tells us, * that Lady Rachel puis
her charms into fuch repair, whenever (he expefls 10 meet him*
that her checks look for all the world l.kc a rafb;:rry ice upon a
ground of cuftard,' — This piece of wit has been applauded, but
we^appjehend it to be defedtive in many efl'cntial requifites of a
fimile. It is not at all to be underdood, but by thofe who arc
admitted to the tabks of tbc great ; and it gives extraordinary
trouble to a Rtviewery who mxi^ oi necejfit),, be at a lofs to judge
of the propriety of fuch dainty allufions. — However, as thrJ
Author may, in this inftancc at ieaft, obje6l to the competency
of the court, we (hall drop the point, and proceed.
,The fcene changes to Leefon's chambers in the Temple,
Leefon is brother to the girl who is deluded by Bclville. And
ConoUy, is a faithful and aiFe<9ionate Irifh ferva/it, Leefon 19
in difficulties, which are to be removed by his running awajit
with a girl 0|f large fortune. In the mean time he fends a chal-
lenge to Belviile for the injury doDc to his fifter. — The fcpne
removes us to an s^artment at Belville*s \ and opens with one
of the bcft Icflbns in the School for Wives.
' Mrs. BiL How ftraagely this a^air of Mr&« Temped hangs upon
my fjnritsi though I have every reafon from thejegdernef^i the po-
litenefs, {and the gcneroiity of Mr, Belviile, as x^eJl as from tl^
woman's behaviour, to believe the whole charge the rcfult of a dif-
turbcd imagination— Yet fuppofe it ftiould be attuajily true :— heigho!
well, fuppofe it ftjoald ;— I would endeavour — I think I would en-
deavour to keep my temper: — a frowning .face n^ver recovered a
heart that was not to be fixed with a Tmiliug one: — bat women in
S;neral» forget thb grand article of the matrimonial creed entirely ;
e dignity of infolted virtue obliges them to play the fool, when-
ever thdr Corydons play the libertine ;*-and, poh! they mud pull
down tb# hott/c about the traitor's, ears, though thf^y are themielves
to be crulhed in pieces by the ruins.'
This excellent ibliloquy is interrupted by the iiitrodu£lk>n
of Lady Rachel Mildew, and the converfation turns on love,
on poetry, and on Mifs LeefoOj as a candidate fpr the flage.
Thc^
Tie Scbodfor IVives, 37
They fee Belvil|e and Captain Savage approaehuig:, and they
retire: In the converiation between Helville at)d Savage, rite
latter alTurcs the Captain that he has an intrigue with Mrfj
Walfingham j and this forms one of the perplexities of the
play.
The fccond A£t opens with a converfation between Gcnercl
Savage, the Captain's father, and his friend Torringion 5 in
whici) the fpirit of a kee er is very happily exemplified. The
General expreffes his rcfolution to get MiTs Moreland for his
fonj and tomarryMifs Walfin^am bimfelf: but inat(e<f)pting
to pay his devoirs, be meets with thofe mortifying mt^rrupiions
and' checks from his miftrefs, which hold him up to the audi*
eoceas an irrcfiftible objeft of laughter. T*he dialogue, here, i^e-
tween the old Gentleman, his friend, and his miftrcfs, is vtty
well managed, on the whole; but we think the Author is not
happy in his iimile?. That v/hich is taken fromthe punifli-
ment of a feloii who refufes to plead, is too fa.-fetchcd. The,
puni(hment is fo fcidom inflided that it is not known to ons
man in ten tboufand. And gliding a, death warrant for tbt ixi*
cution of a frifoner is a cuftotn which we believe to be totally
unknown* '
This is followed by a lively dialogue between Mifs Walfing-
ham and Belville in which the vanity of that gay Gentleman
« feverely mortified ; which is the reafon, we fuppofe, that be
fwears • by the Jilngs of mortification^ On Mifs Walfingham's
departure, be is joined by Captain Savage, who is made eafy
By his account of the interview. While they are in converfa-.
tion Conolly brings* Belville a challenge from Leefon, and a
duel is appointed. When they retire, General Savage and Mifir
Walfingham meet, and as the following converfation is orte of
the bell fcenes in the play, we ih^ll give it our Readers as a
fafth'er fpecin^en of the Author's talents and ftylc.
* Enter Mifs Walfirtgham*
^' Mifs PTaL Cjeneral'Savagc, yoar mott humble fervant.
. • Gen. Saif. My dear Mrfs WalflrtgHam, it is rather cruel that you
frould be left at hofns by yourfctf ; and yec 1 am greatly lejoiccd to
£nd yoii at prefent withoqc company.
* Mif lFal» I can*t bat think myftlF in the beft company when I
have the honour of your converfation, General.
* Gen. You flatter me too much, Midam ; yet I am come to talk
to yoa on a fbrious affair, Mil's Walfingham j an affair of imjiOrtance
to toe and to yourfelf. Have yda leffure to favoor iriewith a Ihort
audience if I beat a parley ?
* Mifi Wed. Any thing of importance to you, Sir; is dlvvays fof^
ficicnt to command my Icifurc 'Tis as the Captain fofpeAed.
(afide.)
* Gen. Yoa tremble, my lovely girl, bttt don^t be alarmed ; ,fof
though my bufinefs is of an important nature, i hope it won't be of
adiiagreeable on«.
D I • A:ift
}g 9Wt hlml fir Wtvih,
Yoared by the kind pordality of the Ladies.-
« 4{^2^lril Tte Itdidb ^aitf^ not vvkkwt gft«tit»de, Sxr» to th^
who <)e«ctcr^dp4i^0»jMi|lt)lrlv to th^ Arvk^ of tbdr country.
* Gin. Gcneroafly (aid. Madam. Then give me lea^re, Wiflkml
iuf «s<^^tett^r<o aik if tbe heart of aiThOnM kfiidXct is a prize
at alt Worth ^o«r:acce)»t^o^. : > ^
* Mifi ^^* Upon my word, Sir, there's no mafted battery BTftrs
^oeitiott*' " » * \ '
* Gtn. I an as fond of a«o«p de main, MadanV, in love as tuMf^
aiid:hau the icdiovs toetbod of fippiag ft tot^i vrben dieie is a poF-
fibility^enttnng UtotA in iMod.
« M>!r /TW. Why reallTi Sir. a woman may im #eB^ ksow -Imt
own mindt when (he is lirft fammo«ied by ^ tmnpet of a lover, aa
when file andergoes all the tireibme formality of a ftege. Yon t^ \
have caoght yoor own mode of converfing, Genet%l«
* Gen. And a very great compliment iconfider it. Madam*. Bnt
now tbat you Bave candidly eonfeifed an acaaaintance with voor
own miml ; anfwer me with that fHinkfiefs, tar which et^ obd^
odmma you <b fnocii, Havo yon any ofaje^ion to chtnge die nime
ofWalfiiighain? ^*
* Mi/tHmL Whythoi. ftaiMy, Qencral Sjjvnge. Iffy, No. ^
* Gtm. Ten thoaiand thaaks to yoq for this kind dMatadoiu ^
* Mijs WaL I hope yoa won't think it a forward One.
* G/4r. 1*4 iboncr fee my Ibn run aww in the day of battle ; — Td
fooner think Lord RufTel was bribed by Lewis the 14th ; — and Iboner
VUify tb^ ihemory of Algemodn Sydney !
' * M^ Wid. How onjoft it was ever to fnppbft tfifc Gfentt^ \ ty-
tannical father ! (afide)
^ G/9. Yo« have told ilio condeibeodingly, Mif^ WaKnghM, that
yoo have no objediofi to change yoor name ; 1 have tel Ofte quefttoi
inofotoaflB*^
.** hfi/s Hfd. ?rtf propofe it. ' ^
* Gen. Would the name of ^vage be difagreeable (o yoo ^i^^
fra«fcly agai»« my dear girk
* Mi/s Wal. Why then, again, I frankly fay, T^o. '
* GtH. Yoo taake me too £ippy ; and thoa^h 1 ihali readily own,
that a propofal of this nature would come with more propriety frooi
lay fon*ii—
^ •*\Afi/hW^ I am much better pleafed that you make tlie ptopd-
^1 yoonfeli^ Sir- ^ - , . *
. j G4Sf$. Yon are too good to^oe. .Torriogtoo -tlsooght tkat I ftoold
p^cbwttb ai^ulfe.. Z'^^/
* Mij^ JV^Jii^Mt yoa copimonifcaied.tkat bctfiqcis tq the Ciiptaio^
Sif?
< ^in^ 1^0^ my dear Ma4ain» J did not think tlvi^ at ^ neceflary«
\ have a!(vays been attentive to the Captain's hajppinefsi and I pro*
pole that' hi Ihall be married in a few days
What, whether I will or no f *
Gfn* O, -you can have no objedioa.
« Mifs WJ. r«ttft be «oiiri|l»ed Aiow^v«r rtoQttM iImp^ Gtwral f
but fothing in my pow« ihall |>e wa«tiAg'to aifJcc Jlim nappy.
* Gen, Obliging loTcltneii!
. ^ M^i^ If^al.iou may iiiiagine> that if I wm not pnmonfly im-
prclTed in hvo^t of yoar propofid, it would not have met my con*
currence (b readily*
* Gen. Then yoo own, that I had a previoas bhtd in the gitHfon.
* Mi/i Wal. I don't bluQi to ackixowledge it^ wbeA I OMkider th«
acGompliihaients of the obfoA* Sin
^ Gim. O, this it too much. Madam; Ae principal nieriftof tht
Q^j^ it hi» paCon lor hiifs WaUt»gham.
. • Mt/s Wd, J>on'( fay that. General* I beg of yon ; ^ I donrc
think there are many women in th^ ki9g4(W who could behold ham
with indifference.
^ * Qen. Ah,, you flattering llaUerine angcL And yet, by dM mo*
fnory of Marlborough, my lovely girt, it was the idea of a prtpof^
fe^ion on yonr part which encouraged me to hope for a ftvoora!>!e
ireception.
' ' \ Hii/i IVaL Then I mnft hafe been very indifcreet; for I hihooHA
to 0)nceal that prepofTeffioo as muoh>as poidbie.
*' dn*. You con'dn't conceal it from me I yo^cou'dik^t conceal it
from me !^the female heait is a MA which I am thnfoughiy ac-
quaint with ; and which, haa mom thaa once been a udtne^ to my
irido»eS| Madam^ ^
« Mi/s WaL I don't at all doubt your fuccefs with, the Ladies,
General ; but as we now underiland oue another fb perldMy^ you
will ^ve me leave to retire.
* Gim, One word, my dear creetnr^ and no mote : I fhtll waft
upon yon fmMAime to-^y with Mr. TotriagDon, About the ^ceei^
lary fectlements.
« MysWal. Fonmnft d<»asyoa pleaiii^ Geneml, ywiMeinvia.
pjsM in every ^iag. *
* Gen. And if you plea£;, we'll keep eveiy thing a profound ieoei^
till the articles are all fetUed, and the deWtivf tieacy leady fbrcic*
cution.
* Mi/s Wol, You may be {tiXt^ that delicacy will uOt fuSer itoe 10
be communicate on the fubjed, Sir. ^
« Gen, Then you leave cveiy thing, lo my management
* Mifi Wed. i can't craft a more noble negodator* [txit.
* G4n. The day's my own ! (fiti^J *^ Britons, ftrike home 1* fbiJie
home ! Revenge, ^cc." [Jbni finging.
This is the gener^ ftyle ftii4 manner of the pby. The
: Reader will perceivot ^ac it -is %iriled, and agi!eeabJe; buit
in one or two inftaflcea^ fooiewhat injured by an affedtd pbrafe,
.or a fludied tv^m of a feoieac0« 9) it mmimmUou ie cme #f
thefe afieflatipns, if it be not an ecfor •f the pfc6. And tp
rcfei' to the late sKtedipt agatnft the memoriea of X^ord Rufiel
and Alferneon Sydney* is unbecoming the Comic Mufe, The
t)ueftion feinting to UK>(e Gcntkadioi, ia either of 9 literary or
% poUtieal nature i and till k be dearly decided, it is inviduHia,
£> 4 and
49 ThiScbcol far JViva.
and perhap«icf»«}i to vaiflrtbe cry of flicd-dog- agaioft the tii-
dividual ^0 ha».ftaf tei tu
The thbd h& oprns mih a fccnc at Mifs Lecfon's lodgings;
where Lady Rachel Mildew, and Mrs. BelviDe, meet, to try,
the abilities of the jouf%% aSrefs ; or, rather, to gratify the
jealous curiofitjr of thcUll^mentioncd Lady. Bclvillt > a^ the-
atrical manager, enteral and is difcovertd by his wile : he is
forry, and ibe is forgivin^ti and fo the matter is made up« Then
follows a fccnc. between General Savage a«»d his* ion ; a proper
counterpart to that which we have given the Reader between
the General and Mife Walfingham. We fuppofe the continu-
ance of this miftake was expedient to the Author's fable 5 and*
we believe it to be the principal circumftance i^hich dcnomi-
nates it «#,w *, according to his own opinion of tbJt circum^
fiance : it would -cuherwi^, perhaps, have appeared to him im*
probable, that two or three converfations ftoiild Have been
carried 00 by perfon^i <o interefted and in a matter ft) rmportant,
and that yet this mtftakc ihould flill comiiiue. — Ba: to gt» on
with the pfay. ♦
Lady Rachel and ^4Ts. Belviile, not entirely fatisRed yr\x\\
Belville's repentance, lay a plot to try him. Lady Rachel is td
play the pSrt of Mifi WaHingham, and to. draw him into an
Intrigue. She counterfeits Mifs Walfinf.ham's hand writing ;
and her letter is delivered to Belviile while Captain Savage i$
with hims ^Od as the Author has not chofen to make his hero
very delicate aod fecrct in hi;» amours (for that would havebcea
perhaps too fcnlimehtal) he reads it out ; and the other i^amps
and exclaims as hrcanMr hioi* The fervant iiid^leniy brings
word that Mifs Walfingham is overturned at Bdville's door;
and carried into the houfc in a fit. The Captain flies to her
affiftancc ; finds her recovered ; and they have a kind of quar-
rel about Lady Rachel's letter. The. old General interr^pte
*them i and the miftake which has been fo ufcful to the Author
is in feme meafure removed ; and the lovers go out in diflrefs.
The fourth Act opens with the diftrefs of M.ts. Belviile on ac-
count of her huiband's duel with Leefon. The duel terminates
4nuch to th^' honour of Belviile. The fcene then changes to Bet-
ville*s houiie,arxi an iotire explanation enfues between Mifs WaU
fmgham and General Savags, to the great mortification of that
Gentlemaftv This fcene is followed' by a mone ferious or>e be-
tween BciviHe and his wife^% But^the Author is not a Steele or
'^. Cumberland in- feat i mental matters.
Capt'tin^ Savage, who is not yet- undeceived, in relation to
Mils Wamngham, mectt the General, ^and after heartily agree-
ing to abuib her, they refolve to go* to the mafqueraidof where,
•yidc frefiice,
9Ccor4'?
* The School for Whu$. ■. . ^ 41.
accordUng tothe forgei) leMcfvihe' it to go oflF wtdt B«|vlllt«
About this- time Lecfon is difdovered to have rtin:aw^ KM'
iinily, BclvilAe's fitter. He is purfaci by BclvtUc, wfao gene-
loufly conicBiB to his baviog hex.. • ^ i .' '
The bufinefs at the md^uerade is conduced in the begin*
ning of the fifth AS. . I^lvilfe^bere ptidBes.his wife) mifhtking
her for MMs Walfiogbatn ; but iaftead«of makiogiove to her, ht
profeies faittidtemion to rfcforni^ and hencefortb, to be faithful
to the virtttes of Mrs» Bdville* They toz. inteirupted by tho
Genera), the . Captain,, tnd Torrington ; . whofe aim Js to'dif*
cover, the bafesieis of Mtis Watfingham. Beivilte fecures her in
a clofet \ and. after fome ahercacion^ the Captain draws, and
refoltes to iorce his way to his ua£iithful fair one« At that in*
ftant Mrs. Belville comes forth, to the aftonifhipent of the whole
company, and fielville is confirmed ia his. determination to be
a good hufband. This is followed by a reconciliatory fcene be*
tween Capta'm Savage and Mils Walfingham ; and the play
concludes as ufual by bringing all tbe proper people toaether^ •
putting tbe lovers in the way of matrimony ; and making the
refbrmcd rake give fome good advice to the audience.
We have fo many occafions to review compofitions of this
kind that we find it difficult tx> avoid a fameoefs in our mann^
of critidfing them. Some of our Readers may expe£t we fiiould
execute this bufine& in form ; and treat the fubjed in order of
fable^ timoaS^^ mitf^ &c. This we do not imagine 10 be ne^
ceflary, where \btut is aotfa^iiig nsmai ksUe, with refped to th6le
articles. Ttie f}liy bttfore us, would not bear a comparifon
with fomeof otir c<Hnedies in point of wtt \ or with others for
meer language and moral fenumenta. But the Author has, ih
a great degree, fucceeded in compromifing the difference be-
tween tbe two parties who now divide tbe theatre. He has
snore bufincG, fpirit, and intrigue, tkan.many of o«r fentimental
v^riters ; he is not inelegant in his ftyle; and he has more de-
cency, infiruSioo, and morality tbsn is to be found in our mo*
desn witty performances, without being in the leaft heavy, or
unentertainiog' in his manner*.
As the influence, of the fiage upon the language of a country
is great, the critic, amidft his attention to higher objedls, wtU
not ovesbsok thofe little improprieties which, if not timely
reprehended, may grow fii(hionabIe, from the popular notion that
the theaue is theifcbool of corred and elegant fpeaking and wri->
ttng. We have noticed one imperfedion of the kind here hinted
at, whioh has dtfgufted us in aJmoft ^yrtty page of this comedy ;
viz. the vicious cttAom of cctfUradiog, guuing, and frittering
words to pieces4 by thenufapplication of tbofe ilifiofis which are
frequently noediary. in vcrfificaiioni but feldom, if ever, ret)ui-
fytt^ or allowable^ in profCf In. diitlogtie, indcedi or in any
o^hor
4* Fordycc m4lm^C»fh^.^puril4mlh^l^^ Amt^
take only of the attefied ftylc oT i inincidg milMoar^ ik%ff»
VM^JWikt. '^Vfeiaeft^ Aeicfotc^ ArpriM t»^fiK fttch barbi*
rifa>»lRtroriM«4iii9 otherwifci io gtaicd a pky «s tbif Sdktfl
#i» ^ifw»« kn^ mc for Umgtuigt. FDK'beie wt Mcttfrhh md-
tiPiiAes #f flieh. ilUkriuog at^ttatioM av iiUIr^ «'»«Wyb>,
tiMifjAl'/g p^M%^ SAi4y hmfm% 'bmk% vmm% dam't^ wtA
many mord^ e^wdljr wcMdi, barbarMSrOUMi ¥d|;ari> aa^
nAMHtoo, Iwa put MMotbaiBoiMlu of ptc^ wlia vr^^poAi
to*iiave anjoyai 4» advamagati of cfacatiom B)r4lm meam
the jargon ^aiMs rinamnwiikifaio thai<ttdianee» ^ai^the ^tmrw km
$m of polite conYerfation. But we hope Mr. A. will pioot 4
tbis not anftienily adftKa<ifa»; ami tiw, in the next editkn
^ bii play, be |ral honefthr refloia* tlie-voweia Mongi^i tt
«irery word, whicb be has vam liccatbttfiy pioodored of Mf
ttghtful propertjr* : i* . .^.« .
■"" * ■ ■ ■'■ ■> 1 ■■ « ■ .J fi ■ ■■
AaT. IX« ^ M«o /afvf7 itc» iW Caif^, Sjmpimut mmiCmte^ 9fp>
, trid md ji^lmmmmy Fivirs % wilk ^ut Appeadiie.oa ^ba HDdk
Fever, and on the alceraied and majigaant. Spae^^Rjiyat, 1^
_ Williaa Fofdyoe, NL D. Bvo. ^s. flawed. C^ddL 2773«
WE mre at a bft to detennine on what accotmr )o«r Av-
thor has called thia a Niw Inqmry \ aa we ibd.
an attentive periifal of the work^ that it cootmartnoreof tk
parade of fctence, than any mw matter of information^
with idjped tathe naiuffi or the cute of fevera. • ^ 'i
' The Appendix treaaa of the heAic fcver, and A»^
mhdtnaKgnam iore*tbtoai« — In tbe firft of ttefie, BnFo^dyot
very jndicioiifl^ reeoAoiends rapaatei finaU biaartiii^^.a firift
ati^tiphlogiftie diet, and change oifain
In the management of the msntg^nMribre-thrSal^lKirXtitbor
condemns the ofe q£ afomadt coidiala, Mi%fi^ and anodyne
gftringents. * ,
The following is Dr. Fordyce's method^oC cure,jin this di£eafe.
. < It is agreed on aU bands, that thc( •body n^nft bc-verjr ple-
thoric indeed, and in adults only, to reqairejUamUdg^t i never
ifaw it neceilary even^oncc; I believe the repetition of it to be
in general deadly* - * r ,* -
^ Neither do haemorrbages from tlye iigfe relieve the pitient:
they have indeed been reckoned dan^^flMis here; is in other
putrid diftempers ; and yet I biave feen them "happen very oAes,
without proving a morul fyac^tom. In tlie blood," ttdrmmi
away, the cmiUmeatuvLis ratf)f r ^. a Ijic gefatanDqs texture,
than denfe or compad, fine and rich, Ao^aft hmb/^Mood, and
quite fofc. — See Do&ors Fotbergill and^HtKhap&^c \
^ Emptying the ftomaeb by a* gentle iromit imU kutc ever
fail to be of ufe ; and there certain^ appears eb' be a part of
6 the
MbM MtrU kmtm%,tttikrmkmti(f^ <liftih<Hrii*iui Oeibd^
« WbtteilMtb«M^^I«MKrillV«QmattoiMniMafB
te^ or HMtritl«4* I MMtf ftiir>tl» Josfemfli 4Pt^•4.i» lUi
iAitiM(.4oMn^ though *• py>i%i< #Mmg«ly d>tiM(tnlai.|h#
grtauft l€Arccr«w ia th« oUligMM fiMt*4h(a«i0 mM ^MrfwB
<htclMiihjr«v«qr;j^ttiM««f art. ItdidlMtioatift^AifimMMi
t#D ywAg ytlBii» #r Mhk fimiM% tho^i^ Ha
After theterkt MdctiiBiiMi«f«pti«»mii «alMli|04
it bMbMk flopped b|^ipiimMtairii«MI|khitAiU{
« We h»«t ifM cafti hk whkk hUAtft «d mc Mod ft*
•Mitefv HeredfeftMei iwifli epy hewtt from tbeii tad tw
bate Mnarl»d itovti Mm if Mdl of ^MidMt^
Ikllj ifuuft the mimim tod ehereaer •( the putrid hm^ T#
iMk fereajr^itUi^fiin the «feh«^ ibejr MoAeny an • «(i<^
eafe where ihnr^ieafoiijr eiiifts aajr p«nikiiqr^e«l wh«« ihctt
k too Midi flhMloeefm wbcte, appMBu nMhor iehe «mihy
of m AMti^g Aorfift thott #1 » OMiB of feofe Md ftilk
« Dr. Fotbergill bai given us the MAoiy of rM tifes where
Wwtfto^ooQOiic.oDrdiek ml eoodyOe oibiogcou weio od»h»'
tamA. ofidooofln ^A* /uMftMe MoriflNMBH ood «dic«Mie»
ippUe4 iuoccfiwilp to tin MCh^ the hoefc* mm}««o«» hot vitb^
IMtC emRw,}.
• Theio if ootiio Aiidifcafe t oiore fiwouoriile fjFoyieoi thM
o^fpefcwi to fwoetf wiih efaftaod oieift Jkia: JiothiiigloMBi
eo ftoiMBiit fenbudi) eo take off the MirhMi ibeneft or to
Hwmoi»<bAtt|ipay.eyQ< fediioentm the wetciu. OurfirftioA
o«r feveniK. Foramla f haye die beft efieds io di^ way. How
'^' '^ ^-'^ "'• ' ''• ^T^ '^.
&• LaA. vacchi. ni^'
afaooloholiiOBt« ddo adttUte Wai Mewai^vetwit,) tel vM alU
ct^tfiiilj^aing J> iiica. lioMMe. |w atfiat feiwa.
t SERUM ANTlSEPnCUM.
ft. L|A.VfQd9» t^
Aqiuc puna ft^.
^ul eboIIuDt ; detn admUce focc. aorantifmuii Serill ;] Bmooiqr*
a JiB. at fiat (erom.
vn.
HAUStUS D^mOKBTICUS SBDATIVUS.
ft* opiflU MoKHoef •
Ai|awparfti'|fi«
I«]qaor. aoodya. miner. Hefiiaao» gatt» anr«
|y^ fiat luioftut bit in die fomendusi aot 8vi qu&qoe horfi.
fcldoqi
faMom 4ocs.ftx»^.huk^)eifdr«».an]r<>f thde bfllces kx
thorpatiiejjt! ^ • '
^ i never gave volatiics, .eiccept. Msn^ferut's Tpirit, falc of
ambcr^ or ib«.afiodyiic liquor o£ F« Uoffmah, wbidi are ail .ahci-
iieftfic \ becaufe i know that volatilef only dii'pofe the juices to
hetmolre f»utrui|%K>r't^€ken the putrid pcocefi wbwc'H ttiB al-
ftady taken place coo furely.
. ^. Where cardialfi*are waii(ed,.ar inikafeed^.we «an be at no
ht^ wibile cismuir jcUy, orange and* lemon, or |kv^et<t>lac«d
jUiarwbM is . called biDiop or negtts or yet pure wine or o!J
cy^kf) can ib« .b4d«. 1 aai» aoi acqii^fnied^ urith^ aoy better
cofdiai draii^ht than our feventh or eighth Formula *. i never
4i^ noff cvordo!e»ped to fee tKe ftr<ngth fupporttd, or. the dif-
tafc alleviated, by any pofible preparation of animal Aibflanccs.
After, fweatiog has begun, I bditve^wine will never hurt, if
giicen with nu^eratioJi, . either diluted as abovq, or miaod with
faoada, (ago, xico, and other gruels. . Contraft.widi this kiisil
•f pradice^thoirs who give diauighta,.compotiBd of God knovs
what* io o£tenn:a» xvcry two or three boun 6vf. and iiiglu, fer
day9 and nights iucceflively, as if oatace. neither reqtiired other
drinks, or fooib, fir repofe.
« If . the drcumfiances of the;caCb require ii,. Peruvian bark
is hurried down jwith the (ame haftc ;ind (bllicitude \ and bark
muft be given ^lA-our times, wtv^tlier indicate^ or noc« Where
this belt and only true febrifuge drug is neccflV^, (and it bas often
the happy power of triumphing over malignicyinihb difeafe,
as well as in other putrid fevers, given as in our twelfth For*
jaula t) let it in God's name be given in fufficient quantity to
(Mtt them in a ibte of fafety, but not perfevered in for days and
nights together, without any refpite to the poor pt rfecuted pa-
ticnt,*tvhcn cither this difficulty norloffgcr cxifts,~or ihrlfare of
the (kin, ^jr ^he- imrreabd drynefs, hlacknels^ aod bardne(s of
the tongue, fo firorigly and fully point out the !inj)roprioty of
perfifiing longer in its ufe ; or as if it were, eyi^i^ in fucb a
j(ituatipii,'Our laA and fole refourc4e, though in /a£l we have fo
many other aids from fruits, wines, and itrpog>a{iti&ptiqs botk
i* . ^ VllL '
• HAUSTU3 CARDIACUS piVITUl».
Rf. Vini Burgundic.
vcl B ordeal en f.
aut Rhenani vetcns, Jij. ^ - - - * .
Sexta quaquc hora fumcndus, *aut pro re natS#
••- * • *XIL • • •
t FEBRIFUGUM ANTISEPTICUM.
R. Dccoft. (fbrtior.) cortic. Perovii^i. Jij*. i
Spiritds falls mario. gatt, v.
M. fiat hauflos pro re naia fumendos ^ repetendits,
.. * vegetable
Yegetable and mthemi. TlieiW hdr^mMM ^m:t^^\f ^pfit^
cable to the putrid fever at largq^ and (o tbe.a^Iignaatfore'
throat under confidcratjoiu* • * r ; ■ •
Art, X. JTreaflfi on tbi itinkcough. With an'Appemlije, coii€ll|lv^
kigan AcGoaltof HSiD)9ck/^9d *1t»«Pr6f]Ar|cifjpMi^ ^ VNUiaai
Butter, M.D* Fellow of the Royal College of Phyficians, £$U9*
TH E foUo>ving are Dr. fiutterV pfificipft^«o0fi€lufioni ivMi
rcfpedl to the nature, feat, and ocealioiNilicafafe-of'tllt
Kinkcou^.-^Tbat'it w m epidemic corHfagioitf difeafeof^he
fpafmodic. kim)^ that the primary: afredion> i$.a,qptorbtditrritii*>
bility of the mucous glands ; that it is ndt fcated either in tht
lungs, the? top^'of the*gtiMetv- gr^ftomathV fetit'iAMhe intcftm*!
canal ; and that an infedious miafma ia the ooca^iui caofe.
1 fael^e is ot^ very obriotis cfejodlion to ifthar^ntr Aufbor aci*
Tances concerning the feat .of. the difeale. • li^chc ^hinoeugh-fac
a difc^fe of the mucous glands,* whence i^tttbiit'tbe glands tff
the inte(Knri-canal-(hr)iil(t!bi firftaflStftcdf lufe^ious^iaffivata
floating \n the air, and repeatedly infpired wfih* the breath,
ihould primarily alFed the glands of the trachea and kingsi
rather than thofc of the inteftines. <
But the moft valuable part of this pabHcatior> is the method
of cure, provided further' CKjK^enee confiruia the Author's
obfenratiorts. ...
• Hemlock, according to this Writer, ia fpecific in ihis'4»f«>
cafe ; and the following Corollaries are the refult df Dr. Btitttr's
experience of the efFcds of this powerful medicine :
GOROtLARIES.
• I. As hemlock hath not difagrced with jtny one of the fore*
going patientjs, we may Conolude that it will very feldom be
contraindicatcd in the kinkcough, through what ia called idio>^
fyncrafy, or peculariry of temperament. * :
• II. This' medicine cures the kinkcough even in the laft
month of pregnancy, and in the firft months of infancy ; and
is abfolutely f^fe both for cnother and child*
• UK Hemlock is fo far fromoccafioning fpafhis in children,
lhat.it is a certain cure for a fpafmodic diieafc, which h;uJa
hitherto refifi^d all other medicines. Bffidc:s,.ic certainly pre*
vented fpafms, and probably fatal convuilions, lathe einld, cai'e
fifth i notwithftand*ng a conllitutional tendency, a rapid den-
tition, and an obftinate kinkcough, all.coi>(pired lu briog
them on.
• IV. It is a good medicine in dentition.
• V. It cures the fymptoms attending the round wor ns, ar.^
arcn expels thefe vermrn,
2 * VI. It
4i Battef^f froHifi m tie Xinkni^*
ft VI, It friM off frfer In feme inftinow,
* Vn. It ft^pt immo4crat» txcreuonst ,
^ VI II. It (bmctimft prooiMcs fwMt,
ft iX* it frcciucotiy letups tiic vOQt opcn^ wq pMttctuiMi cfcsi
pttWft- ^ \* r g
^ ft X. It oA«tt <oet Ml feftfibly aAft any feeiafiim cl«
^MSon. ^
' ^ 3CI. It ilfiitedUteiy ^rocortt tetter tftghts in the irn^Gbb^
' < Xil. It frnmi^mj ibates tiie vMlitiAg, and. geocrdlf
tStfiiethoffiiraltlNrdayt. ^ ' '
ft XIH. Tbeptiiffai is dailf diannifliod during ^ uFe rf
diii mtdiciflc i for kfs and left is tlurown up while the vooiiiing
continues*
- ft XiV. Tiki Unk da9y abates in force and frequycjF^ and
ir generally remoired, together with aH its concoaiitant' ^jmfH
tomSf^except a Bight cough, tn die ^pace of^ week^ aifd tliit is
often the cafe, eren in fome infiaoces of cooipltcation witii dtbcr
^ifeafes; as dentitk)n, or worms. ^ '*
« XV. Thus hemlock is a rpecil<fk in the kinkcbiigh accord-
ijM to the moft proper interpretation of that word i fos k afts
c^ all the (ymptoms at once, or rather on the proximate canfe :
and fo by diminilhing the irritatioo, all the (ymptoms aavft ef
cowrie dininiih in the <aoie proportion* till at lengtb^b^^ are
entirely removed, that u, till the difea& is curtd*
ft XV!. Hefliik>cktsnotonIyafucGelsruIandcniditto^«ut
fbr the kinkcough, hat ir is a modidncf ^at can a! W«ys hk ad-
smAiftered ; for we cannot fuppoTc an tnftance where the asoft
froward child will refafe it, as it can be dilguifed in fi> many
fkaDCtf, on account of the fmalln^ of the quantity requiilte, ai
well as the mildnefs of its fenfible qualities.
^ XVII. Finally, hemlock cures the kinkcou^ ^e^» cer-
tainly, expeditioully, aod plea&ntly : which 4iie stt ihe reqet«
Utee of the moft defirable and coaipkte cure.* ^f :: - *
Dr. Butter's g^noml manner of exhibitiiig the heaalocfc^ was
s»4bllow8 : < Take of fpring water, two oMees luid a hllf }
lyrep of pale rofes, half an ounce ; hemlociC'piR, leme'^tfn:
snix them.* This mixtui% was taken at fevera! dofes^ fo ei to
li« finifhod in the 24 hours : and the quantity of heqilpcjk was
j^id.ii^ally increafed from one grain to ten or twelve jpraiin, ac«
CDxding to the age of the patient, or tl^ effedU of the npiedipinep
.,VBut for thefe and other particulars, wcflmft ntfsr eueReadeis
lojtbe ueatife kfelf. . • • */ *
^ • -' AM.
E 47 J ■ ■^' S.
AtT. XI* <A DifcriftiOH o/tbt HuMaa Eje^ ^nJjfsaJj^entBkry^ to-
gether with.their principal DifeJles, and t£e"Meth6ds ^rdpofed for
• relieving them. By Jom^li W^Afri^ "P. R. S, 'and Senior J^geoa
to GuyVHolpfttal. t^. zi. 64. fewed; 9aWs. '177 jt
* npHE folio wingrr.r«atifc,.(iiy^ ^r^\y;aaica^^jkia^it4ed;for
Jl^ the information and improvement of t*hd(e young g^lt-
employments baye not yet fu/aiihed ttvepi ww (tiwient ]fppor-
tunities of acquiring fuch a degree of luiQwl^g/S) ^ long ex** ^
pericnc^ i|i pjiva^ie pnMfti(:e« and t|ie adVaiua^9. of aiaay ycara
attendance upon an hofpitalt are capable b| ap^rdi^^* , ^ ,^
This defcription of the eye, we apprehend, is drawn up ia
fuch a manner^ as t^ fpl/tl th^ AMthor's.intentipn^ the 9nato«
mical {:^arts, and the defcripcions oT the. drfeafe^^are cleac and
concifq^' and the m^ai^ oC relief wdl fulapted.^Q cj>je. ipi^^&ix^
complaints^. ^,* "_. / .....
As a fpecimen 6f the work,^ we iliail give our. Readers M|;
Waroer'a K^ount pf .th<? Gkmfyla GJiaro and their difcai^s.
: GlANpULiP CILIARES.
* Otherwifi called x^landnlz Sebace^ Meibomii, together «ath
.tbeir ortfiees te^ined >un6ta Ciliaria, are fitnated iti regular rows,
parUkl #iih' the borders or ittiemal edges of the palpebne, formed
by thetaWi^.'^Tb^ tari ate thia cartilages, compofing the greateft
portion of the edge of each eye^lid $ which, from their texture and
£toaWiii«4fnv:d^gnhl byaatare to ipeep the edges of the eye*
lids {u(opdc)y i^ooth, and anifoimly extended • by this wife con tri*
va^ce^tl^e ci)i^ glands, with their relpc^ve orifices, or excretory
dii£iff are prei^.ed at equaT and proper, diftances from each other ;
and the jatter are kept opeji, to admit of the oily fluid being dif-
cbarged oeca^nally through them. The ciliary glands are often
attained with inflammation, enlargement, pain, and impollhuma-
tidn, adfl^ ih difieimt fubjefts from very different caufcs. . Sora«-
times^tKleft eife£h are produced fh>m common colds, attended MA
confidcrable inflammations of the tonka conjtfn^iMa. Under th^fe
dfttxa&tsbffii the oonplatnt |^lyes way to Uecdnig, purging, mid a
teii|f»fai^^^AfiBement iirom the air and Kghi ; affi^ byemolUeat
fomentations ; iue)i. as. warm cow's mUk, or milk mixed with warm
toh waner^ ^waiia b^^ey water, warm jvattXr^uel, or wajoi waM|
alone, or |io the, fleams of either of t&^fe dire^eidi |Q the part, and iiipr
peated feveral times a day, as may be' found 9ece(^ary« Soi^etimet
emollient catapfafms ajpnUed warm ^to the eyeUds, an^ occalibnaUjf
repeated, j86ie3 with jAjt^jing phyfiyb admmiftefcd at proper in^et-
^ais tfTtHtte, ^Mitl U loand^jt^edittil/ Bjr ^is >^eiKmtat th^^u
become fofteoed, and relaxed ; the ciliary punAa?tfve enlarged, ah)l
a diicharge iffoes through them refembling matter ; which difcharge
flMMild be encouraged till the targidneis of the eye-lids is removed :
tlMi, and not facibiie, if at all aeceflary, mftringenc wafhes, and oint*
ifnri, m^ widi proprietjr be o(ed to the aye^lids and conjimdiv^
coat > or it may wiibMlt rifqae be £mctimes left to ihe ooa4e of na-;
48 LclandV WJhry •flr^mJ.
tore aloae^ whole efibrts we ihall often find, in tbefe and inanjr odier
hlftaii(fes, CO anfwer the purpofe mod effedually. 6 Jt a3 tbe^ glandf
&re often difeafed from v^iereal caufes^ fcrophulous caufes, or ^ch ai
arc generally, though perhaps improperly, denon>in3tcd« rcorbntic
habits of body, we fhal! find chat the fimple methods alone which
are above prefcribcd, will prove ineiTedQai ; unlcfs aiTiHed by proper
re^iir.cn in diet, joined with alteratives of different kinds, adapted
Jo the nature of the difeafe ; to wit, Mercurius Dulcis Merc. Calcin.
*il. Plum, the Extraftum Cicntx, alkaline abforbents, decodions of
the woodf prepared in lime water, or common water, deco&ons of
t)te Peruvian bark, prepared in the like manner as we -have recos*
mended for the woods, or the Peravian bark in fobftance* Two
i<ind:> of preparations of the woods are ordered in the Londoii Dif-
pcivfatary, uud^r ihe appeUatians pf Aqua Calcis magis toai|X>fita,
iiad Aqua Calcis minus compofita ; the efiicacy of which may be
fomctiines a/Ijiled by proper dofes of the Vinum Antimoniale, its oc-
cafion may require ; obferving at all times to prevent coflivcnefs ;
M\^i if neceflary, to divert the humour from the eyes, by bUiters ap-
plied to the neck, head, or betwixt the fhoulders, which aft oot only
as ftiroulant and cvacuants, but as alteratives, by th^ fidts of the
Caniharides bekig copioufly abforbed into the circulfrtien,-and fpeed*
ily mixing with -the moh of blood, by means of the abforbect or
shhalibg veifels of the cutis. JHoes alfo are advifeable', 'made by in-
cilion, or caulHc'
This gentleman is likewlfc author of a volunie of Ga/es in
Sur^erfy which was mentioned with rcfpeft, in our Review,
vol. xi. p. 157.
Art. XI F. Account o/LelancTs HiJIory of Ireland, concludecL
WE are now come to a very bufy and important period of
the Irilh hiftory; a period peculiarly interelHng to
Englifhmcn, on account of its intimate connedtion with the af-
fairs of Great Britain, and the influence it had upon them*
From the feveral obje£)s which here prefent themfelvcs, wc
ihall feled fome of thofe that may be deemed worthy of being
particularly diftinguifhed.
Of thefe, the firft we £ha'l notice, is the adminiftratiOB of
Lord Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford. It is well
known that, the condud of this celebrated flatefman, in Ireland,
formed a principal part of his political life; and furniibed many
oF the articles on which his impeachment was grounded. He
afTumed his government with a mind and aftVdtion fixed on one
fti)^le objeS, the immediate intereft of his royal p:iafter : and
bappil/ the fervice of the crown obliged him to ftudy the im-
provement of the realm. He had heard of the turbulence and
litA^rders of this couatry ;. and hence inferred ifae neceflity ol
Chat ievere and rigorous .adminiftration which fuited his own
aufterity and arrogance. Ireland he regarded as a conquered
* ' kingdom
Itingddm Jil Che ftria<^ ftnfe. He avbwed aiid ^^ft^ie^ th0
opHiioA^ uniMr aH t^ terMvi <)f iitifQMlmellt, when it wa«
thakrgeci Agftmft Mm 8§ a trnkMotts prittGipl^; 'and firbtn this
crude concepmii liedcfee<eil a ^cotifeijuetioe at once tidiculpua
md -dftt^brt, that the ftibjeSte 6f this couhtry, wicbout dif-
tirtiaidti, 'had forfeited the rights of men and citizcnt ; and for
^b^ctv]&k' the/ weit permitted to enjoy, depended folely gn tb«
' Jroyal girac^.
Ti^ t»iul4Ka,of tiprd Wentirorth was (ilitable tq thtfft fcti*
tuoeMta and 4i(|K>£ytH>i9ir (Ija ^iiMl^aty ipirit appeared in almoS
cirefj fftieafure poffaed 67 hii% wliedbir the nifa(wt in itielf
Klr^ 'light ^ wrong, ite tratttd the mcA dtAiogiiiAid ^if tfa^
Irifh Cibfefts with arCQnnonipt aod infoknce fearody to lie fHi^
Tsl^Med I and all wtM» wen; not readily difpoTed to comptjr with
the gremeftifttet^eiiof tJie pr^rogJttite, wer^ ^mM ^ htm in tfi«
vtmaft 4eietl^liopi ' '
^ J^rd Wentwprtlit ftt tlie i^omSnt of his ioa^^arationi dSi^dfefl
thofc hfi^zfi to xpat^, ty ay incident^ fa^s far, Lcland, not wor-
thy to.be n0te4* bu,t wat rndclcrits appar^ilfly triffing kxrt to df/bo*^
.vcr aien's tempers and d^pofitionl. When he^had vilitcd the Jato
Xords^ttiliQesi with an a^ift^d i^ct^ntion, which' the proudell are the
jQoil r^dy ip fliew.to their i^imediate inferiors 1 t^nfi had been for-
iSnally invciled with his ofBce, he fummofted a council ; bfft aerecahly
to the ufs^e of that court, ia which he had been trained to odfinel^
})ut which was qtterly unknown in treland, he fiimmoned only a par-
ocular number* to the otter mortification of thofe who were omitted^
^And tbpfe who were colle^ed, amotig whom were the late Juflices*
he was fo carekfs or fo iofpleotj as to offead by a wantoii indignity*
Th^ a/Tcrabled at the hour appointed ; but the Deputy, either fiom
an ^^atiOn of ftate* or from p- more agreeabia engagement with a .
J^ady, whom he met in Dublinj and had jult declared to be his w^# '
negle^^ed them for (bme hours ; and when he at length appeared^ ia«
ilead of conferring on .the buitqefs for which they had biN^n fiidi«
jnoned, only charged the judges to repucfent in theif circuits tho
favour which the King ofiered, to fueh as wooM Repair their defJMvta
grants ) and to Satisfy the ProM(huits Wkli regard to^he aew;iaipafi*
tion fbr maintainaace of the «rtny« at a^arge 4iec8&ry iaoitif b&
4Mid intended chieAy ior their ddtf|ce< Thus, with an, air ^ ^W^^
infoleooe, he dxfaided t|^e<a(HMicil» dealarin^ that tbey ihoaldbe
again ipeedtly Qoav>eiied» Xfi 4^*' ^eir opinions cto the m^iips df
-%!{^ly^ ^ King's imBijefdiate neceffitiet.'
fieth the excelknciee aairi deqi^etita of Lord Wectvi^ortb's go-
antnnmit am planed^ \f wit iiigenious hiftoriao, in a clear arid
ftHking* light. Itmilft^beaeknovdodged that the itseafufea of
tttis nobleroan Were, in UsfWhX t^^p^% Wtk and ftlutary^ ami
that they have jgreatly ccmtrfbtited to the preTent vfinonae and
profperity of Ireland. "This has Jbcen cfl>ecially the cafe, With
regard to the.bcginrimg^d ertcoara^ement whItJh be .gate to
the eftablJ&oientof ^e liiw^anamif^ory, Nev^rtbelefs, hi»
&ty. Jan. 1774. £ ^rivitf
50 Lttuii*s Hyi$ry of IrtUnd.
I>rivate opprclEons were fo enoriDOuSi and his public cosdud (e
arbitrary, illegal, and unconftkatiooal, that Dr. Lelaod appear^
to us to have carried bi^ candour tQ ^n ^excefs, in the followiog
difplay of the merit9 of the Lord Deputy's adinini(b-ation : . «
» Bat however individoals were aggrieved b^ the .imperious feverlty
of the ^prefent government, the natioo» which bad never known a
, iirid and fcrapuloos admiDiftration of Eoglifli law, dear^ froni
every thing arbitrary or oppreflive, was abundantly confoled by the
advanuget derived fr6m the adn\ini^Uon of Lord Wentworchi
The army, which had long proved an pdrous and intolerable burden
to the inhabitants, yet (caicely of eflential (ervice to the crown, wai
well dtfciplined, duely paid, preferved in good condition^ innoffea"
five to the peaceable fubje^, and iormidiKle to the enemies of gOf
vernflKttt. The revenne was nnencombered, and a large famlay
ready in the excheqaer , to aafwer ai^ fudden emergencv. The eo-
^e^allic^l cil^ibliihmcnt was proteded, the fevenqes4>f the churcW
improved, and abler and* more refpedable teachers generally pro^
vided for the people* The Scottilh puritans were indeed (bmeumei
o&nded at the indulgence (hewn to recniants ; bat in the present
fituation of the kingdom, where far the greater number of inhabit*
jints, and thofe pollefled of power and confequence, were of the Ro^
miih commonion, the moft obvious maxims of policy forbad aay
rigorous execution of penal ftatutes. It was fufficient to confine
xec>ifants to a lefs public and ofienfive exercife of religion, fe as to
^refcrve the authority of government, without provoking violent and
dangerous dlfcontents. Peace, order, obedience, and induftry, dir>
tingbifhed the prefent period from that of any former adminiftration ;
the value of lands was encreafed ; commerce extended; the cuftoma
amounted to almolt four times^ their former fum ; the commodities
exported from Ireland were twice as much in value as the fbreigiji
inerchandize imported ; and fliipping was found to have increafed
even an hundred fold* Such were the benefits derived from the ad*
fliiniftraiion . of Lord Wcntuorth, however in many ihftances juftly
unpopular, odious, and oppreflive.'
Another obje£t, too important ih every view to be pafled over
jumoticed, is the Irt(h rebellion of 1641. The caufesand elf*
cumftances that led to this dreadful event, and the views of the
ieverai parties concerned in it, ace well explained by our Au-
thor, whofe account of the powerful operation of religious
principles and prepofleflions we (hali lay before our Readers.
• Far the greater number of inhabiunts. were obftinately devoted
to Popery, provoked and mortified by the^nai ftatutes of Elizabeth,
and inpatient of the odious dif^uailficaticSns impofed upon them.
Thefe ftatates indeed had not been generally enforced in their fatt
rigour. Somethnes, however, the infolence of pop^(h ecclefiaftic^
provoked the execution of them ; fometimes the terror of them was
vfed as a political engine to extort conceilions from the Popifii party^
and in either cafe, there was pretence fufiicicnc for exciting popular
clamour. The Romifh clergy had 'that influence even over toe geih-
try of their communion, with which they are invefted by the tenets
of their feligidfl Vthe ignorant herd-trfPapilh they governed at the^
* ' i *^ » . pteafure.
LchnA*s Hi^my tf Inland. 51
^le^fure. They had received their education^ and Imbibed their
pinciples In foreign (eminarics, particularly of France and Spain,
Hence they retorned to Ireland, bound folemnly to the Pope in an
unlimited lobmifliof), without profefiion, or bond of allegiance to the
king ; fitll fhaaght with thofe abfurd and peftilent do^rines, whicb
the moderate of their own commanion piiofefied to abofninate ; of
ithe uftiverfai mon^chy of the Pope, as well civil as fpiritual » of hia^
aafhotity to excomnranicate and depofe. Princes, to abfolve fubje^s '
hcm'tbrnr oaths of allegiance, and to dtfpenfe with every law rf
GodjUKlmaii ; to fandtify rebellion and murder, and even w change
the TfQry itatare and eflenttal differences of vice and virtue. With
thii, and ether impious trumpery of fcliools and cdunciis, they filled
iheir fuperftitioaa-votaries^ ** contrary,*' fays Walfh, the Frith Fi^«
cifcan, ,*' to the letter, fenfe and defign of the Gofpel, the writingr
^f dieApoftfes, and the commentaries of thei)* fncceflbra, , to the be-
lief of the Chriitian church for ten ages, and moreofcx« to the
ctttl^fttKaatcs of Nature:"
.' * Ejcd^aflics of ftich a fpirit ^d fach prinqiolcs were fuffcred toi
cre^ft ifiiritifal joriidiCUon in Ireland, eacerci^d under the* papal
^thofity^ genendly with connivante, ibmetimes under the protec«
tion of Popilh magUlrates (for fetch men had in (bme inftances' be enf
admitted to magiftracies,' without taking the oath of fapremacy).'
But this jurifdidion was precarious^ fubjed to the reftraint and ant-t
fnadverfion of the civiL power ; and therefore little fuited to the ideas
6'f clerical authority formed in countries, where Popery> was legally
eflablifiied. The date connived at the private exercifc of their reli-
gious rites and devotions.' But their* imaginations were forcibly ini-
preiTed with that pomp of religion, which they had (een in foreign
coimtriet. They had been wimefies of the grandeur of foreign Pre*
Uies, tke leterence paid to all orders of thdr clergy, their noble en-
dowment^, ami comtortable revenoes. They were mortified aft their
own ^taation, the difguife. and fecsecy tto which they wete redoccd;
the Scanty and dependent fubiiftetice» v^ich they were impatieot A>
circhan^e foi* the eftabliihed income of t^e Pj-oteilant c]«rgy« Smali
as it was at this time, yet in their h^nds it might be coafi^crably,
improved by the fQ|>erIlition of the laity, ^nd the terror of ecde^^Hi'r
feal cenfures.' ' \' ' ij c .
• 'It wei« fruitlefs and abfurd to attempt the gratification of tneic
^cfitet inaay way, but that of arras and infurrcftion. Inforieign
^onnuics th^ foiuui numbers of ^hdr eobhtrymen, the o^pring of'
followers of rebel chieftains, who were careiTed and employed. THey-
fajjd little 4iffi«ttlty in enflamiog fach mea with' the remembrancd of
their &mily grandeur, the brave jefForU of. their fathers in the aaafe
of religign and liberty, (for fuch was- the language obvion^ to be ,
ttftd} their prefent (late of deprefiion, and the. hopes of executing an
effc^da! vengeance on tKdr Engli(h opprcnbrs. By the afliiiapceof
Hhefe Aeir countrymen, or by themerit of beipg fufFerers .for religion,
ftverat of th)em gained accefs to miniftera of ftate. To thcfe they
atagmfied the ilreogth of the lrt(h Catholics, reprcfented theirt afs^lft-
pat^t to take arms for the: faith, folieited (uccours for the pibas
uodertakingi and fomctimes received ho un favourable anfWers^
Elevated by any marks of attention, fiud oouoei^ing ikogoine liopea
£ i from
ftbtai Aie iligfatdl^mittadoiis cf fiivotfr and esicoaHig^wi9iit« ||pqf
difpaiched thdr emii&ii^ into ilrelaad, to praaife wiih cbe oU Ir^
rrke old Iriih,.i>roild, qoerulods, vbleot, uaemployedt idOSaioii^
cfirery |>rQq(effi<m boc mu of ^ms, Were ea(l^ routed co any -ioTpera^
sitttwpt.* ,
"Wtife we db 5i^<f^ ^ the ibility, rn general wftb whick
0r« ^elahd has traced the origiti, progrefs, and cowfeqacoggt
of the rebellion In Irelaodf we are obliged lo confer Wif^^w
one re^pedf we have been coofidiiraUy difap^omtcd vn'tlieilH
formntioo we hoped. far; and that is, with regard^ttythe'*ilQI!l-
ber of perfons nrho ^ro-c killed iti wh« te ««ftmcirfTy -esftMI'tte
Ififii Maflacre. It is wellluidwn what'dHRfir^itt iictod)^ ttk\^b
been given of this tfiittcr, attd ijow much h hali>, rff l^te ^cars^
been the fitbjeft of dHcuf&oh. Contemporary hl&oria^ liave
reprefented the multitudes 6f the Prouftants, who loft.ihMC
)ive9 bv the qruehies of the rebels^ to have been ver^rgyesc
The llit of tl)e Tuffcrers has probably 'bees exaggeralefl. *Tbb
IS generally t)>e cafe in the firft relation. of atrodw^ tfftMi^
when the miiuis ef men ^re thrown ihto an umtfual t2^;ttiW^
when their icsaglnatioos sre heated, and thdr ptfffions fSdlMto
the highejft pitch tyf indignation arfd mtot. On the Hitkx te^,
thofe Who luve lately attempted to ifeduce die ttiiSbs:xtA <b a
finaU number, feem to liave gone too far on the oppofite fide.
Bat however this may be, Dr. Lelan4's headers had juft^roaoRi
to expeft fome explicit information upon the fubjefik* biprae
of too great ixn(K>rt:aiqe^n our general hi^y to i»e ieft^wfaoblly
tioldetermineil;; yet It is impoffible to c<ille£^ in "avjrd^giMy
from 4he Dodor'^ nairacion, how many pe^fotn mtgAt ^M^Mn
bly be dcAiiwed in die If iih tnafllMm. He 4Hi9, iH0M» laiMt
m apology Mnt his cosduA in this re^&; but we cMlitft re*
gard it as, in ally degfee, ilatisfaidofv. It was'tbe'indifpfenl^e
iuty of a Arithful biiloritn) not to oe ifilent vipon lb material a
^nt ; andiie hiight'bave difcharged his dutvj without enteiriiiB
intQ party difpiite$, Thofe who read Dr. JLehNKTs Hiftory of
Ireland, ought not to be laid under a neceffity of recttrring
eUewhcr^ tor inftruSio^ in any impoiUftt bA vekcitre t» that
ki«?B*>pa,
The fiieedfon of varknis and imerelKng eVeiMs, wMdi in-
tervened between the breaking out of the Irifh tebdBion tai,
the itAoratUm of Kihg^Jharles the Seoond, is carriM on, by
our Author, in a miifterly manner ; and, would our liniita4>er-
mlt, we cbuld, with pleafure, refer u many paitages, which an
Worthy Of peciili^ attention. We obferve that the DftAoft
through the whole of bis narration, takes canre to 4(rfii}l jaftice
to the abilities, integrity^ and a£Hons of the £arl i(aftcrwatA
Marquis and Duke) of Ormond. Jn his accduift of the tranf*
idiooa of She £arl of Glamorgan^ he admits^ ^and gives tkdSi-
ditioaal
titeat ^M«6:oC tbc^ autliemicii|r^ 4k«i.^«inMIEpii gtaiMfi V
King Cbtrieatbe l^iift co fl|f$J9QM««m; a o^after w)iic;}v.k^
which is ifovK cottfiripeiH b!e9rQ»^<|jfe«|ft ^/ llic focpad voUiaif
Oii£ Readers wilT pi:Qb0j|4y ^f^i ^^Qt^rt^ifi^d with, the fylipvfrr
iiig boAoio SLf^nety ftfm Jx>«i^, (4>5 ?4rli?wicjijtvian Gm^naqf
4t Diablitif to a,teaef of thaM^V^s of Qr9ipn(lfs^ vhfi, aO^ter
iu*iii9.receur«d a d^fQali, kid^ wxiltt^ tajon^s, to defire Uu^-
lie would fiend/ a liil ofct^ pofiHIs^^.t^d t^iv
♦^ Mjt Lori^
^ Stnoe I routed jroin: aimy^ I oasiMt have the bappinef$ t»
i^V wboiT ypa are^ that I mzy wait ttpon vott«
, TThj? rcjlorajtlon of Charks the Second was an evem of great '
cwca^tioa i% ^v^ry j^x^\ of the Englffl^^ dopiiiitonv. But in
I^^Wnk ^^^i* a, defp^r^tc; cryil war of atqipftftine years, various
CfiQteaiJpi^ of viol^AC a|id qmbittei;e4 fai3ipns» anjd various levo^
fatdoaa a( power iod P^!9per(;x» it na/turalUy rpHt^ the hope^
«l»i feafa o^ men, aod kept thoiG atieipxiQii t^ ijhe moft intereil*
ittg ohjeda of thia life) fi^ined to a painful degi^ o/ anxiety
't\er old inhi^bitaats,. the. new advemttrcrs, Catholics, fanatica^
<vc^ denooimation of Protcftants, and ^vciy pariy of Roman*
lftj?;i eyed each other with jeatoufy, whh envjr, Wilh fu^toa
iuid ayerCon; impatient (o be ^eftoredf to thetr ancient poflef-
xTons^ to be confirmed' \ix tjbe^r, i\ew acquifitions, to 1]« par-
^POAd for (bek 44«»4wavyiK <* ^9 V rewarded fiw: thcic fcr-
?ices. ,
Thf copplicated difficttUie^ iflfiog firom^ tSiis {httt of peifona
^4 ^^^gS) and the proceeding rektlxt to the a£ta of fiEtllef*
ment and explanation, are futl^^Md ctrcumftantialty'deferibed
i|y onr Author. The %et o( eyptanatioin, wl^ieb did not paA
im th? year 1665J1 flxc4 the gc^icral rights of the fcveWif rnte-
r^Jf^ yi Ireland), aod eftabl^iOied'a finaf and iQvarrablt^ rule for
ihfj ^ul^meQt of that k;in«doin.
* Ynt tkis, fs^y$ Dr LeJajid, was bfll d^ bc^^rnning of tlie grcaj
^sk oi f<Htlemen/» ']^1^ rpll depeisdcd on the execation of the a£l^
Jiaii ^e a^plkaMPA of tl^ ri^le to^ particular cafp^^ (Ve comxniflion-
^5 were^poiati^ iprha* inrall flBat^cs.btdtfiicalty, were to refort;
CO the Lord Lieutenant and council/ An iAfinice HQimbei; of per-
plia^ qf^i, j^tod^f^, Recpet»ai'f|>pJi^ai>4ip. to the ftate ;. and ^ye/
fW yiMb ^3ftMi»ii4et^%{^yiueDt to the D.i^^k^ of Or^^pudy in proVid
y^lpciihfr TOP^wdalcjiicift^ of tlys^a£|, ard dcfeatii)ij the attempt^
of tkftfe wbp l^Qured it^ ^^^ ifr t^f pi^anqg grants and Jettcn
from the King.*
Spmely bad. tba aft pf Eipplanatioa pafled^ wben.the £ngli/h
ComiBOiis feenu^tOrCaKy that pi;<)fpfirlty of the fu^jeiQs of lue-
]mi which tbe-fet^kmeotof that ktogdov proxQifed j and, not-*
£ 3 . ' withfianding
'54 LelandV Wjory e//rtlani.
withflattditig all the (bliritude (xprefled for th^ iiit»rtfi{ of a
new- colony of their /ellow-fofajeds^ rcfotved on a meafur? cal»
cuUtexl- at once to mortify and ^iftr^s chem. In tbc p^clia-*
nientheia at Oxford, in the year 1665, a bill was brought ui
for a perpetual prqhrbition of importing all cattiie from loebmd^
dead or altvej great or fmaH, fat or lean. The violent and ob-
ftinate manner in which this affair was condafted, intbehoiifea
both of the Lords and Commons of England, is fet forth^. bjr
Dr. Leland^ in ftrong and Hvely colours ; and be hath added
the fubfequcnt account of the efxSt^ of paffing the ad. I
* The Englifh nation foon felt the ioconvei^ieBcies of an wEt^
Which w^i^tdnly put an end to ah advantageoos comniercc. Difoem-
iDg men faw the htipj^ caafe^naposs ^ph~it mu^ vf^ ti|i^|
> {Produce to.: Ireland* l^ar the prefent, however, the Irilh fabje&s
were cad 1019 de&au*. Allfommerce was tntecr^pted ; wa^* nu4a ic
necei^y to guard agaloA iuvaiiQn ; fubfidies were due, bat no mo-
ney could 1b^ fopndj, Ormond thouffbt it both necctfary and conve*
nient to acceot part of thefe fabfidles in provifions, cohfulting at
Once the K.ing*s fervicc and the eafc of his diftrefied 'fubjefts. Nor
was the King ilMifpofed to alleviate the prefeat difilculcies 4)f Ii«#
land. With the confent of his council, obtained not without ftau»
4^1u^ncc, he, by an a£lof flate, allowed a free u^ade froip Ireland tQ
^1 foreign* countries, either at war. or in peace with- bis Majefty.. lie
permitted the Irifli, at tl^e fanie time, to retaliate oifxhe ^cbts, who.
popyittg frpm England, had prohibited thcLc cattle, forn, and beef.
The importation of linen and woollen ^xnanufadlures, .{lockings^
fflovesi and other comino^ities from Scotland, was forbidden, ai
highly detrimental to the trade of Ireland. i; , t
* The exportation of iriih Wocl was prohibited by lawi exceptta
England, by ppticuUr licence of the Chief Governor. Yet, in thf
brder of council for free exportation, wool' was not excepted^ The
Lords who had contended for. the moil .onreafojaabl^; redraints 0%
Ireland, and were declared Enemies, to Qrnvond, admitted in theif
debates, that wool &oul4't>e induded in the exportable ardcles ;
Such was, their ignorance of the aiOFairs of this kingdctrn, and fuch
thei/- inattention to the intereAs of England* Qrhiond fufpeifled that
Tome fnare was laid, aindYome pretence fought for a future accufation.
Should he take too great liberties in an affkir To delicate. Wool was
iiot mentioiled in nie proclamatloh, nor would he cbnfent to grant
particular licences for exportbg it. The Iriih, forced by a neceffity;
which breaks thi'ough all laws and rellriiints, cohveyed their wool hf
Realth to foreign countries, and hive experienced' the advantages of
this claridefti rie commerce. ' ? - ^ . . ., { .
* « But the liioft effcftual nieafore which the Irifli fabjeds could poN
fue tO'ei^de the violence of atr oppreffiire law. Was that of applying
themfelves'to man'u^dures, and working up their own comthodities t
and in tim they wefe cdimtenaocod and encouraged by the noble fpi^p
rit of their Chief Governor; . - . * ' *
' ' Mett of^ abilities and knowledge in commerce were encouraged
to fuggeft their fchemes* for promoting indbftry,' and prevendng the
hh:e£ty of foreigfl imporutiotts. Sir Beter Pett prefenced a meooi^.
rfal tothc Doire of Ormond, for cre^ing a manufaflure of wocllcn
c^otii, which might ae leaft farniHi a fofficient qaannty for home'
conftimpdon. fie chiefly recommeiided the making fine worfted*
flodd&gsy and Norwich AaSkr which might n6t<c>nly keep money tiv
the coQDtry^ hot be fo impiti?e4# ^s to bring coofidmble Amis from^
abroad* He offiered to procure worl^men irom Norwiich : the coqiih
.cil of trade, lately eftabliflied ia Ireland^ appnHxd of his p^opofal;}
the Dukeof Ormond encouraged it« and ereded the manufaflurc ac
ClonmeU the capital of his coanty-pajatine of Tipperary. T6.rap%
ply the fcarcity of workmen. Grant (a man well known by his cbfer-
vations on the bills of mortality) was employed to procure fivchun*'
dred Walloon Froteflant families from Camerbury to remove to
Ireland. At the fame time. Colonel Richard Lawrence, another^
iegcaioot ^ projedor» wa» encevwiged to -promote the-bofinefs of
combing wool, and making freezes. A manu£|dure of this kindwai^^
dHaUiihed at CarHck, a town belonging to the Duke*
* But of all fuch fchemes of national improvement, that of a linen
a^anufadure was mod acceptable )to Ormond* He pofiefled him If TIE
with the noble ambition of imitating the tarl of Strafford in thenioll
Ixpnourable part of his condu£t, and opening a fource of jmblic^
wealth and'profperity, which the troubles and difqrders of IrelancC
fiad ftopped. An a£l of parliament was pafTed at Dublin to encoji*.
nige the growth of flax and mahufadure of linen. Ormond was at
the charge of fending flcilfnl> peribns to the Low Countries, to make
otiiervations on the flate of this trade, the manner of woHcing, the
way of whitening their thread, the regnUdons of their manuftAure^
and management of their gibunds, and to contract with iomt olf
dieir mod exWieiiced artifts - He engaged ^ William Temple tor >
lend to Ireland £ve hundred families .mm firabanty (kill<Bd.in:mah,U"i
fiiduring linen ; others were procured from Rochelle and the Uif of
Re, from jtrfey and the neigh'bourJng parts of France. Conv^n^ot^
tenements were prepared for the artilcers at Chapel- 1 zod» ncar*Dub^
Hn, where cordage, jail-cloih^ tickeh, linen, and diaper were
bronght to a confiderable degree 6f perfe6^ion* * Such cares refleft
i«a] honour on the Governor, wsho thds laboured to promote the hap-
pinefs of » nation, and ihould i>e recorded with pleafure and ^an<»
Mide, however we may be captivated by the more gtaving objeds of
i^iftory.* 1
Our ingenious Author carries oii» with eqtial ability and
^irit, through the remainder of the volume^ the detail of Irifli
affairs, down to the final fettlement of the kingdom, in the
year i69i« This is 9^ very bufy {tnd important pericNd in tk;
hifiory of Ireland^ includinff the latter end of Cbarlea the Se^
cofxi's reign, the whole of Jamea the Second'a, and feveral of
the raoft material tranla^ions which attended- the Revoliition<
l^bd events here related are highly momentous to Engliihmeiij
^ well as to Irifbmen; bvt for particularsy we refer to the
\^ork itfelf^ which will aiForc) ample iatisfafiion. t
. Without pretending exaSly to coincide with Dr. Leland^ in
ill bis views ^nd fcprefipntfitions of things, we may venture fi
E 4 pronounce
!|roiioufi€e tiiat his Hiftory af Irthn^ U t vff y vahablt per^
ormaoce, and beyond comparifoa (u^(iof td nay oibtf hiftory
of that couiitry. 1% k wmfco^ perteps ^<M^ as mtftch varlsif^
9» thi; oatufe of the fuhkA, hot alwiyt i» itfelf tb« ««Dft m^
wintigeou% cptiM wpil admic* Tbr ftyto is pctJ^^cMoue) maiifyy
ibeng, and geiKraUy elegant. The few inaccttracitt whictr
oc^ufi are capa^k of an ci^fy ameitdmcnt
It would hav^ been an additional recommendation to the
WorVt if there had been running cpntQnt^ tn the mar&pbif and
if the dates of the year bad been placed at the fop of u^ p^g^
The 'author iiiesy fikewiie, oiight bi^W beca referred 10 wkb
greater preciiioa*
j^itT. Xni. r^ yff9/cp of tb^Sihi Undfyt Mn 4* « refignfHg tH
VU^ofi of^Qaftnuk^lTorkfinrf. 8vo. 5»t Johqlbn. VJT^
TflE title of this performance cannot fail to excite th^
curioiity pf the PubHc* For a clergyman to refign his
litrng, except frdm a view to better prefcrmcntt or for fom^
<Hfaer i^ur^fts tn^ely of a worldly nature, is indeed an uncocn^
nion ph^nomenoki » and it is natural to epc^ire what are tb&
^auft.s of fq extraordinary a ^ondu^ In the cafe of A4r« Liodn
jfey, bi^ only <npt}ve app^aff |o haifr been a principle of inttr.
grity^ H^ batb.dfclincd id odfictate any longer aa a minifter of
{Aie church of England, bocauib be cannot coaicientioi^y ii&
the Ifftvn^of its woiAip. j£ir«T^ ^an of bonoiyr and yirtue wit(
foe) the mora} e^eeltence ef fucH a behaviour*
JM Wb^^ jdft'ice is done to Mr* Lindifey's uprigbtnefs, i(
fhay ftifl b^ matter of enquiry, how far the reafons uj^o which.
\it hath a^ed wiU Aaad (he tell of f^ber examination. Wo
ppin l^ta rpafons in point of iiitelleflual wiidom ,and }«)dg6^
inent : for with regard to that b^bcr fpecies of wiAioai which
bas a reference ^ ^ approbatioii of the Supreme Pcing, and
%f> a future ftate, the man who, with i^ tni^aken coniaenoct
gives up his all to thefe great obie^s, is infinitely wifer than
^ wh^ tribe of ftatefmen, politicians, philofqpbers, divines^
and hifliops, who fo readily facrtiice their fcrupk^ to what thgr
are pieaAsd to call public utility \ which fame public utility tr
ptways feufid to htve a remarlcable and happy comcidence wid|
fheir pwn priVaia cmolMment. A pprfon'a motives may be
light, while bis opinions afe wrong. ^ It was proper, therefore^
|n Mr. Lindfii)^ to lay bii eafj^ before the world, that it may b^
^ how for bt tm truth, as wen as integrity, on bi| fide.
The A{}ologT is dttided into fix chslpters. The firft qpn«
^ns fome ^I'x&mt^ on the ^jgin of the doArine of the Tri^
|it(y, and tht oppofitton Which it met with, to the time of tl;^
|{f fpnjMtipii, In tjjt ^♦nd^ the 0atc of th? vwtarian dopt
trioe> U mt own jCOUX^try mqre erpeciiUy, from tb^sra of th^
{L^formaiittii^ i9 {particularly confidered. Thfe dbfign pfche
third chapter h (o prove, that religiqUs Wdrfliip is to be offered
ta. the One God» the Father oAly. The fourth rcdtet the
caidfoi qS the unhappy defedion. aoiong Chriftiani from the
ijfnplic;it]f pf r^KgiQus wotfl^ip prelbribed in the Scriptures ot
ibp^ New T^ffs^meot. In the V^th^ it is Ihevi^n haw* an unioa.
in Qo<)'$ worthip maybe attained; and the fiScth jpv^s. a de-v
f(:ripCioQ of the Writer^t particular ca(e apd diflleultics.
It is ufual ^ith us, in revising any tifeatife; to foQbw the
ordcf of thc^nrofii; itfelf. Biiti in the prefent infls^ite^ we i&aff
r^erf? tha^ methQd5 and begin with tne laft chapter ^tha( we
n\9Lf be able U gratify, our Readers^ as early as pof|t|)<^ With*
the Ambar^ accoM^t gf bia own fituation and condu/9*.
< As iar as my in^inorY goes hack^ fay^ he, t Wad Jmpre(E<f
^rom my early youth witri a loye of truth and ykiu^, a fear
af God, antf adcGre to approve myfelfto him, wh(ch hs^e nevei{
left me ta this hour, though not a^wa^^ equaJTy governed by'
them^ nor improving fo great a favour and blel&hg fcom God
as I oughi to ba¥c done*
^ After the ufual tiore fpent 9t fchpol and fn the unkerfitjr,
I entered into the ouaiffry of tfie golpel^ out of a free and deli-
berate choice> w^th a full perruafioq, that it was th^ bcfl way In
which! could ferve God^, and be ufeful tp mnn, and with an
eafneft defire that 1 might promote thefe the gxt^i e^nd$ of it.
* Some tblug$ in ibe xx^iy articles of our church I a}way«
difapprovedf^ And I remember it (truck me at the time, as a
ilra'nge unnocctrary cntano;lement, to put young men upon Ac^^
daring and fubfcrining their approbation gr fucb a large hetero-
geneous mafs of pofitions and doSrines as are qontaincd In the
Htuigy^ articles, and homilies } eQ>ecialIy^as I had obfervedi that'
none but thofe called Methodifts^ "who were then much fpokea,
of, preached io conformity \o them. 9ut I was mt under any
fcruples, or great uneadnef^ on this account. I had httherc(>
no doubts I or rather, I had neyer much thought of^ or exa-^
mined into the dofirme of the Trinity : hut fuppofed a^l waa
right there/
< Some years after, many doubts concerning fhat .dp£lrlnejj
which ha(d (pnmg up in the mind at different times and fron^
various caufesi, compelled me to a clofer (iudy of the fg'ip*
tores with regard to it ; for the ftate of fufpenje I waa in ^as
very uneafy to me« The more I fearched, the more I faw th^
little fouiidation there waa for the do^ine commonly receijved
imd Interwovisn with all the pvbUc devotions pf the church,
and could not but be difiurbed at a difcovcry fl> ill fuiting
fny fituation* For in the end I became fully perftiaded, to uie'
§t, Pavl'a$]{i;pre& vofih ^ Corinth, viiju 6* \W theri, h but one
5^ *Linclfey*j Apology.
God^ the Faiber^ and be a]one to be worfliippcdi This dp^
' peared to be the uniform i^nvaried language and pradice 6f the
Bible throughout. And I found the fentiments and praftice of
Cbriftians in the firft and bed ages correfponding with it. In
a courfe of time afterwards, in the progrefs and refult of tbh
inquiry, my fcruples wrought fo ht as to put me upon adu-
ally taking fom^ previous fteps, with a defign to relieve myfelf
By Quitting my preferment in the church. What prevented
t^is refolutiQD from taking pl<ice^ and being cbmpleated, I go
on to relate. ^
i\ DeRined early, and educated for the miniftry, and my
heart en^aeed'in the f^rvice, when the moment of determination
came,XfeIt a reluctance at cafting myfelf out of 'my profeffion
and way of ufcfulnefsy that quite difcouraged me. Tbia was
probably heightened by my being alone at the time', having no
iptimate friend to confutt or coiiverfe with, and m^ imagina-
tion might be fhocked by the ftrangenefs and fingutarity of what
I was going to do, fuch fubjeCls then, upv^ards of fifteen years
ago, not having been lb much canvaflcd or become fo familiar- '
iaed as they have been fince. . T\\tk apprehcnfions, I am con-'
vfnced, had gre^t fway at the time, and not any Worldly re-
trofpe£ts or motives, by which I was never much influenced."
And befide, I had then a profpe£l of not being left intirdy def-'
titute of fupport, if I had gone oiit of the church.
^ * But I did not enough refleA, that when unlawful compp-'
ahces of any fort are required, the (irft dictates of confcieftce^
which are generally the righ^eft, are to be attended to, and that'
the plain road of duty and uprightnefs, will always be found to
lead to the trueft good In the end, becaufe it is that which is^
chalked out by God hmifelf.
* 2* Many worthy perfons, and fome of my own acquaint-'
il^nce, whofe opinions varied little from mine, could neverthelefk
fatisfy themfelv^ fo as to remain in the church and ofEdat<lt'
in it. Why then', it often occutred to' me, and others did not
A>are to remonftrate, why muCL I alone be fo fmgulaflt nice knd*
Icrupulous, as not fo' comply vvith What wifer and better ^en
could accommodate themfelves.to, but di/hirb others', and aK^
trefs myfelf, by enthufiaflic fancies, purely my own, bred in
gloomy folitude, which by time, and^he free communication and*
unfolding of them to btbefs, might be dlfperfed Sind removed*
and give way.to a niore ch'earful and enlarged way of thinking r
It was worth the while 1% leaft to try fuch ^ method^ and not;
raflily to take a ftep of which I might long repent. '
^ 3. It was fuggeded^ that I was not author'or contriver oT
the things impofed and com))1ained of. ' All I did vvas minille-^
rial only, in fubmiffion to civil authority 5 which is,'within ccr-*
tain limitations^ tht authority of God, and which had impdfed*
thcfc
JrindfeyV^Mo^' SI-
^^cAmgfi pnly for pe^pe^ and public good.— ^That I cogbF
|H>t oxi,ly tp leave my jb^nefice, but to go out of the world, if I
expeSed a perfedl (late qf things, in which there was no tUvif
pr h^rdfbip.-r-That if there was a general tendency in what
was eftabli(bed to JTerve the jnterefts of virtue and true religtoiit
^ ou^t to reft fatisfied, and wait for a change in other inciden*
%al matters that were grievous to me, but not generally felt by
others. — That in, the mean time, I had it in my power to for«-
ward the defired work, by preparing men's minds for it, wheflf
^ver there (h^ould be a difpofition in the ftate to ttStiff what
^39 ami(^» Therefore, if I could, in any way of interpretir
tion, r^oncile the. prefcribed forms with the fcripture in my
own mipd, and make myfeiifeafy, I was not only juftified, but
Iq be commended.,
<. Tliere confiderations all together, were of we^ht to divert
me then from the thought of quitting my ftation in the churchy
aind brought me in time to respain tolerably quiet and eafy in
|t. Not that I now juftify myfdf therein. Vea, rather I con?
flemn myfelf^ B|it as I have humble bope pf the divine forj-
givenef^ let i>ot men be too rigid in their cenfures : let thole
pnly blame apd condemn, who know wbat it is u dmbt^ to
}>e m perplexity about (hii^g^. ^t ^be higheft imporunce i to be
in:fear;of caufelefsly abandoping a ftation affigned by provi*
jdence, and bping found idle and unprp&table, when the Gre^
IJaftcr came to ci^l for the accoupt of the talent received.*
Mr. Lindfey goes on to rebate the farther methods he too](
to fiuisfy his oyrn mind i and to perfuade himfelf that he might
Innocently* continue in a church wbere there were many theings
|vj|iicb he ^ifijtpproved, and wiflied to have an>enided|*as he knew
not where he ^ight be in any degree alike i|feful \ after ^bich
be proceeds as follows :
* Thus I went on in the difchargjp of mv duty, till a few
^ears ago, when from fom^ providential awakenings, I fecretly
put firoOy refolved to feek ap opportunity to relinquifli a fitua«
fion, that was now bi^come not very fupportable to ^e.
** J could hpt pow fatisfy my felt with Dr. Wallis's and the
}ike foft^nings and qualificapqns of the Trinitarian forms in
the fiturgy. I wondered how I had been able to bring myfelf
p> imaAtne, ^at, J was wor(hipping the Father in fpiri^ and in
{ruth, John iv. 23, 24. whilft I was add/e(Sng two other per-
fons, G^d the Son^ and Gofi thi Holy Gboft^ and imploring favourf
'feverally of tjiem in terms that implied their perifonality and
^ind agency, and deity, as much as that of thj» Father.
* If ^vocations fo particular, language fo exprefs and per*
ibnal, might be .fifted and explained away into prayer to one
pod only; I might by the like fuppofals and iaterpreta(ipa
^iiig lpj(!^If to d^f'y ^^^ f^y to the Virgin i^ary, talking ber^
]t.UKl6yV4^
tnttiiiHiffi thi^ i was fHU only prajring^ to the oneGFo^ ^Mpr fM
tbtis Invoked hi hie cresHire tkat was h nearly ujarled ta mii|» -
^ It appeared to me a blkmeable dupIicity^ that whillF T Wii
firajdng; to thecmeGddtheFather, the people that heard me^ w«fi
led h)^ the language- 1 ufed, to addfefi^ themfeKes to twddM%er
peribnS). or dil&Aintelli^nt agei^ts ; for they would never fifK
titize fo fiftf) aa to fency tne Sor and Holy Sphrt to be mcrdy
twO'fRode^, oiMeQ)cAs, or iehtio^s oFGod to tbein,
* At one great dcfign of Our ^ayiour** mrffion was to pro*
note riie kin>w)ed*e a^td wor^jp of the Father, the m^ Wtjt
Cifdf as-hchimfetf teRs u»^ Jqhn>yii. 3. I' ceuki not ti^inlb it
irilowaMs ox lawful for me, on any imagined pro^^e^oPdMkis
good, to be inftrumental in carryjl/ig on a worfiim^ ^RtlR& i
Selleved dtrtdly contrary to the mind of Cbrtft, and condemned
* If k be a imU m i^sorals,^ jW inbifot^ nef(cerh*^ hj^ Ml
nofe evident^ that we are not ta das^ny thing ^t^'Am^iy
k^if^y no, not- to procure thfi gnaie/} gMi Itom» iS, ^, 'Tor
God dt)e» not want my finful ^&. ft would be iihpibue tp fbp^
poft, that he eannot carry on hi5 government^ and ptxsmdiiCiSi^
ftlkity of his creatures^ without lU And although inliii bfo*
vidence he may brihg good out of t^y evil, he wHY pot Kt dha
doer of it go unpi^nfted. And if an^ thing be evil and odtovf
in his fiight, prevarication and fetftbood iti Jiich ; and mo^ 6[
win an habitua) courle thereof in themoft fpleiAn- ad « cr^a|ure
caa be engaged in^ the worftip of him, the holy, alKmng
God. -^ ^
< It is related in the life of Archbrfrop Tilld^; tbaf hh
Iriend Mr. Ndfon having confulted him by letter ffodt ^
Hague^in the year (691, with regard to dsepradke of tluyle
Nonjurors, who frequented the churches, and jet proftffed that
they did not join in the prayers for their majemes : ^ As tpA^
cafe you put, replied his Grace, I wonder men (hould be dfrided
in opinion abput it.. I think it is plain, that no man can loin m
prayers^in which thcie is any petition, which he is yerllf pcr-
fiiadedis ilnfuK J cannot ift^rt a trict any wbercy mnchMji m
.^ The Archbiihop may bo held by ibme to be loo fihr^ a
caftiift. ' But tf it was his opinion, that a man who, aftq*
theRev^tion, continued attached to the late King .|»he%
could not eonfiflently or honeftly fli^quent a.cominu^o^
pf Chri^na where their Majeftjes KUng William and Qfteeii
rfary were prayed for: what wouW he hav^ repHed,^thougb,t
often with myfelf, in the cafe of one^ who w^s 'nbjt hi^l^
fntkx^x ^^ ^'a? ^^^ mo^th of the cohgregaUpii ih i»flEbfi^ im
preyQ|9 ^God, which were bdieved to be de^gatofy*afidB9ll*
9 riws
1
tiott^ ifo bis pe6rlefs.^^|d{jr and incommuivictblc.perfe(fti«ii^
ajud^ in thfe mind ^f flie ofefbr, «Yaire *a^^ refkreTcAt^
«tion'of^hito 10 6ther»V1rTMs 'feem^itf 7^ whidi
the boneft mind of that rrelate v^duld^have'ifiQ l^s endur^d^
« >Afier fome refledtiona.u^n th^^ io^obabUity of ai\y rdft>r«
^atipn^s^being ajlmitted m ^lir uW^rip tural farms of'WofifK^
Mr. piniXcj acquaiiics u% ttutt in this ftatc of thii^9| he had
no choice l^ft, but dther to change the pttblic fetvice of the
chiKch^ ftnd makc'it fuch as ke ootild confcien^oulU^ofioiate .
iby or qiitctly to retire. iHe ^ould not rccoilcile hiotielf to the
former, becaufe he looked upon the declaration of conformity
and TubTcriptioh at inRitutionltoTjeTuchToTemn ties, that Tie
WRUd iidt be ctffy^MfterNb'g^tii TioWStm dF fttem. Btit codJi
tft'^sevrt *roWrftt1xl8 bw'n nrfhd "Yo % "t^ittt^u^&t iame*fthikH
th'iis*%t\iM'^n/Wbich%tNil<')!r^e^adet^ a cbante i&.
pradicable,
. « Upon tsit tmA teln md HmMti ietAeHKim^ Abr^^cv
fays 6iir Aothor, 9fid mcigbitig of^i^vury aciAnAhAaiitit^ I mm
iiUig^ tor^h^u^ my kcQtfice, iMni^vitr lAiflerVy ^^ \MkHk 1
«hhild lofeiaH inwarihptece^nd hope •f <>id^!m«Ur <^W
beptsmce in the end. Somewfastt di a tendency :to an fOiK^ bf
tbis ibct, nny friends mtiy ki^ ^dccafemialiy obfei'vSffd, or yee#)^
Jefi ito hove teen dropt in xcmvtr&tfon, of l^ ktter : btft I
refratndd/rMittCffinillg irdireftly, omditbougln ktistaMte'ikUi c^
he fiient <tifl fheJtiflneiippvoadied, as toy hatfans «rere nbtan^^-
flier%i; nor nly ^oiffloft ta Ailr4br thcifs.; ^ortird d ^ioiiovt^ or
%e)Me^ tiittat4ifjpione<4iad fuoh ci^fit nMfes'tv Itavebrs fta«>
tsob or «hiiilfttlidi«ft4n thecliitak si^ :IhML
> ^ -rke caiaai^e of mirexocUiAt>{>fn6in, now li\4iig at Wbt^-
Yediamptdn,J^Robet«fon, has -been -la fscrdt i«pro«di'fo )fit
imp ifi«ce I faemd of It. For Itheoght, smifpifrhaps j^l)^ iMt
lie tnigbt not lisw ^U* thofe reifons x>f «diilke to eotr-^ftsMli^td
Uffnl%<3S^fffi9Suf tint I ted ; and^ ihough'infyMf «ot ^i^i<Ml
unknown ftraits and dfficulths to ftrott^ trich, 2tfd ^ot ^k$m
^v^tVc^fn {honi^ ybt btvri not in// thofe AfTuari^es Md ^iif-
CtMtvagitndnlsthat^e'pamts ferch iaiMs:«fe^iigktler ko th«
JBiAiep of JVrnB, fohfOfntd m> bis inftrtiftiie ^lod «teimtdiwWkv
otid wbibh lAalliobeiaawe tDia(brt«i da WMmttifaiiftt^fili^
iMO'-cofichifiDft a ifiy jfi^^joft iasKTbtiok.
. .fto^^* in deba;tmg this oiMirr i^th'myiWf ('<^:itat^<o«^
«Un) befidts the varguineifts 4hcAly iio > tile i pulfOfe^ ^bMriS
4bong collateral ^coniidenuioits csme m upon the.'p0fb)M& 4kt^
•dF the queAbn. T>he dlitightnofe of nevy. oln:onfAa)9ect8^^pi«AM
we 'ctoKt:^ ffitmifotts fimjly, quite topreiri^ fdr^ ptesdi^
^^w4th tiie moft pathttic and moving tioqutnce. And -the 4fi^
mitief^aad wants of t^e^ now coming £afft 4{pon^t,*'Were4;tged
#iqUl)g^ But one iipg^e confidf ration prtvailed over all thefe^
^That
54 EvaAron'i DJ/louffps.
•^Tbvt the Cteatorand Governor of the. ttniverp^ ^k^ *"( '' ^
y&jf daty itr wrfif'fp' and hd/ire^ being thi tSod if iruiil it m^ ft
Sfagraable to btm tif^pt'ofefs^ fubfcribe^ or iectate^ in any matler nf
hting to his worjbip afidfirvice^ lUbat is not teUevei Jlri3^ ani
Jimd^td be true^^
" Fr6m this account of himftir, }t Uppeirs that Mt.XXxi9Ssf
has adcd with a tifcumfpcdioh, ah(f delay, which (Hew )A(a ti
be Wt onty an upright| btit a candid^ judicibus^ stAd fober*
minded man.
The Dodrina! part oF the Apology, wUI be confider^ icf
onr next Review.
AnT^XIV. Three Di/comrja. L Upon 4be Mem mfier God's 0^
Ueiurt. If. The taith tf Abreshgm. IJU, The SeeUtf the Fmmdm^
tionofGod. By Edward 'Eyanibn^M.A^ 8v9. 1 ft. 64* La^^
»775- ^ ; ".' .
THE firft of tbeTe dticousfcB it foonded on AUs xiii. H: in-
wbich te^t, according^ to the interpcetatioo^geberBHyw-.
tciyedy David, King of Ifrael, is denoceid^ by. the phrafe, ib^
man ^fier GoiFs own Heart, Mr* Evanfon, among odiers^ di(»
likea this explicatipn, and thinks it attended with very grea^ if
not infuperable difficulties, Reaibn, he apprehenda, fuggefls
that the life of him who bath any claim to the above title^
ihould be unftained with any one vice, at leaft olF a heinoas
kind, if not ablblutely perfe^. He propofes therefore to ex»-
mine whether the writers o£ the Old or New Teftameot, m
the paflagcs where this phrafe occurs, were really ^^eakuq; of
the perfon of King-David : ^ Audi pedaaiteiiiy&lft be iays» that
fuch an enquiry will very folly convinee tis» that had: not thia
part of the facred ' hiftory been, in generah, imperfo^y under*
fiood, the oommon olijettions of unbelievers, far from (eemiog
to gain ftrength, as I fear they have done, from the un&casfae*
tory, evafive anuTwers ufually made to them» would have ap-^
peared to be utterly without foundation.*
In fupport of that interpretation which this Writer has to
oft:er» he remarks, that ^ in the writings of the Old Teftamenty
what is Ipoken of die father, efpecially regarding future events,
is Icacce ever meant of the father's own perfon,. but is almoft aX^
ways prophetic of the will of Providence with refped to the whoU
pr f&me particular part of his pofterity/ He produces fome- in-
ftances of this kind, and proceeds, by this rule, to examine tb«
dedaration of the !Prophet Samuel,, concerning David, which ia
lepeated by St. Paul in the words of our Author's text* ^ He ob-
ferves.that what is (aid of fettling the kingdom on David^ it
* Attempt to e^rplain die woids reafon^/uhfieaue^ &c. p.-24ik • "*
. 6 •- ' , - - <virfcntljr
EvanionV Bifaurfa^ ^3
evidently put \n cohtraft to the dl^nupci^ioa of Qod'f sT^eAing
Saul from being Kiog. It is dear tbat this rejoifiion wa& not
to be underftoc^ literally of the per^ of Siul, Unce he reigned
fome years afterwards, and was in poUeJum of the regal digt
ni^ to the day of hi^ death. This part of the predidion muft
therefore be explained as refpeSiog the ,poftirity of Saul, who
were excluded from th.e throne of Ifrael. * Since then, (ays
ouc Author, it is evident that the rejedling Saul from being
King, is only prophetic of the re]e£lion of Saul's family,. God'a
having bund in David a man after his own heart, which is men-
tioned in the very fame breath of the holy prophet, may very
reafonably be regarded only as prophetic likewife of God's
finding that charader in the family of David/
To tbefe refleiSions Mr. Evanfon adds a farther argument,
drawn from the laft daufe of the verfe under exacnination, vix*
uAkhJhaU fulfil all my will ; a declaration which, he thinks, hf
nom^aos accords with David's moral and private condud ; nor
caa be coofider it as applicable to him in his poblic capacitjE^
becaufe be did not build the Teo^)ie at Jeruialem, without
which the ritual and worfiiip of the Jews was incomplete. But,
jt may be aiked in refped to the laft article, might not Davhl
be faid, in his public charaSer, to have accompliihed the will
of Providence, although be did not ere^ the Temple, .which i(
w;t8 plainly the Divine intention ihould be effeded by another
hand i However, from thefe and fome other confiderations,
}Au £• draws his conclufion, that ^ no man but, the Mejftab
CQu]d pofilbly fulfil «// thiwill 9f God^ and therefore nothing
more could be meant by the divine tefiimony which was given
of David, than a prophecy, that this Saviour of the -world
fliould be one of bis offspring.— «Tb us, iie adds, I think it ap-
pears duit the whole charge of inconfifteocy in the holy Scrip*
tures, with all d)e impious icoff and ridicule of unbelievers, ofi
David's account, is founded only ia their own mifappreheafioo
ef the writings they underuke to criticife. And indeed, I am
fatisfied, it will be ever found, when ^matters are brought fairly
to an ifluet that the do<5lrines of revealed religion (as they are
really contained in thofe facred books] are founded on the fted^
faft and immutable rock of truth, and will abide for ever.'
The two diicourCes which follow 4ice fenfible- and ^radical.
The fecond is on ihi faith of Abraham^ from Rom. iv. 22. Itf
tenor will appear by. the (hort pafl^ge we he^e infert. ^ We
iee then that jtbe faith preached up to us and recommended by
the great Apofile, does not fignify the profefTion of our belief
in any propofitiori refpeding the nature of God ; nor in declar*
ing our approbation of any form of words whatever, intelligiblp
Of unintelligible ; b^t in a full alTurance that the things which
Cod hath fpokeo^ he will ipfallibljr perform, ii} a firm truft an^
reliance
64 H^MSotk^ iXfccurfh.
MltMfe'ctiHfiie ^dofltiefiiiinfl protidetice oFour Aimigtitjr Cf%a-
tor, and litetdy and ^xarft'oteJitAifectD all his^in comauaonh,
Rtpfifjr'had 4t been for tfiankifld, IF this ikAtittt of tbt ApdSk
htA bietn ^t all tfitM pMidh^ iirjr tbe teachers ttf the Chriftran
ctHinch ! #t AdoM not now lament the (ad penrerfton of our
MYf aeligiony which at pfe&m frevsHs in cipery cotmtrf of
Obfi ftiifraoni*
^e*thifd «fcdtttft 4b intided, Tift^ SroT o/*tk Frntttthn ^
<3a^ from 2 7nif. ii. 19* In this, as wrH as in the farugoiug
fKibmnfe, the Author appearii to ^be a tealons advocate ibr the
Hberty <ff private juidgtoent, -and he writes in a-fpirifed strain
agaiim creeds, faWcriptions and iofipoRtiom* * When rdtgidas
faith, fays he, is founded on the opinions t>f men, it m\iSt be
an hte^harifted (btfrce of *rifc, contention, and 'dRptite % *bc-
caufe forlong as there are diffierent men, ibe^ "nittiftbe diffisrent
opinions in the woHd. - The ^irft evil t:mfeq[uence tberefott,
which folkmcd the preferring htiman inttrpretations df the
^trrd ^f (Sod btffofe that infalliWe Wort Iffdf, was tt> rtwt
ioot ^11 that bfOfteHy love and nintverfiil-benevolence, whicii out
blefled Saviimrr hath made the only idiftrrigtiifliing thartc ^*hb
true^ircipks ; to fplit themcmbcfs-of Cbrift's body into imttie<»
tous%ds and ia&tons; and make them defptfe, hate, pciYbcute,
iind'Cven deftroy their brethren who differed from them/
Again, in anotherpfaice, fpeaking of ^ceds, he fiqrs } < AJ-
fniglny-God, to whom afl*hearts are open, and from whom |io
fecret is hid, wdl knows'how tightimd %edFaft otfr ftith rs in
Mm and bis Anointed, wtfliont otir ftanding up fb many times
a^day, -or ibtnany thnes a^^wcek to acquaim him with it. Atid
as to'ottrfeUpW'cr^tunes,. they cannot 'know en ^M^Mr t}i kn^
ftr for inch [^oAffions ; becaufe it is not in the power tif taan
Tb'difcem, whether what we utter be the real diflkates xli our
Itftarts; tfce urimeaningi^^fMi^e of parrots; thc^wxious cam
W^y^kKTiQr ; -^r the mere echo t)f our party, Whait wife man
fhefefore, dr what benevolent Chrifthm would Mlh t6 tffltnd
Wife ccmfctenccs of anycff his weak or Scrupulous brethren by
the fnri)iic vfe of anv formularies of belief, even though he
hinijfeff Ihotild ^ncerely approve (rf* «vf ry thing contain^ in
thcmV
T4ie ftree letmons hi^Bi^ patn)^hlet air fothnvedhy vHMia^
^6ns on paiticular parts df them. Which appeaf very fenfiMe and
judicious. The writer is natttriBy led, 1^ feme of his oMer-
vatiotis, to take notice cff the Archdeacon of WlnChcfter, who
W advanced propofttians fo very diReremfrom th6fe Wbrahara
lycfe hid down by Mr. Eranfon \ who is no friend to tiic trigh^
fkrwn tbims of bigdtted churchmen. Bjgotted ckundttnrrr,
%hefrtbpc, are not hkcly to prove friejids to hhn j and acct)i4--
^n^ly* wc hara that Mr, £. k^ at this time, aciuaMy under
proiccatioQ
^pfiecutioh ia the fpirittial courts for pmitUog^ in bis o^ci^I
jirjijwity, tk^ Afki^^^n pa|ts of the fcfvicc of the churdi.
Xiu 'this jOGpifion, wf airfc told, 9 great number of the i&habitanti
:of thcpariflij uokoonm to Mr. £• held a meetiiig, at which a
jreryhaiidroBie fun was fubferib^d, for the maiataioatice of his
caqfe : jU the fame time declaring their refolution to raife a far-
ther fupphr* if it ftould be found necefiarir. This readinefs, i^
'^ body qflaymen, to Aipport a pious and conftKentious clergy*
m^, and fave him firpm finking under the Weight of legal op*
^relEon^ icflq^s jgreat jboop^ on the towp of Te wj^clbury.
1^ II I ■ ■ . ■ . I ■ H I »
MON T HLY CATALOGUE,
For J A N U A R % 177^
£ A S .1* - I H l> 1 K ^*
^it. 1$. Ai Jcc&mH $/ tbi Prociidinis at the tndia li9uj€i with
lefpeato the Keguiations propofed to bennde Bye-Laws by a
. Cdmciuttee of Propnecors, eleAed by ^llbt fbf that i'drpoft, and
afi;reed to by a X^eneral Coart : Paj:ticalarly thofe felatire to tb'd
mippiDg of the Company » by which they would have faved abov«
106,006 /. p9r Ann. that were afterwards ^try irregularly rtxt^ti.
AMbthe Profits that would accrue to the Ship- Owners, by haTing
their Ships contraftcd. fbr, at the full Builder's Meafure, and &
moderate Prices for Frdght \ injlead of the late roinoos Method
of Gbarter-Paity 1roiiDage> at exorbitant Prket* ImpartiafAr
^ted by one of the Comteittee. ft?o. 1 s. Payne. 17;4<
THE nufmanageipeiit of the India Cothpany's fi^nrants at their
jetttefnents and fa&ories abroad, has long been arraigned, and
was little to be wondered at, <!^nii()erlQg the remotenefs of the ftencs
W p&iqfi. Inquiries of this feature once beguui often brinf circoq^
^fiaoca to light that were never imagined, and it is sow oircovere^
.that the managers of the Qpinpany's.aifairs.at home, have been.guilty
^ofmofi enprmous abufes inthe^u-tide of ibippin^; that private jobs
. on all hands, by maflers as well as fervants^ both at home anil
abroad, haye been carried on, to the great injury of the proprietors
.at large, and have einbarrafled the Company's affairs, not^ithHand*
iog the great profits upon their trade, and the baafUd revennes derived .
from their territorial acquifitibns.
The abufes in contracting for (hipping^ were explaltied fome, time
^f^,. h^ Sir Richard Hoibam-^, whd £i& made an offer to the Com-
'.pany oi his fliip at a mock lower rate per ton, than the oufbmary
;€0^a£U ; but which tender was (Irangely rejeded^ It is aiTerted in
this narrative,. that between the years 1766 and 1771^* the tonnage
empk)yed was more than double of what was nec^flary for the extri«
v^gant importation made deriog that interval ; that this importation
,was mch * as they could not poffibly find a market for; on which
•aceount not only the expences of freight, but of warehoufes^ and a][l
>«>«
• Sec Rer. vol. xlviii, p« 327*
Err. Jan. 1774. F pthcf
66 MoNTHtY Catalogue, Eafl'Indies.
•other charges of merchandize, were intolerably incrcafcd!* It. is far-
ther faid to be dcmonflrable, that if the directors were to ' accejit
the (hips ofiered on the moll advantageous terms to the Company,
there would be a favin?, to the amount at leafl pf two.thutls of chdr
^ prefect yearly dividends I' The queftioa then .occurs why this faring
does not take place ?
If the ufual complaints of parliamentary corruption^ which have
been attributed to the declamation pf party^ and the ravings of fac-
tion, needed any confirmation ; we have it before us in the extenfion
of the fame baneful fyflem over the affairs of a trading cc^mpany.
We are openly informed, that * without examining into the particular
motive of acy diredor» when it is confidered that each India (hip it
divided into feveral (hares ; that ibc owners of thefe l};arcs, and the
^feveral trades-people employed in the (hipping branches, are qualified,
generally, as voters ; and, confequenjtly, the greater number of (hips,
the more nunierous the fliip-voters.— Alfo, that the Company's (hips
are built, (lationed, and p?aid for, by order of the direftors only ; — that
. thofe who pay well, may expe6l to be well (erved ; arid thofe .who (erve
well, to be well paid ; it may. account, pretty clearly, for the extraoi^
dinary number ot (hips that have been built, and the extravagant prices
that have been paid for freight, as well as the particular attentioa
of the (hip-voters to the orders of the diredors, who have been, of
late, fo ve)-y remarkable for exa£l difciplinp at fhe general courts,
that they have, very judly, acquired the hpaourable appellation of
the Company s hou/eboU troops ; and who> although generally as qoiet
and peaceable a corps as his MajcHy's btef-taters^ are, . however, on
the eledion of diredors particularly, as formidable, as ever the prae-
torian bands. were,. on the eledion.of their Emperors; and, like them
too, they will fuffer none to be eleded, from whom they have rca-
fon to apprehend a redudion of their pay, or their numbers,
* The diredors havealfo another ror/j, confiding of thofe who have
received, or exped favours from them ; which, though pretty nume-
rous, are not equally to be depended on ; as they are a kino of irre-
gulars, not in conftant pay, and often infldenced by particular
leaders, though chiefly by the chairman and deputy ; but when
clofely united with, the houfehold troops, are too powerful for any
oppofition. Thefe happened, fortunately, to be divided on the late
contefls at the India-hou/e ; which afforded an opportunity to the in-
dependent proprietors of rejecling, at the laft general eledion, thofe
diredors, who by falffe information of the Itate of the Company's
affairs, calculated for the bafeil purpofes, had led them blindfold, to
the verge of dc(lru£lion.* '
To enter into the particulars of this fuhje^l of (hipping, could be
interefting only to the members of the Company, who have fuflicieat
motives to acquire more direft information, while the detail could
afford no general entertainment: we may therefore conclude with
obfcrvingl that if the proceedings of o:hcr public bodies, are con-
du(5ted upon fimilar principles, which is at leall in fomc decree pro-
bable, there are fmall hopes of checking a contagion that frcms to
infed cve*\ cur wifell inltitutioas for guaiding againll the abuf^ of
fublic Wttil.
•'-',■ ' Mis-
Monthly Catalogue^ Mifallamouii €f
Miscellaneous.
Art. i6. J Litter to the Univerfities of Oxford and Camhridge^
'&c Jn refpeft to the Colledlioh that was made for the Colleges of
New York and Philadelphia. By Sir James Jay, Knight, M. D.
Being a Vindication of the Author, occafiooed by the gronndlefs
Infinuations and very Illiberal Behaviour of Mr.. Alderman Treco*
thick % with authentic Evidence. 8vo. 6d. Kearfley. 177J.
There are not many men who are capable of vindicating their owa
charaders. We generally fay of ourfclves either too little or too
much. Sir James Jay feems to have been injured in his reputation ;
and he attributes it,. with fomc appearance of reafon, to Mr. Al-
derman Trccothick— But if we remember rightly, we havp had almoft
all this flory before; iand Mr. Trccothick has thought it either too
true or too unimportant to be taken notice of. A^e do not think Sir
James is likely to do hirafelf any great fervice by this new publica-
tion. A fecond blow ihould not have been given, unlets it had been
^finarter than the firft.
Sir Umes would make the Alderman a faint, in the late accepta-
tion or the word, by the author of the EJJap on Public Worfhip, We
are miflaken if that writer would not place Sir James in the lift, on
reading his pamphlet. There is a good deal of that little ihrewdne^
and cunning in it which is one of the marks of his faints. \l there-
fore both thefe Gentlemen fhould be entitled to the above appella-
tion, we would advife them to refer the matter to the author of the
«fl&y5, and he will determine to a hair the difference between them ;
and perhaps make us laugh by a delineation of it.
Art. 17. A faithful Account of the whole TranfaClm$ relating ts
a late AJair of Honour between J. Temple, and iV. Whately^ Efyru
&c. &c. Svo.* IS. Snagg.
The Compiler has rohhed the gang i the news- papers had it all be-
fore : but it he (honld ever write any thing worth dealing, they'll
be even with him.
Art. 18. A fhort Inquiry into the Nature of the Titles conferred at
Portfmouth, by his Majefiy^ Augujf 1773. Shewing the Origin and
ancient Privileges of Knights Bannereu Svo. 6d. Almon.
From the hiftorical citations here produced, the Writer draws the
following brief inference. ^ It feems certainly ncceiTary , from every
cafe that we have feen, that Bannerets fhould at kail be .created in
the field of battle, though not immediately after or before a battle. This
obje&ion in the prefent cafe, mull be too obvious to trouble the reader
with any farther digreflions upon it, and mud be unanfwerable eveh.
by thof<^who do not think an intermediate title of common knight-
hood requifite. It is impodible, therefore, that the odicers knighted
at Portfmouth, though indifputably worthy every title, ihould, as
was believed, be Knights Banneret.'
Jt admits of fome doubt whether the Pprtfmouth Knights will ac-
knowledge any great obligations to this Writer for his .Uboors ia
fearching old chronicles and mudy records, to depreciate the value
♦ Vid. Sir James's letter to the Governots of the College of NeiJ|
York, Rev. vol. xliv. p. 422.
erf their dtles : ihej itm^ hoUneter co&fole dietoftlm with the reflise^
cibfl, chat ^^latever diu iti^natored book worm nu^'iay, they 4te
^h^nmfidi dignified ; hji4 obumed thdr honours with eafe tn^ fafety,
dari^ a noble iefid>lasce of Aatkl equipmeat, j'^rt^r/ £rom the dba-
^n of adoal vmrfire. . .
Alt. 19. Tbt Niw ficka DiOimmry ^ /ir PrenA ^md &gl!fi
LHjiid^is, Ci)ntainiDg dl Words of general Ufe, ahd ^tuthoHied
by ^e beft Writers. By Tfaonas Ns^t, hL.D. Tht/ttmf
• 'A^/««i greatly improTftd, with chei^dditSon of upwards of x^^obo
Words, befide a very ufefbl Sappi^mest, costamiojg the Names
Df tlie moft remarkable Empires, kin^dbmB, butes, iflandt, Pr^
tioces, CitU^ *;&ۥ te. the Names of andent and jocflom Nh-
\i0ns9 bgedierWith the Names of rebark^le Men, Wdmiat,
Snrnataies of Sovere^as, &c. both in 'French and Eaefifli ^ wfakh
will proTe of gteat CJfe tt> thofe who read or traiifiite JEfifiortp
"Geography, Mythology, Poetry, te. iuid kre not to bb fcund (a
any other French aii4 Englilh Diftionaries nc>w extant* ^ ]^^
Cherier, Teacher of the French' Duigaari, Oe6gra|]^, iitd ^t
^fe tX the Globes. Small 410. x%. 6 d. Dllly. 17/4.
Oor opinion of Dr. Nagent's P6cket*Di{iionary, may be leeaia
the tSdi voldme of onr Renew, at, p. 68. — The Wamerona'additioflit
mz&t to this compendinm of the French and EngKfli langtmges, in
the prefent edition, (bem to entitle it to a fecond notice in oar jo«^
nal } we therefore bi^efly a^Uaint oor Readers that althoogh tfaeob*
je^ions brought by ns, to 'the plan of thxsdididnary, imhreisafi»»
yet the work muft, in tonffe, be greatly iropibved by the lak^ tfdi^
tions now maile to it : the particolars of virhich ire titUttnised In
•ch^ ibregotag tranfcript of the tidt-fN^. ....
Aft. 26., Ejfayi conaming Irm and Steel: The Firft, ODntiiimag
'Obfervatiohs <$n Ameilcan Sand-Iron : HieSecbad, ObfenMlPas,
fbiinded on Exp^rifnents, on Common iron^Ore, with thoMeiliJd
of reducing it firft into Pig or Sow-Metal, and then into Bar<ifQ»;
on the 'Sort of Iron ptoptr to be converbd into godd Steel* Md
the MSihod Of refining that Bar Steel by Fufion, fo aa «o rm^der
it fit for the more cnrioas PnrpOfed. With an Aetouat of Mr«
Reautaar'a Method of (bftening Caft-Iron ; and an Appendix, ^dii^
covering a more perfed Method of Chardi^ Pit-Coal, fo as tt> lea-
der it a proper Saccedanenm for chktred Wood-Coal. iBy Heavy
Home. lamo. 2S. 6d. fewed. Cadell. 177s*
It appears from the firft of thefe eflays, that ike American iand-
'fton is a very vatoable ore, yielding a large proportion of.niMful.
The ^eated part of this eflay, however, has been afatady pabiybod
in the Philofophical Tranfa^ont for the year 1763. .
The fecood tff^p and the apl^dis^ though not altogether, mesa-
ceptionable as to the chemical phitofophy, cbntain many ofoM 1^-
ma'rks, and are worthy the oeruiai of every artift, i^ho is eagi^;ed
either in the manufadtore of fteel or of fteel inftmments.
Art. 21. "tbe Hiftwtj and Antiquities $f ibe andan Bti^fh ^
Great TafjfMtth, in Narftlk. By iiesry Swindeiu t|to. lU !«•
^ FayBte* -
The valoe of books of this kind is ge»eialfy locid : This irill%*
Veemed of little importance aay where but at YarmoiKh,
2 Alt*
«g
'^ ^2. ^ CmUnuon ij$ a^Poft Chaip ; or an Aipurement for ^
tirure Hour at Home: containing zcart/iti Stfe&.ioj[i from the
Pieces In Vcrfc and Proffe, that
Syo. 3 s. Salif))iuy printed,
.. 773. ' ^
$MLC^ cDTjgfUmws as this, may be e^fily n^ade by a country pria-
t^rt <IeVJ|, in Ij^ijirc hpuM, and holiday tim^ ; and We have nothing
2Caf aMift^lwn^ft induftry* • ^
ri. %i, iTbi Btrangefi AOifiarfi and Guide t9 Bath. Contain*
' i^g)fi Account o^ — r-** f» AJort, ercrjr thing that Strangers can
^ want to' know relating to Baxh; l^ut the Title- Page is too long to
* be tranicribed] 8yo« li. Taylor, &c. 177 V
TherelSath-direftbries a^e frraa^jtly repuUilhedy and, we believe,
mlw^9 ^fi(^ iinprpvements. This is the laft', an<), we AtppQf<^, the
UeR ; there being many'nlefal particnfars inferted which we do not
i^ember to have feeri in the former cbmpilements.
t^lX. 24. At'tnuUs of the Proceedings before the Lords Com-
l^ittees for Privileges, 00 the feveral Claims to the Tide of Vif-
coant YaJcniia, {cc. fb.I. 65. Robinfon. 177a.
. Tlif4e who have had their Curiof;ty excited by the many para«
^ajp^s in ^9 i^ews-papers, rj^lating to this family contetl, will find
^pji^ g^rf tification m the perufal of thefe Minntes.
M A T JH E M A T I C $•
4rC. 25. TU Nautical Almamck and /tfir§mmical Epben^i'm For
|(he Vev 1775^ 'Pi^IiiAieJ by Order of the CommiiOoners of Lon«
gittt^." 8vo, %{. 6dV Nourfe, &c. 1774. '
7^ l^^'H?*'' ^^'y contains the ufa^l tabjfss, wUh their explication.
P O I. I T I C A t.
4rt» 2k* Qorifidiratimii m lAr Impofi^on o/^i per Cent, colle^ed
. M Grenada, and the Southern Chacibb^ lilands, by virtue of bit
MMdty'f Uttera Patent, ruki/a Pre;teiice of the Prerogatii^eR^oyal,
.wimU^^jraotpf ParHameRt* 8vo. is. Almon. 1774.
A duftjr oi ^i per cemu neixig impofed on all d^ui comnioditiesy
theprodflcp 0^ Gmnada» 1^ letters patent dated the 20th of June
1764 I ai)d tb^ lett^ jaftifying the imiFf fitioti of this ur, by the
prea»lent of Barbadoes« $fc. wbere the like tax was paid ; tbe Au-
dior of .this pamphlet alleges that no fuch duty is paid at Tortola,,
^y^egfida, Jamaica, P^vi^fvce, n^pr aj ^y of i;he Bahama Iflands :
moreover, that it is not payable in atiy ifland, but by virtue of an
a^df )d|9 rej^refequt^v^^ of thi: IV^bIc» paiTed iot good and valuable
coBuderations.
. As to Barbadoes, it is relate^, t^a^ V^c^pt^ng 10,000 acres granted
^ IfOrd Cartide, the firft p^ppetor, who obtained the ifland from
James L it jvas peopled by emigi;^nts^^bm England, during the con-
fuftons occafioped by' the civil wars ;' who fettled on tne viacanl land,
jmd cultivated plantations, without any titles or grants, either fron^
thej)roprictor pr tlie crown. Upon the refloration of r^al^vern-
ment, thete fettlers applied to the King for £roteflion again ft tbe
claims of thc'Carlifle laiinry,lnaEng an oSer ofpaying the tax now
in queftion^ for the confirmation of their titles ; which was acoepM,
^ a^ompeo^ation made to ^e then proprietor. But a protnfo of
f I exception
JO Monthly Catalogue, Poetual^ Botany.
orception was made 23 to the io,ogo acres before xneationed, wUdi
do not pay the impoiluon, td the prefent hour.
Having thua invalidated t]ie pleas in the letters patent^ which im-
pofe a like tax by royal prerogative, on the ifland of Grenada, the
Author recites the con tells that have arifen on refufals to fubmit to
it, and makes feme pertinent and fpirited remarks on the proceed*
ings of the t:ourts of l^w both on the ifland and at home, in order
to keep the decifion of the quedion out of the hands of a jury. But
for thefe we muft refer to the pamphlet ; where the Writer fays, that
• fince the caufe of (hip- money no point of equal confequence has
been brought before any Britilh court of judicature ; nor will the
liberties of Britain be much Icfs affedled by the determination/
F 6, B T 1 C A L.
Art. 27. Charity : A poetical Effay. By Charles Peter Layard,
A. M. Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge printed, and
fold by Beecroft, &c, in London. 1773.
The comparative merit of this produfiion may, we doubt not, have
juftly entitled the Author to the dillindlion and reward that he obtained
for it *, yet we do not think ic more worfhy of a critical confidera-
tion than the generality of the preceding compofitions which, for
fome years pad, have entered the lifts for the Kiflingbury prize ; but
which we have very cordially configned to reft, in the peaceful pages
of our catalogues. . ' '
Art. 2%. Original Poewny TranJIutionSy and Imitations, from The
■ French, &c. hy a Lady. 8vo. 25. 6 d. feared. Robinfon.
>773-
• Scrihere juffit amor fcems to be this Lady's. motto. Love bids her
write, and ihe appears to be moR devotedly prompt and obedient to
the bcheil of h»s little godlhip. Almoft every piece in her book is
facred to the fofc paflion', and her collection will, therefore, be moft
accepuble to pining girls and unfledged boys. There is, however,
a little piece addreSsd to Monf Helvctius, on his Treatife Dt VEf^
frit, which fticws the Writer's good fenfe, and may be regarded as
a favourable fpecimen of what may be expeded from her, when her
0iind is freed from the * galling chain' which, at prefent, we fop*
pofe, (he would much rather *' hug" than get rid of.
Art. 29. An EpiJfU from Mr. B^nks^ Voyager, Monftcr-
hunter, and Amorofo, to Oberea, Queen of Otaheite, &c. &c,
4to. I s. Swan, ^^c.
A poetical fungus, fprung from the applauded * EpilUc frvm Obe*
rca 1' fee our lall month's Review, p. s©?.
Botany.
Art. 30. ^he Vegetable ^yjlem. By Dr. Hill. Royal Folio,
Vol. 23d. I 1. IIS. 6d. Printed for the Author. 1773.
We have frequently announced the fucccfiive publications of thefe
numerous folios ; and we now mention this 23d, which has juft tnade
its appearance, merely to acknowledge our miftake, in pronouncing
^ By the aflignment of the Vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and the
other Gentlemen appointed to fit in judgment or the poems anouallj
offered for Mr. Sexton's reward^ .
the
MoNTHtY. Catalogue, MtdUdl^ ' yt
the work to be compleated at the i8th volume: fee Review for De-
cember, 1771, p. 505. Wc muft have been led into this error, by
a mifapprebenflon of (bme of the Doitor's advertifcmems.
Novels and Memoirs.
Art. 31. Memoirs of a GmiUman who refided fever al Years in the
Eaft Indies during the late Revelations, and mod important Events*
in that Part of the world : Containing feveral Anecdotes of a pab>
lie as well as of a private Nature, never before pubiilhed. Writ-
ten by himfelf, i2mo. 38. Donaldfon.' 1774.
• Hfver before fublijhed !* There are two reafons to be given why
they ought not to have been pubiilhed at all. The Qentieman^ who
declares himfelf to be a German, is not qualified to write in Englifh,
or perhaps in any other language ; and his 'memoirs, whether true 9r
falie, were not worth writing. The title indeed prcmifes fome anec-
ciotes of a public and private nature, but the Author is too ignorant
to relate any thing that merits reading.
Art. 32. "The Kinfman of Mahomet \ or. Memoirs of a French
Slave, during his eight Years Captivity in Conftantinople. In-
cluding many curious Particulars relative to the Religion, Hiflory,
Policy, Cuftoms and Manners of the Turks ; and inicriperrcd with'
a Variety of Adventures in the, Seraglios of the Eafl. Written by
• HIMSELF, and tranflated from the French, izmo. 6 s. Culver.
Adulteries, fornications, murders ; in a word, almoft. every fpe-
cics of debauchery and wickednefs, are comprehended in thcfc exe--
crable adventures ; which, for the honour of human nature, we hope
are wholly fii^itious.
Medical.
Art. 33. A Mirror for Inoculators : Or, aii Eflay ; fbewing, by
Way of Introdudion, how liable Maokind in general are to Decep-
tion. Which is afterwards more particularly applied to the Cafe
of Inoculation ; and the Pra«^ite proved to be contrary to Nature,^
Reafon, and Scripture ; .to the Liturgy of the Church, and even:
to that Prayer taught us, by our Lord and Saviour JeAis Chri ft.
By a Friend to Religion, as by Law cftablifhed. 8vo. 6 d.
Crowder. 1773. * '
Thefe natural, rational, fcriptural, and canonical arguments,
againft inocuhtion, are truly wonderful. A fhort fpccimcn will at
once fatisfy and entertain our Readers.
This learned and anonymous cafuitl, is abfolurely certain, that '
Inoculation is Idolat.ry;
and he proves it in the moft clear and concife manner :
* Thus, fays he, you fee Satan, with his fly infinuarions, has de-
ceived many, and brought them (although he could not our BlelTed
Mailer) unto idolatry : and it will be in vain, for them to allege,
that there is no oufward adoration performed, nor imward intended,
when the Scriptures pofliiively afl'efr, that the covetous man is an
Jdoiator; and that wc may make a god of dur own bellies. But here
may be ieen the more eflential parts of worlhip, gi*veft unto Satan in
the ihape of a Do£lor ; a thorough truft and contidcnce placed in his
ikill and abilities, and foch an oblentance of his commands, as ex*
tends to the hardeft duties, mor/i/ica/ien SLudfeif denial; which placed
F 4 - upon
7i MoKT^tY CXTAibtmi, MSitOL
vpon !ti right ofijed^ (i^. i. God,) 8(bd done f^r ^«dd iftflf, #^>in8
inCiUibly (kve ibul and body ; and i^hich now, withbut rf^tai^ce^
will as infallibly prove tiie lofs of both. For God i^ fiidfd be lb
jealoas of his hoDOur, ^at^ fft fupiH ^f pvi it to mftft, neither i&ii
fntifi onto a Dodor ; wnic^ is no better than a jravin imagt^
Our Author*8 other arguments are equally pertinent and conchi-
five. . " . . ^
Art. 34. The ASvantagts and Difaiuantages of Inoculation'^ with
reCf^ed to Individuals, and the Public, impartially conBdered ; to
.which is annexed, Obrervations on the Method propofed by Boer-
baave for preventing the Small-pox. Tranflatcd from the original
JLatin of the B. Van Sivieten, M. D« &c. &c. 8?o. 1 $• 6 d«
priffin. 1773.-
. This is ^ tolerably exa£l tranflation of Van ^wieten's commenta'r]^
on part of the 1403 aphorifm^ and Ibme other of the aphorifms of
Boerliaave on the fmall-pox.
Art. 35, A Uljhrj of 0 Gintkman cured of Heats in bis Pac€.
>ynuen by himfel^ 8vo. is. Hawes, &Co. 1773.
We have llrong fufpicibos th^t this is an iurtfuliy couched, sdvo^*
tt&ment, to promote the faleof the medicine here recommended. 4f
it is noty let the benevolent Author add his name to the pampMet ;
^ no pofliblejnconvenience can arife, from his giving thu fandlion
xp the cafe9 which are rel^^edt
Art. 36. A flagtHatiott for a certain Apothecary, with a fall ftc**
fotation of the namerout Abfu/dities lately ,publi(hed in apaoEi«
phlet entitled VAnEfTay on the Cure of the Venereal Gonorrhoea^
m a new Method ; Ihewf^g how tq relieve the moft painful Symptoms
}n a few Hours.* in a Letter to the Author. 8vo; i s. Fridden^
177> . / .
, This /mart flaaellaaon is intended as a f^utary reproof to the
Autho> of an lEuay, of which We have given a fhort account k oar
lleview/or March 1772,. p. 252.
The Author of the May apprehends, that there is a fpeqfic diffe-
rence between theinledious mauer which prodace^ a gonorrhcea and
that which fvoduces a confirmed lues: and that the firll of thefe
does not require, the ufe pf mercury, but may be effcdually cured by
{akingthe oalfam cojpaiva, and by uiing an aftringent inje&ion.
Our fpirit^ flageliator i^ convinced, that theie opinions are ryd\
prq;>etly iypported either by argument or experience^ and makes
fome pertinent ob/ervations on the points in ^aeftion, — Whether
Mr. E— — s will patiently receive fucn a whipping, or will in his
(nm prepare a Jageliaxion for the fiagetUaor^ time mail dircorer.~
As topurfebres, we have determined not to prejudge the matter, ba(
to fee 'fair play between the Kmgkt 9/ the f^h and the Knight if At
%a9cn**
, * Since this article was written, the Reviewer hiM been informed
that a very fifiait news*paper controverfy has been carried on, between
ibeie medi^ difpotaiti; and that they even proceeded iq taik of
gun fo^Kdtr ; ^t w^ hfv^ i|ot yet Hear4 the ^sqpf^OA^
Mtt. 374 Jia t4^ H^ay-^, f^jtMf Lifii if a ttnk Atttnttm h wlfat
imttadud irM : Containing ft CHyttkal Analyfis^ or, Bm^iitry into
tM NMira tiri Piop^rck^df ^ Kittcit of Food ; how hv th^ are
wholefome, and agree with Conftjtoeion< : Wtdi ibtne Dtre^Hohs
rcfp^aiog »trr IftTi^ (yf Livift|. Ooileaed fWnn the Aothoritie» of
en ^Icft PhyficiiD^^. By a MecKcal Gentleman. 8to. 1 s. Bell,
t'ht beft ^m of thb pebtleacioH ire picked ap from Dr. Cnllen V
lea«r6i Oft tbe Mmtirit Mtditm : cf wh)cfi Work we have j^ven A
actoiiftt tft Oftr kevkw fbr Fi^braary left, page 1 36.
The &te of this jjtidly tetebrated profeifor it imfeed (5me#h4t^
effCramUiiarr* Firft to be dragged beferethe tribnoal of the Pobiic^
hf feme #f iis itograciofts papils $ ' vAtk all ti^i^ Hsperfe6^iont om
his head.'
And BOW to be IHll further mangtedi pUhgedy aadf ittidiSfd; i^ aa
amoaymoos compiler I
Art. 38. J Treatifi on tbi ftmHpni Difr&fh tf Ae Eyes 5 toil-
caining a critical and c*ndid Bxamhimtton of the ancient and mo«
dern Method* -of Cure^ df thepi^efetit defedtve Ntodes of Praaice,
with an Amoaitt of oew, itirfd, and faccefs&l Methods fbr the
Core of Difeafes of this Organ. By WilUam Kowley, Snrgeon.
8vcL 3 ?. feivcJ. Ncwbery. 1.773.
A very confiderable part of this erc^tift has atready appeared in
Mr. Rowley's EJiy on the Opb^hmm^ &c. fee our Review lor March
1772, p. 2^4« And we find little in tbe adStftions to this republican
tion, which merit that it (hodld be nflitredinto die world, under iu
prefent more promifing iade-^ge*
Art.' 39. Obfi/^miiotm A Jfntimomo^ '&c. i. c. Ob&rvations on
Antimony, and its Ufes in the Cure of Difeafes, By William
Saunders, M. D. and Phyfician to Ouy^ H<yfpital. ijmo. zi,
Whifion. 1773.
In thefe obfervattons, we have the natnral, chemica], and medical
hiftory of antimony, delivered in a dear and concife manner,
.Dramatic*
Art. 40. A Now Dramatic En$erpaimmt^ called, << A CfaiSlbhts
Tale." In Five Parts : As it is perfbrmed at the Tbestrt m Drtaf
La^ne* EmbeUiifaed with an ficcliias by Mr* LoutlttiixNirg. 8vo^
IS. 6d« Becket. I774«.
I^hofe who have feen diis pieceperibrmed, have, in g^MieraU agreed
in their judgment of its merit ; Vhichisof the fort tbatisMlottiii^d,
chieAy, to find fiivonr in the oyot of the aodtencc ; alihoiigh thenar
ftlfe comes in fbr a confiderable (hare in the entmainment* ficaely
to perufi^this Chriftni^s Af^/jr irf , is not the way toheaiftch-pH^«diced
infavoar of a workcompofed of the higbeft extgavaganeica offloiight-
frrantry and necromancy $ with all uieir train of *evil 'fpifks e»»
chanted caftles, and monftert. * The monfteri, however, make ftt
.£Ood a figure on the fta^, as any-mooflers oan, in redbn* be^«i>
peded to maker ; and it if confefied that uMnfters, ftNifi^ ftenety^-^
'«]1 together^-— have combined to fiimifh out a very agreeable upper*
ffallery exhibition ; which feemt to have been the nt^oft of the
^^f^*% aim. /1^'P«K.M»^
4r^
74. MiQMTHLY CATALOGUE) RiU^fitii^fgc.
Art. 41 * Acbillis in Petiicaats. An Opera. As it is perfonncit
at the Thcatre:-Royal in Covcnt-Garden. Written by Mr. Gay,
With Alterations. The Mufic entirely new, by Dr* Arse;, 8v9»
IS* Lowndes, &c. 1774*
Mr.Gay*s Achilles, confidered asa reudabU eDtertainmeot, has fafb--
ted greatly in the abridgment,^ by which itis now, unikilfuUy, redimd
from three a£ls to two. What may have been the ftage tSeOi of its
prefent alteration, with Dr« Arne's n6w mufic, ibme new airs» aew
dreiTes, &c. is beft known to thofe who have Teen it reprefentcd:
W4 have not yet " ajt/ied"* at this exhibition,— as the Chevalier
Taylor, and fome other chevaliers of the^^n Aft^W^ would expredi it.
Art. 42. Palladias and Ir^i^. a Drama, in Three hdu. 8vo.
18. 6 d, Dodfley. 177.^.
A fingular, wild, irregular qompofitton ; void of natare and pro-
bability, but not deftitute of poetry, or of moral pttrpo(e ; as will
appear from the fbllowing (hort ipecimeos :
* How fleeting is the form
Of earth*bom greatnefs I not more changeable
The dye, quick-lhifting, on the ring-dov«'s neck'
Side -long agaiaft the fun I *
There, on high.
Dread J uflice (its enthroned ;
With never clofed eye
She marks the bufy ways of men ;
And even, as they run to good or ill.
In her good time ihe Jrikes with leveFd aim
The guilty head ;
And on the virtuous powers
Ointments of living odours, to embalm
Their precious memory, alive ' or dead.
That what vaiu mortals think forgot or pad
Is but poilpon'd ;
And vengeance, that comes flow, comes fure at laft.*
• ^hxs piece, tyhich is alfo of the Mafque fpecies, does not feem to
have been intended for the Suge.
.RELIGI O U S and CONTRO VBR S I A L.
Art. 43. j1 Continuation of the Narrative cf academical Pro^
leedimgSy reUninH to the Propofal for the EJlabliJhment of annual Exa»
minaiions tM the Uni*verji:y cf Cambridge ; wiih Obfervations upon
the ConduA of the Committee, appointed by Grace of the Senate
on the 5th of July 1773. i^y ^be Rev. John Jcbb, M, A. late Fel-
low of St. Petei^s College. 8vo. 6 d. Cambridge, printed, and
ibid by Crowder in London.
As the fubjeft of this Narrative b of * public concernment,* the
Author juflly concludes, that ' the Public, therefore, have ab nn-
queftionable claim to information, with refpeft to every material
circumftance relating to k.' And, hence, he • thinks it his doty,
* It is fuiHcient that we note a flip of this kin i, by printing the
word in a diflTerent cLaradler.
perpetually.
MoNtALY CAfAlOOUB, RiligtoUSytici f$
perpetoallyy as n6w matter arlfes, to contmoe hu Narrative of chele
academical proceedings/
The deuil is accordingly carried on^ with proper ebfirvatioiu and
ttmclufisns ; at the clofe of which Mr. Jebb takes leave of his readers,
for the prefenti in the following terms :
' Thus, nnconfcious of an intention to mifreprefent the coiMuft
of any gentlemen concerned, 1 have continued my Narrative to the
prefent hoar, and have unfolded the mod material circumdances at-
tending the propofal of an InfHtation, which has long appeared to
me mod likely to rdlore our credit with the Public. An inditution*
Hvhich after many ineffedlttal remonftrances of a more private nature,.
I was« at length induced to propofe to our fenate> upon the encou*
ragement of many- perfons, whofe chara^ers I reverence, and who/e
jOpinionsy in whatever relates to the improvement of literature, and
the honour of our Univerfity, 1 think it wifdom to refpe^b. My at-
tempts have not hitherto been attended with fuccefs — yet the judge*
xnent I have formed of the importance of tbexaufe, and the£onfi<
dence, derived from the expedation that I (hall be fupported by
the voice of an approving Public, forbid me to defpond. And if at
lad, after the exertion of every manly efibrt, overborne by the weight
of prejudice, and circnmvented in my endeavours to obtain a fair
and candid decifion of my queftion, 1 (hould be obliged to defift, I
Ihall not remain altogether without my confolation ; as, exclufiveiy of
the fatisfadion derived from the approbatton of the friends of learn*
ing and religion, I ihall redre with the perfuafion, that, in confe-
quence of my druggies, the uflc of academical reformation will be
rendered more eafy to thofe who (hall hereafter be difpofed to underi*
take it; and (hall therefore have laid in a fund' of pleaiing reflec«
tions, more than fufficient to compenfate for the anxieties, and ill
treatment, which 1 have experienced in the profecation of my defign*'
Camhridgt^ Nov. the 4th, 177 J.
Arc 44. ^ht Hii'delberg CaUchifm^ with proper Texts annexed
CO each Anfwer; ofed for the Indrudton of Children and grown
PerfoA» in Holland : and on which the Miniders are obliged to
. preach in turn every Sabbath, iimo, 2s. Dilly. 1773.
• The Editor, whoever he is, informs us in his title-pa[ge, that ali
^bo^xt divines allow this catechijm to coMtaist the true doQriise of pro»
tefimnts: a declaration which without doubt mud recommend his pub-
lication to general regard : he diould however have conddered, that
perfons may be true proteftants^ and yet have difiicrent ientiments on
certain particular fubjei5)s ; fome of which are ailerted in this work. .
The iii9i reformers did not, in every point, exadiy agree with each
other ; nor is it to be fuppofed that Chridians, dnce their time,
ihould, on enquiry, always fee reafon to conform to their maxims and
fpecolations.
With refped to the catechifm before us, it contains feveral ufeful
and important truths, to which every' Chridian will fubfcribe; and
as ta other matters, every one mud form his own judgment accord-
ing to the light he receives, under the diredion of Icripcure and rea-
fon* But one thing we mud ever objefl to, as inconiident with the
•Chridian fpirit, and Chridiaa liberty, viz, the prefcribing to any
perfonf
fcrfidtfayiiitfiMMihftri^, «A«i j|(tfite «f AftW ^H^n^mAm
of particular parts of Scripture, they fball roomYf 9% ft^rcd ^rwifi-
^ ihft fitfi* UMeKo4in§ 6/^^m mkMtifi^ or QlWui t^ 4^9^ dieir
^itfofaiuI&l9caz«iiodMm. Tkib vitq 4p|ffriM4 ¥ tHitmak
which no man, or any iet of iMn in fik« Clil£ma <l\WGtb ^an W-.
•iU)r iHcrtsiid la; ortwff heaUe tt^A^ppAri^ooitiif pnompABf qf /r»r
i^m^ WUifiVf r dccIaraiUNM they .KaNy fo4 tWf » fJUcy v^ 19
vcdivc with mfieknfift and candcnu*; bui (hr ftSrmatiAi^ aod inMr-
picfiitiims, ev«n of tkt wijGbft and the beft of iitf«> ^9gh>. they |ii|g(»
ipfiiit CQoiidcraiion and r«^e^» ca««o£ €Pfifill«a(ly he Fpgtrifid w
ihemfeivss as c^atais and tMigarory niW of fjtfib a^c^ ouf^poif •
This cat^hiifli is nwch of th/e (JMBut n^tttrc with qji;^! crcfdt m4
frmubuJes that hare been cAfJdifhed ; ba^ k CftJUtfg^f n^oi^t Dma
^mt do, OA thoie topica in reijpe& tq which the Proi^iUM» 4i4^
irttm the Paptfts.
Art. i^ O Tmp^ra! O Mmral Wy ^ New*jmf'ft Gift ftf
a P^ff^ Minifter. BtiSng the SnhJkncr jof /e»e Setmmu preached
at a fiew fmaU Churches only, and pnbljihed at the repealed Re?
•ueft ef the Coagpefatioas. By the Rev. WiUiam fieott, M« A«
late of fiton. D^cated to Loni North, iro* 1 s. Wil(ae,
A violent dtclaaiadon againft the vicei of the age, which, aococdr
kg to the A4ithor, is £0 deplorably and defpe^attiy cosmp^ as le
kave very Mttle hope of a lefoMnadon* * An nicer, he fays, hM ovinia
•ar body poiitic, torn head to foot, the King and Qgeeh, whoatQod
peeferve, e5rcepted.'-*4bleicy on ot ! wliat a juckle are we in, fruieUr
mnd dUf for only two pcribas, we fee, haiae eicaped the iaiedioiu
After this (hort bat foffident fpednien of what this warm- headed
Divine is capaUeofadvaactog, before even a congr^gataoa af hoaeft^
Sober, afid patriotic dtipBeas, need we wonder that the pnlpit wa>
asFusED * him at bight of their nnofl capital cknich^ I
Alt. 46. SocmimmfiAffrxoightuH^TiJI: or Jftfus Ghrift provfd
. 40 beekher the adorable God, or anototions Jmpodor. In a feriea
df i>tters to Do^or Brieftley. In whidi it appears. That if Jefos
Chrift is not a divine Perfbn, the Afahommedaii is, in ail te^iAs,
preferaUe to the Chrillian Religion, and the Koran a better Book
4)ian rile Bible. By John Ma^owan, Aathor ofDia^p a Vifiea»
and fmmUUit Efifiln u $hi R^unamd Doaor PridUey, &c f* Sro^
1 1. 6-d. Keith. 1773«
Can it be coarfidcfcd as very psobable, that a jnons Cbriittaji, tflrif
afieOed by, and intertAed in, the dedacataons oif the Gofpel, and at
^iamo'ttaie acqoaiosed uadi the doebts and difficulties WiJJi whicb
iamt pans of it ai« attended, fhould be rafli enough to rant^te the
enith ef this dii^ne revelation, on thexerduaqr of thar catpUcatioA
of a difpated article which he has feen tat to enibrace ? At kaft it
eaay be itippoM that ^fuch a perfba vdll be modefl, homble, and
^aatioos-ofaabrdiagany thingltiBeacaaieof QiniDidi toimbeiieieci.
•• #i/# the N. B. priqe9d;et dieloet ef 4iertitkTpi^g9^
4 5ee£eyiflw,.vaL^lr« ^. ai9« ^
On whatever fide tke troth lies ia regard to the fubjeA partica-
latfy confidered in this pdrlbmUnce, it it wtil known that it has
long %^b| 'kiA tdl l^maid), a iHitt^r oFiiotlht and detat^ amo^)^
Chrilliails/atid aflb 'that «an]^ wife, Ibiarfted, Hod ^jictUciit f6it6n$
bave^prehenSed they^d reifon tb adopt th opinioki itery dmtent
fiom that VKich this Wiiier enddatotirs t6 fupport, thoitgh ^e/
liave hot |breitdN enibHieed what he imnKdxately oppofes imd^ the
sam^ of Sociniant/k, HoWtVtt iiltrepid, iherbfbr^, and ztelointliit
fentlemah'may appear to 'himfblf and to-btht^, ahkl)0#evtt llricere
e may -really he in the tadie of tirtde and religion/ thtre 4s feme
*reafon to think thUt his a»al has, ia this iiilbmce, HiAttrtxceitdtd Hia
piety, his charity, ior 'hfs wlKdojn. 'Bnt it is nbt Ohr jbrovi«ee to ar-
raijp the Author, or ^eddt nn the 'Mijt&, : we fliau thcrefott 6t^
•obierve farther, that although MnMacgOWin has «d^Atedl)d'he4i^
argumeitts in fuppok't 6f his doarines, jet his manner Of Wlffiti^tnr-
covers a conliderable (degree of acatends.and ingemiity ; ivith ^ veki
^ ^leaHmtiy which ibmn ferves, rery innbeentfy, to retoder wctM^'
'troveHy, even on the mo'ft ftrions fabjeds^ iki fbtne neafuit fiv^ty
and entertaiiiihg.
Art. ^j.Tbi Hertfirdfiiri Mtibdjfi trt-,'PftJm^8fngtr'i R^e^a*
don. Being a valaable CoIIe<flion of PTalms, Hynnns, Anthems*
^. on y^ioQs Occifions, To whieh in prefixed, a new, conciTe,
and eiiy IntrOdOClioto to the Art of Siagiag^ ^ind a copious Dic<»
• tionary of the Terms made afe of in Mafic. , By jobn Ivery*
Teacher of fylnfic at Norihaw in li^tlbrdikire. 'Svo. lex^ckwiic/
as. 6d. Whtble. 1/73.
A codedion tif pions tenes, n»aoy of them wall known, and wiueii»
wicked as the Reviewers «re fomecimes faid to be, have been ifaml-
'liar "io their ^lars^'Otn Uietr youth: wefliay, therefore, from onr own
''tseperfeiice, (afHy retonmend theCki to ^e nife of our accufers, to iiar-
'OiOnSfe their mibdt,nttd bring theto to « charitable turn offentimeat^
luitabte to their zealoas pn^etences to Chriilian principles.
An. -48. A FragmaU if a LetUr to en Orthodox CUrgpnanl By
a plain tinlettered ChrifliJm. 6vo. } d, Norwich* printed, and
, fold ^ Robinlbn in London. 1 773.
' Tlie Editor 6f Ibis letter tells the Reader, that * It was written ijp-
^wards df ia years fince, to an elderly orthddox clergyman, by a vevy
^ybnng pieribn, t>f no kind of education or advanuge, 4nore than ^ui
^drdix^ary eradefinan.'— The yoang man, however, appears to have
'MifelRd good natural parts, and to have offered, in this letter, a feo*
^£ble plea fbr heierddoxy.
The occmfidn of the letter was die Clergyman's havisg recaq-
'diencfed dUMt SirtUinu to the Writer, in orikr, we fuppotc, to con-
*Vert hitn 10 the trinitarian Riith« Seed's argumema, however, <ieem t^
^lave fti9ed ^f producing the wzfhed-fbr ^fe£l ; and the you^g m^a
'here: gives his letibas for ftill rematning'as heterodox as before.
S-ERMON.
"7^ C o R R E 8 p o ir D 1b K c r; * '
SERMON.
L The Power o/Mufic, and tbt'particular Injiutnct tf Church JIL^.—
Preached in the- Cathedral of Worceiler, at the anniverfary Me^c-
ing of the Choirs of Worcefter, Hereford, and Glouceller, Sep-
tember 8, 1773.. By John Rawlins, A. M. Rc£lor of Leigh, Mi*
nifter of Badfey and Wickamford in Worcefter, and Chaplain to
Lord Archer* 8vo. 6d. Rivington. 1773.
A fermon on the fame ful>jed, and from (he fame text, Pfalm Ivii.
7, 8. is to be found in Atterbury's Difcourfes ; but the powers of
jDuiic on the human frame, and its tendency to elevate our devotion,
are difplayed in a much more liberal, exteniive, and agreeable man-
ner by the Redor of Leigh, than by the Bifhop of Rochefter* Muiic,
' however, is of that feducing nature, that in treating of its eH^fb we
att naturally beguiled into a declamatory drain of panegyric ; and
as found operates mechanically on the pafHons, and inftead of exer-
ciiing the mind, lulls the underllandiug into a pleafing (lumber, it's
eipployment in religious purpofes ouglrt to be conduced with a very
cautious hand, if we preter National piety to rapturous flights of in-
toxicatioii and enthuiiaUlic extaiies*
CORRESPONDENCE.
7o the Authors ef the Monthly Review.
Gentlemen, London^ Dec, 18, 177'^.
* 'DEING* perfuaded that Audi alteram partem^ is a rule from which
JD you do not deviate. I hope you will admit in your article of
* Correfpondence, the following account of an affair^ of which y^apr
account has been given by yoar Correfpondent Amicui *•
* One of the principals in this unhappy difpute was the late Dr.
Samuel Leeds. He had not the advantage of a liberal education, hoc
by a remarkable natural propenfity was determined to the ilady of
phyfic. He endeavoured to make himfelf acquainted with die Ma*
teria Medica, and with the languages. He profecuted his Indies at
Edinburgh, where his afliduity was rem^ked by the Profefibrs, who,
though they were not unacquainted with his want of learning, grained
him a degree. On his return toI/)ndon, a vacancy Jiappenmg for
the poft of Phyfician in the London Hofpital, by the well-meant bat
too precipitate zeal of his friends he was propofed as candidate^ and
clefted. After feme time a diffatisfaftion arofe^mong the Governors;
it was publicly reported that his ^^%Ttt had been furreptitiouily ob-
tained; inllances of barbarous orthography in his recipes were
brought as proofs of his ignorance : the books of the Hoipiul tefiJ-
fied in his favour that his prafUce was equally fuccefsfid with that of
his colleagues, but it was thought neccllary he ihould p^fs exami*
nation before the College of Phyficians in London : he perceived
there was much prejudice againli him, and refigned. Being in-
formed that Dr. Fothergill had ufed expreflions to his diradva:ntage,
he lodged a complaint ag.iinft him, before his own Society [the
Quakers.] The Soci<*ty apprehended that if the complaint (hould
appear to be jull, Dr. h*. .might, ncverthelcfs, not be eafily induced
* • In your Odobcr Review.'.
CORRESPONDBKCE. 79
to ih&ke a proper icknowledgment, anclconiideriTip^ that his refailng
to do fOy moft^fiibje^l him to a fihmn,c4nfMrt^ agreed Co difpenfe with
their tJUMiJhed^t for proceeding in cafes €f defamtuion^ and pro-
pofed a decifiofi of the afBiir by arbitration. The propofal was
agreed to by both pities ; five arbitrators were chofen ; after many
hearings and much deliberadon, three of them, awarded to Dr. Leeds'
'£.'^t^ htindreld ponnds as damages ;' the other two pleaded as their rea-
ion for not joining in the award, ** that the three had refafed to exa^
mine an evidence which Dr. F. faid he could produce ;" the three
aflerted, and have verified their afTertion on afHrmation f , that they
did make a propofal to renew the arbicration bonds, in order to hear
any evidence that could be produced, which propofal the two and
* Dr. F. did not agree to %, Some of Dr. F.'s friends advifed him to
pay the five hundred pounds, fome adviled him not to pay it ; he
' proceeded to a trial in Weftminfter*hall ; the award Was fet afide.
Jt is not defigned to in^nuate that regard was (hewn to the rich for
his riches, or to the popuhr for his popularity; but judges are not
inEdlible any more tian other moruU. Leeds, now in cir cumflances
of dilgrace, attended with a total lofs of his practice, appealed once
more to his own Society ; he complained againft Dr. F. for refufing
to fulfil the award given in confequence of their advice ; he was ad-
mitted to feveral hearings, but many perfons are of opinion that he
was not heard with impartiality ; the majority feemed determined to
take no ftep which might tend to produce what they thought difre«
paution to Dr. P. This, perhaps, was the firft inilance whereia
there was reafon for fufpicion that an implicit attachment to a fupe-
rior and amiable chara&cr, induced the Society to fwerve fttnn the
line of ilri£t juftice. The arbitrators were men of chara^r and nn-
derftandingy doubtlcfs they aded honeftly and judicionfly upon the
evidence that came before them, and made , the award from a con-
vi£lton that Dr. P.*s expreflions had adually given rife to the preju*
dices again^ Leeds : it is remarkable thiat the evidence produced be-
fore the court of King's Bench infifted on proof of Leods's ignorance
and inability, not on proof that the words charged on Dr. F, wei^
not fpoken by him, or that they did not contribute to the injury of
Le^s : though from proof of the/e circumdances only, the award
coiild have been properly reverfed. As it feems impofiible that Dr. F.
could Jcnow that his condud had in no degree affeded Leeds's- repu-
tation, though it might liave hurt His pride, it would have been but
confiftent with his allowed generoilty, to have made him fome repa-
ration ; the opportunity for this is now pad^ the poor man is no
jmofo ; proJ)ably fallen a vidim to the vexation caufed by this unfor-
tunate afiair: an affair of which much has been faii, but. little
' knbwn, and which might have pafled quietly to oblivion, had not
your Correfoondent recalled ic into notice. I am yours,
IMPARTIAL/
•"— ^■•■i"-.'""."— -^-^i."*— — »— i"^— ^^■— ■' I III I I" I II III
Vt Vid. The j^p^edi in your July Review.'
* i It WIS witli. great relu^^nce that one of the.ihree accepted the
^'i>fice of arbitrator, nor did he accept it till after being paiiicular!^
requcfted by Dr. F. to do fo.**
J A GentlemsTn
^^ f( ita^fknitiUtY io our jtepfjefcfttyuHit; .b)it lie.jegim to tfainfc
^ifir JSbmy to 4kmir.
.gHimm GQmfbittit. It mrKiaM a pMl^UgKicHi fr two, i^.^jift
^(IK, ^ick JM^fc AOI 'y«t iqfui« thw <^ppeftraoce in A^r kevkv.
jiKBibef theaAvfflifniaat pf ,tl|k pocp; mt s|l|p ,jfCQl}e^ tUt i)^
ibpotc ««•# >*/ /ir abmit die tune abanrsminwoind ; aji4 ihax oar
.coikAor Jtpoited ihft << die wipiic jwas wt f^utiJV^d;" |v»i M.iffe
4tlHveifen ik> advefdAaieot of U, Aacy,"^we 09act^|e ihat it u Ofc
^yct to4^4pfOCuicd t*
Hiif C«riifpofado«t'eiitxri«.I>r. QeUteltli m die " .firctheft p(M ^
.d»e-«9e»" ^ .hei«fifts diat.die Andi9r of T'ibr 4ffm^c ^fmr^t^^
reoiM«eod«i V ^» if^ ^ Revioiv for ^cptqinber (^, ^at 4]^ a
dhwi^ittl -btiT«iM«r from die DoQor. We jbaye neither iht TravMr,
.i^PffoW*W^yr, Aor yix^Fitf^giacafdh performance at Jimh); bft
^CCOfdUog to die^Ktrai^ ii»t u^ i^ f^r pocrefpqodcwt, there is:ii|.
.i9«d niftrikng refemUaoee bft^vee^fqweral p^^d^^^i^otedirqpii]^
jgc^^^imcSfpfi/mimy and dipfe wUch^Mie ipt in cov^parifon ynth Attm,
Jk»m fir.^. Aat, at the ^me i^, iw^iinaft t>t fo free with oar Qpf.
fftiTpoiiiknc as to declaie to Jum^ $b^ widi lefpefl to the jgnwi^
aioinber*of< dte pafliig^s mifht^h he h^ :pro4ttced» -we 4o not^ercdite
.Oten the fmatleft ground for the patcry of //iggifi^ .fo vioka^jr
Wath what paiticftlar 'mw oar CorsD^pondent he» honoored nf
•f^idi this<oiiimuaicatioa» we,are,at a lofs tOjgtt^fi. He cojild n^
':fafft\yt*e%jpt€tvLi to commit |o the prefs, a paper fb ind^ereiuly
^pcMiafed w it ; aad in one^r two rtSp^f fo^dafipieotalfo in poift
.«f UrAi«K(;*-^lf hisdefign yfZ9» merely, to befriend as, ,1^ hit fent^
jmemiemadi oUiged.io him :-wi8 we are to every Gentleman whio
Tftyoan ih vithfcnarks, oa-aay fohje^W or pointy thatjouiy tend t^
wwarddieiiNrvice of iitsnuue in r^eneiialt ^ the improvepeat gf oqt
dftcview, ill paadotflar.
%* The iofeirdoA of i^'ifA/^^s JUetter, .rclatii^ toPlato*a Dii^
:fion of.M«# (fee Rev. lor Sept. lail> p. 168) wonld Icfd .os tpo fi|r
beyond the Jimits of otir plan*
* "* ^e readily admit that in any matter of opinion, or point -of
tafte, as well as in religion, a Dijaitir may he asmnch in die right
as fny. member of the moft perfki-eftablifluBeat oadtr the fiub
f Sineethc above was fent IQ the prcft, this .pamphlet has ]
prociiredt .
THE
MONTHLY REVIEW,
For FEBRUARY, 1774.
Aar. i« Jh- J|^ fvwurdi m Nttfural Wfimry 9f tht Coun^ ^DmUhip
act^mmodatid #• thi n§hU Dt/^Hs tf tht Dublin Society ; aHbntiog a
foftieiai^ View, L Of its VcfCtal^leB, witk their meckanical tdd
ceconomiea^ Ufes, aod as Food for Men and Cattl^ ; a Catabgue
of our V^eublePoiibns;. and a Bocanical Kalendar, exhibiting,
the reff>e£Uve Months in which moft of the Simples in Ufe are
. found in Flower. II. Of its Animals. Ill* Of its Soil, and the
State of its Agri(;Qlture ; its Foffils, K^nes, Minerals, and fome
lately-difcovered tninend Waters; parttcnlarly the folphureoas
Water ait Locaa, and its medicinaj Virtues, Irom prafticalObfer-
vations. IV. Of the Nature of the Climate, from Diaries of the
Weather, kept in Dublin for Fifty Years paft ; interfperfed with
itoeteorologicai and aKPnomical Obfervations.' 2y John Rutty,
M. D. 8vo« a Vols. 1 2 s, Dublin printed ; and fold by John*
fioftinLondon. 1772**
rrnHE Dublin Society was inftituted before the London af-
J[ i&ciation for the Encouragement of Arts, ManufaAiires,
and Commerce. It was incorporated in the year 1750 ; and to
the encouragement afforded by this public fpirited body, to men
oT genicis and enterprize, Ireland is indebted for many improve*
menCs in arts and manufafiures (but efpebtally in agriculture'
and hu(bandry) which have been made ii^ that country, withia
the laft twen^ years.
Another ^ Cmfetttim,* as Dr. Rutty ^^ipreiTes it, was farmed
in the capital of Ireland, (oon after the above-mentioned 2&^'
datiod, under the name of the Phj/koHiftorical Soaety; the
laodable defigns^ of- which co-operated with that of the Elder
Body, ^ in regard to an inveftigatton of the natural produftions
.:;.; TM^ work has but lauly be^ imported and advertised for iaie'
in London.
ViM.L^ G ff
82 Rutty'; Natural tiiftvrj of ihi t$unty ^ Duh&L
of Ireland^ fubfcrvient to ^p improvement of trade, manofa^*
tures, and commerce.'
Under the aufpices of the lafi-mentioned Societjr, the Public
were favoured with thofe .taluable publications, the Natural
and Civil Hijloriis rf the Counius ^ WATEftFORD, CoRR, amd
Kerry , befide that bf the County of Downe^ which was prior
to thefc, ' The fufvey of ^the counties of Watcrford, Cork, and
Kerry, Was the work of the late ingenious Mr. Charles Smith ;
who Acquitted himfelf fo well in the execution of his undertaking,
that we could not but greatly lament the lob which the Public
fuftained by the death of this very able and truly ingenious fon
of Science.— -He lived, however, to fee, with the utmoft re*
grct, and mortification, the decline of the Phj/tco^Htftn-ictd Sp-
cUtjj and with it, the lofs of that patronage under which be
had undertaken a ta(k f fo agreeable to his genius and inclina-
tions. This difappointment he pathetically laments, In the in-
trodudion to his Hiftory of Kerry ; of i^hich we gave ad ac"
count in the 17th \olume of our Review t*
It was, we find, at the inilance of the laft-named Society,
that Dr. Rutty undertook the * profecution of the natural HitU
torj of the County of Dublin :' — a tafk, he adds, with the mo-
defty ever infeparable from real knowledge aiid learning, to
which * I confefs I was unequal ; and the more fo, as I b^
fcarce any help from my pcedeceflbrs in this work/ — The
Dodor, however, acknowledges that he was farther prompted
to engage in this undertaking, ' by a moft cordial regard to the
noble dcfigns' of the Dublin Society ; to whom this Effay is
rcfpedfully addrefled, in a dedicatorial preface,-<-in which he
exhibits a fummary view of the materials naturally afforded for
fuch a work. — An extract from this addrefs, wherein the Au-
thor himfelf gives an account of the information and entertain*
tnent which the curious Reader will find, in the perufal of theTe
volumes, will not be improper, in this place.
* Nfiture, fays Dr. Ratty« far from being more peaurioos in her
productions in this than in the neighbouring countries, hath abun-
dantly fupplied us with a great variety, whether of matters of ca-
^nofity, or fuch as may be lubrervient to the fpeculations of philofo-
phers, or to medicinal or o^conomical ufes, 'u.g. Among ilones
which have been found in different parts of this country, the L^s
JudaiekSy the Ofti%coUa^ the Gjpfum ftriatwn^ anfwering the purpoics
of the plainer of Paris, and in ibme refpedb fuperior to it, the U^s
JJbeJUs^ a great variety of marbles, equal, perhaps fuperior to the
Egyptian or Italian, the granite, the porphyry, the Lafi$ Lydiut or
.,■■■- - . . ■ *
..t The.iiUimate olje^ of the Society was, to procure the natural
and civil hidory of cytty county in the kingdom.
' t In our ^th volume the Reader will alio find an account of the
Hiftories of Waterfoxd and Cork,
touch-
Rutty'i Natural Uiflory ofthi County $f Dublin^ 83
touch-fione, a great variety of petrifications* fpars, c^ydals, and
pebbles, and even real gems, fo far, that whatever may be faid of
the fuppoied amethyAs in the county of Kerry, I have good autho-
rity for faying, that the Cornelian has been found here, and per-
haps the emerald alfo ; and the Lafis Sfiicu/aHs of Pliny, iiinglais or
Muicovy glafs ; pearls are found in our Poolbeg oyfters, and amber-
gris has been frec[uently found on our coafls, and particularly. of x
late in large quantities in the county oF Kerry ; and good fperma*.
ceti hath been prepared from that fp^cies of the whale which yields
it, which is fometimes call upon our coafls. Now if fucH has beea
the refult of a few recent enquiries, there is no doubt but many yet,
unheard and unthought of difcoveries will be the confequence of
farther fearches.
' £ut to proceed to articles of more immediate and general afefuir
hcCa. !• We are very liberally fapplied, even in this county, with
great plenty and variety of ochres and painting earths, not at all in<*
ferior to thofe imported from England, France, an/ Flanders, and I
am well informed that at Newbridge in the neighbourhood qf Crone-
baun (of which hereafter} there has been found a red ochre in large
qaantity, of which one ounce gave feven grains of pure filver and
fome gold.
* 2. Lead ore is frequent with us and fmelted^ in this county, iii'
which alfo there are feveral traces of copper j and our water at Crone«*
baun in the county of Wicklow, may well vie with thofe of Heren-
grund and Ciment in Hungary. Of ours I received the following aC'^
count in the year 176c, from a perfon converfant in thefe matters:
**^ It is faid to tranunute iron into copper, but^ the fadl is, that it
lirecipitates its contained copper upon iron bars immerfed. It con-
tinues in its full flrengtbf and in feven years lafl paii yielded to jta
proprietors a fum no lefs than £. 17,259. i8i. 9^^* and all this
without the expencc of fuelaud men.'*
* The precipitate thus formed being fluxed, yliJids aj)0ve half of
pore copper: for an oance gave 12 pennyweights and 18 grains iil
one experiment, and 13 pennyweights and 12 grains in another.'
Now this is fhipt oflF to England to be Huxed there, and then by
plating and rolling mills reduced to the fhape in which it is fold^
and lent over to us, loaded with the expences of freight outwards
and inwards, infurance for carrying to the part where it is fhipt off,
' amounting in ail to £, 2. 3/. per ton, all which might be faved,
and the £r{l preparation being made from the water without expence,
gives abundant encouragement for ereding houfes for Huxing, and
the proper machines for plating and rolling ; to which I hai'e heard
of no boieftion, except the dearn^fs of coals with us.
* ^5. Of the Trip/las or rotten (lories, we have alfo a great variety^^
as appears from the enumeration here given of them in this county,
and probably of equal ufe to any imported for pdliihing brafs, ^'
ver, &c.
•4.1 have alfo fpecified a variety of marls in this coUrity, feve-
ral of them not mentioned in the hiftories of the counties above
named.
* 5* Fuller's earth is indeed a d^fidtratum^ but encouragement it
fttven to fearch for it from the following obfervation among the re-
Q t cordji
S4 Hiiitfs Uaturat Bipry tf the C^untfefDuhnn.
cords of voar Society, viz. *' that large lampi of it art oftm fomuf
in the Cionmell tobacCO-pioe clay.'*
* 6. At Bally-caftle» atiq likewife la the county of Waterfbrd* a
firatttfli of clay over the coals, is {kid to have been lately difcovered,
which is foa^d in glafs-houfe pots to be equally ftrong, and to ea-
dtire the fire as weU as Stoarbndge day.'
' 7. A white bltii(h clay was formerly exported from Carrickfems
to England, Ibr making that called the Ifelfi-<wari^ which was (op*
plied to ns Brom thence until of late we learnt to ered a manunc-
tore of it near I>ttbl]n, which was profecoted with ««at fncoeft Ibr
to' years, the ware being foperior to the Dntch, uiough now de*
dining, for want of the continoance of due encouragement.
* 8. The Manganefe, a fabftanceof a dark g^y coloor, and of a
meullic appearance when broke, of great nfe in making the black
glazing in potters ware, by being Mtd, with lead ore» with which
we nfed to be fopplied entirely from England, is found in fevera)
places in this contatry; and oars is faid to be fo much richer in the
mineral than that imjported from England, as to render a left pio-
portioh of lead neceaary for the pnrpofe aibrefaid ; an article more*
over of great moment, as bein? with arfenic of great nfe in taking
away the giecnnefs to which aU glafs made of fand is fubjed.
* 9. In the county of Wicklow, not far from Dublin, are large and
deep pits of Pjrit^^ from which copperas might be made; and I
have in the fequel traced plain veftiges of alum and copperas in a
kind of Irifli (late found in this coan^ ; and moreover, from fome
hiDts given in relation to ^t-petre, it (eems to be a matter not o> be
defpairedof, that both. copperas, alum, and ialt-petre wcirka may
.foe ereded here.
- < In the appellationa affixed to the foflils, I have followed Wood-
lArard, Hill, Wderids» Mendez da Coda, and in fome matters of
fiid relative to thu branch as well as the vegetables, the celebrated
LianiBOs, to the united labours of which authors a more clear and
diftinft account of thefe fubjeds than for ages paft is owing.
' To my account of the minerals, it feemed proper to fubioin that
of the waters impregnated with fome of them, concerning which this
general remark may not be impertinent* viz. that we have every
ipecies of mineral medicinal waters here that they have in England,
excepting perhaps that of Bath,' foveral of which might be conveyed
to diftlnt places » an advantageous article oi cbmmerce, as they
are in England, being equally efficacious in the cure of difeafos :
however, as I had already publilhed a Hiftory * of the feveral N&e*
111 Waters of Ireland in n feparate treatife^ I thought it fufficieat in
the^ prefent work, to give an account of feveral remarkable ottei
whicA have occurred to my obfervation iince that publication, die
real good effis^ of which having obferved for feveral years paft, I
have embraced this opportunity of preTenting Aem to the Public
* Next, as to the vcgeubles, a branch of natural hiftory ve!ry littk
attended to in this country, though I troU its ufefulnefs wiH be
^ We are nncertath whether or not the Author here alludey to his
** MediodicalSynopfisof Mineral Waters— of Great Britaio, Ireland,
Francf) Germanf}', Italy, &c.'* 4to» Sec Rev« voL xvii. p. 97.
abundantly
KixttyVNai^el Utft^ry •fiUOmlf •fDuUin. %s
Mtundandy maiiifeft in. the following workt in the large catalogoe cf
t^fcmUnt Vegttahles here given, /. r. of fuch as may fupply ford
Whether to mefi or cattle, divers of which may pefllbly be of £nga«
Jar ferviceto the, poor as fubftitiites for Jbread u^ times of fcarcity
-sad impeadinfi: famine.
• * Khave alM giv^a a Botanic Kalen4ar of ^tbe moft nfcfiil indage-
nous plants^ exhibitij^g &om obferv^;ion, thetimerof thpir-ftower-
ing in this coanty throa|boat the year. * 1 have alfo given, .the niB^
of feveral of them ip Dying, from the prafUces of .the ancient Iriib*
as well ai more modern obfervations from faithfbl correfpoi^dentf;
and moreover I have alfo fubjoined a lift of oor Vegetable Poifons,
'deeming it* to vbe a matter of no fmall ixnportance among a people
Uttle acquainted wkh the dangers they are frequently expofed to on
this account ; and here it feems to be Jbnt doing juftice to the iperit
"of a certain a'flbciate in theAs ftudies to take this ppportupity of con-
> gratulating the Public on his behalf, who during a long fefies of
years has been prtparing and is now oompleaiiiie a oafealo|tte of the
native Irifh plants, adjufting, their names, to theLinnseai^ ly^em*.
' * I have diftribated the Birds and Fiihes into claffes according t6
Willdghby's method, and of the ^rft have added above, thirty, and
of the fecond twenty^ that are not mentioned in the Hiftories of the
counties above-named, in treating of which, as well as the beibre-
laentioned articles of natujral hifti^» I faaive ,always;Jiad ooe thing
. in view, that is to point out whatever might, be useful jn fgod, or
fenre as materials foi^ imprpving onr. mani;fa6b^e8» tra^»,,or,c0m'
jncrce.
' LatUy, as the nature of the climate is undoubtedly no incpnfi«
' ^erable nor nfelefs branch of the natural hiftory of any country, which
th^re is no way poffible of afcertaining but from hiftorxes bf the .ftat«
of the air and weather for a feries of time in various (eaifont, ^d'l v^fas
' fbrniibed wsth a^hiftory of the weather krDublin for 5;o years f , I em«
braced' this oppoctumty of pttblifllingi^lrQmdili|;eni aad.&ithfitl ob*
fervationsy wh«rein »re freqaeajtly4ntec^pfsrftdcompaiifii«s.tf the Akc
of the weather in Dublin, and i^at^oli other remota partf of|r^||d»
England, and fbmetimes of the Bcighjlioi^ring natioas^ with meteoro-
fogscal and oeconomical obfervations, notnegleOinf fomeiicconntof
the ftate of the plenty or fcardty of provifions in dilg^rent feafoQs,
amd a particular hiftory is given of the memorable froft in 1 740, with
^kr dreadful efie^son men and animals of allkinds^ having been
snore peniicioos than thofe of many peflilences, aad I traft that frbm
« ieries of obiiervations during the period al^findy 1 have refuted
fhe loi^ entertabed vul^ error of thetiii6aence of themooa oa the
fkatt ofthe weather.*
From the fbcegoiiig.vicMF of jtbe.marerials^. Which this. wfrk
' is conxpoje4^ as well a^ fi:oan th^ ptartioilara enumerated in the
■^nrnfcript of fbe . Mtje-pjige, our Headera ma}r' perceive vrhat
kind qf ent^rtainn^ent they, will here meet with. They will
. f I ' ■ i i ■. J. •■■■■■'' J ^ I. , I ^>i^
• * • Dr. Abraham Lionel Jenkins.*
i* Dr. Rutty hath al(opubli(hed» ip 0ne volomey 8vo. <'*A Chro-
nological Hiftory Of ih^ Weather and Seafons,^ and of th^ jjjrevailing
4}ift;ifes in Dublin :" f^eRetieW, 'voLj^lii. p. 346.
. 03 ijifi*
86 Mordccai*! Apoh^fir emhradng ChrlJIianitj^
infer, too, that they are not to exped» from this performance,
.that fort of gratification which is peculiarly afforded by /emf-
fcbape' writing I fuch as, in the mo(t pleafing manner, fervcd,
to enliven many parts of Mr. Smith's accounts of the tbrn
€6unties %• Dr. Rutty's ta(k being confined to what ftriSly
'Conftitutes the fcience of natural hijtory^ his details will feem
drier to the generality of readers ; but they will be equally ac-
'ceptable to the phitofophical incujirer, the medical invefligator^
the cultivator of hufbandry, and, in brief, to. all who wilh to
become acq^uainted with the natural produdions, ai^d the pr^*
fent ftate, of every part qf the Britifli empire.
X Particularly in his delightful defcript^oa of the Lake of Kilia^-
pey : fee Rev. vol. xvii, p. 508, 5cc.
. Art. 11. Tbs Jpokgy of Benjamin Ben Mordeeai to his Friends f9r iw^
bracing Chrijiianitj ; in feveral Letters to Elifha Levi, Mcrchast^
of Amfteidam. Letters IL 111. and IV. 4?o, 6 ». Wilkic.
1773-
WE have formerly ^ bad an opportunity of paying our
refpcSs to this acute and fenfiblc Writer : it is wit^
pleafure we renew our acquaintance with him, on this occafion,
^nd, without any farther ceremony, we (ball endeavour to lay
before our Readers a fumm^ry account of th^ three letters cop-
stained in this volume.
, The deftgn of the firft letter (which is the fcicood in th^ or-
der pf publication) is to examine into the pirfm and char€iGtr
. of Chrift,.axid to fliew, whether he anfwers to the defcription
: of the Mijjiahxvi the fcripture prophecies. In order to pave the
. way fo^ this, enquiry, our Author takes notice of the various
appearances of Jehovah under the ancient difpenfations of reli-
gion, and endeavours to afcertain the rank and c|iar^£^er of
\ that Being, to whom thfs title and ofiicc belonged. Tbefc
' appearances, he obfervcs, are recorded as hifiorical fads ; apd,
as the SuPRBME God himfelf never appeared to men, eitbcr in
. perfon or by any vifible fycnbol, it is a matter of great ioipoit-
. ance to determine, who the other Being is that is fo frequently
honoured with the appellation Jihcvah: ^\s Being, he ^ppK-
: hends, is the fame that in other places, and on other occafion^,
is called the Angel of %h§vah : ♦* And the reafon he is call^
by the fame name is thas well explained by R. Jefue F. Sebti^
according to the common maxim not only in ufe among the
Hebrews, but allowed of by the general cuftom of the world ;
Lcqmtia; Ltjgatui firmoji^ nfittentis ium**
^^ '' : "-"■ — • = • JT
♦ See Review b\ i!<Qeb^ 177a,
MoritcsLps Apology forendracing. Cbriftianity* 87
The propriety of this appellation is farther evinced by a re-
lation of feveral of his appearances recorded in the books of
Mofes ; and by a particular accourit of the manner in which
'jjt was originally conrferred» froqiExodus xxxiii. From tnapy
paflages chat are here icolleded, pur Author infers * that the
*^facred writings attrrbifte to the angel, who ads in the name and
authority and moral o^^x^&tt of &od, the name Jehovah : and
there could be no miiiake, iq this particular, anhong our fore^
' fathers, as if this angel was the Supreme God ; becaufe we fiiid
by the hiilory, that he never aded in his own name, or by his
own authority, but mt^rely z% the ^ngel of God/ He then
ihews t^e abfurdity and confufion that muft attend the notion
(which many Chrlftian writers have adopted) of the appearance
*pf fhe Supreme and I nvifible Jehovah himfelf.
Having fettled tfaefe prelimifiaries, our Apologift proceeds to
' <)^quire^ Whether the Jcwifli and Chriftian revelations were car-
ried on bv the vj^/r TfA^tfA ; i.e. ^^^Logos^ or Word of God,
as he is ftiled both by Phih^ and the 5poftles of Chrift. And
.he apprehends, that under the charader of * a divine fubftitute
of the Father, he gave the law' of reafon to Adam ; the^Jewi/h
law to that peopU ; and to all the world the Chriftian law, or
"will of God/ The arguments here alledged in proof of this
"propofition ^re deduced from the nature and confiilency of the
thing, from the words of fcripture, and from th^ interpretations
pf fcripture given us both by the Jews and Chriftiar^s.
The two iirft of thefe arguments are very ably dtfcufled in
the fequel of this letter. From the fcripture evidence on this
head our ^uthor draws thefe two conclufions : ^ Firft, that
^efus and his difciples knew him to be the AngeUyehavah \ and
revealed it fufficiently to all fuch as would examine, and honeftly
attend to what they fajd upon the fuHjed ; and to thofe who •
would not, the things which pertained to their peace were
hidden from their eyes. Secondly, it appears, that Almighty
God has from the beginning carried on the government of the
world, by the miniftration of one and the iame perfon : who
hath appeared under different appellations, according to the dif-
ferent (fifpenfations in which he was employed, and the different
charaders he bore. And this is the fame Perfon, who chofe
• yudah for his inheritance j and hath from the days of Abraham
bee|i more particularly engaged, by Himfelf or his angels, in
fjlt care and prote^on of our natipn ; and even in the latter
days will continue to be fo, till he hath performed the promife,
fhat in AbrahanCsfeed (hall all the families of the earth be bleffed :
and the completion of this prophecy conftitutes the Chriflian
feligion.'
G -: Hi
4S MordectiV Jpdogf fir tmbrmfq Gimftiam^.
Hfl dien dofiss tbis/econd letter with five rttk%.«hidi dired
lis when to apply the word God or Jehovah in the Old Teftamad
to the Jehovab'Artgdj or Jngd of the CovHumU -
In a Poftfcript our Author examine and anfwers the objec« .
. tioos brought by the learned Grotius agaioft the opinion, whldi
is here maintained, and* which afcrihes the delivery of the law»
to the Logty or Wor/L , .
In the /AiV^ letter, our Authoi: applieihis exteofive leamii^
tA the illuftration and proof of this propodtipDj viz. * that
the Log^s was the Jngd of the Cowmtnt^ or vifible Jghavab^*
.And he has produced many paflages from the oioft approved
commentators, both Jewijb and Q)r\flian \ from the Chriftian
. Fathers, and from modern expofitors and divines, in fiiQtport
of the fame x>pimen. He then proceeds to vindicate the wor-
JQiip of Chrtft, tmder this charaftrr,.frQm the charge of klola*
trv, by (hewing, that it is of the ^me kind with the worihip
of the %iaiM&*Anfi;el. * We^ fays be (perfonating a Jmj
* as wdl as the Mticmetans^ have been too hafty in accufiog the
Chrifiian religion as idoktrous, and chai^jqg the Cbri/Ums 19
general with idolatry, becaufe they worihip Cbri^ .* as if the
. worihip paid to the Angel of God^ or the Angel of the Ccmiment^
was the worihip of another Ood. I allow, that^ if they fiup-
. pofed the Angel of the Covgnant to be the Supreme God and Go^
. vernor of the univerie, and equal xo Jehovah^ in whofe name he
a^s, and whofe minifter he is \ and worihipped him ultimately,
. as God of the univerfe \ this would be idolatry, in the firid
and proper fenfe of the word : but this is only the opinioa of
the PJtuionAthanafians : and lofes ground daily among men of
fenfe ; being neither founded on ^ripture nor reafon, nor one
fingle authority from the Fathers of the three fiift centuries.
Non elms Deot introduxh Cmkistvs^ qma non duos equates, nem
PARES, ^equatkne in utroqtu ojienjoy pofuit. Id enim fi fi^Uff^y
meriio dnorum Deorum controverjiam Jufciti^et 5 fays Novatian^
cap. xxxi* And it appears, that the worihip of ChrJ/i is oJF
the fame nature, with that which was paid by the Patrtarcb^
~ to the iame perfon ; i. e» the vifible Angel who appeared to
them. And Ahrahamj whrn he built an altar to JebnHib that
appeared to him in the plains of ^cr/^.(Gen. xii. 7.) and
Jacoby when he was commanded to build an altar to Jehswiy
thatappearjd to him when he fled from Efau {t^xum. i.) could
have no notion that he was the Supreme God \ (ox th^y knevr
him to be the Angd and Minijier of the Supreme God, as I have
already ihewo : and, therefore, if thefe altars were built tor
worjbipy and not merely for memorials i the worihip, .paid ibe
Angel of the Covenant at tbe/ey as well as at other times, was the
fame with that of the Cbiiftians at prefent : that is^ it was me-
dsat;
. s
jdiate.fmd fubonKnate^ «nd ultimaldy 4icoSed.«> tlie^i^oryof
the F^bir'i ^
He farther obviates tlie ob^edlon of poly tbeifm zm idolatiy
'b^ many very appoGte quotations from the writtags of the jprj-
mitivc CbrijKiaos ; fuch as Jnjlin Mart^r^ OrigenpCjPriany JSSf^
fsUtus^ Sufiiiusp TirtMan^ LaSanttus^ .^d BifiL < Tl^e
apoftolic confiitutions (be obferves) reprefpnt it as a' branch of
,titciGn^u herefy^ to affirm, thztj^us is the^Sufrinu Clover
. all r maicuig bimfelf) confequently> to be, bis 6wn Father*
< It is very remarkable {be (ays) that the tit)e of the Wjr
./rv^God^ which Q?ri/l has ap]^rc|>riated tq tbe/^i6#r (JfoKn
.xvii^ '3,) is liever given to Ciri/lj eiven 1^ the P^Jl^NiottiFi^
t^s.: and the rcafon i^ems to be, that their underftandxi^
revolted at fo ftfong and unMrranted an expreffioa; which jx-
. cals to my mind,^ how cur di(jpute ended with the Popifh priefis
at Aiar/iim, by ih^ imprudent behaviour of our friend AiaUd.
Fpr they no ^Toon^r memtioned AAtry^ the Mother of Gadi but
)ie rofe up in a great hpat» fweaiin^ by MabmeU that God was
neitbik born not j^edt and bad ntithtt Jon xkoa^dangbur: and
|hat au fuch as, pretended Xoptoii their Uod were more impu"*
dent f onjurers than Jarnns- ^nd Jambrts^ who oppofed Mofum
I mention rhl8> for the fake of pbferving, diat, as the Fathers
. feared to call Cbrift by the name of the only true G^: - fo the
^frotefianUt pitn thofe who call themfelves jlibanq/uau\ are
* afraid to call the Mother of Jifus Cf^riJ^ the Mother of God:
Yfhich planefy proves, that auAicfa ^s refufe thefe titles to St.
J^ry and to Cbrijl out of confcience, bave two difierent ioniea
to the ward God^ whatever they pretend tq. the contrary. One^
ivhen they fpeak of the invifible JAevab \ and another^ when
they {jpeak oi Chrift: otherwife they could not rcfufe to call
Mary the Mother of Gody arid Cbrift the orily true G^: for ^y
. all the logic in the world, if (be be the Mother of Chr^^ and
Chrift ht Gody ibe is the Mother of Gody in the iame fenfe^ ia
^hich he is called God; and if he be the only tXMtQpd^ then
^e is the Motbir of the only true God? .
OurAuthor very properly fpeeifies, in feveral particulars, the
difference between the terms Ely Elohim, Adonaiznijebovab:
and obferves ihat the Iat$e<r is never given to any» i>ut ,to the
Selfexiftent and Supreme God of hb Jingeli and jEhould thece*
. fore never tse trauflated into any other language* Toward the
i:Iofe of this letter he refumes f he charge of idolatry, and ob*
via^es it by enquiring what worfhip is paid to Chrifty and^what
is the ^recife meaning of idolatrv : and he concludes, that ^ the
ivoribip of Chriji is free from all thofe offenfive circMmflances,
svhicb render i^i^Az/ry difpleafioff to Gody and therefore ^oMght
not to be called by that name. After all, it is candidly ac-
, '|c|ipwledeed, th^t i{i ih^ whole Ntw Tf/lamcnf we have no dired
and
9d Mordecai*! ^pobgyfnr mhracwg C^rfltmdif.
and pofitive'coinipand to pray to Cbrijl; and that it is mo(l
5 roper tp dire^ qur prayers to the SuprtrntGod bimfelf, through
^efus Chri/f^ as the mediator hetwein God and man \ this Self*
• exiftent and Eternal Being having an immutable claim to our
'worfliip, even beyond the tf^^. of ih^Me^tab^ when his king-
dom (hall be deKvered up to xht Futhn.' Our Lord himfcU^
moreover, hath thus diret^ed us to'pray.
' ' In a Pofifcript tqt this letter our Author intimates, that Dr.
$birlociy Dr. Southi ^nd other Writers, virhom he calls ^< the
PhMopbical ChriJUnns^** whilft they have afferted tha^ Chrift ia
• the Supreme God^ or a meer num^ have been uadcr a neceffity of
denying the moft eflential articles of Cbrijiianitxi fuch as hit
defcent from heaven ; his humiliation \ his fufferings and death ;
and concludes with an apology for entering fo far into this ar-
gument, which he would not -have done, ^ h^ it not been
(fays he) abfolutely ncceffary to clear my fubjefbfrom the ob-
jeftions a priori^ which, arife from the Homooujian dodrine, be-
fore 1 undertook to lay before you the evidence upon which I
embrace Chriftianity ; for, if Chrift be the Supremi God, as
fome divines fuppofe ; it is imp&fBble to ftir a ungle ftep for-
• ward in proof of^ his defcettt from Heaven, hi^ comepticn^ his bu-
miliationy his fufferings and deatb : all thefe thitTgs are declared of
him in the Ntw Tefament \ and foretold Of him, in the Old:
and all of them are abfolutely impoffibl^ to have been under*
gone by a Being, that is infinlu^ unchangeable^ and impajfabitm
And, therefore; inftead of atten^pting to explane the Chrijlian
fyftcm by the philofophy of thefe divines, I (hall entirely neg-
leA them : and truft (as the Arian and Scrtfturarian heretics
are accufed of haying done) to the fcriptures only : following
the rule of ////br; entirely — Non cr^difut PHitoSoPHis ; ^r-
ditur PISCAT0RIBU$/
The defign of the fourtb and laji letter in ^his colIeAion is
to prove that T^j was the J^jpah \ in which the Author baa
acquitted himlelf as a verv learned and able apologift for Cbrif-
tianity. *
After fome previous remarks on the predi^ions relating to
the Meffiah, tending particularly to vindicate the authority of
Daniel J and to elucidate ^he very remarkable prophecies con-
tained in his writings ; and on the general expeaation which
yewijb and Heathen writers feemed to entertain cor^cerning his
advent i accompanied with a critical enquiry into the fource of
their intelligence ;^he proceeds to examine the correfpondence
between the hiftory of Cbri^ in the NewTeftament^ and the pro-
phecies of the MeJJiab in the Old Teftament^ by four criteria ;
* viz. his tineage \ the place of his birth \ the {ime Of bis advittt ;
^d his aaittth}
Mordecari Apology for embracing Chrtflianiiyi if
To his vindication of the prophecy of DanieU our Autfaof
lias fubjoined fev^ral oVferyations on rtoitfSpx ^chaolis'shtt*
tcr to Sir John -Pringle on the I^XX Weekj of Daniel, not
long ftnce pubD|hcd *i aj)4 they are well worthy the attention
pf that excellent criuc We are forry our limits will not al-
low us to give niore copious extrads from this very valuable
performance. Thofe who are employed in biblical enquiries
will . perufb thefe letters with pleafure and advantage. Ouir
Readers, however, will indulge us with one extrad more^
M^hich is part of the Author's ^drefs .to tbof^ fqr whofe beiiefic
thefe letters are iqore joiQiediatelv intended.
* Give me )egve, my dear friend, to expoftulate with you,
jind lay my whole heart before you on this moft interefting of
all fubie63tp : and honeftly copfels, thdX I have been long {iffeded
V^ith (the) heavy charge, with which I have been fq often
prefled by the Chriftians^ and greatly alarmed \ becaufe it ap«
pears upon examination to be fa£l, and accounts for fuqh zmzr
^ing di$cu)ties as, upon any othef pripciple, are infuperable.
* The MiJJiab^ fay they, has already been manifefted to you^
Ration : and became the fon of man, by bejng t^orn of the fa-
mily of David: he came unto you, his own peculiar p^opl^;
9nd you receiyAl him not, but hid your faces from him ; and
^* denied the l^oly one and the juft, and defired a murderer to
|)e granted unto you ; and killed the Prince of Life '** and fof
this fin your nation h^^s been fq long cut off from all the pe-
culiar Ueffings which it fp )ong enjoyed under the Lord Jebo-'
yah : and you are difperfed abroad, and become an aftoni(hm6nt,
a proverb, and a bye-word, nmong a]l nations ; as your pro-
phets foretold : nor will you ever be reinftated in his favour,
*fill you acknowledge him to be your Lord and King; and fub-
^it yourfelves to his government over you.
* ElifiaLivi^ Ipok back upon the days of old ; and the mer-
^xt^ vouchfafed to ouc fathers, by the hand of this Jehyvah'
jtHgel: hpw often h^ declared his love and tender compaffion
(o his peculiar people ; yea, apd his unchangeable determina-
tion, that he WQulp never forget them ! ** Can a woman, fays
iie, forget l^er fucking child ; that fl^e (hou)^ not have compaf-
iion on the fon of her womb ? Yea, flic may forget ; yet will
. ^ot I forget thee, ^ehold, I have graven thee upon the palms
pf my h^nds} thy walls are continually before me." And,
even whe{^ it was neceflfary to punilh us ; with what love and
tendernefs (foes he compaflionate our fufferings ! <' How (hall
i give thee up, Epbraim! how (hall I deliver thee, Ifratll
bow (bain make thee like Admah! how (hall I fet thee as Z^-
hciml My bea^t is turned within me, my repentings are kindled
f
* §c^ Review for Oftobcr 1773, p. 263.
tpgether,*^
^ ^orclccai'j Apohgjffor mtraclHg Chrlflimiif.
^wether.'' — And is it poffible, dut fo tnucb relu^ance to rpv*
^iDiy and (b.itiucfa tendetn^fs, as is every where e^prefled
thrbugh the facred volume towards oar once happy natioci,
Ihouid oh a fudden, and forivo apparent caufe^ entirely dcfert
«s ? and we ihould be thus caft off fromrbis favour, as wenow
;yre, and Tubje^d to fuch unfpeaka^le ruin, as hath befallen
ih^ whole iiati6n» from the days of Ve^afian and Ttius ? fuch
p% never any other nation under the nin has undergone : and
fiiSered, in our fieges and battles, by feditions, and faoiinest
wd peftilence, and captivity, and mafiacres, and diiperflonf
Is it poffible, thaf all oUr hopes m his indulgent care and love
fiiould thus at once be blafled, for no caufer and all his pro*
'znifcs to our fathers fail us; and' the bright and glorious pro-
pped, the birthright of our nation, that in the feed of Jbra'^
ham all the families of the earth (hould be bielTdd, thus end in
eternal darknefs and oblivion ? Surely, if fome amazing aft of
wickcdnefs has not been perpetrated by our whle nation beyond
what other nations have committed ; our prefent ftate and con-
dition, for fo many ages, is unaccountable ; and our iciipctxr^
incredible. And, what is the mod melancholy of all reflec-
tions, as we are ignorant of the caufe of thefe ^mifiions, fo W9
See no end of them j nor iny means how to avert them.
^ In this dejeded and forlot-n ftate, fifted into all nacioos
.and become the fcorn* of all mankind, there yet remains ^m
Tiope, and but one, that can fupport and relieve us; and this
we have been blindly endeavouring, for many ages, to invalid
'^te and overturn : I mean, the Authenticity ai^d truxh of the
Xhrt/lign fcriptures. If Jefus is indeed the vlJibUJibevah^ ai|4
^Mgil of the Covenant^ whom our fathers have fiain \, we want lio
farther explanation, how we have offended hitti ; or in what
manner we may expe£l deliverance from our evils. For he,
wbofe ntercy and loving kindnefs hath fo often pardoned the
'fins of our fathers ; delivering them from the diftrefles, with
which be vifited and chaftifed them ', who coqld pray for bis
enemies, in the mtdft of his fufierings, apologizing for their
wilful ignorance; and ufe that power, which he gained by
his patient refignation under afl|i£tions, for the falvation oif
thofe by whom be was diftreiTed and flain : he will without
doubt return to us alfo^ in mercy and Iqving-kindnefs, and will
favi ttr, according to his promise, even in the latter dap; if we
turn to him with forrow and repentance, as to fhe' Angel of
the Covenant whom We delight in ; and be obedient to bis voice.
For that fuch a time will come, when we. (ha^ll be again re*
ceived into his favour, we are well afTure^ bpth by the prophe-
cies of Jews and Chrijiians.*
' The three laft letters are adv^rdfed to if publlfhed with ^
convenient fpeedf
C 91 T
State Fap«r4 ;, coofiftine of Royal Inftruatoas^ DircdioDs, Di^
patdieSy.aBd tetten* To which axe added, fome biAor^qil TraOa*
The Whole iUuftrating and opening the political Syftem of chp»
chief Governors and Government oflrdand* daring the Reigns oC
Queen Elizabeth, James the Firft, and Charles the Pirft. Svq^
2^ois. 12 s. boond, ^Ddblin printed, 1772 ; and (old by Ro-
' binAn, kc. in London*
« QTATE-PAPERS,* fayi a late Hiftorian f, who was mora
r) converlant with memoriala of that (brt, than "any othw
wnter of this country, * are the very chart and cooapafr oC
* hiftory. While we fail by their direclion^ we fail witli cer-
< tatnty, as well as fafetv ; and when thofe lights fail us^ we
^ are forcedy in a great degree, to grope and gue& our way,
< and to content ourfelves with probability only«'— 'This is un«
doubtedly true ; and yet, as the fame author hath farther oil*
ferved, ^ the bulk of readers, in all ages, reqiure no more than
< a fniootb, even, flowerjr tale % and are never snore difgufied
^ than when their courfe is interrupted by a labyrinth of thwart-
^ ing fa£}s and arguments, which it equally puzzles them eithei:
< to inveftigate or pafs over/— Men, however, who have expe-
rience of the world, and who do not chufe to become ^e
dupes of credulity, have a different way of thinking, and Jove
to tread on furer ground. With them decidmatioH.zad nprejlm*
tati$ny will pafs for no more than they are intrinfically worth i
and a few important fafis, well a(certained and eftabli(hi^,
will outweigh all the ftu writing that ever dazzled the eye, qr
delighted the imagination, of fuperficial readers.
With -refpe£l to the papers before us, although .the Editor
hath not thought it proper to eive us the latisfadiion of know-
ing to whom we are obliged tor their publication, or even ta
inform us from what repofitory of records, or literary flore-
houfe, thefe materials * have been drawn, we, neverthelefs^
entertain veiy little doubt of their authenticity.
As to the imp^anci of the fevend papers inferted in this col«
leAion, which, in the title, is ftiled fitt^^ we think therpis
great inequality among them, in this refped. Some of then
mre, undoubtedly, curious and valuable; while others will, by
moft readers, be regarded as frivolous. Several of the princi*
pal trafis are written by perfons of the Roman Catholic party ;
ox by moderate men, fuch as the j>oet defcribes^
Papift or Pioteflantt or both between,
. Like good Erafmus, in an honed mean.
+ Ralph.
• • Faithfdhptfanicribed flfbui their §rigituds, 6t authentic copibs/
h the whole 01 the Editor's declaration, on thu head.
The
^4 DefiiUrats Cwr^fg fSbimica.
The papers here alluded to, will afford confiderable infer*
toatioh to thole who have onlj been conveHant with the Prou.
teftant writers on the affairs of Ireland ; and all men, we know,
will lie for their party. Here, then, the impartial byeftander
will, in feme meafure, be enabled to judge of the merits of
either fide, and to ftrike the balance between truth and falfe-
hood, in this account of religious and political claims and en-
croachments, bigotry and craft, Aibterfuge and violence. In
a word, we,, in this heretical country, luiow fo little of the
Catholic fide of the queftion, in regard to the troubles of Ire-»
land, during the period to which thefe volumes relate, that any
authentic accounts; from that quarter^ muft, we prefume, be
acceptable to the curious inquirer.
* The principal papers in this CoHcAioh api^ai- to be xht foU
lowing :
I. Royal InftruSions, Difpatches, &c. to the Lords' deputies
of Ireland, &c. in the reigu of Elizabeth.
IL * A brief Declaration of the Government of Ireland, open-*;
ing many Corruptjons in the fame, &c. wrote in the Go^
vernment of Sir William Fitzwilliams, who was Lord De-,
puty from 1588 to 1594/ In this ample detail of grievances^
are many curious particulars relating to the celebrated Tyrone,
through which great light is thrown upon the Earl's cnarac-
ter and conduA, with refped to the famous rebellion, in
which he made fo diftinguiflied a figure.
III. • A Chronicle of Lord Chichefter's Government of Ireland^
colleftcd and gathered by William Farmer, Chirurgion.*
IV. A Difcourfe of the prefent State of Ireland, 1614.
V. Seventeen Letters from James I. and the Council of Eng-*'
land, to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland*
The above, with a variety of other articles, including a cu-
rious aecohnt of the parliamentary diffentions in Ireland, in
16x4, txt to be found in the firft volume of this coUedion. Id
the fecond volume we have,
I. Inftrudions, Remonftrances, Apologies, &c. &c. relating
to the Difcontents and Difturbances in Ireland, from 1615
to 1641.
II. ^ A Letter from a Proteflant in Ireland, to a Member of
the Houfe of Commons In England, 1643/ This is a very
feniible paper, written with great candour, and, as* far as wc
can judge, at this diftance of time, with an intention per«
fedly honeft, conciliatory, and patriotic.
UL Fragmentum HiJImcum : or, the Second and Third Bohks
of the War in Ireland 3 containing the TranfaAions in that
Kingdom, from 1642 10x647. By Richard Beltings, £(q}
Secretary to the Supreme Council of the Confederate Catho*
lies. Faithfully tranfcribed from the Original, in the PoT*
feffion
Cbn/idgrsftiau fin r^mrmg a Suhfcripikn t§ Articln^ Faith » ^ J <
ftffibnxif John Cwrreyi M.D/^ — Tbw aboonds ^ith matted
of information rebttng to xbe views and. proceedings of that
par^ with which the writer (admitting .the^ aotbcmicity of
the trail) was fo deeply engaged. ,
IV. A Journal of the moft memorable TrahfiiAbns of General
Owin ONitUst and bis party^ from, 164 1 to 1 650, Fai^hfuily
related by GoL Henry M'TuUy.O Nidl», who ferved un»
der bind. The inforoiatUm contained in this paper will alfo:
gratify the coriofity of tfaofe who wtih to be made acquainted
with the moft material particulars of the Irifli hiftory^ during,
the unhappy period here referred to.
The volume clofes with a furyry of the half barpny of Rath-,
down, in the county of Dublin 1 by order* of Charles Fleet*
wood. Lord Deputy — it^ T>c importance of this paper
muft, we fuppofe, be merely local.
The obvious tendency of this puUitatiOif, is to foftesn the
prejudices of the Proteftan^ againft the Roman Catholics of
Ireland; but the moft complete vindication of the latter with
refped to the horrid fiory of the Majficri^ in 1641, is to be
found in Brooke's Trial •/ the Roman Gathplia : fee Review,
Yol. xxvii. p. 508.
• This Joaroal is faid to have been fcnt, by way of letter, to
Col. Charles Kelly, of Agharahan.
'in ' I ■
Art. IV. Cwfiderationr en the Propriety of requiring a Snhfcriftion ft
Articles 0/ Faith. 8vo. i s. Cadell, &c. 1 774.
TH E Public, we are tdd, is indebted for thefe Confidera-
tions to a very worthy Prelate, of diftinguifliqd abilities 1
and every impartial reader, will, we doubt not, after an atten-
tive peruiial of them, readily acknowledge that they do his
Lordmip credit. It is matter of great fatisfa^iion to us, and
wiU give pleafure, we hope, to every fiqcere Protefiant, to fee
a peifon of bisXordihip's character appear publicly in defence
of religious liberty, apd fupport the glorioua caufe with fo much,
ability, at a time when moft of his brethren on the bench (hew
(6 great an indifference (to fpeak in the ibfceft terms) toward
every fcheme for promoting a f;arther reformation of our cede-,
fiafiical conftitution. If their Lordihips ferioufly confider, and
rcflcdl upon their late conduct, both with regard to the Peti-
tioning Clergy and the Difienters, they cannot poffibly think, ,
one fl^uld imagine, that the part they have afled does them ho-
nour, in the opinion of any judicious, unprejudiced perfon^
Oreat allowances are undoubtedly to be made for the prejudices
of their education, their political views and connexions, the
difficulties attending every fcheme of reformation, &c. It i9
impoiSble,
S
impoffible) kawilPUy bf tbeuta^&fticlchofoMMkiiiraBdcfai*
rky» toflcconaifiir dinrcoDdo&upte aof principles dnt are
coo^ftetK #bk tlwir bsnng a fiiprwic and pievaiiilhg regud to
the lionour of Chriftianity and tkc intcrefta of trath. This
'Witty ^ ^h«ibt» belaaked iipoii» Iqp a cenam daft oC moR» as:
TC17 iffjuriova to tkair Loctfiipsr cbanAersf we are aeitber
afraid iton^kamed) bowtvcr^ of declariag^ oar fimtiaaeata pub-
licly on this htady ^mf6% the wtawft fwaJeui, aa we isaow that
■MUiy of tile wifcft and beft^mcnchat this or any other coim*«r
tff em boaft ctf «n^ the fimt opiRtoa ; and wemay.veirtitre
to chaHenge, nay we do dnAeage^ file boldeft and wanaeft
of their fc<»orawy» fia §mm fHnt confifteocy of tbeia condua
with what onght to bo tho dsflxnguifbin^ chawaer of eireiyi
truly Piotflftant >Mhapf*-*We now proceed .^ the werii be£MO
ttS.
It is fAtfodneed !n die MIowing manner:-^ On a calm,
and^ as I tniftv impardst ?iew of the Contreverfy- aboot Sobf
feriptions, which has MifiAed fo iMg^ and been fapporeed witb
lb much seat; it appeared to me di^ lateral abie.wriicrs, wko
had ^gaged in thte oanib^ intt eten yet hfirdty got in fight
of the main Queflion, concerning the true- giDuoda of civd
and ecclefiaftical Polity ; and that a fiew paruculars inquired
tfitl fkrthef expT^uiatioft^' in order to let die whole in a prt^ec
light.
^ And ^though f am tery fenfible that what is hoe ofibred,
living moft'of them been dmwn up fooie time a|po^ maft in a
great mcafure be fuperteded by fcveral late pnUications ; yet
confidering the fmalt tStSt thefe appear to have produced* I
was tempted to imagine that it might not prove akogetBer ula-'
lefs^ or out of feafon, to enforce them ; by reviving Ibme of
thofe original maxhns which ought to dir?<ft all fuch enmiiriess
but which in my apprefaenfion have long beeni and areflill eitlier
too little underftood, or too much difrep;arded.
* I have no defign of entering into the fubjcA matter <tf ovrf
Articles; but only beg leave to propofe fome general Obferva^'
tions, concerning the rife and prc^refs of a cuftom, which
ijeems to phice certain explicatrohs of Aippofed Scripture Doc*'
trines on the Ikme foot with the Scripture themfelves ;— to en*'
quire how far this ^a£Hce mav be juft and expedient in die
pre(ent dmes, or in itfelf de&nnble at any time ;-**to fernpoD
what principles it is founded f-^what pleas are offered to fup
port it ;«— and laftfy* point out fome oP its eflftds/
' His Lordlhip's obfervations on thefe feveral points are yaH^
cious, liberal, and mafily ; the following extraA may fave u
a fpecimcn :
* We are wilting to allow thofe who have the misfortune of
diilenting from us, to think freely for themfelves ^and difown
the
1^ leaft inteatioa to dqxfive tbem of this freedom : my, rtlher
reem ta extol that clemeiicy,' which ceafes to puih ona^rtgo*
roQs cxeciuion of the feweieflaettie^ made agaioft diem in tbe
days of our fathera, faying, if wc had lived in cfaofe days, we »
would not have carried matters with fo high ahaiid': yet, aha f >
do not. even. f(xr fon^dmcs betray an- ioolinadon to keep.fuch
inhuman \%mh ftill banging over their 'heada* and therabv hold •
the uohapp]^ (ubji:^ of tiMm always attour mercy F^^This majr •
appear to tome a more decent and refined piooe of political m\l^ • ,
dom^ which anfwers all endt more e&£luaUyt than imher eoen« j
tenancing or complying with any attempt to. enforce fuch Aa«
tutes by a too odiotis and invidk>u$ profecutton. . Whereas, in
truth, thefe fame penal laws, while they 6tb&ft, give io great
encouc^ement to informeiii, that it is often -out of ouv power
to prevent the execution of them, were we never fo well dif«
pofed to do it : and it may at length perhaps merit our confide*
ratio0, whether a» abfolu&e denial of relief to thefe our Pro-
teftant brethren, x>n4heir repealed fit^€Mti$ns (who heft btnv •
their nvnfon^ andthiir %vm griff) aimfi not prove an ill return
f6r all the labours which many of theoi have fuccefsfullv.be- .
flowed upon the common caufe of Cbrifiianity and Protectant-
ifm ; labours, which if we were as te^y to reward, as we are >
to adopt, would have procured them a different treatment from
that of being expofed to confifcationa, and imprifonment.
* We are told indeed, that it is fometimes better and fafer :
to let a law drop by difufe, than to aboliih it by a formal jre*/
peaL But no example of this is given ; and it b fo far ifrom
being the general fenfe of our Legislature, that hardly a fcffion .
ii fuSered to pafs without expunging from the flatuce books
feme or other of thefe antiquatjtd ardinanas,
* With refpeft to an entire, complete To! oration, the matr
ter of fa& feems to be no other than this : la countries where -
moft liberty is allowed^ we find the rooft knowledge of Chrif-
tianity ; and by cnnfequence, moft room to expe^ the pureft
profeffion of it. To what elfe can be afcribed t'be maniftft fu-
periorlty, which we juftiy boaft over our Popifii neighbojurs i
And (bould not we, on any otbojr-occa&An in the world, think
of extending an expedient, which, fo far as it has hitherto
been tried, ever has fucceeded fo well and happily i We are
fometimes indeed terrified with the mifchievoas conHrquences
that might arifej if people were fuffercd to declare their own [
reli^ns, without fubfcribing to what we plcafe to call the .
Fondafnentars of Chrifiianrtyt and yet what mifchtrfs.have ■
arifen from permrtting the^^u;i to exercif(i t^dr religion, .wtth->
out any futh fubfcrlpUoii * ?
• ^ I remember, indeed, a fhort theological dii^otc was once at-
tempted to be raifed againtt atf vrtf/rx/ af them, from that ingeniotts
Jlav. teb, 1774. H topic
* But hoiw agree^k &»«• faeii % T<Jef jftkni mj appeir tt>
all (band poUcf, at weU as t» cfae firft fMinci^ of our bene-
vokncrdipoft; it ia mttck to be <toubt^; nHidlier a cbofi-
deabia m^flrity amoDgft fu do not Aiti c6n(inue tenaditnis of
qbitt diftrest auanms ; nor ia it fefr doiibcftil, to ^bat caufes
tUs «iajr be moft jnftly attriboved ; #ll«tltfr tb any fitch appre-
henfion, as that aboie-aMtidoiiid ; or t5 (bme fecret lOve offpi.
rttiud domiMtion, which ftiil holdi poflMton of their hearts ;
and which ia ever prefpaliBg itfidf, umter a v*rtefy of fcccioas
tkka and appearances: thoogh.tt be hardly now admitted as
A POWEA TO ROLI. T«£ COHSCISNC^S OP M]f ^ ; in t^bich
vcry^brm this faErouritft dofltine was long tacked, and auk-
waidly enough, to the Bible itfelf, and k<*eps 'tis pfaee there
in feverai editioiiat^ yet it cames in fbr itflf chlim of fiAmiJlSmu
as including feoie kiad eSmrshi jkrifiUmmy feme braiich of a
certain p9UMr of thi kip^^^^ in MUamty tf order^ Set. &c
whatever ouy be comtirekended under ftch more blaiifihle
tcma. But how fond roe?er fome Gtergymen may be of Cle-
rical Authority, the hsft of their predecdlbrs, the Apoftlcs,
appealed to ha»« Aaall concern about it. When a trarm con-
tK>verfy arofc in the church of Rome, concerning t diftindion
of days, and meats^ and drinks; of equal importance ^*th
many, that have fabfifted fince ; wo do not find St. Paol, with
the officioufnefc of later cboreh governors, proceeding to frame
an Artic^ upon thn qoeftion j bdt on the contrary, leaving
eaeh perfon to the perfiiofim $/ bm (mm mhidi and i4itbcr tie-
creeing nor recommending any other praaice or profeffion re-
lative to it, befide that of charity and mutual forbearance t.
i ^i^'V?.^"* 5^ "^^ purpofes has the dommiffion,
which Chnft IS fuppofcd to have given St. Peter* been in
other hands! And yet Peter bimfelf never once appealed to it
nor claimed any kind of pre-eminence from it. Nay, it n
fomewhat remarlable that Mark, who is- fairf to have written
under Peter's own infpedion, has omitted the very mention of
this commiffioD, though he has pteferved the hi^ry which led
td it I : fo litde anxious was the Apoftic, to difplay iny foch
token of fuperbrity ! And how much gn»ter reaftm have we
' ' ■ - •
topic the greatdaager of ^#4tf/iiy./^,^^^ It wa*fiHklbuted k a
faall performance, iaid to be doae by one of the Coonioa Coand}
of London ; wluch probably gave the pngiaal cue to fome polbliff.
of greater eminence, fbr founding an alaim* This^ ptete mswMe
with much appearance of fimplicity, and Isad a faioSbtwt ftt he^
fore It : Tbt/e mn M»p; Jrw/, do exceidimgfy trouiU our oiftj
< t Vid. C«i/««/x <ii the latter part oif ffalm cxiix. EdlBilL aw.
1702. Ba^t, 4to. 1733. Do. fol. 1739. Though I idSkd7hodi
oar Uww^iaes tbe^itftteetoremark, that in thei?Iatc editions, thji
IS tolerably qualified.' • *
tonfi^tUlM on tifuiting a Skl^ptim to AHicles e/Faitir 99
HI thUdcjs ^ abandon aH SBtA dttma ander erery detlomina*
tiod? Since wc Imve foea the eflcfit of them early smd^Jeie^
abroad mhI^^ home: eodi period of church hiflory jeiddiiig
iBoft ahiitidaM evidetKe, that oH fucfa Fmificmhns^ m tkey arc
ufeaUy ftikd, when once movneed with a pfiO|>tr*finuii o( irtil*
Irry, and char propcriy ployed atf» mllead of ferving to aanoy
Ike enemy,' are fc^e too apt t»4iuit oorfrieada. •
* * Such doAcinal FomRilaries exehide none, bat conicientbus
ttketi, from any paitntilar comtnuniDn $ they create no difficulty
toochersy vHio fiiMcribe t^em a» cfainga of* oourfe $ and in tke
like circitiDftanceSt wtH M>feribe any thing;
^ Nefther can .dicfe Tefts hinder the owft castioue and \n^
cfftnfive perfons' from delivering ihw real Antioieats on any
#itb)ed, which they j«dge to be of importance ; and where they
fnutt think tbemfeifea obliged to bear nheh- teftioionyy n«»twith*
flanding that the oppofite fide happens to have been decreed
with ail folemnity. Nor in faA, does tbeie now appear a lefs
variety of opinions, though a kfc fafe one^ among thtaktng
perfons, where imy competoR degree of liberty remains/ than
ift 611 profcabilfty there would bate bten^ if no foch decrees
ever had exited. Nay, faowcoold any thing, do we imagine^
but enjoining the belieft and annexing enmluoiems eo 4he pro-»
feffion of fundry opinioAei have ever given imptortance to them^
or canfed cootrfby and created animoiities about them V
' There are many of bis Lordflnp's obfervationSy wiiidv it woulct
give us pleafure to* place hnfore our Readers ; but we mnft ccm*^
tent ourfelvee witli adding the fatlowing paflage :
^ It is this fotal (cheme, fays he, of making ears the mea#
fnre of every other man's Fmib^ and obtruding it upon him,
inftead of having it to outfihis hrfort Gid; which above all
things tendech, and- will always tend, to Inaeafe the growing
infidelity amongft us; — To create a careleft difiregavd, oir-a Am»
flidioas contempt of all religion in feme perfons ; with a fevers
cenfure of, and a ftrong renitency againft th» abhorred praftioe
of enforcing whatever, (hall be taken for ir, in others ; who
feem determined thoroughly to fift our Conftitution': and it if
evtilent, that by^lbe incnsafe of general knowledgp^ and a no
lefs general tafie for liberty^ numbers become equally qualified
and difpofed to do fo ; wbije pcbers yet appear not to be duly
fenfible, under what difficulties we of the Efl;abliftment muft
lie, in fu<'h a confufcd'flite of things, as is nedefrarily produce?
t)y the want of thofe tirrtcl^ revifals, and gradual reformationi,
Vfh'ich might enkble it to keep pace with each improvement in
every br ancfh of fciehce.
' « Were fome perfons fenfible of this, they would not furely
tie fo forward to fufpeft us of hypocrify and prevarication,
while w^ efte^m ourfeives bound to keep up all thefe forms, till
H 2 relieved
100 Linifey'i ^^Mw*
reltered by pnper authority : nor impute it wboUy iei oar pri*
vats inftertft, when we mlmfterially coooply witb what we am
mot ibk lo vemove ; and paUemly remain in pofts^ boweter in*
yidiottfly jMifreprcfefilcd, where it is conceived that wo -may da
more good# ami perform a nofe acceptaUe femce i» our vCooi*
monMtftcri .by cominMiiig t# labour or tn hia wa(b vioeyarcU
and wait his own. goo4 time for ^pportumiiea of u6«g. OMf
little iofliience [hefoby preveiited ftom growing ftill JelGi} (o*
wards panning a few wild bramchcs in it^ and rooNug out (ba^
of the rankeft wcedai rather than defpond ioimedisifly on everf
juft caufe of ofFencet that- muft occur to us ; or pee«iihiy rer
volt at each injurious rcfroach« that will be caft upon us. • If
our firft Rcfortners had quitted their ftations in the Churchy
inftead of ufing all their cndeavoun to amend it i IhouM ww
have had rcafon either to admire cbeic fyisit^ or applawd theif
condufi at this day V
In regard to this pafiage, we cannot help obfiprving* with
the greateft deference to his LordAiif^'s opinion^ that a di^ent
condu& from what, he mentions might conduce greatly to the
advancement of virtue and true religion* Were 'but. a few of
the fuperior dergy, of refpedable dbara^ers and diftinguiftied
abilities, to unite in endeavouring to bring about a farther
refonnation, and exert their utmoft endeavours for this pur* *
pofe, notwithftanding any oppoTition they might meet Ufiih If ooei
mincers of flnte^ or merely political men, and, failing, in the
attempt, wsere they to quit their ftations in thechurc^. fuch a.
condud could not fail to be attended with the moft beneficial
confdqnenoes. h would ftamp a real dignity on their char^u:-
ters, it would be the ftrongeil proof that could poffibly be^cn
of tbehr fincertty, k would contribute not a little towards leS^
fening that contempt far the clergy which many laymen aie too
apt to expreft, at would place the nec^ky of altering oureccle-
fia^cal conftitutioA in the dearcft point of view, and would
tend more towaida awakening even the moft thoughtlefs tp^ a
fertous fenfe of 'religion^ than the mofl judicious and elaborate
produ^ns from the pre&
Aar. V. Ccnclufan ef tbt Account of Mr. Liml/efs Jpohgj. See our
lad Month's Review*
XT A V I N G alfi^ady laid befoie our Readers the account
Jpl that Mr. Lindfey has given, at the dofe of hia Apology,
of his ceadu(5i with regard to the refignation of his living, we
now revert to the beginning of the work ; the firft chapter of
which contains fome ftridures on the origin of the dodlrine of
the Trinity, .and ^he oppofitiou it met with, to the time of the
reformation* In the courle of thefe (Iri^ure;^, the learned Au-
thot
iimrrMtfvtMj Mt>Aer9 (ave done, that (he word Trimty h an
iinfcriptural term, and tUat it was not known among Chrittiane
ibr near two bilodred years after Cbrilt, being fifft iiicii by
TheopMlusy a- Oenttie convert, BifhNbpof Antioch) Ivathi no
great eonfeiiiMty*t6 what iris made to Agnify at prefeift. It is
lacknowtedged to be entirely of Heathen extradioiy, borrowed
frofv Plato, and the P)atonic phik>fot)by! and this being its
true origii>, iti(botiW'&eai that a proper seal for God*s word^
aad fegardfer'Chfiftand his infptrtd apoftles, (hoUldmake us
retaxa tittietof oitr pafion agahift thofe who^ fcruple td ufe a
kmgiMige net ikiidified by their authority^ in (jpetiking of and
addreffing' the great God. Mr. Lindfey farther fliews, that a
dffl>elief df^the rrinityis no blacn'eable herefy, asChciftians,
i#r^f(Mite4ige8' after tittrLord^ appearance^ were wholJy Antl-«
trinttarktts*- ki-€ofi#rnatttion of 4ifs afltrtion; he confidersby
what means the dodrine of the Trinity prevailed^ and, 'm dc*
icfibing therifeaffd pf(^refs of this^odhine, he has gratified
bi^reidefrawidi feveral* hiftorical circumfhmces, relafive to the
feds or per(bns who embraced Unitarian principles. From his
account,' ir is dvkletit, that what is caHed the Catholic doc-
cvine oi the Trinity, was firft eftaUiibed, and tath been alt.
along fapported, by vi^letice and the iecular power ;' an argu-
ment in its behalf ftf rely not to be boafted of, and concerning
vrhieh the goipil of Jefas is wholly filent.
In the lecond chapter, our Author purfues the hiftory of
Unitarianifm, aod^ defcribes, in a more efpecial manner, the
ftate of it in <Mir own oountry^ f#om the asra of the reformation,
to nearly the prefent times. This account includes in it many
euriottr pafftieutoiS^ i^olative to thofe who profe(&d and Tup-
ported the Unitarian dodrine. But we (hall only uanfcribe
yrhat Mf. LtAdfey has recorded, from Fuller, of the zeal which
King James the Firft (hewed to convert Bartholomew Legate ;
who> IB i6i r, wa9 burnt to death in Smithfietd, for Arianifm^
or rather £oe 'Socinianifm. ^ King James caufed this Legate
often ID be brought to him, and fcrioufly dealt with him to en^
deavour his converfion. One time the King had a mind t<^
iiupdze iiim into a con£effion of Chrlft's deity (as his JM^jefly
aficrwards declared to a fight reverend Prelate, Archbifhop
U(her) by afking him, whether or no he did not daily pray to Je*
frsChrifit which had he acknowledged, the King would in-
fallibly have inferred, that Legate tachty confented to Cftnft^s
divinity, as a feather of the heart. But herein hisf M^jeft/
fiailed of his expedation. Legate returning, that indeed he had
E rayed to Chrift io the day^ of liis ignorance, bat iiot for thefe
^ft (even years. Hereupon the Kmg in choler fpuHied at him
iKiidi bis foot i tfuw^t hofe ftUow (iatthhe) H ficdl mvtr h fnd
H J '^ » -thai
that oniJ{a)ith in wj^ujaui^ thA ba$h mwr fr^yii U Our &r
viour/or feven years UgcuHr*
After deducing fome judicious tnd ufefiil OQpi^diofis from
the hlfiory of Unitarianiun, our worthy Author piDce«4o^ io hit
third chapter, to (hew, that religious woribip i$ Io be offorcd;
to the One.God, the Father, only. Tht9 point is di(^
cuflcd, by Mr« Xtndfey, in a manner which deftrves the OMift.
ierious atteniion of tbofe who diiFcr from him. It is, undoubu
edly, a mgtter of the utmoft importauce* If there be any thtu
which may be regarded as ijfintial ia rdiRioD^ it i^ the ofagm
of worihip. It feems to have been the dai|^ ^f. every icma«
tion of the Pivine Will, to cUred maiildo4 aright in this k^
fpefl ; and, therefore, it is of infijnite mom^t that !we 4o not
give that glorv to another, which it due atone to the Eternal
Tcbovab, toe Supreme Rulgr of the univerfe, tb« Ortg tnai and
rarent of all exiftence.
In tre^tin^ upon the caufes *of the unhappy ,d«ftSion fussoflg
Chriftians,'trom tbd fimplictty of religious worihip preferibed
in the fcriptiires of the NewTeftamenti which is the bufinels
of the fpurch chapter, our Author points ouC the influeno^
which falfe |;bi!ofophy bad in (rorrupting the genuine truth of
the gofpel. But he has proved that there is another, and pttn*
cipaT fource of the corruption of the true Chriftian dodraae and
worihip } a' fource from which the worft of errors have flowed,
and whif^b alio, in the proportion wherein itftevails, wUl per*
petuate tien? for ever.«-<Need we add, that the objefi hero
pointed out, is Human Authority in the chuxch of
Ch«I8T?
The defign of the fifth chapter is to (hew, faofw an union in
God's true worfhip is to be attained. H^re Mr. Lindiey pro^
pofes aftanding apoftolic rule for prayer; and hath inferted^
and recommended the late eminent and excellent Dr. Samuel
Clarke's amendments of the liturgy, Thccfe we ihall give, at
large, to our Readers ; and, fqr the fake of thefe, we have
avoided infifiipg fo fully on the preceding parts of thc:.Apo^
logy zi we fhouid other wife have done*
♦* A Lift of e^fupsTon^le Parts of tbi Litwrp wki rtf^ ta th$
ObjeSf of tf^orjbif^ and which an oithtr fstiu Jbruek awi^ sr
change J^ by Dr. Cltnie^
Glory be to the Father^ and to the Son, and liWk oi^, aai
to the ftoly Ghoft: A. it w». « tke b*ginB«|, [Z^jJ^
tt now, 4nd ^vcr iball he, world wMhout ^. • Ito benad.
. . X'Diwn.
Tbott art the king of glory, O Chrift. "] chinged,tiidu»
Thou art the everlafiing Son Of ' " ' . - -
1 6f the Father. I whoiediieeMi*
se to dcUm man, (g^*^ *^
Ihott didft not ^bhor the virgia's womb« J ^
Df Dium oMtimmtL
When tbou badft overcome the fharpnefs of
death, thou dldft open the kingdom of heaven to
aU believers*
j;^ ficteft at the right band of Qod in tfae
' of iht Father.
^«0J
'^.
e believe that thou ibalt comt to be «Qr t;^«kiMie<ito
judge.
We ther^ore pray thee to help 4kj (c^rvants,
whom thou haft redeemed with thy* precious
blood. , ^
. Mal^^ thqa^ to be |l^m^ered with tby iaints In
glory everla^ing.
Lord have b^cjt u^oi^us.
Chrift haye mercy upon us.
Lord have mercy upon us.
Prifjfir p/$i. Chrjf^m.
-^wben two or three are gathered together i^ 7 changed to <i^
tiy name'^ ' - $ ^*' "***•
The Creid of St. Jthanafius. '■ ftrack out.
.... Liuifi/^
O God the Son, redeemer of the world^ have*l
mercy upon us, miferable finnq-s.
J
}
tbr^
ontceftiaick out,
here and vitry
whircr
O'God tbe Holy Gboft, proceeding from th^ I
■ - • -^ - ifc. }.
Father and ^he Son, have mercy atpon us, mife-
^ablc fmners. .. , ^^ . ^
O holy, blefled, and glorious iTrmity, three
perfons and one God, have mcvcy upon us^ mi-
fctable finnars, \ . ,
— <^whom othott balft redeemed with thy moA'
precious blood,
, By the myftery of ^hy. holy ii^camation, l^y thy
holy nativijt^ and circumciiion ; by thy baptifm^
faftm^ and temptatioiL r . *
By thine agony and bloody fweat; bv thy
croia md paffion; by thy precious deitn and
burial ^ by thy gloriousi r^AM;i;«ftipn and a(cen«
iion ; and by 'the coming of tbe Holy Gboft. ^ «
Son of Gdd we befeech thee t^bear ua.
. .SoHcfQodwib0fiichiiut$hiartif.
' .O Lamb Of God, that takcjfr anhiy Ae fine •f
the world.
Grant MS ihf piaee'. - ^. * •
O Lamb 6f God, that takeft away AtSmxtt ,
wttt w^fUf "v
^ HteiH mtrcy upm MSi
H4
^ ctuMut^ the
y«#h'die Mtt^
^to the OM Cod
the Father.
ooeCoa «
. chaiifod»,aiulthe
^w>ioW directed 10
G^
1
.(fa*wirde#riyt
^^■hs ftx9c|t one
Litanj
,^«1«
1kmk9^
I
S,- O fr
Lttanf ontiHuidm
O Chris hear ut.
Q Cbrifi hior uu
Lord h^Me mercy upon us.
X^i i^*/ nurff up9n MS. .
Cbrift haire mefcy Upon us.
Chrifi Ihivtmgrcfufm ui.^
Lord have mercy upon us.
Lird havt nwrcf upm us.
Frpia our eoemiet defend us, O Chrift;
O Sob of David, have mercy upen U9. ( ebtaerd tni £•
Both now and ever vouchfafe to bear ti8»- O \ttQcd s»<M
Chrift.
GraciouAy hear uf , O Chrift, gracioufly bear j
us, O Li>rd Chrift. Jftmk^i*.
Praysr in Tjme $f Dsarib and Famhi. ' -i ftntck out hm^
—to whom with thee and the Holy Ghoft be f ^LSSLTi^
all lionour and glory, now and for ever, j y^u^T***
Colk&s.
Tirft Sunday in Advent. *
— ^who liveth and reigne;h with thee and the 7 cKaosea iMr«^
Holy Ghoft, now and eVer. 5 ^^ "^ •^
T^rd Sunday in Advent.
O Lord Jefu Chrift, who. at thy firft coming, 7 ^^^^^ ,^ ^.
Faurik Sitndaj h Advent. diaaeed,
Cbriftmoi^Digy*
— >who livedi and reigneth with thee and thel^^^^nied here,
fame Spirit, ever on^ God, world without end* \ MdetcryviKit.
8tf Stephen's Dm.
—who prayed for bi3 m^nlerert to thee, 0 7chinrd,tna4.
bleflcdjcfua— jfeaedio<?t<
Trinity Sunday. ching^.
JUcine Creed. ftnckoot.
Epeb$nation t9 the Cammunhn.
••—above all ye muft give moft bumble and^
hearty thanks to God the Father, the Son, and |
the Holy Ghoft, for the redempti^ of the world I
by the death and p^flioa pf o\ir Savipur Chrift, ychaBfed, wiaj^.
bo* God and man- ftte^x^oa.
To him, therefore, with the Father, ,and.the | ,
Holy Ghoft, let u^give continual thanks. j
Pr^aci up99t th F^Jl rf Trimty^ tocko^t v.
Frayt^.
LuuUbjf V i^2^#
-iHf
Pr(tf^ oftirihiCtmmumin.
lom, and with whom, in the tini ^
Aic Holy Qhoft, all hoaour and glory be; unto
thee, O' Father. ' * " [ J
O L^rd, the only begotten Son, Jefu (^riio^;! ; .. \j
O Locd God, Lamb of Uod, Son of the Fatbei:^L u ^ ;>
that takeftawaythefint of the world, have mercy .
upon tt3. Thou that takeft awa^ tb^ iina of the
world, hav« mercy upon us. Thou that takeft \ chtn(ed«tMr^
away the fins of the world, recetre our prayet. y*i»*'«Wdfe4
.Thou that fittcft at the fight hand of God the* '^^**'**^
Father, have mercy upon us.
For thou only art holy, thou only art the Lord,
thou only, O Chrrft, wrtb the Holy Ghof^, art
moft high in the glory of God the Father*
Public Baptilm of Infantu
•—Ye have prayed, that our Lord Jefus Chrift"
would vouchfafe to receive him, to releafe him ^,^^ . j^^^^^
of his (ins, to fandify him with the Holy Ghoft, mod «Ua in%e
to give him the kingdom of heaven and everlaft- /-(Mptirm of fach
ing life.— Ye have heard alfo, that our Lord Je- " «• •f np«
fus hath promifed in his gofpel to grant ail thefe I
things. * .J
Catechifm.
What doft thou chiefly learn ki thefe articles^
of the belief?
Firft, I learn to believe in God the Father,
who hath made me and all the world. ^^ ^
Secondly, in God the Son, who hath redeemed ^^^^ "^^
TEOC an^ ail mankind.
Thirdly, in God the Holy Ghoft, who (anai-
iieth me and all the ele^ people of God.
Mairimdftjff
God the Father, God the Soa» and Go4 the 7 ^^^g^.
Holy GhoR, bleb, prefenre, and keep you. \
ywifc
Vijitation of the Sid.
AbfcluiUn,
Our Lord Jefus Chrift, who liath left power
to his church to abfolve all finners, who trulj
repent and believe in hini,'6f his great mercy for
l\
£ive thee thine offences ; and, by his authority V^*™^*"*^^
cxHnmitted to me, I abfolve thee from all thy fins, i ^ ^ *-
an the name of the Father, and of the Son^ and I
of the Holy Ghoft, J
We cannot conclude widioot teftifying our opinion, dut t&it
work does iionour to the Author's undemanding, as well as to
his heart* It is a vaSuablenmntiment of h\i Wifdom, letaiiog,
integrity, ahd pietv $ and we hope that he Will be favoured
with tlu^ pUhJIc eneotinlgeinent : ind particularly Wtib the pa-
tronage of thQfeChrlftianswho'Conctrr with hitti tn fenttmefliU
I I I ■ II Ml Ml II ■ I T
AaT. VI. ^ nrw and Uttr^d TrgnJUt^ion, fr^m tbi 0ripmd IMn^, 4f
i , mxt^ H tbt Bn4 rf tbi $H9md BmK rf Kii^s : mih XiHt ariied
rnni ExpUmaoty. By the latf Re veicod and Learoffi JuUoi Aaie,
M. A- Re&or o^ Sutton, in SaiT^x* fto. . 16 u $^OMds. iaif*
1773^
OUR opinion of Mr. Juliua Bate, as a writtr and a aride,
hath been long known io ihe Headers of the Monthljr
Review, l^e perufal of the prefent work hath not given tis
the leaft reafQ|i tp change th^t opinion. It is, nioft certainly,
a new tranflition, and fe very literal, as to be really uniintelU*
gible to a plain Engliih reader;
We have feen many verfiohs of the fcriptures % but we do
.hot recolle£i an^r one, in any language, not excepting that of
St. Omer's, which exceeds, or even equals, this of Mr. Julius
Bate, for obfcurity, inconfifteqcy, and abfurdity. -The Au-
thor, it Diuft be granted, was a tolerable mafier of fonie parts
of Oriental literature;, but he fe^ms to have been entirc^ly void
of judgment. He hath employed all his learniiig in disfigur-
ingf we ouiV lay, in burlofquing, the (acred writings.
The-chitf deiign of this Work, is a» defence of thb Athana*
fian Tdoity $ and many pa/Tages, which are fimply hiRorical^
are faid, by our Authbr, clearly to cohtain that dodrine.
If this be really true, we fliould be obliged to fome able
Hutchinfonian for the folution of the following difficulty : If
the Old Teftament doth really, as thefe gentlemen affirm, con-
tain the do£lrine of the Athanafian Trinity, how came it to
pafs that no J6#, from the da3rs of Mofes to the pnsfent, ever
found it out; or even fulpefied it ? That the ]tw^ never had
any apprehenfion of this dodrine is well known ; and that,
with the more fenfible part of them, it is one grand objedioa
to Chriftianity, we are afiured by learned perfons of that per-
fuafion.
As modem improvements in fcience, and ia found criti-
<^m, have deprived the Hatchinfonians, and others, of aa
Athanafian Trinity in the New Teftameot, they, have baoo
obliged to change their ground, and fearch for it in the Old :
and to prevent, if poffible, another difcomfitwe, they have put
myfticalfenfes on plain hiftorical paflages, and inferred ftrange
^coach&fions, from fanciful, equivocal, and, very often,, uoaa-
tural
' tural i^ndo^^ A fsw iafiKflay will prdvc. tM .Mr. Julius
Bate excelled ui this mode df wxltiiag.
Geoe&s u I. ^ At firfi. c^e'Aleim created tbe ^eavens aii4
the earth«' This traoflation U illuftrated Inr the following
. note : * a title (!• e. Alejai) pf the ever blefled Trinity, it
pieaos the perfoos under the path, or iinjin^ ^urji of a cove^
|iaiit/-4f v^e underfland oi^r AMthor« the idea it not only abf
furdo hut;iinpjo^. J^ it not impious to (ay, that the Supreme
Seihg, whether the Trinhan^ql or tjnitarian dodripe be the tru^
one, is boufid by a curfe 2 Thfabfitrdity of the idea is bevoq4 ex«
preffion : for whether we fitppofe tbe perfons of tbe Trini^ to
be three diftin^ beings, or only three diftinft relations of one
and. the fame being, Mr. Bate's notion involves in it the moft
inexplicable contradidions* There is another note exprefEve
of the fame ide^, on Levit, xviiL i.
