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IIIAND'SEMSlOrotJVNIOR-^'NIIVERSnY 


■-W' 


T   H^B 


MONTHLY  REVIEW; 


O    R, 


LITERARY    JOURNAL: 


bt    several   hands. 


VOLUME    XLIV. 


L  O  N  D  ON: 

Printed  for  R.  G  R  I F  F I T  H  s  :  « 

And  Sold  ly  T.  BtcKMv  »adP.  A.  DBHoxDTt  in  the  Strmi. 


U,DCC,LXXU 


■■<:.,'%: 


3 


240056 


TABLE 

TO    T  HE 

Titles,    Authors  Names,   &c.  of  the  Books 
and  Pamphlets  contained  in  this  Volume. 

N.  B.  For  REMARKABLE  PASSAGES,    fcc  the  I  N  D  E  X, 
at  the  End  of  the  Volume. 


British   Publications. 


/•  For  the  Contents  of  the  Foreign  articles,  fee  the  laft  page  of 
this  Table. 


A. 

ACademy  Keeper,     Pai^e  75 
Acts  of  ihc  Days  of  the 
bon  of  Man,  561 

Addincton's  Geograph.  Gram- 
mar, 78 
•                       Reafons  for  bapti- 
zing Infants,                          4^9 
Address  to  the  People  of  £.  g- 
land,                                      332 

• to  the  H.  of  Commons 

of  Ireland,  ib. 

AovENTifREs   of  a   Banlc-Note, 

V0I5.III.  andlV.  333 

■  of  a  Jefuir,         92 

ArKiN^s  Obf.  on  Preparations  of 
Lead,  ^  485 

Algebra,   See  Explanation. 
Almida;  a  Tragedy j  150 

Almon's  Trial,  94 

ANGto-Lufitanic  Difcoarfe,     494 
Anneci,  Bifhop  of.  Letters  be- 
tween him  and  Voltaire,         33 
Answer  to  Junius,  •  201 

ANTiQ^TiTATEsSarifhurienns*  52 
Apollonii  Pbrg^i  Inclijtatiin' 

km,    &C.      /7</,  HORSLEY. 

AfOLLOtftv sRlf04fiits    SeeEiciNs. 

Arnaud's  Remarks  onGouia/d's 

Extras  of  Lead,  pj 


ScottKh 

7« 
43« 


334 


Attestation  to  Divine  Truth, 

420 
B. 

BA  L  L*8  Female  Phy fioan,    495 
Bank-Note.     See  Adven- 
tures. 
•Bannatyne*s     ancient 

Poems, 
Barber's  Sermons, 
Barker  on  Bapcifm, 
Baron*s  Edition  cf  Milton's  Ei- 

konoclaftes, 
Beauville.  See  Nun. 
Bedford's  Propofal  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Lhriftianity,  339 
Bell  on  Military  Principles,  26^ 
Bell-Grovp,  261' 

Betsy;  a  Novel.  333  ., 

Biographical  Diflionary.     See 

New. 
Bolingbroke's  Life,  108 

Book  of  Nature,  3  4  3 

British  Moralilf,  499  ^ 

Brother;  a  Novel,  262 

Brown's   Appendix    ad  Opufcvla 
Lufus  Medici,  175 

Brudenal,   Mifs.      See    Falsb 

STtP, 

BirtfcLEY's^Difcourfcsoulhe  Pa* 

A  z  ^b. 


Iv 


CONTENTS   9f 


C. 


C  Am  den's  Argument  on  the 
EjeAment,  £c,  340 

Carsy's  Analefls,  78 

«  Poems,   in  the  Time  of 

Cromwell,  491 

Carlislb,  Bp.  of,  his.  Sermon 
before  the  Lords,  on  the  30th 
of  January,  263 

Carmen  Arablcom,  &c.         260 
Cautions  to  a  La^y,  490 

Caylus,  Mad.  de.    See  Grif* 

PITH. 

Chappb's  Journey  into  Siberia 
tran^ied,  75 

Clementina  ;  a  Tragedy,    244 

Conduct  of  ihe  Royd  Academi- 
cians, 503 

CoNSiDtRATioMS  on  the  Military, 

Eftablifhmencs  of  Gr.  Britain, 

96 

■  on  the  Trade  to 


494 

158 

I? 

263 
343 

the 
279 


Africa, 
Contrast;  a  Novel, 
Cook's  Travels, 
Coterie  recommended. 
Correspondence  with  the 

viewtrs,  176, 

Cricket  ;  a  Poem, 
Critical  Obfervations    on 

Improvements  of  London, 
Cromwell,  Poems  written  in  hfs 

Time,  491 

Curate  of  Coventry,        418 
D. 

DAlrymple's  Colleflion    of 
Voyages  in  the  Souih  Pacific 
Ocean,  290 

-    'Danger  of  the  Padlons,         173 
Da VFN ant's   Pol.   Works,    new 
Edit.  494 

DAviEs's'Srt-mons,  84 

DbBATE  in  the  H,  of  C.  on  the 
Nullum  Tcmpus  Ail,  493 

Decisions  in  the  KiAg's  Bench 
on  the  Poor's  Laws,  95 

Dfpbnce  of  Pfoccedings  on  the 
Nullum  Jcm'pus  A^,  493 

Dbletanville's  French  Didlion- 
ary,  504 

I>£NiNA  's  Revolutions  of  Italy,  97 
-Of  ^^j?j^/raj  175 


Dialogue  betw.  ft  Lawyer  and  a 
Country  Gentleman,  1 7 1 

Dialogues.     See  Ten* 
Disguise,  a  Dramatic  Novel,  334-^ 
Divorce,  a  Novel,  497"^ 

Dossiers  Memoirs  of  Agriculture, 
Vol.  IL  477 

Dru  nkkn  News  Writer,         261 
E. 

EKi  N  s's  Tranilation  of  Apollo- 
nius  Rhodius,  344 

ELiBANK^sConfiderations  on  tne 

Scottifh  Peerage,  168 

Elegiac  Poem  on  the  Death  of 

Whitefield,  90 

Elegyou  theMarq.of  Granby,9i 

■  in  Covent  Garden,  416 
Elementa  Logics,  282 

Emerson *s  Cyclomathefis,  172 
Enquiry  into  the  Effefts  pf  Heat, 

■  into  the  Authenticity  of 

the  firft  and  iecond  Chapters  of 
St.  Matthew,  293 

Entick*s  Latin  and  Engliih  Dic- 
tionary, 168 

Epis  t  l  e  from  the  ^rincefi  F — a, 

344 
Epistola  Politica,  91  . 
Essay  on  Trade  and  Commerce,  13 
'■  on  the  Sacrament,  419 
—  towards  a  Contraft  be- 
tween Quakerifm  anid  Method- 
ifm,  420 
■■  '  on  Woman,  489 
Eve*s  Legacy  to  her  Daughters, 

344 

Examination  of  the  Declaration 

and  Agreement  with  Spain,  332 

ExHiBiTion  in  Hell,  260 

Explanation  of  the  affirmative 

and  negative  Signs  in  Algebra, 

339 

FAir  Orphan,  416 

Faith  andHope.  SccTrea- 

TISB. 

Falkland's  Ifland,  Pamphlets 
relating  to,  261,  330,  332,  416, 

493 
False  Siep«  ot  H\ft«  of  Mifs  Bru* 

denal,  9^ 

"6  ¥'K^u%^, 


thi  f.UGt^$H    Booi:9« 


I 


FiiiiCK*  Vlajor,  Proceedings  a- 

gaiftil  him  ac  &  Coarc-uiarda),  77 

PitiiilL*»  Letters,  VoIp  H.      jSjJ 

IftTAL  CompllsMcr,  409 

rATHiK,  a.  Comedy,  from  Diae* 

roc  175 

FAVoviftiTf*  aTalff  497 

Fi  Male  Physician,     Sec  Ball. 

FiitDLAY*!  Vindkai.  of  tbe  facrcd 

Boob,  457 

Foot*!  Pcoferolb,  a  Poem,      417 

Fouhyce'i  Ef-  of  Agriculture,  8fc. 

FovaDLiitc    Hor|>if4l    for   Wtr« 
PartlV,  544 

FiAiicii^sEkgyonWhltcficld,  174 
FftttDOM  of  the  Prefs,  492 

Ft  It  Tlioagbts  on  public  AiFairs, 

169 

Ptii  and  candid  Dirquifidon  oa 

religious  E ^3 biifh men ts I        191 

FvKKSAUJi'iLetters  to  BlackHone, 

zdEdii.  167 

G. 

GEkciloiis  IflConl!ant,       498 
GiLis^Poetns,  3^3 

||jLOiriR*i  Lconid.it.  ^th  Edit.  341 
r  fiok  D»M  IT  ii*$  Life  of  doling  broke, 

108 

.GtAct  TriuBiphanCt  Bg 

[GBtrfiTB^sTraniladon  of  Mad. 

deCcflm,  60 

H. 

H-^Lffn'*    Elegiac  EpilUc   to 
HuWifc,  174 

HAaAieTp  418 

He  wottid  if  he  could,  416 

Hill's    Vegetable    Svftetn,   Vol. 
I  ^VIL  '  158 

I      • V^bmet  of  Brittih  Hcrbi,  Pan 

fL  414 

I      HuTOitiCAL  Eflky  on  the  EngHlli 
L     ^Cotiftityrion,  468 

■BuToiir  ol  Mr.  Cecil  and  Kifs 
^P  Gfey»  261 

'      of  Sir  William  Karring- 

tof,  ib. 

['jocfo-'  Ttammar*  425 

ioLtiEx":    ;  :  Mufic,      121 

iOLDswoftT  Hs   and   AUind^c*s 


Ho  n  s  L  8  V  A  polloni i  Perg^i  Incli- 
nation um,  &c.  \% 

HtfnDESFoitD^s  Bdlf.  of  Lidet^i 
Synoplit  Conchyliorun).       484 

J  Ay's  Letter  to  the  College  of 
New  V'ork,  4aa 

J  ebb's  Theological  Le^ures,     ga 
JeRfiiKGHAu's  l-uncral  af  Ara- 
bert,  48$ 

l»6U>fDATtov,  a  Poem,  401 

Johnson  on  the  Ganglions  of  the 
Ncnrei,  496 

Jones  /ur  !u  Lhtraiun  OriintaU^ 

JoartN's  Sernionsy  36a 

JuKive  Junior's  loyal  Addrc5»7i 
JuaYMAw'»Touchftone,  171 

Justification   of  the   Miniltry 
relative  to  FalklaDd'i  Iflaad,  261 
K. 

KEy  to  Abfurditiej,  87 

Kimr£r*a  Baronetage,    360 
KK0WL2DCI  of  the  World,     503 
L. 

LAwcHORNE'sTranil.  of  PIo* 
tafch**  Livet,  t 

* concluded,        1 1 1 

■  his  Fables  of  Flora, 

Lawver's  invciligated,  lyo 

Lie's  MemoriaK  Scz*^  ^04 

Lhland's  Collet^anea,  new  Edit* 

\% 

Letter  to  the  Jurors,  124 

^^^^—  to  Morris,  16^ 

-     -  to  Wcdey,  170 

■"    -  to  Sir  R.  Ladbrokr,  423 

^  to  the  Monthly  Revieiv* 

erj,  50a 

-■  to  the  (amc*  Sec  Wim- 

PEY. 

LiTTERs  between  the  Bi/hop  of 

Arncci  and  Voltaire,  33 

■  to  the  Provident  Socicfy, 

7» 

from  Clara,  41$ 

CO  ilie  Rev.  Mr.  C(  — 

man,  cOo 

LtMtLs.    6CC  btLo^u  PoftCcn^i, 

LiU&U'i* 


«  CON'TE 

LibCls.    See  Summary, 

Liberty  vindicated,  340 

LiFB  of  Lord  Bolingbroke,      108 
Lister.     See  HuDi>EsroRD. 
London.     See  Critical. 
.    LovB  of  Money*  342 

"    J^uisA,  a  Novel,  173 

M. 

MAcPHBR50N*s  Introda^ioD 
to  the  H'll.  of  Gr.  Britain, 
&c.  404 

Mallet's  North.  Antiquities,  177 
Man  of  Feeling,  418 

MANT'iTrandationof  Mazroi^  96 
Mar  riot's  two  Sermon*,  85 

MARTYN'sDiflert.  on  Virgil,  219 
Ma  It  eft'  TahmUt  matuum  Solis  et 
'  Lutue  nonjte-  it.  correSay  ^284 
Medea  and  Jafon.  See  Ekins. 
Mbilan's  Dramatic  Works,  343 
Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  Sc. 
rj'  Forlaix,  Vols.  IH.  IV.  ^8 

■  ■  of  Mifs  Wilfon,         92 

— of  the  Countefs  of  Bar- 
re,  ib. 
*                 of  Lady  Woodford,  498 
Merchant,  a  Poem,  by  Young, 

Merchant's  Complaint  to   the 
Lawyer",  503 

Methodists  vindicated,        502 

Military  Inltrudions  for  dffi- 
ccrs,  3 

MiLTON*s  EikonocIaHes  new 
dition  of*.    See  Baron. 

Minstrel;  or,  the  Progrcfs  of 
Genius,  265 

Missisip^r.     SeePiTTMAN. 

Monody  on  the  Death  of  White* 
field,  90 

Moorish.  Grammar,  169 

Mull  I;  r's  new  SyAem  of  Mathe- 
matics, 283 
N. 

NAvtical     Almanac,     for 
1772»  .        214 

New  Hiftoricat,  Biographical,  and 
Claflical  Diflionary,  336 

— —  Lights   on    the  Hiftory  of 
Mary  Queen  of  England,     277 
■  ■  • .'  Marker,  423 

Nt/Li,t/M  Tempun,  Debute  on,  493 
A^vjw,  or  Ad.  of  the  March/oneia 
deJBeMQyiUc,  262 


N  T  S    of 


o 


O. 

BSBRVATIONS 


on   the  Re- 
view of  iheChar.  of  the  prin* 
cipal  Nations  in  ilurope,       336 

-! r-—  on  Gardening,     346 

Okes's  Medical  Diflerrations,  172 
Olivers%  Letter  toToplady,  421 
O^L  E  A  brs's  Travels,  168 

Original  Power  of  the  People 


'it 


416 
3q6 
505 

Nego- 

261 


a/Tcrted, 
O  beck's  Voyages, 
Owen's  Vocabulary^ 
P. 

PAPERS  relative  to  the 
ciations  of  Spain, 
?BRKJM"sCtt24^e  d/eTrai/udeur,  168 
Philosopher,  35 

■' — —  Part  II.  493 

Philofophical    Tranfaftion?!,    Vol. 

LIX.  135.— Concinued,  2CI.— - 
.   Concluded,  317. 
fiTTMAN's    Slate  of  our  Sciilc- 

ments  on  the  Miffiffippi,  o 
Poetical  EfTiys,  2C0 
Epifile  to  the  Author  of 

Verfes  to  Wilkes  341 

Pollen  on  the  Lord's  Supper,  81 
PoTTER'bCuraie  of  Coventry,  418 
Principles  of  Penal  Laws,  444 
Proceedings  at  a  Coutt-marcial 

at  Peofacola,  77 

Proposals   for  (Irengthening  our 

^Naval  Inftitutions,  88 

Protests  of  the  Lords  of  Irel.  88 

Pyb*s  moral  Syrtem  of  Mofes,  84 

QUAKERISM.     See  Essay. 
K. 
Reapers,  an  Opera,  175 

Reflections  on   the  DiT- 
pute  bctw.  ihf  H.  of  Commons 
and  the  City  of  London,       332 
Refutation  of  Johnfon*s  Tho^« 
on  Falkland's  Idand,  416 

Remarks  on  Voltaire's  new  Dif- 
coveries  in  Natural  Hiftory«    24 
REYNoLDs'sDifconrfeto  the  Royal 
Academy,  373 

Ritchie  on  the  Hair,  77 

R»VET*s  ?^ppendix  to  his  Decimal 
Arithmetic,  172 

Roberts^  PcciksA  ^^a.^  oxv  v\\^ 
AitribttU*  oi  God»  ^^^ 


thg  ENciifH   Books. 


RoBEiTs's  Eflay,  Sec.  Pari  II.  492 

JLOSA  RA  ;  or  the  Advencures  of  an 
Adrf  is,  49S 

HoTB  E  ft  A  if  60  the  Natare  of  Wa- 
ter, 221 

XowLEY  dti  theCure  of  ulcerated 

Rush  od  the  Spafmodic  Adhma  ot 
Childicoy  17^ 

S. 

SAtyust,  a  Poem,  174 

ScifEMES    fobmittcd  to  the 
Public,  88 

Scottish  Poems.     See'  Banna- 

TYNE. 

■  Peerage.  S?e£LiBANC. 
Slksions,  fiogle,  96,   264,  424, 

504. 
Second  Poftfcript  to  a  Letter  on 

Libels,  ^4. 

St  lim's  Letters,  76 

-Sentimental  Tale?,  333 

SnAKEPEARb's  Lear,  collated  £- 

dition,  243 

Ssh  ft  p's  free  Add.  to  Freemen,  169 
SHipwftECic  of  Capt.  Viaad«  421 
Sketches  ar.d  Charadlers  of  the 

moil  eminent  and  Angular  Pcr- 

fons  now  living,  338 

Sfeecbes   00  ,the   Negociations 

with  Spain,  493 

Spirit  of  Liberty,  71 

S(^iRE  and  the  Parfbn,  89 

SriuAftT,  Mrs.  Jean,  her  Medi- 

ucions  00  Texts  of  Scrip.     2 1 2 
Stone's  Complete  Baker,        169 
Si/uMARYofthe Law  or  Libel,  171 
T. 

TEMPLEofCompaffion,  3-43 
Ten  Dialogues  on  the  Con- 
dud  of  Human  Life,  '50Z 

The  Fault  was  all  his  own,      333 

Thoughts  on  capital  Pujnifli- 
ment5,  89 

' ■  refpefling  Falkland's 

Ifland,  330 

Tclver's  State  of  Midwifry  at 
Paris,  92 

Toulinson's  Propofals  for  aTran- 
ilat.  of  Licoteaud's  Syaopiis,  496 

To  R  E  e  » 's  Voyages,  jp6 

Tma  v£l  s  of  F^bcr  OrJeoDs,    1 63 


vu 

Treatise  on  the  Faith  and  Hope 

of  the  Gofpel,  79 

Trial  of  Almoo,  04 

; of  the  Soldienat  Bofton,  338 

f\       of  Farmer  Carte^'^s  Dog,  421 

Triumph  of  Falhion,  416 

Tutor's  Guide,  76 

V, 

V  Erses  add refled  to  Wilkes  at 
Lynn,  '  359 

VeseyS  Reports  in  Chaii€efy»4i9 
Vi  A  ud's  Adventures,  421 

Vicar  of  Bray,  334 

View,  compendious,  of  the  Teu- 
tonic PhiloTophy,  80 
Village  opprefTed,-                261 
Vocal  MuIjc,                          174 
Voltaire.     SeeANNECi. 
■               Remarks  on  hit  Difco- 
veries,  &c.  24 

■  in  the  Shades,  27 

■  .  Findlay's  Book  againil 
him,  457 

Vox  Senatus,  171 

Vyse's  Tutor's  Guide,  76 

Wesley's  Elegy  on  White- 
field,  174 

^yEsT-INDIAN,  a  Comedy,     142 
Weston's  Univerlal  Botanif^,  130 
'  Tradts  on  Agricolture, 
&c.  298 

Wheat  ly's  Obf.  on  Modern  Gar- 
dening, .  346 
Whitaker's  two  Sermons  atMor- 
ley,  82 
White's  Cafes  in  Surgery,  218 
Whitworth's  pub.  Accounts,  170 

■  ■    ■  Edit,  of  Davenani*s 

Political  Works,  494 

Wimpey's  Letter  to  the  Authors 
of  the  Monthly  Review,       240 
W Y  N'  N  e's  Proftituie,  4 1 7 

Y. 

YOuNG,  Dr.  his  Merchant,  a 
Poem,  490 

You  NG,  Mr.  his  Rural  Oecon.  54 

■  Exper.  Agriculture,  162. 
Continued,  20,  303,  378.—' 
Concluded,  448. 

■  ■     ■Propofal  for  numbenng  \V»e 
People,  261 

CONTENTS 


[  viu  3. 

CONTENTS  of  the  FOREIGN  ARTICLES, 
in  the  APPENDIX  to  this  Volume.       ' 


A.  I. 

ACademibs*     RoyaL      See  Jamard's  Inquiry  into  the  Theory 

History.  of  Mufic,                            551 

Instinct,    SeeREiMAR« 
6. 

Bafto's  Poems,                     583  L. 

Battbavx's  Poetics  of  Ariflotle,  Lbs  Vrais  Quakers^                 582 

liorace,  &c.                        556  Lbttres  Athenienoes,           582 

C.  M. 

CftKBiL|.ON's   AtheoitD  Letten,  MaItnbrs   and   Coftoms.      See 

582  Sabbathier. 
D*  Music,    See  Jamard. 
Dv  Marsais's  Effiiy  on^  Preju- 
dices,                               SS3  .     P* 

Passbrius  on  the  PiAares,  Vafes, 

B.  &c«  of  the  Etrufcani,  579 
Etruscan.    See  Passbrius.  .  Prejudices,  Ellayoo,          533 

G.     •  Qi 

Gaillakd*     See  History.  Quakcrs.    SeeLas  Vrais. 

GuYs's  Literary  Journey  through  Questions.    See  Voltaire. 
Gieece,                            505 

R. 

H*  Reimar  od  the  In(lin£^  Sec.  of 

History  of  the  Royal  Academy  Animals,                        ,    582 

of  Sdeocet  at  Paris  for  1766,  Rivalite.    See  History. 

■               of  the  Royal  Academy  S.~ 

of  Sdencesand  Belies  Lettresat  Sabbathibr*8  Manners  and  Cnf- 

Berlin  for  1766,                  $37  toms  of  ancient  Nadons,      559 


ot   the   Rivalfliip   of 


France  and  England,  $64.  V. 

Voltaire's  Qgeftions  /ur  PEncj^^ 


TttE 


••'^•-n  t 


^MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For   JANUARY,    1771. 


IMl»9«h9«««««^9«»««»«l»{»$d«««(» 


"1 

t       la 


AlT*  I.  Pluiarch's  Lives,   TranflateJ  from  the  original  Greek  | 

with  Notes  critical   and   hiftorical,  and  a  new  Ltfe  of  Plu- 

Urcfa.     By  John   Langhorne,  D.  D.    and  William  Lang* 

.homcy   M.  A«     8vo.    6  Vols,     iL  iis.  6d.    in  Boards* 

Dilly.     1770. 

THERE  IS  no  fludy  which  is  more  intcrefting  than  that 
of  biography;  and,  in  this  walk  of  literature,  there  is  no 
Author  more  cniincnt  than  Plutarch,  While  he  excites  in  us 
in  adfoiraiion  of  the  fupcrior  qualities,  and  of  the  fhining  ac-  ' 
lions  of  thofe  great  men,  wh<^e  hiftory  he  has  recorded,  he 
dcfcxibes  minuicly  their  private  behaviour  and  manners ;  and  . 
Ml  dttmh  exhibit  very  ample  materials  by  which  to  judge  of 
the  ^  3  and  motives  of  human  corduft.     There  is  no 

mci^  'cquence  which  furnilhes,  to  the  fpeculatlve  reader^ 

a  more  cxtcnfive  fourcc  of  agreeable  or  profound  reflc<£lion  |  '  J 
and  none  that  can  be  oftner  read  without  difguft  and  fatigue. 

The  learned,  accordingly,  were  very  early  difpofed  to  pay 
an  attention  to  his  labours;  and  in  1558,  a  French  trdnflatioti 
of  his  lives  was  publiftjed.    From  this  vcriion,  which  was  faulty 
and  impcrfc6^  in  many  refpcclsj  tht-y  were  lendered  into  English 
in  the  rdgn  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  n«:xt  attempt  of  our  coun- 
trymen to   naturalJ7.e  this   illuftrious  Ancient,    was  made  by 
*"f^dea,  10  coDJun(5lion  with  fevera!  other  Trandators;    but 
c  appears  to   have  proftituted   his  name,    to  give  rcputatioti 
to  a  work,  full  of  errors,  unequal,  and  often  inconfilK-nc.     In 
the  feveral  editions  which  this  iranflation  has  undergone,  th« 
defects  of  it  h.ive  been  partly  incrcaftd,  and   partly  remedied.    ' 
iiioft  be  acknowledged,  however,  that  in  1758  the  revifal  of 
having  been  commuicJ  raji  genilcm.in  of  erudition  and  ca- 
//!',  j3  muhkude  of  its  impcffciiions  were   r(;movcd,  and  Vt 


a  Langhornc*j  Tranjlatlon  of  PlutarcVs  Lives, 

amendments,  to  alter  its  general  tenor,  and  to  give  it  unity. 
At  length  our  biographer  has  had  the  good  ff»rtune  to  have  juftice 
done  to  him  ;  and  we  have  now  before  ns  a  iranflation  of  his 
Lives,  in  which  the  moft  faltidi^uf-.crkic  will  find  little  to 
cenfure.  ^    '\\''  -     * 

In  the  preface  to  thcprefcnf-veork,  the  merits  of  the  former 
vecfions  are  C4nya£ed*vCUxb  great  candour  and  modcfty ;  the 
nece^itjr  of  a  nesv  traxifiation  Ts  pointed  out  \  the  liberties  which 
our  Tj-^^flatftrs' have  taken  with  their  Author  are  explained  and 
.  iuftffied  ;  and  they  have  enumerated  the  methods  which  they 
;  ^have  followqd^  in  order  to  render  their  peiformance  acceptable 
to  the  public. 

After  their  introduflion  or  preface,  our  Tranflators  prefent 
their  Readers  with  an  original  life  of  Plutarch,  which  appears 
to  include  all  the  information  that  can  be  collected  on  this 
fubje^t ;  and  in  which  we  muft  do  them  the  juftice  to  Remark, 
there  is'  a  liberality  of  fentiment  that  could  proceed  only  from 
men  wbofe  underftandings  have  been  amply  cultivated. 

•  From  this  part  of  their  work  we  ihall  lay  before  our  Readers 
the  account  which,  they  have -given  of  the  philofophical  prin- 
ciples of  their  Author. 

. «  If  Plutarch,  fay  they,  might  properly  be  faid  to  belong  to 
ap^  fe£l  of  philofopbers,  his  education,  the  ratiooality  of  his 
ppnciples,  and  the  modefly  of  his  do<^rines,  would  incline'  us 
XQ  place  him  with  the  latter  academy.  At  leafl,  when  he  left 
his  mafl:er  Ammonius,  and  cama  into  fociety,  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  he  ranked  particularly  with  that  fed. 

^  His  writings,  however,  furnifli  us  with  many,  rcafpns  for 
thinking  that  he  afterwards  became  a  citizen  of  the  philofophi- 
cal woild.  He  appears  to  have  examined  every  itSi  with  a 
calm  and  unprejudiced  attention ;  to  have  fele^ed  what  he 
found  of  ufe  for  the  purpofes  of  virtue  and  bappinefs ;  and  to 
have  left  the  reft  for  the  portion  of  tbofe,  ^hofe  aarrownefs  of 
mind  could  think  either  fcience  or  felicity  confined  to  any  de* 
nomination  of  men, 

^  From  the  academicians  he  took  their  modefiy  of  opinion, 
and  left  them  their  original  fcepticifm  :  he  borrowed  their  ra- 
tional theology,  and  gafe  up  to  them,  in  a  great  metfure,  their 
metaphyfical  refinements,  together  with  their  vain,  though  fe- 
dudbive  enthufiafm. 

^  With  the  peripatetics  he  walked  in  fcarch  of  natural  fcience, 
and  of  logic ;  but,  fatisfied  with  whatever  practical  knowledge 
might  be  acquired,  he  left  them  to  dream  over  the  hypothetical 
part  of  the  former,  and  to  chafe  the  fhadows  of  reafon  through 
the  mazes  of  the  latter. 

>  To  the  floics  be  w^s  indebted  for  the  \)cV\e?  of  ^  v^iticular 
providence  i  but  he  could  not  enter  into  theu  Iden  oi  ^^^v^in: 


^^P  Langhorne'/  TranJldtUn  (if  Plutarch'* s  Liva*  3 

l^irifjs  and  punifhmcnts.  He  knew  not  how  to  jccon^  ilc  the 
brdcni  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being  with  his  judicial  charac-  1 
fcr  hrrf^fter  J  though  ThcoJnct  idU  us,  ihai  he  h^d  heard  of  I 
Ik  Chriftian  reltgion,  and  inferred  fever al  of  its  myfterics  in  | 
kwork5.  From  the  ftoi«  too  he  bcrrowcd  the  dodlnne  of  I 
^^Blud^  i  but  he  rejctfkd  the  unnatur^it  foundation  on  which  | 
WW  erc^ied  chat  virtue.  He  went  back  to  Socraies  for  prin-  I 
Epfei  whereon  to  reft  it.  j 

t  •  With  the  epicureans  he  does  not  feeni  to  have  had  much     j 
btercourfe,  though  the  accommodating  philof»phy  of  Arifttp*     I 
l^bnicred  frequently  into  his  politics,  and  fomctimes  into  the     ] 
^^■glceconomy  of  his  life.    In  the  little  (Ltc^^  ot  Grtxce  that     ' 
^^^Hwf  bad  not  much   to  do  \  bat  had  It  been  adapted  ia 
PIHHKe  violent   mcafures  of  the  Roman  admtniftrationi  oar 
[cdebratod  biogntpher  would  not  have  had  fuch  fccties  of   blood     | 
ilnd  fuin  10  dcfcribe  ;  for  emulation,  prejudice,  and  oppofition,     j 
.Upon  whiitever  panciple&  they  may  plc^d  their  apologyi  firft     " 
[ftnick  out  the  lire  that  Kiid  the  commonwealth  in  aOies.     If 
Plutarch  borrowed  any  thing  more  from  Epicurus,  it  was  hii 
rational   idea  of  enjoyment.     That    fuch  was   his   idea.  It  \% 
more  than  probable;  for  it  is  impofliblc  to  believe  the  tales  that     j 
4c  Heathen  bigots  have  told  of  him,  or  to  fuppofe  that  the  cul-    \ 
tivated  mind  of  a  philofopher   fhould   purfue  its'  happinefs  ouC     ] 
of  the  temperate  order  of  nature.     Hh  irreligiouii  opinions  he     I 
I  left  to  bim,  as  he  b^d  left  to  the  other  fe^s  their  vanities  and     | 
labfurditles*  ' 

•  But  when  wc  bring  him  to  the  fchool  of  Pythagoras,  what 
Ida  ftall  wc  eotcrtaia  of  him?    Shall  we  conlidcr  him  %ny      ^ 
longer  a$  an  academician,  or  as  a  citizen  of  the  philofophical      ' 
t World  ?  Naturally  benevolent  and   humane,  be  finds  a  fyfteni 
fof  divinity  and  philofophy  perfectly  adapted  to  his  natural  fen- 
fin&ents.     The  whole  animal  creation  he  had  originally  looked 
an  with  an  inilint^ive  tcnderneri  i    but  when   the  amiable 
Pythagoras,  the  priell  of  Nature,  in  defence  o\  the  common 
fivilcgcs  of  her  cfr^^ture;*,  had  called  religion  into  their  caufe  1 
»beo  he  fought  to  fofttii   the  cruelty  that  man  had  cxercifcd 
'  them,  by  the  honed  art  of  infinuating  the  doflrine  of 
ilgration,  how  could  the  humane  and  benevolent  Plutarch 
fufc  to  fcrvc  under  this  prieft  of  Nature  ?    It  Was  impoiTible. 
adopted  the  do<ftrine  of  the  meiempfychofis.     He  entered 
^nto  the  merciful  fcheme  of  Pythagoras,  and,  hke  him,  diverted 
tfic  cruelty  of  the   human   fpccies,  by  ajipealing  to  tlie  felfilK 
uaHcics  of  their  nature,  by  fubduing  their  pride,  and  exciting 
beir  fympathy,  while  he  fhewed  them  that  their  future  exi{l« 
Dce  might  be  the  condition  of  a  reptile* 
*  Thi«  <pirir  and  Jtfpo/ltion  breuk  ifrongiy  from  \\\m  \t\  \\\% 
'^-mitm m  the  ddu  Cmco.    And'as  no  bing  can  exhWu  a 


£ 


4  Langhornc*!  TranJUttion  9fPlutarcVs  Lives. 

more  lively  pidure  of  him  than  thefe  paintings  of  his  own,  W0 
fliall  not  fcruple  to  introduce  them  here :  «•  For  my  part,  I 
canrK)t  but  charge  his  ufmg  his  fervants  like  fo  many  beafts  of 
burthen^  and  turning  them  ofF,  or  felling  them  when  they 
•grew  old,  to  the  account  of  a  mean  and  Ungenerous  fpirit^ 
which  thinks  that  the  fole  tie  between  man  and  man  is  intereft 
or  neceffity.  But  goodnefs  moves  in  a  larger  fphere  than  jufiice. 
The  obligations  of  law  and  equity  reach  only  to  mankind,  but 
kindnefs  and  beneficence  (hould  be  extended  to  creatures  of 
every  fp^ies ;  and  thefe  ftill  flow  from  the  breaft  of  a  well* 
natured  man,  as  ftreams  that  iflue  from  the  living  fountain* 
A  good  man  will  take  care  of  his  horfes  and  dogs,  not  only 
while  they  are  young,  but  when  old  and  paft  fervice.  Thus 
the  people  of  Athens,  when  they  had  finifhed  the  temple  called 
Hecatompedon,  fet  at  liberty  the  beafls  of  burthen  that  had 
been  chiefly  employed  in  that  work,  fufiering  them  to  pafture 
at  large,  free  from  any  other  fervice.  It  is  faid,  that  one  of 
thefe  afterwards  came  of  its  own  accord  to  work,  and  putting 
itfelf  at  the  head  of  the  labouring  cattle,  marched  before  them 
to  the  citadel.  This  pleafed  the  people,  and  they  made  a  de- 
cree, that  it  (hould  be  kept  at  the  public  charge  fo  long  as  it 
lived.  The  graves  of  Cimon's  mares,  with  which  he  thrice 
conquered  at  the  Olympic  games,  are  flill  to  be  feen  near  his 
•wn  tomb.  Many  have  mewn  particular  marks  of  regard,  in 
burying  the  dogs  which  they  had  cheriflied,^and  been  fond  of; 
and,  amongft  the  reft,  Xantippus  of  old,  whofc  dog  fwam  by 
the  fide  of  his  galley  to  Salamis,  when  the  Athenians  were 
forced  to  abandon  their  city,  and  was  afterwards  buried  by  him 
upon  a  promontory,  which  to  this  day  is  called  the  Dog's 
Grave.  We  certainly  ought  not  to  treat  living  creatures  like 
(hoes  or  houfehold  goods,  which,  when  worn  out  with  ufe,  we 
throw  away ;  and  were  it  only  to  learn  benevolence  to  human 
kind,  we  mould  be  merciful  to  other  creatures.  For  my  own 
part,  I  would  not  fell  even  an  old  ox  that  had  laboured  for  me ; 
much  Icfs  would  I  remove,  for  the  fake  of  a  little  money,  a 
man  grown  old  in  my  fervice,  from  his  ufual  lodgings  and  diet : 
for  to  him,  poor  man !  it  would  be  as  bad  as  banifhment, 
fmce  he  could  be  of  no  more  ufe  to  the  buyer  than  he  was  to 
the  feller.  But  Cato,  as  if  he  took  a  pride  in  thefe  things, 
tells  us,  that  when  conful,  he  left  his  war-horft  in  Spain,  to 
favc  the  public  the  charge  of  his  conveyance.  Whether  fuch 
things  as  thefe  are  inftances  of  greatnefs  or  littlenefs  of  foul, 
let  the  Reader  judge  for  himfclf." 

•  What  an  amiable  idea  of  our  benevolent  philofopher !  How 
worthy  the  inftrudtions  of  the  prieft  of  Nature  I  How  honour- 
able CO  that  great  mailer  of  truth  and  univerial  fcience,  whofe 

fentimencs 


LanghomcV  Tranjlaiton  ofPhaarcVs  Livesi  S 

fenttments  were  decifive  in  every  doubtful  matter,  and  whofe 
maxims  were  received  with  filenc  conviction  ! 

*  Wherefore  fhould  we  wonder  to  find  Plutarch  more  parti- 
cularly attached  to  the  opinions  of  this  great  man  ?  Whether . 
we  confider  the  immenfity  of  his  erudition,  or  the  benevolence 
of  his  fy (iem,  the  motives  for  that  attachment  were  equally  . 
powerful.     Pythagoras  had  collected  all  the  (lores  of  human,, 
learning,  and  had  reduced  them  into  one  rational  and  ufeful 
body  of  fcience.     Like  our  glorious  Bacon,  he  led  philofophy 
forth  from  the  jargon  of  fchools,  and  the  fopperies  of  (tiL\s» 
He  made  her  what  flie.  was  originally  defigned  to  be,  the  hand- 
maid  of  Nature ;  friendly  to  her  creatures,  and  faithful  to  her 
laws.    Whatever  knowledge  could  be  gained  by  human  in-  , 
duftry,  by  the  moft  extenfive  enqyiry  and  obfervation,  he  had  . 
every  means  and  opportunity  to  obtam.     The  priefts  of  £gyf)t  . 
unfolded  to  him  their  myfteries  and  their  learning  :   they  led 
him  through  the  records  of  the  remoteft  antiquity,  and  opened 
all  thofe  ftores  of  fcience  that  had  been  amalEng  through  a  mul- 
titude of  ages.     The  maei  of  Perfia  co-operated    with  the 
priefts  of  Egypt  in  the  inftruSion  of  this  wonderful  philofo- 
pher.     They  taught  him  thofe  higher  parts  of  fcience,  by  which 
they  were  themfeives  fo  much  diftinguifhed,  aftronomy,  and  thev 
fyftcmoftbe  univerfe.     The  laws  of  moral  life,  and  the  infti- 
tutions  of  civil  focieties,  with  their  fcveral  excellencies  and 
defe<3s,  he  learned  from  the  various  dates  and  eflablifhmrnts  of 
Greece.     Thus  accomplifbed,  when  he  came  to  difpnte  in  the 
Olympic  contefts,  he  was  confidered  as  a  prodigy  of  wifdom  and 
learning  ;  but  when  the  choice  of  his  title  was  left  to  him,  he 
modeftiy  declined  the  appellation  of  a  wife  uuinf  and  was  con- 
tented only  to  be  called  a  lover  of  wjfdom. 

*•  Shall  not  Plutarch  then  meet  with  all  imaginable  indul- 
gence, if,  in  his  veneration  for  this  great  man,  he  not  only 
adopted  the  nobler  parts  of  his  philofophy,  but  (what  he  had 
avoided  with  regard  to  the  other  itSks)  followed  him  too  in  his 
errors?  Such,  in  particular,  was  his  do£trine  of  dreams;  to 
which  our  biographer,  we  mud  confefs,  has  paid  too  much 
attention.  Yet  abfolutcly  to  condemn  him  for  this,  would, 
perhaps,  be  hazarding  as  much  as  totally  to  defend  him.  We 
mufl  acknowledge,  with  the  elder  Pliny,  ft  exemplis  a^atur^ 
frofeSio  paria  fiant  \  or,  in  the  language  of  honed  Sir  Roger  dc  , 
Coverley,  '*  much  may  be  faid  on  both  fides."  However,  if 
Pliny,  whofe  complaifance  for  the  credit  of  the  marvellous  in 
particular  was  very  great,  could  be  doubtful  about  this  matter, 
we  pf  littje  faith  ipay  be  allowed  to  be  more  to.  Yet  Plutarch,. 
in  bis  treatife  on  oracles,  has  maintained  his  do£lrine  by  fuch 
powerful  teftimonies,  that  if  any  regard  is  to  be  paid  to  hi& 
¥^wity,  fomc  attention  (hould  be  given  to  his  oplniou*    >N  ^ 


6  Langl^omeV  Tr$nflatm  ^  PltdarchU  Lives, , 

fliall  therefore  leave  the   point,  where  Mr.  Addifon  though^ 
proper  to  leave  a  more  improbable  do<Srine,  in  fufpence/ 

Next  to  the  life  of  Plutarch,  the  original  matter  of  the  greateft 
importance,  with  which  our  Tranftators  have  enriched  their 
work,  is  their  notes  and  illuftrations.  In  thefe  they  have  dif- 
played  an  extenfive  acquaintance  with  the  Greek  and  Rqman 
ufage^  ;  and,  while  they  elucidate  the  obfcurities  of  their  Au- 
thor, they  fupply  the  more  memorable  fads  which  he  had 
omittfed.  It  muft  be  obferved,  at  the  fame  time,  that  they  havQ 
made  a  free  uTe  of  the  annotations  of  former  critics  and  tran- 
.  flators ;  but,  in  doing  fo,  they  have  generally  improved  on  the 
fources  from  which  they  have-derlved  their  information. 

It  will  gratify  the  curiofity  of  our  Readers  to  fee  a  fpecimcn  of 
the  manner  in  which  they  have  acquitted  themfelves  in  this 
*  department;  and,  on  this  account,  we  fhall  prefent  them  with 
the  criticifm  they  have  given  of  the  life  of  Caefar,  as  written 
by  Plutarch,  and  with  their  delineations  of  the  charaflers  of 
Craffus,  Alexander,  and  Pompey. 

*  Whatever  Plutarch*s  motive  may  have  been,  fay  they, 
it  is  certain  that  he  has  given  us  a  very  inadequate  an^ 
jmperfeft  idea  of  the  charadler  of  Csefar.  The  life  he  has 
written  is  a  confufed  jumble  of  fafts  fnatched  from  different 
hiftorians,  without  order,  confiftcncy,  regularity,  or  accuracy. 
He  has  left  us  none  of  thofc  finer  and  minuter  tpaits,  which, 
as  he  clfe where  juftly  obferves,  diftinguifli  and  characterize 
the  man  more  than  his  moft  popular  and  fplehdid  operations. 
He  has  written  the  life  of  Caefar  like  a  man  under  relbaint ; 
has  fktmmed  over  his  adions,  and  (hewn  a  manifeft  f^tisfaSion 
when  he  could  draw  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  other  cha- 
raftcrs  and  circumftanccs,  however  infignificant,  or  how  often 
foever  repeated  bv  himfelf,  in  the  narrative  of  other  lives.  Yet 
from  the  little  light  he  has  afforded  us,  and  from  the  better  ac- 
coun'S  of  other  hiftorians,  we  may  cafily  difcover  that  Caefar 
was  a  man  of  great  and  c'iftinguiihed  virtues.  Had  he  been  as 
able  in  his  political  as  he  was  in  his  military  capacity  j  had 
be  been  capable  of  hiding,  or  even  of  managing  that  opennefs 
bf  mind,  which  was  the  connate  attendant  of  his  liberality  and 
ambition,  the  laft  prevailing  pafSon  would  not  have  blinded 
him  fo  far  as  to  put  fo  early  a  period  to  his  race  of  glory.* 

The  pifture  which  our  Tranflators  have  drawn  of  CralTus  is 
e;:ccuted  with  great  force  and  fpirit. 

•    ^  There  have  been  more  execrable  chara^rs,  fay  they,  b«( 
there  is  not  perhaps  in  the  hiftory  of  mankind  one  more  con- 
temptible than  that  of  Craflus.      His  ruling  paffion  was  the 
A)o/l  fordid  lud  of  wealth  j  and  the  whole  of  his  condu6l^  po;- 
I/r/c3/,  popular^  and  military,  was  fubfet\\civx.  to  \Vv\%.    If,  ^t 
ffi^  time,  be  gave  into  public  muatEcence,  it  "wn*  ^\t\k  Vm 


ttf^ 


LanghorncV  7rJW/^//V«  of  Plutarch's  Lhei.  ^ 

no  more  tban  a  fpecics  of  commerce.  By  thus  treating  the' 
people  he  was  laying  out  his  money  in  the  purchafe  of  pro- 
yinces.  When  Syria  fell  to  his  lot,  the  tranfports  he  diTcovcred 
^rung  not  from  the  great  ambrtion  of  carrj'ing  the  Roman  eagles 
over  the  Eaft.  They  were  nothing  more  than  the  joy  of  a  mr- 
fer,  when  he  (tumbles  upon  a  hidden  treafure.  Dazzled  with 
the  profpcft  oF  Barbarian  gold,  he  grafpcd  with  eagerncfs  a 
command  for  which  he  had  no  adequate  capacity.  We  find 
him  embarraflcd  by  the  flighteft  difficulties  in  his  military  ope- 
rations, and,  where  his  obftinacy  would  permit  him,  taking 
his  meafures  from  the  advice  of  his  lieutenants.  We  loot 
with  indignation  on  the  Roman  fquadrons  ilandin^,  by  his  dif- 
pofitions,  as  a  mark  for  the  Parthian  archers,  and  incapable  o£ 
ading  either  on  the  offenfivc  or  the  defenfive.  The  Romans 
could  not  be  ignorant  of  the  Parthian  method  of  attacking  and 
retreating,  when  they  had  before  fpent  fo  much  time  in  Arme- 
nia. The  fame  of  their  cavalry  could  not  be  unknown  in  a" 
country  where  it  was  fo  much  dreaded.  It  was  therefore  ijie  firft 
bufinefs  of  the  Roman  General  to  avoid  thofe  countries  which 
might  give  them  any  advantage  in  the  equcftrian  aSion.  But 
the  hot  fcent  of  eaftern  treafure  made  him  a  dupe  even  to  the 
policy  of  the  Barbarians,  and  to  arrive  at  this  the  neareft  way, 
he  facriiiced  the  lives  of  thirty  thoufand  Romans.* 

What  they  have  faid  of  Alexander  is  no  lefs  juft  and  mafterly. 

*  Portrait?,  they  obferye,  of^the  fame  perfon,  taken  at  dif- 
ferent periods  of  life,  though  they  differ  greatly  from  each 
other,  retaio  a  refemblance  upon  the  whole.  And  fo  it  is  in 
general  with  the  charaficrs  of  men.  But  Alexander  feems  to- 
be  an  exception  :  for  nothing  can  admit  of  greater  difTimilarity 
than  that  which  entered  into  his  difpofition  at  different  times, 
and  in  different  circumftances.  He  was  brave  and  pufillani- 
mous,  merciful  and  cruel,  modefl  and  vain,  abilemious  and 
luxurious,  rational  and  fu peril icious,  polite  and  overbearing, 
politic  and  imprudent.  Nor  were  thefe  changes  cafual  or  tem* 
porary  :  the  ftylc  of  his  charafter  underwent  a  total  revolution, 
and  he  paffed  from  virtue  to  vice  in  a  regular  and  progreffive 
manner.  Munificence  and  pride  were  the  only  charadteriliiiS 
that  never  forfook  him.  If  there  were  any  vice  of  which  he 
was  incapable,  it  was  avarice  ;  if  any  virtue,  it  was  humility/ 

Of  Pompey  they  have  fpoken  in  the  following  terms :  •  Pom- 
pey  has,  in  all  appearance,  and  in  all  conflderation  of  his  cha- 
ra^er,  had  lefs  juflice  done  him  by  hiftorians  than  any  other 
TtMi  of  his  time.  His  popular  humanity,  his  military  and  poli- 
tical (kill,  his  prudence,  (which  he  fometimes  unfortunately 
gave  up}  his  natural  bravery  and  generofity,  his  conjugal  vir- 
tues, which  (though  fometimes  impeached)  were  both  naturally 
and momlly  great  \  his  caufe,  which  was  certainly^  in  it&ou%\« 

/}  4  iva\ 


S  Lznghomt^s  Tranjlation  rf  PhitarcVs  Ltvesi 

nal  interefis  the  caufe  of  Rome ;  all  thefe  circumftances  intitle<| 
him  to  a  more  diftinguifhed  and  more  refpe&ble  ch^ra^er  thaq 
any  of  his  hifiorians  have  thought  proper  to  afford  him.  One 
circumfiance,  mdeed,  renders  the  accounts  that  the  writers,  whq 
rofe  after  the  eftabliCbed  monarchy,  have  given  of  his  oppofitioo« 
perfe&ly  reconcileable  to  the  prejudice  which  appears  againff 
him  ;  or  rather  to  the  relufUnce  which  they  have  fliewn  to  that 
praife  which  they  feemed  to  have  felt  that  he  deferyed  :  when 
the  commonwealth  was  no  more,  and  the  fupporters  of  its  in- 
terefts  bad  fallen  with  it,  then  hiftory  itfelf,  not  to  meptioi) 
poetry,  departed  from  its  proper  privilege  of  inipartiality,  and| 
even  Plutarch  made  a  facrifice  to  imperial  power/ 

We  can,  by  no  means,  fubfcribe  to  the  opinioi^  which  our 
Tranflators  have  formed  of  Pompey.  His  military  (kill  appears, 
indeed,  to  have  been  confiderable,  and  this,  perhaps,  is  the 
inoft  Ihining  part  of  his  charaSer.  As  a  politician,  he  does, 
not  feem  to  have  been  poflefled  of  much  forefight,  or  penetra- 
tion. Though  a  great  diflembler,  he  had  not  the  art  to  conceal 
his  real  fentiments.  His  league  with  Caefar  and  CraiTus  gave  ^ 
mortal  blow  to  his  intcrefts  ;  and  will  not,  furely,  be  mentioned 
as  a  proof  of  his  prudence  and  faeacity.  It  furnlfhed  to  C^far 
the  means  of  destroying  him.  It  may  be  fald,  that  after  his 
return  from  the  Mithridatic  war,  he  flighted  the  opportunity 
that  was  offered  him  of  becoming  mafter  of  the  republic ;  but,  it 
muft  be  remembered,  that  the  fupreme  power  was  conilantly  the 
object  of  his  ambition,  and  that,  if  he  negleded  to  feize  it  at  this 
time,  it  was  merely  becaufe  he  expelled  to  receive  it  as  the 
gift  of  the  people.  Of  his  humanity,  we  may  judge,  from  his 
cruel  treatment  of  Hypfaeus,  who  had  been  his  quseftor,  and 
had  been  conftantly  attached  to  him  ;  and  from  his  putting  to 
death  M.  Brutus,  a  man  of  the  iirfl  quality,  who  had  furren- 
dered  himfelf  into  his  hands,  under  a  promife  of  life.  Hence 
too,  wc  may  form  a  conclufion  concerning  his  integrity,  and 
his  honour ;  and,  when  wc  confider  the  large  funis,  which  he 
extorted  from  Ariobarzanes,  we  cannot  fay  that  he  is  intitled 
to  the  praife  of  gcncrofity. 

There  is  another  character  of  antiquity,  which  our  Tranfla- 
tors do  not  fcem  to  have  perfcdJly  underftood.  In  their  notes 
to  the  life  of  Antony,  they  fpeak  of  Odavius  Caefar  as  cowardly 
.and  puHlianimous.  We  are  not  to  be  informed,  that  ^his  in- 
vidious charge  has  been  pretty  generally  received  ;  but  we  mu(^ 
be  allowed  to  obfcrve,  that  it  has  no  folid  foundation  in  hiftory« 
The  Abbe  dc  Vcrtot,  and  the  Prefident  Montefquieu  gave;  in- 
advertently into  this  opinion,  and  fubfequent  writers  have  con- 
ftantly adopted  it.  The  grounds,  upon  which  ihefe  writers 
/brmcd  their  conclufion,  are  fome  vague  and  de^reciaun^g  cx- 
prelBons,  which,  it  appesLTs  from  Suetonius j  Vi9A\>ctuxnaA<iM^^ 


^ 


^^^^5^  ^^^^  ^f  '^'  Eur^tan  Sadenunts  en  the  AfiJJifippu      f 

^  b]r  Antony  in  his  manifeftoes  againft  Oi5hvius;  and  this  par^     2 
HJ  fcHindaiion  did  not  furcly  gi\re  them  authority  (o  pronounce    \ 
ft  bold   a  ccnfure*     There  arc,  indeed*  feveral  other  circum- 
UuiceSy  which  have  a  place  !n  biftory,  and  which  feem  to  indi- 
ate  a  timidity  of  fpirit  In  0£tavtu5 ;  but  they  are  fo  palpably     j 
ftbfiicd  in  themfelves,  and  ib  totally  inconriftcnt  with  the  te*     ' 
nor  of  his  a£lions,  that  no  fenfible  man  could  think  of  employ* 
jpf  th  inft  him.     His  condu<ft,  from  his  Erft  entering  into     J 

pmbti^  ^   1   after  the  aflfailination  oi  Ca^far,  till  the  battle  of     I 

A3iura>  appejrs  to  have  been  fpiritcd  and  daring;  and  the  ac-     1 
Dunts  oi  authentic  hiftorians  are  a  furer  criterion  from  which     1 
\  judge  of  his  character,  than  the  reproaches  of  a  declared  ene*     | 
|iy.    His  behaviour  at  the  (lege  of  Mutina,  in  the  wars  againft 
Is,  Pompey,  in  thofc  again  It  the  Dalmatians,  and  in  the  whole  of 
\ui  conteft  with  Antony^   difcovers  nothing  of  timidity   and 
_iriefoIution. 

Wc  do  not  mctni  from  tbefc  ftrlflures,  to  draw  any  general 
nferenoes  difadvantageous  to  the  accuracy  of  the  annotations 
'  our  Tranflatorji,     It  does  not  follow,  bccaufc  they  may  have' 
en  roiflaken  in  one  or  two  particulars,  that  they  have  cititcr      . 
Innted  penetration,  or  have  neglected  to  inform  themfelves.    In      I 
lib  firft  quality,  they  arc  far  from  being  deficient  i  and,   while      j 
Kc  induftrious   (ludent  will  receive  indrudlion  from  the  ftorcs      l 
1  their  learning,  he  will  improve  his  talle  by  the  elegant  man-      ] 
tt  in  which  they  have  expreficd  themfcJve^,  | 

We  {hould   now  oifer  our  opinion  of  the  merits  of  their      j 
lanflation  ;   but,  as  this  article  has  run  into  a  confiderable      | 
rngih,  wc  fhall  delay  what  wc  have  to  fay  concerning  it,  till 
review  for  the  next  month.  j 

AtT.  II.   The  pfffint  State  of  the  Em^epean  Settkments  on  the  j 

ACffifippi ;  with  a  g.^.i graphical  Drfcription  of  that  River  i  i7-  I 

luftrattd  by  Plans  and  Draughts,     By  Captain  Philip  Pittnun»  I 

fCd.     6  s.  fcwed.     Nourfe*     1770.  1 

TH  E  European  fcttlemcnts  on  the  river  Mi/Tifippi  com* 
prebend  Lpuifnna,  part  of  VVefl  Florida,  and  the  couocfy       , 
of  the  Illinois.     In  thefc  countries,  the  Author  of  the  work  be->      I 
fore  us,  refidcJ  during  feveral  years ;  and>  as  he  was  employed      I 
in  furveying  and  exploring  their  interior  parts,  and    was  nc-     .] 
qiiJiititcd  With  many  of  the  more  intelligent  of  their  inhabitancs» 
Jic  hai  been  enabled  to  exhibit  an   account  of  them,  wnich  is. 
■fxurate  and  .worthy  of  attention.     The  relations  of  Cbarlevoii^r  J 
Kri    thii  fubjc£t^    though    he   is  by  no  means  an   injudtciouir  J 
Bjfrltcr,  arccxtremeJ/  wfomplctc,  sind  of  hulc  auihoruy  \  as  \\e^  j 
K7J  not  hifhie  from  hh  rapid  progrefs  thro  an  h  thefc  counlf\e&Y 
m^4a^jtur^tc  Jih  inMcikIs /iom  his  own  pcrlbaal  LnowlcVic. 

^m  Out 


so     PrifiHt  State  efthi  Eur^ian  Settlements  w  the  Miffijippi. 

Our  Author  appears  to  have  informed  himfelf  with  more  care  % 
and  the  candour^  which  is  fo  apparent  in  his  work,  will  not  per- 
mit the  moft  fcrupulous  reader  to  fufpedl  his  veracity. 

This  performajBoe  was  not  originally  intended  for  publica- 
tion.'  It  was  written  at  the  requeft,  and. for  the  perufal  only^ 
of  the  fecretary  of  ftate  for  the  colonies.  On  this  account,  the 
compofition  and  method  of  our  Author  ought  not  to  be 
too  .  feverely  criticifed.  His  work  had  certainly  the  good 
tSkOi  to  remove  in  part  thofe  unjuft  reports  concerning  the 
« cJimate  of  Weft  Florida,  which  retarded  the  fettlement  of  that 
country,  and  the  matter  it  contains  muft,  in  general,  be  aU- 
lowed  to  be  interefting  and  important.  If  we  cannot  com- 
mend his  narration  and  his  ftyle,  we  muft  yet  obferve,  that  be 
has  every  where  exprefled  himfelf  with  perfpicuity. 

We  (hall  tranfcribe  for  .the  entertainment  of  our  Readers,  the 
account,  which  he  has  given  of  the  country  of  the  Illinois,  and 
of  the  government  of  this  country,  when  belonging  to  the 
French ;  and,  from  this  extraS,  they  will  be  able  to  form  an 
opinion  of  his  capacity  and  merit. 

*  The  country,  fays  he,  of  the  Illinois  is  bounded  by  the 
Miffifippi  on  the  Weft,  by  the  river  Illinois  on  the  North,  by 
the  rivers  Ouabache  and  Miamis  on  the  £aft,  and  the  Ohio  on' 
the  South. 

^  The  air  in  general  is  pure,  and  the  (ky  ferene,  except  in  the 
month  of  March  and  the  latter  end  of  September,  when  there- 
are  heavy  rains  and  hard  gales  of  wind.  The  months  of  May, ' 
Jttne,  July,  and  Auguft,  are  exceffive  hot,  and  fubjeft  to  fud- 
den  and  violent  ftorms ;  January  and  February  are  extremely 
cold  ;  the  other  months  of  the  year  are  moderate.  The  prtnci-  * 
pal  Indian  nations  in  this  country  are,  the  Cafcafquias,  Kao« 
quias,  Mitchigamias,  and  Peoryas ;  thefe  four  tribes  are  gene- 
rally called  the  Illinois  Indians  :  except  in  the  hunting  feafons, 
they  refide  near  the  Engliih  fettlements  in  this  country,  where 
they  have  built  their  huts.  1  hey  are  a  poor,  debauched,  and 
daftardly  people.  They  count  about  three  hundred  and  fifty 
Vrarriors.  The  Peanquichas,  Mafcoutins,  Miamis,  Kickapous, 
and  Pyatonons,  though  not  very  numerous,  are  a  brave  and 
warlike  people.  The  foil  of  this  country  in  general  is  very  rich' 
and  luxuriant;  it  produces  all  forts  of  European  gi'ains,  hops, 
hemp,  flax,  cotton,  and  tobacco;  and  European  fruits  come  to 
great  perfeSion.  The  inhabitants  make  wine  of  the  wild 
grapes,  which  is  very  inebriating,  and  i?,  in  colour  and  tafte, 
very  like  the  red  wine  of  Provence.  The  country  abounds 
with  buffalo,  deer,  and  wild-fowl ;  particularly  ducks,  geefe, 
jpwrans^  turkies  and  pheafants.  The  rivers  and  lakes  afford' 
plenty  <^£{b. 


^^^ijfki  S$ai0  qJ  iht  Em'^ftan  Seitlmittdi  on  ihi  KfiJfi/ippK      ff      M 

■  «  Jn  the  late  wjrs.  New  Orlearis  ind  the  lower  parts  of 
Kutilina  were  fup^Ued  with  ilour,  beer,  wiiie4t»  b^ims^  and 
■ler  provlfions  fri»m  this  cauntry  ;  at  prefcnt  its  commerce  is 
IKily  cocifincd  to  the  pelT^  and  t'grs,  which  Are  gat  in  tra&c 
ffr>in  the  Indians ;  for  which  are  received  iji  return  fuch  Eu- 
jMcan  commodities  as  are  neccflary  to  carry  on  ihax  commerce  . 
Ki  the  fupport  of  the  inhdbuants.  ■ 

m  *  Thi6  country,  whca   in  the  poflcflinji-  of  the  French  was 
■pveriKd  by    a  military  officer,  culled  the  Major- commandant, 
Bbo  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  New  Orleans.     He  waft      M 
Idways  a  mau  conneded  wi;h  the  governor  by  intereft  or  rela*       m 
Kmfhi^i  he  was  abfolute  in  his  authority,  except  in  mattcrm^ 
pf  life  and  death  \  capital  oiFences  were  tried  by  the  council  at      m 
Wew  Orleans ;  the  whole  Indian   trade  was  fo  much   in  the     I 
■Ukr  of  the  commandant,   that  nobody  was  permitted  to  be 
^^perned  in  it,  but  on  condition  of  giving  him  part  of  the  pro- 
Bti.     Whenever  he  made  prcfcnts  to  the  Indians,  in  the  name 
Bf  his  kin;^,  he  received  peltry  and  furs  in  return  :  as  the  pre- 
■tjns  he  gave  were  to  be  confidered  as  marks  of  his  favour  and 
Rove  for  them,  fo  the  returns  they  made  were  to  be  regarded      ■ 
Pispr(3ofsof  their  attachment  to  him.     Speeches  accompanied     fl 
Bt  prcfcnts  were  called  Paroles  de  vaLur ;  any  Indians  who  came     I 
to  a  French  poft  were  fubfifted  at  the  expencc  of  the  King      ■ 
liuring  their  ftay,  and  the  fwellmg  this  account  was  noincon^ 
'fidcrable  emolument*  ■ 

*  As  every  bufincfs  the  commandant  had  with  the  Indians  I 
bras  attended  wiib  certain  pr<  fit,  it  is  not  furprifuig  that  he  I 
Spared  no  pains  to  gain  their  afTedlions  ;  and  he  made  it  equally  m 
B>e  incereft  of  the  officers  under  him  to  plcafc  them,  by  permit- 
Kno  '^^i-m  to  trade,  and  making  them  his  agents  in  the  Indian  ^ 
Ic  :.    If  any  perfon  brought  goods  within  the  limits  of  his      ■ 

liiirii a iwtion,  without  his  particular  licence,  hewijuld  oblige  them  ■ 
pD  hW  their  merchandize  J  at  a  very  moderate  profit,  to  the  com-  I 
Ir  m  the  King'*  account,  calling  it  an  emergency  of  go-     ■ 

k        ..  =  :;t,  and  employ  the  fame  goois  in  his  own  private  com-*     I 
Iberce.    It  may  eafily  be  fuppofed,  from  what  has  been  before     I 
Byd,  that  a  complaint  to  the  governor  of  New  Orleans  would     I 
Plit^eet  with  very  little  redrefs*     It  may  be  a(kcd,  if  the  inhabit-     I 
ants  were  not  oGTended  at  this  monopoly  of  trade  ahd  arbitrary      I 
j>roceeding«  ?  i*hc  commandant  could  beftow  many  favours  oa     | 
1,  fuch  as  giving  contracts  for  furniihing  provilions,  or  per* 
f^ing  public  works;  by  employing  them  in  his  trade,  or  by 
laking  fhcir  children  cadets,   who  were  allowed  pay  and  pro- 
ifions,  and  could,  when  they  were  grown  up,  recommend  ihetn.     m 
^r  comm»f]i^*/>«.     They  were  happy  if  by  the  mod  fervUc  ani  »1 
\jbtm/ni^  r  they  cculd  g^in  his  confidence  ai\d  favour, 

fci  .j/c  of  bc^nag  sifmB   was   ciuoUcd  Vrv  t\ic 


Y^      LeIandV  Antiquarli  de  Rihus  Brltannich  CoUeMama, 

militia,  and  a  captain  of  militia  and  officers  were  appointed  ta 
each  parifh  :  the  captain  of  militia  regulated  ^orvecj  and  other 
pcrfonal  fervice.  From  this  military  form  of  government  the 
authority  of  the  commmdant  was  almoft  univerfal.  The  com* 
miiTary  was  a  mere  cypher,  and  rather  kept  for  form,  than  for 
any  real  ufe;  be  was  always  a  perfon  of  low  dependance,  and 
never  dared  counteradl  the  will  of' the  commandant/ 

In  concludintj;  this  article,  we  muft  remark,  that  the  draughts 
and  plans,  which  illuftrate  this  work,  appear  to  be  executed  with 
great  exaclnefs  snd  tafte. 

Art.  III.  Joamtis  Lelandi  Antiquarii  de  Rebus  Britannicis  Col" 
kclanea  :  cum  Thoma  Hearnii  Prafatione  Notts  et  Indice  ad  Eii- 
tionem  p^'imam,  Edltio  altera.  Accedunt  de  rebus  Anglicanit 
tpujcula  varia  e  divcrfts  Codd.  MSS.  de/cripta  et  nunc  primum  in 
lucem  edlta.  8vo.  6  Vols.  2  1.  2s.  Impenfis  Gu)«  et  Jo* 
Richardfon.    177O. 

TH  E  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  our  own  country  are  parti- 
cularly incerefting ;  and  thofe  publications  that  attempt 
to  clear  up  the  obfcurity  in  which  they  are  involved,  are  defcrv- 
ing  of  the  higheft  encouragement.  If  the  different  branches  of 
the  prerogative  were  fully  explained,  and  if  the  rights  to 
which  the  people  are  intitled  wefe  clearly  underftood,  we  (hould  , 
not,  poffibly,  have  experienced  of  late,  in  fo  great  a  degree, 
the  heats  and  animofities  of  political  contention.  Difputes,  in 
this  cafe,  might  be  brought  to  a  fpeedy  iiTue ;  and  men  would 
determine  themfclves  by  their  judgment,  rather  than  their 
pafHons. 

Though  the  ^ork  before  us  is  impcrfefl,  and  is  not  reduced 
into  any  method,  the  materials  it  contains  are  by  no  means 
defpicable ;  and  ingenious  and  fpeculative  men  may  form  from 
them  confiftent  details,  and  may  even  be  led  to  make  important 
difcoveries. 

In  confequence  of  a  commif&on  from  Henry  VIIL  our  Au- 
thor had  accefs  to  all  the  cathedrals,  abbies,  priories,  colleges^i 
and  other  places  in  the  kingdom,  where  books,  records,  and 
writings,  relating  to  its  hiftory  and  antiquities  were  repo- 
fited.  Of  this  advaqtage  he  was  ftudious  to  avail  himfelf^ 
and,  in  the  courfe  ^f  feveral  years,  he  had  made  very  ample 
collefiions.  But,  while  he  was  endeavouring  to  give  form  and  . 
order  to  them,  ftruck,  as  it  is  thought,  with  the  greatneft  of 
his  dcfigns,  he  became  difordered  in  his  judgment.  In  this  fi- 
tuatipn  his  coUe^anea  had  poflibly  been  loft  to  the  world,  if  the 
induftrious  Mr.  Thooias  fiearne  had  not  t^en  the  labour  of 
^  puhVithing  them, 

Lehnd  h^d  a  ta/te  for  poetry  and  eloquetvce^  vj^^  ^  twRt-i^ 

vfhnguagts^  and  poffiSkd  an  acutcncfa  vcax  \%  i^aA^  ^  v^^- 

van 


^^••» 


An  EJpij  en  Trade  and  Cmmsral  ty 

turn  oT  Antiqaarians.      It  is  not  commonly  known^  t/id  we 

this   oppojTunity  to  mention  it  to  bU  honour^  that  Harri-* 

inhb  dcfcripcion  of  Briiain  j  Stowe,  in  his  furvey  of  Lon- 

ioQ;  and  evcnCa^mden^  in  his  Britannia  j  have  tdken  the  benefit: 

cf  iDAiiy  of  his  obfervations  and  remarks,  without  being  very 

artful  to  acknowledge  their  obtigatioa  to  bi^n. 

The  prcfcnt  edition  of  his  C^Udimea  apj^ars  to  be  executed 
with  accuiracy,  and  is  enriched  with  fcvcraJ  valuable  pieces^ 
Atter  before  publKbed. 

AtT.  IV,  An  EJfay  en  Tradi  aud  Cammtne  :  c&ntatmng  Ohferva* 
timu  6rt  Taxfs^  ai  they  are  fupfofed  to  affe^  th  Price  of  Lahur 
in  wr  MiinufaHoriii :  t together  with  Jome  mtertjUng  Refit £lhnt 
m  ihi  Import ame  of  cur  Trade  to  America*  To  which  is  added 
tkt  OntCneSy  or  Sketchy  of  a  Scheme  for  the  Mairjte.':ance  t:,nd  £m~ 
fbfm^nt  of  the  Poor^  the  Prevcmien  of  P'agrancy,  and  Decreafe  of 
the  Poor*s  Sates.  Humbly  addrclTcd  to  the  Lcgifliturc  of  ihc 
Kingdom  ;  by  the  Author  of  ConfTderations  on  Taxes,  &c,^ 
8vo.     4  s.  Tewed.     Hooper.     1770. 

OTHING  is  a  greater  evidence  of  the  grofs  dcfefls  in 
our  domedic  policy^  than  the  burden fome  incrcafe  of  our 
vsith  poor  :  and  though  our  workhoufcN  are  in  general  under 
iil  regulation,  yet  thofe  who  imagine  that  a  proper  manage- 
ment of  the  poor,  after  they  are  reduccti  to  take  refuge  in  thcfe 
afylumt,  would  fulHcicntly  cure  the  evil,  are  nnich  in  the  fame 
cafe  in  which  a  fhip's  crew  would  be,  who  having  a  dangerous 
kakin  the  veflcl,  fliould  think  to  clear  the  hold  of  water  merely 
by  keeping  their  pumps  going,  and  fliould  content  chcmfelves 
with  fludying  how  to  improve  the  llrudture  of  thofe  machines, 

Iioflead  of  fearching  for  the  inlet  ol  the  water,  and  cfl'wfSlually 
bofmg  it. 
I  The  ingenious  author  of  the  work  now  before  us,  extends  his 
news  farther  than  meer  workhoufe  o^conomy,  aiming  at  pre* 
{Fenttve  remedies  rather  than  palliatives ;  and  he  makes  a  variety 
U  fcnfible  remarks  on  the  fcveral  fubjetfts  mentioned  in  the  title 
above,  chiefly  tending  to  reduce  the  number  of  the  poor, 
Wc  arc  however  doubtful  whether  his  views  cfiFedually  reach 
the  caufe  of  the  evils  he  would  cure. 

Our  Author,  like  Mr.  Young  f  the  writer  of  the  Fnrmer^s 
LatiTty  &c.  maintains  the  expediency  of  keeping  up  the  price 
of  proviftons,  in  order  to  keep  down  tlie  price  of  labour,  and 
preilenre  our  foreign  trade;  an  argument  which  he  allows  to  be 
paradoxical  at  hril  view  :  and  though  it  may  have  fome  founda- 
ticNi,  in  Uiith^  yet,  as  wc  have  formerly  obfervcd,  it  ought  to  be 


•  Sec  Review^  voh  xj^xii*  p*  jSg* 
f  Sec  Bc\i€W,  ¥^0  xJiL  p,  2}j^ 


YZXJ 


1^  An  ISjfay  on  ^rade  and  Coirtmerci. 

very  cauttoufly  admitted,  left,  in  the  ardor  of  profecuting  ffiii 
favourite  principle,  humanity  fhould  be  extinguifhed. 

*  Thofe,  fays  our- Author,  who  have  clofely  attended  to  the 
difpolition  and  condu£t'  of  a  manufacturing  populace,  have  al- 
ways found  that  to  labour  lefs  and  not  cheajper  has  been  thd 
confequence  of  a  low  price  of  provifions  ;  and  that  when  pi'o- 
vifions  are  dear,  from  whatever  caufe,  labour  is  always  plenti^ 
fcl,  always  well  perform)cd,  at\d  of  courfe  is  always  cheaper 
than  when  provifions  are  at  a  low  price. 

<  To  explain  this,  let  us  obferve,  firft,  that  mankind,  in  gtf* 
tteral,  arc  naturally  inclined  to  eafe  and  indolence,  and  that  nd« 
thing  but  abfolute  neceffity  will  enforce  labour  and  induftry. 
Secondly,  that  our  poor,  in  general,  Work  only  for  the  bare 
necefiarics  of  life,  or  for  the  means  of  a  low  debauch  ;  which 
when  obtained,  they  ceafe  to  labour  till  roufed  again  by  necef- 
fity. Thirdly^  that  it  is  beft  for  themfelves,  as  well  as  for  fo«> 
ciety,  that, they  (hould  be  conftantly  employed/ 

True  5  but  let  us  take  care  n^t  to  opprcfs  thofc  of  our  in- 
duftrious  poor,  who  come  not  under  this  defcription. 

It  were  much  to  be  wifhed  that  there  were  lefs  room  for  the 
following  obfervations  on  the  diflblutenefs  of  our  labouring  rha- 
nufadures : 

<  Wheivit  is  coniidered  what  luxuries  the  manufa£hiring  {Po- 
pulace confume,  fuch  as  brandy,  gin,  tea,  fugar,  foreign  fruity 
ftrong  beer,  printed  linens,  fnufF,  tobacco,  &c.  &c.  it  ii  amaz-- 
sng9  any  one  (hould  be  fo  weak  as  to  conceive  that  taxes  hiife 
the  price  of  labour;  or  that  it  (hould  be  neceflary'to  raife  the^ 
price  of  labour  becaufe  of  our  taxes,  in  order  to  enable  the  poor  , 
to  live  comfortably,  knowing  they  confume  fuch  heaps  of  fuper* 
ffaiities.  I  am  informed^  that  in  one  little  manufaduring  town 
in  the  Weft  of  England,  of  about  three  thoufand  inhabitants, 
excife  is  paid  for  two  thoufand  hog(heads  of  ftrong  beer,  befides 
what  is  fpent  in  fpirituous  liquors ;  all  proofs  of  exorbitant 
wages.  But  one  of  the  fatal  confequencc6  of  an  high  price  of 
labour  is,  that  it  produces  (loth.  If  a  defire  of  luxuries  pro- 
duced induftry,  it  might  be  ufeful,  create  trade,  and  improve  the 
lands  ;  hence  all  might  confume  more,  and  bear  with  equal  fa- 
cility higher  taxes  \  but  an  hour's  labour  loft  in  a  day  is  a  pro- 
digious injury  to  a  commercial  ftate.* 

Though  the  defcription  here  drawn  appears  fomewhat  ex- 
aggerated, yet  it  is  too  true  that  a  general  relaxation  of  induf- 
try and  morals  is  difcoverable  in  all  ranks  of  people,  in  large 
towns  }  which  affords  prognoftics  the  more  melancholy  as  it  is 
contrary  to  all  experience  to  fee  a  nation  contaminated  with 
luxury,  reftore  iUelf  to  induftry  and  fobriety :   this  would  be 

going  bMckwMrd,  whereas,  in  this  fublunary  vvorldj  all  things 

go  progreMvclyx 


J§m  EJfay  m  Trade  an  J  Ctmmerce, 


»* 


Tin  nplSitY  of  the  progrefs  wt  make  io  all  kinds  of  diiSpa* 

tioo  iod  vice  is  by  no  means  hard  to  account  for.    Luxury  pro*  1 

iluatM  poverty,  our  nobility  arc  far  from  being  patterns  of  rigid  1 

>riRBe;  amd   a  ctefc  attention  to  every  means  of  incrcafing  ihe  | 

pUk  revenue^  which  m  reference  to  the  parijh  p9<fr*s  raU^  may  I 

KBCrmcd  the  ^cr  mbUity*s  rau^  occafions  the  mialtlplication  of  J 

Bonrfed  receptacles  of  diiTolutcners  and  vulgar  riot  to  be  en-»  1 

CKUiged :    and  thus  we  all  gallop  merrily  on  toward  national  1 

rDio!  ] 

The  vices  of  the  Great,  render  ftatc  occonomy  improbable  ;  1 

lod  without  a  more  prudent  fyftcm  of  domeftic  policy,  the  poor  J 

tm  never  be  in  any  meafure  reformed.     To  fet  about  reforming  J 

ibc  poor,  after  conniving  at  their  corruption,  is  beginning  ae  J 

tbe  wrong  end.     Coercive  laws  will  never  be  able  co  eftb^  jt*  ^ 

Keformatjon  muil  begin  where  vice  ajvd  profligacy  of  every  kind  i 

originate  J  and   were  this,  againft  all  hopc»  to  take  place,  the  \ 

isappy  contagion  would  in  due  time  difliife  itfelf^  and  defcend  j 
to  the  loweft  of  the  peoplct 

It  ii  for  thefe  reaibns  we  think  al!  topical  remedies  applied  to 
dteckthc  JympWJts  of  OUT  national  diilempcrs,  while  the  {aufis 

CQiiibtie  to   operate  without  being  adverted  to^  as  harafling  1 

owtiyci  to  worfe  than  no  purpofe.  | 

Oar  Author  is  a  ftrong  advocate  for  a  general  naturalizatioit  J 

ti^ificre^  the  number  of  Induftrious  people,  and  keep  down  i 

lie  price  of  labour-     This  indeed  might  be  eafily  cffeiSed,  if,  by  j 

I  (iidden  influx  of  foreigners,  more  hands  fliould  offer  than  can  | 

bt€Oipk»yed^  an  inconvenience  which  fometimes  happens  even  i 

anpog  ourfdves  :  but  whether  an   immediate  acceilion  of  fo*  j 

mgn  f^ugees^  is  wanted  at  this  time,  when  the  number  of  natu-  J 

'  bgm  fubjie^s  is  progreffively  enlarging,  is  a  point  dcferving  1 

ture  conftderation.    But  as  this  fiadt  may  perhaps  be  doubted^  1 

may  be  worth  explaining,  and  fmy  be  convincingly  done  in 
kw  words. 

The  metropolis,  and  other  large  cities  and  towns,  have  of  late  ■ 
years  been  evidently  increafing  in  buildings  and  inhabitants  j 

wbile  no  proof  appears  of  the  country  bemg  thinned  by  that  ] 
mcaDS :  yet  thofe  who  know  not  whence  the  people  fpring,  ima- 

pnt  that  the  country  lofes  all  that  our  towns  gain.     We  have  j 

faen  the  depopulation  of  the  country  taken  for  granted  as  an  I 
•mlotibted  fa^^,    and  bewailed    in  pathetic  ftrains,    with    the 

&&ial  poetical  licence  to  make  free  both  with  truth  and  com-  I 

(enie,  in  defcribing  as  realities  the  vifionary  phantoms  con-  1 

up  bv  imagination,  1 

tlie  Bifliop  of  WDrccfter*s  fermon  in  behalf  of  inoculation  J 

the  fmalt'pox,  which  ir^  prcMchcd  near  nineteen  years  ago^ 

md  wh'fchin  Its  tendency  is  wonh  ^Jl  the  poems  that  havebeet\  4 
-nace,  to  go  no  fmbcf  bdck)  it   15  ftatcd,  i\\^\.  of  ' 


l6  An  Effhy  m  Tradi  and  Cofnffurte*  I 

ihofe  who  take  the  fmall-pox  cafually,  one  m  feven  Is  foiinJ  ifl 
diei  and  that  of  1500  inoculated  by  the  forgeons  Ranbys 
HswkiriS)  and  Middle ton^  three  only  mifcarried  j  one  in  SOOfl 
Now,  not  to  mention  that  the  hazard  is, by  long  experience  fincefl 
reduced  aim  oft  to  nothing,  according  to  this  computation  whicM 
has  never  been  invalidated,  in  every  500  perfoxis  inocu^ 
latcd,  70  lives  arc  preferved  to  focicty  !  Let  the  computM 
tion  be  extended  to  the  probable  number  inoculated  every  yen 
in  this  ifland,  from  the  time  when  the  pra£tice  began  to  obuilH 
generally  ;  and  to  thcfe*  add  the  polterity  derived  from  tha 
marriage  of  thefe  redeemed  pcrfons,  as  they  advance  to  matuJ 
rity^  and  we  ftiali  find  a  pofuive  and  happy  increafc  of  peoplfi 
continually  rifmg  up,  and  flaring  out  of  countenance  all  dcm 
daimers  againft  the  pra^ice.  4 

This  being  pofitivc  faft*  were  the  marriage  a£t  repealed,  anu 
the  laying  together  of  farms  rcftraintd,  both  which  operate  all 
checks  to  population,  there  would  be  no  room  to  wi(h  for  m 
If  rural  naturallzalioa,  1 

We  have  already  given  it  as  our  opinion  that  it  ts  a  vaijJ 
hope  to  fuccecd  tn  reforming  the  morals  of  the  poor,  while  th^ 
rich  fet  fuch  licentious  examples ;  and  tempt  the  poor  to  imi^ 
tate  their  condu£l  by  providing  fwarms  of  houfes  of  public  ea4 
tertalnment,  to  imice  them  from  their  labour  for  the  fake  of  thfl 
duties  on  ftrong  liquors.  In  this  view  the  following  principle 
recommended  by  our  Author  appears  with  all  the  difadvantagc 
of  being  oppreilive  without  producing  any  good  ciFeA. 

*  Any  confiderable  degree  of  prudence  and  occonomy  among 
the  poor,  would  be  unncceflary.     Their  cxpence  Ihould 
conftant ;  they  fhould  fpend  all  they  earn  1  but  then  they  fhould 
fpcnd  it  in  neceflaries  for  thcmfelves  and  families,  and  not  tg 
purchafe  fuperfluttics,  or  the  means  of  a  debauch. 

*  By  being  fober,  honeft  and  induftrious,  they  could  alwayi 
procure  credit  in  times  of  Ockncfs  or  other  diilrefs ;  and  fo  no! 
prove  an  immediate  burthen  to  the  parilhes,  as  they  do  at  pre-' 
fent/ 

In  the  firft  place  there  is  fomc  degree  of  cruelty  in  inten- 
tionally reducing  the  poor  to  fpcnd  alithij  mm  in  bare  neccfia^  — 
ries  \  and  if  this  was  cflFcfted,  who  would  give  them  credit  ittm 
ficknefs  ?  out  of  what  fund  are  fuch  debts  to  be  difchargcd  f" 
By  fuppofition  they  are  precluded  from  faving  any  thing  thcm- 
felves, and  therefore  they  mujl  prove   immediate    burthens  to 
parifhcs,  when  their  labour  is  intermitted  by  any  of  thofc  ac- 
cidents to  which  human  nature  Is  liable.     He  propofcs  fcvcral 
good  regulations  for  workhoufcs,  which  ought  certainly  to  be, 
made  afylums  for  the  helplefs  poor,  but  houlcs  of  labour  ana 
corr^dion  for  the  idle  and  vagrant* 


An  EJfay  m  Tradi  and  Ccmmira. 


»7 


Tbou^h  wc  cannot  implicitly  fubfcrlbc  to  our  Author *s  fcntf- 
mems  reflpcding  the  regulation  of  the  poor,  we  en  certain  a  more 
favourable  opinion  of  his  commercial  knowledge,  which  is  clear 
and  cxicnfive. 

Aftex  premidng  that  it  is  a  dangerous  mtftake  to  fuppofe  that 
there  are  to  two  difllnd  (interfering)  intereils  In  this  kingdom^ 
tbofe  of  tand  and  trade,  he  proceeds  to  inculcate  the  following 
wholefome  maxims  : 

*  r.  T^hat  the  profpcrlty  of  the  landed  intcreft  of  any  ftate 
depends  upon  foreign  commerce. 

*  X.  That  the  increafe  of  the  riches  of  a  fiate,  depends  upon 
tzpofting  more  in  value  of  its  native  produce  and  manufa^ures, 
tkia  »  imported  of  manufactured  commodities  from  other 
fetes. 

*  3.  That  monoplies  and  excluilve  charters  are  very  prcju- 
dktal  to  the  trade  of  a  (late,  and^  therefore,  (hould  be  dif- 
couraged* 

*  4.  That  the  increafe  of  trade  and  navigation  greatly  dc* 
pends  upon  the  increafe  of  huibandry  and  agriculture. 

*  5.  That  the  profperity  of  our  trade  depends  very  much  on 
Ac  encouragement  given  to  our  manufafiurcs,  on  laws  made 
rtUcive  thereto. 

*  6-  That  the  fucccfs  of  our  trade  greatly  depends  on  the 
knowledge  our  nobility  and  gentry  have  of  all  its  various  move* 

ncs,  connexions,  and  dependencies,  in  a  national  light,  as 
amhif^dors  and  fenators,  and,  more  particularly,  on  the  wife 
regulations  of  our  board  of  trade  and  plantations. 

*  7.  That  the  profperity  of  our  trade  depends  upon  the  ju- 
dicious manner  of  laying  and  collefling  our  tdxcs,  and  upon  the 
eiie,  readinefs,  freedom  and  cheapnefs  of  exporcatian, 

*  8,  That  the  profperity  of  this  nation,  as  well  as  that  of 
icr  colonies,  depends  very  much  on  the  harmony,  good  under- 
Handing^  mutual  confidence,  aod  upon  the  extenfion  of  the^r 
CDmmcrce,  with  each  other. 

*  9.  That  the  profperity,  ftrengih,  riches,  and  even  the 
well-being  of  this  kingdom,  depends  on  our  being  able  to 
felt  our  native  produce  and  manufadures  as  cheap,  and  as 
good  in  quality,  in  foreign  markets,  as  any  other  commercial 
liate«' 

The  dlfcuflion  of  thcfe  pomts»  which  employs  the  major  part 
of  the  vrork,  gives  rife  to  many  juft  obfervations,  in  pcruiing 
■^fhich  our  cnmmcrcial  readers  will  not  find  their  time  and  at- 
5n  fruitkfily  employed. 


di 

k 


^MMi^*/sa.  j^/iw 


AllT*V# 


I    18    ] 

Art.  V.  Apollo  ml  Per&ai  IneUnatimum  Libri  duo.  Reftitue'* 
bat  S.  Horfley,  R.  R.  S.  Oxon.  Prince  j  Loni.  Rivington,  &c. 
Pret.gs,  Boards.     1770. 

TO  adjuft  the  comparative  merit  of  the  ancients  and  mo- 
derns, in  fdence  and  letters^  has  been  the  occafion  of 
very  warm  and  angry  debates^  in  which  paflion  more  than  rea- 
fon  has  been  employed  :  nor  is  this  at  all  to  be  wondered  at; 

.  for  to  be  capable  of  a  ferious  and  interefted  difcuflion  of  fuch  a 
que fi ion,  is  the  argument  of  a  weak  and  little  mind.  True  ge- 
nius will  always  find  a  nobler  and  more  ufeful  employment; 
nor  will  wifli  to  exalt  itfelf  by  the  depreiTion  of  thofe  tlvough 

.  whofe  affiftance  it  hws  itfelf  been  enabled  to  rife.  But  however 
trifling  and  invidious  fuch  a  queftion  may  be,  when  made  tbe 
fubjed  of  a  ferious  argument,  the  comparifon  cannot  but  fre- 
quently offer  itfelf  to  every  reflet^iing  and  ingenuous  itiind,  whkh 
is  convcrfant  with  the  learning  of  its  own  and  preceding  tmies; 

.and  the  moft  prejudiced  will  be  forced  to  corifefs  that,  in  many 
inflances,  and  thofe  which  are  the  fureft  teft  of  genius,  the 
ancients  are  ftijl  more  admired  than  equalled.  Tht  ^eomttry 
of  the  Greeks  will  be  the  ftandard  to  all  pofterity,  wfatrerer 
manly  fcience  and  elegant  compofition  fliall  find  an  admirer : 
but  above  allj  the  geometric  artalyfi^s  of  the  Greeks,  than  whicb 
nothing  can  be  conceived  more  pcrfefit.  It  is  the  very  path 
in  which  Truth,  accompanied  by  Gi*acc  and  rafle,.would  chufe 
.to  walk.  Unhappily  for  pofte'chy  but  few  fpccimens  '6f  thf3 
beautiful  analyfis  arc  preferved,  and  Cff  thefe  tlie  greater  part 
are  very  imperfect  and  mutilated 5  but  in  whatever. form,  tnefc 
remains  have  come  down  tb  us,  they  ftiil  poflefs  fomuch  ex- 
cellence, as  to  excite  the  deepeft  regret  for  the  rich  tteafure 
•which' has  periflied. 

The  moft  eminent  arhong  the  ancients  in  this  -walk  of  Ge^ 
fiius  was  ApoUonius,  who  in.  his  own  time  mefrited  the  tixlt 
of  the  Great  Geometer.  HisTreatife  on  tbeSedions  of  theConfc 
'is  even  at  this  day  the  moft  complete  work  upon  the  ftfbjoEk.  Of 
his  analytic  prodwSions,  all  wore  deemed  tj  have  pcrifheli,  and 
almoft  the  very  knowledge  that  they  had  ever  exifted  Wa6  Owing 
to  Pappus }  who,  in  his  mathematical  coUe£lioris,  h^s  given  us 
a  catalogue  of  fevcral  of  them,  which,  with  fome  lemmata 
adapted  to  Apollonius's  demonftrations,  had  ferved  to  throw 
<:onfiderable  light  on  the  ancient  method  of  invtfftigation  in 
geometric  enquiries.  Dr.  Halley,  by  the  fame  good  fortune 
which  enabled  him  to  give  to  the  public  a  perfect  edition  of  the 
above-mentioned  treatife  of  the  conic  feftions,  found  alfo  en- 
t/re,   in  an  Arabic  tranflation,  the  tra£l  of  ApoIIonius,  irtfi 

A^^if  MTrorc/Anf^  oi  which  he   publlfti^d  ^  l-.a.uu  Nti^vou^  vv^ 


ft  Apdlcnii  Pirgxi  laclinathnum  Liirt  Jus.        19 

more  fully  knowa  the  analyfis  of  the  Greelw^ 

jrJ^di.  iLuJ   before  been   but  partially  collcdkd  from  fcactcred 

ptofo&uonf^  and  the  accidenul  information  of  the  more  early 

gcocncrxic  wrher?, 

ficibre  \  dilcovery*  the  folution  of  fomc  other  Pro* 

l^^cms  of  .^^-     ...iius  had  been   attempted;    but  the  cnnilruc* 

^B^as  of  tlirm^  being  derired  from  an  algebraic  invclligatton^ 

^^an^fcfted,  by  their  intricacy  and   inelegance^  that  tbcy  could 

hire  no  refemblance  to  the   genuine  folutions  of  A|u>llani4is» 

Ligo  d*  Omcrique,  in  his  geometric  analyfis,  cmlcavtiured  tQ 

^iive  the  ancient  munncri  and  Victa,  in  his  Aptd  onius  Gal- 

tts,  {mblifhcd  a  geometric  folution  of  the  probJcni  of  the  tac- 

iH  in   the  conllru<!tion  of  which  he  hds  nearly  approached 

be  elegam  fimplicity  of  the  Great  Geometer,     But  the  moft 

"ahuble  (wcfent  of  this  kind   which  the  public  has  received » 

Icame  from  the  pen  of  Mr,  Robert  Simfon  of  Glafgow,  in  his  late 

"itution  of  the  Led  Plani  of  ApoUonius,  a  work  not  unworthy, 

erhaps,  of  ApoDonius  himfelf- 

li  is  laudable  even  to  attempt  to  follow  the  fteps  of  thefe 

eminent  maflers,  and  contribute  with  them  to  cfiahlifli  a  pure 

gcoo^ctry  on  the  ruins  of  that  creeping  algebraic  gnalyfis,  to 

which  ibmc  very  excellent  mathematicians  have  loo  fer vilely 

devoted   themfelves.     But  to  attempt  only  will  not  enfure  an 

^ual  praife  ;  and,  on  a  review  of  the  whole  merit  of  the  pre- 

cut  publkation,  wc  can  by  no  means  rank  the  Author  with 

he  great  mmti  already  mentioned.     But.,  in  rcfpetE^  to  fome  of 

excellencies  which  a  work  of  this  nature  may  afpire  to,  it 

certainly  very  confiderabJe  merit,  being  almoft  entirely  a 

irork  of  invention,  and  in  the  elegant  fimplicity  of  the  con- 

IruiEtfon*,  not,  perhaps,  to  be  exceeded.     On  the  other  h.'ind, 

:  is  almod  totally  deficient  in  geometric  ftyle,  and  in  that  hold 

^^mprehcnfion  of  particuJar  cafes  under  one  general  tnvcniga- 

lion,  which  marks  the  penetrating  geniuf ;  atid,  by  the  charms 

nplicity  and  perfpicuity,  gives  fo  much  delight  to  every 

The  work  is  a  reftitution  of  the  loft  trail  of  Apollonius  irfp* 

rwvj  or*  Concerning  Indinatiotts^  in    which   the  Author   has 

,  indebted  only  to  a  flight  account  given  by  Pappus,  and  a 

'kfumata  by  him  preferved.     The  following  account  of  tlw 

nature  of  the  problems  in  qucftion  is  taken  cltitlly  from  the 

argument  of  Pappus* 

A  tine  is  faid  (Niufiv)  to  verge,  or  incline  to  a  given  point, 
when,  being  produced,  it  pafles  through  that  point,     Jt  is  the 
lime  as  10  fay  in  other  words,  tbat^   in  a  line  required  to  be 
4n^n^  a  point  is  givei);  or  thzt  the  line  is  required  to  be  *iTav««n 
^fOiJgh  sghcn  po'mu     From  tJw  HrA  i'ofm  of  CXptet&on  tW\^ 
jpwt  jfr4f  fiairro  [he  title  o!  JnJmaiiam. 

c  2  t:\\c 


to         Horflcy'j  Apollml  Ptrga! TntRitattanum  Libri  duo. 

The  general  problem  is, 
Two  lines  being  givcu   in  pofition,  to  infcrt  between  them 
a  line,  given  rn  ma^nituJc,  wUjch  fcall  incline    to   a    givea  [ 
point. 
L       Of  the  partfcuUr   problems,  comprehended   In   this  general 
B  ide.',  and  iliffejing  in  ilieir  riibjci5ts,  fome  are  plane,  fome  folid, 
m  fome  linear.     Though  the  linear  folution  of  problems  be  juftljr 

■  icjt£ltJ  out  of  plane  geometrv»  as  being,  for   the  moft  part, 

■  purely  mcch4nical  j  untying  the  knot  fomething  in  the  fliort 
way  of  Alexander,  and  therefore  entirely  precluding  all  rational 
inveftigation,  which  is  the  great  charm,  and  perhaps   greateft 

I  ufe  of  thcfc  problems;  yet  it  is  vaftly  more  comprehenfive. 
I  Thus  the  concho^id  of  this  or  that  kind,  affords  the  moft  gene- 
m  ral  folution  of  this  extenfive  problem-     The  few  cafes  which 

■  plane  geometry  is  able  ro  folve,  formed  the  work  of  Apollonius, 
I  and  are  rc-invcAigatcd  in  the  prcfent,     They  are  as  follow  : 

■  L  A  circle  (inftcad  of  the  two  lines  whofe  pofition  is  given 
I  in  ihe  general  problem)  being  given  in  pdltion,  to  infert  therein 
»  a    right  hue  of  a  given   magnitude,  which  fhalt  incline  to  a 

■  given  point. 

I  il,  A  (ijuare  or  rhombus  being  given  in  pofition  and  magni- 
V  tude,  to  infcrihe  a  ri/ht  line  of  a  given  magnitude  in  one  of 
I  its  angles  (exterior  or  itucrior)  which  fhall  incline  to  the  op- 
W  pofite  angle  of  the  hen  re. 

m  HI.  Between  a  remicirclc  given  in  pofition,  and  a  ri^ht  line 
m  given  in  pofition  at  right  angles  to  the  bafe  of  the  femicircle, 
m  '  IV,  Or  between  two  femicirclcs,  having  thcrr  bafes  in  the 
I  fame  fight  line,  to  infert  a  right  line  of  a  given  magnitude, 
I  which  fii^ll  incline  (in  the  IIL  Problem)  to  the  angle  of  the 
I  fcmicirclc,  (in  this)  to  either  angle  of  cither  femicircle, 
I  Thcfc  four  problems  are  divided  by  our  Author  into  twenty 
m  «!ght  cafrs  at  leaft,  wiih  nearly  as  many  different  demon ftra- 
^ -lions }  fubfeivienc  to  which  are  ihirtceti  lemmata,  including  the 
^  three  dioriftic  problems.  It  is  very  jufily  obfervcd,  by  Mr. 
Simfon  of  Glafgow,  in  his  notes  upon  Euc'id,  that  no  cafe  of 
I  a  propofitton  wbr<:h  rccjuircs  a  different  demonftradon  ought  to 
I  be  omitted,  and  in  this  he  has  certainly  fuppofed,  that  no  cafe 
I    cf  a  piOpoiiiitui  which  is  comprehended   in  the  fame  demoaftra- 

■  -.tion  ought  to  he  diliinouifhcd.  If  the  diftribuiion  of  the  cafes 
Klin  this   performance  were  to  be  tried  by  this  rule,  the  verdift 

■  my  ft  be  very  unUvourable  to  the  Author  ;  for  we  do  not  fcrupfe 
1  tto  uffirm,  that  all  the  varicry  which   he  has  with  fuch  minute- 

■  ncfs  diftiugtitflied,  is  reducible  to  fix  or  feven  cafes  at  moft; 
I  rercning  themfclves  to  the  fame  analyfis  without  the  variation 
J.pefh;»p!i  of  a  fingle  word,  and  requiiing  little  more  paiticular 
^^srieotinn  />  r/?<r  comp^fition.     The  fame  reduud-i^tvc^  U  obfcrv- 


I 
I 


1 


^V        }iot^Kfs  Apilkmi  Pergatlmllnatknum  Lihti  du9^  21 

and  the  IV.  Lcm.  Lib.  IL  which  arc  included  under  one  generil 
cDOOcadoii,  and  may,  with  much  greater  brevity  than  is  found 
la  aoe  finglc  cafe  of  his,   be  refolvcd   by  the  Tame   anulyfis. 

Lcm.  V.   alio  of  ibc  fannc  book  i^  divided  into  four  cafes*  eich  | 

VTch  toveftigattons  of  confidcrablc  length  \  though  the  u^hotc  is  J 

Ikde  more  than  a  cafe  of  Lem.  III.  ^nd  an  obvious  corollary  1 

Iroai  it.     But  there  is  very  little  occallon  for  the  lemmat.1  ai  I 

ill  ;  as  neither  the  refolution  nor  compofuion  of  the  problems  is  I 

much  (hortened  by  the  ufe  of  them.     How  far  this  charge  of  | 

rrivolous  tnitiutcnefs  and  diigullful  redundnncy  may  be  applied  " 
[to  ApoHoRius  himfeir,  in  the  prcfent  quclUon,  we  cannot  de- 

tera)if>c  ;  nor  perhaps  can  any  one  elfc,  for  the  condud  of  the  i 

work^  by  Apailunius,  may  have  been  vei^  materially  different  I 

from  Mr.  Horfley's  rcflitiition,  even  allowing  the  whole  foice  I 

of  Pappus*  account.  But  Mr.  Horfley  was  unJcr  no  obligation  1 
to  reiiore  the  faults  even  of  ApoHonius ;  his  izemus  wa^  left  ro 
its  own  free  operation,  and  he  might  have  delivered  this  traft 
on  Inclinations,  to  the  public,  with  alt  the  perfcclion  that  he 
conceived  the  fubjed  to  be  capable  of,  or  himfclf  of  giving 
ioit. 

To  this  very  material  fault  is  added  another,  equally  cfTcn-  J 

till.     In  the  rcftitudoD  of  a  work  of  the  puiefl  geometer,  we  " 
£ttd,  generally,  neither  the  i\y\t  nor  operations  of  gctjmetry. 

An  inelegant  air,  unknown  to  the  ancients,   is  thrown  over  j 

almoft  the   whole  work,  by  the  introdudtton  of  the  algebraic  I 

notation,  which,  in  compofilionj  of  this  fuperior  rank,  ought  I 

to  bi  as  ablolutcly  rcjcfted,  as  from   polite  writing  the  cur*  I 

[        tailed   language  of  the  comptiir^-houfe,  fo  jufily  defpifcd   by  I 

^_  men  of  letters  and  tafte.     The  only  excufc  which  can  b?  maJe  ' 
^■^r  it  is,  that  it  faves  a  li:tle  paper,  for  the  words  which  the 

^■algebraic  fycnbols  reprcfent  are  fupplied  in  the  a*Sl  of  reading.  J 

^^  fiyt  ic  has  an  ill  efTecl  upon  (ludents,  as  it  tends  to  vitiate  their  I 

laftc,  and  infenfibly  divert  them  into  all  ihe  inelegance  of  the  I 

algebraic  analyCs*     This  however  is  far  fiom  being  the  whole;  I 

ibe  very  operation  as  well  as  exprcffion  is  algebraic.    What  arc  1 

TR'=r^RS%  ~JKq7K7  {pag.59)   Ab— ,DBx 

AC==4BDxAD(pag.  6f.)rA+HxAH  — AH;'(pag.72j     I 

and  many  fimilar  inffancci,  but  downright  algebra?  if  this  be 
to  imitate  the  geometric  anaiyfis  of  the  ancients,  or  of  any  v*- 
tjuabfe  example  among  the  moderns,  we  confefs  ourfelvcs  to  be 
lignorant  both  of  the  ancients  and  moderns,  and  of  the  very  diftinc* 
liion  between  geometry  and  algebra.  They  arc  modes  of  ex- 
krcilion  and  operation  which  might  and  ought  to  have  been 
fcvoidcd,  efpcciaJl/  in  a  work  which  profefles  to  reftote  the 
^pufcitiif  geometers,  ^nd  form  the  young  mind  to  an  hab\t  ot 

^2  i:4liou^\. 


2%         Horfley*/  j/polhnii  Pergat  IncUnationum  Ltbri  iiw.- 

rational  inveftigation. — Neither  do  wc  think  the  Author  to  "be 
commended  for  omitting  fo  frequently  the  compolition  of  the 
problemy  and  annexing  only  a  bare  condrudtion  as  the  con- 
fequence  of  the  analyfis.  'J'his  is  furely  not  agreeable  to  the 
manner  of  the  ancients,  who  never  (to  the  beft  of  our  remem« 
brance)  neglect  the  compofition,  but  rather  fecm  to  coniider  it 
as  the  very  fubjedl  which  the  rcfolution  aims  at. 

It^is  a  fault  alfo  in  the  demonftrations,  that  the  folution  is- 
fomctirr.cs  derived  from  a  poftcrior  part  of  the  Elements,  which 
a  much  earlier  propofition  oiFcrs  with  more  eafe  and  fimplicity. 
7'hus,  that  a  quadrilateral,  two  of  whofe  oppofite  angles  are 
together  equal  to  two  light  angles,  is  infcribed ;  or  that  two 
equal  angles  (landing  upon  the  fame  bafe,  are  in  the  fame  circle 
with  the  bafe ;  are  theorems  admitted  by  our  beft  geometers  as 
a  part  of  the  Elements,  being  only  the  converfc  of  the  ii  and 
2  2  HI.  £lcm.  and  indeed  are  obvious  corollaries  from  them. 
Of  ihe  extenfive  utility  of  thefe  theorems  that  moft  ingenious 
geometer,  Mr.  Stewart  of  Edinburgh,  has  given  abundant  proof; 
and,  by  the  ufe  of  the  fame,  our  Author  might  have  rendered 
his  folution  in  feVcral  inftances,  particularly  in  Probl.  ill.  much 
fhorter,  and  fimpler. 

To  thefe  considerable  faults,  little  is  to  be  oppofed  but  the 
fimplicity  of  the  conftruflions,  which  we  arc  perfuaded  every 
one  will  admire.  The  ift  probl.  alone  we  would  except^  in. 
the  con{lru£iion  of  which,  two  circles  are  applied,  while  one 
is  fufficicnt.  It  is  to  be  lamejited  that  a  woiic,  wherein  the 
greateft  difficulty  is  overcome,  ffaould  have  appeared  abroad^ 
before  it  was  digefted  into  its  fimpleft  and  moft  elegant  form, 
and  before  the  Author  had  fufficiently  formed  his  ftyle  and 
habit  of  demonftraticn  from  the  beft  models.  Nor  is  it  fronx 
^ny  ill-natured  cenforioufnefs  that  we  have  thus  freely  given 
our  opinion  of  the  faults  in  this  work,  but  from  a  fenfe  of  the 
juftice  we  owe  the  public,  a  regret  to  find  fuch  confidcrablo 
blemifheg  in  a  performance  which  might  have  afforded  the 
higheft  pleafure,  and  from  the  hope  that  this  mention  of  them 
may  contribute  to  render  a  future  edition  more  perfeiSl. 

As  fome  may  probably  have  entertained  a  very  high  opinion 
of'  the  merit  of  this  work,  and  may  therefore  apprehend  our 
judgment  to  require  fomeching  more  than  aflertion  to  fupport  it, 
we  fhall  fubjoin  the  refolution  of  Probl.  IV.  and  V.  in  evidence 
of  the  moft  difputable  part  of  our  cenfure.  Thefe  two  pro- 
blems are  feparately  inveftigated  by  our  Author,  and  have  three 
lemmata  fubfervient  to  them.  The  public  will  judge  by  the 
following  analyfis,  whether  we  have  wantonly  aflerted  that 
caies  are  needlefsly  dii|ipguilhed|  ftfid  leqima^^  needlefsly  muU ' 


P   R   O   B   I.    e   M« 

BstiKpem  the  fnics  of  i  given  ihomlius,  or  fquarc,  to  ijifcit  f 
ngkt  line  of  a  given  mjigiiitudc^  which  jua/  pais  tbiougb  ihc 
I  cppdlce  angle : 

^ifipo^e  it  done,  vis*  that  between  the  fides  BC,  DC  of  a 
laablis  or   fquare  A  BCD  given  in  pofiCtun  and  mignirude, 
b  uiferted  a  light  line  \LV  of  a  given  maj^nliude,  ^i\A  whkh 
pilb  tlsroiigh  the  oppolite  angle  U. 

£      — * 


:  a  circle  be  dcfcribed  round  the  triangle  ECP,  and  join 

AC.     Since  the  point  A  is  within  the  circle  (fig,  %,)  AC  will 

meet  the  circle  in  fomc  other  point  G,  but  (fig,  2.)  becaufe 

4e  angle  EFC  is  gre^tdr  than  the  an^le  FCA  l\h.  I,)  viz. 

ftban  the  angle  ACS,  AC  does  not  touch  the  circle^  (32,  3,) 

^WUng  within  it,  muft  alfo  meet  ibe  circle  in   fome  other 

G,      Join  EG,  GF.    The  angle  EFG  is  equal  to  (the 

FirTgle  ECG»  viz.   to)  the  angle  ACH;   and    the  an^le  FEG 

[jsequaJ  to  (the  angle  ACD,  viz.  to)  the  angle  BAC\    The 

ihanglesEGF,   ABC,  are  therefore  ec]uian^ular»  and  ABC 

king  given  in  kind,  EGF  is  given  in  ktnd  alfo.     But  the  fide 

EF  is  given  in  magnitude,  wherefgrc   the   triangle   EGF  19 

likewife  given  in  magnitude  (52.  dat).     But  becaufe  the  angle 

ACB  is  equal  to  the  angle  AC  f),  the  aj\gle  GCE  is  equal 

,  to  the  angle  A  £  G,  and  the  angle  CGE  being  commoni  the 

Lfriangle.^  CEG»  EAG,  arc  equiangiihr  ^  CG   i^   therefore  to 

rGE  as  GE  to  AG,  and  the  red^angle  CG  A  is  equal  10  the 

jiquareofGE.     But  GE  is  given  in  m.ignitude,  and  AC  in 

IpofitLon  and  magnitude,  wherefore  the  point  G  is  given.    And 

|secaufe  the  point  G  is  given,  G  E  in  m.ignitude,  and'BC  in 

ofition,  the  point  E  is  given  (31.  du,).     But  the  point  A, 

alfo  (he  pofition  of  DC  is  given,  wherefore  £F  is  given  in 

^poGtion. 

The  inquifition  of  the  limits^  and  the  compofition  of  this 
Problem,  are  equally  eafy,  and  tnay  be  coadu£led  in  the  fame 
general  manner^ 

Of  the  Problem  requiring  a  fight  line  of  a  given  magmtud^ 
t/o  he  jnfericd  between  two  circles,  and  which  AiaU  vergt  to  ^ 
^itwff  pmm^  there  Is  iiiJI  another  cafe,  of  which  ib'u  work 

^  *  ma^<*i 


^4      Rimaris  en  Voltaire*/  Difc&vma  in  Naiurd  Hiftery. 

fnakfs  no  mention,  vi%.  When  the  given  point  is  in  the  right 

line  joining  ihc  centres  of  the  circles,  and  the  diftanccs  of  the 
faid  point  from  the  centres  are  proportional  to  the  diameters  of 
the  circles. 

Art.  VI .  Remarks  an  M*  de  F*  ^  *  ^  *  ^  *"*$  New  Difcoveries  in 
Natural  Hyhry^  in  a  late  Publication  entitled^  Les  Singularitcs 
de  U  Nature**  Bnth  printed,,  and  fold  by  Robinfon  and 
Roberts  in  London,     gvo.      i  s«  6d,     1770, 

THOSE  who  areaquainted  with  Voltaire's  philofophy  arc 
no  ftrangers  to  the  tendency  of  the  doftrincs  he  generally 
advances — His  avowed  intcntian  is  to  exclude  all  final  caufes 
from  the  fyftem  of  nature,  and  to  afcribe  to  chance  or  neceffity 
ibofc  phenomena  which  indicate^  to  others,  of  founder  prin- 
ciples, a  fupreme  intelligence  and  influence.  Happily,  indeed, 
for  [he  intcrcfls  of  truth  and  virrue,  his  pernicious  tenets,  how- 
ever artfully  difguifed  or  confidently  propofed,  are  fo  evidently 
contradi^orv  both  to  rcafon  and  fai£t,  as  to  bring  wiih  them 
their  own  refutation. — Serioufly  10  confute  a  philofopher  of  his 
caft,  would  be  paying  him  much  greater  rcfpcif^  than  he  dcfcrves, 
A  perfon,  who  invades  a  province  in  which  he  is  not  qualified 
to  make  any  fignrc,  and  who  maintains  the  grofiHl  contradiSions, 
for  ihe  fake  of  fnigubtity,  or  ro  gratify  ciiher  pride  or  fplcen,  ha$ 
no  right  to  expect  that  he  Ihould  be  rcafoned  with*  His  vanity 
excites  contempt,  and  ridicule  Is  the  only  weapon  with  which  he 

Ihould  be  oppnfcd*  Wc  could  fcarce  read  fomc  of  Monf.  V V 

late  publicaitons,  in  which  be  afllimcs  the  character  of  a  philofo^ 
pher,  without  laughter,  were  not  the  principles  he  advances  fo 
fhocking  to  the  hunidn  niind>  and  fo  coniradiftory  to  found 
philofophy »  a>  to  excite  a  more  ferious  difpoficicn. — It  is  with 
regret  wc  confidcr,  thnt  the  &ne  talents  of  this  writer  have  been 
proftitutcd  to  the  bafe  ar^d  cruel  purpofes  of  promoting  Hcen- 
tioufnefs  both  of  principle  and  manners.— His  Singuimitis  di  la 
Nature  has  a  tendency  to  exclude  the  Deity  from  all  the  opera- 
tions of  nature,  and  to  invalidate  the  truth  of  revelation. 

It  contains,  however,  fuch  difarumn  and  reafonings  as  no  man  can 
read  wiihoyt  mirth. — And  the  Author  of  the  Rcmarki  on  this 
publication  has  admirably  contributed  to  expose  them  to  that 
contempt  and  ridicule,  which  they  deferve. 

Wc  fliall  give  our  Readers  two  or  three  extrafls,  from  whence 
they  will  be  able  to  judge  of  the  fpirit  and  ftyle  of  this  Re- 
marker,  and  likewife  ofthe /mgular  pd/uions^  whtch  the  iptgemous 
philsjhplur  has  advanced.  | 

*'Your  works,  fays  our  Author,  are  the  only  new  books  I   i 
can   get  to  read  in  the  French  language. — I   know  not  what 
^i>od  wind  blows  them  hither,  hut  I  cau  -dffwtt  ^om  I  ^nd  it 

^  I>T£i9Jtn&trc  Piih/ophifut, 


I 


I 


i 


man 


Remarks  on  Voltilre'i  Difc^verles  in  Natural  ffljl^ry*      ij 

Eblc  to  procure  myfclf  a  fif^p  of  any  of  the  learned  works 

1  that  kingdom* — \  our  experiments  have  fet  all  tlic  child rca 

Four  village  to  work.    Were  you  here,  Sir,  you  might  have  the 

leafare  of  feeing  how  indefatigable  they  are  in  purfuieof  your 

£ivourite  jnfefl>  the  fnail. — If  ever  I  go  out  of  my  houfe,  \  am 
arc  fo  meet  fome  with  new  ground,  or  fome  with  ryfty  fciflars, 
roppin^  their  afpiring  antlers,  to  have  the  pleafure  of  feeing 
bem  bv^  forth  again  a  fecond  time.  But  1  mufl  rnfurm  vou» 
hat  a  certain  natural  hi{lori4n  like  yourfclf,  who  is  the  oracle 
f  our  village^  has  pretended  that  your  difcovery  is  not  at  all 

^ucw,  nor^  fays  he,  is  it  confined  to  reptiles  alone,  for  he  ii  per- 
fiiided  that  the  human  race  is  capable  of  the  fame  phenomenon. 
-*— Thtfe  fcntimemsof  my  friend  I  communicated  to  feveral 
married  ladies  in  our  neighbourhood,  all  of  whom  feem  anxious 

Jloobfcrve  the  event  of  fuch  an  uncommon  property  in  man. — 

^Sereral  young  ladies,  who  in  the  bloom  of  youth  have  thrown 

their  pretty  peribns  away,  for  the  fake  of  a  fortune,  upon  gouty 

and  decrepid  batchelors,  have  fi^t  to  SaliH^ury  for  the  beft  and 

I       iharpeil  fciilars,  intending,  ftould  fuch  a  regenerative  faculty 

bcdtfcuvered  in  their  huibands,  to  commence  immediately  the 

tihidy  of  androtumy.  How  agreeable  to  become  voting  again  at 
fo  cafy  a  purchafe  !  Or  wbo  would  not  linger  on  through 
fcvcnty-four  tedious  revolutions  of  the  fun,  to  experience  the 
}iappy  lot  of  Titan»  for  a  rofy  blooming  Aurora  !  But  however. 
Sir,  this  does  not  feem  to  be  your  cafe  i  for,  if  we  may  judge 
frotn  the  light  and  puerile  ftylc  of  fome  of  your  late  produc- 
iioAS,  you  are  reduced  once  more  to  the  ftite  of  the  pap-fpooa 
and  leading  firings*  I  grant  your  afle<^ing  the  young  man, 
will  pleaie  the  country  farmers  much  better  than  all  thofe  pretty 
^_irerfesyou  naadc  about  fifty  years  ago,— And,  admirer  as  I  am 
^■^f  natural  hiftory,  and  particularly  of  thofe  tS^y^  on  that  fub- 
^■jecl,  which  your  juvenile  pen  has  produced,  I  cannot  help  con- 
B  |r3tulating  you,  that  in  the  fecond  flate  of  turbulent  youth,  you 
~  fht'uld  have  confined  your  genius  to  fo  rational  a  ftudy. 

*  Who  indeed  would  have  believed  Spalanzi  upon  his  own 
bare  w^rd,   or  who,    in  fa<il,   would  have    believed  Newton, 

upon  his,  if  you  and  Madame  de  C had  not  been  fd 

^obliging  as  to  verify  them  ?  But  now  be  it  known  unto  the 
worTd,   that  the  experiments  of.  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  have  been 

!       judged   and  verified  beyond  a  doubt,   by  M.  de  V- — ,  the 

fublime  Author  of  feveral  tragedies  and  poems. — And  thanks,  be 

to  you  frona  this  ifland  in  general,  for  the  important  difcoverie* 

you  have  made  not  only  in  optics  but  natural  hiftory,  and  the 

kind  protection  you  have  deigned  to  lend  to  Spalanxi  and  New- 

.      ton.— Above  all,  thznks  be  to  you  for  the  care  ypu  have  Uketi         ^ 

^ftpf  fhr  bumble  fmil ;  how  littering  a  condcfccnfion  !  that  Vve^  ^^| 

^^u  bMd  ksmed  to  found  iht  trumpet  of  famc^  and  icUte  th^^^ 


I 


a6       Rmarks  on  Voltaire*!  Difc&vniis  in  Naturel  Uijierj, 

gloiious  atchicvemcnts  of  warriors  and  of  heroes  \  he  who  had 
ipread  abroad  the  exploas  of  Henry  IV.  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
Louss  XV.  fcould  debafe  the  glory  of  his  pen  to  immortaUze 
the  name  of  a  fimplc  reptile  !— — — But,  alas  !  for  the  Immortal 
honour  which  you  have  given  to  the  fnail,  you  thunder  down 
dcftrudion  upon  the  poor  polypus  ;  in  one  hand  the  hammer  t# 

deflroy,  m  the  other  the  trowel  to  build  up  again. Perhaps, 

Sir,  you  never  faw  a  polypus  :  but  whether  you  have  or  not  ts 
of  no  great  confeciuence,  as  the  inventive  powcrt  of  your  ima^ 
gioation  arc  well  known  to  every  one  of  your  readers.  ^  *- 
For  my  part,  when  I  read  any  Author,  if  he  has  found  the  fc* 
cret  to  ^mufe  me«  I  think  it  is  all  I  can  afk  of  him.— »Do  you 
call  making  us  laugh,  deceiving  us?  What  is  the  end  of  truth, 
if  not  to  make  us  *iappy,  and  arc  we  not  happy  when  we  arc 
laughing  ?  Let  us  fuppufc  then,  for  a  moment,  that  an  Author  ■ 
would  make  us  merry,  but  in  fo  doing  ihould  lead  us  into  un-  I 
certainties  :  would  not  this  tJncertatnty  be  even  preferable  to 
that  rigid  ferioufncfs  which  truth  cxpe£ls  ?  Moft  certainly  :  iot 
the  prefent  age,  as  it  is  the  moft  pen  five,  fo  is  it  the  moft  fplc- 
nctic  of  all  ages.  — This,  if  I  miiiake  not,  is  the  prefent  fyilcin 
of  all  your  works. — You  write  to  make  us  merry:  it  is  fo  gocd 
of  you,  that  I  wifli  you  would  come  into  England,  that  wc 
■aipht  laugh  and  grew  faty  together/ 

The  next  attack  made  by  our  Author,  in  the  fame  pleafant 
manner,  is  upon  ihofc  who  have  afi'eried,  as  a  principle  of 
nature,  That  thi  premifcums  affimhlagt  of  ifwr  melecuks  might 
froduci  as  many  or^anizifd  beings^  as  tit  conjlant  fucctjfim  &/ 
generatiins,'^^*  Rhrdi,  Malphighi,  Vitlcfnieri,  Swammerdam^ 
Hcrvcy,  Willis,  &c.  all  your  labours  have  been  in  vain.  Na- 
ture is  no  longer  fubjcdl  to  any  ryle.  This  celebrated  naturalift 
(viz.  M,  de  Buffon)  has  thrown  back  the  origin  of  every  being 
into  the  dark  abyfs  of  chaos  and  confufion.  And  you,  molt 
excellent  philofopher  of  St.  Flour,  may  amufc  yourfelf  at  my 
cxpencc,  bccaufe  you  and  your  celebrated  countryman  agree  for 
once  in  opinion/ 

He  then  proceeds  to  that  which  is  the  main  fubje^ft  of  the 
work — the  formation  of  mountains  j  with  the  anfwers  to  thofc 
obje6lions  which  V  has  urged  againft  the  univerfaliiy  of 

the  deluge,  and  the  truth  of  the  Mofaic  account,  in  reference 
to  this  cataftrophc. 

We  are  forry  that  our  limits  do  not  admit  of  our  infertrng  many 
more  fpcctmcns  of  the  Author's  lively  and  agreeable  manner  of 
obviating  thcfe  difficulties. — He  attack*  V-  -r- —  with  ercat 
iuccefs,  in  hts  own  vein,  and  laughs  away  thofc  objedions, 
which  the  ableft  pbilofophers  have  undertaken  more  fcrioufly 

ro  refute,  ^ He   concludes — *  But   as  thcie  v^  manlfeftly  a 

time  for  zll  thwgs^  m^Lv  we  not  txp«d  vixal  ow  umt  qi  ov%w 


^^  Vabaire  i4  thi  Skadts.  %f 

|W«tH  become  a  fimng  fe^cor  for  ^ctla  and  faffiU  ?  Aii4  ■ 

am  (KinicuUrly  To,  when  you  arc  brought  to  bdieve,  without  I 

prtiiidice,  what  jour  ouvn  c)e!»   mi&ft  mew  you,  and  withouc  I 

ifat  CRvy  which,  embitters  your  eDJoyment,  at  the  haf  py  ac«  I 

iiucd  f*mc  of  other  Auihurs*    Till  then  i(  h  qaiic  unnecflTary  I 

you   TO  fcck  for  frcih  ojltcrs  on  the  lop  of  the  great  moun-  I 
St.  Bernard*     I  will  venture  my  life  you  will  not  find  any,'  I 

will  it  anfwer  your  expet^tion  to  fend  one  of  your  poiti-  I 

'liona,  on  an  oW  coach  hoffe,   to  gallop  over  the  ridges  of  the  I 

Ihghcft  mountains  round  about  your  houre,  in  (carch  of  petvi-  I 

fidions. I 

*  Let  me  then  perfnade  you  to  believe  that  the  fca  has  co-  I 

vered  nor  earth. Many  perfons  of  merit,  very  learned*  and  I 

very  good  ChriftranSf  do  no  longer  doubt  of  it,  or  even  of  the  I 

dinijiiitton  of  the  waters  of  the  fea,  than  they  doubt  of  the^  I 

gfimth  of  the  grafs  in  the  field  or  the  fhining  of  the  fun  at  I 

rtoon  day*  I 

•  To  launch  out  into  the  fublime  paths  of  natural  hiftory,  to  1 
aoiluiint  ourfelves  with  the  flrudture  of  our  cerrel}ri4l  globe,  to 
ttad  in  the  book:  of  nature  the  different  laws  by  which  fhe  ■ 
iwvei|  to  learn  the  influence  which  time  makfs  on  the  perifli-  ■ 
able  and  uaflable  ft^te  of  thing??,  improves  us  more  than  whole  M 
ccniuiie:!  palTcd  over  old  abftrufc  aucbors  within  rhc  limits  of  a  M 
ftiidy.  But  he,  who  would  launch  out  into  thrfe  flowery  paths-  I 
of  truth  muft  firft  learn  to  doubt*      Unbiaffed  by  the  prcjudic<;s  I 

I  of  any  fyfVrtnt  he  (hould  let  his  mind  be  opened  unto  every  one,'  I 

but  ftiould  judge  of  them  all  by  the  unvariable  touch-ftone  of  I 

Wlurc  and  her  works/  I 

AtT.  VIL  V&hatn  in  the  Shades  i  er  Dialogue i  m  ihe  Dajiical  I 

C^trffTMrJy,     8vo.     2  s,  6.  Icwed.     Pearch.      1770,  I 

WE  have  had  repeated  opportunities,  in  the  courfc  of  our  I 

woik,  of  paymg  a  tribute  ot  rei'pcd  to  the  advocates  for  I 

Chriftianity.     While  inhdelity  has  renewed  and  varied   its  at-  -  I 
blacks  by  all  the  arts  of  fophiltry  and  declamation,  the  fpiric  of 
free  enquiry  has  been  promoted,  the  objedions  again  It  natural 

and  reveaJed  religion  huve  been  thoroughly  examined,  and  the  -i 

evidences  of  both  iUuflratcd  and  eftablifhed  beyond  all   reaiibn-  " 
able  difpuic.     The  writings  on  the  one  fide  have  been  folid  and 
V                ;  thofc  on   ihe   orhrr   generally  flimfy  and  fpecious  ; 
c              J  rather  to  amufc  than  to  convince;  and  by  this  mcms 

to  perplex  and  miilead  the  unthinking.     They  have  abounded  J 

^more  with  dcclamattom  than  argument,  and   furnifljcd   a  light  I 

":ind  of  reading,  which  rcguirw  JitfJc  attention  and  Ubouf,— —  J 
•^This  ctrciim/^jiTce  hds  greatly  contributed   to  render    tbctn  ac- 
^cpablQ  Uf  thok  who  bikve^  peria^s^  iicitber  iia^Uaauon.not 

Icitutc 


t8  V^bmn  in  tb^  Shades.  ^^ 

Icifiirc  for  pcrtifing  works  of  judgment  and  erudition.— ^The 
pcifon  has  been  infenfibly  conveyed,  whilfl  indolence  or  love 
-  of  plcafure  has  prevented  the  young  and  diiltpated  from  apply- 
I  ing  to  the  necclTary  antidotes,  which  the  morc.foJid  and  elaba- 
I  jratc  difinces  of  Chriftianity  have  contained* 
I  The  work  before  U5,  which  the  moft  Judicious  may  perufe 
I  with  plcafure,  is  particularly  adapted  to  this  clafe  of  readers*— 
I  The  form  of  dialogue,  under  which  the  Author  has  chofen  to 
I  convey  his  fentlments,  the  variety  and  characters  of  the  fpealcerif 
I*  artd  the  fcene  of  their  debate,  ail  concur  to  intcreft  the  atten- 

I  lion,  even  of  the  moft  volatile  and  lively* The  plan   is  well 

I  chofcn  ;  infidels,  fo  various  and  in  feme  cafes  (b  contradiflory 
I  to  each  other,  in  regard  to  the  principles  upon  which  they  con- 
trovert the  obligations  and  evidences  of  religion,  are  reprefented 
as  falling!  out  among  thcmfelvcs  and  thereby  betraying  the  wealc- 
ncfs  of  their  own  caufe. — The  chief  objcflions  againft  Chrif- 
tianity arc  illuftrated  and  obviated  tn  an  cafy  and  familiar  man* 
Iter  ;  the  Author's  fly!e  is  agreeable  and  fpirited;  and,  upon  the 
whole,  there  is  reafon  to  apprehend,  that  thefe  dialogues  will  be 
more  popular  and. more  u (etui  than  many  other  trcatifes,  writ- 
ten with  the  fame  laudable  view,  of  defeating  the  defigns  of 
irreligious  writers. 

The  charati^ersofthe  principal  difputants  arc  well  fupportcd  : 
•—In  Voltaire  we  fee  that  latitude  of  fcntiment,  and  in  RouiTeau^ 
that  felf-eftecm  and  vain  confidence  which  charadcrize  their 
refpe£tive  writings,  Julian  and  Porphyry  are  pertinently  inuo« 
duccd  to  bear  their  involuntary  teftimony  to  the  truth  of  thofc 
fafts  on  which  Chriftianity  depends.  St.  Auguftinc  fcrves  as 
as  an  inftruftivc  example  of  the  divine  efHcacy  of  the  Chriftian 
morals.  Sterne  and  Swift  are  more  fufpicious  charadlers ;  but 
the  Author  candidly  gives  them  an  opportunity  of  vindicating" 
their  rea!  principles.— Thefc  are  the  principal  fpenkcrs  :  The 
fcniimtnts,  however,  of  other  moderns,  who  have  ciiher  openly 
profeflcd  ihcmfclves  patrons  of  infidelity  or  moie  fecrctly  ferved 
that  caufe,  are  occafionally  examined  and  cxpofcd. 

The  Author's  apoltigy  to  the  public  we  have  in  the  begin- 
ning of  his  introdudtion,  ^vas. 

*  The  confidence  of  pKiiofophica!  fupcriority  which  the  infi- 
del wTiiers  affume,   leaves  a  ftrong  iniprcfHon  rn  young  minds* 
I    Confcious  of  this   (mpre0ion,  but  unwilling  to  build  his  belief 
'    on  any  other  foundation  than  the  refult  of  his  own  enquiries, 
the  Author  of  the  tibi lowing  pages,  at  an  early  time  of  iife»  rc- 
I    folved  on   a  careful   pcruf^l   and  a  candid  examination  of  ihe 
I    arguments  of  rhofe  modern  philofophers  who  arrogate  to  them* 
I   felves  the  honourable   title  of  Free-thinkers.      He  read  their 
P  writings ;  and^  amazed  fometimcs  at  their  fophiftry,   and  Tome 
times  at  the  falfhood  of  tbvlr  affections,  Vz  ^\^  vt^wv  xa  \\v^ 


^Bter 


N 


Vshmn  in  ibi  Shaiet* 

h  of  a  youthful  indignation,  and  committccl  his  rem:irks 
pper.     Thefc  were  the  fiift  (ketches  of  the  Dialogues  whicll 
»re  now  offered  to  the  public.     If  it  fliould  be  fatd  that  fome 
Names,  rcfpcftablc  in  the  world  of  letters,  arc  treated  with  too 
much  freedom,  he  would  reply,  that  in  preparing  thefc  (hccts 
for  the  prcfs,  he  was  unwilling  lo  rcftrain  the  indignation  which 
he  felt  at  twenty  againft   the  fophiftry,  that  would  deftroy  the 
^     eft  hope  of  his  heart,  the  hope  of  yet  meeting  the  deceafed 
end  in  another  and  better  ftate  of  cxiftence/ — Pcrhap«  thcfe 
Dialogues  may  be  more  acceptable  to  fome,  when  they  are  in- 
formed that  the  Author  is  not  a  clergyman  :  of  whi^h  we  are 
aflurcd  in  the  concluding  paragraph  of  his  introdu(3ory  difcourfe. 
The  firft  debate  is  that  between  Vohaire  and  Socrates,  on  the 
fubjc^  of  a  future  exigence,  and  the  general  charaiSters  of  mo* 
dcrn  philofophy  \  of  which  wc  fhall  give  the  following  extraft. 

♦  y§liairi,  Happy  fate!  that  I  have  fo  foon  met  the  godlike 
Socrates  !  But  to  fit  me  for  confabulation,  cafe  my  mind  at 
oace,  and  tell  me  your  opinion  of  the  Chriftian  fuperftition.^-* 
Speak,  is  it  not  fuch  ? 

«  S^itiif,  To  tell  you  what  I  know  for  certain » I  am  not  per- 
mitted. My  dcfire  was  to  talk  with  you  as  a  philofopherj  and 
tbac  dcfire  was  granted,  but  no  more,  Anfwer  me,  I  conjure 
I,  without  glofs  or  digrcflion.  I  am  often  at  a  lofs  to  con- 
the  natujc  of  your  modern  philofophy,-^ When  Locke  was 
►n  his  death-bed,  he  wrote  to  Collins  *^  This  life  affords  no 
ilid  fatisfaftion  but  the  confcioufnefs  of  doing  well,  and  the 
ic  of  another.**  My  (philofophy  has  been  long  admired,  and 
IS  frntence  is  the  very  cflcncc  of  it;  ycr,  amazing  to  me  I 
is  fcntence  of  Locke  has  been  treated  with  all  the  contempt 
ridicule,  and  pronounced  unworthy  of  a  philofophcr  by  one  • 
who  generally  fpeaks  the  icnfc  of  your  party.  Explain  to  me, 
'  if  the  hope  of  another  life  unworthy  of  a  philofopher  f 
V^it.  The  philofopher  fcorns  to  be  duped  cither  by  the 
irt,  or  the  h-^pes  of  fupcrftition.  He  profelles  (he  nobleft 
dom  of  enquiry;  and  it  is  unworthy  of  him  to  aflent  by 
g;ue6.     He  demands  demonftration. 

*  SftT.  The  meiaphyfical  do<ftrines  of  an  after  life,  and  a  Pro- 
vidence, are  incapable  of  abfolute  demonttration* 

*  fsU.  The  philofopher  is  at  lead  a  fccptic  on  thefc  points. 
He  btiitds  his  happinefs  on  a  furtr  foundation. 

«  5ijf.  On  what  foundation  ? 

•  /Vl.  As  the  calamities  of  life  are  above  his  controul,  his 
firft  care  is  to  arm  himfelf  with  a  fortitude  above  being  con- 

led  at  whatever  may  happen  ;  and  hence  his  happintfs. 
&r.  Tell  me,  how  would  be  behave  were  his  dearcft  f rVcnA^ 
i*  brother  of  bis  foul^  fuddenly  to  f^l\  dead  at  his  feet  ? 

'^  ^  JJr*  Middkton.  "  " 


30  Vshaire  in  the  Shades. 

*  Tirf/.  He  may  wifli  Jt  had  been  otherwifc  ;  but  as  forrow 
will  not  reftore  his  friend  to  life,  he  will  look  on  it  as  an  acci* 
ilent  which  he  ought  to  have  expeded^  and  will  indulge  hini'* 
ielf  in  no  further  grief. 

^  Soc,  From  hence  I  perceive  that  his  fortitude  is  built  on 
the  extin£Uon  •f  the  human  paflions;  and  that  the  happineft 
•it  acquires  is  an  ungenerous  indifference.  Well,  but  fuppofe 
lOur  philofopher  on  his  own  death  bed,  what  are  bis  feeHngs 
when  death's  cold  hand  is  upon  him  ? 

^  Vclt.  With  the  moft  perfeA  tranquillity  he  knows  he  muft 
•die,  his  dements  muft  refolve  into  their  kinds  *,  and  he  com* 
plains  no  more  of  it  than  a  tree  does  of  being  cut  down. 

*  Sec,  Has  your  philofopher  any  religion  ? 

*  Folt.  Yes,  the  nobleft.     He  adores  the  Supreme—— 

*'  Soc.  Hold»     I  know  your  flouriflies;  bot:bcfore  I  can  ad* 
mire  his  piety,  I  muft  be  convinced  of  what  he  ezpe&.and  be- 
lieves.    The  belief  of  an  invifible  agency  wants  proof  fiifficienX    ' 
for  him,  and  the  hopes  and  dread  of  futurity  are  unworthy  of 
your  philofopher.     For  what  then  does  he  adore  the  Supreme? 

*'  Volt.  For  the  wonders  of  this  glorious  univerfe^-hewoirfhips 
almighty  Nature. 

*•  Soc.  In  other  words,  he  admires  a  certain  wonderful  power, 
that  by  a  kind  of  fatality  made  and  fupports  the  univerfe,  but 
which  has  no  intelligence  of  the  moral  world.  Now  what  in- 
,iluence  has  this  religion  on  his  condud  ? 

^  Folt,  The  idea  of  beauty  t  chears  his  foul,  and  confinoM 
him  in  his  favrourite  foi:titude. 

*  Sdc,  Would  it  fupport  him  in  fcvere  diftrefs  i  Snppofe  yo«r 
philofopher  reduced  from  affluence  and  health  to  the  loweft  po* 
verty  and  the  fevercft  pangs  of  difeafe« 

^  f^ok.  He  would  eftecm  it  as  unavoidable  fate,  and  noblf 
would 

>  Su,  Hold — I  can  bear  you  no  longer— when  one  is  woudded 
in  the  tendereft  part,  on  the  death  of  a  beloved  friend,  humaii 
-nature  muft  feel,  and  bleeding  fricndfhip  wHl  anxioufly  enquire^ 
*'  Where  is  now  the  partner  of  my  foul  ?"  And  if  the  belief 
can  in  thought  follow  the  deceafed  to  a  ftate  of  happy  exiftence, 
the  anguifli  which  nature  ftirs  in  the  bofom  will  then^  and  then 
only,  feel  the  relief  adapted  to  its  pain.  A  ray  of  penfive  com- 
placency beams  acrofs  the  mind,  which  now,  arguing  on  its 
own  feelings,  builds  a  fyftem  of  divine  philofophy  on  thefe  in- 
clinations, which  it  finds  interwoven  with  the  foul ;  and  look- 
ing forward  to  its  own  departure  from  the  body,  encouragdi 
the  joyful  hope,  fo  dear,  fo  acceptable  to  nature,  of  yet  again 

*  Such  were  the  pretences  of  Toland. 


Vpbi 


R0rr#  m 


companion 
On   ihe  oihcr 


thi  Shades.  31 

never  more  to  be  ^K^fdcd  by 


your    phifoCophcr^s 
indifference  to  the 


■img  Its  deceared 

Vwifent  or  death.     On   ihe  oihcr  hand, 

vtnle  ftiin  of  perfcilion  confilh  in  s  total 

maiem^  of  Hfc,  in  doing  unhallowed  violence  to  his  own  fceU 

a|i,  mnd  in  flifiing  thcaffifSions  and  workings  of  nature.    His 

JBtiMl  wraps  iifclf  up  in  an  apathy,  gloomy,  hopelcfs,  aad  unge- 

jeroot^  ibc  tranquiility  of  a  brute.     Nor  is  he  kfs  urumiablc 

b  the  iodifFcrcnce  with  which  he  would  fortify  himfclf  igatnft 

tbt  ipproache^  of  his  own  death.     Every  hope  and  fear  of  fu^ 

turttjr  which  nature  whifpcrs  to  the  foul  he  rcje<3s  as  deficient 

in  proof,  and  unworthy  of  a  philofopher;  but  that  fortitude, 

bHisal  a$  tc  i%^  which  he  boads  to  have  acquired,  is  now  found 

iMvfian.      It  was  his  principal  care  to  extin^utlh  and  toot  out 

the  afirdlioffs  and  workings  of  nature,  in  purtuit  of  a  fortirude« 

vfakh  ndt  being  founded  on  the  hopes  ind  feelings  of  harurep 

11  «  die  hour  of  diftrcf^  unattainable.     In  the  days  of  health 

wijay  he  may  think  he  has  attained  it;  and  though  he  may 

hiTC  rertdcrrd  his  heart  callous  at  the  death  of  a  frietiJ,  yet  at 

the  approach  of  his  own,  unfefs  he  is  abforbcd  in  an  unthink* 

kg  ftiipidtty,  injured  nature  will  then  plead  her  own  caufe, 

lid  painfully  convince  him  that  flic  cannot  repofe  hcrfelf  iti 

t!ir  hopclefs  indilterencc  and  apathy  of  philofophy.     Nor  iti 

V  does  injured  nature  aflert  her  claim  to  be  heard; 

rors  of  poverty,  and  in  the  torture  of  difcafc  ftc  will 

iicf ;  and  in  that  breaft,  where  juftice  has  been   tau^^trc 

'. ^jjc  no  foturc  reward,  and  villainy  to  fear  no  tranfmun* 

^ifie  pumftimcnt»  the  confequence  is  certain ;  nature  will  be 
lard.  In  the  one  cafe  fraud  will  enfue ;  and,  in  the  other, 
the  only  refuge  of  your  philofophcr  is  fclf- murder ;  an  exit 
OTthy  of  fo  deteftable  a  charaSer.  NoT  is  it  only  m- 
ature  that  will,  in  thcfe  cafes,  compel  your  philofopber 
thefe  reliefs  1  his  own  philofophy  alfo  leads  him  to  them.  On 
own  principles,  in  thefe  extremes,  it  is  his  duty  to  do  fo  1 
on  his  principles  U  can  never  be  proved  a  duty  to  fuffer,  nor 

ivice  to  catch  at  the  relief  that  can  avoid  detedion, Such, 

Voloiire,  is  the  idea  of  modern  philofophy  I  have  been  able  to 
colled   from  yours,  from  Bolingbroke's,  and  the  writings  of 
Jwir  other  friends. — The  fortitude  it  would  attain  is  cxai^ly 
flic  onoatural  apathy  of  the  Stoics  j  by  giving  up  the  hopes  of  im- 
flioctaJity  which  chat  fe^  indulged,  it  has  deflroycd  the  bed, 
the  only  motives  of  virtue,  and  therefore  has  no  claim  to  that 
^  re  of  it,  for  which  the  difctplesof  Zeno  werejuflly  honoured. 
Mt  you  and  your  friends  have  fometimes  talked  of  immortality. 
know  your  writings  are  ftrangeJ/  contradiftory  ;  hut  w\\V 
[good  (ent'tment  in  o/tc  p^ge  prove  thut  you   have  not  aV)ad 
fff  the  next?  /  know  your  modern  phflofophers  have  a  me- 
wh/c/i  would h^vc  been  dcfpifcd  by  antiquity  :  after  buWd- 


J 


32 


VdHttrt  iti  the  Shades. 


•Sid 


ing  your  fyftems  wi(h  the  utmoft  care,  you  throw  in  a  fewfei 
fences  of  a  contrary  tendency  ;  ajid  to  thefeyou  loudly  and  a^ 
furdly  appeal  as  your  true  nieaiiin^,  when  the  horrid  confd 
Nqucnces  of  your  fyftcms  src  ohjcdlcd  to  you*  Juftly,  O  Rmjfi 
have  you  reprcfented  the  moderns  as  forming  a  felf-contradi<^] 
monfter,  a  fiend  deftruflivc  to  every  generous  feeling,  to  cvci 
virtue^  and  which  they  dignify  with  the  name  of  philofophy, 

*  RauJJeQu^  Godlike  Socrates,  turn  not  away  ! 

*  ^oc^  My  pity  for  the  hclplcfs  ftate  of  philofophy  affei^s 
with  melancholy  :     i  haften  away  to  fhake  it  off  in  the  regioi 
of  the  bleffcd/ 

The  next  dialogue  is  between  Vukairc  and  the  Emperor  Ju-I 
lian,  Confcioufnefs  of  guilt  in  Julian  prevails  over  the  ilattery 
of  Voltaire,  and  modern  unbelievers.  Porphyry  joins  the  partyt 
and  they  enter  warmly  into  the  debate  about  the  reality  of  th< 
miracles  which  are  afcnbed  to  our  Lord  and  his  apoAles,  upao^ 
which  the  divinity  of  their  charadler  depends.  The  ancient 
enemies  of  ChriHianity  allowed  the  fads,  but  according  tOM 
Voltaire  himfclf,  abfurdiy  afcribed  them  to  magic  i  whereas  mo-^ 
dern  Infidels  aiTert,  that  a  miracle  never  was  or  can  be  wrought* 

*  VQltam,  When  we  are  hard  urged  by  our  adverfaries,  we 
tell  them  plainly*  that  if  the  whole  KngHfli  nation  had  aflcrted 
that  Queen  Elizabeth  had  returned   to  life,  iftcr  being  dead 

and  buried,  we  were  rcfolved  not  to  believe  it. — See  H 's 

iffay  on  Miracles, 

'  Julian,  A  happy  argument,  truly  !  to  fhi^  the  fuppofition 
from  a  cafe  which  carries  the  appearance  of  the  grcatcft  bene- 
volence of  the  Deity,  to  a  cafe  that  could  have  no  utility  in  it_ 
at  all  V  I 

The  weapon  with  which  Voltaire  next  attacks  Chriftianfty 
is  that  *  with  a  million  of  edges  ;*  our  criticifm,  fays  he,  by 
which  we  expofe  any  particular  paflage  we  pleafe  of  the  volume 
which  the  fuperftitious  receive  as  the  book  of  God. 

*  Juiian.  A  pretty  device  to  blind  the  multitude  !  But  thi 
information^  O  Voltaire,  which  will  give  us  joy,  is  to  acquai: 
us  of  any  argument  againft  Chriflianity  that  has  truth  and  trw 
philofophy  on  its  fide.     Common  honcfly  and  candour  will  dc^ 
mand  a  f^^ir  trial  to  the  books  held  f^crcJ ;  and  to  a  fair  trial 
their  advocates  have  always  triumphantly  appealed  •—Porphyry 
did  no  good  to  our  caufe  when  he  challenged  the  anticjuity  of 
the  book  of  DanieK-*— 

*  Foli,  But  M.  Frcret  •  has  done  greatly :  he  levels  the 
whole  fabfick  at  once*  The  New  Tcftament  is  all  a  forgery, 
he  fays,  contrived  about  Conftaniine's  time,  never  once  men* 
tianed  by  the  fttd  Chriltian  writers* 


ruel 

i 


Heaetaiy  to  the  Society  of  Bciliiw 


LitiiTi  hitwnn  Om  Ardhijf^^p  tf  Annul  andVdt^n, 

*  Jmt.  Amizing  fDlHiocd  !  I  uiyrelf  have  pvtn  tcflimony  to' 

l»aio  of  its  books  being  written  by  the  a^^ofllcs  :  its  fuigcry,  in 

my  uncle's  a^e,  had  never  d'capeil  un<JctO(5tcd  by  me^  who  niuft 

Ibave  beta  in  tbc  fecrct,  from  my  connections  wirh  tlK  leaders 

iW  the  church.     Long  ere  ConiUntine  Itvetf  it  was  a  thcufand 

rCimes  cited»  as  the  zuk  of  fatth,  by  the  carlicfl  fathers.     I  had 

blcly  a   long  difcourfe  wi:h   Lardner;  the  authorities  be  has 

I  produced  reflect  difgiace  on  Fierct.' 

Another  objetilion  is  ihuc  winch  is  urged  againft  the  doflrin^ 

I  of  the  jmmorulity  of  the  foul ^  as   it  i^  taught  jn  the  facrcd 

rfcriprures. — Porphyry  denies  the  force  of  this,  and  in  anf^vcf  to 

'Voltaire's  qucftion,  what  argument  would  moft  eftVclually  re- 

I  Fmc  revelation,  proceeds  ;   ^  1  c^n  e^vc  you  fome  dcfcription  of 

tlie  argument  that  would  do  it,     Cfi  rift  unity  addreflc^  iUdf  to 

thr  fccHngi,  the  fear s»,  and  willies  of  the  human  heart*     Now 

.wbeo  the  world  can  produce  a  fylicm  that  will  Uy  a  Urooger 

[hold  on  ihefe*  that  will  give  piety  a  fublitner  h*^pv'»  ibat  will 

Lgjve  to  vice  greater  fears,  and  to  true  penitence  fwce:cr  confola- 

^lioiu^l  thei],  and   th<n  only«  will  Cbridtanity   be  rationally 

illy  refuted.     The  prophejfy  of  iVIontcfcjuicu,  that 

:  woufd   not  fta,nd  Irs  grourtd  above  other  two  hun- 

.dried  years,  diffured  joy  through  our  manGons  \  but  I  now  fiear 

I  the  completion  will  never  take  place.     Either  better  argument! 

|inuO:bc  difcovered,  or,  what  indeed  fccms  already  to  be  far  ad* 

vanced,  a  want  of  honcC  *  ing  enquiry,  and  u  faperficial 

\  dabbling  and  tn fling  in  pi'  ,  muft  take  entire  poficfiion  of 

tbc  human  mind  ;  in  either  o^  thcfc  cafes,  but  in  no  o; her,  the 

prophecy  may  be  fulfilled.     71ie  latter  would  prove  no  allevi- 

sktion  to  u^  i  and  of  tbc  former,  alas  !   [  greatly  defpair/ 

Tbcfc  extradls  are  fufficient  tc»  give  ihe  reader  a  general  no* 
lion  of  tbc  plan  and  execution  of  this  work,  and  to  juftify  the 
cbars^cr  which  has  been  given  of  it. 


A  AT.  VIU.  Gftiuim  Liitifi  bittui€n  tkf  ^rMtJh^p  of  Anrnti^  and 

Monf.  ck  VQiiutft^  m  tht  Suhjt^  af  kis  Prta<hh^  at  the  ParifA 
.    Umrch  at  Fcmty^  wtth&ut  hm^  ^rdmmd  5  with  the  Archbijheft 
JUfri/eniafhn  off'  /  CkriJUaH   Mujefy^   and 

Mmf  de  VifHmfii  <         ,        ;  ,   m  Csnfequtnce  of  an  Qr- 

dif  from  thi  Fnnch  K*»g*  /iil  prspirlf  authentie&ttd  l/y  Cctklft-^ 
iait%  tf  the  mofl  unqufjlkmtahli  Juthi^my,  Iranllated  from  the 
French,     8vo.     is.     Newbsr>»     i;70. 