In Genefis xviii. the facred hiftorian relates the appearanco
of three ungelf to Abraham at the door of his tent; which
tbree^ our Author tells us^ wqre the three perfons in (he Td*
ntty. A"^ ii> * ^^ be adds, < in this chapter is coilar proof
of ^ei^ being one God, luul three perfons ^ forthe perfons who
appeared fpeijSB ?s Jebo^, and, ^e fpoken to, and of, as tte
Ilord HI Trinity^ whom Abraham entertained, &e/ Here wa
smifi own, with concern, that qur eyes are not do good as Mu
Bate's were> for we caanot diicfi^n this icukr fr^. As it ap*
pears ftom the narrative, that two of tbffe angdls went and
conducted Lotx>ut of $odom, how could the three be the I^ord
ia Trinky ? One reatbn wby they could not, may \ifi affigne4
frup our Author's own tranflation of" chap. x^e. 13. * for tb^
cry againft tb^cm is great before Jehovah ; and Jehovah hath
fsnt us to deftpoy it.' ki other words, according to Mr. Bate,
Jehovah hath m^t Johonah to ileftroy Sodom. Strange that
aay well-mea#i^ EzpoQtor (bpuld (kther fijch abfurdtties upon
t)ie facced writer!
. Our Tran0ators have rendered Genefis xxi. I7, latter claufe,
< what ailcth thee, fiag^r? fear not, for God bath heard tbe
voice of tbe lad where h^ '^s i* ^ where bis mother had laid
him* No, fays Mr. Juliua Bate;, ^ iear notf for tbe Aleim
will hearken to the vqico of tbe lad,"^ in thi nam iiftlf.* And«
la a note, we are told that ^ the Tranflators miffed both thq
liieral and myftical (enf<!, that God would hear Ifrael accordhig
t9 the pmv»(e expvcfied in his name (TMVtdtS^^) and the ioii
of the bondswoman tptS^ MIH *WK3 bf him, whp is th<f
ffaflfe it&Ifs which is the great promife of the gofpel.' Tha
towguagf here is fomewbat beyoind our conyirebenfion : but wq
will venture t^ affert, that no m^» except a myfiical Hutchin-<
Ionian, oeiild avqr havf feimd % (efecen^^e.to the gpipel in thia
hiftriMril oaffuie^
• oi Bate*! Tfanflatiortj frm, t&imginal HArew^ Hu
If eur limfts wbuldl permit, we might producie numeroui in*
ftanoes of Uie Authofr't fbndneli for alltifions ttA pre%ur2«
tions : for ex^^nple, the flcins of the kids, which Rehekah put
on her ibn Jacob, prefigured our patting on th(B Lord Jefus,
and appearing in bi^ rigbteoufiiefs, to obtain the bleffing. Thh
Hirbole hiftory is, indeed, curioully allegorized. The twbs
Pharez and Zarah, the fons of Judah by Tamar, prefigured
the natural and JTpiritual man \ and the cafe of Zarah in par-
ticular, prefigured the neceffltyof our being born again.
We have always underflood Demetonomy vK 4, to be a con-
clufive proof of the unity of the Godhead. But Mr. Julius Bate
tells lis, on the contrary, that, • as long as Hebrew is Hebrew,
Jehovah fingular, and Aleim plural, and the oath of God to
the heirs of falvation, is remembered, fo lon^ will thefe two
words, Jehovah and Aleim, prove a Trinity in Uhity, the co-'
equality of perfons.^
* As a proof of our Author^s obfcurity, we fliall leteS the He-
brew word T^'y^ which our tranflators very properly have ren-
d^ed « a covenant.' Thus Gehefis ix. 9, God foil to Noab,
'^ I eftablifh my xtovenant with you ;* but, according to Mr,
3ate, it ihould be, * I cftabHfc my purification with you.* THit,
he tells us, is the Hterah interpretation of the word fj^l^ from
•^3 U purifi^ to Truth ckan^ as -every thing is- through the blood
of Chrift. nni *^*5 he, is ufed to expreft all the promifes
to ua through tfie facrifice of Chrift, which has a |>roaiiicof
this life, and of that which is to come, tf we take care to imi-
tate his ^rity and innocence. Waving the propriety of tbb
etymology, which indeed we more than fufpcfll (for PTOt rf-
lerty to choofe, feems to be the true word) we fee no ad van*
tage produced by this alteration, llie word * covenant/ ii
perfectly intelligible to every reader, who is in the leift don-
irerfant vrith his^ h'rble ; but * purification,* in many paflTages, is
by no means fo* For inftance, Judges ii. 1^ 2, * And I faid I
will never break my covenant with you ; and ye (hall make no
league with the inhabitants of this land.* This is intelligible ;
but ^ I faid I would not break my purification with you for ever,
and ye fhall cut no purification for the inhabiunts of this land/
is a mode of fpeaking, to fay the beft of it, not a little ob-
fcure.
Mr. Bate*8 note on Jolhua ii. i, is, we believe, juft, but
not new; for moft lexicographers obferve that the word niHff
means aki hoftefs, aa well as an harlot ; and Tn this place it is-
natural to underftand it in the former rather than in the latter
fenfe, becaufe it is more probaUe that the fpies went to lodge
in a houfb of entertainment, than in a bit>thel. It h true that
St. James calls Rahab irdfVD, an harlot f but it it foppofed by
feveral critics, and witt^ fome degree of probifbUiiy^ that the
Greek
PoRiital Difqtttfahnt: Vol^ I. 1 09
Greek word, as well as the Hebrew> was anciently ufed ia.
thcfe two fenfcsi
Our Author is as remarkable for his philofophy as for his di-
vinity. He roundly aflerts that, ■ let our philofopliers fay what
they will, the ftars have an influence on our atmofphere/ This
be thinks !s implied in Judges v. 20. We obferve, alfo/ that
his enmity to the Hebrew vowel points is fo great t|)at he alters ,.
the fpelling of thepropcr names of perfons and places. Aaron
he calls Aerun, Gideon, Gidoun, Canaan, Canon^ Gilead^
Gilod, &c.
To this work is prefixed a (bort advertifement by the ano-
nymous Editor, wherein he calls it ' a valuable and intelligible
performance %* but how juftlyf the above fpecimen will enable
our Readers to determine* The three engravings are welt exe*-
cuted : the laft, which exhibits a view of the infide of the Ta-
bernacle, and of (he Holy of Holies, feems to have been bor-
rowed frooi a plate in the late Du Ifaac Watts^s Scripture
HiHory.
Akt. VII. PoUtual Difyuifitiwt : Or, am Bnquhy htf fuHie Brmrs^
DtfkHi and Ahufks., Ulttftratcd by sik) eftabUflied upon Fads and
Kemaiks eztraded from. a variety of Authors, ancient and mQdern»»
Calculated to draw the timely Attention of GovsaNiiBNT and,
People to a due Confideration of the Neceflit)', and the Means
of reforming thofe Errors, Defefls, and Abuies ; of reHoring thef
Cnnftitution, and faving the State. Vol.1. 8vo. t%. boards.
Dilly. '1774.
IT was, if we miflake not, a remark of the celebrated Dr.
Tillotfon*s, * that it feemed extremely difficult, if not at-
mod impoffible, for a man to (tep over the threibold of a court,
and preferve his honefty.* The keeneft fatyrift could hardly
have thrown out a farcafm more fevere than this declaration of
the gentle ArchbiDiop. Yet if this obfervation Elves us a true
idea of courts and ftatefmen, we muft nevertheleis fuppofe that
the evil does not neceflfarily arife from the very nature of g|o-
vernment and the condu£l of civil fociery^ but from the ill
management, or artful and corrupt defigos, of perfons to whora
this great and important truft, the care of the ftate, is com-
mitted.
Politics, br the art of government, is frequently repr^feat^d
as (omewbat very myftericus, and foaring far above yulgar ap«
prehenfions. Statefmen and lawyers may be well pleafed with
the prevalence of fuch a perfuauon : and no doubt there arc
fubje£ts of this kind wjbich ^common capacities, .unufed to poli-
tical enquiries, ^ould not be fufficient to inveiUgate and direfl.
To prelide over a large community with fuch happy influence
as may fuffice tQ prevent, or duly corredtj thofe eviU and abufts
w!u<5K
tio P^cal lyyqUl/kiom. Vol.}*
#faich natunHy fpring tip in haman focietyy and to cSflufe
peace and profpcrity tbrongb all ranks and conditions, — ^to at-
tain thefe great and defirable etids, will require the abl^ ta*
lents, and the nobleft difpofitfoiis i but as for thofe ftate^tricb
and little arts which merely ferve to promote a tanporary view,
or anfwer fome felfiOi purpofe, as they are unworthy of an
elevated genius, fe are they praftifed' only by men who arc in-
capable of zSting upon more exalted principles.
' The obfervation which was made by one of the fathers on
the facred fcriptures, feems to be very properly applied to poli*
ties by the Author of the work now before us, < the lamb may
wade in them, and the elephant fwim.* The remark of the
great Mr. Locke is alfo pertinently introduced, viz, « That
politics (in the common and confioed fenfe) are only common
ienfe applied to national inftead of private Concerns.^ Prom
^Bence it follows, that the generality of the people may form
proper conchifions codCernitig public and national afikirs, al-
though they may not be capable of developing or xemoving
thofe diActtlttes and myfteries which ftate lawyers or others may
throw in the way, in ocder to conceal the truth*
In his general preface to this work, our Author obfentes, that
^in a country which pretends to be free, and where, confer
quendy, the people ought to have weight in the government,
it is peculiarly neceflary that the peopUic poflefled'of juft no-
tions of the intereft of their country, and be qualified to diflin-
gui(h between thofe who are faithful to them^ and thofe who
betray them» It mud, I think, fill every, generous mind with
Indignation, to fee our good-natured countrymen abufed ovor
and over, from generation to generation, by the fame ftate
dog-tricks repeatedly played upon thetp, by a fucceffion of pre-
tended patriots, who, by thefe means, have fcrewed out their
predecelTors, and wormed themfelves Into their places. To
teach the people a fet of folid political principles, the know-
ledge of which may make them proof againft fuch grofs abu(e^
IS oine great obje£( of th(s publication.*
Should this Writer be thought to have indulged fome warmth
in the above paffage, or in other parts of his work, it is, we
are perfuaded, nothing more than the natural eStSt 6f an honeft
seal for the liberty and welfare of his country, and a juft'dif-
dain of thofe meafures which under colour of regard to tfie
!>ublic weal are chiefly intended to accomplish fome private de-
igns. If minifters of Ihte, or fuppofed patriots; are profecot«
ing fuch ends, let them be expofed and cenftired ! If our Au-
thor writes with fpirit, it is not of the fad^ious kind. He does
not wiih that the firitifh conftitution (bould be overthrown, or
that a republican form of government fliould be introduod ;
be apbdkrs to bt animated with a true and hearty folicitude for
the
Political &tfquijkim. VotI; tif
fHe WAhrt and prorpcrity of this? natJon, according to the fpl-*
lit of resolution principles. Speaking In one part of his work;
concemmg commmvoealtbs, he thus exprefles himfelf : * Thera
Has hardly ever been known a pure tommonwealth ; though
many an unmixed monarchy or tyranny. The EngUJh rcpuW;c,
nvhrch was demolifhed by the viHaipous G^omwtlt^ was one of,
the moft unmixed that ever was known. — Now I am mentipn'*
ing republican governmenr, f take this opportunity of entering,
an tx^xtk caveat againft all accufation of a de&e^ to eftabj ifli*
n^ublican principles. I do not think a friend to tiiis nation isj
obliged to promote a ch^ange in the conftitution'. The j^rcfe^i^t*
form of government by King, Lords, ^nd Commons,^ if it*
coufd be teftored to its fpirit afnd efficiency, might be ihade
t6 yield all the liberty, and all the happinefs, of which a great^
a^rd good people are capable in this world, Therefpre I do not
think, it worth while to hazard any confiderable commotion foe.
the fakoL merely of changing the con{{(tution from limited mo-,'
narchy to republican government, though I hardly know the
rifijue it would not be Worth while to run for the fake oi
clianging our government from corrupt to incorrupt*
Though we agree with this Writer aa to the greater ^art of
what is mi in the above quotation, we are yet io far from ber
ing of opinion that it would be advantageous or requifite to'
Hazard any confiderable commtion for the ^ke of exchanging a^
Itmited monarchy for a republican government, that we thmk
it would not be worth whili^ on this account to hazard any com-
fifotion at att\ fihce this part of the Engli(h conftitution appears,
admirably adapted for pfomoting and bllabliAing natiodat peaces
and happinefs. Our Autjior wiQies to rouze a general alten^
tion to the (irrors and abufes of this excellent plan, that they,
may be correded and reformed. But if it is true that men in
pOwi:r avail ihemfelves of thefe very errors and abufes to patch
ifp a prefcrtt fyftem, or to eftablilh themfclv^s in places of pro-
fit, tten how heartlefs, in great meafure, is the undertaking I
Gentlemen at the head of the law w^Il know how oppreiKve
and'i^kfome to the fubjeSs are the rules and form^ of office,
with all the myfticifm, and the delays^ which often have no
manner of connexion with equity and juftice ; yet thefe evils.
may be attended with g;eat advantages to fome in the profel^
$on, and therefore it may be concluded they are fufFered to re-
main : nevertheless, a ferious attempt to remove them, would.
be highly worthy the zeal of a r^^^/patriot,
' However, while our politician defires t6 engage the fteady,
regard of the people in general, to the confiderations he has to
dnr, be apprehends that our ftatefmen and legiflators may gain
lights from his collections, and meet with bints which, he 6b«
fahresj if properly purfued, may lead them to -meafures of a
' more
moce generous kind» than that feries of poor aod temponrj!: oc^
pedients, by which they have long made a Ihift to patch up fnac«
terst an4 barely keep the machine of gov^nment from burfting.
in ruins about tbem« while the cfiiciency of the conftitutioa
(as will too clearly appear in ^e fequel) is annihilated.
* The ableft politicians, he adds^ have always been themoft.
deilrous of information* The great Colbert ufed. to .declare^
that he thought his time well fpent in perufing an hundred pro-
pofals for advancing the wealth, the commerce, and the glory
of France^ if but one of them dcferved. to be encouraged. If,
on the contrary, any leviathan of power fliews himfelf bent oa
other objeAs than the public good, and with a bratal eifron^
tery preiumes publicly to turn into ridicule all that tends to,
national benefit^ and to declare, as fome ftatefinen ^ave bee»,
known to do, that he knows of only one engine of govern-
ment, tf/z. • finding every man's pritc, and giving it to. him j*.
it IS to be hoped, that the independent people will fina.a book
for his jaws, and be able to drag him out of the fea o£ powcr^
in which he wallows, that the veflel of the ftate mav fail in
fafety. To point out thofe enemies of mankind, and to ani-
mate the independent people againft them, is as great a fervice
as can be done the pubuc* Whether thefe coIleSions will,,
in any degree, produce this e(FeA, remains to be feen.^
There may be much quibbling and fallacy in our party
(quabbles, yet furely there muft be a right and a wron<^ in go-
vernment as in other things. The fpirit of the conuitution
and the intereft of the nation are fixed things; nor can.it be.
fuppofed, as this Writer remarks, that they are to be altered
backward and forward according as a Harlej^, a IValpoU^ or a
felham^ (hall be in or out of place. On thefe principles, we
are told, he ^ determined to take the fenfe of mankind on the
great and interefting points of government, and to fee what
experience teaches to expe^l from wife and upright, as well as,
from blundering and corrupt adminiftration.* He applied, it is
added, ^ the leiUire hours of many years to the pcrufal of the bed
hiftorical and political books, antient and modern, and made
colledions to th^ quantity of many folio volumes/
He gives us a lift of fome of the various and voluminous
writings which he has perufed : the refulc of his labour^, with
his own inferences and obfervations, he propofes to lay be-
fore the public in this and fome fucceeding volumes. And.
though the fubjed of the fubfequent volumes is to be a conti-
nuation of what is treated in this firft, vi%. An Enquiry into
public Abufes, and the Means of correfling them ; it is yet his,
intention that this, and every fucceeding volume, (bould be ia
fuch a manner complete and independent^ ^ a3 to be fit to (land
\f bMS widmtt any of tbe ofherr^ ss if tad^ volume wa9 a^
SbottteF k be ailed^ed, ^that » piivaee gentiemtn, who bar
Mver iMen eoifyloyed in die fbte, 19 ifaa leiir qualified to be o^
Ibrvice to the puMic ;* our Author atifwcrs in the word» of
Hafrimgtm^ ^ 1 ftndy^ not without grett examples, nor otft of
ttycadhngi efther-anm or this art being the proper trade of a
g0iitleiiiaa« (A maa may be intruded with a iftiip, and be a good'
^iloc too, y^t not underftand how to nsake (tz cfaartf. To fay^
Aat a matt may not write of governmenty except he be a ma-
giftrate^ is a» sMurd' as to fty, that a man may not njake a^
m chart unleft be be a pilot.- It is known, that Cbrijhpbir
£MMite/mad^ a chart in his cabinet, that found out the fnSiu
Th^tei%ii)itito^thflt*was goodnt Itis fteerage, never tool ttlM
of him that brotkght him a char^, feeing whoth^rhe would \M
itorno^ liras at -his own choice; and if ftttterers, being the*
Worft bit of Crows, did ifot pick out the-eyes of the liting, the
Ihip of government^ at this day throughout^Chrifleiidbm, had
not ftruck fo often as fhe has donci To treat of afi^ir^
fiys ikb^i^ium/y which- as to the. conduA of them appertain to'
others, may be thought a ^at boldheft ;- hut if I commit em)rt'
in writing, thcfe may be known without danger ; whereas, if.
ttiey- commit errors in ading,, (iich come not- ofdicrwife to he;
1i»iawn than in the ruin of the commonwealth'/-
' The chi^defign of theVoltime now befi»re«us, is tottnw^
ttiat our parliamenta are^ at prefent, on fuch n- footings, as- to
the inadiequate Aate of reprefihitation^, the enormous length of
their period, and minifttrial- influence pfevaiiing in them^ ttfat^
tfieir efficiency ftir the goo* of' the people is nearty annibihited,
and the fubvdrfion of the^ conflftution and ruin of the flatc it;
(fWithoiit timely i^fbrmation of theib abufe^} theconfeqnenctr
unavoidably to he expeSed. The fituation of tbe Britifh par^
Ijameat at thi^ tfhie is indeed unhappy^ and the \j\ dk8t$ arifing^
from hence to the public are bujt too evid^nU Bat thisv Author
enters into a particular difcuffibn of the fubjed',^ interweaving
the materials he has coltcded with his own refle£Hons: an£
here he appears not only in the Hght of a fincere friend to the
weMaceof his couhtiy, butalfo as a judScions-andfenfible-, though'
not elegant, writer, who prcftms a variety of entertaining, ipN
ifa^^ve, and ufefnl matter to the ^Uicconfideratiom
This volume confiftis of four books, which are ftibdrvidW
into chaptersi TPhe lirft book treats hxk^ cf gtmmmmt^ anrf
the oeceffity of iti laws and fimAions, It Aews that the people^.
are the feuodiatilMi of authority, and the lafl refource of govern**
menti and confiders the iadvantag^ of parliamentary reprefen*'
tatioRt whidiJiave Ttcommcnddd- it to<many aattoosr
iJgiW% Feb. 1774. X Parlia*
V4r PfflUicaL DifyuiJbiMS. Vol. h .
ParliapuKU arc the fubje^ of the fecood ^^^^9 parlkotf
larly their deficieacy and irregularity, when, by eftabliflmieq^
thc^ f9rm an itrndi^uaU repreCenution of the; B^opie, dnd th^
period htQomc9 ioa long. Here we are (b^wn whac woul4- bit
0^f^0// parliamentary reprefentation $ with t)>edi(ad vantages, of
the .eonirary. A view is taken of the prefent fiate ^ parli^.
mentary reprefentation ; the- <}ue{lion how it.xame to be.Om
inadequate is diicufledj the evil of ^\\omng^bor,o9ghs fo di^n*.
pi tiorfttte a Jhart in parliamimUtry reprefentatim is fet before chQ
reader, and jthe book is concluded with aa account of propo|f i%
offered by varioufr pverions for redreHing this irreg^k^it|r• •
. Book the third confiders the fecond conftitntiooal irrrgii1|K
rlty in our parliaments, t;/z. tht ixcfjfivi Ur.gth of thiir ptrimL
Here we are. reminded that parliaments were originally ennyM\
a brief hiftory is given of th& lengthening and {hortening^ of
parliaments; examples are produced of feveral nations who
have fliewn a fear of inveterate power, to which the ^c^raoiple
of the Engliih is added as difcovering, in fome inftaaces, aa
apprehenfion of danger from the fame caufe ; fome argumeatt
are off$re4.y^ ^^!^ parliament^, and the two lad chapters treat
of ixclufion by rotatiM^ and of ele&ing by ballot.
The fourth book gives an account of the tStSi^ of the above,
irregularities^ one of which is, that mtmben pf parliament m
bnger hold timfelvis refponfibU ta the people. It is Aewn, that ^be;
denial of fuch refponfibiliiy is a novel dodrinei and^ fcvqral
s^guments are offered to prove that members o( parliament «r#>
thus refponfibU* Aoother effe^ here , brought under review is,
wtwarrantable privileges vffumed ly the boufe rf commons. ParHa*
mentary privileges, and profecutions, it is argqed, have !beea.
too genendly frivolous aiid linjuft. Excluding the "p^opUfrom tU
bpufi of commons^ emdpunijbing tfjofe who puhlifi fpescbes mafU thire^
are particularly enquired iato isuid the book i3 finifbed b;a
chapter on eMentees from th&hoafe, and members negleliing pur^
luinuntary bufinefs.
, The lafl: book is intided Parliamentary Corrupthp. The ori-r
gin, funds, and materials of corruption are fet before us ; cor*
ruption in elections is reprefented i with ftatutes, refolutions,
&C. againfl thefe proceedings $ and this volume is-^clpfed by ob-
fervations on minifterial influence in the bolife.
From this ihort account of the P^^^f our Readers will fofm
fome notion of what is to be expe&ed from ^e performance.
We ihall proceed to lay three or four exuads before them,
which may give an idea in what manner the plan ia executed.
The Writer^ view of government in general i^ thus reprefented :
<. That government only can be pronounced coniUlent with the
defign of all government, which allows to U^ governed tiie
a likcng
PoUticil pifqul/itim. VoUt 11^
liberty of doing what, confiftcntly with the general good> they
may deiire to do, and which only forbids their doing the con-
tnuv» Liber^ does npt exclude reffraint ; it only excludes iin«
mfonablc reitraint. To. determine precifely how far ftrfonal
liberty is compatible ynxiYLlht general good, and of the propriety
•f /bcial condu£b in all cafes, is a matter of gteat* eixtent, and
demands the united wifdom of a whdle people. And the rdir«'
fent of the whple people^ as far as it can be obtaitied, is indif-
peniably mcejforj to every law, bv whieh the whole peopU ard
to be bound ; elfe the whole people ^ref enilaved to the one^ or
^fiw who framed the laws for them.
< Wect a icolotiy to emigrate from their native land, and
6ttle in a new CQtmtrVy on what would they propofe to beftow
dieir chief attention ? on fecuring'lhe bappinefs of the whole f
or on the agfirandisement of the governor ? If the latter, all
fionkiod womd pronounce tholli colpnifts void of common fenfe.
But in every abfolute monarchy, the aggrandizement of the
governor is die.fopreme object, and the happinefs of the people
is to yield to iti VYere only a handfyi of friends to form them-
fcives into one of tbofe little (bcieijes'we call clubs, what
VooM be their objed? the advantage of the company, or the
power of the ch^mah ] Very (hrewd was RumbaWs faying in
Charlis IPs time, vi^. ^^ He did not imagine the Almighty in-
loided, tiiat the greateft part of mankind ihould come into the'
world with faddles on their bacles, and bridles in their mouths^'
and a few readly booted' and fpurred t6 ride the reft to death/'
From the view which this Writer takes of parliamentary
itprefentation in Great Britain, he draws the following con* '
dufioa : * The Britafli government, therefore, taking it accord-,
iog to its avowed ftate, is neither abfolute monarchy nor li-
mked monarchy, nor ariftocracy nor democracy, nor a mixture
of monarchy, itriftocracy, and democracy ; but may be called
a ptochocraey (the Reader will pardon a new word) or govem-^-
mcnt of begearsi For a few beggarly boroughs do avowedly^
tieft the moS important part of the government, the part which .
cmnmaiuls the purfe. It is true, this is only the^ oftenfibld
ftate of things*. The Britifh government is really ^jnntocracyi
(I doubt the Reader will now think I ptefumeon his good na-
ture) or government by a minifter and his crew. For the court
dtrefia the beggars whom to choofe.-r-l8 this the univerfally
admired and univerfally envied Britilh conftitution ? How nluch
more proper would a petition have been from the friends of
liberty to the King, to fet himfelf atthe head of a plati for re-
Soring indtpeniintj to parliament, than petitioning him to dif*
ibive that which was then fitting V
That the Reader may judge for himfelf of the ihonftroua
irre ularicy of parliamentary reprefentatiop, this Writer pro-
I a ducea
^bictt a vi^w of ^ as oiveQ by the Ictmed and lAorfou^ Ami
WUUs^ Efq^ in his Am/* P^rSmrft. Ffomi whenife it ^ppaiL
tbai^i * (s^Dg the whole repfefeouiiye 6r &«/A ai^ ml
Britmthii^ nonbcrt for coju^t^s are palv 131 of the 5jt| «
which |}K» 4Z are for it^ila^ and 0lt/si^ The iqtqtab
t^figrfp^v, for fbc boi:om{bs and cinaue port^ whit^ qu^ m
la& 9f)e ia ten GOai|ai^ wltb dioCc &ii[ the coonties^ tie ^
abovif Mir iiml^s ^s inam^ So ^bat for one n^fmbft 1^09
he fofpolied lo cpme ^Ijr 10^9 the bou/i^ fpu^r {if n^e eiqe
a few for tb? great cuiesj fice &nt bjr the poor^R pe^^i-
reded by court induencey
BeAdes th^ j;)equa|li|y of' r^eii^nta^po occ#£^ed b»lke
boroughs (moft of whafe ^[tcrs 4^ i^QuId p^p;|bly>i
great hl^^i^ to the public, l^ t^i^iptwayJiou^ Audior ^oafiki
lyiother caufii of i^ u^ the follawiqg Daragnpb* <Iii fn^
tunes, when parliaments wpr^ j^ft eftab Kfhed^ ^Ms ^ ^
property but that of Jana. Therefore idlixwe^ aD4 dli 1^
aoursy were heaped on b^odeii men^^ T^ cooffyifnct wt%
that tfae lan^ intereft ii^as top well nff^sfmt^^ to the fcciv
nent (in oi^r tiipes] of the. mercanitile and mon^., yVi 9
an occafion of various eifilst For numy of oui* coun^ |^
tlemen are but bad judgep of ^be ioiporu^ice oif the m^ccfQ^t
iotmftf and do not wifely coafiik it 11^ their biH? a^ a^ CI
this l^ind are the game^aoi the dog^^adf and taxes oa crei^ os^
ceflaty of Ufc^ which giv^oiir rivals in ^q^ a gre^t ad«a|i^
over us. And sunifiers^ to ciirij favour witn the I^n^ of <oi&f
monSf ate tempbed to burden cjiynaittcp with taki9B« foe tjbj^CriB
of eading^ landed interqft. ^ the art ^fi i^^* tt}'i^
purpofe, by propofing to eafe the land ojf one (hfUing oi^lfe
povindt and laying a duty on fait for three years, \tq ouke if
the deficiejEicy. It was oUeded to this pr9ppfal» that tbelUtP
duty was always reckoned a grievous burden on the manofic'
tunng poor, and. was therefore taken dSx V^^ ^^^ it fsw &
ftraage paradox, that the landed gendemen were^^ir thiqi^
^fSTi and therefore in more ne^ of relief ftcim a hem to.
it U the over^balance of die power in the hands 0!* the ondijl
meii, that has produced the bounty on the exporUtioo of (^
wbidi increafies the manufa^hirer's expence or Iti^nigt and S^
courages, the exportation of our manufadures. Tbis is, mtke
end, hurtful to the landed intertft. But fliort-fighted vi
felfi0i men do not fee it in that light, nor will feem to ^Uukh
Aand, that the land-tax, wixile nominally three flxillingsmtk
pound, is no( really nine>penqe. The time was, whedtao'
in England might have been ^urcbafed for a 50th part df^
pieient value. What has given it the 49 parts addi^bes
^ Pi*. Cm, vii. 285*
jrortnf
^l^mth t Ohi my one ftns^ine, the difference is ihf^xng to waf
ihing belt car tnule and mimrfadareS ^ — ^The iittereft of mer-
cbmt$ is to much tbe interdft, of tbe natidn, that there tan
h»rdl]r be too Aumy merchants in parliament. TheLondoil
flKinten almoft afways vote on the fide df Irheity. Itisbb*
leAed^ tlMt each iherchant ^11 pfobabljr vote in (^arHatneht for
lAat 18 moftfor the advantage df his ^wh {particular branch.
TVtfe. Thcreferc leta.coniiderable number 61 mercfaants al«
vayaiiave fents m the houfe, and tbeh all different interefb
will be confiilted. It baa llkewife been argued, that met-
^aiits are bad menibers^ becaufe they are liable to be influ--
eaeedl ia faveur of the comt by government contrafi^. But
bere ftffia comes in my oUervatton concemhtg partM refbr*
matitms^ Corre& the other abufes, ant! cotirt influence will
become impoffible.— As to the nibnied inteilefl, if the public
debts are not to be pard-, or (omt fubftantial fecurity found for
Ihem^ it would be very propbr thaft the monied intefeft (as
fbch) jhould have teprefentatidn in parliament. £lfe, tirhat
ibcnrity bave we that a profiigate c6urt will mit fliut up the
Excheoqer, as Cbarks n. did, and obtain by corrupt means
tfte fencHon of parliament For the meafure ? It is indeed alledged,
I that tbe mercantile, manuTadural, and monied intertfts are re*
I prtfented by the members for the cities and boroughs. But this
! is nothing to the parpofe ; becaufe the quali&cacion required
I h always to b^ in land.'
r On this fubjeA rfhoAqnati repre^dtioin^ out Author is led
: to fcpftfhend one of our mdft emmenc law-writers, who not-
withftanding his great Icnowtedge and abilities, has in Tome in*
fiances expofedhimfelf to defervedcenfure. Mf therefor^,' it 1^
cMenre^, « JndgeJblackftone did, at the time he wrote tbe i7ad
page of tfte fim vol. of bis Cmmntarus^ recoiled the miferable
, late of teprefentation in our times, it is inconceivable how he
could bring himfelF to write as he has done. ** Only fudi am
cnciitly excluded from votinjg for members,** fays he, *^ as can
I blve'iio will of their own" (mtkning poor und dependent peo-
J^ #itt6itt pn^rty). * There is hardly a free agent to bd
I fedadi but wnit is entitled to a vote in fome place or other in
I Ihe kfngdddh" t>id th^ teamed Judge cdnfider, what he him^
' feif baa tAfetved^ that the borough-members are four times as
nOSudious as tb^ couoty'^membeh ; that a few thouiand of
cb SOiH fend bi the niajority of kfae troufe s that in many placet
ft! laifU tSfUftto fends m as tnany members as the great and
fk I MttAty Of Krf, or tity oT i^otf Did the learnt Judgjft
ice fiifer thelb fliocking ablbrdities, and monftrous difpropbr-
tit iai t>iriiid be coifider tihe alarwir^ influence the court has in
tM IflliaeBt, wbed %e ^rroke what fellows, vt%. *< If aiiy altera-
ti« a oi%bt be wtbed, or foggdldl^ fai (he piefetat frftifle of par^
I 3 Ukmentf
liaroent^ it (hould be in favour of a more conplclis
tation of the people ?" What, are we to be put <^irilii a cdj
Jf'xti a cafe where our country lies bleeding to death ? ** If Mf
;Ut€ration might be wifhed" — Let us go on then, and ra|E» ^jftlie
deliverance of ourfelves and our pofterity from deftruAionnvgk
be wifbed ; if apy alteration of what might bring us to ruin
might be wiflied — any alteration from a mockery rather tfaa
the reality of reprefentation,— «any alterauon from 300 pla<;ema
and penfioners fitting in the houfc of commons, — any alcm-
tion from a corrupt court's commanding the majority of the elec-
tions into the houfe, and of the votes, when in it, — any alte-
ration from the parliament's becoming a mere outwork of tk
court— If it is, at laft to be doubted, whether the faviog of oor
country is to be wifhed, what niuft become of us ? Had a back*
neyed court-hireling written in this manner, it had been so
matter of wonder* fiut if the moft intelligent men in the ca-
tion are to endeavour to perfuade the people that there is hardly
room for a wifh, that there is fcarce any thing capable of alte-
ration for the better, (the Judge's four volumes are a conuooej
panegyric) at the very time when there is. hardly any thing ia
the condition it ought to. be in, at the time when ^e ha^s
upon us every fymptom of 4 declining ftate, when we are fioi:-
ing in a bottomlefs gulph of debt and corruption, the fpirit d
the conflitution gone, the foundations of public fecurity &iken,
and the whole fabric ready to come down in ruins 00 our henis,
r-if they who ought to be the watchmen of the public wal'
fjire thus to damp all propofals for redrefs of grievances — ^o
fes fumma hco ? In what condition \% this once free and vii*
fuous kingdom likely foon to be ?'
PoSibly our Author may be thought, by fom^, to bear rs-
ther too hard on the learned civilian, as to the particular paf-
fages which are here cited, though there are others which no
doubt give occafion for rebuke ; efpecially as he appears to
(acknowledge^ very coolly indeed, that fome alteration might be
inade for the better ; and he is fpeaking perhaps of original coo-
^itutions, and not fo much of the prefent corruption and abuie
of them. However, it is not generally \,o be expeded, or ii
perhaps feldopn found, that gentlemen of the law are thorough
friciids to liberty ; they are fo confined by the forms and mlo
of their profe^on, and fometimes it may be, by other cQiifi«l^-
ations, that they do not examine always ^ccordinff to th^ direc*
|ion pf reafofi and humanity : tthough as men ofieamiogs aid
pf fenfe ^njd virtue, they ought to be fuperiof to tbefcfhadjdes.
From this Writer^s arguments for Shortening the duradoo c(
ffarlianr^ents, let us infert the foUowii^ lines : * Length of ps^'
igtnent de(lroy$ all refponiiblJlty, maikes our delegates ofiriD>-
j^ersj^ and ere^s them into an auguft aflembl^, w|^>°^ we ai4
PoSlUal bt/qutjkiom. Vol. I. 115
hot approach but In the humble guifc of petition,— With what
honeft views' can the court defirc long parliaments ? Parlia-
roeritarv' flaverjr is flower, but {uxtt^ x\izn quo warrantosy and
the other opptcffivc afts of tyranny, which alarm the people,
tindtiefeat themfelvcs.— All wife nations, and all gooJ princes,
have approved of frequent meetings with their parliamenis and
diets. Our Edwards and Henries often put a (top to Lhe courfc
tf thciif viflories' to meet parliament. The Spjniardi were pe-
leulidrly cautibus about the frequency of their uate meetings, —
i}nFra^ciy under CloDh^ Pepirty Charlemagne^ Capet ^ and his fuc-
]e^rs 'for ages, the meetings' of the ftates were chcnftieJ.
ikiJt/is XL and moft df his fucceflbrs, have promoted a contrary
fcheme of government without the people. The confcquences
have been continual infurrcftions, tumults, and leagues,' ■ ■
"The length of parliaments dejeds the fpirits of tlie few patriots
^Atcf are ftill left. At the fitting down of a new parliament, they
Idfe all hope of redrefs for many years ; and the depreflion of
their courage is the triumph of the court, and gives them oppor-
tunity for rivetting the chain — JValpole^ A, D. 1735, when the
houfe was moved about fhortening parliaments, faid« It would
be dangerous ; for that it would make the government demo-
cratical, by giving fa3ious men too much game to play; This
-tras truly fralfdlidhy that* is, jefuiticaj. In whofe hands ought
'-chc power to be i Ih thofe of 'a corrupt court ? Will it be fafer
there than in the hands of the oridnal proprietors, I mean the
p^ple ? Is the Cbuft likely to confult the people's intereft with
fnore diligetK:e 'and fidelity than the people themfetves ? l^he
^cftfrt may be rich; though th^ nation be ruined. But if tht
natiofi be ruined, what b to beconte of the people ?
1*1 the fame chapter our Author reafons in this manner:
* Many writers lay great ftrefs on I know not what imaginary
'^langer from unbalancing the power of the three eftates. For my
part, I own I am fo dull, that I can fee but one danger refpeft- *
4ng the interior of the kingdom, viz. the danger of the people^s
(>oing enflaved by' the fervants of the crown. Suppofc the pow^r
•of King and Lords diminifhed to what, degree the Reader
pleafes^; if the people of projjertyin general were free and
happy, could the King and Lords be unhappy? Would the
King and the Lords have juft rfeafon to complain if they wei^6
happy i Does any friend to hilj fellow-creatures wi(h the King
and Lords t^ poflcfs powfer for any other purpofe \h^nx\\t gene^
^at hajjpitiefs ? Can ^t not icfiaglnfe a ftate, in which the people
might be very happy, in which Kfng and Lords pofTeQcd much
left poifvcr than* they do 10 this dountry? "Can We Abt imagine
••-yery happy ftate, 4n which there was neither King nor Lords ?
What is the- flee^ty of a c)^Hk on the power of the Commoas
}»y King and Lords ? Is there any fear, that the Commons be
•-k I ^ UQ
sap PoliMl tiifymJUkm. yd. 4*
tMfret to *conruk the ffeneral good \ M«ft tlie-i .
of the people be checked and clogged in fronotiag tfar ii
of their conftituenu \ If there be not ibrne necefitf lbtf-fM%
(w%)db to meieemj as rational as to %« tfacre ought ^-tetjl
ch^l^ to prevent individuals ftocn being too healdiyi or to^
virtuous) I cannot fee the folidity of that realpotog which. iiff
to great flr^G on the ncccflhy of a bidance, or eqaality of power
among the tbfcc cltate9,or indeed (Ipocuhitivelyor theosctioalfy
fpcakjng) of a necefBty of any more ^fi4U$ than one^ vi|s. a»
adequate reprefentation of the peopK uaokecked and- uoiaAu*
enced by any thing but the commoa imorcftf and that tlKjr
appoint retponfible men for the execution of the lawsviado If
them with the general approbatioo* Yet bmit writers ^ wm
fmatl note affca: to regret the fiqppoied weaknefs of the Crowa
and boufc of Lords^ when (et againft the Coonaoiis, hr«atfft
the latter commajidts the purfe. ^^ The King's legiflatiycynfli>
f^ys my cilecmcd frlenJ Mr^ Hum^ \% no check to 'that of iM
Commons.'' And wl^, I pray you, fltould it be « cbeuk?
iVgain, *< Though the King has a negative » the f^ffi^g ef
laws; yet this, in fad, is efteeitied of fo little inoMMnt» dut
vrhatever is voted by the two houfes is (ure^ to be pifled infet
a law, and the royal aflent is little better than a nwre imm^
^bat wouK) thisgentleonan have? Ought a King, a fingle im-
Jimdualy or a han^id of lords, to liave thefowcr. ^fl4tppmg-^bt
>u&nefs of the whole Britifii empire according to their •eaprtei^
or their intcrefted views, whofe iotereft m^ often be ifo%iflod
by thcmfelves at kaft} to lie yprj wide c^ the gaoend weri ?
.' can fee very clearly the ufe cfa check on the power 4^ m
King or Lords ; but I own I have no GO«6epti|o|i of t^ adtan-'
iage of a check on the power of the4}eopIe, or thtir^ncottiipt
«r unbiased reprefen'tatives. The fame eminent wf iter ieeiBB
jjtp think a certain competent degree of court-inSue^ce hy 4figm
jtieceflary. For my jMrtt I look on every dq^ree^ great or (aM%
Vi>f ininifterial power in parliament ai a deadly foifon kiM
Viuls of the conftitution, which muft bring on Its dei^roAloo**
' if any part of the above paragraph iivours o^repuMieui prin-
ciples, we txvuft ftill reineaU>er this Writer's decbratioa^ al-
scady quoted, in favour of our firlUlb ooo^itation* An avowwl
enemy indeed lie is to mioi^ial Jii^uetice t and perfona wlK^
coolly cbnfidbr the ficu^uioo in things ateb^uf at ^thiadsMFr wilt
lio doubt iS^e' there is fuJkicnt reafon to firar andcattliUtiii of
it. 'Could th^e betound a man, or a ^et of nien^ who wtae
CrfeSlr wife and good, almoil any fio^ of Mvernmciit m^t
dire&ed to retidttf a people b^^ppg^. But m the pre&M r^
• Qgcea £/«tfi«^ i^cdtd 40 bUs, aad VSa^WiUf^tU,^
r..:... ^
i
PtlUUth.D!Mifi0H Vffl. J.
' * %
f4timifAnA% wtare hiMaw mukti^h and Ihulty^Aioft, ih ^we
m4kaMiNP^^<MMr itfelf^ ifitecaftii0ttM»t regard f he £ng>.
liSh c^kirtMwa^ who* riglitily mddiied and f^afnaged, aa bear-
^4he fiiQft.fiitf#iimUe afpeft t<iwaid the puUic H^lfare.
y^ J^i9ff9fms of anMBl fafliamcftti,' iddaour poltttditi,
f^mm tlMry l|MBnl«r«K» that the treaties of Bnti^ny aod Tr^;)^!
Jirtre (oai||q)«uM^«M the viAodes of Cr^fy and Agincmrt gained^
jiiiidec thcMlj^ioes of anavali ^arliamencs i On the contrary^
** it ia^cr^g^ bymojr, (ikys the author df Pr*/: I* Fragm,
^4fyk^) tbH: the liqKtDtttal M, ji* D* 1716, wai the fevcreft
4kih m.libartk* of the paciple of Engi^ind ever Ttccived,^^*
l^^itkiiMhAfcJiliddowfi for a maKim, that if hingi were rf**
ftMmn iD^thfiff JBieifurea of admiiviiiration, fubjefti would be
jf^f^td0$ %A lit^..6htdi^^ Our kings have it in their own
^iiUblato.pQSverlotfe the luakuta prodigious fervice. The King
!mD difidJhre.ererytMHdiainenc at'ihe cud' of the firft fefflon;
.«4uch fPOnU laake pvUammti^ anmitK *Btft this Would be ap^
Myin( ;^cvrijg'«flw'ta tbe.ad4raB«ige^ of the fe^pUy where kiDgs
genemly think it is intended for ibdr advantage, and to keep tTfe
.jpa^ dotrm^Tbe «ihre nedtciag of pafliameiita to triinnial^
-k< bmjAf t voTv .pictial tOMK&icn.. 'It 4a only ftoppfng on'e
leak in m* I^or 'faippofiflgvparliaAonta'w^re tiiefitiial, fo lortg
as a foivithoiilaAda (tnliiaad ioif fmany hundred thoufands) jiavt
i^fonerrof ididiiig in a ^onty of die hoafe, it wiH be fti
Che power ti thfc Trea&iiy aoioBaence oledions* And fo lon^
as thero ta no |>eotky fiDr fitting in the honfe of ooitimona) and,
ot ibe 'feme tioifi^.eojoyiag a place, or pearfion, fo long thefe
^lb«4aogftr, kftthevotos of the tntMherr %& inlloenced by
^a-ccvnipt^iOiirt. And ib long as the fame faidhridttala n^ay be
ji^niriiid'^aia and again, wiihootnetfffity of ««v^^iy r^Ai-
titUj folaHgit mnil be worth. thonmiMm^ ^ile to influendle
. ahe^iy ond i«ovth their Mlak to Mbe their deftors. But if par-
liainpnftft'wcte ahonal with exchifion hy^fe/tation, if the power
pf.eMUng were.lrquallyJiftrtbatod, a^ tt nought to be, among
liRaitof(pfopcct)i^ /fo that aoone ^iMMtber totAA be eleded by
,fewiy thitfi o najoridy of fiootoiesf Md if no member eooM
' hold a phu^, or penfioo^ while he iat in tbehduie of commena,
jipdec a fcyert penalty — if ail thefe reftorationa oT the cohfti-
toaioo wdte-bMNigbt about, f ^11 engage, that tourt-influenee
iflciiarfiaanontJh^t) %e «inj^4^i^.'
Without fiarthep remarksj'lKrt fhlll btily add a few lines from
!<tke cdnekrfbn of the y^otti^i
, .^EiomaahieeoaMetixioh ^ what thia Mi volume alone
^ i jt^Aitt\ wbhh ia but a fictfaH ^art of the public abufe^ of the
iliaopea, ^pry thoughtful readelr WBI fee gteat rekfOH t<ii itm and
.:'' • • i . . • ,
apDr«berriioa»« The tioie to pieveiit pubfie dHbfdtrtf *fa^ thw^
betorc the difocdcrs begin. ThQ begiankig of pOUfe diJbrden,
.we have reafon to apprehaui, will be a dimifiudoii'or 'die value
of ftocks. It h the ioDortft of every man in ^e*^Briiifb eropife
to- prevent this diminution. The means of ^cvHIiifg k ait,
aflbcUtion) for fupport of. public credit. ^ A modd for thcli
aifoctations,. we have by looking back CO- the-%ran(a&ioid
^of the year 1745- Public credit cannot fiiikv if the- natioa
unites in fupporting it 1 and the time for this anion i#^ Now, be-
fore it begins to totter. Should* it even be found (iirhMh God
forbid) that the ufual ways and means are likely » Mlfough fai-
lure of. commerce;, &c. to comeihort of a fufficiency fbr paying
the public creditors their fuH dividend, Enghmd has ftill greater
refources untouched, a^ taxing all legacSn, left by othen than
' parents, hulband^, and wives, introducing by degre^s^Sif 'MatA.
J>ukn\ method of taxation, and leflfeaing bydi^nM th(6 num-
ber of otir ppeient tax-gatherers, reducing the devouring army,
taxing faddle^borfes, and other articles^ of luxury, and lk\ pub-
lic diverfions, reducing, the enormous- number, and rett^nching
the exorbitant incomes of places, &c. of all which more fUly
hereafter. . ....
« May a beam of cdeftial light, diveded by ^u^ efiea-
cjous voice, which of old faid, L^ there 4>e liRht^ krudiate the
mind of Him whom divine providence hath placed fitpfeme in
the government of this great empire ; that he may fee the things
which belong to his and the nationV peace, before they be for
ever hid fron) his eyes. And, when guided by that heavenly
light, he fets himfelf at the head of a plan for reforming thefe
and the other abufes, which are the diTgrace, and naturally
tend to bring on the ruin of the ftate, may he find his people
.willing to fecond thofe views, the execution of which will ob-
tain for bim the moft illuftrious of all tkles, vhL. father oPhts
.country, afid will make Britmn the glory of all lands.' «
In this pious and benevolent wi£,* we are periiiadihl eveiv
friend to Britain^ and every loyal fubjed to his Majefty, will
unite wi:b the worthy Author:— to whofe public fp'nrited dif-
po&tion this country has 4>een obliged (if we are not mifin-
formed) for various literary communications, at various times,
refpeiting our civil and religious liberties.
Art. Vm. Mtnry the Zicond ; sr, ihi F0U rfR^Mumd: A Tn^«iy;
as it is performed at the Theatre- Royal. Covent«Garden» Written
by Thomas Hull. Svo. i s. 6 d. BelL 1774*
WE honefily acknowledge fh^t we find ourfdves difpsfed
to treat Mr. Hull with fomewhat of riie candour and
partiality of an old acquaintance : we mean, that having been
accu^gmed for ituny years to fee bini on the fiage, wlnre he
f ulbuns
t^trj tbi Sa^i ik Tragedy; uf
f«ifta|os.a.«trI^ty of pMt with that iooffeafii^^^icceticf ivhicii
conciliar^s a kiinl of good wUl,— *aiid having ^always heard that
. in private life be is a mpdeft» .fenfible, and Aiendly man>*--wB
.therefore received his tragedy ia; a difpc^tkm to ierve: bim as
much as'poffible with the Public : confiftentljf with our regard
to juftice,, and to the charader of our own work* : f >
T|ie occafion of his adventuring as a tragic poet, he thus tp^
Jates in his preface: * In the Summer of the year 17619 Mr.
JSbenftone had been prefent at the performance of a hafty ake*-
ration of Mr^ Hawkins's tragedy of Heniy and Rofamond, which
I produced at the theatre at fitrmin|ham9 for the temporary ufe
of a particular friend* , Undigefted and imperiicA as it was»
^at excellent judge faid, there was a patlkis in the ftory;
whichy.notwithftanding the.deft£b of the drama, made there*
prefentation very pleafing. And he fignified kisi wonder, that
fuch an afiedtng and popular tale fhouid not have found its way
to the ftage. Hence arofe many converfations on the fubjed) i
all which terminated in his advifing me to niaki tbeftorj my otun.
The known kindneis of his hearty perhaps, gave me credit
for greater abilities than I really poffefled. . He continued t<^
encourage me with a warmth which flatters me in the recolko*^
tion ; and, after I had left Warwickihire,. obliged me with bm
veral letters, to the fame putpofe, which I fiiil preferve as va^
luabli rtUas!
W^ _have a great opinion of the mor^ charader and fine
tafie of Mr. Shenftone; and what Mr. Hull fays of him, does
honour to his own heart : but Sbenftone's turn was not to the
fublime: he loved to faunter in fhady groves f to, repofe oa
molTy banks ; to breathe his tender complaints among his (e«
Cjueftered grots ; or to be foctthed to reft by his murmuring
rills. There never lived a man, whofe opinion of ^elegies and
paftorals we ihonld have preferred to Mr. Shenftoonre's ; but we
ihould not have been difpded to pay him the fame refpedl in
tragedy.
Mr. Shenftone*s death made Mr. Hull lay afide his plan ; and
he refumed It on the following occafion : ^ Mrs. Hartley's arri<^
val, fays he,- at Covpdt- Garden theatre, and the warm folicita-
tions of afrjend, induced me, once more, to refume ,the de«
^ign. The happy fukabili^ (if I may be afiowpd the phrafe)
of her figure, to the defcription of Roiamond^ as mav be found
in Dr. Percy's amufing and inftruAiye coUc^ion 6f old BalCUsy
yoL ii. p- 137; vii.
Her crifped lockes, like threads of goId#|
Appeared to each man's fight ;
Her fparkliire eyis, &e» &c.
fiffifted by the foftneis and gentleneCs of her deffleanoiir, encou-
raged me at length to inake the attempt \ a<td the univerfal ap*
probation
fS4 MKyia^&aW^aTtaBtdfk .
perfonauiott on the firft repiefiuiutiM of tbk piofy 4Mppitf
cmvinced ai^ I vru mt fingitlsr itt ^ opinum.'
We are alwtys fnwifinig to pdt my judgamttliat mqr it
idl injure a fomn in the profafian hj nrfiich he is ftppottadi
or from which he derives his rqnAitfon. Mrs. Hordty^ btk
aajueaianot in RoTaaieiid was vnucfh ik eh%rader ; iovefy^ -and
jd^Aing : but when &e fpoke, fome kihd of diiroi feenied m
taeak, tad the rmghneis of faer voite, and o had method c^ar^
aicalatini; her Wotdi» made Ub think oo more of Roiamoodv
Imt of liOT* Hafdeyi whofe fanhl we forgave fdr Ae heaoty cC
her appearance. We sfiippofe. thiiiAi^ the |idMml caife of the
faoufk ; otod weod^mre oor opioioo in oppcmion to Mr, Hldl§
Slot to mjore lliis agreeable aOreft^ bat to have an oppoitimity
of fignifjing oor ^^nbes^ that Ike wotdd pot herMf onder the
care of feme peribtt who Woold affift her in oorreftlng hereoiec^
and improving facr mahner of %cakinc.
Mniinll^ in this tragedy^ has ^hered with mnoh fidelier
to the popular tak. of HeniV and Rbiamood, which is fe wdU
known to aU oiA Keadiers, that we need not eive them theSoiy
<ff the play. They will be able to judge of Mr« Holt's •riMiitiQl
SI a wiirnr by the feUown^ fcene :
A c T in.
ROSAMOND Ji^ownd wiUnt. ETHEUNDA AMoni^n
|U)sirifON D. It IS in vahi-^^^^itiy dtmbiitiff hands deiT^
Their wonted office* ^^"itiy diflhafted mind
Revblvel a ^eoftiiid ptof^i^ fo regma
Its taniih'd peace; ifttailhytani«e«ode
My 6cUe efforts ; hJris she hKid vapoorsy
Which lift faoceffive in a imiiaer*s &y.
And coort oor obfervationj) yet are loft,
Bre 'Fancy caa affign tkam name or ibape.
Loft in the ipde ex^anfe. Ah me ! how weakv
How iafuftdei^t to its own defires^
It the poor hfeaft i0rti!ch honour hath deierted!
BTntiRDA. Say, is it oi^ght ihy fti'vant can dimun|^f
She wiAes to itHet^ thy Woftf and ^MMs
Thy every fang»
Itos* Thy ^PiipiMiiaiog heart
Hath oft coafol'd me, fofteaM the m^deheae i
Of bitter reieoUedSoa, aadmeU'd
Encroaching ag^y-^^-^My Haarygave thao
A Servant to my nfef but ihy mild aauue,
So*ill adiQpied'tD the lowly ftaie •
Wherein thy bt was caft, tai^ me ta chaifge
Hiat lervile title for the name of Friend,
8t9#
StR* Gife me tluit dEce how, aad 1^ mfi fMlk
JLoiii I know Bot what I aeta.
' la vtiii, du 1 ih^ fttiircs to plea^ hrd^^Ifi^ j
Wko htth offi^Ad^ Vict.ii|i. Oi^ tha p s^per
I wifh'd tp pooriay 4oty to my faKhcr,^
Implore his dear ^^ijiveneis, beg Qne„bieffinjjN|
Ere m lie lleep m j^ajoe-^Oh, RoftinonoT .
Well naft thou ^kel for in the ^rave dene
dan CHtbrd reft.*^— -Peace and repofe on earft
Thine impious offi^ces have deny'd hm*
Ere this, ^rfiape^ he u lud Low in diill,
And hit laft hoOrt were charg'd with grief a&d (hame*
Btr. Hopeb^Qj^j mj'^ niiflrer» ^ raife chy thoughta
From the dark mu^^gs oFdcf^Qdene woe.
To thefe bright iienes of happioefs and jt>y,
pjoi, I have no title to them ; theie bright fcenei
May give d^ight ^unpolluted breaR;,
Biit not to mine ! Xiie charmefj Happine&»
Hath lonff deferted me ; with her lov'd mate.
Seraphic Innocence^ flic wingM her HigbCt
I fear, for evei^— This rctir'd abode.
Graced with each oq^ament invenuve Fancy
Can fami(h» to allure th' admiriag eye, ^
8enrei but to l^ng roe detpcr with reuioffei
Uppn ipy cheek ii|)^rint a. ftronger dov^
Of confcious (hame, refld$l|pg on &c caqfe*
T^ wretched canfe/ that brpught me to their vi^Wt
%TB% Theib are the di^ate^ of deforming ^Ic,en>
That to the low deieded mind prcfents
Falfe and diigfijftfol objir^f l|enry*s at>fence
Is the fad fonrce that calH tUs mournful gloom
On all around .2 three days hav^ UQw. el^s'd
Unmarked bj hi^^d M>v« » wh^a he.^jrive^.
The bow'r, the gr<>ves« wiU weay ^ faicer a4>eay
Arid all be drefsxl iu beaqty avd dislightt
Hot* ^Tis trnoj I try toi wear ^^ &ai)e ofjox
In my dear conqueror's (ight : nayj I do wear U |
My heart acknowledges the fofl delight
His prefence gives. Had I not lov'a too well,
I liadtiol been this wMichK-My foul doan on him !
iiivtitelwhistookB; <Why.^waathcnQt
. Byvfott onfafn^d fomr^mlhic viUager*
4#d I the mi&m>b of a neighbom^^t^
That we had m^t, as bapnv< aqua|s do*.
And liv'd in pleafures nnaUay'd by gujOit !
|||ti|;i Yet to engage the dearji. the. t^fidpr hourly
Which royal Henry fpares.from (>ubCq toils;
To caH that heart your own, which all a^e
To Mve and honour; feaft upon thofo finiles^
VMAmiUMmtfighfor .
l5 j 'liemj thi Seconds a Tragedy;
Ros, Oafe^ my Etkenndk ;
Thou knotv'fl not how jhy. words a^£l my breaft*
Think not, though falPn from Innocence, my mind *^
Is callpds to the feelings of Homanicyt /
Of Trtoth, or Juilice. • I rcflca full ofr, :
Ev'n in my happieft moments, there Hves one
Who has a right to Henry's every hour, ^
Each tender vow, and each attractive fmile ; f
I know it, and condemn my feeble heart, ^ ,
F^r yielding to deflres all moral laws
Forbid, ^d in- bom reafon difapproves.
Eth» You (chool yourfclf too harlhly.
Rol» Oh, notfo!
I have much mor* to bear, fhave not yet - .
Leam*d the great doty Expiation claims :
To part, my Ethelinda..
Eth. Fart ! from whom ?
R0S5 From Hfenry — from tlie monarch of my hearC i
My wilhes' lord, my all of earthly blifs !
Thoti marverft at my words — but it muft be 5
It is the fole atonement I can make
To a fond father's woes, his injur'd fame, *
The tarni(h*d glories of a noble line.
The royal "fekanor's infulted rights.
And nty own confcious, felf-arraigning heart.
Eth* Oh ! do not flatter that fond heart with hope
Of fttch exertivc power ! Beneath the trial,
'Yoor (Irength would fail, your rcfolution dro<y f
Yonxould not yield him up. ,, *
Ro9* By my warm hopes
Of mild remiilion to my great offences,
I feel my bofom equal to the ta(k.
Hard as it is ; fo Henry left me not
In anger or unkindnefs, but refign'd me.
With the dear care of a protedling friend, ...
To the foft paths of penitence and peace,
I would embrace the torment it entail'd^ ' . * ^
And blefs him for each pang.
Eth. Behold he comes !— - * *'
The Reader will obferve that Mr. Hull has fticceeded in feme
meafure in the iimpiicity at which he has aimed, but fais abilities
are not equal to his undertaking. He wants the vigouit and fire
of a genius. There is, therefore, too great an unifbrmitv in the
tone of all his fentiments. Moft people will think tbat'hb play
wants buiinefs ; but we imagine that its principal recommen-
dation is the fimplicity of the tale. His charaders are not fof-
ficientfy marked. They are all people in diftrefs, and they tell
their grievances much in the fame manner. Shakefpeare's cha-
raders are^irdiftinguilhed as they are in nature j and diis u the
aroatart and bufinefe of a dramatic writer*
Mi.
' MrtHullVm&lality is generally uDcxccptionabk $ btitweap^*
prekendtbae^tbrgreacmorai of the play is notobvio«i$, if it-
is good» It ii eyidently the author's intention that, iti the Ian*
eotge:of « good buUnina^ weJbMd bve every ibifyc^ Some reafon^
SiouIdhaVe b^e^affigncdto-excdfe the connexion between Henry
and RofinnoQdy and to oieate^n the fpedator a regafird for botb>
snftead of taking for eranted, as the Author does, that the fp^^'
tatorbas^tiiit ce^aro. Thisr foult is not imnfediately fek bjr^.
thoft of att.'£nghflii audience^ *\vhb are already ^repoflefied in*
tBeirfivoarr bcMJa ftranger* tp^ the common - bsdlad of Henrjr
and Rofamo'iid might be greatly offended at this negled, and
not bedifpofedio think > favourably of the fcope Md deflgn of
tbepioce^ in % moraLview.^' ^Tbe good fehtimenta and maxims*
which ir4BCuldtteS9 afe aHo feebly exprefled. The following
is .loery uoe and'iinportaht s ' bat loies its efie£H)^ the feeblends
of the pbrafeolDgy t
T&e ninfd that feels its oWn demerits
* Needs no inflt^on^romf another^ tongue." *
We are glacTto fee* that the Author has attended to tbe ad-
vice of his fi'iehd^ and not put Clifford to death, a§ he did in
the fixii reprefentatioij ♦• We were much interefled^ in the laft ^
moments of Rofamond % and Clifford comes in, and fails down
flap on the Ilage. Mr. Hull intended to break our heartsj; but'
he cured us even of our concern for the unhappy Fair, and.
we^all burft Into alaiigh. ^ '
This play has fome merit as a fimplc and ^iffefling ftory,"*
rather patherically told. With all its dcfe<Ss, we think \t^
may contribute' to the entertainment of the Public, and hop^,
it will redound to' the advantage and credit of the Authon .
♦ This play was firft afted for the Author's benefit, in May, 1773. '
Art. IX. F^t& Tra^i, tegtther *witb Tixtc Sermews, em PoUticMl and
. Cemmera'ai Suljeas. By Jofiah Tucker, D; D. Dean of Glocefler«
6to. 3s. fewed. Riviogton. 1774*
A MONQ the various literary charafters by wjiom the pre- '
jr\. fent age is at once adorned and beneficed, the Dean of J
Glocefter is not the lead confpicuous. But although by pro^
feflion a divine, he is, perhap/s, better known by his political ^
and cemmercial than by his religious writings : s^ cifcumfiance ;
which he feems, hlmfelf, to apprehend (as we gather from the
preface to the publication before us) may have proved, in fome ^
meafure, and with fome perfons, difadvantageom to his clert^
cal reputation. < I have, fays he» been repeatedly accufed of
having made the whole of religion to confift in the promotion
and exteniion of commerces orj in other words,, of maiif^
traji
9t^t^vm mcrrcM^ttc or ibr gf»a^ ouMfiimimi i0M;mAM
f^fion 918 a^ dmM : ^ itM tHMrinp (Mkatbd t«Oi modi rf hit/
tioM to tile ftiiil)i> oC coaimecc^ br bath ibamMUj natf^Qp^
t^ <Hiltivate ihtfi^ (cicaces which more, inkmodiaftely bcraig ta
his clerical profeffiM*' To* thftfo chawgcf^. fini! thQXM^ ^ h
fiand MUTi 1 and l^a mf 4pJbgf,fntlJu Gburekaf Ayfa^^iv^
now before the Public, let the impartial judge Jut (heji pi^fc** '
With refped to any charge^ of a:dcS£i(»f7 in B^wt of rcli-
gtoua knowledge^, bK>Mg^ agsuA^^ Authqi 5^.lMi| Tra^
w^ ihall on]y<£fenre, that,,-— in our qpiniQi^^i| WQutibeoMidv
for the honour of the divines of this cou9tjry, i( the. gen^CTQt]^
of them, who prefume to ftaiid focth ais, Ct^raj^, djC^pdjers of
the fiiith and dodrines of our fcvttvX churches,, wei« ^gj^^lbA of
&i^ the learning^ abilities^ and. candour, whiciv thi$ ioffcn^QiMh
Writer hath maiiifefted} in the publicauqns ^t^p wb;ch,n(l^ac|||
referred as above — with the modeily w,bi9.b> ^v^ ?qcQnpaoiai,
good fenfe, and real merit«^
The firft of thefc Trads is intended, asi an mtrodudion (oi
tbofe which follow it — to ferve as the bq^ oa whicb the fiie*
ceeding arguments are founded. I^ is ehtitle^,^
• Tbi great ^ifiion re/olved^ Whither a rieh XZounfry earn fimJ m"
Cmpiftftipn-'with a:t$9r€»HMtn (oCeamA i^UttrM A4iamtagtsJ, imrmf*
imgtf Frovifans^ andCheafnifs of Manuf azures T^^WitbJiuta^U j
fereneet and DeiuSUns^
Dr. Tucket iets out with remarking that *\X hail heek a. notkn
unimrfaUy xsceiyed* chat trade and man^i^aiesr ^^ left zxJmBM^
hirtyy will always defcend fjoom a richev to & poorer* ftate; fiune*
what in the (ame, manner a« a ^tvfi, of water b^9 bpm hifjaia tp
lower grounds; or as a carreot of air r^ihes from a ^e^ivier t{i%
« ■ I I ■■*■■■■■■ I ■ ■ I ■■ ■ ■ ■ J , , ■ r . ^ ■■ ^
^ This charge reminds as of ap epigram written twenty ^e^s,ag(^
on Paul ■» a merchant of Carolinai a ge^itl^man pmhi^
foi his attention to hmjme/s on SmuUys :
Paul the Mutyr did maintain.
That godlinefs is r^l gain ;
Bot Paul the Merchant doth profeftj
That real gain is godlkiefi.
t See Review, vol. xlvi. p. 157.
i Rev« vd« advtii. p, cq« f Ib« p. i^c*
lightd
^tttker'i ^fhaOj^ &c. on PoUtkalimiCommiriUtSuhji&L ti^
Sghter part of the atmofphere, in order to reftore the equilibriam.
it i« likewife inferred, very confiftently with this firA prirfciplc;, that
when the poor coantry, in procefs of time, and by ehis influx of
trade ajld manufactures, is become relatively richer,, the courfeof,
traffic will turn again : fo that by attending to this change, you may
<fifeover the comparative riches or poveny of each particular place
Oftodtttry.
' • The rcafons ofually afligned for this migration, or rather circo-
l^ioo of indurtry and commerce, are the following, viz. In rich
countries, where money is plenty, a greater quantity thereof ii
given for all the articles of food, raiment, and dwelling : whereas
an poor countries, where mon,ey is fcarce» a leiler quantity of it is
laade to ferve in procurine the like neceflaries of life, and in paying
the wages of the {hepherdy the pipwman, the artificer, and manu-
fa^urer. The inference from all which is, that provifions are raifed,
and goods inanu favored much cheaper in poor countries than ia
rich ones : and therefore every poor country, if a near neighbour to
a rich one,' and if there is an eaiy and coihmodious communicatioa
between them, muH unavoidably get the trade from it,— were trade '
to be left at liberty to take its natural courfe. Nor will this increafe
of agriculture and manufadnres, whereby th? richer country i%
drained, and the poorer proportion ably enrithed, be ftopped or pre-
vented, tiH things are brought to a perfi^ leyel> or the tide of
wealth begins to turn the other way.
'* Now, according tb this train of reafoning, one alarming and
obvious confequence muft neceflarily follow, viz. That the provi»>
fions and manufadurea of a rich country could never find a vejit in
poor OD^s, on account of the higher value, or dearer price fet upon
them : whereas th'ofe of a poor coantry would always find a vent ia
a rich one, becaufe they would be afforded the cheaped at the com-
mon market. ' , - '
* This bfing the cafe, can it be denied, that every j>oor coontry
is the natural and unavoidable enemy of a rich one; efpecially if it
fhould happen to be adjoining to it ? And are'not we fure beforehand,
that it will never ceafe from draining i,t of its trade and commerce,
induilry and msnufadures, till it has at leait fo ^r reduced it, as
to be on a levej and equality with itfelf r Therefore the rich court'
try, if it regards its own intereft, is obliged by a kind of feif-
defence to xhake war upon the poor one, and to endeavour to extir*
pate all its anbabtrants, ia order to maintain itfelf in ^i»/« f»«, or to
prevent the fatal confequences of lofiag its prefent influence, trade,
and ricb^* For little lefs thaa a, total extirpation can be fafli^^C
to guard againft the evils to be feared from this dangerona rival,
while iris fuffered tb exill.
* But, the Author a(l s, is this indeed the cafe ? — One jvonld.^not,
Leobfcrvcs, wiflingly'run counter to the fettled notions of aiankfnd;
and yet one ought not to make a facrifice of truth to mere nuniSers,
and the authority of opinion ; efpecially if it ihould appear that thefe
ate> truths of giseat mameat to the welfare of fociety. — With a be-
coaiing. deference, he adds, may it not be here aflted,— 'Can yon
fqppofe ; that pivioc Providence has really ^onftituted the order of
things in fuch a fort, as to make the rnh of nationil felf-prefervt*
^Ev. f eb, 1774. K tio^
i}2 Tucker** TVifS/, i^c. on Political and Commercial St^t^i*
is for that pitiful jealoufy which narrow- mbded meabavc cori^
ceivcd, with refpe£^ to the growing induilry anil rifing geniuS
qf the inhabitants of the northern part of this ifland. He will
judge^'from the clear difplay of fads here exhibited^ and from
our Author's cogent reafonings upon them^ < what little caufe
tfiere is to fear that a poor country can ever rival a. rich oo^ iiT
the more opcrofe, complicated, and expeofive branches of a
manufadure ;' and alfo whether a rich country can ever lofe its
trade, while it retains its induftry. He will fee that, *• as no
trading nation can ever be ruined but by itfelf, fo more particu-
larly the improvements and manufa^ures of Scotland can never be a
detriment to England ; unlefs the Bngli(h do voluntarily decline in
their induftry, and become profligate in their morals. Indeed, whes
this comes to pafs, it is of little confequence by what name that na-
tion is called, which runs away with their trade; for fome country
^ other neceiTarily mud. Whereas, were the finglifh to reform their
manners, and encteafe their induftry*. the very largenefs of their ca*
pitals, and their vicinity to Scotland, might ensble the Englifti to
aiUft the Scotch ifi various ways, without prejudicing themfelves,
viz. By lending them money at moderate intereft, — by embarking is
partnerftiip with them in fuch undertakings as require large ftocki
and long credits, —by fupplying them with models and inftruflors,— •
exciting their emulation, and direding their operations with thac
judgment and' good order which are only learnt by ufe and ex^
perience.
* Nay, to pafs from particulars to generals, we may lay it down
as an univerfal rule, fnbjeft to very few exceptions, that as an induf*
tfious nation can never be hurt by the encreaiing induftry of it^
neighbours ; and as it is Co wifely contrived by Divine Providence^
that all people iliould have a ftrong biafs towards the produce and
manufa^ures of others ; — fo it follows, that when this biafs is put
Under froptr regulations^ the refpedlive induftry of nation and nation
enables them to be fo much the better cuftomers, to improve in a
frijcndly intcrcoucfe, and to be a mutual benefit to each other. A
private (hopkcepsr would certainly wifti, that his cuftomers did im--,
prpve in their circumftances, rather than go behind hand ; becanfe
every fuch improvement would probably redound to his advantage.
Where then can be the wifdom in the public ftiopkeepe^, a trading
people, to endeavour to make the neighbouring ftates and nations, thai
are his cuRomers, fo very poor, as not to be able to trade with him^
* The condufion of the whole is this : heaps of gold and filver
are not the true riches of a nation : gold and filver got in the ways
of idlenefs are its certain ruin ; it is wealth in appearance, bat po*
verty in reality : gold and filver got by induftry, and fpent in idle*
nefs, will prove to be deftru£lion Ukewife : but gold and filver ac«
quired by general induftry, and ufed with fobriety, and according to
good morals, will promote ftiU greater induftry, and go on, for any
thing that appears to the contrary, ftill accumulating ; fo th|it every
au£;mentation of fuch money is a proof of a preceding increaiGEi ojf
induftry :, whereas an augmentation of money by fuch meaAf as d^*
creafe induftry, is a national curfe<— not a bleffing.*
^ ' Our
Tucker'^ flra^s^ Ifc $n Political tsnd Cmnurdal Sulje£fs\ t^'i
Our Author has added a Poftfcript, wherein he anfivers fame
very plairfibile objedions which have been made to his hypothe*
Cs : but for thefe we muft refer to his performance at large.
The fecohd Traft in'this collcaion is entitled. The Cafi of
going to War for the Sake of Trgie. Being the Fragment of a
greater Work. This piece was firft publiflicd in the year 1 763,
immediately after the oonclufion of the war j and our Readers
will find an account of it in the 28th volume of our R^icw,
p. 212. It did not then appear with the Author's name; nor
could we difcoVer what is now revealed in the preface, that bjr
^he GREAtER WORK, of ^yhich this difcourfe is a fragment rVfi^s
meant the Dean's much expeded performance — " The Elb*
MENTS OF Commerce, and Theory of Taxes." We hacl|
indeed, beard, with concern, that the Author had laid aftde that
important undertaking ; but the reafont which induced him to
abandon, or at leaft fufpend, his defign, were hot generally
known : they are now avowed in the following terms :
* The tradl fees forth, that it is the frapmcnt of a greater work.
This work was undertaken at the defire' of Dr. HAVTEft, then LorS
i^ilhop of Norwich, and Preceptor to the Prince of Wales, his pre-
ent Majefty. His Lordfhip*s deAgn was to put into the hands of his
royal pupil fuch a treatife as would convey both clear and compre«
hcnfive ideas on the fubjedt of national commerce, freed from the
narrow conceptions of ignorant, or the finiOer views of crafty and
defigning men; and mylionoored friend, and revered diocefan, the
late Lord Bilhop of Briftol, Dr. Co:^ yd ears, was pleafed,to recom-
inen<i me, as a perfon not altogether unqualified to write on fuch .
H fubjefl. I therefore entered upon the work with all imaginable
alacrity, and intended to entitle my performance, Tihe Elements cf
Commerce, andTbeory of Taxes. But 1 had not made a great progrcfs;
before I difcovered that fuch a work was by no means proper to be
Weltered under the proteflion of a royal patronage, on account of
the many jealoufies to which it was liable, and the cavils whichr
Alight be raifed againft it. In fadl, 1 foon found, that there war
fcarcely a ftcp 1 could take, but would bring to Jight fome glaring'
abfurdity, which length of time had rendered facred, and which the
multitude would have been taught to contend for, as if their all
was at ftake: fcarcc a propofal could I recommend for introduiiing a
free, generous, and impartial fyftem of national comtr.erce, but it
had fuch numbers of popular errors to combat with, as would have
excited loud clamours, and fierce oppofition ; and, therefore, as the
herd of mock-patriots are ever on the watch to feize on all opporcu-
Dities of inflaming the populace by mifreprefentations, and falfe
alarms; and as the people are too apt to fwallow every idle tale of
this fort, I determined to give no occafion to thofe who continually
ieek occafio^. Ii^ fliort, as I perceived I could not ferve my prince,,
b^ a liberal and unredrained difcuflSon of the points relative to thcfe
matters, I deemed it' the better part to decline the undertaking, ra*
ther than do any thing under the fan^llon of his patronage, which
might dififerve him in the eyes of others : fer thefe reafont I laid
K 3 the
134- Tuclc^r'; TrjJlr, Wc. on Political and Commercial Suhje^s,
the fchfrmt afidc ; and if ever I fliould refdmc, and complete it, tlic
work (hall appear without any patronage, protedion, or dedicatiicm*
whatever.' .
The Authot acknowledges that the * Cafe cf going to War^
had> at £r ft, very few readers ^ but lay iiegle<^ed above a year
in the hands of the publiflicr. This ill fucccfs he afcribes,
probably with juftice, to the clamour raifed, at that jubd^ure,
by ^ ihemoby and the news- writers*, who were enraged attbe
thoughts of j^eace. But, he adds, the approbation which it has (tnca
met with, e/pecially from abnady where premiums' have been in3i-
tuted for dill'ertations on a like plan, induce me to hope that prcju*
dices begin to wear off, and that it hath a better chance riow than it
had before of' being read with candour, and attended to with ia-
j^rliality. Indeed it was neceflary for me to publilh it in this col-
fedion, becaufe of the ufc which will be made of the fame train of
arguments in the fourth of thcfc Tracts, when we come to (hew the
true intcrefls of Great Britain with refpeft to the colonies, and the
only means of living with them on terms of harmony and friendfbip.'
TraA the third is entitled, * A Litter from a Merchant- in
London^ to his Nephew in America^ concerning the late and prgfint
Dijhrbances in the Cclcnies \* firft publi(hcd in 1766 ; toward the
clofe of the debate concerning the ftamp^ad ; and mentioned
in our Review* vol. xxxiv. p. 161. ' Our Author's own '■ac-
count of the defign and occalion of this Traft is too curious to
be omitted. The charaflcr which was affumed, as exprcfled
in the title-page, he tells us, is not uUogcther fi£litious.
* An elderly gentleman, fays he, long verfed in the North Ame-
rican trade, and pcrfcdiy acquainted with all the wiles there prac«
<ifed both during peace, and in time of war, and who had relations
fettled in that pait of the world, defired me to write on this fubje£^,
and to give the treatife that turn of expredion, and air of authority^
which would not be unbecoming an old man to his dependent rela-
tion. He furniOied me with fome curious materials, and remark-
able anecdotes, concerning the fmugglirg trade which the Americans
carried on with the French and Spaniards during the heat of the war^
^even to the fupplying them with (hips, and naval and military
ilorcs, for dcflroying the trade and (hipping of the moiher-coantry,
and even in defiance of Mr. Secretary Pitt's circular letter to tie
governors of the provinces, forbidding fuch an infamous traffic, and
traiterous corrcfpondence. But if I was obliged to the old gentle-
man in thefe te{ptQ.Sf my argument was a fufferer by him in another :
for though he admitted, that the colonies were grown ungovernable;
though he himfcif declared, from his own experience, that we gave
• The Author, among the feveral fpecies of political firehrarnds^
enumerated by him, in The Ca/e^ includes the news-writers. Thefe
people, he obfervcs, may be truly faid to trade in blood: for a war
3s their harvefV, and a Gazette-Extraordinary produces them a crop
an hundred fold. How then can it be fuppofed that they will ever
be the iiriends of peace ?
a better
Tuckcr'i Trails^ &fr. on PeliiUal and Commercial SuhjeSfs. 1 35
a better price for their iron, hemp, flax feed, fkins, furs, lumber,
and moil other articles, than i\ity could find in any o:her pait of
Europe ; and that thefe coJonifls took nothing Tcarcely from us in
return, bat what it was their iniercft to buy, even fuppofing them
as independent of Great Britain, as the Hates of Holland, or any
other |!)eople; and though he evidently few, that the longfer the
connedlion fubfided between the colonies and the mother- country,
the more heavy would the burdens* grow upon the latter, and the
greater would be the opportunities for the artful and defigning^meo
Qf.both couutries to irritate and inflame the giddy,, unthinking po-
pulaoe; though he ad mi teed » I (jiy, and allowed all thefe premiies,,
he could not come at the conclufion : for he liarded as much at the.
idea q( z feparathn^ ai if he had feen a fpci^re! And the notion of
parting with the colonies entirely, and then making leagues of friei^d-
Ihip with them, as with fo many independent Hates, was too enla||e^
an idea for a mind wholly occupied within the narrow circle of trade,
and a firanger to the revolutions of ftates and empires, thoroug^hly
to comprehend, much Icfs to digeil. In confequence of this, 1 was
obliged, as the Reader will fee towards i he conclufion, to give the
tegument fuch a turo^ as cxprefTed rather a cafi^al threat to fjparaie,
than a fettled proje^ft of doing it.'
To fupply this d^ifciSl, or rather to make the conclufion to
corrcfpond with ihe ^rernifes, our Author, as he obferves^ has
added his fourth Tract ; wherein he attempts tofiiew what
is the true intcreil of Great Britain in regard xo the CoUfUts ;
and to explain the opiy means of living with them on tersDs,.of
mutual fatisfa£tion and friendfhip.
His fcheme for accomp]i(hi!)g this great and defirable end-
will probably ftartle fome of his readers; for it is no other than
Great Britain * to feparaie entirely from ihs North Jmerican Cdt(H
nies, by declaring them to he a free and independent penf^k^ wet
ivhom we hy r.o claim j and then by offering t9 guarantee this fee^
ivm and independency again fl all foreign invaders whatever*
This, however, is not a new idea. It has frequently occur-
red to others ; who are convinced, wixh the Dean of Ghocci^
ter,that we neither can govern the Americans, nor be governed l^
fiem; that we neither can unite with them, nor ought to think
of Jubduing them s and that things are already come to fuch a
pais, that nothing remains hue to part with them on as friendly
terms as we can. Every other fcheme o^ accommodation or fub"
jeHi^n that hath yet been fuggefted, is here amply confidcred,
weighted in the balance of found reafon, and found wanting.
But with refped to the idea of a feparation, our Author ob-
ferves, that the more we familiarize ourfelves to it, the lefs
furprized and the more prepared we (hall be, whenever that
event (ball happen : for that it witL and must happen, on«
day or other, he coniiders as inevitable.
As to the obje^rons that may be made to our Author^s pro- .
pofal> be feems to have jfuifeen all that appear to be of iftiport^
K 4 ancc^
I^ ClarcndoaJi Siajte Papers.
ance, and to have anfvirered them with that folidlty which vtu
to be expeded from a Writer who hath been fo long, and fi)
intimately converfant with fubjeds of this kind. On the othe^
hand, the manifold advantages of a feparation are (c% forth in
the cleared light 2 and (hewn to be lAfinitely fuperio.r to every
confideration that can poIEhly he urged in favour of timid or
temporizing meafures.
In regard to the two Sermons which are fubjoined to tbefe
poUiieal treatifes^ the Author profefies that be is not very anxious
about the propriety of placing them here ; but he fuggefta one or
two realbns for thejr infertion in "this volume/ which a^e fatif* .
fadory to us, and will, we doubt not, be as readily admitted
by others.
^ Many, fays he» may perhaps read them nowy who would never
•ave looked into them, had they been printed in a colle^on of re-
ligious trads. Beildes, I hope that thefe difcourfes will throw fuch
i^ew and (Iriking lights on the fubjed of commerce, as will induce
men of a liberal education to fludy it for the future as a fciencct and
to thipk for themielvcs in thefe important points. For furely a
great part of mankind have too long fubmitted to be led blindfoM
by writers on trade, whofe private intereft very often clalhcd with
the general good ; and in whbfe productions we find but very flight
traced, cither of the real and difmterelled patriotifm of the philofo^
pher, the humanity of the moralift, or benevolence of the divine :
in fhort, it is a melancholy truth, that almofi as much implicit faith
and blind credulity have hitherto prevailed in the theory of com*
merce, as, in the darkeft times of popery, obfcored the principles o^
itHgion.*
To this we have only to addj that what thf Author hath ad^
vanced, in thefe two Sermons, relative to the fubje^ of ouf
worldly bufinefs, and trading concerns, is naturally introduced,
and judicioufly treated ; as he hath (hewn the proper connexioa
of ^juft commercial intercourfe between man and man, with
the great duties of morality, religion, and patriotifm.
r r-^-: : ' . .- — r— \
Art. X, Conclufion of the Account of the Clarendon State Papers,'
Volume the Second, iee our laii: Month's Review.
TO ward the beginning of the year 1646, the affairs of
King Charles the Firft were in a very critical and dan-
gerous fituation. The royal forces were almoft univerfally fub-
dued 5 and his Majefty feemed to have no other profpeft of re*
drefs than by throwing himfelf into the hands of the ScottiOi
army. At the time of his taking this ftep, he was folicitous to
have the Prince of Wales, who had lately come from the iflandt
of ScilJy to that of Jerfcy, removed into France ; that there he
might hie under the dire^ion of the Queen his mother, and en-
joy the protc£lion of the French court. This meafure was vi-^
goroufly oppofcd by the majority of the Prince's council, anc^
* efpeciaUy
Ciarcqi^on'i Siafe Pafersj^ s^^
efp€ciajly. by Sir Edward Hy^Q > frpm whpm we Jiave a Igng
fetter to Lord Jfermyn upon the fubjeft, which contains a fine
idifplay of Sir fid ward's wifdom and integrity. When, at length^
in confequence of the King and Queen 5 pofitive command, tli4
Prince of Wales was Conveyed to France, the Lords Capel a5(i
Hopton, and Sir Edward Hyde, thinking that tbey could be o£
ho farther fervice to his Royal Highnefs, determined to remain
in the ifland of Jerfcy ; ancl wrote jointly to their Majefties, ini
juftiiication of their refolution. The whole progrefs of thefc
jranfaftions is fully difplayed in the prefent colleAion.
Another large feries of letters relates to the King's fituation,
after he had put himfelf in the pov^er of the Scots. His coa^?
dition, at that time, was peculiarly embar raffing. He was totally ,
unwilling to comply with the dtmands of the Scots, and mg/k
of all averfe to do fo irj what related to religiotu On the othe^
Iband, many of his zealous adherents \^ere (blicilqit^ that hc^
fliould niake concef&ops in thi^ refpe£t^ Wejbaye, in the work;
before vs, a numb|(r of li^ttecs betweea bia Majcfty and th«
Lord^ Jermyn and Colepeper, and Mr. John Aihbtirnham, upon
tfaeiubjed. The King's attachment to ept(copacy, and his
fiifltke to prcftyterianHm, were unchangeable. In one letter td
the three juft mentioned perfons, he exgreiTes himfelf in this
planner: . '♦
• Now, ai for your advyce to me ; yo\i (peake my Very foole U^
every thing but one ; that Is, the church. Remember your awa
rule, not expedt to rcdime that which is given, away by a£i of Paxf
liament. Shall I then give away the Church ? And expufe me to tell
yoa, that I belive you doe not underlland wha; this is ;hat yoa a^
Content (I confefs, not upon very cafy tcrmes) 1 mould thus give away^
I will begin to ftiew you, firft, what it is in point of policy ; aQ4
firfl, negatively ; It is not the change of Church Govei-nement which
is cheefly aymed at ; (though that were too much) but it is by that
pretext to take away the depcndancy of the Chuich from the Crowne|
which, lett me tell you;. I hould to be of equall coDfequcnce to that
of the \'Jilitia; for people are |ovcri:Gd hy p'ulpiis r^cre then xh<^
fword, in tymcs of peace : nor will the'Scots be coq^tent with the al-
teration of Governemcnt, except the Covenant be lykewais efiabiiih-
id ; the which does not only make good al( tbeire former rebplliona^
out lykewais laies a hrm and frqdful foundation for fuch pa{p!:Cymes
in all tymes to come. Now for the theoJogicall part, I aiicare you^
the change would be no lefle apd worfe then if Popei-y were brought
10 ; for we (hould have nether lawfull prieiis, nor ifacramcnts duly ad*,
tnineftred, nor God publikeljf ferved, but according to the ful'tiho
fancy of every ydJe parfon ; but wc Jhould have the dodring again(l(
*Kings fercelyer fet up then amongtt the Jefuits. In a word, fett yoi;^
fieartft at reft; I wifl lefle 'jrcald to this then the.Militia, my con-
science being irreconciliably inga^ed againil it. Wherefore I conjurq
you as ChriSians to ailiil nie particularly in this alfo.'
5 \^
138 ClaLttnion's State Papers,
In. a fubfcquent letter, his Majefiy declares, that, if be nn-
Serftood any thing of religion, the prefhyterian tenets and go-
Ternmeot were more erroneous than thofe of the church of
Rome, and abfolutely inconfiftent with monarchy. From the
whole -of what the King writes upon the matter, it appears that
Bis averfion to prefbyjterianifin was founded both upon religious
and political reafons. Being prefled, however^ by his friends,
2nd urged by the neceflity of bis affairs, he thought proper to
confult the BiQiops of London and Salifbury, how far, with a
fafe conicience, he might fubmit to a temporary allowance of
the prefbyterian mode of worfhip. The anfwer of the two
Biihops.is as follows :
• May it pkafe your Majefty,
* In obedience to your Majdly's command, we have advricd npoo
this propofition, and yoor Majefty*s doubt arifing thereon. And at-
tending to oar duty and yoor Majcfty*s ftrift charge laid upon us, we
£ui)l*deliver oar c^nions, and the fenfe we have of ic, plainly and
fetly, to the heft of oor MKlerftaiidingt ; no« *U we laii in poiar
of idelity, however we may in judgment.
. *■ The doubt is touching the lawiuinefs of a temporary compGioce
in matters of religion* in the ilaie they now here iiand ; that is, as
we apprehend it, whether your Majefly may. without breach of you#
oath, and with a fafe confcience, permit for fome time the exercife
of the diredory, for worfliip, and pra^ice of difcipline, as they are
^ow ufed and Aand enjoined by Ordinance.
' * For refolution whereof, we (hall take the boldnefs to mske ufe of
thofe grounds which we find laid down to our hands in your Ma*
Jelly's diredions. For your Majefty's conftancy and fixcdncfs of re-
bjutton not to recede from what you have by oath undcruken in that
matter, as it gives you a great latitude to walk in, with fafety of
confcience, in your endeavours to that en<i (the re£iitude of intention
^bating much of the obliquity in all actions), fo the full expreflion
you have been now pleafed to make of it, and, that what you propofe
at prefent is in orMne thereunto, doth much facilitate the work, and
£t us for a reA)Iution.
* Taking therefore your Majefty's fettled deiermiriation touching
the Church for a foundation unremoveable, and this propofition (in
your Majefty's defign) as a means fubfervient thereunto ; confidcring
alfo the condition your Majefty's affairs now ftand in, being deftitute
of all means compullbry, or of regaining what is loll by force ; we
cannot conceive in this your Majefly's condefceniion any violation of
that oath, whereof your Majelly is fo juftly tender, but that your Ma^
iefty doth thereby ^iil continue to preferve and protefk the Church
ly the bed ways and means you have now left you (which is all the
oath can be fuppofed to require) ; and that the permiiiioii intended
(whereby, in fome men's apprehcnfions, your Majefty may feem to
throw down what you defire to build up) is not only by your M4<
lefty levelled to that end, but, as your Majcfty Hands perihaded, pro-
babiy fitted for the efieding it in fome meafure.
* And
Clarcndon'i StaU Papersi 139
* And as your Majefty will ftand clear (in our judo^mcnts* at leaft)
In refp^ft' to your oath, which is principally to be regarded, fo nei-
ifter do we think your Majblly will herein tfefpafs in point of con-'
fctcnce ; becaufe yoorMajefly finding them already fettled, and as it*
were in po/Teffion, do only* what in other cafes is ufnal, not difturb
that pofTeiTion wldle the differeocesare in hearing, or (which is more
judifiable) permit (hat which you cannot hinder, if yon would ; not
Gommacdjng it iiox that may vary the ca(e) but (which poifibly ma/
may be better liked) leaving it upon that foot it now Ibinds, en*
joined by authority of the Hoafes, which is found (h-ong enough t(^
enforce the obedience. Which intendment of your Maje^'3 woul4
Aand store clear, if this point of a temporary toleratiott were not
laid as the principle of the proportion (as now it may ftem to be
ftanding in the front), but as an accefibry and neceflkry conceffioa
for the more peaceable proceeding in the bofine(s« The firft part
therefore in the propofition might be, for the accommodation of dif*
ferences by a debate between parties (as it lies in the proportion},
and then 9 tliat» during that debate all things remain ftatu quo nwte^
without any interruption or difturbance from your Majeflv, provided
the debate determine and a iettlement be made within iiich a time,
&c. and that your Majefty and your houfehold, in the interim, be
not hindered, &c. which notwithftanding we humbly fubmit to your
Majedy's better judgment to alter, or not.
* We cannot but have a lively fenfe of the great troubles your
Majefty undergoes, and doubt not bat that God who hath hitherta*
given you patience in them, will blefs yon with a deliverance out of
them in due time, and make the event of your condant endeavonri,
^niwerable to the integrity of your Majedy's Iveart ; which is the
prayer of
Your Majefly*s
Fulham, 14 O^. mod obedient and humble Servants*
1646. GuiL. London. Br.Sakum/
Sir Edward Hyde bad no concern in the tranfadions juft re«
latcd, and» had he been confultcd by his Majefty, muft, from
his own principles, have given very different advice from that
which had been urged by the Lords Jcrmyn and Colcpcper,
and Mr. Afhburnham. During this time. Sir Edward con*
tinued, without employ, in the ifle of Jcrfey ; from whence he
wrote a variety of familiar letters to his friends. Thefe letterst
perhaps, cannot be deemed ftridly hiftorical ; and yet we en-
tirely agree with the Editor in thinking that they were pecu-
liarly worthy of being inferted. Though we greatly differ from
Lord Clarendon in many of his religious and political fenti*
Dients, it would be injuftice not to acknowledge, that the let-
ters we fpcak of, exhibit his character in a very amiable point.
of view, and that, they are beautiful ioftances of hi^ diftih-]
gui(bed abilities and real integrity. While he refided in Jcrfey,
lie apprehended, at one time, that his life was in great danger*
(torn an attempt which it was expeded the Parliament would,
make upon the ifland. Under this apprehenficMi)- be wrote
letteri
140 Clarcftdon'i State Papers^
letters to the King, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of I^ic)^
mond, the Earl of Southampton, and Lady Hyde, to be de^
livered to each of them after hts death* As a fp^citnen of the
reft* we (hall inlert that to his Lady ; and we do4i{)t,not but
the perufal of it will be agreeable to cux Readers*
. . &\x £dwArd Hyde to the Lady Hyde.
' My deleft,
* This beiqg act like to com^ to thee tUl I am dead, I ptonot*
begin better .(q ^ht;e, than to charge and conjure thoe to bear my
d^atb with that magnanimity and Cbriiiian patience, as becomes a
woman, ^who hath no cauie to be afhamed of the memory of her
bufband, and who bath fuch precious pa\vns left to her care, as tboa
haft» in o\3kt poor children ; which mull be moft completely miie-
rfible, if throygb thy paflion thou (halt eitiier fhorten thy days, or im*^
pair thy health. And therefore, thou muft remember, thou haft no
other argum^tai to give of thy conftant afiedion to me, than by
dping that whieh thou knoweil \ only defire thoofhonldft do. Be
not Ufobled a^ the fmallQefs or diiiraidion of thy forttme, fiiice it pro-
c#^s neit^ipjr from my fciilt or foiiy, hue by the immediate hand ot
Qod, who. I doubt not, will recompence thee fome other way. He'
ko^vvft how entire my h^art hath been to him, and that, if it had
not iKen pat of the conicience of my duty to him, and the King, t
might have left thee and thine a better poriion in this world. But
1 am coniSdei^ thou doil in thy foul abhor any wealth Ax gotten^
•nd thinkeft. thyfelf and thy children happier in the memory of thy
poor honeil huibaod^ than any addition of an ill gotten, or ill kept
edate could have made you. Cootinue the lame tho« haft been, and
God will rec^u\te and rew:ird ihee. I ha^*e in my ocbeir paper,
which is parcel will, parcel declaration, fuch as I thought in thefcL
times neceffary, faid as much to thee of my ellare and my chlldrea
as 1 can think of. ^ doubt not thou wilt find foma friends, who will
remember and confider how juil 1 would have been to their me*
mory if I had outlived them. IVly letters to the King, Prince, Duke
9f Richmond, and Earl of Southampton, thou maycft deliver or fend
as thou Ihalt be advifed. Thy own father, mother, and brother will
I am fure never fail thee in any ofiice of kindncfs, nor be unjuft ta
the memory of him, who always held them in fingular eileem. Frora
my friends I am confident thou wilt receive all poflible kindnefs.
Befides thofe I have mentioned in the other paper, 1 prefume my
Lord Seymonr will be reudy to do thee good offices, and my Lord
Keeper and Sir Thomas Gardiner to aflill thee ; and I hope many
more that I think not necefl'ary to name. I do from the bottom of
my heart thank thee for all thy kindnefs and afedion, which upon
my faith I have always returned f/om my foul, having never com-
mitted the leail fault againfl thee, hut promifed myfeif the only hap^
pinefs and contentment, to live with thee in any condition. Since^
It hath pleafed God not to admit that, he will, I doubt not, bring
ns together in a moft bleffed ftate in a better world when we fhall
never part. Qo^ blefs.tbee and thine ! cherifh thyfelf as thou lovcft
ike memory of, My dearcft, thy moft faithful and affcftionate
{{ulband,
Jerfey, thii 3d of April 1647. Edw, HTni.
T©
Dr. Eackard*! tVorku T4t
* To the five letters are fubjomed Sir Edward's defires con-
cerning his papers, a^nd his * laji vniU and prof eJPmi \ and all of
them fl>ew that, however miftalccn he might be in his political
opinion^, he had aiSted from th'^ di«3aies of confcience and a
fenfe of duty.
Some of the beft friends to Lord Clarefidon's memory have
acknow.ledged, that his religious policy, when htcame to be
chief minifter of this country, was narrow and illiberal. From
the prefent work, and efpeciaily from two or thrte letters to
Lord Hopton, it appears that Sir Edward Hyde was always
bigotted in his notions of church government.
The feries of papers in this volume is carried on to the year
1651 ; ending with the account of King Charles the Second's
cfcape after the battle of Worcefter. Many of the letters and
memorials relate to foreign as well as to domcftic affairs 5 and to
tlic ftatc of Ireland, as well as to EngUrnd. Among other things,
we find here a very complcat detail of difpatches, including Lord
Gottington*s and Sir Edward Hyde's embafly to Spain.
Wt have only to add, 'that this is a noble and valuable col-
Ic^ion, and that we ai-e perfaaded it will prove of great import-
ance to the elucidation of our national hiftofy. We (hail expec^^
with impatience, the tcmgiining papers, as we have reafon given
Us to believe that they will be found ilill more momentous and
intetefting t^an thofe which have been already publtfhed.
I'll' ' ■ ■ .' ■ I I 1 1 ■ I . • t
Art. XI. Tht Wiirk$ of Dr. John Eachard^ lati Mafler ofCathsrine^
Hallf Cambridge. CoDiilling of the Grounds and Occafions of the
Contempt of the Clergy ; his Dialogues on the Writings of Mr,
Hobbs ; and other Tra£ls. A new Edition ; with a Second Dia-
loffae on the Writings of Mr. Hobbs, not printed in any former
Edition ; and fome Account of the Life and Writings of the Aa*.
thor. 1 2mo. 3 Vols. 7 s. 6 d. fewed. Davies«
DR. John Eachard, fo well known from his witty detail of
the caufes oftbt ConUmpt of tin Clergy ^ was the pleafanteflr
controverfial writer of the lail age. His pirfent Editor prefers
hkn to Swift, for the foUowi»g feaibiu :
* The celebrated Dean of St. Patnck'i, fays he» turns his pen too
frequently into a fcalping-knife, and makes his wit the executioner
to his ill-natare. Noc content %o overcosie his antagonift by thit
ilxength of his ajbUi ties and the force of his argument, Swift treats
Kim, as if be were not only tb*^ daUeft, but the vileft of mankind.
It is ;iot enough for him to conqucir^ unlefs he tramples too upon his
enemy : he frequently feledls the xnoft opprobrious^ terms and (hock-
ing expreilidns he can find in the Engliih language ; and. throws
tfacm about at random on perfons in the moil exalted as well as the
loweft ftations ^ on princes and (lockjobbers ; chancellors and prin-'
Cers ; dutchefTes and coiners; ftatefmen-and -news-writers ;biihopi
and'uiurers ; fine ladies and lewd rakes.
r. • Eachard
•1^ Dr. Eacbard'/ ^cris.
* Eachftfet contents hirafelf with bunting down tbe ^rgitnicnt of
his opponent, and rarely meddles with the man : he chinits it faffi«
cient> if he can prove him a dull and affedled, a foppifli and pedan-
tic, an ignorant and a foolilh reafoner. He wifhes not to render
Jlim hatenil to the populace, or obnoxious to the goirernment. He
laaghs in his antaeonill's face at the very time he dtfarms him ; then
iKlps him to his iword again, and humourooily rallies him fcr not
knowing how to u(e lU In (hort, £achard*s difcuiiton of an argu*
ncnt or confaution of a book, divtfted of that feverity and acri-
Biony, with which theological difpntes are too often maintained,
vefembles a fcaft» where cafy wit, fprightly humour, good-natnrc,
and good fen(e form the mod agreeable part of tbe entertainment.*
This learned and merry divine* was educated at Cambridge ;
where he took his degree of Mafter of Arts in 1660. In 1670
lie publifhcd his celebrated work above-mentioned. He after-
ward attacked the philofophy of Hobbs, with all the powers of
hb wit, humour, raillery, andreafon; fo that, as his prcicot
Editor obfe'rves, < all the ferious and fyftematical books, writ-
ten by the mod eminent and learned of our divines, cou|d never
Lave rendered the philofophy of Hobbs fo contemptiixle as the
incomparable dialogues of Eachard, which contain the moft jur
dicious arguments, united with the moft fpirited fatire, and
the livclicft mirth."
* Dr. Eachard died in 1697, and was fucceeded in the Mafterihip
of Catharine-hall, by Sir William Dawes.
* Eachard*s works, we have rcafon to believe, were for a long
time, the favourite companion both of divines and laymen. Swifc
fpeaks of them with refped. He fcems indeed to have read oar
Author with attention, and to have greatly profited by him. An
ingenious gentleman aHured me, that lome outlines of the Tale of- a
Tub, might be traced in the writings of Eachard. This I am afraid
18 going too far. Certain it is, that this Writer was endowed with a
very large (hare of wit, which he employed to the bed and nobleit
ptxrpofes, to the defence of religion and morality when attacked by
a philofopher, who laid claim to the reputation of a great fcbolar,
and a profound mathematician. Eachanl had befides a vein of hu-
moor peculiar to himielf, much ufeful learning, a flrong manner of
reafoning, without the appearance of it, and above all an uncom-
mon (kill in turning an adveriary inc6 ridicule ; in which no writer
has flnce exceeded,, nor perhaps equalled him. Liet us not Ibrgec
too, that he poile^d an inexhaailible fund of good- nature, with the
moft eafy and laughing pleafantry : qualities, which the haughty and
fplenetic Swift could never enjoy.'
The elegant infcription on bis tomb is thus very properly in-
troduced by the author of the memoirs prefixed to this ediuon :
- - ■ .
* The famous Laurence Eachard, the hiftorian, appears to have
been nephew, or fome other near relation, to this J^bm Eachard ;
but there was no affinity of genios between them»
; The
3
* The infcription on Dp. E9ckard"$ comb, will (hew his charaaer
IB a new light, A wit is fuppofed by /quc people to bea worfc
member of focicty in proportion to the fhare he poiTefres of that dan*
gerous qcaiity, which as often excites onr hatred as our admiration.
This amiable man was as refpeftable for the benevolence of his mind*
.as the ejctcat ofiis capacity. He executed the troft repofed in4iim
of Mailer of his college, with the utmoft care and fidelity, to tW
general fatisfa£tion of the FdJows, and with the approbation of the
whole oniverfity. He was cxtremdyanxiotts to rebuild the greatell
part, if not the whole, of Catharine- hall, which had faljen intotte-
cay ; bat unhappily for the college, he died before he could acooni*.
pU& his generous defign* However, he lived long enoagh to wvt
.chat beautiful front, which the infcriptxoi^ (o juftly celebrates : %md
this he efTc^led by the moft painful affiduity in procuring liberal coqp-
tributions from his Icariied friends, and confiderable largefles frctm
"his rich acquaintance, who could not refill the power of his perfiia^
live eloquence; and laflly, by beilowi^ig the little all he was maftcr
* He lies buried in the chapel of Catharine-hall : over his toinb
is the following infcription, which will be a lading monument^
Dr. ^chard^s worth, and of the gratitude of the learned ibciety to
which he belooged :
Tibi babeiff, Cathcnna, lioc mortile depofitom
£t.in peoetralibut cuis rtquielceie ^Jnas
Viri tere nagnt
Teoucs hafce exuviat t
8i qnamii cujs fint, fix, Japtdea tacoc foCerVfl^ ^
FuodatQion fuum
Johannem Eachard S. T. P.
Academic Canubrigienfit bis Pro-Caocenarioin..
Hujus auUe cuftodem vigilantiflimum,
De Qtraqae optime meritam.
Vidifne UQor, novam haoc coHegij facten
Quam pulchra ex ruiots aflur^ic J
TottsfT) hoc muranim ooo indecorom doniciJuim,
Secundus hojus Rooue Romulus,
PoiTet vocaie luum.
Huk operi intentus, liberantate'part'ffD ftia
lllaque maxima, (cum pauperis ioftar viduas
In hoc Gazophjrlachim totvm fntim cMJcciflet.)
- rarfim tlieiul, qaam vel «Qiicitia inter do^ioret
Vel fnadeU (qiS plurimom pollebat)
Inter diviciores node quaqoe acciveiat.
Hoc, uf^nt reAaoravit collegiufn.
Et fi diotios fata pepercUibat
Aotiqtta iCdificia diraendo.
Nova extmendo,
Nullum non moveodo Japldem,
(Q«ae eraC optimi homioit indefe^Ta induftf ja,)
Quod i^rdidom, rttiaoAjm
Et vix colkfij nomine indigicaodom
InuAtrar,
£legaat|
Et ab omoi parte perfieCttidt
Reliquiflfet.
OWjt Jtilij 7010 1*697.
' , feafchard's works fiere cojlea^d, ar*e> :^# The inquiry into tfc^
tJrounds and Occafiohs of the Contempt of the Clergy, a. Ob-
{ervatioas on an Anfwer to the Enquiry, 3, Hobbs s State of
Kature conikieiedi in a dialogue between Timothy and Phjlau^
t»%m 4* FiveLettei^ in Defence of the Elnquiry^ againfl Dx.
Owetr, and others. 3» A Second Dialogue between Timbdijr
4M)d Philautus, on the Writing^ of Hobbs. This lift trafi^
'#hich was originally publilhcd in 1673, is now firft added ta
the colleftion of Eachard's works ^ of which, it feems, there
have been no fewer than twelve editidns, before this of J 774.
— — — — Mil II I ■ ■ >
AitT. Xir. J5hah/peart*s Tlct^i^ as they are now performed at the i^^e^
tfes Ro}'al in Londoti ; regulated from the Prompt Books of each
• Hode, -by Fcrmiffion. with Nottrs critical and lUuftrathti Br
the Aathors of the Dramatic Ctnfir, 8?o, 5 Vols. 159; fewed»
Bell. 1774-'
** In every Werl regard the Writer^s Snd^
Since nene can cqmfafs more than they intend**
THE above precept of Mr. Pope's, occurred to us on look-
ing into this impreilion of Shakefpcare*s ading plays,
which is not fet in competition with any other edition, becaufe
it is executed' oh a different plan, and intended to anfwer a dif-
ferent purpofc. The great aim oi former editors has been to
give us Shakefpeare reJlored\ the protcfled defign o^ thisy perhaps
more popular work, i^ to prefent the Icfs critical • reader with
Shakefpeare t% altered and accommodated to the taftc of an age
more refined than that in which the Author lived and wrote,—
more capable of-taflinghis beauties, and lefs apt to relifh or
even tolerate his dcfedls, Thofe beauties, it muft, to the ho-
nour of the ftage, -be allowed, are jodicroufly retained in the
plays of this ^eat poet, asaded at either theatre j and the de*
fbrmitics arc, for the moft part, with equal choice and difccm-
ment, expunged t
** The rhiming clowns that gladded Shakefpear's age,
No more with Crambo entertain the flage," &c.
• * Though this edition is not meant for the profoundly learned^
nor the deeply ftudloas, who love to find out and cliace their own cri-
tical game ; yet we flatter oot-felvet both parties may perceive frdh
idvas ft«ted iot fpettthttien^ ftitd refleaioR.
- Lditok's Pre/. ddvertiJimiMt.
. ^' With
^ith uifdoifbtid proprivcy^ thodbie, htte ttie t)re^Edi*
*<!«» ^bferted^ tlm «he moft eathufottc admirerv '^f Shak«(i.
iMt to addih'cbat even his ^ moft rcgpiar piecca pt^oduoe fomc
^Tdenea aqd paffiiges^ bighly dcri^gicarj to his iocomparaUr iBe4| $
ifcbt 4^ fh^^ieMy tiiAci, n now and then obicure^ wad foim«
4iiiB«^ to gr^ify a vitiaicd age; inddicate/ It is^ fio-tfaer, wich
equal truth remarked, by way of apology for the'Aolteof tMi.
-WotHletfcl genius, vbiit (hgr ^ «ay jtxkij be attributed ai^t toofc^
^iiiibbling, lieeiitious taite of. fate time $' and that iie^ < iu>
^kitbt, on MMf oeeaiions, wmte wildly S mer«Iy lo ppntity
4hb pubKc ; as Dryden wrote bombaftk^ally, and Congi^e oh^
iieenely, to indulge Ac bnomirs, and engage the farour of cbck
audiences/
* Why thefli* our Editor aflcs, * (hould not the ncAltf iftonu^
soent» be has left ua,— 4>e refiored to doe proportion and natu-
H\ loftre, by fweeping off tbofe cobwdis, and that daft of do^
pnvdd opinioni whldi Sbaketfpeare was unfortunacdy forced
to titrdw oA them ; fbr<jpd, we fcy, 4or it is m ftraiii of ima-
gHmtion fo (uppofe that the Goths and Vandals of cHdcifhi^
^ho frequented tiie theatre in bis days, would^ Hke thofe whd
over* ran the Roman empire, have dtftroyed and ^on^ned to
WbAroUs dbtivion the fubline beamies which ih^ oould not
felUb s and it is matter of great qneftion with us, whciber the
J^l in Kinff Lear was not a mote general ^vorite, than the
'Old oionarcn bimfelf/
The Aoyt confiderations^ we are told, firft fuggefled tbd
ideti which hath produced the prtient edition ; and among tbfd
pecidifur itfes of « printed copy of Sbalce(peare*s piiys, with the
I^M tigtdtttHl according to the Prompters books^ the Editors have
oUerved, that thofe who take books to the^theatfc, will not be
pQfldled to .occompanry the fpeaker, aor oyer ape to cohdemii
^ perforan^Kfar being imperfe^^ when they pafs over wha|
1i defigfiedly omitted. Here, however. It is obferved, t]hat at
ibine paflages, of great merit for the clofet, are never fpoken,
Jitth^ though omitted in tiie tnct^ are heft carefully preferved in
' And wHtl regard to the crhicpt part of tbis undertakings
^hidh is not by any means hdd forth as its greatefl merit, tb|i
f^ltors prefers, t\)at ^ hfivin^ been long conyinced tbat multi^
plyjlig coo^utcal verbal criticifais, tends rather to j)erplex tha^
jnferol 4^ icadeir, (hey have given tbofe xeadings whic^b to thoffi
iqqMflfod moft.copfpoant^ tbe Author's mannot a^qd Waning^
•wklMit d>tnHUng oat capriciottsjopiAioo on an$ithtr.^
• «<Xieglsrftt|r«lM^ awtwfldhtapofv^.^ Pojp.i.
Rev^ Feb. 17744 t ^' Ttitf
146 SbAetpnxei Pldfi.
They * htve t1(b fumiflied an explanation t( (echnitil W
obfolete terms ; pointed oat the Itading beauties as tbey occiif»
without defcantine; fo much as to anticipate the header's con-
ceptioa and inrefiigation ; and tbe^ have (hewn what aopearcd
to them to be blemi(hes and imperfedions. The requifites fo
leprefeoting every charader of importance are defined^ and fthe
mode of perGormance e&otial for fcenes peculiarly capital, ii
pointed out/
In further expatiating on the value of this edition, they fum
up all by claiming the merit 4)f having ^ eameftly confuliied
corrednt&i ncatne^, ornament, utilitv, and cheapoefs of price.
We have,* it is added, < avoided all oftentation of criticifin,
€ompaSing our notes as much a^ poffible.-r»It has been our pecu^
liar endeavour to render what we call the eflfence of ShakeQ^eare
more inftrudive and intelligible ; efpeciidlv to the ladies and to
youth \ glaring indecencies being removed, and intrtcate pafl*-
ges explained ;-*-a genend view of each play is. aUb giveo, hr
way of introduSion/ This laft eircumftance, we think, wiU
be peculiarly agreeable to younger readers ; as may al(b the £§^
^n Oratory^ pr^ed by way of general introdudion : althqufl^
it might, with equal propriety, be prefixed to the works of au^
other eminent dramatic writer.
With refpe6l to the numerous engravings with which this
edition is embeliiihed, it would be great iojuftice to the pulih
liiher not to acknowledge, that moft of them are elegant, to ^
degree furpaffing any plates of the kind, of fo (mail a iise. ^l
few of them may, perhaps, aferd the connoifleur (bme room
for criticifm, with refpe<^ to the difigning and dramwg^ aa w^
-aa in relation to the choia* of the fcenes reprefented : yet, on
the whole, thefe cuts are certainly the pretti^ oroamenta tibafi
have yet been beftowed on any pocket edition of the works of
our moft excellent bard : and the bookfeHer allures us, ia faU
advertifement printed at theend of his numerous lift of* fub*
fcribers, that as he < t^ss folicitcd and obtained the patronage
of the generous public in the prefent undertakiog, he hopes
* Of this there is a remarkable inftance in the frontiipiece to
Henry V. The fob|ed is the French fojdier fapplicating Anckat
.Piflol to fpare his life, and PlAol 4|uibbling about Sigmiar Dfvct^
Was there nothing in this plav ii|ore important> more worthy of be-
ing exhibited in a pi6tore ? The fcene it&lf is a difgrace td the rd(
of this drama ; and oar Editors themfelves are of the fame opinioD :
for they have exprefsly reprobated the whole of this fcene in thdr
note upon it ; declaring that it is, throaghojt, defpicable, unnecet^
fary, and ferving no parpoie bat to deftroy the dignity of expedatioB«
J£atthi*vanr-fe6ne, "^dqf^kM^ as 4t is, haib Ceea chofai lor ^
purpofe of decoration $.10 the exdnfioa of every other aoN ftiikioc
aiKi more reipeftahle part of tfre play.
. „.. — ^.. ^ Aiougk
Mif<tllan0ut MHi Fmkivi Pink. nf
througb a cqmioiiance of ir^ to tmnplefe Shakefj^are's works.
With equal if noi fuperior elegance. The engravings/ he adds^
^ for the reoiaining plays, are nearly fihifhed^ by a feledl num-
ocrofthemoflinpniops artifts j^ Which with thcletter-preft^wiU
t>e publilhed early in the Spring, iii three adclitional volumes.
%♦ One thing we woulci hint to the Bookfeller, with re- .
fpeft to the beauty of his imprcfjidn. 'The cditidn, no doubt,
as to the paoer and the type, is far from inelegant: but we ima*
gine it would be more uniformly pleafing, if the tedioud recom*
inendatory catalogues of Mr. BcH^s books did hot appear, as
Ihey do, at tTie end oF almoft every' play ; fwelling the volumes
With their difgUff ful repetitions. In the fecoiid edition, we hope
thcfe very improper /upple'mehts to Shakespeare will be wholly
bmitted, or cohhned to their proper ftation^ at the end of the
Volume.
AiiT« XII!; M^iAt)rMiJr MkM Fiqi^nfi FUdln. Sibtl] 8vo« 2 Vols%
7 u D^VMii *774*
MUCH may be ftid in ftvdur of coUcaions of frftall de-
tached trafls, arid fugitiVe'pfeces; arid mucll hai becrtj
tvith great propriety, ftid oh the^fubjeQ, ih idifcourfe* pre-
fixed to the HarUtan Mifceilany. That leartied and ingenious
Writer ha^ obferved, that * tHefe is, perhaps, no nation \tk
which it Is fo neceflarv as iH oiir own, to afleriible^ from time
tp time, the fnuill tracts ^nd fugitive pieces wHi^h ani bccafion-
iatly ^ublilhed : fpf, tieftde the genei-al Aibje^s of enquiry which
"aLXt cultivated Ky \js, in comtnori With eVery other learned na-
tion, but cohftiiutibn, in church and ftat(^| hatUrally gives birth
CO i> multitude of performances, which Woiild thither not have
bd^eh written, or could nbt H^ve b^ch mad$ public. In any dther
place/
* The Form of 6mt govel'nrtieht,' it is added, « which gives
cVdry than whd ha^ leiflire, oi curiofity, or vanity, the right of
"eriqiiiririg iht6 the j^rbpriety of public meafures, and, by cbnfe-
quence, obliges thofe who are ientrufted with the admihiftratioii
<5f na:iohai affair?;* to give ah account fef their eonduS to al*
moft every man who demands it, may be feaforiably imagined
to have bccadoried innutT^erabl6 pafnphlets which Wdiild never
have appeared under atbitrary govcrninents, where fcircry man
lulls himfelf in indolence under calamities, of which he cannot
- I ■ I1 ,. . ; I. — _— , — II
^ That difcourle is now detached from the eight lafge quartos to
wliich it originally belot\f;ed, and is ^ere reprinted as a trad deferr*
ing a place' in a ofifcellany cofafifting of tBe fihaller, occafional, un-
cofihedled modtfftiont of ingenions men; It appears, froft the ftylev
to hanre Veto wrMeil by ihe ^m^ reft«ai^l« Author of the Rambi^bii,
.La . promott
148 Mlfcillanenm and Fughhi Phces^
' promote the Fedrefs, of thinks it prudent to conceal the nneafi-
nefs, of which bd cannot couiptain without danger.-
. * The multiplicity of rcIiaioMs feds, tolcratS inioiig uj^ (rf
which every one has found opponents and Tindicators/ it 11
farther obfervec], * is another, fource of unachauftiblepd^licatiQii,
almo(l peculiar to ouri^Jves ; for controv^fies cannpt be long
continued, .nor frequently revived, where an inquifitor has 2
right to {hut op the difpjutants in dungeons, or where filcnce
can be imppfed on either party by the refufal of a licence.'
This very fenfibfe obferver proceeds to remark, that we arc
not to infer, frcm the foregoing premifes, that political or re-
ligious cpntroverfles are the only produds of the Britifli ^e&.
^ The mind,' fays he, < once let loofe to enquiry, and fuffi^ed
to operate without rcftraint, neceflarily deviates into peculiar
opinions, and wanders in new tracks, where flie n ipdeed fenMs
times loft in a labyrinth, from which, though (he cannot return,
Md. t^arca kwws how ta pmcipd, yu. Um^W^^xtkHgef uMU
difcoveries, or finds out nearnc paths to knowledge/
' With rs(pe A to the happy U^l^njt of htfmsifr^ in wbkl^ ^o £q^
lilh are faid ip, much to excel, that a greater varietji of humottr is
found among the natives of England, than in any ojther coun-
try •—* Doubclcfs,* fay? he, « where every man ba; fujl Hberq^
to propaga^ .his conceptions, variety rf fau^mour niuj^ prod«^
v^^iety 9f \yrk^rs ; and where the aumbeir of authors is fq great,
tbece can^t but be fome worthy of diftin£Uon/
^ Thefe, and other caufes. affigned bv our Aqthov, have, be
concludes, contributed to. m^kc bampnlets and fn>^U trads a
very iQi portent part of an Englim library \ nor arp diere any
piece; upon whuch thoic who afpire to the rc^^ioji of judi-
cious coileSors of books, beftow more attention, -or giAter^l-
pence ; becaufe many advantages may be expe^ed from the pe-
rufal of tbf fe fmaU produdipns, which ar^ fc^c^ly :|q be^fbtmd
in that of larger works«^ Thefe advantages are, bjr our Au-
thor, here enumerated; and he fliews in, what mapner ^
hji^prlcai, tl^ religious, and otb<et enji/utirers, n^y receive b^^
fit froti^ the ftudy o£ pamphlets and imall trfda: but for par-
ticulars, we refer to the 4i^courfe at large.
Th^ colle<^iop before us, however, is not e otksely compofefi
of pieces w^icb have originally aopcared in the form of pain-
pblets^ T)\e naoft confiderable articlcf , and the gr^ateft ottmbei,
are extraded from much larger complements than the preTent*,
to the voluminous, ai^d In many refpefis the vdnable^ maft of
materials contained in the Oentlem^*sMaga3;ine,^.che Ediiof
is peculiarjy obliged, !( i^ tyell knqwjftbat the cqmprah^o^
cenius to, whom. we have venturecl to a0g^ the pq^^ce ta 4c
HarkianMifoeUisuiy,hadi for loa^X )K?% > cpii^qil ^fidL,th||^
M^gazu)C3 andas it was th^ piiacipal part of o«r EdiitorVdtfigv,
m
MifieBaneourandFjigiihi Puces; 149
to colled the fcattered produ&ions of Dr. J 's juftly ad-
iiHitd pHiu, lb liHI^i^rdA «^ ^ Ate Ih^ry ffdrilhittdi iUv^^
fited. From tbefe ample "Kbits, andir^m new editicms of fome
ytnf itpuiaWe SngiiQl 4kiiliiort« kt bat accbrdiii§ty fel^aiMT,
feveftlwell-Jtttitttd pieoes o{ biitgnphj*, vit.^ie>U«#s of Sir
Francis JkAcy ^t)h Syifi^nbMl, Jl^haate,. Ro^f Mdisitt),
Sir Thomas Bcowd, and Peter Barman } not overlooking tWat '
oF Edward Catey the mptt»lptoj^6r aWdfacceOlaiiconduc-
tor of the' Mttgti&ine attove^morMd.
Befides tliicfe biagraphical ^iectsy we hM nmkt \rtth fi^eril
ocberirsnas afcribKiitoxhe fame exceUent writer j feme ttf wh'rt^
Ofigihaliy' appeared' iik the form o€ fiipSMMr ptsmphlefe, others
m prd^ees to books ; ^amoisgfwfakb'Wt oHt^e a VrttSt 0iltitted»
ARjM^-rf o Fr^rBnfuhif hm Si Oriiiiit ^ B^U^ which Wt
alv^ays Mrierftfliod to be :«iie inwhttton «f a fievtreiiil ^titto^
Bian Who is itoe iiere itam^i and wMo^ f er tatf^, Wttr not e^eti
abooght of h^ the Editor f. ^ •
We here hnet4ilfo with i^ f .^ cdebrnteKT jpttft df «rt En^t^
Didionaiy, m « letter to Lord^Ciseiterfiiid ; 'tflfottf^ Doao^i
preface to the Mio edhioii ^ ttlat Oidionary : to ^Ktch itft
added his fn^yi* fdk( pffiotiiig ctie drattitiic #oitei^df Sl^alfef^
peart, and M ^^ t0 iris edivioti'O^ fhalt Poet.. ^HIS «iflet-^
tation on Pope's fij[iftaphs.i7libcyi4tt to be* fbUiid in ^efe Vd-
himes, togjsther wMi foim imiiogiieft } LoiM^t>, 4 p«em ; arid
the Vanity ^ ihmnn WnOfM ^s^th^ft ^oetieal jfl^ee^ w^
b9wever» before coUaded in OodAey'^ MifcellaAletf;
AiMn%th»prodtndiom of'^cithtr wrkers, W^hWe h^re foVtti
fiecH >y tbe RefMtud Dn Fianklhi, Mr. ColAyan^ the Ikte
n^niotts liat inihappy Robert Llfoyti $ and the Sftetle ^f Utt
Wigs, written fay. tiiit arch fyw tf h^rt^otir Bonne) t^mtdh',
as\a kind of additioital camo tb Garth's Difienfilrj. Thil
Mtek^Heroic was firlt pdblifted ift 176!$, in rtdictSte of tNs
dHputOB then iubfiftin^ between the reiubifs of the Uol^gb df
Pbyficiaos and the tiwitiam. See a farther acc<a^nt oif thi^
merry performance in vol. xxxvUi. p. 141. of ftur Re^^iew.
t^ Aa advertisement in&>rms, that a Third volume of this
MifceUaqeous Colledioii is in the prefs ; with which the Editor
wiUpoffibly give iis4i gcaefal preface t^ the wholes there hetng
none to the prefent volum^v
• • Of Br. Ji^ talent for HHir (Jjecici of coiflpdfitlbD, ^We f irt)Iic
hath long been io pofleffion of an excellent fp^im^ in T&i Lift of
. .t Sitctf.lkM#«icl9 wascaai^edBd ae tUs piefsy a« )ia«^ biein if-
JS^e4 that Pf. |f.has acknowledged^ thr tiaft heih mentionttU
L 3 FOKEIGN
( «S0 J
FoKPiOH Articles inmdgifor our lafi Appbkdi% (fMJhd(
with ib$ Review for January ][ but omitteifor wmn rf r$§m.
A R T. XIV.
Dikuii dis Sums dt ^EiaUifimi^^ &«.--A Detail of d^ Succeft
tr^ich kiA atteiid«d the EfUhUfluaent fiumed by tke City of Paris
, in Favour ctf P^rfons drowned, , <(C. By M« P* A* i amo* Paris.
' 1773-
TH £ amounts wbicb have ^^een publiflied of the beneficial
confequences that have attended the laudable endeavoua
of tb^ ^opaty formed about fix years ago at Amfterdam, for
the rec^ery of ^.rowned perfons, appear to have esxited the at-
tention oi fevcral other cooununities or fiates % particiilatfly in
different p^a of Germany^ Fiaoce^ and Italy } where fimitar
inftttutioos have hoeo formed, ekber under the immediate di-
re^ioOf or tbe patronage of goevernment.. To promote, as Ux
%s wias in 0¥r ppwer^ the boicvolent and truly patriotic ddignt
of the Amflerdam Society, by extending, the knowledge of their
plan^ we b%ve formerly related their fucceft, and expatiated
pretty largely on the ratUaaUf oir grounds, on which it was
^und^ f« It will therefore be iVificient for us to obferve with
itfpe^ to tb^ prefent publication, that it contains an account
of the regulauoos that have been formed and publiflied at Paris,
und^ tb^ dire ^400 9f the magiftracy, in behalf of perfons who
have been drowned, and a circumftantial detail of the di^brent
paf<?s whkh have already fallen, under the cognizance of this ce-
cent eftablk(hment. Thcfe regulations tiave already been pro-r
dudiv.e of the perfed recovery of fixteen pexfons, out of twenty,
who have, in th^ fp^e of five months, been dravm out of the
w#tef« The greater part of this number were reputed to be
^eadj and would, a.iew years ago, have been treated as fuch ^
\n coofe<}uence of tbe fingular and abfurd police, and praudice%
which feem long to have prevailed throughout a conuderable
part of^Eurc^, with regard to accidents of this kind} an4
y/Wich were calculated to deprive tbe unfortunate patient df tbe
inolt diftant change of recovery.
' ♦ See the Appendix to our 4^th vol. page 556, and to ov 471^,
page 552» and our Review for O^ober lUk, page 909-^31 1.
A i^ T. XV.
Sraiii iht Sukidi^ Ht dm Miurir&nfoktitairt dt Jhi-miHfi. Pmt Jtm.
Dtmqf. A T^^ 9^ Selfn^e^ ^ Sip, ^^erdan.
>773- "• '
IF felf murder be a crime ; as it c^tainly is & as much at
lyii^ with a neighbour's wife, or any other immoral ad ;
f very attempt to demonftrate its criminality, anj to expofe io
l^atural deformity, i^ highly commendable^ andl may be ufefbl^
iM* fifoportion to the ftrengdi of the effint thsit is made. Tbe
mkionanCf on thf» fol^edf if» that hitherto wit and talents
^ have generally appeared in favour of vice. This may be owing
t6 a^ common iniiFmity of human nature $ a difpofltion to em-
brace or rejeA ak$giihir a fet of principles or opinions which
in giniral it approves or difappi^es* ' Snictde is a^erimcUicoord-
Ing to the dodrines and fentiments of all the CfariAian thuvrttts.
With thofe who, on whatever ptincsples, have rcnounoed.Cfari^
tianity, it has been very much the cuftom to-oppofe t^afiyfiem^
at all points ; and particularly to adopt the opinion that^fiticide
is allowable, and even in fome caies a duty. ThoTe who have
fet tbemfdves to controvert this opinion, have very abfiirdly
done it on the principles of the Chnftiah rriigion, which their
antagonifts do not acknowledge ; and thofe ^Sbo defend it, dc«
fend it on principles whidi Chriftiaiis a0ed to defptfe. They
may thus fight on to' eternity ; without even coming to blows i
a common praAice among theological and moral difputants*
The Author before us is a believer; and he argues aeoord^
iogIy« This would be very proper, if Cbriftians hdd a con-
trary opinion. But, ' as thu is not the cafe, we ap|Mhend it is
fo much labour toft. He however ventures maiifully onthe
enemy's ground; and is not afraid to take up the WMpons of
philofophy and reafon. We have ieen them better wielded i
but we commend him for his courage; he cannot help bis Waat
pf ftrength.— He treats his fubjeft in the following mmiicr :
• After having defined fuicide, he (hews chat a man oo^tnot
to difpofe of a life which he has received from God, without
HIS leave; and that God ba^ not given any fuch leave^^^He,
then confiders the evils which refult from tbe nature <if things,
fliews wherein they are ufeful ; and fbennbufly combats die
opinion,^ that they, in any cafe, imply a permiffion from Qod^
to put an end to our lives. — After labouring this point through.
Ibveral chapters,- he confiders the tnfHnAs of Nature and tbe
judgments of reafon as always leading us to preferve and not to
dtftroy ourfetVes. This brings him to the pretenfiotis of ^lofe
feds of pMlofophers who countoianced or allowed of fuicide ;
peierving however his main flrength for fome modern apologies
which are thought to have done credit to this practice. The
firft oT thefe,* is'the famous apology for fuicide in the 74th of
Tbe Pirfian Liters \ the fecond is, an.apology of the fame kind
in The Sj/lem of Nature ; and the laft is an argument advanced
, in the celebrated NouvelU Hekife. We fhall give the Reader
limie part Of what the Author has here urged againft Mr.
Rottfleau.
• In the 2|ft letter of the third volume of Ehifa^ the Au-
thor reduces* the queftion concerning fuicide to this funda-
.mental propofitibn : *< To feek good, and to avoid evil, in that
Ifvhich does not injure another, is ^ ri^t of nature. When life
L 4 is
itaaevD^tovs, ^nt t gjMtio Ps>Jt$kf» p^thtU «o i
gtt rid of ift. : (f time he in xSm ^WcU a mtxioi evidbut tad
oiPtitet I tfMk it is tboi i aad il k i» t4 be over^CDed^ tha»
is no himan adioa, which aaimac be laade out to be a
.Mr«:DMma».atiirifii tlie priaaiple; botdani^ th0 ceofe-
iiautfca^ ^ Tiio f^kmiflti^ f^rt bt^ it hemt^tStM^ if \ff mi-
liir itte> ttiiderftand aot aay ^ am* fbUoar-crdatiitot ooIfY
>|it alfb^thc Betty* Foi:, tfaoagh Qad cannot ba oflEradedl
in the liaae tnanner as.taaatb^ ia o0ciKied . in, a^awloer
pecuUar to himfelf, wbaa Ua.creabiret, whptt^ be Itta^ oiade
intelUgeat ted fiee, dtie^ to encroach on hatrigbtt* to.difttejr
bi9 wiU> toeppoTe httvicw^t .ta^ iadefiaoeaefhiaa wiiaait
l-tpogptitt to jkidire, toicafim^^ tocoflficbante ; what-cMJfcooetpi
tbfmfiJi^est atid deftroyt m tbeti that umon betura^ foal tad
bodf uMitfa God httnieif hat itrmed* Thir conAa^ it aff^
five tQiUm^ net that tli makes hiM fafibr, Qfidestbiin any hurt;
Mt 4Lit viobum that order of which he is th4 Soiirc^e^ tndv . at
it «ere> .the Guardian ; degrades and de£acet in oiaii tile w6jj^
of. bitrbttfit, af which he fejeakytis; and of'whkh* Ke^loao
oogbtao dHfRofe-i at it* is tn ingratitude toitodsbite} a eeii*
taotptiof Jiis benefits^ a: rebellion againiltbe lajMta of i|is Prm*
dafteaySHid ao vfiirfiadaA of his Divirio airtiarortty'ovcr ilis czt»i>
taias*^..*.
In ihiaaian^er onr Avthoc eonfldrn this cdebrattd ktttr, tȴ
fade t piopnfHiaas and- a^mcnts. He theH dves Lord B^s
tfiSptr to tiM*wbo)e $ which mtliy of our Readers wilt <txmk
iBcra^o the purpofe^thtn aH omr- Aatbdr'd declafflUtion.
On thewteoh^ thtl boak is weH intended, and con6i2iis many
good thiogt^ bat it is not likely to be mtich read by. the wAi
iQireii of the Ltttrts P4rfonnis^ tba Sffiinu irh NatMre^ or 4i^
Art. XVI.
^*Jmi diVHumatit^i 9u, Lotrt d'un Frmi^U ij^ahli a LmAu Mmd$
fij Jmis iM frame, — The Fiiend of Humanity ; or^ t Lct^r fimn
a Fi'enchBiao In I/>Qdon to one of his ^riandt in Ffftactt I^ondaa*
De Lorme. 1773.
EVERY performonoc that tands to promote aaffMrit of ufiir
verial benevolenccv to remove religious [>rejiidiaeS tb
^ften the afperity of party wA^ to wcalun the inAkieni^. of
bi|Otry, and to unite mankind in the bondl of ^hiM tfiedvn^
(how roiich. foever th^ may difier in their frntaairitte upoii caii«
traverted points) is entitled to the candid accepuoce af tkft
Public,-— although the writc¥ aaay not have Uve ^ojbphy of a
Bayle, or the eloquence of a Voltaire* The iCtthor of tbit
Letter poilcflb what may prove afjually cHodaal njth manjt
f wad^
IF^MBfo^.^vricui; 151
fftAm^^i^ fimidicttf and ftannrtori^ of in hooeft) wdl^
w m *■ .. I a i^»^
y^n^AAON^ AtMtKOS. JpotUnii iHbi/4f lfXfC0it Gr^Mtm UiiMts
foitqru^lLqca 4t/liw^ttf indica'^it^ notis at^ J,nimod'otrpom\u .
hgrpetuit nhjtr^wty tt 'Oirfion^ LMtinam aajtcif^ ^otamuj B^^
' iifik tajparki I^Amfi lit VtlUifou^ RitU Ujlriptiomum^ itffus Suma^
\ miorwm tiftr^ttum Acmdnmie Parijunfis Sociui. Cum FrUe^ominifj.
'^fMm mm C§dk9s Mmfi^pi Utemnm ifo^M ^ Cmipm^^^
tUnihut, TfXetaphr^Ji/qut ii tirtii lliatui Lihri, — ApoUooiiift's ^avkmi
Humiricum^ Sec. By J. B. CaTpar, of the Academy of Infcriftioos
'^ and Belles Lettres. iVbb. 4to. Parii. '1773.
LE^iCPNS ex^upv^ adapce4 to {Mrtipular booka m ofi
fiogj^wr utility in f^cilitiiting the ImliiKfii of loanuag^
and expediting the pro^refs of the Tyro. But m thia ia tbetr
prioct^ and, it is ftcqiicnaly to.be regretted thai thaar.bulfc
ja To enonni>iifly and jU)hede(Uri]y fiaditd. The Ldciopn Hp^^
swricum of. Apolbmna migfat, an a proper fitai l)avli«liarie»
v€ry ufefbl (chool^book^ Inrt in. ita pceOnt An^ we ftppOB*'
bend, it will be of no geaeiai ufe. . Mta of Itaiaaof.ygimtdT
^o tranfl^tion of tba-Gnaefc fdioliafty nnd rhafa roluniM are tas
>nighty for fc^hool-boys. Tbeir^only propfr aepepfacka aft tii«
public libraries, to which the le^rnipg the^ CQfimn fuffidentl/
recon>mends them*
A E T. XVIII.^
pi3i9miairt x^iifMue ufutjtrfil d$ Maiitrf MedinJe^ cotKirnmiU Ut Vi*
getoMXt ^* Animaux it lis Mimraux qui font d^V/np in Midjcim ;
Ttmn thfiript^vnst Uufs Analjjts, hun Fertus^ Uurs Pnpriite$^ l^c»
ncu^Ufis di Mani/crits iriginanx^ it da fntilleurs Jutturs an^ewi^i^
HndemiSy tant err angers qne di witn Pttji ; aniec nnt Tahh raijpriul
di tins Iti mms qui cbaque foys a dinnh omx mftkit VigUaux^ Aki*
wuMx a Mtmraax.-^ An Umverfal Didionary^ 8tc. Svo. 4 Voln
Paris. 1773.
TH £ title of this work la fufficieat to 0iew what is con*
tained in it ^ and, aa to its merit, we need only f^y^
|}mt the. madkil iciidcr will find k aa u^ul ^d valuahle pfi«
#•
A R r;
Art. XIX.
JsUl iuuc Gau A la Cumpagmi ; .ou Traite des MalaJies Its plus c$ah
wumes ; awe d$i Oh/ervationt Jkr ks Camfes dt Malaga du PnipU^
Jkr f4^us dis Rmtde4 fi des Jltmems donfU fait U/age^ it fur csmx
\ ^u*il doit employer pour Ji fuerir des 'Rlaladie's aux futffes'ij eft 1$ phu
expoje^ quand (J' n*eft par a for fee d* avoir te Jecouri d*un Medicin^
Ouvrage frh-utile aux Tafteuri, Chirurgiens^ et Gems de la Cam*
fagne. — Advice to Country People • or, 'a Treadie conceming the
^ moft common Diftempers ; withObiervationi on fhetr Cauics, Re-
* medies, ^c ^y M. Didclot. ' i2mo* Paris. 1773.
/hr^ H E ^n^U utility of a wofk of ihK Viod, by a parfiaa of
X- knowledge^ Judgment^ and coipcrieiKe» is fuficiouly ob*
vtoua.-^Thc €«ltbrated M TiflToti we are credibly infiniDed,
Ipcaks of this A¥ts 4n terms of the wenneft approbatioO) Which,
to fay the leafH is a Very ftrong prtfuteiptiofr in its ftroar,
' %• fFe are oMipd to a friendif Om/fondknt fir the ^mgmg
Utile Article. ' .
m ' I ■ ^ > — ' '■ ' *
* * A i^ T. ' XX.
BUmens de Littcrature, txiraits deCoArs dg Belks-Lettrtf de M. VMS^
4 Batteux. Par un Prc/eJeur.'-The Eleaients of I^ilcnttiu^, ice.
* iimo* 2 Vols. Paris. 177 $•'
THIS is a very dear, diflio£t, and judicious abridgnoot of
. the Caurs de Belles- Lettres by Abbefiatteux. The Abridger
has added feve^al jefleSions herrowed.from celebrated writerst
together with fomcobfervacionscoiicepung the ftate of litera*
tlireio£ogbodt Gennanj, Italy, &c.
JllONTHLY CATALOGUE.
For F E B R U A R Y, . 1774.
Poetical.
Art. 21. An Heroic P^fcript to the Public y occafipned by their
favourable Reception of a late Heroic Epiftle to Sir JFilUam Cb»m^
* lers^ Knt, lie. By the Author of that Epiftle. 410. i s. Al«
mon. 1774;
TH £ ingenious Writer exults, with fpirit and humour« on (he
fuccefs of his Heroic Epiftle *, &c. and
' Now to the Public cuoes his grateful lays, ^
Warm'd with the fun-fliine of Sc public praifc j
Warm'd too with mem'ry of that golden time,
* ' When AUnon gave him reafon for his rhyme.'
* Glad are we to learn that this hitherto * cardefs pen/ waits bat
a pi^per call tamore ferioas employment-; and that the Writer
^ — is, and means to be his country's friend.
^ Tis but to try his ftrength that now he fports
With Chioefe gardens, and with Chinefe cAsrts ;
• " •See Review for April laft, p. 3i4»
Bat
' ^Qtifl^tcoitfitiycbiihcgrty^ftniiq/
tTrcal daager thrett*&ir Fne^dpm'f mm. ,
|f hirelin^T*»r8, in prolfitution bold, ' • .
8dl htt' as' cheaply «$' them&lves they fold ;
Or they, who hoi|oar*d by tht People's choice^. , *
^^UBft ^at People lift ntdr rel^el yoice, ,
Aod». baiely cronchiiig |br their paltry pay^
Vote the beft birthrieht of her (bi^s.sway,
Perah citation's in-bprn n^th to fly
In Hiean; nnkingly prodi£ality :
]!^or, e>r they give, dkntrfr the fmps were (pent,
So qnickly fqiiander'd, thopgh lb lately lent-^-—
' tf this thty dare ; the thandtr of his fong, *
Rolling in deep-tonM energy idong»
Shall ftrike,%ithTfti^*s dfead bok, each mifgreant'taMMa
Who, dead to doty, fenielefs e'en to fliame •
Bctra3r'd his aoantry. Yet ^ ye fiuthlefs crew, '
His Mofe's yengeance fliaU yont crim^ parfoe,
'Suetcb-yoa on iatire's rack, and bid y«Q lie
Fit garbage for the hell-hoandf Infamy.'
Boldly aftwpanefd! bot wbethet.thisthreatcaiag:dedanidon wil)
produce any greater eScQ, than the Q)d wt>xnan'9 counter blaft to
the thonder, no one c^ pronoaBce,'but«very body wiHj^efs.
^U 22. Qdi t0 thi Rigkt Hoh^ Sfinur Earl of N^tbmiiptm.
4to. 6d. Robinfon, &c. 1774*
A compliment to the Norrliampton' family ; and not indegan^
Art. 23. F$m^^ ArtiJ^i \ or^ Uharbt F'^k outwitttL 4to« I 9«
SidJey, '^774:
The flbry of this poetical naitative diiclcfret the manaer iiT which
Vit. F — wi^ duped oy the noted Mrs, G- , who, it b hero fiud»
f[>Qnd roeaas to perfnade him that (he conld procure him a ypnng
Weft-Indian wife; with a fortune of 160,000 1. Thcf Author declare^
that *- every the mioiiteft circumftance has a foundation in truth ;
that there are no flowers of invention, no embelUfliments of poccical
^ncy<; bot that all the particulars are related with the very fame de-
cree of predflon (he wiflies he ciquld add, with the faipe portion of
Tfmiuitr) tliat Mr: C^ F— x relates them hHnf<^«' We «re inclined
to credit the whole of this declaration, becaufe we find that one part
of it is flnMy tme, viz. that tharcare * wfitwen of inveationt
po embelliflimenti of poetical fl^ncy/ in this performance,
%* 4^^^^"& ^X ^^^ ^^y» ^^ ^^^^ of uiis tale, if Authors and
Pribters nvill be blabbing fuch anecdotes,' wher^ U the wonder that
Mr. F* was fo fevere upon them, in cer^in late debates about a ican*
dalous Letter : vid. Art. 50. of this month's Caulogae.
Art. 24* The Sedffcb after Happimfs \ a paftoral Drama* The
Third Edition. 8vo. is.6d. Cadell. 1773.
* It is with pleafu^ ^t fee our opinion of Mifs Mores ingenious
ooem confirmed by the public approbation, in the demand of a third
^dition : an^ i;lre attend to it a lecond time on account of a very fpi-
' ritcd epiIo#«e whfch is now added to it, and which was fpoken when
^t was perlormed by a fet Qf young ladies; an ezercife wr wooU by
aU ncims reC^mmend^ as tlie piece' is entirely calculatei to make
%^^' them
15&. •MoKTm.Y Cataloovi^ ^<^WE^«
them both fpeak aadthkk aJtb^r^m^t, mi^u A/qipfphmd zaihor
of theJlafflbler woold cxprcij it^ to imtu thur ^rgfmrU/& 9rtbetm^
sf iiocutha, «W ii ctkftrud tBur ifgorah om tie plmn cf-r$fthwitm
' In this epilogjie MUs ^ore thiu UbciaUy CDmeliACAtt berSifier-
Authors: ♦
< When moral Carter oitadies tha ftram diviA«»
Afid Aildn*s life i!owft &altleb as her liiMic
When'aH-accom^lijQi'd Kfontagae qpa fpread'^
Frelh- gathered lajucltroimd her Sbatoeipfar^'s head ;
When wit and worth sn polilhi'd Brodu uniiCy
And £ur Macaiilajr claims a Lily's riglit,
Br09iJSmo! Imttrt! tiKmril
htu as* 7^^ ^^ &«^> a^ Poem ; by J^ha HadAeftone
Wyaoe* Gent. 4t«w as,6<d. Riliif^ ^e. 17/$.
lliisisa.wiei^l^hDdfrifaiaiia rfayint offoiM )^tges in Thom«
fen's charming wotk on that fufayeft. Th^ M vdtfee tve fo nome-
roos, and the whole {o infipidf that it jseim not die kaft iaciention.
- S r- K I » (K
« Fro« taorts^uid citits tint the cMat'teiB loi^e?
^. Nov W% £bcngr,* tfty ipower I uwn, *
Bf vdlich the naiT«4b (kbSfts ii^Nik.'
Nor e^er did liS£f% lim^d (Iream
Iteflca a fiuTCT ^. ' '
S u. M «A « ••
^^ 1^ w *"" ^^* the glorious God of Light
Hi? tbrmi^ abfence with new beams dii|Jaf3»
And^r/i the mountains with his suiie^mt rays.'
Truly Hii>erAi«n^! Biit (his Author haa one degita oTteeril fb# wUch
ha ought tq have crcdiw that ha aover hat tlM hfaitinaict to take
theiiherty aCinaniiiig thoTeprincinal aatbors Irooi whom he hOtnm%
or oa whom his iipitatioAs 'are a Diiritfipie» at his atthttyffeK Fcr
this they ace indebted to him*
Art^ a6/ M Epifik UjfmmK 410* it; 6d« lUdiaidfim
atfdCob iff ^4
Half a^ctowa Bve fiMk-^Bal wtt ibrbear I the Aattotmsf want ia.
DHASXATIC.
Art. 77. The Nate of Hdnd% cr^ Trip u New-Marht. Aa k
* is afled at the Theatre in Drury-Lane. 8to. is. Becket. 177a*
We have, in this little rwo-aft piece» (bme Kyely» iauffhahle,
and juft fatire on the twf and taile gamblers. The fecona {bene
prefents a rich exhibitibn'^ of this (brt; but the reft of the piece is
much inferior, in point of huikionr and (birif,— It hatK befso iaids
that a perfon 6f rank, whb hath feiMd in a publtc chariAer* is
gtanced at in that of Ketel, who is toth ft^tafmaii 9pi jockey. If
It ba (b, the Author hith» however, Wrapped Up the allufion |b
'
* ^ Benjamin tittglheit %» i3i« advettUemcot.
MOHTKLT CATAtOGVt, JUffieBmoUS. tgj
netttyt as i^dther to ptknA the laws of |he land or o^ tlie ^age. l!Ut
fam is ^i^fcrafff gives to tKe Author df the Weft It)$an.
Art. aA.^ w^/Vx (mdQhomJUh in tii Entirtqimtnt of ihi Sylpf^si
PTp Har^^uin^s GakMi^^»zi the Theatre-Royal in Covent-Qar^
den. The Mt:ific entirely ^ew, cothpoTed I^ hfr* Fxfter« %vo.
6d. Beeket.
The chief merit of this miyiikin perfornoance confiJb in the fpright*
linefs of fome of the airs, and the oeau^ of fome of thp ibenes* for
the reft, it is well known that MooH Harle^ain is a privileged per-
ipH, and ao^cnftble to np court of cntici% m the uj^rerfe.
vfirntr Qlivmr^ lAe. Printedat BoiMi^ mA B«mfks thenm. Witji
. the Ai|emhl3^!s Addfeft, and the Procc^rdiamoC tlia t«9i44 Cm<-
mitteeofCoonciU T0ge$hep wdi^ Sitlijiiim
barn's Speech rehtbg to thoS^ ijttatn,, Sfo. ' i s. WiUde.
1774»
The nature and pi^rport of the LeH^a- heft poUaAedy affaktadf
we prrfiune, well knovoi to oar Raadess, ia ^/ma^ TJicjr teve
been retailed in moft of die news-papers ; tqgM^r wfeh fuch^ ceca-
flonal resuuks, bttaas,. iaveaifev aM aliaRqiiaoH«r.aii sfiUr fo
rtry inttrdUng to this coantrf and thfl aoloon^ cankl iM>i'ini of
producing : and nuichdo we iaar liMit Afr. Woddeitoni^Mdo* a^
tack on a thara£ler which has long, aad joiU^ been deened: an' Iwih
^our to the prefeni age, will not k theworft coairaoettce of^nmcmm
which everjr lorer <? liberty^ of Mooce» and oi mtocy auyvbnve
MaioA to be fefry for.
MiscitLANiova*
Art. 30. 4 lMirt$ Sir ffktchr pfyrtm^ Kmt. 8y«Mter of ^Hie
Hoafe of Commons, on die Petition of Thomas Da Gttjf BIqs
and others, as inferted in the Poblic 'Adverdier, on the nth of
Pebmarj^ for which the Printer waaordered to attend the ffeojb
. on the 14th. Bvo. 6d. Wheble. 1774.
The fubjed of this pamjphkt hath fb mnch oecopied the new^-
Sapers of the mondu that there is little left ibr ns to add. Nor^ iV
eed^ can any one jndge of the h€t, to which it aHodes, who was
not prefent in the now of Commons when Mr. Be Grey^s jMidon
w^ prefentcd, and thereby enabled tdi fee and hear every thing that
pi^ed (Ml the oart of the %iedlcrr, whofe behtrioor was fd grofslf
iitipeached by oie ^irited Author erf* fii LftHr : nvjk that Author /^
the Public are^ now, at np. lo^ to {nitr.
A^. 31. TbeJmnaUfa Fyagi undinakm by OrJkr§fhitprfftiH
fi^^ftji ftr makinf^ Di/cotvetks toward f hi North Fiile^ by the ffbn.
Cc«mnodore Ph|pp9, i&id Captam][.utwid^ in hisr J(ilsj|efiy's S^^fM^
B^cel^)rfe and C^arkale. Tp which isjpre$xed» an Account of .the
/everalVoj^s un^erfak^ for tlbeDifcpvcrx of a NortK-fiaft
PafTag^ tdChiAa and japan, 8vp.; t si» 6 d.' Newbeiy. 1774.*
This appears to be th^ rea( JPDfnal of fomf perfbn pa board oa^
•{.thaih|p$ abp)M!-9i^otV>nedi, an4 it contains many curioos parti-
•^ars } cg^e.of vd^iqb^ hPweirer« if incrfdU>l^ via. Tfa^ about lai.
'ip.dcg. 47 mil). }{* aud ipng. 21 d^g. ip min.. £aft fipm London,
ti^ jQjiet with itars'on the ice» * larger than the largeft oxtn I** Pet-
'. * ■ ' haps
Biq^ the mug^iiait of tfaefe aoimak was in prtxpot^Qn ipi di« tiaf
preffibns they made on the JooromlUI, when tVy; pafled ii review
befere^m* — Capt. Phipps's o>y,9vaQcoQnt of this voyage is expeded;
hnd we are informed that the PHblic wi]I foon be gratified with it.
Art. 32. MerMire petit 4j/w, par Moiy Louis Dg hrancds^ CofhU
it Laurapuus. — Coast Lauraguais's Memorial^ &c« 8^0* 1 s« 6 d.
Elroflcy. 1773.
The ilxial aod decent fentxmexlts of hofpitality and refpeft due tof
ji foreign nobleman, who has honoured this coantry with a partica-
lar mttachment, would preclude ua from every indulgence of the ri-
fible Vein, were there any (borces for fuch indulgence in his pamphlet.
^The particulars of apriratfe qiiirrel can hardly be conijdered as an
t)hjed oif public critidsmi ; tndAive have nothing mdre to a^, thaia
to expreff our very natnrni wiiiesf that the palladium of libscty*
wMchi in thif nobkama'a idety doe» • as .ib omch honoor*^ may not
bemworferepdrthiabentprefencieppofesitt 1
Religious aid Co mtro vik Vi Al/
Art. 33^ A, Pf^akal Difcm^ ^. tbei mral UJi$ md Obligations of
Maptifiit^ deiigsed toi tffift ft ierbosandjadicioas Obedience to it^
lamo. 6d« johnibn* iTyj* . . «
This little tnA nppean tt> be wAtcen by a piooic nian^ whoffe in*
temios 11^ as he espaefle»it» * tg> promote the f rascal jf/hoi, chrif*
tian bftpttik by ex|d^ing./A<ifei,v and by. infiibng on the obligati^
ioobfenrtk•^ Heisan advooatcleriz^ baptifm» and it is quefti-
onaUe whedier he would allow that of ii^anti to be. called by the
naaie^ end^hnugh he profefo to ^oav^^evcry. thing of a controverfial
natore, he cannot avoid Ibmetimes propofing a few queilion^ on the
pdukt : this, howeven* appears toi^, done with moderation bj^ can*
dbnK* ImMtgmg the ob^ervanpeof thi^ fite, h^ (i^pofes that ibme
perfims may negledl it thrdugh a 4enfe of ihame ; and here we have
the ibUowing pafl*^ge/ which we iniei^ without tlunking it ncfcei&ry
to add any remark concerning it : * The onlyi-eafon we can alledgef
lor our ihame mufl be this ; that it wants the fandion of the genera-
lity and jtbe great. By this tlie beit caufc frequently fuffers : to this
it b owing that the caufe of libertir daily lofes its fupport among the
Proteftant DiiTentersin general ; when the wealthyt when perfons fif
dUtiagoUbed nuM^ and who make a figM^e in the polite world, when
foch forfake any caufe, they draw numbers atter thein» who are
aibamed to appear on that fide wluch the great, the noble and the
faftuonable ha^^ d(:ferted. Uenc^ it is, that a rite, teafonable, irfd-
ful, dnd divine, is negleded by thofe that fecretly avow its (acred
aothority. Tl^gb the generality bluih not^' in c6mpliance witli
cftabliihed formaf and the pradice of the many and the great, ab-
fordly to promife what an in/ant mall believe atid^radtife, even ifien
of ienfe and judgment are not afliamed to ufe ^d join In (Ht office of
iflfina haftija^ as retained in the Church of Englahd, thou^lf ib
nauch weakneis. abfiirdity# and lionTehfe, (I fpeak with ^regret; run
through itf But tHe inftitutioii of baptiim^ a^ it lies in the New
TeAament, is not fiable to any fuch charge/
Though numbers of chriiUans Will not entirely Hgfee with thft
Aathor, in his account of the natuit of baptifm, and of its fubje^',
yet every pious perfen will approve of his praftieal obfervations and
MoMtHLy Cataloguc, Religious^ (Sc. tSif
ftdvket which reqaire the Tcry careful attention.of thofe whoare
arrived at years of maturity withbut having becli baptized.
AR*r. 34. jfn jkcoum tf4he Ckeafivn md Dtfign <f tbiptfiti^
inftitutims of Cbrijlsanlty. Extraded from the Scriptures only.
By Richard Amner. 8vo. at. Buckland, 1774^
From the flcknowrled|;ed dependence of Chriftiafiity on the Jewiih
religion, this Writer fuppofes that the fofiHn/i hj/Htniiomi of the
chtifiian ibhbitie may be illuftrated by viewing thenr in conuedUon
widi thofe of the Mofaic difpenfatioiif which they raoft refemble : ai-
lufions of this kind have fometimes been carried to fmKifbi indextr**
vagant lengths ; but Mr. Amuer confiders. his fiibjed. in a more rth
tional and intelligent manner. He writes with caution' and* modc^,
and apjpears very fdlidtous to advance nothing for which he has ncc
a fuffiaent foundation. The Lord's Supper is naturally contraft^
with the ordinance of the paffover ; tha Lord's Day with, the Jewiii
fabbath ; and here we ob(erve» that he lays no ftrefs on the in&itu«
tion of the fabbath immediately after the creation. His reafon for
this is given in the following lines : — * Suppofing the books of the
Pentateuch to have been reduced and difpofed into that fotm in which
tft^iow have them, by either Samuel, or any other and later Prophet,
to whom the fabbath was not unknown, (fee Sil^ Ifitac I^^ewton't ob-
fervations on Daniel, ch. i.) would it not be reafbnable to believe that
fnch an account of the creation was purpofely pfefixsd, as was am-
formable to it, and would tend to enforce the obfervation of it ?
And the argument will be much the fame even though Mofes were
allowed to oe the writer of them.' •
But this Author chiefly enlarges on the fubjed of chciAtan hte^
nhAf which he fhppofes to* have fhcceeded the bapciAi of Ptofelytca
-among the Jews. He illuftrates ftvbral paflktesiof Scrmtare in tba
coorfe of his argument, and offers fbme pertTnent co«6«efmtions» to
fatfsfy the mind of the Reader in relp^ to the praAice of iafiuit
baptifib. This pamphlet is, on the whole, to be regatdcd as a fjen^*
fible and ufeful performance. **
Art«3S. J farewell Addfift tc ihi Pnrijhiomrs of CatUrki. By
'fhepphilus Lindf^y, M.A, 8vo. 6d. fohnfon. 1774;
This fmall traft, the Author ifkfbrms us. In his prefixed advertife-
xnent, was drawn up folely fbr the ufe of a cotfittry parifh, and
never iiit^ded to go beyond it ; but thatthe kind reception it mot
with there, from an afie£lionate and grateful people, and thmir ««>
teiipg fointireiy into ther canfe and ftrbjed cf it,— added to the fug^
geflion of ferioas friends, that it might be of fbme general oie,— •
has been an inducement to make it more public. /
We have already fboken * fo largely concerning Mr. Lindfcy'c
'AfMoiy, that it will be fafficteat to add, with regard to the prefent
ducourfe, that,it is plain, ienfible, and pathetic ; and that the pious
Author writes with fuch an apoftolic fimplicity, huo^iUty, and a£»
ftdion» that we cflnnot wonder ft his pariihioners having been
greatly moved with this farewell Addrefs of .their confcientioos-anAi
•flccellent paftor. . 7^
■^^^T" . " - " ' ' " "- ' — ■^*— %
* In the Reviews for the lad and prefent month.
"' * S ERM'O l^ 8.
f i6o ) '
SERMONS.
L Jti^elafitm tbt moft ejft&ial Means of €iitiJi*if^ and ftformhg Mm'
i^iii.— -Preacbcfl before the Soeiety in Scotland for propagating
ChrifHan Knowledge, at their Anaiveffary Meetiog, Jan. f, 1773.
By Robert Henry^ D. D. ttvo* 6 d« Printed at fidinbui;gh, aad
ibid by CMk. UmAm.
' The iflnporiMMa^ aW a&fuUi«r9 of divine revelatioii vst, hue jn^
' ^ionfly ftated, eBibrced, and fktwm to be the noil efl^aal meaiu
«! ealtghteiuaf men in the knowledgt of religion, and 9X the iaqv
-tbne amvinciig them of its troth, and perfuading thei^ to tht prac-
«ooofit.
H. A Charge and Sermon delhrcred at the Ordination of thp Reiu
Mr. John Da^id, Oft. 7, 177 3» at Fromc, Somed^tftiire; the
' Charge by Daniel Tornef, M. A. the S^mon by Caleb Bvaoi,
' M.A. 6d. CadeO.
jn. Com^lp9n u poor CbiUrpt, ncommended^ from the Bxamfh tf^^
r^'s DoMghtit. — At the Mcefing-Houfe in St. Thohias's, 'Sooth-
wark» for ^c Benefit of the Charity-Childfen in that Place, Jan.
I >^ 9774* By Samoel Palmer. 6d. Buckland.
JV; Th€ $m99tmgh^ Fro^a thai niigiom hihetty veiU ie tttUrgodr
codidcsed and applied to .the Cafo of the Proteftant DiSonmn ;
in a Sermon preached at Kidderniinfter, Nov. ^, 177}* By B^
UoBin Fawcct, KI. A» 6d.. Sotkland.
The encouraging profped exhibifttd to. the view of Mr. Pawoeit**
jnidlence at IQddMniafter, is that of thf late happy progmis «f re*
IfgiMa feeedon thronghoot Iba ChrilbaA world in ^o^yMi4 i»Mr
own coootry is ptrtieolar. The dlindid aad liberal fpiiit of tb« ft^
lent agflit ytUfL pimUed by tkit Picicher. He bath tai^in occ^ite
toiat^oae aa account of the Pifibntera late i^)plicatiofi t0 MttUi-
-oicat ; and hm /eemt to onte^taia Arong bopet of furore ncpi^^
ihould his brethren nnite in the renewal of their coiinitvtio»al ef>
deavoors t0 fref tbenfelvet from ihofe legal reftrainu wbicb tlyry
deem incompatible with tbeir Chrifljan liberty. Thece it a beboadif
moderatiott m ^11 diftouffe ; which will be read with iattsfaOioB
by thofe tmfifkm Diftntcnr whd are well-wifliers to tbe caaje : a^i
k can give n^ offi^Ncts v«a fappofe» |o the ooprejndictd meamo 9f
MTdtubltAadtbttroh.
V. Preached in die PaitA Chnrcb of NeiaAMtfjr, lei4ei» ^lu 14,
17^4^ at tfte Pmeml of die Her. JoImi Govee, U^B. f^^Smm^
Winchefter. By tiM %ff9. Thomas Peoreie, Cacmie ofMiwlmft
^o. Wfikei*.
This Mef oratSM (Ibr the difeooffe is not a Anf omO ntfri^ ApAe
dtftiuftion from the obmmon ran of Ameral iennoAs, on acooiKit of
its Aiferior dni:)iien6e» it Is mtionalty pbui> and Ibbedy pathedd^
nnd ^lle t^e Antbor im fofirdentiy ntiendttl Co the pnofmcf of
*«iuyttt1otf, be has not toil fight of tint plaiinnefc wrfitcb 4ai!.r angt^
to bring down poipit-diicoorfes to the level of comoMm cafneMtrs**'
fllQlb in ^hich .the^ pmcher fiwi strnve vnfgaf ^jncluutfuny mw
leldom (bund to be e)ctenfiveiy nfelUt andait gennmlf tt» 6e r»-
gatdedni UtUcJMKter cbao ** founding btafs» ot a dsUsag cjrodMik*
fmitif ■*> fciu'Wii
f I
MONTH LY K E V I£ W,
= For MARC H, 1774.
thi Lives and Writings of imiutmt Ferfrms^ in Gnat Br$t€sin Mud iff
, Umd\ fromWickUffey who began theRefbraMtioqbyhisWriuogSA
CO the preientTiroe: IVhether Statefmen/PatjiotSi^ Generals, Ad-
mirals, Philofophers, Poets, Lawyers, or Divines. In which the
* feverat Incidents and remarkable. AfKons of their Lives, and the
Particolarities of their Deaths, that could be colleded fromHiilory,
' Family Memoiniy aad RecoKl*, are ^elatisd $ a Catalogue of their
, WiidngB giiren, wkh occafiMMd Remarks; and their CharaA«r$
» delitouad.. with FjDcedom and. Impamaiity. 8vq« 6VQif. liL
1 1 8. 6 d. Boards. Baldwin^ 4(Cii '773>
\T ha$^b^h ftki that * of the various kinds of fiaffafite wrf*
Jl 'tTng, Mography is that which is moft eagerly read, and moff
«a(ily applied to the purpofes of Fife/ Perhaps this is true ;^
bnt wfe ufc the hrffHrfTenting perhopSy becaufe the writer of othei*
branches of hlftorv maj conteft'tfae point of popularity^ at
MA,' ifn^t^^ttitfty alfo, with the biographer; notwit)ift;ind-
m^ the piefef^riec |iven to the latter by the iriget^ious Author
^f itie^fDieK, Nd. §4. ♦ TTie exaniples,' fays he, ^ and kvcnts
of htffiopy preC^, indeed, upon^ the mind, with the weight of
truth; but wbert'thcy-arcrcpofitcd in the- mcmqrjr, they are
dftcnef employed for fliew than uft, and rather drverfify con-
Wrfetiott than tcgirfate life. Few are engaged m, foch fccnetf
as give ttiem <ipporturiitics of growing wifcr 'by the downfe'll
of ftatefmen, or. the defeat of generals. The ftr^tagems of
war, and theintri^cs of courts, are read, by far the greater
part of mahkiffd, with the fame indifference as the adventures
of fabled hemes, or the revolutions of a fairy region. Between
ftMifeodd iniib!«Mefo truth there is little differei^ce. As gold
wbieb iM'CMHot Tpeiid will ntake no man rich, fo knowledge
Wbich l*e catHiot apply will make no man wife.*
^-Ypi.. L* J^ Should
x62 Sriiijb Bi^aphf.
^booM we tdmtt all that ^tttm in die precdtiig paragr^,
ts folid, fterling truth,— to which, however, we do not find
ourfelvet wholly inclined,— ^et- it will not fuffice to determine
the queftion, with refpcft to the claim of biography to the pre-
ference of mankind ; fince, as ev9n the iame wriner acknoW-
ledgiSi iA lh#> faan paper, ^ He who wfitet the life of anodie»%
i# either i»s friend er his eoem^ ao4 wiflies eitbei ta eaalc
his praife, or ag^vate his infamy ; many temptations to £alfe«
hood will occur m the dtiguife of jM^ons, too fpecious So fear
much refiftanoer Love of viktue will animate panegyric, and
hatred of wtckednefs Embitter cenfure. The zeal of eratitude,
the ardor of patriotifm, fondnefs for an opinion, or fidelity to
a party, may eafily overpower the vigilance of a mind habi-
tually well*4ifpofed, and prevail over unaffifted and unfirieodcd
veracity.'
As to the man who writes of himfelf, what deviations from
the dired line of- truth will n6t the bve of felf, and love of
fame, lead him into! What impartiality of decifioo can we ex-
ped from htm who fits in judgment on his own caufe I What
excufes will he not find to palliate his mifcondufi, and bow
fpecioufly will be explain away every adverfe fad, in ^ologi-
zing for his errors !
But leaving this point of precedency to be fettled by thofe
who may think it of importance enough toinerit their attemioB,
Ic^ us proceed to the publication which bach giten rife to the
foregoing curfery obfervations, -
In the aStb volume of our Review, in giving an aoconnt of
die ^ New and General Biograpbtcal DiSiooary,' we recom-
mended the chron$kgual method to the compilers of biographi-
cal fyftems, and enumerated the many advanta^ which wouM
give it a manifeft fuperiority over the alphabetical form, if pro-
perly executed. The Author of the work befiiire us hath fo br
puriued our plan, as to prefer this method tQ Aat of a dic-
tionary s juflly obferving that * the lives of perfons who were
cotempbr^ries with ,each other, are beft read together* aa one
frequently throws light on another j*— and with regard to the
advantage claio>ed by the dflfiaiaical order, from the fecility
of turning, at pleafure, to any particular life, tl^t circuroftance
is eafily nipplied, as it is in the Britijb BUgrafby^ by proper in-
dexes.
As oar Author's defign is confined to the edebration of thefe
illuftrious perfons wbofe names do honour to tl^is country, or
* Which is the cafe with the greater numbep ofhsagraphicai «ri«
ters ; fer» comparatively few are they who calmly aad vol^ttcariiy
fit down CO review their own lifei, for the adntoniuoa of pofterky.
te
Id our fiftcNifl^d, lie is particulary folforitou^ (o fet iftnth tfaa
advantages of his plan.
• < It n pertiept; A(y^ he, ito Aationtl partiality to afl^t) that
BO country lias^prodiiced a greater nultiber of ifieb^ diJKngutffaed
by devaited gefltot, ofr exalted virtue, than Great Britein and
Ifdand. A pbruAt, therefore, of the lives ^ fiich excettmt and
iUttftriotts men^ nftift htfve a natural tendency to excite ia us a
geiiecout emtflatfon,' and to animate us to the moft worthy and
kuidable purfuits.' The ftatefman may be excited toiipire after
» greater degree<of political knowledge, and to inveftigate the
means of promoting in the befl manner theinterefts of the ftate,
over which he it appointed to preiGde, by the examples of a
WALsiifaHAM and a Burl£IOh. The divine, the lawyer,
aiid the phyficiin, -may all be excited to aim at excellence in
their feveral profefflons b^ the examples of a Barrow and a
TiuoTsoM I a Coke, a Hale, and a Holt $ a Harvey, a
&rusNHAftr, and a -Mead. The feamin and the foldier may
be animated to the purfuit of miKtary honours, by the heroic
a<9ions of a Blake and a Marlborouor^ and tbedifime-
irfled paCriot, who feels' fm* the honour and the intereft of his
Goontry^ and* who is a sealous advocate for liberty; and the
common rights of mankind, may be animated by the imble ex-
anpiea of a Havvden, a RtJseEL, ^ Marvu, and a Syd-
KiY^ And the^man of tetters and philofophical inquhy may
l^oidcited to afpM after literary and^feienttfic eminence, by
t)tr iaroortal iabours of a MiLtow^ a Bm:ok, -a Boylb, a
NRwrosr, aod«f'LoeKi. t > ...:;..
. * But it ia 4Kit eminenee in atnft,' in arts, or in fcience
only, ^arweinspy be taught to afpire aAer^ in thie peruAl of
^ lives x>f the teoft eminent of our countrymen. It may alfo
ilimulatrus to aim at the acquiiition of wtM k of ftill more
value and importance, and at the fame time univerfally attain-
able. Moral JExceUencew it is not in the power of everf man
to be a great ftatefinan, general, or philofopher | Init every
ikian may cultivate and prai^ife temperance, integrity, henevo-
lence, md humanity. :: He who cannot enter into any compe-
tition with ;tho(e who have difttnguiOied themfelvts by iheir
wit, their eloquence, or their learning, may at leaft learn to
imkate their virtues. And eren the' met of bad n«en, fuch
whofe eminence of fiation or abilitiet have -rendered their ac-
tions fufficiently important to be proporly introduced in a work
of this kind, may be read with coniiderable advantage. , The
deformity of vioeg u well u the beauty of virtue, is b^ ex-
hibked in real ,charaAera i a juft reprtfentation pf which muft
havea naturataandency to excite in- ui^ a love and dleem for
the one,, jind an hatred and contempt of the other. We can-
not read the lives of BoNNBR, of Gardiner, or of Jeffb-
M a JUifi^
I«4 ^^^fi Bffigraphf;
KISS, mtbpiit fedtog a juft 4ftcftttioii «f bigotry* relent
pcrfecudoiit uiiufticC) and cruelty/
. The oni^ef tal4 for a work of ihia kind are gbviooa and am-
ple : the Ggmrd Didi^wy^ in ($a voloioeH folia i xh^BUnrjtm
fhiA BfitM^mca$ in (tnn /olios ; the Ntw Gmiml BitgnftAu^
Di&mmys ia twelve vols. 8vo. Befida which, the Author aC*
fiiret tiiy that ho bath had recourie to ^ ibme hundred voluoaca
of iingte lives^ and hiftoricai and biographical coUe£Uoni i ke^
fide oeoafionally making ufe of coanufcripti, paitdcularly thofe
in thtfirittfli Mufeum* whea he could meet with any chat werft
adapted toihi9 purpofe.*
From the fuwlarity of this defign with that of former bio^
graphical coUeStionsy thofe. who are acquainted wt&. the arte
of aothorlhipt partioularty in the comptlattop^hranch* and in
the UKxtie of ptriojieai * publication, may be apt to fufped diat
theliyea in tbi9 work are little more than a mere abridgment
of thoAi in the BiigrapHa Britanmcai but, fo fisu- as we couki
feare tiose for comparifon^ this does not feem to be the eafe.
Our Author haa, in general, exercifed hisnatural right of think-
ing smd fptaking for himfclf i in conieqoence of iriiich, where
the materiala \xM in common, both by him and by his prafe-
ce&ra^ are drawn from the fame fource, we frequently find the
accounts to be^circumftanti^ly -difiercn^ ; fifi» are exhibked in
diiFerenft lights. ; and many mtftakes of feroMr writers are oor-
redod.. "Uiere is, moreover, 9» nierit allumed by the Author,
aa pctttUtf to this.worki ^d .which we arcvindeed,.oonTiiiced,
that none of our more voluminous produAtana,lnfthi»fiime branch
of litemture^can boaft^ vis*, tbait being wholly compiled by om
/fr/#9, ^i| wiU there^ probably be found ttrhsve an unifor*-
oiity of lentirocott with regardno p^rfiina and things, the want
of whicik hath been .complained of, iit fomft peecedmg woilcs of
tbckjnd^'-; . . - ^ '
. Thepotntof ttmeat wWch thia performance. commences, ia
the age. in whidi the celebrated Wicklifie:.iiappily paved the
way for the PcPteftapt reformation : the Ifejofrtbb great foun-
der of our reirgioua libertict ftanda fir& in .the coUeSicm. We
ajces however; fomewhatrfurpriiied tbi^ thai AMthot.did not ^
a( little farther back, apijt. hegiA with that, ilhiflriuM omameoc
of Britain, Friar Roobr Baco* i who is jufliy to* be re-
tr ■ ' ■ ■ .1 -■ - • ■ ■ ' t.i ■ ■- ^ •
• The prcftnt work Las bccir .pubfiflicd in mbntlily nombcrs, as
well as in diftsa^ voltoniet. It iar ftvcral years fince tbc firft volome
appeared; the.ftcond was painted in lyod^^^ad thl^ third in 1767.
U is now advanced as.fiff as the ibth y and wr.wA 'giirea to underw
fiend that ^e. undertaking will be oojapkaaei in ^two moier—
cpniideced as i!^ work of oaa ^iuSm x>alyj gyeairJabMiv aa wdl as
time, mffi^ve been emgl^y.^ ^^ tbif ^;B^i)cai;n(* . .
, ' garded
Srki/b Slpgmpifi its
garded as the father of tcientein this coavtrfi afld'whofe m«^
tiius was fcarceequalled, erei^ by that 6( hisi great' ttame£rict mr
Lord Verulam. He might have availed himfelf of a verj jodi-
cioiis compeodium of the life of this wonderful man, in a work
entitled^ TbilAirmy^ written by a fociety of learned and inge*
nious nien> whofe labours were too good for the age in which
th^ appeared •• '
A very (hort extrad from this work may ftiffice for a fpeci*
flten of the Author's manner, and mode of thinking i titt. his
charafier pf Jlrchbijbop Laud. *
* — — He was, undoubtedly, a Aian of coitfidcraWe iearn-
ing f and abilities ; but was, notwithAanding, in m^rny fefpeifis,
extremely weak and fuperftitious t* He was alfo of a very
warm,
llil' I ' II l" ' |1 II > i' I I I 1 IB I ■ ' I I I ■ .1 .,
* This work was t>ablifhed, monthly, in the years 1761 and 1762 1
and was difcondnued for want of (ale, at a time when many thou*
fands of the moft worthlefs magazines were, like Coryafi CrMdities^
fagerly gohhM up by the taftelefs publii:.
* t The very ingenious Author of the RamBler, iri'hxs poem, 'e^i-
titled, «• The Vanity of Human Wifhes,^ has the following lines ;•
** Nor^deem, when learning her lail prize bellows
The glitt'ring eminence exempt from woes ;
Sea when the vulgar '(cape,. defpis'd or aw^'d.
Rebellion's vengafal talons feize on JjAii^d'.
From meaner minds, thoagh^naUar fines ooateut
The plander'd palace, or SqiiaJNr^d itot^
Mark'd out by dangsroaa |>ans he meets the Ao^
And fiital learnii^ leiads him to the bl0ck :
Around his tomb let art and genius weep^
Bat hear his death, ye blockheads, hear and deep/*
* We have the higheft eAeem for die talenu, the Wiitings, atid the
charader of Dr. Jdhn(cfn. But we are notmthftanditig of opinion,
diat vfk thefe lin^s he has not imputed the death of Laud to the real
caufes. It is on the contrary ^tsy evident, as we apprehend, that it
was the adtvity of that Prelate in momoting arbitrar^^HYeafores of
government, h« abfordKeal for trmilig^ cerenonies, hxsvidlent and
vnjttft prooeediBgs m the (bur chamber, aiid hi|^ commifflbn courts,
and other partioSars of this ktnd, which brou^t l&hn tb the block ;
and that it is not by any means his ge.nius or his ^arnitig, to which
his untimely end can with propriety 'be attributed.'
* I Of this his DiAitr aflfbrds very pregnant infbttices, fome of
whi^ we -fliall ibtoft for the entertstHimeat bf the reader. He was
particularly attentive to his dreaips^ ^atiy of which be kath recorded
witk mat eare and'esta^cfi. The -following paitages are taken
from me edtcionef hfs Diary, puhlfthed by Hen. Wharton, in 1695.
•* sfta^. Dec. ^4* SundaynightylnKd dream that the Lord Keeper
was dead ; that I pafled by one of kis ttten, that was about a qionti-
iheatforhim: that I heard him fay, his lower lip was infinitely
M 5 fwelied
\ i6( J^*# Bipgraphj.
4irtrm, haftyt and palSonatp temper; 2nd of 9^ dlfpontion fdme^
Whatvlndi^Ve 1 but, in otb^r refp^s, his private life appeart
fwelled ibd feUen, and he rotten afaready. This dream did trouble
me* i . . "
•* 1625. Joly 3. Sunday, in my deep his Majcfty KiQg James
appeared to me. I &w him only paffing by.fwiiUy: He was of a
plezUant and fetene countenance. Jn paling bei faw me, beckoned
to me^ fmiledy and was immediately withdrawn from my fight.
** Aug. 21. That night, in my fleep, it ieemed to jne, that the
Dttke onBuckiDsham came injto bed to me ; where be behaved hini^
ielf with great kindnefs towards ine, after that reft, wherewith wearie4
perfons are wont to ' fdaCe themfelves. Many alfo (eeiiied to me 't6
enter the chamber, who hw thu.
*' Not long baforc, I draaaied that I iaw the Datcha^ of Backing
ham, that excellent Lady, at Erd very much perplexed about her
hnlband, but afterwards cheerful, and rejoicings that (he was freed
from the fear of abortion, fo that in due time Sit might be again a
mother.
^* Sept 4* Simda>[. The night following I was very much troubled
In my^ dreams. My imagination ran altogether upon the Puke of
Buclungham, his lervants, ' and fomily. All feemed to be Out of
order : thatthe Dotcheis was ill, called for her maids« and took her
bed. God grant better thin^.
** Sept. 26. Sunday. That night I dreamed of the marriage of I
know not whom at Oxford. All that were prefent, were cloatbed
with floorifliing green garmeott » I knew none of them but Thomas
Flaxnye. Imm^attly after, without any iatermiffion of fleep (that
I know of) I thought I faw the Bifiiop of Wercefter^ his head and
Ihoulders covered wkh linen. He advifed and invited me kindly, to
4well with them, markingouta place, where the Court of the Marches
ofWalea was then held* But not ftaying for my anTwer^ he fub*
joined, that he knew I could not live to meanly, Sec
" 1626. Aug.^ 25. Friday, Two Rpbin-red-bre^fts flew together
through the door into piy ^udj, as if one purfued the othei;. .That
fudden motion almoU ftartled jyie* 1 was then, preparing a fermpn
on Ephef. iv. 50,^ and Hudying.
** Jan. 5. Epiphany £v^y. and Friday. In the ni^tl dreamed*
that my mothert long fince dead, Stood by my bed, and drawiog
afide the clothes a little, looked ^pleafantly upon roe ; and that I was
glad to fee her ^yith fo inerry an afped. She then (hewed to me a
ceruin old man, long fince deceafed ; whom, while alive, I bot)|
Icnevif and loved. He ieeme^ V9 i|e opon the grqi^nd ^ merry enough,
but with a wrinkled coqntenance. Uis name was Grove. WhQe X
prepared to falote him, I awoke.
** 16^. Feb. 12. Tuefday nighu I dreamed that K. C. was to
be marned to a Miniiler's widow ; and that I wfis called upon to do
it. No fervice-book could he found ; and in my ow^ book, whidi
I had, I could iiot £nd the order for marriage.
t/bkhzitt been firee ftom fCBRncb^rtlioagh weican'find in hit
a^ons but very few evidences of that immjeksB: yi&Tutt
which Lord Clirendon sttribotiBs to him. He was of very ar-
bitrary princtples both in Chureh. and State; extremely adive*
in the promotion of the moft' illegal an4 ttefpatic rtneaftires o£
government! and inclined (o very fevere methods jn ih^ eccle-
fiaftical courts^ «l^ciaMy againft the PuKtans,aDd all whotnade-
any oppoiitioo to the dodrines or ceremonies eftabliihcd by au«
thority. As to his theological principles, though he could not
with propriety be termed a Papift, it is neverthelefs certain^
that he waa a great favourer of many of the dofb-ines main*
tained by the Chuix:h of Rome ; and that the religion which he
li&boured to eftablifh^ partook largely 6f the^ natnre and ^genius
of Popery. Though he Would not probabljr have'ct^fen, that
England fhould have been brought into fubjedion to Sie Pbpey
• *' 1640. -JaB« t4« Friday. Atjughtl dreamed that la^ father
(who died forty-fix y^s fiQce) caaie to me ; and* td'niy tmaldagy
he was as well, and as cheeifuly as ever I faw him* He a&ed me*
what I did here ? And after fome fpeecb, I aiked him, how loog he
would ftay with me? .He anfwered, 1i^ would flay till he had me
away with him.' I ^od not fnoved with dreams ; yet 1 thought fit to
remember this. ' / '
^ 1642. Nov. 2. -Wedeefday Hirtt. T dreamed the Parfiament
was removed coOxfohl^; theChufch mdone: (bme old Courtiers
came in to fee me, and jeered : t^went to St. John's, and there I
fonvA the roof of fiom fome part$ of the cbll^e^ and the w»lb clcftf
and ready to fall down. God be jmp^fM.
** Tuefday, Simon and Jade'i^Rve^ Lwent into ay upper fbdy»
1)rd, In
to fee fome manu(cHpts which 1 was fending to Oxford. In that
ftudy hang my pi^nre, taken by th^ life ; and coming ]fi» I fbnnd
it fallen down opon the face, and lyifcg on the floor, the firing being
broken by which it was hanged againft the wall. I am almoft every
day threatened with my ruin in Parliament. ' Qoo grant this bt no
omen.
** On Wednefday, Sept. 4, 1644, as I was walhing mv firce, my
90ie bled» and foaoething plentifoUy, which it had not done, to my
remembrance, in forty years before, fave only onct, nod that was
jail the fame day and boar, when my moft h^onrable friend dio-
Lord Dake of Bockiogham was killed at Portimonth, myielf being
then at Weftminfter. And npon Friday, as I was wafhing after din*
ner, my nofo bled again. I t^ank God I make no fnpemitinas oh*
fervationof this, or anything elfe; yet I have ever ufedtomark
what and how any thing of note falls to me. And here I after came
to know, that npon both thefo days in which I bkd, there was great
agitation in die Jionfe of Commons, to have me fentenced by oi^
dmance ; hot both times pat off, in mgard very few of that Honje
had heard either my charge or defence's—See Diary, p. 7, ao» aa^
?3» «4i 35» S^f S7i S9t 64* and ^ai.*
M 4 bi
i6S* LhiS9fESas4/bm^,^f^midMr:rrtllimLi^f
h* appMmdrvtry defiroosroflmiiB himSdf cbji* Sovtrdgfl R»^
triareh of thfee kbgdoms/ . .
iTfae fixth of Aefe .Tolames: lirifig) the work dow» to tba
daet of Baytoy Drydent Soutliv TQlocToii, lie. and we m«ft
not forget to obfenre^ that to tmnj of thelif«s are prefixed
prints of the perbas who are the fubj^i^ of the refpedWe nar-
ntives ; which are chiefly bopied from Houbra^o and Vertue'^-
heads of illuSrious men >: and they are not ill engravefi.
* ^^ % ' p ' ' ' ' ? ' ' ' ' >
Aar. 11. Th Uvu •/ thrf$ mim»t JtOgpiaria^ Eliot Aflmtii^ MAy
,ai$d Mp4 Ifittiam Liilj. • WiiMen 1^ thfemielres* With Lilly *€ life
aod Dfath of CkarUs the tirfi ; aad feveral oc^aTipnal Letters, BjF
^Cbar]Le»R«fman/]^rq; nfiyficUt* 8vo. 68. ]>ayies,^ ^774^
THE title of Eminnd Jfrtiawny^is^no doubc^ juftly be«
-Aowed-^n the celebrated Mr. Aihmole; *ot we are not
/o well fadsfied vriA Lilly^s preeenfuHU to {9 honourable* a dif-
tiodioD. Lilly was rather a cp^futer thzn an antiquary ; in the
former charafier he fhone confpicuous among^ the nomerouH
herd of aftmlog;^r8, 'who flpurifted intbis country/ inthe ear-
lier patt^of. the 1 6ih century ; and was far from being cohfi-
jdered in- the fame 'contemptible light with the Gadburys and'
C}i\ffipgpB$y and other f uac|fs and foctooOftelleca of thoie days.
We finii (,bat he was vifited apd patroni;^^ by/uqh men aa
AAmolot. ai\d Bulibxxle Wbttdocke ; and waa, indeed, cooiiH.
dered as.a.man.of ^eal karniiig, in. an age wherein aftroiogy
ftill maintained its footing afKM^ the fciences^ although it hath
fia^e '^b^^^ m^ft defervedly^ knghed and fimijhii into anhi-
MatioH. V -: :- .
But 4lfAbugh Lilly was certainly an impoftor *, in his aAro^
logical capacity^ in commoitwith tbe reft of his Hvln^ng frater-
nity, yet be, defei'ves to be (confidered as a man of letters ; and
we mud do him the juftice to gcknowledge, that in his MeouMra*
of Charles L we meet with many curious ob&rvations on the
chara6ler atid conduft of that unnappy prince f and thit if we
ftrike out the nonfenfe about cafting ^ures, and calculating
hativitieS) this trad may be read with as much fatisfxdion as
fome of the more celebrated hiftorjes, and yrith lef$ danger of
being milled ; for Lilly appears not only to havp been firiQly
r^ ^ ^ '^ — I : \ [ ' ^ ^
* Lilly» throoghoat his Memoirs, U^ very liniouily aHbrts the iiti*
lityand dignicy of his profeffion, that (bine havetbooght he realllf
believed in it lumfelf. We doubt not, howei^er» that he aded, in-
this refpad» Kke many J^nefi men befide, who have no idea of be-
traying the fecrets of a cra/t by whibh they and their brethren obtain
pot only i^iir nuiaitb^ but the elleem and reverence of mankind.
' ' - ' ' iropartial|
tMiS §fEBa$ AJbmhi EJqi and Mr. iTtBam Lilly. 169
impartialt but alio to ha?e been very well informed, — fo far z$
he pretends to the knowledge of fads, or charaflers.
With refped to the worthy fouhder of the Afhmolean Mu-
feum at Oxford, his diary.may be regarded as a curious Speci-
men of diofe private journals which it was the fafbion, in thofe
days, for almoft every body to keep, who knew how to ub a
pen ; and, more e(pecially, the divines. Vanity, perhaps^ bad not
a little (hare in the produ^ion of thefe family pieces of egotifin ;
which, in general, ferve to prove nothing fo much as ibi vafi-
importance rf a man U himself. Yet to thefe detaOs we are
obliged for the knowledge of niahy ufeful particulars relative to
thd lives of eminent pcrfons ; but they ha^ebeen brought into
difcredit, through the imprudence of thofe who have committed
them to the prefs^ with all their native imperfedions on their
heads. The n^ritirsmzy be excufed for noting many frivolous
ga/ticulars, which, however, could not be communicated to the
'ublic, without expofing the whole compofition to ridicule : it
was therefore, undoubt^lv, the Editorh duty to expunge all
fuch trifling paflages \ preserving nothing but whatf it might be
fuppofed, tne Public would wiln to know.
Not fo, however, has tht faithful if not juJlcms Editor of
Mtf AlhlnplVs. diary proceeded. EverV word fecms to have
be^ moff reUgioully committed to die lafe cuftody of the prefs,
and mznjkti anecdote is thus depofited in the temple of Fame^
wl^ich ought Jifkther to have been conveyed to the temple of
Cloacinft : tbiis we are carefully informed wheti Mr. A. took
phyiic, how n)ahy times it operated; at wh^t periods be ha4
the toQth-;u:h ^ on what day his wife quickieiied ; and how he
onte unluckily fcratching his backfide, fell foul of a pimple^ and
made a fore place.- In (hort, it was with good reafon that (as
the original Editor, Mr. Burnan, informs us) a near relation
of Mr. A(bmoIe*s deemed thefe papers a curiofity < for their
€xa^ttifs ZTkA Jingularity^'^Thtj contain, however, a number-
of particulars which, to the lovers of the fiudy of antiquity^
and the friends of literature in general, will be very accept-
able : and therefore we heartily forgive Dr. Plott f who tran-
fcribed them, and the Rev. Mr. Parry ^ who collated themj not-
withftanding that, in the dUcharge of this duty^ they have roa-
nifefted lefs tafie than fidelity. Perhaps, indeed, as true anti-
quari^T^^^ they thought It their efpecial duty to be moft relU
gioufly caref4l not to rub offtbt ruft.
r ' ■ '"
t The famous Author of the Naforal flilory of Su^rdfliire* &c«
and Secretary to the Hqyal Society.
X Of Jefus College, Oxford^^ and Ke^d Keeper of the AOimolean
'-'inn, ■ ^ •? ' - .••■■ ..-.-..
r m 1
A>.T. ll. ConJUerations on tht State cf Suhfcription to thi Jrticlei and
iiturgf of the Church ofEngland^ towards the Clo/e of the Tear x 77-3 »
«r, orient of nvbat JUteratioms had been made in it hy the f needing
Debate* Recommended to the mofl ferious Attention of the three
-Eftates of die Realm. By a Cotifilknt Proteiburt. £ro. i s. 6d«
Wilkie. 1774.
WE know not who the perfon is to whom the friends of
religious Liberty arc obliged for thck CprT/iJerations i
but, whoever is the Writer, he appears, from his manner of
treating' the fubjeA before him, to be a finccre Cbriftian, a
Confiftent Proteitant, and an able advocate for the great caufe
in which he is fo worthily engaged.
^ So much has been publi&ed of late, fayd he, concerning
the propriety or impropriety of fubfcribine to bitwan articUs of
faith J ahd particularly concerning thofe jubjcriptu/m which are
required in this kingdom \ 'that It might (eem unnece&ary to
add to the bulk of a controveffy already too large. *Yet till the
matter is brought to an ijfue^ it Is an iafFair of fuch importance to
the peace of many confcientious men, the honour of our Churchy
and the interefts of true Cbrifiianity, that no man, who is fa-
tisfied of its importance, can well be juftiiied if he does net
lend a helping hand towards its dectfion. What has pafled, has
thrown new Hght on the fubjedt \ and though nothing has ' yet
been judicially determined, nor anv one flepbeeh taken towards
/l^^tf/^ removing the difficulty unoer whicn we labour; yet it
cannot be faid, that nothing has been done .by our altercations.
And it may lead us nearer to fome cohcluHon, to have it known
how far the caui'e has imperceptibly advanctd^ notwithftap4ing
every art to defer it. ^
* This I ihall endeavour to (hew,' by a fliort review of the
queftion : and t choofe to begin ab ovoy that every one into
whofe bands this pamphlet fbali be put, may have the fubflance
of the whole ca(b before' him: and (hat if the parliament ihall
do nothing in this ftffion, towards giving relief to a large body
cf confcientious Chriftiails, thfe world may judge between us;
who is moft in the right, he who feeks it, or they who (hall
ftill perfift In refdfiog to comply with fo pious a requeft. Few
are at leifure, or willing, to wade through volumes of contro*
verfy, or even to turn over what has appeared of late on the
fubjed : but I (hould apprehend this fuccinA account may fuf-
fice, to let even a ftranger into the moft material points on
which the debate (urns (which he may purfue to advantag^e,*!r
be find himfclf inclined, elfewbere) and I appeal to the warmeft
advocates for our fubfcription themfelves, whether the h&z I
(ball iclatc (bowivcr mcianQbofj ibi truth) be not true.*
Oujf
^Otli:A«»tkiQI^1no!ir proceeds v|k» give bjs R'^dcrs a contifis^
but :f)^fir*«i^.dift>>'^ view of the queftiooi v/r<>(p tbe.ctftik
4>tJ^ftf/hr\mt)^ clofe pf .tht y^ar ijjif aod Jiben god on as
« Here c^en tine matter EilfTD at pceGsnt. £ut Goo fORBCO
THAT >T SHOULD EVJBR .RjeST SO I whUe there is i&MI^
amoQg Cbriftiaot it c^nnci. We call purr«]yes..ii Fr^lfjimi
£burth ^.decjjw.agaioft i^Mi^tity ; and appeal . ta. /^ fiript^^
tbimfikHs, a# qqftfaioMig 4) ^tf)g9 o^eflajry to /^IvaCioxit. which
¥i|e rcQQffimfnd |C| every one, aod require of our clergy to ftud^^
A fet pf. i^tuliSf drawn^ up two ceatiutiet agp iuitaUe to the
fcholaftic notions of thofe times, remain iliU in ufe as the pair
iim a^cordiog.to which all (be cUrgy are to fquai-e their opjnioost
and all the clern are to frame their ipftrudioos. . Even Dijjku^
tas Xro«^ the efctbliihed (:hurch are npt allowed, to worfhip God
JO t]|4f wn^JWy* M«fe.^h?y.wi^l bcv teftimony tp thp truth
of i&fT rule, ^o(ti Clergy zxADiJfiMtfi baye fiudied the fcr^
tures ; an<i in tnany infta^ipe^ cannot $nd. ^m conformable
with it J fuU have ufpiiid accordingly to the j^fla^ure in. its
ir^^ brfiqichef,.to.releafe th^m froiq fo hard. a fervice, atf ta
be ip>ide to jteftify an exad conforpity they dp not tse. What
haa .been^e anfwer ? The Clbrcy are tokl that this is not 4
timi for amendments, and they muft b^ aUoui$d to ufe alatUud$
in ib^ iBiirpr0Uf^$n of tl)e arpdesa tp nc^nciU /^^to.tbeqirclvest
or CO take th^^ in Mnffinfi tbi words fviU bfar\ (or, perhaps,,
like Peter's (boulder-knot, if the matter cannot be reconciled
t$udem vtrUs^ ^ do it i^4lm liuriu) And as to^ the Dissek-
T£&s i ih^ are ajfured that nqt^itbftanding xj^^ liiws are kepi
in force ag^intt theof, their non-compliance fliall (for the pre*
knt) bgif/miidat.
^ Th^fe are no longer tbe Toothing word^ of too fond- a
friend, the cafuiftry of private advice, or the deceit a man futs
npo^ himiclff who is unwjiljiig to lofe bis hopes of preferment
upon which all his profpedf in this life depfnd 1 but the cann^ .
fel of pfirfon^ in a^uthoritv %< the only poflible. eaccufe they gsto
to keep mien quiet, and lull theni adeep, under the t^niimHmea
of a burtbcQ which neither they nor- their fathers knew well
bow to bear. Nor is the non-compliance of the Dijinttrsy any
longer to^ b^ look^ upon as adifobedience to governments
though itis,a,difobediene^ to laws, which, though now i^rr
numty it is well known may at any time hereafcor be roufed and
enforced againft them.
^ But inppofe a clergyman to be fcrupulous, and unwil-
ling to fet his band to what he does not ibor^ughfy believe \ and
unwilling to declare that y«r trmb before the oongregatioa,
which in bis.confcience he cannot fully and in every part adlow
3 . ^
lyi ' ne Hi/liij \flmi Stmd^ j a Novel '" .
to be truth. (The cafe is p^k:^ he it for fttm wktl^ikM,
God will allow of f^pbijhj^ whatarcr bis Mnkfyflfirkts mmfj)
What if h^ to4o HI cbia dikmoia i Is he to he flimi riKii, or
to be iipt iscJtf or to min from the miniftiy of God in ins
diaidi» becaufe he is of all flien At wmjl j/k ^fifw m it?* (If
iiei^ires ever fo pioaakfyi he is liaUe to exeommviucationt
and all itsharafingconfequ^nces.) Of is he ¥^;^re$iin^\nx»
fKmiplfance, as thinkiiig be can that war be tmk ttfefiil to tte
caufe of religion ; and then to be reproVaied and' fsi|peAed of
finifter views, and branded with opprobrJons names, bceade lie
filmii humbly tQ be reUeved from) fo infquitous'a burthen f
And are the DissBNTEits to have the rod held over them ibr
ever, if they %mUnH comity witb^what we know thef r«iijM f
Or are they to be fufpeAed of defigns againft Ghriflianity, <or
againft the ftate, becaufothey defire to bo re)eded froea fo 1^
vere a taw $ fo contrary to all the diSatcs Of kaiiiaaity» fe coii«
tcary to all true Chriftianity ?'
This may ferve as a fpecimen of our Audic^s manner of
writing, which is lenlible^ libend, and manly. Hiew it- is pof*
fible for our ecdefiaftical governors to perufe, vi^di ieriona at*
tention, what many other aUe writers have advanced upta
this ful^, ifld, at the fame time, farisfy themfelvca With lie*
ting ftill as unconcerned fpedators of the laudable efierts of
other men, is to us utterl^ inconceifable. If maMtlft are to
remain upon the prefent iootbg, we cannot btrt thintt, wiCla
our Author, that the glory of bur Church is eactinft.
Hiofe who have opportunities Of converfing ibuch widi per^
fens in high Ufej laugh at the Petitioning Cle^, and vindicate
the condud of our ecdefiaflieal governors. They tdt tis, that
the Petitioners, they believe^ are worthy honeft creatures, good^
Jimph foub^ hot that they know nothing of the woiM, and have
veiy confined views i-— the Biihops, on the contrary, ihey fty»
are perfons of (bperior capacities, and enlarged views; tbsBt
they have too much eood fenfe not to look upon aU retigioue
Arfiiems as pretty much the /ame ; and that th^ wouM there«»
iore aA a very abfurd and impolitic part were they to rtfk the
confequences of making any alterations. But is fiot this a
ftrange apology for their Lordfliips ? Some of them, wi hi$w^
would not diink themfdves at all obliged to fuch viiidicatorsa
and we have charity enough to h^pi as much of the ceft <tf the
right reverend Bench.
■ .1 I ,1. 'jm ■ ■■ 1 1
Art. IV. The Hift9ry rfLmrd Suutfn. By a Geatlenon of the Mid-
dle Temple, Aathor of nfTriW. i2mo. 3 Vela. 91. Vemor*
WE remember to have read Tbi Trial '^ with gra^r plea*
furo than we in general receive Irom works of thia no^ .
* See Renew for Janokry 1772, p. 79.
turej
Tbi Hyhry sfliri Shtnitni a K«td* tf%
mee ; znA enr frnfibk Author has contmued to toiufe as mte*
aMfy in dw Tabmct now* Wlbre «§• The Hifioiy of Lord
SfiiiMOy.iiMigh not any way equal to the wc^ks of oar firft-
latei wntaifty .in Ah braaah of 'literature^ are mueb foperior bm
tfaa conwot? lyn.of thofc Pbmancts that are dtAljpMVOxed un^
<fer thotitkt fli Utevek t ahd we wHl yenture to aiore thofe of
Qiifc&flackr% wbo. have a tafta for wrttirigs of this kind^ that
tk^ will not. iad the tiane employed in pernfing the prefene
workc who&jt thwwii- away.
Mmy ofth«lBtte0oontaiaed In thbHiftory are fenfible^ (pi^
nM^ mA afiodfcing.. Loid Stanton having heen, bj the care
of hia Jinclfer> <dwcated in the country^ and entirely feeluded
ffioai;the. gnerand gay world, till he was of age, now leavea
hiewtiifnimn,:and» under the concealed naane of Benfon, ar-
rives in\homlKm.t where, having by a fortunate accident, been
I ioteockicod w a: genteel family^ he proceedato make his obfer^
vaiionaon'oen and nnnners, as they appear tohhn indiat
great dieatreiof pleafure and diffipstion. The feducing fcenes
betrooeta^vidi^ have however a vifible eiFed on hi? morals i and
the firaeiity ^ his virtue mess than iifiai to relax when he giver
hit fridBd ja dieconntry the foHowing account of a mafqnmde,
feene, in which. he was peculiarly intercfted.-^This, and his
frjeod^s^fimrao^it,' with fome abridgment, will be fgffictent
toifliew. the-ftjde and manner in sidiich this Hiflory is written.
• f Ignorantsof the ways of rte world, as I am, yet I have not
been mthont n^ atchievements : a porter put a billet into my
hand» and^ wfaitft I waa admiring the fuperfcription of ir, got
oflFunqneffimed. It waa addrdfid in the monitory verfe of Dry-
deo« ^ B^^pstui^^Lifoi $ fmj ftmun art M tubm n$t cQnttdii^
Thia beipQke a myftery, and I baftily burft open the paper ; it ~
coatdned ibefe woids : <« Titania^ Queen of the Fairies, to the
nmft chasmiog of the Sons of Men Love (pares not immor«
tality 'lad / iKwe felt bis fluftt, that mortals have been ad-
mitted to our emhtaces is. authorized by many infiances : that
heighth of honour is referved for you. I fliall be at the maf-
qnecade to^merrbw night in my proper dreft. If you dare en-
oomier me I fltall meet you half way ; but I know that fecrecy
alone* cad enfive you a fiiiry^s afiedUon. Perhaps before we
part Imay condefcend to be a mortal/'— —-It is not to be fop-
po^ 1 failed to meet my fair antagonift: to encounter the
Qpecnof the Fairies it vras neceflarv that I ihould put on pro*
per apparel: 1 was dreft like a fbrefter, green was the clofe ha-
Utwhfchfitted my body i my (bear glittered in my band, and
n^ biigle hoco hung from my moulders ; bat till her Majefty
appearra^ \ concaved myfelf in a domino. She did not enter
the room till late, aind her appearance attraded the efres of thc^
i|Udle motley company : her robe was of a light blue, em-
broidered
kioiderdi with filve^fiars^ zni^kxy/^n ; hdr hw wj(i boond up
4>iniU]r; and a fttittg bf diMnandi^peAred to canfiae it^ wkkh
tenninttcd en a hi^ crefccnt* ^ i cniinot reatt]r-4t&ribe die
other parts of berdre(!r, which' hMpokeaaekgantiiuioy^ and
gfcot ricbne^*: I muft not howevor* forget her wond^ttiv^to till
jQKL that her fcapo was faultfeft, andrlmr air nobln ' I Jtmdtd
ber fome time m any donnno, andltfteDed to*cht anCnt»9-fte
gave the c^owd that thronged 4d»atJier; ibr, coming iMotbe
loom alone, flie excited every body's .attenwov -and 4»«a at«
tecked on all iidei ; I call ber alone,' aa (ke had oft^ a'ptrfrn
in the charaSer of an attendant fairy with. ben ^exvpuHU
every body that came near her, and' her tye was-ki-queft of
femetfaing, ihe knew not whaC. it was tiine taxdtimt ber-fiDOm
ber anxiety; and, flipping txir to the place 'whett* jay. fclyict
attended^ I threw xiff my domino,, and enteced aa^tdwituntet^p-
1 approached her, and wketherihe knew my pesfaor or-ooe in
that di^uiie^ file .darted as I cam&near her.' ^ iiiaveqreoetvtd
a fore wound faid I, and the- Qoeftti of the Eaifies.i:mi alaat
cture XDc" <^ Is itvifible V* *^ Naj and. tbat jBBkea;it .the
BKMre dangecous.** ^* WheadidTOitTeceineitf^'t^ Yiefterday
at noon." •* Hal Forcfter, are: fau come?'' MYt^i and you
muft lay afide your pretenfions to .fairy knowledge^ 'fori luve
attended yoiir perfon in difguifeveirer fince yon appaarcd, wMe
your eye was feeking me in wain. Yoii ittuft drop your divi-
jxity, and break your wand, for iican be aarfecret tara-fairivi^-
taiy as to the Queen of the Fairies." •• Youroirmc of my
divinity too foon : confider I fltaiL be lets tfouUafeme. ia tfais
«^^^i charader than when I (ink into ameer wowianw'' By
this time we had got away from the company, and found' our-
felves almoft alone. Here we entered into converfation, and I
prevailed with, her to (hew me her face, which would not Kaive
difgraced the reatityof the charaderibe a(romed; It was pealiy
charming : an explanation foon *enfaed, atid we retired from
die crowd which prevented our joy, and heightenfd .expeC'^
tation. ..:',.
* Do not 'imagine i pafs my ttmo in fedudng innooenoe, or
violating the nuptial bed<^-<-no fiArb thing. Thiswasthe-miftrdii
of a nobleman, who kept her more for the vanity of fasving fo
fine a woman in his power, than for any other gftftfficatite.
She thought berfelf at liberty to pieafe her fiindy, and I hap-
pelted to be the happy man. Well, l^bompfon, and. wlita«*s
die harm of all this i Your gmvity will be difpleafed wiA k»
and will make you look on me as a very bad fcUow ^ but tfaongh
I indulge and gratify the defires fo natural, and coofequent lo
youth, I truft I do not forget the diSates of bononr, or ^1 to
pay a due refpcS to virtus.'«-«««
His
Tbi Hjfldfy 0/ Lord SiMik ; ^Kovd. tf^jf
• Hit friend who, thoiigh little ^der than Lord Slanto^i, bad^'
lived with biiii «8 his tutor and compamon^ thus fenfibly re*'
pliea to tho foregoing letter :
« If I cab pi^Atoie upon the right ^ a friend, which irrtt
ifla|»lie» cqoali^^ your excufes for your filoiice* camiot be ad*
aiitted. Ob, my good friend, th6y<ate -the w^^ that can be
frwied^ and forry I am- to tell you fo. Ob thoa of little refo*
Jtttipn, who oanft fo foon relinquiSi thy boafted attachment to
wtue, whofe heart yielda to every flight and tronfient tempta*
tion. The honour of thy youth foHidcen, and forgot $ in what
naooerihaU I addreft vou? How fliatl the admonitions of thy
friend reach thy ears, allM witlt flattery and: falfehood, or how
iball my words gain a paflage to thy heart, when all' the ave^
Auea are cfaoaked with variety, and fiU'd with licentious plea*
fiireMcaBQotfoforfbrgetny former intereft in you, as not
to warn you, with friendly voices to avoid the edge of the pi«-^
cipice that yawns beneath you, and wher^ if you fall, ruin and
dtftniAioa await you^---'— How manv are the fuj^terfuges vice
flies to, endeavouring to palliate her anions with the femblance
(if T^hf ! Thus you call the acquaintance of the lewd and aban*
idooedt a knowledge of the world ; and thus you ftile liberti*
ntfin and folly, vivacity and ipirit. Who are your companions i
With irtioai do 3rott aflbciate? Thofewhom honour has for*
£dcen, wfaoA virtue difowns, who are unacquainted with ho-
nefty, who are ftrangera to every thing; good. ' Thou (halt noC
touch pitch, but thou flialt be defiled; and a communicatioit
vrith the votaries of folly iball contaromate the heart* The fen-
ciments and the aSions have a dofe connedion with each other.
If ybur heart is not totally abandoned, you mufl: have flmifik
back urith horror on your nrft introdudion to the paths o( li'^
centioufnefs. The man who hears without difapproving, tacitly
commends ; then where will this road lead us ? Oh 'tis too
dffonal to think of it, or caft our eyes only where it hgins to
^cerminare; misfortune, difeafb, in^my, wait with open iirms
to receive yoO.— -— But I queftion if your generous heart could
fiipport the diigrace which you will nnd awaits you. When
your eyes come to be opened^ when all your adions, however
bad or diflioneft, are hung up in the*frineof Time, and Me*
jnory, ever to be tbim (hunned, takes them down, and prefehta
them to your view, the colours- heightened by refle^On, and
yonr pafions fled, what then wtU become of you ? Can you
Aipport -your own thoughts, or bear the idea, even at prefent»
p£ what i^y ban>en * l]iefeafter ? You Jcnow not the nature of
the a^iions you commit every moment^ how ufljttfr5 or. bedi
exclufive of the immorality of them, thou^ cuftom has gilded
them over with the appellation o( gallantry and amour* If we
. confider
parts of b^f ^^^ ,
1^ at her Ihape ^^.
,rn« f^"^e in my 4
CL^e crowd that tV
^^^^'-^^ ^:<J on all fides ^ f
^^^^ 5^<^ charadUrcf .
^y body thai c^^;'
_^^^ .^xaxitty; and,
— _^ ^^^^ gT.<3 <^* ' thrc^
^ ^^ ^g^ j3 reached hi?r^
"^^^^ <i t %u tfe, fli J.
^<:= me." i« r
^^^ .,^11: lay afidt
^ ^^i^r eyei^v
^a m^tnity to
^vclnis limi
prevail
^el^^rfj^athwi iff
a)ter#IJi his tk1la< fiof Mie^ humoiir^ add pointed &tiref. ~
W« ot^im«d^ mverttaekft, that we thought, in Tonie inftancesi
Aeicept^thc.Mntier of Sctrne, the EtiglUh Rabdais, in t\tw \
md'mft Hill confida* htm as in fome mcafure a difeiple of thai
^fKn<Hi«fter': jf^ ba/olkms no kader wUh fb much fervi-^
* ]f ty as to incur the reproach of being an imitator.
>ny»eftts<0 4« liur>pwilliar &ncy of this Writer, to fpirit his
mnfort hMrk mt^ the remote agea of ancient Greece, wheA
Qfeeee was in the "aeoith of her gkiry; when Plato, Socrates*
'JCtncphoi^ and other venerable fages floiltiflied : to walk wnH
•horn -in the fld«leiiiic gtiave, to converfe with them in the fcien*
lifie^^Gtt, tx> tread ovw again the fiepa of Tittie^ and to joifi ,
ili« wiAem and diQ manners of antiquity with the knowledgie
%Nid the impNMMHentft bf laier ages. Nor is ihe aflemblage at
all ufinatiiral. The -ftrt of the Writer, in a great meaiitm,
iMvcvitsr us frMi feifitig where the mixture takes filaoe ; fe that
* 1y not everj^ ordinary reader who cim rtiark the point whcr^
"Aitfc (cience unites with German % wit ; and where the Gre-
cian moralift deviates into the hero of a feigned hiftory,
' . Nor is it ,Qnly the wiTdoxn and the virtue of ancient Greeta
that are here revwed and produqd as objedb of our contempla-
^Otf.aod afteeai. This various Writer introduces u%^ Ilkcwifea
4M> the kixttlrfous feeaea^ the amuMttl haaqmts^ of the polite ana
3itegaiit^ <arwel) as she fage ud phUofophic, Athenians ; who
-H^re ^^wlly tfi(J)6ftd to the enjoynuuit oiFmental and corporeal
•pleafbres. Wcibare ^tth Acm th^ gratifications rf the tabls^
the raptures of mufiCj and all the delights of the rhoft refined
and voluptuous love,
, JBut here the^ravcr part of Mr. W.*s readers mty be apt to
laife fome objediong to the morality of his preient performance*
1.1 r.
t * The teamed aad tngsnioBs Author of ^athon has be^n well
known, for fome time paft, in die literary werkf, aS a ma.a of ^e-
^ifiiui aiid finditioii. He has dtitinguiflted himfelf as a paet, a ftkiy^
f^ft\ a tnomi, Ana a dramatic wiiicfr. Though, the £fflgu!aricy cif
'ioai^of his^^dodioBs has egopofed Iiim to the ievefe ceoMra of tb^ '
Oermtm c^ics, yet his writm^» in ^eneral^ hare been frail received
by m^ftofhis tonntrymeo.' TRAKaLAToa*tPref» p. x«
} The notion of Girman wit may extort a imile from thofe Bn^-
clMh readers yrho ate anac^naiDted wish the change of coinp]e?uQiti
which the mafes of that ehtpke have andergone^ within the prefeat
trenttiry. Tfie li^fhter Ftresch have been a&d to fneer at the Ger-
mans foftheir fappofird want of tk;it^jfa/h/tagt7tatiGn for which they
Hftiflk*tlie%z^lve»'io eminently diftiaguiihed above other nlortals ; but
the judicieas TraaHator of this wonc haa, >n his Prefaee, irery pro-
' perlf esepeftd the fntiJity of this nxnh^n, and dosie jailke to thie me-
'rit of the moft diftinguifhed German writers ; who£t names it is hede
-tiflfyeceffiiiy to r^fMBN .
• Rev. Mar. 1774. N They
17? thi Hifiotj 9f Jgathfu
They may eiiqQire'whettKf he lias not painkd feofual etq9f^
ments in colours that areitoo fedludive to young mtnda, and
perfons of warm feelings.; and whether bid work will hot»
therefore, pravadangerous to tho(e readcjsswho do not always
fufficiently.dilcnaiinate the luxurious defcripcion and tbe.oiofal
inference. - . •
Oar Author is, indeed, aware of this dijeAion ; to wbkh,
liowever, he does not admit that his work: is juflly amenabiei
He feems to think that if we would give virtue a real advantage
.over vice, the encounter (hould be^ftrifkiyconf^muUe to the
laws of honour ; that each fide fhould have fur play ; that both
parties fhould be albwed room to exert their fuilAreogth, ia
order to render the fuperiority of the conqMCror the more con-
fpicuous, and the vioory .more, complete and decifive. Ami
here let the Author defend his own caufe.
* Id (everal placet of this work* (ays he. We have givea our res-
:ibas why we have not made Agathon the model of^ a perfb^ virtu*
Qus chara^er« The world is already fufficieatly ftocked with cm^
picas treatifin of moralityt aod every one may finely indulge his
. fancy (for nothiag b eaiier) in forming a hero, who (hall from hu
cradle to his grave» in every circumHance and relation of life, alvirays
perceive, think, and ad as a perfed moralilt Bot as A^adion was
intended to repreient a real charader, in which others might ^^co-
ver their own Itfeeoefs, we maintaia that the autfcor coaki not, con*
fiftently with this defign, make him more virtooBS than he is; but
if others art of a contrary opinion (for it is certain timt the b^ dift*
rader is that which has the greated qoalities with the fewcfl faults)
. we only dciire that they would, among all mankind, fix upon any
one, who, in a iimilar fitaation, would have been more virtuous
than Agsthon. ....
' A young liberdne, ^flibly opon finding that an Agathon waa
overcome by the infinuating allurements of love and of a uanae, may
be ready to draw the fame conchi6on that Chanea* doer in Tereaeav
upon viewing a pidure which reprefested an amorous intrigue^of Ju-
piter. After having read with fecrtt joy that foeh a osao had ftUen,
ne might txclaim in the words of Chjma in the poet ; J^ immmwtm
hoc monfa€ntm ? En *uero illmdfadamf ac luiems* A mum too of «
vicious turn of mmd, or of a profligate charader, may, perhaps,
upon reading the argument of the fophlft Hippias, imajgine that tai^
will plead an excofe for his vices, and joflify his infidelity; bot every
honeft man moft be coavinced, that the immorality of the one, and
the licenttous freedom of the other, would have been joft the iame»
had the hidory of Agathon never appeared^
* This lail inflance naturally leads us to an explanatton, which w«
think ourfelves obliged to make, to obviate the fcruples of certain
ignorant though well meaning perfons, and to premt them firom
taking ofiFence haftily, or forming any ralh judgment,—*—
' This relates to the introdudion of the fophift Hip^as in this
hifiory, and to that particular dtfcourfe, in which he flatters himfelf
he fhall get the better of Agathon's viitUGUs and amiiriiie tntha-
.fiafm»
fiafm, aod infpire him with foch a tarn of thooght* as the ibphift
with good reafOD believed to be moxe it for his i^vancement in the
world. People who fee things in a ^proper light, will readily per-
ceive, both from the whole plan of this work, and froni the manner
in which we fpeak of this iophift and his principles, how little we
approve etdier the man or his fyilem. Bat thoaeh it is neither agree-
able to our manner of thinking, or confident with the call and (xfiga
of our work, to inveigh againft him with the farioas seal which
tranfports a yoong divine, when he enters the field of polemioLl
controverfy againft aTindai or a Bolingbroke, in order the better to
recommend himfelf to the favour of his patron^ ibr a good living i
yet we hope we have left the fenfible and weIl*difpofed reader no
toom to doubt, that we look upon Hippias as a bad and dangerous
man, and confider his fyilem (as far as tt oppofes the e/Tential prin-
ciples of religion and jaftice) as a piece of fophifbry, which would
deftioy human (bdety, if it were morally probable that the greater
t>arf of mankind ihould be influenced by it* We flatter ourftlvest
chat we are entirely fkee from fufpicion upon this head ; but among
oitr readers fome good people may be found, who may at leaft tax us
with impradenoef and think that we either ought not to have in-
^nodoced fuch a man as Hippias, or, if the plan ef our work required
it, that we (hould have fully refuted his principles ; we think it but
rMrfbnable to lay before them the motives which induced us to do
thr odeatid not the other.
* Our plan required that our hero fhould be reprcfcnted under a
variety of trials, which might make* hia tarn of thoughc and his \rir«
toes confpicaotts, andgfadosUy feparate every thing h\k or extra"*
ragaat from his mind. It was therefore neceflary to mske him un-
dtftgo thefe trialSf as Hippias is a well known hiAoricai charader,
who with the other fophifts of his thne^ had greatly contributed to
corrupt the manners of the Greeks : the contrail alfo between thefe
two chanufters is extremely proper to fee that of Agathon with bis
principles in the moft advantageous, light. Befides, as it is but too
evident that the greater part ^ thofe, who form what is called the
polite world, have the fame fentiments as Hippias, or a£l agreeably
to his principles, •fo at was a part of the moral plan of this work, to
fiieaiihexie& of thefe principles, wheiLradaGed to a proper fyilem.
Thefe are the chief reafons which occaiioned the introdu^on of this
iophift is our hiftory, though we have not reprefented him worfe
(haa he really was, or than his followers are at prefent.
■*■ A fill! r^utackm of what was either falfe or dangerous in his opi-
nions (for he is not ahvays in the wrong;) would have been, accord-
ing to our de^^, entirely mifplaeed ; -and we cannot but think it
woold have been idfo fuperflnoos to our xeadecs«. AgathonV anfwer
to him is the bed that can be given, but the whole work^ to any one
who confidccs k ^together, will appear to be a complete refutation
oiith Agathon babies Hippias nearly in the fame manner* as Dio-
genes did the ibpJuftt who denied diat there was any foch thing as>
motion : Diogenes permitted him. to talk on as long «s he would^
atod.when he had done, he contented himielf only wish walking care-
^ei^ly about before him. This, andoubtedly» was the only aafwer
ft^ Sopm deferved.*
N a I*
fSd Viettijlaty .of Action.
It tvould "be -difficult *io enlarge farther on tHfe pJan aitd cha^
l-after of this pleafiQg t^^ormaticc, V(ithout fccming to have
borrowed from the (ketch of the work jgiven in the Tran-
llator^s preface; we {ball th^reforie content durfelves witli an
abftra(f^ of what is thefe iatd pa the merit of this v^y. lingular
iromanoei viz.
* Thie Hiftory of AgatfcoD is confidered .as the Aoth^'s mafier*
|)iece % aad. indeed he difoovcrs throoghout the whole of this work
much original genius* and vcry^xtenfive reading of modem as weila«
ancient writers • In the fir ft volume we find a learned and eurioiu
account of the fophiUs of Greece, which feeras confommMe to what we
read of them in the dialogues of Plato and Lodan. There is nMidi
good metaphyikal reafoning in the conferences between- Hippias afi4
Agatbon ; and though it Iras been juftjy imputed to die writers of
controveHial dialogaes, that the^ Mrt cautious of rtprefenting in thei»
full force the arguments they mean to refute, yet Mt* Wjei^amd hae
been particularly attentive not to incur this cesiiire* The aj^gtuneats
the fqf>hift Hippias ufes in iupport of his fyftem, appear to be iet Ia
their Urongeft light, fo that it may fometimes be a matter of donbCv
whether tlw teply is fo%ientl^ oonvinpng« In general, hofvever;
Agathon has the beft of the difpate; and if even there ihoaki be
tonm to doubt, it may bejowing to the A u thorns aocaracy m endea-
vouring to make the anfwers confident with his hero's chaiateri
which in his yonnger days was that of anenthufiaft^
' The beheviour of Agathon at Athens in the iecond volume is re-*
snarkably ftriking ; and the delcription of the saanaers and dtfpofi-*
tion of that republic very juft and entertaining. ^ .The account of tho
court of Dionyfius is extremely pieafing ; and the coitrt-iatri|;uesare
difplayed with a degree of penetration and fiMcity» which indicate
a thorough knowledge of the human hesR-t. * The extrads ^m Aga*
thon's fpeech in &voar of a monarchical govcxament, are maH^-
pieces of elegance as well as of found reafoning. Thelb parU of the
work are fo excellent that they may be read with pleafure^ perhaps
wi^ advantage ; by ftatdhieo and politicians*
. * Thecharaderof Archytas in the lail volume is highly finiflied ;
and may be looked upon as one of the moft amkbie and ceofiteit
characters ever drawn«
* But it would be endleis to particularize all the beauties of this
work. Let it fnfee to fay* that Mr. WifiLANOr^ itile is nervous and
ilroDg, his defcriptions poetical and pidurefqae, tkongh on fone oc«
colons they may be too wiH* His reaibaing, upon the whok, ia
jufl, aild in many parts we meet with that nofaSs fim^city, which ia
the charadteri^ mark of dn ancient manner of wnting^ and the teft
of true geniusl-
* Among fuch a variety of exceUencies, we4rovld wifll there were
bleaufhesof confeouence'to be foand, especially as thofe which do-
occur might have been to eafily avoided* We 4nuft do the Author
the juRke to declare, that thefe£iults feem chiefly to have ari^^
from hnrryi and want of attention, evident marks of -which mainidi
themii^lv^s in this .etherwift /epcrior and- capita] perfbimance*
a 'Aireht
- ^.,A vein^ of {Kj^bted Tatire rona thfoogb the w^bqle. work; aofi
though it is often jajiciouAy applied, and with mnch wit, pardca-
Tarly againil modern writers ofhoveYs and romances, yet it ieem$ (p
be d) much the Author's favourite turn, that three Of fobi* differeiit
Srokes qf it are fre(juex\tly coin plicated and thrown together in the
fame fentence. This unavoidably creates conflHion, and periods of
an immoderate lefagth, a defcft, which we have taken the liberty to
correft as much as poffible ih the trauflation. ' . . .
* Although the RSry is profeffcdiy borrowed from a Greek mapu-
fcript, yet there are otany allufions in it to modern cuftojns, man-
ners, and writings, which take ofi^in a great meafure from the antique
call that ought to have been unifbrmly preferved thraugh the whole.
Tfee Author inclenl ii^oiogLzes fbr thefe in the preface ; hut the oe-
jccfiity of fttch aD;a]>ok»yivfalui be^^r be^n avoided; for we app^«
jie^4 tl»at b^^jsiih^ lyimed to j^ye himfelf the trouble of correcting
xhoie paiT^ge^y.Qsr th^t his t^ri^ for £ric^re induced him rather to le/Tei^
flight imperfcftion pointed out in the faft paragraph
foregoing extrad, he very honeftly* proceeds to cenfure his Au-
thor for certain carelefs expref&ons, and an indelicacy in fotne
of his allufions, 'which, as he obferves, we fliould hot have ex-
p^Sttd in (b elf giant a Writer ; but we think there is, in thi*
work, a defeiSl of more importance than any of ihofc which h(:
has noticed. A romance, or a novel, like other fables, ufualty
ends with a moral dedu£iion j' and it is proper that this fhould
always be tHe cafe, not only becaufe the moral is the main ob-
Jeft and encJ of the piece, but b^caufe the farewell impreffion
left on the ReaderV mind when he clofcs the book, is gcnenlf^
thjt which ftrikes the dcepeft, and lafts the longcft* Now,'al*
though the balance obvioufly inclines in favorur of morality;
throughout the whole of Agathon*s hiftofy, there is 'no exem-
plary inference of this kind at' the concliifion of the work;
for, there, the hero of the tale rdapfes (after his return to vir-
tue, in the thirfj 'volume) into his Itiil^laced love for a beautlftfl
)and highly accompti(hed courtes^znh, who had deluded aijd fafcf^
xiated nim in the early part of his yputh, and of his 'adventures,
"This, in the Author, is criminal ; but he has alfo grofsly vio-
lated the laws of female delicacy and decorum,^ by introducing
this courtezan to the acquaintance and frlendihip of an amiabl^
^nd virtuous lady^ who certainly -could not, confiftently, at
leaft, with our modern notions of li6nour, attach herfelf to fuch
^ perfon, without rcllnquiOiing all pretenfibns to reputation.
Xn jullice to Mr. Vv, we muft not, however, oftrit to ac^-
quaint our Readers, that he does ^ot, in fa£t, appear to 'have
intended t^ie clofe of the fourth volume for the final compretion
of his defign. On the contrary, he there talks ot certain ^ fup-
plens^a^ and additions to the Hj^orys which p^y not be un-
N 3 worthy
til fhtf^rmei^s Ltnvjenl
worthy thp attention of the public, and which wilt gffe us a
view of the opinion3 and cbnduft of the amiable Agathon, ai
fifty years old.
Art. Vl. 'Tbt Tarmer^s L^rwyer ; cr, Evtry Country Gentleman bis onjtm
Coun/eHor. Concaining all the Law* now in Force that partica-
larly concern the Farmer, the Coaatry Gentieman» the Clergy-
man, the Maltfter, the Hop-Planter, the Carrier, or any otice
Perfon whofe Bufinefs or Antufements occaiion him to reilde chiefly
in the Country, &c. By a Gentleman of Lincoln's Ian* izmo,
3 s. 6d. Kcarflcy, to. 1774.
AS this Gentleman of Lincoln's Inn feems. diipofed to pac-
ed out our laws into fmall compendiunas tor diffierent
vfes (which is not an ill (cheme, if maturely executed, and not
converted, into hafty jobs) it is to he hoped he will be more
careful in any performances of this kind now ujider contempla-
tion, than he bas beeo in thofe already publUbed. His Cmr«
plun Pari(h Officer* was far from meriting that charaSer; and
his Farmer's Lawyer^ will leave his clienx as ignorant as be
found hi^n with refpeft to many points on Which he may have
occafion to confult him, nbtwithttanding his^ liberal ailurances
of fupplying all tht laws now in force relating to— a fpecificatioa
too long to copy from the ample title-page. A farmer's lawyer
is a dennite term, and if Judicioufly executed might have an*-
fwered the purpofe both of the farmer an.d publifli^r ; but this
Gentleman, in one duodecimo volume^ aflures us he has given
tts any (or every) perfon's lawyer whofe biifinels or imufements
occ^ion him to refide in the country ! Alas, our laws cannot be
fo compadly epitomifed, that we (hould take a random ailertton
of this nature tot a tmth ! But as the Farmer^ the Country GentU^
man^ the Clergymany the Maltjlery ^he Hop -planter^ and the CarrUr^
are particularly mentioned, it may alfo be aiked at random, why
no notice is taken of laws undef the titles Advowfons, Bailiffs
and Bailiwicks, Banks, Chaplains, Churches, Commons, Co*
pyholds. Courts Baron and Leet, Fairs and Markets, Fences,
Fens, Firft-Fruit^ and Tenths, Fortfls, Freeholds, Hufbandry
and HufbandmcQ, (^andrTax, Leafes, Militia, Mortgagas,
.#arks, Poor's Rate^ Simony, Tenures, Trefpafs, ^c. al] which
concern one or other of the three former rural ftations ?
Whatever npay be thought or faid by fuch writers as the
jprefent namelefs Compiler, the expofmg the failures in their
engagement^ afTords 00 pleafure, apaift from the care we endea*
vour to take not to deceive 4>ur Readeri) who in this inflapce
are no fmall number, t)y unfair reprefentatlons \ ^nd noauthor
has a right to claim apy tendern^fs of this kind. Let him fettle
(lie point with hit bookfeller who happens Xo be deceived in the
* Vid. Catalogue for this month. ^
confidence
Tbi Egrmir'i LSf^ytr. i8j
confidence be repo&s^ and who is necqflarlly kd to tndemsiify
Umfelf as well as he can. UnbappUythe dUirredit af fuch con*
dud extends to literature in genera), and afFe£ls the firft pro*
fobh of the moft a^nrate writer on any fiAyeSt i. a difappointed
pnrcbaifet natisral|y forming concliitons pitjudiciil to ev^y
amhor who IbUoita Attention to his labours. • ^ • i
Even the clailes contained in ,thi$. pexformance^ are neither
full nor corred. Under Cy^ we have regulations for making
^alt, from the laft ad» which the Author afterward, under
Atab^ owns to be ^^unnaturally bleiided'! with cyder. . Under
the title Game^ the penalties for killing game in the ni^ht; or
on Sunday, are recited from the 16 Geo. III. c. 19. which was
repealed by the 13 Geo. III. c. 8o. The provifions relating to
1)lack and red game ^e taken frotn the 2 Geo. HI. c. 19. though
tkat ad, To iar as it related to thofe "(^ecies of game, was re-
pealed by 13 Geo. III. c. 55. Ik'hck ads 13 Geo. ill. c. 55.
md c. 8o. do indeed by a firange inftiince of careleShefs^tend*
ing to confound the reader, follow the obfolete matter; and k
is to be noted, in general, that recent ads, not already abridged
by others, are given at hrge without abftrad, the formal enad<^
ing words beginning the clau(es,-excepted : by Which dafy
means, the book is unneceflarily firelied with litde trouble t6^
the Compiler. - ^-^
The laws rehthig to Hay and Straw are quoted^ fVom the aA
a W. & M. c. 8. which reference appears to govern the wJiole 1
though the greateft part of what is there faid is taken from the
31 Geo. II. c. 40. by which means the reader whp may wilh
to confult the original zA more carefully, is mifled in his fearcb,
and left without a guide to fet him right.
Under Himpf one only circumftance it mentioned, viz* the
penalty on watering it in ftveama or ponds where cattle aee wa*
tered 1 although there are feveral other laws rdating to flax and
bemp^ nccefiary to be known by perfons coneerMd in thofe
articles.
Under title H^rjis, there is no mention of the ftatntt relating
to the eitporution of them, and the duty to be paid on fendiiig
them abroad } nor of the regulations for horfe-racing, which
oioft country gentlemen would wiih to know, as racing is at
this time fo ferioufly purfued by the gentlemen of the tuH^.
Laws relating to the grinding corn and malt, are indeed
fiven under the article Miller \ but thofe flv knaves are not
-told -the penalty they are fubjeA to if they fell flour for making
ftuidird wbeaten bread, of a different quality froaa that pre*
fcribed by the lau bread ad.
* It had not pediapa been worth while to enter into thefe infiances
of carelefs compoition, were it not fometimes needful to guard
againft commoq*place invectives, which are geoerdly ready-
N 4 when
itf Thi Innarfh \ w^ J^ct 1/ Ot Ptice's Mimual
Wbeit AewrUcri of fuperfictal books arp^ilimnarily
wkbout f trtience being psoduced to eniUe tfaePuMic to joAg^
of tho veidift given agtiuft them* As to the baftf Com^&fato'
Df tbe^ifefent pcrformaitcr, .^hate^'or be may im/t^imk ai^t^
^oregoijig limes, tbejr may Heresftery perhspii; b»«aiad»iUi^SM
fwer a piirpofe, to whicb tbeRcyicvseriwiil b^vcaO'ObfedlioiK
'< : V 1 . ;_^ ^ J ,1 '^ • ' '■' T
3 * * ** II ■>■ < IB . ■ ■ , i i y. ^
* , . , ^- . w . : *
fk%T. VU. r^f /r«r«rrA ; y, Jiy^/r^ e/'j^^ ?w«2# ^uual. A^drflflM
. CO t^e GeBtlemesL in tiic Qommi^ion P.f ilic^^oacc for the C^ftr^
of Lciceftcr. By a Gentleman of ^o. Commift^onl Tp ^vftUl Af
prefixed, a Dedication to Lord Mans£eld« by . another Hand, '^vo^
2 $. P*yn*. 1774.
TQ.bfgiiP^ regularl]^ with, tbis e^ccclUnt paaipjMe|» ihtf AUif
conunonly expanded dedication tO; tW^ Chief Jufti^. i^
the Court pf King's Bc|icb claims tbc ftrft ^pC4C0 \ tbovgb tb«
jread^r's atftotion will fiq^Uy reft pq^tj^siur^^ Wore wU^ k.^a
pUcfd : tbe latter being of iUndiRg utiiiiyf )irb4« the (otmct is
0aly;of temporary iniportaoc/s; ihe on^^^tij^^^ing tb« w^Iftie
oif ^hc i»tb«k body of jbfi.ij^ipn* tbe ojt^rnooly regarding ^^
^bara^er Oif ^vk individusl^-ran individual indeed of no txifitfig
f«IatM)D.«D jfa^. P.ablict. cc^oring his ftatipn and bis poNr«(«
The declared piirppfe of this addrefs is thus exprcjSed: . ^ ^^.^i
* b v(^9pr io much infant fbi* a dcdicatisn to yow .Lordibbi as *
for avehioip to convey certain hinu to the Publi9, uncler the aun^^*^
and jan^tjon of your Lordfhip's n^e. Hints will fuffice for tbe
purppfe here in view : which is, hoc to treat things in detail and at
{arge, but only to touch them in a fumm^ry way '; not fo much t^
teach men any thing of which they are ignpraiit, as to remind tbexii
pf what they know. Under this idea,' and trpoif this plan; let me be
borne patiendy, white frmeuiioti a few of thoft^ articles, which' arf
reokootdaHwngpor gfievsnccs in the law; smd which havo tew*
what iiftfottlfdoeQiur I^wdfiitp irthe aiei^9fis orthe Englxilu' , •
TbiAJsjtftfuUy doneby cofumcnting ofl vho fcyocaJi.cjsirgsl
exhibited in Junius's celebrated letter to Lord M. froia ^tcjp
largos itHT j5edieaSor would fe^m willing fpexcblpMe bis Lord-
ship; though it is probable the perionagi^.addrefled wiil-noit
hold himfelf under any groatcr obligation for the tntttec of thf
llrfence^ than for the manner of tbus reftcAiiflig the* mcmo^
pf .the Public with terpe<^ to tbefe acctifatiofia againft bim*,
Tbe Wiiur is undpubtcdly a msn of abilities, aild of cKien-
fytt readiiig ; which l9Uerqu|ilification he feems. 00 lefsdiifw&d
to difplay throughout, than fufficiently to value bimfelf upon,
at the dofe of his addrefs. 9^fide our wifii not so «ntoa ioSD
the perfopality of this dedication, .it is too far extended far -tts
40 indwdit: stay £itisfa4%>ry view of it, in a ftort emmd 1 we
^hali tbeteEoro only produce, as a detached ^^cctmen, ivfaat {mI
f)js on k fubje^ of ^np:al ifDport> the Ubmy of tfe preis :
t *^ h$'ta Um liberiy of the fKfs, Juoiat; ciUt^it «* the ptlhd^Qiii
ofaUtlvrciWly poHiical, an4trdigiom rigMftof aa Englifliiaam>".ttt
wittfb I- readily a^ent ; and he €Q0tttA4f> llMi.*^ ito particakrabofes
Ofgbvftn-reaibn'surd equity, €o fu'pduce a^ geatfral ibrfcuaiiet ^a-tf
abttlHk liMB.ufe of iu'' I ihitl iofe Jio time inideibmtiag.^ wbetkor
{hey 9ilghfrar OBg hi a0C ;^ • p^Aaded am Ifinoereiy, thai, if oim' paeieiit
maaners hoidt they moft affiimtty *wiU 4 for^ aaa tsnain writer has
feid vory trniy^ '* .fi«vec 4M ;aa: envenonttd . fturriiiiy,agai«il a? ai^
thing facred and civile public and private, rage throughout £be Inng*
4an vnlh fiich a fuctoat alaid aiAfidled liosnoe*'^: :Etirtake watnihg,
Wf gp^iQ9oaifyxiiea $ aoddvcaive :QOt yonric^eak' 'When tha pm
rtdicuks t>pen]y and. barefiK^diy the jaoft re?artd a»Lfiiaibneabl
do^biaesio/rjeUgion:. wJiea.the.pre6« in |>oiitfcal'aatcer9, aitacki
, peyfoafl.wiihottt any regard ^.(hing«» dr .p^kifaapsJbaiatnnBaattaoka
ahto^aiiM^tfa^.r^e ofab|i£ng|»rrons: whaaahRpreft iiot baly:Uraa>>
cofti/'a^anlis the firft char^r 9 ja chiucch and i|a£e, ; but avca^ fiopri*.
£iCautk«k<peacQ and ^aiec o/.piivate ibeilies' 16 tfaa' fpo»c aad^enaaar
catom^a^of .aa UkoatiM'^ paUtad-^aad ii^ic oot aotoriotis, that jdl
<^, ililfair>bMa«'aiui daily^ tir^ona? — then, i.l^^this noble^ laa^
fooaUe, tvA manly libeeciB if d^ncratcd 4ao»:ajbafe, anwait-antt-
|ibk» efDeLlioc^Oiifoaft p: aadj&f ikeatiapABafs, determine at ^
^ically, and ]?ohtend aaldodi^r.aa yoa pkafe^wivtli, by aa aaarrcid^
4bfei(!0QrQqaencct« flowio^ckmjihesHttiireaadicsailitBtioaofa^sofil
iboPff'tPrJ la(8« bring abdut'iatsdcitrad^a*: .Thiag&ave;fe^ibnai^
ahar <e#rtoa> mti9t tmtr TJiay t^aad picparai ahttwayior, eatrtmcia.
AMaa^if ci»iX t^iag itw&akrflrdQP ;he o^ alevcry thingp: aadiif akp
p«0fi4 8iiMr.^/N/Mitf: add: ai^gaf ernable^ i^ is-asiaitaaat, periiat>s aa
fiecfifiMy, l(Mi%heir?rttlari*ao incaeafa theia Tafidiiat,.aan alsridga
ahair Uttertjf^ as fbfran hor^ddMeakar toot^t^ir.thefeiaif ta propotw
uon aa hjafeed frajiihew a^iaipatiaade toboTaianaged.
* It haa ibtea fajd» that 4/ilhoat k^okam o£ xhaoght x\me can 6^
ao fiieh.J^iag.as wifdom^rjior any.fuck thing nM^Satrty withoaa ftmr
fiom^ff^ipeeoh: and, becaii&tha iatter i» traein a* cpu^ad .£»£%
and tiadter certain lamitatkuiSyjtha aachadty of JTaoaaa haa been ab*
£»dlp ^ even Oopidly-abtruded, as)a wacnpitto tako aff ail^aew
ilraines and alk>«r oadtiyes aa linboanded Hoenley as well ia ^peafe-
iag A». ia.ih»nhiag» *' :&are.aad. happy ^i^afi* -^^ t^a, when a maa
0iax tUak whaa he:ivUJ, and fpeak what ha thinks :^ fua^ umf^nm
/hdicUmj^ mU Jfftiirjt ^um imJit, dt ptm Jkntiar ilnare^Uat r Ra» aad
liafMpyaiaies iodeed r fim pray, dlearGantfeincn^ what times- ardn
thmc» orwhp has read of a»y timas» jnrhen jnen were not at liberty
to /iiMi. aj tifff ivoi^d ^ h, maa auy tbimk At b$ fhafu in the wopft
piB^k at vineU as in the bett, heaanfe Thoi^ht« ; as ia comraoaiy fas^
aa at all tiaies free : but can a man at any time^ fw aader aay^ob'
vemmeai^'enran the bed, be allowed the ]ih6rtf^f/piaJth^v;iafJm
#^2M^^:5of conuauaicating hiai&lf up to the itandaad. o^ hiaideaa^
May a«ai|r man Ipeak of Tvery mao^ what, for safiaace, the ^plsea
4of JwaaaayCf os the caprice Qf ioia^inadon, fhad b^pen to iaggefttf
3My Lford» thalf |^a^leimow as little of TadtaSy at they do of &v
.'Ciaty, and.what U mil hear. ** U Hfe remains, %s he, f ha^e ra-
icrvcdk for the employawaa of my old age, the reign of the deified
J4erva4» i^Hb that of the &np«ror Trajan ; a atork iw>re copiaos> aa
', wen
jK . Jii S'Mtt^dii «r» Jttfiki. tf. ihf Piaetls MauHoL
wdl as more^^ilb : \Mk u die rare fettcity of ihefe tiflM^» * when yoo
«re at- foil liber^aa'cmeitaiii whtt^fttflimetits you plealis and to
dechure what fentimeifU you, entertain/' T$ dnlan niok^ /etuimmt
yw^nienmin : yet, bnt pf whom, or what ?— not of evefy tnao yon
jneety nor indeed. of every thing that happens : Tacitofs n«derAood
iranan afiairs in a diffisrent manner: bat^r-of thole partkdar reignt,
in opjpofition to ibtne Ibniier tyrannicai'itcagns ; when aen» far mm
feeakiBg OBt, darft fearcely trult themiems even with their own
tbonghts.
. * It is remarkable; that the freeft thbfcert as well as^ the fretft
Ipeakers hase never allowed fnch a liconre in theory, whatever theoi-
Mves may have taken in prance. ** Let os feek trath» Yayt Losd
Botingbroke, bat Ifeek it ^tUmlj as weU as freely .^ Let as not imagine,
like fome vdio are called Freethinkers^ that t^txy man, who can
elHsk and jiidge.&r himfelf as he has a right to doi has th^elbrea
right rfjfmluMgy any more tkui of a£^g, accotding lo tk^fidl/fm"
^toiotlua thoughts. The freedom belongs to him at a ratioMl crea-
inie : he lies under reftraint as a member of fodety.-^We may com*
xnonicate oar thoughts only ib, at it may be done withont ofieoding
the laws of onr country, ioA difturbing the poblic peace." And if
^s be true aboot things and opinions, fhall it not be fo a/brthri^
when iq^plied to^pevfbna and charaAei:s7 Moil a philoibpher be cir-
IMBStt^pedl and gnaided, when treating of abftraA prqx)fidons, or diT-
cuffing fpecaktive points, vidiich not one in ten thouiand kiK>wt any
thing^of ; while every low, malictoat;:mi|^riiioiplcd wfetoh'IkaU be
permitted to fcatter firebrands indifcriiuaalely in fodeqPr <Ad i^omit
out fcartility and aboie^ withoot juiice and without meiftire f Will
soy man fty, that tbi bnus tf omrtoumryMrt tut •fimM, and iht
ftact p/Jocietp Sfita^td^ more in die latter cafe, than in the former I
— I know it. will be*afked, where will you draw the line of <fiftioc*
^n f how afcertain the point, where Liberty eods, and Licentiobf-
nefe begins \ and i ihall in this, as in many other cafes, aUow die
/extreme difficulty of neducins human afiairs to any degree of ps«ci-*
fion and exadneft; bot I beueve neverdielels, that, unlefs fonie ex-
pedient .can be hifupoo to correal the very atrocious abiife of die
pteCs> thedeftmdlion of its ufe will be found unavoidable*
* As to any/0rsM^defign againft the liberhr of the prefi, Icas-
not ^i^Skt myfelf to be at all apprehenfive of'^ it : it is of uMte ofe
and imj^rtaDCe taa King of Great Britain, than (if peffiUe) to any
of hit fubjeds ; and this alone fuffices with me to Mfle atid keep
down every rifing jealonfy. . in absolute defpodc govemaientt,
where the will of the prince is the law of the country^ wbeee all
things are adminifiered by force and arms, and where the glory of
the &»iu/A£nMrf«risthe ible end and obje6t of the monarohy, it
matters not much foir htm to know, what thecondinon of'kiafub-
jefo- is, and what tkey lay or think about him : bat in a qoaliied
and limited mciuuchy, like ours* where the King is no more tluui
the £rft magiilrate appointed by the people, where he is at boottd to
obey the laws as the. meaneft of hit fnbje£b, and where- tke well-
being of thefe fubje^ is the ible end of hit appointments-fare^ to
fuch a Prince it maftbe of the lail conle^pmace to knowV at miiMttely
as he can, what it doing in every corn^ of his kingdom ^ wkat the
fia(o
• ■
pcMttened.tojtfieiriindQftiy} .a^d.wbetWrt'ia Aiorty tb<^ end of his
nngty gorernmeot |3e in ereiy refpe^ Miiwer^ ? Al) dus, I ia^i
and fiMrcg>A Kihgof Grea^BriMiirjp^ know ts ^can^ biti— lioi?
' A KkigplttlmdifitrmiiiMtifAffi^ be^wliat k mllp. kt Urn pry
ever fo •coteiyioto tlie ]ietds'<iia hearts of thofe about hio^^ will
•jie? er be able to pterce throngli ;tli0 xaaaifold. dtfeuiev • w^ch coor*
tien always kn^w how to wrap fifaemfelvet in. <B/ courtiers are not
Vieant thoie gaudy paioted images, which flatter about a palace* aD4
are really aotbinff more than^e moving furnitoie of it ;, but.thofe^
who are entnklbd mth the great offices^ tp.whoa the adminiftratioa
cf affiurs-is'COfmnitQed> and wh^, .&r the oioft part, Aan«ge and di-
fcd the rei»s> of gdvemme&t as ' diey pleaTe* And. us he cannot diil
c(Mrer« by asy^tiatoral fagncity i»>is|/S^» the latent Jgrinciples of
thiiga» any mbve than the jed cbi^adcrs of peripns ; io he mud not
carped to receii«e my eJMual Ip^amtxiotk ftota others. . For, I fup-
|x^f it wilt bo iKHiidre upon aay. particular couxt* that, now Jiiy or
ever was, to hfy that there neyer was a Prinee» who was told by
Aoy of his iervants.all thofe trothfy'.wbich it concerned him to know.
At leaft this is a propoiition J take to be fo well grounded, that I do
not think the' &vere plain-dealing of a Clarendon, of the honeft
bluntoefs of a ^ully, fnfficient to form an exception to it. TheEm-
|>erorI>i6clefian made the difficulty of reigning well, to confift chiefly
in the difficulty iof aniving at the real knowledge of liffiiks. '' Four
nor Ave coiirtiers, fays he, form theikielves into a cabal,- and uoite in
their councils to deceive theBmp*nnr« ' They (ay,, what will pteafe
^chdr maAer: who^ bdnig fliat upin his palace, is.a perfeA flrskuger
«to the real truth 1 and is fonoed to know only, whaf tKey, ar^ pleafed
aotellhim."
' Now this great hindrance to good government, as Diocleiiaii
juftly thought it» isalmoft, if not altogether, removed by the glorious
privilege of the BritUh Qonftitotion,. of which we are fpeaking, the
Mhirfj rf the frtfs. By means of dliaf, the loweft ftifcjea may find
accefs to the dirone ; and» by means of this, the King^has a key, if
I may fo call it,^to al| manner of intelligence : nor is tbererany thing,
•^che leaft frnportftnce to government, of which his M^e^ can long
remain uninformed and ignorant, unlefs he wilfbUy and obflinately
Ants his eyoft It is .not meant, 'thabibe fliould faddenly adopt as
xeal truth and matter of faA, evei^ thing which may be read in the
pobl^ priifts: ai^i^many p^fhap may wnk, that amidft fo much
jnifreprefentation and error, fo. qiuch partiality and d^lguife. To much
indifcriminate fcurrility and abufe, he can hardly depend upon any
thing at all/ or uke any meafurea fmm fuch a chaos of ^truth and
falfeSood. ^nt of this chaos, were it ten times niore fo, it is indtf*
-putably certain, that very much dfo and'very many "adVant^es may
~be made. ' The King' may be dire£ted to^ find things, ikrfaich he would
-neverhave tbought of looking for : »ok than glmmedugs will ever
land anon appear, which will <edaWe ,hi9^ to pnih ^if difcoireries far,
alkd.tt)^ve«)aiiy thipgs to their fopirce, which wo^d otherwife have
.l^ivhid froni him., {n fl^ort, from thefe public inteUigcncer?, fome
ilhings Will be hinted, others fpok'en out more fireely, and others pre-
•
Yen ted in tfieiriall glait f %xA {hit, ofM ll» wli«i^'«ll^ooiMien»<J(
inomentt delating; mtherta pet^iw bir diiDgl, will be jftifflcieBtlj tti»>
ftHed, antl fetil dpea belbre hitt- .
"" « ITC^kea^kml^liA mimfters'lcMMU^a^^ tfafofcrifraflU'tlutwe Ha»t
often beard of great management, in corrupt courts, tcHtop op tvA
)JianneH of imcfligence to tW fybToe.' Tlief fcmMr^ tbat^ tbelb a
conilant tpmmerce, eorrefpendeAcev aad iinio« las ie Wfre^ ate imibi»
tained between ^te pyinee and Itiv IVeyle. TlM9c:k»o#v tta «rklk
thefe are fo maietainedv they raital)^ attempt t» cabals aod to in^oik
ttpoo their mailer ; and, if notwitkrftandin^ chef will sortell bisa all
the trath they ftibiiH, ye^ they da>e not abufe htin pfrofsty with mK-
reprefentation afid fics. Why ? beea^ft difcovery^t niftamly at haa^
tnd becaefs dffgrate and rntn w^l ttead npon dieiieelB of it. Se
that, all thingsiait) together, the adfarilage to thf Soeettiffl A«m
die liberty ctf the pref^ is my grea«ie^<fiity Ibr the wvtatax^m^txA
preiervatiop elf ierand, ^ ye^r Lordlhlp htfi aiiy»4eiigiii agassiH k^
which \ am faffh^m affirming, y*a can never futoeei, vAsiAt. the Kittg
fa)0W3 his tnteisterefta ^nd-p^ffdeii'the «^li-beiiig^an4 hafi^aeft cf
the p^le, i^ thfc fbie edd aridi6bje^of hte^rdit^
; There is great good Icnfe In theft remarks. It drfir fe«iti»
to be kno:wn vyhether a pritice is of fo inquiditg a d^pofition
as to reap, thp benefit that reading mi^ht afford biprr; for ac*
^cording to t}u;s reprefentation^ the freedom ot the prefs bas np
AroDger {%^^f^ than n^e c^ntinffeoce of tbei jeigniag prince
being fond of jfodingc fiu$.fi(ifi ityjip pMiter^ure, in ge^eraC
is foio^pofite ao that of ii courts tlst it akffy J^pj^^^^bis ^lU'^urf):
at f^amtnifh mayiecoii4 tke wjiliea of htdtajotters-.tli AtpiMwIa
ft. As to th« itbufe of the- {Kefe^ this evil is <:hie^ ovioig 10
a few obfcure, ignorant, ^ defperate fcribblers, who h^ur, in
party times, to write themfdvcA into confeqiiehc^ by daring in-
folence \ and who having neither propetty, cbara£ter, nor con«>
fcienjce toluz^d, iludy only tb expo/e tbemfelvjcs to the fii^ourgj^
of law, that they may claim the Qierit of fu^rin^ m the caulo
of liberty, AOd rife by the compaffion of thedelu^d multituc}^
it never proceeds from genU^^A whp w^it$ .to. communicate
knowledge, or from reputable bookfeUets.
The fields of literature might, bowevor, in a gK«t meafuix^
be cleared of fuch noxious weeds, if none but regular ftm^
tioners, who have (erved an apprenticefliip,'i^re itflowed to
print, or to publiih printed works ; and if the number of fucb
apprentice? were under fomfs prudent rcftri£lion. The printing
and bookfelling profeflions are evidently overfiocked jn numbers j
and as all ase toilrive to.livje, want of trade produces want of
principle^ Henoe literatufe is diij^aced : w^epeas, if the tra*
ders in tUa fpecies of cMnoiodity were fewer id number* a feoQ^
cf dignity and reputation would operate ; becaufr the trade
being better, tbe temptations of unworthy gain woiuld be
Vi^pak^r*. Nor canf the objeSioii Qf erediog* ^ monopoly be
fa&lv ihRfkti dn. It is a^prfchfertdcd, ff the eompAtiftAi fcay 'bfj
I^ardoned, thafc fiibes are 219 muqh a HeCeffiti^y of jific ^s Boofesi
imd^ a^9(E^ ^t* (pcm clear wii.y,re}{ridtions may not be iaiporea
9n the febr^otpfg. of the one, at well as of the jotbet*/ tp g^ar4
agaieft evU pra^tieaito ICfbe l«0nikMi iheemaJMit indine tjo be
cmrbicmi^tkey are checked by Ybrkfiiirei nantifiiAorersi aii4
. Mr mdit MfTha-it neightoors are fofficientiy raadf fo preiVM
ittw cdftfo^s- tf old books ft6m becomk^g tod (i^i»^.
Thar the true intercfts of literature wouW hB^hi no injury
bV fucfa^a m^^fui'e, Js dVMent, bfecaufc how6Vet tturtierous ^uU-j
limers m^y at this time be^ good writers alwayi apply to fuit-
able b6oI|rel^r8«; and regulable bookrellers to fuitaUe writers ;
iq &c^ t^ Um jproje^ pf tj^e reft, woujci 'ooly pcere^ve lit««
rature from profiitution, without that hxd necefity predided
by our Author, of kymgthrfeaiid df power oaUHt fMliadkini
OTleanliiigimllt6ei<€y, tkepreft^
Fr^tn <j0r»in fiftitlkuderwt bre ftfonglf iifcHiied to dOubtih<$
^edaratibn in the title-page of this paAiphlef, that the Ircnarch,^
Jhi thd dedication to it, ai-b the Works of different hands; but
this is a circiimftahce hot ttaterf^ to th< f-feadef . Th€ nature
of the office, tjie duty, and the necelTafy qualifications of a juf-
fice of tke peace* are ^eprefented in a manner that does credit
fo the Author, who offinns faimfelf to be in the commiiBon^
which his. thorough knowledge of the duly 6f it rendiirs proba-t
Mc« The appointment of j^ices^ which was Rttt i^ffmned 1>y
fhe crown o«r the viohmt depofitlon b(>£ii4rard 11. gave the*
King, as the Author remarks, g^at ittflueiicfc dvtr the people ;
the cdnimiffibn being changeable at plcafare* ^tht power is
vtrj cxtenfive, ind not taffly defined, fincfe befiJe the origihai;
commifiion, it has been greatly enlarj^ed by numerous Hatutes :
a circumftanco that renders the <;^i£cations for the office, and
the extfrcife of this power, of great confequence to the quiet and
haimony of all neighbourhoods ; where a variety of petty liti«
gtous applications are continually made to this conferVator of
tite public peace.
' In (jpCaking of the legal quaVificatidns for tfie office of a juf*
fice of peace, the Atithbr makes fonie very fevere remsirks on
the. d^ara^ec of a vplgar country 'fquire, ^bich w^ do not pro*
cttice $1$ an account of a non-defcript ammal, for there are few,
villages where the inhabitants , cannot more or Ie{s a'l^iply li^^
but in the precarious hope thai perchance here and. there fo*d)C
ode may have natural fehfe etioiigh to think it worth his troub^^
to prevent fucb iaippUcatioh. * ..-....,'
3^ — m" ■■ ' ' -^"'^ V- — ' : "'• "■ \ — 7^= — ^•
■* Thofc, however, who liayc 'difcovered the ^rfl/7 mutiladofts'ili]
ib)lli^ Scotch Editions of Eugliih books (riierely to faVe paper ind*
ptftoting) Will not think litetafrure fatoured'by the fro^iono fuUhlf
xedocers of its prief^ . . ^ .. . j
. . « Bur,
19^ thi ImOtch t 9r^ Juflia tfthi PiOCiU Mtmuat.
„* Baty Genlleffien* a mfn may pefieAii^* loofer amnmt and yH
he a weak^ infigniiicantt and woithlefs ftllow. He may be perfedlf
^literate, and m a high degree ignorant : and he maj always rtmab
fo, if he happen to l^ one of tnofey Whofe life is ^>ent in tow md
frivolous asnufements ; who is, for inftaiice, continually occnpied in
poachihe fbr hafes, in dragging for fith, in driring partridges, ia
jHping TOT quitiist and fndilike pnrfmtsw This dcmription, Sirtf
W^ not be ctken, for indeed it is not nteant» as a cenftre levelled
at r/«/ gentlem^ forfports, whiehy wl^n eojpyed with jnpderatioo«
are not only nfefni, but even laudable ; bot at thole, everlaiBng de-
ftroyers of tbeGami^whOf though denomiMted Gentlemen by the com-
tefy of England, are yet juftly to hi ranked amongft the lowed and
meaneft of the people. Th^fe, far from pofTeffing die leaft ^portion
of that open, liberal manly fpirit, ' which belongs to' true f^rtfmen,
are only feen lurchiifig and fknlkib^aboiit forfrty i that isy tojk^
Jo mmeb hac$m in tbi' ktitbin^
I To this pafige we find the following note i
* Thon||h the Author has been fevere n^n theie rural gentry* and
it may be jnftly ; yet» tcf do all right to their merits i^ imift , be ac-
knowledged, that they are for the mo(l part per^ns ,qf a^^xvi^ and
fpirits^ and therefore ought in reafon to be provided with an oDJed*
If they cannot be placed nigh in the fcale of Ihtellefhial Bein^, as
moH certainly they cannot, they have hpwever their pldce ; i^iathere
are, doubtleis, fituations accommodated to their talents. Thus,
though they may not be fit to determine upon matters of Ia:w anl
equity, yet they may do good fervice in the lower -departmenu of
iocieqr. We it>x^ird, it is well known^ the killen of molea^ the
de(bt>yer8 of fiilmonts, the catchers of rats, &c. and we oon£bder them
as members of fociety, really ufefol in aparilht for. their g^ap care
and fkill in deftroyiog the vermin thereof. Even hares, I am per*
fuaded, misht be ranked among vermin, and i^ighly noxious vermin
too, were they to be preferved as religiouily, as lome over-ri^id gen-
tlemen affeA to preferve them ; and it is owing to the afbve per-
fonages defcribed above, that tKey catinot be fo preferved. So hr
then thefe perfonages are at leaft tn fome nfe to a neighbonrhoody and
fo ^ we admit them as men of a certain portion of merit ; biac; as
juftices of the peace, as magiflrates who Ire to prefide in coarta,. aad
to adjttft and fettle the affairs of ment we can by no means Mleiit
them* An nrion of charaders fo very diflimilar would be quite un-
natural ; it wohld be repugnant to all congruity and fitnefs : it woald
he joinine things together, which nature and common fenfe always
meant to seep arunder.'
Here however the Author has treated the Iqurres rather too
tenderly, in allowing the merit of vermin-killen. The far-
mer indeed pays due refped to the folemn owlj be allows
her accefs to his barns and ricks, and gives no diihirbance
Co her family, becaufe they t:ateb his mice i but the ovfl is in-
jured in comparifon with thofe Tquiresr^ho import ybutag fbx^
anJTodge them on their eibites ui ol3 Holes, to breed ; who feed
them duly for months, until they learn the way to the neigh-
liiouring poultry yards, and all this for the fake of fcouriog the
country to catch tbem afterward. There caMot.furely be a
^rcztcf
Thi Jrmnrch ; 0r, Jt^ rf thg Pio^^s MmMiL t^f
|ictUer burlefijue upon juftice, than to Cee Tuch a pernidtous
common ravager giving ftern judgment upon a poor fellow for
fliooting a hare or a partridge !
The Writer comprises the neceflary qualifications for a juflice
of the peacCf in the following (hort fummary : . .
* Thefe., Gentlemeo, are what I would call the /rnM!f7 qualities*
neceflary to make a tvr/e and a ^im/ mstgiftratf.:* namely > aquickr
cl^y and found underftanding ; a perfed knowledge of the world $
a competent acquaintance' with the laws and conjlitut^pn of his conn*
try; a love of jnftice; and a fpirit of moderatipQ* But, Gentle-
m^n, there are ftill a kind ot/eeomfaiy or inferior qualities, without
the cnlcivation of which he will be far ' froxn Wing fo perfeft, at
I at prefent mean to reprefent him. — To dtcidt according to r^^
twitb frecifiofi and accuracy ^ h the grand pointf to whieh all hit en""
-dowmentsy natural aqd acquired, maft be diitded; and ke, who
liai attained this, may truly be faid to have attained t^Mtry point :
mmtt tuUt funSum. But in order to decide with frecijsott and accuragf^
a man mnft hear *with affabiliij^ as well aa^ exoMtine with deliberatian.*.
All thefe points are enlarged upon and treated in fo fenfiblc
a manner, that this manual may be reconunended to magiftcates
as equally profitable to confult for the, general outlines of their
duty, with Dr, Burn's legal inftru£tions for the refpedlve
particulars*
Moderation in the exercife of magifterial authority is inforced
^th great judgment and humanity throughout ; but a poftfcrtpt
is added, in which this point is purfued, we think, to a cen«
furable degree, with mifapplied ingenuity. On the principle
that laws ^re unable to controul and govern manners, but
that manners will always controul and govern laws, the Author
argues too ftrongly for temporifing, and accommodating the
execution of laws to thc.prefenthias of manners^ The ftate of
znatiners is beft learned, from the laws they produce, and in
viftiicjh they are recorded i h^t though the progreiEve alteration
of cuftomsand modes of sAing, may leave fome laws without ob-
j^As, or pervert the efFed of others from the x>riginal intention^
AXid therefore render them juftly obfolete; yet there ^re perma-
nent rules of right and wrong thatj^ever vary, though manners
ns^y* Manners in general are not to be eftimated by the'ten^*
posary prevalence of ibme particular vices ; nor are laws to be
fkMfjP^tii^ to humour the tafte of the times, but rather applied
xo check ioiproprieties.as much as poffihle* For this end alone
^h^jr were calculated \ and however manners may di<^te an al«
^^^f^jitioa in law^y h^ muft be. unfit for a magiltrate who pays
mc^re regacd lo the licentious' multitude than to the colle&ed
2j3<i declaced voice of the nation. That wealth produces a de«
^^0cracy from virtuous manners is too well known ; but the
i^|ei0jration deals upon us in new inftances not guarded againft:
W^ jptpvide n^tyjawi to fuit tb^ circumftancea; and has not
^ ^ this
rg* 'Wntyht^hrfsfGrMaSrkmm.: Vol.IL :
this been tbt anUbrm pnifiice ev^r fince Jaws wei-e knovnrf
Have ii6t oui ipaniiers io>prove4 tinder this courfe ? J/tbey ik«
cUne by the corruption of our legiflatorti oiagiitrsfel ar« not to
a>»operatc with this corruptioa upon principle, howvv^ they
may be led to it: by contagiom . Qiir Author produces four ifl«
flsnces of tiws which hb thinks ineffe<3ual9 and w&tcK cbe
magiArite caitMt ^eiend to carry into ftrid execution ; thofe
agarnft comfHon fweafin^, drUnkeilff&rs^ dueling, ftdd die%ri«
bery of ele^ors : but wfll bis reafoning on tbclc tnftances, be
admitted to extend to all 6ther laws in general ? Or will he
argue that becaafe thefe laws, are no^» perhaps cannot, \>t H-
grdly executed in all inftances^ that they have therefore n$ in-
luenct ? He is too clear-fightcd not to conceive how the tiking
tfaw infuiBace away-by a repeal wtiukl operate* How much
truth foever may be contained in the reprefentations in tUs poft**
fcripr, no gooa end can be aniweped by this apology for the
/uppofed ncgligencfe 6f juttices of the peace. Things tnt^t as
well have been left to Aeir natural coutTe is to furntffii ihddknt
or corrupt juftices with arguments to palliate negligence of
connivance ; arguments they could not reach themfclires, tfioagb
they nwy roufe thtrti to ward off the chai« of AiiA^haviom' :
they being more likely to aid the pervcrfion, than tor correft
the adminiftration, of juflice. To much better purpofeare his
remarks en the influence of the manners of the great ; as * the
example of fhofe who (bould execute Ikws, or fee theM etecoted,
is ftronger than the authority of thofc who make dttm :* -airf
* nb law will^ or ever can, be execnted by inferior mtgiftratts,
tl^hile the breath df it is openly encouraged by the examples (rf
iuperior.*
**M*J*a^Ai^[4**
Art. Virt. The HiJIory tfthtat Srituht, fhim the firft TiHtud^hm rf a
by theRomam, mndtr JnUns Cafitr. Written on a liWr nm». B*
' Robert Heary, D. D. one bf the Minifters of Ediiibovgli. Vblaint
the Second. 4to. 1 1. is. Frinttd oEt Kdiftteegk, aad foM bf
Cadell, L(hk1oii. 1774. . - *
rf determinihg concerning the merit of dtijr Utfci*iry iF^ork, fe
IS neceflary to confider th^ particular purpofe of eli^ AuCberv
and the general propriety and ufefiilnefs of hi^ defigtY. XJwlVA
we attend to thefe circumftancts. We rtay form a ftirtvaJ ^
^noneous judgment, and be induced tiO condi^ti ipMiac i^ <l
the whole, entitled to Odr ap|>rotaT}oh.
• Perhaps there is no part of learning' in wlftch w^mm^m
likely to be led aftray, than in th« fentiments ^e eiiHftftaiii ^
hiftorical -writings. Our WmiratiOft Of -one oir two fm^ensr^
Authors, whofe excellence. In point of g^iitos, {libnetratso^
and compofition, is peculiarly grefit, nray ib ftr fedticie XMM
make us diflike whatever doe» not com« «p to tbefar ikmoA^
ftcnry'i ^Jloij of iSnai Britain. Vol. If* M
Bi«^ to condemn a work becaufe it hafh ttot attained to a cer-»
taiii prtch'orperfefHoh, of Whfch'We^have foruted in'idta,* is
iiot aUo|ethti''toMift^nt-witK tfrii^dtiftatcs of candour, o^ irkH
. thcdedfons o^ trif^ JQdgih^t/ It is not every kMie who catl
rift, tb the in^iHif^ the dignity, andUc clegahcc^of ' a^Nume
ehd a RoberffoA-; Mdl yet ah hiftory in«tr be extMilely Valuable
ftltbou^h ^he Writer ^^idd^fsl) (faort oF tfaefe jtiftly cetebraiied
authors, in the'ref^aflhi^ b|ive rrtidhtioiibdr Tb^ gr^t^b)^ tf
Kiftor^ 18 Trut^^ aftd iih prtlhcipal end IksTHuCTibM, ifid botti
majf fomctimes 1>e Vcfy eIFe£tUaIly promoted by k plain ^ |^r(]^-
c^pus,' and faithful narration of fadfs, uhembarrafibd by filbtile
corijeAures and j)i<bround reflexions. It is not impbffible iot
fuperior geniures, by their love of novelty, and tbeiir fondneft
for refined (pecd^ions, to give futh^ a* colouring to ci(cuni«
fiances and Events, a^^ while it li "highly captivating to th6>
iniagtnation» may tend to dazzle and iniflead the untkrftandingi
But granting, zs it flight to be granted, that there is a cei^
taiii -fpecies of 'hifH>ricaI compofition which defervedly claims
the higheft rank, and is juftljf entitled to diftingui(bed applatife,
it muft^ at the Ikme time, be 'fllbwed, that there are fiibordi-
liate Icinds of it;'which have th^ir r^fpcliKive u^s and valu^^ aiid
cfur Judgment of their merif ftioulfl' bfe "regulated by a doc con-
*ft<|trktion of their proper nature,^ teAd^cy, and effeS. There
are petTons wlio may not be ambitious of (emulating the fam<^
of aThuanos, a Voltaire, a Hiime, <if a &obertfon. Therd
are-writers Who may be contended With (hinin| ift an hurtibler
fohcre. They may choofe to give ortly a clear atid plain repre-
'TO^Jation ofhiftorical ttuth j leaving it to their readers" to com-
t)W ^ings together, and to draw their own conclufions* Th^
binoriaiis, who aim at no mor^ than ihis^ may be very fervice*
aUe to manjkind ; and they fhoUld i^eeive their due praife^
Vithout beitig invidioufly brought to a ftandard which they did
Hot propofe to reach, and by which, therefore, they ought not
t0 b6 tried. ' : * -
It is not fokly, or even peculiarly,* wkh a reference to thd
Author before us, that We hav^ msifltfthefe dbfcrvatioris. We
have embraced ' the pref<^t opportunity of inferting them^ be-
• caaft we have had oecafion to remark, in the oourffe of our coxi-
y^ifation with perfohs of tafte and learning, that a certain faf**
* tidioufnefs of ciritibi(hi is fometlities Mdulged, Which may ie
htir](fd to the caufe of literature, and Aiay difcoufage the ptib*
lita^ion bf works that, ih their refpedfve views, ar^ calcufattd
' to1)e eminently ufeful. This fafffdioufacfs H the rather tO'bt
^uardjtd'agaiijff, as it Is too ofteh folihd in thtf moft ihgehibha.
' tnen, who, from ^ cohfcioufnefs of their fuperior talent and
. t)k4etration, arc ready to dirpafsge what may hot Entirely cotna
•/ii|i feo thisir iow^ compm^nttv^ ai>d philpfophi^al i4tu^
^ ^Riv. Mar. i7*74* *0 . Qia
t94 Htnfj^sJ^ofytfGrMSriiatH. Vol. It
Oyr Readers alre^y know * tlitt the plai^ formed by pt«
Htwj is tofeparate the difierent partt of hiftory Crom e^b •thef|
and to treat, jIn ^i&iu£t c|iaplers,on the civil anc| iniHtsuy tranf-
lM&iQQ8.0f.Oreat.Britaint ^s leliRionV cbnftitution, learnings
$xtB% coiwierc^i and calipers. . In confequence of tbci phn,
the 4f tail cf f^ is jeiidered fomewbi^ dry and ^neiite^tainuigy
fm^: that qoone^iii «ombiiii|tt09» ^nd varie^.of events aie
m^attd% from which hiftbrical compofitim derives its life, fpit
xit| and dignity. But, at the fame timty tikh method is ad^
inirably adapted to the purpofes of fpeciftc information and inr
(truQion. It attraAs, likewife, the Reader's peculiar attention
t# certain articlei, the k^wledge of wbich is highly ufeful^
and yet , they are too nyuch overlooked in geriera) hiftories.
. Shtit articles coaftitute the chief and q[io(t valuable parts of
.the work before us ; and it muft often be found a fingular ad««
vantage to be able to have recourfe, at once» to whi^tevcr con«
icems any particular fubjed^ with, which we may want (a be
acquainted.
The period included in the prefent volume contains the hi£-
tory of Great Britain, from, the arrival of the Saxons, A, D.
449, to the lan^jne of William D^ke of Normamdy, an
1066. .We fliall pa&overDn Henry's account of the civil and
military trap(a/Sioi|8 of this period, as exhibiting nothing which
j>eculiarly deounds our notice ^ and with- x^zxd to the. ch|pter
upon religion, we (hall only mention one oi-t^o circumilanccs.
.The tithes of the clergy of England hid their origin .in the
ninth century, Etbelwoif, fucceflbr of Egbert, called an a£-
;.iembly of all the great men of his hereditary kingdom of WeC*
lex, atWinchefter, in November A. D. $44. S and, with their
^confent, mad<; a folemn grant to the church, of the tenth part
of all the lands belonging to the crown, free from all taxes
;and impofitions of every :kind, even from the three obIigations9
. of building bridges, — fortifying and defending caflle6>^— and
•4mrching out op military expeditions. This royal grant was
• probably imitated by the nobility ( and if it did not origtnaUy
'mean the tenth of the produce of the lands, it appears, froos.
fubfequent events, that it foon came to be tinderftood in that
.fenfe. — In the b^inning of the eleventh century, ^ fermon of
;Bi{hop i£ifric's, from which Dr. Heni7 hath given an extim,
(hews very plainly that the church of England had not jet ena*
^br^iced the doctrine of tranfubdantiation. The fermon is (b dc-
»i(ifive in (his refped, that i^ has been often printed, and hadi
jr/requently been urged agajnS the advocates for iPopery.
*... In the chapter jwhich contains th. hiilory of the conftitution,
aCQYC(tune{|t, and laws of Great Britain, during the Saxog pc*
,* OiH^accottnt of.Dr* Henry's firft volume may be ftnnd m Rer.
^^ftt.xlv, pt 30, ^ . ,
xUdf
Henry ^jr Hift^j e/Grw BrMln.' Vol. 11. 195
y\o^ we meet With the followiog account of the low ftate of
|>opulation : <
* Bnt^n was far from being popoloiM in the period we are now
confidering. Of this the moft ampte evidence^ as well as the mod
iatisfaftory reafons, may be given. The Scots and Pi As had almoft
quite depopulated a great part of provincial Britain before the arri*
val of the Saxons. Thofe dangerous auxiliaries beconoing enemies,
extirpated, enflaved, or expelled, all the ancient inhabitants of the^
!beft part of Britain, in erring t^eir feven kingdoms. After the(e
kingdoms were ereded, their croel and incelTant wars againft each
owt prevented ibeir becoming popalous. When thofe feven king,
jdoms were united into one monarchy, new enemies appeared, no
^efs deilru^ve to Dopnlation than any of the former, and prevented
the happy eflfedls of that union. The fatal rage of building mona0e^
ries, and crouding them with ufelefs monks and nuns ; this rage, I
fay, which feized the kings and nobility of England, after the efta-
blilhlnent of the £ngli(h monarchy, contributed not a little to im-
pede the ihcreafe of people in that period. The very imperfefl ftate
of commerce, manufa^ores, and agriculture, which occafioned fre-
quent and dellru^live famines, is ac once an evidence and a caufe of
a fcanty population in thofe times. Asa fiarther evidence of this, it
may be observed, that there were very few cities or towns in Britain
in this period, and thefe few were fmall and thinly peopled. In
Scotland, there was not perhaps (b much as one place thai merited
the name of a city r ana«in South Britain, where the Romans had
built fo great a number of towns, we are told by Nennins, there
were only twenty-eight remaining m the feventh century. There is
the cleared evidence from Doomiday-book, chat not one of thefe ci-
ties, even at the end of this period (London and Winchefter perhaps
'excepted) contained ten thoufand inhabitants, and. the greateft part
of them contained only a few hundreds. York, which is the
greateilcity mentioned in that famous record, contained only 14 18
Souies, of which tliere were 540 uninhabited; In Exeter there were
only 3K honfes, and in Warwick 2^1. Upon the whole, it feems
very probable, that Britain was not much more populous in the times
of the heptarchy, than it had been in the ancient Britifh times be-
fore the lirft Romaii invafitm ; not half fo populous as in the Hourifli-
Sn^ times of the Roman government; and that from the.eftablilh-
ment of the English monarchy to the conquefl, it did not ac any time
contain above one million and a half of people. So fatal was the
fall of the Roman empire to the populoufnefs of its provinces, and
fa flowly was that lofs repaired !'
^ In defcribing tht Rek^horan and Lohmen^ i.e. Lawmen^ who
> were afleflbrs to the ordinary Judges, Dr. Henry endeavours to
fliew that they were not the fame with Jurors.
' Sonae leaitied men, fays he, have been of opinion, that the red-
boran and lahmen of the Anglo-Saxons, were the fame with the ju-
irort or. jurymen of more mc^em time;, who have a^cd a very im-
portant part in the adminiftration of jo (lice in England for feveral
Mes paft. But this opinion is evidently liable to very flrong objec-
tions* It it founded on one law of King Alfred's, and two of King
£thelred'a, which merit a moment's confideratlon. King Alfied'%
Jaw may be thds tranilaied : '* If a krag*s thane is acculcd of mur«
O 2 ' der.
X^e Htnrfs Hj/fory tf Greet Britain, Vol* It
dcr, let him purge himfclf by twdvfc king*8 tK^n^i. If an ioferior
thane is accufed, lc( him purge himfelf by eleven of his ^quals^ in4
one kihg's thane/' This hlwfeems father to rdatc to comporg^ton,
which will be hereafter deftrjbed, than to jurors. The fLik law of
Ethelred is to this purpofe, <* — That there may be a court held itt
every wapontacit. Jet twelve of the moft venerable thanes, with thfe
gerieve> itand forth and fwear on the holy things put into their hands,
that they will not condemn any innocent, rior acquit any guilty,
perfonr*' This law dire^ls the manner Of conftituting the judges in
the hundred courts, which were the prefident and his twelve aifef^
fors, forming a permanent body. The ibcond lawof Eihdred is tHist
** Twelve law-nfen fliall adminiller jnffice between the Wietfh and
£ngH(h, iix £ngli(hmen and fix Wd(hmen.*' This was rather an
article of a treaty than a law, and conftituted a coort to deterndtie
controverfies between the fubje^s Of different (bites, fh the next
volume, we (halt have an opportunity of invefUgating . the origin of
jiiries.'
The hint which our Author here gives, of his opinion con-
. cerning the origin of juries, by no means agrees with our fen*
timcnts on that fubje£l« We think that the very pafiages he
h^s produced are much againft him, and that his attempts to
explain them away are feeble and ineffe£tual« As he intends
hereafter to inveftigate the rife of juries^ we ihall not enlarg;e
upon the. qucftion at prefent ; but ihall content oorfelves with
obferving, that the ableft of our antiquaries have afleried the
exiftence of this excellent mode of trial afAong our SaxOn an-
ceftors. Were we to be determined by bare authorities, we
Ihould certainly prefer the judgment of thofe who have fpentf
perhaps, the befLpart of their lives in the fludy of £ngli(h an-
tiquities, to that of a gentleman whofe knowledge is oocafion-
ally and, it may be, haftily acquired, to anfwer a particular pur-
pofe. This lad circumfiance qaufi neceflaiily ^ fometiraea the
cafe With Dr, Henry, confidering the great rariety and extent
of his undertaking. «
Our Author labours to (hew that the crown was hereditary
in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. He acknowledges, howevOTy
that it was not ftridily hereditary; and, indeed, he pofnts out
fo many deviatiohs from the rule of fucceflion, that they almcft
i'erve to deHroy his general principle. The truth of the matttr
feems to have been, that Kiqgs were ufually cboff;ii out of the
reigning family, and that tbedired heir fucceeded to the throne,
if he was grown up to years of maturity, and was a "^laa ^
abilities and valour. Minors, notwithftandU^ dieir right of
birth, were generally excluded. Dr. Henry obfefves, that the
hereditary rule of fucceffion is the moil natural and obvioua
on«. But the idea of a ftrifi hereditary fucceffion is hr fWkk
being natural and obvious. It.ts too refined arid inet^phtfi^l
to take place in the early periods of fociety. Accordingly ^e
know, from all the billory of Eorope, that it was a long tiMe
before
before the rules of reDrefentation which now prevail came to ,bc
^nnly e(tabi^{hed. Our A'lxfho/ tatcfes care to inform us, that
• our prefent^tDoft gracious foyercigp George tfef TH^Jrd, is de-
fcended, (rppti.Cerdic, the JEpuf^cr of the Weft'$axon kingdom/
Does the kv^d DoAqt intend to intiipate* thv this remark^
that his M$^y.h the .pupper ^prefeotatiVe aiMl»hetr of Cerdic.f
if AOt, the-oUorvation .is odflilig aad adulatorf. George the
Third has a far nobler tide 4^ the crown tha^ any claim de-
rived from defccnt ; a title ifounded on the parliamentary de-
termination of a great and free people. This, we doubf qot.
Dr. Henry will be as ready to acknowledge as purfelves.
It will be i^greeable to the liberal part of our JUaders to pe«
tuft the fubfequent account ofithe limiutions tp which our an**
cV^nt Prioces were, fubje^ :
* Nothing can be mptc ei^dent than' this importtmt truth, —
'' That our Anglo-Saxon Kin|s were not abfolate nionaRchs ; bu|t
that their ^>wef9 a^d prcrogauves were limited bv.the laws and cuf-
aotPS.of tJKJT'CO^otry." Our SoxOn anoedori had been governed by
liflliced monarchs in their nati^e^feats on the continent ; and there is
not.thelettftappearaoeeor prohabiUtyy that they relinquiihed their
libertiesy aDdinbimtted to abtplate government in their new fettle*
-meats in nhis iiland. , It is not to be imi^ed, that men whole
•feigain|r,pafigD ^^as the kve of liberty, would willingly reiign it ;
and their new fovereigns, who had been their fellow4fokliers, had
certainly no j^wer.tacoa^pel them £0 Aich arefignation. The. power
fpf a4n^niftctn^ j^iMoe t(0 their ful^dU, and of ^pmmanding the ar*
tnies .of the. iUte, which hav^ j^en xeprc^iiented above as th^ lood im-
pprtant duties of our i^ngjlp-Saxon.KingS9 may be alfo coniidcred as
^their chief prerogatives, Thofe princes whd performed thefe two
offices in tbeir own perfons, ^th great abilities and fuccefs, had the
greateft infltrence and authority; while thofe who' wanted either ca-
jpacity or induftry for the execution of thefe office^> were much de-
cked and dlfreg^ed.
* None of our Saxon Kings ever Hx much as pretended to the power
of Qiaking laws, or im|)ofiag taxes» ^without the adyi^e. aftd coftfenrt
of^heju' wittemtgemots, or aflenpJ^Ues of the great ^nd wife men of
aihuf refoei^ve kingdoms. ThUi is ^vjdent from the preambles to the
ievei^ iyftems of Saxon laws v^hich are ftili extant.
'It feems tohave been the prerogative of our Saxpn Kings to (iail
t^e witcenagemots, or great councils, — to appoint the times and
places of iheir meeting, — to preiide in them in perfpn, — to propofe
the fubjeAs of their deliberations,-* and to execate their decrees.
' ^When the kingdom was foddenly invaded by a foreign enemy,
jorits internal peace ^ifturbed by an infurreftion, the King might, by
8its own andiority, pot himfelf at the. head of his tjroops, to repel the
4](kVidflS8, T or Aippreis jChe iafurgents : but when a> formal war MgainU
A iieighboujriii^ ftate was i^tCia^i^d, , mqre deliberaf ipn was req uired ;
Stdit^<^ttld,not be Undertaken without the advice, and confent of
e,vriitenagemot. The ^A^lp-^axqn Kings had copfiderable in-
^Sfoettce in cuipdftng.of the conquered (ands^ ana dividing the fpoijs
*'* '^ * ' ' ' ^0 ^ ' taken
IfB tienry^iJUJlajs/GrfatBritaitt. Vol. !!•
taken from the. ene)ny.; l^utth^y were obliged to ufe this infiaence
with jaftice and moderatiod. and could not keep above a ihud paii
cf thefe lands and fpoils totn^mlelves, wickoiit incurring the Indi^*
nation of their troops. King Harold, by retarning a greater propor*
tion than this of 4he Dankh and Norwegian fp^U^ occasioned (e
great a difguih-iittd deiimion in his amy, that it, proved the chief
cauie of luft mis. The coofent of the wittcnageniot was commonly
obtained u^ cbO:cpi|cbifioo of peacet as well as tp the ^eclaratbn (rf"
war ; becaufe the proipcrity and ha^pinefs of the whole l^ngdoif
was as much concerned in the one as m the other.
* Ampng tBe ancient Germans, the King had no power to inflift
any paniihment upon his foldiers for defertion, or other ofiences^
this being the province of their pricfts, who adled by the authoriqr of
the god of war, who was fii):>poled to he prefen: in their armies. Bi&
after the introdadion of Chriflianity, the eaercife of raifitary diio>
pline becamo one- of the royal prerogatives, as it was never claimed
iy the ChriiUan ckrgy.
* The Anglo-Saxon Kings had no power of remitting ^y molft
or fine impoled upon any criminal by a court of juftice, becaufe thait
^yould have been depriving another petibn of his right; but dl^
had a power of changing a capital into a pecuniary punfiKna^iit.
* The Ktngs of England, in the periodwe zre now eonfidmsg*
were only ufufrudnanet of the crown-lands, and could not aliosmtc
any of theie lands, even to the church, without the co^Tc^ of the
wittenagemot.*
Dr. Henry, after haviog defcribed the wittenagemoty takes
Dotice, tlut ^ though great efforts have been made to pro^t
that the ceorls, ^r fmall proprietors of land»' were ,reprefented
in the wittenagemota by their. tithing-meo» or bor(Hotdefa, and
the inhabicaors of trad if^ towi\f by their aldermen or port-
reeves, it muft be confc&d,^ that of this there is not fufficjcnt
hiftorical evidence remaining/ Here again we are oblig^^to
declare. Chat we differ in opinioA from our Author* We are
not infenfiUe of tke difficulties in which the fubjed is involves).
Nevertheltfsy we are perfuaded ihat the hiftorical, circumfiani-
tial, and legal evidences^ taken together, form a ftrohg proof erf
the ConamoiH having had a ihare in the Anglo- Saxon ^giflaturr,
Dr* Henry himfelf acknowledges, that the ceorh were not ex-
cluded from the wittenasemot by any pofitive law ; and it ia
not likely that they (bouTd, in general, voluntarily give up fia
ivnportant and valuable a privilege.
, Our Author, fpeaking of the Welch, obferves that * their
animofity agaift the Saxons was for fotne ages fo violent, that
they would comply with none of their cuftoms, ei^er in ciril
or religious matters. But when this animofity began fo wcsr
off, the great imperfedion of their own form of government
made them fo ready to adopt tb6 political regulations of their
ancient enemies, that before the middle of the tenth caitury^
fh^ coi%flitufion> magiftrates, 4n^ courts ^ Wales^* were almoft
amaiy
mtiTyTHj/ltij tfGrmi Britm^ VblrlLl 197
eyadly th6 firnifr #itb tbefe of En^tuA. , -Thb is i^ triiey tfaat
a.more minute and particular accoaot of the Anglo-Saxon con^.
MocioQ might be extraOed from the Welch iawa of Howel
I>fa!», which were ooUeded A.D. 841^ than. even from the:
jSaxon lavi^a themielvea.' ^ .
We are forprtMd that Dr. Henry did^ not diftem fome ap-
pearance of tncoofifteni^ in this wyarfrnmiiMi of tbiagt*
Law$ coUeSed before the middle of the ninth centurvv cannot
prove how far politidal regulations mighrbetonowea finm the
Saxons, which are intimated not to have been completely"
^opt^d (ill toward the middle of the tenth century^ The inge*
nious and learned Mr. Whitaker conliders the laws of Howel
£>ha, as evidences oJF what was the ancient Bri^ifh conftitution ;
i^id we agree with him in this refpcd. .'Ther^ feoms to bkve
been a great fimilari^, among all the nortbero n^ions of anti-
iquitys in their original forms and oEMKles of goi^rnaient*^ .We
dp notf however, mean to deny that the Welch' did, ina couffe
of time^ take many of their cuftoms from their neighbours the
^axonii. ^
1a tbt description of the difFerent kiAds of ordeals, it is'pliea*
iant to remark ^l^e prudent care which the clergy took o^^ them*
fi^Ives. The cprffied, or confecrated bread ana cheefe, was the
ordeal to which t)iey commonly appealed^ and the appc^ could
not either i^ dangerous gr di(agreeable to 4 hui^ry prjeft. A
piece of barley bread, ai)d a piece of chcde, were laid 'upoa
the altsr, over which a prieft pronoaafied.QBrtain coflyiiratioos,
and prayed with great fervei^y, tlM^if the perCbo aocuftd war
guilty, Ocki would fend his ange) V^*^*^ to ftop hii throat,
%at he might not be able to fwalloV that bread and' eheefe;
Tfaefe prayers bebig ended, the f oiprijt spBroached the ahar»
took up the bread aijid c^te&, amf ^^eff$n to eat it. If Hq f^al-
lowed freelv, he was (^j^^ared innocent ; .bpt if jt ftuck in bis
j^hroat^ and he could not fwallow, he was proiUHfnced guilty.
After the ftri^ures we have made , ifpon Q^ H^i!^' and
vhich, we think, might be extended to other ^n^ooea, it is
but doing jufiice to him to.tnmfcribe-what he has fatd^ at the
eonclufion of his third chapter.
' If the Anglo-Saxon cbnfticatton, govemmefit,' and laws, do not
a^ar fo exctUeat aad perfed in all ^peiBi, in the above deicrip-
iJio'n» at they have been ibmetimes reprefented, and as the fond ad*
jqfiiers of aUtiqaliy l^ve been ufibd to think them, the Author of this
fi^rk cannot help its aad hadi 'nothing tp fay in hit own defi!ttO^»
bat that he hath nfed his heft eadeavoars to diieoVer the truth, to
reprefent it fiurly,' and to guard agaittH miftakes. Jt mnftir m ipar-
tfcular', be evidehc to eve^ intelligent reader, that many of their
jmkl laws were founds on wrong principles; and aunf of their
modesof trnlledtowroaffdecHion^r. ., •
^ O4 The
Tivrfodith ^xipftti cbm^reBfcrUing^tlte UftoiyoF Leariifng^
is ve7y'eniei-tai(iin|[/ atiSy if oar Kmitfa WduM permh, we could,
with plecUuro, knakt^'UvtM exttzStsltom itj tfpechWy wkh ^
regard to the litetail7 cbfiadcts^43f ABMbi^ Theodore; Bede»
Alcuinus, John Scot, and King Alfred. \Bat ire muft contend
ouriebK ^ith- tijMng l^cfche/uur Rorfders*IdrvHei0*7*6 obfervk-
tiom. lipoid thttii^miolkifsi of liicqtHriifg/'licwicorqj during thor
SawMiqseiiodi - * i. :i . ; :o :. w . n *•;': -si > .
*• That «w aiiqr4i^t>#iiiictain too iceAt0iif>til]fe.ittK' opinion oF ovr
forefAtHef»»?wh« A>ufiflM4d ui tte<bti|igbl»d.»ges ivhidi we are nqw
cumjUnce?.. ^"jrc^ lay np;hi^ of tbaj cop t^fnpfj for letters which^thcv
derived from their aiioe{lor$» ^na of the abpou mceflant wars in wBicK
they were engaged, "it was' Jifficujt/of,' ratter impoinbre/ for an
thfe cltt^f, andavdr^feWxrfthfe niott )ii^6atthy dmo'ng ihcla^ty/ <i*
obtain the leift Jhrafterlnfebf Warning ;' b^atfft $11 flie fecinsferac-
quiring^t wfere -far biy end '-^ir reach. It is iin[)Offlble toieiM'm
Tt^im^vmtt'fk^ oiri>Mn(m Viti«e>t(nigii#;: which it no^terdly
eflremtd^parLof iearmgt mthoat boolos,. mafters« and q^afitnali
for writing i bat in thofe ages all thefe were fo extremely fcarf^ 9^.
d^^,t){a&noae bnt^gfipat pripfes and weahlw^ prelates coold^ocf re
thjpm^, ^{c.'h^ve'^^reac^jle^d of a largceftatc gWei^ By a J^pi of
fJorthumbcrland tpr a tingle Yofume f^^and the htuory of tbe middle
f^ges aV^'uhSs wi^h'^/^bcamp^'s df that kind. ^6\v then was it poflible
ibr*^eWdnsbf a'fticWcrtitefottutt^to'procif^fo much as'ohcboofc,'
lAuch left 'lu^h inttnfcdr^of books^as to 'irtafcc tfieir leaririijg to Vead
mt ilfie^^ktifiifkjMttv ttolf^dtd reward thair^troicible ? It was IhAi as
dgjSodf<o^fcowwr>book» gfctnkhiiy ^0^4 ' Iris a ffufficient rproof of
ihiii Um a^lUng.of tFradcerwiQ ohUged to;depo(tt a coniid^rablQ
quality 0f(pl»t9> and.tQ^>4epf^i; nc4>iUty to join with him in
a^lwnd^ V'^cr^ bigbjp«^aj|pf,;w"re^raiti.. before, he ooa)4 pfbcarc
the ^aq w Qne yolun^e, wl^ch, yiay now hepHrchajfed fbr a iew.lhil-
Kngs, ]H^enals for wHpng' were alio very ^arc^ and de^r, whicfi
ihaJeffew perfons tninlt of iearning that art. "^his was one riafon of
th^ftireity ofbooyvand'tR^t'^reat'^ftateiwcre often trdisiferY^
froih oto<5 owner to ano^cf by'a'riiert verbal' agreement, and the de-
$f«ry<df wnh i^ (kMt^ beMre^wkneiTes, i^thdat any wnhen deed.
jParchmenc^ in paruculafv dn 'wibich alt fh^r ^booki were written*
wa3 fi> d^ifficnU to be pubeoDBd^ ^at.many of die ,MSS of the middle
^ges which arc flill prefervcd, appear to hevtebe^n wittcnon parcM*
H^^lroxn which fomfi fo^a^ writiqg had<b$e« erafed* Bat if booka
and materials for writing werp in tl\ofe. ag^s^/p jcatQe, .good maA^i*
wjio 'v,xrc (;9ipable ojf teaching 4|ie f^iencea |o any purpofe, weie,ISU
fcarcfu-, ^nd more dl$^t to. be.prQ<;urqd. . Wi«n,lh^re wa* not one
nwui in flnglaod to. the ^uj^ Qfi^kfi Jh^ine^ wh^ underftopd ]^tij)» k
Wf8 no.; po^ble tp team that fegoftge, witho^t fending for a teaehw
from fbmc foreign poijfttrXj Jn the?? circui^ft^nce^, qui we be /ur-
jpri«ed« .that learning wa^. io imperfedl, and in fo few Mads f The
'{^einple.of Science was tbc^ 4^t a. homely :fab»c,t with few chars^
IQ allMre wo^aii|>|>er8^ and at ;h^ (^p ti^^e .^rrottnd^d widi flMp
And • riigge4 precmicts^ *wlli€b: l^ijti^cat^ tlfeir ji^roftdi. Wbe«»
Alfred tlie Gxeat loroed the de%n of reo4eriDg.leatning more g^ne^
9ral than it had formerly l>eep9 hft never dreamed :of extending it t^
the cqminoii peopk» which he kaenr was^ quite impra£liarble» i>ae
only obliged; perfons of rank and fdrinliev by'a*j8vtr» to lend thjsie
fpns to fchool ; and we Jiaye good reaJ^M (0- faelieipjby thM ihb-r^Mli
AJft^med a. very hard law, an4. tl^it it watHet^jong^obeyibd.'
, Tbebiuory of thQ Arts of Gre»t BriipA, wbieh m tke Mm
jeaof th^ fifth. cbaptetv-^coniaNis Miith citriooBtaRd plea(fli||
infomation. Ito thetaooo»nt%hfch rt giftn of the gnettt^d^
nbyV thlt^Wfts paid to pb^tlry attd -tHfe t)M^i We IriVl^f l^M^
ddfdbf, \irhtfther itht Authbr 'hath fufidtttttty dlfcrirttlw^ta; thki
pi^fe MraflerW tR%'5^*bbs In Ais rfef^ift, from that of the
nitfoHs ii-bund tlifeto. *^f^v^c kte hot oufthkch, the Saxons gf
England were leTs eiitKuiiaLiircally foiid of partly an^rpoets ,thaf|
feme others of the northeca Uibe8» aod p4rd(:^|arJy the ^ocjent
Britons. ^ 4 ' ^. . - ♦
In the (ifflory of Commerce, Coin^ and Ship{»ag, we r^aid^
with particular faitisfafiion, off the furprixiog efforts of Alfred-^
Grrat for,encrealing the trade and paval power <)f his-^^ountfyi
and jfor making new difcoveries. The 9ouci(hing conditio t^
.IfK^ch Hctgar the Pea^eaJble raifed, ^tbe JEngliih fleet is, llkewife,
an.ofijed oiT agreeable cqntepiplatipn. Dr. Heviry has taken no
Itttk paioft ID, deducii^ the ftate of coin in Gnat Britain,, Ipom
the departure of the koi^aans to tb^ eftabliflim«nt of 4he Sjuwos*
In the management ;o£ thii^ intricate and.pei;plexiiig fubjady hi
has received confiderable aflUlance from the iabonrt of the iata
learned Mr. Clarke, to whom he ;gratef«ili]f.i^l(nowte(]ge$ hif
oblieatbns. ...it
The^'fbventh and laft chapter, which relates to the Manner^
Virtaes, Vices, reo^ajikable ^uftqnu,^ Language, Drefs, j^ien
ancfbiverfions of the P^oplepf Great Bri^iny froo^ the Arcivai
6t the^axons to. the Landing of Williaoji P«ike of Normandy^
contains a variety of entertaiiung.cupcinftanoea. As it wocdd^b#
itnpradicahleto purfue our Author through his whole narration,-
we mall only prefent one farther fpecimea of hts work, in the
repr^ientation he hath ^iven of the love which the Aaglo-Saxoaf
bad for liberty. .
' After the account that hath been given of the Anglo-Saxon con*
fflttxtJttri in a former cliapter, it h hardly ricccfl^ry to obfcrve/ that
the love of political liberty, and of a i^ee and legal form of govern-
mtAtt inky^be Jufljy reckoned anQloDg the natiotHi] virtfues of the filig-
HA ift :this penod. This virtoe, together with* the great and kadhg
principle pf thrir confti^ujti^iiy .they'derivecliroid their ancefloi^tiif
ancient Qer^nans, who are^mtly celebrated by the Greek and Ro^
man writecs for their, love of lioerty, and their brave defence of thai
indftiihablel)lefling. Thofe armies of adventurers which arrived firom
Q^hia^jaj tfi (fxt& of fet(Iebients in this illandi in the fifth and 6x(4
^enturiety Wft tompofed ofbl^k-f^ntcd and haoghtf warriort , wM*
werx ahnoft equals, asd woald admit of oo greater degrees of Tabor*
dination than tkeychofe thenifelrei, and rhought ncceffzry to tbe*
fuccefs of their etiterpnzeB. Their conqnefb, we may lie cerum,
did not abate th«ir hatghtiiieftr or make tkem more fobmiffive to.
flMir* leaden; For tkeir own honour, afttr their iettlemeot, they
allowed thofc H»d«rf to aflame tke name of Kings, and gaV^ tbem a
krgife fifoportioa of the vonqoercd lauds to Aipport thdr dignity ;
htt.thcy ItiU resained in their omitn hands tha power of making laws^t
impc^li^g taxfs, and .determining all .national qnetions'of iatport^
igdcei in their national aHembUes, a^ t)ieir aneeftors had dope in tlietE
native ieau oi^ the continent* Of the£s*4neftimable priirilegea ihof .
continued to be infinitely jealous,, and to defend them with' the no&
undaunted reibtation ; and it is to this political jealou fy and reibla-*
tion of our remote ancefl^ofs, ^hat we are indebted for oar prefent
ft«? and legal form of govtminent.*
--The marttal- (pifit o( the liaficsr,^ and the caufcs and proper*
ties of that fpirit, together with the fondneft of that patron far
•ipldlent dfath, are- wcH defcrtbod hy Dr. Henry. Among oth«r
feirtomftances he hath not forgqtten the attention and refpcA
that werefihewn to the fajr iex; an amiable peculiar!^ io the
^haraider of the notthern nations; which has been bpaiitifuUy
dlfplayed, and wdl accounted for, by Monf. Malkt^ in the
introduflion to* hjs Hiftory of Denmark.'
I Wbikterer farther defeats might be pointed oiit m the pfrefenc
perfbrmancet it imift' be acknowledged that, upon the -whole,
ft-pofieflfef eonfiderabie tnerit. The Author, indeed, rs nO(
HiAtnguiftied by elevatiofi of genitts, by nhilofophical penetfa-
tioni or by a capacity of rifing' to the^bigneft ^v*cies of hlftori-
cal tompofuion; but he poflefles a grea| (h^re 0/ good fcafc;
•nd his diligence and labour muithave been uncommonly giieat.
He refers always to his authorities. His (Fyle, if not elegant, or
lemArfcably nervous, is clear, and for the Qioft part, though not
udlverfally, corred. As a cotledion of faiSs and materials,
Dr^ Henry *s Hifl»ry of Greit BriCattv cannbt but be spcculnirly
Hfeful. It is a work which every gentleman Would yvifh to
place in his library^, that he may be able tq confuh rt^n pro-
per occafions. .0 .. . -
Art. IX. Setbona ; a Tragedy. As it is performed at the Tiieiatr«*
Royal |n Drury-Lahe. 8vo. i|.6d« Becket. 177^
* ^^OhO^Ei^ Dow^' (fays the Editor's advertifemcnt) * when
Vj4 he failed for India, left the following tragedy in tba
pofleffion of Mr. Garrick. The event has (hewn, that the re*
putation of an abfent Author could not have been trufted rn
fafer hands/ — We fubfcribe to this grateful declaration % and
we have no objeAio|i to the feveral acknowledgments which
make up the reft of this advertifemeni. We are only forrjr that
5 in
SdUna i a Tragedy. t^
in thie next edition^ the H^li^wer^ wHI iiot be tburiJ ;In th^ lift
of bciiefa(6tort to this^poetical tniotliPg* Wbp ^tm^^'^y tbe ab-
fence of its natural par^ntf to demand peculiar indulgence*
Tbe only circumftance that ten^era thjs^ Moniieceflarj, ia th«
prudent choice of a guardian^ There are nany cafes in wbich^
we (hould prefer a £x»rd Chan^eUor^ iD' ihe managtecnt of our
aflairs, to any unexperienced aadinjudicionffelacione. There
is hardly any theafrical fafe in whtdi w« fliouMnot rather chufe
to have our reputation ih the hands of Mr. Garrick, than eveij in
our own. It is our full purpofe therefore, when we c^n, either
feparately or altosethera. produ9e a play, to tranfport ourfelvest
to Ireland at leaft, and to }eavi; it to thq gencrqfity and ma^
payment of Mr. Garrick*
In fober truths and without a joke* we do not T^n^itiber any
play fo ftriking and Interefling-ia the reprefentation, and yet
to cold. To upRdfeAing in the perufal, as the picfem tragedy.
Few of our Readen^ we fut>pofi^ can be wiacquainted with
the ftory of it, as it has beett given at large in thr newa^papers.
The fcene is in Egypt | and me principal peribns whfo intereft
lis bj their dtftrefsV ar^ an aged dethroned Kin^; an amiable
and excellent da>ifchter|''ana.a noblt-fpirited neroic votrtb»
fiepbew to the jw King^ and* the lawfu^ heir to the mrohe.
pof^nel Dow has Dfefl 9ondiii$|e4 4i^ bufinefs of the ipisy^ and
varied the fifuasians pf bis cW^fils with great art: but wheq
they are got into the moft aflFedins; httS^nit fituatioBSi he leaires
us to Mr. Garf^t^^ vh^ indeed iSakes the moft of our trnkgi-
liatiens, ai^d managis ipi^tters fo, that-we'aitrihuce -to the play
what is rather "fiuid to the Ccfcnes; 'We cannot .bi|t think Ihat if
the tdors wefe made to Jbsal thtycal languiii $/ the pmm which
ihey (alk about^* the leverat trimfadtipn^ in the yatacomba
'would be aniong thp moft affeding that w^p^ ever ei^tbited on
sny ftage. * • • '• ^
The Reader wilf judgie pf the Alithprfy talents f by t|^ fal«
lowifig quotation :-
A C ' T V. * ' '^
EMier S E T H O N a/ Mjfraacdff.
8iTH<{irA« Ofiris thudders! yet the' tyrant lives,'
Whilft Serapbis and MeAe^ art no more I
O that my (pirit,. like that tranfibnt beam. .
Woqld take its cdorft dboa the vee^rng winds. .
Amasis, Why com'ft th6a thW, Sethftnaf Hence, rWtef
(iTH. {mi •t/irnfUg bim.) It it the melaochohr bird pf night,
'.I^erch'd on.that mould'ring ^battlement, that ftr^ami
Her bodihg odt^s^ofWoe: - ¥e bidecKis forms, . " ^
That dimly rife npoa jthe night, and float'
JL
^ See aUb the atcountirf' the jnfily-admised Zti^, ,a tntgedy,
/V|ne Author, i^eview, vol. xl. p. 50. ' ' "'
ftp4. JSithon(t% a Tjr^gcdjT.
Jft tli^ wUd t^pc^ pf^Ac troiibW wr !
Uoll not jroar jnourafal voices op the 5prn|, "^^
Aiifeyl Your iw^lgfcRorcs are ift»vaivl; ' '^ '
All— all toy ftafs atc-vsi^uifh'tf by iyHcftfe, '•
Ajii^/. -'jBBe^teft not tuvy htrt^r
^»Efii* ' - - • What«g^oah»»^%^tl«r""'
lStt1dnit dwic^l 1 hauUtfae^imd of^chdns.
Tkifr 4i:«ny way ! • tM fuqKf ihall dire&
, ^Mr^Wp*' ¥fcawf#fpii!ii^iOf.«ty!feu:^, .
,4.«pM^>jowfTOfnjyourdaikrcpofc!. U^^'^lJ
Ak^k ^qjiona, ilop. L^c mp convey tlwre hence,:
why doft thoji gaae upon the vaulted roof^
As jf fbriic godycTcfeiuied ; or thfc,h<rav'^5
- ^(^i^ttTOpea'd to thy ^icw ?
SiTH* The cload i8*hftXte i '
' *B«lfdd'Hlai inbiAiCtrf^;^tfc« i^h^i^b^^WiB^^!
• AM>fi4i«e4Miatfd4l«eami8intiirrfnheU«d^piifiill .
. . jUpdn.p[)e!!Hswis'Q]d! H^<was*thiDh«8nK» ^
AiidtiKlikr»^^wai the htei!
. . / , E^e^.of .^rkf has almo&^aench'd the^ight
Seth.; ' . . Wasorerl&vif "
" Lfk^' ntine ? Pale ii the v^ity ^dni hh Actf * -
* '^ ' CoHf, CbM his brtall'/ ^nd'ffleirt^s-kis ifcn^ ?
' f* -*'' H«*hil^ Hps I «ithbWi lifccthfc>bde/ ' • ^
'^nHemmnyteih^l .
-.iAtfii^t:.i» '*-.• f»' - t'\: c-':.;Hofe^tenfroit(^ 1^«nu^. -. .
tSsf i|t , , i ( . J^cn his bright tycs roli'd,
; I look'd^ot at the fiiai Mni when A<» ippkc
My fingers dropt the jyrc* This wpund was death,
*g bleeds 1 it bfccrds I This breaft V9iJ y^itf tjf gifilt.
^ Why do I weep ? To-uight I am t8c%ide, '
The bride of Amaiis. Thefe wedding robes
* Wii\^pmt3my^^lMtagflkc$u
Ama. Remorie beginii
To fafien on my heart* I ieel^ I feel»
That guilty ' like the «nv«i9m*4Tcoi^ion, hears
Its own's death V ding, tier 6tnzy C^cms tb.add
New luftre to her beauty ; Aod thoie eyes
Were not fo piercing, when the milder beama
Of wifdom temper'd thdr refiftlefi jppw^r :
And yet the iorm aloi>e remabs* The '^ght
Is^one^ and* 'like the dim orbfOf'thelmoon,-
6h» lahQors in eoUpie.
$iTH» ' Hiik! Who.artflioii? ,
GiVe me iky hand. . ' . .
Ama, What wonld'Jlihott withjoy liand i
SiT#^ . i Ax^» *way !, wa(h lODtt tbfk^jpnjrjfh&aini I
A¥a; Itiiioolatc* i: .
^
^
Ama;^ B^l bow ftie prober mir hmttu ivhereaoftiDflaixL'di
Seth. Why do I carry here? Let me behold
Thetr bleeding woBids ii^f*
And vanqaiO^'d natare finds xepofe in deaUu
' ' Tkefi>tntaui«£ifiiy.lM8,Mrdcy, my eyes - ' '
Boni' widi the xs^;iag fevet oCJny brauu ^ >' ^
Tiabei! 'dflMcnes! Obt IfipUcNrtkeol ..:
RoUU in that (badowy mantle^ iboii ihait Inir
SeiboaafitoaiberwQef. • (n^^u..
We thiiik this fcene is one of 'Aiiinbft interefttng In tbe play»
and we have given it for that vt^Xotix the Reader wKo vpder-
ffands the language of Natpie need not recolle£l Qpjielia in
order to judge, of its merit*
■ I I I III >i II I LP ■'■niHM^ ■mi* »> J I Mil J fi* I » I m
Art. X. Tht l^oM e/^ Bufimfs ; a Comedy, ^i^vk .^^ at Un^
. Theaire*Royal in Covent-Garden. Sy Geoi;ge Calmi|n. Svo.
IS. 6i Beclcet* 1774«
TH£ ftory, and many of the priiidpal citeui»ftafiets4»f this
play, have an evident reference to fofM hue and^ipalb-
known events in the mercantile world % and they depend moftly
on the following parts. Firft, that of FaiU, an old backer;
fecondly, BiVirley^ his partner^ a man negligent of his afl^r^^
given up to hi^ pleafures, in fine, z mod^ta man ff bttfine/ii
thirdly^ Dtmer^ a young miler; fourthly, Golding^ anothor
partner, but refideat abroad in the Indie&i and, fifthlyi, Lp^iia^
the daughter of Golding. Beverley cmbarraflos bis affairs in thp
iwa^s cooamon to a man of pleafure. In coadiiAing the feveral
circumftancevof his folly, the Author copies the mMincrs^f the
times, and yet avoids every thing «trite and uninterefting. As
Mr. Colman can afibrd to be criticiftd, we axd the ler3 fcrupu« .
}ous in remarlcing whatever wie imagine is in any degree un-
*wo|thy of his talents. The fpllo^vjog fcene between pcverlev
and Lydia, we think, is not flra;wn ^ftj^r Natjur^ 9euerkyS
nunncr of declaring hjmfelf is neither j4cU€ate. i)or ifi'clvirac*
-ter, as Mr. Colman would have us eoftceive of btoi. Lydia is
generous and godd, b«tt iliedoes not fpeak^tke langaage of a
'W«fl»an m fiKii a ficuation/ ' -* -< !
(Tbty remfun finu timt JiUntJ i; 4.. *. :>> *
Sin^. txiuKt mt, IMatn, if 1 vtiiuire A bikfiitiRi b<H«rdbeply I am
llsnfiMefif your amer^ te^ be* aMbd b^ myHiislbrtaiits : and jtt
I cannot bat oonfefs that I feel your compaffion sAlMll^ks (otiafollyis ^
a reproach— for I am coafirioas'iibaveinotdeTetivtd'it^ ' '
a Ijd.
Ljd. Toiiditd«i I am with the remfc of vbdl* (itaatkn^ Mt.Se-
ycriey, I will not diflembk to you that I ain pleaTccl vnA the chanst
in your behaviour.
." iK|v« Stilly ^ill* thit veiy approbatioa fqves to reprtftich me witt
the impropriety ofmy late condaA towards yoo. I M it. I rttfadt
yoar forgivenra of it $ and fhooM be happy to pa& the reft of my
life in endeavoaring to atone ir«
Lj4f, Make no m>logies to ne, Mr. Beverley ; I hav^ no right to
exped them* nor nat yonr oondud rendered them neccflary : moft
young gentlemen who piqne themfelves on their knowledge of the
worKi» ad modi In the iame maQuer ai you behave to me.
Biv^ It 18 too true ; but it is not the fwarm of coxcombs that ren-
ders them lefs impertinent or .trouhlefome. I ought uot to bave
adopted their contemptuous air^, jkv^thout being mailer alfo of thdr
tame infeoiibllity ; yet I' had you tH to plead in excufe for my vani-
ties ; and I flatter my(eif» that time and refl(^£lTon — and another mO>
live that diftrads me when I think of it^mfght have rendered me an
«l!JeA left onworthy yonr emnpaffion. Calamity-has torn the veil
from myeyest and I now fee but too plainlyi not only your excd-
lence» but my own imper&AIons.
Lj^. Cafamitv is a ievere 'maHer, yet amendment can fcarce be
' purchafed too dearly : and as your errors have been venial, yonr
oiftreii Ba]r be bat traofieati nay, may, perhaps, at laft be the
•means of yonr hstppinefs.
Bfv. Impoffible 1 Impoifible! However I, may be reftored to a£>
Juence, I can never, never tafte of happinefs. I have thrown away
—perhaps wantonly too^ have thrown away the jewel that ihonid
have been the pride and bluffing of my life.— Oh, Lydia ! tlie tctl
ings of worldlv diftrefs are nothing to the agonies of a deipairingr a^
fedion. My ntuation extorts from me what 1 have hitherto enaou
vourtd ta conceal even from myielf. I love you — I feel I long bavc
loved yon— though wretch and fool enough to be almoll aihanicd of
a paffion in which I ought to have glori^. I am now pnnitfvrd lor
it— 'heavon knows, feverely j>unilfiied*-perhaps too ievttdy<^by lo6i^
the vety hopes of ever obtaining yon.
LjJ. Do not run from one dangerous extreme to another, Mr. Be-
verley ; bot gnard againft defpondency, as well as vanity and jxte*
fumption. I fie you are much agitated, much deje^ed ; an^ wkai
it would, perhaps, have been dangerous and nnpardonable to have
owned to yon but yelUbday, to-day I ihall not fcruple to declare.
Ruftied away, as you were, by a torfent bf friihionable vanities, vid
the poor amution of kee^g high company, i diought I coold St
cem in yonr mind and diQpofiiion ik> aiean underftanding, jhs «a>
generous prindplei—^too good for the aflbciatts yon had feS^ed^ mad
' too fnfcepdble not to be in danger from fuch fociety.. It is no won-
der, therabre,-if I felt any growing partiality for you, that I enika-
vonred to leftrain it,
Spo. Toxcftrain it f Say caAcr to extingni^ it. Oh, I novirte-
ceive all ny wrctchcdncA.*— Bat to be fuppb&ted hj my boMife>
friend! byDenierl
Ljd. I am at a loft to comprehend yon*
Tht Man ofBuJinifs j % Comody. lOf
.^ .B^rHe^hfeflbd to nie' his p&ffion^fbr jtoa b«f tlittl^f >)iiefnt
in^— not an hour ago li( deciam to me his inoendoa of makiog yon
fcricnis propofah. . ^
Ljil^ Such propofals would be &re of bebg re)efted-^rijc^d with
^e utmofi indigoation. > . i
J3^z/. NVhat do I hear ? May I ftill hoj>c then ? And arc ytna /%
folded not to Hften to his acidreifies ?
Lyd, I am too well acquainted with* his charade^. Hh nuqinen*
indeed, are lively, and his vyo^ldly tQ>^ enables fiim to work himfdf
into the friendlhip of othei's ; elpecially, thoft like yourfelf/ Mn
fieVerfey— of-an dridefigning open-hearted diara(ler; in order to
«vail hidiifelf of their foibles, promote hit intereft^ and gratify hit
jpenoKy^. Rely not too iecoreiy on the warmth of his profeffipusj
ileady.to ijp point but his Intereft, you will find him ihifting ^ hif
5ondii£l avoiding to the revolu^ons in your fortune. He feemed at
,£irft deiirous to unite me to you ; but now, hearing, I fuppofe, of
the alteration in your drcumdances, and the late remittances in my
/avour, it is perte£tly agreeable to his fentiments, to endearoar t6
Yupplant you. As yet, however, he has made me no overtures.
' Bt*v. So fn then atleaft he is not unfaithful, But Oh, my Lydia I
may I interpret your repn^nanet to his addrefies as an argumeiit in
tny fovour f
Ljd. I have already frankly declared my opinion of your charac-
ter. It now remains with yon to' prove the troth of that opinioii»
«and to determine my refolu^ion accordingly. Do but bear up again ft
^adveriity, To iu^ to (hew youffelf equal to the poffible return of profpe-
. xity— a trla^ perhaps, ten times more dangerous — and be aflared,
M/. Beverley, that with the approbation of my friends, 1 (hall be
happy CD give every proof of my efteem for fo valuable a chara£ier,
Bto. My 4«areft Lydia! (I^Jtn^ btrhAnd) Modeft, amiable, Ly*
<lta 1 When you avow dfeeem, let me prefume to conftrue it tSxt*
.tion ! Oh Lydia» yon have made me fend of my misfortunes. Eafe
, Aod affluence icornipted m^, and had fo weakened and enervated my
mind, that the rough ftroke of adveriity would have ftunned me be-
yond the power of recovery, had not your gentle hand raifed me to
. the hope of happinefs. Take your pupfl, Lydia; and render him—
for von only can efFc£l it-- oh Vender mm woithy of it dear, (b tx«
qoiilte a monitrefs ! ' . . .^ , . ■
We have given thil dialogue at large, that the Reader may
Judge whether we have been miftakeii or not in our judgnient
of it. Our.ufual cqftom is to exhibit the moft advantageoua
. f ar ta of the works of thofe Writei^s who» we thinlc. at once de<»
ferve and, need encouragement. We treat Mr. Col man in a
•different manner» becaufe we thini(. our duty to the Public
ihould make us watchful over thofe who are in p<>fleffioa of ica
favour, Mr. Coloian caay not want the affiftance- of a &e«
viewer'^ praife, but he may receive benefit from the animadver-
- fions of his friends.
If the Reader flioold think we had no reafon to blame the
aibove fcene^ we can aflure him hi will hive no reafon to bt
JifEuisfied with any other part of the play.
' , , - ^ . - . ^^^^
' 9fS^kSh Car^Ufm t ContaiiuBg a Vitw.oS the Gobuy Lt^ELkturth
{vkuder the Defcription of that of Carolina in particular.) Witlt
' Obi<rvatiottS| iheipi&g their Rcfemblanoe to the Bridih ModcL
8vo. IS. 6d. CadelL 1774.
ff^HlS pamphlet contains a detail 6f curious and intercfting
JL- tranfadio^fis an.d tbeiefore merits particular attentipoc
The Writer, with fpajc hucQour) ^yows himfelf to be a do#n-
^§ti^ placeman of nea^ twenty years ft^ndii^ ; and as it may be
fiipfiofed his emplf^OBent is in the. province of which he treatf,
it is a nee tnftanoe of twofold gopd fbctune; firft, thai be bat
: been fuffered to hold a place fo long sunid the fltid^iation pf mi-
niftrtes and oppofite interefts ; and^ fecondly, that his coiifti-
tution has enabled biin U^weatbtr it for that length of tifne in
fo dangerous a climate. If the candour of this declaration
jibgujcit as he apprehends, prejudice our patriots, ^pd perfons
out of pUpe, ^^inft him, we are confident that the good fen(e
uffA iippitftiality wbich he difplayi, will rjccommc^ oim to all
jnea who have underftanding epougb to ]u)ow that gpyernment
mufl be adminiflered \ and that when perfons of talents and io-
tegi'ity execute oflkes under it, they have s^ cl^im to refp^^ as
«he%befl friends to the Public.
There is a clear difUnAion between oppoSfig the bad mea-
furesof government, and adopting qppofition to government
26 a fettkd plan of condu^ : tbp former >$ tfue pafriotirm, but
thd latter mufl be 4idatc4 by a weak %ss^ cf ^ pad b^art. In-
.dpec) psttioti&n, in the heft (cnfe of t^tiAtvfi* if too e^rly pro-
-fecuted^ will degenerate into the ipadaeis of blind fad^ion ; for
according to the fiMniliar adage ci fummmm jutfjuntmaitgrnruj
extreams are always Uameable and dangerous. The Afnorican
fiamp-ad was perhaps the moflinconiklerat&.meafure that go-
vernment could have attempted' to carry into execution, as it
came at Icaft a century too late, and as the ' confequencea of it
are very unlikely to fubfide. The prefeht Writer thus confidcrs
. tb^fe con&quences :
- *. It is apt ipy li^njdop tp enqujj^ i|ito the policy of impofii^
flaznpi]uties ob the. fqbje^ in^inerica; pother dol prefameto
determine any thing refpcfling an aft fo extremely offen^ve to the
' colonies {n ^enerkf; bUt 1 )^g to o£er a fmall conjetiare. That the
' repe^ thereof -will prove to be %n epoch in the an n ah ofBritiih floiY;
'fbr» fince that memorable period, the poblic affaira of Ih^fe ooaatnes
have been in a fbte of almoft rainoos diiira£bon ; and what was pn>-
•babljr aieaat to inipiie gratitade and lQ(re,.has rajber Idndlad zal^-
.trorir aadjdi%aiUrrThe aftpftiiui of theJPar^lltjStot^^fi^ %f> be CPn-
iidered as the efieds of ag^ fondnefs and impotf n^ ;ty|p^hyttt : aad
.forcyj am to,£iy, th^tt^conoeiio/is hav^ daily jpx;oda9Bd i^ri^LtioB
jin^ re^fbui<^;,,pi^ft.c|!Mip hM.beeii fcllQwed by aabjher^ y^isi^f fi^•
", iierating more, have malciplipd like^ the chcrcafing bowec of^aopH
, ber^, ia a courfe, as it were, of gtmftrkal pr'ogriiJlr6n7 - * " •
SOBtii
South Cai'oltna yfSit not the mofi backward intbe general op-
^x^ition to this ftamp ad} for wc are informed that the AiTem*
\Ay did not think the Governor obliged to ietiforre the exe(rtiticn
of that law^ as it had not been tranfiAitted to him by the Se*
creracies of State, or the Lords of Trade : though it feems the
pHnted aft had bceh fent to the Licutenamt-Governor by the
Attorney- Generals This advantage, weak as it was in a pul?*
lie body to attempt to profit by it, w^, afforded by £he notifica*
tion pf new laws not being pofitively prefcribed. ;They were
anciently prt>claimed by the Sheriffs ; a JFoimflHty which, iincc
the invention of printing, their circulation from- the preGi has
. been thought t6 render neediefs* ' But Chough this may be dmnid
fufficieiit publication to pi^blic bodies, whdfeduty it is to pro*
cure them, yet laws ai-e often pafled ^frhofc opcratiott i^.not fo
extcnfive, nor, their exigence fo notorious, as thft' aft abov'e-
ff)en(iof)ed ; and it may f^em hard to cpnvift indii^iduals on fta*
tutes, which'though they are' prefumed to be acquainted with,
thist knowledge is^ ^pendent on meer contingencies that may
not take place uuder ;dl circttmj[lai)ce$i even without fu[]f)ofiag
wilful ignoranx^e. ..
The next ftcp taken by the ^iflembly of South Caroliha, Whieh
affords matter^or ariin^adverfto^, y^as to t#anfmit, eti their own
authority, 1560 L to the Society for fupjporting the Bill, of
Ilights, at the Lohdon Tavern. Qn this iheafure oiir Author
b vtxy fcvere ; and fi'om what he fays We tbiXV exti-aft the fol«
lowing paflages : - .
* The true points of debate, thejOfJoay be comprehend^dCjp a £^w
plain pofitiona, ariliog from the above Retail offals, vis^ That the
Commons Hoiife of A^cmbly fignali^^ themfelves in favour of a
Club called the Sttppfttrs of iht MiRof tiights^ held at :)ie London
Tavern, by votings snPecember 1769, 4500 L Sterling, fox tbeir uf^r
end ordering ^he4'iiblicTrc;afurer to p^y the fanne out of an;' jnoaicA
io the Trcafury.
* That this order was made by tl^eir own Jot f ant tiH^, indepen-
dent of, and vvithout xheprivity or ^onfent of the other two branches
Qf the legidature.
* That when the firft Annual Tax-bill was feot to the Upper Honfe
in the month of March 1770, Mrith a fcKedule annexed containing
^he following charge, viz. " To Jacob Motte, Bfq; advanced by him
%o the perfous named by a- refolution of tb^ Hou(e, io,;ool. (Ipeing
of the value of i50oh Sterling)'* the Council reje^ed the (aid bill,
^nd feverai fubfequent ones have fince met with the like face, for the
very Ume reafon.
* That the copduft of his Majefly's Council has not, only been
twice highly approved by the King himfelf, bat. the dii^ace has been
taken up by the Crown ; and by an additional inihu^on to the Go-
vernor, fucb orders have been declared to be unconHitutional ; and
Xhe like pra^ice has bten thereby fully provided againA in future.
Rev. Mar, 1774. F •' fhat
Siff Cfinfidifatim fn artmn PMtic^ TrMfifitOUns
* That tht Adcteblf , tetitdoifs 6f theft rights as cMcdred bf
theMi Md obiiMtte in dHwiing to the meafitre w<idch bad givea fo
juft auKe of olfence, have re^atediy perfiAed in tbe j«ftke and pro-
priety of the original ifo«e ^hd order, notwidtftaodisg his Maji^'s .
royal inlerpofition in t^ cafe.
* Thns ftatuis this important coa^eft between the Crown and the
People's Rcprefentativcs ofhisMajefty^s colony of ^uth Carolina.^
* It is trae, thkt the Commons are to judg^ and determine in trbat
cafbs they win or ought to give and grant ; hot forHy it is impficd,
that theyihali not arbttrarily and injurionfly appropriate the public
tfeafore^ and theitby abnfh the confidence repofea in them by the
people. Surely it wiil noc be contended, that they Iklts a right lo
la^poveriih the members of thcftate, when the oeceflkies of govern*
ment reqi^ire no fuch exertions* Admit, for a mon^ent. mat the
AfTembly are poiTeiled of a power to apply the money of their cOn*
ilicuents to any purpofes generally^ and wrmnH alfb admit, that they
may do fo to any am6unt and extent whatever j and then, I think,
tlie r^prtfinted zit in a ftate ofabfoiute vaffalage and rufnoos depend-
olice. * ' .
' U it not an arbitrary ad to ta^ the eflates of Ae feb)e6b ni thb
colony tO'fupftort a friwUe cittS^ a U^verft tluis ^-faSimiS^chib, -opoa
any fpecioas pretence or colourable excufe I — Is it jullv ^ ^^ reafoa*
aiile, that hnnheht (hould be* Isad n^on the peopki to ferve a job or
gtadfy a tyh'^m/ — Can men fu&r themielves to jbe ib.delnded» and
an^ufed, to their lofs as well as (hame ?-^Are chains more tolerable,
becaufe impofcd by 6Ur own cOnfcnt? — Can. «nen tamely furrendcr
their rcafon, ancj the power of judging for ihemfclves, by a ii ogle
a^ ofJcUgatloMT-^WsLS It their (enle and meaning, fo furmfh Ih'eir
conflitucnts with rods for their own backs ; and are thofe whom they^
chofeto repreient and proteftthfem, to' be their executioners f — Is
the colony arrived to (\x\\maturtty f— Has it no wants of any kind ? —
Does it Hand in need of no fopplles for beneficial eftaWiftiments ; for
the encreafe and advaricemetit of the pro4u6!s of^he (bit ; the exten-
flon of its commerce, and the promotion of orcfhl kfaowledge? Are
the (everal c'ountiesfbwell fupplied with chdrchesr; thapels, and (pi*
ritual teachers, and with fchooU for the indrudion of yonth r or. Are
the pabFic roads, bridges, caufeways, and fott5ficatioirs, in fuch
perfcd ftate and condition ; and are the circnmftances of the colony
in general fo extremely eafy, that the treafury meet 'only to receive,
and not to paj? If thefe things' are fo, we may overlook, for once
at leaftj the idle prodigality complained of: bgt if thefe qneiftfons can-
not be favourably anlwered, c\*cry man in the comtntmity is injured
to a certain degree ; and eveyy fgm diverted from their fervice, is ao
aft of /eal tyranny and infolent oppreffion.
* For my own part, I mnft cancndiy cpnfcfi; that! never refleded
in n^ ipind upon this fubjeft, but I found two very difercnt paeons
excited in my bread, mirth and rejentment. The comical part of the
Hory is. That a colledive body of men, in their it/to/ and finattrieJ
fiations, fiiould perfuade themfelves that Magna Charta, the Hahtaf
Corpus A3^ and the Bill of Rights ^ flood in need of a little propping
|rom i club of men whofe ftandard was iet vp at the London Tavern*
' • ' - That
^$hiPf^lfhciifSditdfCmlh0i tit
"tlmtkeKimgi Lords^ Md€ooiMMli!SofBi»g(t*4w«r^6itlkrieiBift
in their doty to the fbte, or indifferent about k i that all the tirtod
aad pttklic Ipit^ hi tMfc nation hadyjuwiW iikH into the London
Tave? d ; and riiat nolhttiff coold fave Britain and America^ hnt i
bttJ4^Usihmti that.fHrcd fpriti^; are fneh abford and iMghabltf
€if6Uiiiflanc«S0 that n^ Mt or nation eaii farniih a precedent lb faper*
h^^m\y ridicnIiM» atid >mk !*
What wilt ap|>e*r td aggray^te this ilitonfiderate ^aiit of
twlHic tAtttej t«^ that on a fobftqutrtt inquiry into the ttvA
ftate of the treafary of the cdbnyi it Was found to 1>e fo low,
that th^ Cbuncif (oi* tTppe'r Houfe) thought it ncc'eflary to ad-
drefs the Governor to call in 5O1600L currency, to keep the
tieafury in a coux(V. of (^rculauoj^ j and it gav^ rjfe to fom^
violtpt eoniefls. with ^e Houfe of ASkm\Ayi tot wbidi we mud
Rfer tathedttail.
Our Avthor the» prooeeds lo gir« at ttow of #^ fortB of
€Olmy ^6ta'AthfcnV This form eorre<]^d!ng' *W{th that tri
Britafn, he conde^n^ the above gprint, on t^t maxim that lu^
aA of arif one of the diree eftatcs, h fit kgi^tive iiithority^
'Withotkt ^e regular and formal concurrence .'of the other two«
T^e foHowin^ pb^rvations appeair to deicr^e matuf e confide-^
ration:
! *, The eftabiililffhep^ ^f pro^incia} CaaocHs in the^it preieiit ibrm^
l;a^ till lately ,^ gplvejiv ^iiKi^tioa .bot^ *lio the CrowK and People^
^ t\^ Wfiolmm ^ieh hai been fUrred fbtf fev^sat years fA% U
04«iag (• feiMfalooratioils which tiint has nr^noiA; the moft nate->
mi of H(hi^ is the encreaie of lh« Peopie^t Reprefentatives in Ge^
i^cral Affijpiblyt wjicr^y the dni equi^^ji in a grt^t meafiire loft^
flind the weight. ^ power centers with: the People^ Likt. M^fet will in
1^ countneft ^oivtf^UH^.tfi^ ; and whenever that niot siqailitanuln
which tjbiQ diff<|iett( bifanche9 of the coAditiKaOn art intended tp pft''
ferve».is loi|» by an aceefion of too.mueh power t9 either branchy
t|ie one will of a>iirf<i jfivaUow opt the other. Thus it happened this
laH century s whctf th0 ConsiSAns had refolded upon the dowafidl of
MoaarchXf ihey likewife v«ie<tthe Hatifi rfUpdt w be oieiefs and
4^uisecoiM«
< The colony (offers in no refpea by the twofbid eharaaeir of ft
Coaoieil i bai if » Privy Ceanoilwere to be firmed promifenoufly
from the Members of bith ifoofes, this would wealten the weight oS
the Crown, 9^4 S(d4 gxeafly to the fcale of the People, whkh ftawb
i0 need of no addition^ But* in my apprehenfion, ic k6mi aWb-
lutely neoelTary thai the numbers of the Council (hoald be encreaied p
and for this pl^iA ai(cl obvious reafttn, Becaufe a body of Twenty-
four CocmrellorSy for inftance, appointed by the King from the firit
rank of the People, moft diftiogoiChed for their wealth, merits, and*
ability^ Wbald^ be a means of diffufing a confiderable influcfnce througJi
every order of ^erfons in the community, which muft extend very far
and wide, by' itfeans of their particular connedlion^ ; whereas a CouA«
cB of Twelve^ feveraf of whom are always aUent, can have little
P a weight,
11 a Ctnjidiraiittii on an$iH Ptiitiad Tranfailwu^ (^c.
« eight, nor oan their voion be heard amidft the clamour lof/r/tr^f/'
< I think this bodyi adlag Ifl^atively^ poght to be made indc-
1>c»4eftt, by hpldii^.d^A; itati^ dawg th« wrm of their oaludli
ivesi and determinable only op that event, or on their, intire ^par-
turefrom the pi evince. But the fan^e peribn might neverthcJeTfir
for proper cau if, be difplaced from his feat in Council; which rcr
gnlation would, hi a great meafti re, operate as a cheek to an ^bitrary
Governor, who would be cautious how he raiied a powerful enemy in
the Upper tlQUfe by a rafh reihoval ; at the fame time that the power
of removal would keep the Member within proper bounds. The life-
tenure of his legiHative capacity would likeWife fufficiently fecare
that indtpindeniy which is fb ueceiTary to this fiitiony and (6 agreeable
to the conditUtlon of the Paraii^tate. 1 knOw Tome folks will raife
both (crtiple^ and fears ; but for -my o«(m pare» 4 think withpot much
reafon : for if we attend to the workings of homaii nature, we (haH
find* that a certain degfee of attachment commosly artfes to the fomi*
tain from wh^ce an independent honour flows* Oppofttioii foldoab
fettles upon the perfons whp are raifed to dignity by £&FOur of the
, Crown, it having fo much the appe^ance ofTngnuitude» one of tlie
mod detef.ed vices; and it ev6r a^s 2i faikt ^lAUn^d part, nil a
defcent or two are paft, and the authof of the elevation ia extin^
From this reafon in g it feenrs tolerably clear to ore, that the Legiffa-
tor bebg for life, and deriving his confequcnce from the Crown»^
will rather iiicline to tbut Jilfik ; and it is not phi^ble that hit op*
pofition could in any inftanct hn^mncfrwt or /kSims\ inafnrach as^
though hisr Kfo-eftate is fecure, he would not wSft nnneceflarilyio
fxcite the reienuaent of fhe Citwvn, or ejtdtide bis ikfoendanls Or
connections, ^haps, from fuccteding ^fterwtrd^ id foch a po(lef
honour and diiUndion in -their nadm country : in ihbrr, thn idea
feems to admit fuch a ^alifitdJipitHlfntx^ aa willattaeh the perte to
the fide of the Crown m that proportion' luhich' the cenftitooon itfelf
allows, and yet fo much rW Mipendtncy^ as will make him foperlor
to a^s of ineannefs, fervility, and opprcffion. ' Whether thefe (en--
dments are well founded, or not, Ifufomit to the impartial judgment
of my reader ; what ( principally mean to infer \t\ that the happi-
nefs of thefe colonies much QepHbrnls upon a due hUnding or mixUtrt
of power and dependence, and in preierving a proper &b(n?dination
of rank and civil' difcipline,
* Some fow diftindliois it might be proper to annex to this fitaa^
tion, as an inducement to men of. family and fortune w accept the
trnft ; for, in its prefent impotem ftate, it is a ceal boiden ; and as
being overborne by the force of numbers in the Lower Houfe, is ren-
dered obnoxious to the People, and oppreflive to the Party.*
The detached pafiagcs from this flirevird and difpaffionate
examination into the internal difpuics of the colony of South
Carolina, would have appeared to greater adva/itage, had it been
in our power to have enlarged the extraSs : thofe of our Readers,
however, who may, from thefe outlines, be inclined to procure
the pamphlet, will have no caufe to regret the time fpent in
perufmg it. ^
Art.
T "3 y
AnT. XII. Ljrit P^mSf 4liV9thmd tmd imnd. By ThetMr Stott.
8vo^ 3 s« 6<L Bi»rlr>a«df 1^73*
WE hive frequtntly commended the pdetical and critical
produdions of this ingenious Wriccr :— ^/ee particu-
Urly our accounts of hi^'veriion of the Tahle.sf&bes^ Review,
vol. xi. p. 502 5 and tif his TranflaiknofJpby-mtbStemarki^ &c.
Rev. vol. xlvi. p. 374, &c*
Of the prefent publicatioo, which cOTtatni a < poetical fyr*-
tem of piety and nK>rak/ w^ have the foUowiAg account^ in
the Author's preface; •
* The work opens with iianiral>reUgieo. Theitce it proceeds to
the miffion of jefus Cbfift» his fafferlngs, his exaltation, and the
propagation of his doctrine. Next is the call to repentance, the na«
tare and Ueflednefs of aChriflian life, and the entrance into it.
Thefe topics are fucceeded by the various branches of devotion : after
which are ranked the moral duties perfonal and focia), the happy
end of a fincere Chriftian, and the coming of Jefus Chrlft to fiai/h
his mediatorial kingdom by the general judgment. The whold is
dofed with a deicripcion of the illuftrious times, when, by means of
the evfdafting gofpeU thi north ^tdl he fnU •/ tht kMwoUdge •/ tU
Lmd 4U ihi ntMUrt cr9€ir tht fia%
* The novelty of fuch a plan, in verfe, will, perhaps*' be a recom^
.neadation of it: if»- however, verfe be thought too light and fnper-
ficial for religious inftrudlion, let the' royal pfalmift Hand forth and'
wipe o£r the reproach.
* That thefe poems nugfat not pall the ear, variety of metre was
adopted x and tnat they mrght fatisfy the nnderftanding, great care
has been employed to dedace the fentiments from icfiptnre, rethn,
or experience. The foiptare ienttments are marked with reference
lauers; and the.eorvefpondin| texts aopear in the bottom margin.'
The ioUowiiig ihon fpecunen wiU reflcd no difgrace on pur
mifcellany:
faoaiTY ; «r, htipitf tonu^tts J^p
. As die limpid ftream,. which flows '
O'er a bed of golden fand.
All its fhining ti^fure ihows.
Tempting the beholder's hand $
^ S^ the honefl: heart is (hen>
In the .mild expanded^ eye.
In the open generoas mien
Of the man of probi^f
In the honeft heart abide.
Truth with undeluding tongue.
Faith that never warp^ afide,
Thoughu which never mean a wrqni^
Who, foch treafure to poflefs.
Feels not friendihip*s warm defire f
Who the.friendihip will not blefs
Clowitig' with lb pure a fire ?
P3 I*
>t4 *** 7^*^ t^dytiUtytf Penal Lam
In th«t ever tmftf breaft»
1 widi ^WMentb rqMias ^^ -i
Secitl ae<lieWiife^<reft| • ^ »
AU my^tiinftq^ All niF'VirDff*
Bvt ates ! -wrhtt lieppy'dime
li for men of track rtiiowii'4 f •
'Wmtb, tttaUckewalkf of Tinwy .... . .
Wit the precious bleffiogftund^ ...
^ FAlfe tnd felEfc, ev'iy one
^ceki hit brother to deocive I i "
Falie the rmile, and £dfe the graas.
They are cheaied who Miort. .
God of truth, the lying phrafe.
Of dilTemblin^ Ups, to thee
H^tcfbt if ; tboo lov'ft the w»yi
Of the man of probity.
We have not feleAed the foreg^nng piece, m one of the boft^
or the worft, in the book. It is taken, ve BMght ali^gA fay, »
random ; and will be found, we appfehoad, co be a very Im>*
n6St Specimen. The poems are one hundred and fodr in -niN»-
bcr ; and they all manifcft the ardent f tety and 4audali)e kcs4 rf
the Writer.
With refpefi to the merit of Mr. Scott's poetry, after the
various fpecimens which we haVe given of bis prodg^ions, <in
this and former occafions, it would be impertinent in crtiioifia
tp interfere between the Authoir and hia dificeroUig Read[ei««
i^RT. XIIL Thijuftice and Utility of Penal La<ws for the DireBUa
tfCwfcm^e^ examined \ in Reference to the IMflfeoters fate AnpTi-
eatiott to Parliament : Addrfeilbd to a Member «f the Hptifc of
Commons. 8vo. as. Dilly. 1774.
A French biftorian ♦ has recorded a fbort ftbry of Chilperic
/t^ King df France, which is very pertincntiy recited by the
Writer of this pamphlet, in the following tesnner : * When a*
certain Jew could not be perfu'aded to receive the Chriftian faith,
Chilperic ordered him into cuftody^ that fince htrould xxaxnuAe
him believe with a willing mind, he might at leaft frm bim U
believe againp his wilU* Such a hSt nay ferve wi(h the plain
and unbiafled mind, inftead'of ^'hundred arguments, againft
every kind of perfecution. *The palpable abfurdity as well as
iniquity of the attempt muft furejy ftrikc every reader. It is,
on Dr. Bcattie*s principle, an appeal to comnjion fimfe, whtdi»
if not perplexed and overawed by prejudice, chicanery, and bi-
gotry, will immediately declare itfelf m favour of Jiumanity and
liberty. • ' \
, L-: — : — : , . ■'■,. . I ■
• Qre^. TuroHenJts, lib, yi. fta, 17.
for^tb^ DirsSkff^ Cd^ciigce^ ixamm^. %i^
Our Kq^^ yy\\ rujppofe that the Author. 9fi)ifej|irarlc btforr
u» is averTe C9 penial laws ui,iSiUtGrs.^f..cpniciexipe. tie mod
cert^nly is ia^ q^pt 10 the c^e Af Pafifis, iogie of whole
prindpks Have beeq pcoveil by. £a&..to he dcArudive of thp
peace and order of fgcietyy^dtbexefipre they agj^e^i>eceiraril7
to require ibfie kiod of n^amt from ibc civil mj^ittrate. The
book is divided into ieveral fediooey in which ix i#* (bewh tha(
penal laws for the dire£^ion of confcience in nutters of religion
are inconfiftem with the natural and perfgnal rights of mern
.with the nature of moral obligations with.tb^ common princi-
ples of virtuous f(i^ty^ and the mutual rights of its members ;
that they are contrary to the very end a(nd design of all juft
government^ and to the real intereft of every commonwealth ;
are i^confifiient with the de£gn of all pimUbmciU whatever,
and with ^th^ J?^.^ture and defign of the gofpel c from all which
it is ififerred/in the fev^nth (e^ioa> that, 00 human laws jc9J^
ever (et afvde our oliligstions to,Qod and o^s own po^Tciences. . -
In the intro^u£iary addrefs to this rreatife we a^e told^ as g
leafon for its puhli^ati^n^ that, among the many modern pcrr
/ofmagces. in favour of .jeUgi9us toleration, ' this Writer ha^
iecn notbing «in a jg^J^Jf^ ^3^^ ^ual plan y each author, he lays»
confults only j(he advantage and protcdionof bis own particular
kiSt or P^ty, without providing any relief for thoie who can^
not obuin melter under his p^nrn favourite fcheme/ . Ifthis re*-
ili:£lion be juft, it is diihonou^able to our advocates igx religious
ireedom ; if it is uujuft, the- difgrace retorts on the preient Au«>
thor. His cenfuxe payvhowcver arifc; from a miftakcn view of
the defigns and attempts of his fellowlabourers in this caufe i
»qd be ref^s 4tQ a partip^lar circumftanc^ in a late application
to go)ccrnn^n^ ^^ich we ihall juft ipention in the conduAou
of tbb article* How well he, pleads^in behalf of religious free*
fiom w:l11 appear fk9m a few Jdipf t eicUa^s.
V/bea,, jin jA^ third ie£tion, .^e f:iidcavours,to fliev thai pe^
iial laws are incooiiftc^t with the comna^n prindples of vir-
tuous fociety and the. mutual righu C|f men, amo^gptber obfer*
vations we have the following :
< If there.are certain natural and neribnal rights which I cai|
sux more feparate from . my qwn exigence, than I can annihi^
Ute myfeli^ it, muft beJ(hus alfo with re^d to other men 3 or
elie they. would not be of the iamp kind with myfelf. If J
x>ught upt. to be^cnied the irce.uCB of reaCao, nor excluded Iroa^
.the right of private ju^gg^pt^, nqr hindered from followii^g thp
jd.iAa^s of confi;;iex)ce>, heK^a^ ipy well-being, the integrity
^nd peace of my mind, are all at ftaJce ; why then ihould others
be refufed thefe advantages ? Are nqt tbefe privileges of as mu^h
imporuncc to them as to me ? Is it not their boiinefs to purfue
P4 their
Ii6 7%r Juflki and XJti&tj rfPitmt Lam
their owli welfare as well as it can be mine ? Oui Hiey be faapfiy
without the enjoyment of thefe (acred rights, any more tfaaH
mjkMl And have thej not an equal r^hc whh «ie,' to p«rfue
their own bapptnefs i Is there a fenator, is there a noUeotan^
is there a prelate, who would not confidef it as a great hard*
Ihipy to be laid under obligations of violating his own Coo-
(cicnce, of adding contrary to his own judgment, and to what
ilfo he thought his own intereft ? And muft not th» burthen
be as ^reat and as unreafonable too when it falls on other mtn ?
All ranks, in >every flate, have an equal right to the oomtmui
privileges of human nature. This is a trudi fo obvious, that
no fober perfon will ever once call it in queftibn. How dieii
can it be reconciled with the priitciples of foctety and of nnitoal
juftice, that numbers fhould be expofed to cruel putriflnneDtf^
tecaufe fhey will not become di(hone(l and break through the
iblemn ties of their own reafon and confcience ? If any one
* eould be found, who Ihould (erioufly vindicate fuch meahirea,
and reprcfent the continuance of fuch laws, as jiift and vir-
tuous in any government, I would fay of him, in the buigos^
of a great and wife fenator,. <* that he' is mad, becanfe he pil-
tifies ,the deftrudion of laws and of liberty, and efteems the
infamous and deteftable fubverfion pf thefe bleffifigs as a gIo«>
ripus atchievement f ." For no man in the proper exerctfe of
his reafon, could ever talk and ad |n fuch an unreafonabie matt*
fier ; nc r out^ht he to be confidered as a proper fubjed erther
of law and juftice, or of civil government, who ha* no other
ideas, bu^ fuch as would deftrpy all \w9f aifd juftice^ andjodety
among the human fpecies/
In the fourth fe^ion, fpeal^Ing of human lawa as fubverfive
of iuft government, and the real intereft of every common"
wealth, he thus argties i^ Such meafures are naturally calcu-
lated to diflplve the ftrongeft bonds of fociety, and to break
through all thofd folemii obligations whtph are' fo eflential for
the prefcrvation and well-being of every ftatc. For when once
men have been forced tp difregard the voice of confidence, an^
to do what they believe unjuft, then the, principles of a virtnoui
conduct are fet afide ; religion is pierced with a mortal wound i
the reins arc given to every fpccies of vice and comiptbn ; flie
love of the public and the dcfirc of thccommon good wtll be
extinguifhed j nor can it be cxpefted that theyfliould be faith-
ful io others, who arc become treacherous to thcmfelvcs.' And
moreover, if the governors of any ftate will oblige th^r foKefif
either to become diflioheft, or tp iren^m expofed to heavy pc-
t JulL dc pific Ub. iii. fcft. 21. ** ' *
Wltjc^
J
f^ thi DitiShn of Q»ifjcign€e^ ixamnid. 217
luWt$ and bse without proteftjon ; tbe fubjeAs', in this cafc^
will natun^y fuppc^fe thai Integrity and viftile ixt pb rccoip-
mendstion to their iiXptAoti^ and that they Me relcsiG^ iVom all
oUigattbns of a moral kind, if they do bu^ comply with' tho
will of their rulers, t dare not mention the fatal confe^entes .
of fuch thoughts ; they are too obvious. ' Or If the gbverhora \*
of any ftatc will fecure the rights of confcience and the divine '
liberty of reaibning and judging only to themfelves and particu-
Jar f)ieiida«\ while they deny tbefe (acred privileges to tne reil,
they dain'fffeiQ'difiatve the moft engaging bonds of human na*
ttire, and put ofh end to the common fociety of niankind \
f^ firblcit bebg deAroyed, beneficence, liberality; kindnefs, and
jufliee nraft utterly periih, AndTuch ^s take away the founda-
tion trf thcfc virtues, arc properly charged with rmpiety towards
the divine nature j b^caufe they fubvdrt (he bafis of that fociety,
which was eftablifhcd by the Deity hitnfelf." For thefe rca-
fons, no ^ik legiflature will ever invade the rights of confcience ;
t:teca^e whm that is done, their office becomes vain; fuch
mcafiarea of prefervation are the greateft ruin that can happen to
any fiate. That government, which makes attempts of this
kind on the iiibje£^, may be juftly compared to a madman, who
wilhee to tear optn his own bowels, that he may fee bow he is
made within, and examine what it is that keep^ the body to-
gether, and whether he canilot fntroduce itron;;er ties for the
union and prefervation of every Jimb, than the ^uthor of Na^
ture has done/
In the eighth fediop our Author examines, ^nd confequently
condemnSf , the ufe of penal laws, in this nation^ ena£ied merely
/or the dke^on of confcience.' He argues in favour of the Non-
conforoiifts, with moderation, ftrength, and fpirit : but when
the bte bill imetided for their relief falls under his review, he
js» we think, rather 'harfh on Chofe gentlethen to whom the
inanagement of this bill was mor^ direflly committed, or who
werie otherwife concerned in its defence. Jt is certainly de-
iiraUe and reafonable that the relief propofed fbould compre*
hcnd the whole body of DjiTenters, and to them all^ we doul^t
not» it waa ^ipprehefided thi^ relief wouM extend, on the plan
then laid down. If that plan appears to be infufficient, we
^eartiiy wi(b fome other more acceptable method may be dif-*
poveitd; and, if the application is renewed, attended with
greater fuccefs: but we «p|)rfcliend'thcDiffenters ought, front
-a regard ta their own honour and peace, to be cautious ho^
itbey raife ol^edions, or pertinacioufly excise anv cppofitioi)^
^ro^ p^rty paoliycs% aqionj tl^emfelvcs.
f . fylpNTHLy
MO NTMhY CATALOGUE,
For M A R C H, 1774.
MiSCELtAKXOUS.
Art. 14; Rational Se^*L9V€\ or^ a phibfipbUal and moral fiffif
§H tifi natural PrinafUs •/ Happintft and Vittvg : With Rbflediois
pn the varioas SyAexns of Philolbpher99 ancieqt ^d modcra, cm
thiaSubje^. By L— — N— . 8vo^ «s. Gtifio. 1773.
SELF-LOVE, ft9 oqr Author has defiaed it, is ' aor rnUmai fpnag
of aidion» .which puts all human satarc in motioOy and, accofd-
ing tp ihe difierenc direftioait nccvrcs frooi the five dcteanrin>yi<w
oToor will, hecomfs ocofioimUy ^ ioftfi»iDeat oig^od-fmd $vd,
and of ivhat we truhr call wrtm vA^^ce* Of ^rtoi^ »hesi duofied
to the ^ttjunmcnt of all the ftod which/ in Cuch circumita<icc«» w^
be attained ; and ofvice^ when diverted from the profecutioa of th»c
greater good» to purfuits of a meaner fort, zxiii /ub<uerfi't^t of that
better end. This is the true philofopbical idea of fty-lo-ue.* He
traces this principle to its origin in ihzt /enj96ility^ or capacity of ^«ra
and pUaJurt^ with which httmaR nature is evident!/ endued ; and il-
Inftrates the nature and extent of its operation on ind«vidaal», eo
tb: pra^Uce of ^ial virtne* and on all the JKitural and adTcmiuoas
reljuions of li^ ; and he, then vindicates thia reafoning ft^m the i«-
^eftions of Shafteibufy and others of the inodtrn Flaf^tifir^
The Writer's digrcffions, in difplaying the wiidcun and goodaeA
of Providence, and manifelUng the importance of virtue to both oor
prefent and future welfare, with his remarks on the feotimenu of
modem writers, in refpedl to the intrcdu&ion and prevalence of evil,
and on the various fyilems^of infidelity that have |;>een adopted either
an former or later timesi — are pertinent and judicious. This eflay
^ay be confidered as a kind ofc§mmeMta9y op thoie lines of Mr. Pope,
^hich our Author hat adopted fior his motto* and which ase iiaorally
4kp 4$M or groMnd-work pf hia performance i. .
**• Sgif'Uvi and Rdofru to ^ne ^nd afpiM f
j^ain their averiipn« Pieafiire their dciire : .
But ^eedy That its obje^ would devour.;
This taHe the honey» and not wound the flower :
PUafiirf^ or wrong, or rightly underftood.
Our greatefl tvily otx>xu greatefl gudJ* EJky on giaa.
Art. 15. htr9du&ion to the School of Sbakijpeare ; held on Wcd-
nt^^y Evenings, in the Apollo, at the Devil Tavern, Tenip1e»bar«
To which is added, a Retort Coqrtcovs on the Critics, as^ddi-
vered at the iecond and third Lcftvaes. %vo. 1 s. bold by aii
the Booki^Der^, ^* • . >
We cannot better explain the difiga of Dr. Kepricjt'^ Le^hmv, ^
of this introduction to theia« dum by infrrtiag pa^t.^f hia a^er-
tifement:
* Dr. Kenrick having advifedly deferred the printing of his e^tiw
of Shakefpeare till that of Mr. Steevent' appeared, the eq>ediency of
carrying his work into immediate execution is fo much abated, hj
the labours of that CoQimentator, and the contributions of his eor-
re^lHHidem^
XtftopAffllls .tktit itf iotaidcd pid>Kcaiiaa Jb, Bv the prefcftt> 1^
lL£4e, T^ afpe»r«K:es -bow«r^« of s mOiiltMd playlmi^ €opy»
^^iLod^ xb^ fH^>pi4|^ pf ^hc Mak Ao«it«» &#» wlwTe «lb£^ yeocration
*|or Sbakrocarc roenier things, migbc havt i»ea exposed* htt not •nl/
alarmed the poet's admirers m^eormU .hoc fnggefted that £ime per-
4inei^obihrv^oiM on his Wfi(i4i9i iMghc be nov oppoftuaely <U>m-
'ii)qni(;a(fd.ta«the Public in ^^sAorr eMenaiMQ^ inedMod. 'S>i^ K. de-
£foas of rf^^mng. by cteffrikft jntaA«» the obHgatipas he lioamc*
.^ (o ^i« iiib&riberi^ ba& tkerefete adapted «he Aigg^fted .expedieat
Oif d4ivep9g 6>ine part of hif fommefifti wilJ^ ih^ aai^^^p^ftdcat paits
'of ilie text^ in public Lednret.
* Ue-^W; encfixed^ indeed, iha VMM j^adilyjalt thHdefigay as
^erq ^e a n^UDbec of paflages 19 dcamatic Mruterat partiprtarix m
J^aib:fpeace, which cannot be fuo^eik&iUy^qi^Mtlsci withofK the aid
„^.<]j;cla^iuuiQn. As to the title^ which^he iia^ {tffp 99^int^ perhaps)
prcrum^d to give this attei)»ps ; Jtbe PnbUc may leineaher thc^ were
^promifed, many years ago^ the fpeedj pnJbjI^tiQ^ of a w<yky «o. be
j^atided A Sc^oot of SttA&M?£AaE y bat^ as 1^ 'pf^r&uiMaGe has
Ao^ yet appea^» and wiH no^f probably n^er oiake its appcara9ica»
jthe Lc^rer thiiiJ^s no- farther 4i|K2k>gy Jie^efiary4 ^ra^q^ing a ii4e
Sfi well adapted ^0 his deiiga/ .
The ImraduaUn \i written in the general, nas^^er 9f th^ Aa^l^-;
ipidted and ingenious. T,he RMi§n c§mU9m ^ tU Opitks^ inay be
very property |ieppered and falted for thoie whofe^ only on news-
jpAj^a; Jittl W' ^^^ vicxy ixM it will not fuit the tafie of tbo(e tp
^iQiA.pV. J^cfirick woi4d wiih principally to rea^wiCBd himfeU^
^ithf^r at fia& le^ures, or by his writings*
. , Ffinfif luu^ifgi^^ 3y }fiA^m of whidi» atid withOMt aay» or very
£ttle Help, thofe that defire to read, write, and fpeak French cor*
xe^y, mi^f iji a 4wi^ Ti«Ei^, pevi:ftithemfe)v«s in the Knowledge
. tbef^o^. Inrifihed witb<a Vane ty of carious and ufefal Tabkai to
afiiil che>f^o^, an4 ^^P«^« the JU^raer'^Frosff 6» vi«^ i» A
>TabIe Oiewing the French Pronnaai^tiop)' by aa; AftnUaga of
Letters, denoting iimrla? ^oaiidt-in iUiglifh* iU A Table exhibit-
ing a:t 9ne View the^difia^WBiC; Af'i^l^^*^ ^ ^^ UA. >IU« ATv
ble of the Genders of Sub^ntive^ and Adjedivei.. IV. Jl Tajble
of the Formation of the* Plurals of Suftantives and Adje^^V^*
, \\ Tables, for findingf iaaNSomeat, all the.Moods, Tenfes, Per-
ionsr Pafiiciples and Gerunds of all r^^ular Verbs. VI. A Tabl^
. to Ipp^ and find all the irregular V^s. .And more plain aa4
eaiy Ruks than any French Granusar hitlicfto pabliihed* To
iwh^ch is a,44cdf laniiliar Phraies and Dialogues, reduced ta the
, £Qgll(h.Pron;unciation, for the £a(e and Pcattice of thoi Learner*
$y V^Ji P^ion', .^uthor of ^eEion^aXi o&theSngliihL^guage,
^ Mm^ 4 s. , JohiUbn, ^ :*773* • ' : .
' Mr^ Peyton's xoc^hcd pf teaching the French ^nonunciadon by the
l^ipbipaupn of l^tffs exprc^injpf S^lar f^und^ \^ Eaglidh may be
4Af conyfnblfufe la tt;^ ear of the leaner,, luit it naken the lan-
^ag^.app^af v^^vj^wvi to ^he pjie; it looks like Chc^ol^e?, o|r
.,, Art,
^n MoiiTiav Catalogue, AS/aBmumi
An. 17. 4 MtwCbrm^kgM r^k oXxusmhM^'ZmtAM^ iM^
tMig».Df l^aratd)M<ftc the WMe tcomprehenda^ m-one^iev,
ibfibMlxfiyorQfitlifiesof geoet^HiilctfvAoai tkeOvcmtioB to
tbe fnvlbiit Timeu Foliow ifc -Knox. 1774. ' '
This Tjd>te.belog».priiite«l tm a Woftdfidci is fit.fbr ^wihi^, »
order t9 hang up in 4fldmM4-fislHK)l#w It i« alfb -Mi^ bosiid sp
wkh-die.lill ^editioQ of OmhtieV OeogiitpMcal Gnunfbar. *
AfC 18* Mtucimfnr pb^ing ib$ Game dfH^iJii wilb all necd^
ftjy CtlcolatkMM^ aid Laws of dK Game. simo. s a. 'Pftyac
1773.
VoiyvfeiU ^ learners of tlie game, whh tiie befp of-^ good
namoiy I widiovt whidi no one ihould attempt to vkKf-^z wUIL
Art. 19. y*/ Art i/JeUtig j «r, an Bffaj on ffitticifini fn the
Manner of Mr. fep^$ Eilky onCrhiciini : With proper Exampki
eo die rifiUeilnlcs. To wblcir h added^ the Lawa of Laoghiag,
ftc% tzvao. IS. DevmeUe. -
JH ebfety following tlie ^ay on Criddfin, this ^ Comis'a 'il|iiire
frequently fklU into ^ofs improprieties, for want of daring to ten-
tace-a ftep wicboat kis gnidr. • Thus where Pope fays.
** Whoever thinks a faultleis piece to fte^*^ *
the %|«ire of Comas hah not to tell trs that
* Whoever' thinks a fsttldefs^ to iiear.
Thinks what ne'er was» nor is, nor (ball appear.^
Which is abfitrd enough, and fiiUin the teeth of hts own reoiark.
bat taro or. diree pages .before, on a jeft of King Joho'sy wlacb ha
praifes for its good fenie, poHtenefs, humanity, amd delicacy ; wbicb
all combine to make it BxcBLLiifTft«--if all Aefe good propcities
are really to be foand in the royal imt mof^ whereia 4oes its lapcr-
le€lioa confift ?
Snfajoiaed to the parody on Mr. Pope's excellent poem, are the
L€nM •/ Laugbh^ ; tcmttor with fbme very fbber terfes on jKikia^ :
to^all which (we laclode the whole perfbrasance) oae^f the Aotbor't
own lines may be jaily applied :
* The jcfter is the greateft jeft of alt.'
Art« ao. Opinions concerning the VmW^j rf Oxford^ and Smifir^
Hon H the Thirty^nino j&ihiet, 9y a Clergyman, ^to. i a*
Evans. 1774.
As this d^gman writes with a kind of pbroiibilitrf and -baa Iboie*
irbat agreeable in his ftyle and manner, there may be danger left bii
readers ftionld be mified, Thoie who enter into the fnbjeft will per«
ceive tluit his realbniugis vagne and infufficient , he lomeiliuea iias
recouHe to raillery; bot though he appears very confident in die
ilrengtk of his argument, he cannot furdy imi^^ine that in poifit of
truth, whatever may be tbe cafe as^ to intereft, he is tm die r^kt fi^
of the queftfon. He (Iocs not, as might be expeded in a QiriftiaB
divine, ta)ce anv gneat notice of the fcriptores,— the rules of the
Church of Engiand, as iy Umo efiahlijhed^ feem to be with him aa
higher ahthorzty. A love for the Oxford nniVerfity heapprdhcads
to l>e a very momentous principle r it may be qoettoned whether the
\vi^t and fUtuces of that univeruty are not, in his view at ieafl, eqoalfy
fanonal
ittteal ittd teforMiit wick' tbUe of tin fi^j^r T^Aameiit^ • Wkm
tiib poiiie Oxford gentkoNM fpMks of the m$iejhv^u9fii as lic^tormt
k» o(tb«.^^8cMirM*, ko aclfb^ that'' llieir fch«to« i« iotlihig le^tiriui
adiK&antoi^c to niti«diic0 PopBiy I oAlytchisf ^i%tiifeLoidpieler
in Jack*! coat, thinklK by tbit iiuim8owa<«o gaia *him die fkvoof^f
^ rabfalcb' Hur i>ii&tttert ioaB our eftabliflitd oh^cdr baMre like*
"mlk theboaoar of a few ftriaui«i frou tiiia Atttlior^i pen : * for ni^
•aro part, fi^ be* 1 jatsJk oaofeft chat fomctfaiag of-tiltMleneeiilNpifayr
ftet Ml dU ttakin^ op liif •i^ea of a Ditfntor/ Our iagaciobs dsr*
gyaMw ibrgocs tbot the cborcb of Roioe in imiawbftt of the lame
aa&ner anair u^ their idea of a Proteftant reformer.
Tboagrb tbi^ paoiphhsi is of no great weighcin point of atgoBKit,
and aMqr* tm foaie accoaau, deleive the reiott tcurtmu of lidicttlty'
it it not fHuiU/ deftitflite of tagenoity.
Aif.ar. ^biP^HN PriC0fi9f% *er, imfnving AArwU/l : Goii(M-'
iDg^ a cthoiee Coliediott'Of Heiatioasv VJfioosi^ Allegories, ikai
moral Effayis, feleded from th^ moft 'eminent iiagltfii Author.'
CoanpiM ^ the Re()aeil of a noble Lad)r,'Mi(i'4efigned for the
Uib of Schools. lamo.- ^u 6iiag|^.' 1774'. 'i- I
ColleAions of dus kind are become very commoB» and may bt«o
riietr vfn. Tbe poptrs here ekofeii -api^e^r, oh the' Wtiote, \^ry well
itted for the entertainment awd" improi^mei^i lof^ ybotk« Tkej^
conM of profe iind poetry»*aM aro4ekded from tki< Speifibtoi^ Goar^
dtaa, FemAle^Spcaator^ WorMi PMter, Oecenemy pf Human Lft,
CiuunBgbam'e and Thomfon*s Works, and feveral of the raagi^ifees*
Art. ^!^. AbHUr/rcmaJ^kbtii^4^iiiDaygbt9rt, aita Boarditrg*
-School, raibo. 23. Rol»hibrf. 177^;
Ir ia- io «afy a; matter for old people to give adyi^je to yonng ofltt^
that w^do not wonder to fee bboks of this kind coiitinaafly -mokt-'
plying; and it each facceeding tKatife were an i'mprovemem epon'
thofe wMch preceded i^, the piMic vroeid have no reafon to compiain
oftbolMfieafc. - Tkis^ bovverer,* is not, in all refpeAs» the ca(e»*
wicb re^rd to the Letter before as. Lord HallffaXy Cambray, the
MarqnisdeiaChetardie, the Marehtonefs de Lambert, 0/horo» Wet->'
cenball V^lks, Mrs, Chapbne, and others *, have treated this fabjeft
la ft flsamier faperior to that of the pre^t writer ; particularly with -
reiped to the article offyh. There ate many good, and pions, and
pmdendall maxims and precepts in this little volonie, bat the Ao*
thorns ltsg«age ts not fdffidently engaging- to reOommend his conaiefs
B> yonnc rea&rs, and ^4W^ them to beeomehis wiHing difctples.'
Nor is ms ftyle merely defedive becmfe it is uninviting; his die-
• We do- not rank in this lift Dr. Fordyce*B Sermons to Yonng
Women» becaofe his plan is fo diffcrentfrom thati>f the other writfchs ;
bat^ ftt refpea to otility, if we are not miHaken, his performance in«
doderei^ery thing that is material in ail the others, unlefs we except
Mra. Cbapone's Letters: oor recommendation x)f which may be'feen
in the Review for July li^, p. 70.*— We have not taken the liberty of
itttrodiKing^ the ^mons Con. PhflKps into the above xncndoned gfood
company;' bnt there are very pretty thzn^ in her Letter to iLord
(rkellerfield, on Female Educatbn .
tiOd
tion if, in iamt pliUm^ tHBcMid^dMirdi.pajftty'thnMifh tii« pboi^alettc! «f
QOttkcm* id(i<uns» 'mdfMftlf thfooi^Jr dm<»iialit>o? pow9igoei»Aei»
ek«au k{» «cpm£«air> AtitaMf «o the di^MTf o^ hisk iM^c flia^
pb 7^ * A habltof ooBfioeneot ift^i^r bei MUMr «f QNmn^ y«9ti9
pvople of tkM ramblmif, gsMbg. difpdARal -ndtkk is. {[»^99imuA «»
then.' P- t&fe. * RelsMbngi. liadonbtii'ts « gfx>d mutk of aa^oififtg
knowladge'; bivtlmng/exftinptes^iSietf^ F. 57«: ^ A ndcdNHia pfide,
or av^^fr fe^peA forioiirftlvet^ it olteA happy Mf«r«f pctfewiMig' »•
fraai doiAg any thiagthat i0^ailworlli]ra'<«-t*^« 44^ f GoaimilaiaattM
with the Dcat)? htobeca ibanfody^ pBrpitafliadI by foaMU aiii*flMiiteprt«
rented, or totally denied hyothcnt^-TTfaDfigk^ imm alf llM^««dkienoa
of whiclt it kcaipaUe^ theiimi^appean a& lie abondai^y: eAaar, ytt,
te/ P«46t« ^The^ compkia^wicika feiyhttifrati^iif <iiii^ wascaf
truth, public virtae, and good ondcT' among us^ wha chJaticn by
thaiii'awi* pniSkke^an- hahttaal cfMnremf t M the nNtAeCMuaik aiicana
of promoting r^s/^/. Thia lail ift a frovincialmpd^ oC'«n«pia^<lv» fv^^
wljkhoaJytheaioftQiegafttof the Itcpcch writers are/r^i fM&Dg-
li(ti|A4n.^AaU*hivp.fti4»'' thcfevirfM^^jor 'Mhe(»tgQp4«ldar'' «c*
He woold never h^ya- faffefe4 '(he. plural, ihi^t, tp^ tcimioau ihe
per>(^« .• » » .1 - ' . ,\
. :EUi&UlK^Q«Mthe if^'vAiceto tUs Wrttei wcr« ^er .(q^ti^aoiica
only of hi^deft^ift point: of hmgwget, (f wi^ aitancVi^hpr to hia
feaiixn'ei^ lH»^w<ydbwUlLa^faar'ao•8r4ltfar advaMg^ :Tbe.ibAii»^F-
i pg peffiige i(^igiv« o«ir Readef • a-favmnaUe^piaioa o^ iiis, Bn4er«^
' fian^nf:: •• - •.-
..* Iti^gop4>.ui ;Ui* oaf^Ato tjbiak.ii»berly» bot e^pc^ially/iarali**
gious matters ; becaufe our^aeal har<tif apt to ba inteif4j»erate» Voor
^afr vary often e^r in ^Us.point ; ^nd ihnrc fgc a ought, nevf f 4Pt indi^ge
a zfialottfl concerA^for iafUtutioDS,|pf?i:^Iy human i^leijt^^|)i^y. ihoald-
coma, a/ciengttw to:{ablUtttte tbea»,in the pUce of religion, iifeif^ and
make them qf equal importance with: it, Hencjp the rigid ^tttachment
of many to form« and ufages, and odiefV or4kHin<«c^ of ma#.^ no^ aware
ihat blind.zeal b^etf kieenp^ef^ haut^s apd ai» anchari|a^ Uifpafi-
tion; which, in a.bigotted mind, may. encreaie into iuarcenefs and
cfudty. fiut how opposite ^e*all t^aie taxbftc anildne^ and forbear-
ance which onght invariably to poilefr a female, brea^ ! . _.
' In order to encnnrage a moderate tem^r, conAdsr that iht^c, i»
no^ fach thing a& a perfed chorch in this world ; that, while, men ana
men» an nnirormity in opinion it ia^>oflible ; that th|sra.aj^ vali^la
perloDSy perfons ofgieat oaderilanding and integrityj pf evi^rjf Chrif*
tian denominations. and jlhat, as to the matter in han^, you yonrfelf
may be wrong;., for. one time or other all of ua are wrong, in fbme
things* Beiidev is it not repugnant |ox^moaiepifi,,.as,wcU aa.to
good manners, to judge harlhJy of others, and reprobate wbolc (^
cieties, nay whole itates and kingdoms, on account of (bme . trifling
diiferences merely about the adjttni^» as they are calleii^ of religion ;
feeing^ in thefe, they have as good a title to difSsr from you„ t^ yon
have CO differ from them ; and perhaps an equal chance of being ift
the right ? And pray what is it that makes feme people of on;e per*
fiiarioq» and fome of another .' Mere accident, juft their iiaving been
born and bred in the communion of this or the other chorch ; iat
very few are of any perfuafxon from deliberate ahoice only. For my
own
to iee a i«fbhii«tios in foae tkingtt toA vfhm dtnicE do0i not Aairi
in need of iiif ;Wlini wt jnAi%e otti>folireft in. liot sm} oacluuiuUle
difpatcsy ahoot donbtfsi and onefiiiMl jKHiits* w^ Joe n^ bcttei tin^l
cbtidrsd figlicing Id mat wmh Ibr loysiuid trifles.' >
Iit'tlie-prefatn^ a^rertifeaett to tUsLeitar wt are afikred* that iti
is really wkat the title-page dedam it ta bei. that it wasvfri^en
alMNKieveaar eigkt yens'ago^ iiti^ttate ktieniiromthe Author to
OM'iif faisidatffhtert «t a toardiaeHeko*! $ and that j^ nocher . de-
fifittf * mhumtltfif inciimliacd^ and pryr If apmwged farthe tife of the'
reftoftfaeirchiiikeft»tbqrwer» aceordM^ /thrown into their prefenti
form. Unce-tiiAcv^we act tether isfiiraiedt fevefai of the A^thor'f ^
fiieiidsk ptidcolailfr fcaaeof kit.ftflMriiB|iGqttaintanC)B, haviojg feea th^.
perfbnnaQce» induced the Author to fend .it to die pireis, in the very,
latKlafclt paitefion that the paUicntiofei m^fM prod^fo the fanegopd
eflbfts apa»ociM» readerit a^ chejr lud$ themlelve^ experienced ooi'
pcrafia^ ihetAamricripft.
Art. « J. 9^^ff^ u tbi Tmtpb efTrtte Hmm ^Fnft^hfth^
Patfis oftf^srole Virtnty-wtedipKfieditt the Lhres of tfte moSt ct»m
nent Perfhns» of both Stsxns^ on die Plan laid dowh hf Sir Williai».
TVmple, Inhis Sff^of Hefdc Viituew By W. Cooke, A« B. Fd*.
low of Ne# Coliege ObUboi^ and Chaplain to thie Murqoia U
TKT^edale. icmo. 4folu raa homd* DwruBeapruMtdi andr
fold by Dte^ iff London* 177^.* • - . > -
The lives of th&ancient gods, he^ce, and legiflatoes, are hei* givefr^
in ehronok>gieat'^bocefio«« irofn jiaptBBiv Hevaale^^ ^tiimrod, |(o.
dowfa te^Hfa^dii AwtOrtitiils^ >and <^Mn Zenohia« The neal hiftory
of i^ih iHafitiouspeHonages if flipped, as mnelt ispoftbk^ of th6.
fiibdous •circt^mftancet in «duch they have been emwloped s^ dif-^
gniied by th* pedis and ptleih of antHiBi^t aad their €Jbara<^i»«nd
conda^ are-held tip» fot onr emukcion and imttatiop.
<'Thi9 knowledge of paft feranfiiaietts,' iays the Compiler, ' is not
^ mere ani«iemeae» bet a neoeflary.andinib'ndive jHodj^-^In genoi^^
the real fentiments and d^gna of tbo^we iW among, aodcon^r
verle ift^thv are lndo((r^Bflv conoealed ; fans in the accoenu of ^r«
flier ages, the fl£b themielves difclofe 10 qs |he mal views and.
genoinediifpofifioBt of tiieadors: and the fcunecaa^s will com<^
ntonlf produce the like elleds^ By weighing wejjl; thefe truths^ a fiue '
refbttree may be obtained in every -dsMdrous eoDJoadore ; and the*
road whieh leads to faceefs and happi neto diicovs^od.'
hi order to pteafe the genenltty of r^era, tbe Compiler profcfiea
that he has made it his bu^nefs so mingle profit with delight, and
that he has given the leaft codimon and nod entertaining lives that
could be f^leded from hiHery. * Should theie,' lays he, ' meet with
alavourabie reception from the pahltc,*they will pave the way to
others, whieh though of Later date» are yet lefs known* And when
the plan ob which We profe6 to proceed is once completed, weihonld
hope, that truth and virtue, dileogaged from (ourneis and auilerlty,
which are not their natoiral attend an csi may once more gain pofTd*-
ffoYi of the breafts of tHe hntn«ne and lovely ; and ihame , the vicioua.
tafte for lying ^d corruptive memoiys in general.* ,
Art«
^' MoMTflXY Catajloou£, MifiiUonms. '
Atu 24. Leitirs, by John Hughes, Efi); and fevcbral oCbar emi'
neatPeifons dece^fed* Pabtiftied' from tlie Orignui; by Join
Doncombey M. A. one of the fix P/eachers im Cbiift Cbmchf
Canterbury. VoL iii. 3 •; Telved* JofanfoD.
We have already * glVen fo ample an account of 4ie two ibnner
Tokmes of this coftedion of Letter*, that a ^ery ihort artkle will
fuffice for the prefent pUblkattoD*
- The Editor has prefixed to this vblome an acooont of tiie fift aod
vrlcings of Mr. Hughes* To tfaefe memoirs it &b|oined ^ ntmtftg
No. 15; By Sir Richard Steele 1 in which paper Sir.RtcMrd took
•ccafioti to write a ft\y warm encomiom on his dieoeilftd iHttid, the
author of il^ Sii^ijff DMna/au ; wha^liad the* night bdbre tke pab*
Ikation of thepaper^ and but a few lioim after t£it celcbraied play
was i^Mit for the flrf^ time.
' The letters here printed atediirty-oaetnnnmber; andweiewiictai
by Mr. Hughes, Mr. Say f » Dr. B^siky, Mr. W. ihiiicomfae» Mr.
Needier, Sir Richard Steele, Earl Cowper, Aztbbifliop Hettiiig, Mr^
Welded, Mr. Straight, (a very witty drnn'a) Biihop Benfeo^ Mc Sa-
muel RichanHbnr, lord Corhe. Mr. Dyor, and Mr. Hiift (; whofe
lift letter isolated firom the Cape of Good Hope, ^b4 ^omiis (we
believe) the laft account that ever earned Europe, of the anlbrtiiaate
At/aORA, on board of which thaiagflvous writer periibed. . To the
Letters are added feveral fmail pieces by Mr. Hughes* wiiich weiv
omitted in the collection of hia works ; . aad a ferther acooaat of
Mrs. '^^^d^,' grand daoghctor to Olivci- Cromweli. Of this cxtrf
ordinary wonian, many encertataing pam^lara aroh^ given, bciide
tbofe which were coataiaed-iB the appmidix to the iecond irolome of
this colledion, and copied into oar ilfcview for January 1775, ?• 29.
Art. 25. /fn App€ait§ thi Ptdtity frm, ibi Ju^gmint if a c4nmM
' lHanagert nmih figm^l Litttrs : arid the Drama of one A^ which
was rcfofed Reprefentatioa. 8v6. is. Bcw. 17 74.
A Mr. T. R. as we learn ffoia thia pnblfcadon, having wrktrn a
force of one a^, eiltitled ' The ^PoHtitian Reformed,' ofered itm
Mr. Garrick ; #ho civilly exprefled his apprehenfitm that it vmooM
ndt fucceed in the reprefentation, as the fubjeft had been already
mofl fuccefsfnlly treated by the author of the lJpbolfifrcr4 This
tefufal irritated the difappointed Author ; between whom aad the
manager two or three letters paffed, on tlds important occafioa.
Thefe letters are here printed; with feme additions, which only
ferve to evince the arrogance, peevifhnef^, and weaknei^ of the ap-
pellant: who thus takes his revenge on Mr. Garrick.i— // rgaum
avov /# bt feen nvbat be 'Will do nnitb tbe Public'
Art. 26. llje Canterbury Patriot: Or the late Mayor's new
Mode of defending Liberty, Property, and the Privilege of the
Prefs : In a Narrative of a Law Suit commenced agaicft Mr.' Wl-
liam Francis, for the Recovery of Money obtained at Gamiag.
By Thomas Roch. 8vo. i s. Richardfon and Urqohaxt.
Companion for a roan who has had the vexation of a lat^figt^ aad
who appears, ftooi his own account, to have been otherwife i&ojufily
• bee Review tor January 1773.
\ vjee Rv'v. above iderrcd co, p. 27, J Ibid. p. 36.
haraiM
Monthly CataioouS, i^iBoMus: u$
h§ratkd and opprefledy prevents as from treatting this pnblicatioQ^
mmly as a CUmUrhry Wt ; lor wc dq ^oc fee \qm the . Aothor can
expoft dutfthePublfciin general ihould ent^r ipto theoierics of/ucba
Diece of private hiftorv. We fappp/e i^r. Roch Jias been ifl Ueated ;
•at we know not wbat Mr. f . and his friend/i, o^ the other ilde,
my have to oi<^. This Famphlf^t, jjiowevery though not generally
intcirfiing to the Poblic, wIU iuiyo a ^ryj^ ^Stfy^ /hould it deter
any, or even bot one perfon. fro^ (hf pernicious andabfurd pradicc
oli^mfg, which.^ j^w.befiomjs (oDttiyfiXcn^ among us.
Act. ay,. The^imprcpjud fttmh .(irwnmasr^ ia which, I. tbs Pro*
j»ineiation.is tDcatedina^dear ^d^conpife Maimer, »the pifficultiet
• wiiroh tffualiy ftrike Terror into the J^rcqcb Scholar, from th^
JProlixity and Arabigiiity ofibonsr M^ods, are /QipQyr<^^» and the
eafy and exjpeditioaa Attaininc^nt of this e/Tential Article is infuredw
IL The Pnncijples are laid down in It plain and intelligible Me-
. .thody^firee from^that infinite Nnniber of ufelefs Qbfervationsy and
« . Bxc^mons^ with^wbich other frpnfh Grainjuars abound^ apd by
which the Learner's P/ogrdfris knf^ed. To the whole are added
, fiuniliar PUiyU^ 6tQii)eit Oial^^s aqd L^ettei's ; i^th Exerci&a
. for ^c PrcSMjQciatiQny and cm, the Parts of Speech^ .On a pew
Plan. By John €a0e{le» Teacher of the French in London, i s. '
iiariii»«.i77S* ;
^ For ^Sof^ b^k^thif tit}e-page is vefy long» and, what is more ex«
traordinary, it is* very trne. .
Art. a8. J'DrfmJftion ,rf Englfil^ and Wakf. ^ Containing a
. |»tti|»br.Accoo»tiofjea(th CouA^, with its Antfaiiities. Cuno-
iities, $itaation. Extent, ClUn^^, Rivers, Lakes, Mineral Waters,
. .fiolb».PJiuatt hi^'MiAerals, A^iciilture, Civil and £cclc£aftical
Divifion;, Cities, Toyt^ns, Seats, Manufn^ures, Trade, Sieves,
. Battleei ai^ the, Lives of l^e iiluftrioQs men>^ch County las
produced, Embellifhed wxtb 240 Copper-plates, of Palaces^
Caiiles, Cathedrals ; the Ruins of Roman and Saxdn Bttildinss ;
. , and of Abbeys^ . NfonaHeries, and cither Religious Houfes. BeSde
, ia^Varieiy of Ciiits of Urns, Infcriptions, and other Antiqnitifs,
12ino. 10 vols. 1 1. ;o s. fe.wfd. Newberry and Carnan,
. As t^e Autbors, who profeiTedly tre^t of the antiquicres and n'atqral
hiAory of partipular, counties, %mt commonly fwejied their works
to foch an enotmoiis fize and j>rjce, ^s to pl^ce tbep quite out of
^th^ reach of |dl, b4t opulent, r^a^rs; a jqdrdous compendium of
whatever tends to give a clear new of the ancient and prefent ftate
4if oiir own cottntfy» nmft doubtlefs be an acceptable prefent to cMtry
who wiOies not to be totally ignorant of the remarkable perfons
•n^ things, .Ayhi<;h-,even:)^is ovj^n ne^hbourhood may, probably, have
contributed to produce. The Work Htfore us promifes to do this ;
aid it jipp^rs to be executed.with a greater degree of accuracy and
.preeifion, ihanjs ufaally to be met with in compilations of this na-
ture* The, cppper.-plates in general, are alfo, to fay the leaft of
^heiii,JU.goodaa. they could.. be ^xpe£led to be, in a work fo con-
traAed ia reipeft to fize, and^ fo limited in poin.1 of expencc to the
'parchafcr.
JtBVt Mar. 1774. jQ^ Art.
%2i MonthIy Cataioou^, Law.
Art. «9. Tbi Cinuit of Hmum Llfi ; a Vifion, In which ard
mUigfia^ defmft>ed^ ik^ Viitues and Vi^et* Taken From the Ta-
bbit^imjQijr Ca^ a Piftiiplj^ of St)cnrteff* fof Ac Inftiadion of
YpnfKr t«»Oi. I f^ T. Csrnaa. it77fV»
Th^TaUatUire of (^ebe» has been, long and ]&^\y eAcemed as pmm
of the inoft beautifbl and ralnable remains of aQtiqt»ity ^* — Titis
imiiatiea of h is by no'fnafnsdeilstpte of merit, though not free fmitt
defcftj^,.;T<hc form in which thia Writer Lai chofcn to rccofflnjcnd
wifd^m^ndi^^rt^Mii is^fierally acnepoUeand pleaj'ing, efpccialty lo
yoang.milidf^ Bot haaaan H^ it fo dhrerfiHed i its win^itDgs are fo
num^iroiifl, k| K^ioions* prejadtoaa, Mopaniiiica &nd paflions fo m&t-
tifarioMs ^. ih^ K mall be rrrjr dificalt to pre vc jit conjuGpn, or fajin
*» aiU^Qiy, v^th ana coaiidcrable degree of legnlarity and perfpicnStjr.
Tiie <lii4ik f^^blicauon now before ni» is, however, Certainly adapted
10 enur^asn and improve the yonthfol liearL Happy that j^onth
who is fo infloeaccd and gnardad as to ^dired his early fteps la the
path that ^l|itd# to troc hs^^pinefs, and (o perievsre in i( !
•y-^.yr. L A W-
Art. m« AhfiraQ if mn A& fir Jmindmmt $f thg ISghu^h
t un of Oeorge HI. chap. Izxviii. With the ^^edule of Forms,
* Tabfo of dafiy Dntft Coopofition, and Penalty from (ooL J^
Jfuu to 5oJ» lonn of S«nreyor*s Acf^ount, and a Sqmxnary of
refpedive Doties and other Mattera* By a Surry Juftice. Folio*
is.^d* Payne. V 17734 ...
The otifity of thia AUraa irSl fd&Gicndy an^car from what we
have (aid of a fimilar poUitntioo. Seeoiir aoQonnt of Mr« Seott'a
Digift^ Reiriew for Docenber bftp p. 4S^.
Art. jr. Thi Ahdim Far^ Offemr% or Ibe ParLthOfficer'a
' Complete Dnty« Broogfae down to the preftnt Period. Con^in-
Yng^allthe Statute Laws now in Foicet together- with the idj^eed
' Caies leiating to every .Kind of Farilh Baueft^ plaoed in alMume*
* tk^l Ord^r. A Work efieatiaUy neceflary for Conftables, Chiic^-
-wardens, Overfeers of the Poor, Sarve^ors of the Highways,
'^-fuftic^s of the Peace, Attondet, HeadboiOHghs, Tithingaien,
. Sidefineur Veforymen, Scafengert, kc* who wo«3d with tp execute
their refpedive Offices with Safety and S«dsfoaion4 It ia alfo a
necei&yy Ceaspanion foreverjrinhabijtaatafa farUh, who. may not
be aParifh Oncer; as it 'will enable him to jodge whether |he
Parifii^des are properly esecoted by others, and co defend hfm-
' feJf agaiall^he Ignorance of thofe who are nnacquainted with tkeir
I>ucy» as weif as the arbitrary Meafores of tnofe who fpO. fte-
. qncttxly want Co axercUe an Authority which they, are not wmr-
ijanted Co do by I^aw^ By a Gestlemaii of tfineolirs Ian. \ imo.
3a. 6d. K.earfley«&c» 1774* * . ■ '
Had ihb Gentleman of Iina>ln'a inn, or eNewhett» fo|ind ' it j^pn
. dehtito.nvoiiir this puhUcation b^ fainjg his name to it, he would in, all
psobabiiiiy, ebi of ivfpeft to iumielf^ have iplven it a title lefs vjer-
* mi* U}M4\*i^ " *■ ^*l'' ^^M » n I » II ■ ^ I. I ■ !■■■>■» ■■■II III
^ S^ a panitular analyfi»t>f dria finepieee of -ancient alkgoiy, in
the 1 1 th volume of our Rcrievi^ p« ipz% &^. .
. a hP<e»
Monthly Catalogue, Lauii 127
holki $od more modeflly exprefled : he would in plain terrfis have de-
tllMtiL theporpofeofhy andtfatteflto\heiikferH'i)ftlieexec«cion» f6r
Its rtcommeodatiofl, Wheh «mr ^xpe^atfient «m raHed too. high,
they are reldom aniwd-ed ; and even When a -miite^ J^dtoetfy fulbb
^isainpleproraiibyFfaneoWeshim'nti ^ewatd, htf ii^ffofdtlAller of
applaufe, iind may be^f^tilfied frh^it'alk|W<^tahav«lfif<k}p^ n6
;pore than was 'due to him.'.*' '' '"'■'' -'= ::•':■.•;'; ;'• ^-n , ■%
1 the Compiler of t^ boolc affmts t%e* Ptrbllc^ thilf he ht^^tA
US*' theparifh ot^teft €$mpUle dbty, bftytt£;ht<dihi^n=«bithe^r«(H)t
' period / atid this period Is pobtedotit afAieiibttom oFthe ti«le page
tobe^h^year 1774: yeiSF joftite^of ^he^vedbe^fAfh «y ktrbw (heir
duty ID an important articley that of' rej^tHahiig lb(f •IdEtlt s^d "ntakiiig
of bread, they liiuft conftdt a ftatdte, 13'Qeo. ;}.'«e.<2;' Which £» not
bendoned itt the Work! If joftkesofthe peace itoxi-'paliA^^cers
examine It for the Hcenibg lying in hofiritah, frinit Ifitt ^heir cKity
refpe^ting bafhu-ds bom therein, £ey will be wholly diiilppolDted } not
the leaft notlci^ being uken of the aft 13 QeOr 3. e. 6a> tfie kiwsi#win
force asto thefecstftst That theft ftaemtes were not too -recent' *ltf
this crude pablicatiovy may be inftried from the ample ftocice taked
of the fatt highwaf na, 1 3 <ko. 3« c. 781 whkhis. niMeqac^i to the
bread aft. TM^bighwsy aft it inlec<l idmdi gire* K/erSatim^ for
which perhaps two pH^«t«fealbtts mighe be vrged, tf they Were pro-
ber fbrthe ComtMerm produce : inciiiftetd«f the laft tsrnptke aft,
^e&re prelbiteiffl4lh« AilldecAlof tke7OB0b 5.C4D. wyeKi»now
repealed, and fuperfeded by the 13 Geo. 3* c. 8^ This laail»tote
' ftfi^ifKes matcer'ibr t ftow ftppeadKi:,' birt 'tUt appeadix aftrds no
Aftciekit reafcttr ^ ipolegy for overiookNig theaft7 OeOw^. ew 39.
eind^r the title Ppor^ nor Ibr the piematiue hafte in JntnryiQg our fo
libperfeft a publi^Miot di%mied under (Ucfatotal^tioas profrflttun.
Art. 32. ADifa^Jkn^f Lml Cimdm^i Opinkm^ in
-' Allen-indtheDirkcofNwtaftk. -^to^ <iffi - Wllkie; -^774.
ThisFubllaitioit Mktev 10 a calkofetecvtorftipi'aMl ifitisof
'tny life beyond VjtotifiOitlOR of the ptnties ifiMed by it, that ufe
will be ften iti Aifjpliiyhig the tricks of an anfblimorQey, in tnmf-
Mfttohs Wbere fee*' W«* joim ejtecworv and co«iti>ed to be follt mami-
'' jMr.' ' tt is profHIMy pafbttAed ** to-fliew themothtf wkick inAiced
8ie Bake of N^wcalAerttf ippetttiirom LordGateden^i decree/' The
}Mfie*tu ofthls decree Mbiigs properljr toilie'iiqttmt eoiwc to which
hisCraceftppeah. •' • • r -
' Ard 3}. Yhe L^gatDlj^nei tf JUktrf^l/hiiHi 4md i^^ in
. « Series of Letti^ to a Friend. By ^hii AUeylM} fii^ Bu«ri^r
^ at Law.' iSvo/ *St^ Ha>Hs, ftt.^ '774*
' Mr. ATkyne,'the «^ter of theie Lerters; itneWs the ciieae Ihr-
' soerly difcnAed bf Mr; Fiy** whcr Jnftified all the marriages of kin •
§red, «xcq>ting thofe in the immediately mfonding and deibesftling
ti<» and iecwcefl fbll brothers and Alert. He is theNibiv ia very
fanguine advocate fbribme diftrtiTed dSeht who pines far dm'fifter of
his deceafed wift; tnd in this cakib wirmty endkrtakes fo^rsfilte
thole religions prejvdicet, which, at he expicifet it, ^^^amiotftaBd
iliiUli * * *i II M* li |t r «■! I ■■» II i t'U^i ■ I I
* See Reviewi vd, xv. p. 174.'
%29 Monthly Catalogue» Namgathn^
tlie^of grgnmenu" Thk fire b iiuieed kept up with f^ore isnpe*
coottty than ftetdy jcoarage ; thoogh fome of the &ot are well aiiii^»
and feem to tike effe6l.
So ^ as we arc! to be gaided by the McE&kiUaw, the diSin^Uoa
made by Mn Fry, and iniiftcd on by the prcfcnt Writer, between
unconjiring the nakednt/s^ 2Si^J^riaiing a Jldart ovtr a ^v^jImm^ mnd ctr
Hitring the nakUhtfs^ appears qaite ju(l, however indelicate, as Mr.
Alleyne well remarks, uie exprefllons kre : in*deed, we fhotild owe an
apology to the fair fex, fbr referring to them in this grofs manner,
did the advocates on both Mti connne their reaibniog, on this deli-
cate fubjedt, to the aGtual and intrinfic merits of the cafe, without
calling in the law and praAice of a people, few Ofwhofe inftitutions
are confiflent with, or worthy of regard, uhder the pre(ent improvc-
jnentt ofhoman knowledge. As an evidence of oar own'refpefl tor
dectncyr we (hall fuppreiii fome additional hints*that might be ni^cd
to fttpport this diftindion ; 'and content' ouifdves wlfh obfefving)
/after the wtheri on this fabjeft, that bv the help of it, many of the L*-
vitical prvhibidons vanifti : aad tfcat the regnlar praflke of the Jews
contradi^sthe popular conflmdion of iftiem. Tbi? coniidention leads
'*Mn Alleyne to make fome pertinent obfervatt^n^ oh the canon U^;
and with refpeft to marrying wtthv £i^er of a former wife (to jufti^
which is the principal objed of thefe Ictterv) io-lay great Hrefs oi^ the
aft \ Mary, fefT. 2. c^n that prbnounccd the^vaHdicyof the marriage
between Henry VIII. and Catharine oi A rragbsi iihe^idow of his bm-
ther Arthon Bntwithonriihpeachingthe'ayowed.prineipleson wbioh
that aft was framed, the authority of it wbnjd Hxrtatnly have b^n
ihtmger, had its dechrrd ofajeft been mora cxteniive, and had it not
been calcnlated folely to fanttify the power ander which it *pa£ed;
a power which there were siani^ld reasons to-i^ifh had n^verl>efh re-
fiortd. It is clear it never woakl have paifed, bad Elizabeth imme-
diatnly fticceeded Edward VL Stiil miiil it be allowed, as onr Au-
thor remarks, that " it is a (blemn^ poblicy notorious, legillati^
declaration, of the purity of a marriage ^l^mniaed between ntn^
and his own brbther's widow*'* Ic (houklrfeem therefore, accordxnr
to plain r/mion, that thia kgiflative declaration ^onM extend to^ and
• fupport, all marriages in likecircinaftances*- Mr. Aiieyne, however,
^L^Tkki an application to parlianient, to hafe the degrees of marriage
afcertained by an exprefs law ; a meafure which would, in every re-
fp6ft, be more agteeaWo to BritiCh proteibults» than the authority by
• f^hich fuch caies are now decided.
Navigatxon,
Art* 34. 7he Seaman* s ufeful Friend andpkafant Companion, five.
Price otii^ IS, 6d, Printed at Chichefter, a«d fold in London by
Richardibn, &c. 177.^.
The Author has anticipated any recommendation which we might
be difpofed to give him, by being very free and full in the praile of
bis own performance. But this fclf-commfcndation we attribute to
other motives than thofe of vanity and cilentatton. We have already
•bad-eecafion to remark a peculiarity in his manner of writing, and
we then fuggefted what appeared to us a jn(l accooat of it. See
^ Rev, for Jan. 1773, p. 72. We wilh, liowever,* for his own lake,
that onr Author may not be 'too liberal in commonicating <* the
loimledgc
Monthly Cataiocus, Mathmatlcs: a%9
knowledge with which the Almighty has bleflcd him." In this fmall
utatift we have, ** hifi^u uIht /ttrukiobk tbingi,^ tabl^ of tie fun's
decUnaiion Ux fouir years, ftom 1773 to 1776 loclufivc ; a method of
finding the decUnation till the year 1800; rules ibr working an ob-
fcrvation either of the fun orftara, ** m^n plain tind eoj^i than have yet
been given ;'* a lift of (bme of the " biggcft" ^ars, with their right
afcenfion and declination ; direaion^ to the feaman for finding and
knowing any ftar, for coneding the dead redconing by an obferva-
tion, for difcovering the vanation by a common wooden dijji compact
for touching the compafs and fisr making thf tandU-End or the
fAKord with fafcty* The whole is Writtca in a very plain makiner,
iBiid may be pf nfe to tho<c navigators that have not accefs to more
^m|)lete and more coilly pui1>li€ationt.
Mathematics.
Art. 35. Science Improved i or^tbe true Theorfoftbe Vmvirfe. Com-
' .prchendiog a rational Syftem of the moft ufeful as well as enter*
taining Parts of M/irrWand experimental Philofophy, embeUiihed
, with Copper.platts on ft new*invented moveable Coiiftru£Uon, &c«
By Thomas Hariinflrton; 410. 7 s. 6 d. fewed. Frinud for the
• Author, and fold by Crowder* &c.
A compilation. In which the leading principles of the celeftial
phHofophy are famiUariy explatnedand-applied to the purpofes of re-
I^ion and virtue. There is a freedom and eafe in our Author's
manner of writing, which will render this performance agreeable to
tkofe juvenile headers,' for whofe infocmatiQn and. ufe ixi is pripci*
pally intended: and his intention, in this abftrad ofphtlofopbical
Kifafie, is truly laadaUe ; but we are foriy to obfcrve, tlut he has
paid liule regard to order in the diftribution ot his msfierial^ j^^d
tl^t fome pf his deforiptions are obfcure and imperfe^ .
. la a work ckf this kind, defigned for the iollrudtioa and a^nufement
.pf yond^ it is of great moment to give a clear and accurate account
of every fubjcd t)iat occurs. As an inftance of the Writer's obfcu*
ptfp we xt&r to jits examinatioa of the; /paragraph in which he de-
iajbes ^places of the planets* toward the clofe of fc^lion 16;
* what we have now been ipeakiag of is called the. ^eecenirick plaeu
tf tkepUmeti^ that is feed from» or havi^ the earth for its center.
The beliecemtrici plaeee of the planets, means, was it poffibie for an
Cjre to be placed in the fun, it wonld fee our earth as. a planet, and
give the places of all the planets as they would appear from this fi*
tbation of the obferjfer/'-^^-This'is a fpecies of definition, con-
fi«i&d t^ Ik) xnics of Ugic or oi grammar, ^
Our Author .hsu fiated the nnnSier of miles in a degree of latitude,
esY^ry where, at 60, without taking any notice of the true meafure-
naeof of ineridjoiial d^sees. He^ Ukewife fet down the dillapces
0f the planets firom the fun, tcge^er with their diameters and mag-
nitudes, according to former eftunates, without any of the altera-
tions and amendments determined by the late tranfiu.
' His accoont'of jcclipfes is veT]^ unfiitisf*aory smd imperfed : and,
as die annexed figure ibr explaoaing them bv no means anfwers the
porpofo of a reaLorrery, and tends tooniileaa a reader unacquainted
with this fubjed, he (houMiiave been partkt»l|trjy jcajiit^ous to pre-
vent i^ii^akes, and to remove a difiicul^ chat aofi anfe in the very
Q^j yoongei
f JO MOKTHLY CATAtOGUEy HtroUr^
3roangfi tnifidy with ^fped to dks period i»f ilMtir .tetdns* Bfeqr
yootb, wli6 sftnMii «i«iel^tt<KMr. ilarjii^iQfiV plate a&d delcHp*
tiott^ nrnft^eoiieiiit^ dkst «d^fea» bttk of the foi «&d moon^ wiU
licceflaHly )ui|>peaivetfrysniitii. . .
We ibbmh i^efe irbduHu to our Aatbor's co^fideration^ more
rfpeciilly «8^ chf#vol4itne Is ftoa to be foccosdedby MOtk<(r, in pii^?
'faance'i^-tAie^MetiUa; i
Art. 36. if Trf^ iMi&c L9HiH§i4er Uc^ By R. Waddingtoo,
' 4!iow> j<. ^d» NouHe. 177}.
This treatife maf be ooniidefed at a.ksod oi Jkcwi /uf^miut to
tbe Author's P^^akmiMuMfir fitd^g tit LpngituM tmd LiUitudi rf
a Ship at Sea, publiihed in 1763. (See Rev. for October in the iaoie
year, p. S0&*) Tht/rfl /&ff/emefU vfzs publiihed In 1764: fee Rcr,
Jan. 1764, p*'7B. iW new treatife contains inftrnfiions and tablca
for the ufe of th^ fextaot and odant in celelUal obfmations ; and
particularly i|i thofe that immediately ^?e]ate to t)ie ItmiitntU. Mr.
W. is well acqmimtdy both from theory abd experience* with t|iit
fttbjed; and the pre^t pamphlet is a Talnable ^ititm tq wbaf
}ie has already offered to the pMb|ic.^ Toward fhe ooaclufion Y^ hh\
^iven an abHraft of the dtmeiifioni of the (bl^r fyficm* deduced ^m
the obferirafions of the bi| pauifi|» tqgetha wit^ To^e general de£-
nitions.' " •
H & E A 1* D R t*
Art. 37. 7%^ tmi^Mt EngUfik Psgragei er, <i u^mk^'cat mtdhlf^
torhal A€€9Mnt tfthi Pttrs mid PetnJ/is 9/ this Mudm. By the Rer.
Fredt:ric Barlow, M. A. 8vo, 2 VoU* izs. .6d^' Boards.
Bva-8. 1 773*
Though lye are alrpady fumilhed with variopa hiHorks oPthe Eng;*
]i(h peeAige» yet the many changes that have lately happened firon
new creations, and the e-xtin^liOD of old titlesiifnufli % plaefible
excnfefpr a fre(hpa!>1icati6n ofthianatore. *
Former writers in thia-walk^ ioiead i^ hnng /mt^fiU ttfimiami,
have too often (as Mr* S< obierves) deviaied Hito -ai»fv paiugyrijfu
The Authon ^che work before us boaft of their rfvn nnbiafled inte-
grity in the following tmna:*^' We fliall not be afnud 16 pull afide
the errDine, to (hew the corruption [\vhich] lies hidden behind ; and
pter rtvertnet far irtah <mU emhpldia tu to difilofi the ^te^nefs tf tha
head, e^tn fwhen encircled hy tie Modern^
This ls» indeed, a bdd declmtion} 4«(we &id it. made 'good,
in a variety of infiances, ta the ooarie of the work; is !iihicn*J^
charaders of manjr of the prelenf BobiUtJ^p whedier fiivoiir^e o^
ptherwlfe, are dAtwn #ith great iwedoBh aiideft air of impartiaUtj*
The arm's are neMy end iccnratecly.engra^f • emA [wlucb ia/ies*
bar t6 the tt^tx wOfM] the tmme ate aU u M^ted and explained.
Good engravings afe ^& giv^ (^ his Majeip^, a^d of all the £1^
terent pr^er^ of pe^rs^ in their pariienmitary robes.
On the >irhcf}e» dus account of the EegiiA peerage &ems to ^Usrt^
the publl^ apprbbaifen; e^oalif ^viih other a^ndgmeau of the like
nature ; and the mOre ^y asithe^afieofihe .femsil noble iamilict i^
brought down to the time of iu pnUicatioiu
P0BTI€AW
Monthly Catalocub^ PoitUal ^ 9.21
PotTlCAl,.
* Art. 39. NtfM £l^i€U 4iQ. ^ 2 s, Kw^tief^ . 1774.
Thefe elegies heu itcig mt^iki 6f difl dMietf « ^iftim ^ and, if
there we^e toy dreditidne to poeuf^ we ttioM yt^Ht^49<ptQnounct
their Aathor t good hofhaiid, and a* 9«»d4Hlipv« . Th^y ^rt four in
number. Tliefirfthas the Aaicling.utlftjof/?r4yW«y, bat it by no
means immodeft ;^ the ftcoiHr, which it by farihebeici is^eptitled thi
Di/aff9iwtmini •fPa^m : from this are (eleQedlh«feflovid<i'gftaDzaf;
Ye golden joys that fii^d m/jnptiifMtfareaA^
when Sylvia^ eyes the muttnlskafiifc, caught;
'When to her iovM and loving botom xiitft.
We mingled ettrj Ibttl-di&lviiig thooght i '
Where art ye fled ? — Ah!^ never to return,
ThoQgh my tfue heart its prifHne paffion warms;
• Though in my veins the fame fierce ardours burn.
Nor leflen'd are my Sylvia's powerful chiu'mi ;
• Still in het eyti the pointed lightnings playt
Sdll'on her dieeks the living rofes blow ;
In fbrightly youth's unfaded prime iUllgay«
And ftill unmalch*d her boibm's nnfou'd (now 1
But cold, alas ! to love's eoga^g arts,
Eaok glowing fpark extinguifli'd in her breail,
fio more our meeting mutuu firm imparts.
Our day# ait Ufelefi, and our Bighu.wifafeit*
Jjdk coxsM the fwaio whom Hatred's baleful power
Has drove injurious from AfieAion's feat;
faAskedLove will fnfer but his hour, '
. AAdr.^ded by Reyenge, at laft retreat :
Far hMpicr ha, who droops beneath the frown
Q£ fcomful Beauty's well-affediBd (ride,
Hope may beMeMi, and Time hit wiihes crowpji
To me revenge and hope are both denied :
. For Ipve, like youth, its tender moments pafti^
No ibrcf, no art, ho accidents t^fioro;
Age aiid indifference wiliybr itfff laft^
While vainly we their frigid pow^ deplofo«
' The two laft elegies mtt entitled th Trifi^fi rfRtt^fin and tbt Win.
iit (f* £mii#, aadeonain many good ftamaas.
Art. 39. PiAkt h Mr. J^htGof^ with an Italian Tranflation
byOianFraiitefcoGiorgmi. 8vo« 6s. Daviea. 177J-
" 'S%nor'Glor^ti> «» iggmoas Vtsetian, has tmndaicd the(^ ce-
lebrated fkbles intofttlian^veHSr^JUid he hM executed the wprk wUh
^irit, perfpicoity, fmdekgaace. A preci£(^ equal to that of the
original, could haidly have hm hoMd for, had his language al-
lowed }t% and, perMps, his greateft fault is too difufc a tyU.
Torty-two of the hibksaiwher^ given with thconginal on the oppa^
fire pages ^"^i Wt ki|OW «(0| a more i^iol buok ibi the hatfaa
/cMar. .. .
0^4 Art.
%^ Monthly CATAtoeuE^ PatitaL
Art. 40. 7«itf> « poetical Romance. By the Editor of the Ef-
fay OB the Cbaraaer» Maimers* and Genius of Womeiu 8vo.
4a*fewed. Robuiibn. 1773.
A veriification of RoulTeau'fr celebrated NovudU HeUi/u
LETTER IV.
Emilius to Julia.
f< The poft r* with what im|Nitiefice did I ftaod !
How I reioic'd to fee the well known hand !
" My Julia's hand !*' the (eail 1 trembling broke.
While (rom mine tyt& a thoufand feelings fpoke :
The lovely fymbols to my lips 1 prcft —
Fancy was fired — thy name can make me bleft !
The precious lines I greedily ran o'er.
Or rather feemM each letter to de^oan
To many readers /uch poetry as this may ht very delightful ; and
it would be cruel to deprive them of their pleafure by criticifm.
Art, 4^. The JuvenaRad; z Satire. 410." r s. Bell.
An honeft but, we fear, ineffe^ual attempt to cxpofe general
vices imputed tb feigned names. The verHficaiion is, in general^
tolerable, l)dc (boiled by many bad lines.
Art. 42. The ^raci9U5 Ifarnim^ ; or^ i M(md^ on ihi DMb iftbt
latt picus mmd kamtd Jofepb Nieoil StoU^ M. D. With his very re-
markable Dream concerning it : To which are added» Ibme Lines
on the latcRev. Mr. Edward Hitchin, B. I>. Hy G^Wrighti" 410.
6d. Otrtdge, &c. 1774,
Dr. Scott was an ingenious and learned mai^i and would not have
been vain of fuch encomiums aa are bellowed upon him in thefe
Terfes.
Art. 43* An Elegiac EpjfiU from Lucy Cooper in tbo Shades, Is
Sedlj bonis ^ the ravifhed rofflona* 4to. ' is. Williams. 1774*
Rochefter revived.
Art. 44. ^Fattb\ a Poem, 4to. is. 6d. Becket 1774*
How this profound fubje^ came to fall into infantine rhyme, it
would be difficult to conceive, had not the Author informed ns that
part of it was originally interwoven with another poem, and after*
wards detached from it. The publication, however, is quite as uq-
confequential as the meafure in which it is conveyed. An attempt to
4)verturn the £picarean dodrine by oppofing to it that of theTriaityt
was certainly a very ftrange fuggeftion—
., . ■ uc de/emfirih^ 14x1$
The veffes, indeed, are in general fpirited and good ; - though
there is fometimer a fad falling off-^For inSaste^
Scoffs at thofe who dare proclaim
A MoM'God tM bKii$4m freme.
In the lattei: of theft lines there is at loaft an tmcoathnefs and r^«
dnndancy, if it t»e not abfolute tionfcnfc.
S ^ Pol iTic At«
I
Monthly Catm.09VE, Nmb and Mmoirs. 9»
., P O a. I T X C A !.• .
Art 45* Jn Alarm for illujlrious (fbMfgb cardefs) EltHors^ SvOt
6d. £y4«i. 1774.
A zm]o«i« dcclam^uon in favoar of liiaerty an4 vtstqe. The Wr|r
Hx is very oameft with his illuftriouf cI<6lors to io^tfov^ t]»eir oppor^
toDityy ftt the eyafoiDg geeeritl ele^ipn* of -chffiiDg.^refeotativef
who are reaUy bone^and p^triati^ Hii p^im^nd tol^onr, ia riiigr
ing this alarm bell, appear wdl-ioteoded» tbo^gh he foinetMpies p^Ui
the fope Wif h taoft violei^ce than the occafiod ieeiat to xeoiurek
Art. 46. .ThiPeiituintjfMr.BQllaut Agent for the Council of
' the Provinoe of Maflachnfetty Bay* to the JUof iQ CouqciI, ^dated
Janotry 26^ 1774. Puhii^hed with JUIuftfatioiis, i|i order briefly'
to fliew to (he Impartial «ad Confidei:ate the Iiapprtaiu^e of per*
. fe& HfunPoy between Great Btit^a and the Colonies, their Mfc^
lits, the Benefits jtbeaee acciued to this Kingdom in Point of Em*
• pirc, Manufa^are«, Conuneiscc^ Wealth, and Naval Strength; and
the Origjn and Progxe^ of their prefent unhappy Difference ; with
IntipAt to promote their cordial and perpetual Union^ lor theif
motual Safety and Wel^e, with which their DiEcntion is incom*^
pttible. ^to« 6d. AlmoB, i774*
The title fufiidently points oat the nature and tendency of thi«
.piit>licatioQ ; and the news^papers have told us what /uccifi the Peti-
tion met with.
Art. 47*. TUf^^ Parthian Ul^raiid; it\ (even dramaic Di^
loeues, or Conver&tien Pieces, between rems^rkable Ferfi>nages,
PoDliihed from the Mouths anid Actions of the Interlocuton. Bv
GotUb Panfmottzer» the Baron's Nepl^^w. 8vo« is. 64,
JElmfley. : ,
Extrtmcly fatirical on the principal interloeatocs, who are, the
King ^ P-rofia^ and the two Emprefles. The dialogues are admi-
Table; -afid the pamphlet will {evfc as a very proper ^ecimen to thfi
fiKir celebrated lifttrs w the frtfinf Siati rf P9Umd ; fee Reviews,
Yols. xly^i. luid xlviii.
N o V s ]L fi and M s M 0 I It 8,
A]t.4& ^Twa^rtghtu Marry Him \ or^ ibf Hf/lotf 9/ M!/kP^^
, . worih. .i2mo. 2. Vols. 68. N^ble. J 774.
In a letter addrefled to Meflrs. Noble, and placed at the begiaoine
of this worky the Anther declares himfelf foudtont of. being. ranked
ratiier among the duU* than the dangerous novel-writers 9{ the pr^
• lent age : and as, in our opinion, there lUifortunately appears a n«»
• ceffi^ of referring him 10 <ine or she other pf thefe ciiffts, we xetdi^
f fiibfcribe ^o his ehoice, afl4 .pioooiiaee the *' Hiftory of Mifs Pet*
r.worth". perfectly innopent* .
iAtt. 49. fii purjuy U Lsndm \ or^ tbi Hifl^rj •/ the SHby Fa^
I muj. lamo. jkVoIs* .6 s. NoUe. 1774.
This Selfa^ funtly had Uv^ .^rcry ha^ilf «nd comfortably on a
MtealLeftate ta the coontcy, kit many yease, tsUofu* Author craeUy
tfoMfl^t psopet to intfodnce Aem. to the asf aatiitanee of a Sir Tho^-
M hnsaj^t whefe wile.happeniag to be a very iae lady, excited in
'rs« Mby ^ violent a dtiue.jof keing London, and knowing the
add, thatfcsoftrary^ithe ndvke of. tpod^^Salby, ihtinfitel
av^p«idia§Q*e]winflDr;iiixtkJwr three c^bkenia town« ThiiLon*
don
9t34 MoNtHtY Catalogue, Nwds ini iitmms^
don journfjr, as the poet ftya, produced *' Mirfbrtnne od rnkfo*
tiifte, grief on grie£^ The ibn married a kepc-oiiftreft ; die jeo&b^
daughter was rallied by ot» of the Lomleyf* and died ef a bn£ea
beart % and the eldeft ptcfci'jcd fteiiif ^ work!, as a cocmbod pmfir
titce, to retoming widi her tidier intD the eoantij. This hiftoi^>
wttheat one inddent that is new to reooflMnead yn^ ^ not vcrx ^
wrttleih^-l^die Aodior ivtll accept this as any compUment^ we iseaa
it partf ealarlv in frroor of the fecond vcdosie.
Art* 50; T4h ^ignmm ; a fentimeotal NcNrel, in a Series of
Letters.' izaso; 'xyolt. - 6s«- Noble. 1774.
It is raipbffible to read 6wtt thefe voloaies withoot remarking the
qaantity m 'bknk paper which meets the ejre -at alsMrfk every page
of thhJhthnBialpforkz a dicmniaacet however, which wo men*
tion not asai/rm^; boty on the cOfltrarf» as die gwateft poffide
excellence attending moft wvidhi^ of this ftamp. <
Art. 51. Tht Fatal /fft&iw^ or the Hiftory of Ibfity and Caro-
line. i2mo, 2 Vols. 6s. ' Noble. 177 -•
The hero of this tale, the heart-fobdaing Hmy ViUiera* nanici
^n old woman of iixty-fire, becaafe Ihe has-thirty thoofimd pettads;
ij^)Xi in love with a yonng Lady, a rdatioo of 'ids wife^, bec^nie &c
is irerv handfome ; and would wiltiiigly perfhade her to go off" with
Kim, becaaFe he is •'-^ ndcal.' To maicr vie of tiie Anthor'a o«sa
word, \ he Dufi take fuch rile t^fkStims as thefe.
Art. C2. La BilU Philof$pbi^ or the Fair Philoibphcr. iiomk
a ^^ls« 6 s. Lowndes. 1774.
. In readiaf over thefe two /V^mnes, we probably imbibed €0 mwk
ef the phikwiphy of the ftir^heroine of the jpiece» as to render as
leis fidcepubk than ordinary to tender ifnpre^on^; for we cao nif
fav^ we ^k not one fimfadon either of pain or jdeafiure, ^dmiog the
Wftole of the dme which we pafled in converiation with this prciteiidet
philoibpher in petdoMitf : who, by the way^ is not much <^ a pkSv-
"fbpher neidter ; ibr her hiftory is as mere a novel-book, as any of die
Miff Jefljunys,<>r Delia Dainqr4» er Lady Flirts^ or Sophy SlawaWiai^
that ever the circalatiag libraries prodoced.
Art. 53. n^^F^fluMoUi J)4utgMr. Being t Narradire ^ tswt
and receht Fads. By an impmrnaL Hand. izmo. 38* IXna-
ville. 1774, ...
This Aory, from die mmatea^ of the detail, fifom the earaci-
ne& with Vhidi the tranfiiaions are rela^,. and horn the dcferiptiofi
•fthecharaaersinirodneed, appears4o bf really according to ^
pMMionsof die Writer, a relatMrnof * twmfkBi! It doea hoc ir
daedeoatain adventorss enaagh fsr a frolefid novel; and ia to he
viewed father as a narrative than as a UtaMiy €ompo&tioai« The
•udint of^toyis'ihors; a yonng Scots auaifter raihljr %
into a dandeftine, bat iblema, written, engagement with a
baaa^t c^ aivakat to n naiti^as bar widKNit die pdiBc ,
whiahwere poftponed to a mom fcafimable oppar^udty. Of d^
•caaaraa they amnladdiamialveafiee^ Ibr fiwe&Be^ nndl tbn fr-
dieviklcovering^hacapuMKion, is Aid tohava behaved moie afafmAv
dmmoft&dmn,howc»ernnfeelkig»ofimllydeon'incbocadibmni aad
the levkyc^dieladyisnoedietoifiextraordin^rycsrcaniftaacein Ae
•adveatnic. Widioot denying die contrafi^ <ir her kt^n "
Monthly Cat aiogve^' XiSgiouiy (fc 13$
auence of xt» ihe refa&8 to folfil it, and her father fopports her ia
i» refoCal ; though he ^ervby ietves her expofed tp the lofs of
reparation, which aakhef of tham appear 10. valae. Kot content
with this, thej areiaidto hsve pradUied 'feveial ortUkes np lef?'
mean than maliciottSi to mtn tht itpttHiitioit aiid fortona of « man
who merited better treatamii for hit readia«6 to ad a proper part,
though bnder no extraoidiaarx temptation* from any other motives
than thofe whic}^ onght to inilaence a perfon of integrity* Tha^ Siam-
lated to Jniiify hit charadtn. w&have the affaijr related at lai^, by
a friend of the dUconfclatf hero (ff not the hero bimfelO who
charaderi^ ail tii|»partiea in a manaar that giyet- an air of^robabi-
Vitf to the wMe* He «artainly» acconUng to this tale, feU into ytry
bad hands hi Ms «^Mraa^ coaaesuon 1 but making due allow^ce for
fits di&ppoiiitifteftt, be has fiifficient confalatioa ia being releaftd
from it, in a manner diat leaves aU the Uame on.the faultynde.
The DlfHter has ilitrodiicdd federal noettcal oaotationi,' to enliven,
his defcriptiotts and diuiraAers ; but he woula not have di^uifed
Eerfoni and {Places ander fech hardi uncouth appellations, if bb ear
ad been tnned to any judgmaat of harmony. From a puerile con-
ftiU the ieene of afiian b poioied out by the acrofUc defcripdon of
^* a floorifliin^ ka von town, which tak^ iu name fiom the monarch ^
of iho wood, loinad to' the colour of nature's carpet*' After infinite '
^udy, we make the importaat diicovary that the town of Gxv^ock is
a ooimptias of 6nMr«ai«
REtIOIOI7aandCoHTftOriE8IAI«»
Art, 54. J Litur to thi Right Riv, Fiah$r m OhI^ Skau^, Lord
Blfiop pftandaff^ from a Petitioner. Sto. 1 u Johnfba.' 1774.
What J^ntiments his Lordftsp of Laadftff will entertain of tail
Letter, or whether he will think it confiftant widi hit* peelaticai dig^
nity to call .an eye upon the produfHon of a pooT diiendag amchtrt,
wekno^ not: as for as, we tannocf help adtnowledgtnr, thatthia
Letter has afforded us a eteat deal of 'entertdliment. The ^wchtr
treau the FnUtif indeed, with a decree of freedom which will, no
doubt, be deemed, by a certain chus Of readers, highly indaoant,
if not extremely iii^tebt ; be titts, however, as it may, there is a
vein of pleaiantry and humour that runs through tha whole perform*
^ce, wikich cannot foil of recommending it to the -geiierality of
readers, and there' are fomeftrokes of wk which will mttort a (bile
even from ibnj' ecclefialHei, if four ccclefiattio-tver ikiile«
But the pteafantry of thi Letter iaaotitsttily recommandatioo ; it
fcreatha i liberal ttid manly l^rit* and Aem$ the Author to be a
manofabilitief, and ahaasry frivhdtoveligioiitrUica^^ -Thenaaiv
fome things ia it of a very forious «iture, whkh^ weU defolvo the
attendoa of hit Lordfoip of Uft^Ufh and thit of inmy biihoP' oa
the bench. . - *
Oor Author ii^quaiBtr hit leadaia 'tint ha refenres hiapaetteal ta*
Icntt for tfttOdker occafioib a^en Ms Lonilhip.of l^ndaff wiU.be
made the hero of the '^lA nufei— -Tha tttrntghes of foeiar^
BfSHOFthe hero Of afr optc poam, giae(aa^ceatipkafaio.i andwe
Hiall be extrtmdy fofry if |ho Aaihof foould not prove as good at
%i% word. For his'comfon and encopragemfn^i he may depend upon
■ *•• the
%^^ Monthly Catajldgu e, lUUghm^ bfc^
t^ fervent and repe^Ued prayers of many a pious and honefl ChrifllsB^
to all the Powers who. prefide over Tocuy, for ihejr gracious aid atwi
prote^on. — Reafon and aigument have been employed to little por-
pofe. Who knows but that wit and fatire niay produce fome good
cSe^ ? And furely when bifliops, who call themlelves frotcftants,
are* at this time of day, advocates for the continuance of penal lavs
for the diredion of confcience, they are fair game, and defcnrc the
kecncft (haftG of cvejry fpecies of wit and ridicule,
Arti 55. Txvc Litters on the late Applications to ParUamcnt by
tlie Protcftant DiiTenting Miniflcrs : one, an Addrefs to the Dif-
icnting Laity on. the Subjefi of thpfe Applications. The other.
An Enquiry Into the lawfulnefs of the Declaration propofed to be
. {abflituted in the Room of Subfcription to the' Articles of dt
Church of England. J^y Joihua Xouimin, A* M- Svo.^ lu
Johnfon. 1774.
Thefe Letters deferve to be ranked with the beil performances thM
iaye beep pujbliihed on the fubjcdlof the Diflenters' petition, bein«[
written in a candid, liberal, and judicious manner. The fecood
Letter, in particular, appears to be well calculated to remove the
icruples of thofe who objeiS* not to the moifter of the DtclaraticK^ but
to making fofolemn an acknowledgment, at tht' rcqulfition cf tht
iMagiflrau, — Mr, Toulmin (hews very clearly,. in our opinion, that
the declaration propofcd is not an acknowjedgmcht of the' magi
Urate's right to eftablifli any, or what religion he'pleafes j that it is
no more than is required in fomc cxprefs precepts of the New Tcfta-
ment, and' a)cinteiiah<^ed by the pattern of Chriftand kis apoftles^
and that it is certainly recommended by prudence, and enforced bj
the neceffity of tlie cafe.
Art. 56, Arcana : or, the Principles of the late Petitionci^ to
Parliament for Relief in the matter of Subfi;riptioi^ lo eight
Letters to a Friend. 1 . On Candour in Controvcrfy ; z« On
Uniformity in Religion; 3. t)n the Right of private Judgment;
4. On Civil Magiftracy; 5.' On Innovation; 6.^ On Orthodozjr ;
J. On Petfecution; 8, On Sophiftry, 8vo. 2«^ L>illy> ku
The Author, though not an elegant writer, appears to be a ver^
fenfible man ; and there are many firiking, curious, pertinent,, mnd
entertaining obfervations in his Letters.
Art. 57. A Letter to the Rev, Mr. Bowman^ VUar if Afartbam^
Norfolk I occafioned by a Prefcnt of his Book, intitled J Re-v^w
of the boBriites of the Riformation •, &C. 8yo. 9 d. Norwich
printed ; and fold by Robinfon in London. 1773.
The dodlrines of Predeilination, Original Sin, &c. are here partly
attacked, by a man of plain good fenfe, without any preteniiofts t#
learning. Mr. Bell, the writer, appears tp have conceived a xery
mean opinion of thofe, of whatever denomination, who onite yoxk
the Methodifts (with whom he is particularly dtfgafled) in zeakMifiy
contending fyr thofe tenets which, by fome, are diftingnilhed bf the
lonourable appellation of Fan Aticfsh*. '
• Sec Review^ vol. xxxix. for the year 1768, t>. 374.
Art* 58. yt ttitir to a Layman%on the Subjed pf the Rev. Mr*
LiDdfey's Propo/ai for a reformed Eoglilh Charc]^, ^C.- Svo. 6 d.
Wilkic. 177^. . ' ,
A i^eheoient .<)ecUniadoB agftinft the e^sibliihed .^]»Qreh» chiefly <m
uc^nht of her Ttithi/h. AAsryetideavoaring to prove that every fi la-
tere UmtariaQL. la <^bliged» in confcilbnoer to (^iparate from fuch a
cbttrcb* die Author particolarly and earneftly exhorts his corn^fpqV
dent to join Mr. Lindfey's prQpofed * reformed church ;* in whicl^»
AS we ane here informed, aiiturgy will be uf^Jy containing * nothing
ihockiiig tof the underdanding.!. ,
In recbauneading Mr* l.»'s (bheme, the Author thus warmly e^-
preilefthifl izeai for the canfe of.thU goo4 man, which he conGders as
the eauie^ojftru^ religion itfelf: — ' Great and l^onourable in the dghc
of God« find ff wife- and |[Ood men» will tho^e be, who fhall boldly
Hand forth on thisoccafion, taice this modeil Appligift by the hand,
encotfi^ge aQ4 fiipport him in. his difficulties, and at the (ame time
form themielves oo^er a phri(ljap miniftry which they can entirely
approve,' ^c— Our Readers may remember that we, gave them Tooie
account of Mr. L.'s motives for quitting his ftation in the churcV 9f
England, in our Reviews for the two preceding months^
Art, 59. LMfeHmtsw ike^uifjt£l of Non-^oJifofmitj\ addrefled to
the Right Q.ev. the fiijhops^ j^c. By a QeAlJemap, formerly a*
Member of the Middlb'iE>mple. ^vp. .6d., jlohnfon. 1773.
The Amhotf grounda tbi^ ait^ of the biihops, pa a * Whiter ^*
that * their Lordfhips are Aordy to roufe frfon. their lethargy, and
arey-tfreloog, to e^^ert thejnvig^an^e (or thc.4ilcovery and exen^plafy
corre^ ion of .heretical ;prfkyi|yi. , . ,
Qn thefuppcrirition iluu tiueie is really a def^gn formed of thi}^ pl«^iilg
cWr the artilkry of the chuif h 1 ^iMtud p4r(icuUrl>: that it is to be poimed
a^ nil all thofe pf the clergy who opiit, pr alter^ *- any pare of the
lithrgy/-^the Author eaters oh a kind of effimate* by way ofguiru^^
of the genend conduct and ^tmerifs of the clergy ; and as he takes
it for gfanted that conformity to one canon, fez. will not be exa^d,
wfthont ex)forcing iht,/mh4ft he ma^s it more than prpbable that
there will be work enough to employ thefpiritual engineer^, |a .
lhort,'h^ ini^lves^ the whole ix>dy ecdefialHc in an ivniverlal d^li^i*
quency; but for t^e particulars we mult refer to the pamphlet;
which js written with more feverity than civility!
Art, 60. A^ Scourge to Calumny^ in Two rarts, Infcribed to
ItichXrd Hill, £fq; By Thomas Olivers. ^ lamcu is. 6^.
NtcolL I774,
Mr. Olivers is a ftaimch' adherent to Mf. Wcfley ; and, of coatfe»
is mach difpleafed with Mf* Hill for his ha[r(h treatment of Mr. W«
in lua Fmragoi^ Sec. for i^hich and for Mr, Hill's other pieces, fee
Reviews for the M three or four years.
But Mr* Olivers .hat|i another, and more home- Alt provoi!ation to
enter the lifts agaisft the chafipioa of the CaJvinifis. The chattpiea
of AeCalvinifts ha4»>i9 his Farrago deubU D'tfiilUd^ introdaced .our
Author, is a manner fomewhat contemptuous^ calling him by the
dJjninotive 7#«r, and opprobrioufly referring to his tr^du
for all tbefe ofiences, Mr. Olivers hath mod heartily btlaboiired
l&is anugonift; at the fame time taking occaiioa to enter very folly
jttto the vindication of Mr, W. whom he piouily extols as being verily
an«?
ijS MtfNtHlY CATAi06frB» ReUgious^ ficz
ted indffd the gittteft go^pd miiiifter now livijig, and tie fmoif
of half « milliboit of fods:^if w^ righd/ anderftaocf liis woftls,
iivhich are, 'one who has, direAly. and m^LttGdj^ been indnioKotal
in tarnin£» pcthapy [we did not obferve that ugly f>€rbmfsl * na
Icfs than half i anllibn of Ibob from the evil of their vay/^Al-
though it m^ be difficult to make out this eflamate, yet we believe
that the celebrated leaden lOf oor Methodifls, both Armimam aad
Cuhfimfit have really been inftminental to the fefermatioo of mtiif
an idle and victous perfon, amoa^ the lower people of thia coontry ;
littd therefore we cannot help thinkii^ that Mr. Hill's aeal for tbe
paificalar tenets of his part/y hath earned hiid too far in hla fevot
tapeachnients of this inde&tigable labourer in the vineyard.
Art. 6u Cbrifiian Zetd* Or, Three Difcourfea oil the loipor-
tance of feeking the Things of Chrift^ more than bur owiu B7
Job Orton. i smo. gd. Shrewlbury printed, and MA by Buck*
land, &c in London. 1774*
This worthy Writer intends, we fttf^fe to eonvty the idtem hehai
«fhimielf by the motto he has chofen from the Romnm poet,* Fm^
na€g eHist &c* which for the fake of the Engtiih reader^ is ihas
tranflated in the-preface to ^is nlifcooHes :
, , . Hot that I dare tdaftive aeal, pretend^
Bttt only boail to be f eligion^s friend 1
To whet men on to a€t, aadlike the h(me»
Give others edge, tho' I myfelf have none.
tit obfirfves, that while excellent treatifet have been pubK&e^
of laie» in defence of toteratioii and liberty,^ and xcaknia attempn
made to increafe moderation and pandour, which he hojpes have pio*
dttced very good efcAs, there is great room to coibplaia of the wmt
of aeal for tM (bpport and advancement oifrealypra^tcal rel^ign, aai
Ibr die good of foals. With an intent to revive ^s seal, he net
into his Reader's hands thefo three Difcoarfea, and hopes for oer
forioqs attention to the motives and atgnments urged in thenu The;
afe plain, fenfible, and perfaafive. We heartily wi(h they may hare
the etfedpropofed by their pious Writer; who hereby maailefta his
benevolent imd pablic ^>irit, while his-ftate of health diiqaalifiei hia
for more aAive kbours.
Art. 62. Tbf fmti0naiChri/liarfs Affiflsm 4$^ the wwtbf r§c9hmg^
fbt LM^s Sufper^ izmo. 4d. Johnfon, 1773*
This little traa is an abridgment of Bi(hop H(mdley*s pUia m*
' count of the nature and end df the lacrament of the Lord^s Sappm.
Shotfld any apology be thought neceflary for oeating the €ahfm&m
this manner, the Anthor fenfibly fays, < the only one I can pcH^aiit
myfelf to make id, that I have no ambority to add to the wwds ^'
Chrift and his apoifUes on this fobbed ; nor to put siny
\ prerauiptiiiii to
amufe Chriftians with greater and higher expeQatiOBs than they,
whoalone can be depended on, as for as I can Judges have g^f«&
«- them any reafon to entertain. If I have arrived at mrfhU BiciM^
of what our Lord and his apolUes have unght, I have what aloa« I
ought to aim at ; and it will be Of littie importance from hew ausy
aad how great men I difitr/
la Aal paK ^Apa litde pam^ht in wWdi BlAop Hoadlcy** «cw
«iM«i it applied to the commttiubn office of our c^orth, die prefent
Writer adjs fome amendmentiiii the office frdpdCtd by the tm Drw
^amael Clarke, aod tranfcrlbed from fait bterkaTcd eopf of tho
CommoB Prayer Bobkyjiov^ lodged ia the Britift lilufeam.
SERMONS. ^^**
L Preached ra the Chapel of th« Afykm for Female Orphansi at the;
acniverfary Meeting of the Gtoaidiant of diar Chanty^ May 19^
I773* By Beilby Porteiis» D« D. Redor of St. Mary» Lunbeth, aiul
Chaplaio in Ordinary to his Majefty. 4to. 1 a. Payne, &c.
Thi$ difeoorfe is well ^apted to diiett and affift peHbnt in the
general exercife of a charitable temper, as weU as to that partkolar
occafion on which it wais delivered. It is feniible and jodicioos» puid
pleads the canft Of the Afylum dMrity with eneiw and rational per-
loafion. The worthy P^reacher reprefimts the adVantages of thu be-
nevolent retreat for fenale childhood- and innocence, in fuch a tight,
dttt, on the (tippofition of its being conduded aocoidui^ to the ^an
he mentions, we apprehend no perfon will have canfe, in his cooleft
moments, to repent of having conoibated to its fupperu
IL Before theHonfe of Lords, Jan. 31, 1774, ^^^^ the Day ap«
. pointed to be obierved as thel>^t)f the Martvrdom of King
Charles I. By the Right Rev. Father in <>od Wilbam Lord BUhop
ofCheAer. 4ta. i«. Payne.
S^nfible, moderate, and aboonding^with nftfid raSeCUons on tho
iiiihappy ^onfeqaenoes of defpottc attempts to fnbvert tho nataral or
conftittttional r%hts of a people ^M^tti mm btrnd^ — and on the aiA
. diieft arifing ftSok the fptrit of tUfcord, Ibdition, and fimattctfin, •m
CO RRESPONDENCE. '^
T(f tht EotiTOR of ihi Monthly Review.
MONG the arddes of Correfpondence fbr '* Jaaaary,*' there
_x is one figned ** ImpartiU,^* npon which I beg leave to make
fome remarks. It is with relaftance, I own, that I offer to take }sp
muf p»t of a work, defigned for general infonaMont. with the con^
corns of a few individoals: bat as the Monthly Reviews will moft
probably fnrvive many other publications, and perhaps become the
a^ejbulces for fupplyinq^ the hiftoiic^ page- with accpontt of men and
things of the prefeat times; no man.wonld chafir to be there re*
corded as a tranfgreAbr without caofe, thpugh allowed by his ^ta«
gonift to poflefs *< a fuperior and amiable rharafter.^
0£ J>u Leeds, the canfe of this difpute, I /hall only fay, the Pa«
cwlqr at Edinbofgh will not foon forget himf and the College of
Piiyficiaas in London, who at lead are as good judges as tmfaftial»
hnd not the moft fiivoarable opinion of his abilities, '^ .
Of Impartial it may be juftly faid, that in vindicating tho arbitra*
.tOTip he. Has paid no great complime.nt to the inu>artialijLv of |hat
hodv of peopfe to whom Dr. Fothergill belongs, when he iajrs, thai;
'^ ihey fwerved from their common rales of procedure, fearing that
<* Pr. F» might not eafity be induced to make a proper acknowledge
«* men^
14& C^ R A »d PoN D B H C S.
** ni^nt» fltoitld tiic cbtnpkitit ^griiift liifn ajppetr to he )•&« ttd
^ confidenng thst liie refalkl foto^O-fiiaft /ubje^l him to a ibknui
f idioiB : . tht Society IomWb no mtki hi jodgnrtnt ; and Dr. F. sever
gave .them an/ rdom to doabt t)f ^a juft iriib«uffio& to the tales ^
ui^bfcnbes to.— —Impartial mi^ l^ave |[ivcn a trncr Tcafbn ; ^mt k
wpald not have ierved the tam o/'mifi>eprei^ta{Son*
" Wn J^air/' (kys Impartial, ♦« of which much has bce» fi^d, hot
** little known; and which might have pafied ^oiecl/to oblivioa,
^ had not your Corrofpondent feealkd it into notice.^'-— £ut fhodd
it not have'betfn rtrticmbcred-who pobllflied x\ic^^pialr If the Ap-
peal had not been ^ubHni«drth#'i?tf'M«9«^i had never appeaved-^aod
If Impartial could We reilfaiftMl'his pen» thia Addrels wo«)d have
fceeti ilnnccefiary, - ■
The'Pnl^c w411:peHnip8 ht leMMod t^jtjidgeof nhepropfiet/ wkh
whiehlmpartialaflvHiles-his •ehtfftfiS^r^ when they are informed that
dieAppealy ^tch contains a 'mutilated, invidioas, aad partial cc«
€6imtSof the ihit(ttii<elerftandin^-betweeii Drsr P. itnd^. was^pobli&cd
(andj-as'it-is'ftfpi^fcd, b v thf s Invpartial Convfpdndeot) pncciidf
at a time» wheii he^cnewtnere'wBS a profpcft of diftnbtuing hiaper*
fonhance^lhrbttgh tyttf pait of the nation ; and at -a. tl ode when he
IcnifW it^Wfii impoffiblefer Dr. Fothc^^ll <o make «ny ra^y^tvxt,
if he had thciogk oneneeaflhi^i ^\t. ju(l at thebegbiniifg of thdr
yearly meeting in London, when the duties he owed to ckeSocie;!
Were added to thofe of his pil^ftflion.
' Coald'tfny nfeffil 7>arpo<e be Served by it, a foil detail of dm
tranfa^^R, 'Toppoited by iitdabitable evidence, mugh be laid befot
thoPoblk; knfd'perhap8^a«fotti(/» if thtre were ihrlifeccHdaace «f
what is but too ftrongly fufpefled ; viz. that thofe men hai« bica
the furemofl in ejcciiing ami- fuppoi ting ihir vewatioua hnfincfe, irte
, hadtheleail reafon of all'OiiherstOieagage.iii it;vi>atwho, aSiag
behind the cnrtain^. could not ')propefiy, wil^ooi^ ^ch evideiice, Ik
Jsroi^ht forward to rccdvc the rcw^d of their zeal in foch a ppb-
licadon. , .
March ?4, iji^^ i^M I C US.
* Ti i/ C O R R £ C T E D.'
A miiblkc of tbf prefs, in our lad, p;'i6o.
In the account of Dr. Henry's fermon, inlkad of * The import-
ancc and yfcfujnds of divine i-cvelation are here jttdicipQily ftated,
.enforced^ * and ihcwn, &c.' read— T'i^f importance and ufi/nbuft ^
DiviNB*RiVKLATioii art hire juJicioufy ftated and enforced 5 ^nd rr
u Jbenun to he the moft eWeQual means ^ &c.
•^ t^ Our Kcadcrs will the more readily excufe {as^' ejirapts as ws^y
particularly, occur in the A^flicet of each Review, when x\^ tst
informed that we have not ^fo near the day ofpublication) di&eii^
.ficicat f)r rcvifing the articles in that (heet.
*•* The cpntipuation of the Philofophical Tran/aaions^ vol. fcrii
has, by unforefecn accidents, been too long del?iyed; but we trai
aothing will prevent our refuming this article ixi^our next rnunb^*
•• T H ^- ■.:,.,
A!ONTttLY REVIEW,
^kt/!. itci^^ //«£<i ^iW^r.^The lUlitii Schbot of Piindogs
; cbhfifling of FohvPrinti, taken froifa. He Workl of M the great
Italian Mztt'M ; I5^iikning with hUfBttelJagda^ and endiDg witk
^ the Caracef. ' Executed tttoder the liMfMBon of Mr. Hatoihon, at
ftome ; tty (Re 4ritfft etaiiiMt EigMven. fdio. Orand Paper.
- ^aU t4tr^, Pttbliihed by MnHaariilttiii, 1773; and Ibid bf
- rMr. Beli^ in ilMteaad, Lmidoiu
VIplHE pr^vairing tafte of itAi natioh for paltithtfft and dc*
X S^i^ engravings, leaves ito lio irobm to dooot the wel«
'€piste ^ece{>ti6n of this cdledion of beautiful printf, «ttiong the
'^Mnrn add proibocers of the fine arts; for, ai a latenvricer
' has bbferVed^ Italy is to the tn6deh)»t w)lat Egypt ifaa to Ae
.luictei^ts : a country abounding not only with nuuiv natural ca-
tidfiries, Und tKe nob)eft rMaiiil of antiqiiity, but with ihe richeft
^oduaions of the polite irtt : irckieBdM, -fculptuie, pafai*-
ing, ahd mufic, having there been curried tb the hi^ieft degree
lof perfedion to WMeh thb ingenuity of mankind hath yetatuined.
Moft of tbefe plates are, itodeed, excellent perfennances (
ind tfai^ publicitibn i$ a proof that there are, at this time, en«>
graven at Rome, who, tp fay tbc leaft of t&eir merit, are equal
to aiiy other artifta in Europe, we would here particularljr
. tlifttnguHb Dm^ G«Am^«, and V^^tHo ; wbofe engravings fron&
Ibme ca(Ntal paintings of the firft mafters, are, we are teniptc4
tb ftyi admirable j hot oHly for At ttaaaiBeflKittof tbe toed, but
for corredncft bf drawing.
The great aktifls whofe pencilled beauties are here refiefted
l>y the graver, are as fellow^ vilb. Michael Angelo Buonarottt
I^onardo da Vinci, Fra« fiartolomeo, Andrea del Sarto, Ra(«
.lad d* Uibino, Ju)io Romano, Pblidoco^ Parmeglano, Cor-
feggio, Barocci,. Oiorgioni, Titian, Paid Veronefe,*Tintorett9
^^aflan, Palma, the Cacacci, Domeoicbino, Guidd Refii,^Guer*
• cino^ Albano, Laufranco, and Mtdiaal Angelo Caravi^gio.
Vat. L, R ^ Tilt
10 The Italian School of PmMtn^:
The general merit of the paintings produced by the cde*
brtted mafters above-mentioned, is fo weU and fo uoiveriallf
known, that it would be^ -fuperfloaus to expatiate on them.
In one refpe^l, however, we cannot entirely approve of this
fele&iop^opi Ijhcir worl^; for a^hough Mr. r^ainil^on maf, ^
a i>9inteo^ have been fu^cientlj^ ha^py if nk chojce» /et^
mud obferve, that the religion of the country nath, m our opi*
nion, led mod of the Roman Catholic painters into foftie very
improper repr^fritiations. ] W^ile we adv^ire ihcir ipaftcrly extm*
tion^ we jaugh at th(!r legendary fubje^s*, their martynkxns,
and -their mafria^s of ^aints^^ fp that wherethe artift intended
tp excite devoti<^ in th^ unind of the fpedator, . the objed.ex*
hibited hath often produced a contrary eSed.* . .
But it is not merely to ChriQian fubjeds that we objed;
/gme of t^^f<^ afforded bv the Old Tei]tament,are, furely, uo6t
.*tQ appear on the canvas, or AthP plate. R^fe, for ihftance, is a
4»((S^e oi Mic^iael Aogelo.'9» <f^. the fait of man\ and another by
fehp S^ms. n[>aiUr» op xh^^rmi'^ ^ ^Hh '}^ which laft is a
ytmf fiincb figure -ot as* old^gtnikinan, wbp.jnight pa& ex«
frea[}e!})^.weU fpf a Plato, or ^CpnCaciuK^ and attrad our re^
Terence ; but when we conilder it as a. reprdfentation of the
-fdrn^ «n4%«^re of |hp Sufremb BEijfOt *^ whom no eye ^sjfL
*^ fecn»; (V can fee,.'* we arr i^ked at the prefumptioo of 'the
;|iaipter^; ;uid what was. d^fign^d to raife-pur conceptions to
.the <uimoft height of fublimity, tends only to excite an idea
tmremcly jderogatory i^ the infinite majefty of the awful
fabksT^ V \
. The lovilies of, the IJ«»atbeR deities, heroes^ nymphs, and
fttyfs,. 4ifibrd an, aoq^le ^#fi4 le& exceptionablf field for the
exercife of the painter^s imagination. Many ot the meumor-
.phofes jn Ovid give no Tieafonable caufe of pffence either to
.the idtgion or the morality of the prefent times \ and of thdfe
ther&are (bone very beautiful repre(entaMon$ in the.noble coUec-
* There ate Several other attempts to reprefent the Almighty in
an hatmm iomi^'hY their ^ateft painters ; and fotae of theib pieces
have htth ^disired for their beauty and grandeot ; bat by what cnie*
* rihn are tOit\c performances jodgsd i .
I^hft paiiiters have endeavonred to vindicate their piadt<;e of le-
prefenting Divine Beings under hnman 6gures ; and have pleaded
th^ aathority of ^he OldTcftaincnt in general, and of Daniers vi-
ilon in particular, viz. chi^. viii. ver. 9. ^' I beheld till the thrones
**^ were caft down, and the Ancient of Days did (it, whofe gsr-
'^ ment Was white as fnow. ai\d the hair of his head like the pore
*' wool : his throne wts lilte the fiery flame, and. his wheels as biira*>
^'^ingfir^/^ Butliowidie is it fo quote ^ch figurative peHbilit-
cati6ns,. iind from the(e examples to paint the lavifible God like as
old Pati^aich, with a bog beard, which^ at the beft, b bat the r^
•ftmbUttce of a man ia the decline of life !
6 tiea
tlM now btfore 411^3 but it were rather t»lif vnAffiA tliatjihe vt«
doaa amours qF Jupiter and Apollo, with the drunken freaks of
Bacclmsi &e« &c, were all made to give waj enfhely, a>id
for ever J to more iifhocent and more edifying objcas. The
^ ftores of Nature, al! l>eauteoa$) dcgdnt, and grand, arc inex-
hauftlble. Let thefe be ftudied, ad th^y have IsTudibly been,
by many excellent artifts, rather thp the monftrous fi£lionfi of
the poetSk Let the pen.of thelliftori^n, however, continue to
find emplojrment for the pencil. Hiiiory will always fornifli
^f>per fubjefis for the efliolation, inftruAiony ^or dielight of
mankind \ and perhaps it may with truth be faid^ tharone 6f
Mte greatefl atchievements cf the Oilman* geif|iiS4 is a' capital
biftbry-piece, executed with all the powers and^heart of a
Raphael, aTitiatl, a Corregio, o^ a Ruben^. •
Art. IL Tht Inftxihlt Cafti'ot ; a Tragedy. By Mifs Hanaah
More*, 8fo, it. 6d* Cadell, &c. 1774." '
To Greece no more the tuncfui ft)aid8 belong.
Nor the Ugh hoi^oors pf^ ioiiBOrt|il (bog \
To More, Bftooifs^, Lsnox, Aiicin, CAi^Tsa <iae«
. ToGtIVlLLE, GaiFPlTH, WUATELEYy-^aN^AQU !
Theirs the ftrong geoius, theirs the voice divine \
EAnd favourliie Phosbus owns tl^e Bairuu Nitss. . « „
Lev.at.eo wi^ the bonqur of 0iir .fair countrywomen, we
^ had almoft forgot the feverity df crittcifoi and the infirmi*
iietf.of age, and were hobbling Into rhyme ; but^ leaving 'to
them the palni of *verfe, and contenting ourfelvcfi With waiffng
t>n them in their excurfionsy we (hfaHattend oui- very ItgeWoui
llnd amiable Author through the well-drawn fcenes of her 7«-
Jlixibli Captive.
This tragedy is founded on the Mtilid 2?tf^^Zi of Mctaftafio j
But/ being extended to five ads, Mifs More was frequently
ynder a neceiSty of becoming original, and of depending OR|icr
Qwn invention. \ ' ^
Prefixed to the play ia the following argument : !, .. ,
* Amongil all the great names, which have done honour to anti*
ivihy in general, and to the Roman reboblic !n patticular, that of
Marem Attilius Re^ulas has, by the general confent of all ages, bcca
eonfidered as one t>f the moft refpedtabte, fince he not only facdficed
his labours, hfs liberty, ahd his life, -for the good of Vn conntry,
bat by a grtatnefii^f^ Ibnl, almoft peculiar to himfeK contrived to
aiakfi his. very ■nsfbrtoaet contribata to* that rtorlous eiidv
< After the Romint ladn^et with larioas luccefiirs in- the firA Pai
' tMC war, ander the command of Ragul|l»» vi^ory at kng^h dkflared «
for the OD]poiitepu'ty, the Roman army. was totally ovfftJirQvHii and
RegalUs jiimieir ^ken prifoner, by kaatiffMs^ a Laced^monw)' ge-
heralin the (ervice of the Ci^rthagiiyanP : the vi^orious enemy exuit-
*^ Author of Thi Search after Hafpiiufs^ rccoranien4fld in our Rc-
TiCir for September, 1773,
& a ing
«44 ^ InJUxtUt Cspthi ; t Tragedy*
ing to b important tconqQeft* kept htm niisy yttrt iir cfoftr tefrf»
faMBeat, and loadad 1dm witli die moft cniel indignitief. Totf
tluM^ k was D«w in chett pt#er to make their owir terait witk
Rome, and determined to And Regitkit thither, wicb their amhaft*
dor, to jicgbtiate a peace, or, at leaft, an exchange of a^civet^
thinking he would {gladly perfoade his coonti^men to diicoaUoae a
war, which neceilarily prolonged hit ciptivity. They previoiifly
exaded from him an oath to retam (boura his embafTy prove anfoc-
cefsftti ; at the fame time giving him to nnderiland. that he mut ex-
fe€t to fnffer a cmel death if he failed in it ; this tbey artfully inti-
mated as dieftrongeft motive fbrhim to leave no means onattempced.
to accompliih dieir porpolfe.
' At the oneiMded* arrivd of thit venerable heft>, theRcaian»
expreffed the wiloift tnnfporti of joy, and woold have febmttted to
2lmo(k any conditions to piocare his enlargement; bat Regnlns, (6
far from availing himfelf of his influence with the Senate to obcaia
any perfonai advantages, employed it to induQB them to rejed pro*
pofals fo evidently tending to difhonour their country, declaring hi* '
£xed reiblation to return to bondage and death rather than violate
his oath.
' He at laft extorted from them their oenfent ; and departed amidll
the tears of his family, the importunities of his friends^ the ap-
planfes of the Senate, and the tumultuous oppofition of the people ^
and as a great poet of his own nation beautifully obferves, ** he em-
barked for Cartha^ as calm and unconcerned, as if, on finifhi^
the tedious law-iiuts of his clients, he was retiring to Vimmfrigm
£elds, or the iweec country of Tanntim*^*
* In the above, and many other important particulars, the Au*
Ihor has paid the ftrideft regard to hiftorical truth : in -ibme k&
cflbktial pomts, where (be thought it would rather obBtruQ than ad-
yance her purpofe, (he has ventured to deviate from it « parttcuUrly»
in fixing the return of Regains to Rome, pofterior 'to the death of
his wife Martia* In this, as well as in the pnerml condoft of the
ftory, (he has followed the Italian poet Metaftafio, in hb opera om'
thisfufajed.'
It is not worth while here to detaiti our Readen by a difplaf
of erudition, in ftatiug the arguments that have been adduced
by learned men, at different periodsi for and again(t the punifli-
ment and patriotifm, and even the exigence pf fucb a man a%
Regulus. If there never was fuch a perfpn, there would, per-
bapa, be no great harduiefs in pronouncing that there never
will be fuch a one; but it is our opinion that the truth liet
here, where it generally lies, in the middle, and that there was
feme diftinguifhed Roman called Regolos, the events of whole
life have been hypcrboiically related, and wbofe pMrtoilccfan-
raaer has been overcharged. In pity, at lealJ, of modem n-
triotifln, and in charity, we fhould think fo.
The Rigultts^ like the reft of Metaftafio^s wt)rks, abonrnh^
almoft every where, with thofe fine moral diftinaions fo pecu-
* Hoa. book iii. ode £•
lam
Ifbi InfMfUi Capthi I a Tn^y. 245
llirtolib^nius and maimer; and to (ay that theft have uikler*
gone 00 diradvaniiiige ia tb/^InfieftibU Caf$kfi^ would be fliewing
ourielves.verj pomrioHS ia the fair Author's praiiiB. She ha8«
iodeedfia all inftancet, fupported, in many, improfed^^ion the
ienie and fpirit of tbeltatiaA poet % and where flie has found it-
neceffitfy to have vteentft to nerfelf, and enlarge die original
plan^ fhe has done it with a degree of judj^enC that eottld be
expeded only from every privilege of experience* with a degree
of genius which leaves not even MetaftaGo to look down upon
her.
Of diat dignity of foul and fentiment which diftioguifli this
tragedy, take the following fpecineny from the converlktion
that pafied between Regulus and his foo Publius, &c.
ACT III.
£4fni a Portico of a PaJaavjitbout the Gates 0/ltmi, iti Abode of tli
'Carthaginian Ambajfador,
Enter REGULUS and ? p B LI U S, meetisi.
JLeo. Ah !. Publius here, at fucli a time i^ (his ?
Know^il thou th' important qaeftion that the Senate
This yexy hour debate ?— thy country's glory»
Thy father's honour, and the public good i
And lingereil here ?
I^ua.j They're not yet met
Reo« Away— -^
Support my coun&l in th' aflemfaled fenate.
Confirm their wavering virtue iiv thy coun^.
And Regului fhall glory in his boy.
J^ua*. Ah ! fpare thy Tqu the moft ungrateful taflu
What l-^fujpplicate the ruin of my fiither ?
Rbo« The^good of Rome can never hurt her Ions.
PuB« In mty to thy children, ijpiare thy&lf.
R£G. Doft thou then chink that nineft a ftoMitt bravVyg
That Regulus would ra&h feeh his fate ?
Piibtius ! how little don thou know thy fire !
Misjudging youth ! learn, that like Wifrr men,
I fliun the tviU and I ieek the ^W,
But thaJt 1 find in gniU^ and thu in mirtue.
W«re it not guilt, guilt of the blackeft dye»
Even to think of freed<An at th* expeoce
Of ny d^ar bleeding country X therefi^re life
And liberty wou'd be my beaviefi iwls ;
' But to preferui that countrv, to rq^ort her,
T9 heal her wounds though at the price of life^
Is v/rtK/-^thcrefore fermitnde^ and deaths
Are Regulus's ^W— his wi^J— his chvice.
PoB. Yet wre our country— —
^ittc. Is a 94/&//, my Publius,
Of which we sdl are /«r/#, nor (hould a citizen
Regard bit interefts as diftln£t from het't ;
No hopes, or fear« ihouM touch his patriot fi>al»
Jt 3 ^^
1^ Tbi InfiixthU Cttptive i a Tragedy^ :'
Bat wbat tLfkStJ^' honour f or hit fiisine.
^▼*n wfaefi in hoffiie fields he Slmis to-finre ^tfp
Tis not bis blood he lofet, tis kis iomttr/ii
|€e only pays ter back a debc ke ow^
To iir bs'f bouad for birth, and edocttioat
Kcf V^Kitf fecvre hm f^om domefticf^^%t
AvA from the /orisgm foe her arms prot^ hinu
$he lends him honour^, . diffnity^ and rai^,
Hifi wrongs revenges, and his merit pays ;
And Tike a tender, and indulgent mother.
Loads him with comforts, and wou'd^mak^ hit fti^
As blefsM as nature, and the gods de^en'd it*
Such gifts, my (on, hav6 their alloy of /9tM*,
And let tk* unwarihy wretch who v^ill aoc bear
His portion of the fu^lic hurtben^ lo(e
Th' aJvant/igi4 it yields, — let bim retire
From the dear bleflings of a fecial life.
Renounce the civiliz d abodes of man.
And with aflbci^e brutes a fhelter feek
In horrid wilds, and dens, and dreary caves.
And with their fhaggy tenants ihare the fpoif ;
Or if the favage hunters mifs their prey.
From fcatter*d acorns pick a fcanty mealy-
Far from the fwc^t civilities of life ;
There let him live, and vaant his wretched freedom*
Pub. With reverence and aftoniibment I hear thee !