IN  all  M.  Vo!t;rirc*£  ik-  v',  he  never  be- 
fore came  oif  with  lo  *ML>v ^  ^-  ^^  ^.uiff^lf,  nor  left  on- 

'f he  field  fo  many  honours  tor  the  enemy*     Iti  alt  >ils  fubtlctief 


34        Letters  between  the  Archbifl}6p  of  Anneci  and  Voltaire* 

he  was  never  fo  jnefFe£tuaIly  evafive ;  in  all  his  inconfiftenclcs 
he  never  was  fo  contemptibly  inconfiftent ;  in  all  his  abjcd 
conceffions  h^  never  was  fo  abjed.  The  philofopher  of  Fcrjicy 
publifhing  a  confeiSon  of  faith  in  confequence  of  an  order  from 
the  French  King  ;  folemnly  maintaining  the  veracity  of  thofe 
articles  of  faith  which  he  has  inccflantly  laughed  at;  follicitinz 
the  tcftimony  of  the  loweft  ccclcfiaftics,  monks,  friars,  and 
prodlors,  to  the  orthodoxy  of  his  principles— thefe  arc  circum- 
ftances  at  the  fame  time  fo  humiliating  and  fo  ridiculous,  that 
we  cannot  but  look  upon  them  with  the  moft  contemptuous 

Had  they  arifcn  from  any  religious  conviction  ;  from  behold- 
ing  in  any  new  and  more  favourable  light  thofe  circumftances 
of  divine  revelation  he  had  fo  frequently  made  the  objeAs  of  a 
vai:i  buffoonery,  they  would  have  been  no  lefs  rcfpcflable  than 
they  are  otherwife  ridiculous  :  but  it  is  clear  from  the  courfe 
and  confcquences  of  thefe  letters,  that  the  philofopher  is  vainly 
conftraining  himfelf  to  conceal  a  moft  unchriftian  rancour 
•jgainft  this  dignified  corrcfpondent ;  while*  his  fear  of  the  civil 
power  makes  him  openly  profcfs  every  principle  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  fiuth. 

The  occafion  of  thefe  farcical  fcencs  was  this.  Voltaire  had 
been  robbed,  and  at  the  very  folemn  and  public  time  of  Eaftcr, 
he  took  upon  h«m  to  enter  the  pulpit  at  Ferncy,  and  to  preach 
a  fcrnn  n  againft  theft.  The  clergy  were  generally  and  julHy 
fcandalizLci,  that  a  layman  Ihould  afTume  the  ecclcftaftic  func- 
tion, and  proflitute  it  to  the  purpofcs  of  private  intcreft  or  re- 
venue. Upon  this,  M.  dc  Voltaire  received  three  letters  from  the 
Arthbifliop  'c^f  Anneci  which  are  here  printed,  together  with 
Voltaire's  anlwers  to  the  firft  and  fecond.  Every  candid  and 
difcerninp' perfon  who  perufcs  thcfc  letters,  will  acknowledge 
the  advantage  which  the  Archbiftiop  has  over  the  philofopher, 
not  only  in  point  of  raiion«l  argument  and  ingenuity,  but  even 
in  literary  compofition  I  What  followed  was  the  Archbifhop's 
application  to  the  King ;  and,  in  confequcnce  of  his  reprefen- 
tations,  the  pious  philofopher,  for  the  edification  of  all  good  Ca- 
tholics, attclied  and  publifhed  the  following  ConfcfTion  of  Faith  : 

'  /  believe^  firmly^  all  that  the  Catholic^  ApoJioUcy  and  Roman 
ChurJ)  ^iiives  and  conpjjii.  I  believe  in  one  God^  in  three 
PLrfcn^^  Father y  i';«,  cni  Holy  Ghojl^  really  dijliugwjhcd  \  having 
the  Jan:  e  miurey  the  fame  divinity^  and  the  fame  power.  *Ihat  the 
Jeccnd  Ptrpn  was  made  many  eadtd  J  ejus  Crjrij}^  who  died  for  the 
falvaticn  cf  all  mm  ;  who  has  ejlabltjhed  the  holy  ehurchy  to  which  it 
ielongs  to  \udge  of  the  true  fenj'e  of  the  kcly  fcriptutes.  I  csndcmiL 
2:Jyzc//lr,  ifil  the  herefjes  the  faid  church  has  condemfied  atd  reje^edi 
/''ize/'ir  asV/irvef'Ud  niifmterpreifiUom  iubicb  ma-^  be  {ut  onibem. 

^  Tbi 


The  Ph:hfiphef\  35 

*  lhi$  trud  and  Catholic  fjlth^  out  of  which  no  one  can  be  favd^ 
I  frrftfi  on:i  ULknawUdie  to  bf  the  oftly  true  one  ;  and  I  JLveary  frG" 
fajft  ad  engJige  myfelf  ti  die  in  this  btlit'f^  by  thfgfuie  of  (Jed.  ■ 

^  I  Uieve  and  aiknowted^e  a!fo^  tiith  a  pcrj^tl  faiih^  all^  ani 
eKjeneofthe  articles  cftle  .^po/iUs  Creed.  [VVhicli  he  recited  in 
io Latin  very  di(lin£l!y.]  /  de.hrc  rno^eover^  that  I  haue  made 
Ait  cwfejjion  before  the  reverend  Father  CapuJ/:/:^  prcjlsus  to  his 
mififing  me* 

Thus,  as  the  Editor  obfcrves,  has  M.  de  Voltair. ,  who  during 
die  long  period  of  hib  life  has  lived  in  open  conlcnipt  of  all 
religious  eALabllQiincr.ts,  in  the  molt  folemn  manner  piufcircdtd 
believe  in  the  groflHl  abfurdities  iA  that  fvftcm  wIiIlIi  all  true 
Proteftants  have,  on  ihc  cleared  conviction,  difbclicvcJ  and  re- 
nounced.— ^We  fhrill  ndJ  norhliig  on  t!ie  humiliating  fubjctt  of 
an  old  man's  imbcciility. 

Art.  IX.  The  Philo/h/hcr^  inThrtcConz'erfations.    8vo.     is.  Cd* 
Btcktf.     1771. 

'PHERE  have  been  tirr.cs  v.hcn  poliiinl  p!iiIon»phy  was  a 

*  fiiQiionable  kind  of  vvritinr,  hi«t  then  i!i:y  v,';.j  r  tiir.cs 
ihcn  political  virtue  was  no  unt.ifnionable  i\vi\;:,  []:d  t::e 
hnthoT  of  this  little  tract  livcil  during  the  e::illcnce  of  hiiTiia 
liberty  in  the  ftates  of  ancient  Gicccc,  ar.d  ir.duJj^;c(l  his  i;  '.vi;- 
lations  in  her  academic  (hades,  his  labours  miijht  linv;::  b^:cn  no  • 
Icfs  ufeful  than  their  intention  v/;5  merit  rious.  Hut  t*>  fnp- 
pofe  that  a  fyftem  of  polit;.,  foundt'l  (Ui  the  princij-.lcs  of  philrj-- 
fophical  truth,  fliould  tind  attention  in  thefc  days,  implies  citlier 
a  want  of  knowledjie  of  the  wcrld»  or  an  inclination  to  be  idly 
bufy  in  purfuits  as  harmlefs  as  they  are  vain. 

Prefixed  to  this  work,  however,  we  find  a  tlcrdicarion  to  T.ord 
Mansfiel^y  fo  fpirited,  fo  elegant,  and  fo  much  out  of  the  ilyic 
of  dedications  in  general,  that  v/e  {hail  give  our  R^adcrb  a 
view  of  the  moft  eircntial  part  of  it. 

*  I  have  taken  every  opportunity,  I  could  have,  of  hcnrinpr  you 
fpeak  in  parliament,  or  on  the  bench  :  I  have  read  every  publication 
tiuthas  been  attributed  to  you  :  I  know  of  no  man,  whofe  abilities 
are  nearly  equal  to  thofe  of  your  Lordlhip. — And  I  fin.l  myiv'i',  fo 
hi  from  being  fihglc  in  this  opinion,  that  none  di:T.T  i'rMrx  ir.:.— 
But,  my  Lord — when  the  application  and  uf-'  of  ih-lh  abilitit  s  is 
made  the  fubjcA  of  converfation  : — If  I  IhoulJ  iliv,  you  employ  them 
toprcfcrve  the  moil  efienti;:!  parts  of  the  csnliitution,  ;*iui  lo  promoio 
the  happinefs  of  your  country,— aim  oil  every  man  vvrjll  coatra- 
dift  me. 

*  All  men  are  fubjcft  to  delufions :  the  j^rcatc!!:  men,  to  ilic  r  i-Mi- 
cil  variety  ;  they  range  in  an   unUunKhid  ivnon,   aiiil   ar;:  t!' .Lted 
above  the  common  flandard  of  huuKin  vit^vi  a. id  ;idi;.'ii:>.     'i;i',>\» 
mvrcafon  for  pre  fuming  to  think,  iLui  J  cua  tiirow  uut  Liny  i  •  v.is^ 
wk'db  msy  be  ot'uf:  to  your  Lot  d!h  i- ». 


36  thi  Phshfepher. 

*  Ib  attending  to  your  decifions  and  judgments  on  fome  important 
caufes,  J  have,  rometimes,  thought,  you  were  led  aftnyy  even  by 
your  genius. 

'  *  Jn  government,  as  ip  common  life,  we,  often,  regolate  q^r  ipea- 
fqtes  by  the  opinions  we  entertain  of  thofe,  whqm  they  may  concern. 
Some  of  thofe  opinions  we  form,  by  fuppofing  ourfelves  ^i  thpr 
fitqation  ;  and  others,  by  delineating,  m  imagination,  fuch  durafierf 
as,  we  think,'  will  fuit  them. 

'  I  need  not  ^nt  out,  to  your  lordfhip,  the  errors,  to  whicJi  « 
n^an  of  genius,  is  peculiarly  liable,  in  forming  his  opinion.  fliQ 
difference  is  (o  great  between  him,  and  the  perfons  he  is  to  veprdcnt^ 
or  to  delineate ;  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  make  the  dedvdsOBt 
and  allowances  which  are  proper  for  them* 

*  The  man,  who  knows  moil  of  mankind,  is  not,  alwi^ys,  the  m* 
of  genius;  but,  often,  the  man  of,  merely,  common  fenfe;  whofe 
talents  are  thofe,  which  are  poiTefled  by,  almoft,  the  whole  ivcats  ; 
and  who  judges  rightly,  becaufe  he  judges  of  others  by  himfelf. ' 
Hence  the  diitlnAicn  of  genius  and  common  fenfe :  hence  the  nu- 
merous miilakes  of  the  former ;  and  the  fafe  and  unerring  jn^gmtats 
of  the  latter. 

VBut  this  advantage  of  common  fenfe,  genius  might  nsuJce  all  its 
own,  while  it  remained  in  pofTeilion  of  thofe  peculiar  privil^ges^ 
which  nature  had  civen  it.  Every  laborious  drudge,  in  evtrf 
fcicnce,  was  defigned,  by  providence,  for  its  fervice.  He  toils,  in  * 
the  fields  of  knowledge*  and  gathers  (lores,  which  he  has  not  capft- 
city  to  improve  for  any  benefit  to  mankind.     The  materials,  thus 

collcdcd : tlie  man  of  genius  has,  only,  to  put  out  his  hand; 

and  he  becomes,  in,  almoll,  any  way  he  plcaies,  a  blelling  to  tilt 
world. 

*  Could  I  imagine,  that  my  allufioni  would  appear  fo  apt,  and  be 
fo  ealily  applied,  as  thofe  which  I  have,  often,  heard  from  yo^r 
lordTnip,  it  would  no^  be  nccellary  to  explain  what  I  mean.^-Tlut 
you  iiiay  have  been  led  Into  miftakes,  in  your  opinions  of  the  people 
of  this  country,  and  in  the  counfels,  you  are  fuppofed  to  luve  given 
TO  inpie  of  its  governors :  nor,  becaufe  you  are  inferior.  In  under- 
tUnding,  to  any  one  ot  it,  but,  perhaps,  becaufe,  you  have  afot  ukem 
the  pains  to  eflimate  the  merit  of  that  people  :  that  you  cannot  come 
at  a  perfe^l  knowledge  of  them,  only,  by  philofophical  refle6kion«  or 
the  moil  ingenious  aitcntinn  U)  the  litigious,  and  the  criming;  iMitft 
likewifc,  bv  condefcending  to  receive  information  from  others,  whoja 
you  may,  juiUy,  think  much  inferior  to  yourfel£ 

*  1  believe  your  lordihip  will  admit,  that  the  body  of  the  people^ 
throughout  his  mnjelly's  dominions,  is  in  a  ftate  of  diibrder.  k  is 
the  general  opinion,  that  a  fydem  of  adminiAration  has  been,  fn 
fome  time,  taken  up  and  purfucd,  unfriendly  to  the  libcrtiss  of  the 
kingdom.  You  mav  affed  to  defpife  thofe  who  pretend  to  fupport 
fuch  an  opinion  :  My  Lord — the  people  are  the  beft  judges  in  awiy 
political  queAions  :  they  feel  all  the  efifieds  of  public  measures  v  ftBd> 
fometimcs,  they  alone,  can  tell,  whether  they  are  proper  or  not. 

'  The  government  mud  be  faulty^  when  the  people  are  unhappy:. 
'I  his  is  a  maxim  in  policy  never  to  be  difputed. 

•  It 


7hi  Pbihf&t^hif*  37 

fOOLf  be  £ii4,  Ttie  people  iire  their  own  enemies  ;  Iknd  fpiirn 
duuitages  which  are  deitened  for  them  by  a  wife  admioiftra- 
Mf  Lordt  it  isi  tlma(l»  iinpoiEble  that  tilts  can  etcr  be  the 


'  It  ii  ai£lually  faid,  that  we  have  fo  far  loft  our  virtue,  that  we 
t  ntcapible  of  liberty  ;  and,  thertforc,  that  our  IcgiHaiare,  or  mi- 
dry  wTtli  do  well  to  change  oar  farm  of  government.     I  hi^pc;  tiayi 
llMlicrey  tliat  this  is  not  true.     This  kingdom  acquired  its  liberty 
[jhdgfcatnersy   as  others  have  done,  by  induftiy,  and  by  Jlruggliog 
ipin'^  ^ — -fTioo;  and,  ai  they  have  loft,  it  will  lofc,  it  by  luxury 
tod  -  1.     But,  as  every  ft  ate  has   had  fonae  peculiar  ci  re  mir- 

vriicn  haftcncd  or  reiarJod  its  rife,  f^  it  may  have  thofe  whick 
aften  or  retard  its  di/Iblution.  Thclc  are  of:^n  concealed  from 
DO  obfervation  :  they  arc  not,  al\Vay5,  known  to  men  of  tire 
fraitdt  pettetT^cion :  and  rhey  render  falfe  fome  of  oor  moft  pro- 
wMe  cODJ^^ures  concerning  the  events  of  a  coromtintty, 

*  ^1,  my  Lord,  if  fuch  an  opinion,  conld  be  maintained,  would 
the  iidirrence  be  made  for  any  admin iftratiotl,  that  waa  not  highly 
^jdK«d?  E^*cry  man,  who  avails  himfelf  of  tfcc  misfortune  of  iiis 
cowfitry,  to  iocreafc  that  misfortune,  and  to  haften  its  ruin,  is, 
cimly,  a  public  enemy*  The  great  officer  of  government  arc  Elled 
up  by  iDeQ,  not  in  order  to  watch  for  any  opportunities  to  diilreis  j 
but  to  guard  the  mtercft^,  and  to  promote  the  happin^fs  of  the 

opfe. 

*  I  need  ntJt  tell  your  lordftiip,  why  government  takes  place  ;  why 
^E  a  irumbcr  of  appoiutmcnts  are  made  of  great  dignity  and  prcJ- 

pHOf  lor  the  fake  of  ihofe  by  whom  ihey  arc  immedJately  enjoy- 
^  ai  of  tbcife,  who  bear  the  cxpcBCe  of  tbcm,    and  whp  are 
by  aJI  the  actioni  of  the  purlbns  who  fill  them  up,     I  pre- 
Rbjlie,  ic  could  never  enter  your  imagination,  that  you  were  born  a 
fjisilicc;  that  the  dignity  of  that  office  was  annexed  to  your 
I  ;  and  that  its  emoluments  arofe  out  of  your  patrimony^     My 
you  are  one  of  the  firtl  magiftrates  of  the  people  of  England  j 
your  highcil  duty  on  earth,  is  to  that  people; — you  may  /Iiew 
Iticy  in  a  manner  that  will  immortalize  your  name,  and  make 
to  the  lail  moments  of  yourexiftcncc.    Save  your  country, 
I ;  it  is  in  your  power;  it  is  not,  too  late,  for  you :  forget 
bat  is  pail ;  forgive  any  offences  againft  you  ;  they  aie  not  obje^ls 
fcr  the  auention  of  your  mind:   turn  it  to  thofc  which'  are  worthy  of 
>u  ;  ttira  it  to  the  ftattc  of  your  country;  every  difficulty  in  our 
lairs  would  give  way  to  your  underftandmg,  and  your  eloquence* 
Yoa  might  realize  afocne,  that  muft,  often,  have  prefeiueil  iii'ili 
your  imagination  i — An  cxtcnftvc,  opulent  empire,  disjoined  by 
teiliiie  broils ;  corrupted  by  iu  opulence  ;    and  on  the  bilnk  of 
a^on  :  a  conJlitmion,  the  work  of  ages  ;  the  pnce  of  blood  j 
■d  the  admiration  of  the  world — reftored  by  a  vigorous  cxcruoii  cf 
your  Hied   abilities  :— A   people,   divided  in  itiVIf;   vetiaf, 

cgrri:^  .,  .^— ...lous ;  diflradied  by  dangers  on  every  iide,   and  drivep, 
almefty   to  dcfpair,  by  a  wicked  ad/ni/ii/J/afion  : — fooiht-d  inlt^tai^ 
>oy  ^d  peace;  and  brought  into  fccunty  aod  h-ippinefa,  bv  vCiUt 
iHa^  mdpuhhc  ipmt:~jCan  you.  my  Lord,  let  fuch  a  Vcenc 
.^j^/s  ,o.r  .uud,  mthout  ct^j^l^^  ^  ^j,^f^^^^  f^       .^^^  ,^ 


f!^ 


3^  fthi  PhUofophei\ 

any  thing  you  have. ever  experiencfd  from  the  favour  of  a  prince*  or 
the  honours  aud  emoluments  that  may  have  long  courted  you  ? 
Dcfpife  thefe  little  things ;  coaviiicc  the  world,  in  fpite  of  its  ill- 
nature,  that  you  are,  indeed,  the  great  man:— forgive  your  enemiei; 
•  -—and  lave  your  coirntry.' 

or  what  is  here  advanced ^  men  will  think  differently  accord- 
ing  to  their  different  principles  :  but  certainly  feme  of  the 
Author's  obfervalions  are  by  no  means  uncontrovertible,  even 
when  laid  down  with  the  moft  confidjntiai  air.  That  *  the 
govern  in  en  t  \w\\?c  l:c  f;:ulty  when  th-:  pcop'e  arc  unhappy*  is 
"not  a  n^.a;:iin  fo  ahfolutc,  or  lb  Lincxccptionablc  as  he  appre* 
hcnds  it  to  he.  Docs  not  the  hiftory  of  almnft  every  ftate 
furniih  uj  v.'iih  inUanccs  of  public  difcun tents  diffeminatcd  by 
.the  artin^'Cb  of  ambitious  m>:i\^  who,  fo  fnr  from  adminiftring 
any  part  of  the  govern ii.cn t,  fou;-ht  only  to  rife  to  power 
by  nicans  of  the  uneafinefs  they  had  excited  ?  No  one  ac- 
<]ua'nted  with  the  cabals  of  Eaflerfi  courts,  with  the  annals  of 
tl'.e  nr.orc  liberal  ftajcs  of  (J recce  or  Ronu*,  with  the  hiflory 
of  our  own  country,  perhaps  wc  may  be  unfortunate  enough 
to  fay,  of  our  own  limes,  can  l>t^  douhtfLl  of  this. 

The  pamphlet  itfilf  is  n  di.iloL^iic  bctvvv:cn  a  Philofopher,  a 
(*rtjrti(T,  and  a  Whi^ij.  The  Courtier  and  ihe  Whig,  who,  by 
'lome  ftrangc  turn  of  affairs,  happrn,  even  under  the  prefent 
edabliftimt-iit,  to  be  of  ditTercnt  i-Ac^^  allcrt,  with  violence^ 
thir  refpciftivc  {..rincip'es.  The  Phllofojlicr  a  if  is  as  moderator, 
and,  what  is  no  very  difficult  matter,  finds  hmlt  with  both.  His 
obil-rvations  on  the  conftitution  we  fliall  give,  as  not  the  leaft 
vnluablc  part  of  his  work : 

'  [  ^jve  rcid,'  f.iys  he,  *  the  hiflory  of  En[;land,  as  many  jfpeeu- 
lative  men  have  done,  with  a  vic-.v  to  lind  out,  in  fomc  rcmoie  timcs^ 
the  ^jczt  outlines  of  that  conftitution,  which  the  friends  of  liberty 
have  written  and  fpoken  of,  with  fo  much  refpecl  and  admiration* 
T  need  not  tell  you,  ihr.t  I  was  greatly  difappointcd.  I  found  my 
renowned  anceltorr,  like  tl:cfe  of  othtr  men,  i^^p.orant,  brutal,  and 
iaya;;e.  In  this  I'ate  th?/  had,  piob:ibIy,  ever  been,  when  Julias 
C.xfar  attempted  to  get  poffeflion  of  their  country.  What  he  has 
f::id  of  their  coura;;c,  and  love  of  liberty,  we  have  had,  a  thoufand 
t.:n:es,  repeated,  from  the  commendaoie  pride  of  thdr  poftcrity.  I 
lunpofe,  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  their  courage  :  it  is  the  charadler 
o^  lavr;;cs ;  and  it  becomes  fury  when  their  perfonal  liberty,  and 
their  11 -es  are  aitempicd. — This  love  of  liberty,  and  averfion  to  con- 
ciwcfl,  I  have  the  fame  admiration  of,  in  thw-m,  which  I  have  of  a 
iimiiar  iiircdlion  in  the  inhabitants  of  America :  and  I  read  of  their 
(Icfcats  a:id  ill  treatmci't  with  regret.  But  I  can  find  no  more  of  the 
iTgllfli  conliiiuiion  arr.on^  them,  than  in  the  rude  principles  and 
practices  of  any  other  ur.ci.ilized  b«irbarir.ns. 

*  It  is  in  vain  to  Icrl:  for  it,  while  the  Romans  continued  here  j 
and  th c  Puis  ni \ 'ngcd  the  country. 
'   When  the  Siixons  had  butchered  t\\c  ^te^Ltfi^ ^^xx. ^  ^^  \t\v*.- 
bjtunts,  and  had  Bxcd  the  feats  of  ihcii  dominvou  fo  «k.^  ^  c»mm%sA, 


The  Phihfipher.  39 

the  whole  iflaad,  they  introduced  their  own  forms  of  govern- 
t ;  and,  we  may  fuppofe,  with  little  or  no  regard  to  the  inflita- 
tioBsof  a  people,  which  they  had,  nearly,  exterminated. — Here  our 
)hiiofi»pkical  politicians  have  fixed  their  (landards;  and  difputed, 
itmoft  every  line  of  the  hillory,  for  their  refpcdive  fchemes  of  En- 
fiBi  eovemment.     If  you  believe  their  accounts,  each  of  them  has 
tuned  the  vi^ory.     My  opinion  is,  that  if,  by  any  fatality,  we  had 
Dcen  bound,  for  ever,  to  the  fyflems  of  thofe  times ;  the  parties  for 
wkich  both  are  advocates,  would  have  been  fuffercrs  in  their  favour- 
itt  inteiefts :  the  king,  would  have  been  more  confined  than  he  is 
i&his  power ;  and  the  people,  in  the  enjoyment  of  liberty.    How- 
ever, from  what  we  know  of  the  cuftoms  of  thofe  times ;  and  the 
codes  of  ibme  of  their  kings;  we  can  affirm,  the  government  was  not 
ifim|de  monarchy;  and  that  the  people,  in  various  divifions,  and 
^daatations,  had  a  great  (hare  in  the  appointment  and  execution 
flf  piblic  bufinefs.     But  we  donot,  in  my  opinion,  find  that  perfc£l» 
glorioas  modeK  which  the  advocates  for  liberty  call  our  ancient  con- 
titadon  ;  and  of  which,   many  of  them  feem  to  apprehend,  that 
very  few  traces  remain  in  our  prefent  vitiated  and  corrupted  one. 

'  We  are  not  to  look  for  this,  in  the  firll,  or  in  any  age  of  the 
Nwman  government.  The  innovations  then  made,  were  unfavour- 
able to  liberty  ;  and  the  people  were  little  better  than  ilaves ;  until 
magna  charta  was  obtained;  which  we  may  confidcr  as  the  firlt 
Hose  of  our  prefent  eilablifliment.  Their  circumilanccs  were  fome- 
thing  improved,  at  that  time,  and  by  the  regulations  of  Henry  the 
Seventh.— The  reformation,  though  it  increafed  for  a  time  the  power 
of  the  crowo,  gave  rife  to  a  fpirit  of  enquiry,  and  difqnifition  ;  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  knowledge,  to  which  all  our  inlHtutions, 
ever  fince,  have  been  much  indebted. 

*  In  the  unhappy  reigns  of  the  Stuarts  ;  and,  at  the  revolution, 
the  people  were  in  a  (late  to  contend  for  their  lH)ertic5,  upon,  al- 
jnofl,  equal  ground :  and  they  claimed  them,  as  tne  privileges  of 
their  antient  conflitution.  Hence,  their  petitions,  and  bills  of  riohts; 
and  their  demands  on  the  crown,  in  various  forms.  In  every  fubfe- 
qoent  conteft,  the  advocates  of  liberty,  have  inilfled  principally  on 
their  original  rights  ;  and  referred  to  an  antient  conftitution,  in 
which  tbefe  rights  were  afcertaincd.  Hut  I  cannot  help  thinking, 
that  they  were  mil^aken :  and,  if  they  had  managed  the  difpute  in 
another  way ;  though,  at  the  time,  they  hnd  not  gained  fo  mnch 
■pon  the  crown  ;  yet  they  wouL-i  have  opened  a  field  for  their  fuc- 
cefTors,  where  they  would  have  contended  with  uiuch  greater  advan- 
ugei.' 

Whig. 

*  Yon  feem  to  me  to  deny  us  our  liberties ;  or,  at  leal,  the  pro- 
priety of  pleading  our  right  to  them.* 

Philosopher. 

*  Have  a  little  patience.  Sir  ;— 1  v*ill  explain  myfelf. 

*  I  cannot  help  thinking,  that  they  were  miilaken  ;  not,  in  plead- 
ing their  right  to  liberty  ;  but  in  reiling  ic,  principally,  on  founda- 
tions, which  were  not,  always,  to  be  found ;  and  which  would  wot 
be  of  fuch  confcqaence  as  they  jnuclc  it,  whctii^r  they  were  to  be 
foand  Of  not^ 


4f  Tht  Phihfsfhet.: 

*  One  of  the  greataft  political  enroES^  coQiniMed  hy  MajUund*  tak- 
b«ea  their  adherence,   at  all  rvcnt&y  to  the  origin:^  piiiBCipVet  flP. '  . 
their  government.     They  appear  ta  think  that  thofe  pttBcipJa^witnr 
laid  down  by  ilic  Aimighty  ;  and  that  they  were,  for  erer*  ^  irm— 
xnodate  themfclves  to  thero»  however  iocoovenient  they  mtglit  fKOie 

to  be.' 

Cou^Tiaa. 

*  But,  without  that  adherence,  ao  government  couU,  loag^  tak 
fid  :  where  Tome,  plan  is  not  drawn,  and  ibme  priscipica  gmtt't 
we  are  at  an  iiaceruioty>  and  have  nothiagi  to  which,  wo  am  m£u* 
our  mcafures.' 

PuiLOSOPHEa. 

'  I  am  fa£  from  wifhing,  that  men  may  be  left  without  prind^e* 
to  ixfcr  themielves  to,  in  their  political  misafures.  But  I  blame  thcok 
for  adhering  to  thofe  principles,  indifcriminately,  which  were  laM 
down^  in  t\t€  rude  ilate  of  fociety  ;  when  the  faculties  of  mea  wea& 
but  little  iowioved,  and  their  rights  but  little  underftood. 

*  I  have  found  it  a  fruitlefs,  and  not  very  figniAcant  employment*, 
to  enquire  into  the.  methods,  by  which  men  came  to  form  them*'- 
felves  into  focicties.  Their,  genera],  reafon  is  implanted  in  nature  ; 
and  their  views,  whether  tacit  or  declared,  are  thofe  of  fecurity:  amt 
happineft.  Every  flate,  however,  may  have  had,  paEticnlar,  lea&o* 
and  views  arifing  from  its  own  circnmftances.  When  the  community  ^ 
is  formed,  the  bed  regulations,,  in  the  opinion  of  the  legiilatort,  are 
determined  upon,  for  it&  welfare ;  and,  fomething  like  a  Cyikem  of 
government  is  fketched  out.  This  fyftem  will  be  adapted  to  the  cir- 
cumfUinces  in  which  the  people  were  brought  together.  We  will 
fiippofe  it  to  be  the  beil  in  .that  cafe  :  yet,  when  tho(e>  Ofrcasb- 
ilances  are  no  moic,  the  fyftem  will  ceafo  to  be  proper,  or  periiapty 
ufeful. 

*  If  we  might  imagine  a  multitude  of  reafonable,  and  indepen- 
dent people,  met  with  a  view  of  entering  into  fociety^  their  fyAem 
would  approach  as  near  to  pcnfedioo  .as  any  which  man  can  invent  s 
and  be  productive  of  the  highci^  liberty,  which  he  is  formed  to  ea« 
jt)y.  But  if  we  (l^ould  fuppofe  many  of  the  people  unreafbnable  ; 
and  any  influence  exerted  by  men  of  felfiih,  and  ambitioua  defigns  | 
their  plan  would  be  defective,  and  their  liberty  abridged,  in  proper* 
tion  to  the  degrees  of  that  folly,  and  that  influence. 

*  If  we  (hould  fuppofe  an  army,  or  banditti,  fettled  in  a  coq-« 
quercd  country,— the  general  origin  of  communitieay  and  govern- 
ments ;  their  civil  coniiicution  would  refemble  their  military  difci^ 
pline ;  and  be  better  formed  for  fecurity  and  conquefl,  than  for  civil 
liberty  and  happincfs.— But,  as  the  rights  of  an  individual,  arc  not 
afre^edi>y,  accidental  circum (lances,,  attending  his  coming  into  the 
world;  no  nrore  arc,  thofe  of  a  community,  by  any  circumllances 
attending  it$  formation,  and  firil  exigence.  Both  may  labour  under 
di  fad  vantages,  from  the  peculiar  circumflances  attending  thofe 
events;  but  their  natural,  unalienable  rights  cannot  be  fet  afide: 
and,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  one  and  the  other,  to  remove  thofo 
diihd vantages,  and  to  improve  their  condition  as  much  as  poOible. 

•  *  The  ftate  of  fociety,  (liould  be  confidered  as  a  ftatc  of  progrefl 
//oa,  from  fmsdkr  degrees  of  civil  liberty  and  Vvnp^\tv<i^%  \o  ^x^ax^t  \ 


Tht  Pbibfiphr.  41 

^l|lloackiag  tQ  tliat  pcrfe£iion,  of  which  we  hvtt  an  idea;  but 
:k  we  msf  ncvCT  be  capable  of  enjoying, 
*  TW  GMKeottons,  and  wan  of  parties  on  the  queHton  of  p reto- 
ld Hboty,  have  not,  thercfare,  beoii  pfoperf^  con^ltii^tcd ; 
the  reaibni  affigned  for  them,  have  not  always*  been  fuiiicieflt  j 
ItMjika   aever  the  beH.     I  would  not  lofc  a  hair  of  my  own  head* 
m  plack  o<F  one  of  another's  to  reftorc  a  Sajion  or  Norman  conlHtu- 
win  \  and  to  perpetuate  it  as  the  model  of  our  civil  government.     I 
«oold  loi«  my  life  ts  obtain   that  improvement,  and  per^«^roA  of 
tml  liberty*  which  €\t€ty  Ibciety  ha»  a  right  to,  and  iMhich  n  ca*' 
fabb  of  producing  the  hifhcfl  degree  of  human  h^tppincfs.     And 
if,  in  ihii  €aide»  I  lr.ijnpte  on  the  interelb  of  ambition^  and  th« 
isugiiked  rights  of  it5  vonries*    it  would   be  my  duty  ^    us  thofe 
Qi^t,  always*    lo  h%  iacriEccd  to  the  liuaeili:,  and  rights  of  the 
eoaioii&ity.' 

CoUiTIFR, 

*  Httlh  ? — yoo  will  fpeak  treafon,  if  yon  do  not  take  care,* 
Philqsopker. 

*  Ncf«r  feat ;  I  intend  to  take  care.^ 

CoVRTJSRr 

*  Upon  yoor  principles,  perfons  would  be  juHi^ed  in  overturning 
•addie^foyiog  g^weremcnt,  by  violent  rebellion,* 

Philosopher, 

'  Yoa  ffiiilake  me,     1  blame  the  advocates  of  liberty,  that  tbev 

ve  contended   for  it,  as   a  right,  only,    by  prcfcription,  when  it 

;«i  theirs,  alfo.  by  nature  $  becaufe*  they  conlioed  their  claims  to 

fe  low  degree*  onlv  wliith  had  been  enjoyed  ;  and  precluded  that 

taJirgentent  and  perfeftion,  which  they  would  have  referved  an  un» 

doubted  right  ti>  purfire,  if  they  had  reRcd  their  pretenfions  on  the 

£Mit  of  nat«re»  at  well  a3  precedent*' 

•    Courtier. 

I  •  You  forget,  iotireIy»  the  rights  and  prcrogati^  cs  of  princes,     I 

was  not  mtSaken^  in  fiippoftng  that*  in  your  heart*  yau^are  a  re- 
piiUicaii/ 

L  pHILOSQPMia. 

^H  *  The  rights  and  prerogativea  of  princes  are  very  ferious  things  in 
^^■e  prefent  political  llate  of  the  world  :  but  they  arc  words,  alqxoll 
^Hnthout  meaning,  in  a  philoibphical  diiquilitiAn. 
^f  '  Yoa  may  fuppofc  a  king  to  fibtaiu  bis  dignity,  any  way  yoa 
'  pleafe  ;  and  bis  rights,  and  prwOgatives,  arc,,  cither,  ufurped  powers, 
or  trulls,  committed  to  him  by  the  community*  I  need  not  be  at 
any  pains  to  prove,  that  ufurptd  powers  may  be  ftt  a^de,,  when  the 
community  is  able  and  difpofed  to  do  it, — The  other  power^i,  I  mufl 
treat  with  more  tcndcmcfs ;  iJiey  ought  to  be  To  treated :  though  my 
opinion  b,  that  they  ihould  be  fee  afide,  when  the  intcrclh  of  the 
conimanjty  require  it.* 
^^  In  iheic  obfcrvatioDS  there  are  fome  things  firiflly  true,  and 
^HthcfTs  merely  fpeculative.  At  the  conclufioii  of  the-di<ilo^ue^ 
^Tnc  interlocutors  propofe  another  meeting,  in  order  to  form  a 
plAxi  of  goveramenL  agreeable  to  the  pxinciple^  of  fouuii  philor 
foph/  9 


i 


Art.  X,  Amlcnt  Scottijh  Pccms,  Publiflicd  from  the  MS*  of 
George  Banoatyne,  1568*  lamo,  4s,  bound.  Edinburgh, 
printed  for  BaUour,  and  foW  by  CadcU  iji  London,     1770*  - 

THE  prefcrvation  of  ancient  poetry  U  certainly  no  lefs  ra- 
tional than  the  prcfcrvalion  of  ancient  coins;  for  if  the 
latter  frc4ucntly  contiibuie  to  rcflify  and  afcertain  the  chrono* 
logy  of  hiftury,  the  former  no  lefs  promotes  oyr  knowledge  of 
the  manners  and  purfuits  of  men  in  their  rcfpcdivc  periods^ 
Many  of  thcfc  pieces  eminently  anfwer  that  purpofe,  and  Lord 
Hai'tr-S  ihc  learned  Editor,  has,  by  his  notes  annexed  to  this 
coHcflicn,  contributed  greatly  to  the  fame  enJ. 

A  larger  work  of  ibis  kind  was  publlfhcd  fomc  years  ago 
wnder  the  title  of  the  Evergreen^  by  the  celebrated  Allan  Ram- 
fay  • ;  but  in  that  mifccUany  there  were  many  things  of  mo- 
dern date. 

The  poems  here  collcfled  arc  certainly  ancient,  and  fomc  of 

them  arc  of  very  high  antiquity.     Tli         '     -  ijecStion  which 

lies  againft  this  edition  is  the  exceedin  .icy  of  the  glof- 

ary,  which  does  not  include  one  fourth  pan  of  the  words  nie* 

rcrtary  to  be  explained  to  people  on  this  fide  of  the  Tweed* 

JThc  poems  in  this  colleaion  th^t  were  ricver  hefotc  publifhcd 

Jirc  about  forty  in  number.  *      , 

r  The  famous  tJd  fong  called  the  Wife  of  Auchtcrmuchtjr, 

fiB-hich  Lord  Hailes  fays  is  a  favourite  poem  among  the  Swots, 

Pure  fliall  give  our  Readers  by  way  of  f|H;cinitn.     The  fubfe* 

qucnt  tran(lation>  which  we  met  with  by  accident,  will  enable 

them  to  under/land  iti 

U 

*  In  Auchtcrniuchty  thair  dwelt  ane  man^ 
An  Hufbatid,  as  I  bard  it  t$iw)d» 
Quhii  wcill  could  tippill  out  a  carr^ 
Afid  n.iittiir  luvit  hungir  nor  cauld : 
QuhiH  anis  it  fell  upon  a  tity. 
Her  yokkit  his  pleoch  upon  the  plain ; 
Gif  it  be  trew,  as  1  heard  fay»  • 
The  day  was  fowU  for  wind  and  nm* 

Ih 

•  He  lo6t  the  picuch  at  the  landis  cnd,^ 
And  draifc  his  oxin  hame  at  cvin  ; 
Qahen  he  cope  in  he  lukit  bcn» 
And  faw  the  wif  balth  dry  and  clcnct 
And  fittand  at  anc  fyrc,  bcik  and  bawld, 
Uith  ane  fat  fowp»  as  I  hard  fay  : 
The  man  being  vcrry  weit  and  cawjd,* 
Betwcin  thay  twa  it  was  tta  play* 


•  Sec  Review,  vcL  xxvi.  pnp^e  is^?. 


Q^oth 


Bannatyne'i  Anciint  Scotitjb  Ponns.  49 

m. 

'  Qooth  he,  Quhair  is  my  hor&s  cora  i 
My  ox  hes  naithir  hay  nor  ftray  ; 
Damcy  ye  man  to  the  pleach  to  moniy 
I  (all  be  hufly,  gif  I  may. 
Hoibandy  qooth  fcho,  content  am  I 
To  tak  the  pleach  my  day  aboat, 
Sa  ye  will  rewll  baith  kavis  and  ky^ 
And  all  the  hoafe  baith  in  and  out. 

IV.  *         ; 

*  But  fen  that  ye  wilt  huiTyfkep  ken, 
Firft  ye  fall  fift,  and  fyne  fall  kned  ; 
And  ay  as  ye  gang  but  and  ben, 

Luk  that  the  bairnis  dr— *-  not  the  bed. 
Yeis  la^  ane  foft  wyfp  to  the  kill^ 
We  half  ane  deir  ferme  on  our  held  ; 
And  ay  as  ye  gane  forth  and  in. 
Keip  Weill  the  gaiflingis  fra  the  gled. 

V. 

'  The  wyf  was  op  richt  late  ac  evin, 

I  pray  God  gife  her  evill  to  fair, 

Scho  kimd  the  kirn»  and  fkumd  it  dene. 

And  left  the  godeman  bot  the  bledoch  bair: 

Than  in  the  morning  op  fcho  gat. 

And  on  hir  hairt  laid  hir  disjune. 

And  pat  als  meikle  in  hir  lap. 

As  might  haif  ferd  them  baith  at  none. 

VI. 
^  Says,  Joky  will  be  thou  maider  of  wark. 
And  thou  fall  had,  and  I  fall  kail ; 
Ife  promife  the  ane  gode  new  fark, 
Outhir  of  round  claith  or  of  fmall. 
^cho  lowfit  the  oxin  aught  or  nine. 
And  hynt  ane  gad  lYaiF  m  her  hand; 
Up  the  gudeman  raife  after  fyne. 
And  (aw  the  wyf  had  done  command. 

VII. 

*  And  cawd  the  gaiflingis  forth  to  fcid. 
There  was  bot  fevenfum  of  tham  all ; 
And  by  thair  cumis  the  gredy  gled. 
And  likit  op  five,  left  him  bot  twa ; 
Than  oot  he  ran  in  all  his  mane. 
How  fune  he  hard  the  gaiflingis  cry  ; 
Bot  than  or  he  came  in  againe. 

The  calvis  brak  loofe  and  fuckit  the  ky. 

VIU. 

*  The  calvis  and  ky  met  in  the  lone« 
Tlie  man  ran  with  ane  rung  to  red ; 
Than  thair  cumis  ane  ill-willy  cow. 
And  brodit  his  battok  qohill  that  it  bled. 


44  fiannafyhe'i  AnctiA  Smtijh  Pnm^ 

•   Than  hamc  ran  to  an  rok  of  tow. 
And  he  fatt  down  to  fay  the  ftHnfAiig  i 
I  trow  he  lowtit  our  neir  f her  iow» 
Quoth  he,  thi*  Wttrl^  he*  ill  iMgiHAing.      . 

<  Than  to  the  kljrn  that  did  he  ^Eonre; 
And  jumlit  at  it  qtthill  he  iWat  7 
Qahen  he  had  fiunblit  a  full  laog  hoar. 
The  forow  fcrap  of  butter  he  gatt. 
Albeit  na  batter  he  couidf  gctt. 
Yet  he  was  cctmmerit  witfc  the  kirne. 
And  fyne  he  het  the  mifk  dur  h^c. 
And  forrow  a  fpark  of  it  wafil  yjrme. 

*  Than  ben  thdr  cam  aae  greidy  low, 
I  trow  he  cund  her  littill  thank  ; 

For  in  fcho  fchot  hir  mekle  mdw. 
And  ay  fcho  winkit  and  fcho  drahk. 
He  deikit  up  ane  crukic  club» 
And  thocht  to  hitt  the  fow  a  iDot, 
The  twa  gainings  the  glitd  had  left. 
That  ibaik  daqg  baith  their  ha)iiis  oitt* 

Xt 

Than  he  bear  kendling  ft>  the  kill. 

But  fcho  dart  all  up  in  ane  low» 

Quhat  evir  he  .hard,  c^iihat  cvir  he  faw,. 

That  day  he  had  na  will  to  wow. 

Then  he  gied  to  take  up  the  bairn  is,  , 

Thocht  to  haif  fund  thame  f«r  and  cfcttc  r 

The  firft  ^Jiat  he  got  in  his  armis 

Was  all  bedirtin  to  the  enc.  • 

X!I.  ^ 

*  The  firft  that  he  gat  in  his  armis. 
It  was  all  dirt  up  to  the  cine ; 

The  devill  cut  aiF  thair  hands,  quoth  he. 
That  fild  you  all  as  few  yiftrcin/         ' 
He  trailit  the  foull  fheitis  down  the  gait, 
Thocht  to  haif  Wafbht  them  on  an  (lane  j  ■ 
The  burn  wes  rifcn  grit  of  fpait, 
Away  fra  him  the  Iheitis  hes  tanc. 
X\\L 

*  Then  up  he  gat  on  ane  know  heid. 
On  hir  to  cry,  on  hir^fo  fchout, 

Scho  hard  him,  and  fcho  hard  him  not,  ' 
Bot  ftoutly  fteirid  th^f  ftottis  abodf. 
Scho  draif  the  day  unto  tfec  nicht, 
Scho  lowfit  the  plViJOh  and"(ynVconi€  h^mev 
Scho  fand  all  wran'g'th*t  fodld  b<fnc  richt, 
1  uow  the  mail  thocht  r'lgbi  grit  kVv^nK. 


SimttjroeV  Jruiixt  Scot^t  Pmrnu  ^ j 

XIV. 

•  QipA  he,  Biy  ofiict  I  for^ik. 
For  all  the  i^yis  of  my  Ijlc^ 

For  I  wald  put  ane  houii  to  ivraik. 
Had  I  bene  twenty  dayis  godwife.  . 
Quoth  ichQ»  Weill  met  ye  bruke  yoor  place» 
For  trewlie  I  will  tteter  ejK^t ; 
Quoth  he,  fnad  &11  the  lyarii  fiwe, 
Bot  yit  ye  may  be  blyth  to  get  ic. 

'  Then  up  kho  gat  aae  mekle  rang. 
And  the  gadman  maid  to  the  doir ; 
Quoth  he,  Deme,  I  fall  hald  my  tung. 
For  and  we  fecht  FU  gett  the  woir. 
Quoth  he,  quhan  I  fhrlcik  my  pleiich, 
I  crow  I  bot  forfqk  py  |eill^ 
i^nd  I  will  to  my  pleach  agane^ 
For  I  and  this  hoiif  will  nevir  de^  wetH.' 

'^e  fame  attenpted  in  Englifli,  from  a  mjinufcript  of  Tom 
Brown^s. 

h  :.■'"    ' 

In  Autermqehty  Wd  a  mafi^  

Who  hated  nathf  r  cup  nor  ^jf^ 
And  all  the  plagues  he  Mt  in  life. 
Were  cold  and  huQger»  and  hit  wifc^ 
One  day  this  oiadA  vx  ilormy  weatb^» 
Had  put  hia  plough  and  ilciej;is,  together  i 
But  as  to  m(MUh%  ei  ye^r^  or  fo^ 
The  dfiva  and  WUI  Whi^  know. 

n. 

His  acre  ^kme,  thrs  wckry  wight 

Stump VI  home  behind  his  fteers  at  flight: 

And  on  the  kitchen's  cheerful  blaze 

He  qaft,  I  woco^  a  gieedy  gave.  ^ 

Snag,  wani^  mA  xvy,  the  good  wife  dto  ^ 

Her  cheek  waa  bnght,.  her  brarh  wes  £it ; 

A  fight  fiiM  £>ie  i>r  iMge  tot  ftltft  i«» 

Who  fcoldoi  like  an  iU*£d  piu;o^  i  , 

IW. 

*  Dame,  whcfcN  my  h^y*  niy  firawi^  by  corn  f 
No  meat  fee  I  Ibr  hoof  or  horn. 

While  you  fit  pamperiag  here  ;— odfiiigs ! 
You  plow  to-morrow,  pleafe  the  pij^  .*    ■ 
ru  hufwife  here.'     <  Coatent^  Si^f^h  Nan ; 
S»,  goody  Rog(u*>  Tm  your  mai, 
f  ouTl  mtttd  iSt  aow»  andf  oaivev,  *  m^  iioabe» 
Aai  $A  wkhki  doors  ajK>  wkhoii^u 


46  BannatyneV  Ancient  Scoitijb  P§mii 

IV. 
'  Sift  well  your  meal,  thei|  knead  your  dougb^ 
And  while  you're  plodding  to  and  fro» 
As  'tis  for  cleanly  hnfwife  fit. 
Let  not  the  brats  the  bed  be—. 
Hard  rents  from  hungry  lands  we  draw. 
So  light  your  kiln  with  damag'd  flraw ; 
And  mind  you  well,  from  mom  to  nighty 
The  goflings  guard  from  Serjeant  ICite.' 

y. 

That  night  Nan  fate  u]>  wondrous  late  ; 
Mifchief  was  working  in  her  pate. 
She  churns, — the  butter  fafely  lodges. 
The  bare  four  milk  alone  was  Hodge's. 
For  her,  fhe  held  no  failing  good ; 
The  laft  forgotten  thing  was  food. 
Next  morn  flie  laid  her  mefs  within  her^ 
And  took  a  double  ihare  for  dinner. 

VI. 
<  Come,  Jo<ky  the  mailer- workman,  thov 
Shalt  hold,  and  I  wiU  drive,  the  plough : 
Steer  well,  and,  lo,  for  thy  reward, 
A  good  rough  ihirt  to  fcrub  thee  hard.* 
Her  team  prepar'd,  her  goad  (he  took. 
And  Hodge  was  left  at  home  to  look. 

vn. 

Seven  goflings,  trufted  to  his  care, 
Were  callM  to  take  their  morning  fare ; 
\Vhen  down  a  whorefon  kite  there  flew. 
Who  claw'd  up  five,  and  left  Kim  two. 
Hodge  heard  their  fcreams,  in  piteous  plight. 
And  ran  to  mark  the  felon's  flight : 
**  The  foul  fiend  take,  quoth  he,  fuch  luck  ;^* 
Mean  whi(e,  the  calves  broke  loofe  to  fuck* 

VIU. 
Their  dams  they  found  in  neighbouring  lane ; 
Said  Hodge,  "  De*il  drive  ye  home  again."-- 
An  ill-will'd  cow  that  faw  him  dodge. 
And  lov'd  her  calf  much  more  than  Hodge, 
With  pointed  horn,  and  low'ring  head, 
Grubo'd  his  bare  buttocks  till  they  bled. 
Quo'  He,  "  this  is  a  vile  beginning! 
However,  I'll  go  home  to  fpinning.'^ 
He  held  his  rock  too  near  the  fire. 
And  faw  the  flax  in  flames  expire. 

IX. 
Such  griefs  as  thefe  in  profe  or  rhyme 
Were  never  told. — 'Twas  churning  time  :  •* 

He  fweat  and  churn'jd,  and  churn'd  and  fwcatj 
Bat  deuce  a  buucr  Hodge  could  get, 
6 


Baw&lTAeV  AnaitU  Scottijk  Poms. '  4^ 

What  was  the  feult  ?  the  fault !  God  wot ! 
His  burnf  flax  ihbde  hii  milk  too  hot* 
And  had  he-jumhkd  to  th^  day* 
The  card  had  never  left  the  whey; 

X. 

Then  in  there  came  a  greedy  fov«^ 

Small  thanks  might  Hodge  count  her  I  troW. 

Deep  in  the  pail  (he  plung'd  her  fnout* 

And  fack'dt  and  wink'd»  and  fuck'd  it  out*  .. ' 

In  mighty  rage,  the  fow  to  drub, 

Hodge  feizes  on  a  heavy  club : 

But  by  his  fiiiy  mifappliedy 

The  two  remaining  goflings  died*  .  . 

XL 
111  luck,  they  fay,  will  never  tire ; 
His  ftraw-wifp  fet  the  kiln  on  fire. 
Thus  teiz'd,  it  iUll  was  in  his  hood. 
The  brats  were  all  this  while  in  bed. 
"  And  is  my  bairny  dean  and  neat,'* 
Said  Hodge,  ''  and  is  my  bairny  fweet  ? 
O,  by  St.  Andrew's  beard,  not  it ! 
B 1 !  Oh  I  dreadfully  b 1 1" 

XU. 
By  fwcet  St.  Andrew's  beard,  he  cries. 
My  bairn's  b— t  o'er  ears  and  eyes. 
**  Now  de'il  cut  off  thofe  hands  outright 
That  ftufF'd  your  guts  fo  full  laft  night." 
This  pious  prayer  prefcrr'd,  he  took 
The  fragrant  (heets  to  neighbouring  brook : 
The  brook  was  fwell'd  with  rain  that  day. 
And  fwept  the  fragrant  fbeeu  away. 

XIII. 
Quite  weary  of  this  change  of  lifb, 
Hodge  climb'd  the  hill  to  call  his  wife. 
Though  loud  he  call'd,  ihe  would  not  hear, 
Perfiding  Hill  her  plough  to  fleer : 
Wor  till  the  fall  of  ev'ning  came, 

Return'd  the  well- contented  dame. 

Strange  work  Ihe  found,  as  flie  drew  near. 

And  Hodge  once  blufh'd  from  ear  to  car. 

XIV. 
"  If  e'er  I  hufwife  more,  he  cry'd. 
Let  me,  fwcet  Nan,  be  crucify'd  : 
For  had  I  been  in  this  fame  way, 
*Stcad  of  the  /irft,  the  twentieth  day, 
Vc  now  had  neither  pot  nor  pan." — 
•  Well  fueyoa  with  your  place,  quoth  Nan  ; 
i^Of  there  no  ionger  I  ihall  dradge  :* 
u  rfL^  icfil  take  the  liar,"  faid  Hodge. 

^  She 


/.s  ,]/-,"'.;> 5  rj  the  Marquis  c/s  St,  Fcrlaix, 

XV. 
She  aimM  her  pole  indignifit  at  hit  iMd, 
And  Hodge,  in  terrary  from  the  vengeance  Hed  $ 
He  knew  her  might,  and  cr/d,  ilrhmpbleftrain,' 
**  If  ever  more  I  of  my  piough  complain. 
May  my  bare  battocki  feel  the  horn  of  Crummy, 
And  thou*  iwcet  Nan,  (hall  beat  me  into  mummy." 

— —  •■ —  - —  - •-  -    ■  -  ■  -* 

Art.  XL  MemGirsofthe  Marquh  de  St.  Ferlaix.  Tranflated 
from  the  French  of  Monf.  Pramery,  by  Mrs.  Brooke.  Vols. 
III.  and  IV.     i2mo.     5s.  fewed.     Dodiley.     1770. 

WE  had  formerly  an  opportunity  of  making  fome  obfer^ 
vations  on  the  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  St.  For^ 
laix  * ;  and  the  commepdation  that  we  bcftowed  00  the  formeC 
volumes  of  this  work,  we  cannot  refufe  to  thofe  which  ar^ 
now  before  us.     The. Author,  while  he  has  given  fufficient  va** 
riety  to  the  incidents  he  employs,  has  fele^lcd  them  with  tailed 
and  we  equally  admire  his  imagination  and   his  judgment. 
Acquainted  with   the    human   paffions,    he   exprdfes    them 
with  delicacy,  or  with  force,  as  it  fuits  the  fituations  he  de- 
fcribes.     His  art  docs  not  allow  us  to  anticipate  or  conjedure 
the  events  which  he  is  to  produce.     He  holds  us  in  a. bewitch- 
ing  fufpence,  and  is  ever  exciting  our  furprize.     He  has  not 
interrupted  the  unity  of  his  work,  by  calling .  too  frequently 
our  attention  from  St.  Forlaix ;  and,  on  this  account,  we  are 
the  more  afFedlcd  with  the  turns  of  his  fortune.     The  beha« 
viour  of  Monf.  D'Ornaace,  under  the  aflumed  name  and  cha- 
ra£lcr  of  Monf.De  Fremont,  is  beautifully  imaged.   The  nice 
ideas  of  honour  which  ic  difcovcrs,  are  perfedly  confident  with 
French  manners,  and  neceflarily  refult  from  a  defpotic  govern-  1 
ment.     The  misfortunes  cf  Corfangc,  and  of  Henrietta,  are 
well  fancied,  and    finely    painted ;    but  poetical  juftice,    we 
fhould  think,  did  not  require  that  they  (hould  have  periihed. 
Our  Author  ftems  to  have  forgot  that  they  repented-  of  their 
imprudence.    Wc  muft  likewife  remark,  that  the  conclufion  of 
the  work  is  abrupt,  and  is  not  calculated  to  give  full  fatisfac- 
tion  to  the  reader  of  fcnfibility.     After  all  the  diftrefles  of  St. 
Forlaix,  his  happincfs  ought  not  to  have  been  tnerely  hinted  at. 

The  following  cxtradl  from  a  Iccicr,  yvhich  St.  Forlaix  ad- 
drefles  to  M.  dc  Prelc,  may  entertain  our  Readers : 

'  1  lit  out,  with  Monf.  D'Ornance  and  Julia,  on  the  day 
appointed  for  our  journey. 

*  Wc  were  not  tar  from  my  fitter's  convent.  It  grew  dark  ; 
wc  ucre  furpnfed  at  feeing  a  pnxligious  flame  rile -at  fome 
dillancc  from  us  :  the  nearer  wc  approached  the  more,  we  were 


'  See  'j'jr  Review  for  November  UR,  p.  \^i*  ^ 


JlifmoSrsof  tit  Marquis  ie  Si.  Forla:x.  40 

ronvinccd  there  was  a  terrible  fire  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
rriesiof  the  fufferers,  the  found  of  bells,  the  tumult  did  noe 
leave  us  long  in  doubt.  The  fire  was  in  the  convent :  one 
half  of  it  was  already  reduced  to  afhes.  I  threw  rryfelF  out 
of  the  coach.  Monf.  D'Ornance,  in  fpite  of  my  entreaties, 
followed  me*  We  took  all  our  fervants  with  us,  except  the 
coachman,  who  flayed  with  J  ilia.  We  advanced  acrof^  the  ftill 
burning  ruins.  We  faw  the  nuns,  pale,  aghaft,  weeping,  la- 
meming,  railing  their  fupplicating  eyes  to  heaven. 

^  I  alked  with  a  trembling  voice  for  Henrietta :  nobody 
liftened  to  me.  I  fought  her  in  vain  amongft  the  crowd.  One 
of  the  unhappy  women  at  length  heard  me. 

•  **  Alas !  Sir,  (he  periihes.  Her  extreme  weaknefs  has  not 
pcrroitfed  her  to  efcape  as  we  have  done.  She  is  in  that  wino^ 
of  the  convent :  it  is  not  yet  damaged  ;  but  who  will  paS 
duough 'flames  and  ruins,  and  hazard  life  in  the  attempt  to 
fave  her  V 

-  "  Her  brother,**'  cried  I,  darting  precipitately  towards  the 
place,  left  I  (hould  be  (lopped  by  Monf.  D'Ornance  :  hz  indeed 
followed,  but  it  ^as  to  fecond  me.  Wc  had  ju(l  reached  the 
place  where  (he  was  inclofed,  when  the  building  fell  at  our  feet 
With  the  moft  horrible  noife.  What  was  my  defpair  at  that 
moment  1  my  frantic  cries  fufficiently  witnefled  it. 

•  If  my  friend  had  not  prevented  me,  I  had  burierf  myfelf  in 
die  burning  ruins.  He  with  difficulty  forced  me  from  this  fpeC* 
tade  of  liorror*  A  few  paces  from  us,  there  pafTed  a  fcene  not 
lefs  dreadful.  The  old  prieft  who  officiates  in  the  convent,  and 
to  whole  bofpitality  you  were  once  obliged,  terrified,  appaled, 
his -feeble  limbs  fcarce  fupporting  his  body,  ran  notwithflanding 
round  the  court,  with  an  air  of  wildnefs  and  diftra£lion.  The 
excefs  of  his  forrow  feemed  to  give  him  new  force.  He  (hed  a 
ti«rrent  of  tears.  He  filled  the  air  with  his  cries.  He  called 
his  fon.  He  fought  him  every  where  ;  but  the  effort  he  had 
made  on  himfelf  had  waded  his  remains  of  ftrength.  He  funk 
down  at  our  feet.     We  raifed  him  up. 

•  •*  "Mv  ion  I"  cried  he,  **  he  abandons  me  !  He  promifed  to 
be  the  iupport.of  my  age.  He  is  gone  to  lofe  his  life  in  the 
flames,  into  which  he  has  thrown  himfelf.  He  dcferted  me  ;  I 
would  have  followed  him.  He  did  not  hear  my  voice ;  I  only 
found  him  to  fee  him  plunge  himfelf  into  the  greatcft  dangers  i 
he  has  entered  the  convent/' 

*  We  endeavoured,  in  the  beft  manner  we  coul  J.  to  confole 
this  good  old  man.  A  new  cry  made  us  turn  our  heads  to  the 
oihcr  fide.  We  ftw  a  man  come  out  of  the  convept,  in  a  (late 
which  excited  all  our  compaffion.  He  bore  a  nun  in  his  arms. 
Flakes  of  hrCy  ftones,  beams  half  burnt  and  (lill  blazing,  fell 
afound  him,  without  his  appearing  ai  all  uiFvCtcd.     He  wilked 

iihy*  Jan.  1771.  E  v/v;.ti 


50  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  St.  Forlaix: 

with  intrepidity  over  burning  coals.  He  cxpofed  himfelf  to  fl 
variety  of  perils,  to  turn  them  from  her  whom  he  had  fnatched 
from  the  fire. 

*  The  old  man  raifed  himfelf.  **  Great  Heaven  !"  cried  he, 
''  !t  is  my  fon  !  it  is  the  Happinefs  of  my  life  !" 

*  The  young  man  was  already  out  of  the  court:  he  ad- 
vanced towards  us  ;  we  flew  to  meet  him.  The  good  ecclefi- 
afiic  followed  us.  The  nuns,  thofe  who  came  to  af&ft  them, 
and  who,  defpairing  of  extinguiihing  the  fire,  had  abandoned 
the  attempt,  all  furrounded  us. 

.  ^  The  young  man  fct  down  the  nun  on  a  beam  which  had 
ceafed  burning,  and  threw  himfelf  on  his  knees  before  her.  He 
forgot  his  pain.  He  thought  only  of  fuccouring  her.  The 
jiuns,  approaching  their  dying  companion,  exclaimed,  <^  It  la 
iifler  Henrietta  !" 

**  My  fifter !  ob  Heaven  1  it  is  (he  \  My  fifter  !  it  is  indeed 
you  whom  I  behold  !" 

*  I  held  her  in  my  arms.  The  young  man,  his  face  con- 
cealed by  one  of  the  hands  of  Henrietta,  kneeled  by  her  fide ; 
he  pronounced  her  *name  with  a  voice  interrupted  with  fighs* 
The  good  prieft  fpokc  to  him,  but  without  being  heard.  1  alfo 
pronounced  the  name  of  my  fifler.  I  endeavoured  to  rccal  her 
to  life.  She  at  length  opehed  her  eyes  j  (he  fighed,  flic  regard- 
ed the  young  man  and  me  alternately. 

**  My  brother !"  faid  (he  with  a  dying  voice.  She  prefled 
my  hand  ;  (he  carried  that  of  the  unknown  to  her  heart  -,  ihe 
held  it  there  as  if  determined  never  to  quit  it. 

**  It  is  ihee  I — it  is  thee  ! — I  fhall  have  the  happinefs  of  ex- 
piring in  thy  arms. — Coifange  !  my  dear  hulband  !— O  my 
God  !   thou  haft  punifhed,  yet  rewarded  me  !" 

*  The  name  of  Corfange  penetrated  even  to  my  heart.  It 
made  Monf.  D*Ornance  fliudder.  He  looked  at  the  young  man 
attentively.  He  had  not  quitted  his  pofture.  His  groans  made 
MS  all  tremble* 

*  I  approached  him **  Corfange  !  is  it  you  ?" 

*  i-le  made  no  reply.  He  drew  his  hand  from  me.  This 
iHOvement  made  him  perceive  Henrietta  extended  almoft  with- 
out life  ;  her  eyes  clofcd,  the  palenefs  of  death  upon  her  lips. 
He  thought  her  dead.  Sorrow  drew  from  him  a  diftin<^  excla- 
niatiou. — *'  She  is  dead  ! — I  have  loft  my  Henrietta  ! — Let  them 
LOW  claim  this  unhappy  wretch." 

'  No  more  w4Ji  ncceil-iry  to  Monf.  D'Ornance.  **  It  is  my 
fon's  voice." 

*  CoiAui^e  turned  about  with  horror,  endeavoured  to  rife^ 
fhiggcrcd,  and  fell  wiih  all  his  force,    crying    in    unutterable 

^jJ/jy,  **  ^dy  father  /—Behold  the  ftioVus  ot  uvv  d<i3ivh  !" 


AJimolrs  of  the  Marquis  de  St,  Forlatx,  51 

<  Monf.  D^Ornance  bathed  with  his  tears  his  fon,  who  had 
fimtti  in  his  arpris.  I  fupported  Henrietta,  whofe  wcaknefs 
Ared  her  a  great  part  of  this  affeding  fccne. 

*  The  Cfoud  which  furrounded  us  wtrc  obliged  to  fcparate, 
io  order  to  give  a  free  paflage  to  one  who  flew  with  precipita- 
(ion  towards  us.  It  was  Julia,  agonized  with  terror  at  the  dan- 
ger we  had  run,  which  (he  did  not  know  we  had  efcaped.  She 
fcll  into  our  arms,  diflblving  in  tears,  which  her  tendernefs  and 
the  pleafure  of  feeing  us  redoubled. 

*  Wc  could  not  partake  her  joy :  our  attention  was  fixed 
on  Coriange,  whofe  fenfcs  were  returning,  and  on  my  fifter, 
who  endeavoured  to  fummon  the  little  (Irength  (he  had  re- 
maining. 

*  I  explained  to  Henrietta,  in  as  few  words  as  pofHble,  the 
i      reafon  of  her  finding  her  lover  again,  afcer  having  believed  him 

dead.    She  held  out  her  hand,  which  he  prefled  with  ardour  to 
•     his  bofom, 

"  I  once  more  behold  thee,"  faid  flic  ;  *«  I  never  expeftcd 
this  happinefs.  I  tafte  it  only  in  the  laft  moments  of  my  life. 
It  is  the  more  pure  and  perfe£l,  becaufe  this  inftant  is  the  only 
one  in  which  I  could  have  enjoyed  it  with  innocence. — Cor  « 
£u)ge !  I  have  long  repented  of  my  weaknefTes.  I  have  never 
one  moment  repented  of  having  loved  thee.  Thy  image  has 
unceafingly  cngroifed  me  in  my  retreat.  Thou  haft  never  (bared 
my  heart  but  with  the  fupreme  Being,  to  whom  doubclefs  L 
OQght  to  have  given  it  without  a  rival.  But  can  two  fentiments 
lb  different  come  in  competition  ? 

«*  Adieu,  moft  beloved  of  mankind  !  thou  haft  fnatched  me* 
me  frorti  the  flames,  but  not  from  death. 

"  I  feel  that  my  laft  hour  approaches.   *  I  blefs  this  moment, 
•  fince  Heaven  permits  me  to  pafs  it  with  thee  : 

«  Adieu,  Corfange!  Adieu,  my  brother!  Adieu,  Julia  I 
Ah !  my  dear  fri<snd,  how  often  have  I  envied  your  virtues  !" 

*  She  turned  at  laft  towards  iVIonf.  D'Ornance,  and  could 
■ot  avoid  trembling.     This  emotion  was  not  of  long  duration. 

**  1  pardon  you  all  my  misfortunes,"  faid  he,  offering  h.*r  his 
hand  :  flie  took  hers  from  him  to  give  it  to  Corfange  ;  (lie  preflVd 
mine  tenderly,  breathed  a  figh,  an.l  expired,  pronouncing  the 
name  of  iier  hufband.' 

We  (hall  conclude  this  article  with  obrcrvin2;,.that  in  the 
volumes  before  us,  there  is  nothing  of  that  indelicacy,  which 
we  cenfured  in  the  former  part  of  the  work. 

£  2  A^T, 


[    5*    J 

Art.  XIL  Antiquitates  Sarijburienfes :  Containing,  !•  A  Dlfler- 
cation  on  the  ancient  Coin^  found  at  Old  Sarum.  IL  The 
Salifbury  Ballad.  Hi.  The  Hifiory  of. Old  Sarum,  from  the 
^irival  of  the  Romans,  to  its  final  decay :  llluftrated  with 
curious  Medals,  found  there,  and  a  Plan  of  the  ancient  City, 
as  it  was  in  the  Reign  of  King  Stephen.  IV.  Hiftorical 
Memoirs,  relative  to  the  City  of  New  Saturn.  V.  Thc 
Lives  of  the  Bifhops  of  Old  and  New  Sarum.  To  which  is 
added  fome  Account  of  t!)e  Choral  l^ifliops,  and  the  Riches 
of  thc  Cathedral  at  the  Reformation.  VI.  Thc  Lives  of 
eminent  Men,  Natives  of  Salifbury.  Svo.  3s.  fcwed%  Si* 
lifbury,  Eafton  :  London,  Horsficld,  &c.     1771- 

TO  the  lovers  of  antiquity  in  general,  and  of  the  cir^  of 
Salifbury  in  particular,  no  doubt  but  this  book  will  anbrd' 

'feme  agreeable  amufement.  The  Author  has  taken  care  fo 
minutely  to  fpecify  in  bis  title-page  the  fcveral  parts^of  the  en- 
tertainment he  has  provided  for  them,  as  to  remove  fome  little 
trouble  from  the  hands  of  the  Reviewers.  The  ancient  coins 
of  which  he  gives  an  account  are  in  number  twelve,  nine  of 
them  Roman,  two  of  them  Saxon,  and  one  of  lead,  having  no» 
thing  to  determine  it  to  any  age  or  n4tion.  The  firft  coin, 
which  is  of  copper,  bears  the  infcription  HADRIAN  US 
AUG.  being  ftrack  in  the  third  con  fu)  (hip  of  that  emperor^ 
from  whence  the  writer  concludes,  that  Old  Sarum  was  at  that 
time  garrifoned  by  the  Romans,  and  this  he  appreliends  is  is 
far  as  its  antiquity  properly  authenticated  reaches,  A.  D.  I20. 
The  Salifbury  ballad,  immediately  annexed,  is  valued  for  its 
humour  and  fimplicity  ;  and  was  written  by  the  ingenious  Dr« 
Walter  Pope,  author  of  thi'  Old  Mans  r/ijh. 

Poflibly  fome  zealous  antiquarians  m;ty  be  rather  4ifappoin ted, 
and  offended  with  the  Author,  when  he  proceeds  to  (peak  of 
the  etymology  of  thc  names  Sarum  and  Salifbury  ;  he  does  in* 
deed,  in  a  humorous  way,  prc^pofe  fome  derivations,  and  con- 
cludes with  faying,  ^  Is  it  no4  better  to  relinquifh  this  part  of 
knowledge,  than  to  have  our  underfiandings  infulted  with  ab- 
furdities,  falfebvjods,  and  at  bed  very  uncertain  conjeAures } 
Thofe  who  think  otherwife,  will  receive  no  fmall  pleafure  from 
thc  fevcn  etymologies  of  Sarum  and  Salifbury  before  enu* 
nicrarcd/ 

Thc  h'fiory  of  Old  Sarum  gives  an  account  of  its  fitiiation, 
fo(ti(ic<  cions,  citadel,  cathedial,  5:c.  with  the  changes  it  ex* 
pcricnced  under  the  Romans,  Saxons,  and  feveral  of  our  kings, 
till  thc  time  of  the  tranflation  of  thc  charch  from  thence  to  the 
city  of  New  Sarum,  which  was  fully  accomplifhed  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.     The  coni'cquence  of  this  removal  was,  that  the 

i/jLiibicunis  of  the  ancient  city  loon  foWow^A  x.V^^  cW\c\i^'«\i^^^ 


P  fkko  tfiey  liad  utiqoenionably  before   found   very  benefictal. 

£fntetbc  VViitcr  embraces  the  opportunfty  of  briefly,  but  pro- 

firfy.  tcT^  lie  impofitions  of  ihc  church  of  Rome,     '  Ig- 

ftMArtce  .  tilled/  fays  he,  *  ever  po  hand  in  hand  ;  the 

people  who  .ived  in  the  tjmc^  we  are  treating  of,  fond  of  pagc- 

I  tntry  anil  fliow^   did   not  think  themfclvcs  happy  either  in   a 

llpjricual  or  temporal  fenle  when  at  a  diftance  from  the  cathedral 

KdacJcfgy*     Whoever  h;is  been  prefent  at  high  mafles  and  pro- 

Ij^oni  in  Roman  catholic  countries,  muft  have  obferved  how 

rwcll  calculated    that    religion  is  to  lead  weak  minds  captive/ 

0:hcr  motives    however,   he  adds,  *  concurred   to  induce  the 

ijihabitjrits  of  Old  Sirum  to  remove  ;  a  profped^  of  greater  con  - 

vcnrcocc,  a   total  exemption  from  caftle  duty,  and  greater  in- 

■ifutgence  from  the  biihop  when  they  became  hia  tenants,  were 

bot  among  the  Icaft  powerful/ 

m  Afccr  fever  U  other  memoirs  of  the  new  city,  we  have  an 

Mccouatt    which   may    alfo   be  met    with    in  other  woik^^  of 

pthc  cafU   of  Salifbury*    from    Walter   Devcreux,   a  Norman 

<*rl,  on  whom  VVMIiam  the  Conqueror   beftowed   this  honour, 

to  James  Cecil  the  prefent  earl,  and  the  twenty -firft  who  has 

Jborne  this  litle. 

■  The  lives  of  the  btfliops  of  Salifbury,  which  immediately 
Bbllow,  arc  introduced  by  lamenting,  that  *  biography*  though 
Hfiudy  3b  Tjui^h  entertainment  and  folid  inftriji^lion,  has 
Ipeca  by  n  s  culti\rated  in  the  manner  it  defe rved :  the 
■bi),  fays  he,  is  hv  frum  being  barren,  and  the  labour  by 
» means  of  a  dlfagreeable  kind.'  Notwithitanding  this  ob- 
Rrvation,  as  to  many  of  the  bifhops  whole  names  are  here  enu- 
Bhcriicd,  little  more  is  f^sd  concerning  them  than  that  they 
pvcdi  were  confccratcd,  tr.-inilated,  and  died  :  particulars  which, 
^Hbp'chend,  will  not  much  contribute  to  entertainment  or 
pHKtion.     There  are  indeed  fome  in  the  lift,  who  have  been 

rendered  remarkable  by  particular  occurrences,  and   fome  truly 

■  irtat  and  refpcclaSde  names  both  of  ancient  and  more  modern 
Bmu,  of  whom  thr-fc  who  are  convcrfant  with  hiftory  or  the 
porld  muft  have  fcv^^e  knowledge.  We  fliould  add,  that  the 
■writer  does  ;iekno\vlrd:^e,  that  *-  the  prefent  and  laft  ages  have 
Bsrcned  a  laudable  ind  jffry,  in  refcuing  from  oblivion  the  aQions 
Bnd  merits  of  many  eminent  men  i  but,  unfortunately,  their 
fcdlavours  rooiing  too  late,  many  private  anecdotes  and  ftrik- 
^g  incidents  are  loft,  which,  if  prcfcrved,  would   open  their 

real  charadlers  more  clearly  than  the  raoft   laborious  coilation 
Ipf  hfftorians/ 

m  The  account  of  the  choral  bi(hop  affords  a  fmgular  Inftancc 
W  popiOi  folly.  On  St.  Nicholas's  d^y^  the  children  of  iVie 
fthoif  clr^^e*^  5  hiihop  ;imong  tbemfelvcst  under   this  n^me^ 

m/^a/4^rjbmc  time  hdJ  cbe  Hate  of  a  bithop,  as  did  the  reft  o? 