Thy words, my father, have tonvinc'd my rea/on^
But cannot touch my ^Mr/-*nature denies %'
Obedience fo repugnant to her feelings.
Alas ! can I forget i am a fon ?
Rbg, Apoorexcufe, unworthy of a Roman !
Brutus, Virginius, Marilius — they were Withers,
Pub. Tis true, they were ; biit this heroic greatnefs^
This glorious elevation of the foul.
Hath been confinM toy4/^#r/.— Rome till now
Boafts not a fin of fuch /urpaffing n^irtut^
Who, fpurning all the ties of blood, and natures
Hath labour'd to procure his father's death.
Reg. Then be the firft to give the great example—
Go, haften, be thjjflf that fin^ my Pubjius. —
Pub. My father! ah!
Rkc. Publius, no more, begone—
Attend the fenate — let me know my fate,
'Twill be more glorious if announcM by thee«
Pub. Too much, too much>. thy rigid vlrtac claimf
From thy unhappy fon. Oh nature, nature!
Reg. Publius ! am 1 a ftranger, or thy ^thcr?
If thou regard *ft me as an aUn^ here^
Learn to prefbr to mine the good of Rome j
1/ as a father — reverence my commands'. *
Pub. Ah ! cooId*ft thou look into my inmoft fbul.
And fee how warm it bums with lov^, and duty.
Thou
[hy vvordi, ,p
breaft, ; "
The virtue I wou'jd wiih fhouM (Toirifh there
Wcw/ci?f/ftwi5r, not weak coiijglilnin^/fif^^. ..;
PjUB. If thou requir*ftthe ^/jpo/of^PabliLrs,
ril fhed it all, ahi grieve to Jo fo lltilc ;
9at when tllOQ doft anjoin the Karth^r taik
Of laboring t6 procure my fkfier & death.
Forgive tSy fon-^h€ has not fo much virtue, ,\
* Manit R E G U L U S.
Th* important hour approaches, and my fou! \
Lofes her wonted calmnefa, kfl the lenate * # * .
Should' doubt what anfwer to j^iuni t& C^rthagd^
O ve prote£ting deities of Rome t
Ye guardian g»ds, look dowQ propitious on h4r^
lufpire her fenate with your facred wirjom,
i^nd call up all that^ Roman in their fouls 1
Eatir M A N L I U S, /peaking^
See that the lidtors wait, and guard the entrailce-:-
Take eve that none intrude,
|Leg* Ah ! Manlius here !
WluLt can this mean ?
Man. Where, where is Regdlui ? , ,
The great, the god-like, the invincible ?
Oh let me ftrain the hero to my breail.—
Rbg. anitnSihg him. Manlius, ftaiid off, remember Pm a Have !
And thou Rome's Cohful — r-
Man. I am foniething mwt:
\ am a mk'ii enamour'd of thy yirtutt ;
Thy fortitude and courage tave fubdued irie. -, ,
I nfios thy r/^^/ — 1 am nmj^ \\iy frttnJ,
Allow m^ tkat dininflion, dearer fkr
ThUi all the honours Rome can giv^ *wttiiut it*
Rbg. This is the temper ft ill of n^hle minds,
And thefe the blefUcgs of an humble fortune.
Had I not been -^Jlav*^ I ne'er had gain*d
The tircafure of thy friend fhip*
Mak. r confefs.
Thy grsmdciir call a veil before my eyes, ,
Which thy revcrfe of fortune has removed.
Oft have I feen thee on the day of' triumph,
A conquer of nations enter Rome,
Now, thou haflf f:on^er'd fortunt^ and tlrfftlf.
Thy UuftU oft haVe mov'd my foul to iwvy^
Thy xhains ^waken my rejpe^, and tntirinai
Tbim^ Rdguld^ a|ppeat'd a Bero to me.
He rifcs now t Gcd. ,
Rbo. Manlius, enough*
Ceaf(; tby.fppbi^f(^», fbr praiies fucli as'ththe.
Might tempt die nibfl fevere.ahd cautious virtut*
BlM'd be Ue gods, who gild my latier days,
* R 4 Wiih
%^. thih/lmhbCapti90i uTttgtij^
Witft^the bright glory of Ao Conful't friendfiuf I
>f 4ir» Forbid it, Jov^ (ki4'ft tbou thy Atf//r days I
May gracioas h^/n to a far dUUnt hour
Procrad thy vala'4 Ulc. Be it ipr ear^
* To crown the hopea of thy admiring cbqntry.
By giving buck her lobg-loft hero to her.
I wQl exert my powtr to br}nj^ aboqt
Th* excb^gc of captives Africa propofea*
)^CG. Manlius, and is it /itar, is tiiii the way
Thou idoft hpm tagtvesioptoofs of frioiidAipf
Ah ! if thy Uvf be lo deftra6Uve to me.
Tell me, alas ! what would thy hatnM be I
^ Shall i then lofe the mmt of fny inffiuings,
^ Be thus Ji/rmadf J of t^e bfne^t
I vainly hop'd from all my years oihmUiet
I did not come to ibew my chains to Rome,
To move my country to a weak com|>affion \
I came to fave her bmt^t to preferve her
From tarniihing h^r glory, bv accepting
iPropofals fo in^arioas to her fame.
0 Manlios ! ^ither gi^e me proofs more worthy
A Roman's friendOiip, or renew thy ib^f •
Mah. Doft thoa not know, that the exchange refns*4a
Ineviubk Jiuib moft be thy fate \
|Le6. And has the name d( death fach terror in it
. Tollrike with dread the mighty foul of MaidiiN?
'Tis not to-day 1 learn that | an) mortal*
The foe can only take from Regnlus
' What wearied nature would l|a^ ftortly yieUcd |
It will be JVM4I a voluntary ^j/>t
'Twbnid thin become a neceflary tribute.
Yei, Manlitts, tell the world tbn as I liv*d
For Rome alone, when I cou*d lire aa longer,
*Twas my laft care how* djfin^^ to aS^
To fa've tha^ ceuntfj \ had Uvd \m jirvu
Man* O worth nnpan|Ue)M J thrice happy Room I '
Uneqoaird in the heroes thoa prodaceft !
Haft thoii then fwom, thoa awfuUy-good tttn (
Never to blefs the Confnl with thy fi^ai4^hip ?
£ 1 9. If thott wilt love me, lo?e iqc fike a Roman.
Thefe are the terms on whic)| I take thy fi^endS^ip^
We both moft^make a facrifice to Rome,
1 of my life, and thpu ptJU^ha : . ' '^
One moft refigto his being, one his friend.
It is but iuft, that what procQreax)ttr coontij
Such real bIemngS| fuch fi^b^antial good,
Shon'd coft tJiei fomething— I ih^dl Ipfe bat Qttk^
Go then, my friend I bnt promile, ere thoo g0d(
With ail the Confnlar authQrity, -
Thou wile fapport my counlel in the fenai^. .
If thou art willing to accept theie terms
With u^fport I enibrace thy proffipr'd 6iendll^1p«
' Mas*
fiAn, ^9r m pmfi. Yes, I do promiie.
9t»o. BottDi^oiia gods, I tlicafe yoa !
Ve never gave, k ail ycfnr round of bleffing,
A gift fo greacly weleooe to my ibul.
As Manlitts' frtendfiiip on the terms of honour !
JMan. Immorul powers ! why am not I a flave ?
|t£C. My friend \ th<^re'9 not a moment to be loft ;
' iE:ro this peMMps the fenate is aflembled.
To thee, and to thy viftiies I commit -'
The d%ttity of Rome— my p»^« and honoar.
Max. Ilittftnoasaaa^ fiueweUi
Rio. Farevtrell, my fikadl
14 A ir« O what a llame thoa haft kindled m my (bol I
It raifes me to fometbtng more dian many
Glows in each vein, and tremUes on eadi nerve.
My blood is fir*d im^ 'utrhu^ and widi iCsisi^
And t^^y pnlle beats an alarm to glory* •
Who woaid not fpnm the icq>tre or a King
As an unworthy banble, when compared
With chains like thine ? Thon «ian of cveiy virtoe
farewell I ijftsiy all th(ff gods prptef!, and bleis thee I .
Emttr L I C I N i U 8.
H^o. Now I beeiik to live : propitioos heaves
Inclines to fivonr me.— — ^Lidnins here ?
Iljic. With joy, my honoor'd firiend^.I feek thy prefisnosw
Rig. Andwhyiridijoyf
jUc. Becanfe my heart once moK
B^ats high widi Satttiin^ hope. In thy great canfii
I have befa labouring.
ILto^ fiay*fttho»in«9Ga«<ef
{#!€. In thino» and Roasts. Don it cxdte thy wonder?
Coold^ft thoa fihtn dunk fo poorly of LidftioSt
That bafe iiq;ratiinde con'd find a pboe
Within his bolbm ?-^that he coo'd foiget
Thy thoa&ndaas of fifaodfliip let his yoQtll^
Forget it too at that important moment
When moft he might aflift thee ?— Regolot,
Thou waft my lamer, geaend, £uher,— «!!•
Did'ftthoii ndl teach me early how to tread
The noble path of virtue and of glory.
Point ottt thewvy and fiiew me how to lovo itt
v-fiv^ from my iofiiat years— ^
* K.IO. * ' But fay» lidaittSi
What haft thoa dope to farve me ?
Lie. I k^ve defended
Tlqriiierqraadlifis!
jizG. Ah! fpeak— explain**^ .
{lie, Jnft as the fiithers were abont to meet,
I kaften'd to the templOf*rat the entmnoe
Their paflage I retaidod, bv die ftirce
' ^ * . k.
To' each fucccffivt 1]^ /fon. ^ac& d)uj|i'4 ^ '
A:4fclaAciofe that tbeir otmoftfowcr^
Should bis exerted for thy ^fe, |^d fntd^jo^^ ' "
Reg. Great gods I wh^ 4^,1 h/ear ? Liclmu$,too I ;
l4C. Not hf»* alone, no, 'ti^ere indeed unjoftj,
To rob (he fair Atttli^ of J^tr claim
To filial patfit.— What I cou'd, J did. - ,
Put Jke—Ay charming. dai(giur^ht3[f*u a84 «i»tfc
What did ibt not to fav« hji;r Afthcf ?
Rbo. ,. Who?
Jjc. Attilia. Thy bclo!v*d^-tby Mc'sdvUog!
Wal l?cr father bkft'd tt^ith fnch a child ?
* Gods ! how h^r look^joplicgptive all who for her I
How di(] her foothiM.i^oqoc^ce fubdu«
The ftoiKeft hearts oTiloine ! How did (hp roai^
Conteftdf ng pa^o^s in the brtsAn of all t
flow fweetiy teaip«r dignity with grief 1
With w}nt a ib^ ini&itahis grace.
She prai^'d, rtproach'd» idtreaced, fiatter^dt (bqdi^ !
Reg. What &id tbi feoatpn }
l^c. 1 What f^iMd they &y ?
Who cOold refill the lovefy conqueror ?
S^ where (he CDiteit .Hppie dances in her eye^
And lighit np all her beauti^a y^q faule§.*^
£«ar A T T I L I A.
■ A#T« Otcemoremydcareft.&ther-^^ <
Reg. Ahf.piBfiuieiidt. .
TVytaftmeby ibtttnliiie. Till now, AttiKa^
I did not nuinber fJbnAxnoogmf foes.:
Att. What do I hear ? thy foe ? my ftthei^sibtti .
Reg. Kfof^9rtf>ffae9«^theftfurd'rer of hit glory.
Ain Ah ! i» it then a^jubof ^jeattfty /
To wUh fhbe aU thogobd the gods can gire thce^
To yield:«iy kfit if ni^fiil ibr thy fcrrke ?
Reo. ThouTTsfli, impradem drl ! fehou littk kn«v*ft
ThrdigiQcy tind wei^ (Df /a^V caret.
Who roa^ a weak and insatpeiieoc'd wtawv
The aiMter ofiRc^lns't ftte i
Lie. Foi* pity's fake, my Lord \
Reg* * Pwrerpticr, yamgmMA.
Her filence beiter ibMi thy language pleads*
9l^ii Mtt^trltift tile femblaace.of fcymitantfr.
Immortal poiwert I • ^aogbte?, and A S6ttaa 1
Att. Betuttih^ ( m a daughter, T prefum'd.— — «
Lie* Becaoie I «w a Romaii, i afoir'd I
T* op^ofe th' inhttman rigor ot thy fate.
Rig. Peace]( peace, licinius. He can n^er.&fe cIlTd
A RoBian who can HVe lirith infamy ;
Neither ean flie beR^nkit's danghtc^*
Whofe coward miml wsntt ibrtiiodt MiAlioMiil
Unhappy dilkbenl nOw ydo make n^e >te/
The burthcft- of my chaiaa t ypwef^^£aaaik /
Hare made me jcaow I am indeed a flave. Bxii Rbculits.
Wd krov mt whether v^his. tragedy war efibitd to thema<*
pitgars ^r mo^\ bltt «to fee' ibch plays as fbit deftined to the
parlour^ and the theatre occ^ied by •••♦•*•» «ad ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^
gives us a*4^aeeidea of Mie taftc of th^ t>iin^9, with regard tp
dramatic pMd«Sioi».-«<But,.^cbaps, Uke Johnfon's trene^ Mtfs
More's p^erformance wants that Jiage^trim and <9^triv€nci^ the
art of wMck is beft underftood by experienced play- writers \
and withont wbicb» the probabiLity qf its fuccefs in the repre*
lentation, would not^ in a ikilful manager's eftimace, be grea^-
enough to ratfe his expeiSattom very high^ — whatever might be
the merit of the work^ confidered as a literary compoficion..
. '. ' ' . ' ' . . ' ipi ■ ■ « ■■ I 11 I I,
A a T. III. Oh/ervatUns 9n tbi ^wutr of Climate over ^bi Policy^
Strewitb, and Maamrs^ of Nftiions, 8vo. 35. fewed. AlmoA^
1774- * ■
A S. this title is carcul]}ted to^attraQ n6tice, it iz peculiarly
Jr^ incumbent on us to reprefent the nature and contents o(
^e performance. .
Beflde tbofe writers wbbfe judgments are tfiiflcd in the choice
of topics on which to employ their pens, it often happens that
a perfon undertakes to treat a fubje^ to Whkh he is very un^
3ual ; and with regard to the prefent Obfervations", whatevei^
)e Author might propofe to himfelf when Ke framed thetitle-
page, it has very little a^nity with the Work that follows it, •
We will honeftly'cohfefs, for our own part, that on reading
xhfi adyertifement, )ye an^cipated the pleafare of perufing aa
ingenious philofophic^l tr«|in of reafoning, on a fubjeA that ap«
pears capable of iaiffprdiAg much amufemcikt to an inquifiiSve
mind : we foon found ourfelves, however, j^wiidered among c
rhapfodical croud of political maxims, to wnkrh any other title
might have fuited.as well as that whtch the Writer has thought
proper to beflow on his peffqnpance;
At his outfet, the Author fays fomethingf darkly enough^
concerninjg the influence and tendency of climates to produce
national (uperiority ; but h^ a^ds^^— ^ Yet however great and
overbearing tbefe natural cau(i|s.may appo^i. Providence hath
beftowed poweis upon, the^mind able in evtry re^yed to coo^
trottl them; 1 onmi thoft of tremfonf :biit thcn^n alnK>ft divine,
exertion of it becomes Det^fih^^'
What the Author niay intend by thb « ahnoft divine excr-
^on,' is as obfcure to us, as the* in^ucince of climates appears
%o be to him a(!cording to the limited view in whith he fees it«
Thofe who reafon on the mfluerice of climate, not only con-?
ceive It V affed t^ .bodily organs, but, in confcquence of that
opcs-auaOf MnCODUDimiqaM) a.biM %o. the mental faculties^
piidialt hpve?er ie ii<it all s. ihere is a variety of natural cir**
oofyitrottcs peculiar to every country9 tl^e combinatiofi of
" which
9j^ Ohfifvatms $u th Power rfCHtMimr ihi
wliieh will either cb*openue witd^ or tend to couottraft ite
iofluoDce of climates : and when thefe are duly taken into iba
tfiimate, we may in ordinary ^(in aocoiuit for ibe 4iffiBfCBC
policies prevailing in difficirnt nationsy under the fiune or nearly
the ikme dimatcs ; and coo^Mce them with odicr nations sodcr
^ the varieties of climate.
. That it may appear how feon this Writer lofes fight of hb
peofei&d fubjed^ we (hall produce his fic9nd chapter vtrbadm %
iti$ intided :
* Of'the/eivko ni^h3id H eoma origiMol Defies i MMiffTrmdtm
* Carthage, on the other haAd, fo long the rival of Rome, war
iduch behind her in thak policy which caacorre£l the natural irnhe*
tility of ftates ; the wealth which trade bciiows will always miArad
i|ks po^iTors, who ihould therefore never "have any concern ia the
• dire£Uon of a great nation ; too partial to tlieir favourite obj^e^
they^ attribute to riches almoft omnipotence iifelf; fach was. the cale
of Tyre ; its inhabitants wealthy be^'ond meaftire, but conihied in
it^it ideas of government as in territory, totally given np to the
Hceamnlation of money, they negleded fuch an acqniHtion of land
aa may form a refpedabte ftii(e» for Hieram refufed the twenty cities
of Galilee whidi Solomon offered him ; they foppefed no homan
Stfce coold take a city which contained fo many opulent merchants (.
luimbers with valour^ however, were fouqd to prevail, and 4lcxan4cr
deftroyed it. Carthage^ a fiicker from Tvre, llruck rootin a finitfal
Ibir, where by degrees ihe inighi have fiomiihed and extended her
* territorial branch^ ; but relying upon trade and colonies too moch,
Ae had no attention to internal nre^^th ; liioe a thin body with
Srone and athletic limhs^ but without either a reft or (iipport s mo
jMOud lor incorporating with her Aeighboors flie would rule shem
iy her foperior wealth, to that inftead of faithful fellow-citizeos flm
was an the time of di^reis funouhded by nations who rdotced at hea
niin, and having no refoarce in a native foldiery was obliged to pnt.
her troft in pej^mas mercenaries ; fuch are the £itai^conm|jaeQcee
eiif throwing the management of a Aate into mercaniik baoda« A
profeffion founded opon ielf-intereft moft contrafl a iBin4 , O^micirile
well enough difpofedt but totally compreis one which. ^oitfinaUy-
indifterent; it leaves no room for the gieat idea ol" a wmk; the
tnovement of the grand machine is too large an o^e^ fiir tBat eye
which hath been always rivetted m a £ngle wheel; he wh/» hnch
heen laboarinfl; all the mominf for nanow^rj^ cannoi leave thm
fi^ behind hmi at the threih^d of the feaatr-Jbonfe, nor can his
mind bear an occafional (iidden dilatation m the peat patriqc 4ise>.
. Fmicolar men may be cited agmnft this geoer9rdo6lme» Imt no
cafe, hoi^xver diftinguilhed for its fingtLurity» can be iaaagined
which hath not occurred at fome on^ time or other ; a mind pii^
have been found mod ftnbbomly nnapt to the hufipeiji It had been
earned to,^ and by its innate vigour, m fpite of all prpfefional con*
ftnint, might have retained its original lihcfality } bat, if n me^
ciiaBt can be a ftatefman, fure I am that he is fo by natnrt and net
ad^i^atiotft The fow merchants who han been diUngnihod as
Ibtefmen tit much fpoken of bectufe they were but few : die xaxof
▼enai ij^retcbes who have crept into parliament without either virtnr
or enpftcicy have efcaped oar obfervatioDy becanfe fuch charaflers*
11^ thtif -daft^ were neither tare oor anexpedecL I well know that
I write tci ih« veiy ttteih both of fiidiion and piejndtce, fori have nor
k^ fince htani ^f a AoUe<lorcU at thie head indeed of a board of
iradei declare* in the •ppet ho»fe» the Bxkifli nation to be meteif «f
nation of comtnerce ; that ^commerce to a- moderate d^rce is verf
viefttl to a people oo perfon .will deny ; but to make every confide*^
KUion of honour and juftice give way to commercial policy; to pe<i
tip with national indignities through a confideration of fome pettf.
advantages, in trade, whith indignities are much more durable in -
their bad efiefts, than a (^lfi(h unfeeling minifler of a narrow de<
p^rtment can forefee. is disgraceful to a nation, which has nxades
refpe^b^ figure in Europe, and muft fink the fpirits of her neof^e
ainch tower than thofe of a brave people. ought to be. 1 do oor
write againd trade, I fpeak s^ainft its excefs. and if it Oionld be
laid in reply, that moderation is not atuinable, I ihali ca:ttdidly «c».
Jtnowled^ th^t I look oiJob a total abfence of trade as a lefl*er evil
ahaa Uiat which moft fellow where a fordid commercial* ipirit is jful^
ier^d entire^ to predoninate.
^ To detail the tranfadUoni of the Eaft India Company would be
to £ive a narrative of fundry monopolies, or of the nu^ fiipckin^
and horrid crimes; amongft then" we fee the dreadful eFe£U of let-
ting a band of rapadons merchants, or thofe who aiTumed the mer*'
can tile charaiQer, armed with the powers of fovereignty, loofe opoit:
an inaoceot indnftrions people, who coaM be charged with no«nm»
liy the Btitifli aatton except that of being rich, cowardly, and there^
lore of eafy conqneft : we have feen ^em plnnder, murder^ .aoA
fiarve thefe innocent wretches with impunity. ThePernvian& and
Mexicans were only deprived of their gold, the produce of xheijq
mountains ; the Eaft Indians were robbed of what th^y had ac^
quired by theii' labour and indufby. We have feen reprobates go
ont to India whofe vtCer or incapacity made it impoflible for them t^^
be fobiiiied at hoaie, and within a (hort time we have feea them,re-»*
taitei loaded with w^th and with iniquity ; by bribery and cormp-
tioii we have feen them deilroying the morala of the Britifli confti*
taentSy and p^acins not only themfelvea in the feat of legiflatnte^
bat carrying into the Ipwer hoofe a train of memtal fenators under
their abfolute dire£tt6n ; and we moft know, notwitfaftanfiing the 9£t
«vhich has-been made nfe of to perioade the worlds that theCoud)
«^«8 fineere and in eamcfl when L« C. was attacked by the ConmonH
that unlefi feme perfbns very hi|[h in power had been corruptly ob-
tained, thit arch delinquent, with many ot]tiers, even in thefe dayt
^avowed peculation, could never have efcaped; but what is moft
to be vtgretted, we now defpair of feeing any delinquent of magi^L^
tfMle fb£cient to form an ofeful examjile, ever fufer for thefe enciri
jDities.^ Thefe th^igs have been caufed by trade, or under colour
of trade, and they are not puniihed, b^ufe men eiiher cbacemoA
in like crimes, or who hope it may one day be their own turn ta
partake in tmolumentaf of the fen^e kind, who forgive that they may
he tegtvim^ do oon^Qstote ^ 'grdbr a pm of tKe fbveneigti or k^
hxxftt power. Every pro&flloa in a commainty iboald be fabjed W
fimie kind of controcil, aod if a merchant wants contreml, no pcHtsi
ib improper to be the dontroalers as merdnrets. A Roanra miaior«
we well know, viras not {netted to bare a veM ai km coniiMa^
nore dian a certain {jnall aeafutCf eooogk for tbc lopplf of hit
^mily. Tbe pro£ts accmiag id a metchttu oogbt to be iixfficieat^
iatisfy ht«i ; let bim leave tp tlte cofokig geoeraidofi ^ cnyoyacie
of bononn, wben tbe faeculeactes of ttiuie ihall bt pnrgod mwwf^
§tft I aaOf and always ftiall be of Mr. Harrington's opiakm, that no
^an was ever a Icgidator, who had not been a goitlemxa ; a geatk-
man before be was a leghlator, not a gentleman btouii^ be was a
Iqgtilaton I know tbe ellimation in which ftfrne writeit have b^
^e Icgiflation of Mr. Penn, but were it not for tbe fword of tbe
mother conntryt from t(ie want of fome n^ililary ingredieno in tbe
government of PenDfylvattsa, whi«b a gentleman woifid have uifiiM,
iu inbabitaQtSy pafitve and inanimate^ would be incapable of d*-
fmdfpg tbemfelvei.t
- There is in this chapter a ftrange mixture of abfurdity and
good remarks ; b«t to what do tb^ sdl relate t Not to the ia*
flueope of cHmates, hut to xhe.bi^s of traffic i afld even this is
hot feen by the Author in a clear point of view. A legiilativc
body would be rery ill felefkd^ tf compofed .wholly ^her of
ipen of landed eftates> or of m5rcbaats. Landed qica hairc one
gcand objed cbnfiantly to promote^— their territorial poorer aad
^lence i of which wd have formerly bad fevere expprieaoe in
6«r fieudid times : mccohants, however thisWritersn^ de^ife
Aemv are adaated by more exten^e and more liberal notions;
h was trade that Extricated the common people from feudal ty*
raony, and brought the villain within the letier of Magna Cbartai
as a free man, as well as hts lord. There are» neverthde^
^streams in aJI things, and all ext;rean)s are prejudicial ^ na<
tions may certainly over-trade tben^febes as irdl as fQ4ayiduakt
•and therefore U^ laqtde^ and tradtngrint^e(h ihoiiid ^^nke in tbe
maaagenaent of owe natbnal affairs, that the eiieeflbs «f «ithcr
saay be correded. But what is the magic which thie-W^riter
liippofes to be contained in the term Ginilemanf A man who
laifes himfelf from a low ftation by laudable means, gives fo
far better evidence of his talents, than another who claims rank
from the m^re circumftance ef birth : a^ncl to talce the .merit of
the latter upon triift, is no evidence of peneixatian« whatever
refpc^ble pamc may be drawn ia to fanClify tbe pofitjion. In
ai>other pl^ce, and in sn exprtfe obapler^ ottr Author has not
gtveo us the moft^alted defcriptiofi of otir aobihiy and g^
try \ and the authom)r of another great writer may be cited oa
Ibis folijeA, who fiiysj^ -
** What can eniloble fotSf or flaves, ' or cowards f
Alas ! not all tbb blood oiFall the Howards.**
Kor
**1jIorar| t|ejjccuHai;|)Vin grbuni
hn whic^ ti^jptt^Jipi i gep^;|lfnncIpi^'ylri,Vi^ this chap-
PU jati^vqi: Je^.ta ajiy 10^^ ^^D^^ li^r ho^
kMy ^BjTnWlM the ptoH^l (f*»<^ it ^Jjerf «2.,
r u the nailing ciiam^^ist^^ wj^f fie. i8LC|4^(aUy hiot^^
'Aata'tt^ion.liM* noitfafidf •r^fiMithcdjr^iis^thou^l lo hfi a,
Ai^kiefir A^ferlpticm. *^ TWo'^ovntrie* only itofvciouimriy rpe»>
IdfiecT attij Cr^tis^ of ; h«t^ hbt'e^eti th^ iW' Ihc^ iiMitHicf wtudk
the titfc |)ronflBfes.* TheTc afcTV>Hntf and Son^H Stitrfn. A9 ti
Polan^^ ^t)^^ iprinc^>ai potnts'adi^a^cedl ar^' that t^^ conftitu-
-tiQtt .Qf -ha^'aayprnnient h ^typpiucaj' afiid Jyrb^il^bt.; and thaj
koyra i iK>ittelia wbiob cmrHoAcltrs m^y^i^orfitc^}!^ or (ailX
to in the Revieiv,^ vol% jchiii. ip. 3^5^ Engiftfid is the 4)fi^IpAl
loljea^llitougliottt; i<i that^tht^mfermsncei niArad of gqaeniiy
i$ rendered of partial or local applrcation. W)e are furiiffhed
Vitb a crM^^reviwof purhfBF^ if^^any c^clji-
.fiofvs aitf .tcj't)i^ cxtri£lft4 ftey arc, that 6irr dJmatc Jsr favourabfe
toiKcg^o^vytli of every virtue ijiJw;, we arc nyt Informed, b.^t
that i^^^^ti^yL'W' ^ur 4>^1 ^hfl .p>e T«ciji;lfy.alBH>fdjed hy o\ur
litfuiijC "fitiiit^ tcnfl to 4^riitt itbefe ,>iii;tAS(^ We arp t9l4,
th^t G»ftf itDand iia% pvcftr;ofi:cjr»yjr4iy ^J^b2WHH>^ ; t,hat tt^
Saxonl Mii Dinefer degd^flnMnb liy^iettltB^ ^r«4 'that the Nob-
mins ttlAdt arirtaQrtoiVfUeRiftta^ thariatbftmt lysm Jc^ op a
military Mf'ti for ibnie tinri^ ift^^nrd, Boe tivac <hte^^irit mvitr
arofc frpm a'intt fbife of tiVfl^R^ ' We A-c tbfd, that th^
tyranny bf tpe Tu(Jor8* prtfc^efled from the'puffllai^iinty'of thfe
Enjgliihj iiat the Rcform^onjwas a {^J^atoe lattl^iy fu^njit<j^d
to by CBC'peb{>le; 4:aat the.lSf^gUlH'jvbu^ never ^.bav^, cakejfi
•arms agaMoA.Cbarlipa I< b^ it not^.^!^ (of' the^afiftfuure of 4^
.Sc6C»^ and, fiiuiUy^ tb^ JatooaJU. t)y rpuAng tW jealpufyr^f
the ecclefiafttcfy ^ thereby gave t^ieJtngiifli the cutdit^Qf faw
' isrniadiB Ottt feeble dfor^nuNPCV 4n favour of Kb^y/ . r
The chapter fbllowii^ thb^de^recl^thig'^^lMiraaeri of our
country, is intitlcd,' *^'Mate ttf national ^fj^cfcrvation -fe
Britain j\ which; whli what w'e.Jb^ve' already /produced,' ^H,
we prefmnCt be Conjfidi?;e(J a^ Ju|BcJenf fpe.iTnicns qf diis hct^--
jogencoM% f^^^y^'At\\yi^\^^ f^^^ jiifte^f ijicafom^g
cl9fiay,:4iC»WWhith^,,'j$l>d.i>>i)g^ V^.i^fiWj/f^^*^* W*l
Wtt are :flUbft»fta well a9bimMfrW .' i. . '^ . !. - • i
* it b^iag'dear^at tkeffa9)«ex]^i>£ JKKabra.nftttQB.ai otttftiiiio*
'vea^yms t&poarer wbiehftteACimtnf ef{Wtso££ul and £tMtwff
ii pennted toi txercii^ ovee iit. pteptt» ft iaiAoTieit ^taia U^at ihe
- bravery of inch, a DationriSMf>d^t»iaaie iato iwik cowacdice ii to
iEaf die Boglim .ate Men ibJmv.woMhi be unjiilU and to de Ay tbit
alM^y areauich beneath the &mekcy of real c^naagCf.at which tbay
formerly
fiurmtrly wert^ #oiiUl W tralf ndtcoloiu. The loftre (rf* ^ idB
war wiU be omd to the contrarr ; but there are itnny riUhns ^Itfbf
the entire otdit 6f the war (hoolA hot be ghren to £iigH(h brateffi
Its fdccfeis was, in a gieat meafa^ 'o«(itt| to the etokprdinary ex*
pence attending it, by whidi it was fo 'ptntBly kmd in ei^c^jr ^oai^
ter of the gkibe; h wat <iwifl|f to th^ txt^fi^e genitt of dbe ma^,
«rho ptanaediuoperadont; it«wat owing tathe gfcntavnbencf
Gemant^ of ScotxA, of Irtfli, andof Anmcanty i^ ISqinBd in oo?
ifettAndamMjBi, MudittdaedbyBi^i&Bionef, bntEogl^ mon^
it neither Sngliih firength nor coocuffe : if we add eo tliefe eonfide-
Tations the wretched incapacity of ue French mxnifltXt tnider the'
diredion of a weak woman, the war, on their £de» iikngled in i^.
very birth by ^e want of an imniediate tonjuhftion of the hoofts of
Bonrbon, the one di&bled before the other moved^ wBeh eonld thea
do litde niore than gife additional fplendor to the ^ftiit^phf of Bfi*>
tain; 'theile ditngs confidered, fron the vlieonnnotr hiftre of the waf
we ^peak of, a fiiperior courage of the pident Baglifii, to thei^
coun^ at fonner periodt, dumot by any liieaM be iBfmdg mof
oven^ncviality. . ^ > > jc
* Eoropo (eems to have a ftron^ tcaqen^^nto ftates of a it&cSU
able fize, and however falutary this may be, tO the purnrfet of ge^
serai tranqoiOity, I ihalf be pardoned if, from the love f ^bl^ar to &/
own coantr^, I fliould wifli that nO poWeiTuI prince ntajr be ibie ctif
poffeis hiffllelf of thoTe porti which be upon the Gemtan ocean ; be-
caofe fuch a neighbour moft be dtegerous to tKh part ^ ^6 ifland/
which never was attacked by a northern people wdfhtwt being fnb-
dned* The Normaae had rack w domrmpt m die peopi* of NenP
tria, that they woold not be calkid^ hit by dieir old. PMie, nnd 1
confider them as a aopthem people. at ,«he co^oeft^j^ fince that time^
no enemy out of Britain, of a fitnation more northern thaH ourfelves,-
hath attempted us; theFfench and Spaniards were inferior in ftrength
of bo4y and in courage; of their numbers our fituation' prevented
them from availing thcmfeltes ; the French never gave marks o€ an
entcrprizing fpirit beyond the limits of the Rhine, and At inhabi--
tants of this ifland have a prefcriptive right of fnperiority over thoftr
of Gaol, tte^only praife as I recollett which the ancients have Eiveoi
dwn ; but had wc a northern prince for oor enemy, mafter of that
number of fht|>s which mnft natntally attend a well segnlated tnide
*t^the. pom in the German ocean, and of thofe great rivers which^
oruoning .through Germany, difcharge themfelves into that oceaa;
of men who feel not the terrors of any element, who living poor!/
at home> may be ilimulated, like their brave anceHbrs, to fhare in
the fjpoils of a richer and more ci^ldvated country than their own ;
Atonld this prince look with a mixture of indignatton and of con-
tempt upon a people, who prized tfaemMves for animuinary wedth»
a ihadowy credit, chilled at the moft difbnt fbond M d« Uaft of
cakinity, aaapparidon, which> npoa the firft-rongh toiicii« is Ibnnd
to be onfttbfiaarial ; if he fhonld ma the opportaaity of attaddag
this people, howlhanld Bn^laad be pfoteaed ? The alUfidRcieacy
of the BritUh fleet prefents itfelf forthwith to the imagioadoo d my
indoleat and high-fed ooantryawv, miraculonily Grounding Jt eoaS
of two thooi^nd miles I upon this they befbw omniprefence, aad
every
?«%, . &iu9f^ atii^ASmmn of Noikns. 1^
•^ftry fttoibote of t^e DeUy ; .ttpjoa-tln^ tb^ i«ft iecttre in the gra^«
{lfi(tioa/of ev^y fenfe, attd in the ^ cii&ice of aldM>ft etrei^y vice. I
»^ja<i)ai DO e3(pedtti^o hM l^eeii ev^ condnfbed agahrHthis coun-
trx vxit)^ Any degree* of wi£doJD,:Off even - oeT ptaaftlnlnSy, whkh did
jaot,fMC9^d } iUic^ the coiic)«ieA» that of Fbitip the Second of Spaki
,W>« tbcf moQL tremendouft io itff appatatue, bd€« this expedition ""cotild
1^ f«c(:eed» .tHes^m of invafibn was fj^rbnlib loivg before t9»e
«iqb»r)p|tiQB» tbftt fiv<ry man in England had time to Income a fol«
djcc; ai^d wbfSP the army was eaibarked, the preceffion of the Spd-
nidi ^ee^t ak>ng , oim* fouthern cc«ft» in. order to> take on boaid* the
Prince of Farma aod his tcoopa then waking-tat Dunkirk, was (b yery
UpWf and, pompooSy that everv EngUikport and creek fent ont \U
Vi^^Qle force to aiinoy them». £i that tbey were ejcpofed to the iiH
CF^r^ pC enemies every mooient, at well as to the dangers of a tem-
peftiioiis /ea>; nor \% it to be forgptien that the Spaniards, from the in-
flux of American richesr were at this time departed from their rigoilr
^ 4^ciplipe» . and bad^ much abat«l of their former valonr ; let not
therefore the imnradlicability of invading England be^ drawn- frbite
the failttfe of fucn randdm expeditions, if expeditions they can be
callpdv which afe en^barin^fl^d by ^^^ ^I^i^^^S delays.
^ I am w^r^ CQovinced that th^ chief military ft«eagth of this n»^
tion ought to be that of our fleet; but fleets, have failed, fleets may
fail; ana will fail aeain ; nothing is more natural than that the wln^,
•which is favourable p the invading fleet, may keep the fleet th^
-Aionld bppofe it in harbour : when AlleAu) poileflbd hinifetf of tl^e
provinco' of Brkaih andwa»mafter of the feas, Conltdntine failed
ovfi^ under the coyeit of a 4)iick m$ft, and landing hfs troops over-
J9MM ^Qjufurpnr; the Prince -o^ Orange landed hivtartny atBHxham
i^.TOFb^, haymg;.p^ ihq Engt^lh fleet thon*ljatng;in tthe Dowfti \
l>u toothing proves thf i^^ffici^nc^y ^f c^ floet. fa forcibly, as the
tnMifp^rtgtipn of C^Mar's army froii^. Brund^fiufl^ to Dyrraehtnm it
h£ purfuit of Pompey, at ty(o embarkations : although the coaft <^
l^pirus was guarde4 ^X ^ ^^^^ fuperior naval forcet under the com^
Inand of Btbulus and Pompey *s other lieutenants, an army was
^lasided with thelofyofxjnlytwo tranfjports;, fuffrCient'td decide the
L' Sft9^ coKkteft for, empire thi^ ti^ehath yet ptedaced s mdih wiU
b^ attributed of Csfaf's fucCcfs ip Fprttine ; Caesfar himfelf hath at-
tributed ma(^ p that g^defs^ in the fecond embarkation under
Antony J. tot good tr^s, gqod officjers, and the terrifying difpatch
with which that great dffUoyer of Rpman liberty anuaatedail tiis
anilitary operations, are to me fuScient cauies for,hteihc€e(s, with-
out any interpofltion.of Fortune.
f InthefedniQ^mliancesWSkirbpe, w'herethe'fina^Gef'man ftaieil,
Vtfbofe troops we were u(ed t^^pwfi are nro^ably foon^ l^e annex^
f0 glttat^mOM^hles^ attd no lon^r.ta be hiretf o^t ^^r^flavghiier^
wj»en the/Frecich, uneqeal KQ &«i«4ii»ia conmefeiareo^tet, ar^wiiU
jig ,to: leave us w^hoii>o>anri|RMi^^nd giw n^fintenn^onto oo^
c^lfcrfleii Toe .refpote> nniK^tur^- a,cqij}<^tioins j we osxHtVvtf ihonhi
imdle that avarice which is vvatog p^ Yfj^)"' jn 1^.^ burnfnj^beatti
Qf India, and leading the centier of thecmpije ly^thout dcfepc^;
whiLlt)therfta^sareJlrpngthenJflg themfclves at ho.m*et England «[
ftffifdingfbrt^herftfcftgth, and bflftging h<yme' thfe materials of her
■ Rs V.Apr, 1 774, ^ own
ttMti(M, ti^Kwmiti^ ofMiflkiofd : in Ae coorfeDf idkkb, afMMi
the tdctk uvi^tftigatibn of tke hinan he^it^ add the lbffags.«i h»»
pian a£Hoiis. • From hence we fipd him indaf od to Uy to SveUM
ftreTs on what are getierally called AccompUiweoti* M oioCMifi
p^fifably.reqaifite to fii^iih the amiable and b^U^i^t pan 6f a*cqir
pleat chara^er.
' It woald be anneceflary to expatiate on the merits. oF (ad a
work, executed bv fo great a maftcr« They canqofbat I>e obvioos
tocvery peripn 01 ftnHi; the 'more, as nothing of this fgrtii*» (I be-
lieve) ever lieen produced In the Englilh language. The candottf
of the Public, to which the(e Letters appeal; will determine the
mmnfemebt arid InOl'ttaion th^y a£fbffd. I flittiur tQyibl& dmr^
be read with general fattsfa^p ; as the prlndlpalt ^d by fiu: 4a
greater part ofthem, were wnttea when the late Earl of Gbefterfi4&
was in the full vigour of his mind, and pofleile&'au thofe OKofiiEci!*
tions for which he was fo juflly admired m England, xevereS In Jxt*
land, and efteemed wherever known,
' Celebrated all over Europe for his fuperior talents as sn ejMo-
hry writer, for the* brilliancy of his wit, and the {bltdity of lot ex-
tenfive knowledge, will it be thought too prefumptuoos toaArt, tte
lie exefted all thofe faculties ta thlir utmod, upon his^ftnn)iijaitcl fifb-
jeGt — Education f And that, in order to form the mind of a. dsriuig
fon, he even exhaufted thoie powers which he wat fo oniveiCadlj il*
lowed to pofl^ f
' I do not doubt but thofe who were much conneAcd ^Htli tli»Ait->
thor, daring that feries of years in which he wrote the foUowingLec*
ters; will 1^ ready to vouch the truth of the above aftitioa. ' What
I can, and do afcertain is, the authenticity of this poWicmoiii
which comprifes not a fingle line, that is not the late Earl of Chff-
terfield's.
^ * Some, perhaps, may beof ophiioa, that the firft letiert<mtiria
coUeaion, intended for the in^udion of a child, 'then a«i«r fevoa
years of age, were too trilling to merit publication* They^arcy lipsp-
ever, inferted by the advice of ftveral gentlemen of leanmgr -^M
real judgment $ who conikiered the whole as-abiblatelyttoctl&yv^O
form a compleat fyflem of education. And, indeed, the Re^er«»ill
£nd his Lordfliip repeatedly telling his fon, that his afft^ioii for Mp
nSakes hkn look upon no inArotftd^, which may be of lervketolMBf
as too trifling or too low; I, thertfore, did not think myfelf sidito*
ri^d to fupprefs what, to fo exptrieneed a man, apptaiiKl re^oifita
to the completion of his undertaking. And, opon this pt>lnt, ImWf
appeal more particularly to, thofe, who, beitfg fathers thexoMret,
know how to value inftrn^ons, of which th^cendemais add Onxieq^
for their children, will ondonbtedly make them feel the netettty. TWt
ii)&rudions fcattered throughout thofe Letters, are happily calcalased,
*• To teach the young idea how to Ihoot,**
To form and etfllghten the infant mind, upon its firft opeflin^, and
prepare it to receive the early impreflions of learning, and of mora*
fity; Of diefe, many entire letters, and fome parts of othtrs, 9f9
Ibft; which, confideHng the tender years of Mr. Stanhope, ot^tbac
<hHe, cannot be a matter of fmprize, but wilb alwap be twe of re*
gvet. Wherever a complete fenft could be made •vt, rkm ve^
i|ared to give the £EagaKnt*
- t f T#
. * To t$di of tbe French letcers^ thrbnghont £he wprk^ wn Boglifli
tamfliition ss.annexed t iii which I have endeavoured to adhere^ ail
«BD€h as poffible^ to the fenfe of the Original : I waih the attempt teay
luive proved JTacoeftfal.
-. * .A,« tp tl^Q^ ^epetitipiiSf which fomedoics occur, that many may
•Uteein i4iCci|Fa(iie9^ and think they had been better retrenched r
tbe3f«:9ip varied* and tliieu-*figailicancy thrown into fnch, and fo
jmany di^ottnt ligb.^s th^t they could, not bo altered wijchont mutt*
lining the work* Ii| the coarfe of whnchy the Rcaderii^iU alio ob«
/crve. t4f Lordihip oSt/cn cotprefsly declanAgt that filch repetitions are
{Mrpbreijy intended^ to inculcs^te his inftt^^ns more forcibly. So
.^P>p.d % re^^oa u^ged by the Author for v^^ng them« made me think
2^ indilpeoiably reqn^fite not to deviat^.frpm the^origioai%
/ The letters written from the time that Mr. Stanhope was enr«
l^qy^ as one o^^Majefly's Miniftei-s abroad, akhoogh not rela*
jf^YC tp Education^ yet as they continue t^ (cries of I^ord Chefler*
SJdd^s Letters to his Son» and di/coTQr l^s fentiments on yarious io:t
.ttreiUag fabjefls. of oubltc as weU as^ private concern, it^isprerumed
thev cannot fail of oqine accctptable^ to the Pubfic, To theie aio
adoed fome few detached pieces, which the Render will find at thf
*i^nd of the fecona volume. . The Originals of thofe, as well as of ^^
the Letters, arc in my poile^on, in the late Sari of Chefierfield'a
faand-wriUng, And fe^Jed with his own feal*'
^e foregoing advertifimcnt exhibits (b compleat a view of
the nature, defiga and teadency ox thefe Letters, that «re ibini^
Tt aitc^ther fuperfluoitfl to add ^ny ^ii>g to tbe account} and
we ib^U therefore^ proceed, without farther preface, to grati^
the impalicnce of our Readerti by a few extrads fiioih thoki
•p^rts.of the coUedtoii vri^ich, we intone, will prore ntvoft ge-
nerally acceptable to the Public*
Vfk Aiall pafs over the greateft ptftt 6f thofe letters whfcb
\iww written to MaRtr Stanhope, ^htle he was under the age
"^Hfftieni fome of which, however, merit great commendation^
for the happy manner in which they are adapted to the capaciur
of a child, without containing any thjng childi(h ; in whicn
refpe^l they may be faid, in fon^e tpealiir^, to ref(;mble the li-
terary correfpondence of Count TeffiiH with the Psin^e Rojial
pf Sweden : and vre cannot pay them an higher coooptioient..
As a fpecimeB, however, of the eafy manner in which this
iKXomfdiOic^ nobleman ceutd accommodate his ftyle to the ap-
Iprehenifions of his young correitiondent, we (hall tranferibe hb
Ij6n)flitp^8 precq>tB atid cautions on the fubjed of Negligence.
7hey are taken from a letter written to his fon, then in bis
f 5th year, and on his travels abroad : it is dated at JBath, 08t.
9, 1746.
* Apropos of negRgenCe ; I mtift Tay fomething to you upon that Tub-
4eCI. ' You know I have often told you, that my affe^ion for you was
tiot a weak womanifh ott ; and hx from bhnding me« it makes me but
Wt% qaick-fighlcdi as to your f^ult^ ; thoCi it i« no| 9nl7 my right, biit
$ 3 lOf
i6i lord Ch6l^xSxiii*s letOrs io bis S^l
my dutf to tdl you of ; and it 19 your duty and your iotereft to oarftSt
tb^m. Id the flrtA fcnitioy which I have made into you, I have, (ttaik
Cod) hitherto not diicovered any ticeof the heart, or any peculiar wak'
nefi of the head : but I have difcovered lazinefs, inattehtioir, and m*
difference; lauds which are only pardonable hi old a&^n, who, ia'te
decline of life, when health and fpirits fsill, have a kind of daim to ^bd
fort of tranqhilNty. But a young man fiiould be ambitious to fliine and
excel; alert, a^ive, and indefafigable in the means of doing it; afl^
like C«far, Nii affum reputans^ Ji quid fufereffei agendum. You toa
to want that viwia vis anitni which fpurs and eidtes moft yeang-owi
to pleaie, to (hine, to excel. Without \\it deGre and the paint ae-
Cefi^ry to be confiderable, depend upon it, you never can be fo; as wi&*
out the defire and attention necefTary to pleafe, you '-never can pleafe«
Nullum numen ahefl^ Ji fit prudentta^ is unqueftionably tmc with re-
gard to every thing excf pt poetry ; and I am very fure tljat any man ^
eommon underftanding may, by proper cultare^ care, attentioiiD. and
labour, make bimfirif whatever "he pleafes, except a good poet. TVmv
^efttaation is the great and bufy wt>rld ; your immediate cAyeA is cIk
lfiftirs,tbe infereft8',andthe hiftory,the cfonftitut ions, the cuftoms, and the
manners of the 'feverat parts of Europe, fo this, any man of commoB
fenfe may, by common application, be Cure to excel. Ancient' and lao-
demhiftoryareby attention eafily attainable; geography and chronology
the faipe ; none of them requiring any unc<)mpion Ibiire of genius or
Inventim. speaking a^d writing clearly, cbrrcdly, and.With eai^ and
grace, are certainly to be acquired by reading the b^ft Authors with carcj
kndby anention to the "beft living modelp. Thcfc arc the (TualtficatiaDS
more particulariy neqefl^ry for y6o in your defpartaoent, whibh yoa may
be pofTeHbd of if you pleafe, and which, I tell you fairly, I fhall be ♦try
Vogry at you if you are not; becauie, as yon have thi? means in foor
hands, it will be your own fault only.
* If care and appKcation are iiecefary to the acquiring of thofe qoa*
(ificalions, without wbjeh you can never be confider^ble nor makes
Bgure in the world ; they are not lefis neceflary with regard to the Idfa-
kccomplifiim^nts which arejequifite to make you agreeable and pleafiag
in fociety. Iij truth, whatever is worth doing at all, is worth domg
well ; ant) nothing cah be done well without attention; I therefore carry
the neccflRty of attention down to the ibw^ft thingi, even to daooog
iind dref**. Ciiftbm has made dancing fometimes neceflary for a yoang
man ; thi^efbre mind it while you learn it, that you inay Icam to doft
well, and not be ridiculous, though' in a ridiculous aA, Drefa t% of
the fame nature ; you muft drefi; therefore artend to it ; not in order to
rival or ex<^] « fop in it, but in order to avoid QngiilarSty, and confe-
jjuently ridicuje. Tajce great qare always to be drefled Hke tlie rcafoo-
able people of your own age, in the place where you are; whoff droft
is never fp ken of one way or another, as' either too uegligent of too
iuuch ftudicd. * . . . ,
• What is coinmonly called an abfent man, is conuxionly cither a very
weak, or a vcry'affeacd man ; but be he which he will, he i#, I am forc^
\. very difagrccablc man in company. He fail? in all the coromoo offices
^f civility; he fccms npt to know thofc people to-day, whom ycftcrday
£#ri ChefterfietcPx Litiirs io his Sml %6j
Ve appeared to live io intimacy with. He takei no part in the ^eseral
conTeriatioii; but on the contrary, breaks into it from tinie to time,
with fome ftart of his own» as if he waked from a dream. This (as I (aid
l^fore) is a fure Midication, either of a mind io weak that it is not able
to bear above one obje^ at a time j or fo afieAed, that it would be fup-
pipfed to be wholly engrofled by, and direded to, fome very great
and important objeas. Sir Ifaac Newton, Mr. Locke, and (it may be)
five or flx more, fince the creation of the world, may have had a right
to abience, from that iotenie thought which the things they were invef-
tigating required. But if a young man, and a man of the world, who
kat no fuch avocations to plead, will claim and exerdle that right of
Abfence in company, his pretended right Ihould, in my mind, be turned
iato Im tnvoluntaiy abfence, by his perpetual exdufion out of cobi*
pAoy. However frivolous a company may be, ftill, while you are among
tlicm, do not ihew them, by your inattention, that you think them
io ; but rather take their tone, and conform in fome degree to. thek*
'Makoeis, iaftead of manifeftiog your contempt for them. There is no
thing that people bear more impatiently, or forgive lefi*, than contempt ;
apd an injury is much fooner forgottea than an infult. If therefore yoa
would rather pleafe than offend, rather be well than ill fp^ken of, rather
he loved than hated, remember to have that conftant attention about
y«a, which flatters every man's little vanity ; and the want of which, by
mortifying his pnde, never fails to excite his refentment, or at leaft his
ill-will. Forinftance; moft people (I might fay all people) have their
weakneflbs; they have their averfions, and their likings, to fuch or
fuch things ; fo that if you were to laugh at a man for his averflon to a
cat, orchecfe, (which are common antipathies) or by inattention and
negligence, to let them come in fats way, where you qopld prevent it,
be would, in the 6rft caie, thmk himfelf infulted, and in the fecond,
flighted ; and would remember both. Whereas your care to prixore for
Mm what he Kkes, and to remove from him what he hates, (hews him,
that he is at leaft an objeA of your attention ; flatters his vanity, and
makes him poHibly more your friend, than a more important fervice would
hkvc done. With regard to women, attentions ftill below thefe are necef*
Ihry, and, by the cuftom of the world, in fome meafure due, according
to the laws of good breeding/
The foregoing obfervations are equally (Iriking, juft, and
important; for furely no weaknefs is more pernicious to youth
than negligence and inattention ! Such faults are not only a bar
to all improvement, but they alfo render thofe younff people
who are fubjed to them quite intolerable to perfons offupcrior
years. In ihort, it would be doing no injuflice to thefe fail«
ingSf were we to fet them down in the catalogue 6f vias.
About a year after the date of the foregoing letter, we find
our noble monitor thus cautioning his young friend againfi the
iipdudions of Pleaifure :
< Pleafure, fays Lord Chederfield, is the rock which moft young
people fplit upon s they launch out with crowded fails in queft of it,
bnc without a compaTs to dired their courfe, or reafoo fufticient to
ft^r die veffel ; for want of which, pain and fhame, inftead of
S 4 Pleafiire,
264 L$r'dChtAnSitiXsZiUm^lisSmu
Pleafar^, are tbe retorns of their voyage* Do not thiDk-tlitT i
to fnarl at Pkafare, like a Stoic, or to preadi afetulft itiike ft Par-
fon ; no, I mean to point it our, and recoiumeoa it to yon, Kkcaa
Epicurean : I wi(h you a great deal ; and my oftly view ia to htndcr
you from mrftaklng it,
* The character which inoil young nttn ^fO. ttllh at is, thmt of «
Man of Pleafure ; bat they gonerally take it opoo tnift ; Mid, ifilbad
of confulting thm own talle and inclinations, they 'blindly tfdopt
whatever thofe, with whom thay chiefly conveffe, are pteafed to eatt
by the name of Pleafare; and zMom p/fiuifitfi, in the valgir ac*
Captation of that phrafe, means only, a beaiJy drunkard, mn ttbas-
doned whore*ma(ier, and a profligate fwearer a^d cnrfer* As it
may be of uie to you, 1 am J^ot unwilling, though at the Cme
$ime afhamed, to own, that thevioet of my youdi proceeded mvck
more from my filly refolution of being, whatl hem^caHeda-Ma*
of Pleafure. than from my own inclinations. I always oatttraUy
hated, drinking.; and yet I have oft^ drunk* wkfa difgnSt ac cm
|ime, attended by great iickn^is the next day« only becanfe I thaa
considered drinking as a nece&ry qualification for a £ae gcxttkmam
and a Man of Pleafure.
« The fao^.^ to gamiog. I did n^t waot monipy, and cofiie>
qaently had no.ocoafion to play for it ; but 1 thought Play imoi;h«r
peceflary ingredient in the eompofition of a Man of Pleafure, ami
accordingly I plunged into it wUhoot defire, at firft ; facrificed a
thoniand le;^! oleafures to it ; and made myfelf iblidly une^ by i^
(ox thirty t)ie oeft years of my life.
* I was even .ahford enough, for a little whil^, to, fwear, by wajr
of adorning and compte^og the fhining x:har^£ler which I afieded ;
bi^t this folly J[ (bon laid afide» upon iiKling both the gpilt and iha
^ndecenpy of it.
* Thus feduced by faihion, and blindly adopting nominal plca«
fures, I lofl real ones ; and iny fortune impaired, and my conftitutioi^
ihattered, are, I mnft confeis, the jufl punifhment of my errors.
* Take warning then by them ; chufe your pleafures for yourfclfi
and do not let them be impofed upon you. Follow nature, and not
fafhioi^; weigh the prefent enjoyment of your pleafures, againll the
seceiFary confequencesof them, and then let your own common feiv^c
determine your choice.
* VV'ere I to begin the world again, with the experience w^idi I
now have of it, 1 would lead a life of real, not of imaginary plea^
fure. I would enjoy the pleafures of the table, a6d Of wine« but
liop ihort of the pains infcparably annexed to an «acefi in eirher. I
would not, at twenty years, be a preadhing miiSbnary of ab»lemio«i^
nefs and fobriety ; and I fliould let other people do as they wqb14«
T^ithoat formally and fententlouily rebuking thena for at; bat I
would be moft firmly refolved, not to deilroy my owo facolties and
conltitution, in complaifance to thofe who have qo regard to their
own. I would play to give me pleafure, b<it not to give me paTo 2
that isy I would play for trifles^ in mixed companies, tb amgle my-
felf, and conform to cuflom ; but I would take care not to venture
for fums, which, if I won, I (hould not b? the bet^tei- for ; but, if I
loft, (hpuld be under a difficulty to pay ; and^ When paid> W01H4
pUi^
dUfp ike tAo^ifench in federal io^er dirricies. N<it>ta n^Afidk diff
qtabfek nftkhidifop pbiy cDiaitionly'dccaridns*
* I wooUL paft fotne of vtftims in readii^^ smI dte reft Iti lli#
tsoapfeof of pcopk ^ feiifeTftfid' leariiiiigt a»d ohk% ibofer ftbaV9
me: find i wouUi f^ubnt tlie inijced cdmfMmits of xaen and vrdkea
offiUhkm, nMtk «fao«^ oft^o IfrivddttB,' yet they unbend iHid#0ii^
freihtlie aniiBdvwt nfdeff^y'biecduiethty oenadfaiy polHh alid-fofbnr
ckeiflmnneis.
• ^ Tkefe iv^«ldi)e my idealbvet and nmiBfemefob^ 'if f •wehe^to lh«
^ i^dntf jt^a-s cx^er again ; fiheytsire)hitkmai<oAes; aiNb^teort^
otet I ^tt: tcU yod, they af6 really tlie ^i}iiofu£ble jowi :'^ ftr %)m
otbers trendy in tratb, the ^a&tesvf iviiati tati-pbo^ of fiifliion^
bitxtf tiulmffirho dniy call ttesmfeivcriB^ Dors^<nid eomfiaBy C2ii|^
CD Inlve n man re«liii^ ditrnk dmong them f Or ko^ fee ahmlier teti|t«
ing his Imir^ and^lafpheminl;,' fbr having ioft; at{)layy more ihti^
he is able to pay ? Or a whotc-inm^r<witli:half m no6^ Mid d'ipplack
bycoarfeand infknoasdebaoditfr^^ No; ^idfe who* j>ra6iife» and^
arach .moee thoit who brag of vhemy make no {lah! df good oompknT^ |
mwl areaMft^^fvilliAgly, iftsvtoy -addiittedinto^ it; -^ . "^
* A real man of fafhion and pleafure obferves decency ; al \Mtff
Be&her borraWsciDor aiTc^ vioev; and» if he luifbitunateiy has aiiy,
1^ g|34tififl9.thfm wtih ohoiee^ ddic^cy» and iectc>^; .
* 4 iiavennot mfcbtioned the pleafure^ of the mind,; {jvkieh i^re tk#;
fclid and permanent oi^i) becaufe they do not cqme.umier the head
qf what pc;ople commonly call pleafures ; which they £bem to Gonfink
to the fcnfes. The pleafure oF virtue, of charity, ana of leamin]^,
it ttue andlalfing pleafiire ; Which I hopt you i^il! be Well Sind Idnjj
acquainted with.. Adicb.*
This is not ^bfe frigid prciaicMrtg bf a cold ttttfcfellrtg ihtmjftt
it is the VQtce trf an irx^ienttd ^fti*ei >;nlrttlWg th^ hnvwity
traveller bf-tlic precipice that ilfea in Ks path iAk n thfe Vkfyr
guage of a Uu^ friends \yho fecks nbt to deprii^e us bf what tlnft
Ate niturdlly ^efirous to obtainj but to prevent our being faifled "
in the purfuit 5f it^ atid like Ixioh, deceived into the embritc(f$
of aa empty cloud, inftcadoF the goddefs who is khe ob]6ft <^
our wi(H?s '"^^ ^^^ Ixion, too, not only chea,te4 out oF ouc
c^pe£led bappinefs^ but /evir4^ funiftud^ alfo, flor our infacua«
Vtfm. .:.....;.'•'>
Iti a letter dated in 1748^ wt have the fblloiriiig ftriAdrcft
on what toay taS called the ahkfi ^fbmghter : . - -
' Having mentioned langhing, I muft particulifriy Mm ytm
srgailnft it \ and I c^ould heartily w2(h, that tou nkay-dllen be ften tor
mile, but ihever heard to laugh, wkile you lire. Pf%q^iit tfnd IcM^
bnghter is the charaaeriflic of fbUy and ill maniketi i it k the mtll'^
lier in which the mob exprefs their Ailyjt>y> at fitly tMn^s I aa#
tfae^ call it beitig ment* In my mind, there is ttothiY^g (b Mkral*
«nd fa ill-bred, ftsandiMe laughter. True wit, orfeiUe^ nev^r yet
jnade any body laugh ; they are above it : they pleafe the mind, tad
give 1 cneafrtlneft 10 the tuumeiunLe. But it is hm buflbonery,-
9r filly ftccidentsj thai always excite langhter; and tbat is what
people
a0$ ttrd ChefterfielcTx LeUm to bis iSotC
people of feafe and breediiig fhoold (how themfelfet 4ibore. A :
going to fie dowD^ in the fappofitidn that be hu a chair behind hiiB«
sad falling down npon his breech for want of one» fett a whole
company a laughing, when all the wit in the world woirid not do kf
4 plain . proof, in my mindt how low and nnbecbming a diing
laughter u. Not to mention the diiagiteable ooife dbtK it makei»
ind.thd. ihocking diHortion of the £ice that it occafions* Laughter
is eafily redrained, bv a very little refledtion ; but, as it is generally
cOQheded with ihe^idea of gaiety, people do not enough attend to
its abfiiidity. I am neither of a melancholy, nor a Cynical dilpofi«>
tkm ; and am as wiUino;, and as apt to be pleafed as any body ; hot
(am fore that, fince I have had the full Die of my reason, nobody
haa ever heard me laugh. Many people, at firft from awkwardseft
fUkd moMvm/k Jh99ti, have got a very difaneeable and filly 'trick of
laughing, whenever they Q>eak : and I know a man of very good
Ks, Mr.Wallmv who cannot £xj the commofteft thing without
jhing ; which makes thofe, who do not know him, tute him at
{rft for a natujal fool. Thb and many other very difagreeaUe ha-
iiiSf ire owing to mawvedfi hante at their firft Ktting oot ia tha
world.*
. Leaving our Readers Co their own reflexions on this invefttve
againft laughter (which, certainly, did not fpring from any fuUen,
.^r, or faturnine difpofition in the celebrated Writer) we pro-
ceed to his Lordihip's obfervations * on the weight of biflmcal
ti/timcny. Tbefe are introduced by a remark or two on the
fCircumftances which arq affigned as the principal caufes of the
^oteflant reformation from the errors and abufes of Popery*
After intimating that di£ippointment and refentment bad a
I9uch larger (^e in this great event, th^n 9 re}igiou8 zeal, or
an abi^orrence of the corruptions of the church of Rome, the
Bpble Lrctter-w^iter thus proceeds ;
; * Luther, an Augufiin Monk, enn^ed that his Order, and confe*
^nently himiclf, had not the excluCve i>rivilege of felling indul<-
gences, but that the Dominicans were let. into a fiiare of that profit-
able but infamous trade, tarns reformer, and exclaims againft tha
abufes, the corruption, and the idolatry, of the Church of Rome 1
which were certainly grofs enough for him to have leeh long before,
but which he had at leafi acquiefced in, till what he c^led tiia
R^hts, that is the profit, of his Order caine to be touched. Ic u
true, the Church of Rome fumidied him ample matter fori^omplaiat
apd refi^rmatioflb and he laid hold of it ably. This &ems to me the
trpe caufe of that great and necefTary work ; but, whatever the caufe
was, the effed was good : and the reformation fpread itfelf by iu
own truth tnd jfitnefs ; was confcientioufly received by great nam*
lien in Germany, and other countries ; and was foon afterwards
mixed up with the politics tf Princes : and, as it always happens ia
xeligiotts difputes, became the fpecious coveri;:g of injuttice and
ambition.
* In Letter 117, dated 1748*
'Uadir
Lord Chefterfield'x LetUrs U hir Sii; i€f
.f Under the pretence of crnihing Herefy, as it was caHed, the
ffooieof Auftria meant to extend and eUablidi its power in the Em^
fire ; ji^^ on the other hand, many Proteftant Princes, under the
l^etence of extirpating idolatry, or, at leail, of fecurlng toleration^
AMsant only to enlar^ their own dominions or privileges, Thefe
xiewa refpedively, among the Chiefs on both 'fides, much more than
frae religious motives, continued what were called the Relighw^
Wars, in Gernuny, almoft uninterruptedly, till the afiairs of tte
IWQ Religions were finally fettled by the treaty of Munfter.
. * Were moft hiftorical events traced up to their true cauies, I fear
)¥eih9ttld not find them mnch more noble, nor difinterefled, tham
JjUther's dxfappointed avarice ; and therefore 1 look with fome ton*
tempt upon thofe refining and fagacious Hiftorians, who afcribe alf,
ffven the mod common events, to fome deep political caufe; whereat
jnankind is made np of inconfiftencies, and no man a^ invariablf
jup to his predominant character. The wifeft man fometim^ aof
]M^eak(y, ^d. the weakeft fometimes wifely. Oar jarring paffioni*
oar variable humours, nay our greater or lefiTer degree of health and
fpirits, produce fnch contradtftion's in our cbndnd, that, I believe,
thofe are theoftene^ miftaken, who afcribe onr adiont to^the moft
^eemingly obvious motives : and 1 am convinced* that a light fupper»
m good nightS ileep, and a fine morning, have fometimes made a,
Hero, of the fame man, who, by an indigefUpn, a relUefs night, and
^ rainy morning, would have proved a coward. Our beft conjee^
iures, therefore, as to the true /prings of anions, are but very nn-
.(Certain ; and the anions themfelves are all that we mud pretend to
know from Hiftory. That Caefar was murdered by twenty-three
^nfpirators, I make no doul^t ; bot I very much doubt, that thcdr
|ove of liberty, and of their country, was their fole, or even prin*
cipal motiye; ai^d J dare fay that, if the truth were known, we
piould find that niany other motives, at leafl concurred, even in the
great 'Brutus himfell; fuch as pride, envy, perfonal pique, and diA
appointment. Nay, I cannot help carrving my Pyrrhonifm dill fur*
ther, and extending it often to hiftorlcal fa6ls themfelves, at leaft to
^oft of the circumftances with which they are related ; and every
day's e^cperifcnce confirms me in this hiftorical incredulity. Do we
p^er hear the moft recent fa£l related exaftly in the fame way, by tlie
feveral people who were at the fame time eye-witnefles of it ? No,
Dne miftalm, another mifreprefents ; and others warp it a little to
their own turn of mind, or private views. A man, who has beea
tonOniied lii a tranfadlipn, will not write it fairly ; and a man who
has not, cannot. But, notwithftanding all this uncertainty, HiStcfrf
is not the le& neceffary to be known ; as the beft hiftoiies are taken
for granted, and ^^ ^he frequent fubjeds both of converfation and
wriung. Though I am convinced that Csefar's ghoft never appeared
to Brutus, yet 1 Ihould be much afbamed to bt ignorant of that fiift»
as related by the Hiftorians of thofe tjmes. Thus the Pagan theo*
logy is nniverfally received as matter for writing and converfation*
though ^believed now by nobody; and we talk of Jupiter, Mars^
Apollo, 2fC. as Gpds, though We know, that, if they ever exifted at
adl, it was only as mere mortal men. This hillorical Pyrrhonifis*
|heO| proves nothing agai^ the fiudy and knowledge of Hiftory s
' ' * * ' which^
at Greg^rjfV Lfg^ fo hit Dau^ttru .
vbich, of all ochtfr ft«dk% is the iboft i>eee(&ry, for sMin 'Mo li Cfli
live in the world. ]t only poinu cmk b> osr nor t9 bb loo dtcifivt
fljl^ ptfr«inptory 9 andiobec&utiouiluMtrifieditlwiftteeacety^ioroiir
owit iNra^Uce, from rbmote fa^, pariiadty or igdocaodf idacid $ <tf
^hkhwecan, atboft, bnt imper^£lly gaefi, and certdnlf »ec\tt««r
liie reid nocivet* T^ reftthuml^ of ADckiit Hiftoiy miifl nec^fli^
tUy be weaker ihoii thofe of Modehsv as all teftiinosy gfows weaken
•Hd weaker^ at it ii mott md more remote fh>m ot. ' I Woild there-
fore advife yoa to ^^y Anoieat Hiflory, in gcntrd^ at tiAcr f^^t
4os that is, not to be igaonmt of aoy of ttiofe faaa wlaefc ^le
aniter&lly received, u^soii the iadth of tke bek H ilkoriins ( ii*A>
"whether true or &l(e» yon ha^re (hem at ocker people iMva iMMi*
]liit Modern Hillory, 1 mean purtkiilarly that of ^he three luSt «!»•
Inriet, is what I would have yoa apply, to with the gfoateft alMiKioft
atkd tai6Uie6. There the probability of coftiitog at elie ttiith kf aaoeh
greater, to the tefliiBOftiesare much more recent ; beioes^ aaecdtttas^
Elotft, apd Origbal lettert, often come to die did of Modem
efcy/
&o txa^jr dd Lord ChefterfieM's ideas correfbond "frith out
opinion of the 4tfe md authority of hiRory, m tlie general, that
<W5 tanttot ^hhoW oar free atid unreferved fubfcrlption ta
tvery thing that he has advanced on the fubjeft.
Wfe fliould now proceed to other ex tr^fls j but the difficulty
of f^ledion, where the choice is (b abundant, leaves us noeafj
tai^ to execute. We could &11 a whole vokim of Reviews
with the curious aad iafirudive nMterials which now open oponi
Ita,. a^ we turn.over tbefe valuable pages : the fiib)e<Sb rifing 4ft
importance as we proceed in the feries. Our cumtnary liotttSi
however, will oblige at, for the preftht, to elofe thte book ;
b^ we diall) wHh great pleafttre, reAtmt the review of it, in
bin- next publication.
Art* V, J Father*^ Legacy u bis Dmrnghttr*. By the lace On
Gregory, of fidinbujigh. Uiqo. 29. fewed. Caddl. 1774*
IT frequently happens that thofe compofitions mtet with x
great (hare of the public favour, which were not origlnallj
intended for the public eye. Thofe gifts arc not the Jcaft
agreeable whith come unexpected, %xA to which we have no
. title. Befide the pleafure which we fe^i in being admitted to
a participation of thofe fentiments which were tofpiced 1^
friirnd&ip) or the warmth of private afie£Hons, we natiiraUy
eieped, in works of this kind, a more candid difcuffion of opi*
% ntohs, than in compofitions which fpting from motiTes of
intereft or applaafe ; and we are furt of an unbialTed judgmtnt.
Where every thought alms only at the real advantage of thofe to
whom the Wrhfcr addreflcs himfclf.
' The amiable author of this fmall volume,^ who» whiles livicCi
Was 00 lefs refpe<Eied for bis talentSi thaa beloved for tiie 400-
5 lilies
tiiic»<tfittl^b0lrt^ busndedlthQfirdcl vices, Mteiif^tttlf JnTorms
ii«^ oktbii^patf ^hif.tgfiifUm id bit dm^ibs^-M dl ba
ipttityig9#4 {bio -pttAoip^l iiiQw.<was the gQcdL.i>f!iiia iell^c^A
csfMues, >ittd'lotfae wiilf of a fpn taifontiibaiBtOfftkitigenerak
4efig;«» aad t^ido:hooo^ to tbc aaeoiovy of ^fti^r^ dw Piib*
lid is iiuieblni far a very acceptable pfefmit. .
^bc.Aiilhof ktt jtlnkd bis obfe^vatioaa ui^der four gdneodl
bflidSy Rftligig^n^Condud and Be|^aiifiourH-Jknvife«iciktB*H^
Fmi^lkip^ dUfiive^ ani MaEtia|)e'^ and ^ui .cambfiof thc& fiibii
jo^ ifo .far as tte feouiic feic are iAtecfijled hi tbem, ia tb«
^iffly^nrt.of Jiift, be has made Many- peatineot and jvtdicio(ia
Mnark9> laii&figiiatitcaHy fbom his fubjeds aad fituatioo.; aod
ki hal'SenvManicateii rtbeai id an cafy and unafieSed flyle.
jht iltt;1fifft fcdion, afttf ob<qrving tbe ulilitiy of leltgioui
• pi(ifimiiIe0}tQ>a JMOian, either in a life qf fulGuttng and dapcefi*
fion, jfrfMch'irtQO oAee tbe lot of tbe^U-treaced ky^ orAn^tiha
oppoCar #xfyeme .-of Dnoontrooled dsffipation, be cecoouneoda
the ponifa) of iiscb hooks «f rdigioxi.oiiiy, as are addpeflTed ca
tbe heart, amd wifely eautions agatnft cntangitng the fetaatki
mind :i0 xhe.aiai^s of fyflem, or controvcrtod .opinions. Us
stakes a'judtcbus ohfecvatioa, lo iwhiob me believe fear of hia
9uie Reaijcfs wiH ce&ie their afieqt^ ^ That ev^n ibofe m^
^dbo ace then^eivcs unbelievera diftike infidelity in a wooianN.'
Ficy it js^ this truth Wttce not more genecaily known and
adinitted^
On the fecond head, viz. of Conduct and Behaaioar, be»at
wavm i4i tbe mcopiinendatbn of that aauable refesve, that
ipetiring delicacy, sobioh, . witbont diredly araUing, fteks not
the public eye. Se.^auuons agataft indtulgiog a talent for
wit; and with regacd to humour, though tbe lefs o9b»^v#
taknt, he fi3n6ti)y remarks that ia a woman it rmy make her
compaay be courted, but it is often a great enemy to delicacy^
and 'fttli a gtoater to dignity of chara£ier. He cenfures an
itfFsdatian of -l^amiog, and ^veo too great a dstjfJay of goo4
§in{ky as ecring againS the firft rule of pleafing jn coiweriation^
avhiah is,'.tQ.pifk€!e«ciy one plc^afed with himfelf* .
On the head of Amufements, the Author cecommends^ ibcb
of the jnore^adlive kind as ace conducive to health, and not at
the fame time inconfiftent wi^h female. d^ifL^cy, .H\s (^tir
njcnts with i;cgard to domeftic cjmpJQyments, dcefs, and j^^yic
amufementSjWeextremely judicbus; and whilf th^yafa/ar frpm
favouring (h^ fa(I)ion^hle diilipation of tbc;age, they^jucf,^{^]f
renfioyed 'firom a tigid.and \infociaI Icvq-ity.
■ ' ' J^ " '
■ '"*"&€ pacttctrtlrly oar accQUtiti of his Comparative View of the
ftfate of Man^ &c. Rev, vol, xxxv. p. 221'. >nd of his ObiV\'aticmi
^fl^tb#^(I^saiKl>DatiaofaS^y(i€iiio. lUv. /el. xH» j). 401.
Ia
Intbe lafti ihdimt leaft imporhiAt fedioiH the AiidiorlHd
cxamitied the -difiereot duties and dccoilittiSy of L^ve, of Fm«A^
lbip» and t>f*Mamage« In fnendlbfp bct#eeli fcdlaks» Itf
advifesL an tmlimstcd confidence, except in the trtide-6f Lote^
This may, perhaps,* be coodemned by fome ofhi^ readen^
as infinuating a pretty fevere reflexion opon the fex: The
Anthor^s reafons, however, are certainly ftrong ; the motived
of ddicacyi and ifae danger of a feaet efcaping, from the im-
prudence or inattention of a confident. He advances a propo*
fition ftill more difputable: < If a gentleman's attachmtott
iays he, is agreeable to you, I leave you to da as nator^
good-fenfe, and delicacy fhall dired you* If you. love bimy
kt me advife you never to difcover to him the fvd\ exteot of
your love, no, not although you marry him. ThaKt fufldendjr
fliews your preference^ which is all he is entitled to know/
Our Author's reafon is, that violent k>ve cannot fubfift for
any time together on both fides, and that a referve on one
iide is the only fecurity agaihft fatiety. But may it not with
juftice be argued agatnft this propoiition, that however luxuriant
the plant, it cannot long fubfift in an ungrateful foil: that
a man whofe foul is devoted to pne objed is not worthily repaid
by bare compliances, or by the fcanty returns of gratitude f
and that thofe who adopt this fcheme of referve in marriage,
overlook the moft refined enjoyment of which human nature is
capable, the felicity which lefults from the confcioufaefi of m
mutual a&dion ? '
From the above general view of the fubjei^ treated in this
fmall, but elegant compofition, it will occur to our readers,'
that the Author's opinions on thofe topics, which are of the
bigheft importance in life, are manly and fenfible, that be
intermixes no trite nor vulgar obfervations, and that fometime?
there is even a novelty of fentiment in matters of the moft
common difcuffion. We recommend the attentive, the repeated
pcrufal of this treatife to our young country-women; and
though written profeiTedly for the inftrudion of a daughter, it
will be found to contain many hints extremely proper for the
confideration of a parent*
Art. VL The Right of the Br'ttijh tegifiatun to tax the /mtricam €Ui^
nies vindicattd ; and the Means of everting tbut Right propofed. 8tOu
IS. Beckct. 1774.
THIS Writer profeffes to protc that the l^orth Americaflt
* have never loft the happy rfate of free fubje^s \ and tha^'
the afis of the mother country, regarding them, and of which
they now complain, are very coofiftent with the fundamental
(finciples of our conftitiftioB^ erring only on the fid^.of iodut*
feace
iii AmmaniCMiis ^inSiiUSi. ^^
frince towiurd them:'*— points which certainly rt^tirt (ottie atn?
lity to demonftrate, to the entire convidion of oir bretbrea oH
the other fide of the Atlantic Ocean.
The arguments on both fides of this imjpNortant queSion oil
the right of taxation, muft by this time be nearly exhaufled;
and will receive only a particular complexion from the haadt
through which they pafs.
This Writer is dv no means deficient in the management of
bis pen ; and ytt if the North Americans are ever brought t^
confefs that they have maintained a fallacious plea, we imagine
it muft be by other proofs of the power of the Britiih parliament
over them, - than thofe that are here produced. The fird argu-
ment offered tojuftify this extenfion, is neverthelefs far front
being the weakeft that hath appeared in the courfe of this con*
troverfy, and efpecially of thofe contained in this performance/
* A fundamental principle that has ever been regarded as fuch far
all writers of government is, that in every civilized ftate, there mm
htp ibme where, a fupreme all-controling power. In the Briiift
Hate this fupreme power is by the conftitution fixed in the unite^
wills of the king, lords, and reprefentacives of the people in parlia-i
ment aflembled. Are the coionifts fubjedl to this fupreme power?.
They themfelves acknowledge that they kre in every thing, except-
ing taxation. But the principles of our conflitation, when fully un-
derflood, will, I believe, evidently prove, that the Britifh parlia-
ment, coropofed of the three eftates above mentioned, it fupremei
not in one branch of legiflation alone, but in all branches, in taza*
tion as in every thing elie, . without any refpe^fl to the approbation
or difapprobauon of the individuals of the fociety over whom it pre-
lides, when their general welfare is villbly the obje£i of its decrees/
This leads to an examination of the pofition, that in a free
nation, fuch as ours, taxes cannot be impofed. without the con*
fent of the individu^s of the fociety by whom they are to be
paid, or of their aAual reprefentatives. Mr. Locke is cenfured
for having afierted, *^ that the fupreme power cannot take from
any one, any part of his property but by his own confent,
otherwife he has no property at all.'' On this occafion the
Writer fays, * if it be in the very eflence of a free man to djf-
pofe of his property as he plcafcs, there is not in that ca(e i^
fitigle free fubjeS in Great Britain. Where is the noble or
commoner that dare fay, he can refufe paying a tax, when the
legiflature has ordained it ! Here however he overfhoots the
mark ; for no man in his private capacity, can refufe obedience
fo laws made by his reprefentatives : and if the Americans claioa
no fuch right,' he fhould not infinuate abfurdities againft them^
of which they are not guilty.
After advancing this charge of incongruity againft Mr. Locker
die &me acdufation is extended to Mr, Pownal. '
! Froai
in, a ciyiUze4 gpvcrnpcn^ it hfs been conwon to veg^ ^**^
in die Briti(h'tuce'as un^n jp^atuit, Qr. as a free rUt gpeu at uif
E' ifurc of the individaai. t^\is governor PownaT tells at, " fiipl-
s granted Jn oafliament arc of good will, not of ^uty j tlic &^
volimtaiy actof the giver, not obligations and fer^iccs, wIkIi
the giver cannot ttf right reftfe." And again, *« Bitf, t!i« aretfe
members of parliament, do not rive and graft t from thb proper^ of
otbfFt «>ciif» theflufelRCs." Both of thefe are fallb propo^hionr, on-
mofAy of tbf difc^rnnisiit and abiHtits, which tkat gcat|einm»iui
fhc)vn in other pnrts of thp trc^tifc reSwred to, Whocw will b«
adi'^t to the firil priacjpl^s, jind to the forms of the Bf itifii oopftics-
tion for ages palt, mad, 1 think, allow, tha; fuppUes, panted ia
parliament, are both of free-will apd of dptyj and ccrtftiniy in «-
tardto the la(t proportion, the burden of fupplies is always extended
tb a greater number of individuals than ever gave their con fen t to the
raifi»g of them, either perfonally or by their reprefcntatives/
Wc do not clearly fee what is gained by this refined diftioc-
Hm between Jufy zndfne ivitt. It is both the duty and will erf
ill free focifcti^s to fupport thcmfelves in their political capar
city J the mode and proportion of this fuppprt i?, wc will fup-
pofe, voluntary : hjence that fuppprt will bie contriti^ted uadipr
a,,t)VQ^Id confideration, of what is needful, and what they can
^qtd i and of tbeTe circumftaaocfi, the repcefentattves of tbc
peopk are the acknowledged judges. The fable of die beUy
^ad the members is wrong applied by our Author in this cnk 3
foc^ tbougJi an individual may perhaps be wtUing to die, we
cannot fuppofe a nation to adopt the. refolution prfelf deflnic-
tioD : add to this, that no undue exemptions can be inaintaiaed
in popular aflemblies, where the majority always binds the mi*
nority. As to every individual not being repreientcd in tbc
firitifli houfe of cotprnpos., . it is cprtaiply a de^^^ cop&deriog
the prefent circupilances of the p^opk, but 31^ n^iCl m^ko^tKe
beft of our government as wc fin^ J^* The truth ja, our coofti^
tution ftill retains the frame which jt rqceiyed on the old feudal
pi;incipl.es j when it knew nothing of perfons w^o were not
cither freeholders, or freemen of trading corporations* Tiradjc
has indeed made every individual zfree mmy but has npt veiled
every man with an a<Uive fh^re in the political, goyer^unent pf
tHe country ; though h$ participates in ail the advai^ptge^ a«
individual can enjoy from tb^t govprniy^pnt: he is. feouxed
iagaintt oppre&on, by the equal pr,QtRdlioi^ which . tb^Jaw^ af^
ford him j and he khow3 that thofc who enjoy tbc p9W5jrs pf
legiljation, cannot tax hini, withput includifig^^jieipfelxeji. . %t
the Americans who live in another y and a r<;^&^(:Q^mi'Y> ^i^ifl)
is wh9lly u^reprefented 10 the B/itlfii parliamei^^, pl;:ad, thj^ if
9ur powers of Uxation ex^ndp^ oyQf tlje pcea0|^ they have jjo
Itich fecurity aigainft the abufe of them*
. ^ ' Oof
the Jnurican Cobnits vinjicaiedm d^^
, Our Author indeed fays, * I do not mean, however, that the fu-
preme power in any flate has no limitation's; for if it ordains things
contrary to the laws of God, or manifcftly deftruftf^ of the fociety
over which it prefides, it ordains what it h^s no authority to ordaia^
confeqaently its ftotutei are void, and individoals may difobey, not
that they have any inherent right oVerche enabling power; bat be«
Cftttfe, infafl, nothif^ has b^n cna^Ud, when an, iniquitous fti^ute
lias been promulgated.'
We mui^ confefs we cannot fee the line here drawn ; ^fpeci-
ally as there is no fear of an exprefs jftatute for the wor/bip of
the devil, or for the deftruftion ojf'thc firft-bom of the land to
reduce the price of provifions. Bu^ Jaws of a bad tendency may
neverthelefs be enacted by ' the fuprcme all'ContKolling power j*
sndQur Author (hould have informed us who are to declare them
* void/ and hw wc may fecurely'^difobey* thcm» without in-
turring the penalties ftnexed to the crime of rebdlion.
■ After having reprobated the political fentimcnts of Mr» Locke^
find Mr. Pownal, there was little reafon to expeA our Authot^
fhould pay greater deference to the opinion of Df . Franklin,
wbo is thus animadverted on:
' The conftituents who (end ^he reprefentatives'ta the houfe ot
commons, may not perhaps exceed 200,000 or 300,000 in number |
yet ei|[ht millions of fubjedls in Great Britain are taxed by the reprc*
icntatives of thefe conftituents without their Own confent. Thus we
]ind that what B. Franklin ftates as a falfe propofition, i^ order X6
apologize for the difobediencfe of the colohifts, is prccifely the true
fundamental principle of the BritUh conftitution, ** That fellow-fub-
|c6ls in' one part of the doifainfons are fovereigns over felloW-fubjc£ls
m another part,'' even within the iHand of Great Britain, confc-
quently throughout the whole empire. The truth of this pi^pofition
being clearly eftabliftied, overturns at once the whole bafclefs fabric
of reprfefentation and'taxation, reared by falfe oratory, but left nn-
fupported by the leaft prop of a fingle argtiment,* 4
However authoritatively this is decided, it is prefumed w6 have
already (hewn the fecurity our unreprefented countrymen live
under ; which is that of fliaring in the benefit of the laws of thci
land, and bearing only the common burden of taxes, propor-*
tioned to their property, trade, and expences. Unlefs the legif^*
lature irapofed peculiar loads on the unreprefented part of the
nation to the exemption of their conftitueats, we cannot per-»
ceive how the above argument is (iipported* The Americans^
(who are an immenie body, living under peculiar circuniftances^
in a remote land, where they have raifed -diftinA communities^
who are not reprefented in our parliament, but have rcprefcn-
tative affemblies of their own, and who bear their own internal
burdens) defire only to live in the ftate of fubje<£tioti in which
they have hitherto continued, without the impofltion of new
claims over them : if thefe new daims^ produce difagreeAble
Gonfequences, th^ are juftly chargeable on the innovators.
Rsv« Apr. 1774. . T By
^74' ^^ ^'i^^ ^/^^^ Brlitjh tigifidturi h tax
, .By tlue tfitc which the Author has given of* the tii&i bctwecti
Great Britaiii ami hei; c(Joaies^ be appears t6 Se a inuch cnorc
coiDpecent jil<lge of that fufajed, than of tbehr pohtical coa-
oexion. IMecft, to adopt his diftindion bet\freeh t poUtiial
antl m^rcahtile balance of trade, and* agreeSngr with hioi that
tJic flourifflihg ffa!c of America AeWS th^t the former rsr iif bef
favour^ while the latter refb in Great Briitifty; » wSirtd Aite
hcjtn mutii bdttc? if the motlic'r gauntry Hail reto?ni?3 confcnt
with the gaih^ lloWing from her pb\fer^ irf r^ffrtcftng ihfe AAie-
fican trade; than to haVeafcaied muriiiurs itH di(conteni?, by
coVetbufly end^voUring to diraW bM^^\iXi(A^ 6^er Her^.
Tbb fotlbWinjg' plat\ of colony taxatiob it ^o^6Aii
• 'f hduglf the'SlbnifeV, Ifay; bo'g^t \U duty to bear a pro^rd&i-
able (hiire of ail n^onaY burdens i^^ftd" 6/ tl!^fu^refn& legtflatiire»
yet I would not be dn^e^66d tO n^e^h, thtft the/ oogbt to bear an
equal tiarrWhh the fabj^s^in Ebi^and^ a:r i\m, woold Be ikfia
diTproportionate., The gitat opuUnos towahis tW center df go-
veirnroent^ en'abkt the fubje^s i^ho jnhabic there to^ bear foch caxes^
as would be rainous to the fubjcds in the ,remocer promces; hot the
fflfialler contributicms of thefc laft are brought nej^r to a |Mur ^th
thofe of the others by the abfntee pfdprietSors.. wHo t^^tx^ vs> tke
feat of einpirey and fay the balaolre ot trade» wnic}\th^ ceiiter of the
Aate generally receives from the exUemfd^s. The taxation of the
colonies therefore, in regard to the national defence, may bf re*
duced to the four following articles : i\ That the exports and im-
ports in the colonies fhould be brop^' .as nearljr as" circdmftances
will admit to tKe fiune rates as thole in Great Britain, a Tlut no
tax ihould ever be impofed npon the American coIonWliy parlta*
inent, without one of the fame kind beln^ impoled upod Great Bn-
tain, in a proportionable degree. 3. That the land tax ih^old b^
ever at the fame rate both in the mother <*ottntry» and in Ajperi<9»
4.* That taxes on luxury^ or fumptoary taxes, pugbt ever to'be t&c
fame in both countries,; under which clais ttamb duties n^y very pfo-
perly be ranged, independent of then* great utility in regulMing Bia»
ny domeftic concerns.* ^ ^ *
The methods of enfoTting AicK reguhfions aVe thui; iniiotnt^S:
* As the'people in the eoloilics strir in gendral rather ndfled titah
ill-intentioned, I believe I have with the(^ HXttzJSLy li^^the tnoft
ci!e6\ual mdaris of a£!^King: th*^ n^t of parKameiit to taer«toii» in
proving it to be altogether jnft and cOnftitutionaK But JU thcte aire
others who'wtli not be convinced, bat by argsments cf a di:ffei)e&t
natore, I leave it to fuch to reflefil upon the confeq^neDcefi to thenar
fhould the two houles of parliament, in imitat^n of the pariianaent
of Queen Elizabeth, humbly reprefeot to ^is Majedy that the qUr-
tcrs of the .American colonics are detrimental to the nation, and pe-
tition his Majetfy^ tarecal them ahd grant others, a& the Uie Kin^
"William did to the colony of MalTachufet's Bay, dire^ly agsnnft the
requed of tbaic colony ; or how (hey would be affe^ed fhouid ani A
of parliament be made in this prefent fei&on; • ena^ing Tkm SA
the draivhacki and Aunties ufott umm^ditiis tXfMrted /a, «r iw^mriwd
from the cticuUs^ Jball aa/e ; thui i'Uiry colonifi fiail h dttUtfd im^
£0««Mr
thi Jmmcad Cohkhs tntuKcateJU I75
t^^tiih ofbtiJtng mmj place rffref^ cr tn^ in QfiM MliNdm Pt A'tUmdi
Niwfommdlmmi^ f anj thtr €$afi aflhrib jtmirieM% «r,f^nr|||yge.^A^|'-
4«f t9 Gtiot Briimn ; that tbi a& in favour of tbt watwralizfitiom olfoftiMm
^roitftants fittUng in Itortb JntkrifaJbaU Be repealed^ ana e%M fer^
ffm Great Britain aiti Ireland JkiUtig in the colonies^ be Mecland am
alien f diid tncafable of being again fUitnralixed 'utith$ni an expref$ oB rf
Ihe SrtfijB tegifi&tAre^ t w6uld propoib an ad dP parUament, con^
taliuog: tiki above xnendbtied claafei, but extending to thofe.colonief
aldQe tvbo hare xefofed obedience to the ad, or acts of pariiamcnii
impofing a tax upon the colooies. And fnch an ad ought to remaia
in force as a mQBitor7» till the knilaturv of each cofony ^p^all,. in
the ttiodi ex^refs manner, acknowledge. That thb Kinc^^s Ma-
jBSTv^ tr an6 with thb advice an6 cosjiB^r 6v tHB L6iiol
SPIRITUAL AND TBM^0ltAt» AnIS CdMllbNS OP OrBAT BtlTAili
Afizuifib ttf t^AKXtAhitNti HAt4 iiATU^ ANI^ OP RIOHT OUGHf
*]^b #AVtf iftLV PdWBl AND AVr^OAiTy TO MA^B £3lWi A II I» ST A*
I'^tl) t^tr ^t)PriOi^H^ tOMSX AfeUS VAMDITT TO Ml'UU TMB. CPLO-
ViCS. AKb ^BOPUI OF AMSaiClh^ 4VB/£CTi Of* T^lla QJMV^H fit
G4€ikT i^TAnr'y^^ i»r all ca4bs whatsobvmrs .'^bii j|obIedecla-
ration, did ^hf eoloni/U but fee their, owfi interefts^ 9^S\f tp^bci iCj-
larded by them as ^ New Bill of KiOifT^ in thei^^favoor^ ^alnn
the pretenfions of orerogative, tf^ afcenvards, jus ]M^e^ (hquld.
by, and With tKe ac[vice of his parlumient, ddmft the Agent V i^ritf
- -'-'-- •— Vhtof de1it — ' -"-
wbuU not have ^bm t&enCe.t&^ im&Helt itffec of cpnftitiitibt&al au-
thority moK than it Has at preicint. , Shpufd thb fadidtis ecAcAiifti
i^U remain peribeifelyob^^ni^^^ iudeeS, th^
Sftother country xijuOave rkou^ ratio, oi; las*^
a^A^ON, ,iii maintenance ot itft jUS zikd hUtOral ri^bts ; a^^ wh^
would fale the cbuf^tt^nce of tile c6tltefi, ma^ be judgdd of from thi
IbQbwiagjfemarks ot two peWbfi^ t(st ill acdu^int^d with America;
l)r. Frankfiri tells iXs in iis pktdpiitti ipoJ th* (tolbniet, . *• Thift
Whil^ our mtnpli^ ^t tei^ conittiit^; the baffle of the Ohio C^^ point
talju- ancl much nearer than ConnaU^ht and Ulil^r were ih t&t d^yi
of Queen EJfizabiii/' An<l_g>veirner Fo^nal in Ms Adm&i&inttioiJL
o|f the Colonies objfr^es, * .— — -
agfaiuA QaeSec, if the', '.
two {hips of thfe fiiie, with a fiigatte <. ., ,
^tches, .they might have barpt Halifax, BoAon, NeW Ybrlt^ 6t
Riiladelphia without intcruptiotf .'*, ^ Thcfe arc vidories, however;
cliat a lover of Git^t Britain ana ofikt colonies would hfoM ui ab-
horrence; ancl» 1 hope in the piefent difpute^ the only vldbrjr witf
betje.yidor^oftruth.' %, * .
, What is ic thai this ulitma ratio cannot cftAlUh for tttidil
T % Art*
C *76 ]
Art. Vlf. A Camdid Statt ofJffmirs relatt*ut to Eafi India Shipphg^
for the Tmr 1773. AddrdPed to the Proprieton. Bjr Sir Riduid
' Hotham. 4to. .28. Walter^ 1774.
WE have lately had fevcral difadvaiitageous accounts of
the mirmanagement of the £aft India Company's
affairs I but accufations df a grofs nature receive not fo much
weight from a concealed pen,.unle(ii fupported by very clear
evidence^ as when the accufer ftands forth, openly and honeftly,
to avow his charges, and ftamps them with the credit of a
rcfpeftable name.
Sir Richard Hotham once before, in ftrong terms, arraigned
the Company's want of Economy in emplbying a fuperabun-
dancy of Ibips in their fervice ♦. He explained the private
motives, and traced the confe^uences, of ^is mifcbndu^ He
has now.refumed the fubjcA; and relying; on the credit of fo
well informed a writer, and . tnifting, as wi muft do, to repre*
fentations which wear (b great an appearance of truth, we
cannot 4>ut think this genth$man tntitled to the acknowledge
ments of the Whole body bf independent proprietors.
The {)^mphlet 6pcns with the following pertinent remarks
bn the prefent fyftem of mariagdm^nt in the Company,
c *• If the independent prq)rietors of Eaft India (lock could be pre-
vailed Qu to examine into Ac real* Hate of their fhipping, there is no
douB^^ biit tl^ey wpuld difcover, that very great abufes have been
long piaiUlca; and, we'rV't^tey once well underftood, might the more
cauly & cor'reflcd, They^ would ibon find i gftzl J>art of the Com-
nany^s prefent difb-efs on^natecL with, and h^s beeti artfully upheld
nyV feme of the leading, ini?rabfrs of their own body, who were im-
mediately intruded tbcbn^ud thjfir affairs 5 t^ktrfg t6 their affifhihce
iiich'of. tbcir friends, as th^y fbu;id, could moft effedually execute
their fecret ' defign*. Th^y P^/y^ps wpdld diftttvef^ innumerable in-
fiances, that one corruption and abuife 'introduced another; tilt cfaey
are fo.interwQ.ven with pach'QiJieh and fo, ftrongly fupported by the
prjvatciintereft of fpch a number of opukht iilcn, deeply intrenched;
and locked aa it were arm. in arm> that it feemi to border On fbtly to
offer tKe deareft truths, or fbundeft" arguments, if sf general Court, in
defence of the real intereft of this very beneficial Company. A gbtrfng
inffance of this appears in. the pppofition, lately made, by a large
body oOerJF* rich fhip-builders^, rope-makers, hulbiands, and com-
manders^ with their ivuin^rous conneAiont* All iJf whom are'^ai
they iayl, injured by the necefla'ry red'uftion*' yf ftiipping. Axni w-
deed, if^we cpnfider, that they have enjoyed the fweets of building
and repairin^^ fitting and rentting old rotten (hips, becoming ^
chiefly by being unemployed, at ah fnifredHk lexj^cnce to die C6m-
pany and fhip-owners, for the laff twenty years, is it to be wondered
at, that they ihould (6 unwillingly part with fbdi taluable gam»
having evidently had above double the nnmber of ibips in this Arr^
' :-: ' — : ^-^ ^ •
• See Review, vol. xlviii. p. 327.
vice
Poiham en th EaJl-InSa Shipping for the Yior 1773. 277
vice than could be properly employed ? and if as many more conld
have been introduced, it would have been flill more advantageous to
them» For the more (hips, the greater number of commandera And
officers, the mord fpHt votes they could create, the more real ones
they could make, and of courfe the more of their friends they could
force into the direflion. Thefe were the iinews of their great tranf-
aflion, by which very large fortunes have been made. But this once*
Hourilhing Company has not been enriched by thefe means. On the
coiitrary, her diftrcffes have come rapidly on from every quarter,
even from her fuppofed htfi friends nearefl home. She has (ately
narrowly efcaped immediate, ruin ; therefore every decent and rea*
fonable information ought to be well received, that can contribute
to her recovery. . There is no doubt, but that this junto will ever
prevail in Leadenhall-Hreet. Their intered makes them watchful,
and give cloie attendance, when any thing relative to (hipping is agi-
tated. The difinterefted proprietors give themfclves, 1 am afraid,
«o trouble to be undeceived. They arc too apt to believe the artful,
well-told tale of the day : and if it gains credit only for half an
honr, while a well-inllrufted majority fandifies it by a vote,
they gain their ends. But would the proprietors attend, and impar-
tially decide; thofe that have abilities v^ould be encouraged to fpeak
out. But to what purpose would it be for a fmall number to «xerc
themfelves, when fo great a majority of interefted people are ready
to put a negative on the beft-concerted propoiicion ? To engage the
attend^cie of independent proprietors, the Author of this treatife
fnbmits many truths, carefully colleded, and prefents them to the
Public ; prefumlng that every land-holder in England, that pays to
the land-tax at the rate of one thoufand pounds a year, is much
more concerned in the profperity of this Company, than a proprietor
who pofleffes one thousand pounds capital flock. The one can only
lofe his flock ; but the other, were the revenues, now paid by the
Company, to be annihilated, mull make good thofe deficiencies, if
no other expedient could be found out. The clear revenues, arifing
from the Company's trade, are faid to bring in annually to the pub-
lic treafury nine hundred thoufand pounds. This is equal to nine
fifteenth parts of the land-tax, at three (hillings, and would require.
If on land, near one fhilling and ten-pence in the pound ; fo that
cvtry eleventh year the lai^-holder's whole capital would be anni-
hilated. In this point of view, it behoves the landed intereft, and
others of any kind of property, to attend in time to this y^t^ im«
portant truth : for if the proprietbrs themfelves nuill not, or cannot
remove the enormous oppofition to the Company's future profperity.
It onght then to engage the ferious attention of parliament ; not
only for the fake of the Public, but likewife for the fecurity of the
injured Hock-hoMbrs both at howu and abroad.^
Referring the operofe calculations and (late of fa£b em*
ployed to (hew the annual lofs fuftained by the Company in
the article of (hipping, (which is eftimated at 142,000/. nearly
^\. fir Cent, on the whole of. their ftock) to thofe who are
more immediately interefted in the examination ; we (hall, in
T 3 ' confideration
f;«ilidqfation of t|^ impoi;Uii£c qf th^ futyefi, J^d pjirt jrf wj)||
|;he Wrii^er %b on the artkle of privAj:p traflc*
.' Did not the captain'^ piivitie trtde iqt^ltu^ m^ t)ie Ceiii^jp}r>
tfnd aup-onrnen' joil rightSt tike fqllptying {noil isodcrate oli^a-
turn wottU be ioipropcr : bet, a« tbe cii^e pqw js^ kt ns luppQ^B,
.that a jbip oifnxtn hnmdfd 49d Jifty-pgk KW, baUd(:r^ mfiUure, if
cjqiwbk of taiua^ out (allow fpr |^ 4ke pf eyqp Dmnben) o^
tbou&nd toofy which hat ifonskerlx cairied put oiUy t^ree or foQf
Imiidred for the C^mf^mjf ; and fiiikd at tl^ fame ^ra{jt of waUTa
that (he now doo, with a tboiifaod |oqs. It ieefi^s f^r rcuUbping
toeonclodet that this fliip bad loaded o^ tboufaod tpfts before be?
fiiilifigt at the fame draft of waten It then follows, that iftjhe Co^i*
pany had only three or four handred. tons on boards fome other pqv
Ion bad the benefit of the reft, fipt, to be very candid op t^U oc-r
caiion. I will allow* that the ihip had five hundred for the Coa^
pany, and five hundred tons of private trade. Under this foppo-
iitiont I beg leave to take a view of the Company *s affairs ^t ^if
port the (hip is configned to in India, wtiere t^eir fervants bai^
bitberto been allowed to trade. 1 hefe gentlemen perhaps tX)Qld not
immediately pnrchaie the Company's goods ; and as the commandcn
and ofiLcers have an equal, if not a (bperior quantity, poffiblj of
better cboien, and more marketable wares, excluGve pf guns, fire*
armsi and other prohibited merchandize, as well i^ cloth, cordagir,
lead, iron, &c who can beitate to believe, but that ^be private uad^
will find tite firft, and eonfequently the beft market? And will any
nan of common ienfe fay, that thefe hve hundred tpos of ^rivai;!
trade firft fold (ib fiur as they eoriefpond with the Company's inyeft-
ment) wiH not damp the fak of their g9Qd< 2 e^'pcjcialjy aa fud(
large inveftments, as are reported feme commanders have tak^ outt
amounting perhaps to twenty thoofand ]K>unds and upwards f AUoif
a part of tbu fnm to have been laid out ip vmU^m tUfhs f h it to be
wondered at then, that jour cloths remain unfold at Bengal, ar^ de>
pofited in the warehoufes, and Stccm m^k-mtPf- purely xhl% is 4
Bamral confequence. How then is this to be prevepud but by abo«
liibing all private trade ? Would it not be tbo,«gbt ej^tr^mely i^bfacdt
for any man labouring under a violent diftemper in bis blood to
fufifer it long to remain, without applying iox a tpmtdy : woald it
not daily fpread through every vein, and cont^^^nate bis whole
mafs, till at laft the faul confe(|uenpe is the (ofs of 1^^ i I{aa sol
the original introdudion of private trade p^.ca£on^d a violent d^
order in the con^tntion of the Company ? Ha$ it ^pt b.een uipi^ijf
eircul^ting through every part of it for many ye|ir^, daily iqipairjn^
its ftrength and vigour, till it is become weak and languid ? Will a
not then, if not prevented by a total prohibidop, prpve latal to the
flock>holders ? To carry this plan into e;!^ec;ution, give your cfiptaina
fburthouiand pounds fi>r eacb voyage, be it hmg or Jif^ru T-bk
would put an end to the Compaivy's long and ^profitab^ ^^#iB?>
efpecially that moit fhameful one to Bombay an<^ C.hina, wj^cb u
generally given by the Chairu^ap to feme favourite, as a recpmpei^
for €xtraor4fnarji /erwes. If al| the voyages wcr^ made of eqna^
Hotham on ihi Eqft Ifidia Shipplftgfor tht Tiar 1773. 279
value to tbe commanders, a flop would be pat to all improper foli*
citanoiis'; and the dire&ors left at fiSerty to parl«e the C6mpanx''j
Mtereil 4itfy. Thus, no voyage, v^ichoat fomfc anforefeea aocident,
need be longer than fixteen months, and it i^opld effe^o^Ilj prevent
all tvf'lfit^ u/s ^ifjfffii and jMoni\ Jt wcmld greatly promote the
i^peedy difpatch or your ihips abroad* and confeqcrently fave an iturt»
i'tbk dimurragt. It wotitd nkewife difcourage your commanders from
puttings into' Ireland or elfewhere,' outward or homeward bound,
onleft throDgh real di^fs, or other necelTary occafioni * Give your
^ief pr iiril fn^tc .twenty, (he fecpnd £fteen,.ihe third twelve, tbe
|ourth ten ihil lings pfr da^y, .^o th^ ^nd of fixteen months piily^ but
if t|iis, and wha>t h^s bepn propqCed for the commanders fhouFd nc^
)>e thought fufii<6!ept, allow 1^0 re. An inconceivable advantage
will certainly anTe to the Company, if you preferve your trade and
chartered rights to'yourfclves ; and thole yon employ will becon^e
rich, honeft, and refpeflable. I have never heard more than two ob-
jedUons to this plan t the firil is, make them what allowance you will,
nhey will Itill ptirfue the fame illegal pradice. fiad men, indeed, in
ill flations of life, will perievere in wrong anions. But, furely, if
you pay t;hem ge^^jerouily, and the piirti^s atknOfldfidge chemfelves
/atis^ed, a law may be made to infl^id an exe^^ipjwy puAJihment o»
^hofe who tran^iefs. •
'* The other is, that the captains and oiEcers having thnr all^ qr
their grcatcft property on bpard, will Hand by the ihip, on all dan-
gerous occafions. niuch longer than if they had no property to be
fallowed up in the ocean, 6r taken by an enemy. A failor ^s faid
¥0 fsf little or no valtte upon his life ; I do allow, that failors are
brave and intrepid. The ibber and fe^iible part of them have tho
^iaoe feelings at other naen, when^ their lives are at ibike« As the
^a^' now ll^ndSf they Jofe all their wages, if the ihip does not arrivs
fafe. But if their wages are increased, to wh|it nheir fprmer advaiH
x^^%% brought them in, '^ey will not bepjui;ed. 1 cpold now.widi
to recommend to the proprietors, to form fuch a la,w ^s may totally
prevent that very deflru^ive cuftom 0/ felling or buyii^g commAnds^
or births in (he mips employed in their (ervice. It is fraught widi
every mifchlef, and 0|>erates daily kgainft every principle of jaftice
and common honefty.* ' ' ' ' "
Here wcfhalt difmifs a fubjed wit4i which it will not be fup-
pofed that we are very lotinFiately acquainted, (effidalfyjmcitbi
difquarification of finall pr^priftoti) otAy hinting to Sir Richard
jSfotham, that If he cin but contrive to qualify our fociety to
enter on the dire^ion^ anJ to review the affairs pf this opulent
Cofppany^ in^ead of confining our talents to the fuppoft of a
mpnthly |^amphlet,--*we hereby engage, on fo defirable a tran^-
-}ationy to render l^s fafther remonitrancea on this or any other
fpeties of mal-adminiftrat^on, totally unneccflary : and we think
lie capnoc have a feirer offer.
T 4 Art,
•
[ 28o ]
AiiT«VIII. FbilofipbUal Tran/a&ions. VoL. LXii, concluded: Set
Review fi>r January, p. 28.
Articles relating to Chemistry.
Article 19. Objtrvations on iiffvrent Kinds of Air ^ By Joicpb
Pfkftlcy, LL.D. F.R.S.
THIS long aod valuable Article, which contains maoj
original and important obfervadons, both on the atmo-
fpherical, and on various kinds of fa&itiolis, air, has been very
juftiy diftinguiflied by the Society to which it is addrefled, by
their adjudication of Sir Godfrey Copley's mqdal to the inge-
nious Author of it. Ifi his refearches into this interefting part
of natural philofophy. Dr. PrieiUey has indeed been peculiarly
fortunate : though it is fcarce juit to ufe that expreffion in
the prcfent inftance ; as few of his difcoveries have beea the
produd of chance, hut evidently the refult of a happy turn for
philofophical fpeculation, and of a certain addrefs-^a curi^
felUites^n planning, feiedling, and executing the moft apt or
appropriate experiments. As the Philofophical Tranfadions do
i^o^ fall into the hands of many who may be both inclined and
qualified to profecute and extend the Author's difcoveries, wc
are glad to hear, not only that the Dodor is preparing a fepa-
rate edition of this valuable article, which will (hortly be pub-
lifhed \ but that he has likewife very confiderably eiflarged it
with new and Interefting obfervations. We (ball therefore de-
fer giving any account of the prefent paper, till we have had the
-iatisfadion to perufe this larger and more complete det^ of hh
philofophical inquiries*
The two remaining articles of this clafs contain only tbe asu*
lyfis of certain mineral waters. In Article 3, Dr. Donald
Monro gives an account of thofe of Caftle-Loed and Fairburo,
in the county of Rofs ; and of a purgb^ water at Petkcathly
in Perthfiiire. In the 32d Dr. PercivaT relates tbe experi-
ments made by bim on the waters of Buxton and Matlock, ani
.944s fome obfervations with refpe^ to theif ufe.
Papers relating u Mbdicinb^
.Article 3i« On the Dlge/Hm of the Stmacb after Dioti. By
John Hunter, F. R. S. iccm
This article contains fome new and curious fiads, and phf-
£ologica] dedudUons from them, which throw confiderahle
l^ight on the procefs of digeftion. Tbe ingenious Author 6b*
-ferves that ^U animal fubdanc^s, while they are endowed with
t^e Jlvittg principle^ are protected by U from the adioa of many
other powers, to which they yield when they are divefted oi
iu Thus, as long as this principle remains m them, wonns^
Q( Qthet infe^^ live in tb^ ftomach, uodifturbed by its di-
Z gcftire
PhiUfopbUal Tranfa^hns^ fir tbi Tior 1773. a8r
geftive powers, and even breed and are hatched in that
Hnfcus: but on the lofs of that prind'plc, they become fubjeft to
thefe powers, and arc decompounded. * If it were poffiblc/
fays the Author, * for a man's hand, for example, to be intro-
duced into the ftomach of a living animal, and kept there for
fome confiderable time, it would be found, that the diflblvent
powers bf the (lomach could have no efFedt upon it \ But if the
nme hand were fepafated from the body, and introduced into
the fame ftomach, we fhould th6n find that the ftomach would
immediately aft upon it.'
That the fubftance of the ftomach itfelf is not formed of in«
digeftible materials is well known ; as the ftomach of a dead
juiimal is eafily digefted in the living ftomach of another: but
the Author has difcovered that the latter, though it is capable
of refifting the digeftive powers which it contains, while it is
pofleffed of the principle of life, is no fooner deprived of it^
than it becomes immediately capable of being, itfelf, in part
digefted, tneriely by the remains of that very power, which it
juft before poiieflTed, of digefting other inanimate fubftances |
and which are now exerted upon its own fubftance.
In the difle(£lion of dead bodies, the effe£is of this filf'iigeF*
fhe power refiding in the ftomach have been often obferved (
though the true caufe of the appearances was unknown. A
confideAble aperture has been found in this organ, at its great
extremity, through which its contents have been obfcrvol to
bave pafled into the cavity of the abdomen, fo as to tome into
contact with the fpleen and diaphragm ; on both which have
appeared evident marks of diflblution. The edges of this open-
ing have exhibited figns of their having undergone the a£lion of
fome folventg fo as to refemble the ftate of a fleftiy fubftance
ivhich had been half digefted in the ftomach of a living animaU
There are very few dead bodies, the Author obferves, in Which
fome traces at leaft of thefe appearances may not be obferved.
It was natural to conclude that thefe feemingly morbid ap«
pearances had been produced during the life of the fubjed;
af^ as natural, fometimes, to confider them as the probable
caufes of his death ; but the Author never found that thev had
any connexion with the fymptoms of the preceding diieafe ;
and was afterwards led to the true caufe, on finding thefe ap«
peanmces moft frequent in thofe who had died a violent death* '
in one cafe, for tnfiance, here related, a man in perfeA healthy
after having eat a hearty fupper, was killed outright by a fingle
blow of a poker on his head. On opening the abdomen, the
ilomachyvas found diflblved at its great end,, and perforated;
fo that a confiderable part of its contents bad paQed into the
general) cavity of the belly*
* la
In confequcnqe of z yaricty of phfcryutiqns an4 f^B^^V'^ffBi^
made by tlie Author on the fubj^rS, lie wa^ k4 tp copduJc
ithat it was < from th^ procefs of digeftiofi going on ^fccr <tcatb» I
that the ftqmachi being dead, ,wa8 no jqnra: capable of rcfift* '
ing the powers of that qienftrjium, wluch itfclf bad foxta^ for
the digcftion of its contents/ With this Jj3ca, he ^ jfet about
pakin^ experiments to produce jjhpfe ^ippcafgnce^ at pljrafure.
vhich Avoi/id have taught us ^ow juu^ fbt anitoal ougftiio liv^
after feeding, and how (ong it Qiould remain after dfaih b^^forp
jt IS opened ; and above all^ to find out the method fff pro*
ducing the greaiell digefliv^ power in tfie living (Ipmacb-' jBut
|his purfuit led him, heobfcrves, into an unboundcjoiieM-
The genera] refult deduced by the Author from hfs variotu
experiments and obfervatious pnade on different anirpal.^, paicT-
cularly fifh, is, that the procefs of dlgcftjon is nojt effeflfcj \^j
means of * a mechanical power, nor contrafiions f>f the fto-
jnAch •, nor by heat; but that fomething b fecreted in the coax$
of the Aomach, y/hich is throvyn into its cavity, ^d th^r^ suu-
tnatlfcs the food, or aflimiiates if, to the natur^'^f tl^ J^lb€>it»
be adds, that ih all the animals, >be:b.er C^r,Qiv9ro^^ or oat,
upon which he has made pbfervatiQns, ^e has coi>A{aniI|: found
an acid, but not a ftror.^ one, contained ip f-^^ iuiiccs^ of their
^omach, y^htn that vljcus has been in a natura) itatp*
Article 34. On the medicinal FJjf'^^^h j/"^ PoiJinQus PlanU^xbibi:£4
infiead of the tt^ater-parfnip. By Richard Pultepej, M. D*
F. R. S. ' . '
This article contains the cafe ,9/ a gentleipap,.wliQ b^> jdu-
rmg a courfc of feveral years^ bee/i 9M\&^6 with an invcteraX^
f!iforder of the fcorbuttc clafs, that inc.wcd JifeU* ip hlhloifts
which c^me out on different parts, and were fu'c^ecd.eid by atjco^
pious feparation of fcales, as is ufual ip leprous ca(es« Afoer
having been reduced to the nK)fi ^^plorable Sate, in coafir*
quence of t(^e difprder's gaining ground, not wit h^l^di^g xhnex*
^— — — - II Ml I I ^ ■ I — ^^
f This pofitioD, we apprehend, thje Author ,do(B| ^ptinf^^cj;^
l^nd to animals' aniverfally. jFrpm ^e'aupittr's e^p^tm^t^ U ^fpf
fp follow that ip birds which feed on grain, and which pave a ga*
iard, digeilion is principally performed by a mechanical power; €t
by trituration. 1 his forci in the ftomacK of a turkey, meaiore^ %
^ it9 effeds i^i flattening certain tin tabes, which lie obliged the bm
x6 fwallow, was found by hitt to be t^tial tO 437 pounus; At tljp
fan^e time different forts of grains, raw; boiled, andhojled, iiiUofcd
an thefe ^ube«, which w^re ppen at ^hcir extreoriti^s, were Aot «t;all
s^e^ed. Neverthelefs he acicpqw)edge> an .afci|l -^juor ^ eijlt^
;hey lli^achs^ ^hicb promotes a ferinentatiof f^i tfim}fiOM.^
their food, S^ Hem. di fjcad. Bfj* dit Sci$ft<ff 4 J^arif f^^CJ^^
»7S2. • ' • ' ....... ...
3 hibidca
Pbihfifhicfl Tranfi^cnff fir ibi Year 1 773, aSj
]u)M^ion of the moil powerful remedies, he was at length cured
t>v faking the juice or a certain j)oifonou8 plant which had been
given him, through miftake, in the room of that of the Water-
paffnip. The Author, on bs^^g httn informed of this ca(c^
{^ocuird a fpecimen of the plant, which had efieiftcd this extra*
ordinary core, and iband it to be the Oenanthe crocata^ oi
Hemlocki drop- wort; a vegetable which holds a diffjoguiflici
place among the poiibrxous plants indigenous in thiis iflandf
and concerning the deleterious dicds of which the Reader will
iind fofne of^fervgtions communicated to the Public by Dr«
Wftfon, in the 44th and joth volumes of the PhiloCc^hical
TranfaAibns.
Z O O L O O T.
Article 20. jln EJfay on thi pirioiUal apptaring and £fappianng
hf ariain Btrds^ at drffunnt Timts of tbi Toar. By the Hon*
Jbaipes Barringtoii, Vice-Pref. R. S.
In thi? eflay the Author difcofles a very curious problem in
natural tiiftory, which he folves in oppofitioo to the prevailing
opinion a^npng the moft celebrated ornithologifts, who now in
general concur in accounting for the periodical difappearance
of ce/tain intire fpecies of birds, by fuppofing that they migrate
from hence into d'ftant countries : and yet, according to Mr*
Harrington, the principal foundation of this opinion is, that in
Europe w;e fpe certain fpecies of birds in particular feafons, and
lofc fight of them afterwards. From hence it has been haftiljr
inferred that they crofs t;he ocean, and vifit other countries*
Mr. Barrington denies that aiiy well attefied inftances can
\ft product of this fuppofed migration, which, if there were
^ny fucH periodical fljght, could not poffibly have efcaped the
frequent obfervation of feamen. It has indeed been aflerted
that birds of paflage become invifible in their flight, becaufe
th|ey rife too high into the air to be perceived, and becaufe they
chpofe the ni^kit for their paflaee. The Author however ex-
prefies his doubts < whether any bird was ever feen to rife to a
Si;eatcr he;ig^t than perhaps twice |hat of St. Paul's croft}' and
e further endeavours to mew that the extent of fome of thefe
fuppofed migrations (from the northern parts of Europe, for
loftanc^, to the line) is too gr^at tp \^t accounted for, by bar*
^^ recourfe ^b the argument founded on a nodumal pa&ge.
The Authpr next recites, 'in a chronological order, all thein«
fbncmhathe ha? beep able to colle£t, of birds having been, a<£tu-
ally fttn \iy ^riners when th^y were croffing a large extent of
jea^ and he e9(ie)vours to (hevf that no ftreG can be laid on the
lew casual obfervations of tfib kind, that have been produced in
^uppprt oJT the doi^ri^e of a regular and periodical migratbn#
Tdr. Barringtoii afterwards proceeds to invalidate M. Adan-
ii^'9 pclcljf^ti^ ob(eryatid|i with refped to the migration of
' ■ * .the
284 Ththfcpblcal TrafifaSfionsy for the Tear 1773.
the fwallow, in particular, and which has been conCdered by
Ipany as perfectly decifive of the prefeat queflion. He eodea*
Tours to {hew chat the four fwallows which that naturallft
caught, on their fettling upon his ihip, on the 6th of Odober,
at about the dift^nce of 50 leagues from the coafl of Sencgali
and which he fuppofes to have been then proceeding from En*
rope, to pafs the winter in Africa, could not be true European
fwallows ; or, if they were, could not have been on their return
from Europe to Africa. His objei^ons are founded princi*
|>ally on fome proofs which he produces of M. Adanfon^s want
of accuracy on this fubjed, which has led him, in the prefent
inftance, to miftake two African fpecies of the fwallov^ tribe,
defcribed and engraved by Briflbn, for European fwallows, to
which they bear a general re(embla;ice : or granting even that
they were European fwallows, he contends that they were flit-
titig from the Cape de Verd Iflands to the coaft of Africa j
* to which fhort flight however they were unequal, and accord-
ingly fell into the failors' hands/
After many ob/ervations and reflexions on the fubjc£l, the
Author endeavours to fupport the opinion that fwallows, amd
perhaps' fome other fuppofed birds of pafliage, reniain with us
during the winter in a torpid ftate ; obferving that, notwith*
ftanding the great care which they take to conceal thcmfelves,
it is certain that they have been frequently found, during the
period of their fuppofed abfence, lying hid in caverns, or hollow
trees, and even under water, fiefide other inftances^ well
known to thofe who have attended to this fubjed, the Author
gives us the teftimony of Mr. Stephens A. S*S, who aiTured
him that he had himfelf picked up a dufter of three or four
fwallows (or martins) out of a pond of his father's at Sbriven-
ham in Berkihire, in the month of February ^ that they were
caked together in the mud \ and that on carrying them into the
kitchen, they foon flew about the room, in the prefence of his
father, mother, and others. The fame h& was afterwards con-
firmed to the Author by Dr. Pye, who was then Mr. Stephens's
fchool'ifellow at Shrivenham, and by another gentleman who
now lives in that village.
It may naturally be afked, why fWallows, in particular, are
not frequently thus found in their torpid |bte. In anfwer to
this queftion the Author obferves, that < the fame inftin^
which prompts the bird thus to conceal itfelf, inftruAs it to
choofe fuch a place of fecurity, that common accidents will not
diTcover it ;* — that < ponds are feldom cleaned In the winter, iis it
is fuch cold work for the labourers / — that fa£ls of this fort are
little attended to ; and that the common labourers who have
the beft chance of finding torpid birds, make no mention of
th^ difcovery to others 3 as they condder it as a thing of courfe,
and
PhihfopbUal TranfaSfkntf for the Tear 1 773.' ^85
and confequently not interefiing to any one. He adds, that
fwallows may be conffantty taken in the month of OSobeij
and even folate as Novernber, during the dark nights, while tbev
fit on the vrtUows in the Thames ; * and'that one may almoil
inftantaneoitfly fill a larg^ fack with them, becaufe at this time
they will not ftir from the twigs, when you lay your hands
upon them.' This, fays, the Author, • looks very much like
their beginning to be torpid, before they hide themfelves Under
the water.*
On a matter which has fo muck divided the moft celebrated
naturalifts, it might become us pc^rhaps to be, filent. We Iball,
however, juft mention one obfervation on this litigated point*
which l)a& beieti fuggefted to us by an ingenious friend, and
which, with certain conccffions, apoeai's to us^to be perfeAly
dccifive of tliis^ueftion, in. favour of the doftrine of migration,
Wc offer it with fbme degree of timidity ; but as the public*
we conceive, do not confider us in the light of profeiTed orni^
thologifts, wc ihall lofe no credit in propofing^t. "
The fwallow, it is fuppofed, like other birds, moults once a
year arleaft : but during the whole time this bird is fcen ^^ith
us, it appears in full feather. The ^rocefs of moultiftg there-
fore muft be performed foniewKerc; but as It isabfurd to fap-
piofel^at this great change can be effeftcd in thcfe birds, wbile
they are 'lying aflecp or tpfpid in caverns and'liollow trees, t)r
immerfed in clufters, in the mud at the {)Qrttom of ponds or
rivcrS|'th^y nxuft mowlt -in fonjediftatnt country, to which they
retire When tbey difappear in thcfe parts. — Such is the fub-
Rance of 6ur friend^s argument ; and granting him his two datd^
we kt not any objeftion that can be made to his conclufion.
In Aftfcle a, Mr. Barrington inveftigates the fpccific cha*
ra£ters which diftihguifhthe rabbit from the hare ; and fuggefts
tviro criteria lefs exceptionable than thofrthat have been hitherto
^fltred to mark this diftiiiSHon'.^-^Inf the Article preceding iti
is given a 'fliort techn}6al Jefcription of a curious and uncom*>
non^fpecies of bird, which Dr. James Badehach' lately met
nrtth at Malacca : and in the 28th and 29th Articles Mr. J. Rl
Forfter ha? given us an account, drawn up l^y him from the
3apers of one of the officers of the HudTon's Bay Company, of
'everal uncommon quadrupeds and birds ; a large colledion of
.vhtch has lately been prefented to the Royal Society from tbe
a^lory at Hudfon*s Bay,
Botany.
This clafs contains only two papers, in the firft of which,
\rticle 16, Mr. Holwd gives an account of a new fpecies of oak,
irft difcovcred and propagated about feven years ago by Mr. Wm.
Lucombe of St. Thomas, near Exeter ; and fince that time, by
nany gentlemen in the adjoining counties; The progenitor of
. • - * • . . thi«
aSS fkhjophtcai Tran/bHians^ for tie fia^ iJH^
diis liew race was produced from an acbm, tal^ii, tc^ether ii^
^any others^ from an oak 6i the iron or wamlcoYipecies^aod
fewn with them, tt (bon' diftinguifiied itiel/ f^m tde rc^ fir
l^eeping its leaves throughout the winter. Mmi^ tlbomuui
were grafted from it, wbicli tl^c Author Bad the ^lesifure of
ifeeing^ foml;\^bat atiove a year ago, * in (iigti flourt(hing 6e^tf
anfi verdure, notwittiftanding tbd (everltj oif tlie mnter.^ But
the peculiar and eftlmsh>le part of th^ chara(9:ej:' of tlii^ tree, is
the amazing nmidity of its growth. The W^nt tree, ^fcvca
years old, meauirea 21 feet in height, ana hill 26 inches in
the girt. The iirft that Mr. Luco^Se grafted^ whic6 is 6 jeao
old, has even outdiot its parent two ^eet in heigfiL T'lieiii^le
ihoot made by thi^ fpecies of oak anni^airy is 10 general from
four to five feet ; fo tnat, the Author calculates, the(e tlrcis will,
m the fpace of 30 or 40 years,, outgrow in height and girt tke
jpommon oak at a hundred. Its Viropdl likewi(e is thous^t, 1^
the beff judges, to exceed all other oalt in i&eiigtn 2id
hardnefs. . , •
The 23d article contains a propoial made by Mr. C)&rz8o«
pher Gullet of preferving different vegetables, pau-ticMrarly cab-
)>ages, whea^ fruit trees, an^ turnep^ from the ravagjess of
caterpillars, flies, &c. by drawtna; an elder bum 6yeif t^em, the
effluvia of which appear, from lome bcperunenlfs liere related,
to be extremely otfendve to thefe.anci.otbef noxioiis itiio^^
rAP£as niating Jo i^ATVK Ah ^is^oitY, W GaogiLAPHT*
In the loth and tjth articles Captain Charles NeW(atufxoiB^
municates fome ufeful nautical obfervatibns maiiz by him doriif
a voyage on the Red 3ea, accompanied with anewcl^s^o^dbat
fea, and two large drau^ts of the roaijs of Mo^ha an^ J'li^Ma.
In the 15th article a particular account is given, bjf Mr^Joha
Walker, of the late cxcraordinfiry irruptiOn of wlwaj Mois,
ill unrated with z drawing: and the 25th contaias a table <^'
the obfervation^^ made by Captain Cook^ inl^is voyages ipooJ
the world, on the lowing of the tides in different pairts ojf ti^
South Sea.
A N T I q^U I T^X ES^j ,.. . T
Article 8. Jn Jaoimt gfafubaratid Datforiusi iie. By the Ker.
John Swinton, B. D. F. R. S. r
. Though we have repeatedly for fome ^ime pw attempted, as
far as we decently might, to divert the^rcyerend^ Author of
this article from his miiiute and untntefefting invetfigatidns of
obliterated and mutilated legends, that occur in certam remtios
of Punic and Etrurian antiquity j he prefents himfclf once more
on the fame ground, and appears as intenfely occupied as evo
in the fame unimportant inquiries.-— ^Your true anti^uariaa
hobbyhorji^ we find, is a grave and ftately animal^ and not
eaiily to be put out of his accuflomed pace, by the crojjings md
Phihjophtcat Trakp^fQhs^ /if tU tdar ijJ2^ ^^j
j^/filigi ot a frilky critic^ p6hey« tVc fometlmes however ha?^
the vamty. to iiiaagine that wc may have been inftrum'ental,^ of
lacei^ In ctiecklng the /requchcy qF £ts ilrinojs; a^Vd rejoice that
V^c have a^t preCnt the rcfulc of only one or ibem, to relate.
^ certain Tub-
... ... ,.,__. ,..,,.,._._,..._,.., .,.,,. fXAittok^,
Oil the rcvcrfc 5 and that the excfgue^ in EtruTcaii chafaflers, may
^apd for * FIR,^ or rather FUR, AhTxf E, i, e. FOlf^. '
fO^TUNA, pr30RS, Al^ 1 11, or A^X^^^^'^^^k
imporf ot this exergue, thus fajlsfa'florily cleafcci uj^, Mr, S*.
learnedly difcuffcs ; — ^but, atas ! ^ tVho r. Cofihius. wHoK JV^w
whf t
iorlus, _ ,. ^_ ^_ -, _^. -. ^
ftcien^ lightf fyi)ni Sncieht m^ ;
fiicpts, tzkeAipon mc' to ^ecide,*
•P. C'/A/zrf
rdun'ded with a^meet of Ibad^ aft'.thc parts^ except t^eyifccra
of the.aDdomeii^ which Ka'd^be^H't^l^cif out^^
u^ncqmmcn ftitp of preferyatipnr. . Thbugli tlie* xfiulcles in g<>
heral had -loft tiieir red c6lpQr« tpcT pjoas mdgnus exhibited .'evi-
dent* marks of red mufctilar fibred; The diira mater was intlre.
a^ were, even the coats of the ey^, which had hot \^hoIly loR
their glifteniiig^ appeai-ance; It is"^ difficult t6 d*et!ei*riiine how
far tWc (inguiar prerervalibri o? t^li body fron^ plTtfefa^ibA^ Wai
owing to ^r^, ojciQ^ the operation of.naturil^ caUfi^.sV
^ E L.^ c t R i c I T Y inii ytirit^i'. J
jtn t^e i/tii article an a'cicourtt is' given, drk^n Up fey Mr.
|tfchl^» oF a ftbrni of lightning vthich ftrutt tlie chapcf, or
tabernacfle^ in Tottenharti-c6uft-roa'd ; together willl i detiil ot
its efFeds oh cl^ building, antf oh the perfoA of d mart Wh6 waa
ftillieJ by it. This relation, as well as thfe mahy others of" the
fanie kind tna^t tiave been formerly publifhed, fully Evinces tb^
utility of metallic condudbrs.— tn the following article fomi
dbtervatiohs are cbmmunicatecl by THoma^ Ronayhd, Erqj 01^
Jimoff>kirical tupricity^ from whTcli it appears that tbc^ir, par-
ticularly in Ireland, is in the winter feafon almoft conftantl^
in a* ftaie of pofiiive electricity, efpccially during froft, and
when thie weimer is foggy.
The
$M PKhfiphkalTranfaaknSyfir thi Yiar 1773..
The a6th article contains a defcriptton of an excellent elee«
trometer, of a very fimple and" eafy conftruftion, invented by
Mr. Henljr, and ftrongly recommended by Dr. Prieftlcy, in a
letter addrefled by him to Dr. Franklin^ on account of its fupe«
tior ufefalnefs and accuracy^ to every other infirument of thb
kind yet propofed* A Sender rod, or index^ made of box*
wood, with & cork ball at its extremity, turns on the center of
a vertical graduated femitirtle, fixed to an upright ftem of
box» placed on the prime bondudor; and by the angle which
it makes with the faid ftem, oii being repelled from it bv the
eledriclty of a jar or battery, it indicates with the greatcn ex-
adnefs the progrefs and height of any charge.
To this defcription, which is accompanied ^Ith 3t plate,
fome curious experiments are added, communicated by Mr.
Henly, who has ^produced fonic of the great eflfefts <rf Dr.
Prie(Uey*s batteries, by means only of a &gle jar, merdy by
laying great weights on the bodies under which the explofion is
made to pais. By this expedient he has frequently, with tbis
moderate charge, raifed a weight of iix pounds Troy, and has
Ihattered ftrong pieces of plate-glafs Into thoufands of the
fmalleft fragments, arid fometinies to an impalpable powder.
When the dafs has been ftrong enough to refift in fome mea*
fure the vioknce of the (hock, it has been marked by the ex*
plolion with the moft lively and beautiful colours, which are
fometimes difpoTcd in prifmatic order* In fome fpecimens three
or fourdiftind returns of the (ame colour ntay be obfenred.
On examining the gla(s, the colours are plainly feen to have
been produced by its furface being {Mattered into thin lamglUf
vsLvpng regularly in thicknefs^ in proportion to their difiance
from the path of the explofion.
The 5th and 27th articles contain only meteorological obfer-
vattons made at JLyndon and Ludgvan, by Mr. Thomas BarkcTi
and the late Dr. Borlafe.
Miscellaneous A&Tfctfis,
In article 7, Mr. J. R. Forfter gives an account c^ the POoCs
with which the Indians in the neighbourhood of Modfon's Biy
dye porcupine quills of a bright and durable red and /ellow co-
lour; and of his attempts to employ fome of thele roots, dut
have lately been fent over hither, in the dying of woollen ftufis,
in which he has fucceeded fo far as to produce a bririit and
lading yellow. ^In a fimilar manner the Spaniards at Mexko
have lately learnt of their Indian neighboMrs'the art of dying
the deepeft, leaft corrofive, and moft lafting black thM ever «ru
known, and which they extraft from a plant called CafcakUr.
The Reader will find a (hort defcription, and a, drawing of die
fruity of this vegetable, in the late Abb6 Chappe's rcf^^s
yf^{fifCsBiJlj^$/EfigKbPoitrf. Vol,!, , »g^
C»i^»iV,. (page 57) ngticcd ip Jbp ApfwwUx to aux 48th y^p-.
^ ill, the iitii article Capt. ffevvl^o4 rcl^t;cs.^c ^^5pi;(Jients jl^
employed to procure frefi^ i\yatei; ,a!t ie9» .to the ^f^ayat of 8 or
10 'igallons in 12 hours, with pp otbe^ ajppar^tus tuan an iron-
pot; an empty ca(k for a refrigeratory ; fome ^eet lead beat
into a pipc^.fpr a wpro); a fniall jar, for a. rcjceivjcr ; a fevr
\^^ood idBes. or foap^ and ,billet woocl for t\iti. In the next
article he atfributes the lun^ioous appei^ance of. the fea-wate^
at night to ^riirof iculcs and^e f^wjx of fpialj Aflu
The ^5th>iid laft article of tW? vplgi^ie conraias the (ictail of
iome experimenu on two dipping needles,^ made according to
a plan of the Rev. Mr. Miicb^I, and executed for the Board of
Longitude by ^r. Naim^. From the nearly uniform refult of
theCe trials, thefe inftrun^e^^ appear to bfye beei> planned and
conftrufled yvitfithe.greateftjjpcuracy, and as/reefrom friftioa
as is poffibic or neceflary. The ocedle fo^r iuftf que is fo ten-
derly fufpended that, its N. encf being raiied to a horizontal
EoQcipn, and |hen let go,, it :WQuId vibrate b.etween 8 and 9
minutes before it fettle^f . W^.fiod the dip 6f ./he npedle to
have bpen at a medium ^hp^t 7^ degrees and Jtp.of 20. minutes.
Adrawifig oT.th^ inftrume^t ac^Qmpai;i)es ^his ppi^.
"I / ;,^ ; ^■.'"^; ' — - % '^> i . V — '. ■ w' 'm ■ ' .'■■^! .'■ "' ■
AaT. IX^ Tii-HHry 9f£^JtPoitf^ frm tht Cb/e rf tht EU^tuih
if tjk Cmi^itnufn^ of ih^ figifimtif C§^ufy. TQjwUdi arc pre-
^xed Two pi^tat^oos : f. Op theOHj^n pi g.oi|oa|itic Fi^a
10 Europe. II. On the tutrodudion ofXc^riunz into England*
Volume ehe Firft. By Thomag Warton, B. D. FcUow of Trinity
College^ Oxford, and of the Society of Antiquaries. 4to. 1 1. 4 s.
• Boards. Dodfley. 1774.
OF all (he fpecies of jnte)U<^aIentertatpment, there fe^^i^
to be none more epgaging than that which exhibits the
progrefs pf the arts and fcjeq^cs. To marji; the gradual forma*
Ui^A.of t^<b tl^ ^y^ ^^ fuocefs&il pirfutt of truths charader,
aadnatafei so obfence the efforts of the human rnind^ making Its
way through ages,from tkedepih of Gothic barbarity, till it exults
ia the full expaniion of claflScal and philofophical fplendour ; —
Ais is one of the nobleft and mod interefting objc^s of human
curiofity and inveftigation. In no fphere can thefe refearcbes be
attended with a higher or more fentimental pleafure than in that
gf Ei^UOi poetry % in tracinig the l^ory of which we gnci a
im^ of fcoilbilky alnu>ft bordering on entbu&afm. In what
|)M8 p)ciU!ipre originates, it may sutf, perhaps, be eafy to de^^
fnibe 1 as it is not luiltke .nMmy qf thofe t^indive iinifatioiis»
whkbi while wS"#fyyy we need ^mrtUy regret our ignorance tyf
their caufe. We cannot^ however, fall Into our Attihor*s opi-
. Jl£v« Apr. 1774* U niont
^ WartonV tti/^ry ofEngUfi PKtry. Vol. L
itioiit where * he aferibts them to (hat * triumph of rupcrionty
with which wc look back on .the farage coa4ttioa of dw «i-
cefiorst' or to * eonfcious prfde^ artfiitg hi a grcart meafure frooa
a- tacit compariron of the infinite 4i(proporttaa betwecit the
feeble eSbrts of remote ages, and our prefeat improrcmeots £q
knowledge/
To reft the caufe of our pfeafojre iti thi3, would be to throw a
needled difcredit on the motives hf which we are a^^uated.
To 'ah ihgenoous and decerning mind' there will appear little if
any reafon for the triumph of fup^rioriry. If thofe who now
excel in the art9 bad brought them from their firft rudtntenta to
the perfection m which tbey ftand, they would, indeed, hare
an obviou9 foundation fdr * eonfcious pride ;' hut when tb^
cotifider the long and almoft impercepttbte gradatioris by which
ttsofe arts advanced to their perfeAion^ how liule the laft im«
prover eatned upon his ppedecelTor, and how little they mar
' have ad£sd to that perfefi^n rhemfelves> the idea of triumph
vanilhes immedfat^ly^
The pleafure w«r find, thenv in. tracing the infancy of the
jMTts we love, we may afcribe to fomething that flttQ do more
honour to our moral nature. We may afcribe ft to thai prin-
Cf pie of love itfeff. Whoever fett its influence, but found a
tender intereft th the hiftory of fts objeA 7 Who, but fbinMf
even the (ports of infsmor, and the minuted anecdotes of thae
obje£k important I Thoie who have been no ftrangers to die
. tender paffion will' fubfcribe to the truth of this obfervation;
and we welF know that the moral and intelledual are perfisdiy
analogous to the naturaf aflfe^ions^
Leaving thie matter under this by no means refined of hs^
fetched idea, we will, in the firft place, recommend ta our
Reatlers the Author's account of his very agreeable undlntaktn^»
* I have chofe to exhibit the hiftory of our poetry in a chrotiologi*>
eai feries : not d^lribotiog my matter into detuclied articles, of pe«
nodical divifioas, or of general head* * Yet I have not always ad«
kered fo fcrapulcndy to the regularity of aonah, bat that I hanre of>
Wi deviated into incidental digreffions { and have (bmetiaies At^ppei
fn the courfe of my career, for' the fake of npcapitnlationy. fbtr the
parpofe of colle^ng fcattered notices into a (ingle and uniform poiat
of view, for the more exaft infpe^ion of a topic which reqoutd a
feparate confideradon, or for a comparative furvey of the poetry of
oditr nations.
* A few years ago, Mr. Mason, with that liberality which ever
accompanies tme genios, gave-rae an attthentic copy of Mr. Pofi'i
fcheme of a Hilary of Enalifli Poetry, in which oor poets weit
dafled under their fuppofea refpedive (chools* ' The late hmeaisd
• la his Preface.
y^tttoh's Btftity \fRngUJb Pcitry. ' Vbi; t tt)f
i«h OieiiiY \M m pt^jtatd a woft oftKiTdnd, and ^rttnflatad
iboK Uttfiie odes fear ict'iHaftntion, now publiAed ; bti^ ftoii 'felrd«
^ihlng d»e prdecutiQii of a de%n, wbk^ would have decairied iiftn
£6filiUiow& liable invfentions. He- moll obliringl)^ eeodefbended t^
favoar me With the fabftatice of his plain which i f^and t« be that*
lui^ ttje^ed thfc idea9 of men who art Its moft difttngoliQied oma-
Jteiits; 'To obdfefl thd r^al truth, upbit examination and expertinent,
I-feon ^AkovcM their riiode bf treating my fubjeft, plauftble as it is,
aii4 briUiatittd theory^ to be attended with difficuhiet atld'hiconve.
nieoces^ aqd pi:oda^ye of embarraflment both to the reader and the
writer. liike other ingenious fyftems, tc facrificed rattth uieAil in-
telligence to the obfervance of arrangement ; aAd in the plact of thai-
fatisfhfUon which refults from a deamefs and a fulnefs of infbrma-
t!6h, itemed only to fubllitnte the merit of difpontion, and the pratfe
of eontHvance; The conltraint impofcd by a mechanical attention'
tt> this diibibution, appeared to me to deliroy that free exertion of
reiearch with whieh fuch a hiftory ooght to be eieecutedi arid not
eSafily reconcilable with that complicatiolli vnrietyy aad extent of
jfttteHals, which it ought to comfn'ehend.
' ' The method I have purfued, on one account at leaft^sfeems Dre*
ferable to all others. My performance, in its pretent form, exhmtf
Without tranfpofiuon the gradual improvements of our poetry, at the
ihme time that it uniformly reprefents the progreflion of our language*
'* Some perhaps will be of opinion, that thefe annals ought to
have commenced witlr a v^ew of the Saxon poetry. But befides that
a fegttimate illuftration of that jejune and intricate fubjeft would
have almoft doubled my labour, that the Saxon language is familiar
only to a lew leiUned antiauaries^ that our Saxon poems are for the
moik purtUttie more tl^an Jtligioes rhapfodies, and that fcarce any
cdmpdfitions remain marked with the native images of that people
in their Pagan ftate, every reader that fefl#As but for a moment on
cut political efiabliihment muft perceive, that the Saxon poetry hat
BpjaonnoflUQn with the nature ai|d pni^iofe of my prefent under*
talvinn^ Before the Norinan acceCioa,. which focceeded to the Saxon
ggvenjimqiU,, we wer^ .an unformed and an unfetUeii race. That Mighty
r^pIiUion obliterated aimoll all relation to the former inhabiuncs of
this ifl4nd ; and prpduced that fignal change in oUr policy, confti*
tdtibi^, imd public manners, the effe^s of which have reached mo-
dern times. The beginning of thefe annals feems therefore to b«
xdoft px^operly dated from that era, When our national chara£ler be*
gan-tb daWn. •
< f .It^as lecnmmended to me, by a pcrlon eminent in the republic
oClfl^tfrs*. totally to exclude from ihcfft.voWitM* any. mention of the
&Ug|i(b dnHna«, t am ^cry fenfiUe that f |uft hiAory of our itage is
aloQe fufficient to form an entile and extenuve work ; and this argu*-
ment, which is by no means precluded by the atteo^pt here ofi^red'
to tiie Public, fiiU lemains feparately to be dlfcufled, at largd, and
in.Yorm* Bat as It was pr6feife<ny m^ intention to' comprile^Very -
y a fpedea
i^ WartiMiV Hi/tfity i/EoilifiPoaij. VoL L
fpeciips orEAgUih poetrjr^ cUsf amohg tht fed^ of coorie daiotedt
place i£ theTe a^iuU, and neceflariix ndl ioto ^f g^eral defigfk Ac
t^ iame ttsi^, at in thi> fitnation it coold <mly Mediae « (abordiBaie.
o)]J€&f h WMi impoBMc I (houid examine it with that critical pred>
fipfi aadpinrttciiiaricy, which. fo.larae, iocoriooa^ $mdh xraponait
$M artiebflf xMur poetical liteiaturc demandi a^d deierves. . w Jun.
confidered it i^ itt fuU .i^nt, would have, ppojiiccd tlie VAfiri^^f
efcref^q^cpof a dirpnpppr^pnate ejttlbde; not fp have €m4idm4it
at ;^11, . Im^ ,beea an oiiuflioD«>^hidi «u^ sUtr^a from the inte^ri^of
my iotcuM pliM^ < ^^Uft mylcK Mw^v^, ^^ fn^ mde^
hjthena aae^cplored. I hav^.i'^cov^red bifUt which «ia^ frctlya^ tj^^
l^tioii^f f>f tbofe, whoihad hereafter he IncUpecl tp. lav^^i^ate the
aocieatiUte of dramatic exhibittoivia.thif couiitry, v^ith dpfs cpm*
prehenfio».40d accon^, r ^ .
*. It wiU probably be fcnarked^ jriiat the ctt|ij(iaiis ia.the fir£L n^
lame Art muneinooay and j(bmetimes wry prolix. ?at jt Aould be
Moeaaberedy that.mo^ of theie are extra£led from ancient maaaicc^
poeair nicyer before printed, and hitherto jbut little knowo. Nor was
It eafy to iOuftra^ethe darker and more diftant periods of our noe^y,
wubont producing a^nple fpccimens* In the mean time, I hfweto
neric the thanks pf the ^auquariaii, fyr enriching the fiocl^ of oar
qirlv. JUteratqiip b^ thefe new accefiiona : and I trull I iihall gratify ih^
■reader of ufte, in having fo frequently refcaed fiom oblivaaa ^
jmde.invtentiont and irxv^olar beatittet of the heroic tale* or the xo-
wtR^^gend. .
^Theoie^npf the Du&EaXATiONtutP. prepare die reado*. by
confideiiug «part^ iu a coqne£led and compreh^nfive detail, fiu^
materialppi^u of a general and preliminary nature, anii which cAold
not. cither with equal propriety or convenience he intioduce4«.at
Uk& iK)t fo fpijnally difcufTeid, iji.the body of the book ; to eftabliih
certain &n(i«menul principles to which fieauent appeals might oc-
cafionaUy be^ niade, and to .dear the way mr various obfervatioiia
arifing in the.ceor(e pf mj future enquiries.*
Tte ficft diflertatioiv on the origity oF fiLoaiantic Fii^ioo ia
Europe, contains abundance of antique learning and ingeoiom
conje^ure. It baa b«ea a received opinion,, that thb kind of
Arabian fabling was intfodueed inta the Wt&bf meuiajof ^tm
Criifades ; but it is Mr. Warton*s objedl to IhtW tbtt tls^fe*
ceplion in Europe runs higher than the era of the Crufades^ and
he foppofes that it was' introduced into Spain by the AratM, or
Sdracens, who came thither from the northern coaft of Africa
about the begM^ning of the eighth century. N0W9 there is, we
apfprdiend, no doubt but thefe Saracena would bring with^ dMa
their peculiar fiables, and that by their long authority and i^«
dence m Spaiii, tbofe faklea woutd tmavoidably be onnmani*
cated and diflemtnated through Eurbpe. But, ceitulyy die
iiitrdduiSldn of romantic fiAioninto this quarter of tile wdcU
does. not originate with them. The innumerable bards that
migrated from tbe Nonh<rcdl, and overflowed th^ Weft, were
iip(^. without their romantic fiflioos^ of a different Qiecies^'ia-
, ». ■ deed.
^edl^ fit>iii the Ara(bAC f^lin|;, b^t the l^jtter c^pne qi^ickly jo
' lAcorporace with tji^em y and the romance ^ ^tie A/^b (ervod
, onlv as a fplcadid^caparifon to the chivalry, of t^ Godu
, - piKj^arned A^fbor )ias favQwiM:^iit in i^isicli&rtatioii with
jed which has lately, ib much attraded the attention tft tfaofe
•adioii eA<)ttirln fam led tottaeartt^'kn^^
' ^^ AoMft^ «4ier ixH which 0««'i iOMb fJlknted in ScairdioavU,
^dMir ioU Mr poctty, ' te which they wer^ ad<Hded in a peculiar man.
tUbr;^H (Rrhidi they Coleivated with a wonderfal enthafiaihi. feenis
-^ br weft Wonhy olir regard, and tfp^lkily in our preftnt inqufry:
* v' 'Afvthe pnn^pal heroes of their C34>editibo into the north wej^
JioitoonkbhrdiftkigalAied from th^ Etrropeam/ or original Scan<Ji9a*
TiJteit, mider the name of Abm^ or Afiatics, fethe v^rfes, orId[»
'«oagCf of this pe6)>Ie, were denominated* A sXm a l, or Asiatic
ipeik^ Their fotpy contained not only the pratflft of their hf •
Ibes, bet their popakr traditions and tbeir religious Htes ; and WM
'^Hed With diofe iiMons which the mod b:aggerated Pagan fimi^
*wm wotfd aatuYily implant in the wih! imaginations <5f an Afiatlc.
people. And ffoin this principle abne, I mean of their Afiatic on*
gin, ibme critks Svoaht at once account for a cerutn capricious fpirxt
'of txtfavaggance, and thofe bold eccentric conceptions.^ which fi»
4ronglydiliiigiiifll' the old northern, poetry f. Nor is thill fantailic
iinagery, the o»ly mslirk of Afhrticif^ir wKch appears in the Runic
t^dm. They have a certain inblinke and figurative caff^ fit diQfonp
H9hkhk Indeed one of their predombant Cfaarafiertlltcs J. I am
irery fenfible that all mde nations are naturally apt to jdoad^ 4hetr
lentiments in this fijrle. A propenfity to this mode of eS^pf«ffion is
^oecef&rily occafioo^d hy the poverty of theii- Jangoagc» which ohiigtt
tlifm frequently tO iubftitate fimilitMdes and circ— locatie^s : k
anies in great meafore irom feelings imdiigoiled and imfearained hf
<ttfiota dr art, and fipom the gemiiae 'eSbfte of nature working more
at large in uncultivated minds, in the iafkncy of ibciety, the pztr
fioxfs and die fmagination are alikb nncontronled. But another oaoie
^* I* Mduf/Martltftf Or; Ptrcy, Bxk
' <« v^ tjogbisi DmIohm anti^uimy ci^ In rytftibtf vfat ttnt, Te:eres appeUartti^
^»AiiALy jde^Afnttcam, ^ Asamv^ S««M0Niiik j quod euoi ex A^a Odtaap
Jbcoin in Daoiam, Norw^m, Soecfaniy alitf^oc ttjpoou lejMeomoiMlei» iavcscrit.?
Steph; Stephao Pr«fat. ad SazoQ. Grammat. Hil$»*
' * « y A aoft })ig«Bidu« critic 'ofelerveSy that <* >irbat mt bf tc been 4ms aoeoeaaMV
Secaittba oaiSNTAt ▼aiNof poetrjr, brcaofe fome of the fAaiiasr poetical ^9»
^odioot have cone to at from the caft, it protiibly no more okibi«t al than o^r
'«ciDtKTAL.** Alab*i Crit. DHT, on Offian. toI, H, p. 317. But all the latsr ,
•lirieatal wrtten throogb aK ases have, been particnlarfjr diftiiipii(^d fur tbit v«>tj«»
ffence itia (lete chafofleriftical of a coontrj not of an age. 1 wiil allow, on this
writer*! very Juft and penetrating prinaples. that an early northern ode ftali be as •
MMf^t il an erilerA one. Yet the fublimity of the lauei Hull have a diSenrent ch»«
t^atct } it will be ftKfft iafHted and gigantic.*
^ * %- Thua, « Rainbow ii cilied, t^ bridgt ^ the ndk, Poetij, tb*. motd if OSm^
.-The ear^, the ^/^ that fioau en aga, A fbip, tbtDkrfi oftbt wave:, ice. tht v^
-Mtge, Heibs, the fimt ^ tbg wtb, A B^tle, a Utb «/ hi$od^ ib* bail i/ Odn^
'Atjbock rfhiukkru A Tongoe, tbt fm$rd tf nmrdi. Night, tb* %ml •f i^M$^ •
lUe^ ibt^ bom ofibc mrtb. Arrowy tbt bmtJtMH 0/btkutt, &t. 9^,*
U 3 Aems
fcdms to htye concuired in ^pFoiminf the cfaftbere awntioafl},
Wl^a obyioiis ' tffnm and phraib evidently occDirecU the Ronii;
]>9ets jtre ibnd 6f dtpirting from the common and eflabliflied dip*
^on. TkBf appear to nfe drcmnloeatio^ an4 com|>arifo&s not as a
natter of nccefinr, bot of choiae and iaW y tror are tbef^ nieuph»»
rical.cpkMifiafs io mckcbe j^Tolt of want oi w^tdM, as of mmtmA
of . fancy *■•
* Their warmth 9f #iacy» hopr^ver, if fiif^sofed to- hmm fA-
ceeded from the prinsiplet above foggefted, in a fey gene wtiefta after
this migudgn into $candin§via« mnS have loH.madi of its n^tawil
neat and gendinp force. Y^t ideas and fentemeots* efpaciaHf of dos
jibrty once imbibed, are lofig stmembcred ^d reouoed* in iat^Wfe
life. Their religion, among other caufes, might have conmboied
to keep thi« (pirit alive; and to pre(efve.th(:ir lOii^aal Aock :of
^mages» and native modfc qf expreffion, oochaaged jand noabated hf
climate or country. In the mean time we m^y ftippoiie, that th^neir
Wation of t.Hefe peopJeinrScandinavia, miji^t have added adaricor
(hade and a more favage o^plexion to. their /Iqirmer £6|so»s and lb*
perftitions ; and that theicwiidabic obje^ of aaitnre to iPbich clief
|[>etame familiarifed in >(Qofe northern folithdes, icbe piny, precspkea,
the frozen mountains, And the gloomy foreft^t ji(M* oa their uMg^
nations, and gave a tinjfl^re c^.horror to their imagery.
* A ^ill in poetry feems in ibqae meafhre ^.h^ve^een a n«do9al
Science among the Scandinavians^ ^'tnd to have;bf;«n familiar to.al-
moH every order and degree.^ Jhcix kbg^ ' ai^d warriors panook of
this epidemic enthufiarmt and on. frequent c^^^ons are .reprefoaiod
*as breaking forth into fpp^f^neons foi^s and veriest • But. the ex-
< * In a tit\A geographical kntt^- th^ origuial cmmtfT-of.lJU^rtj.M^ticCoHii nigllt
'not be fo lUuMed ai ph^fically to Kave produced ibefe ctt«£)t, Vtrt jt u to be4>bier^4»
>Im« m»ttmaikjUH vUtnity ere m tfair cafb fometim^'r^utvakf nt to clhmftte* Tii^
Peril VI tra4ittoAf-and fyptmtd^tkfwett oinenc evin IntHt nortlierfi parti of TarUvy,
Georgia, U9Vfttsr, may be f;.irlyv<Q^erccl as a frirt of .i'«f;Aa»...it i^t^al tnfritiiiqr
fo any of the eaftera Turki/b« progriAcet in AAip U >a^rd«<tj|«4icnc<| mum^ aajl
other Itncaries of life, in the ^reaieft abun^UKe. The mo(^ beautiful vifftas fot tk^
§BtM$\io$n fietrfied from-thit provhice. In the mean time, thtii'inodi at leaft may
be laid of a waria climate^ csclDive of ttt fnppoied immediate pfa3r(tcal iaflaCBceoo
the human mind and temperament. It exhibiu ^Uthe ptaodu^ioaa.af oatofo is tkek
hi^hrft perfe^iojy and fceauty ; wbiU the cxcaffiveJieat'Of th«^f»»«a«d the kmtt m*
citemenrs to labour and induftry, difpofe the iohabttaou tp .vadolence, and to U«isi(
inucb abroad in fi.enes of nature. Thcfe circoroAaocea. are Jffyounible to the opera-
tionf of- fancy/ -
.^ f f Harold Hardraadr. kipg of Norway compofed ^ceikia^st.of h» Cfpediwi
into Africa. Albiorn Krud«, a Pankh champion, delicriiied hia -paft life m star
ftropbesy while hie enismy Bruce, a giant, was tearing out^is towel^ ** u T*ilmf
wtber Suanb'ita in Denmark, that Jbf ^iU mt this Jafrntr pftmk't^ 4ttir f/" btr fkm* 1
hadprom$fed her to rtfum, hut mtit jf^y/Ji /tail ful tbt tdg^ tf lb* jmmd^ \k It «■•
far otnrTW.fe. nvhtn we fat at horn* tn mirth, eUaring ei/rjtha m»*h the Jrink 9f ^i
and coming fram ffordeUnd f^4 fhegm/^ in Mr fiiu j wicfipe f^tjftd mmd^ m$
tftrn^rfid 'if Rhfrty, JVow I atom am JaUpi into tit matnmf frytu of the giamsk
in. It was far btherwifc, Sre.** Every ftansa it introduced with the. (aaibclMrXi bas^
den. Bartholin. Antiquit. D^nic. ^,.L cap fo. p^ 158. edit liS^. The adble
cpiccdium of Eegoer Lodbrcg it more commonly known. Tbe champ'oa Onriifd^
nccr his expeditions into various eountmsj tungi on- hn dea|b-bc^ tbe aoft aM>
inorabte eventa of his life in metre* HaUmund» being morraily wounded, comnotadfiA
^!? diughtef to liften to a poem vwhlch he, was at)uuc to deliver, containing hif^^iiet cf
ejncil#ofdi^|ioedcai talent watjpiipipcrl)rxoAfi0«d to a ftatod proiv^
isaa^ and w^b thieir |>oct]t the Gotfat imponed into £iim^* Jepfpme*
o£ poeca or fin^rsy wbom diey called ScAtos arPbLisHBAi «f^i»*
ciJAGB. Thuonkr of mea# as we fiiail fee raore diftiii|ftlvlbelo«^
waa JkM in the highefl hoooar and veneraiioa : tbejiateWti th«'
moft* liberal rewards for ^ their veries, fended the feUipls^ benik.
chiefs, accompanied them io battle* and celebrated their viAones^
^ Tbefei Scandinaiqaa bards appear to have been etemednAd en«
tertai^ied. in other countries ^tkixt their oaas» and hy thattmeans t9
luurcMobably communicated their idiions to various paixs of Ikocopek
I milFgive my reafons for this fuppofition. t .:^ - i ' /
; ^ la the early 9^% of Europe, oefore many regular govemmenit!
took ;placey rerolucions, cmigratu)n8, and invafionv w^ frequent'
^i^ a|inoit univerfaL Nations were alternately defiroyed or fornied )*
Md to^wi^tof political fecurity expo^Kl the snhatacanu of eferjr?
country; to a f^ate of ecenial flu^uatioq^ That Britain^ was originally
PfBopled frp^ OauU a nation of theiC^ts, is ailojwed ; ,Ihu thatmanM
colonies from the nonhero parts of Europe were afcervards (ntastf
$yely planted in Britain and the neighbcuring iftands, is an hypo-'
tjietis equally raxional, and not altogether defticute of hiftofical evi-J
Jlence. Nor was any nation more liltely than the ^fcandiuayian Gbths^
I mean in their early periods, to maktf defcents on ^riuin^ They-
poflfeflM the fpirit of adventure in an eminent degreed Thcywere
nabitaated to dangerous entcrpfizes. They were acquainted withi
diltant coaSsy ejtercifed in navigation, and fbnd of loaJtinjg expedi«
tloas, in hopes of conquetl, and in iearch of new ac^ifitions. As
to Scotland and Ireland, there ir the iligheil probability, that the
hit vi£l6riet, and to engrave It on tabUta of wo6<l. Barthdio. ibtd."^. 'f6^. ' Sixd
Ontnmflticos ai*et ui •;reta)ar odt, uttered by tbe ion uf a ^OBg of Norway/ who
U •ttakc bad been barifd alhrt, and waa dK^6t«ttd and awakened by • paltj^olibU
dtendigfiBg for trea(iifff« Sax. Otaomat. lU 5* p 50. Tbera ai«inAaaisaia«ttdc4
of |beir flaking in flietve 300 th# Bwft cooraioft occurtencca.*.
; * % The Siigdians were a people who lived eaftwaid of the Cafpian Sea» not far
ftfOA the country i>yOdin*< Goths. Qutntua Curtida relates, that vlh^n Ibine of that
pMple were eondemi^ to dntb by Ari^tander on account of a rviok) ibey rejoiced
frtKly, and teftifiad tbair j«y by tiNCtitii Tuiixt aod^aBCuig. .Wlmuhe bioi
aa^nired-tbt laaiba of ibeb jiw, thcyanfwerrd, '* thai baiog ibon tnJie asixosEji
TO Till I a AjNC^raaa by io graat a conqueror, they ^ould not belf celebrating fo
hoooiirab!e a dc*di> which was the wxan of all brave mtn^ in their own accus<«
TOMiD ioN€t.** lib. vti.< c S. J atn obliged to DoAor Percy for pointing ourthta
paAage. FroiD tbe cotiefpondiica of manners and priof iples ic holds forth between
the Scandinavians and the Sogdians, it cinrains a ftriking proof of Odfn*8 fnlgrattoh
fapva tbe^A to the siocth t M, in the fpootaoeout exerctfe of t^e poetical talent \
and kmoAXjf io the opinion, that a gloriaas ot warlike death, which admitted them
to tbe company of tbdr friends and parents in aootber world, waa to be embraced
with tbe moft eagtr alacrity, and the bigbeft ieo£itioos of ^kafure- Thia la the doc;
uiaeof the Edda. In i^fitOM fpscst, R;pejis asoaxAa is the triomphant eloAs of
Rcgocr Lodbrof*s dying ode. (Sipe Ki^fler, ubi jnfr. p. xsy.] 1 cann^ help adding
5cit toother ftrokc froo thia ode^ which feenaa alfo to be foondei ' on cafter» man*
acta. He fpcaks with great lapcisrc of dicing, <* et concavia cratisribm crantorum/*
7he sobabitsaca of tbe iflaod of Ceylon to this day earoufe at thrir feafls, from cups
or bowk made of *tbe fcvUa of tbetr deceaiiDd aoceftors. Ivca*aVoTA«B folMDiA,
«hi.9.^k (a. Load. lyyj. ato* Thb prafiice theft iflanders an4oobtedly received
hm the. oeSf^botirina toatiacntt Compare ICeyfler^ Anti^tai. SehScpteoifioflaU
Scutes, who c6nqu€ied bocH.^oA cotiiitries» \xA pA&flM didH «P
<kr the names of Albin Scutes tnd Mn Scoter wcrt a^p^te of Nbr^
^ay. The Caledonians are cxptefety called Jby ihany jtlididotis aafi*
paries a^kbdin^lvian colony: Th<^ aim^s of plat^ alid pieribiis,
over all thllt part 6f Scotland which rftc Pi£b inhabited, aire cif 6<^ari^
<Nn«natre:i^tra^lon. A fimpTc catalogae of them .60^* twold iah-
medfeicly^onrit^cd tis, Aai they art ttot of Ccftic/bi- Bfitfih, ori|?*i
Haherty reports k as i rec6¥«rJd" cfpinton, aad a jcneral dmribe.
tilat^e Pias ionigrated into B^iaSti and Ireland fr^ Scit>ditiivut|l
f forbear id lecnmolate, a ped^ntii^ parade of adthoriiieff on tfi^wi
cafion: nor can it be expe6led that 1 fliooU enter in a- fbroial flbd
cxaA exafnfiiaHon of this obf^nre aad eomoKcated-fob;^ hi its itill
extent, which ia here only introduced incidentaily. \ wifl onl^ ^£
that ScotHhnd and Ireland, ;i5 beii^g ftcnated more to the liortlK in
probably Deft difficult of a9ccfs Bian Britain, might ^ave been btjtftt
on Which onr northern adventurers were invited to try JTdmc of thtif
eaHleft exctfrfions : and that the Orkri^-iflands remained long ii*d#
die jnriiHidicm of the Norwegkn potentates*
Wc fliali here beg leave to ftcp back a moment to int^acc
a (bort digrefl|on cotlcernrng the ancient connedioa betwcea
Waks and Cornwall, &c^ , , ,
'/And here I digrefsa moment to remark, that In the ^ircnmAMCC
joft mentioned about Wales, of iu connexion with Arraorica* we
perceive die" (olmian of a difficulty v^ch at £rft jlighc appears ex-
tremely problematical: Lxnean, not only that Wales Ihould have
be^n io codfijantly made the theatre of the old BritiK^ chivalry, bat
that fo many of the favburue fiAibns whicli ocqiirjiD the early French
romances, (bould alfo be literally found in the tales and chronicles of
the elder "Welih bards ^. It wa^ owing to the. perpetual coramonica*
tion kept up between theWelih, and the people of Armoiica who
abobfidod in ^fatfo €a!ionf, and 11A0 saterally took occafion to inter-
weave them into the hiftory of their friends and allies. Nor are we
now at a lofs to give the reaibh why Cornwall, in the fiime Fren!^
romances, Js made the fcene. and the fol^}^ of fo many romani^
adventoresf. In the meantime we ou^.oblerve,! what indeed hm
II ' I ■ ■ 1' ' 1
< I It IS conjeduret! by Wormlus, that Irdani ii derif o<l /Vom di« Roi& Yr^ a
how, foftheufe of which the Info were once famoai. Lit. Ratt, b. z?i). p. tor.
The AfiaticB near the lake Maeoris, /rom which Odin led hfs colony id Europe, was
celebrated arcKc<<* Hence Herculei in Theocritus, Idyll, xiii. ^,
— M««i1*fft XoSfc^ luJuiirMi* Tff«,
Comptre SaloMf. deKcllen. p. 369. And Flahtrr. Ogyg. Pari iff. cap. ztHi. p. xtt*
edit, 1685. Stillingfleet'a Orig. Brit, Praef. p. xix^fii.'
* • Thef^oryof x.« couar \fANT£L, tt the Boy Knii rat Mahti.e, tM
by an old.Frcnch iroubadoor dted by M . de Sainte Palaye, is recorded 4n maftiy aa-
oufcript Wellh dironicleti as f learn fVptn original letters of Lhdyd \t the Aftmoleaa
Mufeum. Sec Mem. Anc. Chev. i. up. And Obf. Spenfer, i. € U. p. 54, 55,
And from the ftme authority I am Tnftirmed,^ that the AAion of the eiafit*i coat cflB-
pofed of the beards of the kings whom Ke had copquertd, if relatfed In the kf^it
of the bardit of both cooatrica. See Obf.Speor. at fdpr. p. z\. fet|. Itat islMcei
are ijuiomerable.
* f Hence in the Armorican tales Joft <|uoted, nentlonlf made Af 'H^tads iM
Bxe^r, anciently included in Cbrdwiiff. Ib Chinctr^i koKcAVNT oV Tnt Jtotx
we ba^ ^< Hordpipia of Comewaile,** among a great variety of muikal iaftoiiebM)
t. 4.150, This it Utexally from the Fitnlh original^ v. 599 1. /
beea
been nitttfdy i^ied, di^ a KH9 ^otercottrfe was upheld jbetweeti
QonhhM a^'Wilei. TfhxAx hdfguftgi^s, caftooWi and tlKtAe^, a*
I hive hinted, were the ianie; and they were feparatad^bttty^ fl
MituriMmiUdrrfUe bre^dtkw' X^ortwatl U Mqoafiit^ iUkd W^-
Wdts by t^fimifh writers. At tbe. uiviifioti 9f\U\k $ilzoti9,;tei)|
ton% W^ fiad the Welih and^rniik^ as oae p0opiB»,i^^q *MVfMI8
theajelvrs as in a national caufe again^ the Saxona« TLcy wm
^qaeaciy fabje^t to the fame prince t^ wtio fometimes reftded m
Walesy and lonicuin^s In CdfhWall; and the kings or dul&es of
Coffiwall'wttt Tferp^tuarty ftng by tbeWtlfff b^rds. Lltgard Gw;
tfWeHh bkrd, in his fabfiitte iwd fpl^ed ode ti» Ll^c^yn, fim of
GroBflMd, tfiel^ |)riiib« ^ Waldi of tkt Bntifli lin^htti H'wilhi
^ m%y the pHtttr^the'hoofii of m^ princess ftead be ftt*M W at
(2oiivwAitt |. Trodkiou aboat InUg Althtir^ to dOAdtioQ norat^
indailcet, aye as popular, in Co/tf^all as in ;WaIe$ 9 ^aiid moft qf (ho
EOttfantl^ i}aIUe«f ro9lu, riverf^.j^ cives^ of bqth i^fttions, aie alikf
at this day ,4iiHneui(hed by fooie nobfe atcl^vem^t, .^ lead V tb^
1UTO9 of.that celebrate^chainplbn;^ ' '
Of this capital work', fo replete with ^dteftai^nfd|it and erti-^
ditioh) We mail continue to prefent ou^ Rcl^ders with, further
ac€Quat5. -, ,,'.'.. 'I ' ,'
aKM«»iiiK:A. r3ariV«^,tthiriipr« ».4fi^ SwiiM* 0,375, .3^7, jgj, AndCaoiU.
Spelaan* tonibi. 9. lU. edit* 103^* tol. Stulingfieet** Orig, Bnc. ch« 5- P. 34^
feq. ^dh'. i6S9. for. ^rom ^Kit*uwAttiA^ ofed by the Ltiitt'iitoakiA hffldfia^
nMitlhbptfctetattBcCofmMll. floriiin iboib p. 315.'
« I Xva««» F. 43«'r : , 1
F' t I ■ '■.' ' I il i.i I ■ I I ^ iiy
Alt t. X. Ohflrtmui^m' §a tht tHJctmrfax idi'vtrU m fh^. M^ ,iftirt»iy»
Mddi!iffidt9ibiPr^det., 410. tSr AlHiaa.- 1774.
rTpHtS Writer, after fbme attempt* tt fidttute, W #Hidi H*
^ fiiews bimielf altogether un^uaf^ (briouiif diarges the
[eamed'PrelideAt with be»6wlng ati unreafon^bK applafirfe bb
the cbiaro ofiuro^ or, ii hi daTk it, the twiUght maitner of th^
Bofognilc fchool, ultiroatdy td ItconHnehd hi* o#ri. Yhis,
be fays^ onift be to the preiudiee'bf the liiMirfte art ; and {f Mi
romplaint bejuftly foiindiedlt dcfei'Tts attertiion; but ft vMM
bt remerfibered that codtroveMes bf this kihd, like brber pdlei^
mica! enga^einents, ha\re been dirried on by the fbRa^ers of
rival fchooTs with t degree of acrimony that geAerally loft fistht
of thith. Thi Authbr of this pamphlet (ceiil* to be as Warm
an advocate for the Venetian, as the Pfefident ctotiM p^fliUy 6b
'or the fiolQgnefe mafters. We ttiuft, however/ do him tM
uftice to acknowledge thutin the following tiVEttSt there ire
bme Joft, and fome very (bpportable obferv ati6ni .. '
* TTse Roman, Bblctgneie, and Venetian Ibhools, havfe ea<9l
lad their feparate purfuits, Sind each may^ 6id to have eic^
relied ib them; and as I am confident riiattht VtinetfMft
would
wouU have inwn beuer, Jiad tbqr to^i j^le* fo am J duld»
Boaaftsapd Bolognde ^ would ^h^Mc ed(oiireiL better, from ^
> JUphirl, Miobael Angek, TifiUn^ afid tbe^CmswCMi ifce
heads' of the ficNur ^gmt^chools^ o£ painting, hsnre ao^oped .ibeir
reptttatioa^^ each b^ cheir refpedive excellencies, aU of tlwn
dtficfent.fjroni<ea^b otf»er. Let' nt' examine into the faeriCi tt
thefi great mafters, and we dull fmd they have n^e of fcbem
jtrrived at the fummit. of perfection, which tho' imeed tmas*
tamahle, fet in laudable to aitempt,^ we (ball then fee that each
io hit feparate walk has contributed greatly towards it^. aftd
tbo' 4in(iiecefsfal, tbey have, 'UkePhMOD, greatlyr fatten.. »
. * I aa iiot ideot enough to believe, that paiiHHig derinavwe
liiftre 'Or advantage from the^ moft' tonfamnlate hsraiocqf at
cdoucsy or that it is incompatibk witth the ^^eat^end of the
art; and I think that Titian, when he' was rep)rovcd hy 'Mi-
chad Angclo,' ' far not defigning^ better, might ha^ retorted
ufon.diis great -man,, fornot coldtuiug better $ he oitght mea
have gcHie further, and adviTed Kim |o have intiodoced genttimtH
irUo ht$ piSltires^ inftead oV porting The ideas of Michael An-
geloy were of the AibUmeft kind, and he has fomettmes exprefled
them iwdl; but Affcljr that maA tsivpreheniibierwhegives^a
Htrtkks^ when ^e fiiould have ^ Apolh. 1 am- ^t iuieofible
to the meri(s of this great mafter, 'i allow 1tt\tli all ; I bave
iftiidied with care and-actendioa Me>oioft.>capitai work, (aad in^
deed the only one by which we ean judge of htm as a painter) I
mean Un Captlta Siflina^ in the V^tkan^ and cuiifiilci it at a
li«ask.aboiMidin|: with mimbesleis excellencies $ but artb« faa^i
th&e that I admm his conceptions,. J cannot -hdp thinking that
the.artift was as.defirous of ihewing hb fupertor (ktil inxfae v^f^
cbaniiin and contorfionsof thehusi^n body, as Titian and Paul
VeroA^ have been io ihew^ng, their knowledge in the jUota
and extfovaganci of their, barnseoious colouring. .
* Raphael, whofe merits as ^ painter I place above cenfBrr»
bad jtti^ment and .penetration enough to temper the feveritv
agd ej^travagance of bis rival, and turn them to the greater
advantage i but the world has produced few geniufes of this
caft s it is the bee only that can gather honey from every flower ;
this great mafier faw the neceffity ,of fine, colourhig; that he
underftood and pradifed it, we have the evidence of his works ;
aad whoever wiU examine the trmsfigurativn^ and (on^ other of
his piAures^ will find proofe of his abiiities in this branch t^" the
arty that would do honour even ta the pencil of Titian* .
* The geniua of Michael Angelol confider of fucb ^ kind,
astobe ftudied with the utmoft care» and that notbisig bi|t Hb^
deepeft reflexion can turn him to any advants^e. Sir J —a
IfOaM ^avc done wirli, I thi^k^^ in recomnaending ^im to the
1 J . * ypung
f^M^f^^^A^t. ^ tm«iP^ati»ioiit to Urn io mbfA nMumfr;ir
^,«i|^^:^i^iedri9r 99 t^ere. i^.n9:^aiV.1vli^(Miciftafid
.coc^pvof^ ^re,a^re;elevs^u<l aod Oiblime> fothme mitm^mnk
jmn^ ppPRflf W raire.|kopP.^Ument«, ia.tW ilMif4 pf liMiyoMng
^iti^ tim kayl to M^ffobl^ft ^da of pMfit^v»t«i>ut%lie.du||.i
^(Ciricjr as. in propyl/? ^^i^g^iQ^isig; )«l)^ boMitif^nlifi
TUejrflie CO be chofen with* a par^^7^]ii|^.,o|l|cM^;jepmMi«tf-
ud-j^pcpretton. ^ • . o - . .-. ,hr. •**.•; ..n^r^
have underftood and diired ioto the prbciples of this MfC mMp
aaoaf beieeft by their workty and- the fmim/i Gtrnty alo—
.fiifieaMtIy*&c«lrs what life 'he has made of hiai* *41e hot dwte
ifaidifld^hiiiH oMrdb^fervilecopyift,^ but like a* great maier^
by roofing that fire^ which has produced one of- the nobleft
<vroHc^rtlk:trt-of patottngiCM bioift of< Thisis theijgbt io wliidi
I fseMkhacl Angdo, ^ m fcbn, J qruiacoiifcfi, lam oiiH^
ibntick irid»'the nitfid^tba(& coiiceimiv «baiiiMUirliaflditfaat «i^
,«Cv(ttd;i tht (mnerlia ofteii fu&Kme^- whm thb-iattec is cifi*
catura. ....'> -; *\:h \' '...j ^ ,. ,.t •
* I (ball conclude «ttk>tQnfideriog boffi fi^ii'ite Veoetiaiit
have deferved the cenfure rthar:ba8<beef& Uifowil opon them ;
and how hr their excellencitfi areiACOdlpatftk^lAbAe greateods
of painting. It is but reafonfaMetoL aflt #fakr Sir J a hat
feenof, and where JieJiBs^ftiMlied tfasKicbaoLia Hil he gone to
%he founuin head i Harf< he gioiioded.. Me ideas^f their imper-
IciAions, from tbeiysmoA cilt^kiil'^H^Qrioi ? Has Ht iludied with
attention and candour» At MirtyrJom ^fPietr^Martyn^ im-iim
<9Mint of St. Giov€mm.mtPu$ki The AfimfHmi^ftbi Virgin
at dn htgk Mhofh, SM thi Cktltch ^ ib& Frari at Vemii? The
famfidjm in thi Cathiital rf f^ifr^na^ tj Tiiiimf The Emr^
and manf •fthi cUUnp in tt^ Mgi's Pataci^ andftveral dtar fims
in the Churches at KMa^ ij Pauiyir$mfef 1 he i^gan dc»$ rf
tie Madonna dtl Ort$^ and tbi Tr^m 9/ thi Trfeui Palaci^ in tbi
fami city^ by Tifaontt If he has» let him acqait h% judgoenai
let him with candour confefs^ and it can be no, difgfrace to hioiy
that thcfe are woriu, tbic^ill' ftahd in competition with any
thins that the fchopls of Rome and Bologna ever produced;
^nd Tet him then acknowledge, that fine colourings is not in«
compatibly ^ith the n(rf)left paths of painting. ^
* My i4ea of the dtity of a painter (s ())owever I may be db*s
ceived) to reprefent his fcenes, ^nd paitipui^rly what relates to
colouring, fs perfed aiid as near to nature as poQiBIe ; nor will
I adopt th|B fentiments of 9ny^ man that ihall declare, that a
Wovemberfog (i^hich I cbnceive to be the famer thing is oa^-
cure, as the twiUghf fyfiem b in painting) o^h/ihtom an a;ddi*
tional luftre upon any fcene^ ^d. let me aijc tjiuppofiag oiu»«
fclvci
^ItHt^cAMbn of tbefe trMifa^ofly) -wibfitkf^be'fhmsfimAi,
ing'ft^n^i wfeMiMV^bsiti fo btppily itfempted Md ekMttd
-ky ClBuit Lknk^f^'^iMSM Yam hedti prbpefvr fiu^MM i^«
pdn^tly li«ct^cM|c«afl)^cy whitii Cfaey owe tbtir fiir^fe wM^
pamphlpt. Thefe obfervations can bardljr be liM ^ te iri-
»»^mw II ».iw ■ I »U»i \ ^ni^ fctia yiangw iiiin ^.^ 1*^1 .. ni *■
dbilB.Xk UmAtAki:^^ Bjr£hRtflQl(JeBsei^ ULJL^'IfoiAkl
,1 olUMl<MtrAa:£)^ to ihe. Mtmory.CiC b^id^yUrtt^Ht ..^i^ u.
#W^UiIjS jijottki 4s >«vrryi vdhoie JMr|oii'wk|lk . that. ingpHdij
T^t fftftd ttUdcitfif fi irtiicbr irii^ IcmeriAjr lAttMbSbcd dw
imdiiai0iiticrf?J4ff^iefV*er«^i^Wf d^iiik this foUav&j dirfsip.
tiMi.ofctlie;dl8Utaiteto apdi ^^lUkaOtts <of JdiHSiikxid Uivl^
muft picafe by their poetical merit.
.: * j\ fiblUi lMild;$Mtb«^at»€MMitr^
, ti.?..? r'"^'« iMjpid bbilii^ jofl'd^ >r ' .' -.-) .
o ' * JWr tddomi^ew. Oitiiiiate^timfelduitt*'
- . '; ;J^ikoibMigktih«.«cye^ifoU;: .
, V. , !TifPLl«!P*d'th^|Jiiicci/:ir,^»ir.j
,, \ , ,^ #1^ Ja^&ai\d trcatiM^igptt* ,
CoA^w^its on a in^piMdl)'^ fide
, . |tar fiwptuatts n^nfion too4t
^ Witk manx a yalley ik\rting widp^
And many 1^ (preaaiog^o&j^
FroMJttioiiVl fiyect, widKbill 4od daleb
witk cheqiter'd^ %li^ and ibade.
Xad nam^s ^^ ^^ wtndiag vale
His filver arms d|ipUy'-d*
Tbe laodicape ofc the tmv^ikr Tiew'dj
1 And Uvf tbro* ev'ry part,
Nature in her moft graceful mooa
' Led on by !ralle and Art.
Beneath the Moonta^n's Ih^ggf £de
Sefpread with antique wo^,
lD.'int>d^l^ ftate and decent pride
Lbdfe's dWdlitfg fbod.
ifevcr did traveller that way
With porpos'd Aep advance, • •
'Sut if hi happened there 't6 fitty,
: He UdsM his lacky kjiaitce :.
ft96JKf^«»^f^*»4«rM Aroagli the fl^carft
Cud in Icr fimpK roflct weeds', ' ^
' ;AiW'&c*?'(S with fpring-time <|6^Vt i
Comfortjfficw'd a turfy fpii ,''^' ^*
r footttcps to detaici, ^
And lefs^he pr^is'd LooUk's baw'it^
IhirwaMTidP hafte away.*
, ^ who love Juch truths to fiod^ • '^* '^
!ttiat .in' *adi uanfion might be few '^ '"' '
* • ^- -^ ' An cfl«feh|fWdteh Am. • • : -i: >^ u
" ' ' McliiU, born to'bc zdqiit% " '''' -'»••• -" ^
•'/ Rijght mvc a Aailon isfws ; ' - - » •" ^ ... >t
' T6 drkw » worfd's applatiifc^c - * ~
,. \Whilft ittird Lo^ifa^s'gehtle mintt'"'^ -^"' ■ - ' '
IT^) no vifin potop afpfr'd, "*' -';' "•
1^61^ <4tt doffldtic joys deCgiT^' -^ i *
•^M6rclotUthd«wi«Anii?4* - - -*.
MdiAa'iMt,*fcfetfa*sfaa?/ ' ^ "
Nd tdflgoe cbtriipriiife t6b Kglk 5
Ndhieart bat felt to&ifa'tgrtMei, • . ; v'
And prais'dher #itk a i|jik.
CiJjpb thus her charms iitfl^% . • . . ^
T6 gain in empty Mifs ; V - *
The ho^ al) doe homage paid,
Mtfigh*4lbtEild«rii. a
Wbeo^we hj^re bern ju^ and candid to tb^ merits of 4 wilterl'
oi^ dttj^^ requires Uut we (boiild take notice of hi$ fatdt^'
The ^e before vi isAot aUoge^ber well concdvedf andic^l^
particularly defijcieot io th^fe circumftances which ihould have*
Warcan^ the untimely de^tb of Iiouiia. , .^
Hie Eie^y to the fnemory of Lord {^yttdhon la tery Ihort;^
butitiiasconfiderahiemerit* ^
■ . ^ ^ , • .. .. .liiif'
A^TmXii., £NCYCLoriasD(ABaiTA^NiCA; «r, a Haiomuy 0/ JHit^
[fmdS^entti, cam^Ud upon a n/tnxf Ptam^ Vfc. Hlliftrated Witii On€^
Hundred and Sixty Cobper-Plates. Bya Society of GctttlenKA UV
Scotlai^d. 4to. • 3*7011. $L 311. Dilly; 1773. it
I HE acknowledge(i Utility of compilations of this kind. htl<
Jn^uced us to beftow upon it ^ degree of atnmrtoiu' t^
tuTroqi it^ 5wn merits, we ha?e fiDunl itTtry KtilranlKltd.
^- ^ ---- . — *wm
The numerous itnprovements t))at .have Been nfadle in die £^
fereot arts and fciences, and the univerfai avidity which fn^
vaih for the pqixhajfe of upiverfal knowled^^ at a corapca*
dious and cheap rate^ have naturally given rife to manj putK-
cations of this kind fmce the diy% 6f Cfa'amb^ But mVk
every one feems to.«^nd)l!^]edge Che advantages ofittrcd by the
genera) plans of, thefe. rdpeS^ve works, ,no pom ^ipeart to te
fiuisiied with tht exec|ition,i "but all complain more, or left of
the difappointments the^ meet with on dccafioAall/ coafiddag
them. ^ " ' . -
Of thcfe complaints the coipnpilers of the prefeot work ftem
to have availed themfelves. . They accordingly found dieir fit-
perior prec^iions to 'public favour, and afTdme.no fmdU &ut
of OEieric, on their having formed their work on a nmr.plaa, very
diffirrent from any of thofe that bate boen adopted by dicir prede*
ceflbrs i wbo» as they allege, inftead of fivitfg a tkur rad me*
thodical detail of each branch qf ha9aah ktiowledge^ hive bees b
fond of derangementiifid^iemolition,. that they have necdlefilff
and even induftrioufly, divided ics diflferent members, mad diP
perfed them at randomctbiiaugbout the whole alphabet s leaving
to the reader the fatiguing ta(k of fearching after diefe Icaltered
fragments, and of putjing them together. , So fond) it fcemiy
do fome of thefe compilera appear to Se, of this method, dist
diey make ufe of it even with reg^ to fuch fubjeds as natu-
rally and obvioufly admit ol being treated fully undef one word.
Our Authors give us a potable inftancC) without faying what
it occurs, or an article. d^os, treated in a foriner ofeSioiary)
where the reader, wanting to know the hi&^y of the Bei^ it»
ceconomy, various operations, &c. looks out for that wofd,
and is told that it is ** Ai> in&d of' which there are a great amif
fpecies, &c. See Apis.'^ * Upon tMrnlng to Apis,* he leadi,
^, A;Pi$,. ia zoolog}^ a ^enus of four^wing^ infeds, liavi^
t^eir ulis furniflie^with a (ling, &c. SeeBaE, Swiaii,
Hivf ^ Honey, Wax, &c.*' * Welt, you turn to the next
word referred to, " Swarm of Bees. See Hive." « Up<w
cbnfiilting Hive, you are told it h/' a convenient retepticic
for bees. See Bee." * Thcu WnTion is mUde of two or three
ftrts of tliera, of which no other aceounr Is given, butthst
fome axe ooade with willow, others With ftrhW ; ibme cyf tvood,
others oi glafs y and that their uAial form is conicaU iknd ib|
1il[^th much the fam^fatisfa^iion^you are carried through fJMMgf
H^^Vff titmy^i^mb^ iVax^ &c. .and after bbing refcrreil bsd:
Aom the laft article %o Hone^comi^ H^nty^ ^?^^* B^% ^i
y^ perhaps t^irow down the book in the heat of ^lifappgit*
•antj'-^
,T% prefent lexicographers have followed a very diH%reflt
|i{U% aiid ia their preface ftrongly infinuate that diey have cdtt*
ffiftd
Encftl&pntMa Brltannica. ^tif
llSriiedkleftrly the wliete prefent i^o6k of human attainments ia
^E tnii fcien^e, ocatleaftall the efTential parts, *in ft certain
nuoiber of diftii^ t^eatifes or fyftems. Here, they afllire us^;
th& reader will find each fubjei^ < dtfcufl^d in a complitiMd'.
itiethodical m^nner^ without bilhg dlflrailid with refcrtnca /
white thrm^abfyttcfali^^I or bther tern>3 that require explana*
tioQ are coocifehr. explained, as theyoccyr in the courfe, of
the afphabttt.. ui fa£t, the prefent work corifills of about
forty of the albre&ii treattfes or fy(iem$« ^s they ave callecfy'
di) the different' arts aiid fciencesj vVhilc tbcVremaiadcr^ of
it is litde more than a mere hometrclatufe^— or, as the Ger-
mans c|iH their common didionaries or vocabularies, a Wpp*
ecn-butibt or WoriUbook^ containing a meagre 'explanatioa
of each term, or perhaps the term alone, either accompanied
witha'gentral and wtde-extended reference, direSin'g the reader
to journey over fome one of the aforefaid forty treatifes at large;
Oi fometimes kindly refierring him, by a (borter cut, to the pani-
cuiar pageof the tre^tife in which he is to Aidr^/^e Information.
-'Though we very readily acknowledge the imprppriety and
sdifurdillv of the method above exemplified, of fplittiog a ample
and diftinA srticte into numerous parts, and of giving the.
reader z.vertigp^ by repeatedly whirling him round the alphabet
in purfuit of ihem} it does not follow that ^' the reverfeof
^i^^rmtg^ is rightY* or that'the abufe of the Encyclopedic plan,
by certain individuals, and in certain indances, wili juliify the
total lejedion of it^ and the giving up the conveniences indjf-
putably attending it, in works of this kind, when they are
executed with judgment.' The faults of one extreme >re not
aoic^iaded^ but only changed, by running into another. Surely.
there is a middle courfe which thefe improvers might have pjir-
Ated with advantage i which at the fame time that it wouid^
fttrnifli the reader with dire£^, fp^dy, and perhaps (adsfadlory
information, "with refped to the immediate obje<St of his in*^
quirv, Aight, by'a fet of references arranged in proper order,'
diredhim where he might iTnd,any further inforpiation that he'
might ftand in need of, with regard to matters collaterally re«
lat^to the objeft of his purfuit. ' ^
A di£Konary of arts and fciences thus coiiftruAeJ, of articlea
relating to drntrent and difcordant fubjed:s, arranged only in
the artificial order in which that of the alphabet happens to'
dlfpofe pf them, may. we acknowledge, be confidered as a'
mere H^tUimefs of fcience : yet fuiely it is a wllderneff
afbrongh .which avenues may be fo judicioufly cut, that the '
xead^r may es^y find his way to the knowledge that he i$ itki
^|tteftof. But cutting well direfied avenues, that lead to ric^?
^bM ciHtlvated fpots, is a niee and laborious work, whicll'RK
^fdli'et geniti»» ImoWitdge, and appUbtioo; nor is ^Yohe£e^
•- — * ctthef
304 Emjchpaiia Brttamc0f
either new. or ftriking, for it i|ras long ago v^ry IvaAMj eis-
cuted by Chambers : whereas reprinting olcl and new ticitifa
verhaiimls a matter of eafy exeoiution, and this plan ha3 ^ceorj-
ingly been prefixed by ou^r tranfcribing Compilers, or dieic
yferid affiftants and aflbciates in tfap printinfi;-o^C5; ; the wjpok
cor];is modeftly refting their claim to fqperior ezcell^ffce,^ tokij
on the meritorious Novelty of their plati.
They complain of the d\flra£l\m product by the muBeroqs
references of their predeceflorsj but their purcbafers, we'appiS'
kend^ win have olucb greater reafon to lament the infreqiienar
of them, and the want of precifton in the few r^erences neoeu
(arily employed in the prefent work. lo former diAionaries,
we are referred to articles that are eafily to be found^ on ^->
(;ountof their alphabeticat mode of arraagCpi^Qt ; bu^ ia the
prefent compilMioo^ though our editors frequently refer us tq
the particular page of the treatife where information is to be
^acquired} yet they frequently likcwifc, by a general refcrencx
to the treatife at large, leave the reader to the full exercife ti,
all his zeal and patience, in hunting after his article, ibmetipics
through a courfe of a hundred pages, without furnifhing hia
with a fingle hint to guide him in the purfuit. In many trials
we have been obliged, through meiy laffitude^ to give up the
^afe. We {hall produce a &w inft^es, out of a confiderable
number that have occurred to us, to juftify die obfervaticm>
only premifing that we have not ta^en any extraordinary pains
in deteAing, or exerted any particular choice in fdiedbing^ the
fbllowin^ foecimens, which ihew the inconveniences refttltbz
from the plan of the prefent compilers, as they have execntra
it. We give them rather a^ Ult^adons, than as prQoi^» ftf
what we advance*
*♦ T^A AcHiLLis. $ee Anatomy. Pwt a*"] Naw^rhc
fyllem or treatife intitled Anatgrny fpreads over x^ le& tbaui 165
pages in 410, clofe printed. TIk Keader howpver^ in the pre-
fent inftance, needs only leifurely to coofuk the text of about
34 V^%^h ^^ which part % ^Q.n.Glis i and if he has a kcea eye,
and fome previous knowledge of the fubje£l; he may poffibiy
find tttsunJo AcbllUt in ^c/iirie of the Ga/trffaawui and S^cm
mt^cles :»-A piece of information which the Anatomifl: or jdie
Surgeon do not want, and which the common Readex wiU bo
deterred frpm acquiring here at fo dear a rate.
* *• Aktjcvlakis Mcrius, Sec Gout, and M;si>TCUfJt.''J
Turning to the article, Gout^ we read, * GpuT, in MfdioMt^
fie MfipiciKB.* This fi^rely looks fomewbat VIkp 4^fkm9f9(t
tli Read^ 'wlb references : but .this is a flight incooveniesice
compared withjthe labour of difccwering in whatxoraerof <^
Sand treiitife, intitled Medicine^ QOJ^^fixfiZ. of f 10 p^gtty |bc
!9ir/ is to be founds aa the Header meets. wi4 W affift^oca
"•-•-- t ^ . - ' 6oai
om anyv ^Ubrvable order in the conftruAion of the treaiife
kifiorfromunf running title at the head of the page, or even
cifapter of content^,, to facilitate the fearch. At length bis
ilig«A^ is rewarded by a diicqv^ry pF this dear- bought article^
rvil^ly tvanferibed, in a mutilated ftate, from Brookis*s Pra£lU9
^/'^^i without hi» being aUei ho v^eirer to difcover any ad-*
anuge^ that it derivet' vArom* it*8 fypematical fituation^ embo-
edio^be cencef of a iarj^ freatifd, Wh6re it is nearly as com*
et^ly infidoui^ as if tc bad ftood betlireetf the arti^Ie^^^ Gourde
id C^<;a^,.according to the common alph^beticat arrangeirienc.
Thil$ llg^uo,. at the -U^Crd^ FAiNtl»iQ, * we are directed to
pcecd to.LiFOTkYftliA, atid at Lil>pTkYMiA, are puflied
1 wards to MeoxciVe, » where we ivtA ourfelves' once more
igulphid :in tlacrmidft 6f the aforefaid tneditat hotchpotch;
It wbeti^er Llp^hfnda is r^alt^^crBe found^tberc, our moil
boured refeacches^havie hot enabled us t^ determiExe.
Purfujng ouridefulccfry enquiry, through one or two articles
or^i^.weJQOk fonPRi^A/l (in optics) which is hot to be found :
itatMAiOic IbANr9R^9 vy6reatf, ** Magic Lanthern^
Q)(i^,, fee OpTzesf'^ that iSf turn over the imire treatifc
intitjcd:. tod at ^* ^th<ir, in Chcmiftry," we are bid to
fee pH£HisTJtY;?' thilt tt^ a tfearire of 114 pages.^^An ex*
Ue?i|;.afiternooaV aihufeo^nt, for thofe who (utd thetnrelves
:^e4 u> difpofe of their^ afternoon m this manner !
By tb^s (requeotldmiffion orreferenccs from the fipaller af«
;le#^n.tbis dt^kionary) to the hrger rreacifcs where tbeir ex-
inatioil is to be founds our "Compilers have not dotie juflice
eb u> their own plan. Bui! Ii^erc their references ever fo exa^»
d. ^eir fyftemarical freatiifes ever To excellent and well di-
ftet)*^ it U 10 the higheft degi^e abfurd to fuppofe that a fet of
f^y^etcrfaciic^ontbe yaridtts branches of human knowledge^
ppiy^SWod itith sUlthe teehnlcat or other terms placed in aU
ia4>ciical ordbar,.aad,.£Ervingas an index to them, could pof^
ly jbe^qQndenfedJnto the narrow cotnpafs of three volumes in
artQ«i .. T^hey liHAftke Kte«^ife the proper ufe of works of this
mIj wbi<;b. can ndver anfwer the purpofe of Uatbing the arts
d (jpieocois Abjutucrm only ferve, or at leafl are prLncIpally
iiptf4> to.refrcfh tt^ tDemoties of thofe who are already well
Minded ia faKidasneinals^' 6r to give ifnmedtate and fuperitclai
orination tothdTe wkorequife no more;
BtfCiWayiogaii]^ further obfervations on'^hefe, b(eadS|, pur
icori^ b^e been etpjaHy injiidicibas 'iA.portidning out the
190 ^]lotte4 to tbsir diffierai^t {y^^iia^ or treattf(;s. To give
ly A^i^w inftancts Of -mifmabaj^etiteht in this >le;p]artment-^
ir^Vr^wCthavbalffady-olitm^^^^ pigtii Jtnatomy
pands over no lefs than 165^ and the article, JMb^^SbT, ftill
BmET. Apr. 1774. , X fliocc
^66 Encychp^tiia BritamUtfi
^ <^ore prepofterouflf ,' occupies and defiles no left than 46. Notr
how well difppfed foever ch< generairif of Readers itiajr \^ to
dabble in phyfic, and to rflilh the copious draughts here fdih-
fully transfuiedy and prefen^ed to thecn, (only in a diffefCiK vt-
* hicle as to form and, type) from Brtcia^s gutif^lPra^c^i — fcr
' whofe u^ w^ would a(k, is every bole and comar of the bo-
man body thus minutely explored^ and every mufdc bel<»igti^
~ to it traced up to it's oriein and followed to it*^ inferffon i or
* Hnafly,'. what purpbafer or a didionary of arts and fcieocess in
Ihort, who, but a man n^idwife,. can wifli to l^am the varioss
* mahceiivres of.the./fr/*//i/9 or todiftii^ui(h tbe proper coca-
* fions and leafo'ns wben. to lay down the twaps-zxhA tike up tbe
' 'Crot^hltf,: — But hi will certainly prefer SimUie*^ own ediiion tf
his bpok, t6 that in the E^cycUpid'a Briutnnka.
ibn the other hand, Natural Histo&y, an (^ed of gene-
ral curiofity and,.m(|uiryy occupies but./sM ^H!^» which arc
emptoyed only, in givipg a lift^of tbe fix cla&s into whicb
Linn^ps has divided the Animal kingdom.. The Authors in-
deed- refer lis for farther • {at^fa6tion, to Miner Ai.oct>
i^ooLOGY, BcjtamV:. but no fuch treatife, article, or evtn
* word,' as m,'nn'aleqt'\$ tp'be foui}d here. • At.the word Z^aUg},
"we onjy wd, * Zoology, the Science of Animab. Sec
'Natural History;.* that is, fee the treatife of two pages
aforciaid. Turiiidgtou Botany indeed, we meet with fomf-
'IfebatWemhlin^ a treatife, which however confifts only of ^
pages-K containing a chapter on tbe ufes of Botany | soother in
whi^h tbe Linnaean,^yfttm of Claffificatton is defcribed $ and t
fhird,'jn, which thp theory oi the fexual commerce of Vegeta-
bles.tsdifcuiTed, aM attacked with fome degree of vivadty;
•hiit whether bj any of par Compilers, we know not. We meet
.Indeed^ with 10' much feryile tranfcribing. of whole vcdaoxs
herhaiim^ in their fyftems or treatifes, as they call them—
Skipping only over now a, paragraph, and then a page,^i
^^hapter^— that we cannot help doubting whether the few arti-
cles, we here meet wicbir^ihat might do them fome c/edit^ ait
iorigihals, or mere tcanU:ripts like the refl:.*-?-*But to return :
In the detaihr3pzn of the worjc, particular articles of Natts*
fal Hrftory are indeed t6 be^ found, as tbey. occur in the alpha*
l)et{caT arrangement^ but^ except in a vei^. &w iaftances, xhcj
confijl of little more ^han the name of the plant or animal, aod
the charafiers afcertaihing its rank in the Linnasan* claffifica-
tion i.follOw:ed,'M^^ animal fyftem particularly, with a drj
catalogue of its Tp^cies or varieties, as uninterefting as a gcae-
alogicaluble; while the qualities, habitudes, fingularkies, or
^ther iriterefiinp; circifmftaiices peculiar to the fubjed, areoot
Jiotiosd. A Lmnaeaa or prpfefied Natiiridi& does doc waiK«
''/''••''* . M
EtufchpmJIa BritafUucd^ - " 367
ho^ can be content wfth, the fcantjr information he findg here i
and to a common Reader t6eir dcteriptions muft appear down^ '
right gibberiih.
Taking liie firft fpecimen that prefenta ii(AU AngitIs, 6{
the fnakc^ for example } inftead of informing and amuiing thie
Reader with the general biftory, habitSi &c. of tfais^ fpecies of
animal, they prcfent htm only with a lift of fixteeii ())ecie9,^
diftinguifhed by as many hard names, and tell him that filch ah
one haa \%b fitUa on the belly, and 23 on the tail^ but that
smother has 180 fcuta on the belly, and 18 on t|ie. tarl : and
J ret this dry and difmal catalogue of 16 fnakesj and of their re-^
pedive Jatto on their bellies and tails, takes' up more rdocn
than our judicious Compilers have' thought fit to allot to to
iaterefting and iniportant an article as that of Mfigmtifmi i .
itjbjc(^ which the reader^ after due fearch, day at length find
€9mpletehf difcufled in a folkary paragraph of about 20 line^,
occurring in a very unexpeAed place^ the treatife on Mnha^
nia: to which he is referred at large, und^ the word
Maonbt ••
Turning over a paee or two^ we naeet with ApUti^ and elt-
t€& that, at leaft, this extraordinary genus of infeds^ whofi:
luigular mode of propagation, has^ for a long lime paft, coii-
Ibiuided all our fine-fpuo fyftems of generation f, would hav4$
afforded matter for a curious article, inte^efting to the genera-
lity of Readers | but a Reader, in the firft places who is not a
profefled Naturalift, Will not know, nor do oilr lexicographers
inform him, that Apbis is the Liniuean generical name of thd
tribe of in(e£b^ of whofe fingular mode of generation he hai
formerly read accounts' in Boluiet and other Natuhrlift^, under
the titles of PtturotiSf Vine-fretters, or Plant-lice;— ^dr if he
does,' yill he meet with much (attsfa£Uon from ih^ accb'unt herd
given in eight lines, the whole fubftance of wt^ich is, that thtf
jfphit belongs to the order of hfiffa hikilptira^ that the roflrum
is infleded, the anttnna< longer than the thorax, am) the feet of
the ambulatory kin4:«— notices which muft Undoubtedly rtdound
mufrh to his edification and amufement. It is needlefs to mul-
tiply iniianpes \ but making one trial more we confult tfte artf-
cle Polypi^ and find the whole hiftpry .of this curious family of
* Among other inftaaees of a fimllarly happy iHrrangement; we ma/
nitnMnTb$rMometiry which is treated under Pnbumatics. Looking
fgr Pjrmmur^ no fuch article octuf§: under the article, /r/, we
find nothing faid of it j but in our fearch after Magmtifm, we unex-
p^Aedly pop upon it« thruft into .a corner of the treatife of M&-
CAA«iCS«
t .See oar 48th volume. Febrnary 177 3* page it 6,
X 2 infect
3o8 ^ . EncycUpa£a Brifamdoh
Htfc&s cotnprMM in thr(5c WftCjT;' biif then we have the (atisfse*
lion of learaii^that 4 beWngi'taOie G^fyinctf tfie ItyMra^
In a new l)>4iof^ary of Aru snd tScieno^f, t ilcader wtft
luturally eicped to meet with fome information wf^ r^ard to
the.lpaqy ipterefting 4ifcoyefictr or impm^etMhts iti PhHofttph;
oc Art> that Idji^inguiih Qur«owntinie9k Wlth'rcfpcd'hawevef
to mattcrii of this lund^; oar negligent or iinioferin^ Compiles
, generally obifervo thf aioft profiiinui f Jcwie* We fliafl dofc
SiiS article wilh g»«4*« » fewmfttonces, out of many iMt hw^
occurrefi to us, ^ 4beif ^g^ioraocr or Degligem:^ iji Mk pai"*
ticular* . - . . .,
In tbefirfl place, no fuch article «• -fiuMf Jfr is to be met
wi^ in tEis,0i4iQn^y » thbngh « fobjtfft teitirinly eathletf^
^rrje conrideiati^n in the:phik£>pbicaU or ehenrical ^pfttiAeoia
of g work ^f fbi$ kind* ob lacamei of the coafiderable li^ht
'thrown on (eyci^ -pf ,4^ OK>ft4AteMftia]g parts of hattkal- pbilo^
Ibphy> by^Vcqr^^w^ tbe^cKiftcace of tMs fluid-, ats k cokAi^
tuent part of ^amr biadiety and \s^ tbc difcoverf of IX^ varknti
propertiea aini ixefatioos.. Ovevlookklg -and e»:nfiifg their
ooiiiKoii of the more recent diicoveries of philoTopfieirs on tiiU
fubjea;^ we?(Mi ohftnpethat aotimty th^^ I>r; Brownnggtc,
communicate tQ the pfiUfck iir 1765^ Md of Dr. Black, pi^
liflied in 17569 are. here ^afibd over lUinotkedf but KkeWire
the ni*merous and intereftitigeiip^imental invelK^tions of^is
aerial fiibJftaQce, publtflied hf Dr. Haks aibdre ferrrVelrs agd»
as wfll as :tbe^r(^rvilti0as oi Bo¥)e, rtiad^ in ^ hk^ ctnti^.
Fixed i^V^not Jbeing; 10. be founa eitbift in st^ proper (dace, or
under I^N£^i44Tics» we tmrn to thtf artides Lbrn^ and Mogtif
fta^ot father to t)^ tiFeattfirof CHXMlsVieY; to whkh obrCocn-
pilera re£fr uf^ 1^1 thtib two artioksj Here the^ ^vid^ntlyr ap»
pear not tQ havt obtiiimd the laift gNmpie^f tfaii elenient« is^r
of the imp()r,tai>t; Kfaltt^Mwed frtai (h^cb^plefe ^btd oopiiouf
detefiion of it in ihefe tv^ fdbftanctt, thou^ dJEedocffej^ chetr
own coumryinaii, Dr# Bhick) near twenty yeafrs a^.' ^We nexl
confult the artijcle MiimeAL WmUti^ wheit we find them fpeak-
ing of diofe of Pyamooa, as conftituted of a ^ fubdle aqueotts
fluid,. zvpiaiiUirm^ aodapvedoamacin^alcaK^' and (be#tDg
them/elses as completely igntlrant of this aerial and capit^
ingredient, to.wfcieh thtfe and' <Dther waters of tbk Mod owe
their grate£a) pungency and priaeipal vtrtues, as if Dr» Brown-
rigge and others had never difcovered or written arfyUable oa
the fubje^):. In fiiort, after all our fearches, we have not bcco
able to find the Icaft hint or fymptcmi, indicating that thoTe
Compilers and Digeftors of the fcience of the prefect age, were
confcious that iucb a printipte as Jlxed ait exiflied in any one
corner of the univerie*
Uwkf
Under Pl^murM A:rie9 (page 490) ouc CoffipUen have^Mght
9)foper to fpeak of Ligbtmng and ThmndeTi and- repeat the old
flory of fulpbure'ous and' nitrous bodies, rifing; into tke atmo-
fpbere^ fermenMng wiib ca^ :Otber, and ^^^^ iirefponta*
iieoiiily } and ,yet feme one of our coofifteot a&ckted book*
makers bod before given US| uoder the article fiLBCTAfcxTVy
adifferejitaAd^uft account of tbe caiiie of tbcfe meMors^ while
lie waa t«anfcribtng from Uu Pritftley's biftory of that fcience.
To proceed lUily one ftep furtber in this unedifythg and tire«
fomeinvefligation: — The r^frailing Telefc&pi is here curforily
defcribed in the compafs of iefs than a page, juft in the ftate in
which k was delifered down tow from the. days of Galijeo and
£epler, with all i^ imperfeftions on its bead; The fame pro^
found filence and fecrecy^ wbkb our Compilers bsive obferved
with regard -to the modern fneumaikal ii\[c€>weKm of our coun^
trymen^ tbey religioufly maintain likewife witb refpeA to the
japrovenwncs ma^ hi the above-mentioned braocb .4>i'0j>tics^
wbich terminated in the invention of thtufckr^mirtir Tcltkaft :
one of the moft brilliant difcoveries of the prefent age. - Not a
bint tranfpires concerning the theory of this infttument, nor is
even the name of it to>be found in this New and Complete digeft
of the Arts and Sciences.
We fcaroe need to repeat the Apology Tuggcfted toward the
beginning of this article^ which we have, beeii induced to ex«
feud to its -pfefent length, principally on account of the utility
of compXa(tion8 of..t^s kind) the. pretty eactenfiive. demand for
them^and theiar^price-of 'tM«J>reffi90t work.: On chewhble,we
fliall only further obferve with regard to it^ that ii h fanned on
an excep^i^i^aUe pfam, tnjudidoufly^tiegllgeiitly, iai foftie in-
fiances ignofandy^ aiidy up<HV the whole, we may* add, dt/bo^
nefilfj executed. The^-expreffion is not roo hafUh^^WTicti we con-
fider the neth^ parfued by our Book-wrigbti., Qf mahufac-
turing the bulky parts of their wo^ or ihtk Jj[^emi^ and of
adding iheet to iheejt, by the prompt expe^nt of almoft literally
tranfcribing, whole treatlfes^ or detached parts.* (»f treatifes ;
inftead of extrading.the/iibllj^fiifQ^ and feledtag and digefting
their moft valujcUp ,cpatemir: whiles, tkqir ifaoct and iHeagre
articles^ in the detact|ed 1 part .«f- k, 'Of wMeh forty or fifty
fometimes are jnciaided in a finglrpa^^ render this department
<€f ihe work a mefi Dijfttoni^ry of Difiniihnu
MONTHLY
MONTHLY CATALOGUE^
For , A P R I L, 1774.
P O B T I C A t.
Art. 13. Otahiiti : z?otm. '4to. is. Bathurft. 1774*
TH & fmooch* corred, and flowing ftyle of verfe in which thii
poeoi is written, fhews that the Author is bo danger to com«
pofition. ^at thqugh his poetry is gpodt it is, in our ophiion, toq
geqeral in its deicriptions to be intcrefting ; at Ieaft» futk were eke
fentiments with whicl^ th^ perufal ImpreiT^ i^. \Ybat relates pzLiti-
f ularly-to Otaheite is conveyed in t^c fallowing lines ;
* Put Fancy lea48 qs oer yon iile to rore.
The Cypaus pf the Sduth^ the Land of Live.
Here, ceafelefs, the returning feaibns wear
Spring's verdant robe, and fmile throughout the year^
Jlefreihing zephyrs cool the noon-tide ray,
And plan tane groves impervious (hades difplay.
The gen'rons foil cxafh no filler's aid ^
To turn the glebe and watch the infant blade;
Nature their vegetable bffead fupphes, '
And high in air loinriant.harvefts rife.
fio annual toil ^e foodful planu demand,
But unrenewed to rifing ages ftand ;
Fro^ iire to fon the lonj; fqcceiCon trace.
And lavifh forth their gifts from race to race.
Beneath their ihade the gentle tribes repofe;
Each bending branch their frugal ieaft bellows :
For them the cocoa ywldt iu milky flood.
To Alike theiftbirft, and ktd their temperate Mood ^
No mddy nedar their pure ber^rage dains,
roams in their bowt and fwells tbetr kindling veiaa*
' Their evening hours fucqefliv^ fpor ts prolong.
The wanton dance, the ioye-infpiringibng.
Impetuous wilhes no concealment knoi^,
Ai the heart prompts, the melting numbers flqw :
]^ach Obbrea feels the lawlefs flaiiie,
Nor checks defires fhe does not blufh to name*
^ No boding prefage haunts them through the nights
. No tares revive with eirly dawn of light -^ ' *
Each happy day glides thtoqghtlefs as the laft.
Unknown the intnre, nnrccali'd the paft.
Should momentary doucja, with envions fluufet *
^lot the gay fcene, and bid its colours &de 1 '
As the next hour a gleam of joy fupplies.
Swift o'er their minds the pafling fnnlhine flies z
t^o more the tear of tranifient forrow £ows,
peas'd are the lover's pangs, the orphan^s woes.
* Thus the fleet moment^ wing tlreir cafy way s
A dream their being, and U^r ufjp a day*
Monthly CataloooBi^ PMtkah .7 311
'V*k«owa td.fhefeibftttibtii, with (bbborii fbil
And flfrmt robad to turn «che cultar'd TotI ;
Throagh traaklefi wilds jto ui-g^ their daring chace.
And roaze the (ierceft of the favage race ; '
•iJnkabwn tho(b wafits that pfoth^it th* iaventive mind.
And baniih nervclefs floch from human-kind.
* Can crCicl paflionB theie ck\m ibats infeft.
And ftiflc pity in a parentis breaft ? >^
Does here M e d b a draw the y^geful bladjb.
And iUin with filial gore the bladnng (badet
Herr, where Areadia fhoold its tcenes nnfbid^
>^nd pail'rai love revive an age of gold !
* Ab I fee in yain the little fuppliaat plead
With fiient eloquence to check the deed :
He Tmiles unconfciofus on th* uplifted knife.
And courts the hand that's arm'd againft his Hfe. '
Not his laH iighs the mother's boibm movie ;
She dooms his death, her Sacrifice to love :
Impatient haftes her am'rous vows to plight.
And feals with iahnt Mood the barbarous rite» ' -
Reclined upon her lover^s panting breaft.
See in his arina the beaotcoos miird*reff preil!
No keen ntmorfe the wanton trance d^ftroys» "-
No (hrlUine terrors damp their guilty joys;
Nor ties oflodal (i^ their crimes reclaim^ - ''
Nor rigid Jaitice awes» nor virtitous FamcL
' On muids w%ich thus untaught thiDi'dafkltng ftray»
To po0r the radiaiK beams of heav'aly day;
To point where Nature the great ooUtne draws.
Where Truth reveai'd gives landion to her ^aws |
To bid th' iotemp'rate reign of Senfe-eiqiire,
And qnench .th' oaholy fluie of loofe deAre ; ' ^ > '
T'cach them ihm being's datie» ita ufe and end»
And to immortal life their hopes extend,
^Howgreatthe.iriumphl'— — " -.^ .
On Ae whole this may be properly enough tailed a pretty poem* •
Art. 14* SuThofMs's Mount: a Poem. Writleh by a i^enrle-
' maaiaindia^ 4.td» 2 s. 6d. Dodiley*, i774« '
St. Thomas's Moilntis a beautiful place In India, oil the co'a^ of
I^oromandeL On this^ account the ju-veqile Author* l^ad many ad^
rantages with rclped to noVelty of fcenery, imager^,* an^" objefts ; .
tnd, avaiting^him(elf of this, he has produced no very contcpptiblo
>oaii* Thus hfe di^ffcribes the hunting of the Antelope:
''But mark the beauteous Antelope f— he fpringi:— *. _,
He bounds— ^e flies — nor needs the aid of winga.
Not tEe fleet greyhound, Perfia's boafted breed, 7
Nor, 60m Arabia's eoaft, the rapid deed,. .,
* This poem, the Authpr tella ns, was written before he liad at-
atflfid Ilia 2oth year.
^^ X4 fa
3ii Monthly Cat aIoovs, P^^^iL
In fwiftnefft can eompar^lie drips die wtnd^
Ai^4^yp them hgeVf^g, p4»tiAg» hgiMatd*
Now» freed from dre«d» fct fppni «p^ dwfUaa,.
UntH their cries ialuic bit e^rs again i
Again the fugitive his flight renews i /
In vaia the flretching ^e his wingicd conrfe pnrfaci*
Then (ky what fwiftDeis (ha)} this prize oi>ttUDs .
Which dogs an^i hprfes frUow hut in vain ? j
Beheld the Chetah 1 of the kopard-kind.
Watchful' as n^(» and atfliire as the wind*
Bred tt> the fport^ he fteals towtrds the preyi.
As the herds broN^e^ or inattentive ^ay i.
One he felefts, and measuring with his tyt$
The 4iiMncf» , darts like (ight^nlng^ to the pxbe :
(So,/ when the fowler takes his certain aiiB» '
A fwift deftrudion -ftrjkes the .flntt'ring .gafne«)
The ^e\plefs prey his ufelols 4>^ed bemoans*
Drops tSe big tear of griefs «nd dies in £roai»«
Bat fhould or chance or accident betray
Th' approacbiog favage on his mard^moa.way.
" Inftan t the Aatdope Intakes to fligh tr— .
Indent the Chetah, furious at the iighe»
Springs to arreft his fpeed — but fpicing&in vain !
Refcu'df he now exelu and bouiids aToui; the pUoMLi
Bat lo ! die difappoiated Cheuh tarns, i
While tenfold fury i* 3iis \)o{qm biirns :^-t
Beware, yehnntertf! left, his ire to iate»
Heedle^ yoq, feel Actbon's wretched 6te i
AH but his keeper, whofe familtac hand - *
SuppUes his waAits, and pradifes commaad ;
So^th'd by his vpice» rolaaantly be ftajf»#
Growls fiifly difcooteot* and ilow pbcys.\
The fecond Canto ontanis^ by way of epifode,' the pttegriaatioai
of St. Thomas, who, the Auth^ takes it* for grantcdy propagated
the gofpel in the EaftrJndies* . ^ , ^
Art. 15. The Patron^ a Satire. 416, is. Ftcxncy. 1774.
Tho Attthor profeflea jtor iaiitate JvrenaU In this: yiew we n^
apply to him his own fai-cafm on the late^ Pr. Goldfxnith. .
The: punyDodor, he telU'iis, tore from^. the ViiWny'lhp.aldeinof
Johfifon, a corner of. his mantfe, in wliic^'he fwath'd hinifelf 0*0
and'pl^r: . , , , , ' /,
'' : G I ' '■■ — ^h thus robed aflTumes a mock command
^ And in thofc regions f reigns J j 'iq, a^ fec!?p4 haj^d*.
But if tbeAutbQr has no preteniions to rank wjtb ^Mlq^rioat
Roman, he may b6 allowed to lit down with his ing^eniou^ cooAtrj'
man Oldham. ' ' , ,
• Left the Abthor fliould be fuppofed capable of ui^iKroofly ii-
fnltiQ^the dead lion^ we muft pbfcjrethat^^ this poem 'wis pnbKAcd_
before tjie Dolor's death.' ' "7 """' / *
•:j ^ *« 4— the proud manfions of immortal fam^,**
3 ,, ; ' T^ew
M^THtY Cataloo0^, PoettcaU . ^^
There is fpirh, as well as poetry, in the followioj^ ftn£tQce| ofi the
jJtfUtioos nmm -aiakaitg in St. Jatties's Park* :
' * An ample plain there lies, obltqiie bctw^n
The hqpottr'd'rerideQce of Albloots Qoeen,
Which its proad fammits thas ennobled rears
More by her Tlnuei, 'than the crown (he wears*
And in thoie realms, the realms of freedom knowo,.
A little inanfion., which I call my own :
Qn that white R ■» exhabib his art,
) Your inflaericey all ye powers of tafte impart.
I aik Dot» \ktvt to (coop the hpllow dell,
Th^r^ bid the gay fwerd's Terdurbus bolbm iwell:
Kaked and flat be the eye*wearyin^ fcene
As billiard-table^, thongh not half fo green^
liet not, in groups aiTembling unconfined.
The HMhadryides goflip with the wind ;
And here and there be caogbt a Dryad (tray.
With artfbr ignorance to loTe her way.
Uprieht as ntarqueteers ya a trdn-band,
Ranfipd rank and file, w^ile the tall wood-Dympbs (brnd.
To keej) th^ roving eye j^ithia 4oe boi^ndl^
The fair extent throw an embracement round :
And from M^^elds^^ whfre f^kgance poTvails,
Bring the nice modeLof the cirdiqg rails.
Bring Bedlam too, ftri^w beds, andTcclls (b dark.
And let the tnanfion ikirc St. James's Park*
With lanaiics, ,hcre pamots ^n dj(gr^ce« ..
There chiefs in plenita^ of po^er and places
Cuckolds,' that clank the^ gainful, jnarriagc chaia,
An^ wives Jby pfulian^ent turn'd mai^s i^n,
I^arams Qf ^p^fv I'^P^^*?^^. ^^ «V* ^
Cafgoes of tops apd fopli^ for,the flage;
ni |>e'dp]e 'Bedlam^t Tome future time |
= Or mayliblivion teize ray ltulj-)[^fn ^hisie^'
Ar|fl6« Rfifili^hn;^^?0fim.v. By Dr. Goldfinith $ including
EpitUpl^s on the mo$ diftinguUhed Wita :of the Metropolis, ^to.^
IS. 6 4«;Kearfly^ I774» - i
, , * Dr.Goldfmiij^' fays ^the Editor^ ' belonged torn A^hotSiaux
J|^ri<^, where 9^t fp^rkle^ Ibmetimcs at theexpence of ^ood-natore*
It was propofed (9 write, epitaphs on the D«dor. His country,
dia^, and perfqn, furiufl^ fitiyeai of witticifti. The Do^or
wa% 4^l][sd OQ i^rfl/fiafifiti9itt iLKi at their next meeting produced
the foU^wiag poettft«'«rr-, V
The perfoas who (gofe ']>riocipaUy in this poetical group are £d«
iBmid Burke; hishrother, Richard Burke; his coafin,William Burke $
Patl^ ^W*fi*^ J ^* Q^vaimX^^l aiaor. of the Well liMlian ; Dr.-
Douglas, the<rete£tor.of'jLau^^r;..SirjQ(hfia;R^olds; and a fi^w^
othen. W<wi9f<?0Qcd that iJ^Aethprintcpdcdtd«nlarge his lift; ^
whijt^^ms y^pipbs^^ tpjth^ pif^ce^peartib b^ Imperfea: a
drdiynttai^ce whu;)iji^^jS4nMrerf (in which, audber we may venture
to iaf luftr all its rradf r») ^\ ^trtainly lamcntt^ The poem ajbopnds
-•• :'"■."•." ' * with
314 MONTHLY Catalogue, PoUuaU
with wTt, free from even the flighted tltidore of ill satore; tod^
chara£leri(lics of ail the parties, as far as. they are known to os, are
cqaally pointed and jult As a (jpecimeny we Ihall ^ire the' epiuph
on the celebrated orator, Mr. Burke :
* Here lies our good Edmonds whole genins was fuchy
We fcarcely can praife it or blame it too naoch ;
Whoy born for the unirexle, narfo«^*d his niind«
And to party gave up whit was roeanc for mankind.
Though fraught with all learning, kept draining his throat
To perfuade Tommy Towafend • to lend him a vote ;
Wlus too deep for his hearers» ftiil went on refining.
And thought of Convjiicing, while they thought of Dioiog i
Though equal to all things, for all things unfit.
Too nice for a itatefman, too proud ior a wit.
For a patriot too coal ; for a drudge difobedient.
And too fbnd of the right to purfue the ixpeditnt.
In (hort *twas his fiUe, unemploy'd^ or in play. Sir,
To eat mutton cold, .and cut blocks with a razor.'
T)i€ lines on Mr. Garricfc are perhaps the nit)ft mafterfy part of
this very agreeable fragment ; hue they have been fnfficiently.rctaUed
, in the ne^s-papers.
Art. 17. The Cimci% a Poem. By Samuel Rogers. 4to. it.
Richardfbn, &c.
Mr. Rogers has jud notions of the oeconomy of private life, and
of the obligations of religion and morality ; but he totally miflakei
his talents if he thinks himfdf half fo great a poet even as Porafret,
We tell him this truth in pare good will, becaafe we are pleafed with
his fentimentt : and in the hope that he will, hereafter, be cautions
of injuring his own thooghts by attemptiagto clothe them in verfe.
Arti 18. Tbi Progrrfs if Gallantry^ a Poetical EfTay, ia three
Cantosw 4to. is. 6d. Dodfley. 1774*
Contains feveral good moral fentiments and ob&nrations, with a
moderate Ihare of poetical merit. •
Art. ig. The Gamjlers. A Poem. AddreflU to llie Mayot
ofC — . Second Edition, umo, is. Lewis. 177 4»
Relates to the Canterbury Tale, noticed in our Review Ibr laft
monthi p« zt^; At that cit>' thft ftory is probably interefting; anJ
the'perfons concerned may have infficiently cxpofed themftlves. Bat
as the affair is local, the iatire here exhibited cannot be expeAed
to draw the attention of the pabHc in general. The^ poem has
fome humour, and ofiscrt very good ad^ce* Shonld it imprefi anf
mind with a fenfe of the mod ridiculous folly, ^ ^^^ ^ deftraaive
confeqnencesof gaminfg, a vice now fo greatly prevalent, it wiU aa-
fwer a very valuable end.
ArtVao* Meduo Maftix^ or Phyfic X^rafkdeteAed, t (atirko
didadic Poem. 4to. ' is. Evans.
This poem wonld more properly be entitled Empfrico Maftix, ftr
thefatireis moft particalvly leveled at the ibdoftrioas fraternity of
Quacks^ The Author does not appear to b^^that liratefnitf ; oat
- • - "-
• Another copy fays, DUkj WbiPumlh.
. 'acknowkd^
Monthly Catalogue, P^ftkoL ^s
Hcknowledges himrelf of the Facalty. However, «y« caDnot indulge
Ji)m with Gilbert Cooper's compliment to Dx* Akeniide» that he it
'the twofold Difciple of A{9o)lo; for, as a Poet, he claims only a
. diftant relationfhip to the family of the well enoughs.
Art. It. Richard Plantaginet^ a Legendary Tale, now firft
pablifhed, by Mr. HttU. 4to. ?s. Bell, 1774-
This is a (imple ftory, the hero of which is fuppoied to be a nata-
ral fon of Richard the Third, who is privately brought ap under the
care of a Clergyman, and kept in ignorance of his birch till the
evening preceding the battle of Bofworth ; in which his father loft
his life and his crown. Jt was, afterwards, the fon's fortune to work
as a Bricklayer for Sir Thomas Moyle, at Eaftwell in Kent, for the
fpace of 60 years. To this gentleman, at la((, he communicates the
ilory of his birth ; and the narrative forms the poem.
We can fay nothing in favour of the compofition. The Author
plainly wants tafle and talents for this kind of poetry. Where *he
aims at iimplicity, he falls beneath it, and midakes it for fil)ine(s ;
a kind of didion which has prevailed much of late, and which we
have frequently ct>ndemned.
What a piteous imitation of Sternhold's rhyme have we in the fol«
lowing ihinza !
But now thy tongue hath fpoke aloud
Thy grateful piet //,
No longer be thy ftory kept
In painful fecres^
There is a difagreeable epithetical (liiFnefs in the following line :
Ip thofe cari-'wo'vi/if ipng protra<fled years.
And in
Placed in a rural, ibft, ierene retreat.
With a deep-iearn'd Divine I held abode.
The former line is overloaded with uncharaderiilic epithets^
always, a mark of bad writing, whether in profe or poetry ; i^eep-
Itan^d is haHh and nnpoetical, and btld abode is (ViiF.
^rt. 0,1* An Etegy on the Fears of Deaths by the Author of
the Difierence between Words reputed fynonimous, after the Man-
ner of Girard, Hogarth moralized, &c. &c. 4to. is. 6d. Bell.
>774- ^ , ^
This iixpenny poem, confiding of 11 pages, 12 lines on a paj^e,
and modemy charged is. 6d. we are previoufly told, is the hrll
poetical auempt of a Clergyman. In putting fuch an extravagant
price upon it, we fappofe that he pr his Bookfeller muft charge for
coining new words, one of which occurs p. t^
♦• He neither liftens to the yonngly tale,"
Or elfe having before their tyts the late latal decifion concerning
literary property, and regretting that this poem fhall in the fpace of
28 jreaft become a prey to the rapacity of tnofe notorious rogues, the
Scotch Boc^feUers, they are determined to make the mod of it while
they may. - In that taft they may fay as the Author fays in his Poem,
Why four we then the pe-ri-od of all ? ; ^
To^^rard the conclufion,^ the Author grows mod aftonifhingly
The Empyrean pierce, and rend the Welkin's eacl .
Jl^ MOKTHLY CaTALOCTTeJ 'hkiCal
Tht Wtfkii^s iart thcrrt a thought ? coaM the Author only )u^,
found breach enough to have proceeded with the fame dignity* he
T oald have been a Prince of aa Author indeed. Had he exhibited
t: c r;-e/ing condition of the Ecfiptic'4 legs, the Equator's noife^ &c.
a i^rmceof aa Author would he have been ! , *
i\xt. %i. P "Bf, by Mr, Jcfiirfon. Second Edhion *• 8vOb
2s. 6d, Griffin, &c. 1773.
Had thefe Foems been worth the leaft notice, (brae apology fhoold *
have been made to the Author, and the Pablic, for overrooiing
them fo long; but they were amongft thofc things that drop dead- ^
born from the Prefs ; and to be in haAe about regifteriog them \a our
xnOBthly bilU of mortality, was very immaterial.
Alt 24.. Elfefair and Evander^ a P«»cm : by S. P. founded
on Fa^> being an Hiftorical Narrative of two unfortunate Lovef%
whom the Author relieved in Carolina, in the year 1766* 4t9» .
as. Snagg. 1774..^ ^ . . .
No ; no indulgence in this court for printbg at the follcitatioa of
friends : That plea is fotally excluded. •
t Hehce firll arofe the fad unhappy (late,
Of many a hungry paunch, and many a forc-icratch'd patc^*
Art, 25. The Mufe in a Fright j or Britannia^s Lamentation :
A Rhapfody. Containing a fuccinfl Account of {he Rife and
Progrefs of Britilh Liberty, and the Eftablifhment of the Preis ;
with the Methods now taking to deftroy it. In which* will be
difplayed, a number of whole length Charaflers, &c. 410^
18. 6d. Bcw,
The Author's meaning is fb good, that wc iincerely wiih be was a
better Poet.
Art. 26* The EJfati Orators^ a Town £cIog«e« 410. is*
£vans«
That foppery of phrafc which Ajchitedls, Deftgnen, Head-
Gardeners, and Au^oneerst in particnlar, afte^ jn their d^Hp-
tions and advertifements, is here properly enough treated with'n<&> .
cule; and it. would* have done very well in a pbeiical fiing, or a
tafnal eflay Sn an Bvening Paper, but the fiibjed is too low for .the
importance of a pamphlet. ' The pdem is' one of th6 'well euomghs.
Art. 27. La Cloche De VAmt: or Confcience the loudeft
Knell. A Satyr, Occafioned by feveral late Complaints ^roia
Places of Public Refort, of the too long and freqi^eot l^n^ of the
Bells at Deaths and Funerals. To which is Hfidejj, VigiUmam
Novijfima: or the reformed Watchman. Th^ facpnd Hditiod.
With feveral confiderable AlteratiOAs and' Ad4iti^. 'Svo, bd.
Towers. 1774*
Whether any fuch complaint as that iatinai^d h^ t}i^.#bf>ve tido
has been ferioufly made, we oanoot deterjo^inci : Ifi^btls-it -inMf
afford fome juH occafion for iaure* Iti3 very.pr^r t'^tttodfc. v^liQte
lives are chieflv devoted to iuxucy and di%^ioi^f/Ap0(4^ be ibcn^ . '.
times reminded of the folemn and awful conclufion which (b'fpeedily'
approaches I Bat the thought may l^ the Aathor> ojvn it^vaBtsoft;!"
• T]u»hB»fcwa«fiift<bW'«eVbi*. • f P.sJ
for the fake of prefentbe^is ppfm,i;9,tl^ public in a ibiking man-
lier. Yet» kowever g^oocTnis ddSgp* U poetical talents are not to be
oiQch comQiehded.
Art. 28. A Famifiar Epiftle.to jhg Juth^r of the Httrotc EpifiU I9
Sir fTilliam Xlhwbtu^ awl j^ the Ifirok Ftfi/crift to the Puhlit.
4to. IS. 6 d. Wilkic. . 1774.
The 4>irited Authbr oi;the;j^roic£pi||Ie, 5cc. haviag * aAnoanced
bis refoltttion, iboald occafion requtrc* ^o employ
•* -r r-r- the thttttder of his fong,
RoiriiTg in deep ton'd energy along,"
againft the nefarious attempts of arbitrary governors jqf corrupt fena«
tors^ to invade the liberties pr/quander the properties of his conn-
trymen, — the present Writer fteps forward to expoftulatc with the Hi^
rdcBard on the vanity and folly of JTuch an attempt. He keenly
ridicules the Pofifcript t)iroughout; and has,. indeed. In the lan-
guage of Admiral flawke, giv^n the author a fiund tiruhhing. He
concludes with an exQcl^uc le£bn 4br tbpfe fplenetic geniufes who
are io wondrous prompt on evcijN or on ao, occafton,
« y to lift ajw the Satyr** rod.
And tread the paths which grf^t J^udlius trpd f «*^
.< rrO^/ >iai ^/-^what icribUtng rage 1
^-r^e writ a volume for a page!
— By Heay'iM i do^ny^fpirie Wrongs
To grate tl|it fcraanrUpi^ fi> loae:
H^^ i beace i^-^I hate ^tt peeviih toae.
Though aim'd at fridi vxA/pisem aloac ;
And, i^ n^ rhymiog vdn ^11 need
A bog, rU tou^ tome ^emkr reed«^
A fj^I fomething JpApiw.lQ^oiK*^--^ .^
Whole 'mildly-plaintive notes are fuch,— *
Th<^fteal the itiiig fromt y^tothfol grie^
ixta&s. to a lov^s fiMil rojie^
Ot ific^ i^efi'gn'd didrefs beAow,
They soake doie fuff 'rer proud of woeb
•--O, Jtoblie trifling of ihf hour !
When. '&ip'^ from dread of Fc«tiiae'a pow'r^.
I loiter in fome lecrec, ru4e»
Yej; ibmetlnies broken iblitude,*-*
Wl^ti^ with a hearty not Ooht to. prove.
My tneme^s 4eligh£,*-l iiqg of love*
Hot with bent mow, or raptured eye^
Or V' thoughts. commevciug. with tke iky,**
Sttt is^icUy gay, witk api'rQas guile
Perfuading thought to ^ear a unile;-r
Studious awhile, yetaever Knig,
Kq> lapt nor carele(i a9 my Wkgy
• Sec Review for February lafti* P- «55«
f We cani^ot redd the temptation to tranfcribe the lines alluded
to» above ; and every feeling heart will thank us for them*
Glan^ng
•318 MoMTMtY Catalogoi, \AA^^J&4rAir^^
G Unci rig at all that Famf (ends.
And fixing where my heart comniends.— «
Such be my walk, if Hop* mfpire
With mirthful notes to touch the lyre ;
And whetr Fve done the fprightly ta&.
No wreath of Laord do 1 a&.—
Be tderc a fmile upon the cbe^k
Of her, to whom my nombera fpeak %
And/ while ihe fmiles,— be mine the praiA^
Without a bluih, that fmile to raife*
Or, if more fad toy numbers flow.
To tell fome fimple tale of woe.
While yet pe reads, one figh fhall be
More precious far than fame to me;
And ending, let. uncheck'd, appear
The iilent plaudit of a tear.
« — O ye rude fools, who never gain
A joy, but from another's pain ;
Ye bafe, unhallow'd fons of Rhyme,
" Wh^ ^afte \xi Satirt all your dme;
Who boaft no powV, who own no iame^
But what from idaiUrd guile ye claimf^-«
Ye little, know to prize the blifs
Of fuch a jdear reward as this i
Y.our h^rts could ne'^ the boon revere
d( fuch. a fmile, of fuch a tear.*
M la C.E LLANBOU8*
Art. 2g. TJ/ Jnti^tUs ofRubborou^ and Reeuher. Abrideetf
from the Latin of Mn Afthdeacen Battely« lalno, ji. John^*
This ihort accou;it of the ancient ftate of the IfleofTlbanet wIR
afford amofement to thofe who have a tafte for antiquities. Tb^
antiquary mnii, on this fnbje^t, as well as many others^ -be fome-
limes contented «dth conje^htre; bnt conjedure, to a perfi>n tho-
roughly engaged in thefe pHnrfuiHv is crften highly fiuhfii^ory.
Dr. Baitely was Chaplain to ArcbbiHiop Smcroft, Frebendary of
Canterbury, and Archdeacon of -the Diocefe ; and died in 1703.
Dr. Terry, Canon of Chrift Church, Oxford, pubtiihed his .^to»fw^
fates Rutupina in 1711, and they are now firft tranflated (as we
fuppofe) by the Rev. Mr. John Lewis, who has added, a ihort
diiTcrtation on the ancient ports of Richborough atnd Sandwich,
.which was read before the Society of Antiquaries, O^ 1 1, *«744 :
in which difiertation he differs, in fome refpefls, At>m Dr. BatteJIj'f
account.
The oriRioal of this work is elegantly compofed in Latin, in d»
form of a dialogue between the Author and his two learned friends
aiNi brother-chapknns. Dr. Henry Maurice a^d Mr, Henry Wharton:
But as the dialogue method rendered the rekttioa rather p¥oKx, it
wa» thought that the tranflation woaM be mote acceptal>le to as
£rl|gri(h reader, in a fmaller, though kf« claffic form, as a diifetta-:
tidit, or eiay. Dr. Baitcly appears to have been well acaoaiwed
with
MOKTHCT Cat AtOOVZs^ Jip/cellimtHff. ,J^Uf
if/\th tli^,Greek and Roman Aathors, as well a$ with modern writers
"in %Very branch of antiqbity; Befide the obfervations which ks
makes on the ancient Rtculvtr^ and on Rntupia^ or Richborough»
he gives fome account of the coins which^ in great isumbers* hare
been found here; and alfo a defcription'ofyE^ir/i^, ligtda^ ffo9n$^ a
f^igil. or ilefh-forapef, the ta/lft of clafp knives^ Sec. dircovered, at
theie places, and which were then in his polTeffion. OffbmeoSf
thefe antiquities a print is added; beiide which, a fmall chart of the
places mentioned in the work is prefixed to the volume, fiat with*
oot fiirther remark*, we ihall only lay before our readers the fblai;^oa ,
whkh Dlr. Battel)r propofes of the queftion, how fo many Roman
coins came to be left in Briuin ? ' Spartian, fays he, relates that
Pefcennins Niger ordered the foldiers to carry no gold nor filver coins
to war in their'purfes, Init to lodge them ib the public treafury, and
afterwards to' receive what they had entroHed, that in cafe of mis-
fortunes the onemy migBt recei've no part of the /foil. This, I ima-
gine^ was' an ancient military ^ifcipline, which had been difufed
long before the time of PkHTcennins, and, when revived by him, did
not long conttnne ; but that it was rather ufual for t^tx^^ foldi^r*
whan fetting out fbr a campa^, or at the eve of a battle, to have
the option of carrving his ei^^ts with him, or of hiding them ii^
what place he pfeafed. Afterwards I fup|>olb this to have been the
pni^ce ofthe Roman army in otir ifland, whenever they were drawn
out of their camps, or ftiations, to tnake long and uncertain marches
•gaiafl the^emy ; at which time, in hope of returning ^nd recover-
ing their property, they depofited their money in the ground : thus
\sj the treasures of thofe yirho were (lain in battle we are enriched^
The fame may be faid of thofe who, being either befieged or dif-
lodged flrom their ca(He» and towns, had no opf)ortunity to remove
their money s and this is the teafon that fitch coins are generally
Ibond near towns and fhitions : in (hort, to the faul events of war»
to the Aormbg and bnming ofhonfes, towns, and cities, we owe
great part of oar antiquarian wealth/ We take foave of Dr. Battely^
and of. his traofktor, mth obly informing our Readers, that the
Aathor gives the pakn of antiqility (as to the Romans) to Richbo-
loagh, in preference to ^ ^er places in Britain.
Art. 30^ A Di^tmuxTf tf thi Pwrtuguefe and EngUJb Languages \^
whmtn the Words are explained in their different Meanings, by'
Examples Irom the beft Portuguefb and Engliih Writers ; the whole
' interfperfbd with & gi^^ Number of Phrafes and Proverbs. Bv
Anthony Vieyra Tra^ftagnano. 4to. ' 2 vols. 2I. i zs, 6d.
. Noarfe.
A work of this kind, in wMch the Portoguele and Englifh lan-
guages are alternately transfofed into each other, in the fame manner
ju *are our French, Italian, and other Dictionaries of Foreign Lan-
gaagei, has tong been wanted reA>ecially by thofe who are Engaged
IB the commercial interconrffe fttbnfKng between the two nations*.
_ ^ ■ ' ^ ' ■ <■■-■<> - ■^■. ,
• The inteKourie of die twoiiag^aget u not limited to Enrope •
The aef:efficy of an acqaaintaoce with that of the Portuguefe, iVy the
Bnglifh in the Eaft Indies^ and other remote parts of the worid, is
fiificitntly known.
. Mr.
^3iO MqiAtUh'i Cat AioGVEf J£/ulla7uaum
"Mr. Vicyra's wofk will ik6tefoifi be j)aru?alariy acceptable t» i§
siercantBe part of tlie i^iibllc, bot^ id EhgUuid and po^agaL. it
-v^ill alfo be confidered as ah ufeful accjqilittop to literature in geuend.
TThe Audbor h a ceacHielr of langu'^ges ^n this capital i and is a per*
Yon of acknowledged iibilities in his profcfliQn. . . ,
Art, 1i. Old beads on young Sbmdirsf'or^ Youth*a "plei&lg
* Gjiide to JCnowledge^ Wifdom, aoi .^b^. In a,.fer^af«D»
B^ing, inllru^ive^ and.eniextaiiung Hi%fi^, 4faw%
fe'; and rotated iii Cuch a iaaiiner m ^-^oittie tb^yonQg Re*'
ders, abd convey wfeful Knowledge in |he moh deiig^tfiMii]
pe^^htd to g^a^d Youtli againll the j^a^et.t&at ^r^gofintilf-kii^
tor them at t^eii- firft iet^i^jout in the V^ofid^. b|r ^licvarcitttaot
. wicked of both Stxe« .; and Sewingtthe ^gerf^t £^M^ lOf-guri^g
' a Loofe to the Paflioas. Th? ^d^ infmed to difpiio^ -riif
Aajiablenefs of Virtue* jsind the p.eformicy .of Vice* i« cheflK^
ilrikhig Colours; Vaiho. 35. Cooke. .i/!74^ • r; .
AfVer K> ample an account^.whocaft imtefiaipr^tdoiibiof thetlc^
jgatce, fpxrit, or ufe of thia pnbllpaxiop lJt(Con£^^f (bon ^'-"
tives, under a variety qf}iea4s, aJ^d we.acea^uff^. ^ wtry r^
has been taken from real .^^'^fff /« U£f, ^ZA^altbot^^nomi sf-thm
puBWbed befpre, yet th<j)' )^JDi 1^ '
with truth.' The Writer'i defign is, JouutfHibjtedly Qpcip«fi|4abie»
^en n/er puBljJbed ie/jfre, yeit the)' yfm, l^ fo9n4 &BiQi\y- <Oofiiatf
his plan in this ^cfpt^ a vei^r goof] one. Ut laboau to 1
Virtue, and deter from vice ^d mly^ by a/epf«feiin|tJ9^af^O(Ccap»
fences 10 r/d/ itfe ; though unhappily the i^iuf 9fikh are dnffod oat
by fancy and fif^lon, will often prove more cagagjiog and inteccftiiqt
to the youthful heart, . . * - - j ) \. ^
That the Aiitl^or is 6};her j^gli^ent qt deft€^i;a p9int:o€t^
appear^ Crpm the tltl^ pi^c» as well as^iron^.o^or paru of ^iih& booki
but the relations he glvps have all a inoralrtendftAicys aqd i»«y^>»kil
^rbpriety be put into the hande of ycHiii^ pe^bo^ as Ukdy 1^ iiB|ire£i
on their ininds a re|ard to virci»e and (obciety* , • .. . . <
Arf. 3:^. The. Frund:. or, EITaya ii^Qro^ivc.md cnCCrtaioin^
for Yoiith of ^oth- Sexes ; on the.imoft importaAt StfbjcAa.: fixttt*
plified with Stories from real tifnl . i U6X^ 3w6d» ^*^gg. 1 77^4;
We cannot, with certainty, ii^ibrn^ oqr JUad^ ^fhetlnr or. moic
dll of thefe eifays are colledled from bookti . bnt i^qnc oftlitM we je-
collect as old acquaintance : the 10th particulafly, wUch is copied
'verbatim from the RambleK The Editor ought |o have expbrard
thisniattery in a preface, ox preliminary adv^tifementj butnothiiig
of thsU kind if (aid, nor any reference made. The eflayi, iHprnti^tTf
whether originals or tran&ripttr are f retty/ tho' ttoc* i^reat 9 the
fubjeds are fmporunt; and the lefibnt uiculcated may be ufefal ur
young Readers*
Art. 33* New ReJUSIims on the Errors cfinmttid iH Uib S^au
before and after Marriage. By a yoofig^ Lady» 8vo« n. Uew.
From the many imperfiedions in the ftyle of chia Writer, we coo'
dode that flie is a Very, ydung Lady indeed ! Bat Mifs in her Te«!%»
feems rather too forward to faatck at the hoeonrt of Airthorihtp;
ihe would, we think, be as afefiiUy -employed ite repairing her
doUi, and rtgalating the oeconemy of her kaby-hoofe,
. Art.
Arts )4. utn^mMifiih h Mr^ Jwut AflinfMt SlfhmtM
^iMiM^ T^^hiefc i» added Note3» taken from.i^oui 'Aiithx}nJ^
■id tfr^iddl Hiakricripts. By T%tmt(b Rdddiitira, M, A. 1 21110;
u.6$, BcNMii. tditibtirg1ipfMt«d» fiidfold by Iticlurdfdn «yi
tfraihiri, M L<>iidkfir» 1773;
TM» fa a i^lMlfltibA df a woit aanp^Mrhf thi inj^nloiti Mr;
|tiiMaula» tAA \Q Kin prefixed lU «n exptanitory i(itrdd«akni tO
Ifr. Attderibn'v mfhtUdtit ^coff^t} a book fcMfte, of ^%h pried^
M liUMi to "Cie Mt with. Tlie Sditcfr iibfervii, i\tH tKit iftcv^
liaidii G6MdUl hAtf Mnltttlfiars dfMidh iaay contHbdee to reM^
hio0 cw^iUiftf ogififeis «iit^lla▼e comiAolity (frerailisdy in refiM ttt
•fi^ittttl htttrlctl Mit. Ic g^^es an «cc6ttlit of fl^e aiklqtthy '^ WrH
iiMy taloe of monef, and prices of provifions in ScottaHrdf il
iaSfaMr dMM i^ l!te ktoo#Iedge <)f «i^fe)i» he i(ay«, !» ntore tbail maher
of fltre cil^Cf » a*d f^tifstt, he hop^, Mb ormfllttiok Wilt Vik
be tti^acoqptaMe to the pablic.
Mr. Anderfoa was Writer to fHe Signet. The4rft and prinaJMl
iMfibar dihkh^dk, coatatas^i Q>ecimM[ <^ felc^ cbatt^f^ ;tfraiteBa
0r Ofdared' by the KingS) tn* other p/ivicipal aaen of dcDtiandy frooi
ihf jeAr^of the chriftnn 0ra 109^ to 14129 oontinWed isi regdar
Older., it .was Kfn AndttHbn'i cMtt xaesthibk rhe 'ipepiamtt he ooU
lededi formed as like the writing of the originals as Was poAUef
and to give, on the oppofite fid«, copiiu xff tins origiMs ^preftd in
SQCkKnachartata. But left it fkoM be ikid, that badrbariftst dooA
JQ die wiy^of the oie of charters tidng^ iBoner hftrodaced Sarong the
CfitttSk, Mn B4iddtmaf^ takes 4omt patoa to proVe, that thii c^m
fi^vailed long before the time ot Dancati it. or the JN^ir: 10941
his argdotent, however, confifts. of' probabUiciei and copjedtre,
wUck are not ttrf fi^fa£lary » Utif it tlk imrt^ andeed if utj great
iewoitaafQ.
Hit #oco«ifit of the attlitf of chartera^ or other inftramentiy whicH
m$£y fidl nfioer the tenil d^iMUUa, uv^ juR ; ki hefide tbepHm^^
bene&t of ttefe^ ancient wntbgs for determining or focuring right aM
Iwopmy* tkajr kate a fiscoaidarjr nfo for fopportii^ the t?isth jOt
himff9 and cofreftingiits errors; of ^likh M advantage he related*
leveral initences in the ScOtiih hiftorf •
; A$ Ae Js^xrr par^of Mr. Andarfoii?sia<tfoiis work treats of Scotcit
fotis and couis^ Mr. Rnddiman proceeds to a carefolconftdsrarioaof
thefo particulars. He ^^qfiires Jow anciffirt the ute of coin was 10
dcotlaiid, what wga^ th^ valoo^of thj^ir taMPp what thiihstp^of theil^
<^na^ what db^ir yalue and condition at different periods* H^ haa
added tables to ^e;w* l^pw many nmneral podods, flAiliogs, and
^enoiea.dcota^ we^e coieed,oiK oif one poand weight of goro, atid
out pf one real pound weight of fi}ver» at different times^ with th^ir
Intrinfic finen^ * Prom chefe tables, he obferves, it a»ay eafily foe
Qilder^ody how mach, not oply the unlcarnpci vq^oTy bat even
leafnei^'aod fe^&ble meni have t:!]qqdf£td fo ^gifg^fly in aim*
pitting the valoe of oar ancient money ; who, whei^ they foand ft
iiicat^iied.in old wridng^^ or be^ ^ report, thutr for ^example, a
Bod of wheat was valued. atun* tw^vci^TaurteeDy^.iccu pennies^
hQpp aiflago^pf winf at two.ptednies, ;} hen at pcie haifp^nny j imr.
sbediately tttink,; that th^ inu-infrcralas-of thefc denominations of
KBv. Apr- 1774* Y money^
3tt BAoNt^VCATAtOOVB, i^^^Mli;
Bioiief» Wat the tune at now a^days: alat ! ci^ thejry wliat agtd|
ftaraiff nf asmtf tnuft have been among at m tbofe dayt, whet
thiiig«» fi» dear sew, mighthare been bo^t Ibc fo finaU a Dike,
Bnc ft^ whtt hat been abpye fee ferth» k it clear» that thitgs
ware qake otiierwi{e ; and, particolarly* that the penny, the fluUugi
and the poond, in the time- of David 1. and br a long time dim-
gAer» was ^rty-fix timet, in Jamet Pt time, eighteen timet, if
Jatet li't time nine timet, in qneen Mary's time doable the ntal
9im^ that the iiune dcnonHaaoops are of incriadc value at dii
day».of did exceed in .that proportion the weight of bnllion.' T^
Biake this more dear to the reader^ ho has given another table, in
which the ancient pricet of fome things are rednced to cheii^ valotia
WKlern money.
• On the .whole* iwe think, there are feveral entertainbg and ia-
fcttdHvo Qhfervationt in thit performance, which may not only aadt
the andqoary, but prove of feme real afe in regard to hiftory*— pam«
cnlarly ue biftory of the Soottiih coinage.
AcL 3S« 'Tbi WinOr AdidUy: Or, Amufement for the- Fife*
Side. • Containing a canons Cdlle6tion of entertaining Stories,
' -iniereftiog Novelt, remarki^le Tales, carious Anecdotea* Eflajf,
All^oriet, Vifiont, and, feled Piecet of Poetry, Ice. iiino. lu
Snagg. 1774.
- Good, whelefiNne kitchen -literature.
Alt* 36. A Litar to Gvuirmr Pownali Jbiwing^ pa/i a P^-
•iH^ tfUii^ nfiUid, mdfenct the cvMtimuid high Price •fBrud'tiL
■ theUinpeks^ri/estmndfmmiwgwt aRiimfy, The whole founded
wpon Thith, and worthy the Attention of die Public By oaeii
the Secret* 8vo. it. Pridden. 1774.
kit well known dut there ate fecrett in 4k// profbffions ; aodtkt
^nibrtion may be hanirded^ that thcfe fecreti do not relate to the moft
iMiQvaUe ptaftinet in mt^ profefion» Every market is governed by
itf cofw-jobbert) and thefe justot have thdr fecrtct at wdl at ftock-
jobbert. The iiBcreCt betraved in thit pamphlet, are the artt ma^
oft of by diecontradort who fapply the government with com, to
keq> op the price of- wheat at London. The connefHoot of the gca-
tleman to whom the letter it addrefied, and the peculiar attention he
has beftowed on the f«bje6l| will enaUe him to judge of| and pfoit
by, tho hints contained in it<
ScHooii Books. ' '«
Art. 374 A Pradical lotrodudioit to Arithmetic; Cbnutntog
Arithmeric of Whole Numbers, with Vulgar, Decimal, andDao-
decimal Fractions. To which is added an Appendix of DireAtoui
and Examples for Receipts, Promiflbry Notes, Bills of Exchangt,
Billt of Parcels, Bills of Book Debts, and Letters ; with varioas
EzercHct on the fame. By Charles MarihaJl, Mailer of Alder%ue
Wafd School, and Author of a new Spelling Book« an4er die
Title of. An Introdndioa to the Engliih Tonjrae. laftM. is,
. WiUne, &c.
Except two or dirce books of arithmetic of fupcrior note^ the «!•
of which diere are many, can fcarcely be thought obieas o? ti^a» a^
tendon : nor indeed docs diere appear to be any call for new^oS^cat^
. 5 ^ aa
MonthlV Catalogve, icbcol BoHu 3iJ^»
'%h the coQiiQOiiMalesy which mxt the fune :in^«ll of xktm% h^yoxA th« .
cinnxmHance of their bfiog advemicnentt*^ chMnftor tema ichool-
jnafters. In courfe, it will fuBice-todedftre, that thei0<U noching in. .
Mt^raaicallnirtduaion that will diicrtdit Mn Mariudl^ abihiict
10 his profcffion* • - ^ .
Art. 38. A new DiSionary of Fmiish Idioma : being a fcieft
ColledHon of fevaral thoitlimd Idiomatkal Phrafes, moft uAiKlin
the bell French Writef«* with the Rnglifli adapted. > £(|MUf *
neceflary for all who are leahiiiig< the French Laagtiage, whether
in a Scbq61 or by, private AppUcatioo/ By A. De TreiiofrsQs»
Teacher of the. FieiM^h tian^ui^e at Mr.* CottonV Asa^^vecfi at
En^ld. lamo* , is. Harns. 1773*
In Hudyipg aiiy lan^age ouich more ia reqnired than leafabg^
n^e^el^ the words of which it cooiiila. There are peoaliar medes oT
combining and adapdng them, which are teamed the idioms, and
which are chara^eridical of the laftgoage., Colledionft of ktxh
phr^ies are of great, uf^.in &cilitating the underAanding of Writcrs»-
and in acquiring that ^yle which is nece0ary to a &Qe aad intimate
know^dge of any tongue ; and this confideration is iitQoieBt to re-
cbinniend the preient Uttle inaaaal of F/ench idioms.
Art. 39* The PrxiSi'ual Grammar \ or an eafy Way to iiiider-
^nd Englifli. In which the Rales a«e laid doMrn sa a .Manaef
entirely.new ; and the whole rendered fo eafy, familiary and enter^
taining, that a Child of^only eight Years of Age may -be peefedly
initiated into a Knowledge of the £ngliih Tongoe, with the
^eateft Expedition and Pleaibre. To which is added, A Poetical
Epitome of Grammar, for the Help of Memory. With aSapple-
ipent^ containiqg Examples of bad EmgUjS^^* to be turned tato g^dp
. nvith the^W oppofite, in order to iUoiirate every Rale of Syntax^
or the CompofitioQ of Sentences; and a .ihort.Bagltft Qramsnar
on the Plan of the Latb* for the Vk of ,fiich as are defigaed for .
the $tudy of that Language. By Thomas Smecham, Mailer of the
Academy at Sottthgate, and late Ma^r of the Boafdiag School at
Ponder^sEnd. izmo. is. 6d. bonpid. J. Cooke« i^74« ^^
We wi(h Mr. Smetham had been lefs prolix in fecttag out his 3
bin df fare, as fuch tedious eacomiuma ffom a Writer's own pen»
do not generally convey the moft favouiable opinion of an Author**
Sefide» his book appears to ustohaveibmeoierity and therefore not
ao need the aid of fui;h boafling.. He fpeaka highly indeed of our
muive language* w^en he iays, ' In tJneEngliOi are happily united,
the empha^icai expreflipn of the Hebrew^ the fublimity of the Greek*
ahe'majefty of the Latin, the foftncf$ of the Italian, the noblenefs of
the Spaniuiy find the policenefs of the French. Befidtfs it is npt fo
oonhned as the Hebrew, fo irregular as the Greek, fo nneqoal as the
LAtin* fo effeminate as the haliaoj b precifcas the SpaaiU)* nor ib
▼olatile'a? the French.'
Our language' has, without dpubt* great excellencies and advan*
tages, but whether it fully anf^yers to the above panegyric* let the
IcarncddcteVmine."
Tiie roles here laid. down appear to i^s, pertjoenty. ufeful, aad eafy >
they difer'from the methpds obfcrved in other grammars, and ii^
fiime refpeds feem to have an advantage over them, l^ut the com«
V a milting
}|4 MoHtHtY CATAtOGXJEjTantJCal '
aJutdg diUb ^ ^th«p f ulm feoncfliu^ry^ wUI no^ be^gtoidj; beoeficU
to«dmdy«liti»fr^ioliftwhDJttv^.|iie,cajccQf hueaac^ (eetfaat
thty mtfommimttMiMM.X0 he cicpJmedaad applied ; And for this
ptrpafe.*Ac mmmfltn ofM Ei^M toko ^iirac4 iaio good^ kixf
prove a benttciai eseicift^
Ve'teH 'Ariy obfine iMidiMV tbtt Mr» $iBe«lM« lias taken con-
&HrMit ptiu ia cMapUbg. $kit grammar ickxc lu ;. and (hau job
the wlwtoy. If faw ralnyiiaMd .ft b» oC^ifiB, . .
Potttflk^AU
' Art. 40, ?%r Alntrkan^ €nfa $ a Letter addrefled, by Per*
anifflod* to A« Bail' Ookmr*, Lopd fteident of riia Coondl, te*
arc Sec. on dte prel^nt alanojag Difti^baacea in ihe Colonies.
"Vl^hereni Tsrrioas inpovtaQC j^oima reladve to Plaaation AAri
are brought into Difcafian ; at tvall at fetepal Perfect adveitfldto»'
*of the mdl: dHlinginflicd Cfaaradesi. And aa Idea ia QjRmi
' tov^atd a complece Plan for riftoring the Dqwntfaoce of America
upon Graat Britain to a Sat^ of Perfeftiotta By Wilitam Al|eiift
Eia; 8va. IS. 6d. Cadril. ijjjl.
^ Aodionf before the^r write^ ihonld mad*^-~iv«a enee deeowd not
dh DuneceiTarf piece of advice; and we think it mM not iatpend^
neodf be extenoed to Pacroot : wJw»». if they would take due ^art oT
their owa fame, fliooM read the Mmk befeie th^ permiJE the iMK-
^e//Mr.
Belt it an inftanee of the ill c^nieqaenee etf* not adheriar to this
role. Lord O. xxtuMf did not perofis Mr. Allea't treatife befeie
he graoted permtffiio for the pobitc meatisin of hia name, as the
Pauonhscr of the performance. His Lordfliip's nobler featiae9iti»
we well jtoovr, are by no means oon^adble with the arhicaarp pnp-
ciplet of thfa faot'^haaded Audnr^whofecavalierinanner o^actaci(*
log his foUow^fubieAs of America, reminds ns of theihrewd poKli*
cian hi tie new»pepaw, whopnypofcd that we fliould Hi the
ColoxiiAs, with Mtkm lands, te. to the French or Spaniaids,.«Ao
he fttppbftd wdidd give at keH two nsllions tarlieg for them; a fom
which, la he wiftly and well oUerved, woald go an hondrrdtk part
of Ae wa^ towarda dMduvgeof thevaitonal debt*
Ther^ is sn unhappy afic^ation of fine writing ia cius.pampblei }
and it contains mao^^tUibenl pnftgei : but any pertieolar attODlsM
to them.wonld be doing honour to a performance whieh wili jrefleft
• noae apoi&iti Aethor. ^ ^ ,.
Art. 41. A BfiifRmew ^ iU lUJi and Pngr^Ji^ Ssnuu^ earf
^ufifinp^ »f'Ntn$0 Bs^i&M^ e^k£^ the* Ph>vsnce of Nfafihcha-
fet^s Bsv. fftmbly fimtdtttd ce theConfideratipaof bodi Honies
of PaHnident. Bvo. ' 6di : Bockland^ . i774»*
Contflhisu very dtc^M, aiHN tonll appenranoe, a: Kf^ fair and
ioipamat'ftate ofTaftlr^- Aat'mgbt aohwre dne atteiHiofi p^d to
Acm. •• • '• «^ ' 'V.. . .
Art. 42. Coiaaflftri iif^t^ dlaifi IbveSrgation 6f ili$t SuUi^;
wiA zX^iQmi^^ VMMA^'fkii^QbmiAeHMtVlm of onr.klolo-
kue8.'.;\^tq, 0» Wbthtrtoii,"&ei ^/74v. . '..- . ^ ,
We baim6e'St£bbvi6^tiiyy--titft«' (ftddghtS' <ff ptindplet xft^ddb-fliert
perfdrmto'ce that may md'io dtct^ tUe ^tiKkm ofrdght' between
the
MOKTHLT Cataloou*) FiStiofL 3t$
^pother ooQBCry and ker colonics ; or that may add (trength to tie '
pittenfipns of tither fide by valid argiunenti^ Tbe.Wfjc^iMl^^ii
9bc^ arguing; ht didhites ind afems, f«lior*lMfii4hDiiii4ilif9fel}M4
' p]fov^ ; and (taaips the pofiHoUt hetayi down wkb krftott^ayUiMi^ .
t^iare his Readers ii^to aflent. ToM thcfc chains may not b» |e- ^
totfpti a Specimen of bit matter and manner h fubjoined ;
' Who then hath ihaintained or doubted that Taxation and He-
presentation go not'togethct^ Tbir ftorEnefs of the fentence and ihc
alliteration after Tmm zndivfrt^Mi baub brougbt it into vogue ; bn£,.^
IQ ti;iith9 it is nomorey* than onoof thofe probleins, in the beginning
of la Scholar's book, which he^ wbo.reads, allowc* Touching tl.e
fuBje& of North America beio^ or not being reprerenced among
Uf.-r— *Shoald a mort/pitific leproientation be thought neceHary to
fXk people, let ii take place. But» fiippofuig che preient reprefenta*
tionr not faffictently* ample tt> exterior idea, it cannot foHpw from
tltenoe that there ft NO fubftantial repreieittation at all. Can it be
fiM that any iadivldnal of the reHkiiy which the Laws defend (and
they defend eyftry fubfed in everv part of it) U NOT reprefented in
the |[at any timej formally and duly colkded body of the people
ftSbnbled in Parliament here /— Jt-cannoc wiihout an e<)ual degree of
Mtf and treachery. The Laws of £i^and are (landing Laws for all
t%e fubje£ls of this Empire, and, as long ai ParJiamcni holds the
ghardianfhip of thQ(e Laws, it reprefents all the people^ whom chey
rule 1 They, who aiRrt that there is NO Reprefencaiton of the Ame-
ricans in Parliament here, are not aware of what they fay ; Por» were
ii ib, onr brethren riibjd^ tihere cannier now be repFefcnsed, with*
eiit Ii violation of the Confticntion,; in its moE tender part—the
ptoft. But the &d is, THE SUBJECTS of thia Emmre, fram
tStnorci^ to Otabeitee, AR£ ALL Klftually rcprelenieo, aJIerted,
Ibpported aiid defend^ (among tbei BdiiHi Pcopk) IN PAHLIA*
lf£NT« ' ' ■ , >,
. ^ IF we are wiie^ aatbnai vinne wjUl do tiwiii(i)rkaf ieli^p/e$pation
dtt all hands: and, when a more ^eci£c;», or^eqnal inode fii ekflti^a
takcf place for the jKople, fenfiUe and hoAoft mieo wi^' remember
tluit when Ibrty- five Members were s^ded tq a gr^t donntilii the'-
tb1Ae of that body was diebiiitated by i|s e;^^iion«-^ ^ i • -
How much is the nation indebted ca this Alexander, wno can (6
etfly untie thofe Gordian knots that have puazled, onr Stateiipenjbr
fbfbeyefrs'paft!
^rt« 43* Anurita vlnJ&iaHi frtnm tbi higb> Ch^gi 9f Ingrathud$
mltRiUM9ft: fHtksPkn of-iiegiflciiea; piopoicd to the Confix
dieration o^ bochr ^0n&s» yftr eteUiAing n perm^cm and folid
• f mmdntioo^ >r a jnft and coaftttniioMii Uns^ bctwf en Great
Pcittta and bet polonifes^ 9y a Fri«nd to botii.Coni^triesc , 8vo»
la^ I)«vikeiprMMBdU'a|id.£MbgrBidkyrv Ac. in London. 1774^
Written by a warm ^Uvapatj^t^tthoAikifma^ wbo premies that
Ik iite conftitution fhoold be confirmed -to North America fin^Iar to
4m of Ireiand^; dMt ^ tjaini of toaim^^vcr it ilioald be re*
nmfnctd; aad tktt their frtedom ftoiiJ^ })e gnarantied againit all
fiMdn invaders. He. rccommieodi^ tkit #IiOrd Lienteftant fhonld
icpiWBt the Kinrf there^ .nod lefide ii^a (oioral province; and that
% PnrlliMtft* llMdd'l^. foraed tixe^ fo^ ^^menil porpoies of
y 3 legiilsttioa
31^ Monthly CATAtootjt; Nhvils ami'Hifmnrs,
legiflation and taxation, tompofed of Depolies from tbc fevcrkl P«v*
vincial'AiTemblies. Indeed, taking all clrcumftances into view, it
, might be happy if mutual harmony could be reftored by uniting
thoie feparate governments, iirft formed for the regufatioh of fioaU
bodies of adventurous lettlers, on fome dtfrabTe plan, to operate for
the reciprocai Hrengtfa and profpcriCy Of the rtry dUMt para of Ite
Sdtifh empire.
DRAWfATlC.
Art. 44- AISXTAOT nP0\*HeET2 AESMftTHr, eumSLm^
lei ana Virfiane^ Scboliis a, ft (et y ineditis) amplij/ttfu/qia variorum
Not is ; quiius fuas adjecit^ uecnoH Scholia Je Metro ^ ac ^n^licama^
Interpretdti^nm T. Morill^ S.T.P. S. S. R. et A.$.
Efchylus'* Prometheus Capii'vus. By Dr. Morell, 4.10. ip j. 6Af
fewed. Longman. 17 73.
The Prometheus Captivns of Efchylus is one of the moH ftriking
monuments of genius that has been tranfmitted tp U9 from antiauity.^
The inimitable ftrength, and ardour, (o peculiar to the great rather
of the dramif never more glorioufly appeared than in this trag^/ ^
ioo^uch attention, therefor^ cannot be paid to it, nor too much
light thrown upon it.
' For, founded on the dcepcft myftcries of the ajiclent mytholo^'»
it is difficult to draw it from its depth, and reduce it to the plan of «
rational aa^ fVHematic moral. This difficulty, on account of the
Idfs of two other tragedies, with which it wai conne6led to make a
whole, is' rendered almoft infuperable, and appears too hard a tafi;
ibr the fagacity and abilities even of M. De Gebelin himfelf| to
whofe conllderation, however, we recommend it. ^
Dr. Morell's care and diligence in what he has here done, merit
our regard» and his blank verfe tranilation, though not impregnated
with the ^e of Efchylns, ma^ be nfefui to fchool-boys ; oat when
Id is defircd upon the addreffes of Jupiter not to ** kick and mjtce^^
the c;ood old gentleman feems to have forgot that ihe was a cow |
fbr ftch* arc rather the properties of a mare.
Aft. 45. ~ The South Briton ; a Comedy of Five A&s : As it i|
performed at the Theatre in Smock- Alley t, with great Applaufe«
Written by a Lady. 8vo« is. 6 d. Willisuns. 1774,
When we cannot, with a proper regard tp truth, p^y a compli-
ment to^ lady, we genWaily think it our duty to be fllent^
• .Novell- anJ M £ m o z a. ^*
Art. 46. The Fortune-Ttlkr. iMio. a Vols. 6 s. Bcw. 1774.
Thefe 4ittle Niamey are diiliagixiflied by^ a vein of good ienfe aad
morality, winch rans through the whole performance, and Mttdcrs it
far from b^itig wanting etthtr ia eotertionniieat or im^ntwciBeat*
The JU0; aft4-lpi med obfemration? which the Author maket, 'and the
excellent advice which he gives to the diffisveiK porlbns who Mn to
know their future delliny^ remhuk os of Dodiity a Toyfhop ; nor
are the generality ^f his te^eAsons inferior to thofe whidi are fband
in that pleaiing^ pcrforonince. la a word, our FortaneaeUer, at the
ftme time that ha takes advaatage^f the weakaeTs of thofe who are
y ' — ' 1 ' ■ — i ■
4 It \Y2s alfo aflejl one nighty this mootbf at Covcat Car4ciu
lb imp^tot to m into hVixity, to relive his oivn wanti» eadoi-
▼onrs^fo render tn^ confidence in the ftars of real and eflenfial ftr*
ince to them in the future part of their lives. ' **
ArL 47« ^i School for Hujbands. Written by a Lacly. ^flino.
* , ^ ?.yols. 65. Sew. i774«
, As the Indies are generally ackdO\y]edged to be foperlo^ to onr lex
in all works 0/ imaigination and fancy, we doubt not this' i;^ deemed
a fnfiicient reaibn for placing their names in the title-page of many
a dull, lifelc(s ftory which conuins not. one fiogle femsde idea, bot
has been hammered out of^the brai'iilcrs'head of a Cruhftree^ hire*
ling. We ^uote not, however, the prefent work as *afl inftance of
Shis impofitiQn,.nor do we doubt, ftoffl n^any of .the icenes which it
elMbes, the fmdlity of its Author. The? flory is'livtm Mnnal^
MdlElMuig; well told, and free from thofe frequent epilMes -which
mi lo often intrddueed- in works of this kind, -and^hich are tibo
much for eren the patience of a Reviewth ' ' ^ ' -^
Jjk. ^af. t^ orphan Swaintj or, London cotittogion^ t6 the
' ^untry. A Norel.' By a young Llibierdne Reform^di 1 smo*
Ti'VpU.^ 5 t:\8oagg. . /' ', ^ ' ' \ '\ ^
« Thefe Orphhtf Si^iltis lu-e introdneed io the world jn tmy nealJ
Ibroce pocket iro^ines^ but like many bther well dt^ft'cpi^nft^s/
their are tbtally v^ of fenfe or (bn'tiTQentl^High-flowh profe, amt
grovelling verib. compofe this ridiculous peifortnrfhce. ' * « ^^ • • v
Art^ 49. pff Hifltdj rfL9t4St0im: Vols. IV.arid V.' limo;
6s. Vernor. *
' The account which we gave of the former part of this work ia
Our laft Review, wilietcule our again entering into its merits ^ we|
caitnot however help thinking, that tllefe addiuonal volumes are in*
ftrior to the former; ei^ecially the 4tb, which appears to be ipunr
out, merely to enlarge ^e work.
Art. 50. Thi News^Paper H^edilttg \ or, an Advertifeaient for
. a Hofband. . A Novel, founded on Inddenu which arbfe in confe-
* auence of an Adverti(^ment that appea[red in the Daily Advertifert
* fnlyzQ, 177^9 including a Number of original Letters on tho
Subjed of Love and Marriage, izmo. 2 VoU, 6s« Sna^. 1774^'
This curious colle^Uon chiefly confifts of a number of ridiculous
Itoers, fup^fed to be fent to the^publiOierinconfeauenceof the
above-mentioned advertifement ; \ht wl^ole appears to be a mod un*.
jpeanipg catch-penny performance*
Art. $U Tbt Trinket. A Novd. By a Lady, iioao. 3 s.
Lowndes. 1 774.
If Mr. Lowndes has taken the trouble to look over this novel, .he
muft hate bought the Lady very extrava^^ant in this Trinket of heirsf
at (he has crowded JfHytMd f/$t enough in the laft twenty pages, to
have formed, with the lead degree of management, another whole
Tolumeofthis valuable fpecies^ writing. '
C o o K s It Y.
Art. 52. 7i# Royat Co6k^ or thi AMtrn EHjmt4 rf tbi TahkL
difplayed with Accuracy, Elegance, and Tafte ; Being a full and
exa£t Defcription of the Manner of dreffing and ferving up the
Royal Dinners at St. James's, Buckingham Houfe, I^ew, and
Cunnerftory; witb thf like Particulars at the fioirii;i of Glo^.
' Y4 m%^
pcftcr »i|iCu^b^rUiid- Tq^hicli if ^4f4> *?C50«M»^.^
. Mode of living at MorthamWlaiDd ana SIqi^ l|p)p»» A)awipk«
Cadle, ice As alfo the ^ft^iona))le Style of <)^ing the Tafaik^
^ aU t^ principal j^qbilky ^^ Gentry^ ¥pxp^Amh9£Uion^
and Minifters' of State* l>bth npon P<^b\ic and pnvate Qccaftoai,
. Amon^. thpfe tttriQO) and necciury Partica]fMrif qf f|(hiojiab)e Xo-
firmauqn. is intcrfperfqd a neW and poUtCi bf(t ui^r^OM ^p4
i^ngal CcdlcAion, fbonde^ d^n Exp«riefnc«» qf the y^rybd t^r^-
. tumi for goio^ to Market. By the Hqn, £|fr^ Pei^ingtofl^ ^f
. |pBafiii|iton. t2mo. is. 6d. Siuig^*
>f^faidTitle.p^I
* L ^ w.
j^ $3f /friafi/eHPi^ Fines y to which ^4^4s4 fofnq fweral
. OhfeTT%t}oii4 on the (f^itiw of D(»4s l^»g» liu» M)m« d«
pfes qf Fines im^ Re<g(v^i^. , Qy JaOKH^^ S^^tH^lIf £«|l ^anttw
at Law. 4to. 5 s. FoJwg(by... 177,3,
A uei^ on aoy iiftbje^ jnoS he . fu^apqd ifjiUlM^ Incite
if^uCUoQ of the 9ninf9ffQ/^| h^t U is worthf f ic^D>ayk». tM^ i»nf
01 oojr law-boo|^, perhajpt /rom fNolicy. (^Q.im<4 ^0^A diffstiaf
]<K^ iFiU>«v^ge beyond ^f limiu or thp 'pfoS!|iqi) a^ ohfewe^
f^ven to the ftndent, and pj-e^me mofpp} 1^ aig^y Im^^tU^
M^tjto )^ ftpppfed. . Jl^, tnua hffw OS w f f rwofe oa iMS4 lifl
what H a fine ? {t n^ay, ^ ^nrv^^red^ ^ytxj u^>er I^noisff w&at aiuae
is ; atyi thf ^cfiojt^n i;i ,the irlli f^mmjp^ a^y iod^ be intcUi-*
gible^to a lawyer : SuVaa ^tt^xii^j^f ^I^V ^'' ^ Rodent in any of bos
Sans of cpt^t, can i^yf^o intuiuva knowledge rof the liihyBO.; kd*
«>re prafliipp or /eading rep4^r it fim^ilfar to tbeqi. It were tlicf^^
kh to have been wifbea that the'Author had not thou^tU below
^ noucc, to'haye prcmUcda n?oic clear expUiution oTthls «htni&
tfarrfafdpn/ and the fi^iohupon wnick it i$ fog^ndM. (or the; fcrvfcci
c^thofe who moCiwufff, fu^i K^^^h avwcUas tore^er tbfrwoi^
itfcirmorc finilhe^ as'ac&npofition.
'^The Yqbjefl of fines is copioqfly treated in the |aft edition qf
Jacob's XawBiflionary by Ruffhead apd Mojrga^; an4 It nped not
be interpreted to the difadvantage of the prefent p^rfom^anoe^ when
ft is '^eclared to be very little more thant^^ article Cpmc.what <
pUfiefi); in(;ludin? proper' cxtrads from tho(e ilb^tat^ lifting tBf
fi9Cj> which are foofcly referred to in the former worit*
Religious and CoNTRoyEBsi/y,]^
^rt. Sftr.^TV divine Cborf^tr •} Chrifjcortfidirij (n^d^yh^tli/nifd^
in a'lenes of t)jaIogiips^ on th^{ injQQi^ng and impottaiii Siab^
. je^ In which ^e many fcriptuxal Evidences of the I>eH>* oEoor
\jor6 are fairly exhibited, and the various Objedions ihrown out
acain/i it^ nartipularly in ibnije }ate Fuhiic/itionit^atteoipcM'te i4
^ ojBviated. JBy Joho $£auon. i2mo. 1 s, ^(L Leeda, Piiateo*
Sold by Rivlngtoti, *c. In U>pA9n' ....
X^at nuipbers of boaksamf ^inpbleti has tku Ut)c& pfodooed^
and ager al(^ the. point remTns a^'dTtputaUe.^^ ^ver I ^any of Jth^
jl^eatifes wjiich it hfts ocpilonpd, on each Ad^ of jtbc qaeftion^have
been written with a very goo^ deilign, Bfid f^vfralof then with can-
dour and tamper s. while others h?ve appeared to Bow from a naRoir,
pigoued party-fpiritj and nave \^fcoycre4 th^ lanoonc and Wt*
terne0 which muft fttrely be ^orfe tion any mi^ke ^ to a staCter
^ . ............ ^
pf fidth yUppiiiiop. Mr. Qeaifon't tnea^ife we would wSim^^^ji^
^itti ^ft oTtl^c firft cla(8 : it .^ppcani fo t« * )y/5ll »caiit.^tt^|ftp| ;
)Hit u notbing new is adde^^tp whaj^ J^as l)eei& j-jepc»i^^)^|ifil^ifl9^
rtc debate remains in the. fai^c ftate as bc^xc;.. ThJR.bpftir^lplilBe
tbit the Autbor U bimfelf uns6ed in wbaM* ter^^tbfB <y;t^ptor
lbcmf^ns,i^)v^Uasthey XeabJe, ftQpa^tlwSgapiuwi. ^^' ,:. ,i
, The Wril^ Jl^as cbofcn tp (W^v^f bia fopti^icf^fa ii^ xlir J5prmHtft«
;ditlpgae» H&cb thoiigb it m^y, be fi^tlin^t ipoise wn^ »n4<4i9r
£aginjpf>tliaA. tbat of » contij^u^d difcoiirie, i^X^ (i^Uf tp qb|^fi^ns
iTpeaally wbfA the dialc>g^c tpqis qd (Ufpatc^poiiits; Unix the di^
patents are equajly in tbe Author's power, ao^ he may j|we tbq vlc^
tp^.is(i!y%h lit ateafes; In the inHhOBrhepQtt us, PhilAQthttipoa,
>vbo tpgagef-pn die orthodox fi.de>, is Milbtig ftppofcd to be plead-
^d^^tiuieof- trudiy and Neopbytus, as be » called, appears like
one in an eizor, wbo ptopofes hi^ armaments with Jkrlc llreTigtb, h
(atitk Tt{dndg and fpeiidily brouj^t oyer to the opmion which the
^riiriKi^fto^ to etofcliih.
<^»i4ttiiltinrex olijeC^H^ miy lie agaj^ft. hi$ performance^ Mr,
hfwdot^Aa^i^ tbikt ^ fhbbld any peHbn in a ^I, dlfpaiTiQAatc* ^
l^id^^badiMmi-iiM^ta&a^r;. endeat^oor t6 conirin<!e bim th^i any of hii
ai(gilraeittt( aia not properly fopppited, all due attenttcn wili be girem
tn^w^^ U Olid I aa be, is periuaded^, that no fincere ent^utr^r after
tmtli will ad in A> difingenufius a inanner, a9 to take advaj^iage of a
4agteifeitfffice» which u\^y pprhgps be left u^goarded, fin^ np
inereiy bn^WA.aiithoir can plead an entire exemption from errors.*
If we: have appeaip^ to fpeak with any degree of hefitation ifk
tbev^be^uimjig' of tbis ajftiqle^ at to the book*s being written wUb a
pinttiiaii ipifit, it has arifes principally from what we meet with ia
jthe-CBtranmt 09 the dial^ogue, where Neopbytus intimates, tbat bis
|dilKsoltiet were gieat^ occafipned by a trad then in his band fmb*
fcril^edt 4 ^^^ tf ^h Q^Jh^' Philanthropos imm/:diateiy repliep»
^. a iQVtr of the goipel, and deny die divinity of our Lord I it taiiely
jcannptbe. He inav, i will a)low, love what the Apoftle calls a^thir
g^pft^ bat be cermniy cannot love the gofpel of tbe grace of God**
7bi^ ill we tbink^ rather prefamptuous» confident, uncanciid^ and
iiafaitfble to the plt>feffioni of the preface, as well as to fome,pthei
paxts of tbe treatise.
Art. 55« Fra and €ifn£i Rmarh on a Sermon pna^bid on 4
^ fuib (iaafim, if th^ Riv. WiUiam Graham, A- M. intitle^
^^ Repentance the only Condition of final Acceptance.'* In a Letter
to the .Author* Qy George Haggerilon. 8vo* i s. Buck^d^
fbw doi^oia differ^ and di? tnes di&gree \ Tet, all die time« if
tbey df^y midcsftood each other, their tneaniag would, often b#
jEbasd nearly the fame. Mr. Graham infifts, that repentance ax)4
pbedieoce ant the fm4ffi^s of fbrgivepeis and eternal bappiaefs* Hif
iaotiigQliilkai^ws they are nHeffkry^ yet thefe gentlemen appear tQ .
think' themfelvfs widely diftant from eacb btber in their fentiments
Qo tb^ fttli^a. WhSe eacb allows tbe neceffity of repentance an4
obedience^ *^^ "^r^ ^^ allow, without dopb^« ike neeeffity to ^very
perfoo ol tbatnMn^ 6r tfa4t^riirr,;oSefed'iat|iej|prp«l ^ lyhy tb^
^oolc) tbcy cottcead \ In feme itfeedl Aey to^vj ^U wi^n^ a dif*
5 JO Monthly CATXtoouBi RtEglmr^ Vt^
fcretit opiiiioiii or there ma/ be niftakes on each fide ; bnt tiie i
f lK>roiigiil)r they ^nderdand themielvct tndeach other, «nil the incf«
they attain of Chnftiaa meebieis and httmility, the more clearly will
4hey ^ that there is no great reafon for eiDployiof tfeKsir thne In diA
potatton* The wider their diiagreesneat in fpecnlatiTe ptmts, tiie
greater room have they for th^ exereile of caodoor and -charity.
Mr* Haggerfton agrees with -Mr. Grahani» that * wcath and ranooor
mre no virtues i*- but he afks what Mr. G. means 1>y charity ? if it
tttans love to God and maot he readily acknowledge^ that the wast
pi it is the want of Chriilianity ; if it means a €vonrable (^inioa
of thofe wbo diflent from im in refpe£l to religious principlet» he alfo
allows its- refUtnde fa lar as, what he caHs the ^iuds of Chrifiitmi^
are not a^ded % hot if men*8 opinions are fubverfive, in his view.
of the main Icheme of the gofpel, then he may (hew his chanty anj
love to them by endeavouring to convince theih ; bat, as a ChiTfiiaa
and an honefl man, he thinks he cannot have charity for them io Ikr
as to believe them in a (afe and a happy fiate, while tbey appear Iq
him in a way unfafe and erroneous. Hete Mr. Haggerfton ieems net
to be thoroughly 'maf!er of his fobjeC^f for who m^l determine for
other peribns, in every refpcd, what arc the nntah of Chrifttanity ^
What fallible man ought dogmaticatty to prefcribe to anodicr in
matters of faith and confeience ? He may determine for himfelf, bat
he will be uncandtd and nnchriOian if he ^4Mto«/ another whofe
faith does not exa^lly tally with his own.
* Our Readers will form but an indiferent opinion of this perform-
ante when we tell them» that the Writer, toward the cenciafioiii ac*
qoaints Mr. Graham, ' that the leading title of his iermon is a^ ah-
Mute fallhoed.' As this expreflioa is rafli, fo would it be alfb m
as, ihould we, from hence^ utterly and immediately condemn a
pamphlet whidi appears to be well intended, and contains tome jot
remarks, though formed on a narrow and miilaken plan*
Art. 56. Thi Cafe of Duelling eonfidereiy with refpe& ,i$ib u the
CMiufgef mut CbalU»gt4. By Robert South, D. D. late Preben-
dary of Weibninfter, and Canon of Chrift Church, O^ton. Small
^vo. 6d* Nicoll, 1774.
ExtraAed from the fermons of the famous Dr. Soudi ; bat fodi
Ibber, pious obje£lions to this abfurd cnfbm, are probdbhr of licde
efle6^., A fenfe of religion is r^uire^ to feel tl^e force ofthom, bet
religious men do not en^ge in duels. Our tihers are not reetfomsru
Art. 57. Enquiries into the Archetype of the Septuagini Verfim^ its
Jwthentieity mnd different Editions. By the Rev, H. S, Crnwys.
8vo. I s. 6<i. Law, &c. 1774*
Mr. H. S. Cruwys, whoever he is, fecips defifoiis, bm his ri^
that this tittle pamphlet OiOuld be confidered as the refuh of enqnlriai
wtiich he has made into the fubje^ propofed, whereas it chicBy
eonfifts of collections from different writers who have made that
fabjc^ their ftudy. It may have coft this Author fome pains to
f«le£l the remarkf t>f other men ; but the Reader wilt ^d very
• little that is material or new to direA his opinion on the point, or
indeed hardly any inferences or conclufions drawn by the Writer
IWii* iht icniai'ks <if the atrthorv he-meimons, tn -order to anlmr ^e
^iflibrent qoeftiotis hc^ propofes, * Hotirevcr tboft who have sot
tli<m|ht much on the fabgcft, may here pcrufe a brief hiftory of thn
«>ept«a|im
Sepwtgmt f^on, wUdi may yfeW thcm^ fome^lalfefiriftionJ TlwT
aiid^ty of the ycrfiott cliitA3rrtib'*oft itrhavfej: bfecii firfti^itf*
t«d hy the Je#9»«n^ afterwtUKU rectmd from them by the CbfiIHai»«
An. 58. A JfppM(isf'to aiate Bld^jttaim cfttitlcd, •* Theiead«i^
i^g SenHhrents of tli^ Qaakert examh^ed, ftzJ* By S. Nefrton,
^vo. ' 6 d. Norwich, printed, amf ibid by Wiflrfc in London.
Mr. Newton hcittakffs a^'finilT leave of;th^ Controtcrfy with ouf
(%riftiail bitthretx the Quakers t he anfwers the {Mncipal things ad-^-
vanced by Mr. Phipps in hir laft performance ^, and amclades with
it friendly addr^fs to him smd his brethren. Me appears to be fol}.*
dtous only for troth, and not for the fupport of oarty : lie pleads
with temper and candour, and we'diink he prevails againft his an«
tagonfft, . . • .
Art. rt.' j1 Differtatttm on iht loKftitiff Powers tf'RiafonanttRive-'
Idiion. 4y the Hon. and Rev. Spencer Cowper, 6* D. Dean of
Durham.** 8^0'. 6d. BroWn. 1774.
Very bfartkble, * in onr ojiiiJion, are thofe Tperfens 6f ifrhom Df.
Collier here fpieaks, wlio, • inftejd Of bringiii; thdr Jadgments t6
accord to the word of God,* make the Word of God to conform to
their opinions, and will receive it on no other termi.' But may wd
l)ot be allowed to ^(k, v^hether irinuft be tfeceff^rily ^onclnded, that
all perfons who do' not fully embrhCe fOme articles 6f fdth for whicM
the Writer plead^, Or which are acd>dnted orthodox, mnll therefbrts
hate, been unwillitig to^ fabmit \o the deciAon of i^ripture ? Have
there not been pions and humble enquirers who Wefe ieady to re-^
ceive al} that was tailght in fcriptnre, but who have been unable to
difcover, there, every tenet which has been prbpOftd tO them as ceja
tainlv making a part of- the trucChriftian doftrinef • • '
Tms pamphlet is agreeably w^tteii ; it is ftnfible, wfcM intended,
and difcovers the ferious and piqus temper of die lat^ worthy ^u*
thor, — whofe death has been announced to os by the -public papers.
fincc this Hhle trad iifued from the prds. ' ' ' ^
Art. 60. A dear DtJ^hj ^ the Trinity from' dhint RetHHttion ;
with an impartial Examito^don of fbme Traditidns. concerning
~ God, in Syilems contrived by Comcils, AfTeroblies, tni Synods,
* and impofed upon Mankind las Articles of Faith. In three Parts,
I. The divine Charader of a Plurality in Deity proved. lU Tht
oeconbmical'Charadlcr of Father, Son, ahd Holy jGHoftlHuftratedl
in. The fcholaftic DoArJnc of the Trinity examined. The whole
written' in an eafy and familiar Manner. By A. M. 1 Layman'.
8vo. 4s. Robinfon, 4c. ' ' '^ ' ^
A. M. alayman, has judged itrequlfire to add this voltmie, con*
fifting of sLbouc'four hundrc4 pageiC. to thOfb dlmoft'itinumerable
iheetfi (many of them to Very litdepurpofe) which hiVc been already
publifhed on tbis^ fubje^. ^ Several parts (3f his rief fbnristnce cotffift
of obfervations that tave" been repeatedly Offerta by the ^vocatel
for this dofti^ne: bdt he rejeds as nnfcribtaral thefbhola^ic terini
and diftindlioiiii which ^oft of theitjT have <emph>ved^j ' and h^re M
writes with fbch a'freedbm, that it might be fuppo^ ^'fome read«
crs he did cot receive the d6ar!!fle Of the Trinity. IMKift he pleadi
,j -- - ■ •■ • "'^ ■■ ■ ■* t" " " * ' "**
^ * -Vi^A. Riviewto' Aflgoft l^yji p* ^^ *- - . ^
. Idr
opus of iVilibri ^ ^<1 ^>fW/ i|i.^wmmm»^ oi. a% ladftuw lo i
apcompUi^c^t of ^S^r^t ffu^ of tlwc iduifliMm kbcmp^ Hf 4fii
«Di VP^ d(BAii«ai of t^ Ictiim^g £fOW ibrdM; ttgouies |e hit
j^^MukeD^ ani be 4i!rcowM. |)Otb cai^^ iWtffd fciile; Wk
Id, we thijik* fOii^PdfBes k<t air^ t>y W^ ^ndfopcqw afMrdcobdj
J^rii and nt trutL * The Airu an4 unih kei^ iajri hew dbet ait
Man» M i& cova^cnly fu^pjo^, t^^. thqr ibooid wocfiM{t vbl diw
Old Teftameat (ainu worihi|>pcd God wuh iheir Uattt^ aiuf ia^Cicirxdi
^ that CbnU^iM^^^DOt io wqHIuk Qod wjfb their bo^s ; wehetoi
^y are coiDQ^a]i^e4 to isari^.O^.^w^^^i^ ^^^.V^Jj^ vi^udi
are bis.— ^Bat Coriii here teaches* . Uuit. ChrJiUaxu were tp worfbip
j(94 the truth Qt tifl the j)iK>«ii(M ao^ prcniutcia mi the 914.^^^
f^t iwitb refoe& ti^ holy timei » pUc^» ai^ thiiigv^ Bot wh^ nea^
1,1 there of thu re^^ea t oo a pUin ^ i^y>rtant paffiyge^ of iciip-
I^Hge ? b it. 90t ckar. that oiur Cpri hfre ^{^^ the wonnippii^ of
,God in ./(^f a^4 in /rir/^» to ttiQ Qbf€;rva&ao of thofe exteroid ntei
^iq^TtfaiQ^^t i^.hicb lor wif^ leafoas ^ad l^o apppta^ed to the
^il^enoftfia^l} liktk^MitfA v> imaamig C)^utiaQ$ at t^ (ye*
Sioioiifi; of tK<Q volji9^, tto 4v^«r pleads vim ftaie apd Jfucit ik
ibe.rieht^ ofjpriy;»tO|^4fimeat ^ ^r freedom of em^^iy*
pbecy of Zaohamt* By H* yenii» M> ^ Chapla?p to the Bad
4|f Bjttchatnt.and Reabr ot Y^fa^ .ff WXtimtpofliiiy* ujiiow. 3s.
^ Boafd<« piivei^ i^ ^77^ . ^ . .
to faring all Aibjedtf and priocipjief iato doubt aad ifoeertaijity^ ti^
oUieM^^. f^ iWJjfw tfiiprc.i|,aa|t Iwh thiag i^.timh ., Jhac
inmbian o( ^iiitSufn% ttrnj^, who wift eobrai^ and fkcgswnfij
fopport tho& poinvi ae trmht. wtuch in a!H zgt\ of iDanl^ii< bfie
hieencoafidered aa di^uohle and irt/rftrtain, But ait. noipridUhBd*
iiq{( aU.the^9irks and iopUfi^^ |he i^rmeri there ftillietnaia fiich
c^iuqaaa tmdu deoent^^ virtoe, aod religion; fo aUb, nocsmbAaad-
Upg the pertinacity v/im widf^ (one pf th^ li^termj^ io$S on tbeif
CTPlicatioo o^certaia doftrinea, t^ ii|ay fill) 'cQnt^iae^ mattcra.of
fieoate and ancertainty.' Mr. Vtant the AajJ^or 0/ the jprelejit vo-
lume,, tells lu, d^at * tlf ibie 4i^gp of tlii^^ P^i^ ^ ^ pipve ^
oanefnl inflaence of nodons contrary to the doQnae faelifvcd by the
univeHaLchanchiaevtr^ML' <t viQ be.dffifii|t:fixr lttia» «cap>
^rehend* tp£xQn.apetioa in which jJie |l«^pf^'ch(^^.«vcc« ca-
Ucely agcecid io^poiQ^ of doftlioe, ^oi^^er, while .he it endeanmr;
^ng to point oat joiftakes in relig|[6n, we are pfsrfuaded he Jraa caa*
j^o^aaioniB^.tp, allow tjha^ it up^^de he.iaayii»iuttiaM9 be m^
hiken JiunleU^ a^d that too pfxnapi: ia foa^e &fo«irit^ poiou » which
fUl remaiii of a 4oi}btful kind, wh^i^vcr h;uffiaii aaoci,.a«tb«)fitic^
and faa<^ibii« -my ba^ hiOBght- fca- theig> fiipport> ■ AlLProtdtaau
ViU fiiidy judte ui^a%tfaNSi ^ VKff 49mm Ofi lb* idi&m
£.a.A «l «r ir i« r.
Art M. &fir Jcc§imt wfihtAmt ^ Rdigiom in Lmnhl^ Is fear
letters tb aFrMi inflBeOooMT. ]Mi((ttcdt96(hew*PxoliMn^
^iQMr'GMfcrl tfie fiftctwifr df ihrir p(tt£nt PrMkieg^ «i4 i»
wcSicflismtolto0iMf|iMieiit€bfttfiift^ of Aib
^oiiogtW OontiwnuM of tfiei*« tvtx i ^ 6d* MBcAdvrt) aic;
we conceive of tUs Writer iit aft iMriteA ti^ra pi«i^ ntti | fm<l
we Aoakr aj^rMv lis sedl^'dii k iiot «|^pev to itf ih Ji ht citf 1^
adbitlk «f pietf trocpaneafd wM iM MC«prioii of d ^tfrtdit ftt of
principles which hainan iuSMlsiair hai" eodeatlhired ^ Mako ^le
jSandaHl if finhh. Tin we iitfb; aad woMieiv iw«. diii}a%, i^^
the genaralibaMi of His paiii]|Hlkl, md ^from hb I^Mngiff * a bfcHr '
of aa ifteomflidiilf alafniia| tnetot^ which, te teHf !§«,- hasf b«»ii
fomriiair tfMdStdting agalnft^ttr lAaaf ^efetriogi^ wef mv^iutt t6
th(ii UU UKdfpr^ypded for tlM nmoM of iMUbiiptloih to aitidM
of reK^oii. ^int pawpUeseot'ieefM td pidg^ of the rii^ abd TM*
of leUgidiii bv the watthitlr wiikwiicft fodr ntkM «iM ttraiaedailttb
The aaethodimdal «diilt«i« ond Mtarbrt am AMf fiiiPOarH bf hb"
peir; hot noc tiiofe wiio Mtow Blr. W* M.y. . The- Rov. Wtk
It i n t econnetfa ferarlarfeo fhaivofpraMI; araMdofaoie'othefO^
bothmnDng ^ ntfaiiAe^ in ihe eiabKirareiiCy ind'aMoag-cb^^lf.-
ientersy Woo' eiabtacef nrt pivioiplea* ThtiCt * afO feilM dHcraflefV
JwwMf fjtiiti* real Kft in 6»o part of ik^ paitoUiti', ^iiMt m^ afitntt
a nfefni admboitibn to thdib Who Mrke pfoMSo^ of i«M<int
? ' S B R M O N «v
h D9 mt^fUlt'vk iktimift y$MmS0mtm ThrM^ €cfieif^Afim
AaiitM im temfh S; Mari» tcram AtrndemUt Cintabl^trfri yum 'i»
1771. Pr9gradu ioSoratm in fiura ibioi&gith A. C< Chiirdiilly
S. T. f: Aula eUu^it^ Mifir/oei0. 410; 1 #. . Whit^, «te»
There is nottta^ rtty Mntt^\aMt' fti th^ hfttf dtitkmv ^ Tko*
priocipaT ciiticifm relates to* the ftrft t«i# bf ]>««fd^ afl^Hhg ^^^^>
iJkiMN AflfiMl fir .^wir #« fhfhigh pyttf, kt.' 'Thfe Dd6lb^*aflw♦
whotft tfo& (he poet hero «lfre(^7 aY»d He kaiMer^, tM pl^O^^f
tfraef; I am lendbte, fa^s he» that fome learned tnen thkrfe far otifr-
Wlfc ; Iteie fiippoflftg that' David ipeaks to '559!, 6!hferi <B5f W
addretb Joturmfo : O ^wiU^ dkwt tfihiki, tn'^c^td ts Jkper extelfm
tna ! ftt. Bjai he adds/ w<! Afll fowl thir eieonthum tcry pertiiftot
and proper it we foppofc that David addreffcs l^imfclf peither'Tto
Said or jot^jfthaii in tl^s vcrik, bttt'^aks to tho K^elker eoooertfidf
diem hotli :'"'.,'
O Ifraef, ^itr U^atli* (SMdufnemf$ it jHtmhmimt) fopet tx^ASk
tMj>^mptiiM eft. -
Quomodo cecidefunt fbhet ! faak Situlin* n Jtnathamts fatt ftr^^
tmptiO ' '•* '^'-\ ^- " . . -
The ohftrvation ifei^s Jofr* an^ tlj/is brobabhr ir the fbkfe hi whklf
the p2(raj?e!iih6ft'gB^rifl^«adorft^ .^t . . "
H. TSf PMfiHft: a lha<tA tV(hd, imth a Cd^tvurd to Ufaff", mti^ /*#r/-
preKhed in dte.'Oty^iaM' ^r^t^^^J^A^'ftlid^wTown, ibd
pubUfittd
. pd»K&ed at the etmeft Requeft of die Ooagitgttfcm. 8y the Rori
WiUitm 8a>tt, M. A. late Schibr of Bton. Inicnbrd b^ per-
. ntflion to Sir Wiliiam Draper^ and addftftto die Army and Navf •
«fo. It. WUIrie>&c. 1774.
i B7 die aid of Sottth» Hildrop, and Delifiyi Mr. Scott baa mnfiered
ftme good ar^^txinentt i^oft d«elliiig $ but (diMogh certain sfefta*
tioM and iogiilaridet intoiH^ch tkts writct is apt to fait) Ma pab-
licatton wants that charaderiftic propriety and grace which we expoGt
t*«eet with m a rtligious dtiboBrfe.
III. Preached at the Opeatng of the Chapel in EffinE-Hoiife, £ftz-
(treett in tbeStraod» op Sunday Apfil 17, 1774* fiy Theopldhtt
Littdfev>M.A* Uo. 6d. Johaibn.
Candid and iudieiottf, worthy of the occafion on which it wai
bicachedv worthy of die preacher,— Mr* Lindfey dHcoarfea from
ttph. iv* ^.^^EaiawmriMg to kup the mmty rf ibt SfMt in tht had
0/*/MM.— — To the fermon is added» a fammary account of the to-
l^nned lit«rgy> on the olan of the late Dr. Samuel Clarke *, made
1^ of in the ikid chapel in Eflbc^hoofe*— It may not be improper to
aci)«aiat our Readers, many of whom, we doubt not, wiU-fiDcefcIy
ifjoice to hear that thens is aU the reafon in the world to beiieve
that Mr« Lindfty will be attended by a very numerous and reijpeftaMe
audience*' 'May hit life be long, and may hit houeft and wefl-
sa^ant endeavours to pfomote the Knowledge and pra&ice bf pute
and uudefiled religion, be crowued widi remarkable fiiccefs !
IV. A Comtnmt Qo4 tbt BiiUwr^s mv$t fmUng FWnr/.— Occa£oaed
by the Death of the Rev. fidward iutcUn, B. D. who departed
^ahis Life January 11, 1774, iadM^4Sfh YearofhitAffr. -Preached-
ia White^Row, SpittJefields, January tu By Samuel Brewer, B. IX
. To which is added. The Onaim delhrefud at his Interflleac'in.
•the Bniial-ground at Bunhill; By Thomas Towie, B.D. Svo.
I 8. Bucklandy <S(C.
* Mr. Hitchitt was* a very eminent dtffimdng mioiAer, of the Calvi^
aitfc perioafion ; and thefe difeourfes, as is ofual oa fuch occafioin,
cpatain the higheft enoominms on the deceafed.
V. On the Dmuh of die Rev. P. Simlbn, A. M. at the Meedng.
Houfe in Vicar Lane, Coventry, July 18, I773. ^y J. Daiton.
^d. Dilly.
>.■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ . I I 11 .^ ■ I ■
CORRESPONDENCE.
Tc ibi Authors of the Monthly Review.
Gentlemen,
I Rely on your candor for attention to a few remarks on the letter
figned Arnicas in your lad Review. I could fay much on the
fiibjefti bat for feveral reafoDS, (hall be as fhort as poiHble.
For what I faid of Dr. Leeds's obtaining bis degree, 1 had cbe au»
thoricy of letters ftoxa Drs. CuIIcd, Home, &c. produced as eridence
in the court of King's Bench. — ^^I do not pretend to afcertain Dr.
Leeds's mcdicarqualificatibnsy T think the queftion fo mach in&iled
on, whether h6 was or was not a good Phyficiaa, is quite beilde the
matter.
♦ See Reyieir for February fad(, p. loz.
* CoBceraiag
C0ARB8P0N»VKCC4 j]|
^ Cbncem^ ^lie re«(bn affignefl by me for the fociety difpenfiti^
With their cftahliihcd roles in cht«t afiair» I had fl|y iofbrnfttion front
fome 9f jheir p#n,mei|)h(ers— I ^Dew of no oth^r reafon — If Amicae
knew of aoy other he (hotild have giren it. Amicus fays, ** che;,fe^
ciety know no ihah in jadgmept." I believe in j^eneral they decide
with moch Caution and uprightne(s» bat I Hkewiie believe that^ they
are not always clear of partidUty I perfonal attachoient, iatereft, will
have weight in human minds : Men naturafly favour thoie they hava
the beft opinion of, or are the moft obliged to, Dn F. has great
merits great lepntation/ great bfluence.-^^Amictts f^ys, "Dr. F.-
never gave the foq^tyroom tp 4oub( of a jnltfnbmiflloa to the rules
he fabfcribes to/' The rules of the feciety require fubmiffion 'to
awards, even when there it room to think<hat fuch awards have not
been made jodicioafly. But Dr. F. refufed to fulfil the award iit
qaeftion — Is there reafon to think that if be would not fobmit in oa^
€afe» he typ^ld have fubmitted in another? The mlet of the focm/
alfo prohibit lawfaits between their memben. But Dr. F« and Dr. L^
engaged in a lawfnit. J>u F. retained counfel before the award ww
ffivcA. h, made th^ award a rule of cooru Dr. F. tfcaped the ctm»
rare of the^ feciety. L was deemed the aggre&r and difowned. On
this circumftaqce I make no comment* — Jmicnt (ayt, '* if the ^f9mt
had not been pabli(hed the rpaarks had never appeared* and if /«-
partial conld have retrained his pen this addr^i woald have been nikr -
neceiTary." J.did not write nor pnblifli the appeal. The account
it gave of the affair was thought by many perfons ^ fair one; it con-
tained.lictle more than the awArd, the affidavitt of the arbitrators,
and a minute of the yearly meetings unmixed with any inve^tve
d^ainft Dr* F.— Qao it then be jufily termed '^ partial and kivi«
dtotts?'"— The circulation of it was much cdnfined to the fociety.— '
The charader of it in your Review was fo cautioudy worded, that
neither party need to have taken offence. — Amkn$ introduced the.
affair to the public by an account which i thought too favourable to
one fide, to pafs unnoticed.— ^I fent you one in which my defign wa»
to tell the truth to the beff of my knowledge^-For thtv I am
charged with wilful mifreprefenutioa. and treated with anneeeffiiry'
aipentv.— Whatever Dr. F. may think, I am not hit enemy^— I ha*'tf
no malevolence to him, nor attachment to L. — I never received fa«
Your or injury firom either — I never had a mean opinion of Dr. Pv
or 9 high opinion of L. or any defign lo place them in^omparifon.-*
Bttt in this inftance I ^hink Dr. F. has been wrong. — I think Li wat
as fit to j>radice^ phyfick as many who do daily pradice it ; and \
think him an injured perfon. — Difierent men fee the fame objeflt
differently ; then- fentiments muff of courfe differ ; and I fee no caufif
ilirliy I ihould relinquiffi the fignature of
IMPARTIAL. '
** A full detail of this tranfaflion fupported by indubitable evi't
dence" could have been publifhed by the arbitrators, and perhi^pa
had been, but for the difiiiafions of fbme {Impartial was one] wha
wiihed rather to preferve peace than to prbduce.controverfy..
London, April 21, 1774.
•0* PTi havt ia/irtcd the ah9V€^ tQfrovt our impartiality \ andavt
^^^ aftriii mil kne itfict t$ u cMrwrrJly that hat^ iafmfi>\f modi
its
1^ C t> i t t 4 P O V D't U t i4^
ht ^vt9f Hk • litefaiy joortely nvbici is fymo mumi a fr^f^ rta^nkk
fir alNrtaiimu of a private ak^ periinal ma^4»
■^■^^•^ " ■■
A .Letter iigned ibe Ediut^ coxnplaiiia.of tire ftverhy oi" die i&
count guren of a late polthaAous trad in oar mU £di(an|
Uke Tranflator^y are commoaly partial to thsfe Authori wbofe wdrb
they woalit recommend to the favoiir of the public; 'ttd tfaere&ut.
■we wonder not that the gentleman Who has done us tl^% honpor of
\m polite and candid rannjhtmt^ (bottld dti/Ient itom tke cjpinio&o^
an indiferent» uAprejudiced * Aeviewer, in regard to the merit of
theperformance in quefion^
Titf Editir may be aifiirej, t&at it h not witbont regret tliat «e
ever fpeak unfavourably of any work intended to promo^ th^ interdl
o( virtue and religion ; and that whenever our opinion of the im-
* perfoft execution cfa good deGgo; forces us» in juihce fo the honour
lind intereft of literature, to pafs our cenfure where we ndft to ap-
j>iaudy we generally do it with referve» and teademefs ; fopprefli^
(he worfl that mi^t be faid, if the rigour of iTauTn* rather daft
leftity 10 a broAcr Author, were to prevail. .
This was, indeed, the cafe, with reaped to the Iktie piece which
^aye occafii^ to the letter before us. We forbear to repeat the tide
of the work, becaufe we would not, unneceflarily, add to the cenface
, ^ready pafled on it, or to the chagrin of a correfpoiide&t who cz«
prefles himfelf with fo much moderation and decency*
The Editor objects to our remark on the want dP jCgnitar, ia tie
ftyle and didion of a work, oi ^^tdtky/amiUari^ d'iscfrijp^i^^
natural charaderitlic* But we beg. leave to mbft tnat whoever
afiumet to be the public advocate of religion and vlitae, ought to
expre{s himfelf in a manner fomewhat elevated above the ^f«OV
ftrain of private inftrudlion, and fuiubk to the importSHiC* of tie
fubje^ The plea, that the piece here alluded to, was not writtea
Ibr the public, cannot be admitted : Jf it was too impefle^ for pub-
lication, wh^ was it printed without the neceflkiy imfMroVements ?
^ In evexT literary performance, a decent attention is furely due tg
correflneu, if not to ele|[ance ; but a proper regard to langage is
more peculiarly neceHary in a work intended for tBe imptoremcnt ef
youth, left, while we are inipiring them with good fendjoeiita, aa^
teaching them good manners, we inadvertently habituate than to
ungrammatical, or vulgar, or provindal* modes of expreflion.
That a work is weU itttindei, is a juft foundation for praiie; bet
foo4 intention alone will not fccure fuccefs to an ill adapted pcrfbr*
lormance. Thouiands, and tens of thonfands, of what are coianioni/
called g00d h99ksy have had the praifii above metationed, and yet they
have been configned to oblivion, by the general eonfeat of nofaaskiad:
on whom all the wife counfel in the world will be laviihed to Kbk
purpoA:, if it be not conveyed to them in an agreeable fonn,
%• Mr. B-r— "'« letter, dated Edinburgh^ December 25, did not
come to hand till very lately .-T-The poem to which it relates will bt
noticed in our next Review.
* The Aniiar being totally unknowA to us«
MONtHLt REVIEW,
For M A y, i774#
A&T«I. Eutumur% er^ Dinhluiu eonc^rmfig the Lmw ttnd Ctnftitmtiin
ofEnfland. With an Efiay on PUlogoe. 8vo* 4 y^Azi 14 1 •
THAT tbih Author of .tiie(c Dialoguei is^ or has beelii, 1
profcflcd lawyert cannot t^ doubted ; and he is ib a/ccu(-
tomed to the Unguage and fprqia; o/. his profcffi«n> that Jie.
s|4hei'es clofclf to th^iiH eveo in his pceface. Under the cha*
raider of Editori he a4opts th^ ide^p^cpnfidering the.Piablic
mi m jury. Placing himfi^if, therefore) for a moment, on the
bench, he addreflet the Public, at large, with refpe^t to the fata
of the prefent work s tmd declares tharhe lays afide any private
regard for the Author, ill: aflumi9g the irppartiality o( a judge.
The gentlemen of th^ jury are tol4 that, the caufe now b^rc
them, for their determination, ia in the nature of afiigmd i^ti*.
It 4% m>t « fuifthn ^fdamagis^ but a Ht^flim rf rigbi merely ; in
which the Author is to be conftd^ied ^a the plainttflF, and tbofe
toa4€ffs^wbo>: happen tadifpuit his pifeTenrctaim are th^ defeild^
aftts. Among o^her langim^ of this);ii)d^ which is caitied odt
to a degree that camsoft wdT be vindicated from the cbatg^of^
pedan^, the E4itor:tbua belpeaM a*favoiȣabIe vardid : '
i *;If:y0ii;fiiQidd be of opinion 4hat the (ubjeft interefts ther
Public I that the form in which it is treated, is not only on^.
c^oni^n, but taken together with the Aibjed is calculated fot u
&^lioui#> to fupply the (dace of fuch 'books of amvfamdnt ta
have nothing but the fpra to rtconwneil^ thea ;' if yoii thbik
the notions the Author has advanced are, upw At whole, fup«
ported by the many great naoidi that you obferve he has called
W .hia wmft^ on tiie pi^efenc dtcafiea y iS you- find^that he* har
diflented with candour wh^re.bi diflF^ inopi^on % if where h^t
cenfiirear tUnl^f ^^ he haa induftrioufly 4pared^pedbos, or where
ke ihott^t )iJixrfrlfirf>ligfKl4e c^rueepafiilca'behasinrij^citedi'
338 Eattomusi &r^ Dtalogms concerning ihi Law^ffc*
tbem ; if you fliould be lAdiMd -to think- Father Favourably of
bis head, and at the fame time, you find no grounds for any ino*
jputation on his hearc« you will eive.your verdi& in his favour;
but if, upon the whde, yoiT think otkerwife, you will find for
the defendants/
Our Author, in opening his EfTayon^ Dialogue, potnts out
tke advantages, and the antiquity, of Ai'm fcnrm of writing.
With regard to its ufe of fi61ion, he obferves that it is a kind
.of poetry. It is of a double nature, didadic as well as dra-
matic. The didaSic nature of it confifts i^ teachbg ibmetbtog
by feigned charaders, and *in an imaginary converfatioo : but
the dramatic caft of the work muft foften the rigour of profcfled
in^ru6\ion. After confidering the dida6lic and dramatic quali-
ties of the dialogue, and making fome refle£lions on the &enay
of the ancient dialogue, the Author (hews why imaginary cba-
ra£lcrs have been preferred to real, in the prefent performance.
This naturally leads him to an examination of what the inge-
nious Dr. Hurd has advanced upon the fubjed:. What i^ here
faid, in oppofition to the fentiments of that able critic, is not
unworthv of notice; though we ftilt agree in dpitiion with Dr.
I|urd, that, where it can be attained^ the conducing of ^e
dialogue by real characters is f^r preferable to the ufe of ima-
glnary ones. We do ncit, however, fee any Efficient reaibit
for totally^ excluding the latter mode of cbnf^fition, which, on
fome oa^fions and on fome topics, may have its peculiar ad-
vantages.
In difcufling the fubjeds proper for dialogue, the Wrher be-
fore us contends that none are excluded by their nature firom
being treated in this manner, except fuch as are too abfirufe
or too trifling to be fit for- -c^verfation pieces. * The fub^ed
of law, fays he, in general fteers very happily between tbefe two
extremes. Its connexion wtth morality; its being what every
body rn fociety muft live under, and confequently know fonse-
thing of, will always make it an interefting and not a difficult
fubjcd for converfation. And this propriety, which ftaads its
ground in the eye of reafon, has an additional fupport frOB»
very early example. The treatifes of Plato and Tully of this
name, are ftill extant td vindicate the afiertion.
* The law of England in particular, fo very liberal. and dlf
fufive in its nature, will fcarce be difputed to afibrd many em*
tertaining and inftruAive topics of difcourfe. One reafon to
recommend this way of writing on fiich fubjeAs, may be drawn
from a cfrcum(laQce to which law and dialogue have equally
a relation, that of <* argument,'' by which I mean the excrciK
rather of a natural than artificial kind of logic/
Haying (hewn that law may be properly treated in the fonn
of dialogue^ the Aat)iar piQceads to the confideration of tke
▼an•^s
nri6u8 modes that have been adoptedl in writing on this ftlbje£t.
The dialogues that have been cobipofed on law-^malters next
come in review before him, and *he particularljr.chacaAerizes
and Commends chofe of Germain ami Fofcefeue. Ue.then lays
beibrd his^rciaders a:view of theprefcnt work ; a&ersvhichr he
makes fome remarks on feveral pablications relative to 'the
]^ngli(h conftitution^'and paflcsa'high encomiuth oh Sirl^ho-
mas Smith's «' Republic of England^? and Sir BiiHWode WkitcL-
Jocke's •* Comment on jho King.^s Writ for chooluig Membeni
of Parliament." The eiTay concludes' with an apology for treat-
ing on the ftsbjeA of the third tKaiogue^ after ks having been
fo.^lUy difciifed by otfcer writei^^ land efpcciaily by Mra'Jufticc
Bhckftone* ' > : r.--— ^ .,,., m
.Our Author is far. from prGteodnig that this foito. of writing
h the bcft way of becoming acquainted with the fubje£is con-
tained in thefe diabgues ; much lefs^ that the prefent are.the mod
pleafing fubjc(Ss for this form. > ' It is fufEcicnt/ he obferves,
^ foe me» if what thefe dialogues contain has weight enough (o
fend any of royrfaders, who bcfore.werc ftrangecs to the fub-
jed, to thofe great aathorides, therfoimtain headf from whence
fuch learning dows the pureft ; and that this mild and Engaging
form is not improper for the fubjeiS ;itfclf, I (hall then,, with-
the vanity of ah Author, compare. tnyfelf to one who in his
travels over a bleak andidreavy^dountry^ has picked up fome
plants, which be: afterwards 'tramfei:s.to fome delightful fpot,
in a milder climate; where tlieiri novelty at lea(V^ nray mak«h
them admired even among more agfceable produ£l»oas, by thofe
who would never have vifited thepiron* their native foil. And if
after all they ihould have. any medicinal virtues ufeful itk life,
they will be welcome wherever they; can be made to grow.'
The fcene of thefe dialogues is laid at the coUhtry^houfe of
Eunomus, a lawyer of eminence in his profeffion. He is vifited,
in his retreat, by Policritcs, a young gcntlemjin defigricd for the
fame profeffion ; who, on feeing the Odyfley of Homer, opened
ifi that part where the difcovery of UlyflVs to his aged father is
ib pathetically defcribed, exprefics his regret at being obliged to
4]uit the enchanting fcenes of fancy for the dry and intricate
paths of the law. *. I wi{h, fays he, the poets had Acft. power
of captivating the imagination, or that their power was at-
tended with lefs fatal confequenccs to the deeper pacts of learn-
ing. The foil of ParnalTus, I am fure, is barren, however
pleafant-the air of it is. But why fhould I blame the poets in
p&rticular, when other arts tending only to poliih and refine the
manners are fubjed to the fame imputation ? Thofe who are
addi<^ed to this < profe(Bon ought to give them all up; or at
leaft muft allow, that by retaining their fondnefs for thefe, they
retard their progrcfs in that. They occa&on the lafs of much
Z 2 time.
time, andi at beft, are tfai»gs with. which the ftudy of the kw
ha3 no inaiiiier of conn^ion**
Thefe remarks give rifir to the fubjcfi o£ the fitff dialc^ue, in
which Eunomus aflerts, that all arts and fcieocas have feme
kind of connexion with one another ; and (hews particularly^
that there is a mutual intercourfe conftantly kept up between
the law and other fcieoces. In the illuftration of this matter,
the objelftUmsof Policritrs are anfwered, the conne£lien between
the different liberal arts is pointed out, the meaning of, fuch
connedion is explained, and an appeal is made to inibnces and
examples of it in the profelEon of the law; and efpecially to Sir
Matthew Hale, Sir Thomas Mpre, Lord Bacoii, aad Lord So*
tners. In the farther profecuti^n of the dialogue, Eunomus de-
fcribes the utility that may be derived from the ancient poets
and orators, and from the fpeecbes of the hiftorians and the epic
poets. This brings on the confideration of the queftion, whether
the profeffion of the law admits of eloquence 4 upon wliicb fub-
jed our Author has expreilied him&If in the following terms :
« I Will not go fo far as to think their opinion worth an an-
fwer, who hold, that modern times are Grangers to, or rather
will not bear eloquence : becaufe I think they are fufficiently
refuted by fad. And the notion is as deftitute of found judg-
ment, as it is contrary to experience* Nor do I think the no*
lion of others is better founded, who maintain, that an Eng]f&
bar will not admit of eloquence, being of a nature extreoMly
dMFerent from the courfe of judicature in Athens or Rooae :
from which as we are fuppofed to be acquainted with the
only uue models of eloquence 1 fo the. circumftances of former
times and difierent forms of policy are thought to exclude alt
others as much from the application of eloquence, as fi^m a
competition with the great orators of thofe drars.
* I am fpeaking to one who knows from htfiory and his own
experience, that even here the fad is diredly ocberwift. IS^
was I to borrow no argument from experience, it would be
enough to fay in general that eloquence is the common child of*
freedom and of knowledge: that iiv any ftate, where the ma*
turity of its learning keeps pace with the freedom of its conflt*
tution^ men muft have conftant opportunities, and they will b^
able to make the beft ufe of opportunities to p^iade or refate \
will find ample field for panegyric or fatire ; wilt be able to
raife or overcome occafional oppofitign. All which are na
other than the various modes and cbaraders of eloquence con-
ceived in the abflrad. Nor as to the particular application of
it to our profeffion, fhould I think thofe would have very fiftn
ground to fland on, who would argue, that in a conftitution
governed by law, particularly in the very courfe of expounding
that law, or debating on it, there can be no room /or the Aw
Eunonms ; or^ Diai^nif toncmikgfbt LaWy &€, ^i
nk of genuine eloquence : fuch as, zctotUfvgio the triie i(Ka
of ity may. command the paffions while it'Conviiices^ the judg-
ment ; may bear down all*oppofition, and carry every thing In
triuihph beforeJt.
* To expkun myfdf, I will not fcruple to fay, an addreTs to
a jury is the field for eloquence ; as an zMteh to the court is
for areumont. And thus (however they may accidentallyin-
.fiermix) the provinces of ftri£l reafoning and of eloquence, ^i
to the prefcnt application of them, are as diftinA from eifeh
other, as law and hSt are. Nor yet would I fcruple to allow,
that in our books much fewer inftances occur of eloquence than
of logic, though I am contending, that the fame profeffion is a
fchbol (eft both. The reafon is, one is a dry independent arc
that borrows no affiftance from occaiion, time, or place : the
other is fo much indebted to all thefe, and above all, to thei
form of expreffion and the manner of the fpeaker, that the bcft
account of it at fecond hand, compared to its original exertion,
and Influence, is like a print copied from a painting of Titian'a
<>r Claude Lorain's ; which may be correA enough, perhaps, as
to the defign, but maft be flript of the pcctlliar excellence of the
original, its warmth of colouring. And thus it is, that thou^,
for inftance, the Elements of £utlid, or foipe pieces of Arif-
totld*s, are the fame to us as they were to thole of his owti
times ; the remains of Tully or Demofthenes -arc not.
* With thefe aMowances^ I may venture to add, that foxiia
few fpecimens in the State Trials may be looked upon as exc€t«
knt inftances in this profeffion, both of argument and of elcu
quence: though I confefs for the hitter, it is always better
worth while to confulc the times, than any books whatever/
The Author next makes a tranfitton to hiftory, the ufefulneft
of which to the fludy of the law, is judicioufly difplayed. But
we are nbt equally fatisfied with what he has put into the mouth
of Policrites, with regard to our hiftorical writers. ^ I am fo far,
iays he, from denying the ufe of hiftory, Edglifli htftory I mean,
that in my opinion, if any thin^ has a direft and immediate con-
nedioA with law, it is this, f rather wonder, ib little of this
Had has been left us by perfons of this profeffion. For who can
be fuppofed to be better acquainted with the conftitution, thah
thofe whofe province it is to defend it in fo many (hapes ; and
who, from the nature of their ftation, are moft converfant in
records, the pillars of hiftory ? v^ho, from their acquaintance
with evidence, the manner of ftating fads diftin£lly, and
examining what is or is not probable, can better fill up th6
draught of hiftory as it is left us by one of the beft judges of
antiquity ? ^* Ntquid fa^ Mare audeat^ mquid virt non au^
jdeat^ — Perhaps it would be a flender commendation, where the
track iticif has been fo Mttle frecpiented in this country, to fay
Z 3 none
342 ElPmua 3 9r^ Biabguis concerning the Law^ tic.
none hive made a nearer approach to fame, through this atreniie,
than thofe who have ftood foremoft in our profeiTion. I think t
need not explain my meaning by mentioning the hiftories of
Henry the Seventh, and the Civil War. That this track has
npt been more frequented by feme of the fame fet of men, may
be imputed to their want of l^ifure ; in forae ineafure to a deli-
cacy perhaps, ip declining to relate tranfadtions, in which their
l>wn part, though often confcderable, was only ihort. But in
general it is mu<;h to be laoTcnted, that in this country, immor-
tality pf reputation, which is one great fpur to aSiions^ am(
wifely made perhaps
The lafl infirmiiy tfncbU minds^
is after all left at the mercy of obfcure and private hiftorianr.
Wc have few Xenophons and Cxfars; as few Bacons and Cla-
rendons ; few in any public capacity who have penned memo-
rials of the times in which they lived ; and deicribed the fceaci
\n which they aded themfelves/
In a note on this paflage, our Author exprefTcs no fmall de-
gree of diiTatisfadtion with Mr. Horace Walpole, who has pafled
a fevere cenfure on Sir Thomas More, Lord Bacon, and the
£arl of Clarendon, as hiftorians ; and who has faid, that ^* it
is hoped ^o more Chancellors will write our ftory, till they can
dlveil themfelves of that habit of their profefiion, apologizing
for a bad caufe/* Mr. Wa! pole's remark, like many others
which occur in, his works, i$, perhaps, rather fuperficial, and
a little petulant ; but, at the fame time, we can by ik> means
agree with the VVMcer of thefe Dialogues, in his high •pinion of
the hif^orval merit of Bacon and Clarendon. Both tbefe great
men arc very rcprehenfible for their prejudices, their partiality^
and, their undue attachment to the memory of princes who were
guilty of tyranny and oppreflion.. Their manner of compofi-
tion, too, can never be juftly confidered as a perfeA model.
The ftyle of Lord Bacon partakes of the pedantry of the age in
which he lived ; and Lord Clarendon's is intricate, obfcure,
prolix, and .fometimes ungrammatical. It is, indeed, often
admirable in point of flrength and copioufnefs } and hiscbarac- ^
ters are drawn with a maiterly hand. They are always beaoti-
ful as pidures, though they are not always ftridly confocynable
to truth.
What our Author has faid to the difparagemcnt of ahfcurt
and private hljioriam is equally erroneous. In the prefcnt age
at leaft, in which the fources of hiftory have been fo fully dif-
played, and an extenfive knowledge of the world, and the moft
liberal views of things, arc attainable by perfons of almoft every
rank, why fliould not private men be as c^apablc of hiftorical
compofition as the greateft of our lawyers I We fliould bie glad
to kqow what gentlemen of the law could be mentioned, who
- 6 would
,*wcmld be likeljr" to write the hiftory of their countiy with ao
ability, penetration, ancf elegance Aiperior to what we meet
ivixh in Leland, Hume, and Robertfon. ^s to opr preftnt
Dialogift, whatever dignity in hi9 proieffign he may now ppf-
fefs, or hereafter attain, we will venture to foretell, that, un-
\t{s he fhould greatly nnprove in liberality of fentiment, and
claffical purity of language, he will not eafily rife to an equa-
lity with feveral of thofe whom he confiders as ohfcure and pri- .
vauhi/krians.
The remainder of the dialogue is employed in pointing out
the neceffity and utility of an acquaintance with the lawof na*
tvre, the civil, the canon, the feudal law, and the poiitive
laws of other countries.
The fecond dialogue is carried on by the fame perfons, Po*
licrites and Eunomus, and takes in the whole of the fecond vo-
lume. ^ It is almoft entirely confined to points in which, lawyers
alone are peculiarly concerned. After treating on the language
of the law, and endeavouring to prove that pleading is a fcience,
the Author enters into a copious difcufEon of the fubje<^ of
conveyancing; from which he pai&s to the praSice of the
courts, and all the proceedings refpei^lng a fuit, whether bet
fore, at, or after the trial. In the courfe of the dialogue,
many jcnrtous particulars are coniidered ; and the Writer feems
to have accompUiked his purpofe of intruding young gentle «.
men, defigned for the bar, in a variety of things relatiM to
their profeifion. He has, likewife, the farther defign of vindi-
cating the4Pvifdom of the law itfelf ; with regard to which he
has fttcceeded in feveral inftances, though he hath not kept him-.
felt wholly free from the bigotry of tbe lawyer. He undertakes
a vindication of the law, in refped of its delay and expence ;
and would even perfuade us, that the poor are nor, in any de^
grgf^ deprived of tbe means of fuing for or defending their own
light^. This is certainly going too far, though we are not in-
fenfible that mpre may be alledged on the fubjccl than fuperfi*
cial declaimers are apt to imagine. .
Toward the conclufion of the dialogue, our Author m^kes .
Ibmejudicioua obfervations on the difficul des arifing from the
antiquity of the law ; and ihews how far the ftudy of antiquity
is neceflary. From thence he defcends to certain lighter mat-
ters which concern the hiflory of the profcffion; £ijch as its
feats of. refidence, iu various degrees, the ancient and modern
qualificitions for thofe degrees, and the mafques and revels for-
merly^given: by the Inns of Court. The obftacles to the ftudy
of the law, which proceed from ourfelves, . are next coniidered ;
and the iiscoiid volume is iintibed with a welKdrawn portrait of
ao eminent ioouniellor, who had retired from bufincfs. * . ,
, iTo bt ccncluded in our ni^»}
Z 4 Art*
r 344 J
Ait. n. Thi £wni PndiBioms of Dmdti mnd St. John Amon/fratii
in « fymboUcal tbakgical DiJ/irtation #« Cmt*/ Mit/eum^ 'with Natet
critical Mui ixflamataiy, s*i m dt^atmj EpiJiU ip tbt Bijbtfk tf
Cbnciftir. 410. is. 6d. Whcblc. 1774.
■Ml » n 'His ig$ fuetus^
Dum miKor vires fanguis dabat^ ^tmula rucdum
Timporibus geminis canebat fparfa femilus.
SO did Encellus &v, and fo faith Martinus SciLiBi.Bitat9
who had like finall expedance to be called £rom th^ loag
and uninterrupted repoie in which he was fieaiing gently forward
into the land of oblivion. Yet to fee this pert Dures invade mif
province, and (land aftride with his cosnmmtaridkm over the
profound abyfs of typi-fymbolo-.theology^ provoketh moft juftly
mine honeft indignation.
Tantane patieniir I animalada criiiadaria ! mwumniatormutH
hrum fcabiis ! who, or from whence art thou, that actenapieft to
pervade thofe myfleries which Scriblerua alone was bora to
unfold i
Dared thou to lift thy profane voice^gainft the mighty £pi«
icope of Gloucefler, that Babel *of learning, who hath not
found his fellow iince the confufion of tongues !
O cerebntm ineptiHum I Where waft thou when the Divino
Legation was formed i faweft thou him who darkened coaftfel
by words without knowledge ? where waft thou when he laid
the foundation of his work, or when he ftretched the line upoa
it.f Whereupon are the foundations thereof faftened, or who
laid the corner* ftone thereof ? faweft thou when he mado 9
cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkne(s a fwadliag band
for it i
O I inane of intelled, as unfanAiiied of fpirit I deemedft
thou tbyfelf a fit congrtjfus for the Epifcope of Glouoaficr ?
thou, who knoweft all doxies fave paradoxes, and he who, llur^
ing paradoxes, knoweth no doxies : no, verily, not evea hit
own doxy, his proper doxy, his orthodoxy !
Knoweft thou not the wonderful depth of his learning ? re-
membereft thou not the miraculous knife wherewith be armed
Abraham, to facrifice his fon Ifaac i how that be made, him no|
lift up an iron tool upon him, neither a tool of Chahiean bntfs,
nor vet of Shittim wood, bi|t a tool made^ of allegory ; w4iich
word I have fince difecwered to be derived from the Arabic tfl
and lagifTy that is, God's hard wood ; for this is & bard kind of
wood common in the £aft, that anfwereth to our horn boaoi.
And here, verily, I cannot but ftand fliil to macvcj at d»
aptnefs and acumen of this the fapient prelate's diicovsery 1 hv
Knew, forlboth, that Sarah, Abraham's wife, was a ituuim of
^^^lining virtue^ a.bMi^hin^, giglin^ womiio> who bad given
out
out Ibat kif Itrdwas old. Certes, that lord,' he tfenclwlod; htd
>itde caure to believe that iiaac was the efl&^rtng «f bhf lotfti^
and therefore he right aptljr armeth htm fot^i$ eitecctioiiy wiA
9i knife o( horn biam* * ' '
How this hoffiuncukis of-criticirm toratenteth my fjplanil
the define of the primary and fecoiidary iiltdAtioi» of the fNro^
phecies he ignorantly afcribeth to my learned Lord of Giott*
oe^er ; Whereas that doArine had been adopted by many *^
vines before, and amongft the reft by DoAor Edwara LittletoiH
jFellow of Eton College. Still worfe hath this writer demeaned
himfelf in giving to the abovementicmed Prelate the crbdpt of
the thought, that barbarity of ftyle is cbataAeriftic of an it^-
fpired language. That thought, to ufe an «xpreffion of my
Jearned brother, canon Wilfbn, was picitBarfy tny own. To
Martinus Scribkrus it belongeth, and fliall not be taken from
him. £cee te/lm9ma ! .
About the time when ibe notable DoAor Middleton, meet-
ing with no loaves and Mies, did riglit reafonably dtfpiuie the
reality of tbe miracle, there Mved a learned perfon at Deventer in
the province of OveryfTel, whole name was Simon Tiflbt de
Patot. He was profenbr of mathematics in that town, a man
of much recondite erudition, who did fet forth many learned
trads againft the apoAate Middleton; one whereof, entitled
JOt Mirscuto Linguarumy be did me the grace to addrefi to j|f^
Martinus ScriWerus : ^
Mi Scriblere, faid he, in hac re invdliganda mihi multom
in aqika heret, cfe hujufce miraculi extenfione, vel ad animalia
.qurtbus articulatio vocum ignota. Quippe cum in Sylvas non
lofig^ ab ^ppido remotas, et ardorem foHs eVitare, et quietem
colere, me nuper conjecifTem, confeftim nefcio qiiam ptcana
pro fuo more garrientem primo fan6, ad poftmodo voce plane
liumana loquentem audivi, Haec nempe Loquela, Betgtce,
Af^niur/ak gehgh htahn; Anglice, m^ majltr JbaS pay tbi
reekomng. Si non ab tnfpiratione, tales nude voces ? anaofi
divtnitus, mi Martine ? an dubitare fas fit ?
Tiss. Di Mirac. ting. SeSI. iv. ch. 3.
Thus did Tiflbtius fpeak, and thus did I refpond; whicli
fioth, methinks, moft plainly evince 'that I, Martinus Scrible*
rua, was the itrft who difcovered that a barbarous ftyle was the
charaAerifttc of an infpired language.
Quid autem de tua pica miranda^ quae fane loquitur ut prcus
fimandula, idieamf Anne divlnitus illae voces? Nequaquam!
Belgicae'et grammatic6 elegantiores $ ideo in qtiibus familiariter
cdoAa fuerit pkii ore* humano. Lingux in^iratae baud talia
fuAefigna; at barbarifmns potius, et oratio impcftta, (ciltcct^
lit mt K^ttii^Xzfin^ illud vitium barbarifmi, cujus exempla vnlgo
funt phiihna, ^bi etiim quifqiiP ffi^^l^ proteft, %% y^rbo, cut
iibebic
^|j6 Dhhii PrM^ions of DmiUl 4mi St. Jetn dtm^n/lKtbl
lih^btt, ibdjteUt lUemtn fj^abaniTe, vel detrabat, nfUl alimi pro
pik» ant etRdfiMDy alio quam re)£lum eft, loco poozu Lingos
inf^rMfC inim^ an^tufi tales Aiat barbarifnai; quippe qui
illis raro eveniunt, qui aut orationem habMcriot pat^nam aut
^IHfjVieam ^idkwnt Teftia,. quam ancilk in^ fby^bat, cor*
jucula, ; quae affiatu numinia egregta cxtitit, et voces edidjijt
f^e inrpiratas, Anglico locuca eft, ya€k make mprg kmer t^
Mfiw. In barharifiiiis hujufcemodi edodta (tierat noa voce ho-
|n^;i» Oratio fuit inrpiraia, Jus teftibus barbarifmia.
Jd Tiesor. E^fl. p. 14.
Having thus, unto the (atisfaAioa> I do prelume, of all
Europe, redeemed my fair fame from the abufe of this ub-
fcienced mobock, and fully eftablilhed my claim to the origi-
Bality of this notable thought, viz. that a barbarous ftyle ta t
proof of an infpired language* I (hall proceed as orderly as I
may, unto the entire confufion and demolition of hia principal
pofition i which is, that the mufaeum of one Cocceius, whom
lie barbaroufly calleth Cox^ predicateth the completion of thi
divine predidlions of St. John. I do aver that every point here
alledged is ptrparam $mmnQ. To M^rtinus Scriblerus it was left
to inveftigate the profound myftery of the beaft In the revela-
tion D. Joanms Apocalypfu. The beaft is Joannts WiUttJim^
commonly called John Wilkes, Efquire ; and the fquare of the
numerical chara^t^rs of hi^ name anfwering precifely to No. 666,
and the circumftances of his perfon and cooyerfation, do woq*
derfuUy coincide therewith.
Apoc. ch. xiii. 6. And I food upon the fond of the yitf , that is
upon the fai>d of the ftill-houfe \ and faw a beaji rife up osA of
ihefea^ that is, emblematically, out of the fiillhoufe $ bavimg
fiven headSf thefe hieads were the five pauiotic aldemien^ and
the two ftieriffs of London and Middlefex ; and ten horfu^ thefe
were as follow, viz* Parfon Home of New-Brentford, Mefis.
Crayhorne and Boxhoroe, breech^-makers of Old Brentford,
Mr. Lin]cborne, peruke-maker in Goodman's-fields, MefiVs,
Cohorn and Lanthorn, matter chiinney-fwccpers in St. Mary-
le-bon, Mr. LfOngborn, carcafe-buccher in Whicechapel, Air.
Langhorn of the repofitory in Barbican, Mn Fullhom, vidiral.
ler in Wapping, and Mr. Mudho;n, fcavenger in St. GilcsX
^1 refpe&able freeholder^ of the county of Middlefex. Attd upem
his horns ten crowns $ the, above named gentlemen fubfcribed five
ihillings each to the Bill of llights. And upon bis btad the msme
fifBlafpbemyi the refolutions of the. Houfe of Commoas on dus
l&ead were right full and conclufive.
2. And the beaft which I fftvj was Itke unto a leopard^ that is^
fpotted from top to toe, and his feet were as the feet of a hmr i
^ow ftrikingly emblematical of thi^. our beaft! It is tbc pro-
perty of th^^i>ear 19 f§Il uppn^ children m particular, as fairb
• the
Biivine PndUiions cf^JDaSiflanat Si. John demonftratea. 347
the facred hiftorian : *^ And there came two bears out of the
wood and tote forty and tw^^hlWfri^n of theto/' > Now whether
pur beaft did ttot do VioIei|ice* to an equal or a greater nun^ber,
let the accounts of the Foundling-Hofpital declare. — And his
mouth was as the mouth ^<7^/iW.— ^Strikingly confirmed again, ia
that he roareth againfi Daniel. Jnd tht dragon gave him his
p9Wir\ and his fiat ^ and gnat authority.'-^How this dragon is
ftriSly fymbolical of the mob, which is always perfonihied by
fome fierce beaft, and which gave unto him thefe things.
3« Jnd Ifitm one of his boadsy as it won womuUd to dtatb^ and
his diddfy woun4 was healidy and all the world wondered after the
beaft. All this too is perfedly accomplifhed by the diflentioa
that arofe between Jacobus Hoppicus, one of the heads, and
the beaft, wherein the former received many deadly woubds
indeed, but they were all healed, and all the world wondered
after the beaft.
4, And they worjbipped the dragon which gave power unto the
leaft ; that in verity they did, even unto idolatry, calling it
worthv ^d independent, and uncorrupt, and virtuous and ho«
nouraole; — And they worjbipped the beajiy faying^ Who is like
unto the beaft ? ff^ocan maie war with him ? O marvellous cbm«
pletion of the prophecy ! With mine ears have I heard thefe then:
barbarous (bouts, Wilkes for ever I WKo is like Wilkes ? Who
fan fight with Wilkes ?
5. And there was given unto him a mouth fpeaking great thinp^
and blafpbemy^ and he opened his mouth in bh/phemy.'^As this hath
been verified and confirmed by the decifion of the legiflature,
incredulity itfelf muft own that this prophecy hath been fui-
^lled, and that Wilkefius is indubitably the very identical bea^
fpoktn of in the Apocalypfe. '
Many other paflages, were there the leaft (badow of neceflity
for it, might be adduced in proof of this myexpofitton, fuch
as his orders, when fitting alderman, to the bakers, plainly fore*
fold in tbe I7tb vcrfe of the fame chapter.
17. And that no man might buy or fell^ fave be that had the
mark of the beaft.
Again the fquibs and crackers, played oflF for him by the po*
pulace are predified.
1 3. And he doetb great wonders^ fo that he nmhethftre come down
^om heaven. ^
Bliadnefs itfelf muft furely fee the aptnefs of thefe prophe*
riea^ and the marvellous acoomplilhment thereof.—*! might
proceed to further argament.— >The field unfoldeth itfelf afar,-**
»uC the coercive hand of Time is upon me, and with this my
ateft lucubation, my laft bequeft unto the Chriftian world, I
edre from, the labours of die pea for evpr. ...
' ' Art«
• •'»«- ■ » .
w/l&T. III. J genermlldi^ tf a Pr^nafituii^r piSiiduuj ^f tht E^glifi
LatigMOgif Mr a Plan entirely mewm With Obiervatioos on ieveral
Words that are variotifly prooouaced. as a Speclmenof the Work,
Dedicated to David Garrick, Efq, 5y J, Walker. 410. 1 •• 64.
• Bcckct, &c. I774,
THE bufineft of a Reviewer becomfti uocQmniapIjr dificvk
whea he is obliged to .p^jT a regard fiot only Co the ufuai
irritability of an amhor, but to hi* i«iaiedi^te.«nd pecuaiaiy
riotereft. The work before us is to be confidef^ not only in
Mfped of its claim to literary famet but as a pfojkpfal for the
•benefit of the Author : he muft therefore <xpo& that the PuUi<,
as well as the Reviewers, wiil attend to «e with rather none
.than common caution.
We are very willing to allow, to tbe tr^A nom jundcr confi-
deration, its due praife. The general ideas of the Writer,
though not new or peculiar to Mr. Walker, are nevertheieli
arranged and exprefied in a judicious and decent manner. We
think the Reader may judge, in a great meafure, of tke merit 0(
this work, from the following quotation :
^ When I refie&ed on the fmall fatisfadiob wecouki receive
on this fobje& from works already publiflied^ even an attempt
at an improvement was flatdered with fUccefs. Pconuncialion,
confidered as a fcience, I faw was generally treated wkh coi^
tempr, and when authors condefcended to give rules, it was al-
ways in the analytic way. A few general ruiet .were laid dofNi
at applicable to particular words, and a kit inftances given
where thcfe^ lilies take., place, but the applicaxkin of them to
every other wbr<i«wa8 left entirely to the (agacity of ithe kamcri
who, in ord^f fojind out thofe ruks that related to>tbe pro-
nunciation of a piirtietilar word, had noiefoarce bet reading a
wholetreatife with fiicb .eare astodifcover, by, analogy, eveiy
^gle word refinred to th the ^saeral rule i b ihat ^the few ge-
neral rules, and tho& very few aad very gentfal indeed, winch
•ave 'given hi fpeiling- books and gnummara, and fomedmes pre-
^xed tOpdi£tionaries, muft be ftudied as a fcienae before they
jcan be extended to particular words, and thefefare it is Jio won-
der if fo little attention is paid to them.
< The plan I have to offer aians at a quite joppdfite metbod ;
that is, it proceeds fynthetically from parts to the wfanle. In^
vftead of fuppofing the infpeAor pre-acquainted .wuih.ndes ndiich
are to dired him in his reaiboings on every particolar wcvd,
•every word direds to fiich rules as relaite to evecy pact of its
pronunciation. It wiU readily occur, on tfafe iligblafttconfide*
ration, that if the former method had beencuinvated aUCb be-
yond its prefent poin^ it.muft ftiU be confiderably infenor to
the
WMxr's Plan rfa Pr^mmeh^ l>iifi$nary. 349
the latter, Where the objeft of eniqulry it not ib much a whole
larngoage as particular wor^ : lor \nm9A of giving rules whicll-
coald: never be brooefat down to every particular inilance, aiv
inverted but a QaturaT order is adopted, which, by finding out
tile word, leadrus^ to evetr rule that ooncerna the prominciatiofr
of it. Thus, if I vi^ttla know whether the $ in concltifivei9
prottounced at an s pore or an as^ I lo6k at the word, ai^ find'
not only that*. -^ former is the j in thi» word, but that evetf
adjedive of a fhmlar teroitftatiOll lias the (harp or biffing j, and
that the reafon of i( feems ftwAded on that diftin^on* which
xr^ftom hasaMioft itxv^Mfmnt^ between thefiMMKb of this
letter in the f ermimtlon of a: noun and a ver%.
^ In Ofdett 00 g^ a fuller idcM of the manner -o^'^^Qikiiniiig'
words and reafiyi^g on them, Tfliall msdDa^ to'^iltrift ^ one
whiQh is^ feb^ea to a double prommciatie^, ad4 Aibmit it^ tkc-
judgment of chie "Reader. >
,. : ,0 R t HOGK a.phy/ .
* OKyrHOG'nA^PHY. X. ( A fyftem of fpellingi ipcllingwUh,
propriety.)
< Or., as the conjunfiion «r. (under which word the found of,
« isi explained.)
^ thog'^jb^'^ in thanks rhymes bag. (under thank the fharp
.fQUflLd-o^/i is explained,) .
^ r^.z^e vaidi-a^ articulated, by r*' (under /^ii the 4 fol-.
lowing the accent is explained.)
* Ph^ P^* aa^in^A^ySf, rhycncs/ra. (under/i^^y?c,'/Ais<hcvm.
to be founded like/, j . •
Tho ondriSead propenfity w« b^e fo plaee thb accent on poly-*^
fythlbles as near the beginning as poflfble, and- the temptation
we are under to dsfccver our knowledge of the component parts-
of words, %te v«fry apt to betray us into a dMhrnitaccenttiatioit
of the word' orth9graphy from that which is bene givbn. We not
unfrequentty he)ir the accent {daced on the firft fytlablo ; and
it is nothing bat a oectain compeAnefs or unity of found in the'
pptfTent mod<^ of afccentuaiion that has worn it into ufe. Tbofo'
wofds, whkb are derived from the Greek, and are compounded
of xly^i hav^ umverfaUy -given into this enditical accentua«'
tKHH if I may call it fo, from the common word apok^ to the
learned combinaVton phjfit^beol^y. The fame* feafon appears
for a fimtlirprominciation of all thofe compounded of yf olf»^
whidi is that by placing tfce accent on the antepenultSmate eg^
the word is pronounced as one^ and therefore more agreeably
to that unity of idea fuggefted by the word^ than if the ftteft
were plaeei^on the firft aiKl third fyllaWes ; for by dividing the .
accentual force oft ^A» and grapkf^ we give the word the found
and
and appearance cif an adjefiive and ^ Aibftantive^ notruffictefitlf
unined to convey at once one coi^pjex idea. It is certaio» bovr-
^vcr, that at firft figbt| ifae oioft pUufible reateiii^ in the
world feems to lie againft the accentuation here given.. Whea
Ve place th^ flre& on the firft fyHi^e, (ay oor opponents, we
indulge our own language itv its^ ffivourite acctnt, and give a
kind of ru^or<Hiiate mtb to tho third fyUftble pto^ Thus tbe
word is divided as it were into its. p»mitives,' *f6«f and ^gcK^
and thpfe difiinft ideas ii coatl^iiis are by tbis meane conveyed,
vyh^ch muft .flieceflarily be ^oAioMnided by tbe cootrarj mode;
ssnd /&?/ pccpiPinciation of compoiinAif (ay they, miift certainly
be the beft wbich.beft prl^fBfvfffrihe.! import of its-fimples. No-
tbing;i^an b^nnore. fpeci^s cba?- tbi^. reafoningt till li^e look a
Ik^tttgWilban-lax^gus^e, tfnd petnfider-its i^ilbjeft; wc Oxtii
tbfi9 j4ircQVi9r4\j(bMt in uniting ftvirO' words ^nder one acc^i^ fa
as to form one compound term, we do but imltajte tbe fuperior
operations of tbe mind, w.hicb,4n x)rder fof:o\)cA and convey
kpQwledge^ .unite feveral ftoTple^'idfeas int6 one word. ** The
chd of languiage,^' fays Mr.' Locke*,- •* is by (hprt fotmds td %-
nify wkb eafe; and difpatch , general conceptions, wherein not
only abundance of particulars* are' contained, bur alfo a great
variety of independent ideas ^re coUedied into one cotnplex one^
and that which holds thefe different parts together in the atiitj
of one complex idea, is the word we annex to it. For the coo-
nexion' betwt6n the loofe parts of thofe coirlplex ideas being
made bj the mind, this union which, has no particular founda*
tion in' nature, would ceafe again were there not fonaething that
did as it were hold it together and keep the parts from fcatter-
ing; though^ therefore, it be the a>ind that makes^ tbe coUee-
tion, 'tis the name which is aA. it were tbe knot which ties
them faft together/' This re^foning, with refpeA^o wards ami
ideas, is fo exa&ly applicable. tQ:. accent and wordf, that we
need but change the namea to have an argument in fcvm for
that accentuation .which unites the difierent parts of a word ub-
der one forcible preflure of tbe voice ; for, as Mr* Locke con-
tinues, *^ Men, in framing ideas, feck more tbe convcnioKe
of language and quick difpatch by fliort and comprebeoltvc figns,
than the true and precife nature 6f things, and, therefore, be
who has made a complex idea of a body with life, fenfe, and
n)otion, with a faculty of reafon joined to it, need but ufe tbe
fhort monofyllable, man, to exprefs all particulars that cot-
refpond to that cotaplex idea." So it may be fubjoined, cbat
in framing words for the purpofe of immediate commimicatioa,
the end of tbis communication is beft anfwered by foch a pto-
nunciation as unites fimples into one compound, and at the
fame time renders the compound as much a iimplc as pofible:
bet
but It 1$ cyidfent that'tMs ftnlSnc hy no -motle of acccnftViaj^oit*
but that* h^e Wopt^d in 'tfife Word ortWographjr r atid thettfbrfe^
that thi$ actetituat?on, '^Hthbuf tnfifting^ on rts 'Tapcrior haf-*
inony, muft beft anfwcr the grcaj end'of f^fi^ffage;^ -r.-
* If a work of t\i?3 kin^'f^ms t6 pr6mffcf utiHt^, ani^he feVr
fpecimend given of it maltd jl favourable impriiffiSnr, the XirtHbr
will not hcfitatc a moment to commit it to ^ pfefs, arid cbli- •
fign it to the candotrr of'thc PubKc; but thbdgh thefafcitpi-
tion of a hew ffifcoverjrhWfer years confined him to th,c magic
drcfc of tHfe Tingle' lubjcft,^ the cnehamnfent "is not ftrong
enough to make him rifque* a'puHicafion ofnM^bulk iant^ ex-*
pence on tire counteriincfe'^iiff^cacAufageHieiit bPa feW parti^'
friends and acquaintance.; -If the Pnbl]jc/?htffefbfe/ by thiAt
coldneft,* fufficicntly^adyertfre l)!m of thtftfility of his projeft;'
he IS ready to cohfign to oWfVrort what is unworthy of their nc/-'
ticc, andacquiefce hi thefoitehocof hr? tdfio^ry;^ ^ - t
The Reader will fee that Mr. Walk;H poHeffes many^f th5(lr
peculiar 'abilitiesf which atd neceffarjr jn ftich' an undertakjH£V,
bat we reaHy know not any Wfiter who ii, !n' every rifpt&i
cspable of 'giving us a prbrtduticing dhai6ttafy of tlie^Engliftc'
language. «rtiaps there is no mart without terte little bddi^^i^
pcculiafftiey,"^ and even fiultsi in his own^'J^fomhiciatton^'.^bf
which he is foh J, and whikrH'-hc would riof faiVto inftrt irt a.
workof tfits kindl ' But ff^is were not flft'cafe; yferiib*ati
temipt wliich we have ever' fecn has in the feaft^Uercd'otit obi-'
nionthat a proper and agre^ble prononcratfon- can b|f? takgSt
only by the voice. Such a dictionary however asr the Aif^hbr
propofcs, might be' of confiderable fervicein' aflifting tT^ofe'
JEDgikh matters who teach our language to'tdrfeigneit. But'
then, inftead of being the work of one mart. We thiSk ?t (hpuld
be prepared under fuch aufpices as fhould render its dccifion^ a^
law, in all thofc doubtful cafes which are fo^perpfexrng both tb'
natives and foreigners. We muft, ncverthelefs^, fufpend our judgw
mentofthe claim which Mr. Walker's undertaking may have
to the favour of the Public, till the Di£fionary itfelf appears^
An advertifement printed at the end of t*his preliminary trad,.
aflures the Public that the work h aftually now ready foi^ the
prefs. It is intended to be comprized in two volumes, 4to.-«'
Subfcription One Guinea and an Half.
■■ ■ ■ ■■■ ■ I ' ' » ■"■ ■ ■ ■ ' " .
Art.IV. PbiUftphiciU TraitfitSiiom.'* Vol. lxiii. Part. i. 410.'
7 s. 6 d. it^edk. Davis, ifll*
AsTRONOMT. '
Article i f • AJlrmomkal Obferyatiqns made at Chijlehurft in Kiui ;
by iht Revirend Fronds fVoohfton^ F. R. S.
THIS paper conuins an account of the time kept by an
aftronomical clock, with a wooden pendulum; a regifler
«f the thermometer and barometer: together with obfervations
^gat Piikf^Au^Trat^aims^ fir the Ykar tff%:
<if the cdipfe of the fun» OEkcher is^ 1772; of occultttb&s
of ftars by the moon; of eclipfe$ and occultations of Japitcr'i
latellices, trandcs over bis difc^ conjundioos of the ikcelUtes
aind appeaninces of bis belts.
Articlo 14. Ju Inquirj into the Quantity and Dirtffian rf^ tk
. pnptr Motim ^ ArSiurus: mM fime Remarks in the t)hm»
nutUn of tbi OhSquity of the Ecliptic : J^y Thomas Harti^x
JM* A. SaviHan frofeffir of Aftrwnomy^ at Oxford^ ami F. R.h
It has been generally apprehended,^ from a comparifoa of as*
Hent with the he& modem obfervations, .that fome of the fixed
ftars have a profer motion of their jown, independent of any mo-
tion hitherto known in our fyftemj or, in other vifords, that
the angular dtftanecs of the fixed ilars have not always coo-
tinued. the famei and this variation has been nK>ft remarkable
in the place of Aritwrus. Mr. C^ni, in the memoirs of die
Academy of Sciences for 1738, p. 2^3 ly has ihewn» that there
1^ ^ variation of fivo smmtas in the latitude of this ftar in the
^ace of a antsiry and a haif^ between his own time and that}<tf
Tycfaoj and MonC le Monni^, uitbe memoirs of the Aca*
dcmv of Sciences for 1767, p. 417, proves, that the laiitsido
6i Jtr&urus varies at the rate of twofeconis every yoar\ and chat
thf longitndi decreafes at the rate of i>Qff in a hundred years. ^
Tliis article cQiftains a very elaborate and accurate inquiry
ifito the fuflptityi and dire^ion of this motion, founded on a
feries of .oMbyations made with this vievv in the vear 1767 and
1,768 and compared with thofe of Mr. Fiamftead in 1690. It
appears fVom the relulc of theie obfervations, that the proper
motions of Ardurus, for this period of 78 years, have been
weftward in riffht arceniion=zi'' 33^% 974, and 2' 36^9 81 in
declination foiitbward ; and therefore that the real motion of
Ar£birus is imrlined in an angle of 30^ 56^ to the weft of tbe
meridian^ or horary circle, and that its velocity is at the rate of
2^ a", 81 in 78 years, or at the rate of 2^\ 343 in a year : and
as the dire^on of this motion is nearly perpendicular to the
plane of the ecliptic, the latitude of Ardurus maft djfnioi&
yearly almoft in the £ime proportions and its longitude wilt
alter lefs than that of the other ftars, though not & coofide*
rably as its right afcenfion. It appears from hence, that die
proper annual motion of Ardurus is i'\ 205 in right afccnibn
weftward, and %'\ C05 in declination, and therefore its yearly
{nreceffion in right afcenfion will be 41'% 108, and in declina*
tion 19^% 133; b that the tnie right afcenfion of Ar^rus on
Jan. X, 1773 is 211**. 19'' 47% 4, and declination north 20*
7i2- 23", 3.
As this motion is the moft confideraUe in Arffurnsj though
not peculiar to it, Mr. Hornfi>y infers, that this is tbe Hjtaicft
ftat to our fyftem viiible in this hemifpbere: and if the annatl
piMTnliax of the fixad ftars can ever be difcovered^ it is moft
likdy
ih%f(fhicldJVanJaatm\/bt' he tiar 1773; 3JJ
iikejjr to be derived from obfervations oF.Ardurus. He attri* .
butes the apparent change in fituatioo. vifible from the planet
^hich we inhabit, either to the motion of oor own Syftem id
abfblute fpace, or, if this it at reft) tp n real motion in the ftatd
themfclves ; fo that their angular diftances muft vary in pro-
^rtion to the velocity or direSion of th^fe motions with refpeA
to ourfelves. And there is reafon |o expert, that the fmaller
motions whicR are obfervable in other ftars will be gradually
difcovered by the induftry and accuracy of modern obfervers*
Thefe obfervations muft be of great' importance in refolving
m queftion, which has been the fubje<9 of debatt among modern
tfttonomers. It has been generally apprehended, that the ob-^
liquity of the ecliptic has been continually diminifhing; but
Mr. Caf&hi and Monf. le bonnier have ftrehuoiifly maintained
tba contrary opinion, or at lead that the quantity 0/ its dimi-
nution has not been fo confiderable, as others have ima^ned.
The ingenious Author of this article has (hewn, that the method
they made ufe of to afcertain the fa£l is by no means fo ?c«
curate as it fhould have been. They havd compared the alti«
tude or zenith diftance of the fun*s limb with Ar^urus, without
previouQy fettling the quantitv of that ftar*s motion in declina-
tion. This, it is plain, .muft be determined and allowed for,*
before we can precifely obtain ^he quantity of the (\xi\*$ ap«
proach to or recefs from any ftar nearly in the Caiu'ev parallel
at the dme of the folfiice, when the nect llary obfervations are to
be made. ^ • .
The fequeT of this paper contains a variety of obfervationi
for determining this quantity, together with the conclufiont .
to bief drawn from them : all which plainly indicate a decreafe
in the obliquity required. • • . ^
«< By comparing (fays Mr. Hornfby) the obfervationi at the
fummer folftices of 177 1 and 1772 with thofe at the winter
(btftice of 17719 it appears that the mean obliquity was about
the beginning of the year 1772=23^. 28' 9^, 4 and ay. 28^ 8''.
I fuppofe therefore the mean obliquity to be 22^. 28 8^ at the
beginning of the prefent year: and confequentiy, the obliquity
has dlminifhed, by my gbfervations, 47'^ ip 81 years, fince
Mr. Flamfteed's time, or at the rate of 58^' In roo years, a
quantity which will befound nearly at a mean of the compuT^
tat ions framed by Mr. Euler and Mr. de la Laode, upon the -
principles of attra£Hon*" . ' v
Article ^5. J Litter U tbe Rev. Newl MaJkelyfUt Jflrommer
Rsyaly from Mr. Bailfy^ of the* koyal Academy of Sciences at
Pctris : contaifitng a propojal rffome new Methods of improving
thiTbeory of Jupiter's Satellites.
. The Writer of this letter propofes to the Aftronomer Royal,
in the raoft refpedful and obliging terms, a ^tt^ cuxioiia method
Riv, May 1774% A a of
354 PUkfopblutl Tranfialons, fir tit fiar 1 773;
or meaToring the diameeers of Jupiter's fttcllites, and of fad^
Luting the comparifoo of thole obfervations that are made id
ditferent places and with different inftruments. Thefe iwo
obje6U are of great importance towards perfeding the theory
•f this part of the folar fyftem. The obfervations of the ectipfes
of the third SLni/mhtb fatellite, made by different aftronomccs^ vanr
from each other feveral minutes ; nor is the difference in tbofe
of.the /icenJ infenfible. This inequality in the momeot of tbe
cclipfes depends on y2^»r different caufes, which M. Bailly has
reduced to one principle^ and (hewn how to adjuft and ob*
viat£. tt is to be confidered, that when any fatellice difmppears,
there is a fegment of its difc which remains uneclipfed : amd
this fegment varies in the proportion of the fquares of the
didances of Jupiter from the fun and fVom the earth: which
is the firft caufe of the inequality. Befide this, it has been
difcoveredy that the light of the fatellite decreafes in propoitioa
to, the proximity of Jupiter^s difc i the brightnefs of the planet
weakening that pf the fatellite and rendering thofe ecltpfes
which happen near its oppofitbn to the fun apparently defefUve*
To which may be likewife added, that the light of Jupiter and
bis fatellites.is weaker or ftronger, according to their different
elevations above the horizon ( and whenever the planet is near
the horizon, and confequently the lieht left, the uneclipfed or
infenfible Tegment increafes and occauoAS another inequality in
the momeat of eclipfes. And the aperture or power of the
telefcopesy whichi as it is greater or lefs, gives mote or le&
light, contributes to the variation of this fegment. On tbefe
/iur caufes depends the magnitude of the fore mentioned ftg*
ment. In order to deternune the quantity of this fegment and
confequently its verfed fine, our Author confidered, that^ when
the fatellite difappears, it n owing to the diminution of its light 1
and therefore contrived to imitate what happens in eclipfes, by dm
minifhing the light. For this purpofe he applied to the outfide
of the obje^ glafs of an achromatic telefcope, 5 feet in length and
of 24 lines aperture, fome diaphragms of pafteboard, the opening
of w.'iich gradually leffened by half lines from 24 lines to 3. He
' then tried, whether fome of tbefe might liot be found, that
would caufe the fatellite to difappearj and he received great
fatisfa£lion from the fuccefs of thefe experiments. At one tunc,
an opening of 3 lines caufed the third (atellits to difappear, and
an aperture of 6 lines produced the fame effed in the Jir/fm
And as the quantity of fight in telefcopes is proportional to cfatf
fquares of the apertures, he hence inferred, that the 6th part
of the light of the 3d fatellite and the 16th of the firft, were
infenfible: and therefor? in the moment of an eclipfe^ the in*
vifible fegment of the latter would be a 16th part of tfae<ttfe
and that of the former a 64th party whence he was able to>coin*
Dunisin'sPoiticattyorb. J5J
]^iiCe the verfed fines of there fegments. Mr. B. then proceedi
to eftimate the variations to wfiich thefe fegments are liable
from the feveralcaufes above recited ; and he has formed tables
or deduced aigihraic ftrmuU^y ' 67 means of whicH^ thefe varia«
tions ina^ be known*
' In order to detefmine the radius of the difc of the (atellite
be findb, in the' mantier already propofed, the proportion which
the invifible fegmeiit bears to the whole difc of the fatellite ; and
having found the iize of that diaphragm which makes the fa-
tellite-difappear^ he applies to his telefcope i piece of pafte-
board fomewhat hrger, fo that he niight juft perceive the (z^
teiUte, but of fuch a fize, that the (eaft farther dimination of
liffht would reoder it invifible. He marks the exz& moment
of-'itt difappearance, and taking away the diaphragm counts
the number of ieoonds that elapie before the true immerfion ;
thi§ gives him a great part of the diameter, from which he
cafily computes the whole. This method is farther illuftratecf
by a figure and two examples. M. Bailly obferves,' that bjr
' the tables he has conftru£led, it will be poffible to compute
the invifible fegment for aU the obfervations, which have hi*
therto been made; and, the fatdlite's diameter being known,
to reduce the inftaiit of the obfefved eclipfe to that of the
paflage of the centre over the edge of the madow, which will
be a fixed term for all the obfervations and all the obfervers,
who but feldom agree in their accounts of the fame eclipfe :
And this method is not liable to the inconveniences and errors
that arife from the different tranfparency of the air, and the
inequality of fight in different obfervers or in the fame obferver
at different times.
From the agreement of fundry olfervalions in various parts
of thd world sreat advantages would arife for perfcfling the
theory of the iatellites and the precifion of terreftrial longitudes.
We have endeavoured to give our philofophical Readers as
clear an idea as we could of the main fcope of this curious ar-
ticle:' but for a more full and accurate acquaintance with the'
method here propofed for determining the diameters of the fa-
tellites, and adjufting the different obfervations of their eclipfes*
we muft refer to the Author's diagrams, and to his own account
in the paper itfelf.
{To be C0ntinuid*]
AxT. V. SThe Poitical IForks of the lati William DuwAsm, D. D. To
wbich are added, his EpilUes, &c. to the lace Earl of Cheflerfieid.
4to. 2 Vols. 1 1. I s. NicoI» &€• 1774*
DR. Dunkin, though not a poet, was a tolerable cutter of
verfesy and^ Operating on the fundry materials of Greek,
Latin, and Englifll, exhibited his goods in a variety of forms.
A a a H^
159 DaakiiiV tuAuA Wtrhi,
He wouldy for infli0oe» take a fulije^ work it up into a Gfed:
poeiDy afterwards tnuiflale it into a Latio poem, Aen into Eog*
Uih blank ver(e> and laft of ail in|o b^okrhpne j fe that he
gjureybu the lam^ joint ditfied, in four dififreat ways^ aod.yoo
migBt feed upon that which beft fuited your palate.
Yet, notwitbftanding this uncommon aiEduity to pleife^ we
(all into languor over the greateft part of the CKoaor's labours^
and fuffer under a kind olinvolontary ingratitude.
To divert th^ fi^pUments, we turn to the i^a of bb life aod
diaraAer, and enjoy the r^niefibrance of. a man who had wit
ud humour enough to recommend him to the familiar hours
of Swift and Pope, the literarv demi-g^ of their, day. Swifti
too, was a yerfe- cutter, like Dunkin % only, with ^his difiWenoe,
diat the former put bis lmri'wm'§ out of his band mote* highly
finiflied, and worked with (haf|>er and finer tooie* •
George Faulkner, the fampus Duhlia printer, diebutt oCall
iKe wks of lus4ime, makes a principal fisure in Dr. Dimkin's
poems^ and as that hero is ftill liting andwdl known, we can
think of no extrad that may be more entertaining to our'
Readers than that pailage in the poem, entitled, the PaifonV
Revelst where he naakes his appearance : :: :
^ The Prince of Printers; #hom we dob
Sir George, and Emperor of Grub,
At end of idl this hoptfol dob
Satnpperi
For he, rijght worlhinfol, coold boaft
His title mm the rooric poft.
And was high honour* d by mine hoft.
Atfnpjpcr.
His heart Ibr liberty was tnie,
' Noir Would he change his orange-hoe,
Althoagh he got a garter Uoe,
M Borrage.
And» thoo^h no ftar embla/d his brm.
The veryv&lcon in his creft.
With Upod-portending beak expreft .
Hiscbun^
Full many worthies, pafing bold.
By canning heralds are enroird,
' FromWindfortothskaighti'ofold
Jemffdeffl*
Bach knight his proner order has.
No natter idiat his nther was.
His UooA as good, and antient, as
Mcthofalcm.
Sir Geoig^, &ys B— with a bow,^
I beg your pardon, hot I vow.
That yon were made a knight, till now,
I never heard; i
I hopet my freedoto woiTt be btoMM ;
Bat, finceilie P n have been iiim'd»
Are yoa related co the faih*d
The courteous knight replies, ibout
That matter I was much in doubt ;
Till Hawkins plainly made it out
.Bylo9gqpeft| /
He's but a younger 'branch— no more $
The founder of our honfe came o'er.
And was in credit long before
Theconqneit /
Prom this important i>oint he llarts
To fciences, and then» for arts, J
He gave a fampje of his parts, f
And reading, . /
For bold invention Homer fways,
For judgment Maro bears the bays.
And Flaccns for his happy phirale
And breediogf
I have from folios down to twelves,
Ten thoafand volumes on my fhelves.
And judge of authors by them(elvesr
Notrumoni; .
To pleafe me Congreve makes a fliiit.
And Qnixote^but* of all 1 lift.
Commend me to tl^ works of Swift
. . For humour. .
When wicked Wood almoft enilav'd
The nation, and our fenate brav'd.
He, like an other Tully, iav'd
. The realm, Sir^
And I could name u certain peer ;
I wifh we had him always here.
To patronize the prefs, and fleer
The helm* Sjyr.,
For Pope, his fame is at a (land.
Not that I would his n^t brand.
But of his ethics on my hand
.A lo^<I h^ •
Good jpreachen now are gone to reft,
YonrTillotfons might ftand the tefi.
But then I never could digdl
YourH-dl— 15 .
D*— "-y fine without difpute is
In his difconrfes upon duties.
But he may thank me for fome~beau ties -—^
. , .AndB— T--.
Might print a work, which, FU be ban»^
With my corre^ions could not ful.
And I would pay him o'er the nail
Some.calh for*t»
A t 3 BiiUnnin
1st Duokm'/ Ppitical JV$rtt:
K
Britimnia botfts % mafter-piece
To rival Rome or andenc Greece—*—
The Gallic writers are but geefe
To Milton: *
Yet even that pro4i£iont man,
Whofe fancy fo fabumely ran,
li not qtiite perfed in the plan
He bnilt on.
We fcarce difcovcr in an age
A fii^gle genius for the ftage |
The tnoIL accomplifhM mnH engage
A &dion.
* hate the rants of Dryden's rhyme ;
\ Shake fpeare was (I ^rant) fubllme,
'^^okc all unities of tune.
And a£tion«
'"'.t, as Bacon beckon'd,
by Newton reckoned,
Coul^- . . to a fecond
Eclip(es :
They trac'a • ; - ts o'er and o'er,.
Bat knew, likt t>^. . rs heretofore, •
Of eledricity no more,
Thangypfies«'
Old Spain, and Jlaly, by chance.
Some good hiftorians might advance.
And many very well in France
Have written^
To give our enemies their due— — •
Bat then of all our annal-crew
Produce me one, and travel through
Great«Britain«
Hyde is majeftic, flowing, full.
Yet partial ; dry Rapin but dull ;
And Burnet rakes the ilews to cull
Diurnals ;
His laft proda£lions are a boitch,
PatchM with falie Engliih, and true Scotch.
A party-colour'd, crude, hotch-potch
Of journals;
Though Bolingbrbke fliould play the cheat.
His diiTerution is compleat,
And ihews for flyle and matter great
Command in't^
I know fome people kindly pica^i
Who judge it wntten in oijir veip.
But neither F— — r, nor the Dean
Had hand in*t«
Says Mackaway, with looks aikew, ...
Alas ! the public little knew
The deep defigns, which he and yon
Would drive at :
Lvrd CheftcrficlcTj Litters u hU Sof§. }j()
Na wonder, being of a feather.
Von went, as coupled by a tether.
And often ctack'd yoor jokes together.
In private*
Sofpicipn flows from mqddy founts
Replies hrs worfhip, and amoints
Tof(;jU|dal, $ir; bot yqor accounts
Are Plemiiht
Although wt frankly took a pot,
I hope, yoi| do not mean a plot^
My loyalty is free frpm blot,
Or Wemilh,
We might he merry now and then.
But no nvan, but the word of roep.
My itpuution or my pei^
AfpcHei*
The Dean (as Doaor D— <>n knows)
Would a(k, when any doubt arofe,
Mv fentiments about his profe.
And vcrfes.—
The felf-importance of the printer, here deciding on the me-
rit of authors, is a proper fubjed for ridicule, and defcribe4
with eafe and humoiir. Dr. Dunkin, after all, muft have due
Credit for his fine c|affical tunit and lits happy imitation of thq
^mcients. . .
■ ■ ' ' f " ' ' ' . ^^
^ar. yf. Ipnt ChiJhffaWs Ltturs continued : See our laft Month's
Review*
WE now reAime the pleafing tafk of fete£lion from this
ample field of literarv flowers ; a field all fertile and
blooming with whatever is defirable or beneficial to a mind
laudably engaged in the fearch of rational graltfication, and
of improvement in thofe elegant attainments that tend to'ren*
der a man happy in bimfelf and aereeable to others.
Our general idea of Lord Chefterfield, as a nobleman, highly
tccomplifhed, and admirably qualified for the important oHice
of tutoring and forming the mind of a young man of faOiion,
may be feen in ;he introdudory paragraph to our laft month's ar*
tide on this fubjed \ in which number we alfo gave a tranfcript
of the Editor^ prefatory view of the nature and pendency of the
collection, cofidered as forming what the ingenious Lady * ftilea
a CompUat Syft^m.
With all due deference however, to the fair Editor, we can-
not regard this public^ion as a compleat fyflem \ as it feems,
in a great meafure, to want the moft interefling branch of edu*
cation, — Rbliqious iNsraucTioN. This branch, it appears,
was confided to the care of the young gentleman's tutor, the
■ I * " * I
* The widow of Mr. Stanhope ; who publifhed the Letters.
' A'a 4 learne4
36d Lord Cbeftgrfid^i £#Ofri ^ Ui ior^
learned and tngenioQ$ Mr. Harte * } wIm^ we doQ^-tioe, dt(r
charged the obligatiofia. of that important truft, bqtb by pra^
cept and example, in a cpaaacar altogpth^ WQCtby ^ his vcrf
refpedable charafter, and Co the entire IktisfaAion of his noUe
employer. Lord C. therefore, is only to be cohfidered as the
yoluntary coadjutor of Mr. Hv and we are to remember that
bis department was,< )n feme degree, Itimted to the lighter
(^ranches of knowledge, and to the exterior accomp)i(hments of *
bis pupil : or, to ufc bis Lordlhip's own words, — ♦ The cod
rhich / propofe by you^ education, and which YiT J^ pUafii}
fhall certainly attaiti, u, to unite in you all the knowledge ot
a fcholar, with the manners of a courtier ; acid to }oin» what
fs feldom joined in apy of my countrymen^ books and the
world f.' Lett cxviii.
Many letters of a political nature are interfperfed in the feries*
Moft of thefe are curious ; but we ihall chiefly confine our at*
tention to thofe fubjeds which are more unitrcrfally intereftii^,
and moft generally ufcful to readers who are not far adranced is
"the knowledge of men and manners* . * ' -
His Lordihip lays great and continual firefs on the tmerit to be
acquired by his pupih The nature and coofequence of that
inerit will be feen in the following pafla^e^ ^^^ itovc^ Let-
ter cxk,
. Conftdcr» (ays Lord Chefterfield to his fon| tbei| in hif fe-
j^enteentb year, and qa his- travels - abroad^ f Cojafider j^wf
own iitQatioa ; you have not the advantage of rank and fortune to
bear yoa op ;. i fi;all very p^ably be out of (he \yorld befer* jm
can properly be faid to "be in it|^ What then will you have so nly
on but your own merit ? That ailone mull raife you» aad thai aloee
will raife you» if you have l^iit enough of it. I have often heard aod
fead of oppfdfTed and unrewarded merits batl have oftener ( f m?|^
iay always) feen great merit make its way, and meet with its cpfraid.
to a certain degree, at Idafl, in fpight of all difficulties. By tnctii
I -meaa, the moral virtues, knowMge, and mannnrs* As to ^
■ I < * I «. • ■ .... mmO^^mmm
* Avtbor of the Life of Goftavns AdoJphuff, and of a toluiAie of ^f*!!fftf lAytss
Agriculture, He it now a Canon of Wimifor,
."'f ' f iMte^ loos fincei ivjthh Lordihip, in another ptac«, done mentiojikfyov
^ytaXA^\%vini% and moral duties ; becaofie 1 tould oo{ inokn yoiir uoderitai^KAS fe W
S complimant, at to fuppoia that you wanted, or cdvld Mceivt |' %hj tmem ibtn6«B
ttpon thofe two important p«*inti. Mr. Harte, I am fure, kat #ot. acgkAcd tlMm|
andy befidet, th^y are fo obriont to common tea/Ct afid leaftiiy that 'raanmaitatwi
may (as the); often do) perplex, but cannot make them dearor. My pro«iaet/^Af»
lore, it to fupply, by- my experience, your, hitherto, inarltaljle inetperieBce, !■ tfK
ways of the world. People at your age are in a ftate of natural ebrict^ 3 and vait
VI Is, and gari* fimt^ wherever ihey go, to binder them from breaking tfae& atiH
This druflkenneto of youth, it not only tolerated, but tvoa plealin, if VatpL ^Mie
certain boimdt of dtfcretion and decency. Thoft bounds are the »oim* iKhk^kh
difficult for the drunken man hlmfelT to find dut ) and there It it t|ut i]ic i^fiirwf
of a Inend may not only ferve, but lave htm.' ... -t
t 'Ihe event was otherwiie. Locd CheOerficld lived to fct Jiit l«fi ipake* S">t
iljmc in th^ world, and furrhred him. five y«rt.
H^oral virtiiety t bj notkiag to you, diey fpetk beil for tbemielvet,
nor can I fiifped that thty wjmt miy recommeiuUtioii with yoa ; I
jirilly ther$^ie, ooly aflare you, that without theio, yoa will be moft
lanhappy.*
Let this paflTage be duly weighed- by tbofe very fcruptilo^ie
readers who have ventured to charge the noble Letter- writer
ijrith having* throughout the "whole coUedion, paid too 'flight a
legard la the article of morality. In oar epinfoi)) he has here
Jaid more, at leaft more to the pirpofi^ than many a grave' author
has delivered in a whole volume. It is conctfe, full, and fo hap*
Sily exprefledy that it feems impoffible for it to fail of making a
arable imprdSon on jthe mind of his young corrdpondent. The
idelicacy of the complimentt too^ fo politely enveloped in the oh*
fervatiop, could not but greatly contribute to work the intended .
eiFed, by conciliating at once the veneration and the «ftoem of
fo promifing a TclsmacHus forfo excellent a Mkktor*
As the earliir impreffioos made by the fair fex, on the dudile
mind and lively paffions of a young man^ may prove to be of .
^he utmoft confequence to his future fortune, and as Lord C.
^ad bimfelf not been infenfrble to the powers of female feduc*
lion, and had (we fuppofe) been a fuSerer by them } fo we find
him p^ticularly careful to guard his fon againft paying moire
;ittention to the ladies, than might be confident with his views
of riCng in the world by a fedulouip aptdication to matters of
^hir concern : but whether his Lordihip has not carried hit
caution a great deal too £u^ and even to ui^Hftifiable lengths^
by depreciating the cbaraOer of the fex, in order to leflen them
in the young gentleman's eves, we Oiall leave to the judgment
^d determination of our Readers, who will draw their impar-
tial conclu(ions (if a map, can be impartial in fuch a caufe)
from the following premifes :
* As women are a cqnild[erablet or at jeaft « pretty Qameroos par(
of company | and as their fuffraget go a great way towards e&ir
bltflung^ a man's charader, hi t& fashionable, part of the world
(which is of great importance to the fortune and ngnre he propofes
ao make in ItJ it is neceflary to p}ea(b them* I will therdbre, oooa
this fubjed, let yoo into certain Artanas^ diat will be very afeful
for yoq to know, but which yon muft, with the otmofl care, conceal;
and never feem to know. Women, then,. are onl/ children of a
mgfOfrtK \ tfiey have an ^tertaiaing uttle, ana {bmetimet wit ;
)r iblid reafening, good ienie, I never in my lift knisw One
diat had it, or who reasoned or aded confeqnentislly ^r fo^^and*
twenty hoarf together. Some little pafGon or husiP.ur.ahvays brosks
in upon their beft refolntions. Their beauty neglected, or c6at;ro^
irerted, their age iacreafed, or their iuppoied nnderftandings depre*
(dated, inftantly kindles their little pambns, and overturns any i^
tem of confeqaenturf condud^, that, in their moft reafonable momently
they might have been capable of formiDg. A man of fenfe only trifles
36» tori Q\it^xMA^sLttim Uhh Bon.
with diem, plays with them, homoars and flatters them^ ts he doo^
with a fprightlyi fn-wftrd child ; bat he neither confults tl^eto sboota
nor tmfts them widi» ierious matters ; thoogh he often Ittitlcei them
believe that he does both ; which is the^hing b the world chat they
are proud of; for they love mightily to be dabbling in bafineft,
(which, by the way, they always fpoU ;) and being jt&ly diflrnftfuU*
that men in general kx>lc opon them in a trifling light, ^ey alaioi
adore that man, who talks more (erionily to them, and who ieems lo
confult and truft them : I (ay, who feei^s ; for weak men really do»
but wife ones only feem to do it. No flatterv is either too hi^b or todi.
low for them, lliey will greedily fwiallow toe higheil, and gratelally
hccept of the lowed ; and you may fafely flatter any woman^ from her
imderfbinding, down to the exaainte tafle of her fan. Women, who are
cither indifpntablybeautifiilorindirpqtablyagly, are beft flattered apoa
the fcore of their nnderflandings : but thofe who are in a (late o£
mediocrity, are beft flattered upon their beauty, or at leaA thor
graces % for every woman, who is not abfohitely u^ly, tbinks \iieMSk
Sandfome; but.no^ hearing often that fiie is fo, is the more grate-
ful, and the more obliged to the few who tell her ^ : whereat a de-
cided and confcious l^oty looks upon every uibute, paid to her
beauty, only as her due ; but wants to ihine, and to be conEdered
on the fide of her underflanding : and a woman, who is ngt v enongh
to know that flie is to^ knows that (he has nothing left for it bat her
nnderflanding, which is, confequently (and probably in more fealet
than one) her weak fide. But thefis are fecrets, which yon muft keep
inviolahly* if yon saoald not, like Orphens, be torn to pieces by the
whc^ iex ; <m > the contsary, a man^ who thinks df living in the
great world, muft bs gallant, poHfee, and attentive to pleafe the wo-
men. They have, from the weakneis of men, more or leia influeoce
in all courts : they, abiblately damp every man's chara£lecLiD the Am*
mondt^ and make it either current, or cry it down, and ftop it in
payments. It is, therefore, abfolutely nep^fry to mana^. P^'C^
and flatter them-; and never to difcover the leafl marks ofcontempts
which is what they never forgive : bqt in diis they are not fiagolar,
for it is the fame witb men ; wh6 will mnch (boner forgive an injof*
tice than an inAilt.'
All the obferv^^tion which we ihall make on the foregouig
ftran|e in^edive againft the lovelieft part of the creation^ is,
that if Lord C. really, fpoke of the women as hi found tbtm^ be
mud have been peculiarly unfortunate in his female acquaint*
ance.
The noble Author is, however, tolerably candid, and hoUs
the balance between the fexes with a pretty even hand. If he
cxprefltcs too little reverence for the ladies, he b not modi most
complaifant to their lords. In the letter above quoted he tkno
proceeds : ^
' Every man is not ambitious, or covetous, or paffiooate} ha(
every man has pride enough in his compofition to feei and teftit
the Icaft flight and contempt. Remember, therefore, moft care&l^
n
to cOBQiHtl TOW contempt*, kowe?er jufl, wbaxw yoowooldikic
Bake an impUcahle enemy. Mem ate moch more vnwilHnsf to have
tkeirweakaefletand their imperftdionf known, than their crimet;
and, if voq hiat to a mafl> that yoa think him filly, ignorant, or
even iU-bfed, ofi awkward, he will bate yoo modse, and longer, thtii
if yon tell hiip, plainly, that yoo think him a rogue. Never yield
to that temptation, which, to moft.yonng men, it very ftrong, ct ex-
pofing o^r people's weakoeflea and infirmitiet, for the iafce eidi^r
of diverttiig die company, or o/fhowing your own fuperiority. Yoa
maVget t^e laugh on yonr fide by it, kit the prefent; bat you will
make enemie* by it for erer ; and even thofe who favgh with yoa
then, will, apon refledlioni (ear,, and confequently hate yoa^ 'be-
fides that, it it ill-natnred; and that a good heart defires rathe^tD
conceal, than expo/e, other people V.weaknefies or misFortunet t« if
yoa have wit, nit it to pleale, and not to hnrt: yoa may ihine, like
ihr fun in the temperate sonea, withont (corching. Here it is wifiied
for ; andcr the Line it it dreaded.
* Theie are fome of the hints, which my long experience in the
great world enables me to give you ; and which, if yoo attend to
chem, may prove nfefol to yoa in your journey through it/
In Lett. cxxJtiii. we meet with the following excellent Te-
imarks on what b commonly called GW Company :
' Good Company, it not what refpedive fets of company are
pleafied either to, call or think themfelves ; but it is that compstny
which all the people of the place call, and acknowledge to be, good
company, notwithftanding fome obje^ons which they may form to
fome of the individuals who compoie it. It confifts chiefly (bvt by
no means withont exception) of «peopIe of confiderable birth, rank,
and charader : for ^ple of neither birth nor rank, are frequently^
and veiyjuftly, admitted into it, if diftinguifhed by any peculiar me-
a In another letter, hit hoMSf thas catitiofM hit popit tgthift giTing unnece/Tary
■MTtifiaitiofi to thofe who iit ibpp»ftd to.be oor inferiors in refpeft of ntmral or k«
cidenul adTaotages.— * Notiking ia moie infuiting, more moitUyiog, and.leia M^
given, tlian tTowedlj to taice paint to make a man feel a morniying inferiority ia
knowledge, rank, fortone. Ac. In the two laft articles, it it onjufV, they not being
in his power; aod, inthefirltf h it both Hi- bred and Hl-natured. 'Good-breeding,
tod aood-satope, d» inoline u rather to help and raife people up to oorfelvet, than
tooMrtifyanddeiirefsthem t and, in troth, onr owo pri? ate interaft coacortin it|
as it is making durfeires fo many friendt, inftead of fo many enemies* The eontant
pra&kc of what the French call /es Attentiout, is a moft necelTary ingredient in ^e
srt of pleafing \ they flatter the felf-IoTe of thofe to whom they are mown ; they ^n-T
gaget they captiratey mote than things of much greater importance. The dotict of foetal
life, every man is obliged to dileharge*} but thefe attention! are volunury ad^s, the
fsee will offerings of gopd^lireeding and good^natare i they are received, remembered,
and returned as fuch* Women, particnlarJy, hare a right to tliem | and any omi^
aoB, in ihat refpe£l, it downright ill- breeding.*
^ It is eKewhere remarked that, ' In the ma(s of mankind^ I fear, there is toe,
gjMat a majority of fools- and knaves j who, fingly from their number, muft, to a
certwn degree, he leipeded, though they are by no means refped^abW. And a man,
who will iiow every knave or fool, that he thinks him f«ch,.will engage la a. moft
rainoiis war, againft nombeis mnch fuperior to thoie that he and his allies can hrina
into tlic field. Abhor a knave, aod pity a fool, ia your heart | but let neither <n
tken, unnecei&rily, fee that yon do (o. Some compUlf^nce and attention to fools it
ffvleot, <nd not mean i u a filent abhorrence of individoal knaves is often Aecea*ary^
r5^ li^dCktSMkU^ilikmnMiStk
trit, 'dr minenqr ia wof liberal art oi- /thoKB. tfiyy'*!^ Mftf i
<^kki^ is good cowpmjf that flMunf people, fmbote VtsA^ H^ ff|
:«ierK» intrtnle into h by their own ibcwagd«fe, «iid^6flftan ffiil^kDl
it b^ the prottdion of fi^n6 coafideiaUe fMifiRi ; iftd ilMe«;m^
iamSfiteot ehani£locr and morals make part of k. Blit# hi dieia&
nlie gaad part .pieponderates, ind people of iiiteioiiA ami UUkil
-tharadkrt ite-WTer adaaitted. In riiia faAfonable gif&A toigfisf^
the befl tBamieiif 9 aad the beft langaige, of the fHMteaareMlin'
-quefiooabljrto be learnt ; for they eftabliAi, and glf« ihd aaae tt|
^both, which are tberefboe called the laagnaf? and iriaiiAefB of godi
€omftMf : there beinr no leeai.tifibanahto albe^uin ^itlM'.
* A company conimng whoHjr of people of d» ftrft ^\ialh}^ en-
not, for that reafon, be called good compnny, ia thecoiiHnfana^|
^ptadon of tWphrafby onleif they an, into this bargnin, the Ukm^
mt and accredited company of the place ; for P^^ of tlie retf M^
dqnality can be as £lly, as ill-famly and at wortfiienr» as'"pe<^lenf iki
jdeandft degree. On the other hand, a company con^fUag mth^
tyf people ^ very low condidbn, whatever tlMr merit ^ parts orr
Jbe» ean never be called good compaaf ; and coDfeq^ently teaHAj
be much ficqnented, thoogh by no mcaoa defplM*
' A Company wholly compoted of men of leanihi^, nh^dgii P^\
to be valued aad refp^^d, is not iteant by the woim, ggp^ iMfwy:
ahey cannot have the eaiy manners aod umrmtn of the world, as tky
4o not live in it. , If you can bear your part well in focH a cooyas^
it is extremely right to be in it fometioes* and yoa will be bataSR
cfteemsd, in other companies, for having- » pUee so thn^ fintiki
4U> not let it eagrofs you ; for if yon do, yon will be only cniii^wi'
asone of the Utttrati by profeilkm; whidi is not the way cither o
fidne, or rile in the world,
^ ,The company of profeiled Wits and Poets is eKtremei/ invi&i
^ moil youn^ men; who, if they haxewit themfelxes, are ^ei^
witl^ it, and if they have none, ace iiUil)r proadof beingoaeaf «:
bat it ihould be frequented with moderatioB and ijadgriieni^'aai^TVi
Ikoold bynomeansgiveyourfelf op-teit. AWic4aliTeqf Mpiye-
' 't itj anTd p
lar denomination, as' it carried terror alon^withitj anTdpeOffcii
|reneral areas much afraid of a live Wit, in compan^^ asawoBtt
15 of a gun^ which (he thinks may go c2f of itfelf, and d* bcr aan^
ehief. Their acquaintance is,^ hmever, worth foekioj^r aad* Mr
company worth frequenting; bnt not exdeftvely of 6thera^ ^aorn
fnch a decree as to be conftdered'onty as one df that particoUr^t
' "^ But the company, which of all others you Ihould nioft can^
avoid, is, that low company, whicb^ ia-«veij lenfe of tiM word, s
low indeed ; low in rank, 'low in'parts,* low m manattis, and loarw
BMrtt. Yoa wilb perfiaps; be furpti&ed, that I fhoold tMnk k «-
ceflaiy to warn you againft foch company; but yjet I do not ^fi^i
^holly unneceflary, after the many.iniUnces whiich I.havc teat^*
men of fenfe and rank, difcreditedv .vilified^ and aailoiio^ bf fcaip'
Jtag inch company. Vanity^ xhM. foorce of manf of oar fb^wH flii
0fsbme of our crimes, has funk many a idan Into tomitazryj tf ettrf
li^ht infinitely below himielf, for the fake of being the firitjj^ah
It. There he diftates, is applauded, admired; an^ for tbafifcca
^ing the Cvfyfb^gu* of (hat wretched choros, di%iacte aad Jlfag
totd ChederiieldV tdUri f$ hit Swiu 36]
Itfes liiilifc^ fpoix for any Vtter- eompasy* Depend opoa-it^ yoa will
fiak or tile to ihclerel-of the oompany whick yoa commDnly keiep :
people will jod^e of yoa, and aet unreafonab^ by tbtt« There it
gfifod fenfe in tbfiSpan^'fayiiigv V Tell toe who yoo live with» and
1 will tell you wba yoa are." Make it therefore youv bafineft^
wiieiever yoa are» 10 get into cbat compaay, wbicb evsdry bodv of the
wkKe mUows'to be thel>cil; conpaqy, next to their own :. which it thd
iMft dsiniijon that I can f/an yoa, of good company. Bat here, too^
mmt caudon it vtt^ wocxS^xy ; fbc wan^ of whicb maay yoiing mea
kave been rninedt even in good company. Good company (as £
bare faefiDreobfervedX ia oompoftd of a 'great variety of falhionabla
peoplor wbofe cfaaraAera and morals are very difibrent, though their
maaneiy.are piaetty much the fame. When a yoni^ man^ new in
the world, firft gets into that compaay, he very rh^htly determtaea
to eaniorm to, and imitate it. B^t then he too oraa, and fatally,
miteket the objeds of his imitation. He has ofteo* heard that ab«.
fiurd term of genteel and faihionable vices. He there fees fomo
people who ihuie, aod who in general are admired and adeemed^
and obferves, tbat thefe people* are whoremafters, drunkards, or
oaflMAcra: opon which he adopts their vices, miftaking their defe^
lor Cbeir permdiDnSy and thinking that they owe their fashion and
tbeir Inftre to tbofe genteel vices. Wheieu it is exaftly the reverfe 1
fior tkdb people have acqnircd their reputation by their parts, their
leantingf their, good* breeding, and other real accomplifhineDts ;. andi
i^e only blamiflied and lowered, in the opinions of all reafonable^
people, and of their own, in tim^, by tbefc geatocl and. faihionable.
vices. A whore/nafter, in a fl.u^ or without a noie, is a vtty gtik^
teel perfon indeed* and well worthy of imitation. A dronkaid, vo^
oiiting up at night the wine of the day, and flupefied by the head-
acfa'sli tJie next, is, donbtlefe, a fine modef to copy from. And a
gaaefler, tearing bis hair, and blafpheming, for having loll more'
item te hadin the world, is farely a mod amiable charafter. No ;
tlMle are allqray and great ones too, which can never adorn any
ehamftert, but will always debafe the bcft. To jirove this ; fuppofe>
anj mM>»withoat parts aadibme other good-qnalides, to bemerely^
a wboremafter, ad^nkard, br a gameHer ; How will he be looked,
apoa, by a]l forts of people ? Why, as a mofl contemptible and vi-
cioaa animal,. Therefore it is plain, that, in thefe mixed characr-
ters, the good pairt only makes people forgive, bat not approve,.
the bad.
* I will hope, and believe, that you will haVe no vices ; bat if,
nnfbrtonately, yoo ihoald have any, at leaft I beg of yoa to be con-
tent with yonr own, and to adopt no other body's. The adoptioa.
of yice has, 1 am coi^viaced, rained ten times more young men, thaa
natural inclinations*
'. As I make n\>.diiBcuity of confeHinff my paH errors, wher^ I thank
the confeffion may be of |»ie to yon, I will own^ that, when I firH;:
vent to the nniverfity, I drank and fmoked, notwithftanding the-
. averfiohl had to wane and tobacco, only becaufe 1 thoaght it gentcd,^
and that it made me look like a man. When I went abroad, 1 firft.
weatto the Haga^, where gamipgwas much in faibion; and where
1 ohferred that many people, of Ihining rank azidchara^er, gamed*
too.
j66 hard Cbefterfield'i Liiiert h lit Soiu
%
too. I was then yoan^ enough, and iilljr ciioagh, to beliefe, dat
lanodng waa one of their accompliihments $ aadt as I aiised at per«
Je^iioni I a/dopced ganin^ ai a neceflary ftep to it. Thas I acoaim^
byejrror» the habit of a vice» which, far mm adoniag mycliarao*
ter» hat, I am confcioiUt been a great blemifli in it.
' Imitate* then, with difcernmcnt and jadgment« the real perfec
tions of the good company which yon may get into ; oopy their po*
litenefs^ their, carriaset their addrefB* atid the eafy and well hied
turn of their converutioo ; but remember, that, lee them fliine etcr
fo bright, their vices, if they have any, are fo many fpott, which
you would no more imitate, than you woald make an axti^dal wart
upon your face, becaufe fome ytxy handfome man had the miite-
tune to have a natural' one upoa hit : but, on the contrary* dunk
how much handfomer. he would have been without iu
' Having thus confeiled fome of my igmnmms^ I will now ihosr
von a little of my right fide. I always endeavoured to get lAto the
beft company, wherever I was, and commonly fucceeded. There I
pleafed, to fome degree, by ihowing a defire to pleafe. 1 took eai«
never to be abfent or diftraiti but, on the. contrary,, attended to
every thing that was iaid, done, or even looked, in company : I
never fail^ in the minuted attentions, and was never /sarsdW.
Thefe things, and not myegarenum^ made me £t(hionabk.'
The honeft, plain, £ngli(h reader, as well aa meo of tme
<aftc,will perhaps be fomewhat offended by the frequent GiJli'-
afms^ as well as the many Laiinifms^ Italicifms^ &c. &c. which
Appear in thefe Letters ; and we muft acknowledge that cfaey
favour a little of a certain degree of affeSation which we have
often heard mentioned as one of thofe foibles that juft ferved to
convince mankind that even the Eari of Chefterfield was not free
from imperfedion.
Among the many letters in which this noble Preceptor re*
peatedly and again tnfifts on the neceffity of a young man's fii*
crificing to the Graces * every day, and all the day,' we meet
with one, in which his Lordmip gives the following cnrioot ac^
count of the celebrated John Duke of Marlborough :
* Of all the men that 1 ever knew in my life (and I knew Mm ex-
tremely well) the late Duke of Marlborough pofleflcd the Graces in
the higheft degree, not to fay engroifed them ; and indeed he got
the mod by them ; for I will venture (contrary to the cuftom of pro^
found' hillorians, who always affign deep cauies for great events; to
afcribe the better half of the Duke of Marlborough's greatnefs and
riches to thofe Graces. He was eminently illiterate ; wrote bad Eng-
Itih, and fpelled it ilill worfe. He had no fhare of what is commonly
called i'tfr// : that is, he had no brightnefs, nothing (hining in hh
genius. He had, moft undoubtedly, an excelletit good plain un-
erftanding, with found judgment. But thefe, alone, would proba«
bly have raifed him but fomethinf higher than they found him;
which was Page to King James the Second's Qneen* There the
Graces proteded and promoted him ; for, while he was an Enfigv
of the Guards, the Dutchefs of Cleveland, then favourite miftrcfs to
Ring Charles the Second, firuck by thofe very Graces, gave him five
thouiaod
t§rd Chcfter£eld^x Littirs h his $$^: jjSj
AoufttUl poiftidt ; with which he iminediatcfly bought an annolt|r for
his life, of live handred pooiids a year, of my graod^cher, Halifax ;
which was the fopndation of his (obfeqtxent fortune. His figure waa
beautiful ; bat his manner was iireiiftibley by either man or woman*
It was by this engaging, graceful manner^ that he was enabled, da-
ring all his War, to conned the various and jarring powers of the
Grand Alliance^ and to carry them on to the nfain objedl of the war*
notwithftiiAding thftir private and feparace views, jealoofies, and
wrongheadedneiTes. Whatever Comt he went to (and he was often
obliged to go himfelf to fome refty and refradory ones) he as con*
ilantly prevailed, and brought them into his meafures. The Pen*
£onary Hdnfius^. a venerable old Miniver, grown grey in bofineis,
and who had governed the Republic of the United Provinces for-
more than forty years, was abfolutely |;overned by the Puke of Marl-
borough, as that Republic feels to this day* He was always cool ;
and nobody ever obierved the leaft variation in his countenance : he
could refttfe more gracefully than other people could grant ; and
chofe who went away from him the moft diifatisfied, as to the fub*.
Hanoe of their bufinefs, were yet perfonally charmed with him, and,
in fome degree, comforted by his manner *• With all his gentlenefs
and gracefnlnefsy, no man living was more confcious of his ficuation,
nor maintained his dignity better.*
The foregoing characleriilics of our renowned Britifh war-
rior, arc, we believe, no lefs true than curious ;— *we always,
indeed, thought the Duke had, in reality, much more of Paris
than of Hedor in hb compofition.
* So much htd Lord C tbit poiot, of iraetful tni tngMpng mtnntr at heart, that'
lo aiiothcr lertcr he tdli hit ibo, that * People miftake grofly, who imagine that the
leaft awkwafdoefi, in cither matter or iaaniier, miiid or bodj, it an iodiffereat thing,
ftfld not worthj of attention. It may poflibly be a weakneft in me (but in Ihort we <
al« aU lb made] : I confefi to 700 fairly, that when you Aall come home, and that I
tirft iee yo^, if I find yoo uogracefol in your addrefs, and awkward in your perfon
and dreif, it will be impoffible for me to love yoo half fo well ai I ihould otherwife
do, let YOur iotrinfic merit and knowledge be ever fo great. If that would be your
tkU, with mt, at it really Would, judge how much worfc it might be with othert,
fvhohave not the fame affeAioo and partiality for you, and to wbofe hearts you mtift
make your own way.* Again, *■ Thofe attentions ougbt never to be omitted \ they
coft little, and pleafe a great deal | but the negled of them offends more than you
ran yet imagine. Great merit, or great foiliogt, will make you bo rcfpedod or de«
rpifcd I but tiUlea, little attentions, mere nothings, either done or neglefied, will
Bake you cither liked or difliked, in the general ran of the world. Examine your*
>lf, why yoo like loch and fuch people, and diilikc fuch and fuch others ; and you
wii\ ^nAt that thofe dillin«nt fcotimcnti proceed from Tory flight caufes. Moral *ir-
a«a are the foundation of ibdety in general, and of friendihip in particular | but Ac«
cAtions, Manners, and Graces, both adorn and ftreogthen them. My heart is fo
£t upon your pleafing, and confeqoeotly focceeding, in the world, that pebbly I
lave nlicady (and probably fluiU again) repeat the iame things vntx and over to yOu.
fowcvcr, to err, if I do err, on the furer fide, I ihall continue to communicate to yoa
iiofc obfonrationaopon the world, which long experience has enabled me to roal^e,
ad which I have generally found to hold true. Yoor youth and talents, armed
«cb my experience, may go a great way \ and that armour is very much at your fcr*
«r, )M yoa pleafc to wear it. I premiio that it is not my imagination, but my me*
icr/« tbat tma yott theft mlM t I am not writing pretty, but ufcful reflexions.*
No one who is it all tcqutimal witfi tlic tbart£l«<^lorl
C. will fuppofe him to be one of thofe fevcrc and rigid pre-
ceptors who would make the *• delightful taflc" of cducatfoa
both toUfotne to himfelf, and difguftful to his pu{nL Some
wronghcaded pedants have imagined it to be a part of their
bufinefs to eradicate every pa^^t eicept the love of book%
ffODa ^e ftudent's breaft^ and to fix his virtue in that fiate of
afatfay which Pope compares to a firoft. Not fo tbb wUer tntor^
this mafter of the human heart. Hear what Ke fays oo the Aib-
je^ of bufinefo, relaxation, and pleafare :
^ I hope yoo reded how much yea hare to do, and that yoo ire
determined to employ eveiy moment of yoar time accordingly. Yotf
have yoar diffical and feverer ihidies to continoey witll Mr^ Harte;
you have your exercises to learn ; the turn and manners of a Cbort to
acquire : referving always fbme«time for the decent amalements tad
pieafures of a gentfeman. You fee that I am never againft pieafores;
1 loved them myfelf» when 1 was of your age ; and it is as reaibaable
that yba (honld love them now. But I^nfift apon it, that pieafores
are very combiaable with both biHtnei^ and ftadies, and hare a mwM
better reliflt from iht mixtore* The man who cannot join bafijteff
and pleafure^ is either a formal coxcomb io the one^ or a fenfoal
benft in the other. Yoor evenings I therefore allot for eompaoy, a(^
femblier, balls, and fbch fort of amofements ; as I h)ok npon tJio&
to be the heft fchools for the manners of a gentleman j whica nodii^
canei\'e but ufe, obfcrvttion, and, experience/
The above paragraph is extracted fron^ a letter dated in 1749b
when Mr. Stanhope was in his eighteenth year.
As the noble Preceptor had, to ufe his own ftiSng expreflioa,
* fet his heart/ on his pupil's making a good fi^re in the Houfe
ofCommpns (of which, he afTures him, he will be^ a .member
as ibon as he is of age) he chiefly appropriates a number of let^
ters to the important purpofe of completely fitting Mr. Stan*
hope for that . refpedable ftation. He is elpecially ifoltcstoat
that his fon Oiould be an able, and, above all, an agreeable
fpeaker ; he ftrongly urges the utility and neceflity cf attainij^
this popalar qualification } and he endeavours to prove that k
is to be acquired with very little difficulty, byanv man of good
common fenfe, who reafons iuflly, and expreflei nis moiningjA
fuch language as every gentleman ought to ufe. He autincaiAS
that a profound depth of thinking, or a grfcat extent of know-
led^e, are lefs necefiary than a graceful and pleifing manner
of delivering and enforcing common fentiments. This dofbiae
he illuftrates by a few inftances :
* The late * Lord Chancellor Cowper^s Arengdi, (ays |i^ aa. a.
Orator^ lay by no means In his reafonings, for ne oft^ kaandad
very weak ones. Bat fuch was the purity and elegaacy of Us ftyk,
■■ ■ ■ ■ 1 1 miK^mlmmtmi^ nr < i > >■
• This Utter U dated IB 1749.
fick
torJi Cheftir^d^i Litters td hit Sm. 369
fbc& tbe Dropriety and charms ofhii elocdtidh, aild fiich the erac^
folnefs or his adUoOf that he never (jpoke Wichoac afiiverfal appEia(e :
the ears a,n4 the eyes gave him up the hearts aad the tttidernan<lioga.
of the audience. On |h^ contrarjs the late Lord Townlhend alwaya
fpoke roateriall)r» with, argument and. knowledge* but never pleafed.
Why? Hisdi£uon was not only inelegant, but frequently ungram*
mattcaly always vulgar ; his cadences talfe* his voice unharmonious*
•ttd hi* aftion ungtaceiuL No body heard him with patience ) and
ike young fellow* ufed to joke upon him# and reoeat his inaccnra-^
cies. The late Duke of Argyle, though the weakeft reafoner, was
the moft pleafing fpeaker I ever knew ui my life* He charmed, -he
warmed, he forcibly raviihed the andicncej npt. by his matter cer«,
tainly, but by his manner of deli,verin|[ it» A oM genteel figure.
It graceful noble air, an harmonipus voice, an elegancy of &yle» and
ft ftreogtb of emphaiis, cdnfpired to make him uie moft a^ding^
yerfuafive, and applauded fpeaker, ( ever faw* I was captivated lika
^tbei^; but when 1 came home, and coolly coi^fidered what he had
£ud> f|ripf>ed of all thofe omamenu in which he had drefled it, I
often found the matter flimzy» the ai^umenu weak» and 1 was con*
yinced (Kf the power of thofe adventiaous concurring circumftapcei^
which ignotance of mai^kindonly, calls trifling ones. Cicero in^ ilia
book it/g Proton, in order to rwA the dignity of that profefiion^
which he well knew himielf to Jbe at the heid of, a^Ierts that a
^ompleat Orator muft be a complelM; every thing. Lawyer, Philofo-
{herj Divine, &c« That would be extremely well, if it were, poffible t •
•(man's life is not long enough ; and t hold him to be the com?
pl^ttft Orator, who fpeaks the bdl n^n that fubje^ which occurs ;
whofe b^ppy choice of words, lyhofe lively imagination, whofe elo-
cution and afUon adorn and grace his matter ; at the fame dme that
they excite the attention, and eneage the paflions of his audience.* .
. in farther ill'uftrating this fubjed, in a fubrequent letter, tho
lioble and accompliOiM Writer introduces the following ac*
count of ebe famous Lord Boltngbrbke ; a tranfcript of which
cannot fail of proving acceptable to fuch of our Readers as ate
not in pofleiSon of the book :
* « I have fcnt you Lord Bolingbroke'i book*, which he pnbiiftied
ZibOQt a year ago. I defire diat yon will read it over and over againi
vrith particular attention t6 the flyle, and to all ihofe beauties of
Oratory with which it is adorned. Till i read that book, I confefs (
l)id not know all the extent and powers of the Cngliih language.
Lord BoHngbroke has both a tongnt^ and a pen to perfuade 1 his
manner of {peaking in private conyerfation, is full as elegant a» his
writings ; whatever fubjed he either fpesks or writes upon, he adohit
with the moft fplendid eloquence; not a ftudicd or laboured eloquence^
but fuch a flowing ^appinefs of diftion, which (from care perhaps at
£rfk) is become fo habitual to him, that even his moft familiar con«
verfations, if taken down in writing, would bear the prefs, without^
the lead correflion either as to method or ftyle. If his condu6t, in'
the former part of his life, had been equal to all his natural and ac*
quired talents, he would moft juftly have merited theVpithetof M^'
^ I < 11 I i I I ■■ d»><— ^.^W ^^i<— i^*— — »*
* Lettera oa Uu Spirit of PatrioiiiiD, fo.
Jtiv, May 1774. Bb iccomf
320 Lmrd Cbefierfield'i LiUm U^ his Son.
a^i*01np1iffied. He ti himfelf fedftbte Of dil paft ersQf 8 : tliofe vb>
iMt pilffioiir, ffbith featie^ hlifl ih hiyy^buHi, hftvt lAMT Tdbfided I7
fgt; snd, take hkn d& ]htf if o&\v, <he chitfa€t#r of alt-MCompUifatd
is more h!§ diife^ than any man's 1 ev^ knet^ in oif lUb.
* * Bot h^ has b^^ a nioft mortifying inftattte of the Tioleiice of ho-
nian paffiofis, ^rid of th^ weaknds Of thcmoftl^titedhtiman leafim.
His virtues and his vices^ his reaibn and his ptfi<mif did hoc k^ead
chemfelves hj a gradaHon of tints» bdt ftirm^d i ihinilig ud fndden
Contraft.
' Rbre the dArkeft; th6l« the ilibft Q)l«n(i!\l ct^ob^, and both i€A-
dered'mor^ihiilinj^ fi^ib their proximity; )mpetuofity» (ntcc&> and
almoftextrtvagancy, charaderi(ed not only hi^pafliotis^ blitevenUs
faifef. His ycmth wis diftihg^tlhed by all the* tmthilt and fbrnn of
pleafttres» in whkh he moft licentibofly triumphed^ difdalaiti^alidb*
<fom!h. HRs fine itaiagmatibn ha!s bften been heated atfd cackmalei
«rith his body, in celebrating and^ddl^ng the proftitnte of thie t&^\
stnd his cohvitrial jbys were poihed to alftbe extravaganty of fnam
Bicdfanah. Tliofe paffions were inten^pted btit by a ilronger, Ad-
bidon. The fotmer impaired both his conftitutioh and his chanfhert
but t!he latter defboyed both his Ibrtnne tUd his reputMite.
- « H^ his noble and generous feiktiriiehb^father thin Aoedtefleaed
prihpt)res of gobd-natare and frf^dlhip ; bot they aro mote vic^ent
than lafting> andlfpddenly and oft^h vaned to their OppOfite extreaiei»
with regard even, to the fame peHbhs* He itceive* tne cDnnKit at-
tentions of civility, as obligations* which he retorn^ witii iiit««i|
and refchtk with pafiion the Httle ituuiyertericies of boznad niUtte*
' which he retikys with intereft to&. Even a difference of .Qpimooip*
cm k Philoiophica] fofage^, would povoke, and prove hiia no prifec^
deal Philoijbpher, at Icaft. ^ • (
* Notwithftanding the^ffipation of his youth, and the tumaltooas
ngitadon of his middle age, he has an infinite fcmd of Various and
Idm^ft univerfal knowle^e, which, from the deareft and qiuckdl
conception, and happieft memory, that ever man was blefloi m^
he always carries about him. It is his pocket- n^oney, and lie never
has occafionio draw lipon a book for any fnm. He excels ^re p>f^
dcularly in Hiftory, as hishiftorical worics plainly prove. Tberda-
tire Political and Commercial intereib of every countty.Ia EUtropc^
particularly of his own, are better luiown to him^ tfeafi perhaps to
any man in it; but how fteadity ^ lus puffue^ the latter,, in Us
public condu^, his enemies, or all parties and denominatloiis^ teU
with joy.
* He engaged young, and diftinguifhed himfelf in bufinets; and
bis penetration was almoft intuition* I am old enoueh to have beared
laXu^ fpeak in Parliament. And I remember* that> though prefodio^
a||ain^ him by party, I felt all the force and charms of ^is eloquence.
litkeBeli^, in Milton, *' he made theworfe appear the better caafe.''
.All the internal and external advantages and talents of an Orator are
undoubtedly his. Figure, voice, elocution, knowledge ; amd, abort
adl, the pureft and moft florid di£tion, with tjie juSeft mctaphoxs,
and happieft images, hadraifedhim to the po£t of Secretary at War»
at four-and-twenty years old ; an age at which others are har£y
tiionght fit for the fmaileft employments.
« I>srinS
; ' Daiing kls .long exile in Fikn«ev hi toplied iStiMf to flidy
Wkh Ms (MjaiteriiUoal ardour {«ar|d4bere be foimcxly and clas&f .
cxecBtcd the fJaa^pf a.feriiat^ffcagfophictl wock. The -e^mmon
bounds of haman knowledge are t^ lu^rrpw for hi« ivarm-tod Bfyiting
jmagiAa^op; ]^e;inqft go* extra flamantia mfituiu fdumii^ find explore
the onknown and nnknpwable regions of Metapkyfics ; wbick opefi
'an anbounded £*eld for the excardons of an ardent imagination ;
tt^hereendiefs conjeifluresrupplythedefedof nnattainl^ble knowledge^
iiid too often trfttrp both its name and its influence.
• / He has had a very handlbme peHbn, with a moft engaging dK
4refi in his air.a»d manners^:- h* has all the dignity and ^od-hmai
in^ whiA ft maudf ^nality fliould or can have^ and whi<^ fo feWy ik
this coui^tryr 4it ieaft» really liave. n
, * He pi;ofeiief h^felf aD^l befieving in agoieral Providenofl^
.pat doubling bf^,(houg)i by no means, rejediing (as is cos^monly fop^
^ofed) the iipn^onaUty <^ the. (o^\, and a future ftate*
* U^on the whole, 6f thit extraordinary man, what pan we iayi
Waftft, jiooif hurnan natufe!* ' . ^
In our rcyicw of the fecond volume we 'may have 4 fair oc-
tafion for retorting, on the part of Lord B. this reftedioit on
•tbc fraiky of human nature/" What will our fober Readers fay,
if k IhouM appear that the wifei the moral, the Tatherly Lord
CT. fe-ferioufly, what Mrs. Bull • wiaa politically, ah advocate for
Iftfe'^-indi^eiiriblc duty of Cuchldomr* Something like this,
vfp are iifcaid,. really occurs*;n tile farther co^itinuation of thefe
ictteraj bui #e have hitherto regarded ihem^ohly ^ they occur
in the lrfcguhV*fcrles of publication^ /. "
' Weartrtow* arrived at the clofe of the firft .Volume, The
'fecond wHl be the fubjeA of an article in our next Review*
• Hift.^ John BnH, in Swift'a Mifcellaniea.
Aar.VIL Th Birmudian; zVocm. By Nathaniel Tucker. 4to.
* 1 8, 6d. CadilK 1774.
TH E rocky fhores of th^ little iflands .known by the name
of the Bermudas, and which confift of little more than
JBbdTiSj are not a very fruitful Aifa}e<^ for celebration ; but the
prepofieffioasnf a young man,, in favour of his native foil, the
icene of his earlieft pleafures, and where, perhaps, he has (pent
his happieft«days, wtfl find cbarma in almoft any place, which
may efcape the obfervation of, or be imperceptible to, others.
Waller wrot^ verfes in praife of Bermudas ; and be was too
sood a poet not to magnify the beauties which he fung. He
u> highly extolled the " Happy Ifland," that half the world were
on tip-toe to fLy to the enchanting fcene. The good Dean
Serkeley f wanted to ere£t a college there $ aad government
iffraa not backward to countenance the pioufly fomantic defign*
His plan, however, was too 111 founded -to fuccee^i the Dean
t Afterward Biihtq) of .Cloyne*
B b 1 fee
37t niiSmmSdKi%f^l
fet fail for the ioteoded ntw ft9tt bf ksirning) bat tlie TC&l
earried him to New Eagbod | whert he had dine and opportit-
nity for better ififormadon i Md he retuitfed to OU En/fni
fomewfaat wifcr than he went out*
But though tfae curious traveller. may look in vain for the
Dumberlefs bfatitlfS that Waller defcribes in his panegyric on
the Summer Iflands, as they' have biten vulgarly ftyled^ it muflf
in juftice to that poet, be obferved, that their charms are gieatly
impaired fince Wall^i^; time. Bermudas then abounded with
noble cedars, moft of ythlch have been fince cut down for fliip-
timber ; and under the ihelt^^ of thofe delightful trees fioorifhed
t variety of pleafing but»tender f lants, which, now, wanting thofe
comfortable fcreens irtai the feverity of the ungeniai north,
have defert^d the foils The climate is, however, <b mild, the
air fo temperate, and the laml fo prolific, that the inhabitaoti
enjoy plenty of atrhoft aM tthids of vegetables for food, wiih
variety of trees, and iErubs, both for ufe and ornament.
The Author of the poem how before us, is, we learn, a vm
young candidate for literacy fame. His performance, indeed,
bears the marks.pf juvenility % but it likewife evinces tlie pro-
ftiifing genius of the.Writei; ; who, if he continues to cukivaie,
with ardour, his poetical powers, will probably foon grow iolo
confiderable favour with the Mufes •
Our youthful Bard, with filial and fraternal afiedicm, la-
ments his abfenee from hi^ parent coontry ; and thos defcribes
the tender and pi£lure(i)ue ideas which anfe in his mind, in his
hours of recQlIe^ion, when all the fceneryof his native faX
appears before him;
^ Oft, when 10 (hades enveloped, Wght detcends.
And Darknefi o*ef the hemiff^ere extends,
When glooiQf Silen<x haflies ev'ry.foondit
Anfl dead Tranquillity ^revaib. around.
And the diib-efs d» unmindful of their ^^^oet.
In balxny deep their heavy eye-lids ctofe.
While no rrpofe my weary foul can iittd#
Th^ lov'd idea rifes in my mind.
Swift at the thought, and for enjoyment keen,
Regardleis of the Teas that roll between,
Where o'er furrounding depths thy^ diffs arifi^
WUh rapid wing iny bufy fancy flies ;
And, reprefenting icenes of pad delights,
A nainfttl pleafare in my bread excites.
^ E'en now, transported to my native land.
Upon the fammit of fome hill I Hand,
The cedars view, ancultur'd as they grow.
And all the varied fcenery below.
. Far at a diftance as the eye can reach.
Extend the mazes of the winding b^ch :
^ Load on the coaft the bellowbg ocean roars,
Vhik fbaaio^ fnrges USk A( vf biten'd Aor^ f
Slufisdw
TliBifimMimi aPoeau 37$
StapeMloiu roelei,iii wild oonfiifion il«»d.
Lift their uOl dift, mi Mifeii kll the ftraad.
* Before Aarora gilds the Mftem fldet
The fon-buriit tenants of the cottage rife ;
With many a yawn thefr drowfy comrades hailt
Rab their dim ^^9 anil tafte the moming-gide.
Some bear the baiket» pteateoaH/'fiipP^y'^ '
With hooks aad litie8» the able fibber's pride ;
Odiers with dextrons- hands tile toils dltplay.
Well Iktira to circumvent the icaly prey ;
With wide-extended nets the ihores they (weep.
Or man the bark, aqd ploogh the finny deep.
The happy iflander» retum'd at night,
Recoaqts the day's adventures with ddight ;
Aftbnilhes the lift'ning crond with tales
Of rocks avoided, and df dang*roas frales 1
Of groupers who, delnded by the bMt^ ,
Shar'd many a former groopo^s wretched fiu» t
Aad rock-fiih, who had tngg'd the well-ftretch'd line,
Oblig'd their pond'rotts caioife eo refign.
The little orchln, phiying on the ftrtad.
At diHaoce kens the bark retnmM to laad.
He hies impatient, viewt the fcaly ilore.
And bids his parent wdcome tb the fliorc.
* Meanwhile the houfewifo decks the cleanly board
With all her homely cottage can alfiwd ;
Her little brood are ftated to their wiih.
And tafte the bleffings of the fmoking diOi 1
Of chikltih ftories prattle all the while,
Regafding either parent with a imik ;
The finny monfiert gratefhl tafte admire.
And for it blefs their providential fire.
He with delight the youthful tribe farveys,
. His gladden'd eyes ftili brighten a9 they gaae 1
Of earthly joys he knows no higher pitch.
And bids the prince be great, the mifer rich.
' Wherp riling Phoebus darts the morning ray*
The verdant hills a different ftene difplay ;
Promiknous houfes in the vale are feen,
Whofe decent white adorns the lively green« '
The weary peafant h^re, reclined at eafe,
8ci^ea|th.lM» fig tree courts the fouthem breeze ;
Or, while the great, at ^uitleft cares, repine, *
He fits the fnonarch of his little vine.
* There fcattcr'd ifles, whofi: banks the waters wve,
Grace with their herbage the peUucid wave.
The lordly baUock there, pnus'd to toil.
Securely wtlks the tyrant of the foil;
While tender lambkiqs on the margin play.
And fport and gambol 'midft the funny day,
* From early infancy inur'd to toil, ^
Rough as the roc^s that bound his native foil* _.
B b 3 Th$
37t TJi Jinr«r4i*ii^ a Ft^cim
The ftardy crtitfinan» wkll kbAnoM hmd^
FelU the tall tree* Mil ilragt it tD the ilruids
Refoandiog (horet ntsm the ktiiimer's bhawt^
Beneatb the ftroke the gaudjr piiiBace grows*
l^aoch'd* mftd compiecely mannM, in qoei of galo.
Spreads her light faib^ aadtempu the waa*ry mala.'
It is, we doubt not, wicti unsigned rapture, that he d^II^
on the beauties of the particular fpot which gave him birth :
' Beneath my hendiog eye, fereoelyiieaCt
Appears my ever blcft paterpa] feat.
Far in the front the level lawn extends.
The zephyrs play, the nodding eypiefs beads ^
A little hillock iUnds on either fid^
O'erfpread with evergreens, the garden's nrklc*
Promifcuous here; appears the bla(hiAg fote.
The gaava fionriihesy the mjrrtle grows,
Upen the furface earth-born woodbines cre^,
'O'er the green beds the painted 'ftortiaos peep.
Their arms alofc triumphant lilacs bear.
And jeilamUes perfume the ambient air.
The w^iole is from an ei^inence difplay'd.
When the brown olive lends his penfive (hade.
When zephyrs, there the noon*tide heat aflWag^.
pft have 1 tum'd the meditative page.
And calmly read the lu^'riog hours away.
Securely fhelter'd horn the bkze of day.
At eve refreih'd, I trode the masy walk.
And bade the miM^s paTs in chearfal talk.
With many a joke my brothers woa'd aflaiJ,
Or chear my ufien with -the comic tak ;
While both fond parents pleas'd* the group {8rvey'4»
Attentive heard, and fmii*d at all they faM.
\ Thrice happy ieat ! htrt once wexe oentted all %
That bind my hieart to this terreftrial baUt
The £ght of thefe ejich gloomy thought deiboyi^.
And ties my fool to fubiunary j6ys 1
* Ye pow'rs fupreme, who rale the fpangled iky.
On whofe protediion £rmly they rely,
Gran^t them each blifs the fertile mind can form.
And lift them high above Misfortone's ^rm !'
There are f6nie touches of pleafantry in the following por-
trait of his fchoolmafter :
* Near yonder hill, above the (lagnant pool.
My ftcrn preceptor taught his little Tcl^opl ;
DextVous t'apply the fcientific rod.
The little truants ihudder'd at his nod ;
When-e'^r he came, fhey all fnbmiffive bow'di^
All fcann'd their ta&s induilrioufly loud;
And, fearful to excite the ma(ler*s rage,
With trex;;ibliDg hands produced the blotted pa|Ee«
HarwoodV Tranflation of M. /UauTsi^s Mjfcellaniiu J75
Skilful he wis, and dabbled in the laur,
&)Ad9> iiocQi* p«lidoiu^-r-*an)rihingi:oQ)|l dnwt
*Xwa^c*c»ylMfecf'^, aq4 His ftri/aiy.irne^ . .
If e dai^'d acqi^aiptance with the Mudes too»
And* by the ^oddeflcs laTpirM, at times.
His lofty genius inoanted into rhymes.
Great bard ! w^at numbers can thy prUife refiearfe^
Who tum'd ^fmibi\nlo Englifh ycrk ; '
Taoght the fdjug epigram with art' to glide.
And e'en at linei of he^fv'nly Maro tr^'d i
Though many an epiuph 01 thine was known
To grace the cold commemorating fiooc,
Tky own remains, in fome negleded' i^ot,
Noiy lie unfung, unheeded, and forgot i'
A refpe6)able CorreTpondent mentioning this poem, obferves,
Aat *^ if it does not rife to that fublimity, nor flacne with that
enthuiiafm, which the Catara^ of Niagara, or the Jiurricaoes
vbich fweep tbofe torrid dimes might infpire, jt is-becaufe ^be
obje^ where Nature appears c^entatious of the grand and tek«
rible, did not fall immediately within the Author's plan.'' "Biit
we think it could have been no way foreign fn>m Ms defign, to
have introduced a defcHption of thofe fublimely dreadful tbun*
der-ftorms, and lightnings, .which are tomniion in' the^ WeS-
Indies, and by which, it is faid, the very rocks of Bermudas
have been frequently rent afunden Mr.'Tuoker's atteotioii»
however, feems to have been confined to fofiter fcenes, and more
pleafiog ideas ; and perhaps his genius may more naturaOy lead
him into fuch flowery patht as tbofe which he has here fo
fondly and •harmonioufly delineated*
Aar. VIII. Mijciilaities oftbi Itttt tMgimows tmd eelikrtftidM. Jimrt^^
§n ififtfieaU thfl^gical^ andaritiud Buh^tSs* ' Tranflated from the
French, by E.Harwood, D.D. 8vo. 6 s. fiecket. 1774.
Motto* Np ! |hi« «•» fl^ ^klbphy will aot for witbpot hatlag pro^icii^ .
•ne true philoropher. I know one, and I freely '>wBy l>vt one \ bat wlut it mudi
more, and which 1 reftrd at the bigbeft point of hap'pineff, it it In Imy own coim-
try that be tcfidet x SbaU I prefame Cot name bim, td name him. whole true glory it
ll t» ba^f e a«dicd to rcaiatn timA in obioaity ?— The wVe and mcdeft Akimkm
IIOVTSLLX Hsi^oitx.
MR.RQufl*eau'seuIo^ontbelateM.Ahatteit»i^boife-(|iiotedt
ieems to be the nrft circumflance that drew on this Wri-
ter the notice of the' .world. On perufing hia works we confei^
that we do not wonder at it. His time and abilities £eetn to
have been devoted to religious fubjeds ; and religion is, by the
wits of the pre(ent times, ranked with aftrofogy» alcbymyy
and other exploded iciences.
In the laft age, Ahauzit would probably, have ,beea among
the firft Ittorati of Eufope*. b the pre(ent9 we feariiis adntirers
B b 4 muft
376 Harwcx>d*i trsHpatUn tf Af, Ah§m^fs IlBJeiBatiiSn
taxA endiure to fee bit works difregiiTdcd* Dr. Hsnrood bai
generally employed himfelf in a fimifaur manner $ and is one
of the mofl: raduftriout champions of what the church wonld
call the heretical f^ith* ^t found jn the works of Abanut
things aftrr bis owii heart ; |ind he imagined it woul^ promote
what he thought the intereft of religtooy but what the ortbo*
dox confider as the intereft of Sataq, by tranflating the trafis
of Abauzit* Ht has prefixed a preface, and ibme memotra of
the Author »?p-who died in the year 176^, at the age of 88«
The following- traAs are learned and insenious; but will not
greatly inform or entertain an Engli(h reader who has been coo*
Terfant in the writings pf a Locke, a Clarke, a Poller, or ai|
Abernethy* This is the order in which they occur; vi%.
< Reflexions on Idolatry .-r-Qf Myfteries in Religion.— Let-
ter to a Lady of Dijon, in regard to the DoArines of the Choick
of Rome.— Of the Confeouences of the. firft Tranfgreffioo.—
An Enquiry, whether the Dodrine of the Trinity be found in
t Pa4^ of Genefis ?— A Reply to a Profeflbr, who bad Ur
'tempted to prove the Deity of Chrift from a Paflage in the
£piftle to the Romans, chap, ix. ver. 5*— *A P^arapbrafe on fidoe
Yerfcs in the firft Chapter of St. John.
M* Abauzit has here given rather a critical commentary,
.fthicfa be baa conduded with the foHowiog paraphrsife ;
The T £XT,
f^ In the beginning was the iford, and the word w;ii with
• God, . and the word was God*. %• The (ame was in the begin-
ning with God. 3* All thinp were made by him, and with-
^ Qut him was not any thing made that was made. 4. In hiai
was life, and the life was the light of men. 5. The light
ihineth in darknefs, and the darkneft comprehended it noty&c**
p A a A ^ fJ H A S E,
< I. There is ati eternal reafon, a fovereign wiflom, which
hath exjfted from all ages : this wiidom bath ever bc^ info-
narable from Qod, or to fpeak properly, it % God- himfelf.
. d« Iq the beginning of the world, it wais then wkh Gpi^% who
never does any thing without confuiting it. 3, And be cm-
ployed it in the creation of the univei^. In effie^ there ia
. no ereature, in which ode doth not fee fbme trace of this wif-
dom fhine, lb that without it things would never have mttained
fhat poii^t of beauty which we admire. 4. Wifdom is die
iburee of life and - or true bappinefs, and not merely thi» ; it
:(erves iporeoyeir as a light to condud ua to them. 5. This
light e(peqally bath flione forth in our days \ but bow ca|>aUe
foever it were qf dirpelling tl^e ilvides of ignorance, blind cdcv-
tals chofe rather to Wander in error^ than follow the counfeb
of pure and uiiclou4ed reafon* 14* And if the DiKiae Wiidop
»lf/^ appeared in the worl^ of the creation, ope ma^ fsy that it
hath
HarwoodV Trofi/atiou ffJU. dkmM*s MS/atlamiS, yjj
bath no Ub difplayed itt 'ifilcador under the gofpd. It hath
rendered krelf fenfiUe and palpable in Jefus Chrift« by his meana
, it hath never ceafed to do good to men ; we have been witnefles
id the miracles which were efieAed by this wiidom, and of the
glory with which Jefus Chrift was invefled, a glory much
greater than what appeared in Mofes and the Prophets, fuch as
was proper to be the glory of the only batten Son of God/ .
This is followed by an explication of the fourth and fifth
▼erfes of the ie?enteenth chapter of St. John : An explanation
of the thirteenth'verfe of the diird chapter of St. John : An ex-
planation of a paflage in the firft Epiftleof St.- John : An expli-
cation of a paflage in the eighth chapter of St. John : An illuf-
jtration of the fim chapter of the Epiftle to the Hebrews : An
explication of a paflage in the Epiftle to the Phillippians, who
^iif9g, in tbifirm rf GpJ^ tSc. Of the honour due to Jefus Chrift :
Of the knowledge which Jefus Chrift attributes tahimfelf when
lie fays. All tin cburchis Jball hmw that I am hi who fkarck thi
reins ami biortSf und I will givt unt^ 0%Hry mu according U bis
Vforh: Of the power which Jefus Chrift afcribes to himfelf
when he (ays to the paralytic, Tbj Jims be forgiven tbt$ ; Qf the
holy f^irit-nr
. * The holy fpirit, or the <pirit of God (fays this heterodox*
but honeft and ingeniotts Writer) in the primary and natural
ienfe, (^gnifies only the power of God, or the virtue by which
be operates. To be convinced of this, it would bf fufficient
to attend to the etymology of the word, which in the Ho*
brew, Greatp* aqd Mtin langoages, means the hreqlb of Qodt
and which feems to denote rather a quality, than a perfon dif«
tin6t from God htmfelf.«— But various paflages of fcripture pur
this beyond a doubt. ^* When thou hideft thy face, fays the
Pfalmift, the creatures die ; but if thou fendeft thy fpirit they
are immediately created." <* The fpirit of God made me, fays
^lihu, and the brostb of the Almighty quickened me.*' << Godf
fays Job, made the heavens by his fpiritj that is, by his power
and agency, as she fequel ibows."-*This term hath prefervod
ti^e fapie iignification iJi the N«w Teftament. *< The holy fpi«
lit, fiiys the angel to Mary, fliall come upon thee from on higb»
and the power of the Moft High (hall overfludow thee." The
holy fpiri(, and the power of the Moft High, as it is here evi-
dent, is one and the fame thing in the ftyle of the angels. ^ I
sun going to fend you, faid Qhrift to his apoftles, wtm my*Fa«
tber promised me, but do you ftay in Jerusalem till you be en-
flowed, with power from on bigb** This is what our Saviour
c^lk the holy fpirit, which was to defcend on the apoftles upon
the dayof P^qtecoftf ^ You know, fays St. Pqter, hovr Gqd
Mimated Jefus of Ngzereth with the Holy Ghofl and with power. ^*
H My
jjB Hirwood V TranJIotiM rf M. Atmwxifi MtJiiOames.
<' My dticourlb and my preaching, fays St.lPaul, confiftcd not
in thofe perfuafive words tirtiich homan wiMom employs, bvtii
a demonftration of jpirit and ofpowir.^
< From all tbefe paflages, it is evident, that b^/f/^irit^ /•v^i
and agtnex, are terms of the fame import, in the New Tefi»-
merit. And this virtue refides eflentially in Ood, as in its ftwice
and only principle, from whence it hath been diSiifed, as it
^ere, into (everal ftnall rivulets in the prophets and apoftles^'
This diflertation, of which we have given only an extrafl, it
followed by an explanation of that paiage, G#, and itacb ti
natiwtj baptizing ibim in tbt name rf tbe Father^ 9/ the Sam^ mi
oftbi Hdy Gboft: A general idea of the £uchartft : Cc^y of a
letter on the prophecies, written to William Burnet, £lq$ Go*
vemor of New* York : An explication of the prophecy contaiaed
JD the eleventh chapter of Daniel by the event. — The wbde is
concluded by an hiftorical diicourfe on the ApocalypTe, draws
up at the requeft of William Burnet, £(q; Governor of New-
York, at the time when feveral literati m England applied thtoi-
felves to ^ ftudv .of the Apocalypfe.
This* laft article^ is a very learned and candid dUquifidos.
The Author's general fentiments are feen in the argun^eac pie-
fixed to this difcourfe, viz. The canon of tbi NewTeftament fmmd
as it Wirt cafualfy and imgularly by thi xial of indimdmals. 7)r
had effi^ rf ibis tibirty. A druirjity offmiimints tonurmmg fhird
ipijilis. Tbe 'Apocalypfe^ a proof of the irregularity ivith xMtb tie
canon of tbe New Teftament was formed* Some of our Readers,
we fuppofe, will be pleafed with the following extrafi. After
having enumerated and charaderized all the Fathers and Com*
cils for and againft the Apocalypfe, and brought cde ^uciioB
down to the eighth century, the Author concludes in tlus
manner :
' Sed. 112. The following century, whidi is tbe eighth,
' does not enlighten us the more ; here one only fees J<rfin of Di-
mafcus, who clafles the Apocalypfe in the number of ftcred
books. But though this divine had a great authoriff among the
Greeks, and his example hath not a little contributed to deter-
ifline their future judgment, it was not however ftiil the fenci-
inents of the Greek church ; one may be convinced of *k by-tbe
Sticbometria of Nicephorus, who was at the head of this churcli
about the beginning of the ninth oeptury. This p^triarrii of
Conftantinople here diftinguiflies three forts of books in theOM
and New Teftament, fome which the church receivea as cano-
nical, and the Apocalvpfe is not found herej others wbich are
doubtful and contefied $ and others, laftly, which are fjdie and
apocryphal. The Apocalypfe was inferted in the fecoiid da&i
for Anaftafius the librarian, who lived a little while after, oai
wte
l^bo tnwflated this piece of Nicepborus, seckons fttnoog tb»
cooteflted books the ApocslypTe of St. Jobn^ the Apocaljr^e oi
St. Peter, the Epiftle of Bacoabas, and the Gofpel according
(o the Hebrews,
* StGt. if}. Afterwards came thofe times of ignorance, fo
fleril in writers, tbofe'iron ages of literature, fo fit to digt/l all the
abfurdities which the preceding ages bad bot juft Utfiid^ and in
vrbich the grofleft impofiure walked boldly ai>road by favour of
^ credulity that knew no bounds. One here lofes fight of <he
Apocalypfe through default pf monuments, and it is impoffiblf
to trace it diftin£Uy c all that one can prefume with reaibn is^
fhat by infeniible degrees it got as far as the door, atld at laft»
taking advantage of a very dark night, it entered quietly, and
widiout noife, into the canon of the Greek. church, to hold 4
place there among the facred writings.
< Sed. 1 1 4. Tht triumph ^/ibi Ap9calypfi. Thus it was that
the r^ys of divinity, which were hardly perceptible to the pre*
ceding centuries, ftruck with irrefiilible fplendor the eyes of tbc
fvhole Cbriftian world, and in ages of the thickeft darknels they
/aw clearer than ever they did before. Ancient doubt was con*
Arued into ignorance, and the new creed into moft certain in^
^mation> What th^ Fathers, aflembled af Laodicea knew ao«
thing of, an4 what they had not been abl^ to find in the ar*
p]^ives, nor in the tradition of the- churches of Alia, which
ivere the depoGtories of the writings of Sf . John, came to the
knowledge of their poftericy, who were batter inftruSed in thefe
things. It was 00 thefe new lights that, at lafi, at the end of
a thouCind years, they held the Apocalypfe to be abundantly
^henticated, to be tKe work of this apoftle, and confequemtly
livorthy to be received as a, canonical book. Oce cannot mark
tbe precife time, nor the circumftances of this reception : what
ia.> certain is, that it was about the tenth century very quietly,
^ind^ if J may loexpreis it, quite in the Huguenot way, not by
Aoy decree of a Council, nor by any of thofe modes which, in
order to he more oftentatious, are not always the more hoQour*
able to truth,*
< Sed. 1 15. From that time there does not appear the lead
flMteft oa this fiilijed, neither among the Greeks, nor among
^he Latins ; for one ought to reckon as nothing a MS« of five
hundred years old, which Dr. Burnet had feen, and which con-
tained, with figures, the vifions of the Apocalypfe, joined to
JEfop's Fables ; whence it is concluded, that the author of this
AIS. believed one no more than the other : be it as it may, ^ne
inight contraft it with the flory of tt^ Emperor Otho II. who,
put of dcyotion, wore an habit, on which he had ordered all
the Apocalypfe to be embroidered. This certainly i% as good
380 Harwood'/ Tranjtatm 9f M. Abauaufs Mija^lamis.
18 the pifture of that unknown perfon who was profefledly a
libenine. If ever book was indebted for fome luftre to its con-
ii>entator8, moft certainly it is not the Apocalypfe : I fpeak of
the whole time th^t preceded the Reformation ; befides their
being fo inconfiderable in number, they arq fuch pitifal coo-
menutors that one dares not attribute them to tbofc wbofe
names they bear. Such are thoTe of St* Ambrofe, Sc AnfdiB»
St. Thomas, and St. Bernard.
' Sed. 116/ But from the time of the great Revolution ditf
happened in the fixteenth century, a new imereft of rdigton
liath put the minds of 'men in mottoQ, and greater applicatioo
than ever hath been employed to inveftigate all the meaning ef
the Apocalypfe. From this aera, yielded up as a p^y to all foits
of commentators, great and fmall, it hath proved the fulsjeA of
difputes and controvernes between the Catholics and Lutherans,
between the Calvinifts and the Englifh.
* Se£l. 117. As, in the opinion of every one, diis book
contains the deftiny of the church, every XtSt in particular bis
not failed to make an application of it to themfelves, and ofcen
to the cxclufton of others. The Englifh find here the revo-
lutions of Great Britain ; the Lutherans, the troubtea of Go^
many ; and tb^ French refugees, what happened to tbesi In
France. In fine, each church boafts of finding itfelT here^. ac-
cording to the rank that it thinks it holds in the plan of provi*
dence, and whith, you may be fure^ is alwavs the firfl ptaoe.
There is only the CatlK)lic church which hath circumfcribcsd it
within the limits of the three firft centuries, during whicb it
maintains that every thing was accompliihed, as if it were
afraid left defcending lowef itihould fee A.nticbrift in die pcr-
ifon of its Metropolitan.' *
On a review of the lafl difquifitioo in thefe mifceltanies, we
cannot help taking notice of a very peculiar induflry ih feVeral
of our late critics on the fcrtptures. Their predeceflbra feem
to have left them nbtbing to do, in the common way of explain-
ing and illuflrating ; they have therefore entered the Lord*s Vine-
yard with the pruning knife in hand, and cut oSt many of the
moft luxuriant br'anches. Infidels fneer, and fay, * let the foois
alone and they will fave us the trouble of defhx>ying their icK-
gton : we attempt it altogether ; they anally demoUfli k \^
piece-meal.' This fbould render our divines cautious in dx
dangerous work they have lately undertaken. It may be fafc
in the hands of an Abauzit \ but not in thofe of every con«eiicd
and forward youth who dubs himfelf a divine by a purchafed
f}iploma from a Scotch unirtrlB^*
Amr.
C 381 J
Art. IX. Cwfidtratiitii on thi IrUufwru carryhg m nuhh RiAiS t^
thi Britijb CoUmes in Nmrih Amirica. 8vo, i §• 6tiU ^^dwin.
»774-
W ■ ^HE Author of this Pamphlet is one of the mod candid
JL and beft informed of any of the late writers on tUs tnte*
rclxs of Great Britain and her Colonies. He is^not elegant \a
Ins langtiage^ and he may not be deemed mafterly in the J^fpofi^
tion of bis arguments ; but he fays a^eat namber of exeeUent
things in a very plain, perfpicuous, and honeft phrafeology.
He confiders at large (for the Pam^Ietconiias of i6o pages)
^hereditude, pradicability, and advantage of the meafuresea*
tejed upon it regard to Americat and points out fome others
^ndiich he thinks would be preferable. He then proceeds in the
ibUowing manner :
^ .^ I would wiHingly try this experiment of tranQ>ofitioa f upon
m late tranfaAion, wherein s fome peoples opinions feem to be
affeded by locality. Certain letters * have been publiQied qi
ai| American Governor and Lieutenant Governort and a third
perfon, together witbremarkSt and die fpcech of a learned and
ingenious Gentleman. Th^ are oflfered as an appeal to the
PubKc againft the Colony of Maflachufett*s Bay. Tbefe can-
'not therefore, but be themfelves llkewife Che obje^s of a public
confideration. I have by the touch*ftiMio of locality a mind to
examine and queftion fome of this learned Gentlemada's xeaiba«
in^. It is now but between eighty and ninety years, fince wc
or this countrv banifhed our King. On what ground did we
€lo it f— It will be anfwered, due we did not like Jiis adions,
for that they tended to deprive us •f our beft rights and proper-
ties. That we did it as EngliAtmen on the coaftttution of
England— Who was the comnion judge between us.and him ?«—
f , To explain this term, at here appljed^.it is requifite to obferve,
that our Author, in order * to convince and fausfy* withcuit the
crooUe of reafon and argament,'. recommends — * that every one
when he confiders of this fubjed* and efpcciallv before he ufes any
lard words, or pafies any harfh laws, will place himfelf in America;
will imagine himfelf boniy bred, refident, and having all hii con*
ceros •and fortune there. I don't mean in the light of a governor, or
of one who feekt to recommend and adraoce himfelf here, at the ex-
pence of his countrymen in that part of tlie world; but as one who
has no other views, br intereft, except in the oommon goo4 of his
colony or continents Let then any nicK man candidly and fairly aik
himfelf, in .his owd breaft, Whathe ihonld^ in that fituatign, think
^ being taxed by a man at Weftminfter ? And let no man, on this
opcafion, throw a fto9e» whofe heart does not plainly and roundly
anfwer him with its aflent/
^ See letters of Governor Hatcbinfoni &c. Review for February,
There
381 Conftderathns ^n ibi MiOfoiris corrying on with fefp^^
There w«i no fiich common judge. We judged feir otxrCrift^
He mM our King, our Magiftratr, our Truftee. Wbeo we
found h^m to fail in the efiential points of ^hefe offices, we took
Another. This was^ our r^bt as Engliflunen ;— ^ut we fist
•fide one of his daughters from her turn in die fucceffioto, and
appcnnted inftead a perfon who had no title bj birth. The
King's horfe threw him, and the Ladjrfucceeded, but that was
fhai^» It might ia a coarfe of nature very well- hanre hap*
Sned) that fiie had ne^r been Queen. What had (he done l^*
le had taken a remarkable part in the Eevolutiott^ and wai to*
tally unexceptionable. But there were in one (cale the welfare
and happinefs of many liiillions of people, and in%he other the
adrancemeot of only one Lady, althoi^h a deferving emu
There was therefore no equality, the latter could not but kick
the b<am.-^l iiniwtkv thatrf fifbTcribir to this with my hand and
my<hear€« Bitt thb is bnciideof the.ORdali let us torn Ae
aeverfe* An AmericdnGov^hor is not (b big as a Kii^; he
Aon\vfcn acrown, nor bear a fcepter, nor fit on a duooc^ tm
is worftnpfi^ oci the knee,' nor has a navy nor an army> nor
makes Biftppsnor Jiidgei, nonisbis Civil Lift perhaps above a
thottfand pounds a year ; he feems to be much more re^xmH^
and more removable than a Xing. Suppofe then, that one of
our Colonies Oiould take the ftrongeft exceptions to their Go»
imrnoT) and defue tochan^him } would th^y in that caie fas
ptrmittedio judge for tbemfehrei f-^No.w^Why not f-^Becaufe
they are Americanft. '-Who are to judge for them? — ^Wc^
Why fo ?-«-Becattfe we aiwBngiiihmen.r^ttt would their ap*
plication be to us a fuffioieMt'caufe for a remotfal ?<— Perhipi
not'^ but, on theconcrapyv'v'rtafcifi to continue him at prefiatt^
and to promote and advatKe him afterwards. -That has beeil
the cafe before, and may probably be-fo again ;— -but why is4be
intafure which we mete to them, fo difierent from that whidl
we meafure to ourfelves F^^Becaufe we are Englifbmen and they
are Americans. — ^This mUft be owned to beperfedly juft and
fatisfaSory, and the Americans are the moft iinreafonable mieA
in the world, if they donVfee it exaSly in the fame light.
* But fuppofe that the reprelentative bo4y of the province
flMuld make the complaint ?-^The anfwer would then be, that
there was no accufer. On if any one.chofe to fpeak Latin 00
^f^^.— Suppofe that they cmnplain of faliehood and treachery
towards the province ?*^That would be no charge^ no crimnu'^
Suppofe that they gave in evidence the parties own letters ?-^
That v^ouM compleat the thing, for there would then be no
.evidence, no /g^iV.-^But will this hold wafter? — AdmiraUyi
with reijpeA to America and in Latin.
« It is ftrongly difputed, 'whether thefe American letters ate
of a public or a private nature. This may not in itfelf be a
6 vety
tp thi terhijb Obnies in North Anitrica^ ^^
^Qcry important. pi^int I however, )et us, endeavour tp fe(4ei^
finceiclies m oo^ my. Whatever cancer^ and zSe^ the
iliterefty the welfar/^ and happinef$ of a whole people, is, ^jul.
muft, \>ei of a pif>Ijc n^^ture, whet^r, papers, letiers, or anjr-
other thing whatibever. Good and evil ^re |io€ matters of Jair
or of logic. They are the moift^ if not the only e/Tential cir^
^iimfi^nces of the world. Thcfy are what every thing elfe k-
fos to* They fiamp an eternal mark and difference on alL
things which even imagination cannot cancel or erafe. 1f*he
cngoym^nt of- the one, and the avoiding of the other, is .'the
very .end of o>ii[ being, and I ike wife of all the beings which.do^
or Which evcfi caa, bf^ f^ppofed tqexi^, f^d wbich^hayf a fefife
and perception pf them* . Whatever therefore relatfs to/thq
general good and.evjj of a people^ is o^^ a public nature.. ..it is
^hat circut7)ftaR$e wh^h, makes it fo. .The t^rais are as^good
as fynonymoue. ' Wbatevcf concerns pp the pontrary* only, this
or that individual, i^ of a private nature. It is conhned to his
pr their happioefs on w^i^ei. to his jqt. tl^ir gppd and e^riL
There Is ag^in .the a^ and unerring dift jnAion. .Tbe(e t)|ing|i
feem clear tP J^bengreateft degree of ifit4iitive qert^ty. It is
firange to be 'fc^md^p. reafon about^them. . However, we are
told otherwifi^v . If fomt compliments bfippen in aleixer to be
made to an pld.J^ady^ }t cliange^.the eilE^n^ of every thing ;
ihecontrads and confines the Vbol^ jnat|er, and aill^^ca^aes of
a private nature, ^IdipuRh t^b^rC^iff fubjqd of i^ n/^i^cty
(hould be to advife and point ^t^ tbif me^s o(^^tiNring,,the
charter^ and pf i\e.W:rnPdelJi9g j^ cpniUfution/pf/av^pDlo^y I
and that there (hould be recotnmendecl ther^ein, the An^igig iome
Way according to its own lai^agi^^ ** to take off the oiifginal
incendiaries," i^ft they fliould *' continue to inftil (heir ppifoa
into the minci^ of the people;" but the n)eotiQn..Qf ^be c^
Xrady makes it all private. {See-Mrw Wedderbum's (peecln
page 94,' and letter of Mr. A. Oliver, F^ i3r'if(>9*} But
itippofe that tftefe letters were reatl^ meant and inteii<iedto pro-
duce public cfFcai,. what will that do ? — Nothing at all. If
the perfon hod not at that ihoment a^place^ to wbom^they wtre
V written, it ' Agnii^ . nothing ; ailhoi^ he might "have had a
foft^foro^ and mfgbt look for ode again, and although be
might have communicated thefe letters so others fbr the veiy
<purp6fe of affeAin^ ahe piliblk*. AU tlus will be of . ob im-
^portance, if the perfon did not lHq>pen to have a^dace st the.
:ttme,— -Would not one be templed to think, .that as'ibmeeit*
-deavoar to leave no property in- AiAeiaca^ others >kave a ouod to
-banifli all htmfiaa reafon out of American afSairs?'
The following pafl^ge relating to a very great and a very
good man, deferves parttGaIar.»eKice:«— « But par. Colonies
might be well enough, were it not for Dr. Franklin, who has
with
3^4 Wilton*! Riviitv rfth ArtuUs of tin Ourcb s/E/igimd^
With z brand lighted from the clouds,' fet fire to all America.-^
No govemmmta drc'eVfr to icknowltedfee the people to be
fidriy againft them. For whatever may be the cafe with the
'Opinions of the makitiide, in abftrufe and refined mattas«
whkb but little concern tbem, nor do they mtich trouble them*
feives * about ; yet the end, and chertfere the touchfione and
ttisd of all government bdng their wetfire and bappinefs, there
is hardly common 'modefty in afl%iding to defpife and refiife
riieir fenfe concerning thtir own good and evil, their owa fed-
11^, benefits or fufiertngs* It is in thiefe things that the voice
of the people isfiiid to approach that of their Maker. The
iycophants of Miniflers, endeavour therefore to throw on the
arti&re and infioesce of individuals, all difcontent or diflatis*
fedion of the public - Mt^ Wilkes moves England, and Dr^
Franklin America ; aa if we had here no feding^ but through
the firft^ and they had neither eyes nor ears, but by the latter.
It were happy for mankind, if Adminiftrations procured their
own votes mi majorities, with as much faimefs, as the voice
of die people is oemmoplir obtained* I wdndtr whether we
fhottld then have ever hestrd Of any government in Europe in-
debted m the film of a hundred and forty millions ffefling, or
be nt this moment under the alarm of a parent flate attacking
its own Colonies,' or ^ a grtSat Empire fettin^ at work its fieco
imdarmies, only to throw die parts of itfelf into miTchlef and
confbfion* It is idk and chitdUb to be crying out againfi thii
or diat private perfiNi. The truth la, that whenever govero*
mentahoqp up combufliUes, there will always be found a hand
to put the maidiio diem, drthcfe would beatand fire of them*
felvee if there were not*'
• ^When the candid and difcemhig Reader'has accompanied us
through thefe extrafis, we imllgine it WiH not be neceflary to
feeottmend tefaim the pendal of the Pampblet at large.
■ ■ ■ I 1. .. . > • ^
to ntibUh a Suh/criftmk is r4^r$d •f frueftmm Digmtimg Mimijkn^
By Samuel Wiltoiu 8vo. 4s. £oUdand» ^c. 1794.
THIS ienfible and .judicious Review is mtended to fervt
the. great and 'important catti» of: reBgiou^ liberty, aad
to promote chateftoam and veneration for die Saored-Scripcoict
which all Pro^cftants cuoht ever xealouily ao maintain.