54-  Rural  Otconomy. 

the  children  that  of  prebends,  and  together  formed  a  proceffion^ 

and  celebrated  a  fcrvice  in  the  church.     It  were  well  if  all  the 

cuftoms  of  the  Romi(h  church  might  fall  under  no  barQier  4 

cenfure  than  that  of  childr€ns  play. 

The  book  concludes  with  the  lives  of  eminent  men,  natives 

of  Sali(bury  :  for  the  particulars  of  which|  we  refer  the  reader 

to  the  woric  itfelf. 
I.  I         ■ 

Art.  XIII.  Rural  Oec9Momy\  er  bjfuys  on  the  praGical  Parts  jf 
Hujbandryy  defigned  to  explain  feveral  of  the  mo  ft  important  Nbr 
thods  of  eonduSfing  Farms  of  various  Kinds^  including  many  itfifid 
Hints  to  Gentlemen  Farmers^  relative  to  the  aeconomical  Mmagt^ 
tnent  of  their  Bufmefs,  Contaimngy  among  other  Enquiries^  tf 
that  proportioned  Farm^  which  is  of  all  others  the  mojl  prefitatk. 
Of  the  bejl  Method  of  conducing  Farms  that  confifl  all  ofGretft^ 
or  all  of  arable  Land*  Of  the  m^ans  of  keeping  the  Tear  rowti 
the  mojl  Cattle  on  a  given  ^antity  of  Land*  Confideratidm  m 
the  aeconomical  Condu^  of  Gentlemen  Farmers.  Of  the  cheapeft 
IVay  9f  r.tiKuyirv  Land,  Of  the  comparative  Profit  of  famtti% 
different  Sj:J:»  To  wh'ch  is  added  the  Rural  Socrates^  heing  A&- 
moirs  of  a  Country  Philofophcr.  By  the  Author  of  the  Far^ 
mer's  Letters.     8vo.     6  s.  bound.     Becket.    1770. 

THOUGH  it  is  certain  that  too  great  pains  cannot 
pofTibly  be  taken  in  promoting. the  knowledge  of  agricul- 
ture, it  is  neverthelcfs  true  that  efTays  of  this  kind  may  be  too 
.  diffufe ;  and  that  the  precept,  to  which  brevity  Is  ever  eflential« 
inay4}c  buried  amidft  the  rubbifli  of  prolix  details  and  laboured 
verbofity.  Thcfe  arc  the  great  faults  of  the  Author  of  Rjural 
Oeconomy ;  for  the  fubftance  of  all  that  he  has  given  in  many 
large  volumes,  might  be  contained  in  one,  of  a  moderate  llze. 
We  doubt  not,  however,  but  that  there  may  be  thofe  who  ar« 
willing  to  wander  forty  years  in  the  wildernefs  in  order  to  ob- 
tain the  proii.i(cd  land  ^  and  for  the  encouragement  of  fuch  wc 
fnall  exhibit  a  little  of  the  produce  of  the  country.  Speaking 
of  that  pr  portioned  farm  which  is  of  all  others  the  mod  pro« 
£tablc,  :hc  Author,  among  many  more,  lays  down  the  follow- 
ing obfrvations,  which  wc  may  venture  to  recommend  to  ou|: 
iiiral  Reiidcrs : 

•  l'.;.rms  var»  fo  proJigioufly,  that  no  abfolute  accurate  corollaries 
C".n  b(.  <i::i\vn  fr  m  the  moll  judicious  rcafoning  on  this  fubjedl:  the 
(.nly  method  of  treating  it,  is  to  itate  fome  points,  and  then  rcafon 
L'pon  the  proportion  between  thofcand  others. 

*  Suppofc  in  the  Hocking  of  a  fmall  farm,  that  twenty  acres  of 
.irable  land  per  horfc,  is  the  quantity  to  be  managed  properly  by  the 
lijc  team  ;   four  horfcs  will,  in   that  cafe,  cultivate  eighty  acres  of 

.:nib)e.    Sow  what  are  the  proportions  which  can  be  drawn  from 
this  one  fait  i 

1  *V\ 


Rural  Oeconomy.  *55 

'  Let  me  here  remark  that  I  (late,  in  all  thefe  points,  not  what 
is  every  where  found  in  common  management,  but  what  ought  to 
be.  Many  farmers  are  fuch  bad  managers,  that  fcarce  one  propor- 
tion is  to  be  found  throughout  their  farm. 

*  Eighty  acres  of  arable  land,  managed  by  four  horfes,  may,  if 
the  foil  is  not  heavy,  be  thrown  into  fourths ;  one  fown  every  year 
with  tumeps,  one  with  fpring  corn,  one  wiih  wheat,  and  one  with  ' 
clover.  If  the  foil  is  heavy,  a  fallow,  or  fome  other  fallow  crop, 
Ihoald  be  fubfHtuted  inftead  of  turneps.  If  a  fourth  be  not  clover, 
the  four  horfes  cannot  Aianage  the  farm  properly.. 

*  Before  we  proceed  farther,  new  proportions  arife :  the  clover, 
we  will  fuppofe,  totally  keeps  the  horfes  in  green  food  and  hay ;  this 
if  common  hufbandry,  wherever  clover  is  known.  Wo  will  allow 
each  horie  two  tons  of  hay  per  winter,  which  will  leave  him  a  little 
to  fparc  for  fummer.  The  four  will,  therefore,  cat  eight  tons ;  this, 
at  two  mowings,  may  be  reafonably  called  four  acres.  For  the 
foromer  food  we  will  allow  the  four  horfes  fix  acres  of  green  clover. 
Thus  the  whole  quantity  eat  by  the  four  horfes  is  ten  acres. 

*  As  much  more  is  to  fpare  ;  hence  wc  muft  fuppofe  other  cattle  to 
be  kept:  but  further — there  are  twenty  acres  of  wheat,  twenty  of 
fpring  corn,  and  twenty  of  turneps ;  belidcs  twenty  acres  of  Hubble 
for  littering  the  yard.  Part  of  the  llraw  of  the  wheat  mull  be  ap- 
plied to  littering  the  four  horfes,  the  reft  given  to  the  cattle.  Here, 
'^refore,  is  the  following  winter  food  : 

20  acres  of  turneps, 

20  tons  of  clover  hay, 

20  acres  of  fpring  corn  draw, 

and  part  of  20  acres  of  wheat  draw, 

*  The  next  enquiry  is  the  cattle  thefe  will  winter.  The  food  is  all 
well  adapted  to  various  kinds;  but  I  Hiall  fuppofe  them. heifers,  or 
fleers,  or  oxen,  for  fatting.  The  order  in  which  they  (hould  be  fed, 
is  to  give  them  the  wheat  flraw  firll  with  fome  turneps ;  next  the 
fpring  corn  ftraw  with  fome  turneps ;  and  then  the  clover  hay  with 
the  reft  of  the  turneps  ;  which  progreffion  will  carry  them  forward  in 

'flefh,  and  get  them  in  fine  order  to  turn  into  grafs  to  complete  the 
fatting.  The  number  I  Ihould  affign  (in  this  management)  to  fuch  a 
quantity  of  food  is  30  head.  Thirty  middling  fleers  would  be  well 
wintered  on  this  food.  If  the  beails  are  above  the  middling  fize, 
about  20  or  25.  The  reader  (hould  remember  they  are  not  fatted  ;  only 
kept  I  all  that  is  wanting  is  to  keep  them  rather  on  the  improving  hand. 

*  The  quantity  of  winter  food  points  out  in  this  manner 
tl'C  number  of  cattle  to  be  kept,  and  this  will  difcover  the  quan- 
tity of  grafs  land  fuch  a  farm  ought  to  have  :  this  is  at  once 
determined,  for  we  may  allow  an  acre  per  bead,  or  30  acres :  but 
it  would  be  prudent  in  fuch  a  farmer  always  to  have  a  (lock  of 
hay  before  hand,  to  ufc  in  cafe  of  accidents,  fuch  as  a  bad  time,  to 
make  his  clover  hay,  &c.  &c.  &c.  for  this  purpofe  he  fhould  have 
£vc  acres  of  mowing  grafs  every  year ;  or,  in  all  thirty- five. 

*  Thus  we  find  the  number  of  horles  a  clue  to  difcover  the  whole 
csconomy  of  a  farm.  I  have  taken  this  as  one  inftancc  to  explain 
what  I  mean  by  proportion.  It  plainly  appears  from  hence,  that  it 
js  8  mat^r  of  vail  confecjuencc ;  almoll  any  other  point  to  bcgio  with. 


r^v  j\-r\u  Orccvciiy. 

v>ouId  have  yielcled  the  fame  information ;  for  inflance,  the  annual 
quantity  of  wheat  fown,  of  fpring  corn,  &c.  Sec,  or  from  difiereiic 
inflances.  But  the  conncdtion  is  purfuecl  in  a  dearer  manner  bom 
the  number  of  horfes, 

^  If  any  of  the  proportions  in  this  inflance  are  broken,  the  whole 
chain  is  afFt?^cd ;  take  one  horfe  from  the  four,  all  is  varied  at  once; 
inllead  of  a  proper  quantity  of  arable  land  per  horfe,  a  larger,  or  a 
lefs  portion  is  aihgned ;  the  very  (lock  of  the  grafs  land  is  at  once  . 
affected  ;  fo  much  does  every  part  of  a  well  arranged  farm  depend 
on  each  other. 

'  Great  variations  are  made  by  common  farmers,  withont  any 
impprtant  cfFe^s  enfuing:  this  may  feem  to  contradid  my  afleih 
fions ;  but  rood  pf  them  enter  into  farms  with  fo  little  idea  of  joft 
proportions,  that  fuch  never  exifled  in  their  farms,  confequently, 
there  were  none  to  break  ;  and  yet  common  farmers  cannot  damage 
even  iheir  faulty  proportions,  without  feeling  the  ill  effefls.  But 
tiiey  are  in  general,  fo  burthened  with  a  too  great  quantity  of  land  for 
their  fortunes  to  manage,  that  they  feldom  remedy  any  thing  of  that 
fort.  Inilead  of  the  profitable  management  of  turneps  and  clover, 
they  very  often  omit  thofe  crops,  for  want  of  money  to  purchafe  the 
cattle  to  eat  them  :  the  land  does  not  from  this  omiiTiop  lay  fallow, 
but  is  fown  with  corn  ;  thus  the  foil  is  exhaufted,  and  all  ge|ierai 
man;'gement  prefently  in  confufion. 

*  liaving  thus  explained  by  an  inflance,  what  is  the  proper  in(^i|- 
infj  of  tlitf  proportions  of  a  farm  in  this  cafe ;  1  (hall,  in  the  next 
place,  fi  etcli  fuch  proportions  as  I  apprehend  to  be  the  moil  profit- 
ubio.  Ill  ihis  ci:quiry  fome  latitude  mufl  be  ufed,  becauie  real 
jarms  a-c  f(^  prodigioufly  various.  Perhaps  a  mere  grazing  farm 
may  be  t>.uiTd,  in  many  countries,  the  mod  profitable  of  all  ?hat  arc 
contmoiily  managed  ;  hut  1  fhall  reject  thofe,  as  they  would  furnifb* 
in  this  emjuiry,  very  few  ufeful  conclufions.  I  fhall  therefore  fup- 
poix:  a  farm  that  contains  many  parts,  and  is  conduded  on  a  various 
plan,  embracing  fome  new  difcoveries  in  agriculture;  proper,  in  a 
wonl,  for  a  gentleman,  or,  at  leaft,  a  farmer,  whofe  ideas  are  more 
ctil  rgtd,  than  thoje  of  many  of  his  brethren  :  but  it  will  be  necef- 
fiiry,  at  the  fame  time,  fo  to  fuppofe  matters,  that  if  a  common  one 
hired  fuch  a  farm,  the  fketch  1  offer  may  be  of  fervice,  though  he 
njecis  any  articles  of  culture,  but  fuch  as  are  abfolutely  ufual. — 

'  A  fmall  farm  may  (as  far  as  it  extends)  be  as  profitable  as  a  large 
One ;  bat  we  are  not  to  reafon  upon  uncommon  inflances ;  maqy 
circumibnces  of  management  require  a  large  bufinefs  to  be  carried 
on  w  ith  advantage.  A  few  will  prove  it.  The  neighbourhood  of 
a  great  city,  or  town,  requires  that  the  farmers  purchafe  manures  ; 
but  that  is  a  work  that  goes  on  very  poorly,  if  a  team  is  not  kept  on 
purpofe. 

*  I:  is  but  a  poor  bufinefs  that  will  not  employ  diftinA  teams  for 
both  plowing  and  harrowing,  and  odd  cattle  be  fides  for  rolling.  A 
bulincfs  fhould  be  confiderable  enough  alfo  for  the  employment  of  a 
baiky ;  not  one  that  has  the  whole  management  of  the  farm  in  his 
hands,    but  who  is  kept  for  the  mere  underwork,  the  overfeeii^g 

labourers,  &c.  Sec.  &C.     I  give  ihefe  \iiV\axicie&  V>>f  tio  means  as  a 


Rural  Oeammf^ 


57 


lift,  only  m  (hew  that  there  are  points  In  ivlndi  r.  great 
the  advantage  of  a  final!  one,  raerely  from  being  great. 
Utii  to  eome  to  part'culars, 

*  I  propofe  that  irx  ptou^Ks  be  kept  cenftanfh  at  work :  four  o« 
fHoghi  and  i^vo  horfe  ones,  or  four  horl<fs  and  eight  oxen.  On« 
fur  of  hjuTows  muft  be  fuppofed  alway*  to  attend  thefe  ploughs^  or 
ikfte  hoHc!.  Srtmcttme«,  apon  exiraorOinary  occaftons,  one  of  the 
ptotglu  may  ik>p  for  the  working  another  patr  of  harrows  ^  but 
liiofe  will  be  only  in  a  hnfty  time,  whea  the  corn  is  hud  ia  ir^^^v 
fr««^,  inftcact  of  uftder  furrrvif, 

*  One  hoHc  moft  alfo  be  aili^^ed  for  rolling.  Two  for  plowing 
kmeen  the  ro\n^  of  plants. 

*  Poor  others  fhould  be  allotted  for  bringing  manure  from  the 
areil  city  or  town. 

*  There  arc  fo  many  fitu3tlon»»  wherein. this  is  praflkable,  that 
t«irouJd  be  unpardonable  to  omit  the  fuppnfition.  But  this  team 
Bull  be  era  ployed  (except  when  the  horfes  nffigned  to  the  bufinefs  of 

'iiib|e  are  idle  through  bad  weather)  in  carrying  out  the  corn  and 
otHcr  produOs  of  the  farm. 
'  Foaroxen  mufl  be  allotted  for  fundry  articles  of  carting  ;  either 
cam  or  a  waggon  :  fuch  as  wood— food  for  cattle  in  wintcr^-^ 
"iubble — llraw — &c.  Sec.  Sec, 

*  Two  oxen  ihould  conftantly  be  kept  at  cart  the  whole  year 
round,  with  two  fmall  thrcc-wheeled  carts,  in  carrying  dung,  clay, 
COtnpofis,  &rc.  ^*c,  &c.     And  twd  horfes  I  alio*'  for  extras. 

'.Bi*  means  of  fach  a  difpofuion  of  the  teams,  none  of  the  work 
nil  ita^nd  ilill,  that  the  rcil  may  be  better  executed.  In  commoa 
[If,  all  common  work  is  at  a  ftand,  when  a  litrle  that  is  extra- 
dinary  is  to  be  done.  To  carry  out  corn,  flops  the  ploughs  per- 
ps  at  a  critical  ieafon  :  the  falJows  arc  frequently  fecn  over- run 
rith  weeds,  becaufe  it  is  feed  time  :  in  a  word,  fomc  bufinefs  i^ 
»cr  negled^ed,  thai  the  reft  may  be  decently  performed. 

*  But  with  fuch  a  difpofition  of  draught  cattle,  as  I  have  fketched. 
iJl  kinds  oi  work  will  go  on  briikly   and  regularly  ;  the  intcrriip- 

ns  of  hay  and  harvcft  will  be  nothing  for  the  two  extra  horfes  ; 
nd  another  allowed  for  rolling,    and  two  for  hoffc  haeing»    with 
DC  fpare  time  from  the  harrowing  team,  which  it  muft  have,  will 
nfwei  all  carting  of  that  fort«  and  much  other. 
'  I  ajn  the  more  particular  in  this  part  of  my  fcheme,  as  the  in- 
convcniencies  of  the,  common  oppofite  condud^t  are  furprizingly  great 
and  obvious.     One  can  .fcarcely  walk  over  a  farm,  without  remark- 
ing the  negjcft  of  fomc  work  or  other  of  importance,  arifing  from 
the  want  of  a  proper  number  of  draught  cattle  :  by  the  end  of  bar- 
veft,  the  fallows  are,  many  of  them,  either  over- run  with  weeds,  or 
at  leaft  very  deficient  in  pulverization  :  the  farmers  team   has  been 
nploycd  in  getting  in  his  corn  ;  for   that  bjfinefs  which  b  foonell 
fopply  his  purfe,  will  be  furc  to  be  done,  at  the  ex  pence  of  all 
pther  work.     In  feed  time,  favourable  feafous  arc  eiiher  loft,  or  but 
piriially  and  flowly  ofcd,  for  want  of  ploughs  and  har  rjws :  pcr\\3^i 
'he  farmer  has  near)/  or  juff  ploughs  /u^cient,  but   can  i\\  (o^re 
nv  horfes  for  hsrrowln^.     In  fuch  a  cafe,  the  latter    work  w\VV  be 
'^ecfJj^n^kdcJ,  feed  mil  be  fawn  under  funcw  ihai  oagYu  to 

be 


58  Rural  Oecommy. 

be  harrowed  in ;  and  many  fields  only  half  harrowed ;  the  conft^ 
quence  of  which,  in  numerous  inftances,  is  very  fatal.  la  the  ar- 
ticle of  manuring,  this  is  yet  more  obfervable  ;  for,  inftead  of 
carting  the  farm  yard  dung  on  to  a  compoft  hill,  to  mix  with 
niarle,  caith,  or  clay ;  or  carting  the  latter  into  the  yard,  and  fbd- 
jr  /:ng  upon  it;  the  dung  is  often  carried  diredlly  on  to  the  land, 
,'.  ;Mou(;n  the  foil  be  the  lead  proper  for  fuch  treatment :  and  this 
.  '\y  to  {ave  a  carting,  while  the  horfes  or  oxen  are  employed  in 

-  And  however  numerous  the  fences  may  be,  that  thjc  fanner  hat 
iound  necefTary  to  make,  and  confequentiy  how  great  foever  the 
(|Uantity  of  ditch  earth  may  be,  that  lies  ready  for  carting  on  to  the 
lar.H,  v  iioi.e  or  little  of  it  is  moved,  for  want  of  draught  cattle. 

!  u  oTc  common  farmers  more  confiderate  with  regard  to  tak- 
mt^  r  ant^ge  of  the  neighbourhood  of  any  great  city  or  town  in 
th .  i^Ui  chafe  of  manures  fo  raifed :  when  corn  or  hay  is  carried  out, 
tiijy  may  perhaps  load  back  with  dung,  or  afhes,  &c.  but  as  to 
keeping  a  team  merely  for  road  buiinefs,  fcarce  one  of  them  had 
ever luch  an  idea. 

*  It  would  be  endlefs  to  multiply  fuch  inflances,  a&  far  as  could 
with  eafe  be  done  ;  but  thefe  arc  fufiicicnt  to  fhew  the  necefiity  of 
providing  terms  for  all  forte  of  work. 

*  We  muft,  in  the  next  place,  proceed  to  fet  all  thefe  cattle  to 
work,  and  fee  what  quantity  they  will  be  able  to  perform. 

*  The  fix  ploughs,  at  the  rate  of  each  doing  an  a^re  a  day  for  300 
days,  will  amount  to  1 8co  acres  plowed  once. 

'  But  le(l  objedioQS  (hould  be  made  againft  the  allowance  of  only 
13  days  idhnefs,  befides  Sundays,  I  (hall  fuppofe  the  ploughs  to 
move  270  days  in  the  year;  the  plowing  teams  to  be  employed  (in 
cafe  of  froft,  or  exceffive  wet  weather,  &c.)  thirty  days  on  other 
work  ;  and  to  be  abfolutely  idle  thirteen  days.     I  had  fix  horfes  at 
work  through  the  years  1766  and  1767,  both  remarkably  wet,  and 
they  did  not  (land  flill  ten  days  in  the  two  years.     Whatever  be  the 
weather,  a  farmer  fhould  always  have  work  of  fome  kind  or  other 
ready  for  his  plowing  teams,  when  thrown  out  of  their  own :  thirteea 
days  of  abfolute  idlenefs   are  therefore  a  large  allowance.     Theiv 
working  270  days  amounts  to  1620  acres.    Let  us  next  examine 
what  fized  and  proportioned  farm  this  plowing  forms  when  divided^ 
160  aprcs  plowed  fix  times  ...        ^  j 

160  ditto  three  times  -  .  .  4$ 

160  ditto  once  -  -  -         -         l£^ 

«  This  divifion  gives  us  two  kinds  of  farms,  as  follows 
160  acres  plowed  fix  times  for  turneps,  ^c. 
160  ditto  three  times  for  fpring  corn. 
1 60  ditto  once  for  wheat. 

4S0  acres  in  tillage,  and 
\to  of  clover,  one  year  old. 
160  ditto,  two  years  old, 
«       ■       « 
Sco  ofanblc  land. 


Ibiral  0  economy  0  g^ 

'*  Or  there  may  be  only  oqc  clover  crop,  in  which  ctfe,  the  arable 
lad  vrill  amount  to  640  acres.  * 

'  The  firm  to  be  managed  by  a  team  that  ploaghs  about  1600 

acres  ann  Daily,   might  be  iketched  in  great  variety  of  other  ways  ; 

ad  it  will  aid  the  general  defiga  of  thefe  e£ays  to  fiate  a  few. 
«f  them. 

100  acres  fix  times  for  tomeps                -  •        6co 

100  ditto  three  for  fpring  corn        -                «  300 

100  ditto  once  for  wheat            •             »  «         100 
100  clover,  one  year. 
1 00  ditto,  two  years. 

50  ditto  three  times  for  potatoes            ••  «        1^0 

50  ditto  fix  times  for  cabbages        •«               «  300 

50  ditto  wheat  twice              •                «  •100 

50  ditto  ipring  corn  once               •               «  ^o 

700  1600 

ICO  of  locemei  fainfoine,  and  burnet«  . 

800  toul. 

100  acres  of  wheat  once  m              •           -        100 

100  of  barley  thrice  •                •            ^                300 

]oo  of  oats  twice            -  •                     -        200 

1 00  of  tomeps  five  times  -           w                   «•               ^00 

100  of  cabbages  Bve  times  n «                  «        500 
ICO  clover,  one  year, 
|co  ditto,  two  years. 

700  *  1600 

*  Bnt  for  the  fake  of  the  variety  which  there  ought  to  be  in  a 
hnn  of  this  kind,  that  is  (ketched  for  the  iake  of  the  concluiions  to 
be  dmwn  (torn  it,  I  fhall  adopt  the  following,  which  is  rather  an  im« 
frorement  npon  the  fecond. 

100  acres  wheat  once  plowed  -  •         100 

jfo  ditto  twice  -  -  -  100 

ICO  ditto  of  fpring  com  thrice  -  -        300 

50  ditto  peafe  twice  -  -  100 

100  ditto  of  taraeps  five  times  •  «        500 

50  ditto  of  cabbages  five  times  •  -  2^0 

50  ditto  of  potatoes,  three  times  ^  •        150 

JO  ditto  of  carrots  twice  «  '        r  i^o 

1600 


y^  ditt)^ 


6o        Memolri^  Anecdites^  tic,  of  the  Court  of  Lewis  XIV. 

50  dtito  luccFne.  '  * "" 

50  ditto  fainfoin. 
so  ditt4  burnet. 
100  clover,  one  year. 
^     100  ditto,  two  years. 

670  total. 

*  I  mud  upon  this  arrangement  remark,  that  the  common  cropi 
are  infinitely  beyond  the  uncommon  ones ;  fo  that  were  the  (cheme 
ki  execution,  the  cultivator  would  not  have  reafon  to  dread  the  trial 
of  vegetables,  not  every  where  ufed.* 

The  Rurvl  Socrater  znnex^d  to  this  work  is  tranllatfcd  from  ■ 
French  Traft  entitled  Le  Socrate  Rttftique,  It  was  written  ori- 
ginally in  German,  and  is  a  kind  of  phtlofophlc  hiftory  of  die 
domeftic  virtues,  and  rural  ceconomy  of  a  Svvifs  farmer,  now 
living.  There  is  an  agreeable  enthufiafm  about  it;  and  it 
.exhibits  at  once  a  v^ry  amiable  pi6lure  of  the  country  life,  add 
contains  many  ufeful  hints  for  cultivation. 

^-^ 

Art.  XII.  Memoirs^  Anecdotes y  qnd  CbaraSiers  of  the  Court  of  \ 
Lewis  Xjy*   Tranflated  frpm  the  Souvenlrsy  or  RecoHefHons,   i 
of  Madame  de  Caylus,  Niece  to  Madame  de  Maintenon. 
Bv  the  Tranflator  9i  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Ninon  de 
LEnclos.     i2mo»     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Dodfley*.  1770* 

THE  mod  trifling  circumftances,  when  they  relate  to  il- 
luftrious  perfonages,  have  their  value,  and  nevec  fail  to 
txcite  curiofity.  To  thofe,  accordingly,  who  are  acquainted  ' 
with  the  great  events  which  diftinguifh  the  age  and  the  reign  of 
Lewis  XIV.  there  cannot  be  a  more  agreeable  entertaionnent 
than  to  attend  to  the  private  occurrences  of  bis  court  ^  and  tb 
obferve  him  in  a  domeftic  capacity, .  after  having  confidered  him 
as  a  politician  and  a  monarch. 

In  this  view  there  are  few  works  which  furni(h  more  amtife- 
ment  tban  the  memorandums  of  Madame  de  Caylu^*     The 
fourccs  from  which  (he  drew  her  information,  were  her  own. 
obfervatjon  and  experience,  and  the  converfation  of  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  with  whom  fhe  feems  to  have  lived  in  the  dofeft 
intimaoy.     Her  fciations,  therefore,  are  to  be  confidered  as 
'  authentic ;  9nd,  it  muflr  be  allowed,  that  fhe  has  given  mate- 
rials, by  which  a  confiderable  light  may  be  thrown  on  feveral 
myfterious  and  interefting  tranfadiions.     Her  manner  is  eafy 
and  graceful ;  it  has  an  air  of  the  greateft  candour  ;  and  ihe 
has  drawn,  with  delicacy  and  precifion,  the  characters  of  many 
j^erfons  who  were  diftinguifbed  by  their  rank  or  their  anions 
during  the  period  to  which  her  Metno\t%  xrftx*   Though  (he 
^Jlow9  no  method  or  order,  and  ncv w  ^^^^t^  xa  ^xtivV«V^^^ 


i^mirs^  Axadsits^  irV.  rf  tbt  Court  ofLiwh  JT/K        6 1 

yrt  fbe  dlfpbyt  both  wit  and  fentimcnt,  and  haa  ercded  %n 

clr^ric  monument  to  her  own  memory. 

'    '  ur  Afp^ndix^  publtftcd  in  July  laft,  wc  had  an  opportu«- 

\  mentioomg  and  commending:  her  work  ;    »nd  on  the 

r  occ^fion  we  cannot  rcftli  the  tcmpticion  of  bying  be- 

,v;.  v-ur  Readers  an  additional  fpccimen  of  it* 

TTie  following  rxtra£^,  though  a  linlc  tin£lured  with  the 
yicroits,  has  fomcthing  in  ic  extremely  charadcriftic  of  Lewis 
\  mnd  of  Madame  dc  Montcfpan, 

The  King  had  always  a  ftrong  fcnfe  of  icligion,  which 
frequently  manifed  itfelf  even  in  the  niidd  of  his  ex* 
ctfib  of  gallantry — for  this  was  hts  only  foible.  He  had  been 
born  with  an  excellent  underflandiiig,  and  was  fo  regular  in 
kiseoisda^l  that  he  never  omitted  hearing  mafs  every  day  of  his 
Ue,  except  twice,  when  he  happened  to  he  with  the  anny, 
■Tlie great  fritivak  ufed  to  excite  bis  rcmorfe  more  particularly} 
'  Jy  troubled  not  to  pay  his  devotions,  or  to  perform  them 
onbily* 

Madame  de  Montcfpan  had  fo  far  the  fame  turn  of  mindg 
it  was  by  no  means  ir^  compliance  with  the  King  that  flic 
ifdlcd  it.     bhe  had  been  carefully  educated  by  a  mother  of 
kpLiry  piety,  who  had  fown  the  feeds  of  religion  in  her 
Ibcarly,  that  they  were  never  to  be  eradicated  afterwards. 
This  wa5  fo  apparent  in  her,  at  all   times,  that  even  while  flie 
on  her  criminal  intercourfc  with  the  King,  £hc  kept  her 
Its  lb  <Vrii£lly«  that  (he  ufed  to  have  her  bread  weighed  out 
her*     The  Duchefs  d'Uzes,  aftonifticd  at  her  fcruplcs,  could 
ftvoLd  dropping  a  hint  of  her  inconfiflcncy,  one  day,  before 
:  jhd  wb&t^  Madam^   replied  Madame  de  Montefpan,  he- 
'  I  ififftn  to  be  guilty  of  oni  crime ^  mujl  I  be  culpable  of  all 

*  But  to  return  to  our  juWIcc  •,  The  two  lovers,  admo« 
niflicd  by  their  confcicnces,  parted  with  mutual  confcnt,  and 
determined  purpofe  never  to  renew  their  commerce  more  :  at 
\aA  fo  they  thought  at  that  time*  Madame  de  Motttcfpan  re- 
tired to  Parts,  viTited  the  churches,  faflcd,  prayed,  and   wept 

Jag  her  tranfgreHions.     The  King  alfo,  on  his  part,  performed 

^Kvife  every  duty  of  a  good  Chrittian* 

^^  The  jumtec  being  over,  it  became  a  divided  queftion, 
whether  Madame  de  Montefpan  fliould  return  to  court  any 
store,     IVhy  ml  ?  fatd  her  relations  and  friends,  even  the  moft 

I  fenipulous  of  them*  ^be  has  a  right  to  apptuf  there^  both  from 
bar  iirthf  and  her  pofl  \  and  fureiy  Jhe  may  continue  to  be  as  ^od  a 
^^  ijHan  ibertm  anywhere  elfe.  1  he  Biihop  of  Meaux,  too» 
of  the  fame  opinion. 


^  A  Jia£a  a/  j>cwcjjcc  and  pray  a. 


*  Thcte 


6t        Mimirs^  AnecdsUs^  ^c*  c/ihe  Csurt  o/Liwh  XIF. 

*•  There  remained,  however,  one  diflEculty  (till  in  the 
Madame  de  Montefpan^  faid  they,  ought  not  to  appear  agaii 
before  the  King  without  fome  preparation  on  both  fides.     It 
was  thought  proper  that  they  Ihould  meet  together^  at  fome 
third  place,  before  hand)  in  order  to  prevent  the  fudden  efTe^lAj 
of  an  unexpe<5led  mierview.  ■ 

*  Upon  this  confidcration  it  was  fettled  that  the  King  fhould 
pay  a  viftt  to  Madame  de  Montcfpan,  at  her  own  apartments  ; 
but,  to  leave  no  room  for  further  fcandal,  it  wa$  agreed  on  that 
fome  ladies  of  the  moft  rerpe£tablc  rank  and  unblemished  cha-* 
rafters  of  the  court,  (bould  be  prefent  at  this  meetings  and 
that  the  King  ihould  not  fee  Madame  de  Montefpan  except  in 
their  company. 

^  This  rendezvous  being  appointed,  the  King  appeared  ther 
at  the  time,  and  on  the  terms  fpecified.    But  they  happened  in 
fenfibly  to  withdraw  together  to  a  window,  whifpcrcd  a  gog< 
while,  wept,  .and  Did  fuch  things  to  one  anoihcr  as  one  may 
fuppofc  to  be  natural   in  fuch  a  fituation  i  till  at  length  they 
made  a  profound  obeirance  to  thelc  venerable  matrons*  and  rc» 
tired  into  an  inward  apartment.     The  Duchefs  of  Orleans*  and 
afterwards  the  Count  de  Touloufe,  brought  tcftimony  into  the 
world  with  them  of  the  mutual  fympathy  which  thenceforwari ' 
fubfiftcd  between  them. 

*  I  cannot  rcfifl  the  temptation  of  mentioning  a  thought" 
which  has  often  occurred  to  me  upon  this  fubjedl.  There  ac 
tually  feems  obvious  to  me,  from  the  characier,  the  call  of 
features,  and  throughout  the  whole  atr  and  perfon  of  the  Dit- 
cbefs  of  Orleans,  the  appearance  of  that  conflict  which  one 
may  fuppofe  to  have  arifen,  on  this  renewed  ieit  a  ttU^  between^ 
love  and  the  jubilee.'  .V 

The  mention  of  the  theatrical  exhibitions  at  St.  Cyr,  leadi 
our  Author  to  fpeak  of  Racine,  and  of  the  two  fine  pieces  which 
he  compofed  to  be  performed  by  the  young  penfioners  of  this 
convent.     Madame  de  Maintcnon,  fearing  for  the  virtue  of  her 
bulkincd  virgins,  defucd  him  to  compok  for  them  an  hiitorical 
dramatic  poem  that  ftiould  have  nothing  of  love  in   it,  and  i 
which  he  was  not  to  confider  his  reputation  as  a  Writer  to  bed 
in  any  fort  concerned,  as  it  fiiould  ever  rcmaio  buried  at  Skf 
Cyn 

«  This  requiiiticmt  fays  Madame  de  Ca\lus»  threw  poor  Ra 
cine  into  the  utmod  n  of  mliid.     He  would  be  glad  to- 

oblige  Madame  dc  Ai  i;  the  rcfuf^l  wjs  impolTiblc  to  m 

courtier,  but  the  compliance  hazardous  for  one  who  hid  fo 
great  a  reputation  to  fuftain,  and  who,  though  he  had  at  that 
time  left  oft*  writing  for  the  ftdge,  would,  however,  have  bceft 
extremely  mortified  atfufFerin  V        !^r  (which  hi*  former 

compofitions  had  fo  highly  t  .>  lixik  m  the  opinion 


c- 

he 
rd| 

c-  ■ 


lis 

•A 

berl 


I 


Mimw$t  Jlnud^iSt  t^c*  tfthi  Csurt  ef  Lewis  XIF*       6j 

of  ihc  public^  by  fuch  sn  impcrfcfl  cflay  as  was  then  exafled 
(lom  him. 

*  Monfteur  Boilcau  (whom  he  went  to  confult  about  this 
matttr)  declared  at  once  for  the  negative ;  but  Racrnc  had 
not  ftrcngih  of  mind  enough  to  follow  his  advice,  which  the 
*orld  has  had  good  reafon  to  be  pleafcd  at  fincc ;  for  after 
fomc  rcRedlton  upoo  the  matter,  he  found,  in  the  fubjcft  of 
/  'r,  every  thing  he  could  wifli  for,  to  enable  him  to  com- 
ply with  Madame  dc  Maintenon's  commands^  Boileau  himfdf 
WIS  fo  ilruck  with  the  idea,  that  he  fprrited  him  up  to  the  exe- 
cution of  it  wiih  as  much  carneflncfs  as  he  had  before  cxprefled 
to  prevent  his  undertaking  it, 

*  Racine  was  not  long  before  he  carried  to  Madame  dc  Main- 
tenon,  not  only  the  (ketch,  ftilcd  the  SkeUton  of  his  piece  (for 
he  ufed  always  to  write  them  fccnc  by  fcene  in  profe,  before  he 
turned  them  into  vcrfe)  but  he  brought  her  alfo  the  firft  act 
compleated.  She  was  extremely  charmed  with  the  whole  of 
thedcfigHt  nor  did  her  modclty  prevent  her  from  finding,  in 
the  chancer  of  his  heroine,  and  in  other  circumftances  of  the 
itib^A,  fomc  things  which  complimented  her  extremely.  The 
ehara^r  o(  y^Jhuh^d  its  applications;  and  Haman  its  lines  of 
rtiemWancc  ;  but,  independent  of  thefc  particulars,  the  ftory 
of  Either  alone  afforded  an  artful  hint  enough  for  a  reprefenia* 
lion  at  St.  Cyr. 

*  The  cborufTcs  that  Racine,  in  imitation  of  the  Grecian 
fttgc,  had  always  a  view  of  rcftoring  to  the  theatre,  appeared 
to  fall  naturally  enough  into  this  fpecics  of  writing,  which 
COflfiilcd  not  ni  *  '  -7f5f;,  but  did^^lion  ;  and  he  felt  himfclf 
hippy  in  this  <  ry  of  introducing,  and  giving  the  pub* 
lie  a  taflc  ' 

*  The  \y-  of  Vafliti  was  faid  to  have  alluded  to  Ma- 
dame de  Montcipan  ;  but  I  cannot  fee  any  rcfemblance  between 
iktm^  except  in  her  being  fupplanted  by  Madame  de  Mainie- 
Don.  The  late  Queen  appears  a  fitter  parallel,  as  they  were 
both  forr4lcen  confons,  and  equally  fhy  of  appearing  before 
thcif  husbands*  Monfieur  de  Louvois'  perfecuiion  of  the  Hu- 
{uctioca  wai  faid  to  have  been  glanced  at  tinder  the  charxtfter 

*  In  fine*  I  think  that  if  one  was  to  conftder  the  place,  the 
time,  iitd  the  circumftanccs  of  this  reprcfcntation,  they  mud 
agree  wuh  me  that  Monfieur  Racine  did  not  (hew  Icfs  ingenuitv, 
upon  this  occaOon,  than  ii)  any  of  his  other  works,  however 
excellent  in  ihcmfclves. 

«  E8her  was  exhibited  about  a  year  after  Madame  de  Main- 
tenof]  had  interdiwtcd  the  performance  of  any  prophane  piece  at 
St.  Cyr  I  and  it  received  fuch  vaft  applaufe,  that  ibe  mcmvji^ 
'^  t|  nmm:}  fiiH  tcih  in  vur  minds  tg  this  inftant, 

*  1  yna 


64  •     Mcmoi'ny  AnccdoUs^  (*fc.  tfthc  Court  o/Ltwii  XtPi 

*  I  was  then  very  younjr,  and  not  thought  capable  of  li^^ 
■  prcfenting  any  part   in  chb  pcrrormancc;    but   happening  ttf 

faave  been  prefcnt  at  the  recitals  that  M.  Racine  ufed  to  make  of 
every  ficne  as  he  finiflied  them,  I  had  got  mod  of  the  lines  bf 
heart,  and  repeating  therh  one  day  before  him^  he  wfls  u 
pleafed  with  my  rehcarfing,  that  he  requefted  Madanle  da 
Maintcnon  to  futfer  me  to  exhibit  myfdf  in  fome  part  of  dM 
drama. 

*  This  {he  consented  to;  but  I  declined  the  taking  any  of 
the  parts  from  thofe  who  had  been  appointed  to  them  already; 
fo  that  in  compliment  to  my  fcruplc  he  contrived  to  accommo-- 
date  mc  by  giving  me  a  prologue  to  fpcak  on  the  occafioD# 
^hich  he  wrote  fpecially  for  this  purpoi'e. 

*•  However,  by  being  confiantly  prefent  at  the  performanoe^ 
I  had  got  the  whole  piece  lb  perfectly  by  heart,  that  I  pls^cd 
many  oi  the  parts  fuccelfively,  afcerwards  occafionally,  as  any 
of  the  girls  hjppened  to  be  indiCpofed,  during  the  winfav< 
throughout  the  whole  of  which  it  was  exhibited ;  and  tUr 
piece,  which  was  dcfigned  to  have  been  confined  within  the 
walls  of  Sr.  Cyr,  at  ieng(h  broke  loofe  from  the  doifter,  and 
was  icveral  times  repreiented  before  the  King  and  the  whole- 
court,  and  ever  with  the  fame  applaufe. 

*•  The  great  fucccfs  of  this  modern  ancient  manner  of  compo- 
fition  iufpired  the  Author  with  fuch  a  tafte  for  it,  that  he  im- 
mediately  after  undertook  another  work  of  the  fame  kind,  and 
fixed  on  the  ftory  of  Athaliah  ;  that  is,  the  death  of  that  Queen/ 
and  the  rcftoraiion  of  Joaf,  as  the  fitted  fubjed  for  hjs  pur* 
pofe  of  any  in  H(>1y  Writ.  He  loll  no  time  in  this  bufiDe&y 
and  laboured  at  it  fo  ai&duoufly,  that  the  winter  following  tbs 
piece  was  made  ready  for  reprefentatton. 

^  But  Madame  dc  Maintcnon  received  on  all  fides  fo  manr 
bints  of  difapprobauon,  fuch  remonftrances  from  devotees,  aad 
fuch  oppofnion  from  the  poets  jealous  of  Racine's  fame,,viil^ 
not  only  procured  their  friends  to  fpeak  to  her  on  this  fubjcAi 
but  wrote  feveral  anonymous  ftridures  againft  the  czhtbitioa 
alfo  ihemfelves,  that  it  finaliy  put  a  flop  to  the  performance  of 
Athaliah  at  St.  Cyr.' 

The  tranflation  of  this  little  work  is  executed  with  a  lels  de- 
gree of  tafte  and  care  than  might,  in  our  apprenfion,  have  ' 
been  expe&cd  from  the  pen  of  the  ingenious  Mrs.  Griffith  |  b 
that  we  can  perceive  but  few  traces  of  that  naivetS^  whicb 
marks  and.  recommends  the  manner  of  Madame  deCaylus.  Wc 
niuft  farther  obferve  too,  that  our  Tranflatrefs  may  not,  per- 
haps, meet  with  univerfal  approbation  for  the  liberty  fbe  bacb 
(avowedly)  taken,  of  fuppreliing  fome  palFages,  and  of  rectify' 
wji  others  wiich  flic  imag,\ucA  vo  be  AefcCCvNt  \  ^.  freedom  M 


Ltmrs  •fan  EngUJh  Laiy  to  me  of  her  FemaU  Friends.      65' 

lirhich  (he  hath  indeed  af&gned  her  reafons :  there  the  Reader 
^111  find  toward  the  clofe  of  the  fccond  volume. 

It  mayliot'be  improper  that,  on  this  occafion,  we  take  no* 
tice  of  a  pradice,  very  common  of  late  with  our  tranflators 
from  the  French.  By  an  afFedation,  which  it  is  impofiible  to 
jufttfy,  they  leave  many  particular  words  and  phrafes  untran- 
Hated  ;  and  fancy,  perhaps,  that,  by  this  means,  they  enrich 
our  language.  But  their  endeavours,  however  well  they  may 
be  intended,  neither  add  to  its  ftrength  nor  its  beauty;  and 
would,  if  attended  with  fuccefs,  convert  it  into  a  mere  jargon. 
In  the  prefent  work,  for  example,  roU  is  more  thnn  once  left  as 
it  ftood  in  the  original.—*  The  fmgular  rile  performed  by  Ma- 
dame de  la  Valicre,*  p.  48.  •  Every  thing  confpired  to  prepare 
that'high  role  for  Madame  de  Maintenon  which  we  have  all 
feen  her  fince  perform,*  p.  88.  It  woulJ  have  been  better, 
iiirely,  to  have  told  the  Engli(h  reader  (for  whofe  ufe  this 
•tranilation  is  publifhed)  in  words  which  he  could  have  under- 
ftood,  that  one  of  the  above-mentioned  ladies  had  *^  a  fingular, 
AexKher  an  high  part  to  zStV*  Thus,  too,  fcarce  one  of  our 
numerous  tribe  of  novel-writers  will  deign  to  ufe  fuch  an 
eftpreffion  as  the  pajfion  of  love,  in  their  invaluable  produc- 
tions :  no,  it  is  eternally  penchant — penchant — penchant^ — till  the 
nlknAtA  ear  of  the  unfrenchificd  reader  fickehs  at  the  found, 
and  is  almoft  ready  to  loath  the  very  idea  itfelf,  on  account  of 
the  uncouth  term  by  which  it  is  exprefTed. 

The  foregoing  remark  will  probably  be  thought  a  very  un- 
Cdhionable  one,  by  the  more  fafbionable  part  of  our  readers. — 
With  all  our  hearts.  As  fuch  let  it  pafs,  with  this  fincere  ac- 
'falowledgment  in  addition  to  it,  that  the  Monthly  Reviewers 
hope  to  be  found  among  the  laft  of  their  countrymen  who 
ihall  manifeft  a  preference  of  either  the  principles,  the  manners, 
Urthe  language  of  France,  to  thofe  of  plain,  downright,  honed 
Old  EtrcLAND. 

■■■'■■•^■— •^^^^— "■^"— ^■— ^■■■"*"^*'^"^— "■^— ■'^■■— ^■— ■— ■^^■'— ■■— '^— •  •■  ■  "■^■—.^■■-••^ 
AltT.  XV,  Leitres  i^une  Anghis^  ecrites  a  une  de  fes  Amies,   j^et- 

tari   of  an  Englifli   Lady,   written   to   one  of  her  Female 

Friends.     8vo.     3s.  6d.   fewed.     Printed  at  Brentford  for 

Robinfon  and  Roberts.     k7^9« 

TH  E  editor  of  thefe  letters,  for  they  are  faiil  not  to  be 
publiflied  by  the   writer,   has   dedicated  them  to  Lord 
Henly ;  becaufe,  among  other  things,  his  birth  and  education 

five  hiin  a  right  to  encourage  '  a  language  which  has  been 
eard  In  every  part  of  the  world,  and  is  become  the  language 
of  meditation.'  We  think,  in*  the  firft  place,  that  the  French 
language  has  fufficient  encouragement  among  us  already  ;  and, 
in  the  next  place,  that,  to  wliatevcr  countries  \t  uu^  Vv?cm^ 
reached,  khas  no  prctenfions  to  be  confidered  z%  l\vc  Yaiu  jni:iLo^t 
i?#K.  Jan.  ijjt.  )^  K^ 


66      Letters  tfan  EngUJIj  LaJy  to  one  of  her  FemaU  Friends. 

of  meditation  in  preference  to  others  :  it  is  ftrongly  marked  with 
the  charaderiRic  of  its  country,  and  may  be  confidered  as  an  el^ 
gant  trifie ;  as  fuch  it  is,  perhaps,  beft  adapted  to  the  tight  fallict 
of  fancy  and  poUteJfey  of  which  the  converlation  in  what  they  clU 
the  Beau  Monde  generally  confifts  ;  but  it  is  by  no  means  adapt* 
.ed  to  thought,  nor  indeed  to  converfntion,  when  it  peaecratci 
the  furfacc  of  life,  and  explores  the  depths  of  philofophy. 

Of  language  in  general,  at  lead  of  compolition,  this  WriMr 
feen-s  to  know  but  little:  he  fays,  that  I  riliimu  and  lofty  idni 
are  like  flowers,  and  that  the  lead  reHc^ion  does  to  one  wbit 
the  burning  heat  of  the  fun  does  to  the  other.  Would  tUl 
.Author  then  reduce  all  l.;nguagc  to  that  <  f  a  Gazcue  f  VVotiM 
he  infinuate  that  rhetoric  »nd  poetry  conum  notKing  loftj) 
xiothii  g  brilliant,  uhich  will  not  fade  upon  rcfledion,  like  t 
fiowcr  in  the  iun  ? 

As  to  this  performance,  he  fays,  **  fe  n  at  fas  la  foite  vamti 
dr  penfcr  que  a  que  je  donne  au  public  a  touUs  Us  graces  it  k 
wiuvcauicJ*^  *  1  have  not  the  filly  vanity  to  pretend  that  whtf 
1  oii'cr  to  the  publick  has  all  the  graces  of  novelty  ;'  and  in  the 
very  next  icntcnce  he  fays  it  has  no  novelty  at  all.  **  Ji  M 
dii  riiii  de  muf^''  'I  fav  nothing  new.'  He  adds,  that  hil 
'  folc  view  W..S  to  write  a  flylc  that  wns  eaf^  and  pure  :*  if  thu 
ij  the  cafe,  hib  book  may  be  ufcful  to  thole  who  wifli  to  lean 
tiic  French  language,  but  is  a  nicie  funerfluity  wilh  relped  t» 
every  thijig  clfe. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  afked,  by  what  light  thi«?  Editor  iMi^cf 
writing  ?  And  it  is  fit  the  reader  fiiould  le  told,  that  (hough 
the  fubibnce  of  thcfe  letters  belongs  to  a  1  dy,  yet  the  form 
is  his  own.  He  has  new-written  them,  becaufe  he  feys  the 
Ailc  t>f  a  woman  is  t<  ndcr  and  feeble.  It  is  indeed  fomewhat 
(lifFiCult  to  detciminc  how  much  of  what  he  fays  about  tht 
letters  is  true  j  for  in  the  advertifcmer.t  or  preface,  which  if 
numlfeiily  wriiitn  in  the  perfon  of  a  n:an,  he  accufes  himfcM 
.of  having  betrayed  an  honourary  truft,  which  the  French  po- 
litely call  being  indifcrcct^  in  publifliing  letters  which  one  ol 
his  female  friends  wrote  to  him  while  fl)e  was  at  Paris  ;  and  the 
firl^  letter  begins  with,  *  I  prom i fed  you,  ir.y  dear  Harriette^ 
This  certainly  is  repugnant  even  to  hib  own  ideas  of  redtitudei 
for  ih'^'Ugh  he  fays,  that  thf  tnw  religion  cf  people  cf  rank  is  gouU 
I' Ceding 'y  yet  he  adds,  that  good -breeding  fhould  be  founded 
upon  good  morals. 

He  thinks  it  very  flrange  that  Engliflimen  (hould  ever  be  tired 

of  Paris,'  and  fuppofcs  it  can  arifc  oi.ly  from  their  ailbciating 

with  each  other.     To  bring  them  better  acquainted  with  tht 

characleis  of  the  French,  he  has  delineated  feveial«  but  they 

f'/o  not  appear  to  be  fuch  as  arc  Vvkc\^  iv>  \»vlX.  %u  En^lUhman 

in  good-humour  with  French  company. 


Ltttirs  if  an  Ehglljb  Lady  to  cm  ofbir  Fewah  Friends.      Cy 

1  The  lady  who  is  fuppofed  to  furnlfh  materials  for  thefe  letters, 
becoQCS  acquainted  with  a  widow  of  good  birth  but  fmall  for- 
tune,  who  is  foliciting  a  military  appointment  for  her  Ton. 
Tbe  widow  was  one  day  at  dinner  with  our  corrcfponJent,  and 
ii.  the  afternoon  begged  to  introduce  her  fon.  Wiih  the  fon 
came  in  one  of  his  comrades,  a  moufquetaire  ;  the  moufquctairts 
ire  all  young  fellows  of  faihion,  and  rcprefented  as  being  all 
Marly  of.tbe  fame  chara£ier  :  this  gentleman  having  introduced 
lad  prefented  himfelf  to  the  lady  of  the  houfe,  an  utter 
ftrangefy  declined  the  feat  that  was  brought  for  him,  and  plant- 
ing himfelf  before  the  chimney^  immediately  engroiTed  the  con- 
verlation ;  ;md  with  now  a  cringe,  now  a  ftrut,  and  now  a 
ihnig  of  the  (houlders,  faid  a  world  of  civil  things  to  all  the 
company  J  he  then  turned  about  to  the  glafs,  admired  his  fweec 
countenance,  reftored  a  ftray  hair  to  its  curl  with  a  gentle 
touch,  adjuftcd  the  bofom  of  his  (hirt,  and  then  turned  again 
^0  the  company.  Our  traveller  was  (hocked  at  thefe  foppifii 
inpertinences  ;  but  her  hutband  whifpered  her  that  they  were 
(lie  faihion»  and  that  every  body  accommodated  themfelves  to 
tbem«  The  hero  then  afked  her  a  thou(and  pardons  for  having 
introduced  himfelf  without  being  announced  \  faid  that  he  knew 
very  well  the  refpe£l  that  was  due  to. ladies,  and  that  if  this 
piece  of  rudenefs  and  prefumption  fliould  be  talked  of  in  the 
world  it  would  ruin  him ;  he  added,  however,  by  way  of  ex- 
cufe,  that  he  thought  only  of  waiting  upon  his  friend  to  his 
Dotbcfy  and  had  not  the  leaft  reafon  to  expe£l  that  he  fliould 
bye  the  honour  of  making  himfelf  known  to  the  moft  amiable 
lod  beautiful  firanger  in  the  world.  He  would  have  run  on  in 
the  fame  ftrain,  if  the  lady  had  not  cut  him  fbort.  Sir,  faid 
Die,  it  is  impoffible  that  I  (hould  not  think  every  body  welcome 
who  comes  as  an  acquaintance  of  a  lady  whom  I  efteem  fo 
amch  as  the  mother  of  your  friend.  You  are  too  good.  Ma- 
duo,  faid  he,  with  an  air  of  felf-fatisfa^ion  which  it  is  impof- 
fible to  defcribe,  I  always  thoyght  till  this  moment  that  I  was 
km  under  an  unhappy  planet ;  but,  faid  he,  pinching  up  firfl: 
one  ruffle  and  then  the  other,  to  difplay  a  diamond  ring  which 
he  wore  upon  each  of  his  little  fingers,  fmce  you  have  the 
goodnefs.  Madam,  not  to  chaftife  me  for  my  temerity,  I  ihall 
think  myfelf  born  to  better  fortune.  He  then  took  out  a  very 
fine  gold  fnuff-box,  and,  as  if  without  intending  it,  fufFered 
the  company  to  fee  a  portrait  which  was  on  the  infide  of  the 
lid ;  he  gazed  upon  it  for  a  moment,  and  then  again  addrcHing 
the  lovely  ftranger.  Ah  !  Madam,  faid  he,  if  all  the  fex  had 
the  fame  good nefs  of  heart,  the  fame  polite  indulgence  that  you 
have,  they  would  be  too  amiable,  too  charming,  what  r2Lpiu- 
iDas  devot'ron  ibould  I  p^j  them  !    At  thefe  words  ht  affume^ 

F  2  a  i^ctv- 


70  Holdfworth  and  AldridgcV  Natural  Short-Iiand* 

be  commenfuraU  to  the  frequency  of  its  ufe  ;  and  every  chanflcc 
ihould  be  fuch  as  will  join  with  the  greateft  eafe  and  retdineft 
to  any  one  preceding  or  fuccecding,  as  may  be  required/    » 

In   the  proTecution  of  this    jtlan,  they  enquire  how  rnanj 

ftmpU  founds   there  really   are  in  the  Englifli  language;  how 

many  fores  of  Ji  .-^Iv  lines  ox  ftmpU  chara^ers  Q2ji  be  obtained  j 

and  then   ho  a'  thefe  two,   the   fmgle  lines  and  firnple  (bunds, 

may  bt  moft  n?.turaliy  and  conveniently  adapted  to  each  other. 

The  pl/ilcfiphy  of  their  fyftem,  which  is  very  ingenioM, 
though  m^T\y  of  their  readers  may  think  it  too  much  laboured, 
confiLh  chiefly  in  the  examination  of  thefe  particulars ; 

With  reference  to  the  firft  particular,  they  obferve,  •  that 
the  erg;ans  of  fpeech  by  which  all  founds  are  produced,  are, 
ift.  The  lips.  2d,  The  teeth.  3d,  The  tongue.  4tb,  The 
palate  or  throat.  Now  as  it  is  poffible  to  afcertain  the;  niim^ 
ber  of  organs,  and  what  thefe  are,  it  only  reqiainy  to  point 
out  with  equal  certainty  how  many  and  what  changes  thej. 
are  capable  of  undergoing  in  the  z&  of  pronunciation,  fp  ai  ^ 
ihat  each  change  may  produce  a  found  really  diftin£l  from  tbq 
reft.'  And  they  have  furnifhed  a  table,  reprefenting  at  one  view 
the  number  both  of  articulate  and  vocal  founds ;  of  the  fehner 
of  which  there  are  24,  and  of  the  latter  6. 

Their  next  enquiry  leads  them  to  determine  the  nundber  of 
Jimple  charaSIcrs^  which  may  be  made  ufe  of  under  different 
forms  to  rcprefent  thefe  founds.  Thefe  are  contained  in  t. 
ftcond  plate,  and  are  four  in  number,  viz.  a  point — s|  ((rait 
line— a  circle  with  its  feveral  fegments— and  an  ellipfis  in  1(9 
liL'veral  pofitions  and  (ctSlions.  Of  thefe,  they  obfcrve,  the  moft 
fimplc  and  convenient  are  chofen  for  the  alphabet,  o^  ^athec 
to  txprefs  thofe  fimple  founds,  which  are  the  elementary  prin- 
ciples of  all  languages.  They  then  apply  thefe  charaaers  in  . 
th;:  mantier  which  appears  to  them  the  moft  convenient  and  na- 
tural to  the  founds  they  are  intended  to  reprcfent.  And  for  this 
pur,  ofc  they  exhibit,  in  a  third  platc.^  the  pofitions  of  the  organa 
of  fpccch  and  the  paflage  of  the  breath  in  the  feveral  afis  of 
pronunci.iiion. 

It  would  be  too  tedious  to  purfuc  their  method  of  detcrmi- 
nin.-;  thefe  particulars  at  large.  We  fhall  content  ourfelv«^ 
wiih  obferving,  that  they  ufe  fuch  marks  for  certain  founds^ 
as  moft  natur^iliy  reprefcnt  the  pofition  of  the  feveral  organ) 
employed  in  utteiing  ihcm.  e.  g,  *  The  dentals  are  fuch  mute 
aiticLl.:tions  us  are  made  at  and  againft  the  teeth.  Thefe  have 
been  generally,  though  not  fo  properly,  called  Unguals,  becaufe 
their  formation,  as  does  that  of  moft  others,  depends  partly 
vpoi)  fhe  pofition  and  motion  of  the  tongue.  The  ipute  4cn* 
t^/s  arc  chefc  four,  T,  T  H,  D,  D  H. 


HoMfworth  and  AWridgc'/  Natural  Short- Hand.  7 1 

*  T:  hard  dental,  ts  pronounced  by  raifing  the  fore  part  of 
tliecoo|ij«,  and  pUcing  it  hard  againit  the  root  of  the  upper 
nfft,  fo  as  to  ftop  the  breath  in  its  attempt  to  pafs  out.  By 
1&0  means  the  upper  part  of  the  tongue  fotrns  a  line  leaning 
faward,  defcendi.ig  trom  right  10  left,  which  is  its  proper 
(brader/     And  (o  of  the  relh 

T\ica  next  object  is  to  (hew,  that  the  charaders,  as  ab^^ve 
applied,  arc  convenient  for  ufe,  in  due  proportion  to  the  fre- 
quency of  their  occurrence  in  the  Englifli  language.  For  this 
purpofe  they  afcertain  the  comparative  frequency  of  every  letter 
ia  common  writing  by  means  of  a  letter-founder's  bill,  and 
iumifli  a  table  contjining  the  feveral  proportions  ;  from  the  iii- 
fpicfiioa  of  which  it  appears,  that  thofe  recur  mofi:  frequen'Iy 
which  are  the  moit  eaiily  written,  and  the  more  complex  ttie 
iDore  rarely. 

This  alphabet  thus  determined,  is  particularly  commended 
fcriis  beauty  as  well  as  for  its  convenience.  They  obferve, 
*  that  in  each  clafs  a  beautiful  analogy  is  maintained  among 
the  characters — that  the  afcending  and  defcending  lines,  occur- 
iflgwith  equal  fiequcncy,  muft  preferve  the  writing  lineal — 
that, many  of  the  chara6lers  being  of  a  curvilinear  form,  wiil 
render  it  the  more  beautiful.'  Befuie  all  ths.lb  advantages,  our 
Authors  add,  *  that  iince  the  vowels,  as  well  as  the  confonants, 
are  marked  by  lines,  there  is  no  occafion  for  taking  o(F  the 
pen  \xi  the  writing  of  any  word,  except  for  the  falce  of  fomc 
advantageous  contraction.' 

\  Ufe^  however,  it  is  natural  to  remark,  is  in  this  conneclioa 
hx  fuperior  to  eUgami  and  beauty.  Circles,  ellipfcs  and  the  va- 
rious fegments  of  thefe  curves,  are  of  all  lines  the  moft  unfit 
fer  expedition.  The  direSion  of  the  pen  mufl  be  aUcrcJ  in 
every  part  of  the  fmalleftarc;  and  this  change  of  direction  is 
equally  inconvenient  with  the  adlual  removal  of  the  pc:n  \  to 
which  it  may  be  added,  that  circle^  and  ellipfes,  where  celerity 
%A  writing  is  the  main  objeft,  are  with  great  difficulty  pre- 
fcrved  diftind.  Thefe  are  material  objections  to  the  Ani;>li* 
citv  of  their  plan  ;  for  though  they  have  rejedcd  arbitrary  cha- 
racters, and  introduced  the  ufe  of  thofe  to  which  in  their  opi- 
nion nature  directs,  the  charadlers  they  have  fubllitutcd  in  the 
room  of  thefe,  are  very  far  from  fubferving  the  defireable  pur- 
pofes  of  eafe  and  difpatch.  We  muft  therefore  be  excufed  if 
we  fay,  that  we  can  by  no  means  fubfcribe  the  declaration, 
^  that. enough  has  been  faid  to  ihew  how  natural,  fhort,  Ample, 
rational  and  convenient  the  alphabet  itfelf  is/ 

The  objeiSlions  already  fuggefted,.may  be  urged  with  ftill 
greater  force  againtt  the  expreffions  which  they  have  adopted 
for  the  moft  ufual  compound  fyuads.     The  liniib  of  I'mcS)  ^^^ 

F  4,  \\ic 


y%  Monthly  Catalogue, 

the  J!zi  of  femicirclcs,  arc  very  indeterminate  rcprefentations  of  ^ 
fuch  founds. 

For  their  method  of  contraflion,  rules  of  writing,  and  fpeci- 
mens,  we  mull  refer  to  the  work  itfelf. 

The  appendix  to  this  work  contains  what  the  Authors  tp« 
prehend  to  be  the  mod  natural,  convenient  and  expeditious  cba*. ' 
ra£)er  for  inarticulate  founds,  as  exprcflcd  in  mufic.  The  fevcn 
letters  by  which  the  notes  are  named  in  the  gamut,  are  fignificd  \_ 
by  their  correfpondent  chara<^ers  in  the  (hort-band  alphabet* 
And  dirediions  are  given  for  exprcHing  the  di(lin£lion  of  tbeie 
fcven  notes  in  different  oiSlaves — the  time  of  founding  each  note, 
and  the  other  fymbuJs  which  occur  in  mufic. 

The  curious  will  be  entertained  by  the  perufal  of  this  work, 
and  will  have  reafon  to  commend  the  ingenuity  and  induftry  of 
the  Authors. 

But,  upon  the  whole,  we  cannot  help  remarking^  that  the 
performance  is  more  ingenious  than  ufcful — that  it  is  better  cal- 
culated for  amufement  than  profit — that  though  the  method  of 
flenography  here  propofed  be  more  natural  than  many  others,  it.is 
not  entirely  what  we  could  wifli  in  point  of  eafc  and  expedition. 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For     JANUARY,     1771. 

Miscellaneous. 
Art.  17,  The  Spit  it  of  Liberty:  cr^  Juniin's  Loyal  Addreji, 
Being  a  Key  to  the  Englifii  Cabinet :  or,  an  humble  DiiTertatioa 
upon  the  Rights  and  Liberties  of  the  ancient  britons.  With  a 
political  Talc  upon  the  Charadlcrs  of  an  arbitrary  Miniftry  both 
m  Church  and  Staic,  and  the  Unhapplnefs  that  flows  therefrom  to 
us  and  to  our  Children,  as  to  the  Stren^;th  of  the  Conditution, 
the  Spirit  of  the  Laws,  the  Lives  and  Liberties  of  the  People. 
Humbly  addrefTcd  to  his  Majeily.  By  Junins,  Junior.  To  which 
is  added,  A  Polemical  Tale  ;  or,  The  ChritUan's  Winter  Piece  : 
wherein  the  great  Contention  among  the  Chriftians  is  decided^ 
rcfpcdling  the  Privileges  of  the  Magna  Charta  of  that  ancient  City 
of  5rf/c7//  ;  in  which  the  Spirit,  Liberties,  Laws,  and  Dignities  of 
that  ancient  City  arc  again  revived  aud  fct  forth  in  their  primitive 
Life,  Bw-aiuy,  auJ  Order.  The  Whole  being  an  Enigmatical  Key 
to  the  original  Rife,  Hiftory,  Progrcfs,  Poflcflion,  and  facred 
Treafures  of  thofe  ancient  People  who  were  firft  called  Chridians 
at  Antioch.     8vo.     3  s.  fewed.     Whcble.     1770. 

IF  from  the  perufal  of  this  long  and  fmgnlar  title,  the  Reader 
ihould  fufpcwt  the  Author  to  be  fome  wrangling  Fanatic,  he  will, 
very  pofTibly,  not  be  much  out  in  his  conjedlure.  We  have  feldom 
met  with  a  more  egregious  rhapfody  ;  fuch  an  odd  medley  of  politics 
and  rciidon.  The. Author  fets  out  with  lamenting  oar  lojored. 
rights  of  clcdioiif  and  wariply  cxpauaxc^  oii  *\\\t^2\  t^^itfcxk\jLUQti^ 


MlSCBLLANS0U9»  73. 

oinifterial  violations  of  the  conditutioD,  See.  but  he  foon  quits  this 
mtk9cbi.fy  walky  and  fets  out  for  the  holy  city  of  SaUm ;  where 
bcine  arrived,  down  he  fits,  to  give  us  the  hillory  of  the  people 
ollra,  or,  as  he  will  have  it,  M(/calIcd,  Anabaptijis  :  for  whom  he  is  a 
znlous  ilickler.  He  derives  this  fed  from  John  the  Baptiil ;  he 
contends  that  the  Baptifts  are  the  only  Chriftians ;  and  he  totally 
cmdemns  the  other  denominations  among  profefled  believers^  as 
irofsly  erroneous,  and  utterly  ignorant  of  the  truths  of  the  GofpeL 
He  has  a  great  deal  to  fay  to  moll  of  the  fe£taries,  and  among  others 
of  their  leaders  on  whom  he  bellows  a  fpriritual  drubbing,  are 
Meflrs.  Whitefield  and  Wcfley.  Part  of  what  he  fays  of  thefe  Gen- 
tkmen  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  of  his  manner, 

Theophilus  aiks  Philagathus  (for  this  work  is  written  by  way  of 

dialogue)  what  he  thinks  of  Mr.  Wh d's  zeal  ?  Philagathus 

anfWcrs :  '  That  Mr.  Wh d  has  been  a  man  remarkable  zeaU 

OQs  for  God,  and  I  believe  a  good  man,  yet  I  think  little  of  all  his 
zeal  and  ftir — becaufe  it  is  mixed  with  fo  much  art,  and  with  fo 
mqch  ignvroMce ;  mixt  with  fo  nuich  art^  (which  is  too  natural  to 
him)  to  raife  the  paflions  of  the  people  by  his  rhapfodies,  feeming 
raptures  and  extafies— and  the  poor  people  are  carried  away  with 
hiiD,  as  the'  they  were  drinking  the  wme  of  the  kingdom,-**— 
thinking  it  is  all  heavenly  rapture  in  the  dear  man,  when  there  is 
often  no  more  fire  of  love  m  his  heart  than  there  is  in  a  milljloue^  for 
it  is  what  is  natural  to  him,  and  he  much  improves  it;  for  if  he 
£uls  by  attitudes  of  body  and  feeming  raptures  of  mind— then  he 
tells  his  people  fuch  a  train  of  pretty  ftorits,  what  Paul  calls  dd 
mves  /aiUsp  many  of  them  very  moving  to  the  paflions,  fome  of 
tkem  very  tragical ;  what  is  this  but  a  zealous  art  to  move  upon 
the  paiiions  of  the  people,  while  their  underllanding  in  the  Gofpei  is 
exceeding  dark,  as  is  too  evident  by  converaog  with  them, 

'  And  what  is  it  but  zealous  art,  to  be  conformable  as  a  diflenter 
at  one  end  of  the  town, — and  conformable  as  a  churchman  at  the 
odier;^tho'  by  the  way  let  him  remember  that  as  a  diifenter  he 
rot  his  Tottenham  Court  liberty, — but  if  the  Lord  be  God  let  him 
mow  him,  and  if  Baai  be  God  then  follow  him,  for  it  is  a  Ihame 
for  a  teacher  in  Ifrael  to  half  thus  btt^wetn  tiuo  opimiom, 

*  Tho'  I  believe  that  there  is  fome  good  thing  in  Mr.  Wh— d 
to  the  Lord  God  of  Ifrael,  yet  how  often  has  he  afflidled  my  foul  b/ 
A)  ignorantly  (ban  with  the  expreflion,  for  there  is  nothing  like 
plamncfs  and  honeAy)  I  fay  fo  ignorantly,  for  is  it  not  Ignorance  ia 
the  highell  degree  for  him  to  fay  to  the  people,  *'  Here  I  offer  you 
Chrill,  here  take  him,  take  him  now,  take  him  to-night,  or  clfe 
yoQ  nuy  be  damned  before  the  morning  ?" — 

Of  Mr.  Wefley,  Philagathus  thinks  very  honourably,  as  a  gentle- 
man and  a  fcholar :  *  That  he  is  a  man  of  furprizing  parts,  a  great 
hiftorian,  and  is  as  enterprizing  as  he  is  grtat ;  his  natural  temper 
is  warm,  and  his  eenius  uking  a  turn  for  religion,  he  has  been 
like  the  Pbarifies  of  old,  very  zealous,  being  in  labours  more  abun- 
dant ;  compaifing,  like  them,  both  fca  and  lamd  to  make  profeljtu^ 
and  much  good  I  believe  he  has  done  by  way  of  order  and  (economy 
among  the  people  ;  that  he  has  civilized  many  hundreds,  if  not 
ihoufands  in  the  Idagdom,  and  brought  them  into  a  very  orderly 
%  and 


74  MoNTHtT  Catalogue, 

and  regularly  way  of  living,  in  which  rcfpeft  they  arc  become  bcttti 
fbbjefts,  bettermafters,  better  neighbours,  and  better  fervantt :—ii 
this  refpedb  I  believe  Mr.  WeHey  has  done  a  great  deal  of  good,— 
bat  as  to  Mr.  Wcfley  being  a  Chriflian,  I  dare  not,  Theophilus,  at* 
tempt  to  deceive  him  or  you  in  thinking  fo. 

«  Tbeopb.  O  Sir !  What,  Mr.  Weflcy  not  a  Chriftian  ?  What,  i 
jnanof  fuch  labour  and  fuch  univerfal  love  not  aChrifiian?  0! 
Sir. 

'  Phila.  Bear  Theophilus,  let  not  your  zeal,  like  the  zeil  d 
many,  carry  you  to  an  extreme ;  for  do  you  not  know,  that  tU 
charity  that  is  not  grounded  upon  truth  is  not  charity,  but  a  dda|^ 
(on,  and  therefore  miftake  me  not ;  here  I  do  not  fay  but  that  dinc 
are  many  well  meaning  weak  preachers  under  Mr.  Wefley*s  calc^ 
and  many  weak,  dark  and  ignorant  Chriflians  among  his  (bcieties,-;- 
but  as  to  Mr.  WeAey,  by  all  the  fcrmons  he  has  preached,  and  tf 
all  the  writings  he  has  wrote,  if  we  compare  one  part  with  the  oiit 
faithfully,  I  fee  no  fcripture  ground  to  believe  that  he  is  a  m 
Chriftian,  or  a  trne  lover  of  Chrift,  and  falvation  alone  in  ib 
name. — 1  don't  fay  that  Mr.  Wefley  may  not  be  faved, — God  q^f 
knows  what  turn  of  heart  his  grace  may  give  him  ;  but  this  I  fi 
nay  I  will  affirm  and  maintain  it  from  the  word  of  God  (and  let  h! . 
<kny  it  if  he  dares)  that  if  the  Scriptures  be  trae,  it  is  impoflbil 
for  him  to  be  faved  in  the  flate  he  is  in,  or  upon  all  he  has  ddif^ 
or  upon  the  faith  he  has  confefTed  to  the  world. 

*  TbtQfh,  O  Sir !  what !  a  man  that  has  done  To  much  good,  td 
lb  many  great  things  in  Christ's  name,  not  faved  ? 