^ Some &w perfoas (Sqrs Mr. Wilton in hb prefeee) who
are ieparated from the Communiontof the Church of England,
appear to be not oalr fully iatisfied wtdi the- authority of the
Magiftrate, to impefe a fiibficription to human eatpiaiiatofy
Articles upon the coofciooces of Cimfliaiis ; kiridfo to he pe^
fc£Uy mamuurt^ witb alt tfaoTe Artiolmv to whmh a ftthfaiiptioo
18 now raiuired of footeffimt Dtfleittinf MMAem Heaos
tbqr
^hey vehemeatly oppofed iha nlkf of 4nore fcrvfuloiM cpnfcif^
^AccS) upon, (he apparent prefumption, that bovrevtr any pr#^
Jofed alteration might ifkuouf ^e.ouyiorily of Diflenting Mini-
ers,^it would have fome very injurioHS ipflueoce -upoa their
bopes^ their comfort^ u^i their obedience. Cbfiftian charity:
ivould therefore forMd ^ atte«n|>t, wbich^ if crowned withv
fuccelk^ would be produ<3ive of (uch unhappy coiffequences to
any of our Fellow chriftians^ . But at I was firmly perfuaded^
that the facred Scriptures, without the aid of eftabUflied Creeds^
are (ufiicient to anfwer ^very purpofe ^eceflary to pbrifttan edifi-.
cation and confolation ; (b it alfo appeared to me, that many o^
the Articles to which our fubfcrlpflioh^is re^hred^ were very fat
from having the moft remote tendency to thefe ends i and tba*
fome of themiieea>ed to weaf a very contrary afpedt^ This ap4
prehenfion led me in a forHMy pab|,KAtioo> to intimate my Aif*
picions5 that the highopiiBtioA fome Dii&nters entertained of the
Articles* was grounded upon a very iipperfiid examination into
their true meaning ^ and that a voluntary fubfcription to them.
Bad in all probability frequently refufted^ from a general appre*
benfion of their orthodoxy, withoet entering into a critical tn-«
quiry into the fenie of each. The Expofition here attempted^
]8 defigned more fully to juftify the reprefentation therein given*
Vpon thiraoyipnt, .1 have frequently brought into view, ihd
kjgh eneomium pa&d upon iIk Articlea by our protefting Bre-
thrtskf that the pcsoptieiy of mf ooDctafidn may be more cafil^
4«teimined4 To ^this end, I bave ende«Poured W itnreftigaco
the genuine hub of fome of the Arrieles^ and topoim out tti^
diffictdties of fuUcriptioii thence refuUing, to Ptottftanc Dif-
fentet^s of iWiy dcaoannatian. 1 4iave confined mf attention €<a
Qfajec^tions of this general natuse^ TJbm autkorkies p^odoeed i^
(upport of. the feveral explioations » wiU» I hope, be thotf gM
unexceptionable by > every candid aiid imparskil RteMo*. - k hay
been my ftudjn that they (booldbe fo. - And «f flw idHmony of
DWkm$ of thaChurdi' of Engfemtl, and the dbcMoAe of the
Cancm Lamr ar&cidled in qtleftion, k will be impoffible to find
iiny authority which will noa be fbfpuced.'-
. TbeActicles'wAicb Mr» Wikoit tevieWs a^-«-the 3d, jfxhi
6tb, Sth^ agd^'j^d^ and 37tb, and, in oUr opinion, fteclearlyt
provesthattlwy»>miifth« liable to excxptton by e^ery Ffoceftanii
Diflimfttng Minlfter. fiefiare he eojtdrs upon the leK^lmTnatiofl of
Cbc<e.Actklics,.jM.ciis«lo»it«ece(&krytoa^ wMcH
has been frequently agitated^ and very warmly debated^ ifi€. In'
wbfti Santo are me louiffid to fabfcribt the Aetioles^ df^ the
Cbttreh of fiegietid i ttt att&vers^ ^ in the'plainf \hmr9\i gttm^
saatkal foikfe^ aa underftood when the Articles were fe t forth hf
public authority/ In cenficeiatioA of tbe proprietyof thisfolu-^
ti^n^ we need only attend^ he fays^ to the language of th^
Hev. May 17744 C c Royal
386 WUron'/ Obfiroatlom upw Lightnings (ic.
%oj7\ DecltraikHi ; a Declaratioh^ ivhtch «brilf liy no means a^
mit .^ ^XuiKjerf^Cf^t ta .wbk^iiiluiif jw«tv»i^ ^^ttrs tfa«m
ba<rref:oMrre^ tp jti^i^y a*fabrcriptHm.t0:.Axiidl^r^rwlfMi^ttjhB^
not belJioveV, It la the dcaUftc) ^d ^ «h<r;re4Mtttk>tir t^ jinM
AvitfiiUtj^ ppinifins^.0iul4fif^^ijb'4i^i^ tniihing^^^^^^* *
Iti r^eren<9,^ to tbU finely, 4^c^. Royal i)«cl«i»itm» prohiti»if ike >. •
l€aft (jiffirrence^ from d>e.,Ac<iqlea in <fh0 tnoft fvcfdicic^tlaiinisf' '
i>iz. ' ^^ will ibat vo fnfln Jf^rfgfi^ A^ ^^^^b^ p^9t tar /MceA t9i ^
draw the driicli afidi any way^ hut JhaUfubmit to it irr the pUdm-^tat
full me^ni^f tbir^rfri^ and Jh^^kft^frpfftbii^mn/m/r Simmon tiU
yhe meaning 0/ thi Ariiekx-kii^JbalLiak^ ifju fbt^tittrdw^^grdkt*'
inaticaljimfi.^ , . , ,^ - '. ' » ■ t*- *;
' Towards the dofeof Ws Review of tbe Artictea^ Mc. WiU
fon confidi^rs the pppofitipfi of the. SiAiopa to* the I>iflentera
BiHt afid malces fome vety pertinent fefle^Hona «ipon itw.
^ot a fuftber ideal of t!jbia«Wrifer, (ke ,^w account of his..
Aphlogyfir the Remwu^lqf of^ Jpflicdti4n49\]^<M'limiifii'tjA€.fr9^
tejtani Dl/Jmiing^A^mJU^^, ReVicw^ ^vijU xlviii. 'p, 420; -. *• »
Att* XL' Oykrwiiom uptn^^ t^igbtning, 'and the meth>d tf/^c^rip^.
iuHdings firam fi's l^dti in a tetter t6. Sir CbarJes FreOiruk^ \$L
ByB.WijJbn, F.R.S,'&t. 410. zs; 6 VI. Djivis. i77)-,.._
A 1/ THO U 6 H ' eTet^ripiana uxMirerCilly agree .ia^ 9piMii49i% j
jf\^''coHcehiirig. the. utility of'^ieiallic'aind^Sorsy 4i icMBHk
ka£(fbr'teiyrdtifne\pall rubui|(&d ampng thpoH wkh. jnt|:4^tic^
the tHt)^r^ferni In whic& ibe upper part^fjhe condiJ^ingT^. ^
ought to (ermiaatep Or. Fra|[iklin« and« WQ believe^ a verj^pciliF
fidtfrlabte bsi^iDirity of thofe who have ftiKfifid this. queftioDy give
a dteirive prefereoc^^ to^iW/^froda^oa a^fxpe^toton,*'
iogi^fdanded 6n the, jufte^; analogy, ^t ^^7 qiajr^myiMr •
Weftv js^e^nt a difcbarge^ bjf riIenU;yAiif»^j|f^qr!ir4i^>^^
the deOtiic iti)i4, when a/i^/^i/yor fiM^^nv^cbaqffd.ek^jfB*
clo&d lioines whhin tbtir influence: 4n(it)ut|^in^/li;a(^4^
tenj^ tn, diltttnifli tlie magnitude nor yiolenef pLaa4i]Mvrt>i4fibI«3^
cacfrf^t ;. White thc^ are undpubtodiy ,aa well adapted ^ Uipff
contfirAors^W carry b'ff its eoac^^ • . ... ; ,.., r -?
. Bor tlbd^ and otbtr mibna^' welaj^ti^nil^ca oofifiinifttcie.
lately a))poititted by' the Royal Sp^^Fety^ ali tbp^ e/ thti
Boertl oF^yrdnaliKte^ cd^onnderpF^UvB )^i)) inef]^
his M;^c!^^i inagaiift^^ 9^ gunpowJtt at. ftifflect ^^[990,^9^^.
dents byHiAitiing, lecdt^cnctt;^^ tba eai|9|[iQp^<»f r*l*fr^^
>w«rdf ^tidiiabi^i. ^ ^ "• .' "* ' • « , ;
Mr.WiUoii» on the cont^ar^^ U^r^cm .ffPft^^^
upper part of a[ .^c^iiflih^ .-^^^ ^frinip^^ a
kaob/or j&t jfbrfcc^: He^nujtnf^i^^^^ f?j4JWpr|?w^%fflii!-
•U or mvfte>btf JJ^hti^i^ iheJ^ nwift:.4W>ff-
of liif^iM>aK^Aof^^h1lill$wA cbM^c^"^ dVje eotiverfaAnh '^
tbcAnthcrTwfdBsS^rtflcll^thdtfcctf 'HittV^ hri' difllplf (6"'
tbr.M^orc of th€. afdf^raM'cdniiWlt^;6¥ which h^'Si^as a"
We (haU iiownr«r nMii>idn di«e * ctlflbl^s o1;irervdt)on oh th^
cffffts^f « tWunder^ftoTtoii ftjlatcd iti*Mr;tVliror?s letter to Sir
Ctoarles Frederick, and in another addrefled to the Auttior' bjF
Mr.Itela^al; who concMs with hrm in the'cfe£frlcaf W^^cbn-
ceDiiog pointy Fitom tK^ir united telKmbnjr, ^od the evidence
of Mr. Gouldv^i^^r^of St. Paurs. ft ipp^rs'tKit the conduftT' "
in^ dptnratiis fo laiehr^t^t ^p ii tfr^t dathbdi'al^ has already ,
ontfT^^isV^fi^'MniyfftxMtYit^^xJii^t fcr whkh it was ercfted ;
and that on^ examination 'it'evfd^lhtfytrarrTed cnarks of its liaving '
condui^d^ Jarge. ficokeof lighuung, freceeding from the great
thunder^ cloud in which the city^of Lpndan WB^-^nvoIvcd. pa
th^^aif of March 1J72V Oti the /pllowfiig^day it was found
thilt th^ cbndu(^or, to the Eaft, particularly. Where it gobs^ into
the water- tYunky (hewed evident figns that it .tuid h^tJXfeflbft^
wMfe^frt^ther parts the iron; i^w^B.ai'rfoncs fi^a^. i^ ^#\
bl^«fii9iM by fmoke ; incf i thidk t'u^'thkt ^ad t^i^q Cpr^e^ A \
tbcPfbMce bf thfc metil * Wis!: ^fi^tUdprafJorii^ ^i^. ^ r
and^rerfcovedtofeiricf'dt'Wrifcfe frortif if/' ^ ' ' ^^
inftHft tpp^riticeS lii' parildular arc en\pIoyed by Mr, Wiif<>fl- . ,
in ^c#itlirtiWtidh of' ^ome of His opinions ^ and efpeciaJly td-
lhct#o«ltttrtHi5?tbH^?ia8ric',^ thiotigh provided with a conduftor*
polBW)r ^fctp^tf deflrutfrcAi'becaufe tbe rod w^s not pQiatcd*^
We*>^W!^^ttjTy'bhrferve'iri' general, that the force of hjarea- -
fbrrfU^ bh' Ifcen^'^p^iafSfyln'Tome degree,' to be leJlened by! J ,^
faa'1Hfcnf!6n<*<Hfr the^riotfe-at page 14 j where we are iold if\^. ,,
« tlrt-iSW^(j«ih^ir6A Si'd'mt toUch tht'Uad^—k pari therefore,, '.
at llN^rti^of tfhfe ^bbvetii^fMohed cfFe6is produced by ihe lighl-; .
lYing, on a bar of iron/ nearfbur inches broad^ and about naif
aH ih*<WfeVaritf%^fcu!^^^ thofe caufird by ihc UnroliK^
phJMt^ itppfUVtii usta H&ve ^een owing, in a great mcifar^m^, <
ta fife ^'rtt^rhipfhW^^fijA^^ dearie fluid me: with in its
c<Hirfe?^rfRibiifequeni*c} i^ ^i! ^fcmtimilty of the conduAor :— *
a *lto£H'''«WSth»''^^'^3Wd''hopc, has by this time been re-
medied. , or ^ ' . . r I ; '»
ta^ ffiifn t»tlf fir^^e^ add 'It^C t))e a^bymept^ob^ )i)ci4^( ^
fuggc«B^lffUi^*i BfoptJetVdf'flirirtg'the con^ufti^^^ appar^tua
in fifCft^ariiWtthbr,^^that ntf Barf^bf it may be, in cppui^' wi^
anjr 2i»M^MPy&>/lr7m^v 4i^ wM^wiTe tW rod, which h^is eflec-
tualty ^t>ieded a building from 'the txphfivi power of the light'*
C c 2 ning.
38S J?P<»^ I® Triads j ir^ ,th T€0b f^^
ning, may «eycrtl»cl^8 cffci^^^t||f j^H^^fll^Vf Jtt h%far£i fcy
ipcans of tl^e greic i\e^t wntpl) it jx^y ,)>^V|e ;^|i(fliuje4^ (ki^.CQA^
du^in^of Vn e^^raordipary qu^ntajt of (t)^ cl^ri^; (naC(fr« qk
in coiiHpquence pf the in^umf Up|/v&e^i;^/ ^ coodu^o^ ^ (be
difc;)i^tinui?y pf Its part^ ^ ,1,
" ,.. f;. ' 7^*^ f i .t . >" ' r ■■ ' 1 .. ' <
Nature, and Connexion of the facred Symbols, Sounds^ ^Hotde^
Jl^e^^ 4n^ Tiin^i afi? difcowi^d a^^j.^^yc^^a^t accqfduigto
the Platonic Numbers. And the r^;ncjples oT all HmnoM 4^»f^
Jedgi^ as well as the Ftrfttanguyti^ are |etrieved in th^ Eogiiih,
'Hfc. Arc. By Rowland Jones, E(q. * 8vo. 2 s. 6d. Rob^oo.
>773- ' . '
IT is a humiliating refle£lion to a body ofpro/effsd and wc}l-
eftablilhcd CriticS) who have e^cercifed their trade lor near %^
ye^rs paft, with fome kind of credit iii the workj, to find tbeo-
i'eWes under fuch a mortifying predlcam^Dt, as to be obliged fairly
to adknoiyledge th^t (hey have been carrying it on without any
acquaintance witH the firil or primitive language, ojr even a
koowkdge of tb'ejvery ii^nifi(^nt ;mppct of the four an4-
twenty' memberis of tl>^ Chrtfl^crofs-rvWy — ^the very hpra^k^i ff
th^eir mothei: tongue,. The present eflay h^ been indeed a hai,i
cfuf! for us Critics, lancf of fo refra^ry a te^We, jUut ip fiir
from digefting it;, our whole t0Ottiief$ corps haye bee^ iodEec-
tuaTly rnuml)1ing' over' (t for pear a yi^ar pad, withoiic ipavi^
bean able to ihake the leaft ici^fible imprel^ofi oa it.
In other works when we o^cafiopally find oui[feIves at a ^It,
wc can h^ve recourfe to the ^indly.ai&(|ias^e of a lexi^oo^ or
feme New and Complete Dictionary of ^fts aod Sciences, to
lead us intQ the r/gh^ fcent : but| in tl^e prelent; ct^ every Jielp
of this fort w^s denied us; except^ indeed,, wbe^e we w^feat
firilled to exped it, in the Alphabetical Vocabulary which vc
fopn efpied \n the body pf the prefent work. Imoiediatt^ ni
eagerly laying l^ofd of this'kev of knowledge, to leara the iqe^ii-
in^ ot the Rm word in^he title-page« thq import of wbc^b «e
hone{lly confeFs we did not underfUnd| we read as, follpwa :
'^ I0 Triads, The flu>^ion o( a point, or burning b^fii in
ftralt lines every v^ay, expanding an infinite circ|e in, a triad, or
three drvifions o( the 'point, Une^ and Circle, wbpfe divifioos
and combinations as^ exhibited in the quaternion of eleoienCH
or Jove, the four lettered name, comprehend all things, widt
thcTf names or fymbols," &c. &c/ -* - -
Not finding f;%tisf9dion iri this and ibme oth^ articles wludi
wc confultcd, and fufpeiftine that the difcpvcrjr of the trimthe
language might poffibly, ^nd aptly en(}u^hj^ be proipiugat^d In
fuch form, as to jequire a different moae^^..re^diQg.^[pi9 tbat
to which we are accuftomed in Jnpdera t&esy wc tri^^varuMi
ezpcnoiea&
^lirtWitt <jn ihe'iiii HF^riiiwtTi.—'Wd at firft imagm'cd
tll^tit ttl^t fjfe^hfeieairnibd^AutHorVfniention Toi.vulge tiie
anafia of ihtfr/t latigiiage by a reading' from the I'le^t hand lo'
therlcfft/arftet Ihe itfahrlft* of rh'i'H^^Srews': 'and Indeed fome of
♦ur frrft eflay^ fecmcsd greatly to favour this livjWjth elf s ; but on
ftiffhcr trul, we frrund caufe to fcjeft'ic. rhe fame difap-
jMifitmenc, we confefs, atlcrtdcd our attempt* to read ifier tjife
mbtfe' modern,' but ftill very iantienr, iJg-z^g' manner; called
bjr the learned B«$*fo^^ov*, or' that Which i^ u fed' in the cele-
btated Slgean and othcrGfreek ihfcfiprions of the hlgheft anti-'
4uity. Laftly^ — for why ihouM we be aihamed to own our
making random and whimfical e>cperiments, on the text of a
great philological difcoverer, who deals in ftrange types, and
fymbols, and other (ingular devices— we attempted the perur»
6f thefe Sibyline leaves, by calling our eyes in a perpendicuhr
Hn^e from the bottom to th* top, after the manner of the Chi-
licft ; and vice verfa. On the whole, however, as th^ rules of
grammar and common (enfe were, in general, fomewhat lefs
freljuently violated in purfuing the vulgar br modern courfe of
f€flading, than any of the former, we found ourfelves obliged to
giv^ the preference to it ; and we accprdingly recommend it to
be fallowed by thofe who mean to (k dow/1 ferioudy to th^
fttidy of this profound treatife. ? • » ^ v
As there is no point, however, (b clear, but that if may l)e
tontfaverted by carpmg critics, we (hall give a few quota lions
from the work, which may at the fame time furnifh the Reader
with a* tafte of the Author's manner y aiid a (ketch of the nature
€A)tiX% dif^xvirus. TTicfc fpecimcns are' the more valuable, as
fhis, which is the (ixth of his produflions, is here dcclarcJ to
Ite the laft which the Author means to give the world, on * this
important fubjeff/ and conriprehends* the whole of l^is * inter
ycrtifig dircoveries,*cOncfenfed into a half-crown pamphlet. Our
tfXttadts are Indeed given in a fomewhat rhutilated (late \ bu(
the A'uthor*s paragraphs poflefs this peculiar excellence that they
dd not fuflFer by mutilatioli.— Yoii may here cut and fla(ti a fen-
t^nce into as many pieces as you do a polype^ and every piece
Will b^' as much a ivhoh^'zs wheii the parts were 'all together.
* Speech, the (bund part atStion. Spirit, the feeing fire part
ptbpertft Sprinig, the lower or other parts in, as thofe of wa-
ter, "^feafdns, vegetables, &c.' p. 39.
J ' ' ' •*•" ^' " •* ') • ^
* In theSi^ean and otb^r vef-y ancient, monuments of Grecian an«
tlquity»^,th(?. firft line i| r^ad, as with ua,, from the left to the right ;
the next in a contrary direAibn, and fb on, to the end. We need
not hi^nriii oor learned Reader^ that the term is derived from the
turns ihkdfc h^f the plough.
' ' "Cc 3 ■ « Devil,
Tlic foregoing extraos arc x^fufixx ^p^^X^i^V^a/^Hkr^^^^^ffff*
<ir a^An^d^.a, in .^i^ih^y f^t^U ^W^^» «flfw^ ^f- - P- .»9-
jy, 5tTwi^ V^9^i^^?iPWyi^^ qnctioicfli-^H^gJy
, * Ji^ cxpjrp^ the w{l mo/tioj^f 9ri9cr7a^, motic^ ^o^i<|g
from tbc^CMiq't <>f,] j^o tj^c tutfape pf the ywtfi^^ cre^t iQgl^
does its ^rivativf 'and wflcfiprjig, fhe jike.cn};|iwtif«^^^ioai|a
,in the gfq^ratiOA of':aniipal3 an4;V^ctibJf5^- ox ig-co-cr 3$i aod
be^fg^uiVjaiiid uc aj^ u^ the i;euixo, mc^i^^ aa4.rjp»9g^
VjibFttiffcemani^toos^ a8ilrgen^/ P« «^ afiu , ^^ ^ :-
• .p4» o<^» ^i^ to,/ignify .th^icycral divififlaa or t^iog^^i^^
aiiiinizp^zc, Iponiprfhenied w^Kwi.a cicd^ prXyi^cms tqgct|Kr
^ith their Icpojuons. aiid,a^aD3, and coverii^ ipcl$ifia^*«9d
Bordering parts, as hodthodgie- podge, odd, qb^ ofber^l^c•-7•
Os^ 'f4^ t^e ciitle or Vxteoty. Teen or (oixmitiy sukI affiuaiiigjbf
ibe fame.' . > , -i . . * '
, Our ^in^^l^r tongue .Mr, Jpiiea conce^ appio^b die
jneareft iojht primitive ^niuag/^^ * as any one,' be tiy$, ^'^"^
^e convinced of ,hy the l^rther dircoverics now-i|9ade.4hfi3q^;
jmpjccpA^tifjpUrly .where the^»^ f, c and d are jo^ied'^kb f;be-i
knd.Utiy^^ ffMoauk^fh .It is^^io
lefe,?.)xe\5i3^^ tAao; th^tjiw^ jrnu^'oexcm^oajotthc Jaf^^^
!ang«3g5^ .which .cfcapcdthtc;^^^/^ ca^fu/hmJ^^lt n ve^«
, after ^U A^f 4 li^^l^ "^4 9V^^ mothpf tongue, that th^..dd
Ja(f)r,'a?t^r having ,c/cagcd* jfound, ,wind an^ limb, a$ w^j?«p
Jheretold^ Irom'the great Crafh at the downfal of the toarcr^
3ahcl, jQiouMbe thu^ bam/lrungi^ cripfM^ ^ beat aboard
6bA/a^^cm, by^a ipo^fcr^^ ali.^bf Ui»«, ^Bf-
iooth, prctpiids 'tj9 hp. P?ti?g YA^^^tQJ Jp.^^, to. bcr,.T-^BiU, to
jrdceed/^ .... ^-^^, ... •.^.^":-'.,, -n- m, - -• '»/*
. Ta clear Uft apy difl5cjultic^"t>i%t ws^^jBftjcfaiWi pn ^i^ Aib*
je£l", after aH Jiis Ta^urs^ ihg^ttth9r.h7|Sj$^ teil*,u^. * l»t<^;i4Jj
leprcfcaud 4idaip fenBing in the,,6^4SftM.W^ tB^whi-bc
.qallsa w/>,^Ve(ixc4 tp4te M(o}jc;^Tr-Syh|r?^hJs
.with ^JU.^Wdiyifipn^^r J:?>r Jji Wft jMwgh> j^jirfi, ih«/ttaiaf«dii
Ji05J|^t9p, .>Ki|h*rbi ,|he/i^, ^|/Arf€ ^/fHfe&f A«Hw»r.|>«&v-a»«*
dCiUb. and life by d bj. forming a.4iew ia^ m4P> in tHe waf <tf
3 ^ ' , - • propag^uioa
and neclc, as he is literally reprefented ftaiiding*{i( m giifiin
-*l*d*h, or any bf^ife prdfettt pttigaif.'^iWIkidm^M^^
vided by two lines intp four quarters, with certain ftran^ firm-
-bttls, and Tetters ttiHicd tdpty trnvf^ aAiie9c)(d«* Bift, tbj^ tnyfterjr.
*>df the dn/i tMiks to be cl^rtd up tf^Vfiti^ ^tiWllie An*
tRor' compares the « great world;' 'bfmacro^ofiki^ *-WN|r the
^ human,* or rtiicrocofmp and affirms Hi^ the ^ figttiiei w^ names
^f the one fyftem may,,aitd daferve f(^ thpfe' q( the Other/ ~
i^lpilaftirng the circU in the map brbbferving (p. 11) ^ that the
' *w6Ad is rdunJ lik^ the htito^s 6f the human p^stjohud tbgetfaier ;
**ft^'b6tWgeheratc, degenerate*' and regenerate* &c/ . '
' *'*'Tfiu^ hai our Author, if lAref rightly interpret this fublime
^j^^6ntttidriaitij put the pofteriors of' our two venerable anre^ots
into a very un'iecmly artitude indeed! In this iythbol the two
*^hW -^ foTIc^ ftcm, fn faift, to life lago's bhrnt fpiech to Bra-
^lihtlo, to be employed in * making th^ beaJfmthtio$tJfckf^'>^^
i^Mi iftt We muH own that, without the exdlanation, the chafteft
nBycf*ilI Hot be diFended, that beholds only Mt. Jon©B>Tymb9lJ-
^tr^pifcfentatibn tof their dalliance lA thS ma>'.— The drkwing.
Ladies, is as chafte as any diagram iA Euclid. . '* ' ^
''^^Irt'Ws preface, Mr. Jones inveighs ^Wtterly^-igifrtft certain
^Rholaftic traders, znd Biilii^gans^—k cramp aih j UR?y looking
Wt>ttf) thTS lift;' and 6f dubious import ! we i^all tl^efbre hot
binn %aftcto apfify it to ourfclvcs. Bat at the cpncliifion of
*fe efliy, hfebi-ing;s'a charge diieS^ly hbme'tp us,' ^d i^rm^f .
* * Ihat the • audadMts dedaratioh . of the Mfniblf 'Rgi^tmrr th^t
•^faf ** Cir^s of^Go9nir\^* oh the orTgiff and langu'^ges of'thofe
^at nations' (our anceftors} ^ was only a ifi&umWy ftifdlviii^
^¥ct*y word into fpring water, is i'lr^ ini'^pihulfu falfibpoL
'Sna^f^o/fiifi/ -■ - ' ^ -^ "^^ ^'^ - ;
"'Phoogh thefe ate hard words to digeft^ yet as Mr, Jones
li^ 1I6W is^en^an eyerlaftihg^ leave of the prefs, and confe*
M^d^tttlyT)F us, we are WHling to part on friendly terms with
tiim. . We therefore readily acknowledge our former overQgbCf
'and edfifefi tharbefides^'* ihinuf^m waier and firing tuaUr
pdriiy Tnto which hehasrefolved the original names of many
placesTaiid tbihgraccording to tberr archetypes, and the < frame'
mM myftlc * meaning 6f the few letters of our alphabet;* he
j|Kk» Mcewlft, wkh uiiillfearied. diligence, analyfed mimberlefa .
lodieca Off o^ hi^ p^Orisi and kw parti ;' into * iriHing^ bmlding^
■yifdd^inkfingf^ru f irito * mihai^^ 'TttAJhnts or Unlbjid parts i^^
* ' •Othdlo, Aftl. ' : ■■ '
C c 4 ui«
^t Berdoe pi the NatHre and Cirtuknidh tf ibt Bbdi/y
into divlfiom or thtngs^ Jidfs^ and mizminu^'^c.* Tbe omiflSos
was owing to mer^ ^norance ^nd ofcitancy on our parU ; and
pot, as thc'Autbor (cems to fufpeft, to our joining in the ge-
neral dread and alarm wblch^ it {^ems, \\z,s feized ocht * Grftxa*
oiarian^ ancl Lexicographers/ our * Bookfellcrs' and our • Sc-
fninarics/ Ipft thcfc his mpft niompn^oqs difcovcries * JbgmJd
QVirturn fht prejent f^tm ^fihings*
Art. Xliff. Antffoftn ^hi Mature tiui Cfmrkti^m •/ the RLod^ m
7\tp9 Bartf. 'i.'Ok it^ Nmfm^ ami U^ \l Q/i its Circulati^,.
Byliai«ladalBiSa4M| M. D. ftvo* \i.6d. Robiafoo. 177a.
Aar, XIV; T^^^ ofiki Buman Stf^aPhni, 6y Marmad^ke Berdoe,
' M-^' ^^* ' *•• Lowndes. 1773*
T^tt'. fterdoe *^titcs fo frequentif, and on fo many fubjeds,
JL/ that Tie muftcxcufe ds for taking the liberty of Immpimg
bis two traQs together; drpecIaHy as we aduaHv find ourfelvea
unqualilied to giv^ ^tiy clear, dlftinA^' or^ confident account of
thcfr contents. We really can feldom difcover what he waold
be at ; anH^ though converfant in bb writings, are fttli ia a
great titieafu^e ignorant of the Uhguage in which he wraf^ up
bis new and myfterious dodrine^. IVe are utterly unacauainted|
for inftance, with « the animating ^heriai efftna^* whtch^ be
tells us, the arteries convey • in mucual ftreams to the differem
organs ;* tbougb we have read sind ftudied his explanatory luite
on this paiTage, in Which he informs us that * the atbtriet rf^
Jknci T£i^^u%ti\t iiced air^ orthe«>, or attfal part uUsconuw^
in the blood, Which is fuppoftd to be the fame witb wb^ i%
caDed eUmentarj fire! This note, however, conveys to us no
other irifornlitibn than what wt wer^ already pofleflbd of j cbai
the Dodor has dn excellent knack at playing off a fet of new*
fapglcd^pbrafes, of dealing out his^^/i#r plentifully, and of
jumbling the elements together by a da(h or two of his pen.
We have indeed, by this time, learnt that his * exterior $rgan*
rrSk grand and a£live agent m the Do£tor's phyfiology^ is neither
morenor lefs than what we ^4 others fimply call the Jkiu 2—
but as to his ^ phrmk centers* -^--hiR * anten^ aj>d 1^15 ^,p*int$^ of
f/^iQ^-^-^which are contiiiUally occtirring in the fecond of thefe
tr^dhy'^^nd bi» * difgregatUnf in tht jorgameal ^r/s'r-rtogetbcr
with^ hiariy other choice ^nd tetondite termt and pbra^cv^tlie]^
furpalV our comprehenfioi^'yiearfy asniuch a% bis^^fr^ Joiie$^
* q^aiernion of etemenU^ or 'his' ^ horning hijh in Jhnit iines^ ix»
po^^f an infinite circle in a iriad^ recorded Sn the pr^eding ar-
ti<;lc* ' All thcfe phrafes,^ We doubt' not^ have' Ed^as tacked tQ
them, in the CQngepial heads of thefe two wi;iteii$ : but thou^^
DtV^Bcrdoc'a ' /Arf/r/V. ^r^dV * n^ucual J^iami^ W^.^^JkrfS^^
tion^ 4oubtlelb ftr^eiinan^ impofCant pttrpQ(eaio'l;^.^l£i$^^.
Human Senfations i an account of tbepOs or of their n^yftic ageocf .
tad
ami .^^fmr,s%ximnot l^^^e^fipi^disdr i^^ou^ awr fob^r and uucti-
ligblcncd pen^ . : . , .
And yet thefe aud toe A^utbof^f ^former airdl future ptfblici*
tions, it foems^c^l^ill a Systiem, i^at wiU Tpe^ily iftbnifli tti^
worlds by its ftupiffodaoa m^giutud^ apd [>$>wer, In the con-
cluding paragrap^^of the fi((l of ^beQs twotfa^s^.the food U-*
ther of it accufes us of having «xefted,pur wjeak eodeavpors to
ftifle this ymif^ HfiRcuLEa ia itpfradk \ . and^iye? ^t f^^ ^arn<«
ing to make quick dt^tcb, iif w«em^^to ftioce«d in our de«
fperate attempt to^heck the ra|»d^gI«wtb:of. thit ficipptiig^
youngfter.-^Hear what the OoSm \ik0Mi-itif»^0mifim^
Our rcprefentation migbt, [i^hi^ ^ tMt^ c^9§gpn$»ii .
^ Thefe opiniofis/ fayr bc« « will be eoofirmeA byrfuture pub-*
lic^tQOSy paruici^ivly ^ftn^ttfiM^.ili/A^i^jy!? ^
Pcr^, W ihi Motim ^fthe^^xit^* fiut if tba Revieivrrs a^ •
determined to deftroy Quit S^em in th(^ ^» t^ey ibould not
loiQ^be prefent oppqctumty^ i^-by lengjtb of tin»e it may gro^,
into (b poftarful a CoLOKaps, fiaio^ bi4 4^aAco at laft to ,a)i,
the ajrtillfiry of their geniMS*' t .
We appoalt oa tbi$ qqc^fio^f tp^ tbc^ judlgnient of the iivq^ar;*.
tia\ Public I not doubting ^utthey wiU ac%uit us of tbe dark
defign be<e imputed to ua by this u^accooiuable n^rtaL .We
bav« indeed mor^ tba^ once 4ifleAK<!d fir^ixi tbe HoS^Q^n opi^;
niom> when we have ui^dcffftood tbi^ai $ m4 ia particular a^-.
kno^ledgfB that» in March 177 1» j^ftly ^rm^tA lo fee.tbe ra^ _
eftigUM\(MTk\Xj (virjfted aiid joftlfd oiftQf their otttural andUw;-
All couife by this bold innovator, wc ftontly d^eti4ed,the goo(l .
old idtf/f ff vifim^ againft the DoS|9J('a Nn^ S^/iim ^/(Mg ^r-bqH
frond dates anul other circumftaaceft, it ia evident that tht^ can- .
not be tbe growipg Coi*ossus above rcfofxed ^o f. < . .
\ * — : — . , .. I ' ■ ■ '
* It was well judged in the Do6lor to ^ive the Jkin^ that, humble
covering of the body^ tbe high (ounding tide above meiitiotied) IT^
f brink uwOrs^ and even the hroiM^ it Mems, yield in poWer to the
* ixtirior 4rgan.* * ' - . n ^ : :. '
t The Dodor breads f> faft, and brings forth fo oiaajii n««r jfy(t
terns and theories* that we pi^efl; we have overlookeil a oiF^ital one
indeed, protnnlgated in this very eiTay. Here, if ^we tiglftly c6nt«»
prehead htm« he demoIifiMff^ the old Hameftan cifcalation,! n jythiym^ >
the heart-"md portions 011& ks hitherto andifpated, ,iijiivev£^ do^
nnaionoter the oircutating fluidvinto numerous principalities* iqider
the government of * rAr ,^f9tmftrm/uijidfmeo/ibi albuarj-mimhr^M^*
di^per&d over the various ^arts of the body* Thefe heptarchiesp
(tbough we know not th^r precif^MMv^^ dre the ^ prindpftVagen^i '
in the circulation/ and ' iMcb tart of tl^e bc^^ has a dMuia^n /!•
ftJfat to ft/J^*— Where will thik man ftop 1— If he be' fulbred to go
Oft Mt^ at this violent rate^ we mull e^ei* Ihut our books^ and aO^
to tbhool again :^a ttottS^ng ftej^ to be^iUiged to. take it om ,
It
Every thing, it feems, was prepaitd ibt^lte {l^crfh jA^^Afbif \tf
the new «^Fy; yit^ ^mihSVtu^Vmtri "tlie' iMS«l^ JU^
view for il&rtfiJ §773^ ♦6^r*ifn fie iid-^iNftVih^ *c * bad beai
c. 6|iB»atf/.i)f4h«46ariMtr b^Mtf^f t^e Monthly Reviewers '
• ' « ^IV)YtlriW t^m ¥cktetfi^l wiftf ^^Iri]^ td^hmw ilf thi? ttiwory
'kJfO'«lletfif%r^Mtkd»#9^Mbiftf^ttd tff^l«^twtf heafaK'iH^ <^.
t^iisrtmtft MMker4liaftl)m.^^letlM wi^ lein^'mp
MY toifcttfiidi^ft* fc»i»ik-* rtW her ieyc i¥ty '^a?efiiffy aWrftt
,wlwltt'^-HtH«6>Vttyi(leifrfi<sil^ th WhkKtfelibfc.
toi-faw ehe #r^ 1wag«^^Ji8*e^13l€'^afH^t?fai»=Rci^it^v;» page'^jg,
wbere he flyly caWf'^lf' thfe -^^ye of * ^rittfrfy * SJ^/ ffif// it, JW
appr6t#*<rfm^'pUWi(Wllg/* ^ -' '"^ ' ...... *i»
lihAii fiewh foil, loi^ihKAitKih} tidthiiLiiilinbtio leaU«bJ%
» Rtfviewth, ft# te &S^^)k:^!leM ait »£/'ltHi;rU ai^the bet|-i£i^
fc«»tlke«lfi*^3^Ms'*^*i«)Wri t* bttftftf.-^-^-^BWar^'thL.^
^fmwdfedJQ^ #hM JFdtfd^tiVMc««'AUt1idr^^?' Viewing^ ^^^^
tfraff^f'pteaAiraMi i^rrikficHl9t? F^'HH^cm ^pA H^B/^^tf
i)k»a)ijtfet#«s;^^dilt'a At of McMy\tiat6m^; i^^jb i^
ate nqr w bi^ ftp Mke*'i»^^*ii«g!fcfVi$^' A -fben^'^SrtJSjA ^^^gafel
tnat* forciDiy enchain ns in the vwiffi^K m ihofe i^/*^ wcbsch. aar
Wve tjifiittfa
Th^ ^rc % VC17
Art. xy;, <!r&vi>^V4/ OJ^T^^^^
£cld. Surgeon tp h^r Maif|l^^ an^.j^ojitj.pcgr . ft.
luftrated with Copper. plates. ,8yo. ^ yc^s^^ij^^p, j(:f^^[|^,.i;(7,j^
MANY now, periimn^'jtfidr u^I fewaAsfrare! odntabiai
in tbi» work,, whichf k\ boweiiet.^uitaeikffiiAly cfdUlgcd
by a coofiderable nmpber ^i tdtc. and infigdlficaot^i^hfc 1 » ■ tii>i»
that feeo^ to aJ^f^er np^ other puftpofe. ^|m that of fireUb^ <te
matter^ wbt^^igititjidUtcifeihave^bcfinoooittaiiied^J^
J'
lOfn^^qip. tf^ . .,TH.^iu^9ry#9Mii t^imn^imimff^ \ the
"^1^ i4)pteh^fioM*:Wia^ Aijif^i^^^ m^rfff^m^H*.^ in
<5l ,/ s. *^Wut nc.breyibi|3.prv^»t,ipiil»j chMf liMl\h > *'
«... ' ^ .pftLibKM3M^.Xib^i. i)pi|^^46^
.^^bedifpofiUad. o(ihi&macierJt^ew4^4^ :6#qiiett|ly.iach as
to Mi^lijic «chV JR^eailcr ta A«p|KiAs, |M UiOMAiutlK>r h^^eoiptied
^)%,yi^Qle coQimoQHilao^ ^ookit* V^ given, ils kettrragfrneous
j:f)iDt;^9 If the Publ^,,^ft^ ijbc djfl[ieitsi articles ftood ihcres
^rjf^o^(^ blcf^iop, aiidiiUtli.vf ry Uttla.tcgafd to /ohb^ imgmgt^
^ p^j^l^pd. .. Ol fhk V inwoutfMc.iHMn^tkin to orto we ImU
^give jbft'twofolbvi^ ve^ ^ , . t
/lii the 2d chapter of his firft vcnihw^ where ibe. Anther in
thf ,t^>af it f rofcflcf tft ■ ti^ aTi^C Jtn^m^im^ * the Reader will^
^1^ bc;^niug Qf.,im: i«eet,wifh an iCOttmefatiMi of feate of
J^:^;i^pTam9 that (qsqvio iiKliis«ie» or.diat rec|«M«^ the r^
moyaT fi a limh^ ,£roiii tbia/u^(|^^beiircver hetwiU footivfiiid
}|i.^0idiqg.a)«iay %Oi, aoetber, t^t ham iodeei fome^siSnitjr ta
^j^ p^r^QH^^the jtaturetxaufeat Jwi CtgQt <tf a sieriifiQatiite.
^ qotyr, begins Jp kiCi;ight^r the eri^iaal K>bfe% fef he«iiift
"xkf^i j^qcompa^y the^iboR Aai3tiogfjii|o.^4odirioe e£ aiflaet-
^)«^Qi\ \. difcuffing itbe varbea. .theoffift:, that hmm beettsfoineii
^^^bilit fMbJAd9*9M fin^y puop^fipg- bitrOMm^eioni' Hav^
^g^jlptaycr jthi^ JUtigated^imtteir tb«»iAu|h(ar iiiettrtfeataaf
^riAiCfijM'oo^.. ile .thca jHEQceeds^iMir fiNi^nd . ^ \vb4 (citrvy $
^^Igpm tl)|[;DcetQ ^;pox> ^bfrf^ibe^ive9iWi<hift.fritfiaMiita
torn thencrhel^t theJ^jo^^f^iiwiiriQbft «ncl(lieatt«)f ii^
bathing, ana the uiility of warm fea-barhs, fird pmpofed by
bimfelf about fifmrillvclirs agol ~^ Herurning once more to in-
6MilmiMoh be.dlicitt td^lt prem^idiely, to the end of the chap-
t^f^-^likt Meotafgne ktA Triftram Shandy, leaving his compa^
iApri at fcifor^ lo rpqk ^t>Q^t )ixm-'jkt the end of it, for the fub*
}ed he firR fet off* with. After a'paufe, the reader proceeds to
chap. 3, where he finds him treating of Tumours ^ in chap, 4,
of the ' ErySpelas $ ui chap.^C*. of the Anthrax or Cirbuncle,
U«re^ «iid imda^ this tit^piSjpiinng.titlc^ he at length unexpe^-
edlymeet^ Ivitte a iarge; ^ilml^er- of obfervations or lemarks,
feme of -them ne^;and ihi}>ortanty oa the fubject of amputaiwn ;
|M«t«iibirly:oadiafnQf ihl;iAml^a«U^ articulation df theifaouia^r.
'uj^JllQii9iifc.iMbQi9eJor^cb«'odgl«£l^o} order in ihh v^ark,* pre-
/(HI4(;titil)kieMit(aaa^idgdinfiikg^ of the want of a good
«tld^bo<^g>os<b>n94^aildfMQ bftween it^ different parts. In
^)I^Pfi4ir:Ptt|wadoeQfamifc3:^V40iHfV3a^e$/ we were furpHfed
.5,-1 . :. not
jf^ BromfieM V Chhmjgkal OifirvaiUns mi €itfn.
; t« fij^ tosr A vctor keeping ptce at ' letffi Wi#h Msf <!««tetft{N»*'
laries^ in tbefiroptvaifd^efficMcioui^ifitprd^^Mls^lharhfif^b^
Itttijr iotroihitcd into time bratidv of fMraAiee tr ' At-p^gt'^^,*
Midee^ lie li»radnvtnuifient>gtimpft^aiitod«d ^s, iit ^beot yviH
words, of a part of the Aew treatments wtMrtfili tKt'cifb^-il>
coofideraUb tUmefaAidn of ili« Hcvb, prewintitig its retfuAH;^,
we are tdd that whilc(^tiie^Oirgton U if6n§ finean^to^bf^ng do#ti
th&fwditijigf a* ircU asaftermrtif> when be attempts Ae l*ediic-
tionofitbr brobtit bono^ if the' frmftiirt il tsS^ikttihia wfMa^
* the km4jbkAi hri$nti Btt diroaghoift the left of this chapi-
asTy &ai«e il-vrfltge x)f the nup^o^ed praiSfteii' i» (o be 'erti6^d :
on dK^ comraryv w* fiml'tbe AiKhof ikill' retainrrigf the'^f^tlf
pknAcrsv tbeteitdtefa circumMludotis «f « long hnigle-beadM
jttUer^md tbrlog boar ;*--^«{Mrta of ^be^iiiconventenf ami tidsioift *
trumpery of our f<aneiiiibm. .'
Proeeedim onwards bowofvf to shapi 7, wettrebgain, ecjuaHVp
fiirprifed 10 fin^oiM Aotbor there nor cHtdy Warmty recoottn^nd*
ing. tlie placMf Ae fraft«i«d>lcg, 'for inftance^ irt a bent pofiv
lion^ In order to loinx the aauibiosv boihin flM cafe of %ttki^
an4 of cofii^usid^fraAiifOSi and not onl7'during1>ut after re-i^
iuAml^-M^offbring the patiofit to lie at Ms eefe, on bts fide of
ctbeawifey with iiis teg mooiMiifedt on a fitft pillow ;--<^tmtt
Shaogly. approving the- nfe db the cigiiCeen<» tailed bandag;e, on
atooum of itsotiAeKtadteimaget abow the «ireilir i*— bnt wd"
Sodfaiaailihewifir potting in his ^tafof tojt <9oniid«rtbIe Aafe^lV
the dirconsfynf^hefe faM impaovoments^ and e^n^bndihg ffaat'ie
iai^nosr iicaa 30 yoUfa fineti ho^fft reeonmiended \t9di inculciated*
tiirm to Us andieors, in ilia puUtc kfiwes*. This daim we^
iiaU notoontravcrt; but it>ia'fingofan, and eettaiiiiy fiivoets
oar lAta of^he Author's'hiviiig hyddled teg^er the ifiateHalr
of the prcftnt work ffom his oM^and new coBMllom{daee bookt t
to find imn obferving nearly a toroi fH^nce with" rei^^ed to cer^
tain aodem tmprovenienttff >in a* part df hi»*work where he is
frofefiedly trea^g of the faisgear to which- they tmniediatelyTe^
kle: tabile m another part or \% heinfifts^on the great advah-'
tagas derived from tlienn and contends for the hkmonr bf 'hkt"*'
imkng ago ioonlcated them. ' »- . . i
Though the titles of the dhupterr intoifrtfidr thfo'iih>tie \i9^
uided^ do no^ as the Readdr ahreadf patteh^^ ere^ iMitns'
ncemraaeiy <peciff thotr conttntar we iwNitM^tHn^rtite tfiem, in^
Older to gi« the Itendef fome ififoraiarinn cMc^eriii^g thti feb- '
jeaathntaro treated oftn theft two t^nmttt; '<
The firft is dhrided into fix ebapcers. 'Iif %h« fiift, wlHeir'Ms-
no titb^ the Aiitbcv-, on too iig^t grourfAiiPiif oinfoplKion^ W^
• Wa hase fbrmerty giten 4 popidiif afteo^iii^ of AH^^provi^
[, andthairnaCfiMnir^ .iftoiuclfBtb mtane^JWh viffi^ p« 461^1 ^
2 commends
BfookaeU'^ ChkmtgUtd Oi/irw^m and Q^« 3197-
cmnamniA dit ^aAkif of 4^ftte41]r ti^\Msg Dmn^rFowdir^
oc^fudofific^oj^iAlfV i»Mii€«AoA8*ofthe'biam iiiftdad'of fbU*
lowing the comnioa mnkod of ufing.cvactiations ty^blee^iiig
ami puwiiiv^i and! ouduii^ ofteningy thron^hHihe* ftuU bf
Tbougb- we (Migntd only to gir c-a - bire trniKitpt of the'
titles of 'tb« A»idio«^ cluHg<ers^ yet the importance of the pre*
fent fiibjeA oMige^^lis fq lax^ to depart 'firom tbw planv ^ to^ani-^
maA}f9$v portfeuyrif OB t^ propofai^to difcontimic tW prefeiic*
raiJomlnpfaJkic^W emptying the (fAto in genital hy, bteeding'
a^d-odw evacMttoo^, and ofperfo^ttng the cr^hjo^ w^en*
then: arerfaffieietm grounds to Mieveihtu the bi'dut^ orhs fiieni«'*
bfanesy^ are afiedM by the pieflufie or acrimony of. a fhnd ex*
tr^aiaied theltf^^-Hvhlte we ^e adviled to ilibftftttie^, in tte'
place of thtfemetti^of relief, the exhibition of oplatet, on fQCh*
flei|d^9 OTf ^at teafti 'duhiiaM9'grmifid9 at the- feHbwing : *
Weajpetold) in the firft place^ that the con|aiofipraiSieetriUi
no^ akiu^ facfieed ^.^-^hat a certain £«ipiric, aa^oitr Author ta|a
b«M fnfoDmed^ had often-given i^ief in- injtiriey of this kiod, *
h|»unean>of opkimi-^thac the ipraSfciee of evactiatiag; &c« fti *
thi&pac6nt caiia ^ is fottndled' (as our Author errteeoiiffyf irifi-/
iHMlilea} ^<Mkt^p*Jkid^dm of ttinaminationi which is ^iroofed
t<^.beawipg tooMrtiAion, and^to ba keptup'by aidetnora^^'
but that in^aoamatioas arefPeqfutotty tauSd by fpaftns^ and
opiuiB it the aioft4ikelj^femedf td takeoff %Mi|r;-^i|ldfiifkItf'*
thtft the Author had ufed this rM^ to mtatjr^^^^^^^^^injmYi
and tivit of four cMsdMih' |>artiddiuV' nere related, jir which it
WBflis exhibited, th^eetertnioateiF happily.
« It m»f however he objeded that toward the hotter part of
tho pfocediag fuMoakyi we bai^not done jufticeto the Aathor'a
piiQ{iofal$.or givei», -t» iia f utt ftnengthidie finhftance of the
foUowing^pafagraph*r Wbkh wd Aal) therefore tranfcribe.
-t i caaaot Styf £i^Mr. B.\^ ^hat I ever knew any one the
wocfe for tak^ihi^aoodyne^fofdolrffic, though I have given it.'
to handndi y •biit^ on- the ^ontnxjy fatwitSy laboaring itodcr (ho
fyinptoms of coacoiflkHi^ were by tnie- method recovered^ and,
two in particular with fradurct of the fkul^ without theojpera-
tion of the irephi^ being perfome*/
iJero. tha^eader 19 firft toM th»t the medicine has -]bei(n given^
. with frfciy, to*^ JmrnkiA/ le m^ €sA be aflced^ to Now many
hundsaday ^mdriilL^noarpraferly^ what were their atfan^ntsN^
Were they flight coldt^ with rtmiytng at the nofe-H>r fradures
of ab^^ftoU, iOM^sod^ whh^ ^somhiffita ?.r-Not the latter cer*
taioljr^ for lA t^^ mat meipber. of the. fentenco^ where the
Author parrirnlarly namet ^fymftmm-^fimKmgmy the indefinite
teroiy. *' fatimifij ooty ia «apioyed, without the looft diftanc
luAtofiraM^I dNaugh'ii^oowpa^ably'onthcdeclinr* And,
laftly.
39lt BfOO^ekTr Cbhririic4(Xfir^M^hns and CaftK
laftljTt wlicati^Alitbdrtnt3icSi>n3 car^^^a^
net is tUs of enabling ^ Rf^der to form a juft cfti^miic,fiC
tbi^ utility i9pd fiUctjf of aneW'atu^ fitofpingjiy sy^lc^ ba^ardgusp^
pra£ycei»-4o a aifewliere t^ furgcoii pfi^ijaWy^ fo.ulip te
WK^d&of Piio)s quffCid b^'O^ pA a fo^niei^ ^^a$|^ UyHUB-m^
dffui mfiiM ia^tf^^/<^The fteider 19 li]^|vjlb; to oto^iitic-
tbac when the tbree^ liic^e^ful catcf j^t^ f^lf^ . thcjr 4fe ^JMit
fQcouooodascxtoitfied fmq^[^/;t^i^i, or ^oy Ao^Uer .|Ui|Bib«p^'
of zjS/fukr Jbiml : nOr mdeet) ^fe the capn,^h^a)reIvQiy..€|r il^*
ueatiaeiit-of iImh iitch aa> by ^y meanS|^Ji^^ify tbe Audio^^
raodom declaration a^ the eim af'h)t^ rc^ii^;^U^^5^^^
believes that the greater part of theCe p?tiiM)^ Jfoiild ha?c^4ie4*
bad they i>eea tceated ui wk }^\m inaniKri tb^^ti^phipc 9^^
But granting) for ai^ument^s, fal^^jt^a; jDgi^^c^.mjjgl^ br
iafely» and! evea with adyan^ag^^' ^dmlhiAere4^l9.)t patfeoi^al*
readv pet haps coinatolie^ahd deprived of, fenfe. io4 copctcuhji^
consequence of a violent owuiEon of tt^e px^mt^^, riiptti^^^
its veffels, and* the confequent j^tp^xite, or acf unQny* &i U»ck^tm^*
travaCited eontenls ; Aitely thi&.new^ pra^icegugnt oiily toihave''
been propofed as an duxiSaty gccafioAally.to. Df^.ie|n|pkqr^,ii;
eoi^undion with thofe already univecrally adpp|;«4« Wh^iffter*
reajons^: theoretical or pra^ical,m^y have induced thi^^^Hl^iV
to entejitain a favourable opinion of the pra3icn.berc4>nf^Qfi^'
by him, they certainty cannot ju^ify him jn .re^opiauwli^ id
in fia.uQguacded a manner as he has ,here.dpnt;^ appascaily*«#
the total^exclu£on of the mof^ ojbvkous and.pa]|;^l4e. spcan^oft
relief. And yet the Author does not /appear iocUn^ble^ttiRi^
thefe laft ihould even cd'Of>irati ^^!Ai the n9i^f u^n, .or i^^s^a^ji ^
(hare in the cure to be eSeSed by it| thougb.hebriags.na 41b-
je£Uons to their u(e« except that thev are,rM>(.#4M^ iuocft<afid<,
Although Mr. Bromiield acknpyviedges \3^ ^H^ ft^-pyr*
fued a trirami^ fyftem ; milled by his attai^mu^ tnlnpgnfifti
bliQied pra^ice^ and tatiinidated probably bf 09 formM^U* ar
fuffMcious aipe^ of the new medicine : yet b^.advyifes. Q^n an
have no fuch qualms s and incites them,. ;bQ|ttv)^y^,f|fieC£pe5 {Mil
cscample, boldly to perfevere iq U, withput^baWBfc^^Viifiift^
two opinions, as he did; when not^ding i^ f^uept^^teailf
powder, and let the patient ta]^e his ^haiicg^ ^bwn&lHIt^^^
^V
: — • "^ """: — : : "^ — /,-.(<. -. * *t ";v:
• M* R^iew, vol.xl. March J769, p. aio*
decifife
BrooifieldV Cbirurgjcd Otfirvatums and C^^fc 399
ilecifiye figns fliould appear ti^t^h^ Jura iRtflmis^aGM f/oai
Iy«^t*Wi#»hd^,'^tfo^otlA' It* out;' the p^w^^cFTfOvidos f((»
every contingciicF | ^h^}^ '*^f^^ thjc abfcM-b^t^.dft thcirofficc
aa*f»W^^p iagaitf-^and/a 'copies .fwcat_wil4 feiid.kx^iit of
th^yYI<^^:'^he>itu$ne lies Moii^Jepi^cf^ ^krw^fpaSmi
aii#i«i|>MMls itTt^«^ei|ft'rcmedy ag^iiilf i^glcr-Sucbi a^leafl^
fs Hfe gfc^cyll tel^k^ir th;c A^thof^s. jcafogii^ »
or*lB^^thk>reMoYiV th'^y aire h^uc^Iy. jetted. t^/pfoduoB. on the
Wfe lytvi^'nbt4)eeh Vhduced ta'^mI^.^V^.^<'g'^=>^ tbe.pttieot
fubj^^fh^hi^^tgcrti-jfliioJ aiicfciit jpraftifssi pr.thrcmgh A ipirit
of->Wvinin^';' But;6rf''account ;Qr tits^gr/i^^f^ ioH^tance^ an4
thresh in ji^pr^henfibn that' Uiis licyr. ^t^.-of trea^ng
eofifi\Sshnir offhC tti'iiilf ' piay te Ifngrop^rjiy purAied, while
•thif*'hi6irtS ilre^nfegtei^ed^ by a rilfc frefci:^, jor a timid
cpcfMdfi h^raSly {tvfiiienced iii 'favour of it^ by the wdghtf
recommendation of a e^tleman ii^hO;,bas^ we doubt not> de^
ferlP^iy aa^drett' a ccJimcle/at>te degjre or cmif^ in his pro* .
feffiA^h.'f'Therfiatic^'is deTtamly of tl^^^ it im
AoT'lrtfrWj* Wt ctitiktohutnam fuHfre': ai^ Iji^ mucb focver wc
may^eiH^ci tfke^want of fuccefs, .that pCtc;n..a!rtAQ^& .thaufual '
artcf^^ to VeHevcf iin bpprcffc4, brat^i yci; certaioty^hiYfi^^
^ecM'whci lofe^'his patient^ Sifter havi^itg, ipDpw<^d th^prefew
praflli<^ 'fbunt^et^ appaftntfy on the moil rjKjpp^I mdacatum%
wilt^tfcf^ tonfoTirioriwhlfch can firarcc be jhpic* Qf,jttio|hery
ilrii^«jii'4bff his»* afti^F havin^Tolelx tru&ed to tli^ ilirafeortamed
virite»*^*'ifl<if(ifarmodic pr fudbri^fiq' p^wdcf,
Itt thi^ renJaining paYt bf (ht$ ch^'ter, ttig Aud>or.fclalss4he
fli€W#*tSit ^1 cat 'adYaritages may^^c 4^iy?!4» fnd have been «x-
peri^nc<td by* hith, fr6m ihcifipjttS properly, 9i^e. oajihe^wbolo
ktigili^ of '• tftc tktfftdmentum or the temporal fiH^re* . Tjhey are
fai<Pto4hfivef bben ^und iervtceablam remQying. fypptooDS that
bavc*i#ifhtliii!rttf'%ft<frvrdleht c^^^ brajn; and not
to ll^e*beeti fc^ beHefici^I in tjie ^uijafirinoy confequentto an
'""""*'^* "^ " ' i well as in epi«
he fuGCeeding
^ in yyJisch the
Aut^iftrah'^^'b? thife ftfduafiop'or^^^^^ Brachii when diflo-
catod/ »An^^pemff5c^te^f^ti^ates thij voJume^ cgotalning, prin««
cipaUj^^bfh^affi&ns rtfa^ting tp^^^^ of b«mo^rlSig€S.
lUiifh^'feiorid'ifbytibe* the .^thor treats, ii? chap l^ Of the
I>ife^(J»rf|Wt«(Jfici^ j^cliap, a/Of U^^^^^ 3. On the.
Contufion ©rffie^ynomlCilands ^ ^,Q^ FjraSurc« > 5^ Oti
^06 firomfieldV Outtirpial O^fortm^^ C^.
the frtAured PateRa ; 6» O^ fra^lurt^ ILibsmtli Efo^yicu)
7, On Cbm^ound FraSiires ^ |tn4 cbajpu^S* 9^ afid 10, wub
the laft of which tlK wor^ i$ ^ernviuite^y coouia fooie .o))ki«
vaodns * Oh the Stone, on the Qpcutioa bf the Ifffbotf^t
and on the Di/cafcs of the Urcthnj.*
' Though many realljf ufeful remarks ace to be n^t with m^dcr
Ibme of theie heads, their utility is confidorablj tcflaHytK-aod
their merit obfcured, partly by the manMf ;a which (^p^ are
prcfented, and paftly by the intermixture of ^^aauiriai^ of « wry
inferior quality* Among thcfe WQ m^ reckon tbofe paMof
the work w^ere the Author undertakes to thfiorixe^ or taem^
into phyfioiogical difchiflions. One fpecimen will be (n&aeat
to juftify this laft remark.
In iteating of the theory of jflflatnTnanoii. (vol. 1 p* 65^ 66.)
the Author fpeaking of ^ the globules', of .the.blo^ wbti^dfop,
chiriiTg phlebotomy, on the furface of tb^ ma& coagulaUng in
the porringer, obferves that * from the appe^aoce of the blood
running on the furfaee of xiic /c90gulum$ we might conclude it
to coniift' bf globular particles i but t^^mmu: jSlt^a;^ thcTcgb-
bules contain particle ^ha( are tfii^«/tfr anid aciJM^id\. foi^mhsa,
their c^Jh are broken by beating them well with.afticktma>bi-
fcn, thdr contents fubfide, and the cyfts adbeiic to eack <Afr,
and fbVm what is ca}fed,^the fibrous part of the bl^od, mkh
being hiketl away, the remainder Vlll n^vcr after fepttratrraco
trdjjamentum tni ferum^ but continvps a feemiogly bomo^neoos
<ttid, denominated, perhaps too h'aftily, a broken fibate of the
Wood. This #4/5' ixperiment ihtw^f that thcfe r^ particles,
and the fal/s of the blood, are not globular, as tbe Jpica^of
thefe falt9, dding on tht coats of the. arttrieSt^ ji)q|^a^«A a
brifker cifculation, which) being cootipiicd, yrodpcct a^ (tmr**
At Che beginning of this ftrange paragraph the Amfkorw*
dently appears to confound the rod giiMsf Whic^ C9tn oaij^be
difcovered in the blood by means of a' micr<rfcope»^ wkb-Ac
Izt^t drops df biood that proceed from jthe arm,: in venefi^Qkffi^
and Which fottietimes preferve^ dufipg a (hOrt fpace, their Ifiie-
rical figure unaltered, on coming into cental with the bk^i
contained in the porringer. The €oagHlahU Ijnjfh which I^J*
fiotogifts; have discovered to be a cptppooeiit part of itie bto<Ji
i§ here defcribed in fuch s| manner as fcafior (O W kssiiiw agptc
It is reprefented as c:on{lituting certain ^i or mbvces,* ifi-
Tcfting the aforefaid larg^ drops^ burft byvtfa^ fl^oiut W>t^
ftick) and difchargtngi on their rupture, certain angkbr ai^
dculeated particles, which are h^e laid to be ^ /bnxmhf ttft-
rietue^ " This prolific but * cafy ^xperiQient* Jikewife hrflSfg^ to
our view the ^ falts of thi Uood^ the JfScula of whj§b^ wc ^
ioUy produce fevers ; n^y, jt further fiie'ws that ftcitfaer'^^
J^imla ortbe red pirticksareglobular^^WbBit altrMs.of cilpn,
cr
MdlftHLt CAtaIoouf, Midleoi 4ot
bf utifnbficeiHlatts, and wbac a ft^g of erroneous dedu^ioh^
fntn them, are comprized in this fhort paragraph !
Ih the fottgoijtg obfcfvatidns we have principally. Indeed
almofl^ folely, dwelt on fome of the more obvious imperfcftlons
of this work ; which we could not, with any regard to our own
credit, pajfs over in filence, or without particular anrmadverfioo*
Kotifirithftanding thefe and other blemi(hes, we ihall' repeat, that
many pertinent hints, and ufeful obfervattons and improyements»
particularly relative to the operative part of furgery, arc! to be
feimdf icattered in different paits of this performance, which
merit the aetcmion of praiSitioners. Had not the work poflcflcd
fofene fhare of ftieritj we fliould not have beftowed fo much at-
tention upon ir.
MONTHLY CATALOGUE,
For M A Yj i774*
Medical.
.Art i6« Ekpdrinmis up§M the Human BiU ; i^ Rifie^i$n$ m thi
Miliwy Sitffiim. By James Maclurg, M«D. ^vo. 3 s. 6d.
' Soards. CadelL 1772^
WE find ourfslves i^ largely in arrear, with refped to medkkl
wnMti in partkalar, that We are aiider a neoefiky of givi^
only .a (umaary and faperfidal account of tomt of tbefe ptDdu36lion»» *
that might be thought deferring of a more particalar notice. WiUi
regard (o the prefent work, however, we ihonld obC^rve that it Ms
Wen rattier acoidentally overlooked by us than neglefled. It con*
tains an account of feveral experiments made by the Author on the
liQmiui evftic bile, with a view to throw fome light on the nature of
tins duM I principally by mixing it with the different mineral and
vegetable acids, and maHcing the fktMomnm refolciog from their ac^
tion upon it. Thciie eji(|drinii^ts lead the Aaihor to refalu ver/ dlf»
ferent from thoft of psecadiog enquirers, who have attemptoi the
analy4t of this fluid« .They are followed by i-efletfljpns on the ii^attt
•f the biliary iecrfit^OQ, and on thofo jparts of the anii^al gec6notpf
that are conne^cd with it,- particularly on the influence of the* bile
QA digeiiiony and on temperament ; as well as on the difeaies pro-
duced bv a redundancy of that fluid. The Work is terminated by
IbcDfe obfervations on the nature and formation of biliary concretions*
vvirfch, the Author fuppofes, may pofiibly be produced by a coagu-.
lutioa of the bile by BMans of an acid genorated in (he ftomach or
dtfOdcDORB.'
• W^iaiill oot pais ovfT^ wi|hoat fooae- notice, the Authors inge-f
Ajouaand well- written inuinl^iooy in which he endeavours to eifince
t)ie jitility of theorifing Ia phylic^ and to (hew that the progrcfs of
^icnce is quickened b)c the contentions of rival theories. The pntc^
tscal errors, however, into which we may be led by ah erroneous
tlmiy^ hericki^owtedgesihould induce us not to be nuiddfd to a fyf-
tcibi bat only to treat Jt as m ss^ffrx//.— But a miflrefe will often make
Jtiv; M«y 1774. ' . I> d avea
4oa Monthly Cata^oguSs JB/s£inh
even ff reputed wife man go vtty grt at Itt^tks in ker etnak ^ liKt ir
is no fccret to the world, tbat many lires hav« been dKiiiiced bj4s£*^
ferent aiedtcal iTw/f ^j-^raA/, at the ioiligation. and in the Support
of their refpeftivc Dulcineas,
We mean not to difcoarage enquiries of the preient kind, or to
deny th'at advantagesimay be derived from the pt'Ofetution of them ;*
bat only to infinuatc the neceffity of being tircutofpcft atid rtfiervti
in drawihg pt-adical conchifions from tiiem. There it a wide ebafm»*
for inftatice, even behveen the moft pcrfb£t kno#ledge (of Ac eke^
mifcatcjioalities of the bile» or any of the other finijda of the Immnft^
body, and the applytne that ienowledge to pra4iice« Dr t9 tka ciWKof
direafe0»-*>IheconcluUon is at fo very, great « di^ance frpm lke*^fe-
mifes ; and the flighceft circcunllance, unknown, ovarkx>ked» or
miiilakeny is capable of prddncing fo great a cKange in the 4cdu£lipii I
Aft. 17; yf Tnatife on the Difeafes of Infants and Childr^.,
izmo. 36. johnftoo. 1772*
We ice nothing either deferving of praifeOr eenfufe in this flight
compendiumi in which the Author has profdTedlv availed himfelf of
fuch al&llance from dib worlcs of preceding writdra, as he found to
be confirnied by his own experience. The -Reader will not meet %wth.
itiuch new inforniacfon in this performance ; nor indeed can a fiif*
litiently copfoueand fatiifzaory acooviBt of the. MA^ite and ifiire of
the various diforders to which infants and children are UfMs^-be
Comprehended in th^ narrow bounds of a work of this £ce.
Art. i8\, 'Sir tout Confidtratiom on form nmmtkable ,Paffii^s m a-
tFork lauly fuhlijbed hj Mr. B^*^, and. fnjeaud H Sit Majifiy^
%vb. 18. Hewitt. 1771-
Art. 19. Notti m Mr%mUkm Bromfald^.$Tm9V^lami9^Chimr^
gUal Ol/er^aftMt, t^c. i^c. By D. A. S; M* Di ^nd Profirffbr
of Sui^ery. 8vo. • 1 s. Longman. 1773.
We (hall n<n enter into aiiy particaiardietail of the ftriftttivs of
thele twofp&ttfaneoHf Re^iwirs of Mr. Bromftehl^s |Htblkation.> Wfe'-
may perhaps bethought to have fufficiently critittfed hitt itkeady :
but our cenfares wili'Seconfidered 33 /^^^fr'^fft-Z^i, when conpatred
with the fportive cruihkt^^ the Siriont Ctnfiin&y aftd the more f«ber
but keen anirnkdyerfiont df the AmuMtor. Wc (hall ^bferve» with
iefpea to th^ firft, thaf his ilAatires are delivered 4n -a cornkmed.
itrain of wad^gefy^ and coniemptnoas irony, eommencrn^ with die
iilrft word bf the title-page of his -pamphlet, and Carried Ott nearly V9*
the end of it. ^
We cannot however difmifs this waggi^ eritic wtthmit ezpiviSng
otir admiration, and indeed, as Reviewers; oot^ewvy^ at ht9 f^AMiflt*''
ing rapidit}', conftdersng him int-the three cbairaAeFs ef si Rjoadot^ a
Confiderer^ ztkd sl Peftman. In an advertifement^prefixedi befbeff^^ks
the candour of the Reader in exciife for ftyle/ .&c^ on the pl^thac .
f the following Obfervatlons were- opr^/^ the >^at/ Mf/no^.^e Author
read -Mr. B.'s book, and have not iiadirfnne.iuvy^<eorre4U«ttv^Ia
our prefefit ftraits^, into which the -daily ^iatreafioif-miilmudc. of. me^ -
dical publications, and . other circomibtncesi hs^vc..dri«;$t^ ip» ve
heardly wifh this expeditious gentleman would lend tu his mcAt*^
for a hionth or two. We ufe that namei %i we are convinced be linfl
a • *- •*. . ,; . •,-,•' he
Ift |)Oi!fc£'«d of Ifbine flngular meqiumical cotttrivAnce^ to enMe hfih
to expedite matters at this vrolettt rate: — fuck a one bdike as I>r,
Burney ntentions in his fate Gtrman twr^ that writes off Tdttmarics
as faflf as a man cait conceire and platy them*
The critipifms of the, Amwtator afe rather iof t, more feriocA and
'«lgumwitat}re caft. Tfte principal fnbjefts o» i?vh!ch he attacks- Mr.
firotn^eki are, the method proposed by. h^m, above amtrtadrerted
iipoii by us, of tfcartingf concofl^ns of tfli« brain ;--his aAuningi iti
tacffethan one itoftance, the drfcoveries of others to htmfclf; afid the
imptoprteties, fingafaritics, and ncgHgeoces of his ftyle. After freaf-
in^ the Obferver ^h ^on^erable feverity on thefe and a few othefr
pointy, he acknowledges die utility of Ibme of the rem^ks contained
in his performance; v^trioas parts of which ^ he confers, may bfe
tead not onlv with fafety but improvement.
Art. 10* Medical and Chirurghal Obfervations^ as an Appendix io
aformir PuhlUathu. By Benjamin Gooch, Sorgeon. 8vo, 5 s. 6 rf,
bouftd. Robiilfon. 1773-
The Public are already well acquainted with the merit of the Ao-
Aor*8 tw6 formed publications, the fifrll of which, inticled, * Cafe$ and
praSical Remarks iu Surgirj,* was rcpoblifhed 1 fecond time in the
year 1767, and accompanied with * J pra&ical, Trtatifi pm ff^aundt,
and othirChirwrgUal Su^jtets*. To thefe two volumes the prefent
win be found a very uiefnl fupplement* The extraordinary cafes, or,
other intereflin? obfervatlons, that have occurred to the Author ih
the courfe of a long and extenfive praflice, are felated with his ufu^
plainnefs and perfpicuity ; and his refledion'S on them are evidently
^ thofe of an attentive, fenfible, and well informed orbfervcr ; who
feem's greatly to have at heart the improv^ement of his profefion^ and
las himfelf very largely contributed towards it.
Art. %U Thi Friendly Phyfician. A new Treatife^ ^c. ^c, Bjr
. F. Spilfbury, Chymift. 8vo. is. Wilkie. 1773^
TYit * frJendly Pl^tiaut* who has here benevolently prefen ted ub
^th a * Ne*w Treatije^ has abfolutely been at the pains to (crape to-
gether a tolerable large bundle of recipes from dilpenfatdfies^ zui.
of choice receipts from ^ private pra^ice;' and— ^opd creature' that
he is,-^has new and then thrown in a^vord or two into the bargdiA
concerning the virtues of all the compounds, whether orthodox or
heterodox, that he has recommended. AIL this he has done with
th&/r/VW|^ view of inflru^tng thofe who may be difpofed to Bus his
medicine chefts — (for this Phyficlan^ sifter all, turns out to \z a
ChcmiH) to folcft the medicinos with which they would. have iM
sifbrefaid receptacles liirniihedi. Bifierent fchemes are likewife drawn,
imd prefen^ed to their view, from z fix hottUca/e^ at fixteen (hillings
price, up wra tweaty-hftk cafe^ at two guineas. We entertain no
doubt howei3er but that, if they are difpofed to prafSiqe on a (Hll
larger icajc, The friendly Phyficiuat and his Carpenter^ will ilraiil
« every nerve to accomn^^date them.
' ,< . I ■ ■ <M iipi ■■ .11 »■ ■ I 11 .nut ■■ .■■ P ■■ >i ill II ■ .. I I I. I *
** Seie Monthly Kevidw, vot. xvifi. page 316, aitd vol, txicui.
. Dd 2 Art.
404 Monthly Catalcous, JldgJuJ.
Art. M. j/k 4<aum.rf,thi Ute-Dr.GslMitkfN Ilbufs^ f9 far m
relatis t9 th$ $x,kibitUn of Df. JumtsU Pc^^f^ TogfXkcf ^tk
Reni^ks m the Ufe and Abdfe 6f p<nyertul a^^ic^Pd m tJK Be-
gin Ain^ of teute Jytft^hs. By William Hawe9> .AMthecary^ ^m.
Ji. B^n. 1774. ' ' , ^ i V
At many others MdLe our Medical Rea^rs wS9l][ fiocl thqofelva
detptyintetefted itt the Ipfs of IV. GoldfinicH/'we 9re wiUiog^.io cake
tHe noft early ttoticc of this pubfication. In %kc dedbauon of tbif
pamphlet to Sir Joihua Reynolds and Mr, Burke^ the Amhor^ wkp
mtteodei the Dodor in his laH and fatal illneA» informs them that lie.
has been todueed to publiOi this accoant of the circumganccy . pf^
ceding that mrhappy evtttt, in cOnfequence of the many priv^.aAd
public applications which hav^ been made to hi^n /or tl^c piirpole ; —
ami * the rather, as he ha^ reafon to belicYe fome pfrft>ns^hftvc formed
yerj unjuil and oncandid notions refpeding nis condud in tiiis a£^
fair.' Oar Readers muft be content with' the following (hort (bm-
m^, ^Jiich however cbnulns the mateiial ' h&s th^t bav^ more
particularly given occafion to the prefent publicatioA* .
On Frii/ajf the 2 cth of March, at eleven o^clock at ni^ht, the Aor
thor was called to Dr. Goldfrnith, who, a^ w^ learn el&w1iere« iiad
been taken ill that day, and who corpplaiped to him of a violent^
pain in his forehead, which had not been preceded by any cold ihiner*
ing^t' He had no pain it any other ^art, his toneoe was ipoifl, and
bis^ pnlfe beat about 90 (h-okes in a minute. Tlie^odor had already
—we fuppofe this fanike day— yiken a vomit of ipecacoaaha wuic»
and declared to Mr. Hawes his intention of now taking Dr.ymmer^i
Ffuer-pt'vudei^. Prom this defign Mr. H. vcKemcntly but fneffccloaUy
endeavoured to diflfuad^ him. Sbon ^fter Mr. H.'s departore^ Dr^
Fordyce vriited the patient, and prefcribcd for him j and early the
next morning eaHed upon the Author, and informed him that ' he.
had reprefented toDr. G. the preceding night, the impropriety there
would be in his faking Dr,*Jamti*s Pokuders^ But that inSead.of My-*
ing Any attention to his renionftrances on this fubje£t, he bad onhap*
pity perfided In his own refolution^ and taken two or three do&s of
the Pvixjdtr^ though it had operated 'both' .as a purgative and ^
emetic'
On the Zaturdt^ motnitig, Mr. Hawes did not fee Dr. Ooldfinuk^
as he was told that he was dozing. In the evenusg he fbsnd bim
very bad, with a quick and iinall palfe, and to far uhaufted, * th^
he feemed to have neither ftrength norTpirits to fpeak»' except %m
declare, with 'a deep Ugh, h'nd iil a ^^try low voiced that ' he wifhed
he had taken his friend!;^ advice lall (Friday)' night ' . By tht I>oc.
tor's fervant Mr. H, was informed that his inader J^a4 been vomitilt^
all day, and purging frequently ; but that' neve/thelefs ' he woold
make him grvc Mm 7fl/««^ ^/v^r-/w</^W ;* lo tKat, feys the Aii*
thor ' he fHll continued the ufe of t^e medicipe^ and of conieqpeiicf
it encreafed in its pernicious operation, By which tneaiia, t|ie eva-
cuations were eohtinucd for at leaft eighteen Hours.* * '^
On Sunday morning, as we ^re left to gueflf^. frOih the Aotki(r^
indefinite ihode of cxpteffing hinifelf, he ^und the poAo^ .id«c&
worfe, and that hi; i|ad ^'!^ ^ ^^y bad night \ ^ ^^^ vooM^d
fpirtHtsliht^i^,' anil ^i^iAaoyToigfc <^ mi \pM. %lfQ\utcly
i^k'i44ch weaknefv^ At the' pr^Qg folku^ons 9^ Mi^ -H^w
etektd mt tlie re^ueil brbV. For(iyce» who^ thppght icriigA^ to pro-.
vinccd
joHi^in confultation.— Aft«;^ fhis perip^, nothia^ more, is iicrc
Jated cdiK^erning this cafe tb^n th^t the tW^ ^Ify&citos regularly at«.^
cebded the patient ' twice X (iay^tiU HU doat}).' . This ^api^tene^* as
w6are obliged to calcul^^e from t^ pub^K pa^rv,^I>9ftt ff^td&fg.
afterwards, ^ '^ .",".,./.), . '
Qn the whole, the Aatl^or, . in yery dedfi^e terms, ajtti-il^ates the.
lofs which fodiety has' Aidained, by the 4eaih of (o ing«iiioiia and '
worthy * member of it. to^* the mlfchicYOus cifefts ot the tivcT"
fonjtjdtrs\ injudictoafly adniinillered.-^ Whether he is righ^or wrong
in this conclufiob, can'fcarce be collefted by a reader of bis * <;pn-
cife/ bnt not \ cl^r,* circUmttantial qx fatitfafiory account* The
feC(f however, ur^o m^e ufe of their reafpn, in medical matters* will
ceirti^ly join ^ith* him fn condemning* the orefent reigning pro-.
peMtt^ to qaacitery,^ and the hafty recoarft )iaa to afiive and powers
fsi'mnedies, through (fi-eduIJtv, ithim^ or impatience, withoat any
diibiminating knowledge of the various circumftances refpeding
both th^ remedy and the tftfeAfe^ which may render the exhibitMUi
of tfteu) BeiT^cial or noxious.
W6 ftall only add that, iince the publication of this pamphlott '
the proprietor of the Fev^r-pe^Jers has, in (npport.of the cre4it of.
that medicine, inferted in the oublic papers various dularathnt of tha
nqi^' and' others who attended Or* Goldfmith ; importing, amiong
other matters of lefs CQnfeqqcnce, that the fever-powders which the
Do&br took in. th^' interval between the Friday and Saturday nighty
and to which Mr. ^wes principally afccibes the mifchicvo4s confe-
quences that followed, were fent from the Author's own (hops — a
circtiniftance concerning which Mr. H, is totally filent ^T-and that
there is fhong reafon to preftin^e (h<|t tney were nop the Genuint Po<w
(ier$4 Qn the other hand, however, N^lr* Hawes h^s, through the
jame'chahnel» in aiifwer to this laft fiiggeftion,. prefented the Public
with' two other 4tclarafi9ftUf refpc(^ively figned by his journeyman
and maid- fervaht ; the'firft ofwhom afiirnis that the powders which
he ALrrie4 to Drt Goldlmith were the gimnhf fever powders, bought
^t the (hop of Francit Newbery, junior ; and ihefeoOnd declares that
ihe held the candle, tfn the Friday night, while he brok^ the large
broa9 fealo^ ibmiewhat wrapped up in marble paper, which, on her
in<]utrrng, he told h€^ o^n gained 'jfa^s's Po-u^aer ^3ut it ia^perhfpt
rather ^xb^ludicial in us to tafce notice, of Uiefc^Asriz/f9«/.; th&cvi- .
rfencfe iV noif propih-ly ](ieforc u$, '
Art* 43f. Thifhkng Surgeon' ji W^Qnaryi «r, Pupirs InfiruHotj^
, ,&c; iimo. ,^S^ ^d. fe\^ed. $rqwn»,. No Da^.
"V^"^iliould gjiefe thi^ S^ bftaf^othiBrjpodu^ii^^. \)At, Ftknd^ Phf»
jfciaHT^m ir >rt l^ft pf fomjB. learned., ti^i>d ^ h«s-^r ^Sbly pf his
prin|cfr()n})^r*^S^me fame engraved view of the iniide of a grand
cheml^caf laboratory is prefixed to this performance, that Mi&riu Mr
■. ■ ' ^— — I
• Vid. Article 21.
D d a Spil
4c6 IVIq^thly CATALoauEi PottuaL
Spilfbarv's po1>lip«/doD. y^e can really find np o^Her method of eU*
natin^ its worth than tnat of literally 'weighing \u l^he paper indeed
cm whtch'^his v^ry fmaH and poAly produ^flion is pnnteci, tliojigh fufH-
dently coarfcand brown, might noneHly, between man ana man, be
worth about two- ]f>^ce halfpenny, wheq it came out, pore and on-
defiled, from the hands of ^e tnanufadurer. But th^ compiler and
printer have had the addreft, on its paffing through their hands, to
reduce it to wafle paper ; "in which ftate' it wiji utarce fetch a /kr-
thhig. It weijghs^ ^ovpT and ^, Undei* fbur ounces.
• We now fi^nd oorfclvcs feirly arrived at the very bathos of medlc^
authorfhip and reviewing-; and fiialT take our teave, for this month,
of this i)ew mode of criticKin ; not howeyec through (|w^ want of pro>
per ftbiedts for the fcafcs and weights. At this tcry'inftant cor
(heires groan under Ae fncreaflng load.
'Poetical.
Art. 24. The Tears of Q^Aus^ Occafioned'by the Death of Dr.
. Goldfinuh. By Courtney TV^elmoth. - 410. i s, .6 d. * . Beckct,
" ^774-
'Tn lamenting the death of Dr> Goldiinith, Mr. C. M. h«fr faeea
led to • contemplate Ifikewife the fate of others;* for, be adds^
* within a few years our ]iterary lofles have been fatally oiDltipiied,
and many of tlie moil valuable members have been r^dideoly lopped
ofr from fcience and fociety/
* The Tears of Genius," therefore, are ihe^ not for Dr. G* only» Kat
fot G/an VoB»g» Sternje* Shenftone> LycteUoa, and Hawkefworth.
*In celebratiug thefc departed fpns of Genius, their (Ufconiolace
niother imitates the peculiai: manner and llyle of each ; and we do
not think her unhappy 5n fome of the inftances. Take, Header^ i<Mnc
of the lines on Shenltone as a fpccimen ;
And nowj.m^ lpv*d Shbk stoke, for thee,
ThQM^ride of the paftoral Rrain;
Thou faireft refemblance of mc.
Pear eleg^ftt Bard of th^ plain.
For thee will I pour the fad lay.
That fhall echo the thickets among ;,
And weep as I mufe on the day.
That robb'd the poor fwains of thy fon j,
l^ttll genck* aod/weet was the notb.
That flowM ff om lus delicate heart*
Simplicity £(n;rdas he wrote,
AndNATVRE waapoUfli'dJiiy AaT«<— i**^'
There are five more ftanzas facred to the memory of this pleafiog
writer ; but the three we have given may fuflice for a fpccimea.
The Author has precluded all cxitrcifm by aflunng his readers,
that this mifcellaneous poem ^ was begun and finifhcd withia m fe^
hours after the news reached him that Dr. Goldfmi'h was <fe«d.'
This may ferve to excu(c any. little defers in the performance 5 b^
if it be thought that another apology might be wanted for lend^
the piece in fo much hurry to the prefs, the Poet replies, that it «^i«
dooc^to prevent ihe wca/ton which piioduced the elegy from lofingtlbe
fir$nphn>ftb( imfrrf^n t5y dday. • For, alas, adds he, the tracer of
ibrrov.
\
"McxKTHiT Catalosue, Poiticah 407
formw, for t|te lofs of the I^u-ned, are foon wotn one by the tumoltt
of life/ This is vtty true ; but the obferv^tion wiH ttttt apply more
peculiftrl]^ to the learned than to other men : perhajM kfs ; for the
memories of the leaned and ingenloos are preierved in their works,
wbilQ ptb^rs leave . nobbing behind them to make mankind regret
their departure.
Art, 25. Sophrottia an4 Bllano ; an Elegy* By Charles Qrawr
ford, Efq; Author of the Diftrtathn 9m ibt Pbtedon af.Fhiq. 410^
IS, 6d. Becket, 1774.
If Mr, Crawford intended this poem as an elTay toward ^ifcgon*
teoancin? the foolifii ai^ butcherly cuftom of duelling, he u to t>p
tcon>inepded for his defign! Of his poetry our Readers will j?»dge
i/rofli the following fpecim^n : '
To the appointed place both punApal we.nt»
The ground was meafur*d, and the.^gbt began ;
. In vain their miflile los^d, the pillows &nt,
£ach 'gainft the other bent his rage in vain.
His fword HiLArjo brandiOi'd in the air,
'* CoEme <n (be iaid) come on» thou damned thing !^
'> Manly he nnoy'd^ deyoid of coward &ar: '
Slit o^er hi* head Death .flaps his xaven ^ng*
E*en when he deem'd the vidorjr his own.
And rufh'd to meet his foe with furious hate.5
Hi? eager foot tripped on an unfeen (lone :
Then ghafHy fmird, well pleas'd, malignant Fatlr,
^\% foe, yngen'rous, ftabb*d him to the heart.
Stabbed him ignobly as the hero fell ;
The blood ran gulhing from the gaping part :—
What tongue can this to fweet'SoPHaoNiA teill
'When in the agonies of death he lay,
i^ioroe and diftorted betwixt rage and pain ;
Wkengroaning unrevongM his foul away,
That thus he fell, e*en thus ignobly ilaio ; —
His friend, the mnrd'rer with his fword apprOach'd,
-•* Defend thee, coward knave ! (Horatio cried)
•^* Or be for e?er by the brave reproached,
•* TImu that by unfair means Hilario died***
His arm t^e weapon to that bofom (ent,
In which it burn'd to flake its eager third ;
• ' ' The foal f^ll indant fmnr the body went ;
—His arm the dying worthlefs PtoRi« ourft.
IfiHant the blood into hit hand he took.
And placed it tepid on Hilarious cheek,
• ' Wdl-pleas'd Hilar 10 call a grateful look.
And falter'd thefe laft words in accents weak :
-** Thanks to my noble friend f (he fmiling faid)
** O fpare Soph g on m, Opd! my children fpare !*'
On the dank heath tHen fell his genVous head ;
£Us fottl-flew upwards to the ambient air,
D d 4 TLns
4o8 Monthly CATALorcat, PhditlSl
. Thus when tHc The^an and. as Wolfe oFUc^
'rtie joyful news of viaory rtctiyM) '* '
Nq more they dreaded the chitt ftroke oTFatct * \ '"
Nor at th' approach of dcaih while d)nqti^rTft^ grieir^L
This is not the moft (je^ifingpoem of.tlieiuiid tbatwe everjie^-
vfed : t>ot vft fohear $ -9^.t>oi«g ambiuou^ of the l^ODt^r 6f^luv]R|
our Bsmes joined vvitk thofe v^Aecible pn^ oT antiqtuty. wKich thS
fweet»bk>oded geatkniaii has treated with fnch extraordinary niarki
.of rfv/r«fr#in his DiffisitttKA qa fiau>» ^c. S^ ReTiew^ voU x£x.
Art. 26. Piwwx bjr Mr* Ff nt054 4tp.. 6 s. Kcarfly, 3^774*
We fuppofe this honeft amtient Briton will hardly think us nig*
gards in our approbatiooi when wt allow that he does no difcreditto
his name. His poems are mifcellaneoas, many of '^^ttm ei^ and
pretty, and it gives us pleafure to fee licm prefacfd with' nth a
noble fubfcription lift of the Author's conntiTmed.
Art. 27. Poims by Mr. Jerninghim* ^vo. 1 ». 6'd. 'Iewt4
Robfon. 1774*
Mr. Jerningham's prefatory advertifemehrtn^fimnsliiyfeftderi thift
' the favourable reception th«(e poems met with, ^s th^y fe^nteh
appeared, has induced bins to collet ih^m into a'Httk vcdamt, aad
prefent them, with fom« emendations, to the PnbHcV and KcJiopei
that the indulgence which * firft attended, tl^cni, lyiU not ibriiU|C'tte^
in their prefehc appearance,'
We are always pleafed with the modefty and becoming' diflM^nce
with which this ingenious Writer * adds his Ihcrary fhite^ a$ ftfc te*
prcfles it, to the treafure of Englifh i^otxrf* Of the tree lvalue of
that mlt^, we have frequehtly given our impartial elHinate; andHhafl
only now give a lift of the pieces contained in the |»iefeqt edition of
his works, ▼!«.
The Magdaknt— Yarico to Incle--The Nun-n-T>e DeferCer-^IT
^^/t#-^Matlldar-Xhe Sw«di(h Curate— The Funeral of .Arai^eit—
and a ftw fraallcr pieces ; rood of !which» ^if not aU> feem to . be iifvr
firft pttblifhed^ the laft, eouikdf'iff Nutnentf in imiutioii of Mr.
Gray's El^gj, is concioded, in courfa* by TJ^Sfjii^tf^i ii\ whlcH the
Author has thus, very properly^ glanced ac his own pp^tiqal ^^i^iraAtt;
By Death's (lern hand antiroely fnatch*d away, '
A'ybpth onknowi^ to fatne thefe v«tfiti infoid 9 ". '
, Jie gave to Solitude the pei^five 4Wy*,
And Pity, ice, •* .. .' ,
♦,• In the advertiiement abovcrquoted, Mr.* J. takes ft<rticc, < tlat
put of refped.,\o the public opinion, he has excluded feme pfXftii
ifrom this " '^* * " ' >- . . . . - »
cotempora
different tl ,, . , .
have feemed rather inlUnpd to i|y/^ the Public i^tc^ an ^pn>t>atiff^
of their writings !
' ' ■ " " •' ' • •. "^ ' .
* The word is thus.in our copy, fq^ faintly printed, vha^ ^ aic
][q fomc doubt \vhcther the Author did not write Ut,
^ U t L 0«
MoMTHi«y..C^TAi»OGaE, MftiUanmu 409
I^if^i^xqsopHicAi'*
Art. 28- An Efay on "Btedricity^ (ofitaining a Series of Expert*
mnt$ introdiUk^M 4hi ^udy cf tprnt Sciiwi^ 8vo. 3 $. firiftol
priotcdf and fold by Becker io London. 1 773.
Xhis compendiam is well drawn op» and wIlT be of ufi'to thofe
wbo wiib to be initiated into tbe principlee of ete^bidty, and to ac-
1^ aire a knowledge of the pritteipal exj^inneftti thai hkvp been mt&m
in this. branch of fcience ; (bme ofwbidf Ukewiit are here agreeably^
enough diveriified. The EiHiy h enlarged by various obfervtitkms on
medical eledHcity, and IHII more by the hiilories bf the fe?eraf aires
that have been j>eHbrmed bv means of the eledtrical apparatus ; c^l-*
levied from the diferent writers who have treated ihisiU^e^.
DMi'a M A *' I C,
Art. ^» Co4ruSj a Tragedy. 8vo. I's. 6d. Johnfon. 1774*
^ . Thp Aptfeor 9f tbia Tiajc4y, in » v^ry fenfible prefatory letter,
informs ms, that it was, not intended for the fiage. It breathes, how*
.ever, (he gepuine fpirit pt Liberty and Viruie, and for the fake of
thofe honed old principles* which we remember to have heard fome*
thi pg about^m^u^ ye^s. a|;(>, we can with pleafure pafs over a few de«
fcdl$4>f ^cjomppfition.
A^^* i9* lunry ^nd EtnmOf ». new Poetical Inierlucfe, altered
, Jf90^ Foot's Niftrbroyyp Maid, witk Additions, and a new Air
\ 9od.jC}i^ori|s^ (iJie Mafic by Pr« Ame) as performed on Wednefday,,
April 13, 1774, at the Theatre Royal ip Covent G/uden, for tha
Benefit of Mrs.. Hartley*, 8vo. 6d. Davies.
Hardly apy ikili copld alter Prior's Nui^ironAin Maid^ to fu to atone
to (heAa4Unce, or to the Reader, for the. regret which they wo^ld
fi^liSL^t,\^oB^SfkOtk of any of it9 beaotiful an4 pathetic pafiages.
M I 9 C B I, & A N B O U 8«
^rt^ 31. Thi Roman Hiftory^ in a Series of Le^rs ff^m z
\ Nobleman to M Son. t2mo. 6«, ^nagg. ^.
A few years ago, we h^d a pocket hiftory of £ngUind, r4 L^$(frs
fr^H a Nihienuut u bh^an^ or iome titie fimiiar to chts; it wai tvot
inele^tintlf Written ; and as the plai was well adapted for thf in-*
jtradion aad entertainment of young Gentlemen, the work was fa-
voot^kUf received ^ <nd it has, toafeflcdiy, ghyn rif$ to the. preient
perfqrmance: •
* The Ronuip ifi(l«ijaosy fays tl^e Editor, have been time imme-
jnorial, read in oar ithooU, in detached pieces, and in (ach a man-
ner as could give neither entertainment nor inftrndion to x\itfvrfint
nvbpftrt{fitd them. Biro the Author has laid before the Reader the
]c^ip^fa6^s« s^nddr^wp fa$:h ^nclufioiis from theiP, as mnft make
a ]a(lin| iropreffiori on the niemo'ry of tvgry pirfin*^ho permfis />.
Viftne i&4^)ineated in its moft amiable characters, and vice fo as to
deter the rifing generation from becoming its votariej.* *
' There is no queflion bnt that abftrads of this kind, written in an
eafy; familiar iiyli^, iind illuftrased with fnitabfe reflexions, will
prove both agreeable and afefnl to y^onog readers ; and that while
they are engaged, ' perhaps, merely in the (^nch of amvfement,
(of which they «|rin find an aliDdA ineidiaaftlble llore in the Roman
' Hiftory)
4X0. MoKTRTY Cat At 00^1, AtlfaUannuL
Hiilory) they wilL^ac'lhe fame dms, lay our £4it6t obferves, * ac«
<qiiir« ki|ow2e4^ of things of i\\fi utmoft tiXi]io0caQce.*
This hiilory jf, for the moH p;ivt, wriuen (iva fainiliar i^^d ple^T-
ing 6rain ; but it is4in«quil, frequently inaci^ur^^cc in the dtfCads*
and generally ib .iocori^dly printed, that there is much left iat the
"fiditor to do, in a fccood editioa. Of <the \Vriter*$ ioaccuracy, n
&flgle fpecimcu may- Aifice^ as well a« a greater number, which we
have noted ia the coiir(e of our perufak
Speaking- of, the memoraUe erviption of Monnt Vefiiviu^, whick
bappened in th<. reign of tbs Emperor Tictts» t^e Writer mentaou*
the death of the great Pliny > in the following terms : '
' Pliny, the Author of the^ Natural Hiilory, lofl hi^ life on this
memorable occaiion, for a curiofuy peculiar to himfelf, having led
him too near the mouth 'oi the Vbkano,. he >k^ fy>allowt4 up and /cr
wurtiva^tftaims*
Would not any reader, notphevioiiAy informed of the real circmn-
fauces of thefa(fl, conclade, iront this account of it, that Pliny had,
in fome meafure, voluntarily ftidird the fate of Bmpe(iocles, and
that he had aftually pcrifhed in the very ^ater from whence .the
Aames iiTued? Whereas the cruch is, that' this celebrated obferver of
x^ature was jiot on t^e mountain, nor ev^n within feveral miles of it,
2lt the time of the era prion ; that his corioAty, fatal «s it proved*
led him no nearer to it than StaMa^ and that he died by fuffbectioo^
at the fea fide, in the neighbourhood of that town, as be was endea*
iHHirinrg »to ^fcape from^ tbencc to hw (hips. The circumdance is
thus related by his nephew :-^ 'He fell down dead ; iufibcMsd, as
f ddnjeCluve, by fbme gro(s and tioxious vapour, having always had
weak lungs, and frequently fubjeft to a difficulty of breathing, Af
ibon,as it was.light a&^ain— hi^ body was fonnd intire, and withoot any
marks of violei\oe up^ji it, exa^l^ ia the iame potore that he fell,
j^dlopkh^^moreliii^a nian aileep.than dead*/ T^i^ was three daft
after he fell ; two of hil fervaais were with i^ia^ at the time of this
jgofilanchply accident.
No^wiihflanding the little defers of a work probably ,Qom{)lled. ii|«
4iaftc, (for Noblen\en as. well- a« Plebeian writera may have i^ogeiu
reafons for fail- writing) we can recommend this compilement as a»
Jkgreeable and ufeful introdudion to a iuore intimate kaptyledge oC
the rife, progrcfs, revolutions, and dccienfion of^ the grcaieil Empire
that, ever fubliilcd upon earih i-^^thc hiilory of which, however, as
was faid on a iimilar \ occafion, '* has been fo ofte^ wfitten^ botk
ifl ancient and modern languages, that it would b,e iiapoilurc to pre-
Uead to new difcQvcries, or to ofter any thing which other works of
the iame kind have not given/*
Art, 32. A Jcurnalof a Voyage to (hi South S^as^ in his Majiftj^
, Sihip. $hf Eiid£a9four, faithfully, tratifiribHl frt>m th* Paptrt cf Zjduf
Parkinfon^ ^V* Folio. 1 1. 5.S. 6pards. Richardfon. 1773*
. This.performance is compiled from certain manofcripts of the. late
Mr* j^arkinfon, .Draughtfnytn to Mr* Banks, in his late expedition
*f ■!■ Ill < . I . ■ . 11 I ■ ■ I ;■■ ■ .11
• Melmoth's Tranflation of Pliny's Letters,
f Vid. our account of Goldfiolth's RouMn Hiitory, Rev. voLxls*
roand
.Monthly ChTJO^oaiit^ MifiiUomuu \ 411
and the world, procured from feycral of the officers and others be*
loging to the Endtavoar, by the Editor ; whx) complains of th^
Is, or the onjaft detendon, of the fair copy of eke journal kept by
Is brother ; in a long preface, where he arraigns, not in the molt
^\ or gvarded terms, ti)e condud of Mr. Banks, the late Dr.
^kfvorcb, and others, towards him.
We have already fo largely gratified the cariofity of the Pahlic
llftth regard to the voyage of the EYideavoar, by the exira£)s which
llB have given fh>m the journals of Captain Cook and ^r. Sanks,
Empiled and methckitled by Dr. Hawkefworth, that we (hall only
^crvo thatthe Writer of the prefenc journal feems to have been 4^
Mil dii^ed yonng^ man, who kept a regular diary of fuch occur-*
(rnces at fell within the fpbtre of his knowledge and obfervation a
dtoat the wbrk iv-enhtl'ged by fooie pretty copious fpedinens of thcr
iangaage of Otaheite and other parts which he vifited. and that thia
(ounMl-ivilloibated by twenty, (eveir phitc^f which perhaps may ba
thought 10 eoitiKtute the moft^valoable part of it.
Art. 53. A LrtUr addrejjed to Or. Hawkefworth^ and humbh
rtcwmundtd tif the Pera/al of the ^ery learned Deifis. 8vo, 6 <f.
Payne. 177J.
This literary fungus, which fuddenly fprung up from under Uia
Orally of the grand compilation' of the South Sea Voyages, was over-
looked by us at the time of its ftarting up. We need lay no more of
i?, th«h that it it a very inoflenilve excrefcenc&s nor is its flavouc
fuch as (d i«commend it to the refifti of any of the learned Beifls to.
whom it To*n»eant CO be ierred up.
Art. J4. Letters to Mtn of Reafin^ and the Friends of the Poor,/
on the Hard(hips of the Excife Laws relating to Malt aad Beei' ;
more efpecially as they affed the Inhabitants of Cities and Great
Towns. With a few Remarks on the late Regufations in the Corn
Trade. 8vo. 1 s. Almon.
An eamefl remmiftrance on the hard (hips the Brewers labour un«-
jer, from the heavy and unequal duties to which they are fubjeAed,
IS well as from the impolitic regulations of the hop trade, and from
;fae fHnd)i of hop-jobbers. We cannot pretend to enter into the va«»
ions particulars, but the Writer appears to underftand hts fubje£l,
ind to have confidered it ^ith dlie attention ; hisrepi^efetftation^
iierefore merit immediate examination, no lei's from motives of juf«-*
jc6 to fo great a body of manufa6iurers, and to the labouring poor,
ban from the national importance of the brewery and com trade.
\rt, 35. Jn Appeal to the Public^ relative ta a Caufe lately de-
termined in the Court of Chancery ; in four Letters tO Mr. John
VernDn, of Southampton- buildings, Sollicitor, 410. is. 6d.
Wheble. 1774. •
The ApptUant * complains of the ill-nfage he has received at the
Lands of a Mrs. M. a Lady of eajy Vitlue^ once his Friend^ but now
be ^' kept Madam of a Sollicitor ;'' who joins with faid Madam in
raoft nnrighteons perfecution of the Author; bringing adions
gatoftium^* on account of demands already Satisfied, though not
sgally difcharged; propagating Handers, iduing writs, commencing
f Mr. M , of rpl^d-ftreet.
/ profocttv
4it Monthly CATAWCtTK, AnurUan Affairs^
profccutiorts in various forms, and h'arrinz thf .door tfjufiici lgatiil|
the Appellant." — •* Wretched Viftim ! his g,uict anooycd, hi^ cha^r
racker afper^ed, his property invaded,— cpvcreil wiih ihaiqe» fur-
rounded with difficuiiles ; v?ithouc rcnicdy^ witboiu liope }'" — if diefe
are the confequences of keeping >a girl,' 4 ni^ may e'en a< wdi
• marry, and live honed }y.
Art* 36. One more Proof of the iniquitous Abure of private Mad«
}ioufes. By Samuel' Bru'ck(haW«/laie of ^nifprd, XfiAColiiiUxe^
8vo. 16. 6d. Kearfly, &c. 1774^
Mr. Bruckfliaw ilaces the circumnances of his ,|irl](lt]:acy «iid croel
eonfiiiemeiu, under an ill-fupparted S^^rge of )uAacy « fa4 ik^ C^Ua
|iift atiefting tale in the flyle of a maa wnofe nin4 h^s i^eagreatlf
h-ritaced by his fufferings. bat lie dpes upt I4II ipM Any of diofe tnttH
lierencies which are the uiual indicatioA^ ^f ioental derapgtoMat.
If there really was no jud fouqdatibn for fvcb tiieafivieiitfat tiic mi*
fortunate Author hath met withj he inafi .^ 9on44<^<^ ^ W^ of the
moft injured of mankind.
Art. 37. A Letter to the Rt^kt g^l Father f/i G^i/, fFUUetm
Lor J Bijh:>p of Chefter \ on Occa^on of Jbis Seroioa preached be-
fore the Houfe of Lords, Jan. 51..*! I774>v By Andrew Header-
fon, Author of the Hillory of the JR.cb^lUo|i| 174^9 w^ X'j^^
Svo. 6d. Henderfon.
Some reflexions throtyn out by the Bifbop^ o/, Chaftcr, >0Q tl|e
condud of the Nobility and Clergy of ScQciaiid* iia ihe^dme of the.
' Grand Rebdliou^ have provoked tl>e nauonality of ^r.r Ifaulerfo^
to call thjc learned Prelate to accouni; for his f(srmom He^kfeods the.
(fondudlof his countrymen ; eptcfs at large into the- merks* of (|ie '
civii war ;' (hews himfelf to be a Haunch Whig» and treats tbe3iilK>p
as an high-flying Churchman^ whofe fenum,iU)t3».4>D the fubjied in
quedion, 'tend to rekindle the ecpbers of unnat44r|il antipathy^ bknr
the coiil of difTention between the t\8(3. l^iogdoms^ — ^itad poifon the
mind of his Royal Pupil,' &c. &c. All of whLchi, .tremeodoas. aii i| ,
is, had efcaped as when we read tlie difcourie \q wbicb Mr, Heoder*
ibn refers*; aad will probably elude the diicerameDt of moft. othersi
even with the help of thts penetrating Writer's e^cpofition*.
A M £ R. I C A N A f F A I R S< ' "
Art. 3S. SeU& Litters on iht Trade and Governmtnt of America^
ah4 the PrincifUt of Lanv amd Polity apphed to the Amerkcm CoUmeu
Written by Governor Bernard, at liotton; in the Years 1763, 4, 5,
6, 7, and 8. Now firll publiflied. I'o which are added, the-
Petition of the AiTembly of.Mailkchufttt's Bay agaiiiil the Cover- .
iiQr, his Anfwer thereto, ^nd the Order of the King in Cooncii
thereon. 8vo. as. Payne* 1774"
1 hefe letters appear to he made public by the poper authority,
and will ceruinly contribute to 1 ghten the load of abloquy heaped
on the Governor for the 4ifcharge of his duty a» the fupream crown
officer in the province of Maflachufett's Bay : a charaAer th^ we
ought not to lofe iight ofy while we attempt, to tbna.afr opinion 6f
his condud there.
1
• See R^yie^ ior Maich, p. 239^
from
MoNTflLT dXTMOOUSy P$UU€ah 41}
Prom feveral circamftances it appears, that before the paffing thd
American ftainp aA, Sir Francis Bernard held a di(liogui(hed plac«
in the opinion of that tolony ; but '* this unfortunate ad ttndtttA
kiih from a very popular* a very unpopular Governor. He was
known to difapprove. the aft, and ready to join in any legal meafures
to get rid of it ; yet he thought it an inexcufable duty, an4 his or*
ders were peremptory to fupport it, while it remained an ad of par-
liament. This was an unpardonable crime at that time, and, with
its confequences and the improvements made of them by the enemies
cif^ovemment, was the whol* caufe of the great change made in
the people with regard to him." p. 1 1 6.
Td aflift the reat^^er in difcriminating between private opinion and
^r/tf/adsy the cth and the ^th letters, of early date» may be re-
commend^ to hit particular notice ; and it is but an ad. of juiUce
to Governor B. to pajr due attention to them.
Tho& who wiih to acqaire a competent idea of the principles of
Americaii law and policy, will meet with a great degree of fatisfac-
tion in the perafal of this pamphlet ; which deferves to be dillin^
gaiOicS from the rubbifh with whith every pblitical quedion thac
arifei in ihir knd of ftatefmen is ul^ally overwhelmed.
Art. 3^* ALittiT i§ Do^^ Tucker j on his Propofal of a Separa-
* ttoo between Gxtat Britain and her American Colonies. 8vo. i s.
Becket. 1774.
We are forry'that the argnmeot in this letter^ which we think «
good one, is not fopported by bectentalents than thofe of this Writer.
* The dueftibn, fays he, ftems to require that we (hou)d conjUer th^
injury taat Britain mfty receive from this feparation ; and here I will
beg leave to \tenfidtr the fnbjed in n fi>mewhat different light ; I
woaid wiih rather to ctmJUhr the advaiitages that may accrue to Bri-
tain, and, indeed, to every part of her empire, from an union fup-
ported by a proper conftitation. And this way of cwfidering the
qoeftioD, aoioantt to pretty much the fame thing ; as whoever de*
prives as of an advantage we have a right to eirpcd, does us a real
injupy. It. is requiiite here to c^nfiJer ^t conftitution on which this
onion is founded | and as it is pnpoffible, at lea^ with me, to c^Jidir
the various claims of the refpedive colonies refuhing from their dif-
lerent charters, 1 mnft take the liberty to cmfider it as one conftita-
tion cofflOlO» to them all ; and indeed if Britain is fttlJ to p6flers
chefe colonies, and. your pen as not fated 10 deiiroy theBritilh empire
in America, I believe it will be found neceilary to have them formed
nader one conftitution.'
We hope the Author will now add «ne other ct/ifid&mion to the
foregoing number, and then we- ihall never have the trouble of
twfidUring any naore of his incMfidtrMe produdions.'
P.O. LI T I C A L. '
Art. 40. Literary Libarty eonfidered ; in a Letter to Heitry
Sampfon Woodfall. «vo. 2 s. Johnfon, 1774-
. Contains fome very jufl, and feafonabte, and fpirited animadver-
Sons on the licentioalnefs of the prefs; particularly the licentibuf^
nefs of the News- papers. The Author profeiTes (and he wrires with
the. greateft appearance of fincerity) that he is no enemy to wlU
direSid iatire. He declares that there is no man who woold with
greater
414 Monthly CATAtoCtrf , IR^eUgims^ lie.
greater chearfulncfs, or4n livelier colours, expofc a reed knare^lov-
ever rich or elevated ; bat, at the fame time, he is extremely lod
juftly ofcofded with that dariHg /pint ef detra3iony and that tmifka
m/iUncef which fo freqaently appear in the news-papers and paa.
phlets of the times, fhefe are evils of which ererv bod/ complsiss,
out for which no one has yet prefcribed a rftmedy that wc tluDk h
likely to prove effeftoal as the following, propofed* by oar Antbor;
we (hall give it in his own words, * I move, Mr. Printer, thai as i:
has been hitherto the cullom to ftarve your authors into dttraSm,
you endeavour, for the future, to fUrve them into m&raiitj.* — ^If tkit
hint (hould not be clear to any of oar Readers, they will find k WU
explained in the pamphlet ; , which is wriccen in a vein of plea&niij,
as well as with a great degree of folid and convincing argomcnt.
Religious and .Co n trovers i a l«.
Art. 41. ^eries nlating to thi Bock of Common Pr^vr^^t, vkb
propofcd Amendments* Addreifed to fhoie in Aathority^aad^B^
mitced to their Confidera^on• By Francis Woliateti, LL&
F.R.S. 8vo. IS. Wilkte, 1774.
When applications have been made to thoie ia aathoritf &i
amendments in fome of our ecdefiatical forms, the re|^y has 0^
been, and, we are told, is flill repeated, that the rtqutftnjoMs tugm-
raif and thzt particulars avin MOt pointed omt fo tSeir comjideratiem*^-^
The Author of the pecformance now before as, ift a very modeft mi
refpedfui manner, and at the fame time with that fenoafaefs sci
earneftnefs that becomes a miniiler of the Gofpel, points oat fevanl
important particulars to his fupsriors: whether they will {>ay aif
attention to them or not, they themfelves beft know | as lor iS, «t
ihall only fav, that, if they do not, religion and thdr o«vk ckttafibs
may be the luffercrr.
Art. 42* An Attempt tojlate iiLaJhfrt^ plainyond impartial Ataam^
the principal Arguments which have been ufed in the ContfOfcH
betwixt the Church of England and Proteftant DifTeiiKrs. 480^
is, Dilly. 1774*
This attempt is coodofVed with decency and a becoming fpirk.
bat the Proteftant Diflenters, we apprehend,, will not allow that ^
Author has placed their objeftions to the Church of fin^sKidiii
djpar and ftrong light. He reduces their chief ^edUoos to tk
eight following particulars, ir/% Baptifgi, Confirmation, kxie^iisf^
|he Sa^rament^ Athana$as*s Creed, Boiial Office, Epifoopacy* cjb^
nical Obedience, and' the Twentieth Article. There are other e^
je&ions, however, which he has omitted^ aod on which the PfOifAan
Diflenters lay great ftrefs. , ^
Art. 43, The true Nature and infinite Impcriance e/Rtl^gimad
Chriftianity opened .«md vindicated, i^mo. 35 Pages. Piiare^
• at Dublin, by S. Powell.^ 1774'
A plain and rational account is here gives of r^li^oo» nateral ^
revealed; and both are, difplayed in that engaging viewt ^*^
may ierire to allure mankind to pra^^ the duties which shef
inculcate.
This' little ua^ may be very uCeful where greater books coaU s^
bepurdiafed^ or might npt be perufed. It is ifdtt^»» «ta«th-
S « It KT o ir 9;. 415
J^mel, by a wdrdiy clergyman of Dublin, who hath printed « nu«
Ineroas irnpreiCoD^ ftt his own expeoce^ in order to diHrtbute the
c0piei among chofe to whom, he bad any expe^acions of doing good,
byib well intended and fuitabte a picfent.
■J I xt III I - ■« 1 1 1 II . < i ■ I. I . . ■ .. .. .... . ■ I ,.
S E R M O N wS.
1. Preached before the Prefidcnt, Vicc-Prefidcnts, and Governors, of
the Marine Society, at St. Andrew's Cfiurch, Holborn, on occafioa^
of their Ann ivcrfary Meetine, on Thurfday loth February 1774.
BytJamoel GbiTe, D.I>. F. R. S. late Student of Chrift Qiurch^
Ox<itt, and Chaplain irf'Ordinafyto hts Majcfty. To which is
added, aLillofthe Governors, and anAbftraft of the Proceedings of
theMacioe Society, from Its 'firft Inftitation ; including the general
AccoQDt ©f/ Receipts *nd DiflMitfelnents, to the prefent Time :'
with'the State of the Sdbferlption. 4to. 6d. Dodfley, Sec.
Ttte deiign and in^ution of the IV(arin« Society, entitle it to ranic
among the moll laudable and ofefol of our public charities. I'her
^enerons and truly patriotic view with which it was originally pUn-
jaed, and fincev eftabltihed, by an a^ of incorporation, is, as Dr.
, GlafTe well expreiles ir, * to prefejve fuch [poor frieadlefs boys,.&c. J
as, in all appearance, were utterly loii to themfelves and ,to-the Pub>
tjc; and by a change of circum (lances -fimitar almod to enchant*
fluent, to robftitate cleanlinefs of perfon, decency of apparel, and
chearfalnefs of countenance, for filrhinefn and nalcedn&fs, and dejec-
tion of fpirlt.'— * We raife them from the depths of inMgenct and
neceflity, by furni(hlng them -with the egmforts of llle, and enabling
, ahem to fiippoK theipfeWes by hooeil indtiftfy ; wo refcue chcm fron^
riie darknefs of ignorance^ and place them within the rea^h of in-
formation and knowledge : — and, laftly, w^ remove them from thr
coatagion of evil examples, and by gradually inuring them to a
courfe of diligence, we wean them from that habitual idlenefs whtch^
is the fruitful parent of all manner of vjce.'
Thofe who are deiirous of farther information^ with refpedl to the
nature, otility, and ftate of this very peculiar charity, muil be re^
ftrred to the publication before us ; in which they will meet witfa|>
full iatis&6lion as* to the particulars required, — and an excellent
iermon Into the bargain.
IL Preached at the Chapel in Great Qncen-ftreet, Lincoln's-Inn-
Fields, March 20, 1774, for the Benefit of unfortunate I'crfon a
con-fined for fmall Dtbts. By Thomas Francklin, D. D Minified
of Queen-flreet Chapel, and Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majelly,
4to. IS. Sold for the Benefit of the Charity, by Davies, &c.
The defign of that charity whiclv this ferinon recommends, api
pears to be truly valuable and praif(»-^rojthy, '. The dilUnguiOring:
chara^eriftic, Dr. Francklin obicrves, of this excellent plan, and
nvhich i«ea>f to gUd it with a foperior luHre, is, that it is at ontr'aa
afl botk of ja^ec aad of mercy ; wlitlft it imparts its welcome boun*
tiea CO the unfiMtaaate dthtor, it fadsfict the legal claims of the trt^
ditor alfb : — not only doth the unhappy prifon^r recover his freedom
when ai&Hed by us, but, whenever it happens^ a» it frequently doth
that, on a Rri^ and.(Darefal ioveiUgatioaof crafytCi«fra^iance,'the
creditor
4*6
tokREifCitbistt,
CTtdlttir U himfdf found to bt in an indigent and diflrdsfnl coi*
4ition« the whole debt i^ genctoufly difchareed ; thai the idicf ff
cut is made fubfervient to the happxnefs ofMS^ and the blefisr is
doubled by the mutual participatkn of it.* The fi^iiioii la fen&e
and perfusmve. alnd well €tted to enforce the exercife of that pam-
colar kind of charity it is intended to recpmmeiHL' Froin the accooit
printed at the end of the difcourfe, it appears that 17 'a debtors hate
been difcharged £nce the commencement of this inlUtadon on the
a^d of February 177a.
, III. Preached at W— n, ia the Dio^ of Winchefter, Maf 24,
1772. By the Rev. > HumRy inicrxbed to the Aodveocc.
4to. IS. Kearily. 1774*
A trifle, ftruck off* at a heat, in that ^la-^oolh ibrt of wari
often midaken by authors for the tmpetiibfity of infjpiratioiu This
minikin iermon was written |n three hours ; it might have beta
written in one, and the Writer have no reafon to glory iahbczfJok.
IV. Occafioned by the Deadi of Elizabeth Stafford, who departed ^i
Life Mareh 29, 1774^ in the 15th Year of her Age i together witk
fome Anecdotes concerning her, both previpus ^ted daring her
laftillneif. By John Stafford. 6d. Backland.
V. Before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of tbe Go^
in Foreign Parts, Feb. 18, 1774. By Edmond lord Bifliop «f
Carlifle. 4to. is. Harrifon. ,
- - - -
CORRESPONDENCE,
T9 tffi Ed IT OK 9/ the MbwrHLY RsviEtr.
ALLOW me to correal a miftake of Ixipartial**, audi htft
done.«-He fays, ^mongft other things, that •• iDr. FocheigiD
^reaped the cenfure of the Society, (meaning through partialiiy) hftA
was deemed the aggreffbr, and di/o^wned^^On this circoxnftaDce (iaji
Impartial) I make no comment."
But the circumdance is not true ; LeeJs nvas n9t difi^med : it ad-
mits not, therefore, of the comment fuggefted. That Leeds was coo*
dcmncd unjoftjy, and the Society guilty of grofs partiality.
AMICUS.
■'■
CANTIANU8 informs ns that Mr. Lewis, whom we fop^eM
to have been the Tranjlator of the Antiquities of Richborongh ^
has been dead thefe twenty years } that Mr. L. ii^as only the Autfcct
of the Diffirtation annexed ; and that the Tr^nilator of Dr. Battdy*i
Latin work is (as our Correfpondcnt has been informed; one of cb<
fix preachers at Canterbury cathedral.
• See Review for April, p. 318.
%• The Gentleman who (cot the Pian fot tubJic Examimait^ms^ st
Cambridge, definng that it might be inferted in the n^tt Remp>
feems toltave miHaken the nature and defign of our work.
E R RATUM in ouf laft*
P. 3041 par# 39 U 99 for da mr, read d^es aar.
THE
Vi O N T H L Y R E y I E W,
For J V N E, 1774.
Art. I. ftarton^i Htjhry ofEngliJb Poetry^ coniinucd.
^RocEEDiNG with our Author in bis Aril diflertation, we
^ meet with the following fingular remarks on the infli/eace
' women under the Gothic conftitutions.
* It mttft be confeiTed, fays he, that th^ ideai of chivalry, the ap-
:ndage and the fubjed of romance, fubfitled among the Goths. Bdt
is muft be undcrftood under certain Irmitacions. There is no pe*
iliaricy wbtchmore ftrotiglydifcriminatesUie manners of the Greeks
id Romans from thofe of modern times, than that fmall degree of
tention and refpefl with which thofe nations treated the fair fex,
id tkat inconfiderable ihare whkh they were permitted to take in
nverfation, and the general - commerce of life. For the troth of
is obfervation, we need only appeal to the dafCc writers : in whick
sir women appear to have- been devoted to a (late of feclufion and
fcarity. One is furprifed that barbarians ihoald be greater raaflers
complaifance than the moft polilhed people that ever exifted. No
)ner was the Roman empire overthrown, and the Goths had over*
wered Europe, than we find the female chara£ler aflbming an un-
lal importance and authority; and dt(lingui(hed with new privi-
;es, in all the iiuropean governments eilablilhed by the horthesn
nquerors. Even amidll the confufions of favage war, and among
: almoft incredible enormities committed by the Goths at their in%
(Ion of the empire, they forbore to offet any violence to the women,
lis perhaps b one of the moft ftriking features in tiie new fUte of
nners, which took place about the feventh century: and it it to
s period, and to thb people, that we mult refer the origin of gal*
try in Europe. The Romans never introduced thefe fentiments
o their European provinces.
' The GotKs believed fome divine and prophetic quality to bein«
-cnt in their women ; they admitted* them into their councils, and
kfulted them on the public bufinefs of the ilate. They were fuf*
?d to condttd the great events which they predicted. Ganna, a
>phe|ic virgin of the Marcomanni, a German or Gaulifh tribe, \^as
t by her nation to Rome^ aad admitted into the prefcnce of Do-
V o L\h. £ c mitian*
4lS Vr$tton'sHi/t9fy$/EtiglifiPiitry. VtlLU
S&irtaa, t6 ueai cottcembg terms of pttce. Tadtot ^datett dM
V«lleda, another German prophetefi, held freqaest confcrcacct with
the Roman ^nerals ; and that on ibme occaii<mi# on acowat of the
facrednefs of her perfon^ (he was placed at a great £iaBce on a U^
tt>wer, from whence, like an oracntar diTiaity^ flie convejcd her aa-
fwers by fbm'e chofen meflenger. She appears to hare prdervcd the
fttpreme rale over her onrn people and the neigUxHiliiig tribes* And
there are other indances, that the govemnnnt among tbe aadeai
Germans w^ fometimes veiled in the women. This pradice aUa
prevailed among the Sitones or Norw^tans. The C^mbri* a Scan*
dinavian uibe«. were accompanied at their aftmbliet bjr Tenerahk
and hoary- headed jMhophetefles, apparelled in lo^ linen vefanentscf
a fpkndid white. Their matrons and daughters acquired a lerereacK
from their fkill in ftodying fimples^ and their knowledge of bealiag
'wonnds* arts repoted myfterions. The wives fraqneatly attended
their hufbands in the moft pcrilons expeditions^ and Iboght with
great intrepidity in the moft bloody engagements. Thcfe nataons
dreaded captiviqr, more on the accoont ^ fhAt womt^ 4kan on
their own : and the Romans, availing themfelves of this appicken-
fion, often demanded their noblet virgins for hoftages. Fiona ihcft
circnmftances, the women even daimed a fort of precedonea, at Icii
an eouality fablifted between the foxes, in the Gothic coafficadoos.
' But the deference paid to the fiur fox, which prodoccd the fpirif
of gallantry, is chieAy to be fooght for in tbofo Ibong and
rated ideas of female chafttty whith prevaHed aoMmg the
nationi. Hence the lover's devotion to his miftrds was oi
liis attentions to her forvke makipliedt his afeflioa hcighnmsJ» and
liis follicitode aggravated, in propordoa as tbedificttky of ol ,
berwaseahaaced: and ^ paCon of Iota acyiwd a d^gaee of ^A
cacv, when coatroUed by the principks of honoor and purny. The
Jdgheft excellence <^ chancer then known was a fiiperioritv ia arasi
and that rival was moft likely to gaia his lady*s r^ud* wlio was she
^raveft champion. Here we foe valoor inlpired by fove* la the
mean tkne, the fame heroic fpirit whiah was the foraft €Uum «o^
fovonr of the ladies, was ofKO exerted ia their piatoftioii t a pia-
todion,miieh wanted sn an age of rapine, of ninnder, and pinay 9
when the weaknefs of the fofter fox was eapofocl to coasiaaal^aMeis
mid unexpeded attacks. It is eafy to fi^pofo the offieioat ^^■^^n'tt*^
and ard^r of many a gaUaat young warrior, prefiag forward to he
fofCflBoft in this haaioiirable fervice, which Aattcved the aioft agree-
able of all pafions* fimd which gratified every enthafiaftn of the iiami
tfpecamy the fafliionabie fondncfs for a wandering and militaffy fifo»
In the' mean time, wf may conceive the kdy thus won, or tkaa di^
fondedr conicioas of her own importanae, afte^iig aa nr of ttmd>
aefs : it was her pride to have preforvcd her ehaftiqf iaviolata* ihe
coirid perceive no merit but that of invincible bravery, aadl ooald
only be approached in terms of refpeft and fubmiCon/
Nowt though we fiiall readily fubfcribe to Mr. WarKMi*a opf*
aion whh refped to the peculiar influence of the fair feat aiader
the Gothic eitabli&oients, we can bf no meane agree with Wa
&.tbat idcn^ ttnpoUtefleTs winch he throwa intotbc cliaiaOe*
. ■•" • af
VTvttfiTCsHyhrypfEngVJhP^itry. Vol. I. 419
of tht claific timet. Worfe than Goths h« reprefents the po«
liflied Greeks and Romans^ and fuppofes |he female part of
tbem in a date of feclufion ^nd infignificance j < for the truth
of which obfervation^ he tel^s us, we need onlv appeal to th^
claffic writers/ If there be anjr thing in this aiiertion we muft
have read the claffics very idly indeed, for wef will own that
they never gave us any fuch idea. Is it from their poets or from
their hiftorians that v^e are to draw this opinion of the unim-
portance of their women ? Has that unimportance left the claffic
poets in filence i Have they left us no records of tendernefs, of
iubduing beauty^ or affiduous love? Or, if they have, was fe-
male importance ^onfioed to the foftcr influences only \ Were
th^re no Fulv^as^ no Portias i Had Porfenna 00 female hofiages f
Andy if he had, were not hoftages taken from' the moft imp§r^
Umi of the people i Did not Rome owe even her fafety to fe*
male iiiftience^f Was not Greece * governed by th^ wife of
Fbemiftocles f f Was not the matron-tax mitigated through
:he eloquence of Hortenfia}? Had the female infignificance
ind feclufion, afcribed bv our Author to clafic timesy oeen pre*>
licated of the women or nuxiern Greece, the remark h^d beea
u(^|. But fixed on the eras of Sophocles and Alcibiades, of
'ropertius and Tibullus, Brutus and Cato^ it lofes, in our opi-
nion,, all JDimner(»f propriety*
The fi^Uowing general and comprebenfive conduAon refults
ran the firft di«erffttion :
' Amid the gloom of faperftitiott, in ao age of the grofleft igno-
inoe and credalky, a tafte for tlM wonders of oriental fiftion waa
icioduced by the Arabians into Europe, many countries of which
ere already feafoned to a reception of its extravagancies, by means
r the poetry of the Gothic fcalds, who perhaps orlginaliy derived
»eir ideasifrom the fame fitiitfol region of invention. Thefe fidions,
rinci^tAg with the reigning manners, and perpetually kept up and
npraved in the* tales of troabadonrs and minfirels, feem to have
atered about the eleventh century in the ideal hiftories of Turpin
id Oeofiy of Monmouth, which record the fdppofititioas ^tchieve«
ents of Charlemagne and King Arthur, where they formed the
oomKwork of that ipecies of fabulous narrative called romance.
ad from thefe beginnings or caufes, afterwards enlarged and en*
:hed'by kindred nincies fetched- from the crnfades, that fingular
d capricietis mode of imagination arofe, which at length corn-
fed the marvelktts machineries of the more fublime Italian poets,
d of their difciple Spenfer.'
Thw iecond differution, prefixed to the Hiftory of thir Eng-
i Poetry, relates to the introdudion of learning into England.
• Plot, in Vit. CorioL
f- Id. in Vit. Them.
t Val. Max. lib. viii. cap. j« QoinA. i. c* i* App. Civil. 4.
i Voyage litteraire de la Urece, Sec
£ e 2 Aff
426 WartonV KJiorj of EngUJh Poetry. Vol. I.
After a pathetic review of thoie publrc calamities which faatf
laid the glorious libraries of Rome and C6n(hintinople in a(hes»
and almoft bani(hed learning and civility out of Europe ; after
ihewing with what difficulty the remaining gleams of fciencc
were kept alive, the wonderful fcarcity of books, and the ftill
greater fcarcity of men that were able to read them, our Author
leads us forward to the eighth century, an erl when the Saxon
learning, gradually promoted by the propagation of Ch rift lanity,
arrived at its higbeft ftate in this kingdom. At this point Mr.
Warton finds footing for his general view of the progrefs of the
£ngli(h learning, and thus he proceeds :
* In the mean time England fhared thefe improvements in know*
ledge : and literature, chiefly derived from the fame fources^ wzs
corom^unicated to oor Saxon ancedort abeut the beginning of t^
eighth century. The Anglo-Saxons were converted to Chriftianity
about the year 570. In confequence of this event, they foon ac-
quired civility and learning. Hence they neceiTarily eflbabliihed a
communication with Rome, and acquired a familiarity with the Ladm
language. During this period, it was the prevailing pra6dce among
the Saxons, not only of the clergy but of the better fort of laity, to
make a voyage to Rome. It is natural to imagine with what aridoor
the new converts vifited the holy fee, which at the fame time was
fortunately the capital of literature. While they gratified their de-
votion, undeiignedly and imperceptibly they became acquainted wi^
ufeful fcience.
* In return, Rome fent her emiiTaries into Britain. Theodore,. a
monk of Romey originally a Greek priell, a native of Tarfus in Ci-
licia, was confecrated Archbi(hop of Canterbury, and fent into £^
land by Fope Vitellian, in the year 688. He was (killed in the me-
tdcal art, aflronomy, arithmetic, church-moiic, and the Greek aad
Latin languages. Xhe new Prelate brought with htm a large library,
as it was called ahd elleemed, coniifling of numerous Greek aad
Latin authors ; among which were Homer in a large volume, writtca
on paper with mod exquiiite elegance, the homilies of Saint Chry*
follom on parchment, the pfalter, and jofephtts*s Hypomne^icos, all
in Greek. Theodore was accompanied into England by Adrian, a
Neopoiitan monk, and a native of Africa, who was eqaallj &ilkd
in facred and profane learning, and at the fame time appointed by
the Pope to the abbacy of Saint Aullin's at Canterbury. B^e in-
forms us, that Adrian requefied Pope Vitellian to confer the ardi*
bifho'pric on Theodore, and that the' Pope coniented on conditio!
that Adrian, *' who had been iuaice in France^ and on that accoa&t
was bittir acquainted with the nature and difliculties of ib long a
journey," would conduct Theodore into Britain. They were bcdt
efcoi;|ted (o the city of Canterbury by Benedid Bifcop, a native of
Northumberland, and a monk, who had formerly been acquainted
with them in a vifit which he made to Rome. Benedid {eems at dits
time to have been one of the mod difUnguifhed of the Saxon ecck>
fiaftics : availing himfelf of the arrival of thefe two learned flraagcrv
under their direttion and afliftaacc, he procured workmen from France,
'aid
Warton*i Hift(fry nfEngliJh Patlry. Vol. L 421
and boitt the monaftdry of Wercmoudi in North omberland. The
church lie conftraded of ilone, after the manner of the Roman archi-
tedore ; and adorned its waJls and roof with pidures, which he pur*
chafed at Rome, reprefenting among other facred fubjefls the Virgin
Mary^ the twelve apoflles, the evangelical hiftory, and the viiions of
t)ie Apoc^lypfe. The windows were glazed by artiib brought from
France. 3ut I mention this foundation to introduce an anecdote
much to our purpofe. Benedift added to his monallery an ample
library^ which he fiored with .Gi:eek and Latin volumes, imported
by himfelf from Italy. Bede has thought it a matter worthy to be.
recorded, that.Ceolfrid, his fucceiTor m the government of Were-
inoath-abbey, augmented this collediion with three volumes of pan*
dedls, and a book of cofmography wonderfully enriched with curious
workmsmfhip, and bought at Rome. |The example of the pious
Benedid was immediately followed by Acca Bifhop of Hexham in
the fame province : who having finifhed his cathedral church by the
herp of architedls, mafons, and glaziers hired in Italy, adorned it^
according to Leland, with a valuable library of Greek and Latin
authors. But Bede, Acca*s cotempor^ry, relates, that this library
was entirely compofed of the hidories of thofe apoflles and martyrs
to >vhofe relics he had dedicated feveral altars in his church, and
pther eccleHaiHcal treatifes, which he had coUedled with infinite la-
bour. Bede however calls it a moil copious and noble library. Noi'
^s jt foreien to our purpofe to add, that Acca invited from Kent into
l^Iorthumberland, and retained in his fervice during the fpace ojf
twelve years, a celebrated chantor named Maban : by the aiSftance
of whofe in^ruftions and fuperintendance he not only regulated the
church muiic of his dioceie, but introduced the ufe of many Latin
hymns hitherto unknown in the northern churches of England. It
appears that before the arrival of Theodore and Adrian, celebrate4
fchools for educating youth in the fciences had been long ellablifhed
in Kent. Literature, however, feems at this period to have ilouri(hed
with equal reputation at the other extremity of the ifland, and even
in our mod northern provinces. Ecbert Bifhop of York, founded a
library in his cathedral, which, like fomeof thofe already mentioned,
is faid to have been replenilhed with a variety of Latin and Greek
books. /Mcuine, whom Ecbert appointed his fird librarian, hints at
this library in a Latin epiftle to Charlemagne. " Send me from
France fome learned treatifes, of equal excellence with thofe which
I preferve here in England under my cuflody, cclledled by the in*
dudrv of my matter Ecbert: and I will fend to ^ou fome' of injf
youths, who (hall carry with them the flowers of Britain into France.
So that there Ihall not only be an tndofed garden at York, but alfo at
Tours fome fprouts of Paradife,'* &c. William of Malmefbury
judged this library to be of fufBcient importance not only to be men-
tioned in hishiftory, but to be Ayled, *' Omnium liberalium artium
armarium, nobiliflimam bibliothecam." This repofitory remained
till the reign of King Stephen, when it was deftroyed by fire, with
great part of the city of York. Its founder Ecbert died in the year
767. Before the end of the eighth century, the monafteries of Weft*
minfter. Saint A!ban*s, Worcefter, Malmfbury, Glailonbury, with
fome odiers; were founded, and opulently endo.Vi^d* Tha(6f Saint
fi c 3 Alban's
4« VfittDtCs Hi/tory 9f Effglijb P§itry. Vol.1.
Alban't was fill«d witk one hiiBdred motikt by Riog OAu
new bi&oprics wete alfo eftabliOied an £b|1;uu1 : M whidi iiilticttMi%
by moltiplying the number of ecdefisiks^ tqrne4 eke anoitiott tf
aiany peHbns to letter!.'
After this follows fbme accomnt of the principal Smxoo A«*
thors at this period, which were Aldh^hn, Btlhop of Sttirbaro,
Ceolfrid, Alcuine, Bede, and King Alfred*
• In an enquiry of this nature, fay» our A\ithor, A^Wrtd deftnrcn
particular notice, not only as a writer, bat as the llluftrioiis tiral rf
Charlemagne, in proteding and affifting the reftoi^tion of Hteranire*
He is faia to have founded the univerlity of Oxford ; and it is highly
probable, that in imitation of Charlemagne's fimilar lofHt^tioiu, h^
appointed learned perfons to give public and j^n^tuitout inftrhftioM
In theology, but priiici pally in the falhioQdb(e iciences of logic, afho-
liomy, aruhmeticy and geometry, at that place, which was Iheti \
Confiderable town, and conveniently iituated in the netghboorhood
of ihofe royal feats at Which Alfred chiefly refided. He fnflered b0
frieft tha^ was illiterate to be advanced to any eccIefiafUo^i dignity,
le invited his nobility to educate their fons in learning, and re-
ouefted tho(e lords of his Court who had no childrep. to fend 16
school f^ch of their younger fervants is difcovered a promifiog ca^
pacity, and to breed them to the clerical profeflion. Ah^e^, whil^
a boy, had hix^felf experienced the inconvenience^ arifing fr^ t^
want of fcholars, and even of comtaiOn inftruflors, in his dominions :
for he was twelve yis^n of age, be(bre he could procure ^n the *eilenii
kingdom a inafter properly qualified to teach him the alphabet* Biit^
.while yet unable to read, he could repeat from memory a great va^
il€ty of Sa)ton fongs. He was fond ot cultivating his native tonroe ;
|nd with a view of inviting the people in general to a love of reading^
ind to a knowledge of books which they coiild not Otherwiib hatt
ifinderftood, he tranflated many Latin authors into Saxoii. Theft^
^ong Others, were Boetbius of the Consolation of PmilOsopht,
4 inariu(i^ri|^t of which, of Alfred's age, (lill remains, Ordfius's HisToaT
6f the Pagans, Saint Gregory's Pastoral Care, the venerable
Bede*s EcCLSsiAsriCAL History, and the Solilo^ies of Swt|
AuftiH. Probably Saint Auain was feleatd by Alfred^ becanfe ke
was the favourite author of Charlemagne. Alfred die(| in the year
^oo, and waf buried at Hyde abbey, m the fuburbs of Wincbefleri
tinder | fvimptuous monument of porphyry.
* Al^belm, nephew of Jna King of the'^eft Slaxivis, ficuuendj
iifited Rrance and Italy. While a monk of Mdmelbury in Wutfhiic^
ke went f^pm his monaflery to Canterbury, in order tp learn logic
rhetoric, aiid the Qreek language, of Archbift^op Theodore, andnl
Albin abbot of Saint Auftin's, the pupil of Adrian. Hut he knd be^
fore acquired fojoie knowledge of Greek ^nd Latin under Mnidnffi
an HiberAiai^ or Scot, who had ere(ied a fmall monadery or fcho^
at Malmefbury* Qamden affirms, that Aldhelm was the firil of the
Saxons who vifrpte in Latin, and that he uught his countryo^en eke
irt of Latin verfificatiOn« ^^t a ycry intelligent antiquarian in ckb
fort of Htcrature, fftentions an anonymoua L^tin poet, who wrote ^
lift of Qhailemagne if ^ctft ^ an^ adds, that he was the fidt oif ^
WirMnV H^y rfEng^fi> F^Hry. Vol.L 413
iaocoit tkfti ttiraipicd la write Ltdtt verfe. It if however cendii»
thkx AidMm't Lachi compQAcions^ whether in verfe or proie» as no*
iwltiet were dtewitd extraordKotry perfbrmtncef , and excited the at*
teatioa and admiratioa of fcholars in other conntries. A learned
iDOtefflporary, who ihred in a remote province of a Prankiib territory t
in aa epifile to Aldhelai hat thit rei^rkable expreffioa, ^* Vestrie
LATmiTATit PAKBoyaicys axiMoa hat reached ut even at thta
diftaace, lee'* In reward of thefe ancomaion merits he wu made
Biihop of Sfalrbnm in Dorfittfliire ia the year 70^. His writiags are
chiefly theological i hut he has likewife Jeft in Latin rtfy a b^ik of
^Nioy ATA, copied fi^Hi a work of the fame titie nnder the aame of
SyropefioSf a pom ile Vi^iNtTATc hereafter cited, aad treatiies on
arithmetic, aftrology« rhetoric^ and metre* The lail treatile is a proof
that the ornamenu of compofition now began to be ftadled. Leland
mentions his C'iVTiONis SAXONiCiB, one of which continued to be
.a>mmQply fane in William of Malmefl^nry's time : and, as it was art-
fuHy iatcrfperled with many allnfioat to parages of fcripture, w^
oftenfnng byAldhelmhimfelf to the populace in the flreets, with
a defign of aJliuing the ignorant and idk, bv fe fpecioas a mode of
inHrnAson, to a teaie <n dosy> and n knowledge of religious fnb-
jeds« hfalmefiMiry ebfenrett that Aldhelm might be juftly deemed
/^ ex acumtne Grascam* ex nitoie Romanam# et ex pompa Anglom/'
It is evident,^ that Malmeftnry, while he here charaderiies the
Greeks by their acateneft, took hit idea of them from their fcienti-
fical literature, which wat then only known. Afcer the revival of
the Greek philofi>phy by the' Saracent, Ariftotle and Euclid wereTa-
iniliar in Europe long before Homer and Pindar. The charafter of
Aldhelm is thus drawn by an ancient chronicler* ** He was an ex-
cellent harper, a moft eloqoent Saxon and Latin poet, a moft ejc'pefC
chantor or finger, a doctor Bcaioius, and adauraUy verfed in the
fcriptures and the liberal fciences/'
' Alcnine, Bifliop Bcbert*s librarian at York, was a cotempocaiy
pupil with Ai^helm under Theodore and Adrian at Canterbury*
During the prefent period, there feems to have been a dofe co/-
xefpondenoe aad intercourfe becweea the French and Anglo-Saxons
in jnatters of literatnre. Atcaine was invited from Englaad into
France, to fiiperincend the ftadiet of Charlemi^ne, whom, he in-
llraAed in logic* rhetoric, and aftronomy. He was alfo the mafter
of RabanusMaurtts, who became afterwardt the governor aad pre-
ceptor of the great abbey of Fulda in Germany, one of the moft
flooriOiing feminaries in Europe, founded by Charlemagne, and in*
habited by two hundred and u^venty monks. Alcuine was likewite
employed by Charlemagne to regulate the tenures and difcipline of
the aniverfities, which that prudent and magnificent potentate had
newly conlHtoted. He is faid to have joined to the Greek and La-
tin, an acquaintance with the Hebitw tongue, which perhaps in
ibme degree was known fooner than we may fufpe^f for at Trinity
colle^ m Cambridge there is an Hebrew Pfalter, with a Norm^umo-
Gallic interlinear veriion of great antiquity* Homi|ies, lives of
faints, commenuries on the Bible, with the ufaal iVftem^ of logic,
aiftrononiy, rhetoric, and grammar, compofe the formidable cara-
£ e 4 logua
424 WvtqnV Biftorj 9tf En^Jb P$Hrj. Vol. I.
logqe pf Alcuine's namerous writings. Yet in hit bookt of ifeli
fcicQces, he fometimes vestarcd to break through the pedaotic fbi-
snaliiics of a ryflematical teacher : he has thrown o^ of his treatiib
In logic, and I think, another in gramqiar, into a dialogsc betwcca
the author and Charlemagne. He fir^ adyifcd Bede to write his ec-
clefiafticai hiilory of England ; aQd was greatly inftrnmcDtal in for-
nifhiog materials for that early ami aath^ntic record of obt aa*
tiquities.'
We omit the charader and ajccount of Bede, as better knowa
than the others,
Thefe fair openings of literature, however* were quickly^
obfcured, and the efFurts of the glorioas Alfred and the flatter*
ing profpcSs of Bede perifhcd under the fupincnefs of fucceed-
ing icings, and the incurflons and deyaftations of the barbarous
Dane;
At length, after the conqueft^ learning revived again, an^
^ourifbed under better aulpices and a happier prptedioq* NoC
many years after the invafion a play was aded, the firft, per-
haps, that was ever known or exhibited in England : it was
called St. Catharine^ and was compofed by Geoffry, • learaed
Norman, who was invited from the univerfity of Paris, to fu-
perintend the direftion of the fchool of the abbey of Dun(hibk.
The players were his fcholars. Matthew Paris, who firft re-
cords the anecdote,, fays that GeofFry borrowed copes from thf
facrift of the neighbouring abbey of St. Albap's, tp (itefs^his
charadlers.
' The mod eminent fcholars which England produced both in ^hi-
Jofophy and humanity, before ^od even below th^ twelfth cefitory,
were educated in our religious hoaies*
* |n every great abbey there was an apartment called the S^rift^
rium, where many writers were conftantly bufied in tr^fcribing not
only the fervice books, but books for the library.'
Diilinguifbed amongft the principal fcholars of the elcvenib
century was Joannes Grammaticus, who ftudied polite litera-
ture at Paris. He wrote an explanation of Ovid*s Metamor-
phofes^ and a treat! fe on the Art of Verfificattoq.
• Iri the twelfth, Laurence, prior of the church of Durham,
wrote nine book^ of Latin elegies, &c. Robert Dunftable, a
monk of St. Alban*s, wrote an elegant Latin poem, in elegiac
▼erfe, containing two books on the life of ot. Alban. The
following line, which begins the lecond book, is reaiar|uib^
flowing and harmonious :
PJeridum Jiudiis tlauftri laxare rigtrem*
^Henry 6f Huntingdon, commonly known and celebrated as aq
hiftorian,'was likewife a terfe and polite Latin poet of this pe-
riod. The proem to his book De Herbis> has this elegant in*
'vocation :''"*"'
W^ton^s Hifiorf of BngSJb Poitry; Vol, I. ^g
yiatum mapti parens y hirharum Pbasbi rtperUir^
Vofqutj quihui refinant Tefmpe jocofa^ dia !
Si mihi ferta prim hedera florenU parajiis^
Ecce meos floret^ Jtria parati^ fero.
GeofFry of Monmouth, who lived in this century, I3 (b well
known that he requtri;s-no notice here.
A moft didinguiflied ornament of this age was John of Sar
jifbory. His ftyle hai a remarkable elegance and'energy. Hit
Policratipon is a pleafant mifcellany, replete with erudition, and
a judgment of mep aiyd things. He was highly promote4 in
the church by Henry the Second, whofe cou|-t was crowded
with fcholars, and almoft rivalled, in this refpe^, tl^at of hi#
cotemppr^ry, Williafn, King of Sicily-
Eadmer, a monk of Canterbury,, ap elegant writer of hiftory^
and William, a fponk of Malme(bury, celebrated as an hiftoriaa
by the late Lord L/ttelton, were of this period. William wrote
fnany pieces of Latin poetry, top, and ic is remarkable that
almoft all the profefled writers in profe at this time made at*
tempts iif vcrfe. With tl)efe may be mentioned Simeon of
Durham, Roger Hoveden, and Benedidl abbot of Pcterborought
as hiftorians of a liberal ca(]t ; likewife John Hanville, a monk
of St. Alban's^ who wrote a long Latin poem, calle^l Architre-
piu^. But if we may judge of the whole from the fpccioncii
Mr. Warton has glver^ us^ w^ can eotertai^ no very favourable
opinion of its merit. ^
Gyr ALDUS Cambreksi$ deferves particular notice for the
jniverfality of his works. He was an hiftorian, an antiquary,
i topographer, a divine, a philofopher, and a poet. His love
>f fcience was fo great that he refused two bishoprics.
The following Englifli tranflation of his defcription of the fitua-
ion of the abb^y of Lantony in Monmouthfhire/ will entertain
)ur Readers, and they will fee that old Gyrald was a man of a
omantic genius and a pidurefque fancy : .
" In the deep vale of Ewias, wbich it about a bowfirot over^ and
rnclofed on all fides with high mountains, (lands the abbey church
)f St John, a flrudarc covered with lead, and not unhandfoxneiy
>uilt for fo lonefomc a ficuation ; on the very fpot where formerly
bood a fmall chapel dedicated to St. David» which had no other oi--
laments than green mofs and ivy. It is a fitaation fit for the exer*
ife of religion ; and a religioos edifice was firft founded in this ie-
[ueftered retreat to the hondur of a foliury life, by two hermits, re*
note from the noife of the world, on the banks of the river Hondy,
/hicb winds through the midd of the valley. — The rains which moua-
ainous countries ufually produce, are here very frequent, the wirds
xceedingly tempefluoas, and the winters almod continually dark,
'et the air of the valleys is fo happily tempered as fcarcely to be the
aufe of any difcafes. The monks fitting in the cloyftcrs of the ab-
• ■' ■ • • . ■ .bey^
4l6 VfuHxk's Hijhry rf Eiigl^ Pmtry. V0I.L
bey, when diqr chife for a momuktuj rcfreftmaii to csft d^ir •yn
abroad, kave oa every fide « oleafing prefiica of moofiiaiiis aftead-
ing to an immenfe height, with namerooi aerdt of wild deer feedi^
en the higbeft extremity of this lofty horison. The body of the fra
}m not Tifibte above the hills till after the n^ridtan hour, even win
the atr it noft dear/'
Of this era was Alexander Neckbam, a very ingenicnts Larin
poet, and chc friend and oorrefpondent of Peter Sf Blots. He
ijvas educated in the convent of St^ Alban's, and fioiflisd hii
ftudies at Paris, the common courfe of a learned cducatioo
amongft the fnglifli in thufc days* His captd work is lui
Seven Books pn the Divine- Wifdooi. In the imroJuflioii he
commemoraies the ionoceni and unrettimiiig pleafiirea of tbofc
early di|ys which he pafled Jioiongft the lenmed oiooka of Su A^
•ban'St in ttefe cie^r andntrnfiedtog elegiact : .
■^ u Qanfirmn
Martyris Mam Jk iihi tma quies.
Hii bcus mtMtis nofir^ frhf^rM^ n&wt^
Jnnos filitHy IdiiUMUi itiSn
Hie Ucus ifig4nui9 puerius imbtdt annos
Ariibui^ it i^oftrs lauJ^s mgo fuit*
Hie loeus i»/^mi nuagmpfqta ereawt abouas^
Feh'x ekimio mariyriy gmtij J!tM.
Walter Mapes, archdeacon of Oxfor4> was ftyled the An4»
creon of (he eleventh century, ffe was a joyous divine ; wrocs
.-feme jolly Bacchanalian Tongs, and attacked Pope Innocent ia
a drole and lively Latin ditty on his new injunAion conccrni^
the celibacy of the clergy i in one part of which he expreflb
his hope that every married prieft with his bride will fay upMtr
woftir for the foul o^ one who had ha^^arded hi$ CUvation in
their defence :
^cc$jam pro cbrtds ftmltttm alUgavi.
l^cnon pro prtfijiirU plurt^ comprotavi,:
FATfta N08TER nun( pro mf, quoni^m poumn^
Dicat quifqui Prefijtir^ cwm fmSu^vi^
Jo(f ph of Exeter wrote two very claflU^al Latin ponuy ooe
on the Trojan war, the other on the Crufade.
But^hefe inftancta of police litesature and. riaffical cnidltioa
were aot numerous ; and ftwUca of tbf aiaredegaiit kkmi giie
war to the barbaroua genaoa of ficbolaftic dwioitjr.
Having now accompaiited our Author thvoiigh hia yeliMH
mry diflertationsy his Hiftory of the £fi|lsi|'fa|(^ will fe^uc
PUr fqttMTo ittentioo.
\T^ hi mfimiidnj
Aat.
t 4*7 ]
Art. It. Tie Iti^oty 9/ the Ri^pluti^u^ '$/ DnmafL Witi an Ac^
coaot of the prefent State of that kingdom and People* By Johii
Attdfe^vs> LL. D. In 2 Vols. 8 vo. 12*. bdand. Noorfe. i77x.
fTptllS hiftory is colteAed and abridg|{^(l from varioos writtri,
I and interfperfed with a number of jiidiciotis obfervattoiit»
'Irne concliffion of the tenth and commeitcetQenC of the eleventh
centurieiy pr. Andrewa fuppofe$« aiay be deeiped the epocha of
I>ani(h grandeur. At that time Canute^ juftly furnamed the
Great, was on the throne : one ioftance which is reconled as
proving his daim to the title, is, his having fuhiyiitted ^himfelf
|o be tricid according to the common forms of jaftice, and ta
be puttiflied conformably to the letter of the law, for a murder*
which he ha4 the miafortttne to eonunit in a fit qf flninken^
lieis* While he bowed htmfelf in this exemplary manner 10
the laws of bis country, 4ie at the fame time maintfined hie
fcithority, with great vigpor« over every part of his dominions.
The annals of Denmark prebnt us with tbe.portraits of few
yeral princes, by no means inferior to Camite. Here we meet
yvith wife, worthy, and valiant mejn, who, if hiftory is to be
depended on, appear to have tUftrvtd a throne. The two Wal-
demars, who were ele&ed and reigned in the twelfth and thur<»
teenth centuries, merit this praife ; the fecond of this nama^
aa>ong other inftances of his seal for the domcftic prptperiiy of
bis people, applied bimfelf to coippije a body of l4|ws f^^ltded
from the wifeft and moft approve^ in that age : they were madfc ^
extremely favourable to the fpirit of freedom which prevailed ua '
Pen{narl(t and .were framed with the confeot of the whole Da*
l>ij[h fiation, convened for that purpofe by Waldemar, who(h
iolicitude on the occafioo, we .are told^ endeare4 him .^ hJa
people, even more than other parts of his condu^ . A* It is m*
pra^icable for us, as well as foreign to our plan, to give aa
accoifnt of the feveral princes who filled the Danifli throne, <ir
p^ the different ftate of the kingdom under their various adn^i*
piftrations, or during the intenegnums which fometimes hap«>
pene4»-rwe fl^all only feled fome paflages which may entertain
(Mir^ei|derf, apd enable theqi (o form, a judgment ii this au^
fhor's manif er.
. WaUemar III. who began hie wign about t century after the
prince of tlie frfneiiame before-mentioned, had many excellent
aualitiea, which were gseatly bfnejlicial, to bis people, but ihey
Vme^^cofpmuiiwl witha ftrange mfxt^re of weaknefs, bigotry^
liod folly, whik he appeared tp be under the powerful in«
^uence qf fb^ fuperftition of the times, he nevertbelefs had the
confidence to arreft a biihop and caft him into prifon ; and when
the pope returned an unfavourable anfwer to a requeft he had
MtKttted and threatened him with excommunkationy he made
ihte
42S Andrews'/ Hi/lory tftbe RcotAutiom 9f Denmark.
this celebr9ted.,reply» '^ That he owed his exiftence to God,
iiis kingdom to his fubjeds, and his religion to the fee of Rome,
which laft, if it was elteemed too great a favoyi^r^ be was ready
to reftore.'*
7*hecharader of king J^n, who was ele£ted in 1481. and
died in 1513 is thus drawn by Dr. Andrews : «* He died greatly
legrettcd by his fubjefts, over whom he had ruled with a gen-
tknefs and fagacity that made them infenfible of the calamities
thai were the natural confequences of the wars be was fe fre-
quently engaged in. No prince eould (hew more folicitude in
their behalfthan Johti. He was minutely inquifitivc into the
caufes of abundance and firarcity, and employed himfelf, on all
occafions, to prevent, or relieve, the public diftrefles. He was
£ncercly pbus^^and ^ great favourer of men of vtrtue^ and
good chara£^er. He was particularly fond of perfons of cmi-
iience for therr knowledge and ttteratirre. He employed them
preferably to all others, in sffi^rs of (hite; gave them cbe freeft
accefs to his ^t>^(bn, entertained them at his table, and pro-
vided for them/ttrkh great munificehce. In a word he was a
prince of great bravery, '^Oom, and humanity. His reign wis
glorious to hitnfelf, and happfy to his people. He was no Ie&
zealous for thdr domeftic profperity than for the fuccefs of his
-ttndertakings'abfoad. He found means to reconcile both tbefe
purfuits, and procilted uninterrui^ted fecurity and plenty athooK,
while, at the fame time, he ratfedtHe power of Denmark to a
fiigh degree, and left it in tt condition to command the re^>eft
iDf all it's neighbours.*'
- Very different from this i^as the charader of Chriftian hb
Ion and fuceefTor, who afcended the throne under great advaji*
cages, and was not deftittite of courage, or fkill, or vigilance
and adivity ; but he was of a paffionate, ferocious temper, full
of pride and hatightinefs, implacable, auftere, fanguinary, and
though ambitious, void of true heroifm. iThc crown of owedea
had been formerly united with that of Denmark and Norway:
it was the aim of this prince to reduce that country again in^
to fubjcftion. When he had ^compKQied the conqueft, the
£rft ideas that occurred to his mind were thofe of blood and re^
venge. He invited the S wed Kb nobility to a fumptuoas feaft,
and fpent two days with them in mirth and diveriions, after
which, having contrived fome accufation againft them, he or*
dered them all without exception to be execHted, which was
immediately performed in the great market-place at Stockholm,
where upwards of one hundred were thus faerificed ♦ ; after
• The flory of this maflacre is pathetically delineated by Mr. Jcr^
plngham, in his Poem entitled tht Sivedijh Cwrate.
whiei
• Andrews'; Htftory of the Kevohthm of Denmarh 42^
vhich he let loofc his foldiers on the inhabitants of the citft
md allowed them to rang^ at large through the kingdom^
vherc they committed all kinds of outrage and cruelty. But
here were fome patriots who had cfcaped the maflacre. fto^
ndcnce had one particularly in refcrve to ch^ftrfe the infolence
ind tyranny of Chriftian : this was the famous Guftavus Vafa,
on of Eric, a nobleman and fcnator of the firft rank, and the
irft vidim who fell in the late dreadful flaughter. Guftavus
Aras, at this calamitous period, hidden in the bottom of the
nines of Dalecarlia, meditating in what manner he fbould en*
:er on the arduous plan he had formed for the deliverance of
Its country. He waited for the proper opportunity, and at
length found means to execute his purpofe. He rofe to^ great
md true honour and glory, while Chriftian, the Nero of the
lorth, funk under his vices, was depofed by his fubje£is, and
oaded with the execration of his own and fucceeding ages.
Chriftian IV. reigned from 158810 1648: he was allowed
:o be as accompliihed a prince as any of the age in which h«
ived ; * Denmark, fays our Author, for a long time ftouriftied
-emarkably under his adminift'^ation, and though he might, on
he whole, be accounted rather unfortunate in his enterprizes
ibroad, yet his people were equitable enough t<j diftinguifti be-
:ween the propriety of the plans he entered upon, and the HI
Tucccfs that might attend them ; well knowing that whei^etrer
le ^iled, it was feldom for want of having afled with the judg-^
fnent and precaution fuflScient to have deferved better fortune.
In coofequence of the good opinion his fubjeds univerfally en-
:ertamed of him, he never found them backward in concurring
^ith, and forwarding all his defigns to the utmoft'of their
jower. His demands from the ftatcs were refpeftfuHy complied
^tth, and not only the taxes impofed by the public authority
were chearfully pai^l, but whenever any fudden exigence arofe^
)e was always fure of inftantly meeting with the moft cordial
ind ready fupplies from every rank and condition ; each towH
ind corporation (hewing the utmoft alacrity, and advancing for
lis fervice as confiderable fums as they were able to raife. As
1 return for ,thefe continual proofs'of loyalty and affeAion, no
Dani(b moaarCh ever ftrove with nlore zeal to deferve them.
Bounded by th^ laws in the extent and execution of his power,
le never aimed at refcinding any which he deemed beneficial to
the community ; and his influence, though great, was never
employed for any purpofes of oppreffion. The only ufe he
Tiade of the afcenda^cy he pofl'efled over the minds of hi^
people, was to induc^e the profecution of fuch meafures as tended,
in bis opinion, to promote their intereft or their glory. No fo-
/ereign ever did more to animate his fubjefls by the force of
lis own cxiirople, ffe chearfully bore an* ample fcarc of ever^
' burden
burden in coantoon with tbem^ and wa6 ever forward in tKf>-
iing his peribn to all manner of toils and dangers. Bf perfe-
Vefing invariably io this conduA^ he acquired a nafoe which it
held in the higheft veneration by the 'Danes, who feem itnaoi*
inoufiy inclined to |>refer him to any of his rocccflors^ as osit-
ing, in a much more confpicuous degree^ the virtues of a ^poi
king) with the qoalifications of a hero. He remains, ill ftiort,
the favonrite Mt8t of their remembrance} and is mentiasied
as a prince who(e example is highly worthy of imitation by (^
6f )iis rank as wiAi to merit the unfeigned attachment of their
iiibjeds/ Such is the pidure, adds this writer, of ChriftiattIV*
as drawn by the generality of people in Denmark* * Neither, oa
the whole, is it any miireprefentatioii of that prince^ whofe
charader, allowing for fome MtGti^ and frailttes. often inddcnt
to the heft difpofiUons, was altogether ^ly nOD|e and heroic
Though it muft be confefled^ at the fame time, that what greatly
conduces to render his memory b precioui in that country, n
the recolledion that he was the laft king Under whom it en}oy«d
a conftitational fireedom/
Tliis prince was engaged in contefts witft the Swcdts, ttA
proved very fuccefsful, till the great Ouftavus Adolphua afcetrf*
ed the Swedifli throne ; a prince, obferves Dr. Andnews, bom
to fix the deftiny of ftates and kingdoms, and to change tk
face of Europe* The very firft beginnings of this hero, it ii
idded, iboa convinced Chrmian that he had to deal with a xmA
more formidable enemy than before. He retook from tbe Dlacs
all they had won from his father, and had not the dcfigos d
Ruffia called the chief of his attention effewhere, he would to
all probability have reduced the Danes to great extremities*
Chrtftian availed himfelf of this diverfion to carrv on the wai
on more equal terms. It was at length concluded by tbe b-
terpofition of James I. kir^ of England, his brother-in-law.
* But the coiiditions' were no longer #Aatcd by Denmark
with that loftinefs it had aflumed in the reign of Frederic IL
Sweden was now on quite another foating : and \% was owing
to die moderation of Gnftavus that an honourable peace was
granted to Denmark.*
It is known by thofe who are arquatnted with tbe bifiory of
ihis period, that in confequence of the great opinion entcrtaind
of him in Europe, Chriftian IV. was intrufted with tbe &*
preme managen>ent of affairs by the confederacy formed amoiy
the proteftant princes and ftates of the tfo^ttt io oppofitioa
to tbe exorbitant eocroacbments of the hoiife of Aoilria. He
conduced the enterprise With mat v^our, courage and {kiO,
but did not meet with all tbe luccefi be bad reafen tp hopt
for ; he was obliged to enter into a negocladoii with M^ haak
9i Auftria, and on tbe whole might be Md to have condudd
aa
Andrews^^ tiJE^dry of ilk RifftbAm ofDmmarh 431
no difhofiourable peace, as whatever bad been takea from bin
was reftored. Quftavus Adolphus« afterwards syppeared in the
fame ibtion^ be entered Gtnuaiij^ where be. made a rapid and
tinejqMAed progrefs, ^nd' was ttniverfally coofider^d as tbe hero
deftined to curb the ambition of the houA^ of Auftri?* and to.
reftore the freedom^ of tbe empire, together with the rights of
theproieftant party** And here we htveooe inftance among
manv of tbe weakneGi attending even tbe greateft mindai
^ Whateycr zcal^ obferves Or. Andrewa, was profeiTed by
Cbriftian in (avour of m .caufe for which he had been fo great a.,
fifficrer, fttll he waa tormented by tbe remembrance that he
liad once been at the bead of it, that through hi^ ill facets ic
had been ruintedf and that another oMce able and more fi^ceflC*.
ftil diie6br waa now fubftituted in bia Aead. (Its pride was fo
deeply fttmg br chefe reledbns,. that i| was plain, the glory
that lurrounded ehe JSwcdifli monarch wa9 a fore mortificatioa
to Chriftia% notwith^i^Adinr that hero waa iivenging the com-»
mon caiife of all the Proteftiants agilinil their capital enrfi^«
Certain it it, the greaicft law in ^.cbaxader of Cbriftian^
was the cnry be bore that tUu^apua jiiriDjce. It W him into fe-»
rerat^psj wlricb^ had they facceeded, migjbt have defeated the
BoUe pl^o ooocerted bgr that great kio^ wbo was equally a '
ftatefinan and a warrior, and propofed aothin^ wherein he had
not wkh'bim die wifitea jof tiie wife and honeft part f>i all
Europe.'
Tiie Partifaat of the- houie rOf Auftrta per^eWed fi^q diQ)p(i*
tion4>f Chaftiant^ and wese vcry.foHcttoits to.,aya»l tbemfelvea
«f it 4 they made him. feveral. valuable offers 4 ^hit Cbriftiait
had wiidom Cafiideot la forbear a opnitpliance with|piiij^ cp,nvea-
ingaod coofubing a national diet, who.eameftly adyiledrand en-
tr^iCed htm to abftain from adiag-^ hoftitepart ag^inft Gufta-
rua. Cbriftian, iaya our Aut|ioc.lbougb $, prince, jptf. a. very
warm »d krfihr temyr, liad ftill a Tefcrvc;,x>f coqlAeftapd. judg-
ment that enabled him tofcftrain,bu impetuofuy* and.^o qiH^
itSt quicUy tbe errors i^to wWch haftmeis fomeMOne^ betrayed
him. Hapfjly for hia fubjeds,^ he bcci^ne fen^ble of the pre-
ctpitmenefs of bis oondeA 1 and determined tp re^ify ii with«»
eut delay, by jennrmriny the fchcfnea hriiad bee^ |(?mpted to
form in fairoor of the imperial coort^ and by rMewing the
firiendOiip ihat fuhfified between Dene»ar|c ^ Sweden, * Wheo^
tbia behariour of Cbriftian.ia duly attended to, it.ouj^t to be
coofefied that b« dci^v«d more boQOtir by xefrainiog fsom ui in-
dulgence «f hia inclinatioQi^ when-convinced of iSa^it evil ten*
deocy, tbao if he bad sever bad tliem to xxmtend with. It
ftewed liim to he CAd^ed with a g«at foul ; fince nothing ia
more dificult than to fopfrdfathe emottons of a violenc and
erfonfona e|Miiatk>% and to make them give way for ch^
common
431 Andrcwi^f HiJIory cfthe Revelutioni o/Dittniarh
common good, to the advancement of a rrvars glorjr. Bat
this difpoiition of Chriftian bad a very ill confequencc, in rating
the fufpicion^ of Guftavus, who, we are told, never from that
bour wouM place anj confidence in him, notwftfaftandtng the
frequent afltirances given of his friendihip and good wHbes.
The reflexions which Dr. Andrews has made abofe ap-
{tear to be juft in themfelres^ and honourable to Gbriftian. The
panegyric on this prince is, hoDvever, confiderably Icfl^ed by
- the following obfervation : ^ that the moderation and fbrbearaoce
of Chriflian were, in a great m^fure, dida^ hy the dread of
Guftavus s who was, in a manner, reputed invincible, and who,
in the torrent of his endlefs vi<^(iries, was now tbreatemng to
overwhelm the boufe of Auftria in untverfa) ruin/
It is truly glorious to the memory of Guftavus, when notice
J3 taken of his attention to the internal government of his king-
dom» to have it faid of him ; *^ He was the more incited to A
in this manner, from feeing the fortunate refults of it in tbe
profperity attending the conduft of Chriftian, by wfaotzi he was
refolved to be dutdcine in nothing that was praile- worthy. He
bad the fenfe and penetration to difcern all that was proper and
judicious in the proceedings of the Danifli monarch ; and be
had, at the fame time, too much greatne^ of mind to difbwn his
merit, of which he bad witnefTed fufiif ient inftaoces, both in
tbe field, and in a variety of other tranfadions of the higbeft
difficulty and importance/
It is time we (bould take ibme notice of the great revdu-
tton which commenced in Denmark in the reign of Frederic
III. fucceftbr to Chriftian IV* This extraordinary change ap-
pears principally to have arifen from the behaviour and io'*
croachments of the nobility, which a politic prince made uie of
as a means to advance the power of tbe. crown. * The nobles,
we are told, enjoyed a portion of authority utterly inconfi&eot
with the general welfare of the realm. 'D^e fucceffion to tbe
crown was, in fome refpe&, wholly at ffeir difpofat. Tliey
obliged the kings at their eledion to grant them as many pri-
vileges as they thought proper ta demand. Thus, on the com*
mencement of every reign, additions were made to the already
extravagant meafure of their particular immunities. — From be-
ing the proteAors and patrons of the fubordinate orders, they
were in feveral inftances become their oppreflbrs and tyrants,
and by means of their immenfe wealth, they had, within
-the fpace of the laft century, engrofled.by degrees almofl the
whole power of the ftate/ Confequendy reciprocal hatred and
Hiiflrufty rancorous confli£te, and perfonal injuries pnnraiicd be*
twecnthe higher and lower orders in Denmark. The dcrgy
alfo, fince the reformation bad ftripped them of their gre^
Itches and revenues, were become of^lefs coaiequence, aod
6 joined
AndrewaV Hiflofy ofth Rtu^luttMs $f Denmark^ 4 J3
joined with the inferior ranks in complaints againft the nobles.
This date of things (eemed to pprtend, or^ together withr
other concurring caufes^ prepared the way for, that great change
which now took place in the Dani(h conftitution. Frede-
ric III. was beloved by the inferior people, efpeqially for his
gallant and humane behaviour during the liege of Copenhagen
by the Swedes, which happened in his reign. At the next meet*^
ing of the ftates^ the commons and clergy under the fecret in-
fluence of the court, to exprefs their regard to the king, went^
in a body to the Houfe of Nobles^ and made firft only this pro-
poli^iony that th^ fucceffion of the crown (hould be fettled on
the king's family and defceadants. This proceeding appeared
the more novel and audactous, as whatever related to mat<^
ters/of confequence to the realm had hitherto originated from
the nobles, who neverthelefs ifow faw that whether they con^^
fented or not, the meafure would be carried, in defpite of all
oppofition. Yet in this ftate of things, fome of the nobility
were imprudent enough to irritate and exafperate the. other or-
ders, * who broke up in the utmoft rage, vowing never to meeC
the nobles any more, 'till they had.taken the fulleft revenge oil
their pride.' Accordingly they pitched on a place where to
continue their feflion apart, and at length came to the ftrange
relbiution, as in a fit of defpair, ^ immediately to wait on the
King in a body, and make him a tender, not only of an here-
drtary right of the crown of Denmark for his family, but alfo o^
an abfolute uncontroulable dominion over all ranks a^d degrees
of his fubjeds. In this fatal -determination there was not a
voice diflentient in the whole afiembly ; to fuch a pitch of wrath
and indignation had the haughtinefs of the nobles excited tbem*^
The nobles were inexpreflihly Atrprized and ihocked to hear
from the mouth of the prefident of the commons himfelf that
fuch was their refolution, that it was irrevocable, that they
would flai)d to it at ^hazards, and that if the nobilicy refufed
to give their fufFragel^heir own fhould be fufficient. The no*
bles laboured to gain time under diiFerent pretences, and would
have delayed the commons by deliberations and harangues $ but
inftead of waiting to attend to them, they repaired in a body to
the courts where they made the King the folema offer propofed,
and we may conclude met with a gracious and hearty reception*
The court, whofe policy throughout the whote of this great
svent was keen and vigilant, had already taken all the necef-
ary precautions to fruftrate any intention the nobles might form
3f making an efcape from the city. After feveral hefitationii,
lelays and terrors, they were obliged to fend the ampleft notifi-
:ation to the court, of their readinefs lo fubmit to whatever
hould be demanded of them* Sooivafter which the whole body
>f the nobility were farther obliged to pay their folemn homage,
Rrv, June 1774. F f n and
4.34- Apdrew8*x Htjhry $/ the RivoluHom of DiHmari.
and'fwear iBdelity and implicit obedience to the King, wbo ms
feaced on a throne creded on a (caffi:>kiing for that purpofc.
Thiitihey did on their kneei in the preience of the army, and
the Burghers of Copenhagen^ who were all under arras, and
' furrodnded them on every fide*
The account of this tranfaAion fenns a ^reat part of the firft
vcrfumey fiioai which we can only prefent our readers with the
foregoing (hort vclatioii. For various ctpcumftanccs attending
the revolution,' together with many jadkious remarks and it-
fledioils^ we muft refer to the volume, whfch we doubt not wiB
be read with pleafure, though we think the Author is^ in tkis
part of the work, more prolix than was necefllary.
The Commons did not find the advantages they had hoped for,
from this teiignation of themfclves^ without terms, to the will
of a mmiarch : however it is ack^wledged ' that though Fit-
' deric ili. arrived at arbitrary power by the odious means of
decoiviMg tile lower ordi^ of the realm into a belief that it was
necefttfylbr ^h6 common good, to alter the conflttution, yet
afcBi^they had placed him in the feat of abfolute royalty, he
aded in foch a manner as to effiice, as far as praflrcable, tbe
appearanee of the delpotifm that hkd been eftabiifhed. TIh^
meafiires excepted, which were indifpenf^bly requisite io con-
firm and ftf^Agthen fitch an eftabliihment, he took none that
bettriyed^be' leaft inclination to rule otherwife than as a miM
and good-natured mafteri and fliewed on all occafions an un-
feigned propeitfity to promote the welfare of his fubje£ls.*
Uhriflian. V. on aecount of the difficulties in wUch he was
involved by his wars with Sweden, was obliged to exert the ar-
bitrary authority cranfmitted to him from his father. ^ Hfi
Inclinatrons, we aee told, were mild, but his ikuation rcquirtd
peculiar' abilities to moderate the exce& of power annexed to it.
Thee^flmples fet befere him by the other abfolute princes of
Europe, iit his time^ were too contagioi^o be reftfled ; and
he was hurried into an imitation of thei^ through thofe falfe
notiom of perfonal gloiy that ufuaify furround a de^>otic
throne.^
The two Danilh moturcbs who are mofl: extolled, and we
believe juftly,' in thefe volumes, are Chriftian VI. and Frederic
v.* the laft of whom died in the beginning of the year 1766^
The reprefentalion which is given of them, both as men, and
as princes, is indeed very amiable. Dr. Andrews feems to em-
brace every opportunity of fpeaking in their praife. ^T\bc
reigns, fays he, of Chriftian VI. and of his 3on Frederic V»
may not improperly be ftyled the goMen age of -Denmark ; fe
far as fuch a title may be applied to a country fituated in no
very defirable climate, and under a government as arbitrary and
defpotic in it's pri^iples as any in Cbriftendom. When tbe
allowanco
Andrews*/ Hljlorj $fthe ReVolutieni df Dinpiari. 43J
allowances are made which chofe two eflential confiderationsr
require, it will appear that no people have had lefs reafon to
complain of the faults of adminifiration, than the inhabitants of
Denmark, for the fpace of near forty years: a long trad of
time» when we refled that during the whole of it, the iotereft
of the commonwealth has been invariably coofulted as the ca-*
pita! and main objei^ ; and this too by abfdute princes, in-
vited by a multiplicity of motives to zQl otherwife ; and encou«
raged by that mod potent of all incentives, the ftrength of ex-
amples on all fides, to lift un^r the ftandard of ambition.
Brilliant views, when attended with any plaufibilityy are feldom
lefified even by the moderate* How much wifdom and pru-^
dence, therefore, muft thefe two illuftrious monarcbs hav^ been
endowed with, to have withfiood the many (emptations tbrowo
in their way by the dcfigning and the interefted. With what
fagacity muft they have a6ted, to fieer through the niraicroos
difficulties that could not fail being encountered by princea who
were determined to prefiprve at once the tranquillity of their
dominions, and the dignity of their crown.— ^Infpired with n
thorough convidion of the neceffity for applying to the bufi«
nefs of their ftation, they wholly devoted. ibemrelves to tbia
arduous taik. They called forth their whole capacity, and
kept it alive by a conftant courfe of vigorous exertion. By
perfifting unremittingly in this condud, they learnt the great
art of accommodating themfelves tocircumflances \ and were ena«
bled to face with fuccefs, the trials and viciflitudea oif the times
they lived in. By managing with fpirit a/id dexteiiay the va-
rious opportunities that offered, they fofe fupcrior h» aU diffi-
culties; and found means, to « reconcile thehappincfa of their
fubjeds, with (heir own perfonal grandeur and pretenfiona^
When troth empowers naankind to fpeak wall ^ their rolerstthejr
cannot be too loud in their praife* It i» (kfi nobleft retribittfosi
a great mind can prop<^e. To beftow it faintly or curforily ia
abfoiutely criminal. It robs the proprietor of bis d«c.— ^Swayed
by thefe motives, we cannot too much extoll the great quaiitiet
of Chriftian VI. and Frederic V^. of Denmark. We cannot too
cordially unite with the whole Dani(h natioij, in acknowledge
ing their worth. Harafied and opprefied by the mifconduA
and the ambition of former adgniniftrations^ the Danes will '
never forget to whofe paternal cares, to whofe mild and equi-
table government they were lb long indebted for the bleffinga -
of peace, and the introdu^ion of thofe arts that arc tlje fource
of don)eftic felicity. The aufpicious, the facred names of thofe
tmro glorious mooarchs will ever be remembered with the
"vprarmeft fentiments, and the ftrongeft expreffions of gratitude ;
aod, one inay faf^ly add, wiU powerfuHy conduce to raife op »
imiutors of their virtues.'
F f a This
43(i SliUbes of the Hljlorj of Man.
This may appear to have fomewhat of the air of dcclamatm;
but the more particular account given *of the condu<S of thcfe
princes, feems to juftify the applaufc which the writer bc-
ftows. To form a farther judgment wc muft leave our readers
to coofult the hiftiory itfelf ; to which we muft alfo refer ihcm
for a view of the Danilh trade, manufaftures, &c. togcibcr
^ith remarks on the laws and internal government of Den-
mark ; which laft article, by way of Appendix, conftitutes a
great part of the fccond volume. Thefc laws have one excel-
lence, of which we cannot but take notice, becaufe it fc
greatly defirable that we iho^ld have the fame advantage in
our own country ; the Auth6r tells us, * they are remarkable
on account of their plainncfs and brevity ; they are expreffod
with fo much precifion, and are fo little fubje^ to ambiguity,
that they require no labour and effort of the underihmding to
comprehend them.'
We {hall only add, that in perufing this compilement, wt
Yizvc met with conCderable entertainment, and fome infonna-
^fon. The late revolution in the Danifh Court is too reccst
stfid tro little underftood to allow the Hidorian to fay much oa
the fubjeft, and therefore the reader muft not expcft an accoiis:
of it in the prefent performance.
Art m. Sketches of the Hifiny of Man. 4to. 2 Vols, i L \tu
boards. Cadell. 1774*
THIS work, for which thfe Public is indebted to the vm
ingenious Author of the EUments of Criiicifm^ will afford
both entertainment and inftru£lion to the generality of itzden.
It contains n^anv pertinent and curious obfervations on a grest
variety, of ufeful and important fubjedb, fome of whtcb,
indeed, are treated in a way fomewhat^ fuperficial and rmpet-
fed, and others with kfs precifion zn^ accuracy than their
importance deferves. For this, however, the candid Reader
will make favourable allowances, and will rather be difpofed to
wonder that the Author, amidft the various duties and occupa-
tions of an a£tive Itfe, fiiould execute the feveral parts of fa
exfienfive and bold an undertaking fo fuccefsfully as he has d<^e,
than to find fault with imperfedions that were naturally to be
cxpeded, and, in fome meafure, unavoidable.
, The Airthor's-ftyle, though not elegant, is, in general, pbiB,
eafy, and perfpicuous; disfigured indeed, occdionally, witb
vulgar pl^rafes, and low tufns of expreffion. The Reader
too, it muft be acknowledged, is fometimes a little difgoird
with the Author's illiberal reflections, of which we toM
point out feveral examples. What he has fo extravagantly asd
unjuftly advanced with refpeft to the Englilh public fctwxdi
Shuhes of the Htftoyy of Man, V^T
(^ol. I. p. 450.) dcfcrvcs particular rcprchcnfion. 'We freely
acknoivledge, that the plan of education at our fchools h liattl^
10 many juft exceptions ; but the cenfures of Lord K. ar^ by no
means pertinent to the fubjcdl: and what he fays of the yput^
at Eton fchool receiving Vales frorn ftrangers, is fuch a,«7nVtfr
tun of a Jkei^h as will^ do but litde credif to his Lordfliip's
pencil. . - ,
That the work, however,^ upon the whole,, has a very confi-
derablc degree of merit, cannot, without manifeft injuftice, b^
denied. A love of liberty and of mankind appears througho.ut$
the Author's views are enlarged, his knowledge is extsnfive, and
many of his remarks are extremely acute and ingenious: in «
word, both the Pbilofopher and the Politician may derive no
fmall advantage from an attentive perufal of his performance^
for though both the philofophical and the political reader
will, no doubt, ofteifdiffer from him in opinion^ yet the hintf
which fee throws out occafionally, may open new views to each,
and lead to very ufeful and important enquiries.
• The following work, (fays he, in his Preface) is the fubftance
of various fpecalatlons, that occafionally amafed the Aathor, and
enlivened his leifure hours. It is not intended for the learned ; they
are above it : nor for the vulgar ; they are below h* It is* intended
for men, who, equally removed from the corrqption of opulence^ and
from the depreOion of bodily labour, are bent op ufeful knowledge $
who, even in the delirium of youth, feel the dawn of patriotifm, ai)d
who in riper years enjoy its meridian warmth. To fuch men this
work is dedicated ; and that they may profit by it, is the Author's
ardent wi(h, and probably will be while any fpirit remains in him to
form a wiih. •
* May not he hope, that this work, child of his grey hairs, will
fiirvive, and bear tefiimony for him to good men, that even a labb*
rious calling, which lelfc him not many leifure- hours, never banifhei
from his mind, that he would little deferve to be of the human fpe*
cies, were he indifferent about his fellow-creacures :
Hemojiim : bmnami nihil a mt alienum futo,
• Mod of the fubjeds handled in the following -fhcers, admit bat
of probable reafoning ; which is not a Hnle flippery, as with refped
to many reafonings of that kind, it is difHculc to pronounce, what
degree of convidlion they ought to produce. It is eaiy to form plau-
iible arguments; bat to form fuch as will ftand the tcft of time, is
not always eafy. I could amufc the reader with numerous examples
of conjeftural arguments, which, fair at a dillant view, vanifh like a
cloud on a near approach. In the firil (ketch of this book, not to go
farther, he will find recorded more than one_acainple. The dread
of being milled by fuch arguments, filled the author with anxiety ;
and after his utmo:l attention, he can but faintly hope, that he has
HOC often wandered far from truth.
* Above thirty years ago, he began to collcft materials for a natu^
ral Vi^ory of man; and ia the vigour of youth, did not think the
F f 3^ under-
43^ Sifidkis tf tbi KJUry tf Mam.
pnderukjo|| too bold, even for a fingle hand. He has di&ovcrodtf
kie, that hu utmoft abilitiei are fcarce fufficieiic for excciuiag a k«
SmMrfed fketches.^
Uur Author divides his work into three booVs, the firft of
which is introduced with an enqpiry, whether there be dtSe-
rent rs^ces of ineo» or whether all men be of one race, without
'any difFereoce but what proceeds from climate or other acci*
dencai caufes.
' Plants, fays he, were created of dHTerent Idndt to fit them kt
dilRtrent climates, and fo were brute animals* Certain \x is, that sQ
men are not fitted eqnally for tvtrj climate. There is ibuce i
climate but what It natural to fomm men, where they profper as^
flourilh t and there is not axlijnattt but where fomc men degenerate.
Poth pot then analogy lead us to conclude, that as there are di^
rent climates on the f^ce of this globe, fo there are diftrenc races ef
^eq fitted for thefe diilerent dimates?'
He obferves further upon this head, that the natural (m>-
dudions of each climate make the moft wholefome food for the
jpe pie who are fitted to live in it-— that there are many nations
which differ f> widely from each other, not only in complexioo,
in features, in (hape, and in other cxiernal circuroftances, bat
in temper and difpofition, particularly in two capital articles,
Couiage and the treatment of ftrangers, that even the certaintjr
of there being different races could not make one exped more
toiking differences'— that the very frame of the human body
elearly <bews, that there muft be dif&rent races of naen fitted
for diflfcrent climates — and that were all men of one fpedes,
there never could have exifted, without a miracle^ di&rem
kinds, fifch as exifl iat prefent.
From thefe, and Tome other particulars, our ingenious Au*
tbor thif)ks it evident, beyond any rational doubt, that there
arc different faces or kinds of men, and that thefe races or kinds
are naturally fitted for different climates; whence we have rea*
fon, he thinks, to conclude, that originally each kind was
placed in its proper climate, whaterer change may have hap-
pened in latter times by war or commerce.
* There is a remarkable fa£t, continues he, that confirms the
foregoing conjeAures. As far back as hiftory goes, or traditioQ
kept alive l^y hiftory, the earth was inhabited by favages divided iaio
many fmail tribes, each tribe having a language peculiar to itfeL^.
Js it not natoral to foppofe, that thefe original rribes were diffierac
races of xi^en, placed |n proper climates, and left to form thdr ova
language?
* Upon fumming up the whole particulars mentioned abote,
would one hefitate a moment to adopt, th^ following opioioa, were
there no counterbalancing evidence, vizi *' That God created maof
|>air« of the human race, di^ring from each other both externaUr
^nd internally ; that he iitted thefe pairs for different climates, and
blaccd each pair in its proper climate; th^t the pecttliaritiej ^the
• ' 6 origiaxi
Siiiches (fihi Hiftery of Ma^. 439
t^i]ginal pairs were preftrved entire in their deicendeiits s who,
having no afiiftance but their natural talents, were left to gather
knowledge from experience, and in particular were left (each tribe)
to form a language for itfelf; that iigns were fafiicient for^hc origi-
nal pairSf without any langoage bat what nature fuggefts ; and that
• ^angua^e was formed gradually, as a tribe increafed in numbers,
and in different occnpattonSi to make fpeeeh liecelTary ?'* But this
opinion, however plaufible, we are not permitted to adep»; fcteing
taught a difereak lefiba by revelation, viz» That God created but a
fingle pair of the human Ijpecies* Tho' we cannot doobt of the av>
thority of Mofes, ^et his account of the creasiott of man is not a
liEtle puaziing, as it ieems to contradid every one of the &£b men-
tioned above* According to that accoant, differeat taoet of men
were not formed, nor were mea foriaed origiaally for different cUt
•inates. Alljnen mud have fpoken the fame language, viz* that ol
oar firft parents. And what of all feems the mott cootradi^ory to
that account, is the favage ftate : Adam, as Mofes informs us, was
epdued by his Maker with an eminent degree of knowledge ; and he
certain^ was an excellent preceptor to his children and their pro*
geny, among whom he lived many generations. Whence then the
degeneracy of ^11 men unto the favage ftace? To account for that
diima] cataftrophe, mankind muft have fuffbred fome terrible 00a-
vulfion.
* That terrible convulfion is revealed to us in the hiftbry of the
tower of M>el» contained in the nth chapter of Genefis, which is^
" Thai for many centuries after the deluge, the whole earth wa» of
one langua^tf and of one fpeecb ; that tli^y united, to butJd a csiy
on a plain in the land of Shiaar, with a tower jwhofe top might ceacll
unto heaven 1 that the Lord beholding the people to be ofie, ai|4 tQ
have all one language, and that nothing would be reflrained fireot
them which they imagined to do, confounded their language, t)>at
fhey might not underiUnd one another ; and fcatcered them abroad
upon the foce of all the earth/* Here light breaks forth in the ijiidil
of darknefs. By confounding the language of men, and fcattering
them abroad lipon the face oi all the earth, they were rendered fa^
irages. And to harden them for theic new habitations, it was hecei^
fary that they ihonid be divi^d into.difierent kinds, fitted for dif^
ferent climates. Without an immediate ch^i^ of conftitution, the
builders of Babel could not poflibly have fubii4<d in the burning re-
gion of Guinea, nor in the frozen region of Lapland i houfes not
being prepared, nor any other convenience to proted them againft a
deflrudive climate. AgainU this hiftory it has indeed been ttiged»
" that the circomftances mentioned evince ic to be purely an alle-
gory i that men never were fo frantic as to think of building a coweif
whofe top might reach to heaven ; and that it is grofsly abfnrd,'
taking the matter literally, that the Almighty was afraid of men,
and. reduced to the neceffity of faving himfel/ by a miracle*'' But
that this is a real hillory, muft neceflatily be admicied, aathe confa-
$on of ft^bel is the oi^ly known fad that can reconcile (acred and
prpfanehlfiory. .
Fff And
,440 Sketches of the Hijlory of Man^
* And this leads us to confider the divcrfity of languages •• If the
common language of men had not been confbnnded^upon their at-
tempting the tower of Babel, I aiHrm, that there never could have
been but one Janguage. Antiquaries coniUntlyfoppoie a migrating
ipirit in the original inhabitants of this earth ; not only withoat evi^.
dence, but contrary, to ail probability. Men never defert their con-
nedlions nor their country without neceflity : fear of enemies and of
wild beafts, as well as the attradion of foteiety, are more than fufi-
jcient to reflrain them from wandering ; not to mention that favaget
are peculiarly fond of their natal foilf* The firft migradoos were
* As the focial Hate is eSemial to roan, and fpeech to the ibdal
Kate, the wifdom of providence in -fitting men for acqnirtng that ne«
ceiTary art, deferves more attention than is commonly beftowedon it.
The Orang Outang has the external organs of fpeech in perfe^on i
and many are puzzled to account why it never ipeaks. But the ex-
ternal organs of fpeech make but a fmall part of the necefTary appa-
ratus. The faculty of imitatingf foonds is an ei&ntiai part; and
wonderful wonld rhat faculty appear, were it not rendered familiar
by practice : a child of two or three years, is able, by nature alone
:without the leaft indruflion, to adapt its organs of fpeech to every
articulate found i and a child of four or five years can pitch its wind-
pipe fo as to emit a found of any elevation, which enables it with an
tar to imitate the fbngs it hears. But above all the other pans,
fenfe and underflandii^g are effential to fpeech. A parrot can piT>^
hounee articulate founds, and it has frequently an inclination to
fpeak; but, for want of underflanding, none of the ki»d can fom a
fingle Sentence. Has -an Orang Outang* underftanding to fiarm a
mental propofition ? has he a faculty to exprefs that [^ropafition in
fbunda .^ and.fuppofing him able to exprefs what he fees and hearsj
.what wonld he make of the connedive and disjunctive particles' ?
f With refpe^ to the fuppofed migrating fpirit, even Bechart
mufl yield to Kempfer in boldnets of conjecture. After proving,
from difference of language, and from other circum fiances, that
Japan was not peoplcfd by the Cbinefe^ Kempfer without the leafl
efitation fettles a colony there of thofe who attempted the to«ver of
Babel* Nay, he traces taotk minutely their road to Japan ; and con-
eludes, that they mut have travelled with great expedition, becanfe
their language has no tindlure cf any other. He did not think it
necc^ary CO explain, what temptation they had to wander fo far from
home; nor why they Settled in an illand, pot preferable either in
foil or climate to many countries they muft have traverfed.
An ingenious French Writer obferves, that plaufxbfe reafons would
lead one to conjedlure, that men were more early pplifhed in iiland^
than in continents ; as people, crowded together, foon find th^ necef-
Ijty of laws to retrain them from mifehief. And yet, fays he, the
manners of iflandcrs and their laws are commonly the lateft formed.
Avery fimple reflection would have unfolded the myilery. Many
xnany centuries did men exifl without thinking of navigation, 'i hat
art was not invented till men, (Iraitened in their quarCC|-3 upon the
continent, thought of occupying adjacent iflandsv
* - ' , ^ f ^ -^ probably
stitches of thi Hiftorj of Man. 44!
probably occaBoned by faflions and civil wars ; the nejrt by com-
merce. Greece afibrda inftances of the former, Phcentcia of the
iatter. Unlefs npon fach occafions, menibers of a family or of a
tribe will never recire f^u-ther from their fellows than is aecei&ry for
food ; and by retiring graduall/. they lofc neither their conneAioas
Dor their manners, far lefs their laaguage, which is in condant eicer*
cife. As far back as hiilory carries iis> tribes without number are
difcovered, each having a language peculiar to itfelf. Strabo •
report^, that the Aib^niacs were divided intofeveral tribtfs» diffisring
In external appearance and in language. Cafar found in Ganl feve-
ral fuch tribes ; and Tacittis records the names of many tribes ill
Germany, There are a multttiide of American tribes that to thif
day continue dillind fr^m each other,;«ad hare each a difierent laa-
gua^e. The matbcr*60ng«esatprff£Mt, tho' mimerous, bear no jfto^
portion to what formerly exilled* • We ^nd original tdbes gradual]/
enlarging; by'conqueil frequently, and more frequently hy the
anion of weak tribes for mutual defence. Such events promote one
language inflead of many. The Celtic tongue, once exteofive, is at
pre^ot confined to the highlands of Scotland, to Wales, to Brltanny,-
and to a part of Ireland In a few centuries, it will Ihare the fate of
many other original tongues : it will be totally forgotten* -
* If men had not been fcattered every where upon the con&fion of
Babipl, another particular mull hare occurred, differing not lefs from
what has really happened than that now mentioned. As paradife is
conjedored to bare been fituated in the heart of Afia, the forround-
ing regions, for -th^ reafon above given, muft. have been lirft peopled ;
and the dviliaation atid improvements^of the mothtr-coontry were
tta4oabtedly carried along to every new fettlement. In particular,
^he colonies planted ia America, the South-fea iflands, aiftd tlie
Ttrra Auftral'u incognita^ mull have been highly poliihe^ ; becattle^
being at the greateit di(tance, they , probably were the lataft. And
yet tbefe and other remote people, the Mexicans and Peravtana ex*
cepted, remain to thia day in the original fa vage itate of hunting,
and fithing.
* Thus, had no^ men wildly attempted to build a tower whoTe top
might reach to. heaven, ail men would not only havefpoken the lame
^cguage, but would hxtve made the fame prqgrefs toward maturity.
of knowledge and civilization, 'i hat deplorable event reverfed all
nature : by Scattering men over the face of all the earth, it deprived
tliem of focipcy, and rendered them favages. From that ftate of
degeneracy, they have been emerging gradually. Some nations,
'Simulated by their own nature, or by their climate, hare made a
ra,:id prcgrefs :^fome have proceeded more flowly ; and fonie couti-
nue favages. To trace out that progrels toward matuiijy in difierent
nations, is the fubje£k of the preient undertaking.'
Though what our Author advances in this Sietch^ in fup-
port of his opinion of there being different races of men, is far
fcom conciufive or faiisfadory, yet it will contribute greatly
to the Reader's entertainment, as it contains many curious'
facta vouched by late Travellers and Writers of credit.
• Book ii. . -
Our
441 Siitebtt tf tbi HiJImj of Mat.
Oar Author proceeds, in bis fecond Skttch^ to treat of tht
{NTogrera of men with refpeck to food and populttion, and the
moS ftriking obfervation we meet with upon this fubjefi \$^
that €$9kery dip$pulatis lih a fiJHUnei. The ingenious Author^
we fuppofe, means Scotth co^eryy fince it is univerfallj allowed
that English Cookeky gives health, vigour, fpirir^ and
courage ; a truth, to which many a bravci boneft Scotchman
will bear teftimony, with gratitude and joy.
The fubje<3: of the third Sketchy which is a very (bort one, b
the progrefs tf nun with nj^a U pr§pirty^ And hoe our Aocbec
obferves^ that among the fenfes ioberait in the nature of oian,
the f^r^^ of property is eminent. By this fenfe wiM animals,
canght by labour cm: art, are perceived to belong to tbe hunter
or nflier; they become his proptriyi it is the foundati<»i of
imum it iutmy a diftindion of which no human being is igno-
rant.
' The gradual progrefs^ continues he» of this fenfe, from its
infancy among favages to its maturity among poUfhed nations, is one
of (he moil entertaining articles that belong to the prefent ooder-
taking. Bi!it as that article makes a part of Hiftorical Law-Tra^
nothing remain's for me but a few gleanings.'
In the fourth Sketch he treats of the origin and progreis of
commerce, and his. chief view in it is^ to examine how Ui
induftry and commerce are aSeded by tbe quantity of ciroi-
lating coin. In the courfe of what be advances upon thk fub-
jed, be gives us his fentiments upon the following qtieftion^-^
Whether a Bank be upon the whole beneficial or hurtful to
jcommerce?
* It is undoubtedly) fays he, a fpur to induftry» like a new iofiox
jof OMMiey : but dien, like fuch influx, it raifes the price of laboar
^d of manitft^ares. Weighing thefe two fads in a juft balance,
the refalt ieems to be, that in a countnr where money is fcarce, a
bank properly conftitbted is a great blemng, as it in ette^ multipfies
the fpejcie, an4 promotes induftry and mannfaftures ; but that ia a
country iyhti:h pofTeifes money fufficient for an extenfive trade, tbe
fDoly bank that will not hart foreign commerce, is what is eredcd
for fupplying the merchant with ready money by diicoontin£ bills.
At the faifte time, much caotion and circumfpeflion is neceflary wkh
^eipe£( to banks of bdth kinds. A bank ere£ked for difcountins bills,
^ght to be confined to bills really granted in die courfe of c<»n«
xneh:e ; and ought to avoid, as much as poffibl^ the being impoled
on by fiditloQs bills drawn merely in order to procure a 1 :au> of
money. And with refpe£l to a bank pnrpofcly eredied for leodiog
money, there is great danger of extenaing credit too far, not only
with Te(p^6t to the bank itfelf and to its numerous debtors, bat with
refpe^ to the country in general, by railing the price of Uboor aad
pf manufaflures, which is the never-faiUng refult of too great pleat/
pf money, whether coin or paper.*
The
SiitchiS of the K{/hrj of Mm. V ^
The fifth Skitcb is divi^od inta tw» fedions« the firft of .which,
is a very entertaining one ; the fuhje^ of it \%^^bi cripn and
progrefs of vfrful arts. The following extrad from it cannot
fail of being acceptable to our Readers.
* When Caefar invaded Britain, agriculture ^as unknotint in the
inner part» : the inhabitants fed upon milk and flefh> and were
cloathcd with iJcins. .Holiinfhed, coreraporary with Elizabeth of
England, defcribes the rudenefs of the- preceding generation in the
arts of life: " There Were very few chimneys even in capital towns:
the £re was laid to the w^I, and the fmoke UTbed ont at the roof»
or deer, or 'Window. Hie hoof^ were watded' and plaillered over
withtlay; and ail the ^nk«ire and titee^h were of wood. The
people ^pt on f^raw-pallett, with at'iog of wood for a prllow.'*
Henry IL of France, at |he doianiiagt of the I>ttobeOi of Savoy, woro
the firft lllk ftpcCipgs tha^ were m^^ i^ Fr«iiG«. Queen Elisabeth,
the third year of her reigp^ received in a, picfent a pair pf black £lk
kdit dockings ; and Dr. Howel reports, that fhe never wore cloth
hofe any more. Before the conqueft there was a timber bridge apoa
the Thames between London and Southwark, which was repaired by
King WilHam Rnfns, and was burnt by accident in the reign of
Henry IF. ann. 1 176. At that time a ftone bridge in place of it was
prbjeded, bat it was not finiihed till the year laia. The bridge
Notre-Dame orer the Seine in Paris was firft of wood. It fell down
anno 1499; atid as there was not in France a man who would
aadertaiie to rebuild it of ftone. an It&liap cordelier was employed^
tvhoie name was Juoudi^ the fame apoa whom Sanazarius made the
foUQwing pan :
J^tmdm gimhtuM impojml tiiip Si^mana^ pontem ;
Hume tujtire ptis iian pMtifcifk.
The art of making glafs was imported from France into England
inn. 674, for the i& of monaReries. Glafs windows in private
lioufes were rare even in the twelfth century, and held to be great
luxory. King Edward III. invited three ctockmakers of Delfc ia
EloUand to fettle In England. In the former part ^ the reign of
Henry Vllt: there did not grow in England cabbage, carrot, turnip^
>r other edible root; and it has been noted, that even Qgeen Catha-*
'ine herfelf could not command a falad for dinner, till the King
sronghc over a gardener from the Netherlands. About the fame
:ime, the artkhoke, the apricot, the damafk rofe, made their ^rft
ippe^aace in England. Tarkeys, carps> and hops, were irfi
caowtt Uiere in the year 1 ^-ij^ The corrant-flirab was brought fron^
he ifland of Zantann. 1533 » ^"^ ^ ^^ V^^ iS4^» cherry-tree^
rom Flanders were firft planted in Kent. It was io the year 1563^
hat knives were firft made in England, Pocket-watches were
)roiight there from Germany annl 15)77^. About the year 1580,
:oaches were introduced; before whion time Queen Elizabeth on
>ublic occafions rode behind her chamberlain. A faw-mill was
Te6W near London ann. 1633, bat afcen^ard dcmolifhed, that it
night not deprive the labouring poor of employments How crude
yas the fciei^ce of politics even in that late age ? '
\ ^ f Pfeo|)r^
44A ^kihhi$ of tbi Hifitry of Man'.
/ * People who skre ignorant of weights and meafurea fall opoo oM
{hlfcs to fapi^y the defedb. Howel Dha, Prince of Wales, who die^
in the year 948, was their capital lawgiver. One of his Jaws is,
** If any one kill or ^fteal the cat that guards the Prince's granary^
he forfeits a milch ewe with her lamb ; or as mnch wheat as wiU
cover the cat when fufpended by the tail, the head touching the
ground." By the fame lawgiver a fine of twelve cows is enaided Ux
a rape committed upon a maid, eighteen for a rape upon a macron.
If the fad be proved after being denied, the crimiQal tor his fal£ty
pays as many ihiJiings as will cover the woman'4 pofteriois.'
In the fecond fe<fHon our Author treats of the progre(s of
tafte, and of the fine arts ; and the beft of kis obfervatiooa upon
this iubjed are to be found in his . Elements of Criiidfm. His
account of the Greek Tragedy is fuperficial and injudicious,
and fome of his occafional remarks rather trifling; as, for
example, when he tells us that in Rome, an illiterate Shop-
keeper is a more corre^ ju<)gc of flatucs* piSures, and build-
ings, than the befl educated Citizen of London.
In the fixth SJ^etch our Author tt^ces the gradual progrefs of
women, from their low ftate in favage tribes, to their elevated
ilate in civilized nations. This is a very curious and intereft-
ing fubjed, and many of his rciledions upon it are juft and
pertinent. As it has been much controverted, whether matri-
mony be an appointment of nature, or only of municipal Ia«r,
he confiders this queftion at fome length, and thinks the coo-
troverfy n>ay be determined upon folid principles. The means
provided by nature for continuing the race of other animals, he
thinks, may throw light upon the oeconomy of nature with re-
fped to man ; accordingly he begins with that article, which,
he fays, has not engaged the attention of natural ifls fo much as
it ought to do.
With refpe<a to animals whofe nourifhment is grafs, pairing,
we are told, would be of no ufe ; the female feeds herfelf and
her young at the fame inflant, and the mstlc has nothing to do.
On the other hand, all birute animals whofe young require the
nurfmg care of both parents, are dire^cd by nature to pair }
nor is the connedlion difiblved till the young can provide for
themfelvcs. Pairing is indifpenfible to wild birds that build in
trees ; becaufe the male muil provide food for his mate wbak
(he is hatching the eggs ; and as they have commonly a nume-
rous ifl'ue, it requires the labour of both to pick i^p food for
thcmfelves and for their young : upon which account it is fo
ordered, that the young are fufficiently vigorous to provide for
themfelvcs, before a new brood is pl-oduced.
Now if analogy can be relied on, man too, our Author
thinks, is direfied by nature to matrimony, as there is no other
creature in the known world to which pairing it (b oece&cy*
Provicjential care defcends even to vegetable life: every- plant
bean
\
Sketches of the Htjiory of Man, 445
bears a profufion of feed ; and in cA-der to cover the earth with
vegetables, feme feeds have wings^ fome are fcattered by means
of a fpring, and fooie are fo light as to be carried about by the
wind. If men and women, therefore, were not impelled by
nature to matricDony, they would be lefs fitted for continuing
their fpecks than even the tiumbleft plant. We may fairly con-
clude tben^ our. Author fays, that matrimony in the human
race is an appointment of nature ; and this conclufion, we are
told, cannot be^Yefifted by any one who believes in providence,
and in final catifes. .
But if pairiog in the ftritSleft^ fenfe be a law of nature among
men, as among fome other animals, how is Polygamy to be
accounted for, which formerly was univerfal, and to this day
obtains among many nations ? ,
' I am reduced, fays oar Author, to no dilemma here. Polygamy
is derived from two foarces; firft, fi-om favage manners, once uni-
verfal ; and next, from a voluptaouiiaefs in warm climates, which in-
(ligate men of wealth to traD%rers every rule pf temperance. Thefe
two fources I ptopofe to handle with, care, becaafe they make a
great part of the hiftory of the female (ex.*
For what our Author fays upon this curious fubjeiSt, as like-
wife upon the different degrees of reftraint impofed upon married
women in different countries, and at different times in the fame
country, together with the caufes of thefe difFerences, we muft
refer our Readers to the work at large.
In his Appendix to the fixth Sketch our Author gives us fome
very entertaining and inilrudiive obfervations concerning the
propagation of animals, and the care of their offspring, whic&
cannot fail of being acceptable to every clafs of Readers*
* The natural hiftory of animals, fays he, with refpeft to pairing,
and care of their pfFspriDg, is fafceptible of more elucidation than
could regnlarly be introduced into the fketch itfelf, where it makes
but a iingife argument. Loth to negledt a fabjedt that eminently dif-
plays the wifdom and benevolence of Providence, I gladly embrace
the prefent opportunity, however flight, to add what further occurs
upon it. Buffon, in many large volumes, bellows fcarcq a thought
on that favourite fobje^ ; and the neglefi of our countrymen Ray
and Derham is flill lefs excufable, confidering that to difplay the
conduft of Providence was their fole purpofe in writing on natural
hiftory.
* The inflinft of pairing is bellow'd on every fpecies of animals
to which it is neceflary for rearing their young ; and on no other
fpecies. Ail wild birds pair : but with a remarkable difference be-
tween fuch as place their nefls on trees, and fuch as place them on •
the ground. The young of the former, being hatched blind, and
without feathers, require the harfing care of both parents till they
be^ able to fly. The male feeds his mate on the nefl, and cheers
her wick a fong» Asfoon as the young are hatched, finging yields
to a more neceflary occupation, that of providing food for a nume- ,
rous ifTue, a talk that requires both parents*
I. * Eagles
446 Sketchis §f the HiJIcry of Man.
* Eagles and other birds of prey build on treea, or on other inaC-
ceffible jpots. They not only pair, but concinue in pairs all the
year round; and the fame pair procreate year after year. This
at leaft is the caie of eagles : the nrnie and fenale bunt t(%ether, mi-
lefa daring incubation» during wbkh time the female is fed by the
male. A greater numbet than a £ligle pair sever arc ften in cofla*
pany.
' Gregarious birds pair» in order probably to piereiit diibord in a
fociety confined to a narrow fpace. This is the caie pardcolarly of
pigeons and rooks. The male and female fit on the eggs altemmuly*
and divide the care of feeding their yonng.
* Partridges, plovers, pheafants» peafowl, gronfe, and other kinds
that place their nefls on the ground, hare the inffinfi of pnring :
but differ from fuch as build on trees in the following particular,
that afcer the female is impregnated, ihe completes her talk without
needing any help from the male. Retiring firom him» (he chafes a
fafe ipot for her neft, where (he can find plenty of worms and grafs-
feed at hand. And her, yonng» as foon is hatched, take foot, and
feek food for themfelves. The only remaining duty incumbent on
the dam is, to lead. them to proper places for food, and to call them
together when danger impends. Some males, provoked at the defer-
turn of their mates, break the eggs if xkfrf ftumblt on them. Eider
ducks pair like other birds that place their nefts on the ground ; and
the female finiQies her neft with down plucked from her own bread.
If the neft be deftroyed for the down, which is remarkably warm and
>Ia{lic, (he makes another neft as before. If (he be robb'd a fecond
time, (he makes* a third neft ; bat the male furnifhes the down. A
lady oi fpirit obferved, that the Eider duck may give a leflbn to
many a married woman, who is more difpofed to pluck her ho (band
than herfelf. The black game never pair : in fpring the cock on an
eminence crows, and daps his wings; and all the females within
hearing indantly refort to him.
* Pairing birds, excepting thofe of prey, flock together in Febm-
ary, in order to chufe their mates. They foon dilpcHe ; and are not
feen afcerward bot in pairs.
' Pairing is unknown to quadrupeds that feed on grafs. To fuch
it would be ufelefs ; as the female gives fuck to her young while (he
herfelf is feeding. If M. Bnflbn deferve credit, the roe- deer are
an exception. They pair, though they feed on grafs, and have but
one litttr in a year.
' Beads of prey, fuch as lions, tigers, wolves, pair not* The fe-
male is left to (hift for herfelf and for her young ; which is a labo-
rious taik, and often fo unfuccefsful as to (horten the life of many of
them. Fairing is effential to birds of prey, becaufe incubation
leaves the female no fufHcient time to hunt for food. Pairing is not
neccfTary to beads of prey, becaufe their young can bear a long £s(L
Add another reafon, that they would multiply fo hik by pairing as
to prove troubleroroe neighbours to the human race.
* Among animals that pair not, males fight defperateW abont a
female, buch.a battle among horned cattle is finely defcribed by
Lucretius. Nor. is it unufual for fevenor eight lions to wage bloody
war for a finale female. '
* The
Sketches cf the Hifiory of Man. 447
* flie fame reafon that makes pairing neceflary for gregarioas
birds, obtains with refpcd to gregarioas qaadrupeds ; thofe efpeciallf
who (lore up food for winter, and daring that feafon live m com-
mon. Difcord among fach would be attended with worfe confe*
quences than even among lions and bulls, who are not confined to
one place. The beavers, with rcfpeft to pairing, reiemble birda
that place their nefls on the ground. As foon as the young are pro-
dneed, the males abaqdon their flock of food to their mates, and
live at large ; but return frequently to vifit them while they are
fockling their youn^.
* Hedge-hogs pair as well as feveral of the tuonkejr-kind. We
are not well acquainted with the nat^vral hidory of thefe animals ;
but it would appear, chat the young require the nurfing care of both
parents.
' Seals have a fingular economy* Polygamy feems to be a law of
nature among them, as a male aflbciates with feveral females. The
fea-turtle has no occafion to pair, as the female concludes her ta(k
by laying her eggs in the fand. The young are hatched by the fan ;
and immediately crawl to the iea.
* In every other branch of animal economy concerning the conti-
nnance of the fpecies, the hand of Providence is equally confpica-
ous. The young of pairing birds are produced in the fpring, when
the weather begins to be comfortable ; . and their early produftioa
makes them firm and vigorous before winter, to eudure the hard-
/hips of that rigorous featon. Such early prodadion is in particular
favourable to eagles, and other birds of prey 1 for in the fpring they
have plenty of food, by the return of birds of paflage.
* Though the time of geilation varies confiderabiy in the different
qaadrupeds that feed on grafs, yet the female is' regularly delivered
early in fummer, when grafs is in plenty. The mare admits the
ilallion in fummer, carries eleven months, and is delivered the be-
ginning of May. The cow differs little. A flieep ahd a goat take
the male in November, carry five months, and produce when grafs
begins to fpring. Thefe animals love fhort grafs, upon which a
mare or a cow would ftarve*. The ratting- fealbn of the red deer is
the end of September, and beginning of Qdober : it continues for
three weeks, during which time the male runs from female to female
without intermifHon. The female brings forth in May, or begin-
ning of June \ and the female of the fallow deer brings forth at the
fame time. The (he-afs is ia feafon btginning of fuinmer ; but (he
bears twelve months, which fixes her delivery to fummer. Wolves
and foxes copulate in December : the female carries five months,
and brings forth in April, when animal food is as plentiful as at any
other feaion ; and the fhe lion brings forth about the fame time. Of
this early birth there is one evidw-nt advantage, hinted above : the
* I have it upon good authority, that ewes paduring in a hilly
country, pitch earliy on fome fnug. fpot, where they may drop their
yoong with fafety. And hence the riik of removing a flock to a new
field immediately before delivery :. many iambs periih by being
dfopped ia improper placesii
young
448 SieUbes of the Hijiary of Man.
yonng have time to gpw fo £rm as eaGl/ to bear ike inclniiftiiciaaF
winter. ^ , .^
• Were one to guc(s what probably would be the time of ftttting,
fummer would be named, efpecially in a cold climate. And yet to
qaadnipeds who carry bat four or five months, that economy wboki
be pernicious, throwing the time of delivery to an improper iea(ba
for warmth, as well as for food. Wifely is it ordered, cImx chetkh^
very fhould coaftantly be at the beft feafoa for both.
^ Gregarious quadrupeds that (lore up food for winter^ difer from
all other quadrupeds with refped to the time of delivery. Beavers
t9puhut tit end of autumn, and bring forth in January, wh^
their granary is full. The fame economy probably obtains amoi^
all other quadrupeds of the fame kind.
* One rule takes place among all brute animals, without a fingle
exception. That the female never is burdened with two litters a:
the (ame time. The time of geftation is fo unerringly calculated by
nature, that the young brood upon hand can provide for chemielT»
before another brood comes on. Even a hare is not an exc^nio8«
though many litters are produced in a year. The feoaale canFies
thirty or thirty- one days ; but fhe fuckles her young oi^y twcatf
days, after which they provide for themfelvcs, and leave her freeta
a new litter.
• The care of animals to preferve their young from haroi is a bctu-
tiful inilancc of Providence. When a hind hears the hounds, ft.c
put5 herfelf in the way of being hunted, and leads them away from
her fawn* The lapwing is no Icfs ingenious : if a perlbn appro«&,
4he flies about, retiring always from her neft. A oartridge is ex-
tremely artful : (he hops away, hanging a wing as if oroken: iinfes
till the perfon approach^ and hops again. A hen> timid by nauiit.
is bold as a lion in defence of her young : (he darts upon every crci-
ture that threatens danger. The roe-buck defends its young spi:ii
refolution and courage. So doth a ram ; and fo do many other ^aa*
drupeds.
* It is obfcrved by an ingenious writer *, that nature fports in
the colour of domeillc animals, in order that men may the more rca*
dily diflinguifh their own. It is not eafy to fay, why colour rs more
varied ii» fuch animalf, than in thofe which remain in che ili^-o^
nature : I can only fay, that the caufe a£i^ned is not fatislvtetT.
One is feldom at a lofs to di()inguifh one animal Irom anotJKr; and
Providence never interpofes to vary the ordinary coorieof aateB,
for an end fo little neceflary as to make the dilHn^lion ^1 noit
obvious. Such interpofition would beiide have a bad eSEcdt^ by ct-
couraging inattention and indolence.
^ The foregoing particulars are offered to the public as histt
merely : may it not be hoped, that they will excite cnriofity In ttofir
who reliih natural hiflory ? The field is rich, tho' little cultivated ;
and I know no other branch of natural hiftory that opens finer views
into the conduft of Providence.'
The Englifh reader will obferve a few Scottieifiwff, fte. fonne
of the moft obvious of which we have 6n\y diftinguilherf by Ua*
lics : farther notice Of fuch mimite blemifhcs being unneccfijry.
• Pennant.
[Ta ti continued,'} Art.
t 449 )
AtT, IV. EiPiomus: or Dialegues conarnihg tbt La^ and Cckftit^i
iion of EMgUind^ concladed. See laft Moith's Review.
THE converfations of which we have already given an ac^
countj are r^prefcnted as having been cariried on by only
two perfoas^ Policrites and Eunomus. But in the dialogue now
before lu^ which coaiprehends the third volume, an additional
Speaker is- introduced, Philaader, an accompliihed gentkmani
who had lately returned from abroad, after three years abfence^
and liad travelled to good purpofc ; having enlarged his know-
ledge, and cultivated his mind,- without injuring his aflFedioil
and efieem for his native country. This new charafter adds
variety and fpirit to the dialogue, which is flill farther recom*
mended by the peculiar importance of the fubjed 6n which ii
treats. * /
After the convcrfatidh 'between EunortiUs, Philander, and
Policrites had turped upon a number of topics, which naturally
prefentcd thcmfelves on theocfcafioh of a friend's having arrived
in England who had refided fo long in foreign parts, they werc^
infenfibfy led, from fomc obfervaiions Advanced on one fide,
and queftjon^ on the other, to a more feribus contemplation ot
government in general, and that of their own conflitution iii
parricalar* The confideration of government in general is
affigned to Philander, whofe obfervations are judicious* and
liberal* He afferts, with Mr. Lock^, that compaSf is the juft
original of civil focifcty ; and he anfwdi-s the objcSiorts which
have been made to this opinion. He confidets governments
only iri two lights, either as monarchical or populai- ; but h^
obferves that the combinations of thefe with all their fhadei
and differences are infinite. With regard to the fuppofcd origin
of different forms of government, he thinks that not only an
eledive monarchy would obtain in the world before an here-
ditary monarchy I but that monarchy itfelf feems not to be thei
firft form of government that fociety (taking its rife from
Compad) would naturally fall into^
* However amiable, fays he, a form of governrtient it ittay be^
wbeii qualified as with ns ; monarchy, in the abilra^, is certainly
the maft remote from the idea of natural equality. Fdr, in the ab-
ftra£l, v^atcan be more t^pofite than that any fet of people, from
bein^ Idl equal in power and authority among chemfel«res» fhould all
nnite ander the power and authority of a ^ngle perfon ? A demo-^
cracy, as it has kaft of the idea of government in it, fecms however
to be the firft obvious mode of alfemblage from a ftate Of nature : it
is a fociety indeed that leaft infringe; on natural liberty, bat at the
fame time, lead corrects the abafes of it» whicK is the end and aim
of all focieties. A kind of limited Repablit ieems to be the firft.
and moft obviods flep to a tegular fubOrdination, and fociety, pro^
perly fo called: for without fubordiuation, no durable form can
Rev. Jane, 1774* G g fubfift*
45^ Eunomus*, or^ Dt^dgua conc^rniMg thi Laia^ &c.
fttbiUL TKe^Fcrx ««»« of goTcnuMBt implies |t. Befidet tkitdr
degree of hharxy hemM te nake a Republic aa obvious km <sS
roTernmeat from a fUte of nature^ whea liben^r is to be ^m tf :
& is it a Hkdf form to be laid hold of, from the ixopacteoee of
nmikind:, where liberty his been aboied andtr a monartliy ; &e^
that mooarohy cornea to be difinembeffed by part of the (yb)Q&
ftakii^ off their «icie«t ftfhfe^on, and ferming^ new afleaHsjesc^
tlwir ow». The ftstet of Hollaiid aibrd a late inftaoce of ma I
am ipeaktng. The fettMi free ftata of Itaty now cnidxig^ wigt.
naUy the fi^gmeatt of chat v%(| empirr chat f^l to pieces by hson
weight* irajBorediftaac b«c a moi^e (biksDg examptc of thefii^
thing.'
As to the great queCKon about the beft form of goverQflteot}
ooe Author is^of opinion that lefs need to be faid of it, Vecm
it is the duty of fubjedb, und^r any govermneniy to take thii^
as th^ find tbem» a pofition wluj9h.a^bt« in fogi^ ^^H^
be julfly difputed. A perfeS goyermn<u)t bp looks ,iip9a|aix
as mere an idea as perfeft yirtuC) or perpetual lootiom Tx
true general idea of the thing icfelf is» that it rooft b^ ,^,frcJ
an'on^ as will diminlfl^i I^aft of natural liberty, and attbefiac
time, teft anfwer the end of focicty i'* apd nc trui^ tl^it a«
own will ftand this ted. But though he will not pas^ e
decide which is thj? beft form of government of thofe thataov
exift, fuppodng no one to be entirely perfed; jet becttlf
np means agree with Mr. Pope whea oe if^ys, *< Tbaft m^>^
beft adminiftered Is beft/* This notiQn ou|r Z>ialogift cfetf^
refiiCes,; after which he traces the natural prog^i^ of fpcift-
rnphfj . and points Qui the difiiculties that ftran^eca fan a
acquiring a knowledge of the laws of fofei^o coiuitritt.
/Philander faavtngp difchar^ed^ the uik affi^ned bhik ^
Author proqeeds to his principal fubjefi> whioi is the %g^
conftjtution. His fenjtiments; upon this head are. nut info t^
m^utb of Eunpmus, who,, through all the three 4i^4^]|pA tf
reprefented a^ the chjef fpea^er^ In. the prxsgjrefs of, tbfi 4Ji-
courfe,, the nature of the Engljfll Conftitu^oa a& da^cote^^
antl(^i4icy U aflerted,, and^ fome mjftaket concerning it a^jt^^*
&k^, it i$ ibewn in, paaicular, aad ia a vcrj^ hutff^ggf otfi-
ne^ tii^. tk^ Kiog ia> ona of. th^eceftaw ^ th^ Mi^-aci
ttM^jthe SfHrituai Lords da not. confliMie a Sflni^-Stm^j T^
Author^ in. embcactngtbia opinion^ hath no iRtaniioti-iodieiiatf
fnm the privileges of the Spiritua) fcords^ as t^till ^nq^a^peff
from\rhat he hath alledged* in vindication of their Bc^)g£»-
tindt^ mentioned in the legiflactve declaration, of evqj^A^ic
Parliament.
* This inrertion, he fays, ferves as.a.cpp^AntrfQcqgufhiOBJofifex
legfflative capacity, either.^ i. to. prevent people in all afe^anpif
aj^ainfl their legiilative right* ^ from fome pecutfar -eaKpupfiacfl
at^ndidg tkem > as their nqc bein^ trie^ by Pailiament u aiiijinn'
MunmttSi STy Dialogues conctrmngtkiLaw^tfc. 45!
Lords, in the forms of proceed iii^ at Conmoii Laytr; or tliciv not
givioe.their yotes on the trial of a Peer, tho\ it ii well known, they
attend during the evidence, decline voting in capital cafiis from prin^
cipies of the Canon Law, but when they retire» alw^a proteft cheir
right of voting, z. More particularly ija tbefe later times, to eit*
p^s a joil abhorrence of the former age, when, their rigbu were fo
wickedly atta^cked, and their removal from the tionfe of Lorda was
die firft ftep to the diifolation of the goveni(i«Bt. This (acred OTder,
a very early eftabliihment of chriftianity, I con£der aa one of the
linardiana of the Engliih church in the «ofl eiaineBt siaBner : apd
m that capacity, I hope, they will continue to fit in that Hoafe co^
die end of time. For the antiont ecdefiaiUcal and civil efbtbliA-
Bients are (o interwoven in our conftitation axul formed ibr aach
other, that any one who is not indifferent to the latter^ cannot bot
wifli perpetuity to the former T
Without Inquiring whether the zeal of the Writer ha» not
tere carried him fomewhat too far, we proceed to the next
o1>je& of hbconfideration, the Reprefentation of the People ia
Parliaikicitt; the prefent ftate of which he defends with all the
bigotry of the prefefled Lawyer. After ftating« clearly and
ftron^y, the objedions commonly urged upon this bead, he.
•zerts his aitmoft abilities in endeavouring to remove thtxtu
Pare oF- what he hath advanced upon the fubjed we iball lay
bdbn^ dut Readers.
« WBsrt ke ^e to fay in anfwer to all this ? Thefe two things {
tUBltWl. ' t. That admitting this inequality to be the grievance
coiB|ihuiiedt>f, it catinot now be redreffed. 2. That it may reafon*
ably be dbqboed, however, whether, tsQty thing confidored, it is in
fiift foch a grievance or not.
' If it is a grievance^ it is fnch an one as cannot be redrefled.
And I fonnd this aflTcrtion on two grounds; that the ^tij attempt to
do it would totally unhinge the Conftitution; and* if it was ofiM#
done, act!oi:dittg to the moft imagined plan of perfe^on, th^ ^fd^
of it^cmld never be tailing.
* ^ofitkal Proje£h>r» will tell ns perhaps, thU new modelling of
tht L«gifllttif)» Body wool* be onfyk, •' Riptgliari 11 Stato,** in the
Fiol^piiiiAeiphrafe $ *^ bringing things back to their original eftablifh-
mtmtii! ast'taqiedientappwved^by all polittctans. I fhoold raihef
loQ^. 0p^£.4ie'4iipedEentv bt dos caPi, net as an att«fmfft to refettte,
bijt tf ne^Y^fo^^ die conftitucion : which if it could ioceeed aft laft;
jniUim the preparation toi^ij^rds it produce aniver^ ooafaEon ; by
diTpolTcfling every part of the kingdom of rights they have fo" \^g
been poltefftd of; and in their nature the moil idirportant of aU
^heri, b^aufe they are the foundation of their fccurity and .pro*
ItcCMk.' Tel fisfra^chife rhe boroughs themfelves, anrwcrs no end ;
ii prefcripure right of fending Members would continue, 'to dil*-
tmiwl flMl^pftfitFip^tl wwifd be little hrfs than fnicide in a Farlia*
tti. ' it -ooeld B«irttr be thought of in phif^ice but in the molt
UafcaM:«amtflraou8 tiines ; Or at l^ft cannot fatl ofprodocin^
04 ' Irwas lot porkapa the worft projeA of CtofH^elTs time ; but
«rM.^certaiiily a projed fit for no tirne^ but fuch as hit, when th«
G g 2 coi^iU*
jf^ t Eufiitmus V or^ Dktlogues nncemhig th$ Laifi^ (^a.
conditution was already overturned ; and i| was only iefcto confidcr
Vow they could build a new one on the ruins of the old.
' But fuppofing' this reformation once made, coald it be lafting f
Would not this inequality in the reprcfen ration imperceptibly re*^.
cbminen'ce almofl as fbon as relbrmcd f Much of ic is owing to the
fuTprifing alteration that time and accideatal caufea have produced
in the commerce, wealth> and importance of places cbcnxfclves*
Same, for inllance, were once epifcopal fees, and places of great
opulence;- thro' nt)w within the reach of tli^i objedion, aknoii as
niuch as any Borough whatever. Another caufe of the inequality
complained of, arifes out of this already afligned. Many Boroughs
have been fa feniiblc of their declincr and their comparative aoim-
portance ta the community, that they have themfeive* petitioned
aj^ainft, and aboli (bed their o^n right of Reprefentatioa. For a.
Member V wages, i< mall be owned, was, hcrctofere, no inconfider*
able tax on a i'mail Borough. And may not thefe or other fiafore- «
feen caufes, at the difUnce of a century or two> operas^e as. ftrongl]^
After a reprefentation was new modelled, as they did before, when
they gave rife to* it ?
* If then this inequa^iity of reprefentation cannot be^ altered with-
out the utnK)(l hazard, and when altered, cannot be fecored front
returning : what reafoirs can there be for making the alteratidn ?
Much Icfs, furc, is to be faid for the alterations^ if the thing itfelf i»
iuch a grievance, a> is neither publickly ieen nor fek. -
'^tti fad, the grievance from this quarter is chiefly fpeciil«6fta
the objections I have flaxd.on this head, do not flow altogether from
t-his foarce: they have other caofes capable of producing them as^
well as this; And tHe objediions arc fo far from aflually eitiUftgat
the fame time, (as they are Aated) that one may ierve to taJ&e otF the
Ibrce aud preflure of the other.
' in the fibril place^ I am not facisfled that fmall Boroughs. etc the
erily fpot where corruption thrives : it is a weed that naturaOy
thrives bed in a rich foil i it grows up with liberty. It canollt be
ferfedHy rooted out. without injuring the better produft of Uiefini
itfclf t bat there are ways of keeping it under.'
Our Author goes on to fhew, with confideraye force pf rea-
foning, that, fcveral advantages may arife from Boroughs being
lepre^nted by ' Grangers ; and having examined^ at lai.rge, %
cenfure v/hich, he fays, has been too haftily pafled oa the
con{litutioii, he concludes^ that the inequality of reprefentation
is not in reality the dreadful grievance con>pIained, of. "But we
can by no means agree with "hirh in his general cdnciufton;
and we think that thedelerminationof thequsftioii^. on the Cde
of a more equal reprefentation, may be fafely left to the com-
mon-fenfc of. every impartial perfon. Changes in goverpoKnC
muft, no doubt^ be attended with difliculty ^ biu are chey«
therefore, never to be attempted ?. As to what is aliedge<f^ with
regard to the cafe before us, ^^ that a reformation would noc be
^^iug?" are no amendments to be made at prefent, becaufe tiMf
laafte evijb. migl^li in lime return a^ain ? It would probably be
Eunomufi «r, Diahguis cohamtng the Law ^ ISi. 2^^^
}0ng before they would return in the fame degree; and when
they do fo, tbey ought again to be reformed. Nothing furely
can be clearer th^n that a more equal reprefentation would be>
perfed}]r fuitable to the original defign and fpirit of the Britiik.
form of government ; and though it might not be followed by-
a removal of every political ^romplaint, it could not avoid being
{MTodufHve of iiiiportant benefits* After all that our Dialogift'
hath advanced, we ftill are perfuaded, with Bifhop Burnet and
Lord Chatham, that the Boroughs are thi rotten part of the Con-
Jiituthn', and we ftrongly feel, with Mr, Locke, that it. is^
bighly abfurd, *^ that the bare name of a town, of which there.
remains not fcr much as the ruins, wher^ fcarce fo niuch
houftng as it flieepcote, or more inhabitants than a (hepherd,
are t6 be found, flioold fend as many Reprefcntatives to the'
grand Affemb^y of Law makers, as a whole County, nuo^eroug
in people, and powerful in inches.'*
From the cafe of unequal^ the Writer' pafTes on to the cafe of
^w^rc'^er reprefentation. He then explains what is efleniial to
«he prefcrvation of the conftitution, gives a flight hiftorical
Tcview of it, and conftders Lord Burleigh's maxim, " that,
Eftgland* could never be ruined but by a Parliament.*' That
period, oar Author hopes, will never exift.
' • [fudgitt;g, faye he, at ieatt, from the-conllitntion growii up to it«.
j>refeftt matarity, and the effcntiffl parts of it at this day excellently
weli preiilrved, [ flatter niyf;:lf, that period wHl fcarce arrrive, till '
«niverfal barbarifm once more darkens this wedern hemifphere ; aUd'
political liberty, with fcieoce its conllant compauion; is exiled to
ibme diftaot part of the globe.'
We cannot but exprefs our ardent wlQl that thefe fapguine.
iiopes may be. juftified by the event.
A general view of the Engliflj conftitution having been ex--
hlbited in the former part of the dialogue, a tranfition is next :
made to the legal polity of this country, under which head a
number of quc^ions are examined, for which we mud refer
oar Readers to th3 work itfelf. They will here meet witht
much valuable information concerning th^ general divifion of
our la\ysj the obje£ls, extent, antiquity, and origin of the
commoa law i and the eftential nature, confequences, titles,
formal parts, and diftinaions of Afls of Parliament. The
fundamental rules of conftruftion, fome particularities as to the '
faaaions of our laws, the true idea of jii^dicial decifions, their "
ufe as 4)fccedents, the authority and qualities, of good reports,
and ; other' fut)je£ls of a fitwilar kind, ar^, lilccwife, well ^x.-*.
plaihed,* "
• 1^ fays this Writer, I was to form a /cale^ by which the autho-
yity cf legal preccdcnu might be meafarcd i the precedents /a*
^eath would obtain the lowelt place : next above thefe (but fo mucb
" G g i above
454 £^M$mm^ ms Dittl^usstme^mmgihZ^^w^tftit
Abonifcefe, that, in conl^arifiMi, the firft kve a^hhoft »«
pcdat ia^ the thermomet<tf U co the fjpiiog temperature) I r-doMfrifac
opinion of a fingle Judge at nifi prnis, on a pdint dir^6Sf ia Q«^
t£»t t tb«tt> Higfter up tfec fcalc, the determrnatton oPznf bnt Cwin
fti W«ftmitfft^ftalb' meth^Kigher tlivn this, that veiy'detetmtnatka
: CDA&riftdA by anodier Cotirt on Writ of Error : and the YMg:Eeft of ^
the detarminatioB of the fame cafe» on a WHc of Error hk like ifctie
. ^Lonl^ Tbk lUft 1»» t^^ hig1fo<( place imagioabie in tke kik of
, jodicatqit-;. and aibr4i^tWdeMeef common law, or ofthe txpMm
fifMA ▲& of Carli«mflpt» iio way iafiprioiv in point of a«iiiuaiii,iiji.
' !f9t {|$P express pofiUYe imcl of «ii A^ of Padiaaent idelf^'
4 he trial^by Jnty M partkularly confidcred by our Ante.
'f bis mo^e of tr^l hie juftly. calls (be jiobicft for pa of iioikj
that was ever iaveated on tarth ; and ^ eadeavoiMrs ioin
that it has b^en improved by various regulaiiona^ thatt ttitnK
abfolu^ly fuperccd^ by any othet courfeof enquiry^ aiaiiite
it is not impaired by the proceedings in Coiuta after ¥«r£3s-
Qut the point which is moft laboured by bim i^ that Jane
are, in their nature, judges of the fad only^ tod notafi^
Uw* H^ fully fx^nes the contrary do^ine, and it itonUK
injuftice to him not to acknowledge, that bo bath fuppoftaA^
qwa opinion with gre^^ ftreogtb of argument. Ncwcatkskii
we csinnot entirely aScnt to what be has £iid upoii' the fiiljefi.
We ftill think, with Sir John Hawks and othor rdp^O^
Writers, that a Jury may take upon tbem to detormi«a coe-
ceiroing the whole caufe before tbeoa, as combined -oi fisA ssi
Uw« Hid they not faeh a power, their verdi^, ifi manyf^
would be rendered very infignificant, and the rights abdMet*
des of EngHBimen be expofed to the utmoft danger. 'BM^
is It not ridiculous to fuppoft that a Jury, wiih the ajfi/tancecf
the Council and the Bench, cannot ufually form a (atisfi»3tfr
jAdgment, when the whole courfe of juftice proceeds upon ih^
prif^iple, that every criminal is aciiuaimed wi|h cte Jsw, ^i
is to be punifhed for the violation of it ?
The pecuKar excellence of the criminal law of Bf^gtaad^
tkuf brieftjr and judictoufly ftated :
• The Criminat £aw of this Country, is one of thoCc pozaU s
aaidaeace in the Conftkution, thai taking yonr riew front tiiesce,
yoii may eommaiid the moft extenfive prdpe^ of Hbei^, attlM
i^WH (as I may fSy) on all other Govemnltiits &r below le iiS^
this'^ovaU be evidentf tf { roniad yon ever fa little of dtie Msasr ci
ecimet and their puoifbihentsi of the maanqr ^ c)^r^n|f ^adcoi-
vi^ting criminals'.
* The Laws of England, in relatioa lo CHma^ dtfierveryib^
ftom thoib of other States ; and are ex<*eflebtly fitted-tn -tlie t•s«^
nience of the Englift governmentc I doXoor fbppofe-iaqr **••»"
' has fdch fixed and precife {dear of ctizxtes;** Orwhich'tM^ltfiN^
imd wen dc«ncd fhi^des of gnilt in \mf^^ ^Jftid.^ t«ft ***»*
irerjL|^i9iirk|ibUiii^t^fieit This pivoUkiii jt tM mpft iMflgSii^-.b^
cauif tbfi pnnifliineat j^» . (a» i iunced) in all c^iet of crii]ici» i u ft^id
as ch^xrimes themielVes. . ^ . .: ^
^^ 'Xh.t cQmpIexioa of our peoal U»ti is no more ftvjBif.t)i4ait'is
arl^rary* Ail urtun is difdaimed ersn a<\a paiMAnmis.iMi^Jrip
ufed as the means of convidiony a* it was b/ ch« Eomaa. kvi^ijoul
iUlijs in many other countries.' - ..r
As \t has been prppofed that deaui» .in ; (prxMt capital isabs^
£hould be exchanged for bard labour^ th« learned Attthop ftiOy
exinioea . this propofitioii, and oflFers twa reafons* whf 'Ibe
lawt in the cafes alluded to, fhottld ftand ts it is. i. 3iiCiiife
the Jaw, as it ftaiids, beft afifwers the nobleft pur^fe dfj^f.
nMAal tatr, that of frtvtmtiHg a crime, rather than ftmjtiin^ the
gMfon s»ho comnHTs it. in inatmaitiing this aflettitin;' bur
talegift coafiders the pewer of puni^tkj, ahd tRe -pdwt^r mf
pmrAmfig taioen together, as parts of the foiht fyfttm. ' %xt
2. He thtnlra that the law is muct^ better as it ftands, than ;o
hairi^ it ^altered on the grounds which have been propofed,
beemife the law cannot well be altered on thofe terms but
againft the diioA fpirit of the Conftitucion. Thefe |>oims
appear to us to be clearly eftabliflied.
• Omitting feveral other topics^ we proceed to tlie eonctufi^on
ef the volume, in which we find the following delineation of
tbd gmat excellence of our Conftitutioh.
^ i^fier all we have faid, does it feem* too moeb to aAert^ dl&t»
every .liiiiig fairly confidered, the Englilh Cooilitotien may ilaiid'lhe
msft rigid cells ofhillory and experience^ to have itsexcelknc&jwflly
^weighed; and that it may be compared with thofe of any. age. or
country ?— That it wants few of thofe improvements, which <t))f
^boafted j>laiis of |)erfedt Common wealths, thofe idle dreams of mere
fpeculative Politicians, have obtruded on the world ; often wiihcjUC
khoWing the fM nature and genius of their own ? — And tfiai'it is
netaftaed (if the wh6le is taken together) by thofe little fth>ktr<tf
fatir^ii vhe celebrated draughts of fancy, ihth^ tfi^fia^ JhJaittis^
or H^unbyM land \ . < . ,
< An(C as far as it b in die power of good laws, i« aid bf the
Cenllitution, to make good-fubje£^s, we are happy above alt otMrs.
And yet, w^n i fay this, I do mod heartily join in the wj^&,' that
our bo4y of Statute Laws were to be thoroughly and ihatui^ se-
vilpwed* 't'heir perpetual encreafe even on ihe iame fubjeds, it an
addidonal argument^ tiiat Loid Bacon who recdfhmended it kt%^yA
hia^d^^M>mparatively wanted: and in time of profound peacfe,- it
W<»uld perhaps be as gre^it a fervlce, and public biefllDg, as tSe Faf«
lianlettt tonfd beftow on the natioh! But as to the bulk of on^4aws,
P)|ifiA9i^d ae];e]y.iaitfelf, I o\^li, 1 do ao^fee it in the light fome
aflfeft* \» phiC9 it in. It lias, indeed, beei^ well obferved by T4ci^^,
c^rri^tiffima R^iAU^ pl^^htUt kgij. Bat I wobld con&ks the |n^l-
tif4^9ief oiMrjlaws ]E» a seoi^ MiJlble light i not fo mtid) as the;
confajvoDceofcorriift^ as of a jeai6us^|ard tolibeart^ Our.
Conflitution, hy particularly defining every thiAg by law, leaves isa
Gg 4 firei
456 Lord Cbifterfield'5 Letters to Bis S^k,
free in every cafe where the law does not oMige ^ and, tkerefere, tbe
faWy to reach all cafes, and not be arbitral by conflrodioD, iQiili«
in its nature, be voluminous.
• But a number of laws, if they are evidence of corruption^ are
' made, at the fame time, to check its progrefsy and co fecure as from
itseffeas/
We entirely agree with the Author, that there is no way
in6Tc effcaual to fcftrain vice, than by good education of chil-»
drcn, anfd good examples of parents :
* Wilhont the latter,' fays he, the beft impreffious acquired from
thefbfriner may- be fooh effaced : where it prei'^ails, its influence will
•xtend to the utmoil verge of domeilio aothorrty« Aiid can it be
doubted, whether tliat fubordinacion and regularity that grace a £i*
mily arc moil likely to be fcrv iceable to. a. State? Let every. o«c,
therefore, in his own hqufe, have a kiad o[ Pirfiau ^cho^l of J^i^ice.
Let the foundations be laid early for making 2i goad lifaa, an4 a. gwd
Chrifiian'y which will, in due time, form thc.moft pcrfedl chanider
in this world, (as comprehending thofc two, or rather giving full
jpcope to the latter, by enlarging the fphere of virtue to its ^tmoft) in
compleating that of a good Citizen, Then the laws will have the bcft
^fle^t, that can even be wiJhcd for in theory, that o£ heittg a riie i»
^Ucafes^ rather than a rejiraint in afeixj*
The whole fourth volume confifts of notes and neforencesy
in confirmation of the doctrines advanced in the coiirfe of ih^
dialogues.
With regard to the general charader of the work before as,
our Readers will perceive that its merit is of a mixed kind. In
fome refpeds, it breathes a fpirit of liberty : in others, it is
rather favourable to high notions both in Church and State.
/Th? Author poiTefTes coniiderable vigour of iqiaginatioo, and
very ej^tenfive learning* His compofition is ifree, eafy, and
mainly ; bjuty at the fame tiipe, greatly deficient in elegance and
corrednefs. It is even frequently defe<^ive in puoint of purity.
The abominable Londonifm, of ufing theadive verb lay^ in({ead
pf the neutral verb AV, often occurs ; and other improprieties,
0f a Angular nature, might read fly be fpecified.
• If the Writer of thefe Dialogues feould hereafter lay afide
certain prejudices of education and profeiSon, and make fome
improvement in the article of ftyle, it will undoubtedly be ia
his power tp appear in public, with the higheft degree of ad-
vantage. * ,
• . . . , ' 'I
^RT, V- li^^d QhcfterJUld's Letters continued : See our laft Month's
Review.
W% now open ihefecond volume of thefe elegant ^nd en-
tertaining letters I which, like t\xefir/i^ abounds with
fucb a variety of tempting ilowers, that we are bewilder«d in
the multiplicity, and at 9 lofs wbi^h^o felcA for the nofegay
of thp prefent oiQiitli,
' This
X^riChtftecfieUV LHiers lo bis Sm* 457
Thff -Ikewry: cxflleftion is nbt, however, in all rtfpeHs,* to
be-^ompared fo thoflficauriftil gardens in' Which we rticet only
with the mod valua*e flowers, and the choiccft fruits. On a'
clofer infpeflion, we arc forry to obferve a^non^ ihem, fome of
the rankeft weeds, and nioft noxious plants +, which wc can-
not but view with difguft and furprixe : for how (hall yxf ac-
count for their appearance among thofe admirable pC0di»^icilis
to which they are in their nature (o heCerogeiieous, and fo dif-
grgccful ? That Lord Chcftcrfield (hould happen to difibminate
the feeds of this baleful crop, may not- kem altogether firange
to thofe who knew him to have been^ what a witty Lady once
fJircaftkrally ftylcd him, •♦ a Gentleman "bf eafy vh-tue j"'but
that the Fair Gardener ♦ who undertook the care and cultuie.
of the foil (hould yi^r them to grow in it, is matter of amaze-
ment to us, and, furely, will not reflect honour upon her f
The exceptionable paflages here chiefly alluded to^ are thofe
irv which Lord C. in the excefs of his folicitude left hi$ fqa
fbould be unnaturally infenfible to the calls of pleafure^ and too
much addidted to books or to budnefs, advifes^ nay^r^iiiiai
to female attachments. We ha^ not the leaft objedion to any
of thafe agreeable attentions to the Fair, which perhaps equally
contribute to the polifhing and refinement of both fexes ; nor
are we at all inclined to contravert his lordfhip's maxim — that
•* the concurrence of the two f.xes is as necefTary ito the per-
feSion of our being, as to the formation of it." But when this
noble, modern Ariftippus comes to recommend to his yoling
difciple fo unreflrained an indulgence of his inclinations as thq
invafioa of another man's bed, we ftart with aftonifhment, and
view the fedudivc, licentious Counfeltor with horror. The
SLeader ihall fee that we have but too much, ground for thb
fcverity of ftridure.
« — T-^ Aprop(n^ I am aflured that Madam de Blot— is exceffiVely
pretty, — and yet has been fcrupuloufly conSant to her hufbandt
though fhe has now been married above a year. Surely flic does not
rcfled, that womao wants poliihing. I would have you polifii one
another reciprocally. Force, affiduities, attentions, tender look;,
and paflionate declarations, on your fide, will produce fome irre(b«
lute wifties, at leaft, on hers ;. ,and wheq even the flightell wiflies
arife, the refl wil) foon follow/ Lett. xxx. addrefled to Mr. Staa-
hope at Paris, 17^1. '
Let not the prevailing modes of gallantry in France be urged
in excufe for this fatherly piece of advice to a young man of
fafliion, fent thither to complete his education, and. acquire
A* inaniiftSy Us agrimenSj Us graces^ to pcrfeclion.-*-^Ar«
f The richer the fca, the more fraitfd of weeds, is a trite bat
imii obfenrtatiMit
^ Mrs. ^tanhopt, who committed |befc Letlers to the^pfefs;
% «:hastxty*
tr^^Uimsnu^? father periih, for ever, «bc ^q^yiloMiii Mid tke ^^niisi
H>f Lord Chtfficrfield, and his lordfiiip's faAe aiad n^emory wMi
fhem!
Left It (hould be thought that we have ungmerouflf taken
atdvanU|e of 2 iingle, a cafual^ and podibly a probleniackal
P^?U;c, JQ order to detra£l from the praife which his LordOisp
hd< (o delfu[^vp41^ ^cqi^iredy by the Qipr^ juftj aod fenlible, and
.Vipral ]^t% o£ hW l^cter^, ;«re coiUd prgdiicf % number of fijnilar
«ytraA»» wbkh would fut tha guilt of Lord (X bejKmd ^
. dottbty and all exculpation : bat on^ moM wiU fiiffice :
' * I hooe yo<r have been-ihaoked by the Lcdies, if sot paid k
SDOOey, lor the MoUairsf, which I leat by a Courier to Paris. «—^
Do they like you the better for getting them f ka ftiUt BUt 4tmrmt
jiu moiMJ paier 4ifa perfimne. As fox Madame de Poligitac, f believe
joo will very williffgly hold her excaibd ^m perfonai payment.'
There are more btnts of this ibrt ; but we have cit^ enough.
It is with real regtrc that we WaVc pointed out thcfe groft
itnpcffedions in^ the^y?r/7iof fo very ingenious, fenfible, arid
pie aflog a Wr?ttr ; but, for Virtue's (hke. We could not fuffer
■blsX'ordftiip*s libertinifm to pafs uncenfured, — nor for our o«n
* fakes, 'Ie({ our fitence (bould be conftrued into an approbatbn
,of what pafrtend to human fociety (religion out of the qu^lion)
could polliUly approve. — Nor muft wc omit to remark the akfrn-^
zd^ty, as well as the immorality, of the Preceptor who proaapts
.his pupil to debauch his female acquaintance, even withdat
-fupjpofmg the natural inducement of fajjijn^ to plead in pal*
liation of the crime.
After this aft of juftice, to (hew that we are not c^Aicdft
. or as Lord C, in one of theft letters, has itf parfonicaUy dtfpofed
^to damn this noble finncr beyond all hope of redemption, we
will now (as in our two former* articles) give fomc more
Agreeable as well a$ ufeful fpecimens, of what may be called
Lord Chefberfield's Councils $f Prudence. And now, grave ^A
• gernle Readers, what fay ye to a fermon ? ' v^ A Sermm /*
Yes, and an admirable, though not a pious difcourfe It f$ !
There will be no occafion to call for night* cap^ Attentl !
LETTER XXV.
• My dear Friend, ^ .t
• I mentioned to yon, fomc time a^o^ a feiitei>pe; wWcK t wootd
moftearneilly with you always to retaia In your, thoughts/ mi^ c^
fcrve in your conduct It U jMstvim in moJa^fortittr in rj, J 4<*
HOC know aay one role fd unej^ciepticmaUr ufeful and noixfiary ia ipw^
part of lift:. 1 ihall therefore uke \% Ipr m% ti|x|: fp 4fyf 4*^ .»s
old men love preaching, and i luve fome right, ^g\ preach to yqOfi I
f By Mohairs life fitfpift.hi* Ltn^pmeaiA Tai6ies^t\Eiia»*^ nsHk
. .«:SiieiUase«a.'%|i^ atd^^mir.; ,..
beta
L9ri Chcftcrfidd'i Lutm -uUiSm. 49^
liere prcfent yon with my fermim upoa tkcic woith*. Tirp»6Q<iA
tbeo r^ttbu-ly AndfuifiH<ally ; I wUf firft ihow ybo^ Ay bekivcdi»*tJi«
Bflceflary connedtioa of the twQ^ members pf my t^vr^ fmifysHr^ m|
iii9</i9; fortiter in rt Id the next place, I (hall fet forth the ^^|a*
U^ei apd utility refuUiog from a ftri<^ obfftrvaQce of tjlie pcccfpt coa«
taioed in my text; and conclude with an application of the wh^^*
^\kit fuofviier in modo alone would degenerate and fink int6 a mean»
timid complaifaace* and paffivenefs, if oot fupported and dignifi^
by tht /crtiter in re ; which would alio run into impetuofity and bro*
t«lity» if not tempered and ibftened, by the /vant^tr imm^t ho«r-r.
ever* tbe^ are feldom united. The war«i» choleric m«D« with ftrow
animal fpbits, defpifea the /mmnttr im m9d§t and thinks to c^iy aU
before him by xhc/hriitir i* rt. lie. may poffibly, by greiff accident,
now, and then fncceed^ when he has only weak and timid peapk to
deal with ; hat his general fk^e will be* to Qiock» offend, be hated,
and fail. On the Qiher haad» the cunninf, o-afty man, thinks to.
gaia all hi;i ends by tha..^'vi/#r m m»d0 only : kt Ucomei all things t§
4UI wfw ; he feemd to have no opimoa of his own, nod ftrvikly a£>pt«
the pre&at opinioa of tl^ prefent perfini : he ii^auates himielf only •
ioto the efteem of fools, but is iboa dete£Ud» and (hrely difpifcd by
every body eKe« The wife man (whQ differs as mach from the can-,
ning» as from the choleric man) alone joins the Jkavitir im m$d9 with
the /qrtitir in r#. Now to the advantagas aridng from the Arid ob-
iervance of this precept.
^ If yon are in authority, and hsve a right to command, ybur
commands delivered y^Mrv//^ in modd will be wilUagly, ch^arfully,
Und con^ueatly well obeyed; whereas, if given only ytr/sifr, that
ifr hratallyt they will rather, as Tacitus (ays. ba interpreted than
•secnted. For my own part, if I bid my iqotman bring ra# a^glaft
ofwine, in a rough infufting manner, I (hould expe^ th?t in ob^«
ang mff» he would contrive to fpiU fome of it upon me ; and { am
fure I ihould deferve it, A cool fteady refolation ibould (how, tbat
where you have a right to command, you will be obeyed; but, at
the fame time, a gentlenefi in the manner of enforcing that obed»»>
ence, ihould make it a chearful oae» and (bften, as math as pollible»
the mortifying confci(Mi(iiefs of ioferlority. If you are to ai9c a la-
voQf , or even to foltcit your dact you muft ^o itjiumt^ im moih, or
you wiU five thofe, who have a mind to cefufe yo« aithcf» a pra-
tfn<;e to dp it, by refenting the maan^s b(U» on dMt o;her hand,
you omft, by a Heady perfeverance and d^cpat tanadoati^is, ihow
Xht/artittr in r#. The right motives ^e felcjom the true ones, of
men's .a£Uons> efpedaily of kings, nuniftera, and people in high
ftatioqs; who often give to importonity and fear, what they woold
tiefbfe to jttfiice or to merit. By the jmvlur i^ m^do engage their
K^ts, if yon can ; at lekft, prevent the pretence of offence : bat
take cate to ihow enough oiiht /an iter in n to e^^tort from their tova
of eafo, ox their fear, vhat you might in vain hop^ for from theif
juftice or good-nature. ^ People in high li& are hardened to the wantt
and diftreifes of mankind, as fui^oni are to their bodily paias ;
they fise and hear of them all day long, and even of fo many finni-
}v»i onasw 4bat they do not kaow vi^h iia iieal, and wUch aoc«
OiIk^ i^tijpe^ts 4re (hieiffor^ la \^ a(pfU^'Ub dMm ihofii of mere
t jaftir
46cf herd CheftcrfrelJ^ Letieh to hh Son. *
j«fttce and hamanity ; their favour muft be cubrJvated by t\i^ /ua^ifer
inmodo: their love of eafe dillifrbed by unwearied imporruoity, 'or
their fears wrought npon by a decent intimation of implacable, cob),
refentment ; this is the xx\xtf0ruter in re. This precept is the onJy'
way i know in the wbrld, of being loved without being dcfpifcd, and'
feared without being hated. It conflirutes the dignity of charadter,
which every wife man muft endeavou^r to eHrablifli.
* Now^co apply what has been faid, and fo conclude.
* If you find chat you have a halh'nefs in your temper, which an-*
guardedly breaks out into indifcreet falltes, or rough expreffions, to
either yoar fuperiors, your equals, or your inferiors, watch it oar-
iDwly» check it careflilly, and call ^\tjka^ittr in m9do to yoar affift-
aaee: at the £ril impulfe Ofpa€ion, be fi tent; till' yoo can be foft.
Labour even to get the command of your countenance fo well, that
thofe emotions may not be read inic : a moll unfpe'akable advantage
ift'bafiners! On the other hand, let no complaifance, no gentlenefs
of temper, no weak dcliro of plcafing on your part, no wheedling^
coaxing, nor flattery, on other' people's, make yotf recede one jot.
from any point that reafon and. prudence have hid you purfoe ; bot
return to the charge, perfift, pcrfevcre, and you will find, moll thinga
trainable that arc poflible. A yielding timid" meekpefs is always
abufed and infulted by the unjuft and the unfeeling; but when fuf-
tained by ihe/hrtJur in r/, is always reipci^ed, commonly fnccefsfuL
In your friendlhips and connexions, as well as in your enmities, ,tf\X4*
role is particularly ufeful ; let your firmnefs and vigour, prelibrve
and invite attachments to you; but, at the fame time, let yo^r
ittanner hinder the enemies of your friends and dependants from bc^.
coming yours: let your enemies be'difarmed by the geatlenefs of
yoiir manner; but let them feel, at the 'fame time, the fteadinefs of
your juft refentment; for there is great difference between bearing
malice, which is always ungenerous, and a refolatp f(^if>defi^pce».
which is always prudent and julliliable. Jit oegociations with foreigii
miniiUr.s remember theyiv/z/f;- />i r^; give up no point, accept of
no expedient, till the otmofl necefiity reduces you to it» and evea
then dilpute the ground inch by inch ; but thetl, while you arc con-
tending with the minidtr /orti:er in rty remember to gain the man
by i\it/ua<viier in nudo, \i you engage his heart, you have a fair
chance for impoiing upon his undtrltanding, and determining his
will. Tell him, in a frank gallant manner, that your fiiintiieriai
wrangles do not leiTen your perfonal regard for his merit ; but thar»
on the contrary, his zeal and ability, in the fervice of his mailer,
increaie it ; and that, of all things, you defire to make a good friend
of fo good a fervant* By thefe sseans you may and will very ofiEta
be a gainer, you never can be a lofer. Some people cannot gain.
Upon themfelves to be eafy and civil to thpfe who ar^ either uetr
rivals, competitors, or oppoiers, though, IndepefVdently of thofe aie*
cidental circum fiances, they wou4d like and efteem them. Tbty
betray a (hynefs and an aukwarduefs in coitipai^y with them» and
catch at any little thing to expofe them ; and fo; from temporary
and only occafional opponeots, make xXitiA ^eir perfoual enemies.
This is exceedingly weak and detrimental, as, indeed: is ali hnmonr
la bufincfcf which can only be carried on fucccfsfuHy, 6^ onadnl-
teratcd
Lord Cheftcrfidd'x Litttrs U Ms '&im^ 4S |
tented good polic)^ and right; mfoi^in^*. In.fuch iitaationy I-w<hiM
be more particularly and nohUmittt civil, eafy, and frank, with tha
mah whole defigns I uav^rj^J ; thi& M fpmmonly caikd- generoAtfr
aad magnanimity^, bjut isi ui uutl^ goodxfeai^ aod pojlicy. fThQ
maoner.is ofteiv as uapoirt^pt^ as ibe.ma^^r, fpxnetiiMt.inore <ib*; •
favour may m^ke.ao enemy/ aod a» iPJury nuty make a hwcA^ ac*
cording .to the di&rcnt n^^nner.in whiqh they ar^. fcverally done*
The countenance* the addrefsriihc wordt> thj^ enuncifttiatT^ tlie
graces, add great eflicacy to.thCj^f 'vi/zr /> ^wA^y a4Ml greiiC dignity
to the for/ker in re ; aod jconfeqacodly they defexve the ttiaoft att^ft^
tion.
' Frora what has bcea fa*d» I conclode with this obfenratioft, t{m%
fcntleoefs of manners, with firmnefs of mtAdj^ f|M^ P^r% boc fuU
ef^ription of human perie£tioi>» on this iide of rdigioiu add moral-
duties : that yOtt may be ferioufly convinced of thi» trHth^ and /ho««E
it in yoar life and converfatioo. Is the moil fiocera and ardent wi(k
ofvpurs/ *
We fliall now add part of another Letter, chiefly for the fake
of a parliamentary anecdotei which wUl be acceptable to ouf
more fcientific Readers.
' I acquainted . you in* a former letter, that I had broaght a In9!
into the Houie of Lords for corredting and reforming our preCent
calendar, whi.ch is the Jnlian ; and for adopting the Gregorian. I
will now give yon a more particular account of that af^ic; front
which reflexions will naturally occur to yon, that 1 hope may be;
nfeful, and which [ fear you have not made. It was notorious, that
the Julian calendar was erixneous, and bad orercharged the folar
year with eleven days. Pope Gregory the 1 3th corre^ed this error.;
nis reformed calendar was immediately received by all the Catholid
powers of Europe, and afterwtards adopted by ail the ProtefhiBC ones,
except Railia, Sweden, amd England. It was nor, in my opinion,
very honourable for England to remain in a grofs and avowed error,
cfpecially in fuch company ; the inconveniency of it was likewife felt
^by all thofc who had foreign correfpondences, whether political or
mercantile. 1 deterlninedy tbenefore, to attempt the refot-mation ; f
confulted the beft lawyers, and the mod (kilful aftronomers, and we
cooked up a bill for that purpofe. But then my difBculty began : I
was to bria£ in this bill, which was neceffarily compoied of law jar*
gon and alronomical calculations, to both which I am an utter
llranger. However, it was abfolutely necefiary to make the Houfe
of Lords think that I knew fomething of the matter; and alfb, td
make them believe that they knew fomething of it themfetves, whicli
they do not. Per my own part, I could juft as foofi have talked
Celtic or Sclavonian to them, as adronomy, and they would have
uodeHlood me fall as' well : fo I r^felved to do better than fpeak to
the purpofb, and to pteafe inftead of informing them. I gave them,
therefore, only an hillprical account of calendars, from the Egyptian
down to the Gregorian, amafv>g them now and then with little epi^
fodes ; but I was particularly attentive to the choice of my words, to
the harmony and round ne(s of my periods, to my elocution, to my
a£Hon» This facqeeded, and ever will fucceed ; they thought I in-
ibrmed, becaufc I pleafed them : and Aumy of them faid, that I bad
made
^t% lafi CbeflerfieldV Litim to his Son.
made tke wbole fiuj d^r to them ; whm, God knowt , I had boC
er^n itt«inpied k. Lord Maccleiffield, who had the mateft flit/r n
IbrniHig the bill, and who 4$ one of the greateft isamematidaiis and
ailroDoners in Eorope, (jpoke afterwards, with infinite knowled^«
and all cbeclaaraerfl chat M intricate a matter would admit of: bat
ai hit worda, hts'periodiy and bis utterance, were not ii^ar fo food
at mine, the preference was moft unanimoaflx, thoagh moft omittf,
givea to me. This will ever be the cafe; evenr aameroas awmbi^
u moif let the indiWdnais who compofe it be what they will. Idera
rtafon and good fenfe is never to be talked to a mob : their paffioas,
their fentiments, their fenies, and their Teeming interefts, are alone
to be applied to. Underftand!ng they have collectively none ; bac
they' hav<e ears iLoS eyes, which mnft be flattered and fedaced ; and
this caa ofeiiy be done by eloqaence, tunefbl periods, graceful aftioa,
and all the Tmoos parts <^ oratory.
* When yon eome into the Honfe of Commons, !f yoo iuiaght
that fpeaking j)lain and unadorned (enle and reafoo will do yoar
bdfinefs^ you wiH find yoorfelf moft grolly miftaken. At a foeaktc^
yoo wiU be ranked only according to your eloquence, Mjid by aa
means according to your matter ; every body knows the matter almoft"
ftUkt^ bat few can adorn it. I was early convinced of the import*,
aace and powers of ekxjnence; and from tiiat moBent I applied
ntyielf to it. I refolved not to otter one word, even in commom
converiadon, that flionld not be the moft expreffite, and tke moft*
e^gant, ckac the laagM^ coaM Apply me with for that p«rpo(e|
bv which mftas I lave acquired fuch a certain dc^ceWhabinHl'
floqufnce, that I flMft now reaMy take Ibme pains, if I wobld
cxprefii ayielf very itielegaatiy* I wa«t to taculcate this kmHca
truth into you, whjch yoa feem by no means to be 9>Bvinoed of yeW
that ornaments are at preiisnt your only objedb. Your A>le bofineft
now, is to fhiae, not to weigb. Weight without luftre is lad*
You had better talk trifles ekgamly, to the moft trifling womao^
than coarftf indegant fcnie,. to the moft (olid mat) : you bad better
retarn a dropped fan getiteely, than give a thooiand pounda awk-
wardly : and you. had better refufe a favoar graccfally, than grant
itcluraiily. Mannar is all, in every thing: it Is hy manacrobly
that you caa pleafe, and confequcatiy rife. All your Greek wia
never advance yon from iecxetary to envoy, or from eavoy to eaAaf^
fador ; but year t^4uf^ your niamner, your air, if good, vbtj pr6*
bably may. Marcel caa be of much wort afe to you than Aftftode.
I would, upon my word» much rather that von irad Lord BoUiif^
broke's ftyle aad a loqfueoce, in fpeaking and wrtting, than all ttoa
learning of tJhe Academy of Scteotes, the Royal Sodetyv and ika
two Univer£tie« uaitad.
* Having mentioned Lord Bolimbroke's ftyhr^ which is, mdoabTk^
edly, in^oitely fuperior to any body's ; I wmd hava yoo fead kia
works, which you have, over and over again,^ witb prd^ar atiea*^
tion to his ftyle. Tranfcribe^ imitate, eUMilate it>. if pOjCblr: that
would be of real ofe to you in the Honfe of CoaMnona, in ^utgo^a^
tions, in conve/fatton ; with tbit, you may^oftl^ hbpe to pka^ SO'
perfuade, to feduce, to impofe ; and you will fail in thole articles,
m proportion as you fall ftmrt of it. Upon the whole, iaf afidr,
during
5
LordChttterfidA's Ltttm to his S^n: 463
^oriQg yoor year's refidenc# at Pftri»» all thoaghts-of all that dull
fel^ow^ call foU49 and exert yiour ulin<^4:areto acanireivhat people
*of £i(hioD call n^aiiig^ i*ri9ez i*kJ^ $i k bmlant £um ^iatni
Here wc cannot, help obferving, by the way, hoir^extrettielf
folicJtous the noble preceptor appeal^ not in the abd^-^qnoted
letter only, but to many other parea of t^ feries"' to qualify Ims
S6b for making an a^re^able figkrt fn the Houfe of Commons, — '
^thout once attempttag to point out to him the great liae,
of his (hity there, or fbewing him the proper obje^s. of his
attention and regard, not merely as a Senator^, but as am
Eholishman. Here and there, indeed, w« meet with a few
political hints ; but they are fuch as might be expected from a
man emulous rather of the charaSer of a Machiave), than of
an Hampden or a Ttenchard.
k was, perhaps, from this and other obvious confiderationa^
that a certain great Moralift is faid to have been provoked to
c^ldire the prefent pttbKcation, as fitted only to inculcate
^^ the morals of a whore, with tb« manners of a dancing*
matter."
"With regard to elegance of manners, however, we prefumc-
that every Connoifleuc in what is juftly efteemed Polif^nefst
will totally diflen^ from the opinion of the learned Morali^^
w^lo.wUl not, we apprehend, be allowed, by his acqoaihtance^
ta. decide on a, fubje^ on whi^h he OHiy be deemed as little
qvalified to judge, as a Rhinoceros would be,^ with reQ>ed to
the graceful agility of an Antebpe.
-Our Readers will, by this time, be ready to conclude that
LdnF C.'s paffion for pleafing had entirely taken pofleffion of
the whole man ; and they will not be miilaken. He did not^
indeed, make anv fecret of his extreme devotion to lu Uen*
fiances. In his forty-iirft letter he ba5, htmfelf, cutioully and
frankly developed' this principal part of bis charai^ef*
•^ As I open. vskjiC'^U withont the kail referve, whenever T think
thai ovy d^i^ fo can be of any ufe to yoa, I will give you a ihort
accoontrof myfelf* When 1 firft cam^ into ibe world (\yhich was at
the age you are of sow, fo that (by the wi^) you have got the dar^
ofi^e in. that iipportant article by c«vo or thnee years at Icafl) at ntne-
tjp«a» i left the uni verity of Cambpdge, where 1 i^as a a abfolate *
e^nt : when I talked my ht% t quoted Horace ; when I aimed ac
eing ficetioosy 1 quoted Martial ; and when I had a mind to be a
fine gentlexnan, I talked Ovid. I was convinced that none but the
ai^nts had ^pninion feiUe ; that the Claflkk contained every thing
that wa» either nec3eBary» ofefbU or omameotal to men ; ana 1 was
not. witbQQt thoughts of wearing the Toga n^inJh of the RcJmans, in^
fte^ of. the vulgar and illibenr drci^ of the moderns. With thef^^
excellent notions, I wc6t ^x^ to the Higoe, where, by the help of
feveral
464- Z^^ Chefterfield'j Letters to his Sofu
feveral letters of recommendation, I was foon iptroduccd into all Atf
bc(l comp.Hny ; and where I very fcon difcovcr^d* that I was toc41l^
niiftakcn in almoil every one notion I had eate^taiocd* For^aoafdl^'i^
I bad a ilrong defire to pleafe (the mixed refajt of good^nautrey an4 ,
a vanity by no means blamcable) and wag fenfibky that I jiad iK^hipg
but the dtilre. J therefore rcfolved, if poflible, to acquire- tjie, i|i^9lif
top. I ftudied attentiveJy and minutely the drefs, th« air, the maa- -:
iier,.tfae addrcie, and the turn of convcrfation of all thoie «KkoiB I
fokiod to^ be the f>eople in falbion, and moll geo«|rally allqwe4 Jt9.
fl^Cfin, 1 imitated them as well as I could: if I heard that oQe <paii.
was tcclci^Hed remarkably genteel, I carffolly watched .,-bi« <kefo.
luouonSy 4nd attitudes* aad formed my own upon chem* Whefr I
heard of another, whole convcrfation vvas agreeable and engaging, I
lillened and attended to the tui:ft of it, I addreflcd myfclf, thoagik
de ins mauva}f& grace y to all the moll falhionable fine ladies ^ coa-
feded, and laughed with them at my own awkwardnefs and rawi>fifs>
reco;Tii«ending myi'elf as an pbjcft for them to. try their Ikifl in foria*-.
ing. By theje means, and with a paflionate defire of pleafing «ji^ry
body, 1 came by degrees to pieafefome ; and, I can aiiure fo«, 4b^
\vh;^t little iigure 1 have made in the world, ha» been much nsoiS
^owing to tti^t paffioaate defirej had.of pleafing.wniTerfiU/i. tkan «^
any incrinfic merit, or found knowledge \ might ever have ^e§ .
maikr of, JVIy pa£Ion for plcadng was fo flrong («»nd I am very glad
it w>is fo) that I own to you fairly, I wifhed to make everyvvontftn-i
faw> in love with mc, and every man I met with, admire ine.
Without this paliion, for the objed, I fhould never have been fo
attentive to the means; and I own 1 cannot conceive how it is pof- -
fible for any man of good nature and good fenfe to be without thia
pafUon. Y><it^ not good-nature incline as to pleafe all tliofe we co^-
verfe with, of whatever rank or flation they may be: And doeilMi
good lenfe,.a.Qd common obfervation, fhow of what infinite ufe it is
to pleafe? Ph! but one may pleafe by the good qualities of tte
heart, and the knowledge of the head, without that faQiionable w%
addrefst and manner, which \% mere tinfel. 1 deny it. A maa
may be ei^eemed and reipe^^ed, but I defy hina to pleafe without
them, ^2oreover, at your age, [ would not have contented myfelf-
\vich barely pleaiing ; I wanted to fhine, and to diHinguiih myfelf in
the world £S a man of fafhion and gallantry, ^as well as bniiaefs*
And that ambition or vanity, call it what you pleafe, was avrigkC .
one ; ic hurt nobody, and made me exert whatever talents I kad* It
is the fpring of a thoufand right and good things,'
The knowledge of the world was undoubtedly his LordfliipV
forte \ and in his 57th Letter we have feme ftriking obfcrv»«
tions on the fubje£t :
. April 30, 17JZ4
' * My dear Friend,
* Avoir du monde is, in my opinion, a very juft and happy expref*
fion, for having addrefs, manners, and for knowing how to behavd
properly in all companies ; and it implies very truly, that ^ roan«
who hath not thofe accbmplifliments, is not of the world. Wichoitf
them, tlTc bc(l parts are inefficient, civility is abfurd, and'freedoilt
ofFenfivc. A learned parfon, rufting^in fais cell, at Oxford or Cam*
bridge^
Lord CbeflerfiddV LHt&s u his San. 465
htiimt, will reaibn admirab]/ well upon 'the natore of mkft ; will
{Mtmondlf analyfe the head^ the heart, the reafon, the will, the
htt&tntf thefenfesy the ihttiments, and all thofe fabdivifiont of wa
know not what ; and jret, ualbrrttnately, he kci^ws nothing of man:
for lie hath not lived with him ; and is ignorant of all the various
modes, habitSt prejadiceSy and tafies, that always infloencey and
often determine him. He views man as he does colours in Sir Ifaac
Newton's prifm, where only the capital ones are feen 1 but an expe*
rienced dyer knows all their various ihades and gradations, together
wkb tbe refult of their fev^ral mixtures. Few men are of one plain,
decided colour ; moft are mixed, ftaded, and blended ; and vary as
much, from different iitaatioos, as changeable iilks do from different
lights. The man ^m a du mondt knows all this from hit own expe-
rience and obfervation : the conceited, doiftered phiWbpher knows
nothing of it from his own theory; his prance is abfurd and im-
proper ; and he ads as awkwardly as a man wonld dance, who had
never l^eo others dance, nor -learned of a dancing mafter ; but who
had only fHidied the notes by which dances are now pricked down,
as well as tunes. Obferve and imitate, then, the'addrefs, the arts^
and the manners of thoie qmi §nt du iwM^t: fee by what methods they
firft. make, and afterwards improve impreffions in their favour.
Thofeimpreflionsare much ofteaer owing to little caafes, than to
infirtnfic merit ; which is lefs volatile, and hath not fo fudden an
cffeA. Strong minds have undoobtediy an afcendant over weak oaes»
as Galigai Marechale d'Ancre very juilly obferved, when, to the
dilgrace and reproach of thpfe times, flie was executed for having
governed Mary of Medids by the arts of witchcraft and magic. Bar
then afcendant is to be gained by degrees, and by thofe arts only
which experience, and the knowledge of the world teaches ; for few
are mean enough to be bullied, though mod are weak enough to be
babbled. 1 have often feen people of fuperior, governed by people
of iiittch inferior parts, without knowing or even fufpedling that they
were fo governed. This can only happen, when thofe people of in-
ferior parts have more worldly dexterity and experience, than thoie
they govern. They fee the weak and unguarded part, and apply to
it : ' they take it, and all the reft follows. Would you gain either
men or women, and every man of fenfe de^res to gain botb« il/aut
du mpudi. Yoa have had more opportunities tJiSn ever any man had,
at your age, of acquiring ce mondt ; you have been in the bed com-
panies in mod countries, at an age when others have hardly been in
any cottlpkny at all. You are mailer of all thofe languages, which
John Trott leldoro fpeaks at all, and never well; confcquently yoa
need be a (Iranger no where. This is the way, and the only way,
of having du mondt \ but if you have it not, and have Hill any coarfe
rofticity about you, may one not apply to yoa the mfticus 0xpt(9^ gf
H<qace ? .
* This knowledge of the world tead^es us more particularly two
things bptl^of which are of infinite Gonfeqoeoce, and to neither of
wbj/^ nature inqlioes as ; , I mean, tbe command of our temper, and
of our conMeaance. A maa who has no, ntoudt is inflamed wUh
ftnger« or annihilated with jQ^af^e, at every difagreeabie incident:
the one makes him a^ and talk like a madman, the other makes
Rsv. jHne> 177^ Hh
ff^^^^^^t
466 Bfjtnt^s New Sj/lm.
Kim look like •% fmh Sat a nnn wbo h»ft ifar mmm^,^ (tema aot to
tndeHhmd what be cannot Or ooght tot to refeot. If he makM a Ai^
liitnffelf» he tteovefs it hf kM coolnefs, TiAlead of pUnftm^ <leqp«r
by his ^cODffufion, tiice a ftuoibliag-horfe. He is fiim, but gentle ;
avMi fra^tibs thav ifsc^ ereeltent Biaxitn, fiULmitir iu mm^, f&rtUtr iu
¥§. Thfr Other is tht^Akoydoif §^pmfuri^$uu Fieople, ooiiftd to
the world, have babbling countenances ; and are onfkiKiil enoagh to
ihpWf what- they have fenfe enOagh not toteU. In the eooHe-oftke
Vorld^ a inan vsvsSl very often pat on an eafy> frank eountenance,
upon very difagreeable occafions ; he muft feem pleafed^ when heii
Iery much otherwife ; he 01 aft be able to accoft and receive whk
biies, thofe whom he would much rather meet with fwoHr. la
conns he muft not turn himfeif imlde out. iUl this may, nay muft
be dohe, wilbout falfehood'and treachery r for it mail go no tarther
than polit^nefs and manners, and muft flop (hoft of alTuranccs aod
(irofeffions of fnnalated friendship. Good manners, * to thofe oseiioas
«otlove, are no more a breach of troth, than your knmbkieniaaa
at the bottom of a challenge is i they are univerkUy agreed 'upon
and onderilood, to be things of courfe. They are nece&ry«gimid»
of the decency, and peace ^ fociety : they muA only ad defenfivdly^
and then not with arms poifoned by perfidy. Truth) bnt not die
whole truth, mull be the invaliable principle of every man, who
*hath either i^ligion, honour, or prudence. Thofe who violate it»
-mray be cunning, but they are not able. Lies and perfidy ate the
refuge of fools andcowands. Adieu'l'
In our kft Revtev^ we gave -Lord C.'a letter in recomfnedd»*
tion of Lord Bolingbroke's works. As fome of our R-eadteii
may not be fufficiently attentive to the date of that letter, or
may not know in what year that noble Author's' pdfthumous
works appeared, it is but juftice to the membry of Lopd CheT-
terfield, to give here a tranfcript of a note which we meet with,
refiivriiig to a |^0age.in a letter dated 1752, ^hei«ifi hit lord-
ihip jrecQmKDenda I^rd B.'s Letters on the iludy and ufe of
biftory, viz.
' We cannot bat obferve with pleafure, that at this timerLofd
Solingbroke's Philofophical works had not appeared; frbieh ac-
coants for Lord Ghefterfield's recommending to his ion, in tlu* a»
well as in fome foregoing paiiages, the liudy of Lord BoBogbmke^
writings/*
We propofe to finifli our Review of Lord CheftcrfiddV Let-
ters In a fubfequent article,
' '. ^' . ' . . i ■ ■ .. ■ ,
'^Aar. VL • ^f ntmi^SyJhm^ tr, an jMtiyfis rf , ancina MythU^
Wherein an Attempt is made to divell Tradition of Fable; aod
reduce Truth to ittf Original Parity. In this Work \% given;
HiAory Qf the Babylonians, ChaldeMs, Egyptians, Canaaour
- Helladians, lonians, Leleges, Dorians, Pelaigi ; alfo of -the Sc
th», Indofcythae, Ethiopians, Pheiiictans. 'The whole -coiitau
an Account of the principal Events in the firAr Ages,, from theD
)age^ the-DiiperfiQA ; fCiQ of the various Migratioasj vAi^ e
fued, sml the fettkmentt ^najr afterwards in difeo^nt fa»^ : Cir-
cmnljin'cffs of great 'C6nre|(tfiac'e, which wertf ftbfeq^b^ ^Ifce
•Centilc Htftoiy of Mofes. By ]aopb fifyanv **iH*iy ^Am'%
0>l1ege, O^mbridgdrjiiklS^fetAry fb Ms Grabnjbe .iBceDi&e
of Marlbordu^, xiatingbis Coromasxiialn^adit aa^ Sccrgtgyy to
hiin.as*JMa^r.G«ticrAl(<>£))kifi,Mi^«fty!s Oc^Mooe. i . Voki)ivaw#a^*
WE have formeiiy Yoi otcAfioh to merttion this ♦. A«Aor
• with peculiar hondut, -astrie oPlhofe'miin who,.^n our
bWn day, are nvafters of the profoundeft erudition, and who do
hot come behind the moft diftiiiguiflied nanies of the laft cen-
tury, for their attendoii to every the minuteft circumftance
that m^y be the means^of elucidatitrg the darkn^fe of ,tt»e car-
lieft^ages. The charaiSer we then gave of Mr. Bryant is jftill
more firongly and copioufly )eonfinned' by the prcfent woric.
The icarriing whhwhidvt it abounds muft, at once^ excirethe
noticeof the moft curfery^ader. Nothing in the ancient
Greek and Roman literature, however recondite, or wherever
difperfcfd'. Teems to hav^"cfcaped our Author's fagacious and
diligent inveftigation. - - -
But depth of erudition is far from being Mr. Bryant^s fole
praife. The elabor>af« produdbn before us^is equally diftisn-
guiflied for its ingenuity and nowclty. In point of novdty^ it
ia, MFHieed, fingplarly ftriking. It departs from the.coBimon-
ly received fyftcms, toa degTce that has not yet been attempted,
orthofi^t* of, by any men of learning; and even thofe-who
may entertain the greateft doubts, conceming the truth and
folidky pf fome things which are here. advanced, will b^ ready
to allow that feveral parts of the Author's fchetue are highly fw>-
babtei and that other parts of it have a veryi piaufible a|ipeaiMKe»
His hypotbefis is, therefore, undoubtedly <kfervkigo£Bii ttton-
tive examination* - - ' . . •
It muft, at the fame time, be acknowledged, that the fub-
jeA undertaken by Mr. firyant is uncommonly difficnlc 'It is
one of the moft abftrufe and intriCMe fubje^s which antitiusty
prefents to us ; dnd it lies fo open to conje£iure, that h ihtift
neceflarily be involved in no fmall degree of uncertainty. .; The
information concerning it, itiuft be collcfled from; a vaft nada-
ber of incidental paflages, obfervations, and aflertions Scattered
through ancient Authors, who Wc^ themfchres impcffe6Hy«c-
qxiainted with what they wrote about, and whom it is abnoft
impoffiblc to reconcile. ' - i r . t
Perhaps- the gre&teft light that can be thrown apon. fome
of thfe enqdtries Mr; Bryant- is engaged in, ii that > which- is
■ ■ * 1 1 I * I ■ I . ■■ n ■ ■ ■ — , <■ . . ■ »■ > -I ■ ^<' |i -i*
• See our account of hw Obfervations and Enquiries relating to va-
r&oas parts oJf ancient Hiftory» in the 3716* vol, of ^hc Review,
p. 346.
H h a afforded
46% BrytniWynv Sj/lem.
affiprded by Etyoxologj. The method of proceeding byj^y-
nology iv indeed. Dot a little ha:urdous. The ableit men
luvc; ftequeotly failed, ia the application of it, and pcilbm of
ivcak jtidgment have rendered it. the fotirce of the moft abford
Md groundleb fancies.. Hence fome have been induced whollj
to diiiregard it»-and have even treated it with the utmoft coo-
tempt. But this has arifeo from the want of a proper acquaint-
ance with the fubjed, Thofe who have fuch a knowledge of
the oriental tongues, as to be capable of tracing them thrcu^li
the Greek, and Latin, and other languages, and who have ac-
teitded to the names of things, which, in almoft every country,
carry the marks of being derived from the £afi, muft be fen^
fiblc that a judicious ufe of the fcience of Etymolc^y gready
tends to the elucidation of antiquity, and that it often leadb
to very important difcoveries. The fervice which has been
rendered to Mr. Bryant by this fcience, is apparent in every
part of his work.
< Notwitbfbnding the difficulties attending our Authot^s de-
' iign, and the uncertainty his fubjed might be expeded to k
involved in, even after the beft ufe that could be made'of &ty*
zoology, and the fcattered pafTages of ancient writers ; fuch
arethe iagacity and diligence with which he has applied thefe
helps, that he is firnUy perfuaded of his having been fiiccefsf&i
jAt clearing up the hiftory of the remoteft ages, and in throw-
ing light upon. objeAs which have hitherto been furrounded
witKdarknefs and error. Indeed, his fcheme is fo great, ani
xh& difcoveries he propofes to make are fo extraordinary, that
we {hall be excufable in laying the contents of his^refistce
Somewhat at large before our readers ; ,that by this means ihtj
nu^ h^ve a more complete view of his iptention, and be the
belter Jtnabled to judge hereafter of the fevcral ftepS by which
he has conduced his undertaking.
* It IS my purpofe, fays Mr. Bryant, in the enfuing work,
to give an account of the firft ages ; and of the great events,
which happened in the infancy of the world. In confeqtience
of this, I fliall lay before the rea$3er what the Gendle writerj
have faid upon this fubjeA, collaterally with the accounts given
t>y Mofes, as long as i fiiul him engaged in the general hiflorj
of mankind. By thefe means I ihall be able to bring furpri-
wag proofs of thofc great occurrence^, which the facred pen-
man has recorded. And when his hiftory becomes more li«
* mtted, and is confined to a pfcutiar people, ^od a private dif-
penfation ; I Ihall proceed ,to (hew, what was Tubfequent to hb
account after the migration of families, and the difperfton &om
the plains of Shinar. ^. .
Our Author afferts, that yhen mankind Were muTtipt»ci
upon the earth, each great fan^ify had hy dlvne' cpp^intfUint i
particular
pa^icul^ place, of deftination, to which thty re^edj and in
conficmatfon of^this aflertion^Tie refers to the'tcftimohf W^i^.
r^t^in^ which is to^ late a teftimony to be coniidered ts de^i-
fivc,_ However, though we^may not'be^fo fully' aflbred^ai
Mr.,)5ryawt feems to be, that in this itianner the fifft nrttdIR
were conftitute^d, and kingdoms founded, we eiittrely agree ^rth
binis that, great changes were foon effefled, and that colonies
went abroad without any regard to their 'bH^inal {^lace tSf^-tl-
lotmenty * New eftablifhments Were foon niaae ; 'from Whence
pnfued a mixture of people and languages. Thefc are cventi
of the higheft confequence : of which we can receive no mtcl-
ligence, but through the hands of the Gentile writers/
* It has beeri obferved, continues our ingenious Author, by
n^any'of the learned, that fome particular famrfy betook them-
fclvesviery eafly to dlfferenC parts of the world; in all which
th^y introduced their rites and religion, together with the cuf-
^oms of their country. They repr^fent them as very knowing
and enterprizing ; and with good reafon. They were the iirft,
who ventured upon the feas^ and undertook long voyages.
They jEhewed their fuperiority and addrefs in the nuihberlefs
e^cpeditions which they made, and the difficulties which they
furmounted. Many have thought that they were colonies from
Egyptu or from Phenicia; having a regard only to the fettle-
inenta which they made in the Weft. But I (hall fhew here-
after, tha^t colonics of the fame people are to be found in the
moft e^tjef^m parts of the Eaft : where we may obferve the
fajpe rites and ceremonies, and the fame traditional hiftorier, as
ire to b^ ipec with in their other fettlements^ The country called
Phenicia« could not have fufficed for the efFeAing all that is
itiributed to thefe mighty adventurers, ' It fs ncceflary for me
p acquaint the reader, that the wonderful people, td whom {
illude, were the defcendants of Chus \ and called Cuthites, and
^ufcai)8,.^ They flood their ground at the general migratron of
Ijimllies ;* but were a( laft fcattered over the face of die earth,
Tney w^re the ftrft apoftates from the truth ;^ yet great in
ivorldly wifdom, They introduced, wherever they came, many
jfeful ^rtsi and were lool^ed up to, as a fupcrior order of be*
ngs : hence they were ftiled heroes, daemons, hcliadae, maca-
•ians. They were joined in their expeditions by other rfations';
jfpecially by tjie cojlateral branches of their ftmily, the Miz-
aim, Catphtprim, and the Tons of Canaan. Thefe were ^ of
:he line of Ham, who was held by his poftcrity in the higheft
kf^neratioii. They called him Amon : and having in proccfs of
timp f^ifed him ^o a diviijlty, they worfliipped him as the ftin^
md from this worftiip they i^ttc ftiled Amonians. This is an
ippellation which will continually occur in the coorfe of this
^orj^,: and I am authorised in the ufe of it from Plutarch ;
* H h J' ' froia
470 Bryant*j Vew S^JJem*
from wnotn,wc may infer that it was not uncommon among the
fons of tfam.*
Mr, Brvant informs us, that h^ ffiould be glad to yvc the
reader a mil f^riKer infight ir\to th? fyftem ht is about to purfuc,
* But fiicb^ fey^ he, is U}e fcope of rpy inquiries, and the fur-
por^ of my determinations, as may poflibly create it htm fome
prejudice to my defign : all whi^h would be obviated^ wc^bc
to be carried fte;p by ftcp to the general view, and be midc par-
tially ac^aintpd, according as the fcene opened. 'Whit I haw
(o exhibit, is in great pi^afurc new : and I Aall be obliged to
run counter to many received opinions, which length of tiBJc^
and general ^ffcnt, have in a ipanrier rendered facred. Wbit
(s truly alarming, I (ball be found iq difFjpr not only fromftmc
few hiftorians, ^ is the cafe i^ common tontrovcrff 5 but ia
lome degree from all: and this in refpe£i to many of the mod
fP^ntjal (K>ints, upon ' which htftoricai precifxon has been
fhought. to depend. My meaning is, that I moft fct aftle
many fuppofed fafis,. which have never been controverted ;^nd
•^if^ufe many events-^ which hafre not only been a^dmitteJ as
Uue ', but have been Joofced upon as certain aeras, from Mencc
9ther events were tq he determined. AJf our. knowledge of
Gentile hiftory.muft either come through the hands of the Gf^
cians;,or of the Romans^ ^^ho popied from them. I fc^l
therefore give a full account of the H^IIadian Grcfeks, w trtU
ZS of the Iqnim, or lonians, Jn Afia: alfd of the Dorians, L^
leges, and Pelafgi, What may appear very prefumptttbus, I
ihail deduqe from their own hiftories many truths, with whk^
thicy were totally unacquainted j and give to them an origmil*
• which they certainly did not know/ T^^y have becjufcatberf to
«s nobk njaterials, of which it is^ ^ime to make a feriousofe
It was their misfortune not to know the value of th^ data, which
they "tranfmitted, nor the purport of their own intelli|enct/
Our learned Author gpes on ^^ acquaint us, that it will be
one part of his labour to treat of the PheAfcians, whofe I
^as been much tnifta^erj i and alfo of the Scythians, whofe<jn*
ginal has been hitherto a fecret • and )ie hopes that many good
confequences will enfue ffotn inch an efuddation. He iinten4:
to fay a great deal about thj Eihibnian^, the Inds ani ths
Jndo-Spythac ; and to exWhi? an account of tHe Cimewtriwit
Hyperborean, and Amazonian nations,^as Well ds the{>coplcc:
pbolchis/ There is no writer^ who has Writ fen at hi^ 0'
|be Cyclopians. Yet their hiftory is bf ^reaV antiquity; mi
abounds with matter of confeqiiehcci. He pro'pofes, thercfert,
fo treated them very fully, and of the'g^eat ¥rorks «4»rchtbej
perfort^ed ; and to fubjom an account of the Leftrigons, Li*J'i
ind Sirens. - ,-,..,
Bryant'/ NiW Sjfiem ' 4jt
^ As tir wUJ be my bufiocft, prpcc^k Mr, Bryafi^, to:9)tft4ge
hiftory of every thing fuperfluous and foreigi^ I ihall be obliged
to.ret aide many ancirDt< lawgivers, »id. pfince^^ who w^ce
fappo&df.taWc formed repubwjB, and to havt ^uAded ki^g*
dmm^ I oafioQt aQiiuiefce in the ftalc le^nds of Deucalion.pf
Thifiaiy,.of loaokkua, otx Argfi% apd A|^(aleiis of Si^yon.; n^,
iiv tbftlbng line oi princes,, who- are derived ff on) them. .T^e^;
ffippoiftdhecoea.of the firft ages in every country i^re eqtialfy fi^^
balouf; No fuoh. con^iiefts weite ev«r, atcbieyed, as are afcribed
ta Ofirk^ Dionufus^ and Se6>(lria. The biWi^s of Hercules*
aod Perfeus^. ,are equally void of truths I m\. convioc^^ ajndi
hope J fliatt fattsfaflorily. preve, thai Cad^n^us nevier brought
loiters eo Greece $ aqd tbi^' no bkch per(oo exifted as the Gre»>
dvnB haive defcrihed^ What I have faid ahQ¥t SsfoArjs. ^nd
Ofiri$,;wtil be repeated about NtmiiS» and Semixamls, two perfot^
nages, 9»iitd\ as-th^ forever. There nevfr wec^ ru<:b exp^r
diiSont undectakeny nor conquefta iDade, as are attribM£<i4 ^
xhok pvindBS ; nor were a»y fuch edipixea con(^i(uced,; as i^re
fuppofedi to h^ve been eftablilbed by them. I make ^ little ac-
ceunt w( the htl^ories of Satucn, Janus, Pelups, Atlaa, I>arda-
ntiSy MiilosoC Crete, and Zoroafier of Ba£lria. Yet foimething
n^fterms,. and of momeot, i^ concealed undcf thefe varioua
cbiiraAers: and the invefligatian of this late^i (ruth will htk
the prtgeipal part of my iequiry. In re/pei^ to Grcec^. I
<»n afford cieidence to very few events, which were aaiecer*
dent to cbe olympiads, I ^annot give the leaft aifent to the
ftM7 of Phryxus» and the gciUen fleece. It feems to m^ pl^iiiv
beyond doiibf , that there were no fuch perfons as tbe GrecisA
Aegofuuca; aad that tWe expedition of Jafpn to Colchis was.»
fcble.' . .
It is the defign of our Author, after having cleared his w^y^
to proceed to the fources from whence the Grecians drew thftif
mythology and hiilory ; and to give an account of tbeTitans^
sod' Titanic war, with the bifiory of the Cuthitf s and ancient ^^-f
fcyloniaos. This will h^ accompanied by the Genjtile hiftorv pf
fbe delnge, the nugration of mankind from Stiinar^and the diCpe.r-*
£on fromBabeU The whole will be crowned with an account of.
Unqient Egypt ^ wherein^many cjrcumftances of high confeqvei^Mza
in ohranok>gy will he Hated. M$U)y furpcizijag proofs will be
brought in confirmation , of the Mofaic account : ai)d it will bf
found, Efrom repeated evidence, that every thing, which the divii^f
Inftoriaii has tranfmitted, js mod afluredly true.— —It will be
found that the deluge was the grand epocba of. every ancient
Mnfdom^-^-^Under whatever title be may come, the firft king
JO itH countries will appear to be Noah. — This circumilance
will be dt£cemible even in the annals of the Egyptians: and
thtugb tbeir chronology has been fnppofed to have reached be-
ll h 4 yond
47*' JBtyxkfr^m^ifimk'
yoQd^ttvtoSaiif^atios, yMte.coiflcidof fei^ h^ppilf «idi dK
the cocpunoigfvcii bf. Mofes.
In the profccution of his fyftem, Mr.»fiffaot does^motaMio
to Jmuikthe ocader^ muh doal^fd and UkiiycxtEads^ bn
to coUeS aU that can be obcained upon ttvt (objeft^ and to fliev
the uiuytf rfel fcope of fwriters* He propofo to compaie factcd
hiftory ^Mih prdfane, imd tD'piove the general mfibnt of am*
kind totfae iraoderitiL amnts fiecorded; His pwtpofe is oat i»
lay ftksice in* ruiiw j bk»t.inft&ad of defalatiogt to build ttp|«od
to refiify what timr has^impaifcd^ : to divoft mythology of every
foreign and unmeatung ornameiit9> ind to diiplay the trodi in
its nature funplicity : toihew, that all the rites and oiyfterifs
of the Gantifes ^ were only fo many meaiofiala. of their prion*
pal anceftors ; and of the great occarrences, to which they 1m4
been witdeflbs. Among thefe memorials the chief were ^
ruin of manfckid by a flood ; and- the renewal of the wiecU ia
One family. Their fymbolical Feprefenuttons^eiid the Jumeot
hymns in their temples^ all related to the hiftory of the 6A
agff y and to the fame events which are recorded hf MjoCeu
Before our Author can arrive at this eflential part of his en*
quiries, he muft give an account of the rites and ctiftoimijif
ancient Udlas ; and of thofe people whom he terms A.«oflifaitt.
A great deal, he tells us, will be faid of (heir, religioii and
ritaa; and alfo of their towers, temples^ and puratbria^ vrkm
their worihip wts performed. The miftakes, .likewi£e« of tlie
Greeks its reljped to ancient terms, which they fbraog^y per-
verted, will be exhibited in many inftanccs ; and much Mi
hiftory will be afcertained from a dete^on of this peculiar fnif*
application.-^^ As the Amonians betook thonlclvea to regiMis
widely Jcpatatcd, we (hall find^ fays Mr. Bryant, in every plaa,
where they fettled, the f^me worihip and ceremonies, and the
fame hiftory of the'ir ancefiors. There will, alfo, appear a
great fimilitude in the names of tbcMr cities and temples; fe
that we m%y he a4j|red[,4hat the.whok was the operaiioa of ^ .
and t^ fame people. T)ie learned Bochart faw this; swl
taking fpr granted that the people w^u:^ Phenrcians,, he. at-
tempted to interpret the(e names by the Hebrew langugg^: j of
which he fuppofed the Phenician to hat^eleeh a dialed, flis
defign was certainly very ingenious, and carried on wiA a
wonderful difplay of learning. He failed however; aptfoftkc
natufe of his failure, I (hall be obliged to take ndticei* Bo-
chart*^s etymologies, ih th.e opinion of tfcc^tte Writer before uii
have not the leaft analogy to (upport'tliiem. • '
Tliat the' reader may fee plainly our AuthdrV method^' <tf
Analyfis, and the bafis of his ctymologfct^ :emjuirie% W^givet
^lift of fomc Amonian tttms,' which o^cirr in the myeh^Msy
9f Greece, and in th^hiffories of other wlii&na.** ^^oft^ilndM
m^
Phibfiphicd TfimfitaiMtf fit ih Tior 1773. 47}
namety he tbinkst havt^hodneonipfired oot^of dicfe efemtdts-^
and that they may again be refolved^td thrfaoie pdnctpbt^ ,
by aU'eafjF md Air evolotioii.
In Ihort, it has beea Mr. Bryaat'a punpofe th«>i^<Hit^ to
givtf a new tarn to ancient hiftoiy^ and to place k upon a fturer .
foundatioOk^— ^ Wemuft look, fays be, ofrni aactent mythology :
as betflg yet to a cbaottc flate^ whore the miod of oNm luia- .
been wearied with roaming over the crude confitowe, without 1
ever finding out one ^lot where it couU repofe with £ifcty«
Hence haaarifen the demand, ^a r^, which has been repeated
for ages. It is my hope, and my prefumption, that inch a. •
place of appttlfe may be foand ; where we may take our ftand; . :
and from whence we may have a full view of the mighty exi»
panfebefim as : from whence alfo we may defcry the, original;
defign, and aider, of all thofe objeds, which, by length of
time, and^tbeir own remoteneft, have been rendored fo con»
f ofed aad-untertain/
iSnoh ie the fchen^ kid down by this writer ; thus varioue
and impoitant aie the things which he propofes to carry ioio
execution. His promifes are fo mighty, that, we muft confeft^
we^fhoold eftecm it very phUofophical to retain a ftrong in* .
credulity with regard to the accomplilhaient of them, were not-
our hopes railed by the Author's extraordinary learning,. and '
great inganuicy. The account we have given of his plan.im^. .
hx9e entertained snd furpri^ed our readers ; and it cannot fail *
of hairing excited their curioiity. This curioficy we fhallen*
deavoar to gratify, in ane or two fubfequent arti9les, as far 9S^' •
thelimita of our journal, and the progreis hitherto made by
Mr. Bryant in his defign, will admit* - *.
^RT.yn, Conclusion ^^iS* Philosophical Tr a ks actions, '
Vol. Lxiii. Part I.
Papers relating to ^ o o l o o t.
^tt !• Jh Jccmnt 9f thi Difc&very rf the Manttir rf mahing
ijinglafi in RuJJia^ %pitb a pariUular Dejcripthn of iu Manu^
faSiUTi in England^ from the Produu of firftifi Fijhtrin. By
Humphry Jactfon, Efq; F. R. S.
IN opr dliftribution of the remaining contents of the prcfent
. voiiim^ pf ^he Phiiofophicat TraofaSions, yrt defervedly
give {he ^rft plf ce to t|ie inteYefting and vfefu] difcovery m^de
by the^ifigenl^MS Autl^r of this ^rticle, ^nd here co(nmunicatc4
withoMt r^ferye to the public. Though ifinglafs; forms ^ yerjr
fflb^tigl 4rticl^ qf QUr fore^n imports,, and is em^loyed« in very
f oafiderable quantities,'in many of our arts and manufadures, the
true nature of this fubftancc, and th^ method of preparing it, have '
W^l^^rtQ b?w totally miftuKterftoQ^f , ?y wptws of the bctt au-
Ibority
474* * PlHS/iphtAH f^a\^iiSfi^$\ JW the rear 1773.
tHorfty liWs, y}^ bfeFTeVei' utii^ierfeHj^lieeh reprrfenfed a» pro*
catcdf by^Hoiiiflg^riie ikitt', iktt^i feuHd^yof fiiWMrfnarfsrof certah
fifh in water ; by which means a gltHfttouf fumanc« w faid to^
bb extrdAei! from*th«nl',^ wiiicK ss^aft^BTwrsfrds^inf^^ aiidire-
diited fo^a-irtitl foVrti i^y' teat.«
' To tf^i^. mptiiited* ^tteiVipts (tiade bf tb9 Audidkr to-* ^rocaie
iftnglaftby^fblfow^ihg theft ififtrttd*fensy hefeiindbimfelf c<»ti-
ftanclf difappmticcfd : gTaeV tiot i(}r^g1ta&V vi^as> the- fttTult- of cirery
procds; Nefr W^9> d -jourfiey whtcfl to ntede ittca ikuffia pio^
Jbaive 6f atiy difc6Vcryi btift ftfca^By perfev^riiig^ kt Ah iiK>
qtkiry, he- at leiigt^ not oftly fiSuM otfrthe tnfte nature ^ fehia
fttbmnticdv^Tid tfie^ m^tihbcf of ritanfu'fe^rkig i«, batlife«wife £1^
cdnrdred ^ iri^i!^ < pfenti fully procu^abto rn the 9^i$i/tf &bm4B^
n^htch Hai' b^n fdumf^- by a^ple exper knee,- 16 attfwer fioHtaf
in' tHis' inveftigatmii, u^wardi ctf fdTtf t^Aaof fi^^^ ifingUfe,
we are told, have been ftnce manufaAured and'cOnfainM'i md
tht price 6f fftat corfiniddity has beftiv T^ry CMfldersbly fedoced.
On the Whofe,* ft Upptikri that iftryglafil ie tfdiiatly fKidlidg
rtiort than cdfrarn R)cnibifam>tt!f par^ 0f dttttSf which uadcrga
sio other pfei^ioiis preparation thatr^haf of beiftg #e]| d«ftnedr
aiid aft^hvaVds e^pofed to (Itffiin 2 IkAe th the dfir;^ fe a» ad te
xhade capaBIr of betng* forf^d' tAtd telhi and twtfted ima the*
fjbrnis rn vl^Hlch' we r^ceiv€ thfeiii ;— that a' fibrona texmre s'
one of <he moft diftingUfftBngcharadeHftic^of thi^dfUg^-^Mbac-
iib artrfitial^ri;/ is nereflary to th« prodti^Sion of it; neither
^t thofe pafts of the fiffi^ V^htch corrflitufe it, diffblvHi for Iks
purpofe. They may, rnde«^d, as well aa ifirfglafs lAxewij formed^
be difiblTed in boiling water; btit th^ produce will be 9>gbm^
er ft AiMkmee whieh bccomcg bntde i» dj-yiAg^ aad Ihaps fliort.
afunder. By fuch folutton, its orgaiiizatian» or the continuity
of its fibres would be for .evei; deArqyed ; and it would Io(e
tHofe peculiar qbaHties R>r Vi^litch it is employed in many of the
irrs and tftamtfadurest*— *partic»larfy in the brewery, where aa^
imperfh3 folution of rfihgiafs, called Jimng^ poiTeflea a peculiar
jiroperty ofctttftfying malt liqtKirs $ while fhe. fame .q^antky of
glue, diiTolved in the fame menftruttm^aiid added to turbid beer,
iocreafes both its muddinefs and tenacity. According to the
Author's rationale of. this procefsj^he fining is riot efFeSed bj
MY'dkpive attraSiion^ Aich as frequently oc^uh in chetnical de-
fompofitions, but by the formation of malTes bompofbd of ttid
Alacpen^S of the iringiafs, combined with the fecu^encteft of the
Beer, which defcend in their combined ftate to %\\it bottom, in
Gonfequenci of their increafed bulk, apd greater fpecific gravity.'
. lt\ the 1 8th Article, Mr. J. R. Forfter arcumftintlally de--
fcribcs fome curious fiQies (cnt to the Royal Society by the
Hi4dfqn'8 jSay Company. *
Botany.
PitVfophicai Tranfa&imsy pnr the Ytar I773# 45^
B o t A w Y.
Art^ 15; N^^iprvatiani upm Viptatiim. Bjr Jil. Milftel, of
• vtfetf Academy of Sciences at Bouen;
Th^in^AWa Jbrl Haled, urlib. threw fo tnucft li|ht on tlie
principles of Vegetation by his curiotn ftaticaije^erinrents; h^
ratisfattorlly ftewn thd^ there is no circidatioh of tlie fap in
vegetables, 'aiia)ogo\i9 to that of th^ bkx>d in ahimals % tliongb
the Authdr 6t ihis' article irtipiites to him a'^oittrii^ o|)inioa |
milled, probattlj^^ b^ his pblfervkdon, that the fS^ fometimiSi
moves forvfcai'Afrbnfi the t/unk'tcj iftife branthes,' sind occaflonarft
recidtt tbv^ards the trunk,' ift confequence of the jflterhiifc
changes of heat and cold^ ind tji^ v?cifetudes of dry jind nnibiS:
w^^^nir'; a§ the Reader ^111 firid d« corffultJrtg his fiM voldmis
pf Statical Efla^s, p^ge 142,^(7; ^d edition. Sdch Waa the
id^'i, ds v«^e have formerly obferved«J tHat Ibhie bf the ahtients
^ntcriain^ of the morion of tKe Wood ; making It conRft of a
lux; aiid retlai:; Uke that 6f tHe tide, in the fame Veflels.
The oblervations made by M. Muftel not pnly (hew that tliefb
id nb cirtulation of the fap in vegetables, biit prefent us like-
wift With forte curious phinomena relative to vegfetatiob ; fomc
Df which, howfevei", have been before obferved; in the prafticc
:>f leading the brkrtchfes pf certain Irees irito a hot-houfe. Having
plaeett fevcral ifhrubs in t>ots hear thfc windows of his hot-houfe.
Tome Within" the houfe, apd others' on the outdde, he pafled'a
[ingle branch of each through feparate holes made in the panes
3f gkfs : f6 thatth^ trunks which \^ere in the open air had a
Sranch within the Rot^houfe, aod thofc that grew wtthihtb'e
loufe had a fmgle branch expofed to the external aiV. Some
iwarfappte trees, and rofe bu{he$, were likewife fubje^led fo
:he fame experiment, which was attended witli the tollowihjg
ronfequences.
Within a week after thils difpofttlon, which was made jii the
niddle of January, all tiie branches in the hot-houfe beg^n t^
lifclofe their buds. In lefs than a fortnight they were furnilhcd
vith leaves, and towards the end of February they bad put
orth fl^oots of a confider^ble lengthy which prefented the yountg
lowers. In (hort, tlie internal branches, as we (hall call tbem,
)f the apple tr'cQ and the rofe buihes; exhibited the fame ap-
pearances as are ufuaF in Miiy. At the. faihe time, the bodtc^
»f ttefe trees and (brubs were expofed to an intenfe froft, which
:!1I^ fomfc of their /*/^rj?tf/ branchei ; fo that there was not the
?aft figTi of vegetation ort the oiitfide, wliilc the fmgle branchi^s
n the infide were daily putting forth leaves, Qioots, and buds,
n the beginning of May, the internal bianch of the apple tree
n particular bore fruit of th'fe fize 6f k nutmeg ; while on the
* See Appendix to pur jjih volume, 1766, page 551, & fcq.
' branches
47^ PbiUfipbual Tranfi^fimSf fir iU Vutr 1 771*
Ivaiichcs of the boot tree (h^ were abroad, the bloflbma were
-but jttft beginning to (hew tbemielves. I0 (bort, none pf tbeic
inierwd branches appeared to be in the lead degree afiieded by
the froft-nrpt ftate of their trunks; but were as forward^ as if
the intire trees or (brub« bad been in the hot-houfe.
, . Tb^ refaU will eaftljf be conjci^ured of the copverfe of thb
.tt^tpcirw^at* , Th9 trees, &Cr that were placed in the ioGde of
thp bothoufe» bad their ^br^^ches covered with }ea?ea an!
^.0Qwi5i:» about tbe middle of May \ while th^ fingle brand) of
e^h tha^ was carried to the outflde, was abfolutel/ at this ti^)C
jn (h^ T6ry i^me ftate with thofp that grew abroad, exhibitiflg
, -ihe fam^ appearances that trees prefent during the winterj ai^d
deriving <io advaotages from the warm (ituatipn of t^eir xt(fKf>
tive trunks apd branches within the hot-houfe.
It feems evidently to follow from thefe experimentSy tht
there is no regular or. general ci^rculation of the Cap in trm
between the trunk and the branches 2 as thefe laft, which vcrc
admitted into the hot-houfe, vegptated vigoroufly, whjie tbeu
trunks and their other branches wer^ in a ftate of torpidicjf qr
ipadUoiii and covered with ice^ They likewife prove, th^
^ach part of a tree is furnilbed with a quantity of fap, indepeAJ-
' :rnt of any fupply from the funk or other branches^ fufficicm
to effe£)t the firft production of buds» flowers, and fruits, pid-
yided that thefe juiciss are put into n)otion by heat*
An accident that attended the Author's poqrfe of experi-
inentsi fpggtfts a ufeful iipprovexpent in the treatment of frah
jtfccsp A f^^il having gnawed and deftroyed tb<; petaU, and (tc
Jpamin^ or male flowers, of three of the flower buds of ooe&[
hi&i apple tr^c9y buf without hurtiqg the piftiUum^ be was fuf«
priz^ to find that they produced fruit, while the greater par;
of the other flowers, which had not been injured, did not bear
9ny. Taking a hint from the fnail, the Author cut with his
iciflars th^ petals pf different apple, pear, plum, a^d cberrj
blofToms, c)ofj$ to the CQlyi;^ Almoft every one of the flowers,
thus tjpe^ted, bore fruit a while feveral of the neigbbounn^
flowers mif^arri^d. It will naturally be fuppofed that the it'
flruflion of the 7?jw«<? would render the fruit barren, or that
it woMld want thofe feedsihat contain ^Aitgtrvmn that js to^-
petqate the fpecies. Accordingly, in putting open the apples
whofe petals and Jfqmina were eat (ip by ^he fnail, he^ ' foaxni
the capfule formed as ufual at the center of them ; yet tbey
.were entirely empty* without the Ipaft appearanpe of a pip/
In the lath Article are jpontained foprie.cirpiiqia^i^c^con)*
^fnunicated by Pr. Ducarel, relating to the ea^Iy cukivatioo of
botany in England \ and particularly ccyvcerqii^g the oetehiatej
John Tradefcant, a great promoter of that (cience, as well as of
paturfd hiftvwyf in th? laft cfiptiwry, |n ^ 2$d ^tix^f \i gf^
PbthfophUdl TranfaSmSf ftf tU Ysar 1 773. '477
ft dkfcription and delineatioii of a rare Ainerican plant of the
* Brown^ne kind,* by M. P. J. Bergius. Article 5th- eontftins
tbe catalogue of 56 plarits prefented annuaUy to the' Royal So*
ciety by the company of Apothecaries.
Natural Hisroinr.
In the 2d Article^ Mr. Adatn Walker briefly* deferibies the
petrefafiions and other natiira) curiofities of the cavc^rn of Dun-
more Park, near Kilkenny in Ireland, In the 3d, Dr. Michael
Morris gives a (hort account of fome fpecimens of lead orb^
xontaining native lead, found in a mine in Momnouthfliire.
The I9tb Article is a table conRrufied by Dr. William Wither-
ing, afcertaining the principles of twelve different kvids of ma^e
found in Staffbrdfhire : And in the 21ft Article, the Hon.
Daines Barrington defcribes a folfil lately found liear Chrift-
Church in Hainpihire.
Papers relating to Electricity and Meteors.
*The 6th Article is a Ihort extract of a letter from Mr. Kin-
herfley to Dr. Franklin ; in which after taking notice of the re-
Iharkable conducing quality of fome kinds of charcoal, and ob-
Icrving that a ftrong line drawn on paper with a black-lead
pencil will condud an elefirical (hock pretty readily, he men*
fions the effedts of a late (hunder ftorm in Pniladelphia. A
fiodp and three houfes were, in lefs than an hour's timie, ^'1
llruck by it. The floop, and two of the houfes, Were confider*
ably damaged ; but the third, which was provided with a cylin-
drical iron conductor, only half an Inch thick, confifljng of an
aflemblage of feveral rods ftrongly fcrewed together, the leaft
of which was funk 5 or 6 feet under ground, was preferved
from all kind of injury, by means of the apparatus ; which had
evidently fuftained the fliock, and conducted the lightnings witb^
no other injury to itfelf than the melting of 6 fnches and a half
of the flenderefl part of a brafs wire fi^ttA on the top of it.
Captain !^a1coner was in the houfe' during the accident, zhA
obferved tbe explofion to be * an aftonifiiing loud one.* f
Article 8. A Report of ihf Commitiee appointed by th& Royat Society^
to conjider of a method for fecuring the Po%vd:r Magazines at
Purfieet. *
Article 9. Ohfervations upon Lighimng^ &ff. By ■ Benjamin
Wilfon-; F. R. S. &c.
Altide 10. A Letter to Sir John PringUj ?t. R. S. on points
ConduSforU
We have already given the fubftance of fome of Mr. Wilfon's
objedions, offered in the 9th Article, to the report which forms
the fiiycft of th6 8th, and to a part of which he had formally
exprdled his idiiltm in writtrfg. [See our Review for laft Month,
page 386,] Thefe objections having been nwturc^y confidfrsd
by the commhcee, they, in th^loth article, dedkre thvt they
ftiU
4fP J^Mla/o^icalfranJfSihm^
,fti)l find no. reafj^n to change their opinion^ or to vary frdifl
v.ihcir forppcfr report in hvokr oV poinied conixxAJri. -l^heji/li-
icribing members of this committee are tbeHon. Mr. C^vendiih^
l)rl Watfon, Dr. Franklin, and Mr. J. Robettlbn.
Article 20* * An Accmmi of a fiery Meietr .feen m Fihruarj lof,
I772v' marBermci j • ^nd of fame iu^ t%e^ricQ,l E*primffa%^
By Patrick Brydpnc, Efq;
Whether all the! meteors that have been defcribed and re*
€or(}ed in the.Pbrtofophical Trapfjiftions.have had aojr juft pre-
Vtenfioas to a place in, that retppdable c6lle£lion» mayfikerhaps
jbe doubted. The prefcnt, kdwever, icems juftly intitlcd to
that ranK, as well on account of its fplendour and durationL,*as
of its height ; apd /lill more on.account of.ihei^j/d from which
that height .may be ^ftimated. ' It appeared in the. form of a
fpiendid flame of a conical figure, the light of which alldoft ex-
tinguiibed that ofjhe mppn, ^hen about* half ifull ; itio'^^ing
liearly horizontally through. a fpace' of about 30 degrees^ at
. about the height pf 50 degrees, and feemed to jbbcA at thfe end
of 10 or 12 (ecpnds into a numl^er of fparks> rerecfiblicg the
. ftara in a flcy-rocket.
The i^uthor expeSing a report, had the ptefence of mind to
vtake out his. watch, ivhich had a (econd hand ; b^ut after flop-
ping above 4 minutes without hearing any| he roi;le on. In
about a minute afterwards, however, he * was ftunned by' a
joud and heavy explofion, refembling the difcharg^ of a large
. mortar at. no great difiance, and followed, by a kind of rum*
bling noife like that of thunder/ On examining his watch, be
« found that the found had taken 5 minutes and about 7 feconds
. tpreach^him; which, according to the common computation
of 1 142 feet in a fecond, gives a^dlftance of at leaft 66 milds.
At a place diftant about 20 miles Weft, this meteor, the ap-
pearance of which was likewife followed by a loud report, was
; feen by two gentlemen, nearly at the fame height as it was per-
ceived by Mr. Brydone : fo that its diftance from the earth wa«
probably greater than the fenfible limits of oux* atmofpheie.
' This phenomenon, we (hall obfcrve, as well as many others,
furni(hesaftrongprefumptionthat the air is not the p»/^medium
, of found : as the violent report pccafioned by it originated pro-
bably in a region, where there was as near an approach to a
vacuum as any that we can make with our beft air pumps.
In the rem^iinihg part of this article, the Author relates fome
experiments -in which he charged an infulated condnAor, by
rubbing the. back of a cat. The animal, however, not patiently
fubmtttiDg toi the experiment, the fame eife^s were produced btt
a young lady's combing the hair of her iifter's head, which,
however, we (hould obfenre, had not, like the hair of tdx>^ other
young ladies, been matted together and de&Ied by a pafie of
pomatum
pomttum aiHl >|>o^der. -On >oftitfiQg the ipcuACd :^ixt Af:i»
coated vialitpifolkrw the .comb, tbeiniaLwafiob^hljr.et^i^jMi^L
fo as ta give^r fcnart fhbok, aodifet^e to fpiii ts. t
In th^fe.eypetim«nt3, tbft^Aitibpr's.difpQfitipnfuQf ahe tni^d
ladies does^oot appear ito . us iCo Jsave .hutn ^rfcStiyi iaentific*
The lady wbo pekotiamdrA^jat^cjyf xht.m\ibcr^ug)\tm0t to
have ftood on wax ; mllefa uukedTio (boivr.occafioivtli^r'thAttibe
Ukewife brcamQ^b&rified, bi^iinith.ja foatcacy ekdttirityt oa
tbe approaob of aay body oommUQicatii^uviih^tkeiQartb :.«a«l
i))e.lMlyi;^faofe hair .waaxombed j^aZitbaiie dbeon ia&tlju^^ia
•J?dtr to produce -the grf9te(t ciFc^* ^ . ..r
In ibe^ajd Article ia^giieeo.an acootiot .of Qfmaof tlte oflSe^
•f v» thuoder* ftoflm, iiiiwbinb JVIr. titartlyiiiiias JctiIcdaAhia>bedi
Mrs* Hoartly, -wko lay .on his iefc;hflnd,.Mras^a^akfDed by tbe
cxptofion, and found her right arm fiainned and befiiinabedyand
ai'Utcle painful. -Not being alarmed^ hawever, Aeifdljaileep,
and did 4Mit difcover, tiil.&e awoke initbamorjaung, that, her
haibaad l>ad J)cen killed by ic« Though tho.bed .poft was fplic
into many'ftivers, one of whiciv/was found ufiibin iiia^nightcap^
X10 marks were^lifoovered oa:any part of Jbtaibody ;iiexeept tfaac
Ilia right cbtek was iiweiled^and biasbair on that fidexonfidorahly
iingad, as.was the/i^Aof.his nightcap on^thejiaeieri^ie, /while
j)o fuchi aaarks appeared. on it^ outitdei
Tke i>3th<Article4iootatnaonIy fomethesmottetricakobferva-
:tions relating to remafkable drgnees .of cold oh&rvedixmitbe
Contaneikt in 17^7^.1^68, and, 1770^ by M. J^H^.VanrJSjuiindcn.
C H £ M X 8 T Jt Y«
Article 16. Acfual Pin and Ditonatiou frodtued by tbt Cantab of
Unfiily with' the SmU tompofid ^f Copper nndiht niifous JlcuL
ByB.Higgins, M.D.
Before «^ give 'the fubftance of thia carious.. eafedment, it
rwill be proper to precnife adifcofcry^ctf ike Atithoc's^ifrielattng
•to tbe metallic. fait produced by a combioatian of. tbe oitarous
acid with copper ; « which he; found to poifiH's the peculiar ^pso^
-perty of taking fire, and deflagrating in a degoee of beat not
greater than can^be borneby the hand* This 4(|uality is moft
conveniently (bewn by twice or thnce dippinga piccetof tfoft
bibulous paper into a iaturated Solution of copper in ifptrit- of
nitre, and alternately drying it with a ^ntJe heat. If tbe pa*
per, thus <;optotifly impregnated with the cupreous fait, be then
held at a moderate drftance from the fire, it will deflagrate zi^i
burn to a brown calx«
Tbe fuccefs of the following experiment depends on. the
ready acceniibility of this metallic fait. A XufEcient <)uai»tity pf
it in a fomewhat.moift ftate, procured by putting .Several, pieces
of thin ibeet copper in(o a weakened ipirit.of nitre^ is -to-be
beaten to' the fincnefs of^haiket ica ialt, amd ilscwcd to^hc
thicknef^
480 PhUdfipbual TfanfaOiint^ffr th fear 177 j.
thiduidt of a iHHing on a piece of tinfeilt twdre indies ti
Iragcb, and three in breadth. The foil is then to be inftadtlj
rolled ftp, fe as to indode the fatt» as it lies, betarecn the ads,
The ends being pinched together, and die whole prefied iUraod
dofe, the foUoiirhig phenomma fticcefiirely prefent themlelm.
Firftf a part of the fait deliqnefect, and, being inpr^nited
with the tto, a frothing ii percerred at the ends of the coilf at-
tended with a moderate warmth, and followed by a copton
emiffion of nitroos liimes* The beat then increafes fo as to be-
come intolerable to the fingers s and, at length, explofion sod
fire are perceived, which hu{fk and melt the tinfoil, if it be
very thin. Thofe who would repeat the experiment muft coi-
fait the Author's own account of it, as the fuccefs in i greit
sneafure depends on an attention to feme minute circumftinm
which we have not room to mention.
The Author's rathnaU of this proceft is principallj foonM
on the abovementioned propertyof the cupreo* nitrous fA, o(
on its eafy ignition in a flight degree of beat. Its acid is fvp-
pofed in part to quit the copper, and to attack the tin*; is
its commenftruation with which metal, a confiderable tSa^
' cencc and heat are produced, fufficient to dry the remiifiin;
undecoaftpottiided cupreous fait, and to fet it on firt. The ig-
nition may likewife, we imagine, be in feme meafurc die ou-
fequence of a mUf^mt fidfhur extemporaneoufly formed, bytk
rapid combination of the nitrous add with the phbgijon of tk
tin, and which is inftantaneoufly kindled and diffipated iotk
very ad of its formation.
A N T I Q^U I T I B 8.
Article 4. Farthir Remarks upon a Denarius rf the Feturin A*
jw/7y, Vc. By the Rev. John Swinton, B, D. F. R.S. &c
In the 58th volume of the Philofophicai TranfadioBs Mr.
Swinton informed us that NI. LUFAjS^ whofe name occsn
on this denarius, was probably one of the Italian generals in (k
Social war. In the prefent article h^ haflens to ackoow(e<^
and reAify his miftake, in wrongly decypbering two or M
crippled Samnite-Etrufcan letters at the tail of the infcriptitar,
and now declares his opinion that this fuppofed old foldierv^
really « the Merrifsy Merrix^ or Meddix^ or at Icaft one of tk
' ■ ■ ■ "
* And yet the nitrous acid has a Icfs degree of affinity to tin tha
to copper, the latter of which it diflblves, while it only corrodes ik
former ; perfeflly dephlogifticating it, or reducing it to a coopl^
ealx* Its violent action on the tin therefore, though already fit*-
rated with the copper, is, we apprehend, to be attributed to »
circiinii^nce ; that thongh it has a very inconflderable degree ^f^
fiatty to the metallic earth of the tin, it attacks this metal wnk<^
lenceon account of its very ftrong atiraftion of phtogipn\ i P*
ciple which is knoim to adhere to tin very laxly.
5 «•
MoNTiiLY CATALOQaB, Poitiad. 48X
tvro magiffrates goi^g under Umi denomioatiotH of the <ktf
where, the med^l was flruck. We refer, to che. perti£i] of tbe
article itfelf fuck of our Readcra aa vkrfenily iotereft tbemtelvoi
in (he fame aod fortunes of the hu^n Famify now -brought to
light i the name of whicb» Mr. Swintoa fomcwhat ezaltingly
obferves, « has never yet appeared, as he lipprehends^ on amy
other anticnt coins :'-*a ftrongrecomoieiidation^ doobttefs^ to
wiih for a further acquamtance with theoi i
Miscellaneous Articles.
In the 7th Article Dr. R. Watron relates the refult of an ex«
periment made by him |o afcertain the increafe of beat which
the bolb of a. thermometer, exp^fed . to the rays of the fori)
would receive on xU being painted black with Indian ink* la
confequence of this coatings it rofe from 108 to ii8. He pro*
pofcs that the bulbs of feveral correfponding thermometert
ibould be panted of difterent colours, and expofed at the fame
time to the fun ; that conjectures may be formed refpedsng the-
difpofition of the feveral primary colours for receiving and re-
taining the iun's heat.
In rbe 17th Article are contained (bme obfervationa commu«*
nicated by Sir William Johnfon, on the cuftoms, manners, and
language of the Northern Indians of America. The a4th Ar^
tide exhibits fome tables of births and burials in the ifleof An*-
gtefey i and in the a6th and laft, a fliort account is given of the
cflTeCls attending an explofion of inflammable air. in a coaUpic*
near Lieeds..
• ■ ■ ■ *
MONTHLY CATALOGUE^
For JUNE, 1774.
Poetical.
Art. 8. Thi Cavi of Msrar^ ibe Man- if Sorrows t a legendarj
Tale, in Two Parts. 4t0i as. Davies. 1774*
W£ cannot fay mach in praiie of this poem. The Aathor*a
meauing however fcems to be fo gCK>d, that we wifii the
Reader to pay all due attention to the following apology, which he
has added by way of poftfcript ; ^
* It will perhaps be,obje&edto thisjioeoi, that fome of the in-
cidents in h are not fufficiently intereiling to merit the atteotioa of
the Public. To this the Author anfwers. That It has ever bcea the
chief objeft of poetry to copy Nature and her feveral operations
on the human mind in the moft barbarous as well as the moft cul-
tivated ftate of fociety, in the breaft of the peafast as well as that of
the monarch, ff, therefore, the Author has given a jaft copy of
Natore, he apprehends it is of yciy little confequence that lir^m the
llrufture of the poem, the ftory, he relates, would appear to have
happened at lead as far back as three centuries ago, and that the
cl^raders he has introduced are not fnrrounded ftm riches or de-
Hav. Juue, 1774% I i corated
corated with titles ; he ii hopefollhe ftory he has told is not i^ni
taraU bccsofe, thongh lie has taken the liberty of placing k los^
iago feverat inctdents Whkh hapj)ened in the prefent ^^tory, ia or-
der ^to gnre the poem a LectWoAaY appetraoec s yet the wbok for-
f^ wMehsompoti the life of the hertBit are fiich as the Amkot
himfcK hj«.pn«e wttneSed ; for the Irirth of Mokar., and the deaik
pfhis parents are literally copied from his own life, and die inoAm
of Maria's death is taken from a very aiSediog fcenCt of wUch be
was an eye-witBefs^ fb that the cxrcumftance J Morak's bcoooisi
an hermit, and the difcovery made at the end of (he poem are tbe
6nly imtiginary incidents la the fecond part of it» and for theie he
kan aScx no apology/
Art. 9. Jnfam^f $ a Poem. Book ihe Firfl. By Hvgb Down*
man. M. D. 1 s. Kearity. 1774.
If wa miftake not, diis is not the firtt occaion on wMcb we bve
kad eke pkafare of waiting on Dr* Downman, aod we hope it viQ
iMt bctbe iaft» This Iktk poaa relates to the maiiageBeiit ofdni-
iiptkti zfd the Aatbor writes as a jadicioiis phyficiaia^ a good poet,
and an excellent moraliU; fer his medical direAioas» aadpacticil
talents, feem to be all £0 much devoted to the fervice •f humsaiti
and virtue, that we cannot but heanily wiih him fuce^fs in tlie pro-
iecntion of his plan. He will forgtve os if we fuggeft to him tk
propriety of a greater attention than he has paid in iome few Uses w
the harmony and elegance of hts Verfificatton. We recommend ibf
Ibllowing paflWe to Skc Prions peralal of the ladies :
* O MoTRKR (let me by that tendered navw
Conjaie thee} AiU purfne the talk began ;
Nor unlcfs urgM by ibong neceffify.
Some fated, fome pecaliar circomflanee.
By which thy health may fulFer, or thy child
^ ' Suck in difeafe, or that the gei^al fbod
Too fcan^ ^ows, ^ve to an alien's care
Thy orphan babe. O, if by choke thoo doft—
What (hall I call thee f Woman ? No, though Ur
> Thy free as one of the angelic choir.
Though fweetnefs /eem pourtrayM in every liAe,
And TmUes which might become a Hebe. riCc^
/At wjll, crifpin^ thy roiy cheeks, though all *
That's lovely, kind, attraQjve, elegant,
^ Dwell In thy outward fh<ipe, and catch the eye
Of gaaung jrapture, all is but deceit ;
The forbi of Woman's thine, hut not the ^ean j
t)reft in hypocrify, and ftudfed gaifc
This aft dct'efls thee, fhows thee to have loft
tach tender fueling, every gentler grace.
And Virtue more humane, more €aely drawa
And iet by yielding Nature in thebrtaft '
pf female foftnefs, to have driven forth thcfir .
' By force, to have ut^lex'd thy tnind, become
The ftat of torpid dull (lupidity,
'' ' ' * Cold, and inienfible to the ^ann touch
Of generods cftoodons, 'fccKy op cloffi
To (hut ont Pity's entrance, who retreats ^
Repining from her heav^-deftin'd /eat, ' *■ *
Ufirrp'd by Cruetty, the wofil of fiends.* -*
Art. tb. Lovij F>Unf0iip, and Char}tj\ i Poem, writftftt bjr
aGehtteih^n forl^ls AmuremenC. 410. is. fid. Shropfhire/ ^t*
»774- , .
If the crftjcs ftould proclaim
^hat my muf^ has loft her aim 1
iTo 6nbridle her I'm able.
Add put her once more in th^ Hable.
There, iioiv. is y.oar Geinleman-poet, who wrItH fbr h!s zmtt^
ment ; and he talks ilh a gentleman, (hews (igtjs of grace and ^ood*
nefs, is forry for his paR follies, and ptomifes to forfake them.
Shame and famine befall you, ye peftilent Grubs, who remain ih-
corrfglMe under a thodfind flagellations ! What b!e(Ad times fbr its
Revi2^^ers, who wt^rfc fbr h much a weeit, wet and 2lry,-Mfi4iat
Skfen days fcould we enjoy, had every mifetaMc rhymer the mo*'
fly idf this worthy Gentfcmsin !
Art. "li. Hero and Ltander; a Poem, from the Oredt of Ma<*
fasus. 4to. 2s. Ridley. i>74.
The Tranflatof of this poem fecms willing to beliCFC that it be-
longs to the Mufxus of high ^tiquity, but all evidente, both iitter»>
nal and external, ii again^ It. He has, in our opinion, made aA
improper choice of veriification for the i^bjedl. Blank verfe h too
folemn, too formal for a love tale ; a tale, too, (b romantic in itfelf^
chat, fwelling with the pomp of numbers, it grows into the idea of
bnrlefque. W^e have feen much more A^eable tranflatlons of it ia
rhyme.
Art. 12. Taf Adoafiiagi cf Misfortuniy a Poem. 4t0« i u
Ridley, &c. 1774*
An anphilofo|>faicaI firing of rhymes 1 In the firfl pa^, Botaldab,
^ King of Egypt, is reprefented as a rej^eSid monarch, whoiis * happjr
reign is crowned with unnumbered blefiing^ ;* in the next, tbu va*
lii»>le priticc is
' ■ ■ " ■ "■ *' cotidemn'd W prove
The jmft nfiittment of the powers above.
Aad yet, afterwards, it appears that the powbrs above w^re lb Ar
irom e«tertaiiii«g aarir refimmnt agaiuft him, that the aflKdkMetkef
dotted bim were only meaiK in kindnefs.
Art. 13. CaitdU^ TiMft^ Propertii Optra : SMfifn: Tfphfn
'MH$Myt Smtftihts % M^rrof . i imfi. 31. 17 74.
Dr. Harwoo4 h|[th cafefoily eorredcd this ttttle n€M rol^meof IQa*
tullas, Tibelftts^ and fropentiifty tAet ibe bell edfiioa*. The atten-
tion and dtligepce which he has employed as anXditor, are e^rpreAd
hr Urn in the fbttowi&g preito, prefixed to ttk€fe three etefast La-
t«i daflict :
< Hk cmc9rdu McmmrrkmmdH^ AfMvis M Caikpii fiUi dibi^
(Smi, mete hmul it a pridm TuteLt dltma^^ fuMX. Z$mmi ilUi SmuH^
a ten§ri$ Anmi fimfir colutram^ it iffmc idJUtifU 9^, ta ftum mimla*
fifim fndinm^ Ollm BrindUi T^h nitidt foiUs fuam fidtlittr ix»
Ii a' • /r(^
484 Monthly Catalogue, PmiIcbU
prejp fuert. In his perkgendis Animi Cand^nm fi LeSor exUhtn Wif
nihil abfort quod iifidcret confide J*
Art. 14* A Pajisral Ballad^ in Foih- Parts : Admiration, Hopc^
Difappointment, Succefs. 4ta is. Longinap. 1774*
. Were Lord Chctterfield now liviog, and were be to read this hs-
norous parody on one of our befl palloral poems*, Le ivoaldBare
found it a difficult ta£ to refrain from the horrid iin of laughter}
agaiitft which he has ib grarely and vehemently declaimed f-
This merry performance will not admit of extrads, without iDJorj
to the merit of the whole/ Perufe it, and laagh» as we batredooe;
and be thankful to the very ingenious Writer, — and to us too,
gentle Reader f. for recommending to thy rifibility, a piece that«ifi
aFord thee a delicious opportunity of indulging in what wile aad^n,
and this Author among the reft, have fet down as a moft whokfi>&<
exercife.
Art. 15. Peaces 7^?otm. 410. is. Beckct. 1774.
Middling verfes in prai(e of mediocrity ; or that ftate of life vhizb
is equally tree from the diflreiTes of poverty, or the plagues of nches.
Art' 16. Perjury I a Satire. By George Wallis, Author oi
. the Jinfenaisad %• 4to. 2 s. York printed, and fold in Loc^
by Bell. '
Wretched vcrie., and incomprehenfible meaning.
Art. 17. The Depopulated Vdle\ a Poein. By Mr. Conwiy.
4to. z%. Swifk. 1774.
Poor Mr. Conway I we hope his friends will take care of faun, i^
f(;e that he does no worfe miichief than printing a few crazr rhymei.
Art. 18^ A Poem on the Times. By Mifs fell, of Ncwca^
4to. IS. Wilkie. 1774.
The times, we aie perfuaded, will not be, in any refped, t^
worfe, fiioul4Mifs Fell, of. Newcaftle, refolve sever to tag &Dot^
pair of rhymes ; for, in truth, (he is a very Indifferent rhyme- taggr.
Was there nobody at Newca^le who could have told MifV Fell, th£
Jerene and KiHgy and receives and deceived have not evea the lea^ i^^
femblance to a rhyme ?
' Art. 19. Farringdon Hill\ a Poem inTwofiooks. 4X0^ 25.6-^
, Oxford printed, and fold by Wilkie in London. 1774.
It is faying the kaft that can be faid of the Author of this po«^
when we pronounce that he is not de^tute of poetical t^lcnca i b3
no talents could render pleafmg a long defcription of a fine pto^pc^
when the feveral parts of which it is compofed are not lemfcicd 'vt\
teretog by fome well imagined circumftances and tran£i£Uofia.
Art. 20. Poems* i2mo. as. Snagg. 1774.
Pm/. Yet doubly happy, could 1 juftly claim
One PoFF of merit from the irtmp of Fame !
Rroieixjert. Pwff I
^ Shenftone's is the beautiful original which this Writer hu ^.
iriew ; but which he by no means iatends to fidicale.
t Vid.. Review for April, p. 2664
^ See, Review for. March, p. 232*
Dram at«^^
Monthly Catalogue, American Affairs. ^ 485
Dramatic.
Art. 21. Thi Martyrdom of Ignatius 5 a Tragedy. Written in
tbe Year 1740. By the late John Gambold, at that time Miniiler
cf Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordfhire. To which is prefixed, the Life
of Ignatius. &vo. zt. Cadell, &c. 177V
Mr. Gsmbold was a principal leader of the fe6l known by the
|)ame oiUnitas Fratrum. This pious man, as we are here informed
by the Editor of this poilhamous publication, had, in his youth, a
great fbndnefs for dramatic pieces, both ancient and modern. It is
added, that ' thopgh we caunot find that he ever frequented the
theatres any^ere, yet looking on dramatic writings as a pleafing
and imprei&ve manner of conveying ideas and adions to others* we
fuppofe he/ormed the plan of giving, if not to the public, yet tor
fome of his friends, a reprefentation of the date, principles, and
prance of the ChriHians in the firfl and fecond century, in a dra-
matic compofition.'
The reverend Moravian's writing a tragedy on the fubjeft of the
martyrdom of Ignatius (who is faid to have been delivered to the
lions, by command of the JBmperor Trajan, and was accordingly de-
iroured by them) may ^pear in fi lingular and perhaps an unfavour-
able light, to thofe -v/ho can have no conception of turning over the
martyrology for heroes of the drama; but when plays founded on
fcripture hillories were cuftomary in this country, this piece, iu ho-*
[lour of the martyrdom of Ignatius, would, probably, have beea
coked upon as a capital performance : and it will, no doubt, even
aow, be confidercd ;^* a very edifying work, by many devout readers,*
and cfpecially by the remains of the Unitas Fratrum.
As Mr. Gambold's tragedy could not be intended for reprefenta-
:ion, it is not written in coYiformity to the' edablilhed rules of Hage
:ompofition; and, therefore, a^ the Editor juftly obferves, it afFbrd$
Jo room for criticifm on dramatic principles.
fVrt. 22. The Two Englijh GentUmm\ pr^ fhe Sham FuneraL A
Comedy, by James Stewart. 8vo. is. 6d. Bell. 1774.
We hope this is the/r/?, and that it will be ihe lafi offence of Mr.
>tewart againll the Public.
American Afpa^rs.
f^rt. 23. A Plan to reconcile Great Britain and her Colonies^ and
freftn^e the Bependenty of America^ 8vo. j s. Almon. I774<r
On the back of the title page^we have the following fummary ac*
:ount of this plan, ready prepared, which may therefore be adopted :
The i^etbod propofed by this work to preferve the dependency of
\merica,^ and the dignity of Qreat Britain, is by granting to the co-
onies liberty to have manufadures of their own, and a foreign trade
n Britiih vefTels, under the fandion of their owQ reprefentation and
axation ; on the principles of the Americans, and confiHent with
he true interell of the mother country »'
Wheal any political difordert appear, it 45 fome comfort to reded
bat if a cure is not performed, it is not for want of licentiates ready
0 aodertake it. The pamphlet ]>^fQre U9 Ui^(^^ pf a dedication,
1 letter,, and aj)oilfcript, all ^d4rcffed,to ^Jie^qke of Northumbcr-
and ; a)id the Author urges his preteafions as being a man ^ whofe
1 1 3 ufefnl
4M MoHf IKY CATAM^Oit Awmkn J^m^
vUt^ kiMWfledge and dood v^i^WDM^ it i» ^treTaiised* lender Im
UPt altogetW uAwortSy of ijutiilg<»cf ao(L cncoi^nigeseiic.*. B«
«ddi, ^ that tlii9 taOt quiy not ap^r coo great for ja;^ abititiet, I
^r« hoavbly ofl^ to yoar Graco, a few remarks on iLtacrica, as t
|^)ecnnen of my experience and ufefal knowled^ of tliat difiaat
country.' Warmnteil by the pMUication of thefe n^nurks* ^ kam-
l^lv oi<r o«r doubts wbether either bU kaowMee or experience qua-
lify hip for the talk* For after reprefentiag tne natoral rights, tbe
SrKtical ahUitiaa, and the growing power, of the Americans, io
oag terms ; the plaa of reprtfentation propo^^. is, that one half
gf their reprefeotativcs (hp»14 coafift of tbeir own Ut^ choice, tbe
Other hali, of bis M^jefty's Coaiicil, with the referved P^wer of ap-
pointiiig governori. with civil and fnilit;^ office^. The atoard
#orpofe of this arrangemeni if (o delude ^ Americans : ' this pbs,
lays the Writer, wonTd be an apparent ibdulgence, though in &d
IK> ceoeeflion at all in their favour i as |he (hare of reoreleotatios
iifm the pother country in the perfw cif thc^ King's conncii vA,
qiher perfons employed 1^ this government, would throw foch t
weight of inAuence in the fcale of repfefeoudon, as to leave tk
eolonifts the name^ Without the power of reprcfenution luid taxatka*'
.«— ' The Americans wonld be plea&d wich the ^piaranee of a coa-
^flftOD, and the fiadow of authority, white Great firit^Ia would »*-
«rays be in poflei&on of tlje fubfinf^^ or reality/
^. A> hb Grace of Northumberland lately prefided over a oeighhptr*
|ag ifland, it may be prefumed this fcheme has followed htm fifos
thence ; it being ao Iriih way of deceiviog peonle to declare the is-
tention aod explain the means to their ftces. — mj dior hpjs j§m art
0^^€l $f fig'iHr JflUvft ; arrahf but I tvoMt t9 make fools cfjam^ ud
4 *will t(f/j0M if$w I maw to io it, tbau^h I bopi jw wont mmdtrfim&i
meaiaUatall.
^rt. 24V JJbort Fiiw oftbi Hi/lory (ftheCohmy tf Ma^baVt
Mauduit* The Second Edition. T^ which is now added, tbe
original Charter granted to' that Province in the 4^ of Charles L
fai never before printed, in England^ 8vb. |i^ 6d» ^{7i]k:&>
, The ^rft edition of this tra{^^ which appeared without a name, wu
fient^one^ in thetReview, vol. xl. p. 94. The copy of the chatet
will be a very aceepuble addition to .thofe'^x^ w|fh to invei^^
^0 grand ^uemoif of legi^ation hetween x^i} folqny and the fii^
parliament.
^t. 25. Anfvffir ifi C$n/iJirations on cortai^ PoEtUal IVmnfieCm
^tbt province o/^u^bCfirfUfi^^. 8vo, as. Almon* 1774.
Anfwer t Yes it is an anfwer with a vengeance ! from a aio^ coarfe
t
writer of the Cot^derafions^ as ' a wretch, who^ vices ^nfy haK
rai&d him to a dt le.' ^A^in ^^ The fiilfbme adnlatiM ^ ySbt 1^
t For a ihort account Qf this pamphlet/f(^ RiMr/WBrcii ^-^
fib cooftitatten by a wretch who uriihet its jleflm^lion, whofir pm^
iciples are inimical to the virtues which Aippoit if, i$ leh tolerabtaf
than his open execration. The Ibtileft brcacft of flandei* fhociiaia
avowed enemy, is p^fome, when compared with that of a* trcaohesoiitf
friend ; the jiraife of Iving lips and a decdtfbl hearts' .As it h tft
be hoped this is not the current ftyle of pacriotiri^ in South Caxo*
Una, we ihall wait aatil the fubjeA it handled in a. notftre dkanl/
planner* . t
Art. 26. Tw ChapiiTi^ tht laft Bo^ rfCbr9nieUi\ Six Letterf
to the good P^ple of England ; and ft veral oth^r Pieces, relative
to the Difpate between Eogiiflimen in- ISurope and hi Amcirica*
By an Old Bngli(h Morchanc* 8vo. 1 1, Almon, &c. 1774*
Colleded from the news*papers« and pre^Ked by the^^Astnor of
the moft.coniiderable of the Pieces isonutncd in the Pamphlet, vi^;
the two new chapters of Chronicks.; in which the ftyle oFcbe erienv
tal Chronicles it pretty well imitated. Tlis Old Eogliflt meichaat
is a friend to New J^land, Lc. He that apobgizeafbr the liberty
taken with the ftyle of the fcriptores : ^ It may 1^ ob|eded, that th^
fcriptore ftyle onght not to be trifled with ; bat if it it confidered
that the ptroUic attention feemed to be in a lethargic ftat^ that fome-
thing feemed neceflary to roufe it, and, aUb, that the fulneft U at
coaiSquential to a whole people, coofiftihg of ieveral miUioot^ at
that of the children of Ifrael in the days Of old coold be to thiem* tfie
objedion perhaps may appear greatly abated^' This itbnt inditi^cttt
fvriting ; bat the meaning may be made out*
PaLITXCAL. *
. Art. 27. Th Smiflana ofthi SviJif/tie diUvtrii to t CmmhUi if
$h$ l^unoffraUt Hofifit of Camm§ms by the Merchants aitd Tradert Of
London, concerned ip the Tradie to Germany and Holbnd. aUd
of the Dealer^ in Poieitn Linent, at Cammed ap by Mr. Glov^.
To which it annexed, hit Speech, iotrodudOry to die hx>ppfalt
)aid before the Annaitams of hf^* Douglas, Heron, and Qcs ac
the King's^Arms Tavern, Comhiil, oa the 9th of Fejbroary 1 774.
Sto. is. 6d. Wilkie. * -
Mr. Glover has, at an advanced ftage of H^ egcrted ^imfelf in a
laudable manner, tp inveftigate and fij»lain the kte cooiplatnti con-
^cerning the linen maftafaAore, and he has traced them up to a cauie
which a fuperficial ot^erver would not hare reached. His lanj^i^
is, indeed, rather t06 florid* for a fbl^eft relating to iry matters
pf fst6i. To this we may add, that the Ipeech {(^mi 10 hate been
traafmitted to the prefs with all the impeifediont incidbnr tb oml
{delivery, without thofe neceffilry corre^ions- which it ought to htife
received before it was publiOied. . Mr. Glover^ geaem} opinion on
this iinportant fiibjeSk, *w^ill appear in the following 4xtFa£k<^ •
* Jn all commerciai nations, whenever modeiation and frugality
Ikavt'^elded 1^ cxtravaj^ance and ambttibn, wants have beon cieattd,
* Mc Glover it j|o kfs ^minent as a. poet than as a merchant and
'^oUticiaa^ our Readers will, therefore, be the left, apt ro wander at
abff dMfl^m^VHV »»* 8w^«ry ^ylc.of hi Ji oration.. Sfc his Ifotyiiu,
1 1 4 whkh
4^8 Monthly Catalogue, PoUtUaL
wbich camraon profits could not fupply ; thofe wants have been itz
parents of projcfts, and a raflij afpiring fpirit of^entcrprife has over-
borne the iober temper of regular trade. This reftlefs and intem-
perate fpirit has been predominant among one people, diftingiuflieii
by a fcries and variety of recent projeds concerted wiiboot knew-
ledgCy without forecaft, without fyflero, executed by raflmcii* ter-
minating in ruin, almoll total to th^mfelvesy and decrimeot ahnoft
general among their faCering neighbours^ It is from this qoarter,
we have feen ilupehdous undertakings in buildings, in the caltintioa
of remote iflands, in manufactures upon no other certainty, than ao
enormous and infupportable expence. It is from this quarter we bafe
Icen proje^s of avarice, of rapacity, pTodu«ftive of mifery and depo-
pulation under the midaken name of improvements. It is fron tkis
quarter, that the great markets of trade have been glottad by «nJ<2
commercial adventurers under the delufion of a temporary hnt i^^it
capital : but above all, the banking adventtire is filled moft with ^
marvellous. That part t (hall not detail, merely to avoid ao toipttta-
tion readily thrown upon me, an imputation of amufing the committee
with poetic fi^ion ; but thus much I mud fay, in one period, that tf
a certain celebrated Spanifli author could revive to exhibit his hero
under the newcharadler of a banker, hfe might fpare his inreatim'.
cwtry kind of labour, as recent and indubitable fafls in oor own ifiaisd
could furnifh incidents, every one at lead Dpon a par with his wiad-
mills : yet, Sir, could that rood fagacious perfon travel over that \rtii
of proje£ls, and converfe with its inhabitants, he would find aroos^
, them erudition and fcxencc, jurifprudence, theology, hiftory, ora-
tory—in (horf. Sir, every fenfe but that common fort, opon which all
worldly welfare, both public and private, depends, by a joft ap^
-cationr of the elements of trade; manufadlures, money and crectit to
rational and practical improvements, a fyilem yet to be iearsed hf
* that icientific, lettered, and eloquent nation. Sir, I will now efft;
to excite yoor aftoni(hment ; thefe numerous undertakings, I tiark
Judly termed flupendous, were attempted, nearly at once hi the Cae
period, were carried on at the expence of fums incredible* aodycc
the projeftors had no capital of their own. They had. Sir, I p^
fume, a fecond fight of immenfe acquifitions, and one would thiak
* purfued* their pUn by fome fupernatural aid. bir, what tbey did »ill
not be credible to poderity ; the nniverfe never furniQied a people
that ever made fuch a gigantic attempt at the attribute of Ooftoipo-
•tence in creation ; abfolutely they created millions of mooey out ci
nothing ; by a certain alchymy, which they pofTefTed, they exttvdc^
millions of hard money out of the pliant pur(e of their netgbhoitfs,
and at the fame time ruined themfelves. This operatioQ> &^, is
called Paper Circulation.
* My. honourable hearers are above the want or nfe of fuch wi ope-
■ ration ; to fuppoie them therefore unacquainted with it, 1 meia i
compliment to them and an apology for myfelf in giving (bme bri«f
.explanation of it.
* A knot of projeflors at one end of tbe iilaDd, fend up innan-
furable quantities of .this enchanted paper to their brethren, dcir
countrymen, projeflors like themfclves, fettled at the other end.
Thefe, Sir, by (heir magical tip of the pen/ called acceptance a&4
• i^K^odcncH
Monthly Cataiogue, PoKttcaL 11S9
Kndorfement, inftantly converted this paper into money to any amomit
f>y what is called difcQunt ; the fird piCKlaca was inflantjy abforbe^
by the projcfls in hand, a fccond muft be provided equal to the firft
to- difchargc the firll fet of bills when due ; elfe the fpell would be
imniediateiy broken : a fecond fet was fent up and converted into
money the fame way, and applied to difcbarge the Erft. A third tho
fecond, a fourth the third, and fo on.
*• Children in fport can make a circulation upon water by the Oj|t
of a ^one, and by. that repetition can keep it up for a while ; but iljc
child knows, he cannot roiike it everlafting : this was not known to tAe
man of the North, whofe infatuation adopted the chimera of the
Sooth- fea year, that credit was infinite. For example ; Sir, one fo-
ciety only in the midft of all t^is defolation, which remains to be de»
fcribed,.bad drained a certain capital of fix hundred thoufand pounds
In hard money, in exchange for a nominal value in paper; it coit
them about nine per cent, to raife that fum, in order to be lent out
at five : and there were among their managers, who looked npoa
-this. Sir, as profit (nobody will difpute what I fay upon this head)
and that the more this^ paper was extended the better, a bubble^
icarce to be matched in the 1720, of one country, and in defpite of
all experience then, or fince, referved to difiinguiJh the other im
1772. Jn ftiort. Sir, fuch was the inexplicable coincidence of clr-
cumAances, that what with the intrepid perfeverance of one king-
<dom, in borrowing, and what with the torpid facility of the other»
in lending, a chain of circulation was eAabliibed, which coihpre*
bended boih the capitals and mod of the intermediate placet ; a chain
growing in fize weekly and daily, induring for the two whole years
j77oand i77i, down to June 1772, when one link gavc*way—. the
<harm was indantly diflblved, leaving behind it conilernation in the
place of confidence, and imaginary affluence changed to real want
iaftd diftrefs ; a torrent of niin from the North, forced a pafiage into
your capital, into the rood fccret depofitories of treafure ; a run was
•felt by your bankers, fucccffive falls of houfes in trade, eminent at
Jeaft for the wiidnefs and immcnfity of their tranfaftions, became the
^atly, the hourly news ; an universal dii&deoceenfued ; credit fi^emed
withering to the root ; a general Itagnation prevailed in every branch
of trade and manufiidlure ; the commercial genius of your iHand lan«
^i(hed in every part. For a fingle manufiSlure in that part, whence
the evil took its rife, to have efcaped, would have been a wonder
bordering upon prodigy.*
Mr. Glover is throughout very feverc on Scots projcftors, Scots
bankers, and Scots fmugglers. and has pofiefTed himlelf of a variety
of fadls to. fapport his reprefentations : but thefe having been lail
^fore parliament, and being long in the detail, we muft refer our
Readers to the pamphlet, for more particular iatisfa£Uon.
iVrt. z8» A LetUr to the Right HdnourabU Fndmck Lord Nhrfb.
Svo.' I 8. Bell, &c. 1774.
An high (trained panegyric on the conduft of our premier. The
Author declaims with rapture on the principal events of Lord North's
adminittratipn ; but no great fathladion, we apprehend, can accilie
JO the reader from fuch promifc'uous praiib of a ftatelban ; aiid little
credit^
4i» HqHTUL^ CATALOOVUrPsliiioL I
C9retft». AcrefrrOft ptn fodoond te either the Amihor ^r lutpttm^
Irom. this publicttton*
Act. 29. Prirtdpks »fTrade^ Fredfm and Proledion ire iu bet
^«r^ : Indii^t the only Me«n« to reader Manofiiaiirej cheap.
Of Coiiif, llxchaage; M)d B<M)atys ; pamcolariy the Boimcy oa
Com. By a W«i^-wtlher * to his King and Qoaotrx* With* aa
Jfinfyf. ContaiRtsg Refiediont on Gold, Silver, and Piper
' ll^i ^ iMbaf. The fecond Edition ctrtBed and enlarged* 410,
2s» firother^on and Sewell. 1774*
The firft ciKamltaace obienrable in tbb tra^l, is an afi£bed n»»
couth fingakrity in fpeUing. This, in an indtvidoal, appears to be
^UFaming an onwarraatable authority ov^er langna^, which at kai
required an apolc^, with the reaioas, if the writer reail/ \tM/i aaj
CO offer, ibr thus dirgoftiag, if not embairaffing, his readers.
If this gentleman had any fydem of orthography, Ibme degree oT
confiftency would be prefenred in it; and at Irft fight we thof^ht kc
aimed at accommodating his words to pronnnciation* which, however
it might debafe our language, would be purfuing Jhm* end : faoit hsi
antipathy to double letters, which is his mod diftingaiiking prejo-
dice, is gratified equally in defiance b6th of orthogmph^r and qp>
thocpy. Thus there being no ofienfive letters in the word primdfio^
he condeicisBds to write it like other people ; but finding the word
tmdlefi ^rminated by two confidants, he clips of one akkd redocei
the word to /if^ .* now by asiafogy* «9^/m would be prtkaoitaoed
conformable |o i^sa^i or to hU own acceptation of frrme^s, tht
firil word in his title ; whereas the double r, indicates that the lai
i> liable is to have its ffill foMod terminating with a fisarp or dofisi.
^rom hence it appears th^ <Mt Author has an iodifpatable dam tQ
origiuaiaty, and is not, as vfe at firft iipagtned, a finioas dupe cu
fome of Dean Swift's fportf^l pfanj^vf^ith tCsEnglifh language.
Faffing from the manner to the mi|tter, it willoe fufficicat to ub-
ferve in general, that the principles i^nt epitomifed are fuch as arc
^ready well known and adc^ted. The ^uthQr indeed fabfiCribea m
|in inhuman fophilitcai maxim that has become tikQ^ioaablc of iace,
which isi that cheapaefs of protifions qiufes tbf poor to be tdiea
therefore provifions muA he i!ear«tD make them induftrieos* I^is a
much clearer maxim in politics, that as the natural oonteqneiice of
f>pprefitcidqi is to difivurage popojatioo, plenty and cleapoefs of ihe
necelTarilta of life will javour an increafe of the people. If ihe
means of living are eafily acquired, th^ poor wil) not he yighaenej
iftom matrimooial coquaxions f and their imlullry m^ft keep fxt
yvUh the increafe of their iJBmitiqs, Qn the other han4f if the aa-
tuxal prppen^^s of mankind ace checked by hardihipl tkefdttwfi
profpe d of furmouattag» their incliaatioftis' taipe a dapraiKod eai^
hnd they are rendere4 profligate by defpair* fiu^ we iu^ye alflm%
Ittfifad on this point, QuforiperotP^cniir. -r: *
It is a leading, and a good piinciple with oar Author* that the
foccefs of trade depends on pituedkion and freedom^? that *
* This error of the P^efs certainly efkaptd the Atteatitta cif Ar
Y^rltcr, wiio Aroughout the T' ^^ eiafta^dy. wcit^ vtfL
fog^ to W prQti^ci4» b«t left free fron MSnvbt to i«|«Iat«3tiil&
In nis own i^roper dialed it would ftand to this efieA* ^l tfmfoi
f9 fngtft in tbif Htb ffl^ Uf thmt Us il *ufU ftUvi fnm fy/h-ing comuM
Hpwrjk its/r$ cgurs^ tb^wfrot^ ahiffng iufr$il*Hp ^ ftUting
^tndlu r^rahti to difins ^mi pripk tU.tnd^vmrs of tbt wtuftfios^
Itfar ikf difiufom oftht/t m^trJi to fifimtbttomflnfmudicti andftJkn$^
tf iHMMkindt ami pifii tbm 'witp a tr¥(b I 49 /tmdtous tbp Jmm^Ji
^tndto^ nvhith h, tfft^t it 1/ uttr{jf imf^U fit $rafic to Jhijf h^ifjp
Mfon tutrow principles.
The ft^le of the aboye imitation, ia indeed fithfesritnt to the por-
pofe of introdacing z$ lai^e a fpectmep of the Anthor't mode o£
ipelling, as qould be exhibited In a <AMdlCAstypftfi a and he will ntot
tax i9» with iniufUce, After ail* it i« mortifying to.obiexv« the in-
confiftency 4ad frailty of biiman nat«re \ . Here b for infiancc an ho»
oe^ well difpofed gentleman, (A9 we really thou^) who vgues very
properly for pr^ferving a pure ftaodard in onr coin ; but who never-
theleCs feels no compun^ioA in Bliof and clinimiyDor ^wrreiit wordt
in broad day light ; and who is openly eonvided of adolterating^ the
flandard of tbe ^ngliih tongue. So hard is it to Jiec^nire a thorooffh
jcnowledge of tne hamaii Eeart» iind b littk ^e mankind to he
grafted!
tlie title page of this whimfical trad, declares it to be aftcond
edition } }^at we do not rememher to have feen it before, and we
llbould certainly have repolleded it. From th^ pecoliarities. ^i
jvh^ch thi; Anthor indulges himfelf« we ;ipprehe|id he is no commonl
writer in any fenfe of the word : the i^H edition may therefore haf^jf
confilled only of a few copies, and circulated among his privatij|
iriends, without being advertifcd $ or might b^ve beeh foon chilled in
IP receive iu prefent inifro^fimgnts. h is not eafy to .accoont for i|
fecond iibpremon on the common frinapUt oftra^u
^Tt. 3CS The Chaim rf Htmry. A Work wbcrdn die! Ob«-
^ttr#, and FiUainoHS Attempts of Piiikck& to rain Ub«ty, nro
pointed out, and the dreadful Scenes of PtsroTtsAi difdo&d.
^o which is prefixed an Addrefs to the Bledort of Great Biriuiln,
in ordec to draw their Timely Attention to the 9^<Moe of Proper
flspassiNTATiVisinthenext fAftLtAiiaifT. 4to« taSf fewed.
Payne, I774* ^
There ^t^ n#iiy important obli^rvationi in thii work, rcfytAw^
fhe Principles and pradic^ of Doj^ot^nh by which natiqfnf afis ^rqi|ght
%0 mvpry aod ruin*
Th>s pefforman^ is intended as an alarm-bell, (o toufemid terri^
|i9. The tertotk virho pfilla the rope, logs it with all his might, and
|mt8 himi^lf into a violent heat ; like a ^y^ ill^brokcii llee^, who
pnocea, fMFIv f^^ frets^ wit^oi^t m»kii^ mucl^ progrefi oa |hf
|n plain langnage, the ^i^tho;:, though he po^kSki a confiderablt
llmd of (^aowkge reiaclve to his fubject, writes ^ith too much in-
^raiDfrapce,'i^nd too little o-egard to uifccncy, to e^A any gitat
£pod by a puhtiomon*, the very title-page o^ t\^hicfa is enough to pre-
Imke aU nit the loweft of the vol^r agatnd hivn t and we may; in^
Tleed, refer to ii^ at at fiiificiem Q>ecimen of the writer^s manner of
^pftfung the lofd*s f^i^ointe^i |^nd the rulers of the people^
492" Monthly Catalogue, PoRticah
Art. ?I. T& Liberty of the Prefs confiderei\ addrelled to Lorf
Quickfand, imploring his Protedlioo. By Magna Charu in
Weeds. 8vo. IS. Bcw. 1774.
Warm, rhapfodical declamation in behalf of liberty in general,
and the liberty of the prefs in particular. We approve the pauiot,
l)ut we cannot praife the writer, whofe zeal outftnps his juogment,
and fometimes even leaves 1>oth'(enfe and grammar behind : as where
lie fays-^' If ourprefent governors had any latent defigns againft the
liberty of the prefs, they are in fo much want of money, that there
is no danger from them, becaufe they well know the vaft rcvenoc
arifmg from the falc of the news-papers, magazines, and Mher frm
thoughts^ would be moch leffened, &c.'
Poflibly the mtftah in the above parage mav kave pr6ceedcd frora
fome accident of the prefs ; and we the ratner fafpe6t that this is
the cafe, becaufe we £nd no other flip, of equal magnitade, in the
pamphlet.
Art. 3^. The Report of the Lords Committees^ appointed by tbt
Houji of Lords to inquire into the fever al Proceedings in ebe CoUmy
$f MaJfacbufettU Bay^ in oppofition to the Sovereignty cf his
Majefty, in his Parliament of Great Britain, over that PVovioce ;
and alfo what hath pafled in this Hocife relative thereto^ from the
firft Day of January, xt^^^ 8vo. 23. Binglcy: 1774.
Be it known that we diiclaim all critical jurifdidtion over the hoii6
of Lords colle^livcly ; bein^ content with (hewing our power when-
ever wc can catch a ftraggling peer farmering alone in the fields of
Jioerature : where it is as prefnmptuous to carry a pen withoot t
qualification, as it might be deemed for a lackland revienrcr to carry
a gun over any of their terrcilrial manors.
Art. 33. 7i&/ Jiuaniagfs of an Alliance v)hh the Great Afogwl.
In whidi are principally coniidered three Points of the highcil ii^-
portancc to the Britifh J^a^ion. 1. The immediate Prcfervatioa,
and future Profperity of the Eaft India Company.^ 2. 'I he legal
Acquiiition of an immcnfc Revenue to Great Britain. %. The
* Promoting a vaft IncreaTe in the Exports o£ Britilh Mannfa^arrs.
By John Morfifon, Efq; General, and Commander in Chief of |he
Greaf Mogul's Forces ; Ambalfador Extraordinary, and Plenipo-
tentiary to his Ms^efty George III. King of Qreat Britain, France
and Ireland, &c. 8vo. is. 6d. Cadeli. i774-
It is faid that great wit to madnefs ^s allied. It pay be faid that
jnadnefs feems, in a variety of cafes, very nearly to border upon wit.
There is fomething plaufible and dazzling at firit iight, in the reve*
ries of this pompous and opinionated Commander in Chief, and
plenipotentiary ; but our men of bufinefs of all jparties have in ge-
neral fmilcd at, and neglefted them. *Wc think the pamphlcr.
)>owever, amufing ; and Siould have read it with more p][eafure, if
it had been intitled the adventures of John Morrifon^ tftj; Gcce-
ral, &c. ^
The enterprizing fpirit of Mr. Morrifon may be vciy proper in as
officer; at lead, one who is to advance himfelf in the Eaft Indies;
but his plan of an alliance is laid down on too large a fcale for his
political genius. Hc ricwj thin^gs only ia ;hcir, firft and i in mediate
* effects.
MoNTHlY Catai.ooui;9 PoliitcaL 49^
effcAs* . Ope age would prodacc; confequences, upon his own prin-
ciples, which would deftroy every end that he propofes. His prof
pofal (hould have been, that the King of Great Britain, now govern- '
mg a country become alnaoft l^ankrupt; and having great trouble
from the humours of an obfHnate people, (hould fet off with his
council, parliament, army, and navy ; fettle on the banks of th^
Ganges; enter into an alliance with Shah Allum ; play the devit
with all the Soubahs, and Nabobs, and Rajahs; and eilablifh a
mighty empire in the Eaft. We think this as pradticable as General
Morriibn's plan, and much more fubliii)e and clever. ,
Art. 34. J CalU^fhn of Letters and EJays in favour of PuhSd
Liherijf^ firft publiftied in the News-pa^rs, in the Years 1764, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, and 1770. By an amicable Band of V/eil wifhers
to the Religious and Civil Rights of Mankind. 3 Vols* i zmo*
9$, bound. WUkic. 1774.
It is well known there are many excellent eflays occaiionally to b^
Biet with in our numerous morning and evening papers, which me-^
rit prefervation ; the colleflipn of which was the original, and bef(^
idea of monthly magazines If from this fpecimeo, the fafhioa
ihould fucceed, of fugitive writers reprinting their fcattered lucu-
brations, vve (hall quickly be as well furni(hed with volumes of tern*
porary controverfy,' and mifcellaneous e/Tays, as we have, |pr ibme
years pall, been with novels : the only difconrageroent to fuch pub-
lications may be, that they will probably appear more interefiing to
the writers, than to the public ; who may have been fufficiently grati->
fied with their firft appearance on the immediate occaiions. Even thie
merit of the celebrated Junius will not long furvive the memory of
many little tranfient circumftancesi fo happily glanced at by a keen
wit, the edge of which will be blunted^ when the occaiions are no
longer underftood.
The fubjedls of thefc Ictrers are various, bnt chiefly confift of ani-
madverdons on the condud of the Englifh clergy, the late tender-
nefs of the church toward papifls, the appointment of a Romifli
Bi(hop over Quebec, the fcheme of introducing epifcopal govern-
ment in the other colonies, the controversy concerning a reformaiion
of the thirty-nine articles, the charadler of Abp. Seeker, &c. * We
are told that the far greater part of thefe letters owed their exiflence
to the accidental meeting of a few gentlemen,^ at a pl^ce of public
refort in the fuinmer, of the year 1764^ who though unknown to
each other before that time, were not long in mutually difclofing their
common attachment to the principles of public liberty.
Art. 35. Jn Effaj concerning the Eflabltjhment of a National Bank
in Ireland. 8vo. IS* Robinfon. 1774*
This Author appears to underftand his fubjed ; bat we think he
writes rather unfeelingly, when ipeaking of the national funds, he
fays, ' Were the public debts annihilated, it may be allcdged th»t
feventeen thoilifand (lock-holders would want fubfiftance ; but more
than feventeen thoufand other fubje^ .would then gain a livelihood ;
for I fuppofc the jame taxes flUl to be raifed and fpent in the
nation.* . .
The pamphlet is wholly political, and of (uch a nature as not
eaiily to admit of extra^s or abridgement ;* We ihall therefore only
: ■ lay
494 HtdHTHlY CAfAlOCOf^ PiUtic^.
\vf before 6iir itudcfs the Aothor't conduding paffage: * The eft»»
bbfiiineitt (of a ntciooal bank in IrelaDd) comprehends three great
f)bjeAf y the ftfmflhiog mone/ to borrowen on more reafooable cerms«
the raifing the grand pledge of land io Ireland one fourth or ooe third
«M)f«y «Bd the afloring to the whole community the Bever failing Ta*
loe df the fn&all diminative oJedges that are daily paffing from hand
to handy all of which would contribfite greatly to advance the omdb.
leftcCy and ooafe^ently the power of the (late. As the fobjecl I
have treated of is extremelv intricate^ I hope for indulg|cnce« in cafe
fome part of my reaibning mould not have that convincing evidence
which I have Hiidioafly endeavonred to throw on all of it. Ever/
thfaigtendiBg to itlnftrsie the nature of the circulation of die blood
!s yet Ut Arom beiat ttMliseed ; nevertheleis all the world are now
tonvinced, that-liih £*petods on that circolation i and that it la mifdi
better for the bodv to have the veias filled with blood than with
water/ The laft feiitetice may poffibly refer to the exdef^ of paper
motyty on private ct^it. Bilt tiowever hurtful oi- fraudalenc that
jnay have proved ; nothing can be more unjull or vile than that de*
fira^ion of the piiblic funds, to which numbers have entmfied tfaefr
whole fortunes, concerning which this Writer appears to fpeik fi>
tooUy in the nara^ra^h abov^ quoted.
Aft. t6. Addittdnal Preface to a Pampbtit^ iwiidid^ on Af^id
io ibe PMk, on the Suhje^ oftbi NatiomaJ Diht ; cowtaini/^ Ol/er*
^attorns on tte Pr^eni Stoti of the Kingdom, tuitb re/piB to iu
Trmde^ Dohis^TaMts^wtdPa^erCrtdit. 8vo. 6d. CadelL 1774,
We (ball refer onr readers tor a nartlcular account of Dr. Priced
appeal to the 46th Volume of otir keviewt p* 402 : and (ball coa*
tent ourlelves with onecxtradl from this preface to the 3d edition*
Evfcr fince the revoIu6on, (fays the Author) • ^aptr-areJit asd
taxtf have been increafing together. — When moderate, thcie promttit
trade by qnickeiiing induftrv, fupplying a medium of traffic, and
producing improvements. But when excejfftite, they ruin trade^ bf
rendering the means of (ubiillente too dear, diftrefltng the poor, and
raifing theprice of labour and manufaflure;. 7*h^ are now among
us in this lutte of excefs : and, in comiinAion with (ome other caufes»
have brought us into a fituation which is, I think, unparalleled in the
3iiftory of mankind.— Hanging on paper, and yet weighed down by
leavy burdens* Trade necefijury to Enable us to fuppbrt an enox-
motts debt ; and yet that debt, together with an excefs of paper*
money, working continually towards the dcftruAion of trade. — Pub-
lic ipirit, independence and virtue undermined by luxury ; and yft
luxury necefiary to our exidence. — Och^ kingdoms have enafted
fumptuary laws for fupprefling luxury. — ^Werc we to do tK* with
any confider&ble effeft, t^<t conlei^uence might prove fatal. — In Ihon,
Wert our people to avoid detlroying themietves by intemperance, or
only to leave cff the ufc of one or two foreign weeds, the revtBue
would become deficient, and a public bankruptcy might enfoe. — Om
fuch ground it is impofiible that any kingdom fiiouid ftaod loi^. —
:A dreadful convulfion cannot be vei^ diftant. The next war w31
fcarcely leave a chance for efcaping U* But we are threatened will
it fooner.— An open rupture with our colonies might brbg it on io*
^diaiely/
M I a c a i*
Ml.SCELLAN|£OU8.
Art. 37. A Orhtcal Enquiry inta the Legality of ProcnJivgs cm*
fiquent ef the late Geld A3 : ReftBhns an the fata A&% ExpUnatiotn
re/peBlng Deba/ement : And cajual Remarks §n the lif^f^^ /«r FeJu^^
and Apportionment of our Gold and Silver Cein^,. 8vo« 1 U
Owen, i774. . ^ \
This enqniry, as far as it immediately c/os^ctrm the late gold ajl^
Is founded on the following preliminary obfervatioQ* s vj^ that A
poand weight troy is 5760 grains, from which dedudllng 22 ^ graiiMy
there will remain $737 -J grains, which produce 44^ goineas, or
46 1. 148. 6d; the one twelfth of which faoi is 5L 17s* iod«a;
bttt this. is not the |welfth p^ 576o^li4i^fi or a full poond weight
troy. And hence it is inferred, that 31. 17 s. lod. f is no$ the true
Vauie of an ounce of coined gold, though it is the fttndard value of an
* ounce of bullion j and that thofe who fell l^ht money oo^ht to i<e-
ceive gold of equal weight; whereas the light money that is fold at
the bank is only paid for in current guineas, fo that the feller has ooc
an ounce for an ounce^but * is defrauded' of the difference ; ani
if he. is paid in full weight guineas, he lofes the legal adlowance of
femedy or counterpoife, or one of them, as it may happen. Our
Author likewife objeds to the ' arbitrary deteraination* of the
weight of current guineas ; for he apprehends, that the diminutiofft
which is at fix grsuns to-day, may oe at four to morrow, and k on
to the total annihilation of all he is worth. This* he harflily deno- -
ninates t ' erofs impofition on the public, firft bearing down the
market by rorcing on it a flood of light guineas, dien making it
necelTary to fell fuch guineas at the low market price, under inuin-
ftc value/ In the profecation of his enquiry be obierves, that, *?f
the government coin ten thoufand pound weight of gold^ and from
each pound weight, deduift 22 ^ grains, there b taken from the
whole 381b.* 70Z. lodwt. 20 gr. amounting to 1691 guineas, or
1775 h lis. the which fom in every 10,000 pouad weight coined,
is 10 much proportionally loft to each individoali who fells or pays
li£bt gold at 31. 17 s* 10 d. i the ounce $ befides what they may Ic^
in future, by takins of current guineas not wanting quite jfit grains,
utrben ever the board of treafory (bail pleafe to dilate an allowance
of a lefs number of grains in the guinea ; a matter, for certain plain
reafons, m)t far diflant. And as the 22^ grains is paid for and
. allowed by the public out of 1^4000 L raifed on them by appropriate
ctuties, it is evident, beyond contradidlon, that ux is paid twice
ever ; but into whofe hands the benefit comes of the above dilFefence,
it IS prefumed the parliament will call in queHion :^'— * hence a quef-
tion reifulti, what becomes of the 22 j^ grains counterpoife, deduded
irora eath pound of coined gold ? 1 can readily anfwer the queftion,
in refpe£t to the bank, the refiners, and other pedling purdrafers of
Kght guiheas ; but to whofe account the 22 £ grains is placed,' Sj
' fhofe •^who take light guineas in the receipt ot taxes, at 3 1. 17 s.
lod. ^ the ounce, is not apparent : becaufe, if that is not accounted
-for, the public pay the charge twice over« in the f ;,cool. and in
- -' • - iir - ■■■-■--.--,--
*'Tfae7 0z. iodwt« 20 gr. \% not included in this cakulitien:
29L f I. 5 d, ^ is to be ad&i.
the
49^ Monthly Catalogue, MifuUane9iif2
Qie coanterpoife ; and if accounted fbr» is equally an injury to o-
£viduaU-; iaak, perhaps into fome private parfe, by a Tery cfw
pmje^ very little to the honour of the treafury, or the maps /bu
fMuv 'vi of the ftate : And very different from the repgcation ^
yedtitode^ofKing WilKam^d miniftry; who to par the coQnterpotfe in
the r^cetpc of tajces, allowed ^xpence in the ounce : and to baMcce
tiiedeBcicnqr of ihofe who brought light filver into t/le mint, iiii
^Wo-pence the ounce, and the benefit of the counterpoife ; that is to
-£iy> had weight for weight in coined money. But that ministry bd
% Newton aiid a Locke to confult, who were not only knowing, bet
impartial, and difd^ined to advife the pttifal finking the dedadioa
^ Tan the people,'
FixHn thcfe fpecimens oar rtaders will form no very bigh opi^
•f this critical iHquirif*% talents as a writer ; and probably d6 tfrr
ikvourable one of his abilities as a calcolator and financier. Mtor
<»f the reflc£lions however that occur in the courle of thit enquiry
arejull and pertinent, though not always expre/Ied with that deca:
'^(^zQ. fdr men in public uations, nor with that grammatical pny
prie^j which we might realbnably expedl There is an obfcar'Kjr
in our Author's reafoning, and an inaccuracy in his language, wbicii
the attentive and candid reader |nu(l condemn.
Art. 38. A Difiuffion of fome Important and Uncertaik
Poikts in Chronology y im a Seriis of Letter ty addrejfed t^ tkt Renfertai
i>r. Blair, Frthindary of Weftmnfttr. By John Kfnneij^ Aa-
thor of the Complete Syftem of Agronomical Chroiiology» si-
folding the Scriptures. 8vo. IS. Davis. 1773.
A ^les of ^alculationsi purfued ^ith great ij£oar« in the viev
•f afcertaiaing the true coincidence of the Jidian with the E^yfta*
jear, and confequently of difcovering, a very material error iotk
chronological computations of the famous. -Abp* Uiher, by whid
cmr modem chronolo^ers have been generally mifled. A miftilK of
fiur years; in edimatiag the age of the world» is a matter, in oae
view, of little confeqaence, as it bears a 'very fmall proportioa w
the whole interval of more than 5700 years from the aera of the ere-
ami, to the prefent times ; yet it maft necdlarily afife^l many feb-
otcHnate aeras^ and jnore efpeci ally that coincidence of events, whid
is marked out in our tnoft aporoved chrooolp^ical tables. Mr. K-r
widertakes to poiniit eat and re£iify this miftake; to d^ernaine, bf
neaas of this corre£tip6, the true year of the world, and to jeiDOfe
many difficulties which have hitherto peiple^ed the general fyHea of
chronalogy. How far he has fucceeded, is fubmitted to the jodg*
ncnt of the public.
As Dr. Blair has fpUowed UJhtr's computations in the confiradifii
of hi$ elegant and aieful tables, oor Author addre^es kis enqaizki
and fuppof^d difcoveries more inunediately to him.
In this intricate and laborious inquiry, he .prQpo(es to examiac
feveral lunar f clipfes, recorded by Ptolfm in his Almmgefi^ and to ia*
veilizate, by a calculation of tbefe edipfes from his datn, the fflOBib
and days of the Julian year, correfponding^ aftronomically with die
months and days of the Egyptian year, aflignei in the Abmagtf. Tte
iril of tbefe eclipfes is related b,y P/oUmjt to have happeaed 0B4k
t^xh of Sh^h, in the year of Nabw^er 27, nvhich oor AodMr
aigu
Monthly Catalog oe, Mfalfaneom. 497
ftdigns to the year of the world 51879 whereas aocordiAgto Abp. If^fi^^a
accoimc, k coincides with 3283 : fo that in this iolUnce^ there i»a
difference of y«»r years.
Jt wcMild require oiore room than we can aUoe to ati afticle, in
which many of our tt^dtn will think them/elves liule intiereiiedy co
prefent the puWic» tbrough ijbfi aediiui of owt ^roal* with cbe ro«
^alar procefsofoor Author's calealatioi»s« and u> give thenn a U\f
opporcujiity of judgsng^ how far we may refy 00 the principles wbic)i
he adopts^ and the method which he piufues» Dr, Blmr^ howevcv,
and {bme other aAroaomers to whom the province of nnfiewpg thei^
letters primarify belongs, and who are addreifcd by Mr. AT—-— £gf
this purpofisy wtU, we apprehend, thiak it worth while to examine
the jufinefs of his computations and condufioos. It is onqueftionv
bly of great importance to trace the correfpondence of the i^ia^t
to the Jidiaw Tear ; and Mr. AT— *s attempt will on this account be
^utrj fa*v9uraUf received.
Art. 39. An Hifiorical Juwnt of Coffti* With an Engraving
ami Boiamad Btfcriftim rf tU Iru. T9 *¥fbuh are add^/umirf
Paftrs relati*ue t9 its Culture and V/e^ as an Jrtiele rf Diet and ^
Cewmerce. Publifhed by John Ellis. F. R« S. 4to» 3 s. 6 d.
(With the Print coloured, 4.S. 6d.) Dilly. I774,
We have no account of coffee earlier than the 15 th century : a&
Arabian manulcript informs us, that it was firft introduced kito
jieUn^ a city of Arabin FeUx, by mere accident* Qemaleddm^ the '
mufci of this city, recolleding th^t he had feea it aied by his coua*
trymea in Perfia, had recourfe to it in an illne^t tnd fouad great
relief from it. Amon^ other good effiefts be found that it prevented
^rowainefs without doing injury to the conilitution ; and ba thia ac-
count, he recommended it (o the Dervifes, to ena^e them to pa/|
the night, with greater attention aad seal, tn the ejwvcifea of devo-
tion. His example gave it reputation, and it oanusiiito geacral ui^
Before this time, coflnee was hardly known in Ptrfia, and little uM
in Arabia, where the tree grew. From Aden it pafled aato ftveral
neighbouring towns, and was much oied by the religious Mahom«*
tans. By degrees it was drank in great quantities at the pubUc cofftet
houfes, where the people afiembled and purfoed a variety, of amuf^
menls, which gave offence to the rigid Mahometans : and govern-
ment was obliged occafionally to imcrftre, and to reftrain the ufe
of it. In the year 15)4, coffee became known to the inhabitants
of Conffantinople, and was publickly fold in a coffee houle, ele-
gantly fitted for that purpofe : and though it was condemned by the
Mufti, in cosiieq«ence of the clamours excited againfl the prevailing
ofe of it, coffee was (till drank in private houles ; and the officers o|
the police allowed it to be fold, on paying a tax, and under certain
xeftridions. it was not long, however, befoiQ thefe reftridlions were
remoted, and the fale of it became more general than it had ever
been* It is reckoned that as much is fpent by pri^aie families in
tJie artkle of coffee at CaoiUntinople, as in wine at Paris. The
.csAom of drinking coffee is ib general, that you are as much lb-
licited there for money to drink coi^e, as you are here for money
CO drink your health in wine or beer : and among the legal caufes .
of divorce, the refuiid to Supply a wife with coffee. is one* Coffee
. Bev. June, 1774. Kk was
49? Monthly Catalogue, MifaUamouu
was aot intissdoced into the weftem parts of Eorope, *lill tboqt di
middle of the 17th century : the Venetians were the firi wko im>
ported it, and the cuRom of drinking it in France* (at Paru it
partiCtt1iar)'was*cTftablilhed in' the year 1669, daring the ftay of titc
Ambaffador from Sultan Mahomet the fourth in ihat city. Thtixi
ufe of cdfl^ rli^Londmi^ Was ettrlier than «C Paris : for in 1652, the
Greek fet^ant &r a Tarky merchant opened a honie for die kk
of it in George Tard, Lorobar<^ Street. Ihe firft nentton that is
made of it in ttre^ ftarvte-bdbks* is, in the. year t66o, when a dutj
of foar-^pe*ce was -laid oir^diN^y '^llon of coffee made and iold, %
be paid bf: the iraikef : Arid in 167^, King Charks xflncd a piocb-
thUtfon^ to (httt op the cdiB^e^houies^ becatafe tiMy were iendnariesof
fe;i!itlQ»; Alter the cahnre.dfto^Be^ we ihall only obfervv, that, U
1 7^2 7 V the? French conveyed (bme -plani* to MarfinicD ; ftom whcBce
!l ihoft probably fpread to the neighbouring iflands*: ^>ry in the yeir
1732) it was cultfvaced in janviica, and an ad pafled to esooora^
it's gr0«rth In' that ifland. •* We flialrcondnde this article widi 1
lew bbfervations; cxtfaded from ar letter, written by 'Dt^ FothcfgiD
to the Author.
*' In refped to real ofe, and as a part of onr food, I k»re so
evidence tO iadtiCe me •to think that-oofiee is inftnorto tea. That,
4W. refp^ to the nntionfti cnconomy, the beadit of .t>nr xoknto,
and the liver of tthe feamen^ evtij drenmftance concnrs to ^ive coiei
the pideienot." It is faiftd'by onr follow, fnbje^, paid Isr bysv
niaiuifoAtft«s» aAd the produce ultimately biooght to -Great firitaDBi
That 4te gi)eat obftade to a more general nfe of co&e is, the tot
high duty and exoife.'' (Not lefs than one (hilHng and ce&>peace^
pound weight.) *^* That lefieDing the doty would joot heffim theltl^
nn<j fmnggUng woald be difcouraged, and an increafod coB&vp'
tion would maxe up the deficiency to the treafury* The plaates
would bi: induced to enltivate coffee with: more care, was (bat 1
better market (ot it. ^ That» as little planters might be enabled ts
fubfift by raifing coi&e, &c. their numbers woald increafo* and a^dd
to the ftrength of the feveral iflands ; as £uit^)eans migbfi eodsic
the labour requifite for cultivation^
Art. 40. Thi Gramrnapoffs If^ad^^nucum^ or Pocket compfuitoA:
Difpofed in Alpkabbiical order. Defigned as an afliHance to ds
Memory of yonng Beg^anefs ; and alfo as a ready Method of reco'
vering' a perfed Knowledge of Grammart when it has been ki
through inattention^ or want of pradice. By a private Tata;
izmo. IS. Bound. Brown. 1774*
Thofe perfons who are unacquainted with tKe s^eaaiog of the tern
of grammar, will find this little book to be of ufe, as it will foniil
them e^fily with this knowledge. By haying it oo&tkmally msi
them, they will generally be enabled to uodcriUnd terms of this kisi
which may occur either in reading or converfation . The Auto
adds a very fhort dialogue toward the end oi~ his performaBse, it
which he airefls the foppofed young lady his poptl, to lay in a lore
oi fynonimous words, that ihe may not be obliged always to ezpi^
the fame idea juft in the fame manner, without attending to «hicki
he fays, a miforable barrennefs or want of ingenuity, will nuffiie^
itfelf in conv.crfation and in writing. H^ ofiers feme iaftances to iHfi^
Monthly Catalogue, Matbmaiical^ iic. 499
trate his obfervatloQ, which on the whole it juft : but it tdaj st the
fame time be proper that papik fltonld be goarded againft, a multi-
plicity of words, while theie is a barrcnDefs of ideas . and alfo asainft
that great nicety and icrupuloficy >which produces a pre^cife and for:
mal manner of ^^ng and converfingr ns^uch i^ore difgulUi^g than
any little inaccuracies of ^i^preffiom.
Art. 41. Famiiiap lnHfr$% on « VaciiBty jof ^mport^t and in-
terefting Sufajeda. From Lady Hartet Motley, and others. 8vo.
5 s. CadeU« ■»774« . >
• There is ib much goodfede in tfa6le letnen^ and fuch a variety
of entertaimng itories, fketd^ft of charaflersy moral «oMefvations»
&c. &c. th^ we are really ibrry to fee the laaguage ffcq^^ntjy dif-
graced by low phrafet, and Scocticifms. Would d^ Writer pfocore,
Xqx aiecojid edittoo,, the-correfUonsofibine fritndy wh9 is a pifl^
mafter of the Englifh» his book» we. doubt not, mightg^ip (h^-ftP^
probation of the public, and contribute, with the better fort of the
novel icind, to the ihdrudion, as well as amafement of its readers. ^
Art/ 42. A Letter to Ae Soliator^Generai : being an 'Appendix ,
JO a Famphlet latelv pjibliflied, entitled. An Appeal to the P^blie^
relative to a Cavfe lately determined in the Cd^H of CBancerj ; &c.
Folio. 6d. Wheble.
Mr. ft^aiy hood's appeal to the fnHic was the fubjcft of Art. 35 j in
bur laft month's catalogue. In this fuppleme^tory letter he fummons
the Solicitor General, (who, he fays, was his leading counfel) be-
fore the bar of the public, charging him v»ith having occafidnedthe
fupprefllon, or mifreprefentation, of certain pfoofs which were ne«.
cefTary t04he fupport of his caafe: to the great injury of thb com*
plainant* , ^ ' - ■.
Mathematical and Pttii o s 6phic a l.
Art. 43. Brief Remarks upon Mr. JacoJD's T^^eaiife 9n Wheel-Car »
ria^u. By Daniel Bourn. 8yo. is. Crowder. 1773I.
An illiberal attack on Mr. Jacob, and on the committee of mecha*
dJcs in the Society of Arts ^ ^c. from which we can only learn, that
Mr, B. feems to be very angry, and difpofed to fall out with every
body who comes in his way.
Art. 44. Four introduSiory T&P^r^/ In ^Natural Phihfofhy •.
I zmo. 2 s. Printed at Dublin, an^fold^in London by Nourfe.
1774. ^
- Th.f^fe leftures contain a compendious ab(lra£l of the fundamental
principles of phiiofophy. The (tvenLVNenvtonian rales of philoib-
phifing, the properties of matter, the laws of motion, and the pow-
ers that produce it, are familiarly and intelligibly explained ; and
tfic whole is comprized within a very fmall compafs. And though
fliefe'^heets contain no new difcovery, they furniih a very ufeful in-
trodudioh to the (ludent in philoibphy, and riot an unacceptable
ofade mieum to the more accompHlhed; They are by no means uh*
worthy of that ingenious profeflbr to whom, we fufpe^, they may
fee afcribed, but rather add to the reputation he has already acquired.
He concludes his fourth le^ure with the following paragraph :
^ From the increase of motion in eladic bodies, a reafon may be
^rawn for^the augmentation of found in fpeakin^ trumpets; for as
* Suppofcd to be the work of Dr. Hamilton of Dublin.
K k s the
500 JMoNTHtY Catalogue, Reltgieus^ t^c.
Che fpeaktng tnnnpet is narroweft at the moarik-piece, and Hienccr
widens and enlarges continnally to the extiemnyy the air within it.
which is an elaftxc fluid, may be coniidcred as dirided into a great
number of cylindrical bodies of very (mall btit equal alttrodea, fh&
bails of the firft being eqnal to the apehure of the trump^ to-which
the mouth is applied, and the bafis of the reft mereafing'one abore
another as they nre more and more removed from the month ; opon
which account the motion that is imprdlTed by the force of the n^c^
on the iiril cylindrical body of air, grows greater in the fecood, and
greater ftill in the third, and fo otn, till at length, at the exHof cho
tube, it becomes fo great as to magnify the fo^nd very coniiderably/
In page 80, le^ure 3, there is a miftalce, whkh hasefcapcd ei»
ther the transcriber or corrector of the prefs ; for the exceft of the
eqnatoreal diameter above thdt of the polar it ftated tt 177*9 Bulesy^
and not, as it (honld have been, at 34 miles,
Navioation.
Art. 4J. J Treaufe of Maritum Surveying. In two Parts,
With a prefatory EiTay on Qraughu and Surveys. By Murdoch'
MacLen^ie, Senior^ late Maritime Surveyor in his Maj<%*t Ser*
vice. 4to. ds« Dilly. . 1774*
A very complete and ufefal treatife, in which no indruflions are
omitted that are either eilentially or incidentally necefTary to tbi^
builnefs of (»afi furnfiying. And they have this confiderable advanc*
age to recommend them, that they are the didates of ^xperieoce.
The furveyor in general, and the pra^ical allronomer likewife, may
derive many ufefiil hints from this performance ; though it is prin-
cipally intended for the bformation of our nautical gentlemen.
In a country like ours, a fubjeft of (his. kind deferves paiticolav
attention f and yet it is a fubjefl which has been too generally pCr
glcfled. It is no uncommon complaint, that many of our charts
are notoriouily defe^ive and faulty ; were the teachers of navigation
to enlarge their jplan, and to make this branch of pradical geome«
try the objefl of their ftudy and inflrirflion, many errors might be
corre£ted by th); navigators themfelves, and many incoi^veniences an4
dangers might be avoided.
R E L I c I o t; 8 alrt^Co n t r o v i r a i a t.
Art. 46. The Bo9k of Comnwn Prayer reformed^ upon the Plan
of the late Dr, Samael Clarke : together with the Pfalma of David ;
for the \Jk of this Qi^apel ifi E£ex Screec« Svo. 4 a. JoinibB*
"774-
We cannot give a mort fatisfaflory account of this Specimen of a
reformed liturgy, than that whi^h Mr. l^indfey, the Author* has him-
ielf given, at the end of his fermon preaphed at the opening of the
^apel in EfTcx-houfe^ April 17th, See Kev. for April, p. 334.
. * When the defign of a more fcriptural form of worflup was firft
propoied to be put in pradice, upon th^ plan q£ the late Dr. Saptmel
Clarhf fome friends advifed to- print the liturgy of the church of
England^ with his emendation^ and to make ufe o£ it, exa^y as be
bed Ifft it* The fame has been fiuce much recommended by othevs^
^nd it were to h^v^ been wifhed that this reformed luwrgy might have
come out ^ite (hekered UB4€r the iM^ife of thfU great bma, aB4
(^tled intjrcly his,
Monthly Catalopub, ReUgiaus^ &</ 501
- ^ Bat it wookl have been, an injury to his memory, to haVe pro^
pofed that for » j oft model of public worfhip under his iandioQ»
which he was very far from intending to be fuch.
* His princi^ attention and care feem to have been employed ia
redifying the great errors concerning the thji^ of religious worlhip^
which obuined in the national church, of which he was member^
asd one oi its gceaceft ornamenis. In doing this, he nobly ventured
to follow the leading of holy fcripture, however contrary to the
received dodrines ; and blottid out or khangtd fuch prayers And iW99^
ttUkmi MS <wiri addrtffed to Cbrijif or thi boty/firit, and «#/ Jo the Of»
Qod^ tbt Father ,
* In his examination of the book, of Common Prayer, as he'paiTed
along, he si\£o noted and changed many of the fentimeats and expref-
fions, which he judged improper or wrong.
* But it fell not within his purpofe, to remark or cenfure fuch ob«
▼ions imperfedioBS of that book, which had been pointed out before
by others, and could hardly efcape the obfervation of anjr one, when-
ever it (hould come under a general review : I mean, the frequent
return of the Lord's Prayer, and of the like requtfts in other prayers;
the repetition of two Creeds, within aihort fpaoeofte after another;
the cottfufion * occaiioned by what were at firft three diilind fervices,.
and repeated at diflerent hours, being thrown all together, and
blended into one f : from which it happens, that at the end Qf one
part, we are difmiiTed with a conclndiag prayer, and iblemft blefling^
and immediately after begin the circle of our devotions again ; faults
chefe not of our ever honoured reformers, but of us, their lefs car^ *
fol and more indolent fncceflbrs. Thefe blemtihci thereforf^ wefo
of neceftty to be removed*
* Some pafTages retained by Dr« CUtrke\ have been omitted 1 1
and fome farther alterations and additions have been made: -au
wliich are fubmittcd to the judgment of the forioas and dil^cM
reader of holy fcripture. In the devotional part, wherever aay^.
change has been made, care has been taken not to lofe that (Impli*
city of fentiment, and eafy flow of piout and natural eloquence, fo^
which many parts of oar antient liturgy are juiUy admired.
*' The occalumal prayers and thankigtvings have been for the pre-
ient omitted* Perhaps it may not baiimiis always to reicrve to the
piiciating m^oifter, the liberty of introducing fuitable prayers of his
own coropo6og, on fuch emergencies as can witli difficulty be pror
vidcd for before hand.
* The obfervation of C&r/^ar^M </tfy. Good Friday ^ Eafin day^ the
Jtfceafiom^ and Wbitjwidaf ; Hill kept up, as being memorials of the
^incipal fads concerning our Saviour Chrift, and the eftabliihmca^
^hb religion in the world* Tke/asMts days, as they are called, are
firllen into almoft oniverfal neglect, and ferve chiefly for civil pur-
poics ; fave that now and then they help to bring back a Protellai^t
* The Morning Prayer was at ^St read at fix in the morning : the
^ommunion Service at nine, or foon after ; and a little before that^
$h€ litany.
t Thos^ for example, the Oh/ecrations^ as they are called, in the
l«itany, are left out : By the holy ifuarnation^ &c. although Dr. C/arh
*lf h^ages them (o {k; an ^ddrefs to God^ and itct to CbriR^
fCi MoNTHry Catalogue, Retighki^ ^c.
to the bofom of Popery, by their tOQ near a^ity to that motker of
fbperfiition and idolatries. 1 hey are therefore intioely left oot.
* The appointment of the Litany to be read only on ibck da]rA
as die Lord's Supper is adminillred, correfponds ^Hth the ord^
of the original compilers of the liturgy. For cor ecde^aftical hi^
tory informs us, that the Litany was defigned to be a kind of pcc-
paration to the Communion, and to be read a little before tbaro&ce
began.
* The morning iervice, on the days that the Lord's Topper is ad-
miniilered, is fomewhat fliorter than at other times ; and the inuo-
duflory part of the Communion Service is laid afide as oimece^iary ;
by which the whole is much abridged. And it is hoped, that all
that join in the former, will attend the latter. For it is hi itfelf laoi
unreafonable, and wholly unprecedented in the Apoilles times, that
any fhould join in the devotions of the charch, and not join in re-
ceiving the Lord's Sapper a part of thofe devotions ; but not qmvc
facred than the reft, nor re<|uiring any different rdligioos difpoiitina
of mind or preparation for it.
* Dt, Clarkt made many alterations in the Baptifmal oAice» whick
was much ineumbered with a continual reference to the abftmfe se-
taphyfical dodrines of eltdiQn and wriginal fin^ But he does not
appear to havefufficiently difentaagled it. A iirid adherence to hdf
fcriprure, and the fimpUcity of the iniiitotion, ha&been aimed aria
the additional parts of this iervice.
* The promifcuous reading of the Pfalms having been long mat»
of complaint ; the appointment of thefe, and of the \4t%aQ%^ feeot
properly left to the difcretion of the minifter.'
We cannot take leave of this article in fitter terms than thoie «hi(i
Mr- Lindfey haschofen for the m«tto to his fermon above qaoted» liz.
** The true unity of Chriftians confifls not in unity of ^imimtvBk ^
bond of tgmtramct^ or unity §f praSia in the bond ofiyf^rij^ hmh
the unity ofth^fpirit in the bond ofpeaaJ*
Dr. Clarke's Sermons, v<^. iii. p. ;i6.
Art. 4.7. Riligious IntoUranci no part of the generMl Plan eithrrsf
the Mc/aic or Chriftiam Difpenfation, Proved by fcriptaral Inforences
and bedu^ons, after a Method entirely new. ^vo. 1 5« Gkn»
cefter, printed by Raikes, and fol^ by Rivington in London* 1774*
It would have been of great advantage and honour to reiagiofi, if
its advocates had generally po^eiTed the fpirit and temper or Do^
Tucker. Qur religious tenets are probably much influenced by oar
natural difpofitions ; apd every man whofe temper is not (b good »
the Dodor's, will be inclined to difpute his principle. We» how-
ever^ think it a candid and noble one ; and hating perfecutiQa oC
et^ry (]f>ede$, and nndirr t^try pretence, we readily aJd'ent to infer-
ences and dedadlidns. We fear there are not many of bis brethica
who will be pleafed with hrs charity, or be properly affe^ed and in-
proved by fuch fentiments as the following :
* The upftiot of the whole is this : Reafon and perfaade, intrest
and importune as much as you can : preach the word ; be inllaat in
feafon, out of feafon, reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long-fujgRtni^
and dof^rine : but ufe no violence ; and be content with thoie ae-
'thods of propagating and preferving the gofpel of Chrift whi^ he
himi'clf both prefcribed and pradlifed. The wrath of man wQrkc^
not the righicoufncfs of God.' ' We
Monthly Catalogue, ReUgioia^ (fc. 5DJ
We mod (ipcerely recommend this excellent pamphlet to the pe*
rofal of all our contcndiiie divines.
Art. 48. jf trie/ and dijpajjimate View of the DiffiadiUs attending
the Trinitarian^ Ariatiy and Socinian Syftems, Occa£oned by the
fierce Controverfies now on foot in divers Parts of the Kingdom
refpefUng thofe Sabje&s ; and defigned to affift the candid, hum^
ble, and modeft Inquirers in their Searches after Gofpei Troths. By
Jofiah Tucker, D. D. Dean of Gloucefter. 8vo. 3 d* Gloucefter
printed, and fold by Rivington in London. 1774.
Thi^ little pamphlet breaths the fame Chridian temper which has
generally marked the writings, of the dean of Gloucefler.
Art. 49« ^n Addrefi U ProteJIant Dtjenters^ on the Subjeft of
giving the Lord's Supper to Children, ^y Jofcph Prieftley, LL. D.
F. R. S. 8vo. IS Johnfon. 1773.
Dr. Pri/edley tells us» that the fubje£l of his addrefs was almod as
nev^ to himfelf, as it can be to any p^rfons who meet with his pub-
lication. But having been more converfant with the ancient Chrif-
tian writers, and alfo having met with Dr. Peirce's eflay on the fub-
jeA, he fays, he is now, ' on mature confideracion, fully fatisfied*
that in/ant communion^ as well as in/ant bapti/m^ was the moft antient
cttftom in the ChrifUan church, and therefore that the pra^ice is of
stpoflolicai and confequently of divine authority/
After endeavouring to (hew that this was the ancient and early
praflice of the church, he inquires how it came to be laid afide;
and he concludes, that the denial of the cup to the laiety, and re-
fudng the Lord's fupper to infants, * had their rife from the fame
caufe, and took place about the fame time, and not till the doflrine
of tranfubilanciation was. fully eftablifhed, which was about the
twelfth century^
As children arc early brought bv confiderate and ferious parents
or governors to attend public worfhip, by which means their minds
are betimes imprefTed with a notion of its obligation and importance,
their future attendance is fecured, and their rational aod 'volumtarj
attachment to it accelerated; the fame advantages, the Do^or
apprehends, mud arife if they were early brought to the Lord's fupper:
Children, he fuppofes, would by this means become more the objef^s
of attention both to their parents and the governors of churches ; and
young perfons would probably be more eftabliihed in the belief of
chriiHanity : ' Having been from their infancy conOantly accaflomed
CO bear their part in all the rites of it, they would be more firmly
attached to it, and lefs eafily defer t it. — When the praftice of cvtry
thing external belonging to chrillianity is become habitual, the obli-
gation, fays he, to what is internal, will be more conftantly and more
fenfibly felt.'
Art. 50. The Works of the late Reverend Mr. Reben Riccaltoun^
Miniiler of the Gofpei at Hobkirk. 8vo. 3 Vols. 1 5 s. bound.
Edinburgh printed, and fold by Dilly in London. 1772.
The firft of thefe volumes contains EiTays on human Nature, and
on feveral of the do^rines of Revelation. The fecond con fids of 9
Treatifeon the general plan of Revelation ; and, the Chridian Life,
or a diiTertation on Gal. ii. 20. The third contains Notes and Ob«
fovations on the Epiftle to the Galatiaos. A variety of fubjedls are
treated
504 CORRBSPOKDfiHCC.
treated in tliele volumes. The dodrinal parts feem cbiefly kmd
on the Calviniftical plao. There are fevera! (enable obierratieBs,
as well as pioas and ufeful refledionsy which will be atteikied to wiu
pieafare by the well difpofed reader.
^ Law.
Art. 51. Reflexions on the Law of Arrefls tn Civil AQim:
Wherein is particularly coniidered the Cafe of Lieotenant-GeBtnl
Ganfel; and a faithful Report contained of the Judgment of the
Court of King's Bench, pronounced Jan. 27, 1774, upon|bcGc-
neraPs Motion. 4to. 1 s. Wheble.
The cafe of the General above-named, having excited much at-
tention, fomebody has undertaken to furni(h a pamphlet by cOQtio-
'verting Lord Mansfield's opinion pronounced on his fecond anei
But as the objedor is the reporter, and who he is, nobody butbj
publiflier knows ; he may poflibly bufi^t his man of ftraw mt his pks-
fure, without any body concerning themfelves in the quarrel.
CORRESPONDENCE.
WE have received P. A.'s Letter, dated from Newton, ner
Middlewich, Chefhire, and have read it with attentioo; kt
do not think that it requires any parricular anfwer. Wcrcwcs
enter into controverfies with every Gentleman who may happeo ts
differ from us in judgment, our Review would be employraisa
manner very inconJiftent with its real nature and defign. Widi T^
gard to the inftance in which P. A, finds ^u)t with us, we fee cf
fufiicient reafon, at prefent, to retraft our opinion, ^^e recoooesJ
it to him to deliver his fentiments, on the fubjed of his letter, &os
the prefs. The matter will then come properly before us ; and if 1^
ihould convince us of the truth of the dodrine for which he con-
tends, we fhall not hefitate in making a public acknowledgmeoc cr
fuch our convidion.
Through a miftake of the prefs, the lines intended to have bcs
taken from Mr, Jerningham*s poems, were imperfedlj copied, h
judice, therefore, to the Author, whofe * poetical chara^er* • migis
fuflfer from fuch mutilation, we now give the -verits entire r
Epitaph, fubjomed to Mr. Jerningham's poera, entitled, Thi
Nuumrj.
By Death's (lern hand untimely fnatchM away,
A youth unknown to Fame thefe vaults infold :
He ga^/e to Solitude the tenfi'ue Jay^
Amd FityfranCd his 00/om 0/ her mould.
With lyre demoted to Comf affiants ear^
Oft he brwaitd the vellal's ha^plefs doom.
Oft has yon altar caught his falling tear.
And for that generous tear he gain'd A Tomb.
The three lines and half printed in Italics, were all that we it-
tended to tranfcribe in our laft month's Review ; as . contSBisf >
eharaderiftic iketch of the penfive Mufe who ofnally prcftdcs vie
Mr. Jerningham's poetical amufements.
* See Review for lail months p. 408.
A P P E N D I X
T O T H fc
MONTHLY RE ViP W;
VoLtTME the Fiftieth.
^^ ■ ' . . ■ ■ ■ ■ . I • . -
FOREIGN L I T E R A T U R E.
A R T. L
J)e GeSdifl^s Mondi PrimUf/i—ou Ancient World analyfed, and com-
oared with the Modern, continued from ourlaft Appendix.
^T^TE have already, ipadjc our re^dc^s acquainted with thofe
VV gcp^ral principles which this Autjhor had laid down for
himfelf in the inveftigation of his great idea. We iball, there-
fore, iU'ter a brief account of his plan, proceed to what may be
more generally ioterefting, and explanatory of the defign,— a
fpecimen of the es^ecuttoi;).
. The worlc, fays IVI* De Gebelin^ divides itfelf into two dtftlnA
parts or climes, the firA r^Uting to wotds, the (econd to things.
The treatifes arifing under the iirft claf^ would be numerous,
but,' for thp fake of -being fopieWhat cosicife, are reduced to the
ten following:
I. The Principles of Language, or an Inquiry into the Ori«
gin of Languages and Letters.
II. Univerfal Grammar.
III. Di^Uonary of the primitive Language;
, IV. Comparative Dictionary of Languages.
V. Etyipological Di<S^ionary of the J>atip Language.
VI. Etymol^ical Didionary of the French Language.
>VIL Etymological Didionary of the Hebrew Language.
Vill. Etym<dogical Oi£ltonarf of the Grreetc Language.
IX. Etymological Diftionary of propcrNamcs of Places,
Rivers, Mountains, iScc.
X. Etymological Library, or an Account of the Authorjg who
have written on all, thefe Subje£ls. ',^ ^
The fecond cUfs, Relative to things, is divided iqtb two prin*
pif^l^^fliches, ,tbc,firft.pnj|nQi«nt#iU^^ry, the fecond onjan-
4Kieiit biftoxy. ' i. .
. APP.Hev. Vol, I, LI UnJ«
506 Gtht\Ws JncUni tf^ifU Jwljt/U.
Under the firft of thefe two general beads are the foDowijf
diflcrtatipm :
I. On the Symbolical and Allegorical Genius of Antiquity.
II. Mythology and relieious Fabling.
III. Cofmogony and Tneogony.
IV. Symbolical Paintings and Heraldry.
V. Symbolical Doftrine of Numbers.
VI. Hiiftory of Hieroglyphics, and of Emblems, with tbdr
Figures.
Under the fecond general dii^fion, relating to ancient hiftofji
are comprehendcil thefe (tibjids ;
I. The Geography of the primitive World,
If. Its Chronology.
III. Its Traditions, or Hifioly.
IV.. Its Manners and Cuftdms.
V. Its Dofirines.
VL Its Agricultural Laws.
VII. Its Calendar, Feafts» and Aftrooomy.
VIII. Its Arts, amongft the reft, on the Origin of its Poetry.
Such are the grand outlines of this comprebenllve and mag*
nificent work, in which the folution of ancient allegory, toj
the comparifon and invefiigation of the radicals of langoagc
appear to us to be two capital objeds.
We (hall give a fpecimen of the manner in which the andcot
allegory is inveftigatcd and explained from the Author's obfe^
vatiofis on the hiitory of Hercules by Diodorus.
* Hercules, fays he, the hero of Greece, has been almoft ah^
looked upon as a perfon of real exigence, whofe hiflory, in ittcn*
ditionary progrefs, ha4 been mingled vnxh iable. If &me Icaiwd
men have differed from this genenl opinion; and ctmid perceife is*
thing more than mere allegory in the ftory, thefe found bat ie«
abenors. ^Not that their opinions were unfopported by reafoa, bec
the time was not yet come wben (abjeOs of this kiiid were to be
laid open by a feverer diiqaifition, and iUaftrated by other &
Goverics.
. ' It mnft be owned, indeed, that the manner in which thefe aH^
gorical explications have been hitherto condafted, has been ii^
rious to their foccefs* Thofe who publifhe^ them, well knew ikst
the ful^e€b iliey treated conld admu of no other interprecadoB, bit
chcy. did not take in the wJbok of the objed before them ; their a*
plications were/^rrW, and what they left onexplaioed appesrad M
be an ananfwerable objection to their fyflem.
* It is to avoid this idconvenience, that, a^ having OBdetrotfed
to detnonfirate, in the hiflory of Saturn, and in that orMercorfi tbe
perfect agreement that rans throngh all their circomflaQces nba
allegorically, I now proceed to explain, upon the fame piincifK
the biflory of Hercules. 1 mean to fl^ew that every thing idstin
to that kero) from his birth to his death, is aUblatcbr McgfsncA
• ' and that not one of his labours, not one of the permages ia^^^
Gebdin^s A^cUn$ Wwld AnafyfiJ. 507
dJQced in the narrative of thofe labours, but was neceflahr to the
beaaty and completion of that entire allegory which the whole hi A
tory of Hercules comprehends. Nay» even the arrangement of the
laboors is of importance here : for» by difptadng one, yon deftroy
the harmony of the whole, and lofe the fenfe of the allegory itfel^
By this method we ihall not only find that the hiilory of Hercules
prefents us with a finilhed allegory, but further we (hall difcbver
the propriety of his being called the general of Oliris or SaturnV and
the companion of Thot or Mercury, all thefe illcgories referring tQ
the fanle origin, or being, properly fpeaking, £0 many parts of the
wHoIe.
* It is by no means furprifing that mankind fhonld lofe fight of
, the ienle of thefe alle|;ories, and even of the allegorical objeAsthem-
ielves* Originating in the Baft ^m the higheft antiquity,^ and fliU
appearing under the form and features of real hiftory, related in a
language that fpnk out of the general ktiowledge of men, in proceis
of tune thev came to be received under no other idea than that of
hiftory, and the memory of their origin was well nigh loft
* Thus, by tlie fame degradation, which made Saturn confidered
only as a prince diftinguiihed for his brutal and unnatural crueltie?^
Hercules, in his origin prior to the Greeks, the chief of the eaftern
deities, the emblem of the omnipotent, the foul of vegetation, who
had firft his temples among the Phcenicians, was confidered by the
Creeks merely as the fon of Alcmena, the firft of heroes, and the loweft
of the gods.
' And as, even to this day, we have fi^n only with the eyes of
the Greeks, our predec^fTors and matters, it was hardly poffifale
that Hercules fhould be reinftated in his primary chara^er b^ us.
* It was to the Eaft then that men muft have had recourfe t4 dif*
cover the origin of things of this nature, but the general obfcurity
in which its ancient learning and language were involved, rendered
the fearcb al^noft delperate.
. ' Nothing can be more oppofite than the ideas which feveral learned
moderns have formed of Hercules and his labours.
^ Vossjus, in his learned work on idolatry, has. employed a whole
chapter to demonftrate that Hercules was the fiin, and that his twelve .
labours fprung from the divifion of the Zodiac into twelve figns.
* CuPERus adopted the fame idea; Hercules, according to hiin,
is the fun. His dub denoted the obliquity of the ecliptic, his lion*s
ikin, the power and force of the fun in the fign of Leo, the golden
sipples which he ftole, the ftars difappearing under the ftui*s bright*
tkth I and the tvi^elve labours the twelve figns.
* Thus both thefe writers adopted the ideas of the fcholtaft of
Hefiod, of Macrobius, and Porphyry, &c. who were all of the dmc
opinion, and allowed the fables of antiquity to be allegories preg«
aant with fenfe and inftruMon.
' Acex^^NDCR the younger hid followed the fame ideas in his ex*
plication of the Heliac table.
* fiut as thefe writers entered not into any fyftematical detail, what
they advanced on the fnbjefl appeared rather ingenious than folid.
* Thus the learned Le Clerc did not believe their doctrine. He
ftjedted all theft allegottes, as having no fbundation i a|id, in order
LI 2 to
508 Gcbcfin*/ Ariciehi TvaiWAnalyfeL
,to pro^ ity he poblilhed a diiTertatioDy ivherein he metaDM^ioy
Hercules into a Phaenician mecchant, who had done great diii|t,
cftabliihed great fectleznenUy made great voyages, aod catiidtt
';great coibinerce.
• This long diflcrtation was neither worthy of the -Aodiorii«'<^
the fabjed. Without critical taHe, oniDtereilii^ and infipid, it (emd
oaly to make the reader difgofted wich mythology iagenenl: is&
fhould we be forprifed at this. By detaching the leveral parts of ^
Able, and opt coipprehendi^'the whole, it was impoflible he flxmid
fee it in its dri^iDa) magnificence, or rife to the allegorical meaaag,
ib complicated and ^ diverfified. The harmony rf the rereralputi
alone could have dire£led him 10 the fenie i but \^bat coold appear
930re deftitute of fitch harmony than mythological fables?
' The Abbe Bani &R, a great advocate for the hiilorical (eole,]oob
upon Hercules as a hero, who was certainly born at Thebes, aBcTvk
h^d rendered great fervices to Gre6te by his explcits ; be fets afid:
none of his labours on a fnfpicion of fable : it is* triie, be M:^
guilhes five or fix of the name of Hercules» an Eg^puao, af koeai-
, cian^ an Indian, &c. aod allows that the expl<nts of the wbolMiij
have been afcribed to one*
^ * In later times we have returned to the aMegorical fcnfc. TV
Author of the hiiiory of Heaven has fet us .the example. Agrecatir
to his £ivourite fyflem, he changes Hercules into an enfign, 01 v^
was painted Horus, with a club in his hand» and wliicb waicK*
ftantl^ exhibited in public* on the commencement of a jmlitvy a<
pedition.
' We muft not omit to mention here, that a learned^ moden,a-
plaining the fhield of Hercules^ in Hefiod, has entered into a k^
detail, to dcmonftrate that Hercules was not a man ; but that bfikis
appellation was meant any mound* dyke* or dam^ for CDnvejriog»iPj>-
ping, or turning oflF water.
* Thefe remarks maka part of a work which the leanied miff
has publiihed on the origin of the Gods. The work is new, aodbst
little known.
' The principles on which the allegorical ^n/e of mytbol^u
eftabliihed are well inveftigated and properly deduced ;-aad if ^
Author, with re^d to Hercules* has had only a partial view of t^
allegory, if he has left the fenfe t90 limited, and hat beeo tberek^
frequently reduced to the application of etymological prooB, ^ \
. not becaafe his principles were falfe, but it is owing to tbe efi(6(^
Chbfe narrow bounds to which he confined himfelf. Haviog b^
^- the ncceilary comparifons in a partial Banner, the refalt «w ^
o^orfe ixnperfcd. One great proof of the goodnel^' of his priscip^'
. as that he has advanced nothing contrary to truth, in confideiin| ^
labours of Hercules relatively to the conftrn^lion of dykes ^ t^
. purpofe of containing and conve^ring water : for this is oneoftbc i"^
operations neceffary for the clearing of lands, and pnttii^ tbea ia>
- iUte of cnltivatiom
* Mr. Bay A NT, a learned Engli/hman^ already known by kbp^
ibnnd refearches in antiquity, publiihed in French the prctei^'
• confiderfble work on mythology and the origin of raanklad, vbkk«>'
. . 6 " ^
to Sajlow, fooa.rflci: • ; ^4 in which he declares ftrpngly for t^ al-
lfrgorica]i.fc;jQre of the ancient fables, pcrfuajicd that the h^roc^ of my-
thology, fuch as Hercules, never exiHed.
' Heiie he treads m tb^ fteps. of his cotmtryman/ BlackweU, of
whom more h^eafte^r.
'On thi^fe anei^ipts to dUcover th^ concealed fen(e of mythology,
the pretended ^hiftorical fepfe wX^h could never have been cot|nte*
Danced but ror w^ant of better explkafions, wil^ be al}oIi(hed for
evec' .
M. De Gebelin no^ proceeds. to his arguments in proof t^^
the Ailegory of Hercules relates to agriculture.
* lt.wUl no donbw lays bef. ^^a^n &me furprife tha( we %oul<f
i;iler to agri^ultiire the hifiory of ^erctfle^f that hero, who was con;*
fideced ai^ tht^ fMbduer of ^>onA?r8, the red; eiTer of wrongs, the de^
noliCber of giatlf.;. (or wbat ^s^ye the labours of hufbandry tq, qq
with exploits to which they have, feemingly, no relation?
* However* if we conM^rf in the firft place, that it is impoi&ble
the life of HeKules (houl4 be a real hiilo^ ; ths^t no hero could ever
execute what ha$ been attribqcec^ to hiiq ; that t\^t feveral parts of
ihe hiftory are top clofely connedlf d to leave us rqpm to believ^ that
it has been altered iipperceptibly, or tha^ it is not now wh^t \t wa^
originally; that Hercules indentiqates with Saturn qr Ofiris, and thaf
the qotfitonr of his life, exhibited in a ^^f^J\^^ fo Angular^ muft havi;
bad its precife archetype in nature, which gave birth to all the ilf
Infions his hiftory tmpofes upon us j if, above all, we coniider the
immber XIKmo which his labours arcf lii|iited', as correfpondii^g with
'the months pf the year, and with the ru ra) qperations ; that nope of
the explication^ hiiherto given of this hiftory could poflibly be Tup*
poried (*-'it may be fuggcfted that we may po^bly be in the nghf^
•nd that wt have feme daiin to attention. * .
* With this view, we promife ftri^lly to adhere to the letter ;* no;
tKX lead the. reader thj;ough a feries of etymologies, in which, howevc^
happy they might appear, he would place but little confidenceii; nor
to give ourfelves up to any of thofe extravagantes of imagination^
iaio wfaiek the mere pur&it of fy ileo^tip i4eas is but too apt to be-
tray ns. *
'* Whatever ey plications we ofer (ball be ^rawn froip the fubje<!l
itfelf: following the order of the atchievemsnu as it Hands in cb^
fable, OS? ilinlbrations wil) carry nothing arbitrary zJ^ag with them,
^nd we flatter ourfelves they will be found ici;ure from any cEentiaJ
obje^iooo
* AgriciilUMi;? having been invented by Satam> Chronus, or Ofirlsi,
«s)d the Cialei^ar Jia^ing been regi^lated by Thot, Her^iis, or Mer^*
ciiry, io favopr of agriculture, the hrd obje^ was to encourage th^
fijiriiiitpf ih^fe arts among the people, who were to profit fo greatly
by fuch precious difcovcries.
* The people, at the fame time, were too feafible of the advan-^
aag^a ib^ (ho^l^ 4^ve, to bein^ttemive t^ the p^ffoit. Obedient
to the benevolent voice that inllruded them, they applied themielve^
imme^iatety to enjoy itt igoo4ejFea$t
't' * " ' ■ ■ ' . ■
f Sec Review for June, 1774.
tl3 'The
'$j6 Gebelin'i Jncwtt iy§rU Anafyfid.
* The earth, however* was not yet in a prooer Aafe for die cxir«
cife of the agricnltaral arts. The low groands were covered wick
snorafles, and inmenfe lakes, whofe waters confined by rocki, ow<-
grown woods and hills, ha ^ no outlet. The aplands left to all the
a^ivity of nature, who in her produ&tons had nerer been tamed or
reilrained bv art. yielded nothing • but the briary race, deep, dsrk
woods which the light of the day never penetrated^ the haoats of
yall multitudes of ferocious and deftru6Uve animals.
* Man ^opceived that the earth was intended for his n(e, hot be
had little advantage from it. Every thing feemed to diipute imk
bim the pofleflion of it.
* The fubje^iou, therefore, of that earth which was the allotted
babiution of man, was the firft objedL A place of horror was wm
tq become a happy abode ; but this was to Im! effe^ed at the price of
human labour, and that labour, without aflbciated efforts, woiU
have been ineffeflua^l.
^ * Above all it was neceflary to difembarraft the conrie of the waten,
to dry the moraiTes, to carry f^ the lakes, to dig canals, nuke dyko»
dear the woodlands, and deilroy or banifli the noxioos animals.
* Thefe were the firft effims of men, and of the heads of ibdetys
efforts by v^hich the earth itfclf was fubdned, which formed theiaol
illuflrioas of all heroes, the benevolent friends pf human kind, ike
only obje£ls worthy of immortal glory, worthy to bp recorded u die
annals of the mofes.'
• # • • • -
* Hercules is reprefented as the general of Ofiris, tbe con<pKior
pf the lioni and armed with a dub. He is reprefented at conqoeror
of the lion, becaDfe, in cultivating the ground, he baniflied the fe-
rocious animals. He is armed with a knotty dub, the firft and is-
ple^of fceptres, to figni fy that by agriculture, he reigns overtks
earth and the animals ; that he is thus virtually the governor of the
world, which yields to his power ; and that through hjjii maakiad
are civilized.* ,
• • • •
* Amongfl the oriental nations, Hercules was the name of Ae
fun, whom that people, devoted to Sabeifm, or the worfhip of ^
heavenly bodies, ccnfi'dered as the divinity of j^ciUciirey as dbe
principle of all vegetation, the foul of the world.
* It is no wonder, therefore, that his name became the bafisof
allegory, relative to the imorovement apd cultivation of the eaitk,
which, without hin)» would have been nothing. It is no wonder tkat
hit name was transferred to thofe heroes, wh5fe atchievements owed
their fuccefs to his primary influence ; of that thofe atcbievemeati
were Umited to the number twelve, as the fun makes bta anttllalI^
ifolotion through the twelve figns, which regulate fhe calendar of
the hufbapdpan^ an(| dired his operations.?
* The proofs that Hercoles originally figiflfied the fim, are cUe|f
ih^rc:
The Phcenicians i[vorih!pped this nniTerfal divinity or^saUy aa-
)]fr thatti'tl?^ • "' - -t. ^ * ^ -
• Tke
GtXi^^tjbmtiaWm^liJnafyfii. 511
* The faered writers have not difdatoed to ainijU this fysihoX of
divtnicy : God>, fay the)rf hath let his (abernade ia the faD*' Jefds
Chrift is called ' toe day ipring.from 00 high,' ' the Ain oitighi^*
oafneis/
* In procefs of ttine» the fymbol took place of the beibg>ic repre-
fented ; the Tqii was then the phyficai God of the univenei because
he was the principle of heat aai life. Hence the origin of Sabeifm!
that firft fyAem*of idolatry, which Uteraiiy figaifies ibi nuorflnp §/
iinSmm.
* Thns names were given him oonreQiOQdeiittOi the ideas that were
entertained of him v
Sab, the exalted*
AoADy the only.
Bel, the ihining.
AooNiff, thc(L^.
Mblcarths, or MiLrctartt the king of the earth; or.
fimply, Mb i^h-Ch a nrs the king of the- city.
^ Towns too were ambitions of being called from him. . Hence Co
many cities of the names jof Hercolea, Hercnlaaeam, HemclM, Sec.
Jkc. {o called not becanfe thev were built by Hercules, or becaufe
they honoured Hercnles the hero of Greece, but becaufe the colo*
nies that founded them worfliipped the (an under that name.
' We 6ndfrom Macrobius that the Egvptians called Hercnles*
fltliom^ or the Sun, wbicb is im mli^ and for alii and this name equal-
ly figni£ed, originally, the Supreme Being.
' Plutarch in his treatife on liis and V^ris, tells as that, accord*
in^ to the Egyptians, Hercules placed in the fun made with that la* ^
minary the tour of the univerfe.
* This idea Apollodonis exprefles poetically, fayipg that Hercn!et
arrived at the excremicies of the world in a veflel of the Sun.
* This was an Egyptian exprcifioo, which deceived Le Clerc, and
wreiUng it ^om iu proper icnie, he thought he had difcQvered an
cxcelleitt proof of his fyftem, which was that Hercules was nothing
more than a merchant, who was faid to fail in the fun's vefTel, either
-becaufe his (hip was called the Sun, or becaufe he carried the figure
of the fun for a flag.
* How could it efcape him, that this was perfeflly conform ibte
to the Egyptian Theologv, which conftantlv placed the fun and the
19000 in diips, as the pilots of the univerie ?
,* The hymns of aotiquicy, addreflfed cp the /un, ordinarily re-
prefenied him under the title and attributes of Hercules* This proof
of the identity of th^ two perfonagcs is fo driking, that it 't> afto-
DiOiing it ihould hitherto have efcaped thofe who ha/e employ^
themfdves in lludies and refearches of this nature.
* We (hall produce two inltances of this kind, one taken fro n the
Pionyfiacs of Nonnus, the other from the Hymns of Orpheus.
' The firfl is an invocation of Bacchus to the fuQ, in which h; calls
him Hercules, with reference to the deiUnies of Tyre, the country
of the anceftors of Ba^us.
Thus it begins,
ArpoyirM> HPAICAEI, m^a^ «trpec, 9fx»¥^ irt^^Mv, that \$f ^ O ftar*
xnanued Hercules, king of fire, rnler of the world I'*
LI4 The
5tl Gtht\\ffs AndmliOgrU Jimljif9ii
Ttie Ysymn of Orpheus thus }
HPAKAEX oCpifMOv^, fMiyeio^tif AXKifit Ttroyy that, IS, ^' O pOtCtt|^
snagnaDimoos Heteoles, mighty Titan V*
This hymn is exceedingly fublime*
P high-foalM Hercolet, O mighty Titan J -
Whole arm is everlafting ftrength, whofe toil
Jn coxttbat endiefs, — iHli invincible I
Father of ttnie eternal ! changing oft
. In afpe^, not in glory; amiable,
And evermore defired^ and powerful ever !
Thine the unconqaer*d breail» the conqoeriag bow.
And prophecy divine ! — confuming all»
And all- producing^ all-commanding.— aiding !
By thee repofe the human world enjbys»
And genial Peace by thee — of inborn nighty
Unwearied, linfdbdued ; by thee the earth
Bears her beft bleffinga, for the fy(k of men^
^y thee fljc bore them — thy unchangine power
Leads the fair morning, leads the^manued night.
And twelvp long toils fuftains, from eafi to weft
Extending— friend of mortals and immorub.
Bring thy bleft aid ; thy hand that flings the rofe
O'er the pale cheek of ficknefs, thy kind han4»
That bears the healing branch-^O let it far.
Far. from the haunts of haraan life remove
Adveriity and pain !
' M. De Gebclin has properly enough remarked that this
hymn, addrelled to a mortal being would be extravagant and
abfurd ; but, addreffing Hercules in the charader of the fun, it
abounds with beauty and propriety.
* The titles and the feafts of Hercules, moreover, (continnes cor
Author) evince that he reprcfcnts the fun.
The Romans celebrated the eve of the calends of Jaty, the lift
day of Tune, as the feaft of Hircnks Mufagetts^ that is, the kadir 9f
the mujis. This Angular title given to a hero, who was never ima-
gined to have the lead commerce or conneflion with the mufes,
but v^ich the Thebans had, neverthelefs, given to Hercules long
before the time of the Romans, (hews how futile the general i<iea
hitherto formed of him has been, and that he was to the Phocnid*
ans what Apojlo was afterwards to the Greeks.
* The fame conclufion may be drawn from the fable, which (syt
that Hercules difputed with Apollo the right of the tripod. Tins
tripod, over which Apollo presided, was no ordinary tripod. It was
the year divided into three feafons, according to the orietitsl calendar,
and which was thus faid to march upon three feet. Thus calendan
were made with three legs, which proceeded from the fame center, sod
formed a kind of wheel. On each leg flood the account of one 6k'
^on or fonr monthii ; the like are to be feen on Runic roonuments.
* This again proves that Apollo was Arbftituted by the Greeks for
the Phoenician Hercules ; and from bencp the primary idea of tbt
latter funk out of remembrance.
'•' ■" - --^ f Tbc
lyEott'i Liurtarf AmufimiktSk ^ip
< TWe fitf-aifiMi6iied cirtumflfciBteK gtti^ btitk tO' tir fapf^fMicnir t\Mr
JEf ercoles was more ^lebrated for ficicoce than fbr valoor, and tU«t ktf
w«8 a g;mt Pbitofopfcer. But thta niftaiee was paidaaiabie od at^.
count of that obfcyrhyr in whicl^ tlia hUlory of this hero was in^
volyedk
* If t&e llomaQs celebrated the feaft of Hercales a little after the
fumm^r follUce, the Sabines in like mairaef kept it in the fame
monthy the fifth of Jane. It wai uildottbtidly th'ie fatne with other
nations. , . .
* This eelets^afibn df this Divinity approplfiatH to that fttftn,
aterds a nt^ proof chttr the f6n in hi^ full fbroe in the fim of Leo»>.'
was tbe genuine Hercules who triomphed over fuch formidd)!^:
Bro|s, and- wh^fe'coarft* nothing conld oblbo^L*
With regard tp thm first labour op Hbrcu^bs, the Com«
QvisT op THfi NsniBAN LioK* OUT Author obferves that the Lioa
tamed was an emblem of the earth cultivated, and* anfwered to the
toils of the labourer.* The Ancients therafelves tell us this. The
tame lions that fotlc^ed Rhea, fays Varro in a iretoarkable paflage^
teach men that thefe is no foil which may not be fubdnedand ren*
dercd nfefiil. ^
Thus we find the car of Rhea or Cybele dratm by lions,
for the ftme reafofi* It i^ trire, it \t fortiettiries drsiwn by
tigers ; boC the reafon our Author affigns for this is^ in our
opinion^ ptterile and uritvorthy of him :— He fays it is to repre-
fent the dtflPerent colours of the earth, more variegated thoti the-
(kin of the tiger.
This firft Uibdur^ then, &\^U% to thcl firft labours of ttid huf-
bandman, thofe rude and toillome labours which: alone can
b^iiig the earth into a ftate of cultivation.
Our Readers muft be contented with thefe inipeffed flcetches
of this learned and laborious work j as our limits will not aU
I(»w of ftmher qiioutions;
Art. II.
hes Laifirs ifif Chinfaiier D*Eon, yf.— The literary Amufcments of
the Chevalier D'Eon de BeaumohCt late Minifhsr Plenipotentiarf
from thie Court of France, on divers imporcatit Subje^s during hi#
'^efidence in England, 8vo. 14 Vols. Atnderdam'. *i774. Sold-
by Becket, &c. in London.
OF thie firil ^nd fecond of thefe volumes, which #ere pub«
lifiied a few years ago, we have already taken fome cur-
I ry notice $ [See Rev. vol. icliii. p. 237.] but this large and
i iportftnt oslfeSioil of what niay be called Natmal Materials^
i (ervea a osore fertoo^ and more refpcdful attention. A man
c letfeh^ fplrit, and tafte, a man of political fagacity and
c iittly knowledge, cohvcrfant in the negociations, and the
I terefi^ of Pirinbes, even though he were difqualified for the
1 tej b^ 4 ^^^ ('^9 ii^g^l^^^u? ^*^r ^^^ intrigue^ muft yet be
. ' ** ' ' extremely
514- D'EonV Liurwry Amufmumsm
cx(remdy entertainiog, extremely intercfting, and laftrofiivtiB
the cloTet.
This copious publication may therefore be confiderod as i
IniHl of library of the knowledge of the modern worid.
*The.firft volume contains % defcription of Poland, and Ufti>-
rical inquiries concerning the Province of AlAce.
. The fecond is a review of the kingdom of Naples vA
Sicily.
, 7*he third contains a chronological abridgment of the reo^
erf" the Old Tcfiament, and a compendium of Ecdcfiafitol
Hiftory.
The fourth confifts of obfervations general and paittcolarea
. Commerce, obfervations on Commerce and Navigation in ge-
neral, rcfledibits on the means of obtaining f knowledge of tke
fituation or balance of Commerce^ &c. obfervations on tlie
Koads in France, on Silks, on Public Credit, &c. &c.
The fifth is a dlilertation on the Laws and Commerce of
RMffia,
in the firft of (hefe diflertations, after defcribing the baibaiou
and deplorable fituation of- the Rufiiao laws, in which a sua
might, without impumtyi oblige his wife to put on a firt
flef'ped in brandy, and then fet fire to it, and let her periih ii
the flames, the Author proceeds to the happier era of Peter tk
Great:
^ Sucb» fays he, Was the fituatiott of Raffia when Peter the fiii
afccnde|[l thf ti^rone. He paHed the early, part of his retgn ia cskh
vatlng, as much as circumilances would permit^ the Scieocest ^
w))ich he Had a natural tafte. fie then travelled into fbreiga ooei-
fnes> and, on his return, he found fafficlent emplc^men^in the «v
between his ovVn State and the Kingdoms of Sweden and Polaild.
* Thii rapture laid him ander the neceffity of attending to ralfitBr
hafmefs and making fbldier^^ and to this he applie4 Madeif sl^
gether.
* Well knowing that the example of a Prince b the beft lellba f?
' his fabje^s, he not only attended his army in perlbn, bat wne fc
eiedually about the bufinefs of regulating militanr d^lcipline, tka
he fubmitted to it himfeif. Sach regulations .and foch a ooodaft
could not bat produce the happlefl effects. He had ibon the to-
fiidlion 9f feeing emulation diftufe itfelf throogh the Nobilitj, as^
of finding himfelf followed by his Nobles to thofe wars which tkj
had formerly left to the decifion of their vafTafs.
* It is mattei- of furprife, that in the mtdft of thofe eflabHftaeifl
which required fuch a variety of attention » this creative geoiot dil
nothing towards effe^ing thofe changes, which he fbond indi^ef
iably heceiTary in the political department, and in the adniaiintiH
o/ juIUce. This Monarch, who with all the ooaHties of tin hs«
united the mod profound policy and fagacity, though inwardly ob-
vinced, that the evils which injuftice bnngs upon a State are ssck
tnore to be dreaded than thofe^ of the moft^iangoinary war* law «»k
f^ret that he muR wait for a proper time to rcAm* hii Ceuiis^
Jatoe*
DlSon*! Uurarj Jnmfimintu' 51 j;
JufBce, if he would not do it tt the hazard of hU kingdom. After
trioinirfung o?er his enemies, after enlarging his empire, after filling
the world with the glory of his name and annty this great Prin^
confidered himftlf only as in the midft of his career to that immor*
taltt> after which he afpired ; and to the title of theCoN^^UBaok,
his ftrft ambition was to add that of Lboislator.
' In 1608, he fhewed his influence with the people by engaging
them to adopt the cuftom, prevalent in other European nations, of
beginning the year with the month of Jannary, which, with them»
had ufaaOy commenced in September. Bat this was an inconfider*
able reform. In 1711, he Ihewed both his power and his wiidom
more efie&aally by ftriking at the vices of legiflation.
' He conUtated a Senate, over tiirhich he *preiided himfeif, and
which, in his^ aUence, was charged with the adminiilration both of
pnblic and private bnfinefi, of which an acconnt was to be renderal
nc his retnm. Senfible that the new difpofitions he wanted. to make
in this department of adminiftration would meet with great difficul*
ties, inftead of leflening the power of the Court of Boyards, he abo«
fiihed it entirely, and compofed a new tribunal of men of knowledge
and integrity, on whom he could depend, without any. regard to rank
or birth, which had been the objeds of all his Predeceflbrs.
* After the year 1714 excellent laws were eftabliOied through all
the departments of government, among which were feveral that he
had either written or di£Uted himfelf; i^articnkriy on the adrnini*
ftration of jalice, on military difctplme, and the « education of
youth. ,. . .
* Whatever defers he found in the Onlogeny, whilft he was. d^^.
fircms at once to put an end to diforder, he allowed it all its rights
by premifing that the conftitntion of his Predeceflbrs, or the arrets of
Sovereigp Covrts, which had iince intervened, deferved to be. attended
to no farther than they were conformable to tbe original code pub*
lilhed»by Alexis. This was the readv way to aboliih all the abufet
which arbitrary power might introduce into the Courts of Juftice.
He declared for a new edition of tbe Oulogeny, in which the fubfco
qoeat decifions of cafes ihould be annexed to each article to make a
i^ore complete code, at lead one that ihould ferve as a rule, till time
would permit the obvious defers to be redlified. This work was
acoompiiihed in 1720, but remained in 'M.S. under the title of
Swdm Ouhgtmi^ or the Concordance of the Laws.
* As he had too much penetration to be, ignorant that the. compt-
lati^ of a Code, fuch as he wiQied it to be, r^^uired a good d^al.of
4iiie» and the affittance of men converfant in the practice of the lawa
to attend the execution of it, he availed hirofelf of the interval which
the difpofitions he had taken. allowed, to publiOi divers ordinances
feJative to the great end he propofed to accomplifli.
' He inftitoted the Ofice.of Attorney General, and appointed him
Ibpr Afi^nts for the bufinefs of government; alfo a certain number
of Aibofdiaate officers of the fame denomination, to be fettled injhe
finroMl governments and even in the towns. Thefe had orders to
lodge intormations of all crimes and mifdemeanors that might hap-
pen in their d^partmeat| either contrary to the laws* or prejudiaal
10 the Sum.
* He
• He negidki^d tlDe AiefdCdliftOf ftmii«9> and a* lie iiftd sn^iT
heart tbtir prdervoiion, *be madc*^^ t^ ineaii& whick be bi
feea praAiurd io Eii^tnd, ta keep? bis NohUkx ta their mcs
laftre and' ptnicv^ He-Ordained that the rod. edkces of the Sai^
paaants (hoald nut \» divided in <eq«af pafti^lia aaM>ttg their childita,
bat that they ihoald defceiid ta one H ihe feat* or» 10 defiiok of
fiidi, to* onci of the- danghtert : leaving to the.&ther or the motber,
or theAirvivor of thefe,- the right of ohuiki^, acnoog the boyi, if
there were more thao oce, or axaoag, the.daugh^eMy if these woe 10
fetit'i Ittin or her whoa they ihoold thiak proper to^iipoiat the hcz.
Andy if the parents died without amkiog thefe difpoCitioiiH the n^
of feniority regulatiMJ the inherttanocu
' ' This Ordift«]ice«had another eadt which waa to obli^ tk
^QDger ioTki^ or thoTe who^ were not called to the facceffioa, o
devote thattfelvea eottiely to the ttililary li£e» or to utake thdr ix*
tenet by applyMig^themfelvea to politics or cemoMrte. Aftciwsds,
bv the regulation oS the fate of eftfktet » it if £ud that the yoacgo
chiklren, or thoib who were ezdoded froan focGeflion, coold net p«^
ehaie theit fan0ly*oAate», till after a limttod dme.of military feim,
and that thofe who had iadohMKly reMed to bear afnu^ conld mam
be admitted*
* To perpetuate the great families, he otdaiaed that when the ki
heir male fhoold- be ^thont ifhief. he might convey his fortone gbi
perfbn of the other f<Sx» provided flie were of the (aaie family » bs:
on cobdttioa that the hufband fhoald take apoQ^him the name oftbt
family, from which tbe eftate defcended, that it might not be Gh
titiA.' We have feen iev^ratinffaoees in the branches of G<^»vkiN
Hoamadanewfhy, Bakk,. Folet, asd others. There was reafea n
• Ibiseiee that this meafure would produce the tSk€i the great Mosarck
had promifed himfelf. But that general liberty which pareuta had si
ehuiing their fuccefibrs indifinently, occaiooed, afterwar<^ Ihcb cct*
IttfioD and cabals, that the Empreis Ann was perfuaded in the joi
X731 to put the order of fucceffion on the ancient footing*
' The Ordinance which Peter I. caufed to be publi&ed the 241*
ofDeoeeiber 17.14 agatnll the cormption of the Judges, is oae c^
thofe that merit the highell attention. The different CoollitatsK<
made alter the pqblication of tbe Oulogeny had opened to the Jadgu
a large field for the gratification of their avarice : And this evi2, ^
dangerous to the State, had gained imperceptibly on all manner cf
bnfinefs, infomuch that the greateft part of it wu traoia^ed e^ire^
by the fpirit of Party^ and it was well known that jaiiice vookbt
knocked down to the beft bidder. The Prince, defiroos to £bike at
the root of a caftom at once fo ^andalous and fo pernicioas« Ibibacs
the Judges and all others who were in any official capacity totska
'the lead confideratioQ from the client on any pretext whatever: -c
lil^wife forbade the client to attempt to oqrrnpt tbe Ju^e, ami tk
pains and penalde^ on the perfen oonvifted either of gvriog or ic-
eeivin^ a bribe, were death and confifcation of go6ds. The Je^
were to content themfelves with the emoluments which the Piiact
had been pleafed to annex to tlmr appointments ; and that Aoe* ^
ihoi^, who oante of courfe and as their ttirn to the Judicial QftceSf
might excufe himfelf through ignorance of that regnlatioa^ k «»
"' 9fdisac^
• *-
ordalrtcd that no pcrftn flioald-be admitted to iioy Place^in a^Cowc'
orjtfdicatare, who K&li not ijgocd that Ordiiwncc with his own band.
In 1716 he took t^if precautions againft this abofe, by forblddtng
the Judges to deterrtfn^ any -affaH" in their own chambers, requirittj^
tharetciry thiog o^lhis kind IhoUld be tranfaftcd inthc Courts^
JudicatOrc pofblichr, and in the presence of thofe who oonpoM
them. ^\
* Piter cotnpfehcAded every thing in his pl«i, aoEd nothing ^f-
caped his attentloii. It wonM be cndlefs to* fpecify all the tftHfts he
'publiftied withb; the fpace of fcvcn years, on the detention of crimi-
nals, on the melds of uking highwaymen, on the noealiires to be
taken with thofe^who were accufed of thrcrimebf /j/^r .Mi^'^y, on
peciilation, on theirianner of announcing in full^nate theldiots-of
either fex, who' Wre declared incapable of focceffion or contraaitig
^ marriage, on ^omptilfory marriages of chiidren and fervants, and on
the attention to.be paid by the Jadgerto' the reformation of crimto&l
juftice.
* All ' thcfc ' ^diAs * (hewed " how zeafonr thc^ MonaTth< was to have
the idminlftracion of jdftice in his dominions conformed to the plasi
of other European Nations ; bur as thefe various regulations ierT(^
* only to pave the way to the *^at objeft he propofcd, I pafs thcni
(lightly over to fee him march with hafty fteps, poffiblf too ardent fbr
the purpofe, towards its execution.
* In the year 1718, Peter being, rftfr the tnatureft refle^ions^
determined to idopt the model Of the SwediQi Government in prefbr-
ence to others, ordered a ccllle€lion-to -iw Tna^de at Stockholm of ill
' the regulationi aild alh the cdifts, which he thought might be Of any
fervice to him. For the anciei^t Courts of Jnllice, whidr they caiMci
Pirakis^ he fubftittued Colleges, whidi he diftinguifhed by the names*
of thofe feveral affairs, whereof they had the refpe^ve cognisance ;
' for inftance, the College of Foreign Affkirs, of War, of the Admi-
ralty« of the Finances, of Juftic^, of Commerce, of Mines'iind Ma-
nufadures, to whichr he afterwards added the Exchequer, the Synod,,
and the Magiflracy.
* He determined what cafes (hoold belong to the department of
each College, afcertained the number of Members of which each
fiiould be compo(ed; and for fear the new Judges fhould pafs the
~ boutids of the aiithorlty repofed in* them, he publi(hed what wa»
called a general regldation, which entered minutely into the doth^
" of their refpeflive charges.
* More than this, he fent feveral perfons of credit into Germany,
and to other European Courts, in order to'en||«ige 'men of kamiag
and abilities, whom thev fiiould find worthy of filling Placesin tbw
new Colleges ; and he allowed the Swediih prifbners who were tii hi»
dominions to be Candidates, provided they under^dod thelang«i{e
of the country.
* It was an objeft trith this wonderiiil man to have hi Place acmiic*
ture of ftrangersa^d natives; perfoaded th&t the tetter by modeniag;
tbemlelves upon the former,- would acquire • the civifityjaBdintelli*
gence which they wanted,- and that the others, by oonfofrnkigthcai-
ielves to the oafbms of the conntryi woeld €t\\ hiUiM^ iaioitiie
charaQerandideaof Citizens, - ^
• To
j iV D'Eon V Liaraiy AmufmMU.
^ Tongtge the young Nobility to tppiy to bofincfi, keoited
a BxednoBDer to be taken iiito^lfteh Coait, to pali thioiigb tke •-
ployaieiits of the lower offices, in orde/to rife to the lii^;1ier D^w^
moaii of Judicature. He took care^ indeed, that peoji^e of Im
birth in general ihouM have no Place in the Covrts of^Jofiice, udti
their particular talents claimed an exception in their fmvoor.
, -* He iikewife inHitnted Judges of Affize in the coantry, who 1^
the^hc of gi vine judgment in the £rft in&mce, with onlers to %
their dociilons bmre Government. The appeal was carried fin
the -Governor to the Court of Juftice, and from theoce to the Scfi«c^
as the Dmdir R^ri. To render this laft mentioned Triboaal ooie
lelpcdbble, he^publiihed an edid forbidding all peHbns whatever !»
carry any compUntt to the Sovereign on ^es that had been heard
before the eftabliihed Courts^ being deErons that ererr one AkmU
abide by the determination of the Senate. The edid added, if,
notwithftandingy any one fiionld have the pntTumptioa to appeal km
the Senate to the Sovereign, and ihoold not be able to loppoft \k
allegatioas, he ihonld fi^er death, bccaafe hit condA^ wmU br
confidercd at an impeachment of the honour and d^nity of a Tii-
boaaU over which the Sovereign prefided.
* As mauers oS appeal might arife oa which the Statnte was fikit,
the Senate could, determine nothing without kaowiitg the reMntioM
of the Csar, and was to pronounce only according to the ofden it
ihottld receive from hinu TJiat this^ m^Aire migiit not expofcdr
parties to too long delav, a Mafter General of the Reqacfla was ap-
pointed, whofe office, duly executed, was toprocaie prompt jate
on compUinU a^ainft the lower Courts. This mea Aire, wi£:aaii
VMS, had iu enemies ; and certain memorials appeared chargiag wA
inhumanity the prohibiting appeals to the Monarch apoa pan d
death. But if we confider the multitude of bufincfs witb v^ichtlJ>
Prince was overwhelmed for the general intereft of Society, whaws
e9try iniUtute was direded by himfelf, one cannot be {Wpriled titft
he. exempted himfelf from, hearing complaints, which might be, fo
the moft part. Ill-founded ^.
/ Peter's only objedt hitherto had been a &nSt attention to tic
Ottlopieny, to the explication of obfcure parts, or.tbeadditioBefae*
deciiions on cafes neglected, or omitted. But a^ he more and more
obferved the little advatotage he derived from thefe ap{>licatioAs^ k
fet himfelf feriouAy about &nning a new Code.
* I ■ ' ' " ' ' ' ' ■ '
* Such is the apology which the Chevalier XVfion auLkcafom
vnpardbnable fault i^, the great Prince whofe Icgiilatioa he d^rifacs \
the only jpalliatioo, indeed, which appear* to Aiggeft itfel^ htft
which is very infufficieat to invalidate the charge^ To debar tie
fnhjedt from appealing, in vtrf ^nconimoiK^ and^extraordixaiy »-
dances, to the juilice or humanity of his Prktce^ imd this oa paia
of death, is not ohly an infirlngamantof that^eoarnal aacnralaelatiaa
which f«d>rt{U between the governor and the governed, boa 4»leK
with a degree of barbarity Uiat itained sot: em the aavala ot^
Eaft. Pyrrhtts, no le^ arbitrary, ihaa; Ptter^^-and mncb moco foo^
dotfs, reifir^d aot to r$uh>i the peiidatai-^ has ^ple, wbuxar
regird he paid to them afterwaidfw
£1^
D*Eob'i lAUrary Amufimtnts* . 519
Hie fnethod lie propofed wfts this. With ^regard to the Oolo-
)j and the Cdnftitntiont made afterwardst to arnwge the whole is
lifiin^t artidet, and* *oppofite to each article, on the iii|usiii» to fet
down the fenfe ef the Swediih laws on the refpe^ive headB» in shO*
ten civil and criminal, and the poipbrt of tne Livonian and Elho*
aian. Iaws> in matters concerning fiefs.
* For this pnrpofe he appointed a Coonniffion confiding of a cer^
tain nomber of fmbns from dififerent Courts, who^ under the diftc*
tion of the Senate^ were to examine and feled what ihoald be fonnd
Boft fnitable to the prefient fitoation of Rnfiia; after which, eaeh
article was to be prefented by the Committee to the Senate, who were
to give their opinion thereupon to the Sovereign f and thus he Aat*
teredhimfelf that, in a ihort time, he ihoold go difoagh this gieat
work.
' They applied to -It without delay, and the Prince ncgleded
nothing that might promote the neal and fecond the endeavours of
the C'ommiffioners. He was coatinnaUy laying before them new mat-
fers that required their attention, or inftrafUng them in the manner
of clearing up former difnutes. In 1721 he publiihed a new form' of
judiciary proceedings, which is followed in all the Courttof Jaftica
at this day. Its bvevity, 1 acknowledge, oUige) them frequently to
have reoonrie to the ancient code, which 1 have myfelf charged with
infnfficicncy s bnt it is to be obferved that he was now only to give
the Commiifion a ficetch for their guide, and that they were to extend
and compteat it.
* In. 1 72 2 the Emperor forbad, upon pain of death, any Judge to
pot an mttrfraatiom upon the Laws of Confiitutions, * in order that
they might be IHirMttf adhered to. Nevertbelefs he left the Chirf
Jnftkes at liberty to explain to die Senate any doubts tha^migfat
noddentally ariie ; bat they were obliged to wait the decifion, and
likewife the approbation of the Emperor. And, that no one might
efoape this law, he oidered that it fiioold be pafted upon a fmtt
board and lie on the uble dnnng the fofiioos, that tbey might havo
theireyescOBtinually upon it; and this it Hill cuftomary in all'the
Courts of the Empire.
'To eflablifli better order in the Senate and in the other depart-
Bients of juftiee, he appointed for the ufe of the former an Attornc]^
ijcneral, whofe office it was to aflift'at their feflions; to fee that
bofinefs was-condndted according to the laws and conflitotions of the
empire I to attend to the due and fpeedy execution of the orders of
the GOttct, and forthwith to enter in the regifiers every obfiacle.
This Officer had orders to obfemc the zeal and attention with which
irvery Senator dtfohaiged the duties of his office, if he Was fo^nd
defcieat he had a right toieprehend him publicly, and if his remon-
ibances proved inefrntnal* he might fofpend the coorfe of bufinefs,
mndaddrcfs the Emperor, who ihould take cognizance of the ofieo-
^ders, and compel them to return to' their duty.
'This new Officer had aUb the foperintendency of the Chancery,
and of all that belonged to it» The SoUdtor of the Treafury him*
felf was oU^ed to lodge infoanadons with him of all public delm*
^eiicieB« So wide an offieiid. range being not<eafily filled by one
man, the Empci^ afibciated with him in office the Solicitor Gcoe-
5 ral.
ft6 ' Ib'^M's IMif^ Amtfmii^.
nU 9»hoHnrastto,ftiiIil Iviin jn^hen .prdebt, and tp luppi^ Ut .pbie;
vbeo abfcwt. ' Botii th^e P^cera ^^^A \t in ftra^ charge (9 examine
fiich U^^9xA cQi^itiu^ons,. as.iuece ^ppible joi f 4^o^£dd i^^rjue-
tation, end to ipropoie :to the Sovexelga theineaqs^afxemovi^g due
* That the Ma^iftratet, charged with fach ipportai|,t fba^ioBt^
might be .treated yvith t^ gM^eft v^uiei^tieo and .re(jpi^» lie ordesed
thatp af «>.what f|^pf;rt;iifl(^ to the .e^cecutipn -of their lo^ce, thi^
iMttikl be dependent onno.pi^/butjiiqirelf j and in ^every fobfdtetA
Court, Jie .iippoin^ed pf rf^KpA jt^ho, under Uie |ftle <^ Ai^neys*
ihould repxeient «he AtV>ri^y tQeoeral ; to .^iiom they >»efe to give
anacQQuai.cif any d)iiAg.|bat:pa8<^d in ^heif rQfpe^ive Qo^ru, con-
ttaity 10 cheoppUitiitions, ^ order t^Mthe in]|^t^re£li(y It. by the
authority of the 2>enate.
* ¥x<sm h^ inftitjitiotn^* /Mch cfucf, ^alaaajod iipplicatioo, what
veottU one iH)t {baye hoped? Neverthelefs, in jthe yearj7a3» the
Commiffioocrs. appointed to, digcil.t^jnqw Code, .found that, a6er
an.applicatiQn of five ye^U (he :iir(l mtaOues had jbeen ib all taken,
that theieMrQre*noQther«neai|$ of coming at the end propofed, but
beginning entirely npon a new plaq. They r^pre&nted to the £mpc-
cor that the ^ancient Code, the .n\odf|l of which they had. followed,
jwas ib.very .uafyAem^tic, and ih? master (b vilely furang^ that
there was.no.pofiibiiity of cQptnii)^ themfelves to it^ witl^out leaving
in the. new one that confuiibn, which would t^^^tremely prejudicial
to public burmefsy and tKat, therefore, they thought it i^cdQary to
give it fome. other >foirm.
* Concerned to. find that fomuQh .'labour had been ineffeAual, l^nt
refolved to.furmount all difficulties, Peter allowed tlie Cpmini£ioDeri
in future to di^nfe with the nfual adhejrence tp the plan of the
Oalpgeny, and. permitted them to take for their model the.Code of
i)enmark, provided they .werepskrticularly carefpl to infert thofe
Statutes of the. ancient Ruffian .Code^ which we^ fuitable to the
Planners and cuHoms of the times,
' For. this purpofe he Q^uf^d to be printed infevcral fmalt volomet
all the law5 that, in his wifdom, he had given to his people, as pro-
-per materials for the conduct of the new work* &ut at the time
«vhen» wholly intent upon his proje^, this great Prince had reafon
to hope for the mod certain fuccefs*; Providence^ uniearcnable in aU
-its purpofes, cut him offin the midft^of themofi glorions career that
«irer Monarch maintained or purfttcd.
* His laft moments were devoted to the indulgence of t^atiincere
defire he always had of giving to his people ^n impartiaradmiiii-
:firation of juftice : wxtnefs the lad edid, which W'publifl^ed a few
-days before his death, wherein, not contented with having e^'dea^
,vooj»d to prcvertt the bribefy of the Judges, he forbad all ihc people
^f the Court, of whatever cpnditipn, to pay any attention td the feli-
citations of thofe who had Aiits at law, to fuppof t thm pretenfionsy
or folicit the favour of the Judges.
' After the death of this incomparable Pridce, jhis'inixeffisn/it i»
-reafimable to fnppofe, woald ihew the ia«|e zeal, f0r.acc;oa9pli(hii|g«
work fo neceffiuy for the welfare of the coipire; hut one cannot iae
.fiuprifed if their eSom were uAfaccqfiJiiply iWh^Jit.is 9qi^dcre4
D*Eon*i Literary AmufimmiL 5IX
whit mud have been the ficaation of Riiflia during the fpaceof/ixteen
years, governed as it was by four Sovereigns, who either found t\itm»
Selves unfettled on tii6 Tlut>ae> <a acceded to it in confequence o^
fome revoIvtion«
^ It is not in times of fuch uncertainty that men of abilities will
apply themfelves to any important work, while they are to depend
for the fole reward of their merit and their labours on the gratitude
of the Prince*. The Members of the Commiffion* which iliil fub-
filled, thought it fuf&cient, on their parts, to order the Secretaries
to continue their buiinefs.. But as thefe fubilcerns knew nothing but
the common run of bulTnefs, were neither (killed in the laws, nor
had ftudied their conftitution, thetr labours were unlikely to produce
any valuable effedt.
' The peaceable revolution which brought EHzabeth to the Throne
•of her father reftored the hopes of the people, when, in the year
1754, a new Commiifion for the purpofe of forming a new Code was
e(Ublilhed, compofed of men who had attended the different Courts
of Juftice, it was not to be wondered that the CommiiHon prefented
a plan to the Senate whi. h promifed to be perfed in its kind. The
abolition of capital punifhmcnts alone is fufficient to chafa^erife the
humanity that would have dilHhgullhed the work Of this new Legif-
latrefs. During the whole of her glorious reign, however vnfavourw
able to the bufinefs of redifying the laws the part which Rafiia took
in the trotjbles of Germany might be thoughti there were dill the
faireil hopes of bringing the work to perfection. The three ^x2i
parts, it is faid, were finiOied by the Commiflioners, and approved
by the Senate, when the death of the Sovereign, before ihe had
confirmed them, gave the fcepter to Peter 111. Grandfon of the
Founder of Ruffia.