•  Fbila.  Dear  Theophilus,  bis  doin;:  many  great  things  H 
Christ's  name,  is  no  real  evidence  at  all  of  his  being  in  a  laid 
tote ;  Lord!  Lor  ill  ha*ue  lue  net  prophefted  in  thy  name^  and  iVl|! 
9ame  done  many  ivcndrous  ivorks,  and  yet  net  In  a  fafe  ft  ate  f  WcH 
not  the  Pharijies  of  old  as  religious  as  Mr.  Wcfley  ?  Were  they  Ml 
for  fallings  and  praying  as  well  as  him  ?  Were  they  not  ai  honid 
men  as  Mr.  Weflcy  ?  Did  they  not  pay  tithe  of  all  they  pbfKC 
cd  ?  Were  they  not  as  zealous  as  Mr.  Wefley ;  for  did  they  flin 
like  him,  compafs  fea  and  land  to  make  profclytcs  ?  And  what'AlB 
Paul  fay  of  them  with  all  their  zeal,  but  as  flrangers  to  God,  in 
unacquainted  with  the  true  way  of  falvation  ?  Rom.  x.  \.  I  ii 
tbim  record  that  they  ba*ue  xeal  for  Gody  hut  not  according  to  Ino^ulidh 
going  about  to  eftahlijb  a  rigbteoufnefs  of  their  o<iun.  Having  not  fob 
mitted  themfelves  to  the  rightcoafnefs  of  God.  and  therefore  whi 
was  all  their  pbarifaical  religion  but  2, pious  <way  to  bell?  And  wha 
is  Mr.  Wcflcy's  more  than  theirs  of  whom  Chrift  fays,  I  know  jfi 
(notwithilanding  all  their  zeal)  that  ye  ba<ue  not  the  love  of  (h 
in  you* 

The  Author  employs  many  pages  in  fupport  of  what  he  has  thus  i 
roundly  intimated  againft  Mr.  W.  but  we  have  had  enough  of  tU 
fubjed,  and  we  doubt  not  but  our  Readers  are  fatisfied  too. 

This  Junius   the  younger  is  fo  far  from  refembling  Junius  tin 

elder,  in  his  manner  of  writing,  that  he  feldom  is  able  to  exprrf 

himfelf  in  common  grammatical  Englifli ;  but  he  fays  a  number  O! 

ihrewd  things,  and  femetimes  Vie  is  TcaWy  divctdiie^  efpecially  when 

ie  Icems  to  oe  noil  ferious,  a&d  amt  %t  b^rv^  ^i»Atk^«  - 


M  t  «  C  K  t  I.  A  H  E  O  V  •. 


7S 


Art.  l8*  vf  Jtvrnn  inta  Siherifiy  madi  hy  Order  $f  the  King  »f 
Prrnnet:  By  the  Abbtf  Chappe  D'Aotcrochc,  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences  at  Piin>»  ?i:c.  Containing  an  Account  of  the 
Manner*  and  Cuftc^rns  of  the  Ruffians,  ^c*  llluih-atcd  witk 
jCuts.      Traiiflatcd  from  the  Frejich.      410.     1 1,  is,     Jefferyu 

770. 
Our  readers  will  find  a  very  full  account  and  character  given  of 
ifee  original  of  this  work,  on  conftilting  the  4Clh  and  41  It  vo- 
lumei  of  our  Review  •*  Little  more  therefore  remains  to  be  faid 
concerning  the  prefcnt  publication>  than  to' give  a  /hort  view  of  the 
defigD  and  execution  of  the  anonymous  translator.  The  original 
work  was  publifhed  in  two  large  volumes  in  folio ;  the  firft  of  which 
^-as  divided  into  two  parts.  The  fecond  volume,  which  related  folcly 
to  the  hidory  of  Kamtfchaika,  was  formerly  tranflated  into  oar  Ian* 
^age  by   t>r.  Grieve  f .     The  prcfent  article  is  a  tranflation  of  the 

Kof  thcfc  volumes,  with  fome  alterations  in  the  arrangement  of 
dilFtrent  parts  of  the  work,  and  Tome  omifllons.  The  tran(lator» 
Mtkular,  has  very  judiciouHy  omitted  the  numeroui  proce/!cs 
iMculations  of  the  Author,  relative  to  his  laborious  enterprize 
aklng  «n  cxaft  level  of  the  furface  of  the  earth,  throughout  the 
courfe  of  his  extenfivc  rout ;  of  the  drynefs  of  which  we  were  very 
ic&ftbie  during  our  pcrufal  of  the  original :  but  he  has  given  the 
conclufions  deduced  from  them.  He  has  left  out  likewife,  perhaps 
mi\\  equal  propriety,  the  particular  agronomical  obfervations  con- 
uincd  in  the  original  work :  but  we  do  not  fo  cordially  approve  of 
his  omiilion  of  the  Abbe's  tUiiroUgual  obfervations ;  as  they  relate 
to  a  matter  pretty  generally  in terelLing,  and  would  not  much  h;iv€ 
increafcd  the  bulk  of  the  volume.  There  are  Iikewife  a  few  other 
tmiffions  of  lefs  importance. 
With  regard  to  the  tranflation,  it  appears  to  u#,  as  far  as  we  art 

Kabted  to  judge  from  the  fole  perufal  of  it,  (the  original  being  now  out 
our  hands)  to  be  tolerably  juft  to  the  fenfc  of  the  Author.     It  if  in 
ncr.J,  however,  too  fcrvile,  and  the  phrafcology,  cpnfcqucntly,  in 
inany  places,  inelegant,  at  IcaA,  if  not  aukward.     Neverthelefs»  this 
poblication  may  be  confidercd,  upon  the  whole,  as  an  ufeful  and  cheap 
abridgment  of  an  cxpenlivc  work.     We  flbould  add,  that  of  the  nu- 
r,"     '  —nps  and  plates  which  enhance  the  price  of  the  original^ 
-  latter  arc  here  given,  reprefenting  the  figures  and  habits 
c  iv  u  tiians,  Tartars,  Wotiacs,  and  Samoycdes,  accompanied  with 
general  map  of  the  RiifTian  empire^ 

rt.  19.  The  Academy  Kuper  \  or,  Variety  of  ufeful  Dircflions 
concerning  the  Management  of  an  AcademVf  the  Terms,  Diet, 
Ixjdging^  Recreation,  Difcipline,  and  Inllru«5lion  of  Young  Gen- 
tlemen* With  the  proper  Methods  of  addrclling  Parents  and 
Guardians,  of  all  Ranks  and  Conditions.  Alfo,  neceiFary  Ruloi 
for  the  proper  Choice  and  Treatment  of  Academy  Wives,  Ufhers, 
and  other  menial  Servants :  with  the  Reafons  of  making  tHem 
public.     Svo.     I  s.     Peat,     1770. 

•  See  Appendix  to  vol.  xl.   page  5K5  ^   and  vol,  xli.   December 
^69,  page  431. 
f  Sec  vol.  XXX.  page  iBa. 


J^  MOKTHLY    CaTALOCUC, 

ThU  is  an  humorous  fatire  on  the  Httlc  arts,  the  low  policy,  ind 

rarioQS  indances  of  mirmanagement,  pratlifed  in  the  lower  orders* 

001  of  academies  but  of  ifoardiNg-jcbools*     It  may  rajik  next  to,  though 

not  quite  on  an  equal  footing  with,  Swift's  admirable  Dixedioos 

to  fcivants* 

,  Art-  %o.  The  7ut&r*s  Guidi:  Being  a  complete  Syftcm  of  Arith* 

ineticy  with  various  Branches  in  the  Mathematics.     By  Charles 

Vyfc,  Teacher  of  the  Mathematics,  and  Mafter  of  the  Academy 

in  Portland-Street,     iinio,     3  s.     Robin  Ton  and  Roberts.     1770, 

Arithmetic,  and  the  inferior  branches  of  the  mathematics,  which 

lire  the  proper  fubjedts  of  a  fchool-bootc,  have  of  late  years  been  (b 

[tboroughly  iludied,  and  are  in  general  fo  well  uuderilood,  that  we 

[can  cjtpefl  little  novelty  and  variety  in  publications  of  this  kind  i- — 

[it  is  a  plain  and  beaten  tra£t,  in  which  ncne  can  err>  who  have  any 

[ihare  of  genius  and  application.— This  however  is  no  rcafon,  why 

tthofe  who  have  the  care  of  youth,  and   to  whom  reputation  is  an 

[advantage,  ihould  not  recommend  to  the  approbation  of  tlie  public 

[tiiat  plan  of  education,  which  they  have  adopted  and  purfaed* — 

The  beft  method  of  conveying  inlVtiction  is  derived  from  cxp«* 

I  ficnce  ;  and  though  the  Author  of  thv  Tutari  Guide  does  not  pretend 

I  to  booA  of  new  difcoveries,  it  mull  be  allowed,  that  he  has.ieleded 

a  great  variety  of  necc/Tary  and  ufeful  rules  for  obtainiug  a  thorough 

I  knowledge  in  thofc  fciences,  which  depend  upon  arithmetic  ;  and 

.  liis  book  %vl1I  be  found   particularly  ufeful  in   this  reipeO»  that  i( 

eonta^ins  a  very  confiderable  number  of  queflions  to  exemplify  the 

;  rule*  he  ha?,  laid  down,  and  to  excrcifc  the  attention  of  the  learner.— 

^  ^laay  of  them,  it  may  be  thought,  furp.i fs  the  capacity  of  young 

[  JdiQlars ;   hut  thi*  circumftancc  is  no  jul?  objcdion  againil  ihc  book 

iifelf :    it  rather  recommends  the  woik  to  an  aficr-rcvicw,  when  the 

Hiiderftanding  is  enlarged  and  ripened. —  I  he  plan  and  exeLution  of 

'  Mr.  Vyfc's  performance  do  honour  to  his  judgaient  and  application, 

^  mnd  entitle  it  to  the  general  notice  of  thofe  who  are  entiulled  with 

the  education  of  youih« 

The  Author  will,  wc  hope,  Hmh  •,  and  not  hmrn  hi^  fcholarsi  tbit 
a  fraOton  i»  not  always  Icis  than  an  unit  f. 

Arc.   21.   Stlinii  LtiUn^    cxpofing   the   Mal-pra^iccs  of  the 
Office  of  Ordncnce ;  with  the  Particulars  of  the  Enquiry  of  the 
Boa  an  of  Ordnance,  and  their  Determination  on  the  Charge  ex-^ 
hibiccd  again0  l^homas  Hartwell.     With  a  Preface  and  Conclo* 
l^on.     8vo.     2  s.  6  d.  fewed.     Miller,     i77i» 
Thefe  leitcri  were  firft  publifhed  in  the  London  Evening  Pa0, 
They  contain  an  heavy  accufation  againll  the  Gentlemen  of  the  Qid- 
moce,  particularly  bir  Charles  Frederic  and  Mr.  Hart  well ;  whom 
the  Author  charges  with  great  embe/zlcment  of  his  Majcily's  ilores. 
Sclim  has  ihewn  a  warm  zeal  in  the  profccution   of  this  ill  looking 
atfair ;  and  if  it  proceeds  merely  from  an  honclt  regard  for  the  pub- 
lic, it  is  certainly  very  laudable.     But  we  mull  obfcrve,  that  the 
extreme  virulence  of  his  language,  and  the  monlhous  torrent  of  per- 
(Vinal  abufe  which  he  ha§  poured  upon  the  above-named  Gentlemen, 
will  be  apt  to  raife  a  fafpicion  in  the  mind  of  a  candid  Reader,  with 


Page  2,  of  preface. 


f  Page  2.  compartd  witli  page  |6S(, 


Miscellaneous. 

rtffc^  to  our  Author's  motives,  and  the  principles  oa  ivhtch  he  has 
proceeded:  aitd»  indeed,  he  fotnc where  Jets  tall  ftn  expreition,  in* 
ttiBitiJig  that  hit  fi^thtr  bad^  on  fomc  occafion,  bcea  haraytd  by  Sir 
Ourles.  lfi  therefore,  it  Ihould  have  appeared  to  the  Bt&rd  before 
•licli  ScIiiD  had,  very  lately,  brought  the  caufe  to  an  hearing,  with 
li^ltft  to  Mr.  Hartley  •,  that  there  was  any  degree  of  perfinal  or 
nily  pique  in  the  cafe?,  it  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  if  they 
4id  regard  this  protecution  as  in  fome  meafure  malicious  ;  and  ac* 
cording! y  difmifled  the  culprit  with  only  a  moderate  rtfrehenfioit. 
Be  thit*  however,  a*  it  may,  Sclim,  afTures  the  public  that  he  will 
aoc  fuffcr  matters  to  red  here ;  but  that  he  is  determined  to  carry  his 
complaiiic  into  the  honfc  of  Commons  :  to  which,  we  muft  foppofc, 
tht  Grcntkmen  accufed  can,  if  they  know  themfelvcs  to  be  innocent, 
ht?e  no  objection*  Their  charaders  are  publicly  impeached  ;  and 
they  will  no  doubt,  be  glad  to  have  them  publicly  cleared.  Jf,  how- 
ever, they  arc  found  guilty,  it  wiU  probably  fct  on  foot  an  enquiry, 
cbe  confequences  of  wkich  may  be  highly  advantageous  to  the  nation^ 
which*  we  are  afraid  (from  many  anecdotes  that  we  hare  beard^ 
huh  loof^  too  long,  been  (hamefully  plundered  by  her  fcrvants,  in 
moft,  if  not  all,  the  public  oihces, — to  the  amount,  it  is  to  be 
fetredy  of  many  thoufand  pounds  a-ycari  And  ihould  thefe  abufe* 
be,  IB  any  confidcr^blemearurc,  remedied,  in  confetjucnce  of  Sciim's 
i^vtfyp  iptrit,  and  pcrfevcrance,  his  country  will  certainly  be 
aiodi  obliged  to  him,  whatever  may  haix  been  his  principal  mori\'e 
In  IMrfuing  the  inquiry,  or  however  indifcreetly  and  intcmperatcly 
he  Buy  have  conducted  himfelf  in  the  courie  of  it. 
Aft*  22.  PrHiidingi  of  a  General  Court'- Martial^  held  at  Pen- 
k/cxAm  in  Weft  Florida,  March  16,— April  20,  1768.  8va* 
3*.  6d.     Johjifton.    1770, 

The  accufaiions  brought  againft  Major  Farmer,  though  fome  of 
dtfoi  of  the  mo  ft  atrocious  nature,  do  not  feem  to  have  had  any  rtnl 
fiHiodation,  and  arc  fupportcd  by  no  evidence.  His  profecutors  ap- 
pear lo  have  afied  againd  him  from  pcrfonal  refentment,  and  formed 
iht  wicked  dcfign  of  depriving  hiro  of  his  reputation,  his  fortune, 
aad  Kis  Hit.  In  this  they  were  defeated  by  the  court-martial  before 
Wluch  he  wa5  tried,  and  by  his  Majdhr's  jufticc  in  confirming  the 
fetitcflcc  of  that  court.  But  though  he  has  recovered  his  honour  and 
his  liberty,  we  are  forr\'  to  obfervc,  that  his  accufcrs  have  been  the 
ioftrumcnts  of  depriving  hitn  of  his  rank,  and  his  military  cha- 
ni^cr. 

Aft.  a 3.  A  Trtatifi  en  (he  Natfy  Oiciving  its  Generation, 
Means  of  its  Prcfcrvation,  Caufes  of  its  Dcc;iy,  how  to  recmrr  it 
when  loil»  what  occafioas  its  different  Colours ;  with  the  probible 
Means  to  aher  it  from  one  Colour  to  another ;  its  molt  propel 
Manngemcnt  in  dillcient  Climates,  and  in  all  the  Stages  and 
Circumilanccs  of  life.  Alfo  a  Defcription  of  the  moft  fafhion- 
able  methods  of  drcfling  Ladies  and  Gentlemen's  H^ir  both  na- 
tural and  artificial.    Addrefled  to  the  Ladies  of  Great  Britain.     By 

•  The  Autlior  fpcaks  of  Mr.  Hartley  as  the  friend  of  Sir  Charles  ; 
aad  pofitively  conncds^  ihcfc  Gentlemen  together  as  comp^imoivs  \ti 
gaxli* 


^ 


>« 


Monthly  CATALooirr, 


David  Ritcliie,  Hairdreifer,  Perfumer,  &c.  8i-o,  2  u  &A,  S6\^ 
ppt  the  Author*s  Shop  in  Ruperi-llreety  and  by  WiJkic  in  St.  Paul* 
"^;hiircb-yard.     I7  70« 

^This  hair-dodor,   in  imuation  nf  many  of  his  brethren  of  thj 
Ciculcy,  ha*  written  a  truiinre  10  rccomincnd  his  own  noilrums,  ^ 

Art.  24.  Thi  y<fu(h*i  Geographical  Grantftiar  ;  containing  gcfv, 
graphical  Definitions,  Problems  on  the  Tcrrcllrial  GIol;^,''  il]| 
Situation*,  Dimcnfions^  Boundaries,  Divifiona,  Capes,  Rivers^ 
Harbours,  Mountain*,  fHands,  Climate?,  Piododioni,  and  Manui 
fadlures,  of  all  the  Countries  in  the  known  World ;  with  an  A<S 
count  of  the  RcUgipn  profeflcd,  and  form  of  Government  eft: 
blillicd  in  each  of  them.  To  which  is  added,  L  An  alphabetic 
Index  of  Kingdom !^»  States,  and  the  moil  coniidcrable  lilajads  f 
mentioning  the  Situation^  Religion,  Government  and  chief  Towtf 
of  each.  II,  An  alphabetical  Index  of  Cities,  Town5,  3cc.  with 
an  Account  of  the  Provinces  Kingdoms,  and  Quarters  of  th# 
World  in  which  they  are.  By  Stephen  Addingttm.  Small  SvQi 
48J  bound*  Buckland.  1^70. 
A  judicious  compendium,  drawn  up  by  the  Author  ht  the  in'^ 
ftruition  of  his  own  pupiJs,  and  may  be  ufcful  in  fchools. 
Art.  %^*  A  LiiUr  to  the  Mtmbcrs  of  the  Providtnt  and  »th«t^ 
Socictits,  eltablifhed  wiih  a  View  to  fecure  a  Proviiion  in  Old 
Age,— on  the  Impropnay  and  Inju^ciency  of  ih^ir  prcicnt  Plani* 
Mvo«     ♦  1.     Brothcrton,  &c. 

The  obfervattons  contained  in  this  Ictttr,  appear  to  defcrvc  iKt 
mod  fcrious  attention  of  the  (evcral  focicties  alluded  to  in  the  title: 
The  Author  not  only  (hews  the  defciSl*  of  tJic  fevcral  plans  om  whkli' 
theie  fucieties  are  formed*  but  endeavours  to  point  out  proper  reme- 
dies, by  calculations  and  tables ;  from  the  accuracy  of  which  th« 
merit  of  his  letter  will*  chicHy,  be  determined* 
Aft  26.  Anale^s  in  Vtrft  and  Prsfe^  chiefly  dramatlcaU  fntiricali 
and  pa/hral  •.  1 2 mo.  2  Vols,  5  s.  fcwed.  Shatwell, 
••  The  harmlefs  cJTorts  of  a  harmlcfs  mufc  1** 

Religious  and  Co  ntroversial. 

Art-  27.  Sirmans  on  Regcneratim  :  IVhtrein  th  Naturgy  Ntajplj^ 

and  E%**dtJ9tfs   nf  it  are  eomfidxttd^  and  pra^Ually  impr&vid.     Bjf 

lofeph  Baiber.     i:mo.     as.  bound.     Buckland.     1770. 

Thcfe  difcourfes  are  written  in  the  ftrain  of  what  is  now  conii 

4ered  as  dd  di*uinity^  and  to  thofc  who  are  partial  to  that  fdieme 

they  will  no  doubt  be  acceptable.     Truth  h^  and  muft  be,  always 

the  fame;  but  there  are  fubje^s  on  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine 

where  it  liei,  though  fome  perfons  are  very  p'ofitive  that  they  have 

difcovered  it«     There  is  great  diiierence  in   men^s   reafonings  and 

•pprehenfions ;  and  the  modes  of  thinking  as  well  as  of  cxpreffioo, 

upon  all  topics^  vary  in  a  courfc  of  years,  while  at  the  fame  time 

wi(t  and  good  men  do  not,  when  they  come  to  be  rightly  undcrftood, 

(o  greatly  dill'ent  from  caah  other,  upon  important  points^  as  is  often ' 

imagined.     But  in  regard  to  fabjcds  which  admit  of  debate,  a^  to 

•  There  is  no  mention  of  the  Author'*  name  in  the  title*  but  wa 
find  tkc  dedication  fabfuibcd  Ge9r^e  $a%nU  Garey, 


Religious  tmd  Covtrotirsial.  79 

Ae  meaning  of  words  and  phrtfes^  and  points  of  do^rine,  on  which 
ibe  moil  confiderable  perfons  have  had  different  ideas,  it  becomct 
erery  one  to  deliver  his  thoughts  with  fome  diffidence  and  cautiont 
]»wever  fupported  by  an/  eftablifhed  fyilem»  or  generally  received 
«pinion. 

In  relation  to  the  fcrxnons  before  us,  fo  far  as  they  are  any  way 
dlculated  to  ferve  the  caufe  of  truth,  or  folid  piety  and  virtue,  we 
an  wifh  them  fuccefs :  but  fhould  they  in  any  meafure  tend  to 
promote  enthufiafm  and  felf-conceit*  ilri^  and  uncharitabienefs,  W9 
anft  take  the  oppofite  fide.  Some  parts  of  them  are  ferious  and 
^radical,  others  fpeculative  and  difputable^  and  therefore  not  greatly 
ttndine  to  edification.  PoUibly  if  the  Author  was  carefully  to  en- 
qaire  into  the  true  and  original  meaning  of  fome  words,  phrafes,  or 
texts,  or  to  confider  them  in  their  connedion,  he  might  fee  reafon 
fometimes  to  alter  his  fentiments  upon  them,  or  acknowledge  at 
leaft  the  fen fe  to  be  doubtful. 

Art.  a8.  A  Treatife  on  the  Faith  and  Hopi  of  the  Gofpd.     In  twro 
Parts.     lamo.     2  s.     Nicoll.     1770. 

This  treatife  is  of  the  fame  (lamp  with  the  book  jufl  mentioned. 
We  have  been  at  (broe  lofs  to  determine  whether  the  Writer  is  an 
Htttchinfonian,  or  Sandemanian,  Methodifl,  or  Moravian.  But  wt 
ihink  (as  we  do  of  the  former)  that  he  has  really  a  good  end  in  view. 
He  complains  that  the  faith  and  hope  of  the  Gofpel  have  been  con- 
founded together  by  many  writers,  as  if  they  were  but  one  thing—- 
that  fome  have  reprefented  faith  as  if  it  were  a  perfon  with  eyM 
and  hands — that  others  have  reprefented  the  faith  of  the  Gofpel  as 
confiding  of  feveral  different  ads  of  faith — which  has  occaiioned 
great  difputes  and  confufion ;  all  owing,  as  he  apprehends,  to  not 
anderllanding  the  meaning  of  the  word  faith  in  its  different  accept- 
ations in  .the  Scriptures.  Our  Author  is  defirous  of  removing  this 
confufion,  and  fetting  the  truth  before  us  with  perfpicuity  :  but  not- 
withllanding  his  go^  intentions,  and  though  he  often  repeats  the 
faaie  thing,  that  he  may,  we  fuppofe,  the  better  drii/e  it  into  «/, 
yet  he  writes  fo  much  aiout  it^  and  ahout  it,  that  the  Reader  may 
fometimes  be  long  in  difcovering  his  meaning,  and  when  he  does  ol>- 
taia  it,  be  doubtful,  after  a|l,  whether  it  is  the  truth. 

*  Faith,  we  are  told,  is  aperfualion  or  affent  of  the  mind,  arifing 
ffom  teftimony  or  evidence.  What  we  believe  is  the  perfuafion  of 
oar  mind;  and  that  which  perfuades  or  convinces  our  minds,  is 
c^ence  of  fome  kind.  To  believe  a  thing  means  to  affent  and 
give  credit  to  it  as  true. — The  faith,  belief  or  believing  of  the 
CSofeel  is  a  perfuafion  of  mind  that  the  Gofpel  is  true  ;  yea  the  very 
troth  of  God.  It  is  the  believing  of  God's  faithful  teflimooy  con- 
cerning his  fon  Jefus  Chrift,  and  upon  God's  authority,  and  at  God't 
command  believing  in  jefus  Chrift  and  his  righteoufnefs.  The  af- 
foranceoffaith  is  a  firm,  full,  affured  perfuafion  and  convidion  of 
mind  of  the  truth  of  the  Gofpel. — ^It  is  being  fully  fatisfied  in  the 
ffliod  of  the  truth  of  the  Gofpel.  To  believe  the  Gofpel  is  to  be 
perfuaded  or  convinced  that  the  Gofpel  is  true.* 

Who  can  ever  forget  or  be  doubtful  concerning  the  meaning  of  a 
word,  thus  peremptorily  and  powerfully  inculcated  upon  u%  \  1&>x\ 
after  all  his  //swe  accQuot^of  fMuh,  which  is  greatly  enlargitd  ti^i^^ 


8o  Monthly  Catalogue, 

when  wc  come  to  be  tcid  how  it  is  to  be  attained,  we  find  thaf  lO 
inftrtiflions,  and  no  endeavours  of  men  can  poflibly  effeft  it:  '  Qac 
man  may  teach  another  Latin,  Greek,  or  Hebrew,  arts  and  fcienocib 
trade  or  bufinefs :  one  man  may  reach  another  to  make  a  profefficA 
of  faith,  as  children  are  taught  to  fav  a  catechifm  :  but  no  minM 
all  the  world  vrrn  teach  another  to  know  the  Lord,  the  joft  Go^ 
and  the  Saviour.'  This  faith,  according  to  the  Writer,  is  prodaol 
inllantaneoufly,  '  it  coines  not  with  obfervation,  but  in  a  way,  imI 
manner,  and  at  a  time,  unexpe^ed,  according  to  the  purpofe  ofthr 
moil  High.*  If  this  faith  is  thus  eiTcntial,  and  if  it  be  thus  prde^ 
tcnnincd  concerning  all  pcrfons  whether  they  (hall  iiave  it  or  nfl^ 
one  confcc|uence  feems  to  arife,  'viz,  that  as  there  is  no  neceflStyftr 
our  taking  any  care  or  thought  about  ir,  neither  was  there  any  occf- 
lion  for  this  honeil  man's  taking  fo  much  pains  to  inform  us  of  iD 
nature,  and  declare  its  importance.  In  the  courfe  of  his  enqdlki 
we  meet  with  a  few  criticifms,  or  different  vcrfions  of  the  onptA 
Greek  text,  concerning  one  or  two  of  which  tranflations,  thoo^ 
pretty  pofitively  afTumcd,  it  may  be  juflly  queftioned  whether  th^ 
they  are  at  all  valid. 

Aft.  25.  A  compendious  View  of  the  Grounds  of  the  Teutonic  Ptilh^ 
fiphy :  With  Confiderations  by  Way  of  Enquiry  into  the  Sabjcft 
Matter  and  Scope  of  the  Writings  of  Jacob  Behmen,  commonhf 
called  the  Teutonic  Philofophcr.  Alfo  fcvcral  Extrafls  from  htt 
Writings;  and  fomc  Words  ufcd  by  him -explained.  By  a  Gen- 
tleman retired  from  Bufinefs.     i:mo.     4  s.  bound.     Bathurft,  && 

1770- 

The  Kditorof  this  work  pleads  fo  flrongly,  in  his  preface,  in  be- 
half of  moderation  and  candour  :  he  fays  (o  much,  and  fomt  thitp 
fo  fcnfibly,  concerning  the  imperfection  of  human  knowledge,  tk 
miilakcs  to  which  all  are  liable,  and  the  poflibility  that  others,  whoB 
we  cenfure,  may  have  made  advancements  and  improvements  bei 
yond  ourfelvcs ;  that  (though  even  here  we  obfcrved  an  entbufiiffic 
tin»i;^urc)  we  were  yet  inclined  to  hope  that  wc  fhould  find  fomethinf 
more  intelligible  and  rational  than  is  generally  to  be  expected  fittt 
the  worlcs  of  Jacob  Bchmcn  :  but,  alas  !  when  wc  came  to  look  fi^ 
thcr  into  the  book,  all  was  myfticifm  and  rhapfbdy :  and  we  migkt 
add  folly,  though  wc  feci  (bme  kind  of  reludlance  in  being  fevew 
upon  a  man  who  fo  greatly  intercedes  for  candour,  as  the  Publifhtf 
of  this  work  does  in  the  preface  we  have  mentioned.  But  if  dus 
book  docs  contain  good  fenfe,  reafon,  religion,  or  truth,  we  fflfll 
acknowledge  it  is  far  beyond  our  ability  to  difccver  it ;  for  whociB 
comprehend  fuch  fcntiments  or  expref^lons  as  thcfc :  when  fpeakio{ 
of  what  is  called  eternal  nature^  it  is  faid,  '  God  brings  forth  thejor, 
which  blows  up  the  lovcfire  eflence,  and  together  with  it  conftitntes 
the  Jsxth  form  of  eternal  nature.  The  fire  efloncc  being  placed  be- 
tween two  dangerous  enemies,  the  darknefs  on  the  one  hand,  ana 
the  water  on  the  other : — therefore  that  the  fire  of  his  eternal  furnice 
r.:ight  never  be  in  danger  of  being  extinguiftied,  the  great  Creator 
oJ  all  things  brour^ht  forth  the  air  eflence  to  blow  up  the  fire,  thW 
if  nvght  not  go  out  — The  air  fpirit  docs  not  only  moderate  the 
HT/irJi  fire  J  Inn  h  al/b  blows  up  the  \ove-Vue  c'Xcivtt.  tVwVsNt-to 
IidS2ti>  root  in  the  cicck  water,  from  \\\\civtc  \t  ^i^tvw^S  ^'i<)M.to« 


Seli&ious  «»/  Controversial. 


Si 


harfh  adringent  darknefs. — As  foou  as  this  cIiiM  of  love 

:  wholt  birth  of  eternal  nature  ftandii  in  great  tritiTrtph  of 

irfe  jfjy*  all  its  powers  and  eflences  become  iublUntial^  rr  ^, 

if,   fmcll,  tafle,  and  feel  one  another  in  the  moll  mvijj  i-. 

f>  beyond  words,  and  this  pen**  cxpreflion. — When  this  iovc-firc 

tare  enters  into  the  dark  fire  forms,  and  comes  to  penetrate  the 

rning  fulphur,  poilbnous  mercury,  and  faUnitre  of  the  iirr  fpjrit, 

Id  to  change  them  into  its  own  nature,  there  arifcs  fuch  triumphing 

ft  charming  pleafare,  ravilhing  extafy  and  exaltation,  as  none  caw 

HagtQC  but  thofe  that  have  felt  them  ;  and  tindures  them  with  fuch 

riety  of  beautiful  fparkling  colours,  as  furpaiTcs  all  the  precious 

Eifict  and  gems  of  this  vifible  creation.' 

^How  wonderful !  how  edifying  !  Is  this  fenfc  ?  ft  this  piety  >  If  it 

cither,  we  mufl  own  wc  know  nothing  of  the  matter.     We  fhoold 

xbcr  think  that  fome  parts  of  thcfc  writings  were  a  kind  of  biaf^ 

b«ny*^  thau  any  way  honourable  to  the  Supreme  Being,  or  beneficial 

>  mankind, 

Ut.  30.  J  Jhsrt  Treatifi  on  the  Lcr^s  Sttpfer.     Wherein  the 
chief  Me:inings  which  Men  put  on  its  Inftitution  are  examined  ;  the 
'  Ends  of  it  arc  confidcred  ;  the  Benefits  conveyed  to  us  by  it  are 
demonflratcd ;  the  Obligation  of  coming  to  it  is  proved  and  en- 
forced; the  fcvcral  Pleas  which  arc  offt^rcd  by  Men  in  Excufe  fo^ 
'  not  coming  to  it  are  anfwered  j  the  Preparation  to  be  made  for  ic 
is  recommended  ;  and  the  Behaviour  which  is  proper  at  and  after 
;  otar  Tcccifing  of  it  is  pointed  out.     By  Thomas  Pollen,  A,  M. 
8vo.     1$.  6d,  fcwed.     Rivington,     1770, 
After  (o  diffiifc  an  accoont  of  this  trcatife  in  the  title-page,  it  will 
bt  be  requifite  to  fpend  much  time  in  fetting  forth  its  contents. 
kw  faithfully  and  fully  the  Author  has  executed  his  propofals,  is  a 
iiefHon  which  will  doubtlefs   be  differently  decided   by   d:t!erjnt 
adcrs.     It  is  hardly  poflible  that  a  perfon  who  has  a  common  fliare 
^feofe  and  knowledge  Ihould  write  upon  fabjefls  of  this  kind  with* 
it  faying  fome  pertinent  and  ufcful  things.    We  acknowledge  that 
ere  ;ire  fome,  that  there  arc  fcveral  very  good  and  proper  obferva- 
Dni  in  the  little  book  before  us ;  yet  we  cannot  declare  ourfelves 
cQiy  fatisficd  in  it,  not  merely  becaufe  the  Writer's  vicwi  of  the 
kjcd  do  not   entirely  correfpond  with  our  own    (fince  we  may 
ktlake  as  well  as  he)  but  we  apprehend  he  has  not  thoroughly  can- 
fTcd,  and  is  not  truly  mailer  of  the  topic,  which  he  hai  under* 
to  treat  upon.     The  firll  chapter  encounters  the  abiurd  doc* 
of  tranfubftantiation,  and  plainly  overthrows  it  by  fome  fuch 
enti  as  have  long  been  made  ufc  of  in  this  difpute.     The  fe- 
sniiders  and  confutes  a  notion  that  has  prevailed  among  many 
anif»  •  that  the  body  and  blood  of  Chrift  are  carnally  prefcnt 
5th  the  bread  and  wine,  and  take  up  the  very  fame  room  as  ihey  do» 
lit  arc  not  fecn  as  they  are.'     Though  Protellants  do  rcjed  and  ri» 
eule  the  Popifh  doctrine  of  tranfubtlantianon,  there  is  ycticafon  to 
nk  that  among  the  common  people,  and  among  others  who  have 
Iter  advantages  in  oar  church  and   land,  there  arc  fome  fuperfn* 
9as  aod  U\\e  opinions  very  prevalent  concerning  this  ordijiance^ 
ior  axe  thefe  opinions  likely  to  be  removed  unlcfs  gicai  care  *u  uV«lxl 
"--  the  cUrgy,  in  a  pUia  and  rsitionsil  way,  to  inftrttft  iWu  \t^^Tct% 


iit  the  nature  of  it,  ai  it  may  be  deduced  from  Scripture  ;  or 

ibmt  Ahd-Ations  were  made  lo  the  method  of  adminiilf  ring  It,  whicii 

has  certainly  a  tendency  to  excite  and  encourage  fomc  millak«;n  ap- 

prchcnfions  coccertiln^  it.     The  prcfcnt  work,  however  ufeftil  Tome 

parts  of  it  may  be,  inclines  to  the  fame  purpofe,  fince  the  Lord*& 

Supper  is  here  fpoken  of  as  a  my  fiery,  and  what  our  Lord  fays  of 

iAiing  his  fifjh^  drinking  hi 4  bloody  and  ha*iiifig  istrnal  lift^   aod  %ting 

raijtd  K/  aJt  tht  iajl  daj,  applied  to  it  in  fuch  terms  as  thefe  :  *  Com- 

r|[ion  meat  and  common  drink  can  preferve  us  alive  for  a  while,  but 

ifa&DOt  raife  us  up  when  dead,  whereas  thefe  words  fcem  to  intixiute 

Lfhat  our  Lord's  flcfh  and  blood  both  can  and  will. — How  the  body 

[mnd  blood  of  our  Lord  eaten  and  drunA  by  us,  become  a  principle 

nthin  us  of  eternal  life,  we  are  given  to  underftand,  as  much  as  we 

[ mre  able  to  nnderiland  it,  by  the  fymbols  of  bread  and  wine*     For  as 

i))read  and  wine  can  lengthen  out  our  life  in  this  world,  as  fax  as  it 

*»  capable  of  being  lengthened  out,  lb  can  the  body  and  blood  of  our 

Lord  lengthen  out  our  life  in  the  next  world.?     But  without  other 

[j^e^e^ions,  we  faall  onJv  juft  obfcrvcp  as  a  tarrhcr  inAance  ofthi» 

^Qt^i^fi  inattemion  and  n»iflake»  that  he  has  applied  the  parable  of 

iinarnage  feall,  without  any  hefitatipn,  as  inviting  ana  compcU- 

[pcrfons  to  celebrate  this  ordinance. 

t.  31.  Canflant  Riadintfihr  Chrifti  final  Appearand ^  urgid 
/rem  the  Vaartainiy  of  (hi  Tsmt  of  tt.  The  SubfUncc  of  Two  Ser- 
mons preached  at  Morley,  near  Leeds,  Yorkthire  :  on  the  Lord ^9 
Day,  April  17th  1763,  By  William  Whitakcr.  limo,  fid. 
Buckland,  1770* 

A  plain,  but  feriou;^  and  fenfible  exhortation  to  prepare  for  death 

[and  futurity:  it  cr^.^  recommended  to  the  public  notice  by  the 

L  particular  circumn^nccs  of  the  young  minillcr,   its  Author,  which 

l^jve  rife  to  the  publication.     The  evening  after  he  had  preached 

apon   this  fubjc^y   wc  are  informed,  *  a  blood-veiTcl   broke  in   his 

Jungs,  and  jiuiihed  his  capacity  for  ufefulnel's,  as  a  preacher,  in  an 

infant  1'  a  circumiunce  which  he  hoped  might  procure  fomc  pecu- 

l^r  attention  to  what  is  here  delivercdi  cfpcciaUy  from  ihofe  who 

liad  a  pcrfonal  value  for  the  writer.    Therefore,  during  bis  lingering 

Wtinefs,  he  fen t  it  to  a  friend,   rcqucliing  that  it  might  be  publiflicd 

f  after  hia  dcccafc,   which  happened  on  the  7th  of  June  laiL     He  prc- 

I  ^xcd  to  it,   with  much  diiHculty,  a  farther  addrefs   to  the  Reader, 

I  J)ciu5  dclirous,  it  is  f;iid,  '  to  bear  his  dying  teilimony   againll  that 

I  dcluiion  to  which  many  trufl,  the  hopes  of  a  death- bed  repentance, 

,  grounded  on  the  prcfumption  of  a  lingering  death.*     Thefe  pious 

l^nd  benevolent  intentions  of  the  Author,  together  with  his  aft'ccticg 

.  iituation  will  befpeak  fome  regard  to  him  and  his  performance*  and 

I IV' as  there  any  reafon  for  it,  muil  effciflaally  prevent  all  cenfure.  Wc 

wiAi  his  good  dcfigns  may  be  in  any  meafure  anfwcred»  andfiiall  only 

[iidd  in  the  words  of  the  fublifljer:  *  If  the  critical  Reader  (hall  yet 

jdifccrn  the  want  of  pcrfed  exa^ncfs,  it  is  hoped  he  will  candidly 

<»ttend  to  the  circumilances  of  the  cafct* 

I  Art.  32,  A  fiort  Aaount  cf  TImUgkal  Li^uns^  now  nad* 
ing  mt  Camhridgi,  To  which  Is  added,  a  new  Harmony  of  the 
Gofpels.  By  the  Reverend  John  Jebb,  M.  A.  late  Fellow  of  :>(. 
Peter's  College,    410.     ;is.  6d.    Whiu>4c,    J770. 


Religious  and  CoNTRovERsxAt.  83 

•Prom  the  account  which  ii  here  given,  Mr.  Jebb  appears  as  a  friend 
.to  learning,  to  religion,  and  the  right  of  private  jadgmcnt ;  but  he 
laments  that  his  endeavours  to  call  the  attention  of  youth  to  the 
fludy  of  the  Scriptures  have  in  fbme  inilonccs  been  treated  in  a  man- 
Aer  far  different  from  what  might  be  expedled  from  men,  born  to  the 
enjoyment  of  civil  and  religioub  liberty.  *  That  confidence,  how- 
ever, he  obferves.  with  which  the  uprightnefs  of  his  intention,  and 
the  approbation  of  many  worthy  and  learned  perfons  had  infpired 
hiin,  enabled  him  for  a  time  to  perfevcre,  regardkT:>  of  the  clamours 
of  his  adverfaries.  But  when  he  was  informed,  that  a  charge  of  the 
moft  invidious  nature  was  folemnly  urged,  in  a  manner  which  was 
likely  to  do  him  great  diifervicc ;  he  was  no  lon;^er  able  to  refraia 
^m  attempting  a  vindication  of  himfelf  from  thoic  calumnies,  with 
which  the  un tempered  zeal  of  lome  otherwife  wcll-difpofcd  brethren 
had  alperfed  his  charadler.' 

The  firft  method  he  ufcd  was,  we  are  told,  to  tranfmit  an  apology 
for  himfelf^  to  fome  perfons  of  eminence  in  the  church ;  and  *  had 
the  intolerant  fpirit  of  his  enemies,  it  is  faid,  been  fatiated  with  this 
exertion  of  their  power,  he  would  have  contented  himfelf  with  op- 
poling  the  efibrts  of  private  flandcr,  by  the  force  of  private  rcprc- 
ientation  and  remonllrance.  But  fince  fome  perfons  of  weight  and 
tathority  in  the  univerfity  have  thought  proper  openly  to  exert  their 
influence,  in  order  to  obAruA  the  progrefs  of  that  fcheme  of  Ie£lures 
which  they  once  approved  ;  fincc  fome  other  Gentlemen  more  art- 
ful, and  therefore  lefs  honourable  in  their  deportment,  have  given 
aathentic  evidences  of  being  equally  induUrious  in  the  profecution 
of  fuch  Hifiing  meafures  ;  his  only  refource  is  the  power  of  appealing 
to  the  int^  impartial  voice  of  an  unprejudiced  public.  He  there- 
ibfe  now  fubmits  his  vindication  and  plan,  together  with  the  annexed 
harmony,  to  their  candour  and  indulgence.' 

The  method  which  this  Author  propofes  for  the  fludy  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  plan  of  his  ledlures,  appear  to  be  rational,  ju- 
dicious, and  well  adapted  to  advance  an  accurate  and  critical  know- 
ledge of  the  facred  writings,  and  alfo  to  imprefs  the  mind  with  a 
fimfe  of  their  excellence  and  value.  He  difcovers  no  higotccd 
attachment  to  any  particujar  fcheme  or  party,  but  feems  willing  to 
avail  himfelf  of  real  aflillance  in  his  enquiries  from  any  quarter. 
From  the  relation  he  gives,  it  certainly  appears,  as  he  fays,  that  he 
has  not  mode  it  his  aim  to  (hew  the  confonancy  of  the  articles  of  the 
Church  oi England  with  the  words  and  fenfe  of  Scripture  :  *  fiut  I 
.trnft,  he  adds,  it  will  be  apparent,  that  I  have  endeavoured  to  do 
more  ; — to  explain— eftaLliili — and  recommend  to  the  love  and 
efteem  of  youth,  that  complete,  that  glorious  fyJlcm  of  faith  and  mo- 
rals, which  is  the  only  proper  foundation  of  every  Church  in  Chrif- 
tendom. — 1  have  honcltly  communicated  to  all  who  h^ve  honoured 
me  with  their  attendance,  the  fame  means  of  informaticn  which  ^ 
have  found  to  be  of  fcrvice  in  my  own  cafe. — I  rcxo:nmend  the  fanic 
procefs  in  the  Adls  and  the  Epillles  as  I  have  pu.-fucd  in  the  Gofpcls. 
And,  as  afHilances,  advife  the  pcrufal  of  thofe  Authors,  who  have  fo 
happily  completed  the  fcheme  of  Mr.  Locke.' 

lie  proceeds  to  propofe  fome  hints  to  the  confiderktijn  of  fludents 
•fthe  Gofpel,  explaining  the  defign  of  hU  h;iriuony,  ^TiJL  ^WA^:^^ 

C  2  ^»\ 


84  Monthly  CatalocuEi 

out  a  compendious  method  of  acquiring  a  comprehenfive  knowledgi^ 
ol*  all  thcfc  do£)rincs  and  injundlions,  which  J efus  recommended  tpi  ', 
the  attention  and  obfcrvancc  of  his  difciples.' 

After  cxprcfTing  his  pcrfuaiion,  that  the  mode  of  flndy  here  piO* 
pofcd,  will,  upon  experience,  be  found  to  be  far  le'fs  irkfome,  vuk 
the  pains  of  toiling  through  a  fea  of  commentators,  expofitors,  fti 
thcrs,  fchoolmcn,  councils,  &c.  he  farther  obferves,  *  The  finics  if  ^ 
fuch  induftry  will  be,  as  far  as  relates  to  all  neceifary  points,  a  &»•  f 
rough  acquaintance  with,  and  a  perfeii  knvwUdgi  of  our  Bible:  t  \ 
book  which  contains  whatever  is  profitable  for  doArine,  for  iaftrac*  ^ 
tion,  and  reproof;  and  which  amongfl  its  other  epithets  and  tids  ? 
defcriptivc  of  its  worth,  may  juliiy  be  filled  in  the  words  of  the  is-    r 
mortal  Chillingworth,  THE  RELIGICWSI  OF  PROTESTANTS.'    ^ 
Art.  33.  Sermons  on  the  mojl  ufeful  and  important  Suhjt£lsj  adaytd 
to  the  Family  and  Clofet.     ^y  the  Rev.  Sam.  Davies,  A.  M.  IjttB    ~ 
Prcfident  of  the  College  at  Friftceton,  New  Jerfey.     8vo.     2  fd^ 
Ss.  fewcd.     Buckland,  &c.    1771.  "    .- 

As  feme  notice  hath  already  been  taken  of  the  pulpit  difconrfesof  ^ 
this  writer,  formerly  printed,  we  fhall  not  intrude  much  upon  off  ^ 
Reader's  time,  by  dwelling  on  the  prclent  publication. — A  former  ^ 
collo»^ion  appeared,  (in  three  volumes,  under  the  fame  title  ♦  iriA  '^' 
theft)  fincc  the  Author's  death,  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow  nl  'f 
children.  The  volumes  now  before  us  are  publifhcd,  with  the  fitt  # 
view  in  regard  to  the  crphans^ — the  widow,  we  undcrfland,  being  de-  T 
ccafed.  ^  \. 

From  the  particulars  which  the  Editor  hath  here  collefled,  laie" 
fpcA  to  the  Author,  the  latter  mull  be  regarded  as  a  confideiabfe  - 
and  a  worthy  man.     His  difcouries  are  plain,  but  ftriking  and  ani-   I 
mated;    Cahinillical,   as  to  principles,  but  ferious  and  praAiol:    ^ 
and,  if  not  pcrfcdly  accurate  and  polilhed,  yet  likely  to  be  ufeftl 
to  thofe  who  hold  the  fame  opinions,  or  who  can  make  a]Iowan(;e    -. 
for  them,  although  their  own  fentiments  fhould,  in  fome  refpeds,  be 
different. — Wc  arc,  neverthelcfs,  obliged  to  obfcrve,  that  there  ait 
fome  fpeculacive  points,  in  thcfc  compofitions,  to  which  we  moft 
cbjcft,  a:;  being  not  merely  ufelefs,  but  even  uncomfortable, — if  not 
hurtful  to  mankind.  • 

Art.  3.1.  The  Moral  Syft:m  of  Mofes.  By  Samuel  Pyc,  M.  D. 
Member  of  the  College  of  Phyficians,  London,  Author  of  the 
Mofaic  Theory  %  of  the  Solar  or  Planetary  Syftera.  4to.  5  s.  3  d. 
fcwed.     Dodflcy,  i-c.    177c'' 

This  work,  which  is  called  the  Moral  Syftem  of  Mofes,  is  little 
more  than  a  paraphrafc  on  the  Mofaic  hilbry  of  the  creation  and 
fall  of  man.  It  is  divided  into  chapters,  the  contents  of  which  are 
I.  Of  the  moral  attributes  of  God.  2.  Of  the  moral  fyftem  of 
Mofes.  3.  Of  the  tree  of  life,  and  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good 
*2nd  evil.  4.  Of  the  iniUtution  of  the  moral  government  of  God  in 
J'Ulc.T.  5.  Of  the  old  ferpent.  6.  Of  the  formation  of  woman. 
7.  Of  the  fall.  8.  The  itmptation.  9,  Of  the  fall  of  Adam, 
le.  Of  thi  origin  of  (liame,     1 1.  The  examination  of  the  ofTenden* 

"  Sec  Review^  vol.  xxxiv.  p.  4^;- 
./  5jc- Ktvievv,  vol,  xxwi.  p.  -3'^. 


Political.  Sj 

11.  Tlie/entence  paft  on  the  difFerent  parties  concerned  In  the  fall. 
Oo  At  ferpent.  13.  The  fcntencc  on  the  woman.  14.  The 
faOBce  on  the  man.  1 5.  An  appendix  to  chapter  iii.  of  the  tree  of 
tk  16.  Of  the  origin  of  facrihces.  17.  The  hidory  of  Cain  and 
iU.     18.  A  digreffion  on  the  mark  fct  upon  Cain.     Of  the  mnrJc 

ilopon  Cain. In  thefe  difquiiitions  the  Dodor  has  laid  himfelf 

onemely  open  both  to  controvcrfy  and  to  ridicule,  but  we  are  by 
M  means  difpofed  to  employ  either,  on  fuch  a  fubjedt.  The  former, 
«c  fappofe,  woold  a^ord  very  little  entertainment  to  our  Readers. 
The  latter  might  produce  too  much. 

Alt.  35.  7tvo  Sermons  on  the  Mortality  of  Mankinds    By  George 
Marriot,  Lecturer  of  St.  Luke,  Middlefex,  late  Chaplain  of  the 
'  Britilh  Fadlory  at  Gottenburg.     8vo.     i  s.    Flexney. 

There  are  many  ftriking,  and  fome  very  pathetic,  obfen'ations  in 
defe  difcoarfes ;  which  we^  therefore,  with  pleafure,  recommend  to 
the  pablic. 

Political. 
Art  36.  Thoughts  on  capital  Punijhments:  In  a  Series  of  Letters. 
8vo.     I  s.     Baldwin.     1770. 

Thefe  letters  have  already  been  publifhed  in  the  London  Maga- 
U»;  bat  an  advertifement  now  informs  us,  that,  *  intimaiions 
ksfing  been  ^ven  of  a  defign  to  attempt  an  amendment  of  the  penal  . 
kvs,  the  Wnter  copcluded  it  would  not  be  improper  to  colled  and 
place  them  in  one  view,  for  the  eafier  perufal  of  thofe  who  are  dif- 
pofed to  exercife  their  thoughts  upon  this  important  fubjed.  The 
letters,  it  is  farther  faid,  confill  chicHy  of  extracts  from  a  variety  of 
refpedable  Authors,  the  coincidence  of  whofe  fcntiments  with  the 
Writer's,  gave  him  great  pleafure.'  , 

The  fuDJeA  mud  be  allowed  to  be  of  confidcrable  moment,  both 
«  refpedling  fociety  in  general  and  individuals  :  wife  and  good  men 
lire  long  exprefled  their  wifhes  that  fome  attempt  might  be  made 
for  an  alteration  and  amendment  of  the  prefent  fyllcm  of  penal  laws» 
and  modes  of  punifhmcnt :  it  peculiarly  requires  the  attention  of 
thofe  who  are  appointed  to  dired  and  enact  our  laws :  but  whether 
iflj  endeavours  will  be  ufcd  as  to  this  matter  in  particular,  or  in 
nfpeft  to  ibme  others  which  materially  afieft  the  property  and  wel- 
kn  of  the  fubjed,  or  whether  they  (hall  all  be  left  to  take  their 
coorie,  'till  by  fome  violent  efforts  they  amend  or  dcilroy  thcmfelves» 
is  a  point  which  it  is  not  our  bufinefs  to  canvafs,  nor  can  any  one  dc- 
termice  it. 

Our  Author  expreffes  his  hope  that  he  (hall  not  be  confidcrcd  as 
an  apologift  for  criminals,  and  an  encourager  of  them,  when  he 
declares  his  wiih,  that  none  of  them  befides  murderers,  were  by  our 
laws  condemned  to  die.  He  propofes  the  following  qucllion,  which 
is  obvious  to  all  who  think  upon  the  fubjedl ;  '  Doth  not  experience 
demonftrate  that  the  law  threatening  death,  frequently  put  into  ex- 
cutioD,  is  not  effeflual  to  keep  men  from  a  violation  of  it  ?  I  well 
remember,  fays  he,  that  very  foon  after  the  legiflaturc  had  made 
iheep-flejding  a  capital  offience,  i  heard  the  Judge  on  the  bencVi  iiv- 
form  the  grand  jmy,  that,  to  his  great  furprizc,  he  found  in  tV\^ 
zii0odMrtui  aacommaa  number  of  that  fort  o£  criminaU,     1  wouU 


86  Monthly  Catalogue, 

fore  humbly  adc,  whether,  inflead  of  difpatching  male(a£l9r9  as  afaal^ 
the  end  of  punifhxnent  mighc  not  be  better  anfwered  by  mall' 
them  liifingt  fianding^  'vifihli  examples,  as  the  wifdom  of  the  le 
lature  (half  judge  proper  ?  Not  putting  them  out  of  fight  by  fend 

them  abroad,  or  hiding  them  in  gaols  or  Bridewells  at  home  y 

expofing  them  to  public  vieur,  confining  them  to  hard  labour,  jft 
ipending  the  roads,  clearing  wood,  heath,  or  furze-lands  for  tilt 
age,  making  navigable  canals,  kc.  &c.   all  under  fuch  infpedidi 
and  management,  as  on  due  confideration  (hall  be  judged  reqnifili 
and  neceflary.     And  whereas  the  difficulty  of  keeping  them  to  thdr 
workt  and  preventing  their  doing  further  mifchief  may  be  objeAed:-^ 
fuppofe  a  finger  were  cut  off,  not  only  as  a  part  of  their  puni(hmerit|    : 
but  a  mark  to  facilitate  their  difcovery  in  caftr  of  defertion. — Sap-    ; 
pofe  too  they  were  informed,  that  they  are  on  their  good  behavloirj 
"—that  if  they  conduft  themfelvcs  as  they  ought — are  quiet,  obiediol^ 
diligent ; — they  may  expeft  favour,   and  in  time  their  liberty  mif 
be  granted  them.     And  may  not  the  hope  of  this  have  a  happjr    ; 
infiuence,   and  make  fome  good  impreflion  upon  them  ?   or  thor    - 
prefent  difagreeable  fituatlon  difpofe  them  to  bethink  themfelve«,    . 
and  make  penitent  rcfleflions  on  their  pad  condud?' 

One  part  of  the  pamphlet  fpeaks  of  a  certain  writer  who  tells  ■!.-    : 
'  that  he  was  much  affcded  with  the  execution  of  a  youth  of  fifteeg'  i 
years  of  age,  for  robbery,  which,  he  fays,  is  an  age  that  our  laws  do    J 
not  confider  as  of  maturity  in  ailing  in  other  affairs  for  ourfelves ;  he 
thinks  fuch  an  offender  might  have  reformed  in  the  plantations  fo  ai 
to  have  become  a  ufeful  member  of  focicty,  and  therefore  wiihet, 
that  at  fuch  an  age,  they  were  confidered  accordingly,— and  indeed 
the  Church  of  England  fcems  in  [;eucral  not  to  think  pcrfons  arrircd 
to  years  of  difcretion  'till  they  are  of  the  age  of  fixtecn  years.* 

There  muil  doubtlefs  have  been  fome  very  extraordinary  circnm- 
fiances  attending  the  cafe,  which  occafioncd  the  pafiing  and  execut- 
ing fo  fevere  a  Sentence  at  that  tender  age ;  yet  it  may  be  queftioned 
whether  tranfportation  at  that  time  of  life  is  likely  to  reform  the  cri- 
minal, or  whether,  confidering  with  what  afibciates  they  are  to  be 
united,  there  is  not  great  danger  of  their  being  rendered  utterly 
hardened  and  abandoned. 

The  refiedlions  here  offered  are  not  indeed  new,  but  they  are  im« 
portant ;  the  arguments  are  colleded  into  one  view,  and  they  faf- 
ficiently  ihew  that  it  is  greatly  dcfirable  that  the  point  (hould  ba 
maturely  confidered  by  thofe  who  have  it  in  their  power  to  efieft 
fome  alteration  in  the  prefent  method.  If  the  writer's  (lyle  and  man* 
ner  are  not  always  the  mod  accurate  and  judicious,  every  one  muft 
be  plcafed  with  the  apparent  goodnefs  of  his  heart,  and  the  benevo- 
lence of  his  prefent  dcfign.  Mull  not  all  fober  perfons  aifent  to  fuch 
obfervations  as  the  following  ?  '  It  were  highly  to  be  wifhed  that 
legiflative  power  would  direct  the  law  rather  to  reformation  thaa 
fcverity :  that  it  would  appear  convinced  that  the  work  of  eradicate 
itig  crimes  is  not  by  making  punifhments  familiar,  but  formidable, 
Inltead  of  our  prefent  prifons  which  find  or  make  men  guilty,  which 
jnclofe  wretches  for  the  commilBou  of  oue  cx\isie«  and  return  them, 
Jf  returaed  sdivt^  fitted  for  the  perpetiauoti  oi  t^o\ilu^^\  S&.ii«m 
f9  be  wiOicd  wc  had,  as  ia  o^tx  paru  oE  furo^e^  ^\^^^  c^^  ^\)a»;iica 


r   O    L    I    T    I    C    A    L.  07 

and  JoJitude,  where  the  accufed  might  be  attended  by  fuch  a^  c^.uld 
art  diem  repentance  if  guilty,  or  new  motives  to  virtue  if  innocent. 
Aiif  this,  not  the  increaiing  panifhments,  is  the  way  to  mend  a 
jbtt :  nor  can  i  avoid  even  quellioning  the  validity  of  that  right 
iUch  Ibdal  combinations  have  aflum^  of  capitally  punithin^  of- 

ives  of  a  flight  nature. Whether  is  it  frosn  the  number  ot  our 

anal  laws,  or  the  licentioufnefs  of  our  people,  that  this  country 
Aoald  ihew  more  convids  in  a  year,  than  half  the  dominions  in  £tf« 
f^  united  ?  Perhaps  it  is  owing  to  both  ;  for  they  mutually  product 
etch  other.  When  by  indifcriminate  penal  laws  a  nation  beholds 
die  ikme  ponifhment  siffixed  to  dilTimilar  degrees  of  guilt,  from  per* 
caving  no  diftindlion  in  the  penalty,  the  people  are  led  to  lofe  all 
fenfe  m  diftindion  in  the  crimev  and  this  dilhndion  is  the  bulwark 
of  all  morality  : — it  were  to  be  wifhed  then  that  power,  inftead  of 
coBtriring  new  lawstopunifli  vice, — inftead  of  cutting  away  wretchei 
as  aielels,  before  we  have  tried  their  utility,  intlead  of  converring 
conedion  into  vengeance, — would  try  the  reflriftive  arts  of  govern- 
nenr,  and  make  law  the  protedlor,  but  not  the  tyrant  of  the  people*. 
We  fhould  then  find  that  creatures,  whofc  fouls  are  held  as  drofsy 
only  wanted  the  hand  of  a  refiner  ;  we  lliould  then  find  that 
winches  now  ftuck  up  for  long  tortures,  left  luxury  ftiould  feel  a 
BOfflentary  pang,  might,  if  properly  treated,  ferve  to  finew  the  ftatei 
JB  dmes  of  danger ;  that,  as  their  faces  are  like  ours,  their  hearts  are 
b  too;  that  n?w  minds  are  fo  bafe  as  that  perfeverance  cannot 
amend ;  that  a  man  may  fee  his  laft  crime  without  dying  for  it ; 
and  that  very  little  blood  will  ferve  to  cement  our  fecurity.' 

Should  it  be  thought  that  thefe  fentimcnts  are  in  any  particular 
extended  rather  too  far,  it  muft  alfo  be  allowed  that  they  contain 
nach  truth,  humanity,  and  equity. 

Art.  37.  The  Key  to  Abfurdities  \  containing  the  Author's  pri- 
vate Thoughts  of  fome  late  Proceedings.  ?*vo.  i  s.  D.ivcnhill. 
The  Author  profefTes  himfeif  to  be  a  /mall  ft  ethJdcr  of  ijffix^  and 
Us  prdfeflxon  is  probably  true.  He  appears  to  be  a  plain,  ucIetL'jred 
nun,  of  a  good  natural  underftanding,  of  a  lauJablc  public  fpirit, 
And,  in  political  matters,  zealous  for  government,  in  o^pofitinn  to 
the  adherents  of  MK  Wilkes,  the  Gentlemen  who  ilylc  thtfrnfelves 
Supporters  of  the  Bill  of  Rights,  and  sU  the  outs  in  general,  wiiom 
heconliders  as  a  fet  of  wicktd  ^fUous  people,  who  have  only  their 
own  private  interefts  and  party- ends  in  view.  The  avowed  prin- 
ciples of  thefe  fons  of  ledition,  as  he  deems  them,  and  the  argu- 
ments that  have  been  brought  in  fupport  of  their  proceedings,  are 
what  he  means  by  ahfurditin  ;  and  his  own  llridurcs  upon  thofe 
principles  and  arguments  are  the  Key  which  is  to  unlock  or  lay  open 
the  faid  abfurdities,  and  cxpofe  them  to  public  view,  contempt,  and 
abhorrence.— He  tnlks  like  an  honeft  man,  though  his  language  is 
not  elegant,  nor  always  grammatical  ;  nor  if  there  any  thing  new  in 
his  remarks. — Ac  the  end  of  his  pamphlet  we  find  tn  .account  of  the 
oppofition  that  has  been  made  by  the  wicked  fpirit  of  party,  tu  a 
very  good  fcheme,  as  he  ftatcs  l^  .ibr  rebuilding  the  j:til  at  Clielmf- 
■ford,  on  a  more  convenient  and  more  wholeRime  i'pot  of  ground 
than  that  on  which  the  prefcnt  old  building  ftands.  If  the  cafe  be 
icjJJjr  ^  he  leprcfenis  it,  and  wt  fee  no  reafon  to  iiuelliou  l\ie  vcta.- 

^  4  cUj 


88 


J^ONTH*.V   CaTALOCDE, 


(a 


city  of  his  report,  the  EfTcjdapi   who  oppqfeci,   and  fruilrated« 
Uodable  a  fchcinci  n^uft  have  been  EJTex  CaJ'uts  indeed  ! 
Art.  38.  Schijms  fuhmitudto  tht  Confiderathn  af  the  Puhlic^  more 
eft^^ecially  to  Members  of  Parliament,  and  the  lahabitailts  <ii  the 
i4ciropoli4,     8vo,.     i  s.     Browne*     1770. 

AUhough  this  fcbemcr  13  a  very  ba4  writer,  he  appears  to  be  a 

ifenfible  obfcrver  of  wh^c  paHes  in  the  world,  and  to  have  thrown  out 

I  Ionic  hints  that  miglu   be  highly  ufefal  to  the  public*   if  duly  ai- 

[fended  to^  and  improved  upon,     HU  fchemes  arc    I,  For  removing 

\  the  public  executions   of  criminals   for  the   county  of  MiddJefcx, 

j  from  Tyburn ;  and  iot  fevcral  ufeful  regulations  cf  the  fame.     II.  A 

[genaaiz^  of  parliament  for  making  openings,  and  rendering  more 

I  commodious    the  diiferenc  ilreets,   lanes,    alleys,    &c.    in  London^ 

I'Weftminiler,  and  Soothwark,  5cc-  to  favc  the  expence  of  fo  many 

\/tfarat(  adts,  for  every  trivial  improvement.     III.  An  a^  for  regu- 

'  Jating  and  prcfcribing  the  rates  of  land-carriage,  and  porterage  of 

I  goods  from  the  Inns;  and  for  preventing  provifions,  game,  and  other 

.jconipioditics  from  being  fpoiled  or  loft,  for  want  of  being  fpecdily 

Untj  duly  delivered.     The  Author  fays,  he  is  informed  that  not  lets 

than  20  tons  of  proviftons  are  annually  fpoiled  at  the  diiFerent  inns 

i  in  this  metropolis,     IV.  A  new  road  from  the  bridge,  near  Clapton, 

*  to  thie  Oxford  road,  between  Shepherd's  Bulh   and  Adon.     V.  A 

jiew   regulation  cf  militia,   chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  fccuriiy  of 

~  oiidcn,  in  cafe  of  an  invafioo.     VI*  An  enlargement  of  BilUngf- 

i  fate  Afh-market:  this  feems  a  very  proper  fcherne^  and  the  execution 

of  it  may  be  highly  expedient.  ViL  The  removal  of  Smithficid  market 

out  of  the  city  :   equally  neceftary.     VU[.  A  new  regulation  of  Su 

James's   Haymarket.      IX.   Improvements  relating  to  St.  James's 

Park,  with  a  plan   for  opening  certain  communications  through  it, 

to  accommodate  the  inhabitants  of  the  environs  of  the  Park.     X    A 

|jew  regulation  of  the  nightly  watch,  in  the  capital ;  in  order  to 

leffen  the  frequency  of  ho ufe- breaking  and  flreet- robberies.     XI.  A 

fchcme  for  putting  a  flop  to  the  traniportation  of  convifb,  and  far 

►  employing  them  on  the  public  roads  of  this  kingdom, 

*  \rt.  39.    A  CcUiLjion  of  thi  Protefls  af  the  Lords  of  Inland^ 

from  163410  1770.     Svo.     25.  6d.  iewed.     Almon*    1771. 

The  Editor  afTures  his  Readers  that  the  prcfent  ferics  of  thefe 

Jtproiefts  commences  with  the  firft  upon  record,     Suppofmg  the  col- 

[.fcdion  to  be  complete,  there  is  no  occafion  to  fay  any  thing  more 

in  its  recommendation, — Mr.  Almon  has  alfo  publifiicd  a  SupfUmtni 

'  to  the  protcfts  of  the  Etigiijh  Lords,  price  j  s.  ^hich  brings  that  • 

I  colledioo  down  to  June  i*;o. 

Att»  40.  St^mi  Propafah  for  Jit tngthaiing  our  Naval  In/lit uthfu% 

In   a  Letter  to   the  Right  Honourable  Lord  Anfon.     l^y  a  Sea 

Officer,     Written  in  the  Year  1759.     Svo.    Becket.    i77»* 

The  propofals  in  this  letter  arc  highly  chimerical  and  romantic. 

It  IS,  (urely,  \cty  ncccflWy,   that  ihofc,  who  enter  into  the  navy, 

r  ihould  be  properly  initrucled  in  every  branch  of  knowledge^  which 

\  lias  a  reference  to  the  marine.     Eut,  for  this  purpofe,  we  muH  not 


In  2  volumes  8vo»  izu 


fC«^ 


J 


Poetical.  9^ 

ereft  unW^rfides  on  boa|id  our  ihips  of  war.  The  {peculations  of 
philofophy  do  not  fuit  with  the  din  of  aims ;  and  ledures  on  aftro- 
■omjr  and  optics  ynW  not  fapport  oar  naval  fuperiority. 
Art.  41*  Toi  Squirt  ifnd  the  Parfin^  with  the  iHterlude  of  the 
Poulterer.  12  mo.  is.  Wheble. 
A  mere  colleddon  from  the  News-papers*  of  the  proceedings,  r&f 
Utiire  to  the^  general  meeting  of  the  Wellminfler  eledors,  in  Odlober 
hfty  the  Rtm^nftroMct^  the  In^ruSHons,  and  the  fquabble  with  £d« 
ridge  the  poulterer*  The  title  feems  to  be  purely  of  the  catch- 
penny  fiamp« 

Poetical* 
Art  42.  Grace  triumphant,  A  facred  Poem,  in  Nine  Dialogues^ 
wherein  the  otmoft  Power  of  Nature,  Reaibn,  Virtue,  .and  the 
Liberty  of  the  Human  Will,  to  adminifter  Comfort  to  the  awak- 
r]»ed  Sinner,  are  impartially  weighed  and  confidered;  and  the 
whole  fttbmitted  to  the  ferious  and  candid  Perufal  of  the  Rev. 
br.  N§weil  of  Oxford,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jdamj  of  Shrewfbury,  and 
the  Author  of  Fietas  Oxomenfii.  Bj  Philanthropos.  8vo.  2  s. 
Birmingham,  printed  £ar  the  Author,  and  fold  by  Johnfon  in 
London.     1770. 

Philanthropos  (ays,  he  *  wi^  once  a  Ibvnnous  advocate  for  the 
dienity,  and  purity  of  human  nature ;  and  expedled  to  obtain  the 
*  Divine  Favour,  by  a  conformity  to  the  rules  of  natural  religion ;  but 
{i^g  brought  under  fome  long  and  very^  (tyetc  exercifes  of  the  mind» 
and  being  in  a  wonderful,  and  gracious  manner  brought  to  the 
knowledgie  of  Chrift,  and  the  joys  of  his  falvation  ;  he  thinks  it  hit 
duty  to  give  fome  account  of  thefe  things,  and  to  bear  his  teflimony 
to  the  glorious  truths  of  that  Gofpel,  which  once  was  his  averfion  ; 
but  now  the  delight  and  joy  of  his  foul.  As  he  delighu  in  poetical 
prododions,  he  hath  attempted  the  fubje^  in  rhime  :  and  being  ad« 
viied  to  pnbliih  it  by  fome  perfons  of  knowledge  and  experience  i^ 
die  ways  of  God ;  he  fends  it  into  the  world,  not  wholly  without 
iiopes,  that  it  may  be  made  ufeful  to  perfons  of  fimilar  experiencct 
with  hit  own :  and  be  a  means  of  adminiilering  comfort  to  the  de- 
jdSted  fouU' 

The  foregoing  paflage  may  ierve  to  give  an  idea  of  the  Author^s 
prindplei ;  thofe  that  follow  may  be  uken  as  fpecimens  of  his  poe« 
pjm    SpeaJdng  of  the  Redeemer,  he  fiyles  him 
^  ^  *  A  God 

Equal  in  dignity,  command,  and  power, 
"With  Heav'n's  Eternal,  Infinite,  Supreme ! 
A  God  diihonour'd,  difobey'd,  and  icom'd !' 

P.  77^ 
*  If  thou  canft  believe 
All  things  are  poflible  to  him  that  believeth : 
The  open'd  book,  and  my  dircAed  eye 
Catches  the  queftion  inilantaneous  thus'— — - 

P.  78. 
'  Almighty  Grace  to  reafon  will  not  bend  ; 
}*lor  Nature's  brightefl  powers  can  comprehend 
The  ways  of  God.    He  takes  whoe'er  he  will. 
From  Nature's  walk,  and  brings  to  Zion-hill, 
*  With 


jj^  Monthly  Catalogue,  . 

With  wradx  he  drives  them,  or  with  love  he  draws,  ^ 

Bat  gives  not  haughty  man  to  know  the  caufe.' 

P.  ii6. 
MsTny,  no  donbt,  among  the  followers  of  die  Aathor^s  late  fri^ 
<  die  karntd  and  pious  Mr.  Hervey,  who*  approved  the  plan,  and 
corrected  part  of  this  work/  will  be  greatly  e^fied  by  thefe  Dfak 
lognes ;  Tioiile  others,  flrangers  to  fnch  tvwvlShns^  ixfirinuu^  aw 
fethngs^  will  find  themfelves,  on  perufal  of  thenit  in  a'  fitdacW 
ibmewhat  fimilar  to  that  of  rather  a  better  [toet  Aan  PhiiantHnlp^'  \ 
whe^  he  fays  i 

*'  To  laugh,  were  want  of  goodnefs  and  of  grace; 
But  to  be  grave,  exceeds  allpower  of  facie.'' 
Art.  43.  A  Monody  on  the  Dtaih  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  Ge^ 
WbiUfield.    410.     6d.    Miller. 
£xpe6tin|  nothing  but  trafh  on  this  fubjedl,  thefe  lew  pmt  ita 
agreeably  difappointed  ns.    The  monody  is  indeed  uneqnaH  bat  i 
18  in  many  places  trulv  poetical. 

And  grief  nncere  inftru&  die  fllell 
In  accents  Ml  and  flow  to  fwell : 
Not  with  Allegro's  frolic  Ihrill, 
That  fuits  the  weeping  mind  biit'ill : 
The  bafe's  burial  voice  alone 
With  mifcry  is  in  unifon* 
The  flroDg  expreffion  in  the  laft  line  but  one  muft  be  obridiit  A  '- 
tvery  ear. 

I  love  thee,  maid  of  folemn  eye  ; 

Thy  cheek  with  briny  forrows  worn. 
To  me  is  amiably  forlorn, 
Though  there  no  tints  of  purple  lie. 
There  is  a  fingular  elegance  and  happinefs  in  the  amiabfy  fi^l^fl 
bnt  then  the  following  itanza  has  more  faults,  than  the  pitcefiii' 
one  has  beauties : 

Thy  leaden  lid,  thy  fobcr  brow. 
Thy  trefles  darkly  brown, 
That  in  difhevel  fqualid  flow 
Thy  ivory  necK  adown. 
In  leaden  lid  there  is  too  great  a  jingle  of  the  fame  fonnd.  SfM 
dijhi^el  conveys  an  inelegant  idea,  ill  adapted  to  the  mtrfe  of  mdlii* 
choly  ;  and  the  lail  word  of  the  lafl  line  enfeebles  it  too  much. 
Thee  in  the  filent  tomb  imfafd. 
The  word  impaVd  is  here  wrefled  from  its  common  fenfe  and  ac* 
ceptation ;  nor  will  every  reader  eaflly  difcover  what  the  Author 
means  by  it.    He  defcribes  the  archangel's  trumpet  in  a  manner 
which  cannot  perhaps  be  exceeded,  when  he  fays 

the  clangon  loud  and  long 

Mock  the  foft  thunder's  puny  tongue. 

Art.  44*  An  Elegiac  Poem  on  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Giorgo 

WhUefeld.     4to.     6d.     Wills. 