* No fooner was he declared Sovereign than he trod profeffedly
in the fteps of his grandfather. He not only invited foreigners to
fettle in his dominions, but, the more flrongly to induce them, he
abrogated a law which, when once they had entered, forbad them
to return. He did more. He permitted his own Nobility to vi&
foreign countries in order to cultivate their underilanding and man-
ners. To give thefe new regulations all the extent his predeceffors
had been defirous of, he propofed to form a new Code, and took for
his model that of Frederic King of Pru ilia, which he caufed to be
tranHated into tlie Roflian language, chat, combining with the cullo-
marv regulations of the Empire, a body of juft and permanent laws
jnignt be therefulc.
* Seeing, and lamenting the ignorance under which his fobjcAs
g^roaned, in concert with the Archbiibop of Novogorod he founded
poblic fchools ; and, to introduce order into the military, he gave
tinifbrms to the troops^ and caufed the regiments to be called after
the name of their Colonels.
' Such were the alterations that Peter III. made, du^iog a reign
of /ix or feven mon^hs^ at the end of which a revolution placed his
wife on the Throne. On the iwenty-ci>hth of June, >;62, the
Ruffians thought proper tg dethrone a Monarch, to whom» a few
xnonths before, they hid thoug"ht of credling llatues,
\ A??. Rev. Voi. 1. Mm ' Mt
522 fyagmirtU anurmng IniU^ &^
' ' tt tntert net into tny defign to inquire bj what fectet iiieiikRi
Providence placed Catharine 11. on the throne o£ all tbe Rafin.
I Gonfider only the advantages which the empire ^mny bave dcrifd
from its fovereigns, without dwelling upon the evtU stteoduaoa
its revolutions.
Such is the Chevalier D'Eon's account of the progreffive flare
of the laws in Rui&a ; the more curioas, as whatever reUiato
the condud or memory of Peter ib^ Firft, thegteatcft PriiKt of
modern times at leaft, muft be extremely ititercfting to cfcfj
leader of fentiment. The fequel of tht fifth volume, gives us
.a memoir on the commerce of ftuifia.
The fixth volume contains, amongft other fubjeds, the hlf*
: tory of Eudoxia Fced^owna, iirft wife of Peter the Great.
This article is too entertaining to be omitted, and too 4oBg t»
be inferted here ; we therefore promife our Readers the fubftam
of it in the next Appendix. At the fame time we are fenMe
ihat the attention we have already paid to this pubKcmtioa ii
fufficient to convince the Public, that the very ingenious Au-
thor has done honour both to himfcif and to the Republic of
Letters.
A R T. lU.
FfagmfHts fur tlnie^ C5fr.<^FragmeBts concerning India, Gencr^
JUlly/ and the Count de Morangies. 8vo. 2S. '6d. Printed ia
London, by Nourfe. I775«
IN thefe detached pieces, which are (aid to be written bf
Voltaire, we find incidental obfervarions on the commerce
and hiflory of the Indies, with fome topographical accounts cf
the coafts, and remarks on the military operations and f;ue of
General Lally. From thefe we (ball feledl two fhort vtidcs,
^n the manners and cu{^oms of the Gentoos and Bramins.
* Of thofe ancient Indians, whom we call Gentoos, there are la
the Moguls country, according to Mr. Scrafcon's accoont* abotta
hundred millions. This multitude is a fatal pnx>f that a great mb*
*ber may be fubducd by a fmall one. Yet thefe innuiAerable herds of
paciHc Gentoos, though they would give up iheir liberty to any hard
4}f robbers, would never part with their religion and caftoikia Tte;
have (lill retained their ancient worlhip of Bramar The t^^hm k
this, it has been faid, is, that the Mahometans, content wtth^chig
Their mailers, never gave themfelves any trouble about t)ie dsrefiaia
't>f their fouls,
* Tjieir four ancient orders (lill fubfift in all the riroar of the her
which feparates them one from another, and in all the .force of Ir^
)>rejndice8 forti/ied by time. The iix^ order is chat of tbe BranoBi*
Who once governed the empire ; the (econd that of the tbliitajpy i i^
|third of the haihandmen, and the fourth of the merchaiib. We^o
hot rnd ude the //a//ar0r</, or Par tas^ who do the menial office*! tkf
are con(id«red av naciean ; they confider tiKBfflTea a» f«cK a»d
pigments atk&mng TmRdy Vt. 52 J
woulJ fcy no means prefamt to cat witli a ttiznaf kfltDdiw tfibi, ndt
tven tototich ortomt ncarhim. „ -.
* It h prdbable that the inftitttKon 6f' theft fotir claffts was imU
tatcd by the Egyptians ; becaafe ft is, ih fa£l, very pfobabfe, dr fa-
ther certain, that Egypt was but indifitontl/ peopIe()/b'r policed,
till fon^ after India. It was a woHi of ag6s to fiibdae the Nile, td
divide it into dHHnfl channels, and conftrodt buildings. abov^ its in^
undatidns'; whiiH Iddia enjoyed, in the mean time, ev^ry thing that
was ncccffary to the fabfiAence <rf life.
^* We fiml all the' greacnefs and all the weaknefs of the human
mind exhibited in the ancient Brachmans, and in the Bramins thei^
fucceffors. On one hand, the mod obftanate viitue fopported by th^
ferereft abftinence ; a ftiblmie though tantailic phitofophy, under thd
Veil of ingenious allegories ; an abhorrence of oloodlhed, afid an in-
Variable charity to mankind and the animal creation.— On the othef
hand, (aperiTicion, the moft contemptible in its kind i thk catm but
atrOdous fattattcifm v^hich his tliught theih,' thrdugh inndmerabld
ages, to encourage the volnntary murder of fo many ybuAg widows
who have thrown themfevei into the batning piles of their deceafed
holbands. This horrid extncvitfgance: of religioji and magnanimity
IHIl fubfifts with that famous maxim of the Bramin faith, that GoJ .
rtfuiies nothing from us hut charily and g6od nvarks. But the whpW
world is governed By con traditions.
* Mr, Scrafton adds. They are perfumed, it is the pleaforc of the
^Supreme Being that different nations {bould have different modes ot
woWhip. Su(£ a perfoafion might feem to promote indifference ;
never tnelefs they have as mn^h enthuGafm in their reHgion, as if they
thought |k Jthe only true one, the only one that had been inftltuted
by the deity.
** The greater part of them live in a kind of effeminate apathy^
Their great axiom, taken from their ancient books, is, that it is bttttt
tejit than 10 waU^ tahe than t^Jit^ t^Jletp than to luah^ akd to die tbatt
io live. Yet we fee many of them on the coaft of Coromandel, who
rife out of this lethargy into adiive life. Some 6f them take' pare
«vitb the French, others with the Englilh. They learn their lan-
gitage, and ferve them as interpreters and brokers. Thei^e is not a
merchant of any coniideration upon the cokft who has not bis Bramin.
1 hey are in general ^ithful, but fly and cunniiig. Tho(e who hav^
had ncx commerce with ftrangers^ preferve the ancient virtue and flm«
j>licity of their ancetori.
* Mr. Scrafton and others have feen in the hands of fdmeBramins,
dpb^mtrides of their dwn compofition, in Which edipfes werie calcu-
lated Ibr many thoafiinds of years: ' They have sood mathematidians
and adronomers ; yet they retain the abHirdities of aftrdogy, and
carfy that esaravagance a» tkt &i the Otinef^ ahd the P6riiiiitf. Ac
this, Itowev^, w^ havelho tcrfon to be furprifed; It is not two ecri-
turles^nce out owh l^rinoe^ tiad the {kme follies and OU^adrono^,
jners the fame qutfdt^; ^htf Bi'amins^ who'boffefftd tbcfe efhemei
rid€s\ muft have been mc^n o/fciende at leaft. . They are philofophers
al^d prieffs, like the Brachtoans Of^rf. ' The people, they fay, ought
io be deceived and kept in* Ignorance. In confequence, they gW
^ut chat the nodes erf the moon, Itrwhich the ecnpf<ft happen, and
' ' M m a which
514 Fragments concerning In£a^ tic.
which the firft Brachmans exprefled by the hieroglyphics of the \ixsA
and tail ofajdragoa, are theadualefbitt of a dragon who attackathc
fun and the moon. The fane filly notion is adopted in China, la
India, you ttt thonfandsof men and women plangtog into eke 6s0j;es
dorin^ thf coBtinoance of ap edipfe^ or making a prodigioiM a«fe
with inflramentfi of Various klndtt to reieafe the captive himinanes
^om the clutches of the.dragOQ# .Upon fach principles as theie rbt
whole world has been governed* [the Author adds] in every leipedL
* Many Bramliis have treated with miiConaries concerning the is-
tereHs of the India Companies ; biit religion was never in the qoef-
tion. Yet many mifiionanes there have been who« the momexrt they
arrived in India, were induilrious in writing to their refpe&ive (ck
cieties, that the Bramins ondoabtedly wor(hipped the ^wXy bat that
they would all iliortly be converted to the faiih. Nevertheless it u
aiTercedy that no European monk ever once attempted to convert a
Bramin, and that no Indian ever worihipped the deviU of whole ex*
iflence tljey are wholly ignorant. The rigid Bramins have coikceired
an inexpreffible ayerfion to the monks, on accooncof their olbn^
indulgence in the contents of the (hambles and the cellar, ano #
their taking young girls upon their laps during confefioiu. Oar
practices appeared to thera to be crimes, though theirs ha^ ihecn
confidered only as ridiculous idolatries*
' One of the moil confiderable miffionary jefuits, whoie name was
Lalane, wrote in 1709, *' there is no doubt but the Bramins are real
idolaters, becaufe they are worfliippers of flrange gods,** (Lettrci
Edifiantes, torn. x. p. 14.) And he fays, p. 15. '* the fbliowing is
one of their prayers, which I have tranflated literally.
" I wor/hip that Being who is expofed to no inquietude^ aa4 M-
je£l to no change ; that Being, who in his nature is indivi£ble,ia his
fpiritual eiTence incapable of compounded qoalities ; that Betng^iOtt
is the origin and the cavfe of exiiience, ana who, in excellence, for*
paiTes all that does exiil ; that Being who is the fupport of the oni-
verfe, and the fourcc of power."
* This is what the mifConary calls idolatry !
* What is really aflonilhing is, that we can neither in the hMki
of the ancient Bramins, hor in thofe of the Chinefe, nor in the frag-
ments of Sanconiathon, nor in thofe of Berofus, nor in the Egyp-
tian of Manethon, nor aniong the Greeks, nor the Tuicans, €nd th«
Icall trace of that (acred jeM/i(h hi^ry which is our (acred hifiory*
Mot a fingle word of Noah, whom we look upon as the reXtoreroT
' the human race; not a word of Ada;n« the. (ather of tlu^t ract^ qor
of any of his firlt defcendants How came it to pafs that all nations
loft the names of this great family ; thai no one has tranfmitted to
pollerity a iingle aflion, a (iiigle name, of thefe his ancefiors I
How came all the ancient world to be ignorant of this ? And how
came a little upilart generation alone to know it ? This extra*
ordinary circumllance might feem to merit attention, if one cooH
pofiibly come at the bottom of it. All India* China, Japan* Tar«
tary, and three parts of Africa, have ever been ignorant of the cx>
iilence of fuch men as Cain, Jared, and Methdelah, who* nevcczhe-
Icfs, lived almoA a thoufand years. And other nations were oaac*
nuainted with ^cii n^es till after the time of Coaltantine. Est
" thofe
•Voltaire'j Gf^feUfthe Day. Vol, IT. 515
tliofe qncftkma' which anfe ia< the depanmeiit of pfatblbphy, have
nothioff to do with )uStx>tjJ
Nothing moie <afy. than to rcfate this bagatelle, and to
prove that thofe very nations have had their Adam and their
NoKfi, whom the Author reprefents as ignorant of their ext
ifience. But we have no time to enter into controverfies ot
this kind.
Since writing the above article^ we have niet with an £ng«
]i(b tranilatioa of this .book» which appears to be fufficientl;
fakhfol and corre&»
A R T. IV.
Vtwn^iU Du Jeur.-^Thc Qofpcl of the Day. Vol. X *. London;
, • , , - *773-
WE.RE it not owing to that wonderful zeal and attache'
^rnent which Mr, Vojtaire profefles for every thing
^hat ha$ tbe air of religions this volume had never come by its
Cbrifiittn name ; for vyith as much propriety might ic have been
called the Gardener's Calendar, or the Complete Counti]r
Hbufewife, or a Diflertation on Clear-flarching. — Faffing the
title, however, which, like the number affixed to the front of
your houfe, ferves only to difiinguifh it from, your neighbour's,
the firil article that prefents ttfeif is a new old tragedy, called
The I/A w8 of Minos. This, Mr. V— *-h telb us, appeared
in fuch a miferable trim, patched as it was, aod ftitched and
cayiored all over by a knavft of a bookfeller, that, in judice to
htmfelf, and in compaffion to his offspring,, he thought proper
to fend rt into the world in its prefent form.
* The pirrport of the tragedy is to prove, (hat It is necefliry
to aboli/h laws when they are unjuft; and the laws of Minos -
enjoined human facrifices.
Ancient hiftory (that is to fay fable) informs us, that this
fusskt lawgiver, Minos, the Ton of Jupiter, 00 whom the divit^c
lato has lavifhed fuch high encomiums, certainly inftituted
fuch faciifices. * .
This wife legiflsator facrificed annually feven youn; Athe-
iwaris ; at leaft fo Virgil fays,
. ,l**p^ii>ui Leihum Androgto turn pendert JPanai
^ C^cropida jujp^m^lgrumjfeptfnaquoianmf
', Cir^a nat^ump
Tjhelb facrt£ces are rather uncommon with us now^a-days, and
the:;i«^(iHi, 'nordoiibt, is, that variety of opinions which the
fage>Qom«ientators have entertained refpe^iog the exa6l number
^^-^^*' - ' ^
* JtoT OUT accounts of the former volume^ fee Appendixes fbr
/everal years pal!.
M m 3 of
{2( Volitates G^fiettfailktf. Yel.M'
•f ▼i^iRit, Md. the tiine of the year wheif they were offered ti
the Qretaq inpnfter, called the Minotaur.
Wki.;cver might be ^he orkin of this fable, ijt is mofie dian
probable, from many circumftafices, that human facrifices wen
yfed in Crete 9s well as in other countries. Saneboniathofl,
qooced by Eufebius in hi$ Oe/pti PreparaUsnj fays, that this tt-
ligiQUs a^l^ad fubfifted timejmmcmoriaU Now, Sancboniatfaoo
flouriihed ^ng before the epocha at which we place Moles, and
eight hundred yetu^ after Tboif ene of the legiflaisi's of Egypt,
whom the Greeks afterwards called Mercury. Vide Midi
Pfimitif^ &c. par M. Court de Gebelin.
The paflage from Sanchoni^thfpn^ tranfl^ted by Philo, is s
fellows:
** AmoBgft the ancients it was afqa], in great pabtic calamfties, to
Sorch^ie the gejoeral iUety» by facrifipinj^ 10 the avengii^ dtities tk
earcft of tbcir children. Itous (or, accdrtittg ta the^ol^eic?, Ctoft-
nus, or Saturn, whofai the ]Ph(eniciatii eall^d 1ii«ef, ^md'^fteftrsji
deified) facrificed'hi^ own fbo in- a safe^ pablio ^iasgen Tldi
fon was named Teild, which fi^ntfies the ftril bom.'* This is ike
irft t>ffering to the Supieme Bemg on huanttii iccoc4 . am) this tSa*
Inf was parncide.
It »s dsficult 10 afctrtain precirely wh^her the Qramuis bs^
tbisi'ciiftoa^ pssos ta the Pbcceicians, and Syrians* Buvit is uo-
bappiiy true that^ isi Indis^ thefe facciflces are of ^be b^cfi
emii)«ity, and thai- they' are not cvm now ^boUihcds nqtwitk*
Ibndlog all tlie efforts 4^ the Mah^n^etaos.
The EngliAi the Dutcht the French, who. gQ to tralEc ssi
rurihair throats in tbefe precious climateSf have frequeodj
feen rich, handibme -young widows thrpw themfelvea headloo{
li^to -the fCKitrat piles of their hu(hands, regaVdlefs of thehs*
pldrJng hsnds and cries of thek cbildreii entre,ating them (t
live for their protection. It is not Ipng fmqe tjic lady of A^
fnir^T Ruflel'waa a fpeSatoff of this horrid (cene 00 the btcii
ef the Gaf>ges4 • .?
^antum nlHgU p^taii ptadtre mal9r^m^
The Egyptisns would very ccremonioufly throw ^ daughter
Tfitethe N»]^, if they were ap^^ehcnfivc (bat ibe fiver ^9^
not rife to the requifite height.
This execrable^ cuftom continued til) .^h^ x<;tgii of Ptokor
Lagus, and it was, prob^hty^ as ^9|vcient as their rcj^ton ad'
their temples. We mention not thcfe ^viftopys 9f SAtifuitf ibr[
the parade of learning \ we figh to think that they appear forni*
thing Hke infiinS in human nati^re,. 9n4 (tjC th^.in^»<pei|fablt
neeeffity of the exerciie and iAtfrpafitip^ of reatbn,
Lycaon and Tanulus, who fervcd up their children to tk
gods, were twQ fuperftitious father^ who committed pairid^
out of piety ; and the dodrine of the mythologifts, that ck
mA^ i»ftl^4 of being ^lejifcd wit^ d>€; obU(i9»9 puniih^d tjhem,
for their crine, did honour to their r^foQ..
yii, tibq:Q M any. real (icpendence Co be placed on • ancient
^^prjy ihck Jews were not altogether exempt fro^i this
crifpe^ . Adpptiog the language, the cuftoin$ and c^reiiioni^%
of tbqir oe'^Kbours, fhey no(. oQly facrificed their envies x%
the diffejFen)t divinities ^hooi they wor(bippe^,.eveA(b Ion^^QW^
^^a^hw tetMW firQ.iA Babylon^ but even their cbtldrcn. An^
this may be believed, for, to fay the trutb^ they themfisflves acn
Ve.fi«4 Unit the Gaufs 9n4 Teutons,^ ^hofe Teuconi pfwhofi?
9ativ0 hooefty ao4; iunplijcity Tacicgs fpe^^ks. fptenjcily) ha4
tbei^ execrable faer%ces very cooiqioo.
This deteftable fuperftition of offering u|^ huitmi vidim|«
ficvns to be fo natUKil to the favage part of our fpecies, that
Pvocopiiia: uHhi us, one Theodebert^grandfon of Clovis, ofrere4
human ftcriiices foe bis fucceCs upon a marauding expedjitioii
tif tdi Lembardy.
Tbefe faeriiiees of'Tbeodeben verev^prdMblyt a remiant<of
the ancient fuperftition of the Franks, his anceAcir^. We kBO«
but too well to what a pitch this execiitbici cuflom prevaile4
aoiongft the ancient H^€tchis% whom >ffe eaUiG^uUf when thq
Pmids offered their diabolical infant facnftceft* ^
The &va^e& on the banks of the Rhine bad a kind of Prui«
deObo^ rdigtous hags, whofe devotion confifled in lblemnlj(
cutting cbe throats of littl^ boy$ and giria in L*rge bafons of
itone^ Tome of which are in being at this day, and drawings
of which may be feert in Profeffoyc Scheftin's i/^w lllujirata.
Such are the mottuments of thi$ part of the world ! fuch arq
our Mitiquities ! A Phidiaa, a Ptaxiteleaf a Scopas, and aMiron,
tiave left us monuments of a different kind«
When Julius Cxfar had conquered thefe ftwages, he (bughf
to civUizt ihem. He forbade the Prutds to e?^ercife their aUSs
of devotion upon pain of being burn« themfetves, and cut dawi^
the forcfts where thefe religious murders had been perpe-*
trated. But the priefts perftfted in their rites. They facri6ce4
children in private, faying, that it was better to obey God t^t^
men ; that Casfar was bi^ prie(l ru> Habere but at Rome ; that
Pruidrfm was the only true religion, and that there was no
fuch tfhing as (alvatioQi without burning or cutting tb^ throats
of children.
Our &vage anccftors having left in theff regions the remqn*
brancc qf fuch cuftoma* the Inquifition found the lefs difficult;
in renewing them. The piles it lighted were for real human
t^crifices. The moft magnificent ceremonies of religion, pro*
M m 4 cefionSy
SiS VoltiireV G^^yjk Da^. .Vol, X.
ceffionsi.altfl^rt, beoedidtoii^, iDccn£e«'P(9ycr$9<bof^ hjfiiai^
all. were employed on tbe occafion.
The laft menciaaed facufice had no cooacdioa with iMuoia
jueifpmdence* For, cenainly) to eac a lamb H)^OMff4Amikof6,
drefled with bitt^ herbs, c^e ckpors being iirA titnaify oiade:fa8»
on cbe i4tli day of Marcb» <ould be no oSenee againft civ/l
fociety« No m^a c<;>u]d be hurt by it ; b^ t4ieD k were a (in
againft God^ who, by the Aeiy CoveujUit) had abolifiied that aa-
cient ceremooy.
It w^ to revenge t^e C2n(^ of Gc^, then, that tbe Jewt vcn
publicly burnt before the altar of tbe In^^^^tbn I &Mrely Spain
will have reafon to biefs, * through aU {>oft^ruy^ tbe mtoivb»
fnatched the knife from the hands of the holy mffiam ! Bit
poflibly the time may come, when i^ wjll hardly believe tkt
jbch an inftitution a$ the Inquifition eveT exifted !
Moil of the moralifta have confidered thf Uvea Qi}o\m Hv^i
and Jerome of Prague, a$ tbo moft magnificent and ((Attrnkoi^A
biunan facrificea. ■ • ....
The two victims were conduced to the awful pilerbfaa
Eledor Palatine, and by an Elector of Bnindenburgh ; twept^
four princes or lords of the empire aifiiled. The Eoipefof
Sigifmund O^one in the midft of them, according to ibe expr^*
fioh of a learned German prelate, iike the fun in ths mi4fiif^
Jlars. The cardinals cJad in iheir long trained robes of purple
and ermin, covered with an immenfe hat of purple likcwifci
from which huiig fifteen tollels o( gold, fat in the fame fo
with tiie Emperor, above all the Princes. A crowd of BiA#p«
and Abbots fat below, in lofty mitres fpaikling with pre^oMi
ftoncs. Four htHidred Doctors on a lower bench fat wiA
books in their hands. Oppofite were feventeen Ambafladan
from all the courts in Europe, with their retinue* The placet
appointed for the reception of the curious of all denominatioos
were filled with fixtcen thoufand gentlemen*
In the area of this va^ circus were placed five hundred n^tifi*
xians, who alternately played and fung pfalm^. Eighteen then-
fand pr lefts from all the countries in Europe w^re ptefeotat
the concert ; and feven hundred and eighteen* fom^ fayeigk*
teen hundred, courtezans, n^gnifigently drtfled* ahd^ placH
among the reft, formed one of the fineft ^e^^des ibat it k
^ poiBble to imagine.
It was in the mjdft^of this anguft afle^n^y/th^t ^pfeP IP***
Jerome were burnt in honour pf Jefu^Chfifts thatJeAi5«*o
brought back the loft! (heep* upon. his flipulder^ : tandfthe i^nni^
as they afcended, fays an aufhoF of ;th9^>^ap,, inadei)t^:V?Hiit
gf l^c^en rejoice ! /, < • . *; ^
YoiislteiGoJpd^^AiD^f. Vol; Xi 52^
It «yft be oi^cdt afi«t fucfe a fpcSttde, Ait whert^fflefPicafd,
John Calvin, burnt the Spaniard Michael Scrvftus UfftB a Bile.
qf green faggots, it i^ai onTy like a Jjuppct (hew afte^V^aj^ ,'
' All thofc who have thus ftcrificed fatheri for a dj^ffercilcc'<)f
opiJiion*, could certainly mean only toYacrifice them to Obd.,"
When PoUeudus and Nearchus, impelled by indifcreet aieaU
difturbcd the feaft thM was celebrated for the prorpeHty^pf ilvtf
£i»peror; when they broke the alters and the ftatures, ahd*
women and children were crufhed by the ruins,- theii^oflenidc'
wa8t>f a tfviMiatiHe. It wai a breach* of the laws oF'fbefttyi
of'Ch^iaws ef mer»i who might therefore' juftly pafs fenfence
u(k>n them) and put them to death. This was' an ad- of fiiiman
juftieb : but when for erroneous doSrinei, or ill gr'ounded ]pro^
pofttidns*, when the humour hits to punifli For thefe, it is a
lacrifice to God. The maflacre of St. Bartholomew^ the arini-
verfary of which was lately celebrated in the centurial year
17715 mi^t have been deemed a (Orifice,* had it been eon"
duded in better order, and. with more form and dignity-in Chef
execution;
Was not the death of Antie Duhoui^, prieft ahd eounfellbr
of parli^fment, and equally well refpe^cd in thofe capacities, a'
genuine facrifipe ? Have not the hearts of half the feniibleandt
inteMigcnt people in Europe fwelled with indignation ^aitifl
other and even more atrocious barbarities ? Have not. we ktti
two children, who deferved only paternal correAion^ expofed
to the moft cruel death and torture ? If the perpetrator^ of this
horrid deed had children, tf they allowed themfeives k mori>ent
for refle4Sion, if the reproaches which ^om every quarter aflailed
th«fr ears W^re aWe to reach their hearts, pdffibly they might
Ihed a tear while they looked upon this page. The curfes of
inankind, however, are due to them, and the curfes of mankind
be upon their heads ! Vide note after the tragedy.
This tragedy, which may now be citecmed one of Voltaire's
beA and moft ufeful dramas, has the fineft moral tendency that
can be conceived. It ends happily with the abolition of human
facrifice» in Crete, and with the prefervation of Afteria, the
King^^ daughter, who, by the laws, was to have been facrinced.
To give the-ftory a grater intereft, fliq has a lover, in whofe
arms the |poet1e«vei her.
Thp tragedy is followed by feveral poems, of which that
catled ^t^ Lov JfaiurefU^ the Law of Nature, written about
twenty yjs^fs ago^ and addrefled to the King of Pruflia, feems
to be the be(| It has wit, fenfe, and fpirit, and is much in
the manner of Pope's Efiay on Man.
We are next prefented with a Jeu-etEfprit on the Crufadet,
occalioned by a late |>a|ie^ric on St. Lewis, read before the
y^cademy at P^rf^
^ Oa
dl# artkle Cr^^ to haxe fouad Peter the Hflrmit OBHBUaiorpkM
ij|U) •:]>ftoo(Ue9«9i.or.A Ci<iero» . I^. really m«kn one «iivy t^Cr««
isde. ) own I Iboald not be forry to fee one ftt on foot againA tk
Ti(rk< • } love the lirecJcjChnrtli, becauieit is the mother of thelitis
^huciplw' t-dftre (ay thve^are priRoes who, -on oocaftoft. wotihi oi^
Hkifi^t up (not Ml high, hat oa-his legs^ at loaft] the MUrtarchof CW
VWHMfl«< wlw wa& drmotthed^by dMt Iduftk . / 1 dioirid . iika wm^
t(g^^>&if Grcc^f* th« <Witry pf Akibi«4tf s»d A«aar0«a« nted
&90k tti. long flayeqr. U ^K^d be a« hifth cfihtcriMdMM %» fi^k
^e (ife <tiy<ca Ath^m whh Aipaiia^ad Perictca^. lUccr OMm^giiMi
one of thc.pUya of Sophocfes.
^ * But. to go and bear arms in the neighboiM'hoQd qf Ifluii wU
ChorayifOt I own, 1 do not much rellfh that.
* AH the former hiftoHans of the Crofades. &tm to hava faeca bii
hy^ |he iama tartnttilas with ihe'Crnfees themfelves. For, ia ik:r
Opinioa, aios were efientially iervki^ God in ahaodoiiiw tkt cakbt-
la»a of OiQ moft fertile bads ia the Weft, in carrying ^^ aAdihv
ilHo ?ii region f)f il^iluy* in viiiting the Hol^ Land with iketr.wi'
tfeiTcs oa horfeback behind theai* and in having thok thfoati iM
by the Tutki and Saracens, eigh^^ea huadaed ieagnet iron theif 9«t
9^ntry,
^ « As to right, they had no pretence. What then coaM j^ li^
^ccafion of this epidemic madnefs, which lafled above two coacanct^
piid which WAS fignali2.ed by every fpecies of cruelty, every dt^nt of
perUy» debauchery, and Otttra|;e» which could difgrace haoin
aaiure ^ *
' Qki g^^n4Jkp9Mfftfii Uei^ ^ CJkrj/bt,
joay do ^^^y ^ell ia an epic poaoi ; bos is bv na waan t ^copfanaahii
IP the.genius a^ hiilory, fuch as the S^nmo of this d^ expcda to£adk
* I would ventMfe to {ay with fuhmifllon, and^ p<4IibLy9 I auqrk
jdeceired, that the Popes conceived this boki and hardy entcfpiizc
:of carrying the arms of Europe into Afia Pilgrimages were sacc^*
in Aiihion. T-hey began at Mecca, where the wife snea of fhe Ea::
firetended that Abraham and Ifhmael were iateired, Tbefr isapa-
|«iy>.flipigraMoas were imrttated in Europoi Peop)e ^wena to Xaav
to vifit |he fepuJchres of St, Pecer aadSt, PaaUiwhdie iiodsea'wcv
buried ii» tha^,city, according to.the wife me^oCjchf W#ft» -Bftc-tbe
< Opinion propagated a long time amongft Chrifiiaxu, U;iUthe wmki
iirew near to its diriolutiha^ bad for. near aocntnry.tttroo^ thcfaitk*
ful. fr^ro , pilgrimages to, Rome to pijgrtmages lo J<niialeM. • -The
tomb <>^ J^^^ Chriil was nati}rall3( thore an objfld of ckesf dggaitm
iban the tombs of his . difciples^ Thoa^*^ after -atU ^«re was ca
anetfe dtmonllrative proof of the' tdentica) fpdt where he waa kttiffid,
ahaa ^ (he preciA: placQ whorfc. AbrftWo^-1^9 iiiitprrcdj
. * The World noi coming >lo ^S'^elid^ ajl- wii^txpoAtdp nd ^
TMfkft^ ^vailcr9.:0if jetu&km, .tocitingi the fai^mV wiirik:«ftfiOftioa,
Ihofc of the {^atin ^huTch complainQ^ pofioply oi^^thoirhAi^ ohUgod
;to pay too dear for their d^voiioni but alio of the deprcdatioo of t^
AralM» fad pi|rt|cii)<iriy 9f the C9a4a£^ c(jim Gratk CfarMi«nH>Mrho
jid iiot^ftffi& (hem cm thtir retium by ConOaiuiaop^le. Th^r((uiiifMV
tunat^ o>«9i.eiit0ttaiAed a higfier rtfentmoat tgaiaft (hib&r'lH(«ihmfl|?
for AQt r^Uoriag themrthai^ agaiqft their eft^nrifs k^ {rtimdtriiig;
Jitm, .... - s
* The firil who thaught o( arming ibe W^ af aiiift rh* Ef ft» im^
ler^ pretext^ affiftifig thie pitgrim^and refcuing tha Holyl^ii^,
WES Pppa Gregpry; VIl< thai att<bcx)a« «iQDk, at onea a I^Mioiiq4
a knave* at once whinfical aad dangeioatt that^rMmfpttiMMl^
kiogSv ^ho ^abliibed the dtair of St Feier on the riYti^sof fab*
iramd cvQtivnf* It appears from hift )eftf re, that he^propMbd^ ^ J*^
liib ^ Craiade againft the Tarkc ; (wt ihl^ Ouiade was'necejSArUy
direa^d againft the Chriftiai^ eoopire of Ooaftaiidaopl^. lc'wa» loikv
p^ffible U) eftab|i(b theX^ church In Afia bot oa tha rains of the
Greek, iu inveterate rivaji ; am) the Qreek t^baxcb ^oald aat beabof^
liAedbut •by taking Conftantinople,
* Urbai> ^Q Second hiid the fame defiga ; that Urba9 wh» ps9f
Dieted ^e perfocation began by Gregory Vll. agaiail tho great aad
Dfifbrtuaace Henry IV. Ila k was who anned the Iba againft th^
father, and fandlified the ^ime ; he,, who a natural fubjeft of Philip U
King of Fraace, had the aadsictouinefs to ^xcomaonnicate hk-Sove»
rdga evta in Franj^e itfdif, where ho preached the Craiade*
' The defign of taking Conftaatinople was fo thorQaghly ad^pted^
that Bfihop ^ontell, the Popc^ legate, and a foldi<9>; ditetnuned
abfolatdy to begin the expedition wich the fiege of thac capital^: ant
to fKtKFminate the Grefk Chriftiane before he engaged wM the
Turks. The Coont Bobemondo, who wat lA ihe (^eret, was of tte
fame opinion, Hugh, brother to the King of France^ who had aah>
ther troops nor money,, but who Aipported this proje^n a h^h
tone, had the iadifcretion to pay a vifii to the Emperor Alexis Com#
neniui, who pat him under arrefK but had afterwards the generofity
to fet trios at libefvy. In a word, Godfrey, who was by no means the
chiefs the Ccufeesi $» is generally un^erHood, attacked the iubtfrbl
of the Imperial <;ity id 9ittn$ 9 c4H h Mtut^^ and. this^was his firft
expk»it4 Bat fortunateiy making peaoe with the Eilkperor , hiaob-
(aioed permiffion to go to Jerusalem, the way to^ which a^as opened
for him by the Conat de Thottloafe and thc^ Fi-inCa of Tai'sntbrn*
ifi^M had taken A woch by farprine. In ihort, the redoAioib ef the
&reek empire was io wholly the ohje^ of this Crafad^ ilmt^tht
Qroifcs carried it ia 1 304, and contiaaed maflers of it (o years.
* Whether al) this was juft or otheiwifr^ 1 refer to GroUat tkjii^
^ The Popes then found themfelves. raiied to that pitch of gran*
dear from which the Catipbs fall. Thefc Caliphs began with carry*
i ng the fviford and the center. Th^ Popes, who began with tfae cenlea»
foo^ availed thbmfeiues ofthe fwords of Princes. Had they petfottr
%Hy attended ia the field, they might pofibfy, favouced t>y the fan*-
:icifm of the times, ivave^broaght under their fufa^km the empiral
yf the-Eaft and the Weft, an^ have treated theii< fovereigni as they
rrcated Henry IV. Frederic ffiirbarofla,i and Frederic 11. Bat duy
la/ ftiU in Rome^ and fought ot4y with their bulls.
58i Voltaire'i Giffpel of the Day, VoL X.
It 19 weW IfDewn how the Gf^ekt bnrifked tfaSe Lttfns, and re-
covered their unfortvDate empire. Jc is weir known Iiow die Maf-
Ailcnen extcrmtAated almoll air the Cnifees in AfiaMiftor* and in
Syria. Of the multittidea^f thefe barbarous emigr^Dts^ there re-
mained only a few' orders of religious^ whp Jbad insuie a vow to the
G^ 6f peace to ftied'human'blood.
• 'It was in thefe circ,umi!ances that St. Lewis had the iUldck 16
laake the Tanie vbw opoo the attack of a fever, daring which h/t
thdoght he h^anf a Voice from Heaven commanding him- to ufider-
take a Crufade.' He had better have hearkened to a real voice 6on '
Heaven, that Is the voice of resfon, which would have ordkfedhiiii
Xo ftay at }^om^» to coniinfie to encourage the agricuUuFe and iccna*
Bierceorhis country, proted the Jaws, and pfove himfclf'thc fa*
tber of his people. This glory he enjoyed ; and if he Wftoied the
honours of a tonqueror, he might mora properly have iboghi^ikem
in the recovery of Guyenne, than by going himfdf to be taken vn
l^ypt, whild he was impoverifhing and difpeopling his kingdom'.
I *• ffeibltowed', it is fald, the prejudices of bis time : but tt i< the
pfoperty of gfcat minds to rife above prejudices. He ought co.have
reformed the age. He had already fet th« example in refilling the
cnterpnffy of the court of Rome. Wherefore could he AOi re-
fift the madneft of tlie Crofades t tie who confidered the welfare
of his' people as his firft duty I — What had France to do with Jer^V-
falem i Whardriteieft, what caufe, What treaty called him ioto£gypti
Jtiad there been any French ilaves in that country, the fcniible old
monarch who folicited peace would have reiloVed them for a thoji*
fand and-a thoufand tlm^ lefs money than his fatal expedicicm cod
him. He was not prefFcd by any nation to carry war into Hgypr,
wbichmuft have ruined him, even though it had been fuccemul.
On the contrary, all the nations in Europe, even kofite itielf. were
weary of the ridiculous and troiiblefome bufinefs of ihe Crofadet*
* We are reproached in the prefent age with n5t condemning hit
Cnifade any otherwi(e than as he was a faint : we will ventnre to
fay, hosvi^ve^, that as a faint, he ought not to have undertaken \u
Undoubtedly he engaged in it as a faint and as a hero ; bat if he had
employed 4)is grearvirtues in a different way, he would boith kavt
been a better lalnt, and a more refpedabic h^ro,
* It is becaofe ^e have an alFei^ionate reverence for his memorf^
that'we mourn o\^er him when he had retidered himfelf the bo£L
unfortunate of men ; that we lament his wife lying in in ao Egyp«
tian pril'on, and in continual appreheniions of death ; that we bewail
his fon, who pc?ilhcd ih this faial expedition ; ^hat we grieve for bia
brother the Count D'Artois, whofe head the conquerors carried lapoQ
s lance ^ for the* flovVer of his cavali-y cut to, p4C€;cs befpjie i^is cgres,
and for fiftcea thoufand French, who periihed in th^ diiallrout
ecterprife ( •'..-•-•..
* Let lis cherifh his memory ; but let as ,not.with-hold our ^iUeai
frdni his coitqiieror Atmoadai), who cured, hii^ of the plagucp and
remitted two huhdrtd thoufand i^c/^w of gold of his ranloo*. . We
know it to* be truc, and ive n?ay as well own it, that tdc people of the
Eaft were then riie people of k^wkdge aad civility, and that we
were the barbarians*'
The
VoUaifC*^ Goffil ofthi Day\ Vol. X. 533
The followmg cxtraS of a letter from Mr. Voltaire to th#
Jting of. Pruffia, at once furntlhes us with a record of the ag«
and wonderful fpirit of this inexhaufttblc Writer.
♦•SIRE, Fcrney, ift Pebrtiary x^y^*
** I thiink yott for your porcclalti. The King my waiter has no
£Dtr. Bat I thank you much more for what you have takco^ from
me (ban for what you have given roe^ lo voar la(l letter you have
cOt off nine'whoie yeats frpm my age. Kcvef did our Cdntroller
Gentrat of the t^ioances make a more extraordinary alteration*
Yoar Majefty has«the goodnefs to compliment me on my attaining
the age cff feventy. Yon fee how Kings are alwaysdeceived. I am
feveot^^ntne, if yoo pleafe, and upon the ilroke of eighty. Thus..
Ihall 1 never fee, what 1 have ixi paffionately wilhed 'for, the deifruc*
cioti of tbofe rogues, the Turks, who fhut tip the women, and'*do
nOf ciihivaic the line arts."
Letter from the prefent Emprefs of RuiTia, to Mr. de Voltaire.
" The brightnoA of the northern (lar is a mere Aurora Bpr^alist
It is" nothing more than giving of one s fupcrfluity foroething tooi»e*a
neighbour; but to be the advocate of humankind, the defender of,.
oppreSed innocence, that is^ indeed, the way to Jmmortalife you*
The two caufes of Galas and Sirven, have given you the veneration
due to fuch miracles. You have combated the united enemies of
mankind, fuperftition» fanaticifm, ignorance, chicane, jpad judg}:s,
and th^ power repofed in them altogether. To furmount (ucb ob-
ilacles, required both talents and virtue. You have /bevvnthe wprld.
th^t you'poffeiTed both. You have carried yoor point. You uefirc.
Sir, fbme itirall relief for Ac Sirven family. Can I poffibly rejfuiie '
it.* Or fhould you praife me for the a<5tion, wOuld there be t!hi
leatl hHmr forit 1 1 own to you that I (hould be much better plear4?d
if taj bill of exchange could pafj unknown. ' Neverthelefs, if
yon think that my name, nnharmonious as it Is, may beof4ny
ofe to thoic^ YiAims of the fpirit of perfecution, I leave it to. your
dtfbretiorr, and you inay announce me, provided it be no way pre-
JQcficiat to the parties.
•* The misfortune of the Bifhop of RodofF has been publicly .
talked ofi and yoo, Sir, may communicate the memorial at your
pleafure, as a piece of intelligence you came by honeftly-
•" 1 have read with a good deal of aitentfon the book that ac-
companied your letter. Jt is difficult to reduce the principles it
confaiD« xb pradice.. Unfortunately, the majority will long be againft
it.^ It 1i poffible, nevqrthtlefs, to (hake the foundation of thofe opi-
DiOils %htch tend to the dettrufiion\ of mankind. What follows, isj,
wdfe^^r word, what I have in/erted, atnopgfl other m.attc^s, in my
inftrit^Udrfs td the committee for redii^ipg and^ jcepubliihing our
fyftejti of ltw». ; *' .
'* In a gre^t empire, which extends its dom'rnlons over as many
ASettixt people as ihVre are diffeferit: rdigioni In the world, the fault ,
m69tV9rt\t]^tit to thjb hpOft ktid tHnquiTlity bfthe fubjett would be
the tn tolefnitice of dilfey^M fe<fU. ^Jbthing but a wile tQ^eration,
cqaali^tOfniHlent w^iih rfght religion an4 ibund policy, can^.brir^
home the wandering Iheep^to^ tiie fajd of the faithful. , Pe;fe<;utioa
irriutei
534 Capra't TrtftWj ; ft Poem.
trntatei tlie minds of men ; toleration (bf^s ^em, and rt^m
them lefs rduf^ftot to^fle thofe difpotes which are injoHoas ekkr
to the repofe of Jjoveniment, or to the uBton of the cititeiis.''
^ Afler thii rollowe a Aimmary view of the fpirh of the bwi cot-
centiiig fotcery, itc. which wonld be too long to recite in a kncr.
hi thif every thing ift laid down chat could be /oggefled, to preCem
the people, on one hand» from the evih which focii'acca&&oe
night bri n| apon themi without diAnrbtng* on the other hand, tk
qoiet of theu credulity, or giriog oftnce to the coniciences of off
believcrt. i thought the only pra^cabte way to introdoce the in
of reafoo, wm to aiake it perfedly eoc€ftent in iu operatioas vkt
the public txanquillity. oi which every indindoal finds the dcc^
and the ufe.
'< The Utile Count Schoovnloff; on his return to kia country, toU
jne the intereft you take in evtry diing that concerns me. I coadade
with every fendment of gratitude, Sec.**
This letter is at once a proof of evident vanity and of gres:
jMiitl in the royal writer. Our limitt allow no farmer extraSs.
"^ A R T. V. ' r~
JMri A^#^^#/, J^$imi em Cinq Chatiti.-^My Travels, a Poem, ia Tut
Cantos. By M. Carra, Author of a great Ntnnber of Artacks k
the Supplements of the Encyclopaedia of Paris, of Odazix a fhk-
fbphtcal Romance, of the Poem, entitled the True FhiloCbp^,
and many other CompofitiOns and Tranflations !a Prol<^ and Vers.
8vo. 18. 6 d. London. Heydinger. 1774*
^RRyfHf Monf. Carra ! you be a mighty great trritcria*
^ deed, and a marvellous poet ! no lefs, em vrr/i/^ than m
great, great grandfon of your own Malberbe, of Xhoodcr^ittt-
Lightning Memory !
Mark how the battle burns !
ye monte une coiline^ et mis yetix ehtgnls
Parconrent Us deux camps fur leurs plans nUigncs,
Deja cheque brigai en hit crdre s^avance.
Les ermemts font face. ..Onfe trouvs en prefence.
XJn filence profond regne queiques injlans . . .
Li coup part : et la mart vde dans tout Us rangs^
A a bruit ^ U canon accorde fm tthsnem.
Des pes de foldats font renvirfis par terre.
D^autres fon ethportes U poignard a la wain.
Et Iherbe^ en un din d'ctil^ ft feint defang bunktrn:
Voir s^ inflame^ it rougit\ U champ f\ime. QnfetfiM^
La bayonnetti donm^ et la rage tedoubU,
Sur des morceaux di corps j Us tfcadrons piudreux^
Font paffirau galop Uurs aurfters vig4iriux. ^ • *
jtu travers des bouUts^ du la fame H da armet^
Chacun donne et refoit di martdla ollarmeU ' \
On intend d'un eoti d^horribltt Jureme^ i '* ' "'
l>i l*autri bs foupirs k let irii dts ihiuram.
S Traofltf^
U\^\^Elm0nft6f&io^iHiflory. Part IL ^
TfMflatfi4c by ft defcenjdanl ^om Sir RicboDif SkfkvtlWi.^ :
High Q» amoanuin's cloiid^crowii'd head I rit^f >'^'^'' •
A«d o« the can^'behcath like cafttnifie'eTesi )^ ^ -'
>low each brigade in beaoft«<m& ibnft;')i4^nces,'
And with old England, £ice to /ace, eM Fmnce i|»'
. 'Tit filence now — and, now*, morblieui 'tbpopt - •'
OfFgo the mafkeCfi, -down the dead^eit dre^
Now the loud cannon belches fireratid ball; * t
BattJp on their bacfkf whole files of ^kliert fall^.
Now pufli Che gHtterrng poinardi) banfd tfer \y^adf
Amd in a twink, they make the gfOMi grtife «d. * '
The air all fire, the field all fntioke and- f rouMtfl
Have at the tayooecs^ an4 TBse redoublei !
Thed«fty^^«adr«iiS'o'crtliedead:ineii|^|>! '
Pfones, <antts^ aad bails ia ikath'siiill caoiimawattlip t
Killing, and kiU'd, their 4uie«coxifooDdtha*dt)
And, bark l-*Good Lordl how horribly they fwcart
(Advertisement.] '
* The fame Author announces for iiejrt fpring, ^ ntWPfOtk op
ffts fen J intitled. The Spirit of Morah and Philofiphy. He liaa
begun a grand poem, whicTi is called, TJ^ Four ^artirs 0/tii
Ji^orld: but this poem will not be primed, unlei3 by (ubfonp'*
tion»' l^okliere^jre poor jBi^gliih grub^ ! look npoa the aiag«>
nificeot Monf. Caeca \ . ,
And blofc to be outdone ih neter VKifhing! *
— II I 1^1 ,|i , ■ I II !■>■ I ■ ■ > I I ih I i»m i« I il , I ■
A R T. VL
'Elimtns i^hiftoiro Generale, Suoude Partie, The Second Part of the
Elements of General Hiftory. By Abbe Millot, 1 ^mo. 5 Vols,
Paris. I773,
OF the firft part of this valuable W0^k, which coci^ptebended
ancient hiftory, we gave an account in the Appendix to
oiir 48th volume. The fecond part, comprehending m'odern '
Kiftory, is now before us, and does no lefs tionour than the firfl,
to the judgment and abilities of its Aochor., 4^ is not intended
for the ufe of .children, tho' evcji to tliem a judicious Mafter
may render feveral parts of it extremely, ufefu I, hut for thofe
%vho have made fomc progrefs in their iiuvJies, and, for perfons
engaged in the a£live fcenes of life^ who ar^ dcil^ous of ac-
quiring fgme general hiHouc knowledge but bj^x^ UtU^ time te
k>eftQ^ ypon Itudy., To the pcjutl of fuch perfons wc rccom-
inend it with pleafure: we know of no hiitorical work, indeed,
Mrhfch, in fo narrow a compafs, contains fo muob ufcftil know-
leiige, or that is better c^kulated to infjprre a love of virtue and
iberty, an^.to form ufeiFal noember^ of a community. The
Author's {irinciplc^iirc enlarged, liberal, and Kitvnly j he place«
?hc mod interefting objeJla before Wfe Readers, ofceri in a new,
fcnd almoft alw^s in a ^t^ry -ftriking point of ticw j -and hfs
• • ' ftyle,
536 Mi\\ot^s EUments of GtiHralHiJhry^ PartIL
ftyle«"llib* fiNaetimes declamatory, m generalljr dear^ coilcife^
and «lcgafK, • • ,
In this fecond part of his work, he confines himfelf Wmoft
entirtly to tfie hiftoiy of Europe, aitd relates AieK etcnts only
as are neceflary to be known by his Readers, in order to enable
them to d^rea themfclves in ftudying the hiiioty of particiriar
countries. The early a^cs he paucs over very rapidly, with-
out a fervile ^ttentioa to chronology, looking upon the order
of thinffSy and tbeir relation to the intcreib of fociety^ as pre-
ferablelo tha order of time ^ truth and utility being bia pria-
cipal objeAs*
^ Let us (fays he) reafon upon hiftory, is oader to draw pnM&ka]
confequence^ from it, aod jaft notions in regard to wkatever is in*
tcrefting to fi)ciety« Every thing in bifiory ought to lead the Reader
to refledioBs or maxims ; ought to enlighten the underlta&ding or
form the heart.
' Wifdom would be natural to men, and woold fcafce inquire
either ^^^y or effort/ if it" had generally prevailed among^ Incrn*
But fuch, on the contrary, is the frailty and imbeciilicy of baman
nature, that general hiftory places continually before oirr eyestbe
melancholy ipe^lacle of follies and calamities, and reaches os atefal
leilbns much more by the errors and misfortanes of our amaefleia,
than by examples worthy of commendation. Accordingty, theim*
perfeflions of ancient forms of government are the heft political
lefTons to the moderns, as the frailties and errors of the clergf of
former times, are the heft leiTons, in point of difcipline and nmrala,
to thole of the prefent.
* I (hall conceal, therefore, noneoftbofe errors, follies, or vices
(hat were attended with pernicious confequences, not even tbofe which
are,' with fo miich feverity, charged upon the Priefthood. It is ia*
cumbent upon me to fhew, that in ages of ignorance and fuperfti-
tion, the condu6^ of the Clergy was the fource of great part of the
evils of htimanity. It is one* of the triumphs of the Charch, kow*
ever, that it fobfifled in the midft of fo many icaadaloaaabafhs.
The Infidel charges them upon religion iifelf, bat ia vain ; tkc
Chriftian finds in them an additional motive for adoring the wtflooi
ofProvidence-
^Befides, every impartial perfon will allow that, if the abofe of
the facred office has frequently occaiioned great calamities, thedady
exercife of it has ever been attended with great advantages. The
evil is known by public and f(riking efFeds ; the good is faitatly and
indiftindly perceived by reafoa of its regalar and uniform appearand.
The fbrmer, unfortunately, fills the hiitoric page, wbiift "the Imoer
ibllows the halutual courfe of fociety/
This is part of what our Author adirances in a ^rery caii£d
and judicious Preface.-*His iirflr volume is introdi^ced. with
fome preliminary obfervatiofid concerning tbe rcttlendcnt of ibe
Baibarians in the Roman empire. ^ '
' Of tbe many bloody revolutions, fays he, which have changed
she face of this globe, there it not one which better dciores tbe
attention
Riil)6l*x BUmeftts ofGeneral Eiftory. f^art IL 53^
attention of tlie t'oKiiciaii, and even of tlie lUiiloftpbcr, tkan that
which overturned the Roman Empire, and raifed the Monarchies of
Europe oa m fums* • The ^ory, the grandear^. the firength, the
knowledge of tli,at^r^. tb^t celebrated £mpii^» jiU prrilhed in aa
inftant. Barbarians, unlqnown or defpifed, deflroy the work of agea,
the work of Aumb^r}e(i Woes and immortal geniufes. They M'i-
Qoiph over Rome, take poifeirion of her provinces, convert them into
independent States, and together with t|heir power, eftablffh their
own laws and prcjtidices. The canfes and effe^of foi memorable aa
t^enx might fornifii nftatjter for tMXkf ^oliaoies ; \ (hall endeavour to
iHike ihem an one view, confioiag myielf.to .fomb «icifbl refle^lions,
and takine nothing from hilbry bat what is calculated to ealigbtea
reafonADdinfpirewirJogi. 1:1-
* The very aame of Rqmb 4a^W o«r^. eyes. We almoil weep
over the roins of tl^at mighty Eaipire,, a^^ look with .abhorrence
upon^thofe jvho deflr^ed it* as nAOo/lers aoieis contegipttble than
deteflable. But ihonld the Cok>nruSy which crulhed all pther nations^
an4 formed itfelf upon their ruins, iiuereft oa lif^ore than the people
whofe blood flows in 0)ur veins? Is^n Honoriiify mi Aroadius, toge*
therwiDk the heirs jof their cowardice and.ftyf jdity, n^re worthy of
our admiration than aa Alaric, a CIpvis, an Qdoacer, a Theodoric,
^ Tatila,. .&x» ? lii<a jwordi «i^t» not; we to, iopk iipoo the vii^orirt
andthe eftablHhment of the Ba«bari9«s as the conieouences of moral
cades, the inflaence of which* /poner ^ lacer« ocqauon^ the rife and
Fall of Empires? For the truth of this ItK us lu^y^ recourfe to hidory,
ai^ -let. us recoiled, for a moment, (bme imp<Ktant .reflexions feat-
cened up and down the flril part of thi$ st^ki they are jthe feeds of
thofe confequences which arie now to be laid before our. Readers.
' tt is to her manners, as mach as to her poUcy and her arms, that
Roaae was indeboed for. her fortune. Her aoble fenti^icnu, her love
sf liberty, her paflion for glory, Ker invincible conftancy* her con^^
cempt'.Qt dangers and of degth, her pbedieace.to ihis law9>. and,
ibove ail, her military difcipliney exfeaded am). f:emeAte4 thercon-
^oefls. tier adb -of iAJ^afUee were even clothed wixh a (^ad of {]^\t^'
iid majefly^ which made tyranny iiielf.be rerpeited. .1
' Riches produced at Roi^ie whatihey have p^oduc^d t'R^tf whju-^f
luXttiyxorruptedjxiaoners,. ^nd the an)bition.of die grea^ bought the
TufTrages of the mnltitode; liberty no longer animated the, brea/ls.^f
[loaan citizeBs,; civil warsdid not ceafe tiij Rome rect^lv^ d a miller ;
utereft nuade courtiers* and .force m;ide flave^ ; the ie^ioiis becvnt?
He ioib'omtntsof defpotifm* ahd thought they hail a rig[u to di|4*or<^
>f the Sovereignty ; tli^ Pretorian Ban|b«. wj^igh always foJd ihe^^
elves ap. the b^ bidder^ fportcd \yith th4 liies of Princes and wi[h
iie'laWBdfth^ State; in H Vvord, .under ihcir ?iricjCiU forms ofgo-
rernment the hioft horrid crimes and ai^ufes. prci'aiied, A de;jLncrace
Senate, Magiitr^tes «(i;(hbj9t hpoonrpr authority, iroops wiihmt
lifcipline or controul,, ^'cowardly, pppreilcd, and infyUnc people,
Jbandonpd theuifelves to alj a^anner pf yxtravagance anc^ ilifordfrr;
he very air of the court w^ai ftt^fticient to inftfl che whok natioA ;
lebauchery, voluptnoufnefs, and almoft^ev^ry fpecits ofvict gl?fie-
ally filled thfethrorft^. ' '••f:'''
Apf. Rev. Vol. 1. Nn' •Soma
5^8 Milloi*i Elements if Qmeral Nfficry. Pari U.
' Some jrreflt men, indeed, po/TeiTed of the virtues of lOPOt
timed, occafionallv appeared, and Ri^me fecmed to rcviTc, but, like
pcrfons brought back from the brink of the «avc, and reSorcd »
tome (3ei;rfc? of health, with the fced^ of difeale fttU rcmaloipp, fie
relapfcd/ and the diftcmpcr raged with greater vio1eo^c> as fooico
the fourc^s of corraption were opei2Cfd again.
* The army created Emperors lo order to extort from them ia-
mcnk TargefTes, and butchered them in order to extort the £sLmtfatn
from tliejr fucteffdrs; and fuch was their liceotxoufiieis, that i^
Tcry mention of difciplinc was a (ignal for revolt. They were oa
longer foTdic rs, they were the bppre^ors of their country ; tlicy were
no longer citizens armed for the common defence, they were Ia«^
and infatUble robbers* Nay, a great number of thoie very Baiba-
riana, whofe brethren and co^ntrymen had fo very lately iovaded de
Roman provinces, were enlifled among them» ib that the eoeig
found", even in the 'Roman legions, men eager to receive tbeip.
* \^ hilft a dangerous foldiery guarded or ruined the frontiers* the
inhabitants 6f the capital, at a diftanee from war, whicti they wcie
totally unacquainted with, were almoli e()ual Araajgers to laboBc*
which is fo neceiTary to the fupport of manners. lodigent ai^ idle,
they drew their fubfiftence from thofe largefles and diilributioos.
which a wretched policy had efhtblifhed in order to gaiii tlitir fuf-
frages, and they were ready to revolt as often as the State was ma^k
to pay them this tribute. Italy, chan^d into a garden by Afiatk
pomp and luxury, could no longer maintain its inhabitants. Whea
it had no fuppties fVom Africa or Sicily, as was frequepdy the ca^
in the time of w^rs and civil commotions, the people brratbedaff-
thing but fedltion. When an enemy appeared at the gates of &
capital, they could neither fight nor obey ; for Rome now h^^ota
fingle Roman to defend her.
' When ConHantine had founded his new capital^ and» by an i]t-
judged pride, had conveyed thither almod all the riches of lie Stas,
the Weil being exhauf!ed fell into a kind of annLhilation. l^u cot-
fidently afferted, ho^^ever, that when Rome was taken by AlariCf
the revenue of l^veral families amounted to upwards of four millioos
of our ft)Onry. Now fuppofing this account to be greatly exagg^
tated, it is Itlll an evident proof that the riches of the na&oo were
fwallowed up by a few, that Luxury multiplied crimes inceflactlf*
aftd that the provinces Were a prey to courtien and financiers.*
• Our Author draws a very juft and ftrikiog biit me}4iKbo1;
pi^ure of the manners and principled of thofe times^ aniltkca
proceeds-; , . . . - . , • i
* Ufidoubt^diy,' fays be, * tbofe rnorthent nal^ofts ahsiei took if
arms againft the Roman#| deferved the nanv^irf^,3ai^ariaiu. fittiA-
ing nothing but war and japi^et they wQ'ein <fa$!i of a finer ctimaie,
and of piofc fertile ,countrioB> than ^h^ir .qwn ^hoiiacma jtpd fofeti.
The right of the fword was th^ir o^ly titf^ and fhis rigl^ th^«Bf-
cire4 wifhout rem^r^ as^ if it^ha4 befn ^fifuimr^^ngii^ /^l ft^l
a^ far from being difpofed to be their P/i^f^sift^ hi^w^tftraudtUe
were tbey^ a,n4. how^ fer^ fijperi^P tp .jhfj^^x^ed Datio9lt;:i(hicl
they "au4t4c4 r:,Theu fig^l^a^ aaftcr^ nifti^^W; w^rP %«Bni*r«»
MiHoi'/ Elinunti fij^eneral'lJifi&rj. . Part II. 539
tp.thi name of effeminacy f their win t^. were few. and ytry eaiily
tiiii&ii^ theW bodies {nurecHR laibour and cofl teemccfinacceilible to
5i^ti^\ war^ being,, as it were, their very element/ thcyiodrfccl with
kngey^J incl fmlled upon death ; thd* free and enemies to conftraint,
'tliiy-weVe n^^erthelefs atmched to'.tlielr Cbtefs^ tiscaufe tbcy made
choice of the jnoft defervlfog to be'tbeir Commanders. A fefccious
vk'lbiif, whatever may be laid to .the cjnUary, was «oi ih^tr only
^iBefit. * We have a pi^ure qf German manners dwxyu bv a FUilofo*
^f^rtufe, b6i the cah1\^iori of rc:iron, ^vhich leads' to ihe true
'principles of focial life. Does not hilWry a/Tort^ us ihac even the
Hon s, th'oft favagc robbers, kept their word inviolably? Nay the
Franks, the Gorhs, and fcyeral other Barbarians, h*id, b^ fighting
a^ahiftr the Romans, or being in their ftfrvice, acquired idsas and
fom^ <fegree of knosvtedge ; and' th'eir contempt for a people? from
Wtii>tii t ney received tH bu te, is a f u f H c i c n t p ro rvf what a d v ^n t ag 1 1
thtjy ^'id '6vcr them. Their conquering Priiictfi were great men;
thfete'great men attacked a feeble and an effeminate enemy with tbr-
midable /brces ; the couhage and the policy ol the conquerors, the
efTeihinlCy and the cowardice of the conquered, explain the Revo-
lollbn. • . • ' .
/*'* Ipne Is (hocked with the account of the barbarities committed in
Oaui,' and kfterwards on the other fide of the Pyrenees by the Van-
d)x\i aiici the Suevi, the firH: Conquerors of Spain. No fooner* how->
t^ctt Jire they mailers of the councry, than they are (een toToften
tfi'efr ferocity, to apply themfelves to agriculture, to quiet the feart
and apprehenfions of the inhabitants, and, by their reputation for
jnhice and clemency, bring back thofe whom fear had obliged to
fcN^ta^ themfelves to flight. Some years after, we fee Gcnferic,
KHng of the Vandals, preferring a (iitl more ufeful conquell to that
of Spain, and depriving the Romans of Africa as much by his pru-
'^fehce 'as his valonr. We fee him, all at once, form a powerful
maiine, tho' at £rll he had not a fingle Ihip; fupport himfelflike an
able P6lKician ; negociate and fight with equM fuccefs; in a word,
jH^ro^ph over the empire till his death, bv thofe very means which
Rome, inf its early days, had employed witn fo much fuccf^fs.
'^-The conduft of Alaric^ King of the Vlfigoths, in Italy, deferves
fflirgteater applaufe. The numberlefs perhdioas adit of the Court
of Honorius provoke him, Without being able to make htm either
^tbdSoM9 br craei. K^ elaimt the faith of treaties, and avenges
Miflyfelf like^aliefo whofe c^ndua is regulated by the principles of
h^mnir.' Twice he fparea ^ome ; and when forced at laft to take it
tii"40^, he 'd<»» every tiding 4n his ^werfo leflen the horrors ofvcn*
geanoe v'giter flfijft ot^eri tooflfW no ri^lence to women or churches,
^td te ()}«ring<if Ih4t>kfbd^r the tittered, and faves the Uvea of a
^gl«iit'iiiniiberofKotn(««^.* - -
'^•'Xhfif i» l)Wt of i^H4t biH* At)f(hior bus advanced concerning
^at #Md<^if# feVbltttfoh which "^overtd-ned th? Roman Km«
ptre, the efFefIs of which, with regard to laws, government,
N o 2 mao-
540 MillotV EUmiftts rf Gemral ISft^rj. l»art II:
manners and rengion) he pdintf C|^ in % very jodicloui and
ittftrwftivc ipanncr. ,
Hb preliminary obfervations are fi:>llovred by a tnmflatioD of
what Mr* Fexgufon advances concerning rude netUns^ umderAt
imprtJftBWs ofpwirty 4md intereft^ in the fecoiid part of bis iJige*
nious EHbyon the Hiftory of Civil Society.
Abb^ Millot divided his Work into fifreen epochs ; the firft
tontains the biftory of about three centtirics, reaching frcrni
Clovis to CHARtEMAGNE. This hiftory is very iborr, a^d
fcarcely fills forty (mall pages ; but it is clear, jadicious, and
diftind^. and concludes with fome excellent general obTer*
vations.
V The ancient Gauls/ hy%\e^ * the Gertnaps, the Bretoss, dbe
Scandinavians* and* in general » all the Cekic Nations that wece
fpread ovei" the face of Earope, had a ftrong redunblaacc to «»ck
other in regarS to ^vemment, manners, ami Qptnkms. This it-
femblance is ytty ftriking in all the States that were formed by cbe
Barbarians, when they di/membered the vaft empire of Rome. Liber*
ty and war were their prevailing j;>aflions. Being conrioced that
power gives right, and that victory is a certain proof of juiltce, they
were no Je(s careful to avoid beipg fubjeft to the arbitrarj wUl aad
pleafure of an individual, than they were ambitions to coaqocr aad
piander their enemies. Their original fom of goverjuneat was s
kind of military deppcracy, under a Commander who had ^eaersliy
the title of King. This dignity could not be herfcdttary* Theyl^
no thought but for the prefcnt, and only wanted a chief who wu
capable of heading an army, and inff>lring obedience ; if they did
not End him fuch, they inilantly deprived hior of the power where-
with they had invefted him* When a warrior diftingniflie^ hlnidf
b^ eminent qualities^ feveral others attached therofelves to him^ aad
a mutual engagement ot^iged them to light fQx each other. £*cry
oneconfideredjt as hb duty to die for his Chief,* and it was looked
upon as cowardice to funrive him. Thefe aflbciations iktm to have
been the firft feeds of the, feudal government. . '
* All affairs of importance were determined in national aflemhtiei»
]■ which thedb armed wamors, fetifible of their power, aod abhorr
ring all manner of conllraint, yielded to nothing but a firna convtc*
lion o£ the; utility of what was propofed to them. This nvfooal
a^embly was hxH called, in France, the ^hamf it M^s^ becaole it
was held in the open plain in the month pf March ; afterwards, it
was calked the Champ de Mat^ becaufe the ufe of qivalry hamn^ he*
€t)me common, Pepin pat off this ailembly till a feaioa wIkh dbcf
could be fupplied with forage.
* When the Barbarians had fixed fet^lements, the democratty vas
qaickly changed into a miiiiary ariilocracy. ^ The gtandeea, hei^
in poEeffion of lands and riches, were c^vAl^ to rSnee the peopk
to dependance. They adumed to themfeh^ ike power whi^ ihe
il^onal bedv hod eojc^ed. The people were ttegieded and de^jpiled ;
the Kiog and th^.grand^i adled as they p|eaj(ed. and the uieq[oaiiqr
o^fortunev4ntrod^^ed a new order of things* Iti France, howerer*
iloder the twd firft races, the people or Trie^irihi had always rAare
MdhtlsEJmiutsi^&niralBffimf^ Rart If. 541
ef the kgiflacive powers iMe, accordiag tQ die expre^p of the
(apitulan^ were made luith the com/tnt of the pgcpJe^ But this coni-
(em, kifi more than probable* becajpac a m^ matter of form. The
J4aires Ju faltdf would nerer have dared^ naV, would never have
been able to fupprefs the national affe^blies, if tne ancient Conflitu*
tion'had not been eflentially vio)aied,
^ * As all authority has a tendency to aggrandize irfelf, that of
Kings, efpecially in the P;-ench Monarchy^ fooa gained ground;
and this was the eifed of conqueft; aad circumftanqesr On the one
vhand» the conquered nationft, accuHomed tat^c yo^e of the Empe-
rors* and pained by chriftiamty to conAant pbedi^et had prind^
pies very favourable tp the^thorjty of Princes, ^s they mixe4
with the Conquerors, they mud necefTarily have h^u a coniiderable
influence ovei their opiniof^s, efpecially as the fame religion was
}>ecot»e; coWmon to both, and as the Bifliop;* who were all Komans»
had greac power over their underHandings and their hearts. On the
other hand, the Kings, beipg in polTef&oa of va^ Domains^ gave
part of them to tl>e grandees, under the title of iemjicia^ when they
wanted to gain them over to their intereft, and toolc them back when
t)iiey thoi^ht proper; and thus hope and fear, the two great fprings
<^the human l^e^rt, became favourable to their political views«
* I^aws fhew the genius of nations, and are mild in proportion to
(he decree of liberty whi(;h they ei^joy. Treachery and cowardice
were, in general, the qnly unpardonable crimes among the Barbar
rian^. There was no pu|>lic punifiiment for murder, for thefe
oorthern nations, being alwayi ^t war, were parttcuIaHy careful to
. avoid capital punifhments, sind eftablifhcd pecuniary pncs in their
^cad, ^ ,
^ It is not at all furprifing that they (hould appoint duels, in order
CD fupply the want of judicial proofs. It wiis the common opinion
. th^t vi^ry proves juilice; in their fyd^m and in their language, it
was the judgment of God ; duelling was the Ihortell way that Barba-
^rians could think of lor terminaung their difierences ; it animated
.and fuppgrted that warlike fpirit, which they looked upon a^ the
greate& of all virtues ; and it was likewife, upon fome eccaiions, a.
preiervative ag^inU the violation of an oath.
* What is uid of duels may be applied to thofc abfurd and ridicu-
lous, tr^ls by which perfons charged with being guilty of crimes
might clear them felves. c;piQion ellablithed them, and opinion, for
, a loQg time, fupported them. From the earlteft ages, the elei^encs
. were fuppofed to have a kind of miraculous virtue, and to be ani-
> mated by fome intelligent principle, which always directed their
adion^ and made them fubi^rvientto the triumph of juftice and
equity. It was the general opinion that fire would not burn an inno-
cetit per/bo, that he might, witho'ujt any danger, handle red hot
ATOn, dip bis l^ands in boiUjag water, &c. Such trials in fome coun-
tries were nanjie4 Q^^^ and Chriftianity could not put an end to
thetn, bec^uie t^i^ barbarians made it bend to their prejudices,
inftead of fai^edip^ their pteJ9ciicef to its principle!. Superilition
. did. not fail fo jind tpcts ofl^cfipture to ia!u thorite a prance fo repugn
ftanttto good fenile. . Acpordingfy, thefe trials bec^^ religious cere-
ttenie^.v(hic^ tl|e. Clefgy na^ an in||erefl \n lupporting. Not to
N n 3 men-
H% * MillotV EUmmti. ^.GmraiJiiJ^rf^ ^ Pari U, . .
mcBtionmiflriidwwafCf^.WfWch tbty 4^,t\j^Jr9m"^hem, ih^.n^.
, dcDklx,:rcii4iQj'«t.(hem arbifers of qnany grpat and iid^pprtaht ^9<^Ih'
^h^Atoffi^iheAkoiy w^x^fg aad> ^v«n t^e' jgadiarWl i>€ea|be <riiJ««. ,
Pri(?il«) w^4\ Monks, n^fm^.of ,the L4ityf,too,.wKcafi<H^^tH whc«
ac«i}fe^<]d[Qri^d.st^le)i^^^t^4JiM'^^ byitiJc,H)g (be cQmoMinjcmy ai|^ ..
•coi»iu;iU,ftuVhon4^'th«.!$bu^« ■. ^ , ,
i. CHfifti9«ity^wouIjdt-ujodqi}l)te41y» lUiV« changed the B#rbvi^9ll
into other men. If it had not been foQH in^e^ted . jwith ipj>er|iuio9f ^
pra^W^D equals abfiifd and pefnici99s« h» dit^jne^ancj bene^knc
moralf i¥^rf|i2pvcired over, 39 it wcrc^ w'lh a^ favage kinfl of ru^^
th^t,s<pn!ccta^d itt( genuine pun tyi and this too waj aa 0iravoidaW«
efFi^^ f^cfrcu9ift9^^«ea. ^ Tbel)r«iid»hadibcpfrl)»a9 ab^liue i^war.
over, the QauU»' and t(ie; (je/oian Prieite hadno left apthority,.. Thd.
northerOi. n^i«n9^» when theychapg^ tl|lUr«iigipni mtte diUci^faJL^
fubieQ to the Prie(lhoo4. Unfbrtonately^ iin^ jCleigy at tbat limp
had qeit^her kpowledge enough to enable t.bam,to ^^ a prop^ p^rtt
Dor virtue enough to make a proper tt(e of-t^heir pov^c* JHon^ifidcMSC^
withottt a miracle, could they poffibly bavc' raiifiMi.,lhe xorremrof
publiq manners f Efpecially when Barlparjau^ ^ywrfi mado Bi(hQps»«
and br,<H)ghi their vices and their ignorant ajoag «vith tl^em« ^to:.
fudi a fituacion, $very thing mull neceiTariiy hav}^<iegeoei^Qd«., - .
' Xh<CiviWan Emperors had enrichc^ t^e Ch^rch^ aD<)» with-.
great, pjcpfufion* bedowed privilegea and imotonhica jupoii her ) ai»d-
fuch te;np(ing advantages contributed not a. Istde to the leUicatioip
of ^KcipilD^ and to the production pf a yaftety of abufesimd 4if^
orc^friy '^hich altered thegenija^ ai^d .fpirxt of the'facred mioiftry,
tJa4er Ul^idpiniBation of Baibariam, the evil fpr^d with prodi*
^iqiHI raipi^My'^ ,B#iag perfua^ed that all i^rimes wpre redeeaie^-^id^ ^
niQcieyvj-^n4 tht^r by givi<i^ to the church, they gained the kiogd9m
of bjeav^i, f heri^ore tl^ey indulged their bruui pailions, (he ipon^. ,
they^^i«i)4ed in thia kind of good works. On$ lueuld ha^H tm^^ ;
ginetd fa) a Abb^ Mably,. i/k^i atfMrict %0as tht firft attributt rf tkt'
Oiity^ ttiid ihfft the^Saittmadfi^ira^U p/ their credit and prot§QUm%T^
0^s^^Vr6n 4kf;;Hifterj cf Fr4iii€e^Q^ 4. .
* Tha BiOiopQ, h^viQjr purchased, large eftares, and adding tbj;
inflti^itco.Qf fi:>ft»ne t€e|harcj!fdit.afld coniideration-whicb they 4^^-
rived jfr^^ religion, v^cfP : fre^<>cQ<fy the Ariiiters of S(atc$ 41^.
Kingdoms. They extcndcct their privileges, vdjfpQfed of i|irofies«
and.iyefQ I^^giQa^Ofs in Sp«vi^,^iQ>rance, and in o^hcr countries {
and tthv^,; indeed, couJd not jppifibjiy have happe^ad pth^rwire^^.^Thfrc*
was a n^Cf^Mty ^fn qo^iu)cs^g the .pcrgy pa i9ai|y oc^aiioi^.^ ^rflUy
were thq or^y ]p?rfons who ?[!?<i^ any things they g^ex^l7>ljp9)ce.ii|,
the name o/Qod« and they, were but ;5Bcn» -.'■.[■ . , v :>, 3...
^ * As the intcrell .of the.JUjtty was contrary ^-^x thoi^, tl^ia <WiP^-
tion gave rife tp i»?w ^ifprdcrs. Xhc Clwgy .^n^plpy^ Vrtfttl^-mcs^
furca again ft powerful^ adverfi^ifs. i^iny«ated iabfes. <tp. %fr4gbfeo. ;ind, ,.
fiibje^l them ; qoafacrated Ip>i^,^) atxi)i$ ^i^^^p^k^fi Kif\^^^flp^,*
goo4*; cppvcrtcd the gentle l^nggflgc of ctiartsy ky:o hpirfd sMiailjf^. >
mas, and mgde .religion brwiv^: y^oti^ng. bus ^e^for^j -^^vi?^
i:ouf><^ils -^ere frequently Je(a attentive to matc/srij pf^.dif^ipliM^ .^f^}j;
M th»j; aftablifhmenjt pr prefervatiohopf lo^rwvc jfigjjt^. a^vd. ^Blt *
\^^\* N£>^ Wai thil all| (bf Biihoj|| Ji^ fft^MtiMiy recourfe to the
fwoid
andi^Hbit; ^«y i^^ht'in d^nce^Of tlk]¥'di6^mrf9;'^ook'bf vrins to
ofe^'^^lOiMieMs^^d^b^f^^ Mt^ (^fheui^t to ftftifk'4he\^%6v»
re^i^ Wmty'pH^n^ «s 'is4th a tfi^nf^M ifHIai^cfa 6f (bell c^o-
doubt, the original caofe of all ibis; but t^e" enmky df 'fbft' (wo
orfligrs aton^-iifbfiident to ft^w thiit ther« werrArsngt^Miftii iitid
tljttth^fe ftbofc* \itf^re deeply rbolVd; ^ •• • - \ ^ ^n'^'n -i .':
> Wtitfn a mimcfoiis tiad of Cttiz^As ik exempted frotn coMlllba
boid^iis and taxes; wheif i: cdtnm^ndsbpi<iioQ, lo^ks tft>or1ci pH«
vitfcj^s as iof divide tight, irid ^hen igd6^tite= atHrfiipe¥lmiio« faioyr
ii8^t?eWi, it miy «hdtittffce a^ thUg, Ulieii it h oiicb g»*Wi«^ fey
inftfeft and ittrtikloli;* Th^autboHtV^tl^Prtlitesf, 'tb^^oi.'^as,
^p6k fMt bccafionsr tf ftftfiline agalnft ^fimis, ^nd t^en'^t'v^as tf
retl>\itillty ; Hat lis, ttetffdkkg t6 rht afual cMirftf i^f haiAin Itfiairs;
inc^Xft hific^flkrDy eorfu|)ted the exercife of this adthorfty, k fre-
qtid««y^%^afeicc9!WfcfclyAiangefOiis. ^ ' r ... .
^Tftrj^at^fcii«lb^l*'of tiionaflic intittitfons had likewife'jfrodi^-
oo#4fftfM[K<«f'^]^rt^tbe }6t and cohditid/r <^ tbi? people. F^^ftt time
imlil^eind^lar, tbfe^£;i^4iad (een >' greitr Mikb^r of iheU \levbtt them-
fclvcs to;iifeli(aLry imd'cdntetnplative llfti to which 'thcf't«^elt"e»(ily
excited biy a warm climate, 'and a lively imitgination. '- Th< fiflViiians
antbkfg the Jews had kt the example t^ the Ckriftfahs, Wh<> folkxwvd
it With fblhufch the gi'eater i^dor^ as their religion let them^4ho^e
abdtfe earthly things. Bgypc dj^eciiilly Vas plbpfei^ij^rih-rtfool^
In Ihe RMf th century, there were tm thoutanJ of them, 'bid tw^nry
thoMKd Non^, Id the town of O^ifnehiis ailo^e, where ^hefli vler6
ndtiK^trfonaileries than private honfes. And y«t veryYew ptifkm a»«
called by Providence to a ilate (b refingnaiiv ti» this nlttUra^^defOf
foctety, and which requires virtueft-fb ^perjor to huHn^ri llfengHi.
A reHxatton of difci^Hne, ard debauchery, thei^fore; ce^kf not ^ai!
of being introduced among the Md^ks. A vail moicftiiUe ofthein»
vagabonds, fanatical and feditious, ti^erwhefmedtheT.a^,^ •dtftbrbed
the peace of the Church, and ftiodk thfe "' hk-on^* 'Thfe "Emperor
Valens, in the year 5;f6, madea laW that th«y Ihbuld ftt^ve in the
armies, thinking^it ImobfRble', by any bther means, to t^ircethem •
to Obedience. But fudi laws are ieldom pi^t lii ex^diit(n,^tid the
leaiedyincreafes the diicafe. j t ; ,.' ! '' :.
^ The chriWamty of the Barbariatis produced fbttrely an firyther
efi^sthaa fbnnding m6na((eries at a great e^ petite, -awd eiiridiing
, theiti by donations. The Monks Kiid a' coAfldetifble portion ^f the
lands; ibmeofwhith they cultivated, and thi^'wai tftUaa'ii^ advan-
tage to the countries which they^ fnhab}ted; kn't as they became
rich atftf n\Jiiierdlls^,'thlry gradusflly loft %ght 6f the fan^ity of ihcir
infKWfticlnVfhey wtiereoveeou^, Vain, sJitrbitioos, Warridrs, Lords,
&<J/'Rfc*'<he f^cdlhKCnffjKy'f they conti-adfcd' the' VlOM oPthe dge ;
d^m^ti^ hhd'^h^ )^o(n<^i^G«lMh iptk^bstifM fdtind iii tM very
fanfiUaiy df hfli^o^y a4jRertty;^^-:The^mte; aWJ»j^hgW,'T6ftJa great
ina^y>M$eas,4nd'|tit1t)^d fbW.ge^Yx^tirif^i/' nbple'Wef^iki^^ '
at firff, ^44<bifitr^and p^eiin(ki^ h^^m^n^^^ktW^fitHf kftitt^d ib>.
wald^li <k9itfe4ue^^s^'ihdii|h Ihe'^xtRA-leh^ol^l^tiSif ^g^^^ have
544 ^< Hijlnry of ihi R^al Aeadmy (^ Sfimur
t^^Kt ihem very ufefui leflbos in regard to the fiitiire. Biyt jiat^ss
arc eov^rpcd by. Jiabii 2^ pre^ndicel' ^
*We mutt now,'fo^ U>e.,pi'er«iu» takd our leave of this judici*
o^s and in{lru£Uve Wj-4;^r tho' nw do it Wieh regret. Tho
fpC^imeh we ^havc.«giv9g biitfllemV wS doott nor» to terapt
oar Readers to have f^c^itrft to the'v^ork itfe!f« which will
abundantly rep^, the paips of ao' attentive al^d repeated perufa).
They wifl fi^id^ ^bbc MUlot not only- an degant and weU-
ihformcd, tut^ with few,, very few txcjeptions, indeed, a cacj-
didarid'inapariialHiftoriaii. •
His hiftory i& brought down ta the tfoaty at Aix^la^Cfa^pelle
in 17489 ai^d coocludea. witb> a iborc ifiew of the principal
revolutions which. In modern tiinc3^ have happened in Afia.
A R T- VIL . .
ffijUir^ di PAeademii Ropak Jes Sewuu^ kf^.^^Jh^ Htftqiy of tlf» ■
Mifiifal Acadeaiy t>r Sciences at Paris ; t9gethcr with the Mathcma^
cical $ad Phyfical Memoirs for the Year 1770. . 4to« Farii^, 177S«
2 Gin ERA L Physic*.
Mbmoiri I. and II. On the Nature of Water, and on fie
Experiments that have been produced to prove the PojffikilUy ofki
TravfrnuttHim into Earth. ' By M. Lavpificr.
THESE Memoirs contair> ^ very Angular folution of a
pffoblem that Has long'engaged the attention of Cbemtfts
and Philofophers ; Tome of whom Have ipaintained the tniiifi|Hi«» -
tability of water into earth,' in coniicquence of cetiain Cheffiie^
and wcanicat experiments, that feemed firoi^gly to finrotir iliat
aflerCiDm We have latelt pretty largely difcufled this matfer,*
in reviewing M. Le Roi's diflSrrtation on the fubjed, in'tho
Metsrovrs dfthir Academy for the year 1767 % to our account of
which we refer fuch of our Readers as are unacquainted with
the (late of the queftion, and'th^ prcumftaoces jmd reafbotnga
relatiAg to it*; We fhall here only obfi^rve tbat M. Le Roi
maintained theunmutabitity of water, ^nd that we endeavoured
to (Irengthen his opinion by fuch obfervations a« •oqirfoAt» ^
on theJ«bjt6i; *
If 6be prefent Author's experiments^ which indeed sppeart^*^
have hsen itiadt i«rrth fufRcient apcpracy, arp tp be depemW '
upon, they (h^w that the principal part of the,f arth, w|iicb htf|
been colleded from water after repeated diil\l|;^iQn8 in glafs or
other vtfflefe, did not previoufly exi{|: i^ that; ^^id^ but ti^ftit
proceeded froip the retort itfclf]| or th^^efii;| yi..wbioh.the ai^
(illation was performed. ' This ipanW <^ -^M^^mHing; fpT'^tit^
phenomenon is fo fmguUr and new, th^.M'^t^doabti cipt huff -
that our pbito(pphica( Readery will br gratiJ|ed )^ onr-^viiiig ^
them the^ollowing aibftra£l of the Atitbor s i;;}cperirntnt^ .. » '^
• Sec Appendix »?<*«« «!»' »^«H"». i77hf*^Mi' ■"•.'-.m. >
at PariSf fir the Tear 1770. 54f
To aki4g^ the operatton, and w avokt- the iarofkfehicnccs
3/tten4'i9Z r^p^ated ^i|iUflt«oos» M* Lavoifier tifed thie ^mpk
expedient of abobaiing the water, by neana of A pituan ; xhz^x it^
ftglafs afembiic coafiMin^of one picce^ or fdmecrmes of a body,
with a hea4 cl^fdy lule4 to-, it, in ¥^ich there is a fmall 9pa:-'
tore, which ^ftor tbff i«trDdoAion tf the Hquor is accurately
clofed with agia&flopple« From tfaia^ead proceed two cuxve.
/pouts^ that ^nter iiuo the bctty 06 the alembic^ and reconvey
ipto it the vapours which fucceffively arife, and are coqdenfiii^
4uring the diftillatio^ I fe^ to ppodoce u coittioued etrculatiqn
of the diftilljng liquor, withoue intermptiott, or the neceffity of .
lutliig apd i^Uting the ve^a.
IqAo j|n. umrument ^ this kind porfeflly clean and dry, whic;K
accMrately weighed i pound, 10 ounces, 7 dtaobms, and
^i|tf9ip8 k^- he introduced fome pure rain watery whi£h>ha4
previo^^y undergone eight fucefiilive diftiDatioiis. The^iean^
witb i^ €Ottlent9 was founds by an accurate pair of fcales that
would turn with iefs than a grain, to weigK 5lb^ 909.^ 4;^.
4<i V ^ '^ that the quantity of water contained in it waatei^nat
itp. 3 lb* 140s. 5 dr. 20gr. Weomii the relatioa of.feiDeftf«p»-v
raiory (Icpa taken by the Authov, to prevent accid^QOtis tkat\
mij^t-rarife from the* dilatation of the atr, on the (irft beating of*
the Mf(fek> The two taft mentioned weights were tak^.mcr
thf fiebraja and the water had been heated fuficiently taenaW^v -
hinn fAftly to dbfe uf the aperture b the head wnb,siigb&
ftof^yki* whtdi wn9 immediately and accurately luted^ fo aeiioi
fjf^venl^ny poffibk evaporation of the wateiu - -
^, ^pilft^nt ^d pretty equable beat, varying ^nly botwcca
60 or 70 degrees of a Reaumur's thermomejifir (ta ^hiok^jthe
point oS- boiling water was marked at 85) wte leguforty^ Inpt ^
^9^ by means (^ 4 fand bath heated by ftxthoipa, during a|i*
fp9cc^ of idi daya« The procefs was b^gun on. sho ^4Ahi ^f •
O^obfir^
NeartnaonApeflMbunforr the Author perceived any Kcnfia4dc»>.
a^)^ appearance; (q that he began to defpair Qf.«ha.(ii||C0«^a.4iC''
his •i^pieciwMSiit. On Che sroth or Deceml^ bowneert ^te^poi^
c^iveid^iivne o>itiiure< particlea moving through the^wjiter in»«a»
riQMs abmdtona, Jii»hkfb^ oa examining tfaecp with ^aiaftvifiei^
h«e fonJid IQ be.thifr iWeiiW or ptavn ol a greyifii colooi^^^iM^*^
yf an iftt^Xu figuae* On the foIldw;Sng'daySv thougb^ahiy dkfa
loii f ppaveptly^'inoiteaCi in muAbei^ they grew evidently largeas:
<^ fba^fome of ihtna wefe -by eflim^tion near two tines fqunae^
tloug^i/|bef ftill eohtiifu^ prodigioiilly tbla* Quringi ^thet
vbolf Wi^rfe'^ tlW nidhth of January ,^. the. numWr,of4|«fe]
im\inn9^ floatirig iit-'tba' ^te^ fenitbly djminiihed. I-Iarifia; %tni
^i4^4 a greater fpe^i^grauity; tdrqitittcceffivcfy ^fcde t0 ttie
•«tKHa oif;tiii jcuourbit;: Ktfaale,ibe Kenainder: intircly Uned.«ha
5 fides
54#» ^i Hiflia^ifJhi^^k^ ikqdtmy^ 9iienas
it w^M iiVrcditjl tra»^jt»Mift3 :v. ;> I d v^oirs.. '* - * :^i v.i.*
ing leaft fome unlucky accident Ihould dcpri4«ljmt\)Ftl^fM§
H^Alwiie6>i¥'auiiB^i(bHi^hrlatiipif, mdrt^^ti^h a^^l pelkitf'
clofr4 Ita) Apcftufiti^raiuAwttliDm ^writ^d^^r^ 6f ilYi^Meace
bcc^$lkt'iti0 pelican afid:M cbntenti'^of ihe^itftt^^fMfr'MiMr. '
.Qu idiUi he fbtind thcwtiokr to4Mc(gb 5»^.^^«. 4 <k/^4>f'gn
of,tbt4>r0e«6* TUB iflight iHffcrenc^ Jis xiF -ik^ 'cc^ttfeigjfaeDCg,-
«iitr04i^^i^ ibe attjrt|>oMii: cp s^ilighf iKartk^rin^ itt Ihe MtiiBe^*
or €«her jciicttinttaocea ^uand ile ii^ifaM)^Gbt^oW<>kicled;"fii'#
firft pkiocw that water neithckittoquire^diir^vlH «l^cigl^ h^ %[^
tio^d cohobation dt«ing ihe^fpide lOf iid>r^<ia^9^ If-lbOc^
likfiiyifr^ as there .vnasr. nt^Ubirfoile Sncieaftr ^'^nrtigtbt, lihlf tte
caj^jpffoeiiicd in the pciican did nitt'0«i» vt« ^xiflMce'lii tW
m0iiux^9ffire^t^ taaey^othn^cmtraneoet ftiMlMc^i %irAi(ri^dii^'
be ^poM$d to baMe.|«M>e»aied ihegtaia. • This'eatth' (HiiUtef
ini# either hai^e been>previeufly confatntd i»t, iknA tx^iyif^it^
ratifdlcom, tfaeiwa0cr( or a.psrt of Che «r«ler mtift M^Wb
siAvjiU/^r«yf»tf£Ait»atQ tanh^ or thci earth iHuA ha^e' be^lt>
niihed.by.thc ^afs :tn which the opentiM ^va» pdtf^xaA
Inaaypf thefe cai^«eirher the pelicM, <i^^he tv^tetvfl^Bl
haive ipft.a$iiii(uchi of ks .weight, asiwas equ^l t6 thkt ^offtfiedm^
produced in ibeiopesiaion; . : . . . 1 i : •:
Fof ,obvtoaa jmibnG the- Author did^nor eifd^a1rotII<^^'d»e^
inu)$iitiMs>i|ueftioo:b9r:.weigfh«aaf the ««bter. It wik^ I^AdMft?
^xftiwi»j«QCttKatdy<the iive^btaif the^ie«»f« Hivi¥»^>eS(l^
foF^ potiteid. out ifttntaadtber glaisall the titter dti^'ca^ASw*
taMMe4in il, andmade.ir^per^^dly diy, ht'^vAl tHat ^nM
loft" no ki« Jlban-j .i^sgrain^ .^nd j^s ^ its wHgHK ' *t^
hefveevghfi. «atiieal^yi cpinrluded: lAm rtir e^lf obta^od^MFIHf
proi«&tlwid a£hitllpbcton d patr of; iife?tfiibiblk^^t;6f ^m^
veiiSti QiO|ilQ]pe4 iont;, :abcadiidcftomict fa¥f2i(^;M^injrdlHr«F,«?)^
the vrateri* nHe^inrxt icxanined the^ Weight d^ the 'caKH'^irMtt
had AiiMided tisbithe JMtooBt)f tfar'WWlerr^hiit^MsiS w4kHiW
fcajyi ^md^ xwreigbeti. only' ¥ ^^s lltU)M ^tHd. t SttfJ^dfiKi^
howevkrr;.«hai'i^ leifiBiiider of tke^filbftMct ^MHi fli«ij»eficii^
ha^ev^idendyJofltv^aKasfiiH cooneiiel^<4li1hie^1i^er, tH :l¥Me^
folution; he iir{l inquired into the jiifti^ 6rihil^(\ilfyi«4f^>^
meeii* o^^^ry -euft^ hydrometer, and fouod^-a weigtTt Of '/?
grains jiecei&iry to be.add^S6'«h4ft^iiiftriHy)fim;;'<0^ HMke itfe^
M iow in thi» ;cohobat€d . waer^ as^iv did in foine water of t^
• 6 e: Seioe
r^SC^fd^ ^^^ 'FWtfftf to«tftr«r,wtllfecriirfritTMJ,Mhtf dMWlWdi*!*^;
water io a glafs alembic ttU it was redooedqlaiaifgialljqatinilM^i^
w^)i )^ Mft^aidi mcifMatprfi to idojrh^ j i B^ lisisr fpip^^fyi te
ob^if)e4rA'Oil» i^ il5>giiljtubatad7iio&ttie&nirtiadof«anll^ wflh^'
ji)4 iofnitbt:; tb^ic ji, M ^K^aiof.3tgiiaifir}«biiVie4:h(94oA^d0^
wc^^t (Mft^ined bynUie.ff^cati^ wlu£b^.ith0cfiioad«i)i¥Hi)h¥ecol«>' -
Je^i:^9%«qu«l m, iT^gHaiMi mmI iywForwtbisicxcilft tto Au<^
tboM<^ficiaYOMi)^)to«^coMfi^^]rintcHnjiiig) k to^i fteflitdlA^^ •
tioooTtbe (ijbftai^c 0f^ ihejbwo Yeftk^i^Bhicb had: been c^Ai-
pkiy^JA ih« o^iaioii9t:£itbfcq<iontiix>tke ccihubatiotf. .The?
cauXe,ajOKgiied however fearer leems xcgjal ca the effaA^ whtti^
w^fl«4^i)thH Uift^imiiar. wti^rooljcboee poured into' ft' flaik
▼r^j>' an^ afteFwaidf-opiCN) 4iAtUed in a glafs atemWc Thtf '^
pre^eiKf M tlM fupfMbtmdant ^eartb imqr in our opiftion b^^
1x101)^ JAlOly accoii«(4d * fo^i ib)r;a»ribQting it to the <:aufe» '
alfij|[f^f)rifi our Review ^of M. Leftok's memoir above rrf^r««d
10^ Xh« AMthpr bas not ^ had an c^iporrunity to aftettMi '
cj^ljhtbf patqr^ W Ikift eactb« ^ Fiooiiiho few expQriinenu#& ^'
baf^yfl wide J)e was Jufily furpr tied td.find idat, tbougtr it vrat '•
pri^uf||e4'^9i^<la(i» it A^a» :m>t of ihe iqtieferfole ^kitid : at leaift
it lij^fkpA <^gfffe» ol4ieot more than faffioient lo meit the KMdeft •
and'jiBofi fffnOoty glafs. He peopofea to repeat tJio ^xpcH^ '
mcmr ^ ioquire lurtber into the natare of this fubftaflce.
4iavingjbuff4^CQunted9 feemingly in aiacisfadory manrlert
foft t)>e appearance of the. large quantities of earth otetainfed oi^
rhe diftillatton of water, and on which the opinion of the tFanf^ :
mut^^^jlity (of ifHiA <}iei|ieofi:ioto earth was* prtucipaltf fatinded^
tltf^Mtbovorxiti^onfiderf the ^B^t^nml experin»enrs by'i^hith
cht%^imoa has b^n iiitrtber i&ipponed.<<*^Biit w f>#c*itii«4> *
abridge rhU- obfervafi<)ns, ojp^.4bia fubjcA^.as we have formerly >
afti^pa|e4.the argiimertt& Avbieh h« ^iroduoes on this poim^ vn
our T^^f view ofM*- I#c Rai's , Memoir ^^bove refeirdi io^i
Vf;geiaMe$«,aB' we hfve thfjie hinced^ prihcipalljr ctefiA of; W9t«r
or^lf^) aodfa<34«foii»tair yKand.'CA'ident^^ derive' » eiiAf«deiy^ ;
at^Oi pavtof jlb^fr.and their ifAhfffjiCDoftHtidnt principles Yvoan i hls^ '
ac^l^JflKffVi ' '^hit^ air^N^fa^i the. ingeniotts fidanet^'^ h a
fru»f4HK9iiv'if>^^'^bth4:J^«arrf.Qf Vegetab^ acopij^uf^ >
noii^i^9^nl!of fvivry kiind- ei^Mucp hifi^^ivtenanextehfive fufi^ *
faq^^-tft,thftfi iwml uHAiAmof4tr\htitSaofrmf extraAmore
abf^d^ffi^)^ frPfTi^ihe^f rf^'jvarioua l^icbalaitons aad viipotti% '
ths^^rqisofllpincd initt,M|f*Jri ;i -: ...•.: i
-^., . ^
$4i T*' Hj/tory of the R^l jf£g£kmy of Saenus
We hwd b^tn ptrtictbr mi otsas MMunt of (MbiKnnn;
both as the experiments related ia tkeoiv&efkr decKivcYj to deter-
mine this long $ptAiei qoeftkHt, tiidaattoejF prden&uswitka
fingttlar phemoinimof) t^^-^fm folubiHty «f g^aifa i» wato^ od^
^ticUhircfl'oumftMicAi;' -We-^Mi otij fufA$r ^hkxwimi
15 fbmewhat furprifing^ that M. Lavoifier 4oes itoKOA dmoco-
4Mif take fM>ek««f fln^ftafervatmiof M.CadeCt^firocberAa-
^micUn, wliich -renders hir iiikttioA of die pre^ pniJci
'^cMre plavliMe cban if may appe»r to be^ at firft%bt. kk
Memoirs of tbit Aeademf for tko year i^df, tMt gotleraa
mentidfM a procefe by which ht dechivfs ibat be basiifiM
gfafs in water, by mcaas of eaeh of tho thvee iniiieral acidi.-
A fliort attcovnt of this procers iiasbecfi' given ia o« Apfcob
above referred lo f* '
MbmoiH II{. On the VaritHitm tf ihi M^mtk Nuikt 4^
By M. Le Monaier.
In this Memoir M* Le Momiier has coUedsd Ae ebfem^
tions that hiue been made <^ tile mogneti^l variatiiMiiiCariii
from which it appears, that from the year 16669 whenihen^
pointed precifely to the north, its afmaal variation to the fd
has increafed tHl a certain period ; and that tfae velodey of t^
t:hange was grealeft about tbe year 1684 r^-tkat the oetft
afterwards moved more (lowly to the weftwanl; and dot i^
are reafons to conjeAure that the time is not verj diftaaiiite
it wiH become ftatiooiiry.
J^EMOias IV. and \l . On thf PimUum ^ P^mM^ Mim^
mfkmmahk Fafottn that wififrom 4h§ Earth in fim P^i
* ^ah^. %^ M. Fougeroux de Bondaroy.
The iirft of thefe Memoirs contains many paniculaa ithcs
to the matiner in which the Ught mineral oil, called Banki^
15 co)}eded in wells dng for that purpofe, atthedtftaactcJi
few leagues fwim Parma. In the fecond, M P. dcfaibcsdf
pheno^nena attendm^ a vapour ^hkh riles from the furte^
the earth in (bme parts of ItalVi iind which catches fire 00 JpP'^
ing >a 4tghted candle to ir. The dame however is fo «eiktltii
though it will fpeedily confume pieces of paper, or^odierlR''
indamtnable fubftances thrown into it, it will not kiiKlts^^
From many circuii^ances^ and particularly fronr}* the fadl^
the earth from w4iich iMs vapour proceeds^ tb^ Autborat^
butes the phenomenon to the Petroteum-witb which be ft|9B^
it to be impregnated* • Hie confirms this> fohKioa iqr » ^^
ment made with fomc* of theeanh takonout-^oocof iM^
^C4im wells near Parma, wIhcK* exhibited the fiiiie phtt^
in n)iniature«
t Sec Appendix, vol. 45, page 52Z.
at Pafis/pr^ibe Tear 1770. ' <J4^
Memoir VL i^fiihe Methttk 'RoV^ irfignei to preferoe BuihRii^
f-oht (Be ^tiffiffi rf Limning % mio* ^e: MttM tf c^nfiruain^
them^ &V. By M. Le Roi* • e..
Kot a iiiigk Conduehr; "vsrvrt Jearii from this Memoir^ h^t
^M kerl AMod M'Prar^^: This ^fiodlna^l^h "ih hyxt ^eigh-
Bouri t6tdt^>k ««rtdida) iht^rbViehmilV Maty wt apprehend^
ib a gn^t iMif^re 4)fe attHbutod M tiie ]atb Abbe Noikt^ «rhd
fli'dnu6iifly>^d'l^a!^iry i^foh^ and dedatitrtd^^nft tfe^
^aiftil rfj:l|ffftiatioh Hi Dr. R'ifiMih*» difebvcry^ to- Ao-fccuring
Mtfic^s froiii^lle ^^Iti dfllghtmng. I4ft t^rs Ndtemoir M. Le
Roi fir ft talc^s p^in> tb t;It«r u^ tfie^^onbts whteb, k feemst
fetterf bis cbuWfehrttwrt tven yet'Tntfertarn» of ^he Mentky of
lightning and kttifiMa) *eleAri6fty, itAl coAfel|ae^ o£ the kten*
tity 6f thdr cffcas. He Ach d^ffo^hrfs Ac nooft |>ropef method
of coAftrtttSifig'CoftffuAdrs"; and terminkt^s the 1 Memoir by
aiif^eMn^ tsfli objeOtbyis ^hh^ tMy aivd M^e 'be^ made fO
the acfd^tiorft df ^eifi. 'Some W^^e cAjeficd t*w* they are ufeleft
di^^ftiefRtat^itJto ; lindothfert, that they arc d^^rtWwi - ThefirtI
dfthtfeyJbj^idfis i3d» wot d{*rrVe Ifn aftf^r, Ahd further*
the fixing of a metaHic^Cohdiraor^ahoufci* a tfiatter attended
tJ^h lb Irttte ifiWcoHy, 'atifl' ^lirrth' fo fmatt an ^x^eiroe, when
cd(ApfaH*a Wfh'flie Value of the building., that kis not anobjiOt
©T^nflderitioh. Viewing cvef» ffc* tere^on of aOondu6)»K af^
d Yhere vrbrtt ofTapt^fcVOgatirtni ^n^ciwntof the-cortiparauvciy
IfiMlttornbcT'Of houIVs that &?e it^ui^ by Hghtjitng 3 the e/-*
pende canriot be ill bfeftowed tipohti buikUng, if it' even an-^
^w^rcd iio^tbfer ptitpofe thwi \h5it of quieting the apprebcriiiiJins
of its inhabitants.
' As to the danger to be apfi^ehended from 'an At>p0rafiis of this
kFftd, on aTupf5>fiMon that itltiay attraft ^e4fghtiiing<, M. Le
Roijuftlf obrer\^ rtiat if it does attraft it. It is ntWoubt^ly
qOalffitd'to trartfmit k TO the earth, if the Cendu6k>r be of A
ftifitcient thicknefss and if it does not attrad it, k can atleaft
do t)0 harm.— '^trt it rs needlefs to dwell anylongor on this fub-*
Jed, fn thts country, ^hcre the utility and fafety of metailic
Cbrfthfftor*, ai#4 the toeft method of tonfttniling thcfe prelcr-
vatiteij'are fo well underftood.
Maiii^ii V!L RtfleBms en Hfitrvmieiu By M. Le Eoi.
Without' repeating wHsct' wc have> foiHnerly faid on ibis fipb-
jrfft,'frV bur acco^int of M. de Montigny*s Memoir on the
Hytfh)ftfctir'(hi f^e Appendix to Our 46ih vol\ia«e, page 687)
^cr fhiilll t^illy x^bfmcthbt M. Le Roi's principal objed- in this
Mdnlofr^b l<yp^po(e *ftk4i a conftVtidioa'df thefe inftrumeots,
a^^ay'givo'thelti theadtrantagccf betfig ceAnj^arabie with each
other ; fo that a workman, after having coilftru£led onc^ after
htrpririCiples, may .mike Othew df fenSaf taea<4j>oihcr^ and
' . ,. which
550 Ti^ Hifhty of^ Rajd Acaiemj tfSdtnm
i
^hich fbsti indfeate^h^'fiime^ne oA the fcait, ovbiiif '»>
tti^^d'iff tde htA^ Nqtfdr^ AippofiAg A» temptnilifft toitoia
the fame*
Of (he three remaimttg Memoirs of th>» chft, «iie cdotaa
feme mircellaoeout obfervaiions otf Hi^'Ailpbureoi^ watenia
Jaroe p«rt$ of itaty, by M. Fougeroux. In the next, tbetnie
fWttiVe of jet feems to be •dtrt^incd, by the difcoveryofvpiRe
of ioffxX wood tint wasfoimd'ata coafiderabk depth io t^be^
oTa mottntMin near St. Germain en L^^ and which in din
fcnfible qualities appeared* to^i'elethhle thaf fuMlaiKe* Ththi
eonrain^ the-ufuai botailicai and meteorological obfbnrliMi
annually prcfented to f^AcftdeoFiy by M; Dti'Ha(md;
A N A T O W V.
The firil paper in this ciafs contains ioifie obTervatioAsooAt
female organs of generation, by-*M. Portalr hi ibi'ltcsfit,
the fame gentlenaan prefeots thei Academy wMi -^riBC x^sk^
^ the flrudure o(F the thoracic diid^^and rtc^^kKMm^ijt:
pnd in a third Memoir he .comimimcates fbme mifiieflaiKWi
'obfervations on vartotts points^ of anatomy* ' ^
The fourth and laft antele oi this -claft contains feme cMb^
nations colieded by M, Morand^ on that particular fptctet of
monArous conformation, to which M. Maopertuis^ we bdb?,
firft gave the n<ime ot Stxdignifm ; the firft in&ioce of wfaitli ^
record occurs in facred writ, where fa Samuel, chap, xal^ir.ts.]
we read V And there was yet a battle in Gaih, where wssifiitt
-of great Aature, that had on every hand fix fingers, a«i ei
^very foot fix toes, four*and-twenty in number.'
At the ^reading of this Memoir, M, Morand (heiretf t^
Academy the foot of a perfon which had eight toes : buttk
moft remarkable of the family of the P$fydaSItk' wm% a ihiti,i
drawing of whofe Iktietbn is given in Kerktingius's ^^•
gitifrtj who had fevcn- fihgers to each hand^ eight tort ott tte
right foot, and nine on the Itft. Thefe fup^nunterary tdesn^
lingers however coft Atrif unfortunate proprietof his 4ife} '^
be was drowned in the river Ya, near Amfterdam, in coglbrAy
*tp an Ancient law againft monfters. "\
From the ihftanccs colteiled by tl^ Ali&or it appdhf^ka
To/yda^i/ifin -h frequent! y^ lliougb not conftdnrfyv triMffiM,
both by the father and mother, jo their immcdjat6,is wSN
more tliftant pbAerity. It appears lilee wife that' Wiis-*tiMif»«J
of conformation has not fliewn itfelf in' foirtrtf ftjlp ^ildmj'*^*
Sexdigitijfy yet has re^appeared in * Ae iiea^"^e!^ati^^"i^
mod whimhcal of the freaks of Dame Natu^j^in^<riiiBfiif8otoes
procefs of generation, fUti^oTiiig'the mddier to have t^^oA*^
Is ilxat of a young ^ul ia.ety l^wii'^^t^Kcatl^, im^^
only a thumb, without aiiy fingers. c ^j ^ ,
The fifth and laft Memoiiuxaauias only a few obfervations
orvib^^ftW^H^.^^^ i^"^ ^ ^ ^rfw« >)b.4VU ^Qitif*
4l)^i<5/i4U M^s ;iMi|»ui^,and .I*««^x|)<yj^e^?,ia5tif^^taWiirgic
>^^t ijand [WfticuUr^ Jip{^n\^^:Sii\cyf;9a^^^m^g^9^:^^\hf^
9f .fijpj^rniQg Jilv€^ fipfla -aa, arffpiJCjiMTe :9J^ jftqijypqr.;«i4 lUhwjf.
afl^qdctatQ fire, tbn.juhi^cgc. ^ rfv^v«j>, ifit^ i^adj.jinij.fts^^i
metal flo\ff v^^|ij\/ie?^i^^ci>.MifiP^i9r..» I^JBt.fcqvw^te.fafnfiJt .
the copper, it runs iruo>.a .baf>i>^ and^ipardes with Ft the filvec
^)ijfjji if-jhAS fqw^ajn4^frppi^tbc^0HP«r, . TJie filveiT^bii§ -united
^ftiy^wUfi tbfi lea4,i^j^fi<y.fep»rati¥<l fr^fiw^ by ^he Mfpajiprai^
.-^f/?«.CHii?IjUtwv» Jnhf^k^ppp^i^ hQWicyer ftiU^^ C9maif>]^ fajqc
%er,^ih^jigiti in ^fgiali<)NaBtHiU.>.'M thi^nwy c^ily bo fepa^*
fl*s4/fqni i^^vadtl*l^,W9«^'^>:i"djiepeM»^ the prccediry
procefs i or fiill bettef^ by^a4ding,a Qi^xtMce of lead and marti*
j^l^^,.. By this j^geixMHJS con>bu^atiop,, which has been iike-
•w^e p/adifed by the celebrated M. Cramer jat fhe WQrU-^it
B)§kcnbuure, and which is foun^d oi^ a idtntific applnatiop
/^ 09 doctrine of the cimnical aftnities of the fubjct^^^ eo^-
ployedy the pcodu<^ is increafed,. and th^ opefation is gr^a^y
ij^f^ita^e^ 9fid ,i;endpred leff expenfive.-^BucJor the philgibpbi-
jf^ t\»fOT;y of thjs ao4 othec i^provernents in ih^ doci^aft^
art, contained in this Memoir, we niuft neceflarily refer xhok
jifhoa(cimere(led in this branch of knowledge^^ io th^ a^icle
^ In a fecond Memoir, the fame ingenious ^1etal||irgi{l;, who
tptms. to have vifited nearly all the niioes in li^urope, arid who
intended to have given a defcription of them, accompanjcrd v^ith
fpona^ks on the methods of working them, .cjefcribe^ the Tin
JK4ine5 in Cornwal : and in a third, b^ gives an accpunt of ^
^f/^pd uk^ in tjie two gr?at workf in UeibyOiirc, of convert-
ing lead into minium. By the death of this adive and zealous
.j^adcinician the Public are deprived of a great number o^f yalu.
jljb^ materials relating. to }^t\^\\HFgy, which he t^d, collided in
^^ courfe of his travels- ;^
^ ^he^I^ft Memoir of tjfis CMfs. contaii^s foipe obfervations
jnape l|y j^* Lf Sag^K.pi^, t|ie hi^ry. and chemical analyfis of
^f^ Lapi^ Calaininacisn fyun^, in l^e County of Somerfet^ an^
*?^ Wm^^WbaniOiit^ . . .■ . ..--:. .. / * ..
>5Suation3, by the Marquis de Cohdoreet.
ASTJ^ONOMY.
AsTkdNOMV.
^£MO!lt h On fhi true Diameter §ftbe Sun. Bjr M. Dt It
Lande.
t^lEMblft 11. On the dark t^^iherance ohferved em Ae D^ ^Ae
Sun^ during the Tratifas bfVenm. By the fimir.
Aftronomers have fufpe£ted for f6me rfmc paft that tbe fin't
Aianrteter ^ippeaf^ to l>e relativtTy iSmtXBotAy in proportkm as k
ia viewed through teiefcopes of a greater Aagaifyi^g power.
This appearance, it is fuppofed, proceeds from an augmcmadOR
of the apparent diameter of the Am, produced tj^ •dt lominoai
cirde or crown furrounding tiis real diflc, and depending oa
the abcrratibn of the folar riysj the effed of ^htch abcr-
tation is neceflarily diminifhed in tong teiefcopes, becaufe is
them fhe convexity of the obje£l glafs is lefe, and becatffe dit
image is larger.
After an examination 6f the different obf^rvattons of tbe fair
Tranfits of Venus, particularly of \\st fnterftal conradi ait tfee
ingrefs and egrefs, M. de la Lande has been COitfiroied in tie
l^ea which he had entertained concerning the caufe of this opti-
cal augmentation of the fun's difk ; and upon the w4i<^ te
concludes that the diameter of the fudfi, which be had'deteN
mined, in his aftronomical tables, to b6 ^\^ yT in tbfe ^^^fcc^
ought to be dimihiflied about 6 feconds and \ ; by which quas-
tity therefore the duration of the Tranfits of Mercury ai»i Vcaflt
over his furface ought to be diminifhed*
In the (bcond Memoir M. de la Lande attempts to accootf;
by means of this crmm of aherration^ for the appearance tst t^
protuberance, or dark ligament^ Isks it has been called, that wis
obferved about the times of the ihttrnal ct>ntad!i, in cbe tat
late Tranfits of Venus in 1761 and 1769. It \s difiicult to gift
bis explanation of this phenomenon. Without the figure accom-
panying it. Perhaps however the following account of it nn^
afford tne Reader fonfe idea of his fblution.
The crovvii or citdc of aberration abovementioned b oalf
an apparent e^^tcnfion of the f^j/ eircumfbrencc ofthe fobr difk;
or, is only a luminous but unfubflantial ring, formed by rsvs
Scattered on all fides from the real limb. When Venus aaaatty
touches the true limb of the fun, (he interc^pti fh>m our eyes
the rays which come from this border ; as they are emanations
proceeding from a part of the difk which is intercept^ from otti
.view. Thus the whole of this part 0f tbe lumioOM crowa
ought to appear dark, like the body of Venus ; and this liga-
ment or black protuberance oUght to extend as far as tbe cir«
cumfercnce of the adventitious luminous bbrder. if ought m
become fmaller in. proportion as the ftgment of the fun't d<ft,
concealed by the body of Venus^ becomes lefs: and as iboo as
a fingle point of the fun's teal circumference beeomet vifibte*
cbc
the tiuire crown of abcrratiop ought' to ^appear, and the limb of
Veivus Ought to appear within that of t^e {\m% by a quantity
equal to the whole brtadch of this luminous ring.
. A& to the whi(c -Imiiinous ting, obferved by fpine to furrouiid
the planet -while (h% was on the fun's diflc, &1. de la, Lande is
of^opioion that if it was, not an optical illufion> or did not
proceed from fome ithSi in the telefcopcs, , the paufe of it is|o
'be; (ought for, ip the proper atmofphere of Venus.— Without
' meaning, to conteft the exiftenc^ of an atmofphere ^ound Ve/ius,
tht^flwioMewn^ we ftiU thinks may be f^i^^isfadprily accounted
for, independent of that fuppoficion» by the caui'e which we
fuggefted in our 42d volume ; (May 1770, p3ge.399.) where
•ive propofed an experiment that.illu(lri»te$. and confirms out
ilblution*. To explain this matter further, we (hall »dd that
after having long and attentively viewed a black circle placed
T'oa r light ground, pr the. dark body of Ye;nus on the fun's
-tdiik, .tbofe parts^ of the J^/iiflui on which the dark circular image
*'bad been thu% long r^eceived,, ajid which had thereby been
gt^rded againft the ligtHy are rendered moti^ peculiarly fenfible
^4o its imprei&oos than any other part of that membrane. Ac*
eordingly, on the leaft denned motion, or even unpercetved
.'snd unavoidable wandering, pf the eye, pver the diflc of the pla-
Jiet ; thofe more irritable partt of the Raina that are within*
• End. near, the circumference of the d^rl^ image, will be expofed
to the forcible impreffionsof the light, refledted from the whita
. ground immediately cir^unffcribing the d^rk body, and mull con-
- fcquently convey to the mind the idea of a luminous border fur-
rounding the dark circle. To the foregoing folution it may be
r obje&d that the. 1 wiinous ring will canjlanily appear to every oni
who tries the experiment^ with due perfeverance, on paper ;
whereas the pbtmmensn of the luminous border round Venus was
not oblerved hyaU thofe.who viewe4 the tran(it« But this differ-
ence may juftly be attributed to various circumftances, the prin-
cipal of which are^-that fome obfervers . may have viewed the
fun's difk through too dark a glafs^— or may not have kept the
. .«ye invariably fixed on the planet a fuiHcient time to produce
theefie^t— K>r laftly, not having expe<^ed, they may not have
auended to, the phenemenon.
MXUQIK UL On tbt Siuafftii^ of tbi Sun's Pfrallax^ as deduad
^ ,fr$m thXranfit ofyefim in 1769. By .A$4vP^ la Lande.
• M&Moai^ IV. and V. On tbejOt/irvaUon of the Tranftt made by
. thsUuJkUi Chappey in California^ By M. Caflini de Thury,
^.A/LDelaUiHlie.
Aifinoilt \U J Critical Exanun of the Qbfervaiions of the Tranfit
. Jif Venus in 1769^ awf fif th$, Canjiqtmces which, may be deduad
fnm them. By M. Pingre,
> jOu( of,the great number of obfervations of the late Tranfit
pf Venus, M. de la Lande> in the third Memoir^ felei^ two«
App. Rev. Vol. U O o in
in each of which both the ingrers and cgrcfs of Venus, or thr
two contacts, haul been obferved. According to the ikiethod
employed by him, which does not require any precife knowledge
of the longitude of the two places, but which depends on the
chord defcribed by Venus'^ path over the fun's di(k, he con-
cludes the fun's horizontal parallax to be about eight feconds,
inftead of ten, which had been formerly fuppofed.
In U^e fourth Memoir, M. Ciffini gives a circumftamial
account of the late Abbe Chappe's obiervations relative to the
fun's parallax, made in CaliforniA ; where, as wc have fonnerij
at large related^, the latter fell 2k martyr to his zeal for the
determining of this important element^ In the fifth Memoir
tbelb valuable and accurate obfervations are exaoMned by M^
de la Lande, who on comparing them with- thofe of other Ob-
fervers, by the method abovementioned, concludes that all of
them concur in giving the parallax within very narrow limits ;^
fo th;|t we may, without any fenfible error, fix it at % feconds-
and ^. Employing this parallax, M. de la Lande hi» calcu-^
lated the refpedlive diftsnces of all the planets, tfieir diameters,
n^afl^, denfities, and t4ie velocities of falling bodies at their fur-
faces ; and has given, if the expreflion may be allowed, a plan
and elevation of the ihtire ftru<^re*of the fdar fyftem, in a^
table which terminates this Memoir. *
In the fixth Memoir, M. Fmgre, after an examination of
aR the capital obfervations^. including thofe made at Otaheite^
infers the fun's paralhx on the 3d of June to have been 8" 75,
and concludes it to be, at the fun's mean diftance, equal ic
The remaining articles of this Clafs are, a Memoir of M»
Caffini the younger,, on the theory of the Comet which ap-
peared in Auguft 1769 : a continuation of M. Du Sejour*s pro-
found rnveftigation of the doctrine of Eclipfes ; being his eighth
Memoir on the fu^e£b : fome remarks^on the longitude of Cape
Fran9ois ; and a uipplement to fome ancient obiervations of
the longitude of the moon, compared witb tha tables..
Dioptrics.
MsMOlR. A Determinatim of the Jif/radJve and Dtfperfixf^
Powers of Crown Glafs and Flint Ghfs>^ Vc By M. Jeaiirat.
Wc have in many of the late volumes of our journal fuccef-
fively given an account of the attempts of the different Members
of the Royal Academies of Paris and Berlin, to afcertain the
principles, and improve the eonftruSion of that excellent tn*
vention, the Achromatic Tclefcope. In this Memoir, M.
Jeaurat gives the refult of his experiments and calculations on*
this fttbjed^ in eight difl^rent tables, for the advantage of
artifts who may not be qualified to profecute thofe -delicate ex-
f '£oe A^eiMiyt'tooo»4Sth voL page 560.
. peumcBt^
ft Parih fir thi Tear 1770. 55 j
perimcfits and calculations wbkfa this curious and difficult Tub-
]t€t requires,
- M. Jeatfr^t proceeds oA this principle ; that as it is impoffl--
ble tota?lyr to annihilate both the aberration proceeding from the
fphcrical figure, and that caufed by the different rcfrangibilicy
of the ravs of light ; it is of the greateft importance to Jeftroy
that particular aberration which is the greateft and the moft pre-
judicial, viz. the aberration of refrangibility. It happens for*-
tunately that by the fame combination of lenfes, formed of dif«
ferent kinds of glafs, and of different and contrary figures^ Ulter-
nately difpofed, by which the aberration of refrangibility is de-
flroyed; that of fphertcity is at the fame time diminifhed. For
thefe and foinie 6ther reafons he turns his whole attention to
anniht^are the aberratiofi of refrawgibility^
M. D'Atemberc has indeed affirmed that if this lafl aberration
is to be intirely annihilated, the curvature . of the combined
lenfes muft be fo confid^raMe^ that it will be impoffible to give
the obje6i gtafs of a telefcope conftru<9ed for this purpofe a fuf-
ficiently It rge aperture; fa that this eiTt ntial advantage, pecu*
liar to the achromatic telefcope, will be thereby toft. To this
ofajefiion M. Jeaurat anfwers, that if, inftead of the refira£^ions
which M. D'Alembert ufed in \A%formtt!a, he had beenpoflefled
of, and hiid employed, thofe #hich are hei^ gi^n^ and which he
bellies to be exa^, he wouM have found that the total detlruc-
tion of the aberration of tefrangibHity does not require fucti
coofiderable curratitres, nor fuch a diminution of the apertufe
as is apprebended. The remedy to the (rKonvenience is to be
found by irKrreafmg the number of the lenfes, and thereby beir^
enabled to diminifil the curvatures.
In conformity to the Author's fecond table or fyftem, where'
there are conftru^ttons propofed, from a compound objed glafs
of 2 inches' focus, to one of twenty feet, he has executed a
telefcope, the compound objed glafs of which is compofed of
foiir lenA^s, formed alternately of crown glafs and Hint glafe^
and which has a focus of 5 inches 1 o lines. This objeA-gkife^
he obferves, bears an aperture of eighteen lines ; wherea» the
bed Englifh achromatic tetefcopes of ftx inches^ carry an aper-
ture of only fifteen lines.
As no achromatic obje£l*glaflVs have hitherto, as M. Jeaurat
fuppof^^s, been conftrudied of four or five lenfes, and as it is
natural to apprehend that the number of the glades may greJHy
diminifli the quantity of light } he obferves that in the fore-
going coiiftrudion the lofs of light fuftained, \n confequernre of
the number of the lenfes^ is more than compenfated for by the
4itminution of the curvatures, and by the enlargement of the
aperture owing to that circnniftafiice. M. Jeaurat terminates
his Memoir with fome ufefot praQjcal rtmarkrs antt d!re£lioiis»
relative to the grinding aiui polrAing of leniey.
Ob a Hydro*
J56 Tbi HiJIfiry ifibe R^al jkadimx 9/ Sciences^ tic.
Hyurooraphy.
One article only it contained in this Clafs, in which VL
Pingre gives an account of fome nautical and aAronomical
oblervations made during a voyage to and from the Weft Indies,
in the Ifis, one of the King's frigates, exprefsly luted ouc ia
order to make a trial of the methods propofed for the difcovery
of the longitude at Tea; and more particularly to examine the
going of two marioe clpclcs made by M. Berthoud f, which o&
trial were never found to have erred above two minutes of time
in the fpace of fix weeks.
Mechanics.
This Clafs likewife contains only one Memoir, in which
. that celebrated Mechanician, M. de Vaucanfon, defcribcs and
illufirates, in feveral plates, tbeimpnovements which he has ma^
in the Machine conftru£ted by him for the ufe of the Rojil
Silk Manufadory at Aubenas.
The Hijlfies of the Arts publilhed this year arc, I. Tbatof
the Organ Builder, ad and 3d parts, by Dom. Bedo< de Celles,
a Benedidine. 11. That of the Joiner, part 2d. bytheSieur
Ronbo. III. The art of making indigo, by M. de Beauvais-
Rafeau. And IV. That of the Embroiderer.
Among the inventions prefented to and approved of 1^ the
Academy, we particularly obferve a propofed improvement of
Reaumur's Spirit Thermometer, by the Abbe Soumille. On
account of its inconvenient and unavoidable bulk, and \n onkr
that the degrees on its fcale may be enlarged, he has divided it
into four fmaller diftinfi Thermometers ; the firft of which has
its higheft degree marked at the freezing point, and the fcak
cotitinued 20 degrees below that point. The fcale of the
fecond Thermometer commences below, where the former ter-
minates above ; beginning at the freezing point, and proceeding
to 20 degrees above it. The third and fourth are conflrufle^
on fimilar principles ; fo that the laft carries the fcale up to 6o^
At the top of each tube there is a refervoir to receive the fpirit,
whenever it is expofed to a heat greater than that to whidi its
fcale extends. By this sngenhus eontrivanci^ fays the Hiftorian
of the Academy, the inftrument is rendered more portable, and
• the intervals on the fcale greatly enlarged.
Without meaning to detraft from the undoubted merit of
M. Reaumur, in having been one of the firft who coaftruded a
^comparabU Thermometer; the account of this ingenious dcvke,
* we think, ochibits a pleafant inftance of national partiality ia
favour of an inconvenient and defe^ive inftrument. To cor-
red one of its many imperfedions, an apparatus js to be coo*
Arudled, confifting of a quadripartite aflemblage of tubes ani
t See the cnfuing Article*
balls}
Berthoud en Marine Cloch* 557
balls; all the purpofes of which are, and have long been, effec-
tually anfwered by a.fingle mercurial Thermometer, equally
portable, with a fufficient range and extent of intervals, and
much more fenfible and accurate.
The remaining contents of the prefent volume are— a Me-
moir prefented by the Academy at Montpelier, on the heat of
wine in the iirft ftage of fermentation ; and the Eloges of the
Abbe Noilet, M. Rouelle, and the Earl of Morton.
Art, VIII.
Traiti ies Horhges marines^ b^e, — A Treatife of marine Clocks ;
containing the Theory, the Conllrudlion, and the Execution of
thefe Machines ; with the Method of trying them, in order (by,
means of fuch Clocks) to redlify the Charts, and determine the
Longitude at Sea. With Copper Plates. By M. Ferdinand Bsr*
thoud. Clock- Maker to the King, '&c. and Fellow of the Royal
Society of liondon. 4to. 590 Pages. Paris. 1773*
MR. B. begins his introduction to this work, with explain-
ing the nature of that famous problem which has em-
ployed both the fcholars and the artifans of feveral ages, viz*
to find the longitude at fea. He obferves, that all the methods
of folving it may be reduced to two ; either by aftronomtcal
obfervations, or by machines capable of meafurine time at fea.
It is this laft method only that the Author conuders ; being
by far the moft fimple, and what is within the reach of every
feaman both to comprehend and praQife •.
Mr. B. recounts the feveral attempts made in France, and
fays, that himfelf is the firft after Sully (in 1726) that has at-
tempted it again f. Being employed by the Public, Mr. B«
thought it his duty to publifli, without referve, all his difcove-
ries. He has, accordingly, in this work, not only explained
the conftrudion of his marine clocks, and given drawings of
them, but alfo fet down the dimenfions of every part, the ex-
periments he made, and the reafoning that led him to every de-
termination in a work of twenty years labour and application.
Eleven different clocks for meafuring time at fta are here defcrib-
* Mr. B. takes notice that one fingle ailronomical obfervation i#
necelTary in every method, namely the finding the altitude of the fun^
or a (lar, by Hadley's odant, in order to get the fhip's time. The
ufe of that inHrument in taking altitudes at fea, being nccefiary for
finding the latitude, is now become familiar to every &aman.
t Mr. Henry Sully, an £ngli(h watchmaker, fettled at Verfdilles
.in 1718, where he ellablifhed a manufadorv of watches, under the
patronage of the regent i!>«r Je OrleoHs. After two years he returned
to England, bat foon after went back and eilabliOied another manu*
fa(ftory at St. Germains. In 1726 he publiihed an account of a longi-^
tude clock he had invented, and from which heexpedled great things;
but foon found himfelf difappointed. He died in 1728.
O o 3 cd.
558 Berihoud m Marine Ckeis.
edy which may be ranged into three ciafTes. f . Thofc m 'which
no attention was paid either to their bullc or expencc.
^, Thofc in which Mr* B. endeavoured to reduce the bulk, fo
as to make them lefs cumberfome in the fliip. 3. ThoTe in
wrhich he has endeavoured to reduce the bulk and alio the ex*
pence — So far Mr. B. in his lntrodu£lion»
1 he work itfclf is divided into four parts, i. The theory
on which thefe itiarine clocks are conftru£)ed. 2. The con-
ftruflion of each particular clock. 3. The execution of thefe
machines, with an account of the more confiderable and un-
common tools. 4. The method of examining ihefc man'oe
clocks, and correfting their defers. The appendix contains
certificates and authentic documents relative to the tri^l of fuch
of them as have been fent to fea. To this is added a (hort
fupplement i being fome matters omitted in the courfe of the
work. Each of thefe parts is divided into chapters. The heads
,cf thofe in the firft part (on the Theory) are, i. The degree of
accuracy required in a marine clock, and the difficulties to be
overcome to make clocks ufeful at fea. 2. Preliminary rules
in conftru«Sling marine clocks, ferving as a theory of their con-
^ruilion. 3. Of fridlion, and the cffeds of oil. 4. Of the
regulating power of marine clocks. 5. Of the efcapemeot.
6. Of the wheel-work. 7. Of the firft mover. 8, Of the
fufpenfion of the clock. Mr. B. is very (hort upon the three
firft of thefe, but is difFufive on the next, which he fubdividcs
into three articles. 1. Of the balance, a. Of the ifochron-
ifm of the vibrations by the fpiral fpring. 3. Of the machi-
nery for compenfating the cffeds of heat and cold.
There runs through the whole of what Mr. B. calls ibiorj^
a great want of clear and precife ideas, and an utter ignorance
of jufl and logical reafoning. Loofe difcourfes, tricked out with
the parade of mathematical terms and algebraic fymbols, are
put ofF for real deironftrations. Mr. B. is contiriuallv laying
down proportions between quantities not capable of mathe-
matical comparison ; fuch as have not in themfelves a natural
meafure of their own magnitude, and for which no artificial
one is eftablifhed : a very common cafe with thofe who having
a fmattering of mathematics, will pretend to reafon on phy-
fical fubje<Sts %. It is a well-known theorem, that if a body
be a(^ed upon by a force which is as the diftance of that body
from a given center, its time of defcent (to that center) will
( Qf this fort is the rule for determiDing the mathematical pro-
portion of the g^odnefs or advantage of one regulator to another. We
inay as well go about to determine the mathematical proportion of
the goodne/s or virtue of oae man (o another ; or the rtuio of th(
wbitencf^ of two pie 99 of paper,
be
Berthoud on Manm Clocks^ ^ 559
tre the fame from whatever point the body falU. From this it
follows, that if a balance be made to vibrate by means of a
fpring whofe force is as its compreiSon or expanfion, all vibra*
tions of that balance will be performed in the fame time. Let
the Reader compare the proof of this phyflcal proportion ia
tJnuton^ Cotesy or MacLaurin^ with article 141, and he will be
convinced how far this article is from being a real demonftra*
tion.— We fliall, however, take notice of the principal pcopg«
(Itions in this theory, without inquiring whether they be ftridly.
demon ft rated a priori or not.
Mr B. lays it down as a rule, and mentions it often, that a
time-piece will be the more perfect the longer its regulator
(whether pendulum or balance] will continue to vibrate when
difcharged from the wheel-work ; and fpeak« of a pendulum
which defcribed an arch of 10 degrees, fo nicely hung upon an
edge like a knife, that it kept its motion two days. — No doubt
the long continuance of this motion, Is a mark that the fric-
tion was very fmall ; but we are not to exped, that clock wiQ
always go the trued, whofe pendulum is fo fufpended as to pre-
ferve its motion loageft when .left to itCblf. The fufpenfioa
4ipon two points only, is more delicate than that upon an
edge. How very fufceptible of every the leaft imprel&on fucb
a pendulum as, appears by the experiments of the late Mr«
Ellicott (related in the Philofophical Tranfaflions) which were
made on two pendulums (b fufpended \ notwithftanding whicha
Mr. Ellicott himfelf, and alt experienced clock-makers, have
'ever preferred the fufpenfion on a fpring.
Another rule Mr. B. lays down is, that the greater inimber
of vibrations a balance makes in a given time, the lefs it is fuf*-
ceptible of any difturbance. — The difturbance Mr. B. has par-
•cicularly in view,4s whatarifes from giving the whole machine .
a circular motion round the axis of the balance. Now the
<^S^St of this circular motion of the whole machine, whether
concurring with, or oppofing that of the balance, manifefty de-
-pends OR the relative proportion of <he circular velocity of the
whole machine to the circular velocity of <the balance. If the
•former be very fmall, its addition to or diminution from the
latter, will make the variation of the whole quantity of the
Jatter but little. The effe^ of this difturbing force, will there-
fore depend on the velocity of the balance. Now the velocity
of the balae€e does by no means depend wholly on the number
of^ vibrations made in a given time, but on the arch defcribed
in each vibration^ and (if the abfdute velocity be meant) on
the drameter of the balance. Mr. Harrifon eftimates this ma(-
4er rightly, when he accounts it a great advanuge his time-
Jceejper had over common watches, that, in a common watch^
D 0 4 tke
56d Berthoud m Marine Cloch;
the balance goes through but ibout fix inches io a fecond, bit
io his time- keeper it goes through 24 inches §•
Another maxim laid down is, that when a long and tender
fpiral fpriiig is applied to a balance, its greater vibrations take
up more time than the lefler ones ; the contrary when a (hart
fpring is uled. Mr. B. concludes, that there is a particular
length of fpring that will render ail vibrations ifochmnouf.
This is an important point, but the attempt to demonflrate ic
in the paragraph numbered 142 is abfurd enough. It is in-
deed no other than the fuppofition of a f articular cafe from
which a general conclufion is to be drawn. And it is Tt/ypp^^
ftion only j for the cafe can never leally exjft, if the force of
the fpring be accurately as its compreffion or expanfion. If
there be any fuch difference between a long fpring and a (hort
one, it muft be owing to the elaftlc force not following the law
before mentioned ; but its variation from that law rauft be de-
termined by experiment, not by argumenc ||.
Mr,
§ Principles of Mr. Harrifon's timekeeper, page'ai.
II To make all the vibrations of the balance ifochronous Mr. Har-
rifon ufed, in his lad time* piece, an invention very ingenious asd'
perfedlly original. Between the (lud (le piton) to which the oater
end of the balance fpring was fadened, and the notch through wbtck
the fpring paiTed (It fince fpiral) was about an inch. Every time
the balance in vibrating winds up the fpiral fpring, the fpring will
prefs againft the inner face of the notch. The notch being fixed
(as ^fulcrum) the part of the fpring between the notch and the find
will bow outwards, and will retire again inwards when the ipring
unwinds. Over againft the middle of the bow on the concave fide
was placed a pin, on which the fpring relied feme little tiise,
when it retired inwards in the alternate vibrations. While the ipring
continaf s to prefs upon the pin, it has its force increafed. Accor£
ing to Mr. H. the fpring leaving the pin for a longer time in the
larger vibrations than the fmailer ones, has its force lefs increafed*
and of coor^ the return of the balance is lefs accelerated in the
former^afe than in the latter. The pin could be fet farther from or
clofcr u> tiie /pring, to augment its effect more or le(s* This is what
Mr* H«. calls his artifidal cycloid^ from the fiiare it has in making the'
vibrati^H^s iiocbronous.
It ihould be obferved here, thafMr. H.'s method of cM^emfiaioM
or thermometer, and his cycloid, do not permit the piwee-f^ml to
lay hold pf a diffierent part of the fpring, fufiiciently diftaftat, to alter
the rate of (he going of the watch« Such a change would require
both thermometer and cycloid to be re-adjufled. Mr. H«'s time*
keeper cannot be adjufied to keep mean time. This was once in*
tendedt butUid afide (fee plate X« fig. 15,* of Mr. H.*s Principte,
&c.) Nor is this material : if the inftruroent keeps iu rate of going
according to ws fixed and known rule, it is fufficient for the piirpole
' ' Of
Berthoud m Marine Cloch* 56 1
Mr. B. dlrcfls the balance fpring to be made of the
fineft caft fleel, and to be lefc of a much higher temper thaa
the main fpring ; as high as may be, fo that it can but be
coiled up. The balance fpring not being fo violently com*
prelled as the main fpring, may be left much higher without
danger of breaking in doing its office. Our Author then lays
down the grounds on which he builds his method of coiling up
thefe fprinu^s ; which is by coiling them by degrees iirft wider
and then clofer, and warming the fprlngs at each operation*
This procefs is defcribcd very circumltantially in the third
book.
Mr. B. afterwards gives a variety of curious and intcreftin^
experiments relating to the force of fpiral fprings. In one of
thefe. No. 206, a fpiral fpring being coifed up wide, fo as to
make 3 turns, and 15 lines in diameter, had its force when
€ompre(Ied, greater than in the ratio of its comprelBon. The
fame fpring coiled up clofer, fo as to make 5 turns and 8 lines
in diameter, had a force very nearly as its compreflion in all
moderate degrees of comprelTion, but in one extreme degree its
force was lefs than in the ratio of the compreflion. We fay
when comprtjjid^ but we gather this only from the drawing of
the machine by whiclr the force of this fpring was tried. It
IS a great defe£t that in giving an account of fuch a number of
experiments on fpiral fprings, it (hould not be fpeciiied in each
cafe, whether the force to 1^ meafurcd arofe from the com-
preffion or expanfion of the fpring, and that Mr. B. fhould ne-
glect tci try whether if the fame fpiral fpring be equally com«
preiTed or expanded, the elaftic force will alfo be equal or not.
Nor does Mr. B. always inform bis reader before-hand, whe«
ther the fpring on which an experiment is to be tried, be tem-
pered or not. We are left to colled from what he afterwards
fays. No. 224, that the fprings were not always tempered bjr
being heated and then quenched *, but had force only as fat
as drawing or hammering could give, them clafticity f.
of findieg the longitude, whatever that rate be ; .nay it is not nece&
fary the rate ihould be aniform. The rate of going may be in aajr
manner accelerated or retarded, provided that mantur be known*
^ The French expreft this whole procefs of tempenng by one dr*
cnmftance, the dipping. Tnmper is to dip, and alfo to temper.
t It would be ufeful alfo to make experiments not only to find
the force of fprings when compreiTed or expanded ; but alio to find
out the efFe£k of moderate decrees of heat and cold, not only in alter-
ing their force proportionably, bat in occafioning them to lofe a part
of their elaflicity, fo as when bent not to return perfectly to thetr
fif^ form bat continue bent. In this cafe the fpring is faid to fit ^ in
French fi rtndn. It would be proper alfo to try the tSeGt of keep-'
ing a fpiral fpring a long time, ia a ftace of moderate compreflion
or expanfion.
Under
56t Bertboud oft Martm Cbds,
Under the article of malcmg compenfation for the effeJb rf
heat and cold, Mr. B. condders two efie<3ss the altcratioa in
* the fize of the balance, and the alteration both of the length
and the Arength of the fpring, that is the alteration both of the
]aw and the degree of its force ; the former of which he fup-
pofes to vary with the length of the fpH'ng, as was faid before.
For the particulars of this machinery, Mr. B. refers tis > the
de(cription of his marine docks in the next part. The whole
of it conftfls io applying, in various ways, the well known com-
bination of brafi and fleel rods in the form of a grid'ir^n \
We Hiall only add that in inquiring what are the moft proper
materials of which to make the balance, Mr. B. reckons gold
the beft, only too -expenitve, the balances of his machines being
very large. He reje3s fteel as being fubje£l to ruft, and to be-
come magnetical, even by the procefs of forming it into a ba-
lance ; and fixes upon brafs.
In the chapter of efcapements, Mr. B. utterly rejcds aR
thofe palets where the force of the clock is oppofeo to the mo-
tion of the pendulum in any part of the vibration; that is all
thofe pafets where the efcapement wheel has a recoil, or re-
trograde motion f. After the wheel has given an impulfe to
the pendt^lum, he would then have the pendulum left to itfelf.
and not checked in its motion. There are thofe who think it
an advantage to have the motion of the pendulum checked and
controuled by the palets. They think it gagts the arch of vi-
bration, and keeps the pendulum from flying out; that a forcfe
oppofing the pendulum near the end of its afcent, and aiding
it in the beginning of its defcent, co-operates with the force of
gravity, and tends to make the vibrations ifochronous. For
the,fbrce of gravity on a pendulum vibrating in a circular arch,
* Mr. B« is difpleafed with M. Le koj^ for fayiog that Mr. B. made
life of the gridiron of Mr. Harrifon. Mr. 6. in reply fays, the grid-
iron was not employed ia the marine Watch of Mr. Harrifim, ao^
chat he inveated his jnethod of compenfation 20 years ago, belbce
he knew the mmie of HarrifoBr and that bis frame of compeofatioa
idiffered from Harrifoa's. See^r/wj/i 4ih Precis dt M.LiRcf^ p. 38.
We (bill obfiirve 6a this coatroverfy, that the only difierence be-
tween Mr. Harrifen's gridiron and Mr. B.'s frame of compeniatioa
isy that in the former the bars or rods were roand> ia the latter
fquare e attd ihoogh Mr. Harrifon did not ufe this frame of com-
^facion in his liSl-made^time^keepert yet he employed it in every
one of his £rft great roach«iies4 Mr. Harrifon's gridiron fas it was
called) was publicly ihown iby him in 17^6, and, fome time after^
imitated by an itinera^ teacher of eirperioiental philofophy, wIm
eahibited it in \iu pebiic omnie of le^ures.
f The SakuM wJM.U tthat^which immediately a£(s upon the ba*
lance. The /wtitg nAfhetl is that which a£b upon the pendalnm. ^e
want a word for the general idea iacluding both. The French tena
is La roue de rencontr^^ or I^ rotu f icbaffemenf.
it
Berthoud cm Marint Cbch. 563
ts too little towards the end of the arch, and requires an ad*
ditton to give it that force which produces iibcbronous vibra*
tions. We will not aiBrm thefe are Mr. Harrlfon's fentimenis
in the cafe of pendulums, but from fome expreffions in the
very concife account of his principles, we are inclined to think
fo. The cafe of balances moved by a fpiral fpring is very dif •
ferent J.
Mr. B« recounts fome particular efcapements. He mehtions
fiift the dead efcapement of Mr. Graham, [U ehaftpement a re*
pos) which has theeflential condition he requires of leaving the
pendulum at liberty at the end of the vibration ; but he diflikes
it on account of fri£lion, and for other reafons*
The next efcapement \s that of Mr. Cumnu^g § ; which Mr«
B. fays, in fpight of the feeming advantages, had fufficient fric*
tMn and difficulties in the execution), co deter him from mak^
ine ufe of it.
Mr. B then mentions Mr^ Harrifon's efcapement, fnade ufo
of in his three firft machines, and by which, as Mr. B. fays^
the whole force of the efcapement wheel is communicated to
X The efcapement of Mr. H/s laft time-piece is a very untifual
one. The crown wheel and its teeth are of the conmon lorm> only
the (Iraight fide of the tooth is quite upright. As (bottas one tooth
has efcaped, the upright face or the oppofitt tooth meets the edge
of the other palet. The balance at that time has paflcd its point
of reft, and is going on to the extremity of its vibration. The edge
of the palet therefore £oes up the face of the tooth till it arrives
at the point of the tooth. The point of the tooth then goes roUnd
the edge of the palet, and adls againft the back of the palet (which
is circular or bump^hached) to the end of the vibration. While the
tooth thus a^s agaiaft the back of the palet (which it does near the
extremity of each vibration) the force of the crown wheel afliils the
balance in going forwards, and rttards its return. The force of the
wheel in moft other efcapements has either a contrary tSt6i at the
extremity of the vibrations, or none at all. In other parts of the
Tibration, the force of the wheel on the balance is nearly the fame
as in the vtry common crown wheel efcapement.
§ Cumming's EUments rf Clock and Watcb-njocrk^ page 7 ;. Mr. B*
does not tell ns that Mr. Gumming had publilhed a defcription and
drawing of thefe paleis» nor does he tell us that the former efcape*
meat was Mr. Graham's, nor the next Mr. Harrifon's ; for the laft
efcapement he mentions (that of free vibrations) he does indeed fay
Mr. Mudge fhowed him one of that ibrt in 1766 that had been made
a long time. An efcapement of thb kind was alfo in the hands of
the late Mr. EliicottaboHt the year 1746.— It is poffible that inge*
nious men may hit on the fame invention. We have here four in«
ventions, every one of which has been made by Eoglilhmen, and
publiihed to the world long ago.
the
564 Bcrtbood en Marine Cloche
the regulator |[ ; birt he reje£ls this efcapcment as having a re-
coil, alfo being complicated and difficult to execute.
The hft efcapement he mentions, and which he prefers to
all others, is that in which the pendulum receives a pu(b, or
father a blow in the middle of its vibration, and is then left to
it(elf for the remaining part of that vibration, and alfo for the
fttbie^ucnt returning vibration, fo that this impulfe is given on*
ly every other vibration. Between one impulfe and the next,
the efcapement wheel is locked up by a detent, and is unlocked
by the pendulum jud before the next rmpuUe*. The pendu-
lum being thus at liberty to fwtng out at the end of each vh
braiion<, he calls in the efcapement of free vihrathns. Notwith-
fiandtiig a long encomium upon this, Mr. B. fays he is fo little
hikSci vtrith the trial of all thefe inventions, that be is now
employed in improving the common dead efcapement by means
ef rufy palets, and a wheel of ftce) made perfeSly hard ; but
laments greatly the indifpenfable neceility of ufing ot'l in fuch a
coiiftruAion f-
There b nothing in the chapter on the wheel-work biit what
ii common; our author recommends high number$> and di-
icfls, Hopping the pivot holes with pot brafs.
. The jtb chapter is on ibe firft mover of the clock. Mr. B^
Ifi^dses a comparifon between the advantages of ufing a weight
or a fpriBg i and is againft ufing a fpring even for marine time
( Tliia wilt or will not be, according as the (everal centers of mo-
tkni are placed. Upon the placing of thefe centers it Hkewiie dc-
fcndsp whether the force of the efcapement wheel on the regulator
iiall be uoifbrm, increafing or decreafing during the time of the ac-
tion of the wheel on the palets.
* The manner of doing this is circumflai^tially defcribed part ti.
chapter acii.
f Mr. H. in his three fiHt machines, endeavoured to avoid the
mtfceffity of ufing oil, by lefTening as much as poffible the relative
. motion of Aofe parts which touched each other. In the a^ion of
the balance wheel on the palets the relative motion of the tooth and
palet was wholly taken away, and the palet was made of wood* In
*fes laft time-keeper (fent to the Weft Indies) the ufe of oil was ab*
jbrutcly neceiTary, bat no peculiar provifion made againft its tSt€ti,
Indeed sill the contrivances to procure ifochronops vibrations, even
though the force fliOuld vary, may be conildered as one remedy;
and the making the balance-wheel of ftcel and hard, and the palets
^ diamond 2i% another. It was remarkable that thoagh this dme>
piece had been in conftant going for a long while, and the nature of
tbe efcapement fnch as occafioned a great relative motion of the
. tootti apd palet, yet there was not in 176^ the leaft trace or mark
o^ the palet having worn tht tooth, — ic was not to be expelled the
toQchihpuld m9)u any impreffion en the palet.
^ .'" ' ' pieces.
Bertfaoud on Aiarifn Ckch. 565
pieces* His ob}c£lions are, that a fpring is liable to break, that
it changes its force by beat and cold, that it is apt iofit^ and
that the coils (hould always be kept oiled.*-Experienc« (hows
inre need not fear the firft of thefe objections. The others are
all obviated by applying a very tender fpring to the efcapemeot
wheel, to give, to that wheel its force. When this fpring has
unrolled itfelf a little way, it is then to be wound up by the
force of the inain«fpring. This little fpring in Mr. HarrUoa*s
time piece is wound up eight times iaa minute:^*
Our Author, has at the end of this chapter, a (hort article oa
the proportion the moving force of the clock ought to have ta
that of the regulator. We did exped he would have confider-
ed this fit the beginning of his theory. What he fays in this
place is loofe^and confufed ; he here, and in many other places
ufes the words fara and mction as fynonimous .;e(ms, and fiand-
ing for precifely the fame idea.
The laft chapter in this part, is on the fufpenfion of marine
clocks, that is, the manner of fupporting or carrying them at
fea. He lays dpwn two principles, one that the clock (houl4
be fo fufpended, as to keep its pofition always horizontal, withr
out partaking of the motion of the (hip, the other that the fuf^
penfion (hould have (with this freedom in yielding to the qto-
^oa of the (hip) great iirmnefs and folidity. — Such a folidhr
that the balance may not fet in motion the cafe by which the
time-keeper is defended from the external air. Our Author re^
commends Cardan's method of fufpenfion § ; he would have the
clock kept in a fort of clofet to defend it from the fea- air, .andi
placed as near as conveniently may be to the center of gravity
of the (h!p. He alfo ufes fpiral fprings to break the force ^
fuddcn (hocks 11. .* "
, - 1 _ - .1 ■
X The machinery for doiog this is called a Remontoir^ /oa^etihies
tbe machiDery for keeping a clock in going while it is wouaJVuJf« is
adib called (but improperly) a remontoir. ^ '
f Cardan* i method of fafpcnfion is that of i!ie fea-compats, calfei
by feamen Gimbolt\ iris the fame with the niechaniftn of the rolling
lamp in De/agulur*i Ledures, page 57. — This caii:i}va.ncc fecins to
be the parent of the uni^erfal joint \ one of ;ue rnoil ufeful inven-
tions in mechanics* The univerfal joint is Urgclv treated ol^ b^
Hotkt in one of hit ledlures at Grefham College, who reprefents 11:
as his own iaveation, but, neverthelefs, millakes ^ \\\\\c in giving aa
accpunt of its very iingular propertiei^ \Hooke':i k^tire is printed In*
1678, but the firft account of it is ip Z^hcftuP$ Tttkmcit. Cmrkfu^
-p. 664, printed in 1664. Schotcns feems to have picked j£ iiP fa
Germany ; which, abounding in metals, has ever been tike niiriery
of the mechanic arts, efpecially while tk,c Hans iqwds re calticd their
independency. . . j ••
II Mr. Harriibn in his three great machines ttfed f^\tA fprings to
break the ihocks> bat applied in ^ manner very different from that
3 of
566 . ficrthottd on Marhn C(9ch.
Wc have now gone through the theory, and arc forprifed Mr.
B. fiiould overlook what hat ever been reckoned the moft impor*
tant point in tbfs whole do£lrine, namely, that the force which
originally gives motion to the regulator, fhould be very great in
coraparifon of that which is only employed to reftore fo much
of the motion as is toft by friftion, &c. This original force in
a pendulum, is that of gravity; In a balance, that of the fpirat
fpring appHed to it. The original forces are conftant and in-
variable, and by them ohly would the vibrations* of the regu-
lator be preferved the fame, were it not fot the fmall impedi-
ments of friAion, &c. To repair what is thus loft, another
auxiliary forct muft be added *, 'and this is the force of the
weight in a clock, and of the main* fpring in a watch, ading
upon the regulator through t^e intervention of the wheel- work;
the wheet-work at the fame time ferving to count the number
of vibrations. The regulator then will owe its motion pactly
to the original and partly to the auxiliary force; the fonmcr
always the fame, the latter varying from many caufes. Tberew
fore the left the latter is in refpedt oTthe former, the Icfe in
proportion will the fum of both, or the whole force on the re-
gulator, be liable to vary.
And this auxiliary force may be the Jefs, the more the im-
pediments to the motion of the regulator can be diminifhed, or
wholly taken away, efpecfally thofe that are the moft uncer-
tain. In a clock the force of gravity on the pendulum, \s far
ftiperior to the force of the w*eeH on the pendulum, which is
by no means able to raife^it fenfibl^y from its phice of reft, if
the clock (hould fland ftill. Hence the great improveineitt
madie by Huygens, in applying* pendulums to clocks. It is the
fuperior power of the balance- fpring upon the balance above
the power of the main fpring, (through the wheels) that makes
the balance in like manner a regulator of time. Hbnce the
great improvement of Hooke, in applying a fpiral fpring to
the balance f. This is what Mr. Har; ifon calls metaphori-
cally the dominion of the balance fpring, and the dominion of the
«>i» I I ■ II II »li mil n II I I — *»i^i— ^w^^^— ^» I I ■
ofMr. B. Mr. H. alfo ufed crofs joints in the manner o9 gimUf
in the fufpcniion of thefe three machines. The leiTer tiioe- piece
(carried to the Weil Indies) only lay on a cufhion in a fquare bo*.
The box when the veflel laj donvm much was fet'horizootal by hand.
* We have here taken the liberty to borrow both the fentiments
and language of a little pamphlet, intitled, *' Thoughts on the
Means of improvinf Watches, by Thomas Madge."-*- in this {horc
tra£l, the trae priaciplcs apon which all time keepers moft he coa«
Ih-u^led are clearly hud down, and the means of improvesMnt fnlljr
pointed oar.
f Mr. B. attributes the invention of the balance fpring to Hi^
gent : Hooke was uodonbtcdly the firft inrentor. See Ward*s lives
of the Grelham. prQ£i6ffi>n, page 1 %q»
whcdf
De Luc on thi Modijietifms rfthi Atmofphere^ s&j
#heels over the balance. If a clock be (tapped, the pendu-
lum muft be raifed from reft through a certain arch, before the
fwing wheel can efcape, and the clock go again %• In }f ke man-^
ner if a watch be ftopped, the balance muft be drawn routr^
from its place of reft to a certain degree,- before the watch can
go again. If the prcflure of the main fpring (throti|^''(he^
wheel»} upon the balance, can fufficientty force the l^ilance
fVom Its place of reft (againft the effort of the balance fpring
to bring rt back), the main fpring will then be always able to
fet the watch a-going if ftopped. But to do this, it b ev«dcne
the power of the main fpring on the balance, muft equal the*
power of the balance fpring, at the place df efcapement. It
follows therefore, if a watch be fo conftru£ted as to fct ttfelf
a-going when ftopped, if cannot poflibl^y be a good iime-keepiry
becaufe the wheeb muft then have fo great a dominion over the
balance §. The principles Mr, If. proceeded upor^ therefore,
f nftead of ferring to improve pocket-watches, as fome expeA«
ed before the di fcovery was made ; i^rve only to (bow that fueh
watches are incapable of great improvement. Improvement ia^
incompatible with a very neceflary property in a pocket-watch^
that of fetting itfelf a going when ftopped; Nor will Mr. H*
allow to fuch a bauble as a p^cket^watek^.the refpedable appel-
lation of a T^ME-K^EPBH H* '
, [To be concluded in our Review for ykigu/f,2
t The arch thcQugh which the peodulam or halante ipoft he
raifed from it$ loweft poinfi, or from the place of red* that t|ie tooth
of the wheel may efcape from under the palet, is called the arch of
efcapement. by the French /' arc de Uvct.
§ It is faid Mr. H. beaded in the H. of C. that if his time keeper
was flopped, it would not fee itfelf a-going again»— to the amaze-
ident of the members, who could by no means comprehend the be-
nefit of fuch a property.
H ** In eommom watctei the wheels have about one-third thedomi*
mon over the balance, that the balance fpring has, but in this mj time*
heper the wheels have only about, one- eightieth part of tjie power
over the balance that the balance ^ring has ; and it muft be aUojKPC^?
the lefs the wheels have to do with the balance the better^** — Bri^^
tiples of Mr. Harri/on*s Time-Keeper ^ page ao»
Art. IX*
Recbercbes Jur les Modificatians^ &q. Inquiries into the different Mo-
difications qf the Atmpiphere, &c. By J. A. De LuCb Conckded*
[From the Appendix to our laft Volume, Page 579*]
IN confequence of the large extrafl.s which we have already^
made from this elaborate performance, we (hall content
ourfelves, in this our concluding account .of ,jt^ with giving;,
tbetfubftance of a few mifcellaneous obfeivations i^le^led from
4 itw
56S De Luc on tbg MoJiJuatlom of the Jtrmfphere.
it. And as our philofophical readers may wifli to know the
real height or extent of the earth's atmofphere, as deduced from
a long courfe of experitneats, made with the moft perfed ia-
flrumentSy and the refulta of which have been caktUaced wiih
a > degree of precifion never perhaps before attained in this
inquiry ; we fliall, in the firft place, give tbem the fubftance
of his final conciufions on this fubje^ ; premifing only a (boit
account of the material principles, or elements, on which ihe/
are founded.
M* De LfUC parts from this well known poftuIaium\ thac
the dmfity of the air is oviiy where proportional to the luei^
xtnth which it is preffed. M, Bouger however was induced to
conteft the truth of this fundamental propofition, on finding
that his formula^ deduced from numerous obfervati<ms made in
the fuperior parts of the atmofphere, and which agreed with
adual obfervations made in the upper parts of the corddien,
gave conciufions different from the truth at lower heights. He
was hence led to conclude that the condenfations of the atmo-
fphere did not follow the fame laws at different heights ; aod
formed an hypothefis to account for thefe variations, in which
he fuppofes that the particles of air, at different heights froia
the earth's furface, are pollefled of unequal degrees of elaftidtj.
The reader may fee his obfervations on this head, in the ox-
moirs of the R. Academy of Sciences at Paris, for the year
1753*. If this hypothefis were true, it would be irapoffible
to apply the barometer to the menfuration of heights, wi&
any degree of certainty. M. de Luc however has (hewn, bj
his more accurate experiments, that this pretended inequality of
ipring in the particles of air does not fubfift ; and that its con*
denfations and dilatations follow the fame laws uniformlv at
all heights, and in all climates ; excepting only certain differ-
ences caufed by heat, and other local circumftances.
Now it is* one of the confeqUeoces of the above-mentioned
principle, that if the heights of the mercuij in the barometer
be taken in a geometrical feries, the corre^ondent heights of
the air will be in an arithmetical progreffion. But the number
of the terms of a decreafing geometrical progreffion being *m-
finite; the corrcfponding defcelits of the mercury in the baro-
meter wiir form an infinite TerTes of terms decreafing in geo-
metrical progreffion \ and confequently, the refpe^ive heights
of the air, corrcfponding with them in' an arithmetical pro-
greffion, the height of the atmofphere, according to this prin-
ciple, muft be infinite.
• Sec Zee^ndt Stttte des Memoires de tAcad, Ssfr. Nouvelh Casturn.
Tom. vi, p. 1770^ Amftcrdam edition, '
•To
De Luc m tin Modifieattons of thi AtmoJ^here^ 569
' To fct fome limits therefore to this inqutrjr, the Author con-
. fiiies the problem to the afligning the vertical extent of the
earth^s atmofphere> at 'a certain fuppofcd fhition, where the
mercury in the barometer would ftand, for inftance, only at
the height of one lirit. At fuchf a height, the medium may
nearly be tonfidered as a vacuum ; or, the air will nearly be of
the fame derifity with that to which we are capable of reducing
it in the receiver of an air pump. Tliis height however, it is
to be obferved, is fome what variable i as it is afi^Sed by the
varying weight and heatof the air.
From data founded on accurtcite experiments, and by means
bf ah eaQr calculation by logarithths, the Author firtds that
whea the barometer ftands belovv ^t 27 inches, the thermo*
meteor at the ftme time indicating 0 in the Author's fcale, (or
17^ according to Reaumur's graduation) the height of the
atmofphere, confidering the ftation above-mentioned as the li*
mit df it, is 25,105^456 toifes, or 11 leagues and 3 toifes. It
IS eafy to extend tWs calculation to any greater' degree of ra-
rffaAion, or to a height where the mercury wbiild fink to any
{[iven' fradion only of a line. Thus for example, fuppofing
the weight, &c. of the air below to be the fame as in the pre-
ceding inftance, the- height of that region of the atmofphere,
where the mercury in the barometer would ftand only at -fz of
^ line, would be 35,105,4.50 toifes.
* In treating of evaporation, the Author -does not adopt the
very plaufible theory of thofe^ who attribute it to a' iijfoltiiion
of the fluid in air, as a meriftruum ; but offers -various obfer-
vations and arguments to prove, that it is produced by a com-
bination or union of the particles of fire^ with^ thofc of the
evaporating liquor. He h^s not however, in bur opinion, ob-
viated fome objedions that hiay be' made to this- hypothefis.
The journal of hii experimental inquiries into the nature of
ibullitton^ and particularly into theArarious phenomena attetiding
the boiling of water, and the different degrees of heat, of which
it is fufccpiible -under certain circumftairces, contains many
curious particulars. The perfeverance of the Author in the
profecution of fome of theic experiments, particularly in his
attempts to deprive water of the air contained in it, is a phe^
nomenon^ we think, nearly as remarkable as any be retiords«
In forhe-'of thefe experiments, we find him-lhakina: a fmall por-
tion of water, fteed from the prcffure of the air, and con-
tained rn a large thermometer or fmall ttiatrafs, daring the
fpacc of a month, in order to extricate and expel the ak (rovcf
jt. During this whole procefs, the n>atrafs was fcariee ever out
ef his hand, or fufferc4 to reft, except while our operator
flept, or was. employed in neccflary avocations Xbat required
Wie ufe of both hands.
App. R{v. Vol 1. P p * I ate.
570 Pe Luc BM.the H/toJipcaiUm '•ffhe jf^mr^bfnf^
^ I ate, fayt the Author, I read, I wxo^e, I oorvfcxki wiib
my friends, 1 walked into the town, all t\^t time ibaking my
wat^r without ceafing ^ and at the end. of the time, k ftiO
continued to furniib air, after every fuccuffion/ — M* dc Ltic*f
Erfeverance on this occafion appears to eqi^l that even of
)erhaave, dift^line the fame identical portion of quickGlvcr
510 times. M. d^ Luc bowevqf was folely adluated, through-
ctut the whole of this tedious routine, oy the pvKe love of
fcieoce: but Boqrhaave's zeal waa not qi^te fo didntereftedy
as it was excited and fu Rained by the hopes of realizing the
goldeo dreams of the akhemids.
Many curious circumftances, attend his long procefs^ which
UluArate ibme of the properties of the inflrument delcribcd by
Dr. Franklin mi his letters, and of wbich we have pretty
krseiy treated in our review of that performance *• We (haU
Qmy relate the following refulu of this laborious courfe of
fxperimeots ; frook which it appeared tlm a confiderablc qufio*
tity of air is contained in water, which it obftinately retaiot ^
fi> that i( cannot be deprived of it either by boiling, or by tb^
a^ pump, or by any other knowi^ n^aps, tbaji a long conti*
Jiued agiutFon in vacuo -y and that when it has t^en depf ived
of all the air that c^^ be thus feparated frpm it, it acquires
luch a;.con(litution as enables it to fuftain, without botlii^, a
degree of heat much fuperior to that which can be givc;a to
k in its natural ftatc. In that ftate, it is well known that com-
mon water boils at 212 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermofloeter ^
l^ut after M. de Luc's long co^itinued concuffions, and other
Operations upon jt, it bore a heat of about 240 d^recs be-
fore it boiled ^ and, in another experiment, it did not boil, till
the oil, in which the little matrafs containing the water waa
immerfed, had acquired a heat of above 285 degrees, [112
Reaumur]* When it was thus deprived of its air, it would
(u&ain the heat of bailing water, withot^t (hewing any figns of
ebullition, though the prelTure of the atmoTpbere was taken otf
from it. We mould not omit to ob&rve that a confiderable
part of the addit;ional beat acquired by the w^ter, under the
foregoing circt^mftances, is to be attributed to the fmaU degree
pf diffipation to which it wjis expofed, in c^nlequence of the
form of the ve^U
In treating of the cold produced on the evaporation of li-
quids f, the Author endeavours to account for this curioua
phenomejiion by the following hyp$ttHfa, He fuppofes that fire
d|oes not in$er fluids with the fame facility that it kavcs them*
If all bodies, be obferves, were fo conftituted that fire as eafily
• Sec Kf. Review, Vol. xlii. March 1770, page 207, &c.
t lifid^ page 206. •
p^euatei
t)e Luc on tbi M^ficatiok$ ofihe AimoJ^a j; t
pen^rated them, aft it efcapes from them, the heat of every b6dy
Woukt be equal to that of the neighbouring ones: but fliiidt^
he foppofes, though they readily admit the particles of fire^
ftill more readily part wkh them. When fire tnvdts into a
liquid, he conceivea that it pufhes its particles ft-om without^
inwards ; in which aifiton it meets with refiftance, much greate^
than that which it fitftains on leaving the fluid, when it a6ts oil
t4it extreme particles, or thofe on the furface, in a dire^ion
from within, outwards, carrying fome of them ofF along witif
it. Every liquor thereibre, he adds, that evaporates, ought
to b^ cooler than the furrounding air ; and this, in proportiotf
to the rarity of the tir, and the extent of its furface in contaA
with that of the ftuid. Accordingly a very volatile liqudr^'
placed under a receiver, in which the air has been greatly ra«
rified, and expanded over the furface of a piece of Kneiv
wtted witii it, is in themoftfavouraMcfttaattonforthe produc*
tion of artificial cold.
We ibair take our leave of this ingenious performance by ob*
ierving that, after all the Author's laborious and accurate re-*
fearches with refpefi to his principal obje^V, or the inenfura-
tion of heights by the barometer ; it may fliil be thought that
there are few perfons who are qualified, or may be inclined to
profecute this method, on account of the fmallnefs of the fcafe^
the many minutia to be obferved, the different fources of un-.
certainty, and other difficulties attending the application of the
barometer to this purpofe* Tbefe difiiculties have however in.
tt very great meafure been removed by the pcrfeverance and fa-
fjacity of the Author; who firft by improving the barometer it-
elf, and afterwards by deteSing and afcertaining, by rn^ans of
the inftrument thus improved, the cfFeds of various caufes
ac!ing on the atmofphere, and which greatly ^((t$t the Calcu-
lation, has enabled others ftill further to improve and facilitate,
this method, and to fupply the few defidtraia ftill wanting to
bring it to perfection. How nearly he has himfelf approached
to it, is evident from numerous examples here given ; in many
of whi^h the iuftice of his calculations was afcertained by
a^ual admeafurement by the line. On the whole it appeara
(fiat the heights of difierent (lations, as calculated from that of
the barometer, by his/ifrmula^ have approached fo near to the
l£lual heights, that the greateft ditfereoces, and thofe very
|bw in number, do not exceed the om hundretb part of the
irholc.
In anfwer to the doubts that may yet be entertained on this
ad, and to ftimulate future inquirers and obfervers, we (ball
ndude with a quotation from the Author, immodiattly re-
tina; to this fubjcdl*
P p a t Wheii
572 Duten'i Explaniuon of certain Greeks isfc* Ahdab.
* When I fee/ fays M. de Lug, * the aftronomcr in hisobfer*
fatory attempting to ipeaf'ure the diftjince of the ftars, by com-
paring them with the minute^ and almoft imperceptible divi-
fions of his inftruments ; viewing thena, at the (ame time,
through a medium that varioufly refra&s the rajrs of light :^
When I fee the geographer determining the pofition of pkca
on the earth's furface, merely by that of his telefcope fixed to
the limb of his quadrant, and by a pendulum } — I do not bc&-
y^Xt to offiu* t^efmM fiales 6f the barometer and thermometer,
as fit meaifures of acceffible heightSp But at the fame time, I
appeal to tbe geographer and aftronomer, whether they have
perfeded their refpe^live arts at once ; and whether the exaA-
ntk of the mathematician would have been of much fenrice to
them, had not his labours been feconded by thofe of the arttft
and the obferver/ -
"
A R T. X.
E^epUcation dt qutlquu lAtgaiUn^ ISc, — Aa Explanation of cemin
Greek and Pheniciaa Medals, fiy M. L. Dwtens. Qoano.
London. Thane, ijn-
Art: XL
Explieatbn^ l^c. — An Explanation of fome Phenician Medals, in tie
Cabinet of M. Daane. By M« L. Datens. Quarto. Lcmdoc.
Thane. 1774.
THOUGH we have of late been repeatedly tempted,
and have as often taken occafion, to treat certain dabo-
tiXt and folemn difcuflions of matters relating to antiquity,
with an air of levity, feemingly ill fuited to the gravity of the
fubjeft ; yet we are very ready to declare that we refpe^a every
flip and corner of the extenlive fields of fcience and literatur:
tbo highly, to involve all thofe, whofe lot or choice it may be
td cultivate even the moft barrtnfyxyis of either, in one indii^
criminate cenfure. When the invefligation of antient coins
or other monuments of antiquity, tends to the difcovery cf
new fa£b that have the leaft claim to fignificance ;— >when it
leads to the elucidation of an obfcure or cointraverted point of
hiftory ;— when it points out the progiefs, Aate, and decleo*
fion of the arts among a people ; — in mort, whenever it grati*
fies a laudable curiofity, or contributes in any degree to the ad-
-vancfcment 'of any brani:h of ufeful, or even ornamental koov-
ledge }^-it is in no danger of incurring our animadverilon ct
ridicule : provided neverthelei?, that fuch ridicule is not ex-
torted from us, by circumftances of a rifible quality, the ope-
^tion of which it is impoffible foi* all the phlegm even of 2
reviewer to refift*
M, Dut«ns, our readers may recolleft, is the Author of^=
ingeniou; work, in which he epdeavoured to fuppok't the pr *
' ' * oricf
Dikeni*! Explanathn df certain Greet ^ l^c. Medals: 573
ority and pre eminence of' the antients in fcience, and which
was particularly noticed jn a former volume of our review *,
The nriedals of which he here treats, conftitiite pan of a
coIleAioh made by him in different partf of Europe, and, cxt
ccpting two or three, have never yet been* puM'rflied, The
firft of thefe performances contains the figures anci explanations
of near thirty Greek and Phenician medals; fome of which,
particularly a few of the firft clafs, are fingularly beautiful.
Among' thefe there are fome that evince/ not only that the
Sicilian artifts extcUed all others in the delicacy and elegance
of their work^anfhip, — whrich is a point generally acknow-
ledged;— ^but likewife, as the Author obferves, that the arts
flourilhed in thd highcft degree in Sicily, near 200 year? before
they krrh^etf at perfeftlon in Greece. - • '
In proof of tliis obfervarioni it here appears that there are
medals of Oehn^ who reigned at Syracufe about 500 years be-
fore J. C. that are fuperior, both with refpcS to tafte and ex-
ecution, to thofe which the Greeks produced above ico years
afterwards, even in the cfties where the arts were moft highly
cultivated. Fifty or fixty years before the time of Gelofip the
arts in Greece^ M.Dutens remarks, were in a ftaie of down-
right barbarifm. Pliny, as he elfewhere obferves, names tWQ
fculptors at Crete, in the year 560, before our ?era, who were ^
the firft that worked on marble; their predecefTors having
hitherto exercifed their art only upon wood. From this cir-
cumftance, a fair inference may be drawn with refpeft to the
art of engraving ; as thefe two arts are congenial, and have
conftantly kept pace with each other.
On the fubjeS of his attempts to explain the Phenician me-
dals in this colfeSioo, the Author previoufly obferves, that a
conftant application during twenty years to the ftudy of the
Hebrew language, had induced him to hope that he might con-
quer fome of the difficulties attending the elucidation of thefe
coins. On his firft entrance on this part of the medallic (cience,
he was * furprifed to find rather conjectures than rules, more
doubts than certainties, more of empiricifm than of fcience.'
By what other title, he adds, can we more properly charaderifcf
the writing of poems in a language t> if we may give it that
name, with the very alphabet of which we are unacquainted i
It is iodeed ludjcrous to refled, with the Author, on the
difputes carried on concerning the fenfe of certain paflages,
which are faid * not to be conformable to the genius of the
♦ Sec Appendix to our 35th Volume, 1766, page 544.
f M. Dutens alludes to certain Phenician poems, manufoBurei
atr Oxford. See Fietas Vniverjitatis^ and the Carmen PhenUium^ in
the Efiihalama Oxunienfia^ printed in 1761.
P p 3 Pbeniciaa
574 Dutco*! E^Umatm •f iirtain Grtii^ &Cm AMib.
Fhenician language:* — for, it feeoity tbofe who arc the beft
judges of this fpatter know very well that, inftead of uiuier-
uanding i\\ the AuJ/is of the Phcaician tongue, we fcarre
)cnow mty words beloxiging to it, a few proper names excepted.
The learned, M* Dutens obferves^ are not agreed even as to
the pe%vir of fonie of the Punic letters i and fuppofing that dif-
ficulty got over, and that they have reduced them to the tltki
of the correfpondent Hebrew chara^rs ; they have no other
method of interpreting the words in this language, than by
giving them the lignlfication which th^y bear in the Hebrew aisl
Samaritan tongues. The Carmn$ Pbinicium above referred to,
confirm this oofervation : and yei we fee fome of your more
fuperb Punic antiquarians, who are tbcmfelves wandtrhg in thb
dark labyrinth, (talking along with ^s much (l^telincfs^ and di«
varication of the legs; and infulting their fellow<-wandeten
vrith as much confidence, as if they alone had a clue to direS
their ftridfs through it !
To enable future adventurers to grope their way with more
fecutity through thefe intricate paiTe^t, M, |>utens ha$ given a
plate containing the various forms of the Fhenician, runic»
9nd Siculo-Punip charadlers that occur on coins, together with
the titles of the correfponding elements in the Hebrew tongt»*
The Punic alphabets which the Abbe Barthelemy has publif^,
* have not been intirely acquiefced i^ by Mr. Swinton \ who, on
the other hand, has publifhed others, which, in their turn, have
pot been univerfally adopted ; nor does even his own alphabet,
as we are here told, which he publifbed in 1764, agree wi^
that which he gave in 1750* This of M. Duteo's has the me*
fit of being formed on, more certain principles; as no cbarac^
ters are admitted into it, the powers of which have not bee^
generally or univerfally acknowledged i^ the e^^plicatioa of le*
gends, and acquiefced in by all psrti^. $0 far as it goes there*
fore it may be abfolutely confided \vi.
The fecond of thefe performances co^tajns 22 Pbemctaa
medals, in the colle£kion of M. Duane; the fubje^ and
jegends of which the Author endeavours to explain in a coo-
cife and unaffected pfianner. His explications and cos}e&ura
will, we apprehend, be acceptable to tbofe who cboofe toaciu&
themfelves in this harqilefs^ and oc;c;a^onaUy infirudive bam^ii
of antic nt erudkioiw
A t T.
f 575 1
A u T. XIL
^mmtriemi Ltifrt a IdonfUur de Vektitrt^ par ilf . Climettt^ M. Cle*
ments's fourth Letter to Voltaire. Odavo. Paris. 1773*
IN our laft Appendix we gave an account of M. Clement's
firft, fecond, and tkird letter to Voltaire, and we^an afltire
our readers that the fourth is not inferior to an^ of the pre*
ceding. It is written with gre^t fpirit, aAditiavety enter-
taining manner. The Author fiiews himfelf to be a mdfc of
good tafle, and an excellent critic, though fometimes, perhaps,
a little too fevere. The fondefl admirers of Voltaire, however,
if they have any prctenfions to candor, and are not ftrangely pre-
judiced indeed, muft a))o<v that mod of Monf. Clement's
criticiftns ia the ktter now before us are extremcljr juft and
pertisient.
What he propofes, is to vindicate the literary chai^fers of
Fontaine and Botleau, and to examine what Voltaire has faid
of them in his SiecU ie Letds XIV. and his other writirigS. He
begins with Fontaine, of whom Vdtaire; after fpeaking of
Corneille, Bofiliet, Mbliere, &c. fays. {SieUede Uuis XIV. Cha^
fitn da Beaux Aru) qu'il ft mU prefyu* a xite dt us hommesfiA'-
times* He afterwards affirnis that Qufnaott dcferveS to be ranked
^ith his iltuftrioii^cotemporarles, fo thK poofl^'aiitaine isthriift
down to a lower ratlk that) Quinault^ — €i qid tft^ ptntitre^^
fays our Author very juftly, U jugemtnl U plus b(muu>tp9ur un
homme de gckt.
Voltaire in his <rafrfogue of Authors in the age oif Lewis
the XIV. tells us, that Pontine is often negligent^ and unequal ^
ihat his ijuoris are replete wkh grammatical errors 5 that he has even
frequently corrmpted the French language^ 4hat he finks tdo often int0
the famiUar^ the hnx^ the iriviat^ &c, and he eodeavours to Sup-
port thefe aiTerilons by examples.
M. Clement examines the feveral parts of this charge at full
length, and vindicates Fontaine in a very ingenious, ahd to us^
a very fatisfadory manner. He frews that Fontaine, itiftead of
corrupting the French language, has enriched it with a great
variety of bold and rtervOas expreffionsi and he produces many
beaatifui and ftriking pa£ages from his works in fupport of
what he advances.
As to the famHlar^ the hw^the trivial^ &c. which are charged
upon Fontaine, our Author gives us much ftronger examples
of them in VcHtaire's own writings, than any that are fo b^
found in Fontaiiie's. Thefe examples too are taken not from
the produAions of Vbltaire's dota;:!;ef but from thofe of his
better days, and chiefly from his epidles to the king of Pruffia,
in dne of which we have the following lines :
P p 4 Con/ervez^
576 ClcmcntV Fourth Letter to Voltaire.
ConferveZy 0 mon Dieu ! raimoble Frederic^
Pour fan bonbeur^ pour moij pour U bien du puplic,
ViveZj Prince, tt paj/ez dam la paix^ dam la gugrra^
Sur-tout dam ies platers tous les let de la terre^
Theodoricy Ulric^ Genjeric^ Alaric^ .
J^ont aucun ne vous vaut felon mon pranojlic.
Mais hrftpie vous aurez^ de viSfoirejn vi£iotre^
Arrondi voi Etats^ ainfi que votrc gloire^ i^f.
lo another epiftle to tbe king of Frui^a, we have the follow*
log lines :
£11 Hibouy fort fauvent renferme tout le jour^
Feus perce% d* un ceil d* Aigle , he.
Eh bibou ptfcer d^un cetl d'Aigle^ what will you call that^ iays
our Author ? I leave you to your own rcfled^ions upon it.
In regard to fioileau, there is none of the French poets, who
did honour to the age of Lewis XIV. of whom. Voltaire fpeaks
fo diiierently in the different parts of his writings. Sometimes
he cpmmends him highly, but much more frequently cenfures
and criticizes him ;, in confequence of which, it is a cobmdoo
pradice among Voluire's difciples to infult the memory of
JBoileau.
Our Author docs not collect the feveral paflages in Voltaire*^
writings, wherein he attacks the reputation of Boileau, but
confines himfeif xp his epiitle to that great poet^ It begins ia
the following manner:.. , .
fioiLKAU, correct Auteur de quelques ions ecrits^
Zo'Ue de-^iftautj etflatteur de Louis §
Ahis oracle du gout ^4anscef art diffieile^
OuOgoyoit Horace^ aiirapailloit Pirgile.
Dam la cour du Pcilaisy J£ naquis ton vaifin i
De ton SiuU britlant, mes yeux virent la fin^
Steele de grands talens bien plus que de lumiere^
Dont JCorneillej en bromhcinty.fuLouzrir la carriere,
M. Clement places the whole of this epiftle before his readers,
and then enters into a full anddiAin£l examination of it. Hear
part of what be fays: ,
BoitEAU, correia Auteur de quelques bons ecriUn
Could lefs have been faid of a grammarian, who bad beeii
the Author of fome good work, corredily written ? Is carrel f
nefs then Boileau's prinoipal merit ? h not Boileau one of our
greateft .poets, for the beauty and truth pf imagery, the
energy and elegance of expreifion, the choice of^ epithets, tbe
variety 9f ftyle, and. the harmony of nMQibers ? . Is not b^ the
greateft mafter in that very difficult art of bq/lgiyipg tl)0 gra^s.
of poetry upon little things ? TJ)c Author pf ^be Lutxirn^^^^
the Art of Poetry is axorrc^ Author offorhegood mritiftg^J V^r
Clemen t*i Fourth LiUer to VoUain* 577
defign, then, Sir, in this epiftle, was to infult Boileau's me-
mory. And what was your motive ? The fame which made
you detract from the praifes of Corneille, and fometimes from
thofeof Racine, viz. becaufe you yourfelf had written trage*
dies: the fame, which made you difparage Malberbe and
Roufleau, becaufe you never wrote a Angle ode that deserved
to be called a good one: the fame which made you criticize
Fontaine^ becaufe you have not a grain of natveU in your ge-
nius or ypur ftyle* It is impoffible for you to be ignorant tbat^
as long as Boileau's fatires are remembered, and they will be
long remembered, yours .will be condemned ; and that the L«-
iriui the only, epic poem in pur language, though the fubjedl
be .a trifling one, will bear teftimony againft the Henriadi^
which has fo little of the epic in it, though the fubjed be.a no-
ble one. In your Effay on Epic Poetry^ you had a fair opportu^^
Dity .of faying fontething .concerning the Lutrin^ but not a
fyllable : on the contrary, you tell us, that BoiUau meddled onlf
with didaSiicfubje£is^ which require^ nothing hup Jimplicity I fliall
make amends for this omiiTion in my letter upon i\it tienriade^
where I hope to be able to prove to you, that this celebrated
Henriade is only an hjftorical, poem like the Pharjalia^ and that
the Lutrin is the only poeo^ in our language that can give us
an idea of the true epic.
Zo'ile de ^inaut^ et fiatteur di Louis.
You had rather not write at all, than not begin a work of
what kind foever, by, an antitheiis, your favourite figure: And
what an .antitbefis is this ! the moft injurious and the moft abfurd
that can be imagined, Boiteau^ Zoil^ de ^inaut, Quinault
then is transformed into a Horner^ for having written f»me
pretty verfes, in the worft fpccies of compofition, if» after all,
the opera may be deemed a ipecies : and Hoileau, for having
juftly cenfured the morality and the infipidity of fucb rhap-
fo^ies, is confidered as the Zoilus of this Homer of the optra*
You will never be reproached. Sir, with being trie Zoilus of
any middling writer, but with being the Zoilus of CoriieiJrJe, of
Boileau, of Fontaine, of both the Roufleaus, of Crebillon, of
Alontefquieu, of BufFon, &c. in a wora, of all thofe who are
the objeds of your jealoufy.
As xo-^jlatteur de Louis^ this is equally abfurd. In, the firft
place, what a ftrange contrail ! Lewis XIV oppofed. to Qui-
nault ! As if Boileau ou.ht not to have praifed Louis le grand^
becaufe he had cenfui;ed Quinaultl iT this famous v^rit r had
commended any wretched Author, whico be never di i, ,\h^n .be
might, with juftice^. have. been reproached with partiality and
v^ant of judgment, as thete isjuft rcaOm for repr aching jou.
Sir, , for ha^ng^ drfpairaged and inftilted much greater men than
Quinault, and for having, at the fame time, praifed, flattered,
|ipd oiFered up incenfie to fuch ipen as La MoUe, Perrault, ^c.
- ' " ' ' If
578 Clcmtftf 5 Fourth LtUir u VoMfi.
If Boilcau has bcftowed ercat ptaife upon Lewis XIV.
wherein is he to blame? Where* is the flattery? Had not
this king fomc very commendable qualities ? He had his infir-
mities and frailties, undoubtedly ; and what iing, what man
is without them ? Could he be reproached with profcriptioos
like Auguftus ? And yet that emperor was commended by Ho-
Mce and by Virgil. Could Boiletu fee the love ofhis prince far
what was great, iox the liberal arts, &c. the favourable re-
ception which diftiriguilhed abilities never failed to meet with,
and the rewards that were liberally bellowed upon merit ; could
be fee this, I fay, without enthufiafm ? Was it poffible fdr
him not to be warmed with gratitude, when his pribce, fpoke
to him in fuch engaging and fuch flattering terms ? fiat who
ever praifed with more delicacy or dignity than fioileau ? On
what occafion are his praifes mean or inlipid ? In this refpeft
lie is fuperior to every poet. In order to be convinced of this
let me beg of yOu, Sir, to read once more thofe parts of his
works, wherein he fpeakk of Louis-U-grand^ his eighth epiftle»
the conclufidn of his Art of Poetry, &c. What ingenious,
what noble, what natural turns of expreiSon I Befides, has
Boileau praifed none but bis prince ? All the great men of
the age he lived in, in every different walk of life, were pfatfei
by him, and he never retraced his praifes. The great Cond^
Turenne, Vivenne, Nantouillet, Rochefoucault, Colbert, &c.
all received their juft portion of praife. You yonrfelf, Sir,
have beftowed as many pompous praifes, at leaft, upon Lewis
XIV, as Boileau did. But what do I fay ? Boileau had the
noble courage to fpeak the language of truth to his pritice.
Read his firft epiftie, wherein he exprefle^ himfelf with fo
much force and fpirit againft conquerors, arid relate the con-
verfatlon of Pyrrhus and Cinea^, which is a verytfd^^cenfuro
of the vaft enterprises of Lewis.
On pent tin hires fan$ ravagtr la tifn.
li tft plus iune poif$. En vain au* cofiqueraHi
V erreur^ parms Its rois^ donne les prtmiers rangs.
Entre les grands herds ci font Us plus tulgairei,
Chaquejiecli eftfeconden beureti)f timSrains.
Is this the language of flattery, Sir ? Is it poffible to fpeak truth
to a king in bolder terms, than to place him in the number of
the heureux timiraires ? And what renders the chstrader of Boi-
leau yet more refpedable, he ftill continued attached to thofe
whom he loved, even when they had incurred the king*s dif-
pleafure. When Janfenirm was a crime at court, he was t^e
firft to turn into ridicole the fafliionable, madnefr of eallrng the
Janfenifts men of great merk ind virtue, with a view to bftckea
their chara£ters. He did juftice, io the moft public and open
manner, to the virtues and abilities of the famous Arnaud,
though in difgracc ; and confec/ated h» Venerafioii and ten*
dcrncfii
The Thru Jges ofFrtncb Liiiratwre^ l^a 579
dernefs for him, by that beautiful epitaph wherewith he ho*
noured his tomb.
But have not you, Sir, who accufe Boileau of having flat-
tered^ Lewis XIV. carried your incenfe from court to court?
Have not you offered it up» with a very liberal hand, not only
to fovereigns inferior in every refped to Louis-'k-^grand^ hut to
a thoufand other perfons very little efteemed by the Public ?
This is a (pecimen of our Author's obfervations upon Vol-
taire's epiftle to Boileau ; we recommend the whole to the at-
tentive and impartial perufal of Voltaire's numerous admirers ;
although it (bould tend, ii> fome degree, to lefien that venera*
tiop in which his charader as a writer has long been held.
Art. Xm.
Les Trots Sieibi de notre Litieraturr, ou Tableau di VE/trit de net
' Ecrivoims^ depuis Fran^eis 1» jufyu^en 1772 ' par erdre alphabitiqtitm
' -^Thc three Ages of French Literature, &c. 8vo. 3 Vols. Parisy
177X. ^ .
IN the prefaice to this ingenious and entertaining work, the
Author draws a very melancholy, though we ate afraid, too
i'uft a picture of the prefent ftate of Literature and Morals in
'rancc.
An age oF'genius, ofreafon, ofgreatnefs, and of glory, fays
he, is fucteeded by st frivolous, weak, giddy, and abfurd age.
The theatre of Literature is invaded by three forts of enemies,
who . degrade* it ; a tyrannical and contradictory philofophy
choaks the very feeds of genius; a falfe tafte deftroys true and
Iblid principles ; and a blind facility of admiring every thitig
l>ani(hes emulation and difcourages merit. Rules are defprfei!,
ranks confounded, and great mailers infulted ; knowledge is
)ittle hoiioured, mediocrity favourably received, nay even cele-
brated, and a bold and daring fpirit fupplies the place of genius.
%Ve fee almoft every moment the mod whimficaF publications,
^ftonifliing fuccefs, ufurped reputations, and were it not for
fome Writers who are incapable of yielding to the torrent,
good tafte and reafon would have neither difciples nor fupport.
In fuch a ftate of thines, it is impoffibte for zeal not to raife
its voice. Wbilft prejudice, or th# fpirit of party, continue to
fiifpenfe praife or cenfure, the progred qf degeneracy will infal-
libly become more rapid. It is the duty, therefore, of the im*
partial fcholar, the friend of troth and juftice, to combat fuch
tifurpatiofis, to open the eyes of the multitude, to pronounce,
according to invariable rules, upon the merit or demerit of fo
fnany Authors, forgotten through injuftice, or applauded through
iedu^ion. ^nd w^y ihonld \yc be afraid of taking this office
^fosi us ?
The
j2o The Three Ages of French Literature^ STr.
The Republic of Letters is a fia|e pe^fedly free, in wbick
every citizen enjoys the fame privileges, though he doca noc
enjoy the (aroe iionours , the moft jliuftrioiis has no rights but
what axe fuppgrted by merit and talents^ and the moft ob-
fcure does not exceed the limits of his power> when be paiTes
fentence upon tbcm> the only thing neceflary is to found his
determinations upon juftice and folid principles.
;It would be ridiculous^ after this, to afk.us, what are the
jnader- pieces which you have produced ? If tbe Wrkers wbom
we fenfure were to put this queilion to us, we might anfwer;
^the fear of doing no better than you, ha^. kept us from giving
our works to the Public, and the knowledge we have o( what
isJndifpenfably neceflary in a ^od work has determined us to
ccnfure yours. If it wpre necdFary to add other reafons, we
lOigbt fay, Mu(l one be an excellent Painter bcfpre he can have
a right to jui|ge of the Carults oi; beauties of the Painter who
^expofe^s his pi^ijres to the crtxipU.eye of tbe Public ? It is fuffi-
cient to be a Spe£iatcr. It has been faid a thoufand times,
that the man v^ho publifiies his works ackiiowledg^s every indi-
vidual for his judge. ,
Dii que rimprejjionfait ielore un Poete^
II ejl e [clave rfe de quiconque Pacheie,
Boileau was in the right, and we fubmit to his authority.
I^t us not be reproached with afTuming a decifive tone in the
greateft part of our articles. We declar^.befoce»hand that our
intention is to deliver our own fetitiments, and that, by omit-
ting the following modes of exprei£on» — it feems to us^ it appears
to usj in our opinion^ ^c. we mean only to avoid repetitions.
Tbe falfe roodefty of fuch language is incapable of producing
any other elfe^ but that^ of weakening tbe truth, and fatiguing
the Reader by a tirefome and difgufting monotony.
It would be equally unjufl to find fault with certain firokes
of criticifm, wherein pleafantry. dxops frpm u^, as it were, of
its own accord, at the fight of ridicule; if we had known any
other method better adapted to mark and expofe it, we ihould
certainly havc.cmployed it. The fame may be faid in regard to
certain emotions of zeal which particular circumfiauces have
excited in us ; the greatnef^ of the provocation, and the profpcd
of impunity have always made the fame imprefEons upon every
mind that has any fcnfibility or regard to juftice \ and the judi*
cious part of our Readers will pardon us the more readily, as
they will be fenfible by what they feel in themfelves, that when
the caufe of religion, morals, and taftc, is to be vindicated
againft the errors of fevcral popular Writers, one cannot expreft
himfelf too flrongly. Writers who attack fociety have no right
to demand 'refped, (ince they themfelves are wanting in that
refpcdl which every good citizen thinks indifpenfably neceflary.
Amonj
The Three Agei if French Literature^ Vc. 5?i
Among the Writers whom we have cenfurcd, the pretended
Philofophers o( the age will be particularly diftingufibed ; and
this, indeed, they ought to expef):, if they are capable of doing
juftice to their own charaders. Thofe who do not judge of
Authors for themfclves, but follow the opinion of the multitude^
have hitherto looked upon them as burning and (hining lights^
s^ fuperior geniufes, as the benefactors of mankind ; as for us
who have read them, who know them, who have ftudied them
thoroughly, we afiign them their proper rank and ftation, and
throw down thofe altars which inconfideration had ereded in
honour of them.
There is nothing more extraordinary in the hiftory of the
human mind, than the fooli(h enthufiafm which the phiU/ophf
of the prefent times excited, as foon as it began to raife its
voice. The volatile geniufes of the capital communicated the
enthufiaftic fpirit to the provinces, and the tyranny of the mode
rendered the diftemper epidemical. It was impoflible, indeed,
to make any refiftance. The golden age was to appear again
under this new Aftnea ; new Prometheujes fcemed to have (lolen
purer iires from heaven, to animate the human race, and make
it happy. Beneficenct^ humanity^ toUrattonj knowledge^ virtue^ hap»
pinefsj ^e, were the bleffings which the Philofophers promifcd to
mortals ; fuperjtition^ fanatitifm^ ignorance^ flavtrj^ were the
anathemas of their zeal.
. But this bright horizon was foon overcafl; this gracious and
gentle philofophy foon aflfumed a different tpne, and exchanged
its foft and compaffionate language for that of rage and decla-
mation. Its light became a flaming torchj ready to fet fire to
every thing ; divine toleration was changed into an inexorable ■
fury; the moft important truths, the moft Aicred principles,
the moft indifpenfable duties, heaven, earthy the dicar, the
throne, every thing, in a word, would have felt its fatal influ-
ence, if men had been as ready to pradife its ir»axiflns, as they
were eager to publiib them. Ail oa a fudden errors, lies, ca«
lumnies, injuries, abfurdides, torrents of gall and impiety
poured forth from the box of this modern Pandora. ■
So glaring and fudden a transformation could nOt fail to open
the eyes of thofe who had any difeernment. Strange Philofo-
phers, it was faid, who demand favour from every body^ and
ftiew it to no body !
But. people have gone farther; they have not only read the
books of thefe Philofoph'ers, but they have followed them into
the wortd, and watched their behaviour in public and private
life, ahd then it was' very eafy^to fecv that what might have been
Confidered ar the mere effed of a momentary delirium, of the
ragfi fe fcr'ibblihg. of the love t>f fingularity, ai having dropt
fl-om their pen undefigne'dly, &cv wa^ but too frex}iiently reiilated
V. - in
58a ^ 7li Thru J^iS pf FriHcb LiOrdUirig &V.
in their condud. It has been feen that there is but Uttle bar*
mony among them, that thcj are jealous of each other, bitted
enemies to thofe who oppo/e their opinions, eager to form in-
trigues in order to increafe and fupport their party ; and now,
to retard the utter ruin of their cabal, thefe haughty Philoio-
pbers are feen cripging to thofe in power, artfully caluamiaeing
merit whenever it appears in oppofition to them, and opprdfeg
the vi£)im8 of their aniAiofity in the moft mercilefs maaner.
How natural is it, therefore, to cry out, — ^Are thefe the Guides
we are to follow, thefe the Models we are to imitate,, theft the
Idols we are to worfhip I
The intereftt of Society too have led to other lefledions.
To deny the immortality of the foul, to free the paffions frooi
every reftraint, .to confound the ideas of right and wrong, to
reduce every thing to felf-love, to eradicate every virtue, Co
break every facred tie, to attack the laws, to overturn the mo&
facred principles, to make human life, in a word, a mere com*
pofition (^arbitrary motives, perfonal intcrefts, fenfualand irre-
gular appetites, animal funSions, to terminate it by an utter
annihilation, to preach up fuicide— what is this but infulting
Society, and giving every member of it a fatal blow ? What is
this but depriving every mind of its vigour and energy, everj
foul of its principles and *guide, and the moft refpefiable preju-
dices of their advantages and their power ? What can be ex->
peded from a Pbilofopber formed in fuch a fchool ? Abandoned
to himfelf, the fport of bis own humours and caprice, the flave
of his paffions, the conftant vi&im of his own deplorable eatft-
ence, wherein can he contribute to the happtnefs of others,
being the moft cruel enemy to himfelf?
Accordingly, as the fruit of this baneful, this comfortleis
doSrine, we fee almoft every where a general depravity 1 a nar-
rownefs of Ibul; an infenfibility of heart; a corruption, or
rather an utter annihilation of morals, and a total perverfion of
the national genius. Little objeAs, little views, little motives,
little inventions, little amufements, fucceed that warmth, that
elevation of foul, which was the glory of our anceftors, wh<l
were fuperior to us in every thing, becattfe they were not i%f-
hfopbirs, Alas ! of what ufe would fo much reafontng* have*
been to them ? they had the talent of aSing well ! Is it not
well known, that a paffion /or reafoning always fuppbfes an
imbectUtty of foul ? The Athenians, and all the other conquer-
ing nations were never fubdued, till they knew better boW to
reafon than how to live and to fight.
And have not letters a right to make the fame complaint ?
This corroTive philofophy has deftro}*ed talents in their very
bud, has feduccid them by mere chimeras, bat bewildered them
in their prog^reiii, turned them away from their proper obgeds,
weakened
MarilooUt*/ Hijlvrj rf England. 583
weakened the fprings of genius^ withered all its flowers, and
baniibed every found principle of literature.
Has it not intcoducecl among U9 thof<? feeble, languid Dramas*
which are only fit to lull the nation afleep, and to bani(h good
Cpmqdy fronir our Thcalr^a ? — What walk q( I^iteratur^ has not
felt the influence of itJi peflilential vapours? Poetry, profe»
eloquence, the pulpit;, the bar, are all ftrongly marked with it;
it is the bead olJofiufoy every thing is petrified at its approach.
It is the Philofppbi^rs who have placed Lucan above Virgil,
Quinault above Boileau, Voltaire above Corneille and Racine,
and Perrault, Boindin, and Terraflbn above all the Writers ^
the laft age.— It were e^fy to lengthen this pidure, but all the
iipliies and abfurditiei of the P^lofopbers jQxall be fufficientlj
ttxpofdd in the wtork which we now offer to the Public.
This is part of what oor Author has advanced in a very (pi«
rite^H pn^fape. The work itfelf i& of s^ piece with the pre&ce,
bold, -fpirited, and decifivei and though the Authors zeal
a^ainft the Philofpphers gets the better of his judgment and can-
dour in fome few inftances, yet the warmth and earneftnefs
wherewith be pleads the caufe of found Jiterature and good
quorals) do honour tq his principles and to his tafte, and atone,
in ioapie oieafure, for the hafle, inaccuracy, and prejudice that
appear ii^ fone of his articles.
The literary charaders of the bcft French Writers are, in gene-
ra), ftrongly marked, particularly thofe of Corneille, Racine,
Moliere, Fontaine, Boileau, Bofluet, Fenelon, both the Rouf-
feaus, Voltaire, Montefqaieu, Montagne, Pafeal, Fontenelle,
Flecbier, U'Alembert, Bruyere, Crebilion, Bufibn, Bayle, and
fome others. Mefiirs. Diderot, Marmontel, Thomas, De la
Harpe, Saint Lambert, and fome others, appear to tis to be
treated with too much feverity ; the work, however, upon the
whole, muft be allowed to pofiefe a very conftderable degree of
merit ; and it is not merely a compliment to the Author, to fay,
that he is an agreeable Writer, and an able Critic.
A «. T. XIV.
Iflm-ia D'lngbiiiirra^ fjfr.— The Hiflory of England, written by Vilfc-
centio MartiDelli* and addrefisd to Sig. Luke Corfl. 410. syols*.
London. 1774^
THIS Italian Hiftory of E^^land is an abbreviated tranfl»-.
tion of Rapin ; it will facilitate to the learACrthe. aoquUi-
)^oo of tbc^ language io which U is written.
Art.
A R T. XV.
Lettera dflt A*onfocaio FruJIaJftrbe^ lie. — A Letter from the Advocate
Fruftabirbe to Sig. Antonio Sacchiniy Mafter of the ChapeL 8fo.
Rome. 1774.
A N infignificant quarrel between Baretti and Badinf, die
•'^ former of whom had abufed the opera called La FtftJai
the latter, feems to have given occaflon to this impertineat
publication, which is prefaced by a poetical eulogium on Giar*
dini. 'Tis hard that we muft not only feed tbefe rats bat be
peftcred with their noifc !
Art. XVI.
Voyage D*une Franfotfi a Londres^ He. — A French Lady*s Tow »
London, or Calamny defeated by the Truth of Fads. 8vo.
London. 1774*
/^F equal importance to the Public with the foregcMng, zst^
^^ in all appearance, equally refpefiable.
Art. XVII.
Lettn de Pekin, fur It Genie de la Langue Cbinoi/e^ ISc. — A Lctar
from Pekin on the Genius of the Chinde Language, and tbeKa-
tare of their fymbolical Writings, compared with thoie of the is-
cient Egyptians, in Anfwer to that of the Royitl Society of L^
don, on the fame Subject ; to which is added, an ExtraA froc
two new Fublicatjons of M. De Guignes, of the Academy 4^ b-
fcnptions and Belles Lettres at Paris, relative to the fame Enqu-
ries. By- a Father of the Society of the Jefuits, Mlf&onarj ^
pekin. 4to. Bruilels. 177 1*
^T^H E curious in Oriental learning will here find abundaoct
-'• of amufement ; for thi9 work contains not only an eflay c£
the genius and ftruAure of the Chinefe languaige« but a varktj
of its charaders, exhibited on copper-plates. Thefe matten
neither admit of extracts nor abridgments.
Art. XVIIL
Le Taureau blanc^ 'isTf.— The White Bull tranflated from the Syri^
afcribed to Voltaire. 1774.
SHOULD we difcharge one duty to the Public by gnir:
an explicit iaccount of this performance, we (hould infrin:^
another, of greater importance. The growth of inBdelirr
already fo rapid, that the induftry of its promoters feems to V
almoft fuperfiuous.
1:^ Two different Englifli tranflations ar« publi(hed : fee ^
Catalogue, in the Review for July, 1774.
I N D EJ
INDEX
To the Remarkable Passages in this
Volume.
N. B. To find artj particular Book, or Pamphlet, fit tU
Table of Contents, prefixed to the Volume.
f> Fiir the remarkahle Pajfages in the Foreign Articles, fie th
Second Alphabet of this Index, in the loft Leaf of the Sheet.
A.
A Bauzit, Mr. ibme accoant of,
375, His works, ib.
ABSbNT Man, rid.cule of that
chara^er^ 162.
Alcuin, the Anglo*Saxon» ac-
coant of his learoing, 423.
Aldhelm, the Anglo-Saxon, ac-
couot'of his learning, 422.
Alfrbd, K. encomium on, as a
friend to learning, ib.
America, Bricilh, political inref-
. ligations relating to, 134, 170,
381, 485.
American Indians (North) foine
ac. of, by Sir W. Jobnfon, ^8i.
Anglo-Saxon Kings, not ab/b-
lute, 197. Difficulty of acquir-
ing learning in their times, 200.
At what period literature began
to flodriih under them, and by
what means, 420.
Antelope, method of hunting in
the E. lodiea, poetically de-
icribed, 311.
Apocalypse hamourouflv ex-
pounded and applied, 346. $e«
rioufly diicufled, as to. its divine
authority, 378. Triumph j:^^ tke
Apocalypfe, 379.
AacTVRus, inquiry into the pro-
per motion of^ 3^2*
Rev. App. Vol.1.
Arts, obf. on the origin and pro*
grefs of in England, &c 443.
Ash MOLE, Ellas, fome account
of, 169.
B.
Jg^BEL, confttfion of tongues atp
and the confequent diipea^on
of mankind, — Angular deduce
tions from, 439-^441,
Bacon, Lord, cenfured as an Wm
torian, 342.
Bailly, M, his new methods of
improving the theory of Jupi-
ter's fatellites, 353.
Bank, whether, on the whol^, be-
neficial or hurtful to commerce,
442.
Barrincton, Daines, his eflay
on the periodical appearance of
birds, 283. His invedtgation of
the diftinguifhing qualities of the
rabbit and hare, 285.
Biros, of periodical migration,
curious problem relating to,
folved, 283.
BoLiNCBROKE, Lord, his fine ta*
, lents, 369. His political wrl*
4ings commended, 462*
Bradley, Mr. his diredions for
nfing the Micrometer, 29.
Bribery, good ftory of tiie pa«
nilhmentof, 19*
Qj{ BaTDOVEf
INDEX.
B'iYDO!rB« Mr. his account of a
remarkable f.ery neceor, 478.
Of feme elcftrical exper. ib.
Burke, Edimind, his chataderin
(orm of an epitaph, 314.
Butter, Dr. his method of ex-
faibiiirj; nenilock, for the cure
of the kinkcough, 4.6«
C.
f^JEsAVi, remarks on his aflafli-
aacion, ami du real motives
of the confpirators, 267,
Ca ROLi N A, Booth, ^^Htical tranl^
adions in that province, 2o8.
. Inovnfider^e g^ranc of otOn^ to
the Bill of Rights, 210*
Cahthage, obf on. the ddfcAsof
her police. Sec. 352.
C H A R L E s I • bis own accoont of his
xealoos attachment fo the
Chorch, 1 37. ConfnltiB t^o of
the Bifhops about a temporary
allowance of the PrefbjteHan
mode of worftiip, 138. The
anfwer of the Biftrops, ib.
C^tsTERFiELD, Lond, (kctch of
im €ha«^a^ler, 2^8. General
account of hrs Utters to hn fon,
2:^9. Hiradvke en thefobjcfl
of negligence in behaviour, l5i.
His charafter ^f an ttb/ent man,
262. Hit -cautions agatnft iKe
iciludions QifUsfur§^ 2f>3. His
invedive againft laughter, ^6^.
i^is ca«tions againlt hifttrical
tefiimony, 266. His flight opi-
nion ot njupmen, ^1. His ad-
vice with regard 10 the art of
concealing our epntetf^t tftthets^
562« Dis remarks on gooJ
eompanyt 363. Confi^ires his
vwn p^ ervH^t 36e. His cha-
«ftcr 6f the gwat D. of Marl-
• iorougb, 366. Of %he ClianteU
ibr Cowfet, 368. Of Lord
B^li^eghrpka, 3^-9. His Itceti-
tious couaiel, relative 10 an il-
l4cit commerce between the
{txcA^ 4^7. His excrtlent fer-
•won on JkoHintfi tf manners^
^uhfirmne/i 0/ misel, « +5 8 . His
• anecdocba wiiU regard to the.^
{€)T altering the JfyUg 462. .
ther confeflion of his errors, 4
His obf. On the kmoieaieige »/
njjorld^ 464*
Chetah, a kind of leopard ec
ployed by the £aft Indians i
huDC^g the totebpe, 313.
Chilferic, K. of France, Vm
flton^ay of coDverdng a Jew,
214.
Christ, ei^ky int& the petlM
and chara^er of, 86--02.
CffRisTiAit if. &. M Dctunarfc,
his bad charafler^ 428.
— - - M iV. Jus. heroic d*.
ra^er, and wife condud, 429.
• ^ V, tort ictooBt of.
434-
*VI. hit great qoaK-
ties, 435.
Clareivook, Lord. Sd# Mtdb.
The fiyle of his hiAwy ccnfored,
342-
Clarke, Dr. Sam. hisMtifet-
cepthmable paflages io oor ii«
turg^, 1Q2. Fropoflda ' for ^
Amendment of, ibb
Climax IS, vaHotts, oiturftlly pt^
doce the noft whoklbsfie Ibod
for the iikhabitams ip^nted to
Ikft tmder theoit 438.
C^rfs, tuHdas hifioricsl parti-
culars relative to, 46^.
Colonies, Britifh, jpfaii for tax-
ing them propofed, 274. Mm-
fures new nfed, by the ttocher
country with refpedt to theoi ex-
ploded, 381. Another plaii fe
reconc^atioA, 46^.
Coi49TiTUTiON, BHtifli, ksgreit
excellence dif^^ed, 4^5.
CoKTBiipr of dmers, Aot tm bt
too freely ^Wloi^ed, 3^2.
Country 'fquires> >iaro^Kc «t-
ceuAtof, 1^.
CovRAOB <ieftfied, 16. Its bC*
nity with patience^ i8.
C^wPEit, Lord Chioc^fer* lib
oratorical charii&r, 368.
Citow^, of^nglan^^ \KMim3t\^
jeditary ambbg the ABgII>-^5iiv-
onsy* 1 96. . •
Cow
I N D £ Xp
CxJLrBPBK, Lords his fpirited let-
ter, to Mr, Aihbarabam, 27,
D.
T^ Ani^l, his predidlions enquired
into, y See alfo Apoca-
lypse.
DvNKiNy Dr. his poetical cha-
ra£l^» 45^. His hamoiirous
verfes relauve to Mr. Faolkoety
356.
Denmark, great revolntion there
in the rcign^of Fred. HI. 43^
See mor^ of this kingdom under
Christian.
OiisE^TERs, their late applicar
tionto parliament defended, 214,
Farther vindicated, 384.
Drowning, detail of the fucceft
attending the efUbli(hment %t
Parist for the recovery of per-
fons {\xpp6kd to be drowned,
150,
Dob LIN Society, when, and for
what purpoles inftituted, 81 •
Benefioal efieds of, ib. '
D^UELLiNG exploded, »i. Mei-
thod of aboliOiing deviled by
Gaftavos Adolphus, re.
Dunstable, Robert, his lltera^
perfbrmances, 474.
DtiNC* SteFoRSTBR.
E.
^AcHAKb, I^., John, Ws cha-
"^ ra^er, 14 u His epittpfa, 143.
East India Company, minnanage-
ment of their (hipping, 65.
Vharted with the mbft aiminal
rapaoty^ 253. State of dieir
flupping, 276* Obf« pn their
private m6ti, 278.
£cx.iFSE, folar, account of one
ofaierved at George's Ifland', 29,
Ei^DBR, recommended for preierv-
io^ vegetables from the fly„ &c
286*
Ei.icTRic<Tr. SeeHsHLY* Sec
Lightning. See Kinner-
8EBY. See Brtponb,
^KGLANo, fb^m of government
io, favoarame to Hterary contro*
W^ei^onall.fi^bjeas, 14^. tipr
inbabitaats opprobribimy cha*
radterized, 25;* Tn what her
chief military ^ngth ought to
confift, 2^7*
Eratosthenes, account of his
cqrious ^^eve, 32. Operation
of, 33.
Evan SON, Rev. Mr. profecurrd
for omirting the Athanafidn p^rts
of the Chorch fervicc, 64-^65.
Eye. See Warner.
F.
pAuLKNBH, George. See Dwn-
KIN.
Fire, See Hicoins.
Fisherman, good ftory of, tg,,
Fordyce, Dt. his method of cu-
ring the mafignant fore throat,
42.
FodsTER, Mr. his account of an
Indian root for dying red and
yellow, 28«.
FoTHERGiLL', Dr. his condnft
with regard to Dr. Leeds Im-
peached, 78. Defended, 235.
Reply to the Defence, JJ4. >
Note on the reply, 4 » 6.
Frederick HI. K. of Denmark,
effbfts a great revohit on in x^c
form of government, 432.
G.
V^Labaorgan. Sec Worcbs-
T^R.
Glover, Mr. his^ general opinion
of the prefem Ikite of oar linea
trade, 487.
Gold, coinage; obf. on the' late '
at^ relating tp; 29^.
Goldsmith, Dr. how far bene-
fited or hurt by the fever pow-
der in his laft illnei?, 404.
Good company, common idea of^
exploded, 36^,
Goths, their poetry, 293.
Governmbnt, ideas relating to
the origin and firft forms of, 449
Gyr ALDUS Cambren£s, his great
learning, 4^5^. His curious de*
fqription of the abbey of Laa-
tony, ib.
H.
UE^rtly, Mi% killed m his b^
** bV » thunder-ftorm, 470.
<^q t Hem-
I N D^
Hemlock, a (peci6c for the Chin-
cough, 45* Se^ alfo Oenantbt
Henly, Mr. his account of a
Aorm of lightning, 287. Of a
curious elcAromecer, 2 £8. Of
other ele^rical experimencs, ib.
HiGCJNSy Dr. his account of ac-
tual fire and detonation produced
by the contad of tinfoil with the
fait cofnpofed of copper and the
nitrous acid, 479.
BisTOHYy its teltimony very pre-
cariousy 266. That of the an<
cient gods and heroes univer-
(ally lAifunderltood, ^7 1 •
Horns BY, Mr, his auronomical
inquiries, 352.
HpRSLEYy Mr. his account of the
fieveofEraiofthenes, .32.
Hunter, John, his obf. on the
digeilive power of ihe ftomach,
a/tiriieati, 280,
Hyde, Sir Ed. his remarkable let-
ter CO his lady, 1 40.
1.
JAcKSON, Mr. bis account of
the manner of making iBnglafs,
473*
James, Dr. his fever-powder^.
SeeGo{.DSMiTH.
JfiRNiNGHAM, Mr. verfes, by hioi-
iclf» alluiiing to his poetic cha-
rader, 504.
John, K^ of Denmark, his ami-
able charader, 428.
Johnson, Sir Wm. his obf. on
theN. American Indians, 481.
JoNEf, Col. his curiogs Uconic
epiftle to Ix)rd Oribond, 53.
Inoculation proved to be idola-
tfy» 7I.
Ireland, particulars of the hift.
of, at the tioie of the grand re-
bellion, 50 — ^6. Natural pro-
dudions of, 82.
Isinglass. See Jackson.
Jupiter, new methods of im*
proving the th$;ory of his fatel-
; iites propofed, ^^u
Juries, Britifl^,, trial by, the nb-
blplt tbrm of policy that ever
was invenicd, 454.
f £
Jurors, not the fame witb tk
Tawmen of our Saxon ancdior.s
195. TbecontraryopiDioQ. 196.
Justices of the peace, wbcn M
appointed, 1S9. ^Summary of
tbetr qualifications, 191.
K.
XT^Inkcough, nature and aofc
of, 45;. Hemlock a fpedfic
for, ib. Method of exhibitb^
46.
KiNNERSLEY, Mr. his accoofit
of fome peculiar effects of light*
ning, 477.
Knowledge of the woild, ftody
ot recommended, 464.
T Anguages, origin of the di-
verfuy cf, 44a
La n TONY, abbey o^ curious de-
(cription of, 425. |
Laud, Archbp. hi$ charaAer, 165.
His ilrange diary, ib. tic mtes.
Laughter, decried, 265.
Law^ queftion whether the pfo-
fellion of admits of eloquence,
' difcufled, 340. Ufefttloefs d
hiftory to, 341.
Laws, penal, ibr the dire£lioa of
conicience, tyrannica^t itndfib*
veilive* of the real intereft of a
•commucity, 21 c. General ideal
of the Britifli (aws, ^1.^3. Ex-
cellence of our crinitnai law, 454.
Letter from the £• of Ncwcadk
to Sec. Winjebank, 23. Froa
Sec. Windebank to K. Chacks I.
24. From Lord Mcontnorris to
the E. of StraRbrd, 25. From
the Marquis of Wocccftcr K?
Lord Clarendon, 26* FroQ
Lord Culpeper to Mr« Allibam-
ham, 27. From the Bllbop of
London and Sarum toCharic&l.
138. From Sir Ed. Hyde to
his Lady, 146. From a tutor
to a ^oung man of falhion, i7)J
Liberty, love of, the aockft
naiional virtue of the Krglif!*
.20J.
.Lightning, obC on, 386. f<*«
of condu£loisfcr,coiite(lcd« 3£'
i N D E X.
Caution with rcfpcft to, ib.
Some pecuHar efBsfls of, 477.
Lilly* the ^flrologer, fome ac-
count of, 168. »
LiNDSBYt'Rev. Mr. his account
of his religious doubts and fcru-
ples, 57. Of his giving up hia
benefice, 6 x . His notioh of the
Tj-inity, 101. A ftrong Uni»
urian, 102. His farewell Ad-
drefs to his parifhroners. 159.
Ll>fEN;TRADB, S^e GtOVEK. »
' Liturgy, qf the Church of Eng-
land, alterations iif propofed,
500^
LucQMBEVoak, inte'refling ac-
count of, 285,
Luther, his motives and conduct
in the reformation fcrutinized,
. 266.
M.
|l{An, different races, or kinds
of, originally fitted to different
climates, 4.38. By nature di-
reifled p matrimony, 444. De-
flined and fitted by the Creator
to inhabit different paru of the
globe, 469.
'Marlborough, D, of, his real
charade/, 366..
Matrimony* natural *to man,
444« ^oth fexes impelled to it,
Mo u NT N orris. Lord, his affect-
ing, letter to tbe £• of SftafFoid,
Murder ^nfT Manffapghter diftin«
guifhcd, 9. . , * ,
*Mustel', M. nis ntw obf. on ve«
geution, 475.
>^EcKHAM, Alexander, fpeci-
mens of his Latin poetry, 426.
NegligBncb, in b^hividur, ad-
vice againtt, 261*
Newcastle, Earl of, his letter to
Sec« Windebank, 23.
^Ak, new and valuable fpecies
of, 285.
Oenanthe crocata, a cure for
' fcor&ttdc diforders^ 282. -
3
Ora ng-Outakc, bow 6r endued
with the facultii« of ^ech, 440*
pAiNTBRS cenfuredfor their im-
f>roper choice of Tacred fub*
jeds, 242. '
Pairing, the elTeAs bX |n die 1
animal creation, 445,
Parliaments, prefent ^un-
' ftance& of inadecjuate to th^rreat
defign of reprefentktion, \\^
Mouftrous' irregularuy of, 1 1^
Annual parlian>ents recommend
ed, 121. Preient. ffate of xe*
prefentation vindicated, 45 1«
Peers, fpii'itn'al, their legifUtive
rights aflerted, 450.
Plbasu.r^e, cautions againft ^
fedu£lions of, 263, 369. A
reafonable indulgence of plea-
fures recommended, 368.
Pliny, the naturalift, obf. relating
to the precile fpot where Jie pe-
riffied, 416.
Politics, general obfervatioos
on, 109 — 113.
Pope, Mr. forms the plan of an
hiftory of Englifh pberry,' 290.
Improved and extended by Mr«
Gray, 291. Mr. Wa[rton*s work
formed on a differenVpIan, ib*
TopuL ation; low ilatebf in Eng«
land, during the Saxon tiroec»
^pREss, liberty of, the palladium
of air the civil, political, and
religious rights of ah Englifii*
man, 185^. Reafohs why go-
vernment cannot form any dan-
gerous defigns agatnft it*,. .186*
Priestley, J)r. hit dircoveries
relating to ^/r, 286. '
Probity, poetic encomium on,
' ai3*
Pulteney, Dr. his account of a
cui'e of in inveterate icorbntic
diforder, by the hemlock drop-
wort, 282.
Pyrrhonism, hiftorical^ recom*
mended^ 267.
R.
I H p E J.
R,
vEcVLViKy o«e of (he: molt an*
** dent RoWa- ftations io Bri-
tain. 3^1 S* Antiquities fonnd
there, 3,'gk
RiGuiUA Maro^s Attilfus, ftojy
ofi t^ Dtamadc reprefentap
tion ^/qy MetaftailOy ^44. An-
oifyTf inBngiifh, 24^.
/arther remarks, on ^ fiilgeft of
tbb kindy 480.
T.
n^lJcxnWf Bean« vindkiaed si a
commercial writer, 127. I£s
i^heme for a reparation between
Great Britain and her colonio,
' 135. OppoW, ^s.
]tic>ARDsoN> auithof of Pamelas T/Egbtation, taw obkrmmi
fenfured, 19.
Ip^QH BOROUGH. See Recul*
• VBlt.
RoBiitSy Mr. account of the MSS«
left b)( him,, at his death, )2«
Romantic fifUoAj, iu origin 10
Eal«pe> 202.
CArwirrs fitirlzcd, 3t7-^jr!f.
ScALAi Marquis de, excellent
flory of hi's= porter and a £fher»
maa^ i^.
ScHooLMAtfTBa defoibed*^ 376.
^BLP-tovB defined and iltnlbated,
SBRMOirby Lord ChefteHMd^ ^^t.
SfifNSTDifB^ Nfr. verfes in praiie
'Sakj^THROAfi malignant, me^
thod of curing, 42;
"I^OMACHj CURIOUS ateodnC o( its
• ' di^e^iVe &cu^y after deatht
280.
'Stylb, alteradbir oQ anecdotes
aelative tQ.th^ aQ /or, 462,
,$¥RArFFOaD^ LO^ htS COttd^dt Ih
Inland inteflfi^ted, 49.
^VBtCRiFTiOK to articles of faith»
fliewn to hfi a/iUafjlciiPUj^ 96^-
1^ fardiercpnfiderationson,
Stnciof, ior^gflit^ i^l*
Swallow St cunoiis account' of
their periodtcaT migrations^ ^8 j«
EifiNToiff, Mjm bis account pf a
|b^at^4 4f«W«l» l?6. Hit
o»> 47S- ^
tSfALDBMAR HI. K. of Deo-
markj his extraordiiiarj qua^
lltlCJ, 427.
Warkbr, Mr. his account of the
Olaudidst CiJrareSt and their dK^
eafes,. 47.
Watson, Dr. thermometrtcal ex-
perimentbvy 481.
WiLKBs^ John, foretold in the
revelations^ 346.
Wilson, Mr»^ his propoM fei ai<
tering the form of metallic cso*
" du£lors for lightnm^ 386.
WiNnEBANR, Secretary, ^ed-
mens of his correfbondence, 23.
WiTCHBLLt Mr. hu account of
obf. on theiblaretlipic, July 25,
J 767, 29.
WpME^t degitcfattiig charaAer
' ' of, 36 1 . Theif great infiueace
under the Gothic conMockMis,
417. See alfo M ATR IMONT^
WooLASTOKi, Mr. his account of
an aftronoodcat ctock, and other
inftrnmentfl^ jci.,:
WoRCESTBRy Mkro. of, curious
I^tec from, to LOfdtlarendon,
26.
Wb LSR, their aaitaolty towao^ dbe
A^Qglo-Saxons,. 198; Their an-
cient conneQionat^^h Armoiicat
296, Wit^ pOTQwaUj ib.
INDEX
INDEX to t^ Hemaikablc Pa&ges In the JPo&eiok
AnTHCLn CQOtained in the APPENDIX*
A.
^LmoamU) SakM, Ms fillttit
behavi9ar to the Cniiaders,
« ATMotrHSfti. See Dft tve.
B.
gATTLif bork^ae dcfciiptSba
<>^ 535.
5^6. FarliciiUr inreftigaubn
♦^» 557—5^
Boiutnu, WflUdiated agtkift Vd-
Bft A M t rtt , llitir ttUgioni tud pld«
/^As9tHt| M. kit aetoant^ Ae
^^ Abbe Cftil^pe't irfboftoiiiital
obf, dn Califcmtia, ^S3*--5S4*
CnvReHy hiMIr cmrkbed bf Ihe
faperititions of the firft Chrifiian
pnnces, 542.
CtockwoRK. Si^ Btatii6t}Q«
CiA'kiirA, ^kkXt ^ letter to
Volukc, 533.
W
D.
Luc, his curiont experiments
and obC on the air, 568-757S«
E. ' .
^LtcraiciTir. SeeLlltdr.
TTONTAiirs, vindicated agb&A
* Vrftairc, 57?.
f oucBRoux, M. his memoir on
the Pecrolenm of Parma, &«•
548.
G.
^Blok, aedaUi rfT, 573.
Gbntoos, or Mogbolsc ac*
coootofthem, ^aa.
Gbks^, thftfiJtobili^Of, lb water,
provtd by experiment 54^^
"'■ R •
UAmtiaoN^ Mr. «bfi o«i Ua
time-keepers, 558^— 5^6,
Hercules, his real chancer and
hUtory iftvetii^ted, c^. II16
comm^ Aorf^ oC nk beroifm
all allegorical, ib. Mis exf^oict
relate to agricotture, 509* Ido-
lised uoder variofks n^mftf , 1 1 u
The Hirtkks Mkfiigtm expbia-
ed. 512.
Hfilt^TICiB. 8^ U^^s.
Hessk Jotm, and Jerom of Prigtieg
tii^ borAlng, t&e faidft magai-
ficent of all ^uihan facti£cts,
528.
Hydrometers, propofed im*
provement in the confirndkm
«f» 549. ,
I*
JArs, M. his di0ihieal ^gpiA
mentt, yi*
Ji\rkA'^,Vi. htl iliesK>ir th ttm
j^fi|i6liveaBd'di(perfiVepdwerso£
Lk
T Andb, M* de la, hn memoir
relatife to the diameter of the
^n,r and t^ the protuberance
ob(erved..oQ its di(k, duriog ths
D^aitfitibf Mentis, {52. Onik«
fifflS pirallax, 5J3.
XAvbHiER, M. nis mMOir on
tAe trabfinntadon 0/ water into
earth, J 44.
La^s t)f Mrnos, <itie 6f Voltaire**
beft tragedies, 52;.
Lb Roi, M. his memoir on die
.CQnftrpAioft of ele6lncal con-
*dQ£lor5, 54$, ' llis teiledioos on
hydrometers, ib^
Lewis,
INDEX.
Ltvris» tLi Sainft his ruperflitions
weaknefs with regard to his em«
barking in the Cmrades^ 532. .
LiTCRATUHE^ French, prefeot
Aateof, 579.
M.
|L|EDAtS. SceDuTtNS.
Mo^rnEn, M. Ic, hU me*
flsoir on the variation of the
magnetic needle, 548*
MoRAND, M. hisobf* onSexgUi'
ii/m, or PoiydaAilifiD» 950.
N.
f^EiDLE, magnetic, o^f. on its
annual vadatioo, 548.
P.
pExf K» the Czar, his great im-
provemenuof his empire, 514
—520.
Petrolkum. See Povgeroux.
PiNOR£> M. his critical examei\
. of the obf. made on the traniic
of Venus, 553.
POLYDACTILISM. SeeMoRAND.
R.
T> Omak empire, refl. on the ruin
of, by the Barbarians, 537.
Russia, favi^ and deplorable
ftite of, at the acceflion of Peter
the Great, 514. Wonderful re-
formation and improvement of,
mider that Prince, . ib. Farther
attempts of his'fucceffibrs, 526.
S.
CExDicxTisi«,anewword,OK30«
ingof, 450.
Siivfi*, new method of fepsndii;
from other metallic bodies, 5^1.
* Sully, Mr. his time-kcqxir, 55;,
Suit, obf. relative to its trucw-
meter, 552. On the dark pro-
tuberance ob(erved on its diik,
daring the traniits of Veoiu, h
V.
y7A.uo/n.s, &c tfk& one of
the greatell revolutioos that
ever happened, by the rail cf
the Roman empire, ^37. Ke«
fledlionson, ib. — 543^
V0LTAIR6, M. his account of ll«
Gentaos, 522. Of die BraaiBs,
523. Of ancient Hetiheo br
perftittons, ^25. Ofbistrsgdf
endtled, ne Unvs ^Wms, ib.
. Of attattgto(tafielnblyQf?opi&
princ^, £c^ at the burniifg <^
two heretics, 528. Of the ori-
gin of the Cnuades, 530. Hs
Letter to the |L of Profia« 5*}
His ag^ afcertained, ib. Leus
to, from the preieot Czarhu, i^
Clement's Letter CO, 575.
WATER, its tranfmutato \»
-earth, proved by experiiBcft
44-
ERRATA, in this VOLUME.
P* t6o, fbr ilated, enforced, andihewn, read * stated dUMltafontif
and // is ihewn, &c.*
— 304t for forgeon do not want,^read * forgeon sbes not want, Ix!
—^08, 1. 3 from the bottom, del. mpn.
-^456, par. 6, 1. ult. fbr improprieties of a fingolar oataic, toi
* of a fimilar iiatnre.*
END OP VOL. L;
a
r
otu 1 3 '.yai
i
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