The  Author  of  this  poem  profefles  that  he  does  not  care  a  pin  for 

the  Reviewers  ;  and  the  Reviewers,  for  their  part,  aire  under  no  Uttk 

concern  thii  they  do  not  ftand  iu  a  mot^  Tt(^edable  light  with  ib 


N   O   T   S   t   S.  gt 

extraordinary  a  gemod.  There  is  (bmething  altogether  ftrikiog  in  tHe 
novelcy  of  his  ideas.    Justice  he  reprefencs  as  a  bird  of  pailage : 
See  Jitjfici  hafien  to  forfake  the  land, 

Mia  to  ibme  happier  country  wing  her  flight ! 
TheViXTVES  as  lamp-lighters,  juft  going  to  fet  up  in  the  Strand  : 
With  anxious  hlAe  the  Firtuts  feek  the  Strand, 
And  20  to  bleis  the  Pagan  world  with  light. 
Mr.  'Whitefidd^  tongue,  he  telU  as,  was  loosed  by  prayer ;  and 
what  then  ? — Why,  then  he  was  filent : 

Prayer  ms*d  his  guilt-bound  tongue,  his  lifted  hands 
In  JSem  rapture  then  his  God  ador'd. 
He  next  informs  us  what  this  great  man  endured ;  and  that  was— 
what  every  body  elfe  endures ! 

Each,  feafons  various  changes  he  eridored. 
Art.  45.  Elegy  i9  the  Memory  of  the  Right  Honourable  the  Mar* 
quis  of  Granhy.     4to.     6  d.     Dodfley, 
One  of  thofe  things  that  come  under  the  iickly  title  of  mediocrity : 
bnt  has  not  the  printer  made  a  miftake  in  the  poet's  addrels  to  the 
piefcnt  Lord  Granby  ? 

Great  was  his  foul ;  but  happier  (halt  thou  be. 
By  being  not  fo  great  as  he. 
What,  if  we  fhoutd  read. 

Great  was  his  foul,  but  greater  (halt  thou  be. 
By  being  not  fo  great  as  he  ! 
Aft.  46.  Efijiola  Polttica — An  Epiflle  on  the  Times,  a  Poem* 
4to.     I  s.    Bladon. 
A  Latin  poem  about  Wilkes  and  Liberty,  which  has  the  merit  of 
a  decent  fchoolboy's  exercife. 

Novels. 
Art.  47.  The  Falfe  Step ;  or  the  Hiftory  of  Mrs.  Brudcnal, 
i2mo.  2  Vols.  5  s.  fewed.  Almon. 
The  £dfeftep  which  is  here  fet  forth  as  a  warning  to  young  female 
Readers,  is  the  heroine^s  deferting  her  parents,  and  running  away 
with  an  agreeable  but  worthlefs  fellow,  in  order  to  a  clandefHne 
marriage.  The  ^tal  confequenccs  of  this  firft  indifcretion,  which 
is  here,  not  unnaturally,  produdive  of  other  falfe  fleps,  in  a  cha* 
rafter  extremely  amiable  in  all  other  refpedb,  form  the  principal 
incidents  of  this  hidory  ;  which  is  thrown  into  the  modiOi  form  of 
letters,  and  diveriified  by  an  epifodical  part,  lefs  intcrefting  an(ilefs 
exemplary  than  the  main  Hory.  The  work,  if  not  a  brilliant  per- 
fermance,  is  a  moral  one ;  which  ought  not  to  be  confidered  as  a 
fight  commendation.  The  language,  if  not  elegant,  is  eafy,  and 
might  pafs  very  well,  were  it  not  for  two  or  three  uncouth  expref- 
ion%  *,  and  an  affeftation  of  French  phraies,  which  is  become  ridt* 

*  A  fine  Gentleman  exclaims  againil  his  miftrefs  for  making  hit 
rival  happy,  without  any  demurrage ;  and  a  fine  Lady  talks  oifiuear^ 
fag  that  ihe  never  (aw  two  people  (6  exaAly  alike  :  but  we  muft  do 
|he  writer  the  jnfiice  to^obfervei  that  firaltt  like  thefe  are  not  very 

in  thiiwork, 

culovid^ 


'  Monthly  Catalogue, 

fafhionablc.     There  U  hardly  a  page  flatM  Englifii  to  Ii 
4th   in  our  mcdern  prodadlions :  it  is  all  ftrlptd^  though  w 
^m  meet  with  any  of  the  right  Parifian  pattern, 
t.  48.  Authentic  Memoirs  of  the  Countejs  de  Stfrr^, 'the  Frenci 
}(ing*6  Miflrefs,  carefully  collated  from  a  Manufcript  in  dio-Fof 
feflion  of  the  Duchefs  of  Villeroy.     By  Sir  Francis  N  \ 

l2mo.     3  s.  bound.    Rofon.    1771. 

Another  heap  of  rubbifli,  fwept  out  of  Monf.  de  Vergy's  gttM 
This  foreigner,  who  has  fo  impudently  thruft  himfelf  into  the  W 
glifh  Qrubean  fodety,  appears  determined  to  fill  all  oar  booUelkrJ 
ihops,  flails,  and  circulating  libraries,  with  lies  and  obfcenity ;  ihl 
only  ftudies  in  which  he  feems  ambitious  of  excelling.  ^  In  tmth,  fi 
are  (brry  to  fee  the  Chevalier  fo  grofsly  mifapplying  his  talents ;  ^ 
be  certainly  is  capable  of  better  things. 

Art.  49.  The  Adventures  of  a  Jejuit :  interfperfed  with  fevetd^ 
remarkable  Charaflers,  and  Scenes  in  real  Life.  i2mo.  2Vollb 
^  s.  iewed.     Cook.     I77i. 

The  adventures  of  this  Jefuit  may  very  well  ferve  as  a  iecond  jojlj 
to  the  adventures  of  Luke  Antony  Gavin,  as  recorded  in  his  fiiiioil| 
Mafier-kiy  to  Popery. 

Art.  50.  Memoirs  of  Mr*  TVilfon :  or  the  Providential  Adut 
teiy.     i2mo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Hall.  ' 

Although  this  romance  abounds  with  the  grofTeil  abfurdities,  vi 
xnofl  ridiculous  flights  of  imagination,  it  is  not,  however,  a  dd( 
performance.  We  cannot  give  it  a  better  charadter,  confiflently  int|^ 
a  due  regard  to  our  own. 

Medical. 
Art.  ^J.  The  prefent  State  of  Midwifery  in  Pmis.     With  aTbtsfJ 
of  the  Caufe  and  Mecbanifm  of  Labour.      By  A.  Tolver,   Mil- 
midwife.     8vo,  IS.  6d.  *  Cadell,  1770. 

France,  as  Mr.  Tolver  obferves,  was  not  long  ago  regarded  as  te 
fountain  of  chirurgical  knowledge  ;  but  the  feat  of  this  part  of  learfh 
ing,  ^e  adds,  is  now  removed,  and  '  the  great  fource  ofmidwtfliji 
in  particular,  has  been  lon^  dried  up.*  By  this  equivocal  phrtfe 
however,  our  Author,  who  in  general  writes  rather  too  figuratifd) 
for  a  man-midwife,  means  only  toexprefs  that,  in  confequence  ofdn 
levity  and  indecent  behaviour  of  the  French  ftudents,  the  doors  d 
the  lying-in  wards  of  the  Hotel-dieu  have  been  (hut  againfl  them 
The  principles  of  the  obfletric  art  are  neverthelefs  taught  by  many  a 
Paris  ;  though  there  are  but  two  profefTors  of  eminence  in  that  atf 
M.  Levrer,  well  known  to  the  medical  world  by  his  writings,  aw 
M.  Payen,  profefTor  at  St.  Come.  The  lectures  given  by  the  firfl,  an 
moft  eminent,  of  thefe  two  gentlemen,  '  are  fupported  with  geomc 
trical  reafoning  and  demonftration,'  and  are  confequently  too  aofhul 
for  the  generality  of  learners.  *  His  machines  too  are  finifhed  in 
very  flovenly  manner,  and  their  contrivance  far  inferior  to  our  own 
He  is  chara^lcrifed  by  the  Author  as  a  perfon  of  flrong  natural  parQ 
and  pofTefTed  of  fome  advantages  of  education  ;  '  but  partial  to 
fyflem,  he  treats  different  opinions  with  too  little  refpedt,  and  fe 
crery  eSbrt  of  gcnm  th^it  does  not  ;cud  Xo  ^lucidaxe  his  own  theor 


Medical.  ^^ 

with  the  eye  of  mileyolence.  Hence,  adds  our  florid  Acootichear» '  A 
ha$  fittirtd  tht  frit  expanfim  of  his  capacity  ;  and  with  the  afi«daCioa 
of  originality,  often  blends  the  errors  of  prejudice  and  fancy  with  the 
moft  folid  reafoning.' 

The  Author  fpeaks  with  much  leTs  refpeft  of  M.  Payen's  courfe. 
It  is  le(s  expenfive  and  fcientifical  than  M.  Levret's,  and  is  accord* 
bgly  more  mquented :  his  auditory  confifting  of  a  promifcuous  and 
dilorderly  aflembly  of  barbers,  women,  and  regulars.  His  machi- 
■ery  is  indeed  preferable  to  that  of  M.  Levret ;  but  the  cafes  on  whick 
he  operates  areftudied  and  improbable,  and  ^tmanud  often  ridicii- 
bas  and  abfard.  The  Author  gives  an  humorous  fpecimen  of  the 
cenins  and  abilities  of  this  profe^or,  defcribing  him  as  applying,  \% 
&s  conrfe,  a  pair  of  brafs  callipers  to  the  hips  of  a  woman,  in  order 
to  take  the  diftance  between  the  os  facrum  and  puBis^  and  to  difcover 
the  ftradureand  proportion  of  her  pelvis^  with  all  the  gravity  of  a 
bombardier  furveying  the  dimenfions  of  a  mortar. — Such  is  Mr.  Tol- 
Ter's  reprefenution  of  the  prefcnt  flate  of  the  capital  fchools  of  mid- 
wifery in  Paris. 

The  remainder,  which  is  indeed  the  principal  part  of  this  pam- 
nhlet,  coniifts  of  notes  or  general  obfervations,  chicHy  taken  from  M. 
Levret's  lednres ;  to  which  are  added  fhort  defcriptions  of  his  method 
cf  extradion  in  fourteen  difierent  cafes,  on  which  he  gives  examples 
on  his  machines,  and  to  which  he  reduces  all  others  chat  can  pofTibly 
happen.  In  the  fhort  e/Tay  at  the  end,  on  the  caufe  and  mechanifm  of 
hoDnr,  the  Author,  or  rather  Dr.  Petit,  whofe  theory  he  here  feems 
to  deliver,  attributes,  with  fome  preceding  theoriils,  the  a6l  of  par- 
turition to  the  irritability  of  the  womb,  excited  by  the  diflention  of 
its  fibres  to  a  certain  degree ;  but  we  find  very  little  new  light  thrown 
Bpon  the  fnbjed. 
iirr.  52.  Remarls  en  the  Compojithn^  Uft^  and  EffcSIs  of  the  Ex^ 

troB  of  Lioiof  M.  Goulard^  and  of  his  Vtgeto-mncral  Water,     By 

C.  Amaud,  M.  D.  \^c.     i  zmo,  i  s.    Elmfley. 

Of  the  great  and  extenfive  virtues  afcribed  by  M.  Goulard  to  his 
Mationof  lead  in  the  pure  acetous  acid,  and  of  its  method  of  ope- 
rating on  the  human  body,  when  applied  externally,  our  readers  will 
find  a  fucdnfl  account  in  our  41(1  volume  *,  extratW  from  a  Treacife 
OB  this  fubjedt,  publiihed  by  the  inventor.  M.  Arnaud,  who  con- 
fiders  this  preparation  as  the  beil  and  mofl  univerfal  topic  which  has 
hitherto  been  employed  in  furgery,  offers  a  few  obfervations,  in  thr 
prefent  fmali  pamphlet,  arifing  from  an  accurate  confideration  of  its 
compoiition,4vith  a  view  of  improving  this  remedy,  and  of  extending 
the  nfe  of  it.  He  lays  great,  it  may  be  thought  improper,  flrefs  on 
the  quality  of  the  vinegar  employed  in  the  folution  of  the  metal ;  not 
only  obferving  that  *  pure  or  natural  vinegar  contains  an  efTential  oi), 
which  diffol*ots  lead,  while  its  acid  only  dl'vidcs  its  parts  \*  but  adding 
that  *  M.  Goulard  has  difcovered  that  it  is  the  pcoperty  of  fome  par-  • 
ticular  'vinegars  only  if  the  pro<vince  he  lives  in,  to  dilfolve  this  metal 
perfedly,  as  they  contain  more  efTential  oil  than  the  reft.'  The  fac- 
1^—     I      ■    ■  ■  I  ■■    ■         III 

•  Monthly  Review,  October  lyCg,  page  311, 

7  \IX\0>1% 


y 
/ 

/  Monthly  Cataiogue, 

%  M.  Arnaud  obfervesy*  (foch,  iQr.e9cajDpIe^' j 

i,  and  in  the  northern  coj^ntries,  under. u 

Ji  itceive  their  power  of  a^Uoi^  firom  the  acn 

.xed  with  them,  are  not  only  rendered  incaMii| 

./ing  the  lead;  bat  likewife  conimanicataan inftofr 

J  to  the  extrad,  very  different  from  the  opbling'a||^ 

^  natural  to  it,  when  made  with  the  beft  vinegar/         i 

M  flopping  to  controvert  what  may  appear  qoe^ionaUi 

.eceding  qaotations,  we  fliali  only  add,  that  thoiie  who  arc 

jtd  to  make  trial  of  preparations  of  lead,  in  any  of  thoie  cai^ 

^hich  they  are  recommenaed  by  M.  Goulard,  as  cooling,  difcni 

or  refolvent  applications,  will  undoubtedly  do  well  ta  prefer 

prepared  by  the  inventor  ;  from  whom  the  Author  of  this  ps 

convinced  by  long  experience  of  the  fuperior  virtues  of  hu 

has  procured  a  quantity  of  it,  accompanied  with  an  exclofive 

lege  of  vending  it  in  this  country.  "  ^^^j 

Law.  "I 

Art.  53*  The  Trial  of  John  Almon  BookfelUr^  upon  an  InfmMi 
fltdtx  officio,  by  his  Majefifs  Jtiorney-General^  for  felling  ^T^MJyA 
Letter  to  the  K*  g,  before  Lord  Mansfield  and  a  fpecial  jirai 

in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  Weftminftcr,  June  2,  1770;  H 
which  is  prefixed  a  Copy  of  the  Information,  taken  in  fhort  I&flli 
8vo.     I  s.    Miller.  '   * 

It  appears  from  the  Trial  before  us,  that  no  proof  was  eflabBJ 
perfonally  againft  the  defendant.  Prefumptive  evidence  was  thtiii 
fufficicnt  to  afcertain  his  g^iilt.  But  the  inj  ury  done  to  Mr.  Almon  ijt 
no  means,  the  chief  ground  of  exception  in  the  prefent  cafe.  The  lit 
of  the  prcfs  is  evidently  (Iruck  at,  and  a  precedent  is  given,  in  o 
queocc  of  which  it  may  bo  effectually  de/lroyed  by  future  decifbi^i 
IF  ever  there  fhall  come  a  time,  when  judgments  of  this  kind'AHTij 
ceafc  to  be  canvafTed,  and  (hall  no  longer  excite  the  public  indietf-  ; 
tion,  it  may  fafcly  be  pronounced,  that  the  boafled  freedom  of  Kif ; 
lifhmen  is  at  an  end. 

Art.  54,  Jfecond  Poftfcript  to  a  late  Pamphlet^  entitled^  A  LcW 
to  Mr.  Almon,  in  Matter  of  Libel.  By  the  Author  of  that  £e^ 
ter*.     Svo.     is.     Miller.     1770. 

The  judgment  of  the  court  of  King's -Bench  in  the  cafe,  Bj^ 
againft  Woodfall,  has  given  occafion  to  this  Poftfcript.  AccordUn 
to  this  decifion,  our  Author  conceives,  that  juries,  in  matter  of  libq^ 
are  not  to  be  confidered  as  judges  of  the  intent  or  criminality  of  tlii 
writing,  and  that,  if  they  declare  they  have  adted  in  this  manner,  it 
will  annul  their  verdict.  This  pernicious  do6trine  he  combats  wjA 
great  flrength  of  argument  ;  he  a/Terts  the  juft  rights  of  an  Englifc 
jury  ;  he  appeals  to  nifiory  and  precedents  ;  and  explains  the  daqg^ 
which  muft  refult  to  the  liberty  of  this  country,  from  the  infrio^ 
ment  of  fo  invaluable  a  branch  of  the  conlHtution.  His  pubficaQon 
difcovcrs  a  truly  patriotic  fpirit,  and  deferves  to  be  read  i^ith  at* 
tention. 

•  See  Itefiew  for  OJVober  1770,  ip.i^^* 


L  A  W«  A^ 

Alt  55.  A  CoUiRisn  of  Dicifans  of  thi  Court  of  Ktng^s  Bsncb^ 
wfmihi  Poor's  Laivs^  down  to  tbeprefent  Time.  In  which  arc  con- 
Daed  many  Cafes  never  before  pablifhed.  Extra<^cd  from  the 
Hbces  of  a  very  eminent  Barriiler  deceafed.  The  whole  digefted 
a  a  reealar  Order.  By  a  Barriiler  at  Law  of  the  Inner-Temple. 
,       Jvo,    68.    Uriel,  &c.     1771. 

iThe  nature  and  dcfign  of  this  work  cannot  be  better  explained  than 
ifU  been  done  by  the  learned  BarrifLcr  himfelf,  in  the  advertifemenc 
fidaed  to  it.  The  nnmber  of  collcdlions  on  this  fubjed  already 
pibliflied,  might  feem,  he  obferves,  to  render  any  work  of  this  na- 
tore  nfelcfs.  But  he  adds,  the  want  of  method  and  accuracy,  evi* 
ieati  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  in  all  of  them,  precludes  any  farther 
apology.  '  The  nnmber  of  years  elapfed  fince  the  publication  of  the 
lateft  of  them  caules  an  unavoidable  mfuificiency  in  them.  A  mat 
umber  of  very  nice  and  important  qneflions  upon  the  poor-laws  nave 
been  lately  determined  by  the  court  of  King*s-Bench.  Of  thefe  Mn 
Bnrjoir  has  favoured  the  world  with  an  excellent  report ;  but  fioot 
tke  fize  of  that  collection,  it  is  rendered  too  cxpenfivc  for  the  pur- 
ckaie  of  parilh  officers,  and  inconvenient  for  gentlemen  who  attend  at 
the  ieffions.  Dr.  Burn  deferves  the  higheft  refpedl  for  his  Juftice  of 
Fnce;  but  as  only  the  laft  edition  of  that  excellent  work  is  enriched 
hyeztndsfrom  Mr*  Burrows  reports,  all  the  former  editions,  fall 
ihorc  of  that  perfection  which  their  ingenious  Authors  would  now  have 
been  able  to  oeftow  upon  them.  Dr.  Burn*s  Juftice  of  Peace  contains 
fikewife  a  great  number  of  matters  which  are  not  the  objcdls  of  the 
jtriidiftion  of  the  quarter  feflions,  and  of  the  attention  of  parlfh 
officers,  for  whoie  ufe  this  prefent  compilation  is  more  particularly 
iatended.  The  fame  obfervations  likewife  may  be  applied  to  Lord 
Wird's  Country  Jullicc.  I  flatter  myfelf  therefore,  that  this  com- 
piladon  will  corredl  the  errors,  fupply  the  defefts,  and,  as  far  as  it 
extends,  more  fully  aflill  the  practitioner  than  any  of  chc  former  col- 
fcSifluis.  Reports  only  of  unexceptionable  authorities  have  been 
oonfalted  in  forming  this  Compilation,  which  has  likewife  been  im- 
fp>ved  by  a  great  number  of  cxcr«i(^ts  from  a  manufcript  collci'-lion  of 
cafes  by  the  late  John  Ford,  Eiq;  The  cafes  n.arkeJ  MSi>.  in 
the  following  ilieets,  arc  all  oi'  thcrr.  tukcn  from  that  nsanufcript. 
.The. Compiler  has  very  fcldom  hazarci'-J  i;ny  obfervations  of  his  own, 

(npr  ventured  to  make  any  altcra:ior.s  in  the  flyle  of  the  reporters, 
\  however  uncouth  it  might  appear  to  him.  He  lias  diitributed,  under 
.their  proper  heads,  fome  notes  of  cafes  wJiich  have  been  determined 
in  the  court  of  King's- I'cnch  fuice  the  pjblivation  of  Mr.  Burrow's 
cafes  of  fettlements.  Whether  the  order  in  vvhich  the  cafes  nre  di- 
kribnted  might  not  be  changed  for  a  better,  ihe  Compiler  is  in  dJnbt ; 
yet  he  hopes  that  is  of  no  great  import;:ncc.  but  while  he  has  endea- 
voured to  corrcdt  the  dc^cicrxcies,  or  inaccuracies  of  others,  he 
iifenfible,  that  he  has  much  indulijence  to  ;;&  fjr  liij  own.  Many 
of  thefe  arc  owing  to  the  intiiuicy  of  tlie  fubjeit,  uiid  llill  morj  to 
tHc  Compiler's  frequent  abfeiicc  frojn  the  prefj.  He  flatrcja  h:mf.lu 
Wcvcr,  upon  the; whole,  that  the  utility  of  this  underiiUiirg  v.i'A 
^ompenfate  for  its  dcfeft,  auJ  thsLi  the  humility  of  his  AiiLiiv^i  m^v 
^tpTefi  the  fcverity  of  cenfurc, ' 


ipft  C  O  R  It  K'S  P'O  K  D  E  N  C  E. 

The  general  fubjedls  here  treated  of  are  overieersi  poOr*s  ra^ 
maintenance  of  poor  relations,  baflards,  certiiicatesy  appfehticesy  or' 
ders  of  removals -{bfCotrs  and  fettlements.  Thefb  are  branched  oat 
into  lefier  divifions,  each  of  which  is  illuflrated  by  proper  caftir, 
The  decifions  colleded'together  amount  to  615  in  numbery  and  beiii|^ 
of  the  bed  authority,  the  book  caAnot  ffiil  of  conveyiit?  «iefnt$»^ 
ilruftion  to  jnlliccs  of  the  peace,  youn^  barrifters,  attormes^-  pvtfm 
officers,  and  other  perfons  whofe  fituation  requires  them  to  be  cwl 
vcrfant  in  the  laws  which  relate  to  the  poor.  '     *  ''"T" 

Military.  J:^ 

Art.  56.  Conjidtraiions  en  the  AliUtary  EfiabliflmmU  rf  Qf^.^ 

Britain  :  with  a  Plan  for  an  Augmentation  of  8472  efiedive  Mn|)i|^ 

without  any  additional  public  Expence.    4to.     is.    Whefak,   "!^- 

The  AutHor*s  propofal  is  certainly  an  object  worthy  of  nitiqw^ 

attention.     He  tells  the  fecretary  at  war,  in  his  dedication,  that.ilQ 

is  perfe£l  mafter  of  e^ety  military  eftablijbment  in  Europe ;  from  ivlMrtQ 

we  are  to  infer  his  entire  capacity  for  a  right  inveftigatioi^  of: 

important  a  fubjed,  as  a  reform  and  improvement  of  our  milil 

fyilem. 

Art.  57,  A  Treatife  on  the  Ufe  of  dtftnfioe  Anns,.  .  Tj 
ilated  from  the  French  of  M.  Joly  de  Maizroi,  Lieutenant  '^  ' 
of  Infantry,  by  Thomas  Mnat,   late  Major  of  Brigaitei 
Notes  by  the  Tranflator.     8vo.     1  s.  6d.    Walter. 
Both  M.  de  Maizroi  and  his  Tranflator  plead  llrongly  for  the 
fioration  ofdefenfivc  arms  ;  not  a  kaii  of  armour,  but  only  fin' 
was  in  ufe  among  the  Romans  *  when,  by  the  fuperioritv  ofvaqp 
arms,  and  the  excellence  of  their  difciplinc,  they  fubdued  tnewori^pf 

-^ 

SERMONS..  1 

T.  ne  Nature  and  NeceJ/ity  of  Faith  in  the  Lordy  and  Low  H  «ff  A.-J 
Saints^zt  St.  Thomas's,  Jan.  i.  1771,  for  the  Benefit  of  the  ■(S*^ 
ritv-School  in  Gravel-Lane,  Southwark.  By  John  WilTiams,  LLApi 
6  cl.     Pearch. 

II.  Heaven  the  Reftdence  of  the  Saints^On  the  Death  of  Mr.  Whi«0»  ^ 
field,  at  theThurfJay  Leflure  atBoflon,  in  America,  Oft.  11. 177" 
By  Ebenczer  Pern  hereon,  D.  D.  Paftor  of  a  Church  in  Bofion. 
which  is  added  an  Elegiac  Poem  on  the  Death  of  Mr.  White 
by  Phillis,  a  Negro  Girl  of  17.     6  d.     Bofton  printed ;  LondoD  : 
printed  by  Dilly. 

III.  The  exalted  State  of  'the  fiiihful  Minifters   of  Cbrijt^  mJI^    - 
Death—On  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Mr'  George  Whitefield,  Dec,  Jf  "^ 
at  the  Meeting  in  Black's  Fields,  Horflydown,  Southwark.    Byjota 
Langford,  Miniller  cf  the  Gofpcl.    6  d.    Gurney. 

— ?  • 

CORRESPONDENCE. 
A.  B.  has  been  mifinformcd.     \.  c  rrc,  however,  obliged  to  hi*  , 
for  his  well-intended  ConimuniciLlcii ;   'JLud  are  only  forry  that  J* 
€da  bg  of  no  u/e  to  us.  ^ 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For    FEBRUARY,    1771. 


A&T.    I.    7he   Revolutions    of  Italy,     Bv  Carlo  Dc^irna ;  con?- 
tinued  from  our  Appendix,  publimed  laft  Monch. 

WHEN  Theodorct  was  gone  with  the  remains  of  his  un- 
fortunate army,  the  Goths  were  fo  greatly  reduced  by  a 
Variety  of  ruinous  accidents,  and  particularly  by  the  adJrefsr  of 
fielifarius  in  cutting  off  their  provifions,  that  there  was  littb'   ; 
probability  of  their  holding  out  much  longer  againfl:  the  imperidl- 
troops.  .  As  foon  as  the  king  of  the  Franks  underft'.od  this,  in* ' 
conjun£lion  with  his  brothers,  he  fent  ambailadors  to  Vitigins^, 
offering  him   immediate  fuccours,    provided  the  Goths  would^ 
agree  to  divide  Italy  with  him  and  his  family.     Belifariiis  being' 
apprized  of  this,  fent  immediately  to  the  King  of  the  Gbths,  to 
preclude  his  negotiation  wifh  the  Franks,  and  gave  him  and* 
the  reft  of  the  Gothic  chiefs  to  underftand,  that,  whenever  tficy' 
ftould  think  of  ceding  a  part  of  Italy,  their  belt  fecurity  would 
be  to  treat  with  the  Emperor.     Thclc  propofals  prevailed  in  the- 
Gothic  council,  and  it  was  determined  without  delay  to  fend* 
ambafTadors  to  Gonftantinoplc  to  treat  for  peace.     In  the  mean" 
time,  Belifarius  continued  the  fiege  of  Ravenna,  whither  the 
Goths  had  retired  with  a  force  infinitely  iuperior  in  numbers  to' 
the  Greeks,  waiting  the  determinations  of  the  court  of  Con-' 
ftantinople.     The  envoys  foon  retiirned  with  a  letter  from  the 
Emperor,  in  which  he  left  the  bufinefs  of  dividing  Italy  with 
the  Goths,  and  of  concluding  the  war,  to  his  otEccrs  and  agents. 
Belifarius,  always  rendered  obnoxiolis  by  the  condut^t  of  his* 
wife,  who  carried  with  a  high  hand  every  thing  relative  to  the 
war,  found  moft  of  his  inferior  officers  inclmed  to  mcafurcs  of 
peace  ;  and  being  called  upon  to  give  their  ^opinion  in  writing, 
they  declared  that  the  imperial   army  was  itWiiOicient  to  make 
head  againft  the  Goths.     Belifarius,  however,  by  his  rrlclution' 
and  addrefs,   got  over  this,  and  having  found  n)tan?,  by  kcret 
practices,  to  burn  the  magazines  of  Ravenna,  lV\tGuOt\sW^v^^t^ 
•   Vol.  XLIV.  H  vx\v>^^ 


qS  Denina'i  Rroobtiions  of  Italy, 

snore  inclined  to  furrender.    Then  it  wtSf  that  the  Gothic- 
women,  obfervine  the  weak  and  wretched  condition  of  the   " 
Greek  army,  moft  bitterly  reproached  their  hufbands,  for  giv^  •- 
ing  themfelves  up  as  conquered.  ,. 

An  event  fo  important,  as  that  of  entering  the  capital  of^rj 
Ital/f  in  quality  of  conqueror,  and  taking  priroher  the  ^ngqlp 
the  Goths  with  a  force  fo  unequal,  was  of  the  utmpft  fervice  ui 
Belifarius,  as  well  in  conciliating  the  refpeS  of  the  .(jiemj,  ib| 
in  quieting  the  fufpicions,  the  jealoulies,  and  hatred,  that  pre* 
vailed  among  his  own  people.     His  enemies  cou)d  not  nowl 
pbffibly,  induce  the  Emperor  to  fufpe^):  that  he  had  bargained  i 
with  the  Goths  and  fold  his  ihterefts  ;  as  it  was  evident  heba^  < 
not,  upon  any  view,  fufpendcd  his  operations.  They  atteaiptr|||' 
therefore,  to  make  Juftjnian  believe  that  this  enterprising  Ge-' 
neral  was  conquering  only  for  himfelf,  and  that  he  meant  ta': 
ufurp  the  kingdom  of  Italy.     This  fufpicion  found  an  caw 
accefs  to  the  bread  of  the  Emperor,  as  he  had  fears  of  the  fiuBf^ 
kind  before  the  Italian  expedition  took  place :  and  Beliftriur 
had,  therefore,  been  obliged  at  his  departure,  to  take  an  oit^ 
that  he  would  never,  during  the  life  of  Juflinian,  aflfumc  di%. 
title  either  of  Emperor,  or  King  of  Italy.     If  Procopiua  it  tOf 
be  credited,  we  muft  believe  that  his  hero  faithfully  kept  hir 
oath,  and,  though  ftrongly  folicited  to  aflume  the  Gothic  tcepS^ 
tre,  implicitly  obeyed  the  orders  that  recalled  him  to  t^e  Em» 
The  reafon  of  his  recal  was,  the  neceffity  of  his  taking  upoif 
him  the  command  in  the  PerGan  war.     We  muft  not  here  omi( 
to  obferve,  that  the  war,  which  the  King  of  Perfia  commence^. 
againft  the  Emperor,  was  occafioned  by  the  political  manceuvrca 
of  the  Goths,  who,  at  this  juncture,  made  a  point  of  what  duj.^ 
Romans  ought  to  have  done  for  their  fecurity  two  centuries^be-  ' 
fore,   had  they  been  fufficiently   acquainted  with  Scyth^a  oc 
Afiatic  Tartary.     The  Goths,  when  beaten  and  difperfed  bf 
the  imperial  arms,  recolledled  that  the  Emperors  never  difturbe4 
themfelves  either  about  Italy  or  the  barbarous  ftates,  excefiC 
when  they  were  at  peace  with  Perfia^     Excited  by  theie  refleC'  ^ 
tions,  to  efcape,  or  at  leaft  to  alleviate  the  calamities  of  wart 
they  privately  fent  two  ecclefiaftics,  a  prieft  and  a  bi(hop,  wMj  " 
were  probably  Arians,  with  letters  to  the  King  of  Perfia,  to 
induce  himi  to  break  with  the  Emperor.    Their  application  wai  ^ 
not  unfuccefsful,  for  the  Romans  found  their  tcmtories  invaded,  ^ 
when  they  leaft  cxpe£ied  it. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Greek  affairs  in  Italy  after  the  depar- 
ture of  Belifarius,  grew  daily  wbrfe;  and  this  was  owing  to  the 
ignorance  and  avarice  of  the  people  in  power,  who  foon  con* 
vinced  thcfe  Italians  who  had  been  defirous  of  reverting  to  the 
imperiz]  government,  that  they  had  only  changed  their  flightcr 
bdnds^  for  chains  and  feiters.    Ttit  GoxScis^  \^n  i^^ 'ifi\  ^:mA>i& 


DcxuntV  Riuohai§ns  ^f  Jtafy.  99 

fS  their  adverfiries,  had  already  begun  to  regain  credit  and 
fiivour ;  but  when,  after  the  imprifonment  of  Vitigius,  and  th« 
riolent  death  of  Hidebald  (who,  upon  the  refufa]  of  Belifarius, 
bad  fucceeded  to  the  crown,  by  means  that  were  ill  requited) 
the  great  Totila  was  advanced  to  the  government,  they  rofe 
iricb  greater  vigour,  and  aflumed  a  higher  tone.  Procopius 
die  hiftorian,  a  partisan  of  the  Greeks,  who  wrote  after  the 
death  of  Totila,  or  after  the  deAru£lion  of  the  Goths,  ani 
eould,  therefore,  have  no  tnotive  for  hvifhing  tinjuft  enco* 
niums  on  that  Piinte,  fpeaks  in  fuch  a  manner  of  his  actions, 
in  many  parts  of  his-hiftory,  that  the  annals  of  Greece  and 
Rome  will  hardly  be  found  to  have  recorded  a  gr-eater  hero. 
Totila  knew  fo  well  how  to  unite  the  vigour  and  firmncfs  of 
government,  with  the  milder  virtues  of  humanity;  how  to 
temper  the  dexterous  and  decifive  a&ivity  of  the  Minifter  with 
the  conciliattng  affedion  of  the  Prince  of  his  people,  that  it  i« 
ifflpoffibie  to  reftrain  one^s  indignation,  while  hidorians  are  re- 
filing the  Gothic  race,  and  calling  Totila,  their  King,  a  bar- 
Karian  and  a  tyrant.  The  care  he  took,  amidft  the  vici(3itudes 
of  government  and  the  agitations  of  war,  to  encourage  the  huf- 
bandman  to  the  laboun  of  cultivation  ;  the  regulations  he  eda- 
blilbed  for  the  payment  of  public  taxes,  and  the  fecurity  of 
private  property  ;  the  letters  he  wrote  to  the  Romans  before  he 
laid  clofe  fiege  to  the  city,-^all  thefe  {hew  that  he  was  an  able 
ftateiman,  and  a  confummate  poliiician. 

That  ofcommical  charity,  which  after  the  reduflion  of  Naples, 
hefliewed  to  the  poor  familhed  inhabitants,  (for  the  mediocrity  of 
hit  fupplies  obliged  him  to  be  an  oeconomift  even  in  his  charity) 
and  that  modefty  which  appeared  in  his  own  conduA,  and 
which  he  enjoined  his  army  to  obferve  with  refpe^l  to  thc<:on- 
quered  city,  when  compared  with  the  cruelty  and  intolerable 
extortion  of  the  Qreeks,  who  fuflained  a  long  fiege  merely 
from  their  love  of  empire,  plainly  demonftrace^  that  if  the 
fate  of  Italy  had  admitted  Totila  to  (ucceed  Theodoric,  or 
Amalafunta,  the  Gothic  government  would  have  been  fo  eiTec- 
.tually  eftabliibed,  that  the  Italians  would  have  entertained  no 
thoughts  of  a  change.  But  fuch  were  the  unfearchablc  decrees 
of  pro¥idei:ice,  that  the  virtues  of  Totila  ferved  only  to  enhance 
the  ruin  of  Italy,  while  his  power  and  reputation  ^obliged  tlie 
imperial  party  once  more  to  aflert  in  blood  their  xfifpu ted  co<i- 
queft«  In  fad,  the  merit  of  Totija,  and  the  weaknefs  of  Juf- 
tinian*s  officers,  put  the  Goths  on  fo  refpedable  a  footing,  (hat 
the  court  of  Conftantinople  thought  proper  to  fend  Bclifarius 
once  more  into  Italy.  That  great  man,  however,  after  his  re* 
cat  to  the  Perfian  war,  had  fallen  into  difgrace  with  the  couxt^ 
and  was  languiibing  in  a  {ti^te  of  inglorious  ina€l\vl\y^  v^VAq 
|)|C  CQ^mr/bcM  ifmtt4  to  the  empire,  with  (o  ipkUcYv  Vvov\o\xi 


fCO  DehinaV  Revolut'ions  of'ltaly. 

to  himfelf,  was  frilling  back  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.   Tl 

fecret  hifiory  aflures  us  that  the  miftakes  he  fell  into,  in  the  C 

cond  Perfian  war,  in  not  making  the  moft  of  his  advantage 

were  owing  chiefly  to  his  difturbance  and  'agitation  of  mind,  djl 

cafioned  by  the  unexpected  arrival  of  his  wife.     For  Anton^jj 

on  other  occaHons,  accuftomed  to  follow  her  hufband's  cantt 

on  this,  remained  atConftantinoplc,  probably,  for  the  purpofira 

regaining  a  loft  lover  :  afterwards,  upon  difcovering  tlut  toi^ 

machinations  were  giving  forward  againft  her,  concerted  by  I 

huiband  and  his  fon,  ihe  flew  to  the  camp  at  a  jundiure  wli 

Keiifarius  found  himfdf  in  the  moft  critical  lituntion  of  the  I 

It  is  certain  ihat  at  this  lime  he  ft II  from  that  high  reput 

in  whic!i  he  had  ilood  with  the  people,  and  that  either  on  I 

count  of  the  Emperor's  fufpicions,  or  at  the  pleafure  of  the] 

prelb  Theodora^   who  undertook  to  avenge  Antonina,  he  ^ 

lecalled  to  Conftantinopl  .•,  diverted  of  his  command,  deprill 

of  the  principa'  part  of  nib  fortune,  and  condemned  to  alifr] 

privacy  and  dif^race.     PJcwcver,  by  the  returning  favour  of  I 

Emprefs,  who  hj«J  every  thing  in  her  power,  and  who  profi 

the  ^jieateft  oblitxaiions  to  Antonina  for  her  fervices  in  avenH 

her  on  one  of  her  moft  detefted  enemies,  the  dilireflfcd  and  ( 

honoured   Belifarius  was  rcftorcd  to^his   former  dignities, 

time  when  he  moft  d^fp-iircd  both  of  fortune  and  of  life.    ■ 

happened  in  this  manner.     He  went  one  moining,  as  ufual,^ 

fee  iheir  imperial  Majeflies,  but  far  from  receiving  any 

mony  of  their  favour,  he  was  aflfrontcd   by  fome  of  the  k 

fer vants  of  the  court,  and  this  he  confidered  as  a  certain  [ 

tl.at  he  was  fallen  into  the  laft  and  moft  humiliating  difg 

He  returned  to  his  houfe  in  the  evening,  in  fuch  terror,  thai  I 

every  now  and  then  looked  back  to  fee  whether  the  Oflicerfr^ 

the  court  were  not  advancing  to  kill  him.     In  this  ftateof  i 

he  went  into  his  chamber,  and  throwing  himfelf  on  the 

pafFeJ  the  night  with  fuch  demonflrations  of  fear  ahd  pufilli 

mity  as  were  every  way  unworthy  of  fo  great  a  warrior. 

tonina,  on  this  occaflon,  as  if  totally  ignorant  of  what  ^ 

follow,  went  to  her  hufband*s  chamber,  and  told  him  that  I 

could  not  reft  that  night  on  account  of  fonic  indigeftions 

behold,  a  meflfenger  from  the  palace  paflling  through  the  ho 

without  flopping,  went  to  the  door  of  Belifarius*s  chamber,  \ 

faid  he  came  from  the  Emprefs,     When  Belifarius  heard  (' 

(truck  with  a  frefti  paroxism  of  terror,  he  fell  on  his  face  on  I 

^ed,  as  if  at  the  point  of  death.     Quadratus,  fo  the  mc*" 

was  called,   then  prefcnted  him  with  a  letter  from  the  Emp 

to  the  following  cfFcd.     *  You  know,  friend,  what  you  b* 

done,  but  /,   who  have  particular  obligations  to  your  wife,  f 

give  you  what  is  paft^  and  grant  Vvw  "^owt  Y\fe»    Oiv  WiaW    , 

fell  depend  your  future  hopes  of  ^ovxt  l^itx^  wl^  ^Q>3ixfetc«*< 


DeninaV  Revolutions  of  Italy.  loi 

drfd  remember,  T  neither  am  nor  (halite  unacquaintrd  with  your 
coiiduA  to  her.'   On  receiving  thii'i^Ws,  his  joy  was  no  lefi  ex- 
travagant than  his  fear  had  been  contCMffptitle.     fie  immediately 
pioftrateJ   himfcif  before  Antonina,  cnThrVcfd   her  knees,  and 
kifled  her  feet,    Hefcemcd  refolved  to  giv<^e>l:^lh<»  mt^flenger  a 
proof  of  his  obedience  and  converfion,  for  he  cidle'J  Antonina  his 
protcflrcfs,  and  dcfired  that  fhc  would  confid^f]Kij^  f»»r  the  fu- 
ture not  as  her  friend  but  as  her  fcrvanc.     After-* this',  part  of 
the  trcafures  which  he  had  amafled  from  the  fpoiU  of  Qilimcr 
and  Vitigius,  and  which  were,  probably,  through  tha'awice 
of  Juftinian  and  Theo.lora,   the  principal  caufe  of  his  JiT^racr,. 
was  reftored  to  him.     Being  once  more  advanccJ  to  the  rViUt.' 
of  General,  it  was  propoftd  ihut  he  (hould   return  to  the  Pcr\.  • 
fian   war.     But   Antonina  protefting  in    high   tcims   that  ihc    '.' , 
would  return  no  more  to  a  country  where  (he  had  been  fo  ill- 
treated,    Belifarius   was  declared  grand   Armoui-bcdrcr  to  the 
Emperor,  (the  title  of  Patrician,  which  he  had  before,  being 
poffibly  given  to  another)  and  he  was  font  onte  more  mto  Italy. 
It  is  faid,  and  not  without  foundation,  that  the*Emperor,  in  his 
terms  of  reconciliation  with  Belifarius,   infitlcd   that  he  fhould 
carry  on  the  war  againd  the  Goths  at  his  own  cxpcnce.     It  is 
ceruin  that  he  was  very  ill  provided  with  men  and  arms ;  and 
this  has  been  generally  attributed  to  the  avarice  of  Juftinian,  to 
the  great  expencc  he  was  at  in  the  Pcrfian  war,  and  to  his  rage 
for  building,  and  fpending  his  money  in  theatres,  mufic,  and 
fuch  kind  of  entertainments.     The  writer  we  follow  makes  one 
reflexion  here  which  muft  not  be  pafled  over,     *  Fortune,  fays 
he,  fo  totally  abandoned  Belifarius  in  his  fecond  expedition  into 
Italy,  that  though  by  his  better  knowledge  of  the  country,  he 
condu£led  all  his  mcafures  with  greater  (kill  than  he  had  done  in 
the  fir  ft,  yet  every  thing  went  wrong  5  whereas,  before,  the 
ralbeft  fteps  he  took  were  fucccfsful.*      Now  fetiing  afide  the 
agency  of  a  fuperior  caufe,  which  the  vulgar,  and  the  writers 
of  antiquity  idly  call  fortune,  lam  of  opinion  that  a  moral  and 
natural  reafon  may  be  afligned,  why  the  fecond  expedition  of 
Belifarius,  though  better  condu^Scd  than  the  firft,  was  lefs  fuc- 
cefsful.     The  difgrace  and  difcredit  he  had   fiift'cred  between 
the  two  expeditions,  naturally  rendered  him  timid  and  ditlruft- 
fiiK     Every  one  knows  that  the  warm  and   adventurous  will 
gain,  what  the  cold  and  dilatory  will  fcarccly  be  able  to  keep ; 
and  from  the  numberlefs  tcftimonie«5  of  this,  cjmc  that  proverb  fo 
common  in  every  country,  that  Fortune  favours  the  boli.     It  is 
true,  Belifarius  was  ill  fupportcd  in   this   raa)p:ii'rn   from  the 
firft,  and  all  the  fupplits  he  could  aet  from  Conllantii^.cpicwcrc 
hardly  fufficicnt  to  guard  a  fmgle  fortrcfs,  much  lefs  to  dvftnd 
Italy  and  the  iflands  that  belonged  to  it.     Who  c:.n  read  with- 
eut  aftonilhmcnt  or  contempt,  that,  to  bcfiegc  to  u\au^  ftiow-j^ 

a  3  ^2XA% 


ro2  Denina'x  Revoktions  ef  Htgfy, 

•• 

places  as  the  Goths  ftill  hzA  tn  Jtaly,  and  Co  defend  lb-  manf 

more  that  were  in  the  implBriai*hand,  reinforcements  were  fent 

fomctimes  of  three  huMkqcl'  meiH  fometimes  of  eighty^   aii# 

that  a  thoufand  were»,ItH)ic^d  upon  as  an  army«  Upon  the  wbak|^ 

Belifarius,  partly  ifpirnhls  own  indolence,  and  partly  from  tiM 

wrecchedncfs  of.Hts  fiipplies,  could  do  little  more  than  go  fiofli 

fiiore  to  (hooT^JaiKl  guard  the  coaAs  of  the  Ionian  and  Sictliatf 

feas;     NevcHnblefs,  he  did  two  things^  which,  together^  fmi^ 

haps,  nyere'  the  cauTe,  why  the  power  of  the  Goths  was  not  ab^' 

iblutclyVf-edablifiied  in  Itsdy.  -', 

^  /X4>Qagh  Bclifarius  did  not  arrive  traie  enough  to  the  icHet 

:b^.ftt>me,  be  comributed  more  than  any  other  perfon,  to  pra» 

«.  vbiit  Totii»,  after  he  had  taken  the  city,  from  difmantling  aiii 

V  ^eftroying  it,  of  which  he  had  declared  his  intention  to  tfo 

Deacon  Pelagius,  when  he  went  to  treat  with  him  before  bi 

took  it.   DtUfarius,^  by  means  of  letters  and  embaffies,  prevaflat: 

on  him  to  change  his  rcfolutioik     After  reprefenting  to  him  thfi- 

venerable  dignity  of  that  ancient  city,  the  ruin  of  which  woiiM| 

entail  eternal  infamy  on  its  deftroyer,  be  conclude  with  tkr. 

following  argument  :  *  Should  the  event  of  this  war  leave  jW 

vidorious,   by  deftroying  Rome,  you  facrifice  a  city  of  yOHf 

own,  whereas  by  preferving  it,  the  importance  of  your  vidQffi» 

will  be  heightened  by  the  value  of  your  acquifitions.     OatU^ 

other  hand,  fbould  fortune  be  unfavourable  to  you,  your  (paD^ 

i:tig  Rome  will  promote  your  intereft  with  the  conqueror,  h^ 

?our  demQliihing  it  would  leave  you  no  hopc9  of  demencj/ 
revailed  upon  by  thefe  arguments,  and  by  his  natural  bumani^ 
Totila  left  Rome  her  walls  entire.  The  confequence  of  m. 
war,  however,  gave  him  reafon  to  repent  his  clemency,  aoi 
expofed  him  to  the  cenfure  of  the  Goths  and  their  allies :  far 
Felifarius  foon  after  found  means  to  retake  the  city,  and  ferti^ 
fied  it  in  the  ftpongeft  manner.  After  the  Greeks  bad  retakn 
Rome,  Totila  fent  ambafladors  tO'  the  King  of  the  Franks  oa 
a  treaty  of  marriage  and  clofe  alliance.  Had  this-  been  coo* 
eluded,  the  flighted  fuccours  from  that  quarter  would  have  left 
the  King  of  the  Goths  nothing  to  fear  from  the  Remans.  Btft 
the  Franks  anfwercd,  with  great  haughtinefs,  that,  the  man 
who  could  not  defend  the  capital  of  his  kingdom,  was  unwor* 
thy  of  their  alliance. 

In  the  mean  time,  Belifarius  left  Italy ;  and  though  the  io- 
pcrial  party  was  very  weak,  yet  the  Goths  had  been  fo  thionel 
and  harafled  by  repeated  lofTes,  that  they  had  not  much  confi- 
dence in  their  fortunes.  Juflinian,  though  he  had  formed  tt^ 
ppated  refolutions  to  put  the  finiihing  hand  to  the  Italian  cxpe>« 
dicion,  and  now  appointed  one  General,  now  another  to  thai 
bufificfs,  yet  his  rcfolutions  were  loft  while  his  mind  was  diffi- 
pand  by  the  anxieties  of  the  Peifian  war  oiv  otA  Kand^  and  tbi 
mazes  of  polemical  divinity  on  thia^OiMcv^    ^x\i&  ^  OEan\\k^t 


Denina'/  Revolutions  rf  liafy.  tO} 

huo  of  tbe  palace,  an  eunuch,  gave  the  world  a  freib  teftimoor 
that,  as  Che  cnoft  glorious  a^ons  of  Princes  are  frequently  eU 
ftdcd  through  their  favourites,  it  can  never  be  more  fortunate 
for  the  people,  than  when  the  Prince  is  attached  to  a  perfon  of 
toanianiaiity  and  noble  fentiments.  Narfetes,  who  entered 
with  other  eunuchs  into  the  fervice  of  the  court,  was  Toon  ap» 
pointed  firfi  Gentleman' of  the  bed-chamber,  to  attend  the  per* 
Ion  of  the  Emperor.  In  the  variety  of  converfation  that  necef- 
lariljr  occurred,  Narfetes  gave  his  mafter  fo  many  fpecimens  of 
kif  talems  for  war  and  government,  that  he  fent  him  into  Italf 
at  the  bead  of  a  few  regiments  of  Barbarian  troops.  His  con^- 
ifiCt  to  Bclifafius,  who  was  Commander  in  chief  in  this  expe« 
ditioo,  would  incline  one  to  believe  that  he  had  a  private 
eooMniAMi  to  ad  as  he  pleafed,  and  to  counterad  the  meafurea 
of  hisTuperior  officer ;  but  probably  tbe  confcioufnefs  of  bis  inte- 
left  at  court  made  him  haughty  and  regardlefs  of  fubordination. 
Certain  it  is,  that  by  the  obftacles  he  threw  in  the  way  of  Beli« 
Curius^  be  loft  no  fivour  with  Juftinian. 

When  Belifarius  was  recalled  a  fecond  time  frem  Italy,  and 
ibe  projeds  of  fending  the  £mperor*s  nephew,  and  afterwards 
of  appointing  John,  the  fon  of  Vitellian,  to  the  expedition^ 
Were  wholly  difperfed  and  vaniihed,  the  Emperor,  either  of  his 
own  accord,  or  through  the  ufual  means  of  court  manceuvres, 
after  the  death  of  Theodora,  began  to  think  of  fending  Narfetes 
Commander  in  chief  into  Italy.  He  was  already  acquainted 
with  the  affairs  of  that  kingdom,  having  made  a  campaign 
there,  and  he  moreover  continued  to  gwe  proofs  of  a  fuperior 
genius*  Narfetes,  however,  either  from  his  native  greatnefs  of 
(ouU  or  from  the  confidence  he  repofed  in  the  affeSion  of  his 
mafter,  proteftcd  ftrongly  againft  embarking  in  this  expedition, 
unlcfs  he  were  fufficiently  fupplied  wiih  troops,  money,  and 
every  thing  elfe  neceflary  to  bring  it  to  an  honourable  ifiue. 
Juftinian  acquiefced  in  every  thing  he  defired,  and  Narfetes, 
having  feleded  the  flower  of  the  imperial  troops,  and  amply 
fupplied  himfelf  with  provifions,  fet  off,  attended  by  a  train  o£ 
Volunteers,  who  wanted  either  to  pay  their  court  to  the  favour* 
ite,  or  to  learn,  under  his  aufpices,  the  art  of  war. 

From  the  account  which  the  contemporary  hiftorians.  Pro- 
copius  and  Agathias,  have  left  us  of  this  expedition,  we  may 
conclude  that  no  war  in  Italy  was  ever  conduced  with  fo  much 
regularity,,  and  that  no  General  was  ever  more  efteemed,  re- 
vered and  obeyed ;  an  indubitable  proof  either  of  his  peculiar 
abilities  in  gaining  the  affedion  of  the  fubalterns,  or  of  the 
high  credit  he  had  at  court,  in  confequence  of  which,  none 
would  venture  tooppofe,  but  all  fupported  his  meafures.  If 
any  Italian  wit  thought  of  applying  to  Narfetes  CU\x&v^tC% 
keen  fatire  ooEutrppius,  he  wa&.foQa  obliged  to  cViwM^wvi^ 

H  4  5l^\c, 


104  .'  Denina*i  Rruolutions  cf  Itufy. 

fiyle,  and  to  pay  the  wifdom,  the  dexterity  and  virtue  of  At 
eunuch  the  higbeft  encomiums.  Even  the  enemy,  who  at  fiift 
made  a  jeft  of  a  caftrated  warrior,  as  of  fome  unheard  of  moiw 
fter,  very  foon  had  occafion  to  blufii  at  their  fcom.  For  To* 
ti}a  being  defeated,  and,  afterwards,  Teia,  who  fuceeeded  hinv 
the  only  General  they  had  left  was  Aligern,  who  kad  retirei 
.with  the  principal  part  of  their  treafures  and  forces  intotht 
llrong  city  of  Cuma. 

But  as  fo  much  was  done  towards  refcuing  Italy  from  dM 
dominion  of  a  barbarous  nation,  that  when  the  Goths  were  n^ 
duced  to  the  lail  extremity,  hardly  any  thing  was  left  undooCf 
it  will  be  neccflary  to  go  a  little  higher  in  this  account,  to  OK 
quire  into  the  flatc  of  the  Franks  at  this  time,  and  their  fixool 
attempt  to  make  thcmfclvcs  mailers  of  Italy.  Muratori,  whoa 
we  do  not  quote  on  this  occafion,  but  only  mention  as  the 
gi^at  luminary  of  the  Italian  hiilory,  has  touched  but  (lightly 
on  the  origin  of  this  war,  and,  confining  himfelf  to  the  onkr 
lit'  time,  has  left  us  but  a  fcattcrcd  and  unconne£ied  accotmt 
of  the  great  ptogrcfs  and  (liJl  greater  defigns  of  thofe  Kings  of 
the  Franks,  who  flouriflied  in  the  time  of  Juftinian^ 

1  heoJcbeit,  the  fon   of  that  I'hcodoric  who  was  the  firf 
born  though  illigitimatc  fon  of  Clodovcus,  at  the  fame  time 
t)iut  he  (hared,  with  the  other  three  fons  of  that  famous  King 
the  dominion  of  the  Franks,  which  was  founded  on  the  ruiM 
ot  Gaul,  not  only  fuceeeded  to  that  portion  of  the  kingdom 
polTefrcJ  by  his  father  againft  the  attempts  of  his  uncles,  Ckh 
tharius  anJ  Childcbcrt,  but  was,  on  account  of  his  valour  and 
reputation,  the  mod  diftinguiflied  Potentate  of  that  nation,  Be- 
fide  the  parts   that  bordered  on   the  kingdom  of  Burguodvi 
which  their  united  arms  had  entirely  deflroyed,  he  had  made 
confiderable  conquefls  in  Germany.     The  Kmperor  Juftinian, 
and  the  Kings  of  the  Goths  were  competitors  for  his  friend- 
.fliip ;  and  he  flattered  each  by  turns,  while  his  aim  was  to  rife 
on  the  ruin  of  both.     We  have  already  obferved  that  he  once 
fent  a  reinforcement  of  ten  thoufand  men  to  the  Goths  after 
they  had  fuflered  an  overthrow,  giving  out,  in  order  to  deceifc 
the  court  of  Conftantinople,  that  thefe  were  Burgundian  vo* 
lunteers  and  adventurers  :  we  have  mentioned  likewife  that  bo 
once  put  himfeif  at  the  head  of  a  very  numerous  army,  of 
.which,  through  the  malignant  influence  of  the  climate,  and^ 
.for  want  of  proper  provihons,  he  loft  the  greatcft  part.    FiTi 
however,  from  being  repreffcd  by  this  misfortune,  his  ambitia^ 
was  flill  more  excited  to  give  new  privileges  and  acquifition- 
to  bis  dominion  ;  and  he  was  the  firft  of  all  the  powers  th3 
lofc  upon  the  ruins  of  Rome,  who,  either  through  the  conce/ 
.  Uoii  or  connivs^ncc  of  the  Empcior,  co\u^d  ^old  in  bis  owM 
name.   From  the  fame  Emperor^  mo<^:Q\ w^ Yit  ^i\ixa;\i«4  w  «l. 
6  ^^^ 


p  DenihaV  Rivolutions  of  Italy.  jag 

pR&  grant,  or  rather  invefliture,  of  tbofe  provinces,  which  he 

[    lodte  anceftors  had  taken  from  the  empire. 

.     -  Nocfatisfied,  however,  with  thefe  terms,  becaufe  Juftinian, 

ktii  titles,  announced  himfelf  £mperor  of  the  Franks,  Ger- 

■Bi  and  Longobards,    he  occafioned  a  violent  infurredion 

ig  the    barbarians    who  were  fettled  in   Uiyricum,   and 

pear  to  carry  on  war  againft  the  Emperor  under  the  walls 

>  tf  Gmftantinople.     In  the  firft  ardours  of  this  audacious  at- 

iBDpt  Theodebert  finiflied  his  life,  and  was  fucceeded  by  his 

fin  Thcodebald,  a  youth  of  fixteen,  of  a  flender  conftitution^ 

ad  no  extraordinary  parts.    Indeed,  the  prudence  of  his  father, 

IB  placing  the  ableft  minifters  and  officers  about  him,  had  in 

torn  meafure  left  a  remedy  for  the  wcaknefs  and  inexperience 

of  the  young  King. 

«  To  this  Theodebald,  as  his  dominions  lay  nearer  to  Italy 
than  tbofe  of  the  other  Potentates,  the  Goths  had  recourfe  for 
difiance ;  when  after  the  death  of  Totila  and  Tcia,  their 
lEun  were  become  defperate.  The  embafl}',  however,  was 
not  made  in  the  name,  or  by  the  decree  of  the  whole  nation, 
bit  only  of  thofe  who  lived  beyond  the  Alps  and  the  Po.  The 
left,  who  were  at  a  greater  diftance  from  the  Alp?,  either  chofe 
to  wait  till  they  faw  what  turn  the  Greek  affairs  would  take, 
aod  what  the  event  of  the  fiege  of  Cuma  might  be ;  or,  in 
bEtj  were  afraid  that  by  calling  in  the  Franks,  they  {hould  lay 
tberofelves  open  to  a  new  enemy. 

However,  when  the  Gothic  Ambaflfadors  bad  an  audience  of 
Tbeodebald,  they  endeavoured  to  perfuade  the  King  and  his 
omacil,  that  if  the  Goths  fhould  be  totally  routed  and  dc- 
llroyed,  the  Franks  would  by  no  means  be  fccure  from  the 
ptetenfions  of  the  Emperor  ;  that  theirs  was  the  common  caufc, 
^  that,  therefore,  the  Franks  ought,  for  their  own  fakes,  to 
inarch  to  the  affiftance  of  the  Goths.     To  this  they  received 
fcr  anfwcr,  in  the  name  of  Theodebald,  that  the  youth^  and 
ill  health  of  the  King,  and  the  ftate  of  the  nation,  rendered  it 
improper  for  them  at  that  time  to  take  part  in  the  dangers  of 
others.      But  Lutharius  and  Bucellinus,    two   brothers,  who 
Were  Germans  by  birth,  and  the  principal  (lenerals  of  Theo- 
fcbald's  army,  when  the  Ambafladors  took  ihcir  leave,  encou- 
raged them  to  keep  up  their  fpiriis,  affurinri;  them  that,  not- 
irithflanding  the  different  fentiments  of  the  King,  they  would, 
of  their  own  proper  authority,  come  with  a  powerful  army  to 
the  relief  of  the  Goths.     A  celebrated  writer,  in  his  hiftory  of 
the  Franks,  makes  a  rcfleftion  here  which  fcems  to  be  very 
¥rell  grounded,  namely  that  this  difference  in  the  anfwer  of 
the  King  and  his  Generals  was  nothing  more  than  a  concerted 
Artifice;   and,   indeed,    it  fervcs  to   confirm    wh<it    \^roco^\ws 
Writes,  that  whatever  appearances  the  Franks  mioht  affecl  \t\ 


io6  Denina*/  RmlnitMS  §f  tiUfy. 

this  war ;  they  never  intended  to  ferve  either  the  Goiths  of 
the  Greeks,  and  that  their  fole  objeft  was  to  let  them  fighl 
till  one  party  was  totally  deftroyed^  afterwards  to  fall  upon  die 
weakened  and  harafled  conqueror,  and  nuke  themfelves  mafieittf 
of  Italy.  > 

It  is  certain  that,  without  proceeding  to  defertion,  and  opM 
rebellion,  of  which  we  find  no  traces  in  this  part  of  hifloiyy 
Lutharius  and  Bucellinus  could  not  have  carried  into  Italy  aH 
army  fo  numerous,  as  they  did,  immediately  after  the  dcptfw 
ture  of  the  Guthic  ambafiadors,  had  it  not  been  with  the  ccMH 
fent  of  their  King.    Into  Italy,  however,  they  did  march  Mf 
the  head  of  feventy  tboufand  men.     On  the  part  of  the  Got|l% 
they  found  no  difficulty  in  poiTeffing  themfelves  of  as  mutf 
fortrefies  as  they  thought  convenient,  in  the  Venetian  territiH'. 
lies,  and  in  Liguria,  from  the  Alps  to  the  Tufcan  fca.    So 
that  Italy  was  now  in  the  hands  of  three  powers,  the  GodHi 
the  Imperialifts,  and  the  Franks,  who  occupied  forts  and  ci* 
ercifed  dominion  in  different  provinces.     The  Goths,  inded^ 
after  the  defeat  of  Tela,  were  no  longer  in  a  condition  of  go* 
verning  by  their  own  weight ;  and,  had  it  not  been  (ot  d» 
flrong  poft  of  Cuma,  whither  they  had  retired  with  the  bet 
part  of  their  remains,  the  little  that  was  left  would  foon  hiff 
been  deftroyed.     Such  of  them  as  had  not  retired  to  Cuma,  di(- 
perfed  in  various  parts  of  Italy,  by  no  means  adhered  to  tbt 
common  caufe.      Some  joined    the  Romans  and  others  the 
Franks.     And  though  the  latter  had  not,  perhaps,  a  greater 
number  of  forts  than  were  occupied  by  the  imperial  troops,  jA 
as  they  exceeded  them  in  numbers  of  men,  they  over-ran  thff 
country  with  greater  vigour  and  boldnefs. 

In  the  mean  while,  the  event  of  the  war  feemed  to  depend 
on  the  fate  of  the  two  cities  of  Cuma  and  Lucca,  the  one  oc* 
cupied  by  the  Goths,  the  other  by  the  Franks,  and  both  con^ 
ftantlv  befieged  by  Narfetes.  That  General,  by  the  fiege  an' 
radudion  of  Lucca,  obtained  the  higbeft  reputation,  as  miicb 
for  his  clemency  and  humanity,  as  for  his  (kill  and  valour« 
This  was  the  iirit  (lep  to  his  fuperiority  over  the  Franks,  and  tC 
the  entire  recovery  of  Italy.  It  was  now  no  longer  doubtful 
that  the  Franks,  in  attempting  to  drive  the  Romans  out  oi 
Italy,  had  in  view  the  fubje£lion  not  only  of  the  ancient  Ita- 
lians, but  of  the  Goths  themfelves,  in  whofe  favour  they  pre^ 
tended  to  come.  Aligcrn,  therefore,  who  all  this  while  main* 
tained  the  fort  of  Cuma,  began  to  think  of  refcuing  himfeM 
and  his  people  from  the  diftrefTcs  of  a  long  fiege,  and  from 
future  danger,  by  furrendering  the  royal  enfigns  and  every  thing 
elfe  to  Narfetes,  and  becoming  a  fubje£t  of  the  Roman  empire. 
He^  therefore^  reprefented  to  the  oitiet  cVv\t(^  of  his  party^ 
that  if  the  kin^doM  of  the  OftrogotVk^  wtic  4cKv{\^i  \ft  W\^  >i 


DeninsV  Rtoolutims  of  Lafy,  107 

would  be  ovore  to  tbeir  honour  that  Italy  (bould  return  to  its 
former  poffeflbrs,  than  that  it  (bould  fall  into  the  hands  oi  any 
other  power*  The  Gothic  chiefs  being  acquainted  with,  and 
coDCuning  in  bis  defign,  he  gave  the  befiegers  to  undcrftand 
that  be  dcfired  a  coniference  with  Narfetes ;  and  for  the  fame 
purpofe  he  went  to  the  neighbouring  fortrefs  of  Ravenna,  where 
the  Giicek  General  was.  Immediately  on  their  interview,  Ali<- 
gern  prefented  him  with  the  keys  of  Cuma,  and  declared  his 
readinefa  to  acquiefce  in  whatever  he  (bould  propofe.  A  Roman 
garifon  was  forthwith  placed  in  Cuma,  and  the  royal  fpoils^ 
with  all  the  treafures  that  the  Goths  had  brought  to  that  for- 
xreb^  were  given  up  to  Narfetes  ^  who,  on  the  other  hand» 
promtfed  and  obferved  the  moft  favourable  treatment  of  Alieern 
and  the  Goths  who  fubmitted  themfelves  to  the  empire.  Not 
lonrar  after  this,  the  Franks,  in  confidence  of  raifuig  the  fiege 
of  Cufha,  and,  under  pretence  of  aflifling  the  Gothe,  of  dez- 
iDg  that  mafterfort,  were  advancing  towards  the  fcene  of 
afiion.  But  they  were  foon  informed  of  the  capitulation,  and 
they  loaded  Aiigern  with  the  moft  unnaerciful  reproaches^ 
calling  him  a  traitor  to  his  country. 

Narfetes  thought  proper  that  Aiigern  (hould  go  into  Cuma 
and  publiih  the  agreement  made  with  the  Romans  i  and  that» 
for  this  purpofe,  he  (hould  (hew  himielf  from  an  eminence, 
that  tbo(e  who  pafled  beneath  might  fee  him,  and  the  enemy 
give  up  all  thoughts  of  creating  a  new  King,  when  they  found 
the  honours  of  that  appointment  ceded  to  the  Romans.  The 
Franks,  notwithftanding,  ftill  retained  their  reiblution  of  car* 
rying  on  war  againft  the  Romans;  till  partly  being  fubdued  in 
battle,  though  greatly  fuperior  in  numbers,  and  partly  cut  ofF 
by  difeafes,  (by  way  of  puni(hmeot,  Agathias  tells  us,  for  their 
C^rilege  and  impiety)  they  were  compelled  to  leave  the  Ro- 
manst  fo  far  at  leaft  at  they  were  concerned,  the  entire  and 
uninterrupted  dominion  of  Italy.  Only  one  party  remained, 
confifting  of  about  feven  thoufand  Goths,  who  had  formerly 
jotned  the  Franks,  but  being  defcrted  by  them,  and  finding 
themfelves  abandoned  to  the  mercy  of  the  conqueror,  in  diftruS 
of  that  mercy  had  thrown  themfelves  into  Confa,  under  the 
cocmnahd  of  Ragnar,  a  Hunn.  This  bold  man,  though  of 
the  vileft  extra&ion,  was  not  without  ambition  ;  and  had  not 
his  perfidious  machinations  failed,  he  might  have  occafioned 
new  revolutions  in  the  affairs  of  Italy.  This  Barbarian*  con* 
fcious  how  difficult  it  would  be,  to  oppofe  by  open  force  the 
growing  power  and  reputation  of  NaxJetes,  was  willing  to  try 
whether  he  could  not  obtain  fome  honourable  terms  by  furren- 
der,  or  at  leaft  avail  bimfelf  by  treachery.  He  therefore  dcfired 
an  interview  with  Narfetes,  and  obtained  it.  The  place  api- 
pointed  wat  in  ihc  open  deld  ^  where  Naifoies^  ^llti  ^^^tx. 


ioi  The  Lift  of  Lord  Vifcount  Bolinghnke. 

conference,  finding  the  high  and  haughty' terms,  in  which  th^ 
Hunn  talked  of  a  furrender,  difmifTed  him ;  and,  in  all  proba- 
bility, the  barbarian,  by  no  means  folicitous  to  come  to  terms^ 
might  have  refufed  many  propofals.     Ragnar,  on  leaving  Nar- 
fetes,  fet  his  face  towards  Confa,  but  fuddenly  turning  back,ii 
the  Scythians  and  the  Parthians  ufed  to  do  in  battle,  aimed  t 
dart  at  Narfetes,  which  however  .mifcarried.     The  guards  of 
Narfetes,  on  feeing  the  treachery  of  Ragnar,  and  the  danger  of 
their  General,  immediately  came  up,  and  put  the  traitor  to 
death.     When  Ragnar  was  thus  cut  oflF,  whofe  audacious  fpi- 
rit  alone  had  fupported  the  remains  of  their  party,  the  Gotbf 
immediately    furrendered,     and    Narfetes,    without    difficulty 
granted  them  their  lives.      However,  to  deftroy  the  feeds  of 
future  comm.otions,  he  determined  that  thefe  (even  thoufand 
Goths  (hould  go  to  Conftantinople,  for  he  could  by  no  meaof 
aflure  himfelf  that  fuch  a  body  of  warlike  men,  might  not  in  i 
country  their  own  nation  had  governed,  be  once  more  excited 
to  infurredion  and  rebellion.     Thus  ended  the  famous  king* 
dom  of  the  Goths,  which  after  flouriihing  for  many  years,  and 
experiencing  a  variety  of  fortune  as  many  more,  was  at  length 
totally  deftroyed  by  the  valour  of  Narfetes. 
.    Thefe  extra6ls  will  give  our  Reader^  an  idea  of  the  utility  of 
this  hiftory,  its  clear  arrangement  of  fads,  the  elegance  of  the 
compofition,  and  the  judgment  and  liberality  of  the  Author's 
obfervations. 

I'he  fecond  volume  concludes  with  the  fixteenth  book,  and 
brings  down  the  hiftory  as  low  as  the  15th  century.  Thebu- 
fincfs  fmce  that  period,  which  is  very  confiderable,  remains  for 
a  third  volume :  of  which  we  (hall  give  our  Readers  an  ac- 
count, as  foon  as  we  receive  it  from  Turin. 

Art.  II.  The  Life  of  Henry  St,  John^  Lord  Vifcount  BoUngbroke^. 
8vo.     IS;  6 d.     Davies.     1770. 

TlHE  life  of  Lord  Bolingbroke  is  fo  well  and  fo  univerfally 
known,  that  it  would  be  fuperfluous  to  give  our  Readers 
any  account  of  it,  unlefs  fomething  extraordinary  on  the  fub- 
jcA  had  been  ftruck  out  in  the  prcfent  work.  As  that  is  not 
the  cafe,  we  (hall  take  this  opportunity  of  indulging  a  d^re 
we  have  long  had  at  heart,  of  expofing  that  falfe,  futile  and 
flovenly  ftyle,  which,  to  the  utter  ncgle£l  of  grammatical  prc- 
cifion  and  purity,  difgraccs  fo  many  of  our  modern  compofi- 
tions.  The  interefts  of  literature,  and  'of  our  language  in 
particular,  call  us  to  this  duty,  and  no  Author  ever  gave  a 
fairer  opportunity  of  difcharging  it,  than  the  Author  of  this 
life  of  Bolingbroke  affords  us. 

'  PreHxed  to  a  new  edition  of  Vb;it  xnaSi^cVY  v<Qt^oi\A%\i(n^SEA^*\^ 
ffie  D/^rtation  on  Pari  its. 


F 


Idlances  of  falfe  language,  and  other  Jaults  in  th^j  traJt. 
J.  Theabufe'of  metonymy  by  extending  it  too  far,  and  giving 
Jramore  than  poetical  licence  in  profe,  is  entirely  dellructive 
V  purity  and  precifion.  '  There  are  fome  charaflcrs  that 
fam  formed  by  nature  to  take  deli;'.ht  in  ftruggling  with  oppo- 
Itton,  and  whofe  moft  agreeable  hours  arc  pafl'cd  in  ftorms  of 
their  own  creating.'  Here  we  find  the  agreeable  hours  of  cha* 
raSerSy  and  charadfers  creating Jiorms. 

2.  Another  inftance  of  the  fame  fault.  •  The  fubje<5l  of  the 
prtient  (ketch  was  not  lefs  employed  in  improving  his  fuperior 
talents,  than  in  finding  objects  on  which  to  exercife  their  ac- 
tivity.'   Here  we  have  a  Jubjen  employed  in  finding  objc^ls. 

3.  A  falfe  obfervation.  *  Thofe,  whom  his  politics  may 
pieafe,  will  be  fure  to  condemn  him  for  his  religion.'  Is  atiy 
particular  fyftem  of  religion  neceflarily  connected  with  any 
particular  fyftem  of  politics  ?  may  there  not  be  many  who  ap- 
prove of  Bolingbrokc*s  principles  in  both  ? 

4*  *  Bolingbrokc's  family  is  found  to  trace  its  original  as 
kjgh  as  Adam  de  Port,  Baron  of  Hafing,  before  the  conqucft.* 
Wc  can  recoiled  nothing  of  Barons  in  England  before  the 
conqueft  ♦. 

5.  *  Bolingbroke  imbibed  the  firft  principles  of  his  educatioti 
anoDgft  the  diflenters; — and  perhaps  the  abfurdity  of  the  firft 
Icdurcs  he  received,  might  have  given  him  that  contempt  for 
all  religions,  which  he  might  have  juftly  conceived  againft  one/ 
Now,  what  are  we  to  underftand  by  all  leligions  ?  — All  the 
religions  in  the  world.  Well,  and  what  religion  was  that  of 
the  diflenters,  againjl  which,  this  writer  fays,  Bolingbroke 
might  have  juftly  conceived  a  contempt?  Was  it  Judaiim,  or 
Paganifm,  or  the  religion  of  Mahomet  ?  No— What  then  ? — 
the  religion  of  Jefus  Chrift — For,  to  the  beftof  our  knowledge, 
the  Diflenters  never  profefled  any  other  religion. 
*  6.  «  Sharp-fighted  at  difcovering  the  abfurdities  of  others, 
hstuever  he  might  have  been  guilty  of  eftabliOiing  many  of  his 
own.'     Inftead  of  however  guilty  he  might  have  been. 

7.  *  His  fubtilty  in  thinking  and  reafoning  were  profound* 
What  mortal  ever  heard  of  profound  fubtilty  ?  What  writer 
but  this  heedlcfs  Biographer  could  poflibly  have  told  us  that 
fubtilty  were  profound  ?  Subtilisy  acer,  profundus—^The  ideas 
are  totally  diftin£l. 

•  The  title  Baron  was  totally  unknown  to  the  Saxons.     Their 

term  for  that  dignity  was  Thane,     The  words  Thane  and  Thane^ 

landviCTt  fucceedcd,  at  the  conquert,  by  Baron  and  Barony,     See  a 

valuable  ptrformance  entitled  ^/r  Jbifiorical  dfj/ertation  concirnhig  t2>e 

ftr/fMf/f  £/^r/h  £fr^/i^  ccig^f/ur/ojjf. 


1 10  Thi  Lift  •f  Lord  Vifcount  BoEtigtrUel 

8.  ^  This  period  [of  Bolingbroke's  rakiOi  youth]  might  havt 
been  compared  to  that  of  fermentation  in  liquors,  which  grow 
muddy  before  they  brighten ;  but  it  muft  alfo  be  confeft,  ch^ 
thofe  liquors  which  never  ferment,  are  feldom  clear/     VpW 
thefe  principles  it  would  be  a  confiderable  advantage  to  a  ami;. , 
to  be  a  rake  in  his  youth.     But  neither  is  the  fecond  mombfr.J 
of  the  fimile,  nor  the  applicaciont  juft.     it  is  not  true  that  fieiv  J 
mented  liquors  only  are  clear.     What  does  the  Author  thinj;  J 
•f  fuch  liquors  as  are  diftilied,  and  undergo  no  fiermentatioD?:.^ 
And  was  Bolingbroke,   after  all,   really  clear?    That  d^is- J 
nefs  was,  perhaps,  one  of  the  jaft  qualities  be  was  capable  tf  .^' 
attaining.  .    .1 

9.  «  There  are  two  or  three  things  more  of  his  compofitioBf  j 
which  have  appeared  finc«  his  death,  but  which  neither  do  ho*     i 
nour  to  his  parts  or  memory/     By  csmpcfition  we  fuppofe  the 
Author  means  poetUal  compoficion.     It  is  plain,  in  chat  cafie,  'j 
that  either  he  has  not  feen  his  JlmabicUf^  or  has  wanted  tab 
Co  diftinguifh  its  beauties. 

10.  ^  Bolingbroke  and  his  wife  parted  by  mutual  confefl^ 
ioth  equally  difpleafed.'     Jrrai !  ' . 

11.  «  The  Englilh  annals  scarce  produce  a  more  trying, 
jundure,  or  that  required  fuch  various  abilities  to  regulate.*    la   v 
this  (hort  fentence,  Prifcian's  head  has  received  no  fewer  tbu   • 
four  blows.  I 

12.  ^  He  was  created  Baron  St.  John  and  Vifcount  Bolingf 
broke ;  by  the  laft  of  which  titles  he  is  now  generally  knowO| 
and  likely  to  be  talked  of  to  pofterity/     Futile,  and  imperti*    y 
nent !  Is  not  every  Peer  known  and  talked  of  by  the  fuperior  . . 
title  ? 

1 3.  Such  men  '  were  unfit  to  take  the  lead  on  any  occafioa, 
he  their  abilities  or  induftry  ever  fo  great/  Grofly  ungramma*  '• 
tical ! 

14^  '  A  regency  had  been  fome  time  before  appointed  to 
govern  the  kingdom/  A  government  appointed  to  govern  ! 

15.  As  an  inftance,  among  many  others,  of  that  fiovenlineft 
we  have  already  mentioned,  we  refer  the  Reader  to  p.  80, 
where  he  will  iiad  the  word  thaty  ufcd  no  fewer  than  five  tima 
in  fcvcn  lines. 

16,  *  Such  were  the  articles  [the  Pretender's  impeachment 
of  Bolingbroke  as  his  fccretary]  by  a  very  extraordinary  reverfi 
of  fortuiie,  preferred  againft  Lord  Bolingbroke,  in  lefs  than  a 
year  after  fimilar  articles  were  diawn  up  againft  him  by  the 
pppofite  party  at  home.'  ^  fimilarity  of  events,  a  revcrfe  of 
ifortune  ? 

-t  See  LondioH  Chrcmck^  vol.  iv.  p.  6x9  •,  irom  NiVtxi^t^  \^  '•i«ai% 
not  mifkaken,  this  admirable  ode.wa^  co]^\cd.  mxo  \!k^  ^^tfin^c^  tx\* 
Jc(flions  about  that  time— 17  s^.  .  hxt  • 


Langhoroe'j  Travjlaiion  of  PluiarcUs  Lives,  i  n 

17.  *  Wait  for  the  calm  that  was  to  luccccJ  in  tianquillity.* 
i.  e.   Wait  in  calmnefs  tor  calmncrs, 

18.  ^  His  deareft  connexuns  were  either  dead,  or  declared 
tbcmfelves  fufpicious/   Another  vile  abufe  of  metonymjr. 

But  we  ^re  tired  of  animadverfions  which^  though  fome- 
iimcs  necefiary,  are  never  agreeable  to  us}  and  have  only 
jfiiither  to  add,  that  this  life  of  Bolingbroke  fcems  to  have 
been  patched  up,  by  the  mere  aid  of  amplification,  from  that 
account  given  in  the  Bhgraphia  Britannica  :  but  we  muft 
pbferve,  that  the  character  of  his  Lordlhip,  with  which  the 
pamphlet  concludes,  appears  to  us  to  be  written  by  a  different 
tund  i  it  being  a$  much  fuperior  to  the  reft  of  the  compofition, 
as  the  ftyle  and  manner  of  Johnfon  are  to  thofe  of  bis  equally 
pomppus  but  feeble  imitators. 

Art,  III.  Plutarch's  Lives.  Tranflatcd  from  the  original  Greek, 
with  Notes  critical  and  hiflorical,  and  a  new  life  of  Plutarch, 
by  John  Langhorne,  D.  D.  and  William  Langhorne,  M.  A, 
Concluded.    See  our  Igft* 

THE  admiration  of  a  favourite  Author  frequently  induces 
a  Tranilator  tp  adopt  the  forms  of  conftrudion  which 
are  peculiar  to  him.     Attached,  l|lcewife,  to  a  language,  in  the 

Suifition  of  which  he  has  paiTed  many  years,  he  has,  perhaps, 
i  little  leifure  to  ttudy  the  genius  and  ftrudure  of  his  own, 
or  has  contracted  a  cpntempt  of  it.  The  tranflations,  accord-> 
ingly,  of  the  wortcs  qf  antiquity,  while  they  are  generally  ex- 
ecuted without  tafte  or  fpirit,  are  frequently  unintelligible  to 
^bc  unlearned  reader.  Even  to  thofe  who  are  acquainted  with 
ancient  literature,  they  carry,  fometimes,  an  obfcurity  ;  and  in 
order  to  underftand  them,  it  is  neceflary,  on  many  occalions,  to 
bive  recourfe  to  the  original  authors. 

The  cenfurc  which  has  been  thrown  on  the  Greek  of  Plu- 
tarch, would  have  preferved  his  tranflator,  it  may  be  thought, 
from  copying  too  clofely  his  peculiarities ;  but  very  learned 
men  want  fiequently  the  tafte  which  js^ neceflary  to  judge  of 
the  beauties  and  dcfc<3s  of  compofition  -,  and  to  give  an  equality 
fo  the  ftyle  of  this  Author,  which  is  elevateil  or  mean,  accord- 
ing to  tnc  works  from  which  he  has  tranfcribed,  will  he  allowed 
to  be  no  eafy  undertaking.  Hence,  till  the  publication  before 
lis,  we  could  not  boaft  of  a  verfion  of  ))is  lives,  that  deferved 
to  be  encouraged,  from  the  (kill  or  the  merit  which  it  difco- 
vered.  fetter  informed,  and  with  mor^  liberal  vjews  than  are 
iifually  to  be  found  in  the  interpreters  of  the  ancients,  our 
Tranflarors  engaged  in  a  taflc  for  which  they  were  fully  quali- 
fied. They  poiTeiled  the  tafte,  the  penetration,  and  the  ability 
which  were  requifiie  to  unfold  to  them  the  dif&cu\t\^%  iVi^"}  \iiA 
fo  epcounferj  and  tp  overcome  them.     They  have  dw\&^^  x)\^ 


involved  and  embarraffcd  periods  of  their  Greek  origi  ^^  '/^ot^^ 
while  they  have  expreflcd   the   conceptions  of  their  mfid 

with  fidelity,   they  have  been  attentive  to  render  bir^ 
elegance.  J^  i 

*  Senfible,  fay  th-7,  that  the  great  art  of  a  tranflato^  ^gjl 
prevent  the  peculiarities  of  his  Author's  language  from  ^^ fjH^ 
into  his  own,  they  have  been  particularly  attentive  to  this  p^^^ 
and  have  generally  endeavoured  to  keep  their  £ng1i{h  unioiii^^p 
with  Greek.  At  the  fame  time  it  muii  be  obferved,  thattb^j^ 
is  frequently  a  great  fimilarity  in  the  ftrudure  of  the  twoMJ^I 
luages  J  yet  that  refcmblance,  in  fome  inflances,  makes  itdl^S 
more  neceflary  to  guard  againft  it  on  the  whole.  This  caei^ 
of  the  greater  conlequcnce,  becaufe  Plutarch's  lives  gcnenlT^ 
pafs  through  the  hands  of  young  people,  who  ought  toicfl^^ 
their  own  language  in  its  native  purity,  unmixed  and  untuottfj 
with  the  idioms  of  different  tongues.  For  their  fakes  tO0|4f 
well  as  for  the  fake  of  readers  of  a  different  clafs,  we  hue 
omitted  fome  paflages  in  the  text,  and  have  only  fignified  the 
omiffion  by  afterifms.  Some,  perhaps,  may  cenfure  us  ^^ 
taking  too  great  a  liberty  with  our  Author  in  this  circumftanccjl 
however,  we  muft  beg  leave  in  that  inftance  to  abide  by  dv 
own  opinion ;  and  fure  wc  are,  we  (hould  have  cenfured  Bdl 
tranflator  for  the  fame.  Could  every  thing  of  that  kind  hifl 
been  omitted,  we  (hould  have  been  flill  lefs  diffatislied  ;  bll 
fometimes  the  chain  of  the  narrative  would  not  admit  of  it,  ImI 
the  difagreeablc  parts  were  to  be  got  over  with  as  much  deccDQ^^ 
as  pofTible. 

*  In  the  dcfcriptions,  they  obfervc,  of  battles,  camps,  tA 
fieges,  it  ir.  more  than  probable  that  we  may  fometimes  be  miftakoi 
in  the  military  terms.  We  have  endeavoured,  however,  to  I* 
as  accurate  in  this  refpcft  as  j  oiTiblc,  and  to  acquaint  ourfditi 
with  tins  kind  of  knowledge  as  well  as  our  fituations  wooli 
permit;  but  \vc  will  not  promife  the  Reader  that  wc  have  al- 
ways fucceeded.  Where  fomething  fccmed  to  have  fallen  «<  ^ 
of  the  text,  or  where  the  ellipfis  was  too  violent  for  theformi 
of  our  language,  we  have  not  fcruplcd  to  maintain  the  tenor 
of  the  nnrrative,  or  the  chain  of  reafon,  by  fuch  little  infertioDi 
as  appeared  to  be  neceflary  for  the  purpofc.' 

Such  are  the  liberties,  which  our  Tranflators  have  takfii 
with  Plutarch  ;  and  fuch  is  the  very  Candid  account  whidi 
they  have  given  of  them.  We  (hall  now  lay  a  fpecimen  of  their 
verfion  before  our  Readers,  in  order  that  they  may  be  enabled  to 
form  for  themfclves  an  opinion  of  its  merit  and  executioflt. 
For  this  purpofc,  we  (hall  feledl  their  tranfiation  of  the  ac-  1 
count  of  the  death  of  Antony,  and  of  that  of  Cleopatra.  1 

*  Ahtr  Antony's  overthrow,  fay  they,  Argrippa  wrote  fcvC" 
ral  letters  xo  Ca*far  to  inform  V\\m  0[\?i^t  \\\s  v't^^*^^^^^^'^^^^* 

fary  at  Rome.     This   put  off  v\\c  viw  io\  ^um^  \\vev^\\svs^* 


Langhorhc^  Tranjlaticn  of  PlidariVs  Lives.  1 1 3 

foon  as  the  winter  was  over,  Cafar  marched  againft  Antony 
by  the  route  of  Syria,  and  Tent  his  Lieutenants  on  the  fame 
bufinefs  into  Africa.  When  Pelufium  was  taken,  it  was  ru- 
moured that  Seleucus  had  delivered  up  the  place  with  the  con- 
nivance or  confent  of  Cleopatra:  whereupon,  the  queen,  in 
order  to  juilify  herfclf,  gave  up  the  wife  and  children  of  Seleu- 
cus into  the  hands  of  Antony.  Cleopatra  had  ereded  near  the 
temple  of  Ifis  fome  monumenu  of  extraordinary  fize  and  mag- 
nificence.* To  thefe  (he  removed  her  treafure,  her  gold,  filver, 
emeralds,  pearls,  ebony,  ivory,  and  cinnamon,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  of  flax,  and  a  number  of  torches.  Caefar  wa$ 
under  fpme  apprehenfions  about  this  immenfe  wealth,  left^ 
upon  fome  fuddcn  emergency,  fhe  (hould  fet  fire  to  the  whole. 
For  this  reafon  he  was  continually  fending  mefTengers  to  her 
with  aflurances  of  gentle  and  honourable  treatment,  while  in 
the  mean  time  he  haftencd  to  the  city  *  with  his  army. 

<  When  he  arrived  he  encamped  near  the  Hippodrome;  upon 
which  Antony  made  a  bri(k  fally,  routed  the  cavalry,  drove 
them  back  into  their  trenches,  and  returned  to  the  city  with 
the  cmtplactmy  f  of  a  conqueror.  As  he  was  going  to  the  pa-^. 
lace  he  met  Cleopatra,  whom,  armed  as  he  was,  he  kiiTed  with- 
out ceremony,  and  at  the  fame  time  he  recommended  to  her 
fiivour  a  brave  foldier  who  had  diftinguifhed  himfelf  in  the  en- 
gagement. She  prefented  the  foldier  with  a  cuirafs  and  helmet 
of  sold,  which  he  took,  and  the  fame  night  went  over  to 
Cxur.  After  this  Antony  challenged  Csefar  to  fight  him  in 
fingle  combat,  but  Caefar  only  anfwered  that  Anthony  might 
think  of  many  other  ways  to  end  his  life.  Antony,  therefore,  con- 
cluding that  he  could  not  die  more  honourably  than  in  battle^ 
determined  to  attack  Cxfar  at  the  fame  time  both  by  fea  and 
bmd.  The  night  preceding  the  execution  of  this  defign,  he 
ordered  his  fervants  at  fuppcr  to  render  him  their  bed  fervices 
that  evening,  and  fill  the  wine  round  plentifully  ;  for  the  day 
following  they  might  belong  to  another  mafter,  whiift  he  lay 
extended  on  the  ground,  nolongcr  of  confequence  either  to  them 
or  to  himfeif.  His  friends  were  affected,  and  wept  to  hear  him 
tilkthusi  which  when  he  perceived,  he  encouraged  them  by 
aflfurances  that  his  expedations  of  a  glorious  vidory  Were  at 
leaft  equal  to  thofe  of  an  honourable  death.  At  the  dead  of 
night,  when  univerfal  filence  reigned  through  the  city,  a  filence 
that  was  deepened  by  the  aweful  thought  of  the  enfuing  day, 
on  a  fudden  was  heard  the  found  of  mufical  inftruments,  and  a 
noife  which  refembled  the  exclamations  of  Bacchanals.  This 
tumultuous  proceflion  feemcd  to  pafs  through  the  whole  city, 
^  ■        ■■     ■        .III  ,  I 

*  Alexandria*  -f  Perhaps  the  meaning  of  Plutarch  would 

have  beeo  rendered  with  more  proprictv,  if  our  i  raudiitoi^  \viA  tvsk.^ 
ployed  the  word/r/yi,  iadcad  oi  mmpiat-tncy^ 

ksv,  Feb.  ijji.  i  ^tA 


114  LanghorneV  Tranjlatton  of  PlutarcVs  LiviU 

and  to  go  out  at  the  gate  which  led  to  the  enemy's  campk 
I'hofe  who  refle£led  on  this  prodigy,  concluded  that  Bacchut, 
the  god  whom  Antony  aiFedcd  to  imitate,  had  then  forfakeii 
him. 

<  As  (bon  as  it  was  light,  he  led  his  infantry  out  of  the  chjr, 
and  pofted  them  on  a  rifing  ground,  from  whence  he  faw  mi 
fleet  advance  towards  the  enemy.  There  he  ftood  waiting  fbi 
the  event ;  but  as  foon  as  the  two  fleets  met,  they  hailed  eUk 
other  with  their  oars  in  a  very  friendly  manner,  (Antony's  fldS 
making  the  firft  advances)  and  failed  together  peaceably  towaii 
the  city.  This  was  no  fooner  done,  than  the  cavalry  deferted  hiiD 
in  the  fame  manner,  and  furrendered  to  Caefar*  His  in&itiy 
were  routed ;  and  as  he  retired  to  the  city,  he  exclaimed  that 
Cleopatra  had  betrayed  him  to  thofe  with  whom  he  was  fight* 
ing  only  for  her  fake. 

^  The  unhappy  Queen,  dreading  the  efleAs  of  hb  ango^ 
fled  to  her  monument,  and  having  fccuring  it  as  much  as  p6(- 
fible  with  bars  and  bolts,  fhe  gave  orders  that  Antony  (hoiffl 
be  informed,  (he  was  dead.  Believing  the  information  to  tic 
true,  he  cried,  **  Antony,  why  doft  thou  delay  ?  What  is  life 
to  thee,  when  it  is  taken  from  her,  for  whom  alone  thou  couMt 
wifli  to  live  ?"  He  then  went  to  his  chamber,  and  opening  ifi 
coat  of  mail,  he  faid  ^'  I  am  not  diftreiTcd,  Cleopatra,  that  thbi 
art  gone  before  me,  for  I  fhall  foon  be  with  thee ;  but  I  gT>^ 
to  think  that  I  who  have  been  fo  diftinguiflied  a  general,  &m)l 
be  inferior  in  magnanimity  to  a  woman."  He  was  then  at- 
tended by  a  faithful  fervant,  whofe  name  was  Eros.  He  hd 
engaged  this  fervant  to  kill  him,  whenever  he  (hould  thinly  It 
necelTaryy  and  he  now  demanded  that  fcrvicc.  Eros  drew  Hi 
fword,  as  if  he  defigned  to  kill  him  ^  but  fuddenly  turning  abooli 
he  flew  himfcif,  and  fell  at  his  matter's  feet.  **  This,  Eros, wii 
greatly  done,"  faid  Antony,  *'  thy  heart  would  not  permit  thrf 
to  kill  thy  mailer,  but  thou  had  taught  him  what  to  do  by  tt) 
example."  He  then  plunged  his  fword  into  his  bowels,  aiM 
threw  himfelf  upon  a  couch  that  flood  by.  The  wound,  hi^ 
ever,  was  not  fo  deep  as  to  caufe  immediate  death ;  and  tA 
blood  flopping  as  he  lay  on  the  couch,  he  came  to  himfelf,  ahd 
intreated  thofe  who  ftood  by  to  put  him  out  of  his  pain.  Tl'^q 
all  fled,  neverthelcfs,  and  left  him  to  his  cries  and  torlnentti 
till  Diomedes,  fecretary  to  Cleopatra,  came  with  her  reqttdii 
that  he  would  come  to  her  in  the  monument.  When  Ant6ffJ 
found  that  (he  was  ftill  living,  it  gave  himfrefh  fpirits,  ad 
he  ordered  his  fcrvants  to  take  him  up.  Accordingly  they  car* 
ried  him  in  their  arms  to  the  door  of  the  monument.  Cleopi* 
ira  would  not  fufFer  the  door  to  be  opened,  but  a  cord  beirf( 
}cz  down  from  a  window,  Antony  was  faflrened  to  it,  and  flu 
with  her  two  women,  all  that  were  2Ldm\xx<&^  Wo  i^«  tMSKM; 
mcnt,  drew  him  mp.     Nothing,  as  iVve'^  v^Yio  nsw^  ^tfefcc  ^i 


LanghorncV  Tranjlathn  of  Plutarch* s  Lives.  115 

fervcd,  could  poffibly  be  more  affedling  than  that  fpeflaclc. 
Antony  covered  with  blood,  and  in  the  agonies  of  death, 
hoifted  up  by  the  rope,  and  flretching  out  his  hands  to  Cleo- 
patra, while  he  was  fufpended,  for  a  conflderable  time,  in  the 
tir  I  For  it  was  with  the  greateft  difficulty  they  drew  him  up, 
though  Cleopatra  hcrfelf  exerted  all  her  ftrength,  draining  every 
nerve,  and  diftorting  every  feature  with  the  violence  of  the 
eflfbrt ;  while  thofe  who  flood  below  endeavoured  to  animate 
and  encourage  her,  and  fcemed  to  partake  in  all  the  toil,  and 
til  the  emotions  that  (he  felt.  When  (he  had  drawn  him  up, 
and  laid  him  on  a  bed,  as  (he  flood  over  him,  (he  rent  her 
doaths,  beat  and  wounded  her  breafl,  and  wiping  the  blood 
Trom  his  disfigured  countenance,  (he  called  him  her  lord,  her 
emperor,  her  hufband  1  Her  whole  foul  was  abforbed  in  bis  mif- 
fortanes ;  and  (he  feemed  totally  to  have  forgot  that  (he  had 
any  miferies  of  her  own.  Antony  endeavoured  to  foothe  her 
as  wdl  as  he  was  able,  and  called  for  wine ;  either  becaufe  he 
Wu  thirfty,  or  becaufe  he  thought  it  might  fooner  put  him  out 
of  his  pain.  When  he  had  drank,  he  advifed  her  to  confult  her 
own  afiairs,  and  her  fafety,  fo  far  as  might  be  confident  with 
honour,  and  to  place  her  confidence  in  Proculeius  rather  than 
in  tb^xnher  friends  of  Caefar,  "As  to  himfelf"  he  faid,  "  that 
file  ought  rather  to  rejoice  in  the  remembrance  of  his  pad  hnp- 
pinefs  than  to  bewail  his  prefent  misfortunes  ;  fmce  in  his  life 
be  had  been  illudrious,  and  was  not  inglorious  in  his  death. 
He  had  conquered  like  a  Roman,  and  it  was  only  by  a  Roman 
that  he  was  conquered.'*  A  little  before  he  expired,  Proculeius 
arrived  from  Caefar :  For  after  Antony  had  fta'  bed  himftlf,  and 
was  conveyed  to  Cleopatra,  Dercetaeus,  one  of  his  guards,  pri- 
vately, carried  ofF  his  bloody  fword,  and  (hewed  it  to  Casfar. 
When  Cxfar  beheld  this  token  of  Antony's  vlcath,  he  retired  to 
the  inner  part  of  his  tent,  and  (bed  Coma  tears  in  rcmcmbranGe 
of  a  man  who  had  been  his  relation,  h"s  colleijiic  in  govcrn- 
meYitv  and  his  afTociate  in  fo  many  battles  and  fuch  important 
affiiirs  *•    He  then  called  his  fricnJ:>  together,  and  read  the' 

letcers 

*  •  This  retirement  of  Cjfar,  fny  our  Trai>fl.itors,  was  certainly 
an  affL'£Ution  of  concern.  The  dei^rh  of  Antony  \\?A  been  an  inva- 
riable objefl  with  him.  He  was  too  cowardly  to  think  himfclf  fafe 
while  he  lived  ;  and  to  expofe  his  weakiieft  %  reading  his  letters  the 
OiOBient  he  was  informed  of  his  death,  was  ccrrtninly  uo  proof  that 
he  felt  even  then  any  tendernefs  for  his  memory.' 

It  is  doubdefs  very  certain,   that  Caii'ar  had  in  vie>v  the  death  of 
Antony ;  but,  when  he  ihcd  tears  on  being  informed,   that  he  had 
periihed  by  his  own  hand,  wc  cannot  think  that  his  cot\ce\ii  v;^% 
a^efled.    The  death  of  out  moli  fnrcterate  enemy  ruca\s  to  \x^  ^W 
the  good  quaJiacs  be  poiTcffcd ;  we  forget,    for  a  lime^  \iLtt\\\\ur.e% 

I  2  '   ^% 


1 1 6  Langhornc'x  Trar.fation  of  PlutarcVs  Liver. 

letters  which  had  paflcd  between  him  and  Antony,  wherein  k 
appeared  that,  though  Ca^far  had  dill  written  in  a  rational  and 
equitable  munncr,  the  anfwcrs  of  Antony  were  infolcnt  and 
contemptuous.  After  this  he  difpatched  Proculeius  with  •rdoi 
to  take  Cleopatra  alive,  if  it  were  pofEble,  for  be  was  extrtmeiy 
folic! tous  to  fave  the  treafures  in  the  monument*  which  would 
fo  greatly  add  to  the  glory  of  his  triumph.  However,  (he  le- 
fufed  to  admit  him  into  the  monument,  and  would  only  fpeik 
to  him  through  the  bolted  gate.  The  fubftancc  of  this  confe- 
rence was,  that  Cleopatra  made  a  requifuion  of  the  kingdon 
for  her  children,  whie  Proculeius  on  the  other  hand,  enooo- 
raged  her  to  truft  every  thing  to  Caefar.' 

The  defcription  of  the  fate  of  Cleopatra,  which  immediatdf 
follows,  is  particularly  intercAing ;  and  as  it  cannot  iail  of 
entertaining  our  Readers,  we  (hall  make  no  apology  for  the 
length  of  it : 

*  Aft^r  Proculeius,  it  is  faid,  had  reconnoitred  the  place,  be 
fent  ^n  account  of  it  to  Ca:far ;  upon  which  Gallus  was  St 
patched  to  confer  with  Cleopatra.  The  thing  was  thus  coOf 
certed  :  Gallus  went  up  to  the  gate  of  the  monument,  and  dretf 
Cleopatra  into  cr.nverfation,  while,  in  the  mean  time,  FrooH 
leius  applied  a  ladder  to  the  window,  where  the  women  luid 
taken  in  Antony  ;  and  having  got  in  with  two  fervants,  he  in* 
mediately  made  (or  the  place  where  Cleopatra  was  in  conference 
with  Callus.  One  of  her  women  difcoveied  him,  and  immedi-' 
ately  fcrcamcd  aloud,  ^^  Wretched  Cleopatra,  you  are  takes 
alive  !"  She  turned  about,  antl,  feeing  Proculeius,  the  famein- 
llant  attempted  to  (lab  herfclf^  to  this  intent  ihe  always  car- 
ried a  dagger  about  with  her.  Proculeius,  however,  prevented 
her,  and,  expoQulating  with  her,  as  he  held  her  in  his  annif 
he  intrcated  her  not  to  be  fo  injurious  to  herfelf  or  to  CaeCfff 
— that  (lie  would  not  deprive  fo  humane  a  Prince  of  the  glocj 
of  his  clemency,  or  expofc  him  by  her  diflruft  to  the  imputi- 
tion  of  treachery  or  cruelty.     At  the  fame  time,  he  took  the 

we  have  received  from  him  ;  and  even  feci  a  tranfient  afHidion  ea 
his  account.  Nor  is  i:  till  this  alHi^tion  is  over  that  wr  think  of  tbf 
advantac':es  which  refult  to  us  from  his  death.  Struck  with  the  n- 
cxpcftcd  intelligence  of  Antony's  fate,  C%far,  recolleAing  hisTi^ 
tucs,  and  his  grcatneO,  and  calling  to  mind  their  relation,  and  tke 
I'ccncs  in  which  they  had  aded  together,  naturally  gave  himfdf  op 
to  the  tenderncfs  of  a  real  forrow.  *It  was  this  circumfiance  akuA 
which  could  produce  a  folicitude  in  him  to  vindicate  hit  condnft  to 
his  friends,  and  induce  him  to  read  to  them  the  letters  which  hii 
pafled  between  him  and  Antony.  What  purpofe  could  be  anfweted 
by  an  afteflation  of  concern  ?  A  conqueror,  in  the  pride  of  vidoiyf 

Joes  not  think  of  firigning  a  legret  £oi  xYi^  ^t^>^  ^^  hU  compe- 

titcr» 

4!^S 


LangfaorneV  Tranflatlon  of  PlutarcVs  Lives.  n  7 

'dagger  from  her,  and  (hook  her  cloaths,  left  (be  (hould  have 
poifon  concealed  about  her.  Cxfar  alfo  fent  his  freedman  £pa- 
phroditus  with  orders  to  treat  her  with  the  greateft  politenefs, 
but  by  all  means,  to  bring  her  alive. 

*  Gaefar  entered  Alexandria  convcrfing  with  Arius  the  philo- 
fopher ;  and  that  he  might  do  him  honour  before  the  people, 
be  led  him  by  the  hand.  When  he  entered  the  Gymnafiunr, 
he  afcended  a  tribunal  which  had  been  ereded  for  him,  and 
gave  aflurances  to  the  citizens  who  proftrated  ihemfelves  before 
bimy  that  the  city  fhould  not  be  hurt.  He  told  them  he  had 
different  motives  for  this.  In  the  firft  place,  it  was  built  by 
Alexander ;  in  the  next  place,  he  admired  it  for  its  beauty  and 
magnitfide ;  and,  laftly,  he  would  fp^re  it,  were  it  but  for  the 
fake  of  bis  friend  Arius,  who  was  born  there.  Caefar  gave 
taim  the  high  honour  of  this  appellation,  ^nd  pardoned  many 
at  bis  requeft.  Amongft  thefe  was  Philoftratus,  one  of  the 
moft  acute  and  eloquent  fophifts  of  his  time.  This  man, 
without  any  right,  pretended  to  be  a  follower  of  the  Academics; 
and  Caefar,  from  a  bad  opinion  of  his  morals,  rejcded  his  pe- 

'tition :  upon  which  the  fophift  followed  Arius  up  and  down 
in  a. mourning  cloak,  with  a  long  white  beard,  crying  con- 
ftantiyy 

**  The  wife,  if  really  fuch,  will  fave  the  wife.** 
Caefiir  beard  and  pardoned  him,  not  fo  much  out  of  favour,  as 
to  fave  Arius  from  the  impertinence  and  envy  be  might  incur 
on  bis  account. 

«  Antyllus,  the  eldeft  fon  of  Antony  by  Fulvia,  was  betrayed 
by  his  tutor  Thcodorus,  and  put  to  death.  While  the  foldiers 
•  were  beheading  him,  the  tutor  dole  a  jewel  of  confiderable  va-  ^ 
lue,  which  he  wore  about  his  neck,  and  concealed  it  in  his 
girdle.  When  he  was  charged  with  it,  he  denied  the  fa£l ;  but 
the  jewel  was  found  upon  him,  and  he  was  crucified.  Cxfar 
appointed  a  guard  over  Cleopatra's  children  and  their  gover- 
nors, and  allowed  them  an  honourable  fupport.  Caefario,  the 
reputed  fon  of  Caefar  the  Di£bator,  had  been  fent  by  his  mo- 
ther, with  a  confiderable  fum  of  money,  through  Ethiopia 
into  India :  but  Rhodon  his  governor,  a  man  of  the  fame  prin- 
ciples with  Theodorus,  perfuading  him  that  Caefar  would  cer- 
tainly make  him  King  of  Egypt,  prevailed  on  him  to  turn 
back.  While  Caefar  was  deliberating,  how  he  (hould  difpofe 
of  bim,  Arius  is  faid  to  have  obferved,  that  there  ought  not, 
by  any  means,  to  be  too  many  Caefars.  However,  foon  after 
the  death  of  Cleopatra,  he  was  (lain. 

*  Many  confiderable  Princes  begged  the  body  of  Antony, 
that  they  might  have  the  honour  of  giving  it  burial ;  but  Cxfar 
would  not  take  it  from  Cleopatra,  who  interred  it  with  her 

I  3  QW^ 


» 


Langhomc'i  Traafiatim  afPhianb's  L!wh 

own  hands,  and  perforlned  the  funeral  rites  with  grfa0  1 
sificence  -,  for  ibe  was  allowed  to  expend  what  (he  thought 
proper  on  this  occafion.  The  excefs  of  her  aifif^oni  and  the 
inflammation  of  her  breaft,  which  was  wounded  by  the  blows 
Ihe  had  given  it  in  her  angui/h,  threw  her  into  a  fever.  She 
was  plea^fed  to  find  an  excufe  in  this  for  abilaining  from  food^ 
and  hoped,  by  this  nveans,  to  die  without  interruption.  The 
phyficlan  in  whom  fhe  placed  her  principal  confidence  W4a 
Olympus  i  and,  accordmg  to  his  fbort  account  of  thele  tnjiP 
atStonSi  ihe  made  ufe  of  his  advice  in  the  accompIUbmcnt  Qf 
her  dcAgn,  Ofar,  however,  fufped^ed  it ;  and  that  he  might 
prcv^i  on  her  to  take  the  necdlary  food  and  phyfic,  he  threat- 
ened 10  treat  her  childien  with  fcverity.  Thia  bad  the  dcfired 
tScH^  and  her  refolution  was  overborne. 

*  A  few  days  after,  Caefar  himfelf  made  her  a  vifit  of  condo- 
lence and  confolation.     She  was  then  in  an  undrefs,  and  iyifig 
negligently  on  a  couch  ;  but  when  the  conqueror  entered  the 
apartment,  though  (he  tiad  nothing  on  but  a  fingle  bed-gowo, 
me  arofe  and  threw  heffelf  at  his  feet.     Her  face  was  eui  ^f 
*\§guri^  her  hair  in  difordcr,  her  voice  trembling,  her  eyes  funky 
and  her  bofom  bore  the  marks  of  the  mjurics  Ihe  had  done  iu 
in  Ibort,  her  peifon  gave  you  the  image  of  her  mind  \  yeti  in 
this   deplorable  condition,    there  were  feme   remains  of  that 
grace,  that  fpirit  and  vivacity  which  had  fo  peculiarly  animated 
^er  foimer  charms,  and  Aill  fome  gleams  of  ber  n<itive  elegauQC 
ifnigbt  be  feen  to  winder  over  her  melancholy  countenance. 
^  When  Csefar  had  replaced  her  on  her  couch,  and  fcated 
)Xvs^\i  by  her,  {he  cniieiivoured  to  juftuy  the  part  (he  t<K)lc 
r|gain«l  him  in  the  w^r,  allcdgmg  the  necef&ty  fhe  wa^  undcri 
^nd  her  ft^ar  oi"  Antpny.     But  when  {he  found  that  ihcfe  apolo- 
gies hud  no  weight  with  Caef^r,  ihe  had  recourfe  to  prayers  and 
pnueaties,  as  if  ihe  had  been  really  de&tous  of  lt(e  j  and,  at  the 
^me  ttme«  ihe  put  into  his  hands  an  inventory  of  hor  treafutc* 
ielcucua,  one  of  her  trc^furcrs,  who  was  preient,  accufed  hfr 
^f  fuppre£ng  fome  articles  in  the  account  \   upon  i^'hich  (be 
parted  up  from  her  couch,  caught  him  by  the  hair,  ati«j  gave 
kim  Icveral  blows  on  the  face.     Csrf^r  fmiled  at  tbii  fptrited 
(cfentment,  and  endeavoured  to  pacify  her :  ^^  Rut  how  is  it 
u|o  be  borne,  faid  fhe,  C^far,  if,  while  even  you  honour  me 
^^iih  a  viilt  in  my  wretched  iltuaiion,  1  muit  be  aiTronted  by 
rfDt  of  my  own  fervants  \  Suppoi^g  that  I  have  rfiVved  %  few 
(irvr-kets,  they  wcrf  by  no  means  intended  as  0){iament*  ^<>x  iDy 
<^wo  prHbn  \n  ihcfc  mifcrablc  fortunes,  but  as  little  ptefents 
f  Livia.  by  whofe  good  offices  \  might  hope  to 

^1  you/*     Cqcfar  was  not  difpleafed  |o  hctf  ihif^ 

^^j^c^mf  be  4«utercd  bi^iftlf  iLe  V¥4S  vvUlieg  to|ivf»  H<^i  t^^r^- 

foic, 


Langhome'/  Tranflation  efPluiarcVs  Liva.  1 19 

iottt  iffiired  ber,  that,  whatever  flie  had  referved,  {he  might 
difdeof  at  her  pleafure;  and  that  (he  might,  in  every  refpec^, 
djpnd  on  the  moft  honourable  treatment.  After  this  he  took 
JiJeav^  in  confidence  that  he  had  brought  her  to  his  purpofe, 
jhtflie  deceived  liim. 

*  There  was  in  Cxfar's  train  a  young  nobleman,  whofe  name 
ini  Cornelius  Dolabelia.  He  was  fmitten  with  the  charms  of 
ClBopatiif  And  having  engaged  to  communicate  to  her  ever/ 
4^  Cbiu  palled,  he  fent  her  private  notice  that  Csfar  was 
iki^  to  return  into  Syria,  and  that,  within  three  days,  (be 
vonld  be  fent  away  with  her  children.  When  (be  was  in- 
famed  of  this,  fbe  requefted  of  Caefar  permiflion  to  make  her 
111  oblations  to  Antony.  This  being  granted,  fbe  was  con- 
Wf|d  to  the  place  where  he  was  buried ;  and  kneeling  at  his 
lonb,  with  her  women,  fbe  thus  addreiled  the  manes  of  tho 
fad :  <*  It  is  not  long.  My  Antony,  fmce  with  thefe  hands  I  bu- 
licd  thee,  alas !  they  then  were  free  ;  but  thy  Cleopatra  is  now 
tpriibner,  attended  by  a  guard,  left,  in  tbe  tranfports  of  her 
ipcf,  jQie  fhould  disfigure  this  captive  body,  which  is  referved 
to  adorn  the  triumph  over  thee.  Thefe  are  the  laft  offerings, 
die  lafl  honours  fbe  can  pay  tbee  ;  for  fbe  is  now  to  be  con- 
Kjed  to  a  diftant  country.  Nothing  could  part  us  while  we 
liwrd  I  but  in  death  we  are  to  be  divided.  Thou,  though  a 
K091U1  liefl  buried  in  Egypt ;  and  I,  an  Egyptian,  muft  be  in- 
Ifired  in  Italy,  the  only  favour  I  fball  receive  from  thy  country. 
Yet  if  the  gods  of  Rome  have  power  or  mercy  left,  (for  furcly 
thofe  of  Egypt  have  forfaken  us)  let  them  not  fufFcr  me  to  be 
Id  in  living  triumph  to  thy  difgrace  !  No  ! — hide  me,  hide 
ae  with  thee  in  the  grave  \  for  life,  fmce  thou  haft  left  it  has 
been  roifery  to  me." 

*  Thus  the  unhappy  queen  bewailed  her  misfortunes ;  and, 
after  fhe  had  crowned  the  tomb  with  flowers,  and  kifled  it,  flie 
prdered  her  bath  to  be  prepared.  When  fhe  had  bathed,  fbe 
fat  down  to  a  magnificent  fupper ;  foon  after  which,  a  peafant 
Came  to  tbe  gate  with  a  fmall  bafket.  The  guards  enquired 
what  it  contained  ;  and  the  man  who  brought  it,  putting  by 
the  leaves  which  lay  uppermoft,  fhewed  them  a  parcel  of  figs. 
As  they  admired  their  fize  and  beauty,  he  fin  lied,  and  bade 
them  taice  fome  ;  but  they  refufed,  and,  not  fufpefling  that  the 
balket  contained  any  thing  elfe  ;  it  wa^  carried  in.  After  fup- 
per Cleopatra  fent  a  letter  to  Caefar,  and,  ordering  every  body 
put  of  the  monument,  except  her  two  women,  fhe  made  faft 
the  door  ;  when  Caeiar  opened,  the  letter,  the  plaintive  ftyle  in 
which  it  was  written,  and  tbe  ftrong  requeft  that  fhe  might  be 
buried  iq  the  fame  tomb  with  Antony,  made  him  fufpei^  bei 
dcfign.      At  Bili  he  was  Ar  hading  to  hei  himfel{>  but  Vie 

^  4  Q\k^xiyi\ 


120  Langhornc*j  TranJIation  ofPhtarclfsLlveH 

changed  his  mind  and  diTpatchcd  others  *•  Her  death,  hon 
ever,  was  fo  fudden,  that  ihough  they  who  were  fent,  ran  tfa 
whole  way,  alarmed  the  guards  with  their  apprehenfions  an 
immediately  broke  open  the  doors,  they  found  her  quite  deild 
lying  on  her  golden  bed,  and  dre/Ted  in  all  her  royal  omaneoa 
)ra«,  one  of  her  women,  lay  dead  at  her  feet,  and  Charmfaa 
hardly  able  to  fupporc  herfelf,  was  adjufting  her  miftrefs's  £i 
dem.  One  of  Carfar's  meflengers  faid  angrily,  **  CAarmiod 
was  this  well  done  ?"  «  Perfectly  well,"  faid  {he,  ««  and  moi 
thy  a  defcendant  of  the  Kings  of  Egypt/'  She  had  no  boat 
faid  this,  than  fhe  fell  down  dead. 

'  ^  It  is  rehired  by  fome  that  an  afp  was  brought  in  amongji 
the  fi^s,  and  hid  under  the  leaves ;  and  that  Cleopatra  had 
ordered  it  fo  that  fhe  might  be  bit  without  feeing  it;  thalS 
however,  upon  removing  the  leaves,  (he  perceived  it,  and  fiidl 
**  This  is  what  1  wanted."  Upon  which  fhe  immedial^ 
held  out  her  arm  to  ir.  Others  fay  that  the  afp  was  kept  in  I 
watcr-vefTcl,  and  that  (he  vexed  and  pricked  it  with  a  goldefe 
fpindle  till  it  fei'/Xvl  her  arm.  Nothing  of  this,  however,  couH 
be  afccrtained  ;  for  it  was  reported  lilcewife,  that  (he  carried 
about  with  her  a  certain  poifon  in  a  hollow  bodkin  that  An 
wore  in  her  hair  ;  yet  there  was  neither  any  mark  of  poifon  Oi 
her  body,  nor  was  there  any  fcrpcnt  found  in  the  monument^ 
though  the  tract  of  a  reptile  was  faid  to  have  been  difcoveici 
on  the  fea  fands  oppofite  to  the  windows  of  Cleopatra's  apart* 
ment.  0:hcis,  again,  have  aBirmed,  that  (he  had  two  fitiall 
punft;?rcs  on  her  arm,  apparently  occafioned  by  the  ftingof  the 
afp  ;  and  it  is  clear  that  Cu^f.ir  gave  credit  to  this  \  for  htf 
effigy,  which  he  carried  in  triumph,  had  an  afp  on  the  arm. 

^  Such  arc  the  accounts  we  have  of  the  death  of  Cleopatra} 
and  though  Cxfar  wns  much  difappointcd  by  it,  he  admired  her 
fortitude,  and  ordered  her  to  be  buried  in  the  tomb  of  Antony^ 
with  all  the  magnificence  due  to  her  quality.  Her  women,  X09% 
were,  by  his  orders,  interred  with  great  funeral  pomp.  Cleo- 
patra died  at  the  age  of  thirty-nine,  after  having  reigned 
tW'Cnry-two  years ;  the  fourteen  laft  in  conjundlion  with  An^ 
tony.  Antony  was  ffty-thrce,  fome  fay  firty-fix,  when  he 
died.  His  ilatues  were  all  demoli(hed,  but  Cleopatra's  remained 
untouched ;  for  Archibius,  a  friend  of  her's,  gave  Oxfar  I 
thoufand  talents  for  their  redemption.' 

*  This  circuniilance  our  Tranfiators  mention  as  another  inflance  d 
the  perfonal  cowardice  of  Cxfar ;  but  we  confefs,  we  are  at  a  lofl 
to  conceive,  how  his  perfcn  could  be  endangered  by  his  paying  I 
vifit  to  a  woman,  who  was  requeuing  a  favour  from  him,  and  wai 
fiif rounded  with  iiii  guards.       ^     ,  ^ 


Holden'i  EJftj  inwards  a  rational  Sj/fiem  of  Mujic^       tn 

In  concluding  this  article  we  muft  not  forget  to  remark,  that, 
in  the  prefent  tranflation,  the  numerous  quotations  of  Plutarch 
from  the  poets  are  rendered  into  verfe,  with  great  propriety  and 
degtnce.  We  muft,  at  the  fame  time,  exprefs  our  regret,, 
that  the  Tranflators  have  not  thought  it  proper  to  fupply  the 
four  parallels  of  their  Author,  which  are  fuppofed  to  be  loft: : 
they  had  thereby  a  fine  opportunity  of  enriching  their -verfton, 
and  of  offering  a  very  accepuble  prefent  to  the  lovers  of  lite- 
nture* 

Art.  IV.  En  EJfay  towards  a  rational  Sjiflim  of  Mufic.  By  John 
Holden.  4X0.  7  s.  6  d.  half  bound,  Glaigow,  printed  by 
Uric.     1770. 

THIS  treadfe,  which  is  intended  to  explain  in  a  rational 
and  familiar  way,  and  to  difpofe  in  a  fyftematic  order, 
die  fevera!  principles  of  the  doArine  of  mufic,  is  divided  into 
two  parts. 

The  firft  part  contains  the  rudiments  of  praflical  mufic,  and 
confift  oF,  I.  The  natural  fcale.  2.  The  application  of  the  fcale. 
3*  The  modern  fyftem  of  mufic.  4.  Of  time.  5.  Mifcella- 
•  neons  explanations.  6.  Of  harmonical  confonances.  7.  Of 
diflbnances.  8.  Of  fundamental  progreflions.  9.  Of  the  flat 
leries.  lO.  Of  chromatic.  11.  Of  plain  defcant.  I2.  Of  fi- 
gurative melody. 

The  fecond  part  contains  the  theory  of  mufic  ;  and  confifts, 
I.  Of  fingle  mufical  founds.  2.  Of  mufical  founds  in  fuccef- 
iion.     3.  Of  harmonical  arithmetic.     4.  Of  combined  foahds. 

Our  mufical  Readers  will  find  a  great  deal  of  fcientific  care 
and  labour  employed  in  this  Eflay,  and  many  new  remarks  on 
the  art,  which  are  not  unworthy  of  their  attention.  The  follow- 
ing obfervations,  in  the  article  of  Time,  difcover  the  Author 
to  be  a  man  of  tafte,  as  well  as  a  man  of  fcience. 

^  The  divifion  of  mulic  into  equal  timed  miafures^  anfwers 
exaftly  to  the  divifion  of  poetry  \n\o  feet :  and  when  mufic  is 
adapted  to  poetry,  thefe  divifions,  moft  naturally,  coincide 
with  each  other;  fo  that  he  who  cznfcan  the  verfes,  may  im- 
mediately difcover  the  meafure  of  the  fong. 

*' It  muft  be  acknowledged,  that  this  order  is  pretty  often 
interrupted,  efpecialiy  in  the  works  of  the  more  eminent  com- 
pofers  }  and  more,  or  lefs,  than  one  foot  of  the  poetry,  allotted 
to  one  meafure  of  the  mufic :  but  then,  fuch  paflTagcs  are,  in 
feme  degree,  ftrained  and  unnatural ;  and  are  introduced  for 
variety,  or  for  heightening  the  exprefiion  of  fome  paffion,  etc. 
and  ought  to  be  ufed  with  great  caution  and  (kill. 

^  The  moft  natural  and  eafy  paflages  are  expreffive  of  a  calm 
ynniffled  temper  of  mind  i  but  when  any  violent  tmouotv  \^ 


f  2^       HoUcnV  EJpij  trjiwrdi  a  rati^rMl  Sj^/itm  ^f  Mkjk^ 

fuppofcd  to  take  pSac;,  the  (Iricl  rules  both  of  tune  and  tame^ 
in  mufic,  may,  iiid  cu^hr  co  be  partly  let  alide. 

*  Our  attention  \%  illll  more  liable  to  be  diverted  fioia 
obfierving  the  fthct  rules  or  time,  by  the  Tenie  of  the  words,  ui 
poetry  \  but  fo  far  as  we  mav  be  fuppored  at  liberty  to  regard 
the  tiirc,  of  poetry,  wc  (hall  find  that  the  very  fame  rulei  take 
place  here,  as  in  mufic ;  v/z.  the  fucceflive  feet  of  a  verA^ 
moft  n  aurally,  require  each  an  equal  time  of  proounciation ; 
the  firit  fyilable  of  every  foot  is  accented  ;  and  every  foot  is,  ia 
imagination,  divided  either  into  three,  or  into  four,  equal  parti. 
The  two  iirtl  of  thefe  particulars  will  plainly  appear  to  all^  who 
are,  in  the  leaft  degree,  accuiiomed  to  the  reading  of  poetry; 
and  the  laft  particular,  though  not  quite  fo  obvious,  wiU  be 
found  equally  true,  on  a  more  careful  examination, 

*  Behdes  the  diftribution  of  mufic  into  equal  meafi^resp  it 
is  alio  ncccflary  to  go  yet  further,  and  to  imagine  tome  num- 
bers of  fuch  meafurcs,  as  con(li:uting  certain  phrafes^  arjlr0iiu^ 
of  a  tune,  Thefc  phrafcs  may,  very  aptly,  be  compared  with 
verfes,  in  poetry  :  for,  as  there  can  be  no  poetry,  without  a 
proper  intermixture  of  cadences,  at  the  ends  of  the  lines,  fb 
there  can  be  no  muiic,  without  fome  kind  of  partition  into 
phrafes. 

^  Thefe  phrafes  contain  more,  or  fewer  meafures,  as  verfes 
confifl:  of  more  or  fewer  feet ;  but  both  muft  always  cod  with 
aa  accented  part  of  the  meafurc. 

*  When  the  fucceflive  phrafis  in  mudc  are  of  unequal  lengths, 
it  refcmbles  that  kind  of  free,  unconfincd  poetry,  which  is 
commonly  called  PiwiarU:  and,  as  this  fort  of  compofition  is 
the  moil  capable  of  va I icty  of  cx^reffion;  fo,  the  greateft  ma- 
iicrs,  both  in  poetry  ::^:\A  najHc,  often  make  ufe  of  it. 

^  A  lively  cxprc  li.Oi)  of  the  fevcral  fcntiments  and  paflions^ 
is  undoubtedly  the  perfection  of  mufic,  as  well  as  of  poetry  an^ 
painting.  1  here  are  numbcrlels  diflFerent  modifications,  of 
founds,  which  a  (kilful  compofcr  may  avail  himfelf  of,  for  this 
*  purpofe  ;  fuch  as  the  ditterent  qualities  of  loud  and  foft,  of 
hoaru*  or  rou.>h,  and  clear  or  fmooth  founds  :  the  various  de« 
gircs  of  gruvitv  and  acutcncfs,  in  the  pitch  of  the  whole  piece; 
che  different  cttlds  of  certain  degrees  of  the  fcale,  and  of  ceruin 
fucceifions  in  the  melody  of  finale  parts,  as  well  aa  of  confo- 
nances,  in  the  harmony  of  compounded  paits*,  befides  feveral 
other  ciicumilances  in  the  manner  of  pciformance,  fuch  as  the 
dii^nif^,  or  ,fitppirt^y  and  the  indillinc^,  or  filing  manner;  the 
keening  one  uniform  equality  of  Icudr.cfs,  and  the  occafion^ 
fwellir^  or  foftcning  cf  the  founds,  iS^.  and,  smong  the  reft, 
thcdim;cnt  moods  of  time,  have  no  fmail  ihare  in  contributing 
to  the  cxprcffion  of  mufic.  Thcfc  come  in  couife  to  be  ^poke 
of|  bct'oic  wc  conclude  this  cba^^tcr. 


HoldttaV  Effaf  t9v;ards  a  fatlonal  Byjitm  of  Mujlc^        laj 

'  The  particular  mannerS)  and  moduiatioas  of  the  voice, 
which »  natureliyy  or  by  the  cufiocn  of  a  particular  cauntryf  hi^ 
hitwdfy  accompanv  fucb  emotiotu  of  tbc  mind,  m  common 
fpoecb,  arc  the  (urcft  guides  to  cxprefliaD  in  mufic.  From 
baDce  wc  conclude,  ju  general,  that  flow  or  quick  movesncnts 
of  pmfic  Qught  to  be  inuroduced,  accordiog  as  tlie  fentimeoty 
inieaded  to  be  expreOcd*  would  require  ailoworquick  delivery, 
m  the  way  of  fpeaking  :  and  oi  this  it  is  very  eai'y  to  judge. 
For  inil^nce,  (brrow,  humility,  and  rev^erence,  require  a  ilowr 
movement,  wi^h  gcnilc,  eafy  iofiejiioDS  of  the  voice;  but  jay, 
thank tgiving,  and  triumph,  ought  to  be  diltinguifhed  by  >a 
qMick«r  [movement,  with  bolder  inflexions,  and  more  diilanc 
leaps  fraok  one  fourni  to  attotb^r*  A  moderate  movement, 
U'lth  frequent  fwdls,  and  rofientngs,  is  exfudTive  of  trnderncfs 
a»d  cr'nipaiiion  ;  a  quicker,  mofc  uniforDi,  and  ilroogly  ac- 
Cf^ntcd  moven»ent,  exprefles  rtfolution  and  fonitudc.  Anger  is 
tin^rally  quick,  loud,  and  unconnedled  ;  hope  and  expeda- 
lion,  more  moderate,  foft,  and  eafy,  and  fo  of  others. 

*  The  different  forts  of  time  have,  in  fome  degree,  each 
ihcir  peculiar  c'  -  '^  r,  Cocnmon  time  is  naturally  more  grave 
and  foicmn  :  t  :,  mote  cheerful  and  airy.  And  for  this 
reason,  U  i»  gciKuliy  agreed,  that  every  mood  of  triple  time 
ought  to  he  pcrfofroed  fomething  quicker,  than  the  correfpon* 
dcni  mood  of  cummoo  time  ^  for  indance,  the  meafure  ia  the 
fio\iv  triple  of  minim3j  ougtit  to  he  cnude  ihorter  than  the  meafure 
in  ^e  flow  common  time,  marked  with  a  plain  C ;  and  the 
meafure,  in  the  triple  of  crotcheis,  (hould  be  fliortcr  than  the 
meafure,  in  the  mood  of  the  barred  C ;  and  fo  on. 

*  After  all,  it  rouft  be  acknowledged,  that  the  abfolute  time 
which  ought  to  be  allowed  to  different  pieces,  is  the  moft  un- 
dctermineJ  cnatter,  that  we  meet  with,  in  the  whole  fcicitce 
of  muiic*  There  13  one  iiifupcrablc  difficulty,  which  fruftratcs 
all  atiempt%  towardjj  rcguLtms:  this  particular,  viz.  the  dif- 
fctcri:  humours  .ii  cnt  per r funs  ;  which  are  fo 
V^iouf,  that  one  t  "^  a  tune  much  too  quick, 
for  the  intendt;d  exprcHion,  while  aoother  thinks  it  not  quick 
enQUgb. 

^  if  we  proceed  upcui  thefe  principles,  which  feem  mod 
j^   '  •  u  ihcife  who  have  a  brlfkur  flow  of  fpirits,  a  more 

r.  Lion,   and   a  quicker  furceflion  of  ideas,  require 

quicker  invuc,  for  ttie  faqie  exprelTion,  and  v'uf  v^fii\  we 
may  conclude,  in  regard  to  church  mufic,  that  the  fame  pfalm 
ought  to  be  fu4)g  quic|:cr,  when  the  congregation  conlifts  moftiy 

cf —     *!e  ;  and  fiawer,  vyhen  the  greater  part  are  old  ; 

(;  vneral,  in  a  town,  than  in  a  country  church  f 

quaiii;i,  iii  places  where  mulic  is  more  generally  ipra<^lCed\ 
J0  ilowcr,  wticre  It  If  ^  4g  Mie;  ouicker,  wU^u  gu\^  ovv& 


124  A  LiitiT  U  thi  Jurm  of  Grtathritain. 

fmgk  part  is  Tun^,  and  flower,  as  the  parts  arc  more  nuhie- 
rouft;  becaufc  the  ideas  of  fingle  founds  are  much  more  readily 
conceived,  than  thofe  of  fcvcral  founds,  joined  together  in  han* 
mony :  quickepf  when  the  voices  are  few  and  weak,  and  flower, 
when  (he  choir  is  numerous  and  ftrong;  becaufc  nothing  can 
be  quite  agreeable  to  the  hearers,  which  fecms  laborious  to  the 
l^erformcrs.  Many  other  fuch  like  diftindtions,  according  to 
the  various  circuniftanccs,  both  of  performers  and  hearers,  will 
occur  to  the  conftderate  reader,  from  the  fame  principles. 
Tbefc  obfervations  may,  with  equal  propriety,  be  extended  to 
opera  mufic. 

*  The  Italians,  whofe  compofitions  arc  juftiy  efteetned  the 
ftandjrds  of  true  taftc  in  mufic,  do  not  rcltridl  themfelves  alto* 
gether  to  the  diflindtions  of  flow  and  quick,  by  the  fcveral 
moods,  as  above  defcribed  \  but  rather  make  ufe  of  certain 
words,  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  piece,  and  eife where, 
as  occafion  requires  j  which  fcrve  to  dircdt  the  performer,  not 
only  in  regard  to  the  time,  but  alfo  the  particular  expredton, 
and  manner  of  performance. 

*  Wt  ihall  conclude  this  chapter  with  obferving,  that  the 
writers  on  church  muftc  fecm  to  be  prett)'  well  agreed,  that 
the  time  of  a  fecond  may  fcrve,  at  a  medium,  for  the  length 
of  a  crotchet,  in  pfalm  tunes,  in  the  triple  of  crotchets^ 
in  the  mood  of  the  barred  C  \  and  that  the  minim,  in  the 
of  minims,  ought  to  be  made  nearly  equal  to  the  crotchet, 
the  mood  of  the  plain  C;  and  that  either  of  thcfe  two  ought 
to  be  longer  than  the  fecond  of  a  clock/ 

The  chapter  on  chromatic  mufic  (that  is,  the  fucceiHon  which 
afcends  or  defcends  by  fcmiconesj  in  particular,  is  very  in« 
genious. 

Art.  V,  A  Letttr  ta  the  Jurors  af  Great  Britain,  OHoftmedbf 
an  Opinion  9f  th$  C&urt  of  King's  Bimh^  read  hy  Lord  Ch'uf 
*fuiiki  Mimifteld^  in  thi  Cafe  of  the  King  and  ^yoodfall^  aid 
faid  to  havi  lei'Ti  ieft  hy  hit  Lordfl^ip  with  thi  CUrk  of  Portia* 
mint,     bvo.     j  s.  6d,     Pcarch.      1771, 

TH  E  cftabliftsment  of  a  jury  has  jullly  been  regarded  as  the 
great  bulwark  of  Englifli  liberty.  In  every  other  govern^ 
ment  the  adminiftration  of  criminal  jurifdiclion  has  been  veileiL 
in  particular  men  j  and  thefc,  confcious  of  their  authority,  and 
expofed  to  corruption,  have  been  fcldom  able  to  fupport  their 
integrity.  But  the  judicature  of  crimes,  in  this  country,  being 
lodged  in  the  great  body  of  the  nation,  no  opprei£on  can  take 
place.  Tried  by  hh  equals,  or  his  peers,  the  criminal  has  no- 
thing to  fear  from  the  tyranny,  the  injuftlce,  or  the  pafllons 
of  judges.  The  inftitutiofi,  accordingly,  of  a  jury  has  been 
mentioned  Viith  ibe  higheft  eulogiumsi  anJi  perhaps,  the  wif* 


length 

"m 


^ 


A  Lttur  to  the  Jurors  efGrtat  Brilam.  1 25 

dom  of  man  cannot  fa^g^eft  a  more  cffeQual  prefervative  agarnft 
tbevenaltty  ofroagiftratcs,  and  the  encroachments  of  power. 

When  an  attack^  therefore,  has  been  made  on  this  important 
privilege,  it  mull  ncceflarily  excite  a  very  general  alarm.  In 
1  coitnuy  where  every  individual  confidcrs  himfelf^  in  fomc 
meafure,  as  a  part  of  the  legidature^  and  where  equal  and 
known  laws  proteft  alike  the  artifan  and  the  nohle,  even  the 
loweft  ciaflcs  of  men  pay  an  attention  to  public  aflFairs  \  ind  the 
people,  in  general,  arc  enlightened  with  refpeft  to  the  nature 
and  the  ends  of  government.  They  are  not  blind  to  the  "faults 
pf  their  rulers  like  the  fubjcds  of  a  dcfpot ;  they  are  entitled 
to  think  and  to  fpcak ;  they  have  rights  to  defend,  and  will  noc 
umely  behold  their  infringement. 

The  do<itrine  contained  in  the  opinion^  which  has  given  oc* 
cafion  to  the  prcfent  publication,  is  conceived  by  our  Author 
to  be  contrary  to  law  and  the  fpirit  of  our  conftitution.  He 
aflcrts,  in  oppofition  to  it,  the  full  powers  of  an  Englifti  jury; 
and  proves,  with  much  force  of  argument,  that,  from  the 
forms  of  proceeding,  from  the  dcfign  of  the  inftitution,  and 
from  the  conftant  praftice  of  our  anceftors,  jurors  ought  of 
right  and  duty  to  decerminc  the  whole  complicated  charge  in 
the  profecution  of  a  libel.  The  guilt  or  innocence  of  human 
i&ions,  as  he  exprefles  himfelf,  is,  doubtlefs,  in  this  country, 
to  be  determined  by  juries ;  and  we  cannot  but  agree  with  h!m 
in  opinion,  that  nothing  Icfs  than  the  total  abolition  of  the 
trial  ify  6ur  furs  can  wrelt  from  them  this  falutary  and  exclufive 

rigHl- 

in  the  courfe  of  his  performance  the  intelltgent  reader  wilt 
perceive,  that  the  writer  poffefles  a  mafterly  knowledge  of  our 
condltutioii,  and  is  well  acquainied  with  the  general  principles 
of  criminal  junfprudence.  In  the  following  extraS,  in  parti* 
cular,  there  is  much  acueenefs  and  flrength  of  reafoning. 

*  When  the  verdict  of  the  jury  in  the  King  and  H^oodfalt  was 
£rft  known,  I  found  no  difficulty  in  pronouncing  it  an  acquit- 
tal. The  exprefs  negation  of  all  evil  intention  appeared  to  mv^ 
underilanding,  fo  repugnant  to  the  idea  of  a  crime,  that  I  paii 
little  attention  to  the  cavils  of  fome  loquacious  Templars,  who 
feemed  to  be  puzzled  with  technical  difficulties^  the  nature  of 
which  they  themfelves  did  not  comprehend.  T he fe  difficulties 
became  important,  when  adopted  by  higher  authority. 

*  It  was  charged  fn  the  information  that  Mr,  Woodfall  did* 
wkkedfy  and  mnihloujly^  with  intent  to  ftir  up  fedition,  &c.  print 
and  publifli  a  certain  fcandaloui  libdy  figned  Junius,  which  fol- 
lowed verbatim,  with  proper  innuendoes.  The  jury  found  him 
Guilty  ef  printing  and  pxdi/llJhfTjg  only.  No  words  can  be  leiji 
liible  to  mifrcprcrcnration.  O^i/^ excludes  ever v  t!  V  w 
ntitcxprcJl)  found;  that  jj,  curry  th;ng  but  pt^L      _  .W 


n6 


J  Litter  h  theym^n  sf  Great  Britain* 


liOiing  the  paper  recited  in  the  information.  If  ctiI  Intcnttort 
be  an  oh]ti\  of  the  jury's  enquiry  f  if  the  jury  may  determine  J 
the  criminality  of  the  paper  ;  in  cither  event  Mr*  WoodWl  hu  l| 
been  acquitted.  Accordingly  the  judgment  of  the  King^i  1 
Bench  goes  dccifivcly  to  thefc  points.  1  Oial!  tranfcribe  the  „ 
word*  of  ihc  opinion  :  **  If  they  f  the  jury)  meant  to  fay  that 
they  did  not  And  it  a  libel,  or  did  not  iind  the  epithets,  ot 
did  not  iind  any  *  malicious  intent,  it  would  not  affefi  the 
verdiA,  becaufc  none  of  thcfe  things  were  to  be  found  either 
way."  The  context  plainly  flicws,  that  upon  all  thefc  appfi- 
cations  of  the  excluding  word  mly^  the  verdift  would  have  been 
deemed  a  convidtion  :  becaufc  the  court  afterwards  declare  the 
verdict  void  for  uncertainty,  as,  **  It  is  poilible  fomc  of  them 
(the  jury)  might  mean  not  to  find  the  whole  fenfc  and  expla- 
nation  put  upon  the  paper  by  the  innuendoes  in  the  infor* 
maitron/' 

*  Here  then  ia  a  fokmn  declaration  that  a  jury,  in  a  charge 
i>f  libcU  have  no  right  to  determine  the  innocence  or  crhntna- 
Jity  of  the  paper  v  that  the  jury,  by  a  general  verdid  of  guittj 
find  the  fa6t  of  publication,  and  verbal  fupply  of  innuendoes 
only;  that  the  jury  cafinot  decide  upon  the  crmhol  or  innocent 
intention  of  the  publifteri  and  that  the  difc£lion  of  a  judge 
leaving  any  of  thefc  matters  to  a  jury  would  be  tJlegtL 

*  It  is  not  difficult  to  tr.*cc,  to  m  foHTfe,  this  c^nteft  oFjil- 
lIBlidion  between  the  jury  ftf^d  th  It  arrfcs  from  the 
difibreiK  imuie  of  that  evidence  n^ ^  y  be  applied  to  protrc 
triminaUntinti  n  in  profecutions  for  different  offences,  \Vhnr 
ikc  critnc  is  cheft,  for  inftance,  there  can  be  no  room  for  atiy 
Yiriance  of  opinion.  The  intention  to  (leal  (wfcidi4s  iignifea 
by  the  word  ftkntmfly  in  the  indiftm^  r  always  be  col- 
lected from  circumftanccs  accompanytn  .  ;  circuTnftantei 
which  can  only  be  known  to  the  jury ;  of  which  the  court 
otnuot  receive  any  evidence*  How  happens  it  tliat  in  a  charge 
of  libelling)  ftmiichms  jiand»lem^  and  Jrdiumsy  fliouid  have  n© 
meaning?  That  in  this  crime  alone  fuch  ephhets  arc  of  no  im* 
|lBflrunccP  mere  fomnaiiHet  f  inference*  of  law  from  the  fimplc 
aA  of  publication^  an  aA  in  itself  ejcrcmcly  innocent? 
Whence  have  arifen  thefc  prcrcnfions  of  judges  ?  The  folution 
will  not  be  diiliculf*  Crimin^ti  inttmim  in  the  publicition  of  a 
libel  may  be  proved  by  two  forts  oi  mikn^f  y  one  intrmal^  ari- 


•  Our  Aarhor  has  omitted  here  the  word  txpf^t/i.  With  rei^ard  to 
the  Opinion  of  the  cocr:  of  Kin^*s  Bench,  he  thinVs  the  diilin^tioii 
betMi^a  rxfrt/t  ixc  rmpM  mzliciom  latent,  »*  wuhdut  foundation; 
becaufe,  fays  he,  by  the  word  m^,  the  veniift  had  cjtdaJcd  m^U- 
cmt  intent  \  9Tid  the  only  dodbt  a^  to  this  part  mull  be,  whether  the 
ju/y  rca/if  decide  upon  the  Tfttmrion  &/o  ^l/ijh/r^ 


1 


€s^ 


A  LittiT  U  ihi  Jurcrs  cf  Great  Britain.  127 

fing  from  the  nature  of  the  paper  ;  the  other  externaly  from  the 
circumftances  accompanying  the  a£t  of  publication.  The  firft 
(being  ftated  in  the  record)  lies  open  to  the  obfervation  of 
court  and  juryj  the  other  fpecics  of  evidence  can  be  Annvn  to 
the  jury  alone.  The  court  of  King's  Bench,  adverting  only 
to  the  firft  fpecies,  and  defirous  of  drawing  the  whole  judica- 
ture to  tbcmfelves,  declared,  that  an  cxprcfs  exclufion  o\  crimi^ 
nal  intention  by  the  vcrdid  of  a  jury  would  avail  nothing  ;  but 
atLZifuebverdiSf  (if  the  ad  of  publication,  together  with  the 
Yerbal  fupply  of  innuendpes  was  found)  would  operate  as  a  con- 
viAion.  Should  this  be  the  law  of  England,  a  very  ridiculous 
confequence  would  follow  !  A  man  might  have  the  cleared 
proof  of  his  innocence  without  a  poffibility  of  producing  it ! 
To  the  jury  be  could  not,  becaufe  they  are  not  to  judge  of  in- 
tentioD :  nay,  an  cxprefs  negation  of  criminal  defign  by  them 
would  be  void,  and  of  no  effedh  Before  the  court  at  VVeftmin- 
fler  it  cannot  be  produced,  becaufe  fuch  evidence  will  contra- 
did  the  general  verdid  guilty. 

*  A  man  carrying  a  libel  to  a  magiftrate,  moft  certainly  is  a 
pvbliOier.  So  a  ftudent  taking  notes  in  a  court  of  law,  and 
communicating  thefe  notes  to  another.  So  likewife  a  man 
truifcribing  an  information,  by  the  direction  of  the  Attorney- 
genera],  and  collating  fuch  tranfcript  with  the  foul  copy  by  the 
aSftance  of  another  perfon.  All  thefe  are  publilhers,  but  not 
nrn/W.  Yet  if  a  jury  cannot  judge  of  intention,  the  evidence 
of  thefe  fads  cannot  be  received  by  the  court,  becaufe  it  will 
contradid  the  verdid. 

*  Mr.  Almon  moft  certainly  was  a  publifher.  He  kept  a 
Ihop ;  fold  pamphlets  ;  and  gave  a  general  authority  to  bis  fer- 
vanu  for  that  purpofe.  He  was  therefore  bound  by  the  a£h  of 
fuch  fervants,  and  liable,  in  a  civil  fuit,  to  every  demand 
founded  on  their  aHs.  Yet  was  he  exempt  from  frofecntien  for  a 
ertme^  becaufe  criminal  fntenticn  can  be  imputed  to  the  fervanc 
alone,  who,  without  his  matter's  knowledge,  fold  the  identi- 
cal paper.  Lord  Mansfield  felt  this  truth  when  he  faid  (upon 
the  motion  for  a  new  trial)  that  had  this  appeared  in  evidence 
ai'open^  by  the  counfel,  he  ihould  have  dirc^ed  the  jury  to 
aequit  the  defendant.  The  error  of  the  Attorney-general  was 
likewife  extremely  natural,  who  thought  this  evidence  could 
n€tht  received  after  ccnvi^ien J  as  impeaching  the  propriety  of 
the  verdiA.  But  neither  one  nor  the  other  fcems  perfe^ly  con- 
fident with  the  opinion  of  the  courr,  tJ:at  the  jury  can  enly  de-' 
termini  the  fa£f  of  pnlfiicaticn,  Mr.  Almon  could  have  been  ac« 
quitted  upon  no  other  ground  than  a  dcfe£^  of  criminal  intmticn. 
Neither  could  the  evidence  of  this  defect  contradict  the  verdi^^ 
if  the  jury  bad  determined  the  fimple  fa£l  of  publication  a!one. 


128  A  Letitr  to  the  Jurors  of  Gnat  Britain. 

*  I  cannot  difmifs  Mr.  Almon's  cafe  without  obferving  ano- 
ther moft  dangerous  encroachment  upon  the  office  of  a  jury. 
It  was  urged  at  the  bar,  and  approved  by  the  court,  *^  ThUf 
Mr.  Almon's  a£tual  aflent  to  the  pubh'cation  was  neceflary  tn 
fix  any  crime  upon  him,  and  that  a  fale  by  a  fervant  was  < 
evidence  of  that  afllnt/'  The  refufal  of  a  new  trial  was  found 
upon  the  propriety  of  a  juJge's  direction,  who  laid  down  tb 
pofition,  *'  That  the  fale  by  the  fervant  was  prima  fade  eiri 
dencc  of  a  fale  by  the  mailer,  and  became  conclulive,  if  nol 
contradicted  by  other  evidence."  This  pofition  cannot  be  law^l 
becaufc  the  peculiar  province  of  a  jury  ^  to  judge  of  the) 
weight  and  import  of  evidence,  which,  by  fuch  a  detcrmiiia-^ 
tion,  would  be  wrefted  from  them.  I  have  read  of  legal  decnj 
fions  refpe£ling  the  compettnce  of  evidence,  that  is,  whether  it? 
be  admiilible  and  may  be  laid  before  the  jury  :  but  this  opinioal 
of  the  judges  prefcribes  the  effiH  of  evidence,  and  compels  thei* 
jury  (whether  convinced  or  not)  upon  their  oaths  to  dedamt 
that  the  mdUcT  did  aj/ent  to  the  publication.  I  am  not  inudi\l 
furprifed  at  the  uneafinefs  of  Mr.  Mackworth,  or  that  he  didi 
not*  immediately  underftand  this  neiu  rule  of  law.  ^ 

^  The  conftant  practice  of  the  court  of  King's  Bench  to  ad^l 
mit  affidavits  to  be  read,  after  convidion,  may,  in  fome  bttg^ 
have  tended  to  confound  the  rcfpefiive  duties  of  court  and  jury^ 
Indeed,  were  wc  abfjlutely  certain  of  a  conftant  fucceffion  ofij 
upright  and  honeji  judqics,  little  mifchief  might  enfue  from  (udi^ 
conlufion.  A  nominal  punifliment,  where  the  party  if  inno^ 
ccNt,  might  be  nearly  the  fame  with  no  punifliment  at  albsl 
Unfortunately  this  argument  would  have  equal  force,  if  urge^ 
for  the  total  abolition  of  our  government,  and  an  implicit  fub^ 
miffion  to  the  will  of  one  man.  To  be  ferious ;  let  tu  turtf* 
from  mifdcmcanors,  where  the  punifliment  is  uncertain^  ttA 
other  crimes,  and  the  abfurdity  of  this  do£trine  will  appear  irij 
its  true  colours.  Let  the  judgment  of  the  court  in  Mr.  VVood*^ 
fairs  cafe  be  the  law  of  England,  and  I  wilt  undertake  to  haogjii 
as  a  traitor,  a  very  good  friend  to  the  government,  for  the  vcprjf^J 
act  by  which  he  meant  to  ferve  his  King.  Suppofe  the  eneflOf  1 
landed,  and  a  manifefto  publiflied  exciting  the  people  to  joisii 
the  invaders :  a  good  friend  of  government  fends  a  meflengeif^ 
with  this  manifefto  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  He  is  indimd|i 
for  that  he  traiteroufly^  and  with  intent  to  affift  the  King's  ene«i 
mies,  did  publifli  the  paper,  &c.  The  jury  are  told  that  thef  f 
have  nothing^to  do  with  intention  \  that  traiteroujly^  &c.  areiB*.: 
ferences  of  law.  The  publication  is  proved  $  there  are  no. 
blanks  in  the  paper  to  fupply.  The  man  is  therefore  conviAed,  • 
and  muft  be  hanged.' 

*  The  wqrd  not  is  omiued  in  vYvc  ^paiw^^Acx,  V4^  fa^^^fe,  Vj  la 
error  of  the  prc/s.  ^ 


A  Litter  to  thi  Jurfitt  rfGrtat  Britain.  129 

There  is  another  pafljigc  in  this  e;cceJIent  pamphlet,  which 
%emuft  beg  leave  to  lay  before  our  Readers. 
^  ■'•The  revolution,  fays  our  Author,  tftabiiflicd  thofe  princi- 
^ofrefiftance  to  the  civil  maLiillraLe,  which,  from  ihcob- 
nttte  opporuion  of  Tories,  were  but  obfc-jrcl.  exprdlcd  in  the 
■llpus  vote  of  the  Convention  Pari ij men t  :t  was,  however, 
rmuied,  that  there  are  occafions  in  which  rt-rnlitnre  may  be 
W;  in  which  fubjcdls  may  depofc  their  Kmjr.  They  muft 
eib're  havea  right  tt>  examine  tne  cono'uct  *  f  their  Jf;«^, 
on  Afj  conduct  mufl  depend  the  ^neafurc  of  their  obedience. 
k  forfeiture  may  be  incurred,  hue  thL-  Avr/jv  alojic  c in*  judge 
vben ^'  the  originaP  contracl  bccwcen  Kmg  and  People  is 
knkco;  .when  Che  fundamental  laws  are  viojiited  \  when  an  at- 
knptis.madc  to  fubvert  the  contiitution.'!  Under  a  govern- 
pciit«#abliihed  upon.th^fe  principles,  every  man  has  a  nghc 
|D.wacdi  the  adreiniftration  of  jufticc  ;  to  fift  nasrcyvly  all  ads 
iftlhemog  orjiis  minifters.;.  to  point  out  the  corruption  evpn 
rf^wliamients ;  and  to  fpread  an  alarm  among  the  people, 
lAencvcr  a  dangerous  attack  is  either  made  or  meditated  againft 
Aje'fNiUic  lib^erty.  This  right,can  be  limited  by  no  certain  rules, 
kiCAiift.cver  te  governed  by  the  particular  occafion.  There 
M.iliiBeB  of  daoger.when  any  (hjng  which  tends  to  difunite 
IBl^.beiiighly  criminal.'-    There  are  times,  when  even  invcc- 

Smay  defervc  tbeipraife  of  moderation.  No  fcientiiic  know- 
»  no  iicquaintancc  with;  fqrmer  decifrgns,  can  enable  ,tbe 
•read  lawyer,  to  affirm  this  ppblication  is  criminal,  that 
llblicacion  ia  innocent.  To  do  (his  with  precifion,  or  juftice 
litlhe  party  accufed,  we  muft  enter  into  common  life ;  we 
M^ attend  to  the  politics  of  the  day  \  we  mu(l  imbibe  the  fen' 
iinits  of. the.  people^  .aod.pacticip^te  their  every  .complaint. 
Jhn^j,  taken  by  lot  from  among  the  *  people,  are  peculiarly  the 

K  judges  in  cafes  of  Jibel :  and  if  in  this,  as  in  al(  other 
tions  of  a  criminal  nature,  our  anceltors  have  enjoyed 
ftttAoble  privilege,  a  trial  ty  their  ptersy  fliall  we  now  reliy- 
^■01  our.  glorious  birthright  under  a  .King,  ^yhofe  family  w^s 
ijbdtted  to  the  crown  for  the  fole  purpofe  of  defending,  pro- 
WUng,  and  improving,  our  laws  and  conilitution  ?' 
«:>4lie  prefent  performance  muft  not  be  clafied  wich  thofe  fac- 
inaand  violent  publications  which  are  every  day  iiTuing  ifrofxi 
ie'prefs.  It  is  fiiU  of  .candour,  information,  and  good  fenfc  ; 
iodwe  have  not  tfae.leaft  doubt  but  that  its  Author  is  really 
ikatbefubfcribes  himfelf,  «*  A  Friend  to  the  Laws  and  Govcrn- 
ient of  his  Country.". 

.   «  In  the  pamphM  it  isr^  *  froci  ai&ong  people.' 

Rbv,  Feb.  t;^?!^  K  A»i^' 


-  r  «3o  ]  T 

I  Art.  Vl.    7*hi  umvitfat  BotantJI  and  Nurprymffrf :   Cla 

I  Difcriptiom  &f  the  Specia  and  Varietiei  of  all  the  Trus^  Sk 

I  Herbs^  F/owirSf    and  Fruits^  Natives  and  Exot'ta^  at  pi 

I  €uhiv^ted  in  tbt  Europtan  Nurfaies^  Grunhoufts  and  Stovi 

I  defcrihed  by  modern  BotamJIi  ;  arranged  according  to  the  Lit 

I  Syjhm^  with  their  Names  in  Englijh,     To  whi^h  au  adOi 

I  icpious  Botanical  Gloff^iry^feveral  ufeful  Catalogues  and  h 

1  llkiftratcd  with  elegant  Engravings,      In  Four  Vols* 

I  By  Richard  Wefton,  Efqi    Vol.  I.   Price  55,  3d.  in  Be 

I  Bell.     1770. 

IT  is  with  great  fatlsfaflion  that  we  fee  the  ufeful  and  j 
ing  fciencc  of  Botany  fo  afliduoufly  culci?atcd  ai  it 
I    been  for  fomc  years  paft.    The  general  attention  paid  to  a 
I    fo  Innocent  as  well  as  delightful,  is  one  proof,  among  ol 
[    that  the  age,  however  depraved  in  fome  refpei^  it  is  (ifl 
I    be,  is  not  fo  in  all  \  for,  in  many  branches  of  knowledge 
f    many  exercifes  of  virtue,    wc  arc   fully  pcrfuadcd»  em 
\   times  and  manners  arc  in  a  happy  ftate  of  improvement 
I    h^lf'thinking  divines,    or  railings  gloomy   bigots,    who  dc 
I '  in  abufing,  and  vilifying,  and  damning  mankind,  dtfpui 
I   trtrth  ;  but,  for  us,  we  really  apprehend,  that  nottoackl 
F* ledge  it,  would  be  the  bafcft  ingratitude  to  the  all* wife  an< 
I    nevolcnt  admlnif^ration  of  that  adorable  Being  by  whom  K 
[•retgn  and  Princes  decree  juftrce :  by  whom  all  things  tti 
r^hcJd  in  the  moft  beautiful  and  pcrfed^  order:  w^ho,  as  Goi 
I' AIL,  balances  the  univcrfe  with  equal  and  unerring  hajid, 
i -maintains  it  in  that  uniform  courfe  of  reditudc  which  he 
I'could  give  it,  and  from  which  neither  the  moral  nor  the  1 
I*  rial  world  can  ever  depart  without  his  permiffion  ajid  app 
ptncnt. 

P'  Botany  is,  indeed,  a  ftudy  of  fuch  general  importajM 
|*mankind,  that  it  would  be  no  eafy  tafk  to  draw  the  line 
P  could  limit  the  bounds  of  Its  utility.  The  very  fenfible  An 
^of  the  performance  now  before  ui  haih  enumerated  fomc  { 
r  culars  of  this  kind  j  but  to  fpecity  ail,  would  be  a  vain  au< 
9  What  he  has  obferved,  however,  in  his  inrrodui5iion»  is 
pand  pertinent.  He  firft  confiders  its  ufeful ncfs  in  a  rtlji 
r'lighr.  •  To  be  employed  in  the  conftant  contempUtion, 
P  of  courfe  in  the  conftant  admiration  of  the  wtfdom  of, 
^  DEITY,  to  the  harmonisting  of  the  paiTions,  and  the  ace 
Ption  of  ufeful  knowledge,  is  certainly  one  of  the  moft 
^  rocndable  piirlutis  in  which  a  rational  mind  can  be  engager 
W'  Hence,  he  remarks,  '  it  is,  that  in  all  ages,  the  gre 
I  and  befl  of  men  have  found  it,  rn  foliiudc,  their  moft  cSti 
"  rditif  again  ft  the  difguft  thc^  \\2A  coucdvcd  at  the  diford« 
fmkty,   when,  like  CVivciiviiitivA^i  cxc^iliv^wv^  <tt^  ^^^ifl 


Wcfton'/  Satanf. 


ijr 


fhc  ploughOiare^  they  have  taken  as  much  delight  ifi  agrjcukure^ 
i$  they  haii  ever  done  in  policy  or  tadics ;  in  cufttvattng  their 
field  or  their  garden,  as  in  tnc  triumphs  of  a  camp,  or  the 
fplendor  of  a  Court,' 

Mr.  Wcfton  farther  obferves»  that  in  a  commercial  view, 
*  the  cultivation  of  this  fcicnce  will  appear  of  the  grcateft  ad- 
vantage to  a  manufafluring  and  trading  nation  i  efpecially  to 
one  whofe  commeice  not  only  extends  to  the  fartheft  puts  of 
the  world,  but  whofe  pofTefHons  and  colonies  are  dtflrlhuted 
throughout  every  climate,  over  the  known  face  of  the  whole 
earth, 

*  The  immcnfc  profit  that  mud  arife  to  the  Britifti  empire 
from  her  transfer  ring  the  purchafe  of  fuch  commodities  as  arc 
now  the  produce  of  foreign  countries  to  her  own,  exceeds  all 
edimate.  The  fteady  execution  of  a  plan,  therefore,  that  would 
efiWl  this,  would  in  time  turn  our  balance  of  trade  with  the 
whole  world  in  our  favour*  We  Ihould  traiHc  only  with  the 
produce  of  our  own  foil  and  th?  commodities  of  our  own  ma* 
Ruffl^ture;  for  which  we  might  be  paid  in  whatfocver  coin  W9 
plealed. 

^  It  is  on  the  folid  ba(is  of  aghiculturb  and  the  prudent 
ipplication  of  the  advantages  arifing  from  our  improvements  hi 
litmkdl  fcience,  that  fuch  a  plan  muft  in  a  great  meafure  be 
laid. 

*  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  it  is  truc^  arc  of  fo  limited  an 
extent^  and  of  a  climate  fo  variable  and  uncertain,  that  all 
thefc  advantages  cannot  be  fecured  to  our  mother  country,  Ycc 
that  many  of  them  may,  the  fuccefsful  attempts  that  have  been 
made  within  a  few  years,  td  introduce  the  plants  and  herbage 
of  fome  foreign  countries  are  a  fuflici«rnt  proof.  Of  thcfe  the 
cultivation  of  Maddtr^  as  praSifcd  in  Zealand,  of  Lucerne^  and 
other  graffes,  as  in  Switzerland,  arc,  among  many  others  that 
might  be  mentioned,  no  Icfs  public  than  profitable  InOances. 
A  v^ry  recent  one*  and  not  fo  generally  known,  affords  a  far- 
ther proof,  as  well  as  a  pleafmg  proiped  that  fuch  purfutts  may 
be  carried  to  an  incredible  length,  eq^ually  to  the  comfort  and 
emolument  of  individuals,  as  to  the  honour  and  independance 
of  the  nation  in  general.  The  ufes  and  alimentary  virtues  of 
the  SALEP,  at  prefcnt  imported  from  Turkey,  arc  well  known; 
as  well  as  its  exorbitant  high  price,  which  confines  it  in  a 
great  degree  only  to  petfons  of  fortune.  By  a  fate  communi- 
cation to  the  Royal  Society,  it  appears  that  the  Orihii  mafcula 
of  LiKN^us,  the  Orchis  mm9  mas  f if  His  waculatii  of  Parlcifon, 
the  Cyniforchis  moria  mas  of  Gerard,  and  the  Cym/orch^s  major^ 
commonly  called  doc-stones,  with  all  the  common  Ordit 
roofs  of  our  own  country,  may  be  cafdy  fo  prepared  as  per* 
U&U  lo  rcfemble  the  jaiip  that  copies  from  TutVLey* 

K  2  VI\k\\ 


132  .  Wefton'j  Botany. 

*  What  adds  to  the  promifing  afpeA  of  this  difcovcjr 
is,  that  the  plant  grows  fpontaneoufly  over  the  whole  king 
and  necd.^  fo  little  culture  that  it  fiouriihes  beft  in  a 
fandy,  barren  foil :  To  that  even  the  poor  might,  in  a 
time^  by  the  propagation  of  this  nutritious  vegetable,  \m 
commodated  with  salep-powder,  as  with  other  kiofl 
meal  or  Jiour,* 

He  next  expatiates  on  the  importance  of  improvemem 
Botany,  with  refpedi  to  chemical  knowledge,  to  manuliA 
and  to  medicine,  it  is  true,  he  acknowledges,  that  the  ff 
part  of  the  drugs  ufed  for  dying,  and  other  mechanical 
pofcs,  as  well  as  the  moft  powerful  in  the  materia  mi£tM^ 
imported  from  countries  whofe  foil  and  climate  differ  toot 
from  thofe  of  thefe  iilands,  to  admit  of  their  fuccffsful  cul 
tion  here ;  but  then  he  remarks,  as  others  have  done  he 
*  That  thefc,  as  well  as  many  plants  *  both  of  the  herbn 
and  farinaceous  kinds,  may  in  all  probability  thrive  as  wi 
the  fimilar  climates  of  fomc  or  other  of  our  variouily-fki 
colonies,  as  in  thofe  countries  where  they  are  in'digenons.' 

Having  briefly  pointed  out  the  commercial,  medicinali 
other  advantages  arifmg  from  the  practical  ftudy  of  Botani 
proceeds  to  remark  on  the  many  and  voluminous  public] 
of  botanical  writers :  that  they  have  been  equally  objeflc 
both  for  thcrr  redundance  and  their  deficiency.  The  ft 
complaint,  fays  he,  has  been  ufually  made  againft  thofe 
thors  who,  confining  themfelves  to  the  plants  of  a  certain  1 
try,  or  diAiidl,  ran  into  a  prolixity  of  defcription,  incomp 
with  the  neceflary  concifenefs  of  a  fydematical  arranga 
'  The  difFufivenels  of  their  manner,  however,  has  not  fc 
them  from  dcficience  in  matter  ;  while  other  writers 
ithrough  lapfc  of  time  or  original  inattention,  equally  exce| 
able  in  both  y  even  the  inftitutions  of  the  celebrated  TVicr 
.  wanting  many  newly-difcovered  plants,  as  well  as  the  (i 
varieties  of  old  ones  ;  the  number  of  which  has  been  g 
increafed  by  cultivation  fmce  the  days  of  that  eminent 
tanift. 

*  The  Species  Plantarum  of  LiNN^us  is  undoubtedly  a 
valuable  book ;  but  it  is  much  better  calculated  for  the  < 
the  medical  botanift,  than  the  gardener  or  nurferyman, 
cularly  thofe  of  this  country  ;   no  edition  yet  publiflied  h 
the  Er.glijh  names  cf  the  plants  annexed  to  the  Latin^  as  ii 

■*      ■    ■     ■  ■  ■  - ■  ■  w^— ^w^— ^^1— ^<p 

•  He  jnftances  in  the  Mulberry  tree,  for  fi!k-\vorms ;  fo  fn 
fully  cultivated  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  ,ln  the  lattei 
vincc,  too,  he  is  perfuaded,  the  tea- plant  mighi  be  carried  to  as 

perfi'dion  as  in  China.     Alfo  0\e  ^\utt'Amo\v\Jt^»  ^iid\.Kc  tnw 
barb. 


WcftonV  Botany:  133 

prefent  work^  which  is  the  (irfl  general  catalogue  of 
FLANTS,  that  has  appeared  in  England/ 

In  drawing  up  this  Catalogue^  the  Author  founS  it  neceiTary 
to  arrange  the  plants  after  fome  fyftematic  method;  and  he 
adopted  that  of  Linnaeus,  as  being  the  moft  generally  received. 
He  has  marked,  accordingly,  each  gtnus  with  its  correfpinding 
numbrr  in  the  laft  edition  of  the  Gemra  Plant arum^  printed  at 
Stockholm  in  1764.  He  has  farther  pointed  out  to  what  cla/t 
or  9r{fir  each  belongs,  and  has  given  an  explanation  of  techni* 
cal  terms,  from  the  Phibfophia  Botauica,     Where  a  verbal  ex- 

Jlanation  has  been  deemed  infufficient,  he  has  added  the  illu* 
Tition,  by  a  drawing  of  the  figures  upon  copper-plates,  *  that 
nothing,  favs  he,  might  be  wanting  10  render  the  whole  as  clear 
•od  expHcit  as  poflible,  to  every  capacity/ 

As  only  the  firft  of  the  four  intended  volumes  of  this  ufeful 
work  is  yet  publifhed,  we  (hall  here,  for  the  farther  fatisfacftion 
of  our  Botanical  Readers,  give  the  Author's  own  account  of  the 
contents  of  the  whole  work^  in  the  order  in  which  he  declares 
that  they  are  at  prefent  difpofed  /or  the  prefs,  and,  fur  the 
noft  part,  already  printed,  viz, 

•  •■  Iti  the  firft  place,  "  An  alphabetical  Catclcgue  of  the  Species 
and  Varieties  of  all  the  Trees  and  Shrubs,  at  prefent  cultivated 
or  defcribcd  by  botanical  Writers:  comprehending  a  particular 
Defcription  of  their  Leaves,  Flowers,  Fruit,  &c.  together  with 
their  Englifh  Names/' — By  means  of  this  Catalogue  net  only 
the  nurfcry-man  and  gardener,  but  the  nobleman  or  country- 
gentleman,  who  is  defirous  of  making  a  collection  of  trees  and 
fbrubsj  either  to  adorn  his  eftate,  or  for  the  more  valuable  pur- 
pofes  of  raifing  timber,  may  be  informed  of  every  ornamental  or 
valuable  tree  in  the  known  world  ;  no  one  variety  being  omit- 
ted, which  I  had  fufficient  authority  to  enumerate  either  from 
authors  of  credit,  or  my  own  experience ;  and  where  there 
are- fome  curious  varieties^  as  double  floiuers^  or  beautiful  Jlriped 
miSj  not  at  prefent  in  our  nurferies,  I  have  given  the  initials  of 
the  Flora  or  Hortus  in  which  they  are  mentioned,  in  ojder  that 
they  may  be  procured.  Hence  they  will  be  enabled  by  diffe- 
rent plants  to  fuit  every  foil  and  lituation  ;  and  a>  the  prefent 
elegant  tafte  for  natural  improvements  in  gardening  fo  generally 
prevails  throughout  England,  the  inquilitive  tnglifli  planter 
will  find  this  Catalogue  particularly  convenient,  as  it  exhibits  at 
one  view  the  difFrrent  ornamental  varinies  of  esich  fpecies, 

"  A  SEPARATE  Catalogue  of  the  Trees,  "Shrubs,  and  Fruits, 
Natives  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  pointing  out  alfo  their 
Time  of  flowering,  and  the  Places  where  they  arc  particularly 
indigenous/' — This  part  of  the  work  is  peculiarly  defign^d  f.:r 
the  ufe  of  fuch  as  may  be  inclined  to  raife  a  plantation  of  iV\ci 


134  Wcfton*i  Botany^ 

moft  beautiful  and  ornamental  trert9  iJin^bS)  Md  fruUs» 

of  our  own  iOes.  .  ^r 

<<  An  /nirx  of  the  Genera  of  Tre^  and  Shrubs.** 

<<  An  alpbahitical  CataUgui  of  the  Species  and  Vsrietia  \ 
all  the  Herbs,  Flowers,  and  bulbous  Jtoots,  at  prefenc  c 
vated  or  defcribed  by  Botanifis  ;  giving  a  particular  pelbrij 
of  their  Leaves  and  Flowers,  with  their  diftinggifliing  ^ 
ties,  as  Annuals,  Biennials,  or  Perennials  ;  together  with  ^^^ 
Engliih  Names." — In  this  Catalogue  the  herbarift  and  kitdka*^ 
garaener  will  find  all  the  various  forts  of  roots  and  birts^  whick, 
the  moft  curious  gardens  in  England,  France,  Elanden»j  fi(> 
Holland  aiFord. 

<(  The  Cryptogamian  Clafs  of  Linn  jeus,  containing  die  Fcn% 
MoQes,  Flags,  and  Mufhrooms." 

^*  The  yZ/^^mf  Plants,"  for  the  amufement  of  people  irkot 
refiJe  near  the  fea.  ■  ,\ 

'«  A  Catalpgue  pf  all  the  Fruits  cultivated  in  England  Iflil^ 
Faince,  particularly  thofe  raifed  in  the  nursery  of  Ttt] 
Carthusian  friars  in  Paris."  The  lovers  qf/rmtm^ 
hence  gratify  their  choice  from  a  defcription  of  every  d'" 
fruit  in  a  moft  numerous  and  fele£l  colle£lion. 

<*  Catalogues  of  the  Flowers  raifed  by  the  moft  cmifl 
Florifts  in  Europe ;  giving  a  Defcription  of  their  Coloiin  l^. 
Manner  of  blowing  :  to  which  are  annexed  the  cvftrnnarj  frSif 
^t  which  they  are  fold,  in  Englifli  Money/* — ^The  cmk/f 
Florift  m^y  here  indulge  his  utmoft  fancy  in  (eleding  fio| 
among  all  the  minute  varieties  that  are  to  be  found  in  tk, 
FrexKh,  Dutch,  and  Flemifli  flower-gardens.  ; 

*<  A  general  Latin  Index  of  the  Genera  of  Linnjbus." 

*<  The  rejected  Generic  Names  of  Linn^us,  adapted  tf 
%hc  preferit  Linnaan  Genera." 

^^  An  indix  containing  hear  three  TbouTand  Er^UJb  Names  f 
Plants^  referred  to  their  proper  Linnaan  Titles." 

<'  A  Botanical  Gloflary,  or  Explanation  of  the  Technic^ ! 
Terms  of  Likn^us  ;  illuftrated  by  proper  drawings." 

To  the  ^bove  v/ill  be  added,  *^  A  Supplement  containing  s , 
Defciiption  of  any  new  Plants  which  may  be  introduced  iaip 
hngland,  whijc  the  Work  is  completing." 

Such  is  the  profcfled  defign  a;id  difpofition  of  this  under* 
taking  ;  to  the  execi^tion  of  which,  the  Author  declarcstbat  if 
was  induced  partly  hy  reflecting  on  the  defeAs  ai;id  inconve- 
niences attending  all  publications  of  the  like  nature  hitberts 
extant,  apd  partly  by  the  particular  ufc  of  which  the  above- 
mentioned  Catalogues  hath  been  to  himfelf,  during  great  pV^ 
of  2  life  fpcnt  in  botanical  purtuxxs^  titvd  tVv«  ^ra£tical  ftiidy  ^ 
agrieukuTCy  both  abroad  and  alYvomt,  ^\teei^>K^  axi  >ixa«aiel- 
ted  SLttcation  to  every  wrixer^'  ol  tm;xitw:^%  ^xi\>^'^asiKA^ 


is,-^When  this  work  is  completed,  we  (hall  not  fail  to 
;ivc  our  Readers  a  Critical  Examination  of  its  variQus  contents. 

the  mean  time,  we  fuiccrcly  wifti  the  induflrious  Author  all 
be  fucccft  which  an  undertaking  of  fo  much  labour  and  cx- 
cnce  may  dcfcrvc. 


tho 


IT.  VIL  Phlhfopbical  Tranfa^iofts^  giving  fame  Aamnt  cf  the 
pnfint  UmiertakirtgSf  StudieSy  and  Labours  cf  thi  Ingtnhus  in 
msnf  cmful^rikhU  Parts  oftbi  World.  VoL  tix.  For  the  Y^ar 
1769.  In  two  Parts.  410.  j8s.  fewed.  Davis. 
Mathematics  and  Mechanics, 
Irttde  12,  A  Litttr  from  Mr^yjahn  Roherifin^  Lib.  R,  S.  t$ 
Jdmn  JVtfty  Efq\  Frefidint  of  ^^^  R^yal  Society  j  containing  thf 
dtmmjhation  of  a  Law  of  motion  ^  in  thi  caft  if  a  body  dife^td 
by  twoforciSy  tending  conflantly  to  two  fmd  points. 

HE  moon*s  motions,  however  irregular,  when  abfolutely 

confidered,  furniflit  in  their  relation  to  and  dependance 

Upon  the  other  bodies  in  the  planetary  fyflem,  an  acf^ual  illu- 

'ration     and    proof   of    the   Newtonian    theory    of    gravity^ 

he  more  thoroughly  they  are  inveftigated  and    underftotid, 

fiiorc  they  exempiify  and  eftablifh  Sir  lfaac*s  principles,     Jc 

CO  be  wiflied  that,  in  general,  they  were  more  eafy  of  accefs  ; 

that  the  anomalie;,  to  which  they  are  fubjcdt,  were  re- 

iced  to  Tome  determinate  and  obvious  rules,  level  to  the  cap2^ 

itJCi  of  thofe  who  arc  not  adepts  in  the  more  abftrufe  Ipecu- 

itions  of  roathemitics.     It  is  well  known  to  thofe  who  hav« 

en  at  all  conver fant  with  the  Principia^  that  the  greatcft  part 

the  theory  of  the  moon  is  propoftd  without  proof;  and  that 

thofe  theorems  relating  to  the  moon's  motions,  which  are  therein 

lemon  ft  rated,  generally  depend  upon  calculations  that  are  very 

tricate  and  very  abftrufe,  the  iruih  of  which  is  nor  cafily  ex- 

iaed  even  by  thofe  who  are  moft  fkilfut ;  and  which,  how* 

vcr,  might  be  deduced  from  other  principles.    Thefe  confide* 

rations  led  the  late  Mr.  Machin  particularly  to  examine  the 

theory  of  the  soon,  and  to  compare  it  with  adlual  obfervation. 

^^hc  refult  of  this  enquiry,  though  not  purfucd,  as  he  himf'clf 

knowledges,  to  the  degree  he  could  wifh,  he  annexed  in  the 

ppcndix  to  the  Eiiglifti  edition  oi  Netuton^s  Prlncipia  by  Mr* 

lotte,  |>ublj£hed  in  1729. 

One  of  the  lunar  inequalities  which  he  propofes  to  explain^ 

thai  of  the  variation  of  the  inclination  of  the  moon*s  arbic 

that  of  the  ecliptic.     He  obfcrves,  that  it  is  extremely  diffi* 

ult  to  compute  the  variation  o(  the  incliuat!&n  in  any  particular 

fc,  according  to  the  rules  laid  down  in  the  Principta.     Tho 

tlculations,  however  jiat  when  performed  with  ingenuity  4nd 

care,  are  extremely  laborious  ajid  intricate.    This  Vuduc^  Vvn\ 

%Q  fiiopofc  M  prinapkp  by  means  of  which  ih^  Uid  ya^c^^^'^VJ 

K  4  mv^V 


136'  PhiiofftMctil  Trtfija£!hns\  fir  tht  Tear  I76"5f.  * 

mi^ht  be  more  readily  determined,— This  he  ■gives,  withoot: 
any  demonftration,  in  the  following  words:  '  There  is  t  h« 
of  motion,  which  holds  in  the  cafe,  where  a  body  is  deflcAd 
by  two  forces,  tending  conftantly  10  two  fixed  points  s'  whic|' 
is,  *  that  the  body,  in  i'uch  a  cafe,  will  dcfcribe,  by  lines  drsmr' 
,  from  the  two  fixed  points,  equal  foiids  in  equal  times,  ibeil' 
the  line  joining  the  laid  fixed  pointo.'  ■   .  V 

l^he  article  before  us  contains  a  demonfiration  of  this  liW; 
of  which  it  is  fufficient  to  add,  that  it  was  communicated  bf 
that  excellent  mathematiciun  the  late  William  Jonds,  £fq;  ID 
Mr.  Robert fon,  who  apprehended  it  to  be  highly  worth  prcferf- 
ing  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfa/iion?. 

Article  16.    Chprvaiions  en  the  Expectations  of  Lives^  tht  bh 

creaji  of  Mankind^  the  h.Jiuaicc  of  great  tozvfis  en  population^  ifd 

particularly  thejlate  of  London  with  refpcSl  to  henlthfkinefs^  ifi 

number  cf  inhabitants.     In  a  letter  from  Air.  Richard  Pfitl^ 

F.  R.  S.  to  Lefijamin  FrankHn,  Elq\  LL.  D.  and  F.  -R.  5. 

The  ingenious  Authir  of  thci'c  obfervation^s,  who  has  (nh 

fupcriors,  and  perhaps  w  t  many  equals  in  diiquifitions  of  tbil' 

niture,  propofe-  chiefly  to  coni'i'ler  the  prefcnt  llate  of  thecit|f 

of  London,  with  rcfpecl  to  hcalthrulr.cis  and  number  of  inha^ 

bjtants,  as  far  as  ic  can  be  coU^rdled  from  the  bills  of  mortality. 

Though  this  be  the  ir  ain   fulijeci  which  ho  undertakes  to  difs 

culs,  he  has  throw d  out  leveral  incidental  obfervations  whick.  . 

are  well  worthy  of  nor  ice.    We  fhall   endeavour  to  give  fuch* 

an  abdraA  of  his  inilruclive  and  entcitaining  paper,  as  m^ 

lead  our  Readers  to  form  feme  judgment  of  its  defign  and  exc* 

cution  :  and,  while  we  would  avoid  extending  this  article  t» 

an  immoderate  length,  it  will  be  our  wini   to  do  the  Author 

all  the  juftice  which  cur  limits  will  allow. 

The  firfl  objevfl  of  his  attention,  the  meaning  of  which  be 
propofcs  accurately  to  determine,  is  that  which  writers  on  tht 
fubjecl  of  annuities  have  called  the  expeSlation  of  lift:  and  this 
is  the  more  necefl'ary,  becaufe  many  have  either  enterCaioed 
wrong  notions,  or  failed  to  exprefs  ihcmfelves  with  proper  prei 
cifion  on  this  head.  jVIr.  De  Moivre  himfclf  has  not  fufficiend^ 
guarded  his  readers  from  miftakes.  l^he  cxpellation  of  life,*ao« 
cording  to  this  Author,  is  that  which  Mr.  Simpfon  and  Mr-D^ 
Moivre  have  calkd  the  Jlare  of  Vfe  due  to  r.  ptrfon^  and  fi^nifid 
*  the  mean  continuance  of  any  given  fingle^  jcint  or  furviytng 
lives,  according  to  ar.y  given  table  of  obfervations  :'  that  is,  die 
number  of  years,  which,  taking  them  one  with  anotheri  they 
adlually  enjoy,  and  may  be  ccnfidercd  as  furc  of  enjoying  9 
fhofc  who  live  beyond  that  period,  enjoying  as  much  more  timfl 
w  prcporuon  to  their  number^  as  thofe  who  fall  (hprt  of  it  esi^ 
Jo/  /eji.  Thus,  fuppofmg  4.6  pcifous  aVvvc^  ^\\  4^^  >j^^\^  t&  ^'g^ 
W  that^  acco/dijig  to  Mr.  Dc  Moivt^'s  ^r^^^o^Ae  ^^  ^^.^^^^ 
-  '  decTcnu 


Oi^ftrurd  of  human  life  through  ,ill  its  Iragcs,  omc  w.ll  uic  every 
jtartill  they  arc  all  dead  in  46  yc;jrs,  ha!f  46  or  23  ivill  be 
lUr  iJtpe^aihn  of  life  y  46  being,  by  the  aforementioned  hypo- 
itrfs,  the  c9mpUmin$  of  life,  or  what  it  wants  of  86  the  utmoil. 
pobable  extent  of  life.     In  like  manner,  the  3d  of  46,  or  15 

Crs  and  four  months,  is  the  expectation  of  two  joint  lives, 
h  40 :  and  the  number  expreilmg  this  period,  multiplied 
by  the  number  oi  fingU  or  jdr.t  lives  to  which  the  ixps£}atha 
belongs,  added  annually  to  a  focieiy  or  town,  gives  the  whole 
Bumbitrto  which  fuch  an  annual  addition  would  in  time  srow.' 
Whence  it  appears,  that  the  particular  proportion,  which  Be« 
comes  eztin£i  every  year,  out  of  the  whok  number  conllantly 
exifiing  together  of  fmgle  and  joint  lives,  miift,  wherever  this 
Bumber  undergoes  no  variation,  he  exactly  the  fame  with  the 
iXfiffati0H  of  thofe  lives,  at  the  time  when  their  cxiAence  com- 
menced, e.  g.  If  it  was  found  in  any  town,  where  the  number 
of  births  is  equal  to  that  of  the  burials,  that  a  20th  or  a  3Cth 
part  of  the  inhabitants  die  annually,  20  or  30  wo'ild  be  the  ix^ 
ff&aUm  of  a  child  juft  born  in  fuch  a  town.  Thcfe  expe'Jailons 
are  cifily  found  for  all  fingle  lives,  by  a  table  of  obfervations, 
Becording  to  a  general  rule  given  for  that  purpofe.  The  expec-^ 
fatisM  of  a  life  of  20  is,  by  Mr.  Simpfon's  tabic,  formed  from  the 
bills  of  mortality  in  London  equal  to  28,  9. 

The  Author,  having  premifed  thefc  general  remarks,  pro- 
ceeds to  the  principal  point  he  ha^  in  view.  I'hc  ixpt^lathn  of 
an  infant  Juft  born,  in  London,  is,  by  Mr.  Simpfon's  table, 
30  years.  This  number,  multiplied  by  the  yearly  births  v/hen 
they  are  eqiial  to  the  burials,  gives  the  number  of  inhabitants 
in  London.  The  medium  of  yearly  births,  for  the  laft  10  ycar^, 
has  been  i597io<  This  number,  multiplied  by  20,  gives 
314,200^  which  is  the  nuntber  of  inhabitants  in  London,  on 
the  fuppofitioD  that  it  fupported  itfelf  without  any  fupply  froni 
the  country  :  but  fince  the  burials  have,  at  an  average  for  the 
laft  10  years,  been  22,756,  and  therefore  exceeded  the  chrifien- 
ings  by  7,246,  there  mud  be  a  yearly  addition  of  this  number 
from  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  to  recruit  the  waftc.  Suppofe 
thefe  then  to  be  all  of  the  age  of  18  or  20  years,  and  therefore 
their  expeiiatiM  equal  to  30  years,  30  multiplied  by  7,246  gives 
117,380,  which  muft  be  added  to  the  former  number,  and  the 
fnoi,  or  53I1S80,  (hews  the  number  of  inhabitants  inLondon,- 
were  the  bills  perfed.  But  thefe  give  too  fmall  a  number  both  for 
the  births  and  burials  \  allowance  muft  therefore  be  made  for 
the  deficiencies  in  the  bills,  and  likewife  for  thofe  who  migrate 
and  die  out  of  the  city.  The  Author  allows  for  thefe  6000 
in  the  births  tod  6000  in  the  burials.  This  multiplied  b^  2.0^ 
^^»f^4im^  Bi  before  Aatcd,  gives  ^ao.cooj  vh\ch»  2iddcA 

to 


f  38  Phihfiphical  Tran/a/JtoPiS^  fir  ihi  Teau  1 769-' 

to  the  foregoing  number,  givts  651,580  for  the  number  of  in^ 
habitants  complete. 

The  Author  then  fhcws  how  to  allow  for  an  inequality  i 
the  births  and  burials  i  and  makes  feveral  calculations  on  the 
fuppofuion,  that  the  defcft  is,  in  any  proportion,  cither  on 
the  one  fide  or  the  other :  and  he  ccftciudcs^  upon  the  wholci 
that  651,580,  though  fhort  of  the  number  of  inhabitants  com* 
fnonly  fuppofed  in  London,  is  very  probabJy  ^r^/^r,  but  caaM 
be  much  ///j,  than  the  true  number. 

Dr.  Brakcoridge  makes  it  751,800  :  but  our  Author  appff 
hinds  that  in  both  his  methods  of  edimating,  the  Do£^or  pro* 
cecds  on  wrong  principles.  He  determines,  fays  the  Authoff 
the  number  of  houfes  by  a  method  too  precarious  to  be  de- 
pended on ;  and  then  allows  6  pcrfons  to  a  houfe,  which  ii 
undoubtedly  too  large  an  allowance ;  5  being,  at  an  averaget, 
zt\  allowance  large  enough  for  London,  and  too  large  for  Eng- 
land in  general.  By  the  fame  reafoning  it  ai>pears,  as  he  fug- 
gcfts  in  a  note,  that  the  number  of  people  in  Englaj]^' 
which  the  Doflor  ftates  at  5,34.0,000,  ought  to  be  reduced  W 
4,450,000.  The  other  method  by  which  Dr.  Brakenridgd 
propofed  to  determine  the  number  of  inhrbltants  in  Londoflf 
was  from  the  annual  number  of  burials,  adding  2000  to  the 
value  for  omiflions,  and  fuppofing  a  30th  part  to  die  every  year. 
This,  which  the  Do^Sor  apprehends  a  moderate  fuppofition,our 
Author  plainly  (hews  to  be  much  too  large,  and  at  the  fame 
time  points  out  the  ground  of  his  miftake. 

Dr.  Brakenridge  obfcrved,  that,  at  the  time  of  hts  calcula- 
tion, the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London  was  127,000  lefi 
than  it  had  been.  7*he  bills  have  lately  advanced,  but  flill 
they  arc  much  below  what  they  were  from  171 7  to  1743.  Alii 
our  Author  fimls  by  calculation,  that,  taking  the  medium  irf 
annual  birth  and  burials  for  20  years,  viz.  from  171610  ijjAf 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London  was  84,t6o  greater  thM 
it  fs  at  prefent ;  fo  that  London  has,  for  the  hft  30  yeafff 
been  decreafing  ;  and  though  now  it  is  increafing,  he  very  juftly 
apprehends,  that  the  additions  lately  made  to  ihe  number  ot 
buildings  round  it  are  owing,  m  a  great  meafure,  to  the  ift- 
ercafc  of  luxury,  and  the  inhabitants  requiring  more  room  to 
iivc  upon.  And  he  fliew?,  by  taking  the  medium  oi  annual 
burials  for  fevrra!  years,  from  1655  to  1768,  in  the  97  pari&ts 
within  the  waMs,  that,  though  fince  that  period  London  h^i 
doubled  its  inhabitants,  yet,  within  ihi  walls^  they  have  de- 
ereafed;  and  fo  rapidiv  for  the  laft  30  years,  as  now  to  be  rc' 
fluced  to  one  half.  The  prefent  increafe  of  London,  were  it 
Jong  to  continue^  is  an  event  n\me  \oVit  dt^udcd  than  drfifcd. 
T6e  moic  London  incrcafes^  unUfe  ^cu«i\  ^^^\Aixvw  ^mj^Ni^ 


'  buria 


niliffiphicat  Tranfa^hm^  fir  tht  Tear  1769*  ij^ 

iBOafc  likcmfc,  tbc  more  th^  reft  of  the  kingdom  muft  be 

4Am^  \  die  fewer  hands  mufl  be  Icfc  for  agriculture ;  and, 

oaTcqucniljTt  the  kfs  muft  be  the  plenty  and  the  higher  the 

aaee  of  all  tbe  means  of  rubfillencc*     Aloderatt  Cowns^  l>eing 

nu  of  refinement*  emulation,  and  arts«  may  be  public  advan-> 

tigei :  bat  greet  towns,  long  before  ihey  grow  to  half  the  bulk 

^1  London,   become  checks  on  population,  of  too  hurtful  a 

aa^tirre,  nitrferies  of  debauchery  and   voluptuoufncfs  j   and,  ia 

many  rcfpeSs,  greater  evils  than  can  be  compenfated  by  any^ 

tdnntagcs, 

Tlie  diminution  of  the  number  of  the  prefent  inhabitants  of 
XaoAon^  compared  with  thofe  of  40  years  ago,  is  dated  on  the 
funefition  that  the  proportion  of  the  omiJBons  in  the  birtht 
toonfe  in  the  burials  was  the  fame  then  as  it  is  now,— But  this 
appcsn  nc^t  to  be  fad*-^Thefe  omiiTions  were  greater  formerlyp 
which  makrrs  the  difference  in  the  number  of  inhabitanrs  left 
f^nlldfrable  than  it  fecms  to  be  from  the  face  of  the  bilb# 
fon  of  this  difference  the  Author  fuggefts  irj  two  or  three 
Ian.  He  obferves,  that  it  is  probable  that  London  is 
become  lefs  fatal  to  children  than  it  was.  But  notwith- 
ding  the  great  improvements  in  London,  fince  the  year 
2,  and  other  ctrcumftances  which  verv  much  contribute  td 
prefervation  of  children,  and  the  heilth  of  its  inhabitants, 
he  proceeds  to  (hew  the  amizing  diiFer«oce,  cfpccially  to  chil- 
~  ,  between  living  in  great  towns  and  in  the  country.  lo 
don,  according  to  the  mod  moderate  computation,  half  the 
ber  born,  die  under  three  years  of  age  j  in  country  villagci 
pariibes^  the  major  part  live  to  mature  age,  and  even  to 
y.  It  appears  from  the  account  given  by  Dr,  Hcberden^ 
publifhcd  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadtions,  vol.  Ivii,  that 
the  ifland  of  Madeira,  about  tw7  thirds  of  all  who  arc  bora 
to  be  married  i  fo  that  the  expalaiion  of  a  child  juft  born* 
t  39  years,  nearly  double  that  of  a  child  jyft  born  m 
lon#  In  Madeira,  a  50th  part  only  of  the  inhabitants  die 
ualiy.  In  London,  above  twice  this  proportion  die  an- 
lly.  In  the  four  provinces  of  New  England,  there  is  a 
increafe  of  the  inhabitants  ;  notwithftanding  which, 
the  capital,  the  inhabitants  would  decreafc,  were 
no  fupply  from  the  country;  for,  from  1731  to  1762, 
iah  have  all  along  exceeded  the  births*  So  remarkably. 
Author  obferves,  do  towns,  in  confcquence  of  their  unfa- 
ablcnefs  to  health,  and  the  luxury  which  generally  prevails 
fjtm,  check  the  incrcafc  of  countries.  Healthfulncfs  and 
i  are^  probably,  caufes  of  increafc  that  are  feldotci 

r  conforaiUy  to  this  obrcrvit'ton  It  appears,  from  coiv^iann^ 
MrUtiiad  weddings  in  couatiiet  and  tow»S  whcift  tcavfttis 

*i 


14a  PhihfQphical  TranJk£lionSy  for  ih  Timr  lj6ff 

of  them  have  been  kept,  that  io  the  former^  marriages,  oncj 
with  another,  feldom  produce  lefs  than  four  children  each^ 
generally  between  four  and  five,  and  fomctimes  about  fiVie; 
But  in  towns  feldom  above  four,  generally  between  three  u4, 
four,  and  fometimes  under  three.  | 

Dr.  Heberden  obferves,  that  in  Madeira  the  inhabitaob 
double  their  own  number  in  84  years :  but  thAt  is  a  flow  iflh 
creafc  compared  with  that  which  takes  place  amongft  our  colo* 
nies  in  America.  In  the  back  fcttlemcnts  they  double  theu: 
number  in  i  5  years ;  and  through  the  northern  colonies  in  Ij 
years.  In  New  Jerfey  the  inhabitants  double  their  own  num- 
ber in  22  years.  In  New  England  the  original  number  of  fa* 
tiers,  in  1643,  was  21,200:  they  have  had  no  extra-acceiEoa 
iince;  yet,  in  the  year  1760,  they  were  increafed  to  half  aoul; 
lion.  They  have  therefore  all  alon^  doubled  their  number  xa 
25  years  \  and,  if  they  continue  to  incrcafc  at  the  fame  rat^ 
they  will,  70  years  hence,  in  New  England  alone,  be  four  mil* 
lions  i  and,  in  all  North  America,  above  twice  the  number  of 
the  inhabitants  in  Great  Britain. 

,  All  thefe  are  obfervations  of  very  confiderable  importance : 
were  they  properly  attended  to  they  would,  in  all  likelihood^ 
be  the  means  of  producing  a  new  fyllem  of  political  arithmetic- 
They  would,  at  leall-,'  recommend  pacific  and  healing  mcafuiti: 
as  prudence  and  fafety  forbid  our  ini'ulting  and  provoking  t 
growing  power. 

The  Author  concludes  with  wifliing  that  the  London  bills 
were  more  perfedt  and  extenfive  than  they  are.  (In  their  pie- 
fent  imperfect  ilate  they  can  admit  of  no  very  accurate  and  (a- 
tisfadory  conclufions.)  Great  advantages  would  arife  fno 
including  more  parishes,  and  from  difFuiing  regifters  througji 
all  the  towns  and  parifhes  in  the  kingdom.  We  ihould  hence 
derive  the  neceiTary  Jata  for  computing  accurately  the  value  of 
all  Ufa  annuities  and  reverfiom^  It  would  enable  us  to  judge  of 
the  uifFerent  degrees  of  bealthfulncfs  of  diitierent  fituations;  to 
mark  the  progrefs  of  population  from  year  to  year  j  to  keep 
always  in  view  the  number  of  people  in  the  kingdom  \  and,  io 
many  other  rcfpcfls,  furniih  inftrudion  of  the  greateft  impor* 
iance  to  the  ftate. 

Mr.  De  Moivre  recommended  a  regulation  of  this  kind,  aw 
.expreiTed  his  dcfire  that  an  account  were  taken,  at  proper  intc^' 
vals,  of  all  the  living  in  the  kingdom,  with  their  ages  and  oc- 
cupations. This  would,  in  fome  degree,  anfwer  the  purpofo 
iwhich  our  Author  has  mentioned. 

We  cannot  help  exprefling  our  concern,  that  the  pnntt}^^ 

en  which  tbc  Author's  rcafon\ng  u  (outvdv:d^  are  not  asfolidaof* 

/atisfz6Uury  as  the  reafoning  iitcU-  We  ait  U\\>j  vt.^^>»^t^^ 

the  method  here  propofed  of  eftimaiWi^ft  t\ifc  ¥k>i«A*^t  ^l  v^w 

6  ^ 


PbthfopbicalTranfa^tonSj  for  the  Tear  1 769.  141 

fantiB  in  London  would  be  conclufive  and  certain,  were  the  ge- 
neral grounds  on  which  it  refts  more  accurately  determined. 
But  the  beft  reafoiiing  from  falfe  prcmifcs  is  the  moft  liable  to 
err  in  drawing  conclufions  ;  and  this  we  much  fear  is  the  cafe, 
both  with  refpeft  to  Dr.  Brakenridge  and  our  Author  himfclf : 
hot  from  any  want  of  ingenuity  or  application,  but  from  the 
unavoidable  impcrfeftion  of  .the  rcgifters  of  births  and  burials, 
and  likewife  of  the  tables  conftrudted  from  them. 

-The  true  expe^ution  of  an  infant  cannot  be  accurately  deter- 
mined from  them ;  and  a  very  trivial  miftalce  in  the  firft  in- 
ftance  will  multiply  and  produce  errors  of  very  great  confe- 
quencc  in  the  laft'  conclufion.  Both  thefc  gentlemen  arc 
obliged,  after  all  their  invefli^ation?,  to  recur  to  conjcSure ; 
and  it  is  odds  againll  ihem,  whether  they  conjci^ure  fo  well  as 
ttcy  r^fin. 

Were  we  allowed  the  fame  liberty,  we  fhould  exprcfs  our 
apprchenfion,  however  it  niight  affcdt  the  general  concluCoh, 
that  Dr.  Brakenridge *s  allotted  number  of  inhabitants  to  every 
houfe  in  the  city  of  London  is  not  much,  if  at  all,  too  large. 

The  above  abftracV,  in  which  nothing  cflcntial  to  tha  fub- 
jefi  has  been  omitted,  will  enable  the  intelligent  Reader  to 
judge  what  may  be  cxpedkd  from  the  abilities  of  thij*  Author, 
when  he  favours  us  with  a  larger  work  of  a  flmilar  nature, 
which  has  already  been  announced  to  the  world,  and  whicH, 
*wc  are  informed,,  will  very  foon  be  publiflicd. 
Astronomy. 
The  greater  number  of  articles  referred  to  this  clafs  contarn 
obfcrvations  of  the  tranfit  of  Venus,  June  -?,  1769. — It  is  un- 
doubtedly of  confiderable  importance  to  collefl  and  compare  a 
variety  of  thefe  obfcrvations,  in  order  the  more  accurately  to 
determine  the  precife  point  in  queftion.     Dr.  Halley  exprcffed 
his  wifli  that  ^  man^  obfcrvations,  of  the  fame  phenomenon, 
.might  be  taken  by  different  perfons,  at  feveral  places,  by  wbofe 
agreement  a  greater  degree  of  certainty  might  be  attained,  and 
io  prevent  the  inconveniences  to  which  the  fuuation  of  any 
Jingk  obferver  might  be  liable.'     Nor  is  the  ufc  of  a  multipli- 
',  city  of  well- conduced  obfcrvations  confined  to  the  immediate 
§kje^  only  ;  there  are  feveral  other  deftderata  both  in  aftronomy 
and  geography,  to  the  difcovery  or  explication,  of  which  they 
may  either  intentionally  or  accidentally  contribute.   The  equal 
affiduity  and  (kill,  which  aftronomers  have  difcovered  in  their 
obfervBtion  of  this  rare  and  interefting  phxnomcnon,  are  capa- 
ble of  making  almoft  unlimited  advances  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  heavens :    for  none  can  prcfume  to  draw  a  line  that  fhall 
bound  their  progrefs. 

We  have  already  had  an  opportunity  of  prefenting  our  Rc2Ldt.\\ 
with  the  moft  rcmarkabJc  appearances  noticed  b^  x.Vvt  Wfctowi- 


142  Thf  Weft  Indian ;  a  Comedy: 

mcr  Royal  in  the  late  tranlit  *  j  and  as  nothing  very  fingul 
has  occurred  fince  his  account,  ws  apprehend  it  is  unneceflarj 
to  give  a  particular  detail  of  the  fcvcral  papers  relating  to  thii 
fubjeft.  We  would  only  remark,  that  fcvcral  circumftanccs  an 
taken  notice  of  by  very  accurate  and  ingenious  obfervers^  whici 
greatly  favour  the  notion  of  an  atraofphere  about  Venus.  Mati 
of  thefe,  we  confefs,  may  be  fatisfaiStorily  folvcd  by  the  incgU' 
lar  refrafiion  of  rays,  pafling  through  our  own  atmofphcrc  i[ 
to  fmall  a  height  above  the  horizon  ;  fomiy  however,  feem  %\< 
together  inexplicable  on  this  fuppofition  only^ — ^Whcn  thefc  ar^ 
farther  confidered  and  compared |  as  without  doubt  they  wiU 
be,  what  is  now  the  fufpicion  and  conjeflurc  of  tndividuill 
may,  perhaps,  become  the  more  cftabliflicd  opinion  of  aitrono- 
Oiers  in  general. 

It  does  not  appear  from  any  of  the  late  obfervations,  which 
were  well  adapted  to  fuch  a  difcovcry*  that  Venus  has  any  It-' 
tellite*  At  the  time  of  the  tranfit  the  fun*s  difc  was  obfcurti' 
by  fcveral  confidcrable  fpots,  one  of  which,  on  account  of  tBa 
roundnefs  of  its  6gure,  and  hiackntfi  of  its  appearance,  was  at 
firft  fuipefked  to  be  zfaUlliu  j  but  as  this  is  not  corroborated 
by  any  other  accounts,  the  ingenious  Author  of  the  conjc<Shirc 
candidly  acknowledges  that  it  is  probably  a  miflake* 

Nothing  need  be  faid  on  the  obfervations  of  the  folar  eclipfff 
which,  in  fcveral  articles,  accompany  thofe  of  the  late  iranGt. 

The  o^her  papers  under  this  head  (a  fliort  one  by  Mr,  Hor 
Iley  excepted,  in  vindication  of  Dr.  Stewart's  method  of  efti^ 
mating  the  fun's  diftance  by  the  theory  of  gravity)  conuin 
aftronomical  obfervations,  made  in  various  parts  both  of  En* 
rope  and  America;  the  moft  inconfiderable  of  which  is  of  reil 
importance  to  the  advancement  of  aftronomy  and  geography, 


Art.  VIII,  nnWiJi  Indian  \  a  Comedy  :  As  pirformid  at  Drurj* 
lane.  By  the  Author  of  the  Brothers  f,  8vo.  is.  6d« 
Griffin,     1771. 

WE  think  there  are  few  pieces  intended  for  the  ftage  thiti 
upon  the  whole,  have  more  merit  than  the  Weft  Indinii 
The  plot  is  complicated  without  confufion  or  perplcicity  i  Um 
chara£iers  are  (Irongly  marked,  yet  natural ;  the  diatogua  ii 
fprlghtly,  without  laboured  turns  of  epigrammatic  wit ;  niii 
the  fentiment  is  at  once  elevated  and  tender.  It  excites  a  cU' 
riofity  llrongly  intcrclled,  and  has  fo  blended  the  pathetic  am 
ridiculous,  that  if  the  fpcdlator  or  reader  has  fenfibility  am 
difcernment,  be  will  be  kept  almoll  continually  laughing  whir 
tears  in  his  eyes* 


Review  for  May t  1770, 
/ 


\  ^e^tV\^^,N^\.iX\*  ^,  i^-jO 


Bllhas  however  fomc  defers  both  in  the  charat^ers  and  cqh- 
Htoirbechei  tbcy  uc  conftdered  in  a  critical  or  moral  view;.^H 
H^int  them  out  will  only  be  to  Ohqw^  by  a  IrcOi  example^^l 
■e^o  huoun  work  ia  perfe^ ;  not  with  a  view  to  cenfurc  this 
Hfofmaj}cc»  but  to  admonifh  the  Author  of  the  next,  whOt  if 

■  avoids  thefe  faults,  will  be  more  readily  pardoned  for  othera 
Hkh  he  will  be  fure  to  commit. 

Bir  Oliver  Roundhead,  an  old  puritan,  who  is  faid  never  t& 
Bt  laughed  in  bis  life,  nor  allowed  his  children  to  ]augh»  had 
Kee  daughters  ;  one  married  Sir  Stephen  Rufport,  a  rich  citi* 
Bd,  who  had  been  Loid  Mayor,  a  widower  with  one  daughter  5 
Boiber  married  Capt.  Dudley^  who  had  nothing  to  fublill  her 
Kt  hts  pay  ;  and  the  third  lived  fingle,  and  became  his  nurfe. 
He  was  (o  aflPciElionate  a  parent  that,  becaufe  the  Captain  was 
Be  able  to  fupport  his  daughter  without  a  fortune,  he  deter* 
Biied  not  to  give  her  a  (hilling,  and  immediately  madekis  wiUf 
Bqueathing  the  whole  of  hi^  poircfTions  to  Lady  Rufport,  whp 
Bd  already  more  than  Aie  wanted,  except  a  fmall  annuity  ta 
B^  7  :  who  having  broken  her  conflitution  by  fatigue  and 
Jtv^.  ^  wa»  likely  to  die  an  old  maid. 
■yM^  Dudley,  after  30  years  fervice,  is  reduced  to  half  pay,; 
HHTe  Is  dead  j  he  has  a  fon  an  enfign,  and  a  daughter  wholly 
Bprovided  for.  He  has  an  offer  to  exchange  his  half  pay  hr 
Bcompaxiy  in  Senegambia,  which  he  wiflies  to  accept;  but 
Bving  no  other  means  of  raifing  about  200 1*  to  fit  him  out* 
Bn  bya/Ggning  his  pay,  and  infuring  his  life,  he  finds  chat  an 
Buperable  impediment ;  the  climate  being  fo  uiihcalthy  that 
B  can  get  no  infurance  upon  his  lite,  and,  without  mfurance, 
B  money  will  be  lent  upon  his  commiflion. 

■  This  being  the  fituation  of  the  family,  that  there  was  no 
Bpther  was  an  alleviation  of  its  dillrcfs:  it  might  well  be  fup- 
Bfed  that  a  marriage  which  made  death  eligible  to  the  wife, 
Bich  banifhed  the  hufband  to  Senegambia  after  30  years  fer« 
Bee,  and  which  left  a  Ton  and  a  daughter,  to  the  dilhcfs  and 
Bnger  of  poverty,  combined  with  beauty  and  the  rank  of  gen- 
Biiy,  would  be  pointed  out  as  a  warning  to  the  young  and 
Boughcicfs  againd  fuch  engagements  j  and  that  as  fathers  cannot 
an  thefe  occafioni  be  made  kind  or  liberal,  an  opportunity 
Would  be  taken  to  (hew  at  what  dreadful  rtfk  children  are  im- 
prudent ;  yet  the  Author  throws  his  weight  into  the  oppofite 

ale.     An  hateful  old  dowager  gives  the  admonition,  and  a 

Be  fprightly  fcnfiblc  girl   encourages  to  difobcdicnce,     *  To 

away,  as  my  fifter  did,  fays  Lady  Rufport,  with  a  man  of 

I  Dudley's  fort,  at  fix  teen  too  !' — -^  Was,  in  my  opinion,  fays 

harlolte,  her  daughter-in-law,  the  moli  venial  trefpafs  that 

girl  of  fi.vr^e/j  commuted :  of  a  noble  family,  i\v\&.  \vo- 


144.  -7^  W^fi  Indian ;  a  XkauJj. 

Hour,  and  found  underftanding,  what  accompliffainent  was  thext 
wanting  in  Captain  Dudley,  ^ut  that  which  the  prodigality  of 
bis  anceftors  had  deprived  hitn  of?* 

This,  furely,  is  pleading  for  the  gratification  of  paffion^  ift 
circumftances  in  which  to  gratify  it  \%  to  be  miferable  for  liff, 
and  miferable  in  proportion  as  the  focial  virtues  are  flrong,  aad 
the  fenfibility  of  the  heart  keen.  Though  we  would  \j  nl» 
'means  appear  to  recommend  money  without  worth,  yct'Wr 
cannot  but  think  that  the  hafty  marriage  of  young  wood^ 
who  have  not  a  competence  of  their  own,  to  fuppofed  woiA 
W]th6Ut  money,  by  which  they  ri(k  what  they  expeA  'froa 
others,  is  one  of  the  moft  fruitful  fources  of  the  keeneft  mifery 
that  can  imbitter  life.  .    • 

'     In  the  chara£ler  of  the  Weft  Indian,  the  Author  has  furnifliol- 
an  apology  for  vice,  or  rather  countenanced  an  apoloeylltft 
every  libertine  ufrs  to  filence  the  remonftrances  of  conKitti^ei 
and  reconcile  good  principles  with  bad  prafiices.    He  m^kcs 
high  fpirits,  -ftrong  feelings,  and  warm  paflions,  a  kind  of  dit 
penfetion  for  debauchery :  as  if  virtue,  with  regard  to 
was  only  to  be  expeded  in  the  indifference  of  frigidity,  of 
<t6  be  purchafed  but  when  it  could  be  had  at  a  lour  price  ! 

This  charader,  Belcour,  is  the  fon  of  Stockwell,  a  nwr'  ^ 
chant  in  London,  by  the  daughter  of  Belcour,  a  rich  Weftla-  ( 
dian  planter.  Stockwell  had  privately  married  her  abreadf 
(he  WuS  with  child,  and  to  conceal  the  marriage  from  her-A- 
ther,  which  (he  knew  he  would  never  forgive,  (he  contrived-to 
He  in  privately,  and  have  the  child  dropt  at  her  door^  In  die 
.chara^er  of  a  foundling  therefore  he  is  received  at  herfatbkr't 
houfe,  the  old  man  grows  fond  of  him,  and,  his  daughter  dyingi 
leaves  him  his  whole  fortune  :  the  young  fellow  knows  fiothiog 
of  his  parents,  but,  at  the  beginning  of  the  adion  of  this  draofli 
is  juft  arrived  at  Stockwell's  houfe  in  London. 

His  chara3er  will  appear  in  the  following  fcene  : 
Belcour,    Stockwell. 

<  Belcour.  Well,  Mr.  Stockwell,  for  the  firft  time  in  mylifef 
here  am  I  in  England  ;  at  the  fountain  head  of  pleafure,  in  tie 
land  of  beauty,  of  arts,  and  elegancies.  My  happy  ftars  haft 
given  mc  a  good  eftace,  and  the  confpiring  winds  have  blown 
roc  hither  to  fpend  it. 

*  Stockwell.  To  ufe  it,  not  to  waftc  it,  I  fhould  hope;'to 
treat  it,  Mr.  Belcour,  not  as  a  vaflal,  over  whom  you  have  a 
wanton  and  dcfpotic  power,  but  a  fubjeft,  which  youaie 
bound  to  govern  with  a  temperate  and  refirained  authority. 

'  BeL'Our,  True,  bir  ;  moft  truly  fiiid  ;  mine's  a  commiffiofly 

not  a  right:  I  am  the  offspring  of  diftrtfs,  and  every  child  of 

'  forrow  is  my  brother  j  \vh\lc  \  Vvvft  Vv?iwA^xo  \vold^  thcreforei 


m^  pajjiam  an  mjf 


Tie  Weji  Indian  \  a  ComiJfw 

I  will  bold  tbem  open  to  mankiad  :  but,  S!r^ 

ma/lin%  tbty  takt  mt  when  ihty  will  \  and  ortcntimes  they  leav« 

io  reafon  aod  to  virtue  nothing  but  my  wifhcs  and  niy  iigbs. 

^  StuhfHU^  Come^  come,  the  maa  who  can  accufe  coneAa 
liimfclf. 

*  B*k9UT.  Ah !  that'a  an  office  I  am  weary  of :  I  wilb  a  friend 
voyld  take  it  up :  I  would  to  heaven  you  had  teifurc  for  the 
cvployi  but,  did  you  drive  a  trade  to  the  four  corners  of  the 
world,  you  would  not  find  the  tallc  To  toilfome  as  to  keep  oi^ 
frte  from  faults. 

*  SuckwiU.  Well,  I  am  not  dlfcouragcd  *,  this  candour  tellf 
me  I  (bould  not  have  tbe  fauk  of  felf-conccit  to  combat  i  that, 
at  leift,  is  not  amongft  the  number. 

*  Bikmr,  No ;  if  I  knew  that  man  on  earth  who  thought 
more  humbly  of  mc  than  I  do  of  royfelf,  I  would  take  up  hia 
opinion  and  forego  my  own. 

^  SicchuelL  And,  was  I  to  chufe  a  pupil,  it  (hould  be  one 
of  your  complexion  j  fo  if  you*ll  come  along  with  rae^  well 
igrec  upon  your  admifli(>n,  and  enter  on  a  courfc  of  kiSlurea 
direaiy. 

*  Btkour.  With  all  my  heart.'  , 
The  amiablentrs  and  fplcndor  of  this  chara£ler,  render  it  the , 

Bore  dangerous  to  impute  its  irregularities  to  paiTions  whicti 
aie  irr^fiftMi  \  nothing  is  vichm  that  is  mcfjfary^  and  to  repre* 
fent  ibc  irregularities  of  a  young  fellow  like  thts  as  nmjkry^  if 
iMblving  him  from  every  tie,  which  it  ihould  be  the  labour 
of  the  moral  id  to  flrengthen.  It  is  reprefentlng  that  which 
woiiM  be  vice  in  another,  as  not  being  vicious  in  him,  any , 
Biore  than  black  eyes  and  an  olive  complexion.  f 

The  Author,  by  his  fondnefs  for  this  character,  has  alfo  beeil 
betrayed  into  inconfiftencies.  His  hero  fees  Mil's  Dudley  in 
the  ftrect,  is  fired  with  her  beauty,  and  runs  alter  her  into  a 
koufe*  He  tt^re  learns  Capt.  Dudley's  diArcfs,  and  relieves  it 
with  the  money  which,  he  fays,  Itood  the  chance  of  hti?^  wsrfy 
^p!:td\  and  obferves,  that  after  al),  there  m<ay  be  as  much  true 
44;ii£hi  in  refcuing  a  fellow-creature  from  diilrcfs^  as  there  would 
be  in  plkHgiftg  one  into  it»  By  this  it  appears  that,  in  his  own 
opinion,  he  was  injuring  a  family  in  the  nioft  elVential  point, 
fitaigimg  a  fiiUw- creature  intc  dijlnfs^  for  the  gratification  of  a 
mere  appetite,  for  the  paiGon  is  out  of  the  queliion. 

After  he  has  conftdcred  it  in  this  lights  and  before  any  inci- 
dent  has  fct  it  in  another,  he  returns  to  the  attempt,  upon  e 
new  profpeA  of  fuccefs.  Yet  he  afterwards  declares^  that  ^  if 
he  kttd  not  had  good  aifurance  of  her  being  an  attainable  wantm^ 
be  would  as  foon  have  thought  oi  attempting  the  chailiry  of 
Diana;'  and  again,  '  by  heaven  I  would  have  died  foor^t  v\v^fi, 
have  infulted  a  vfom^n  of  honour/    Can  h  be  iavd  t!CvU  ^Vv^ 

JtAr,  Feb.  i/ji.  L  m^tv 


14$  The  Wtfl  InSan ;  <?  CmeJj* 

mm  thought  the  womsn  he  purfued  an  attainahli  wanton^  when 
he  confidercd  his  attempt  upon  her  as  plunging  a  feiidw-creaturf 
int9  (iijhefs  ?  Certainly  not:  he  then  thought  he  had  mfulted 
a  wofn&n  of  honour,  and  repeats  the  infult  detiberarely,  without 
having  any  reafon  to  thinlc  otherwire.  Afterwards,  when  be 
is  led  to  fuppofc  her  to  be  young  Dudley's  miftrefs,  he  con- 
fidcrs  his  attempt  upon  her  not  as  crimilial  but  as  meriioiri&ui  \ 
not  as  plunging  a  fellow-creamrc  into  diftrefs,  but  rcfcuing  fe- 
Veral  fellow-creatures  from  it,  and  her  among  the  rc{V.  *  I 
know  your  fituation,  fays  he,  and  am  refofvcd  to  fnatch  you 
from  it;  'twill  h^z  nrritorious  ail \  the  old  Captain  ftiall  re- 
joice, Mifs  Rufportihall  be  made  happy,  and  even  your  bro* 
thcr  ihall  thank  mc/ 

His  renewed  attack  upon  MIfs  Dudley  when  he  conli^ered 
It  ts  criminal,  even  according  to  the  man  of  honour's  lax  no* 
lions  of  morality,  having  diverted  him  from  executing  fome  bti- 
finefi  for  StockwcII,  the  following  dialogue  is  brought  on  be- 
tween them : 

Stockwell,    Belcour. 

*  SUckwilL  Hey-day  I  What  has  turned  you  thus  on  a  fad- 
den  ? 

*  BeU&ur,  A  woman :  one  that  can  turn,  and  overturn  me 
and  my  tottering  refolutions  every  way  (he  will.  Oh,  Sir,  if 
this  is  folly  in  me,  you  muft  rail  at  Nature :  you  muft  chide 
the  fun,  that  was  vertical  at  my  birth,  and  would  not  wink 
upon  my  naked nefs,  but  Twaddled  me  in  the  broadeft^  hottcft 
glare  of  his  meridian  beams. 

*  Sudwiil,  Mtrc  rhapfody  ;  mere  childifli  rhapfody  j  the  li- 
bertine's familiar  plea-^^Nature  made  us,  'tis  true,  but  wc  arc 
Ihe  refponfibte  creators  of  our  own  faults  and  follies* 

*  Bilaur,  Sir  } 

*  StukxvelL  Slave  of  every  face  you  meet,  fome  hudey  has 
inveigled  you»  fome  handfomc  profligate  (the  town  is  full  of 
ihcm^)  and,  when  once  fairly  bankrupt  in  con&itution,  as 
well  as  fortune,  nature  no' longer  fcrves  as  your  cxcufc  for 
f»etng  vrciouf,  neceffity,  perhaps,  will  ftand  your  friend,  and 
you'll  reform. 

*  Btlcmr,  You  arc  fevere, 

<  SuckwilL  U  fits  mc  to  be  fo— it  well  becomes  a  father— • 
I  would  fay  a  friend — How  ftrangcly  I  forget  myfelf— How  dif- 
ficult it  is  to  counterfeit  indifference,  and  put  a  ma(k  upon  the 
htart — IVc  ftruck  him  hard  j  he  reddens*  (Afidi.) 

*  Bilipur^  How  could  you  tempt  me  fo  ?  Had  you  not  inad* 
vertcntfy  dropped  the  name  of  father*  I  fear  our  fritndfliip, 
Ihort  ai  it  has  been,  would  fcarce  have  held  mc — But  even  your 
TOi^ake  I  reverence —Gi^e  mc  your  hand — Ms  over. 


•  SmhvelL  Generous  young  man-~let  me  embrace  you 
^— How  fhall  I  hide  my  tears  I  I  have  bcca  to  blame ;  be- 
caufe  I  bore  you  the  affedion  of  a  father^  1  raflily  took  up  the 
authority  of  one,  I  afk  ybuf  pardon — purfuc  your  courfe  i  I 
bave  no  right  to  flop  it/ 

la  this  dialogue  the  pfetence  of  his  not  being  accountable 
for  his  vices,  bccaufc  Nature  had  given  him  ftrong  inclination* 
to  be  vicious,  is  well  anfwered.  But  when  Stockwell  has  en- 
tered on  the  courfe  of  leftures,  to  which  the  good  qualities  of 
bis  pupil  had  encouraged  him,  with  fuch  fuccefs  i  when  the 
youDg  man,  ftf  uck  with  the  force  of  his  arguments,  and  blufh- 
ing  with  an  honeft  fhame  at  the  vilencfs  of  hU  own  purpofe^ 
determines  to  rclinquifh  it,  what  could  tempt  our  Author  fo  far 
to  betray  the  caufe  both  of  honefty  and  pruJence,  us  to  re* 
nrefcDt  the  fuccefsful  monitor,  the  intercfted  father,  as  ihro-v- 
mg  the  reins  back  again  upon  the  neck  of  that  pjflion  which 
be  had  rcftrained,  and  bidding  his  new  profclyte  to  virtue  and 
rrafon  purfuc  his  courfe  of  vice,  declaring,  at  the  fame  time, 
that  he  had  no  right  to  (lop  it  ?  This,  furely,  is  a  bad  lelToii 
both  to  children  and  to  parents,  and  we  are  confident  that  the 
Aiathor  has  candour  enough  not  to  be  diiTatisfied  with  the  ca- 
veat we  have  entered  againfl  it. 

We  arc  glad  to  obfervc  that  the  filly  cuftom  of  exhibiting  . 
our  fellow  fubjefls,  who  happen  to  have  been  born  on  the  other 
fide  of  the  Channel,  or  of  the  Tweed,  ^s  rogues  znd  fools,  is 
wearing  out.     One   of  the  characters    in  this   play  is   Major 
OTlaherty,  an  Iriftiman,  who  gives  this  account  of  himfelf; 

*  Tis  thirty  years,  come  the  time,  that  I  have  followed  the 
trade  of  fighting,  in  a  pretty  many  countries — Let  me  fee — la 
the  war  before  laft  I  fcrv'd  in  the  Irifli  Brigade,  d*)e  fee  ;  th'jrc 
after  bringing  off  the  French  monarch,  1  left  hi^  feivice,  with 
a  BritiOi  bullet  in  my  body,  and  this  ribhand  in  my  button - 
bole*  Laft  war  I  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  German  ca^le, 
in  the  corps  of  grenadiers  j  there  I  had  my  belly  full  of  fighting, 
and  a  plentiful  fcarcity  of  every  thin^  clfe,  Afrer  fix  and 
twenty  engagements,  gneat  and  fmall,  I  went  ofTwiih  this  gafh 
in  my  fcull,  and  a  kifs  of  the  Emprefs  Q^jcen's  fwcet  hand, 
(Heaven  blcfs  it)  for  my  pains :  fmce  the  peace,  my  Je.ir^  I 
lock  a  little  turn  with  the  Confederates  there  in  Poland — but 
fuch  another  fet  of  madcaps! — hy  the  Lord  Harry,  I  never 
knew  what  it  was  they  were  fcuffiing  aboul,' 

This  gentleman,  though  an  Irifhman  who  has  fcrveJ  againfl 
^kts  country,  the  Author  intended  to  rtrprcfcnt  in  an  amiabU 
*  ligbt}  as  a  man  whom  we  are  to  bugh  at,  but  not  dcfpife  , 

for  on  his  lip 


H:a  eiTors  liCj  hi^  heart  can  never  trip/ 


PlL0L0C\3l^* 


148 


ThiTyefl  Indian  \  aCdmidf. 


Yet  an  attempt  to  comprehend  all  virtue  in  what  is  called  gf 
nerofity,  has  rendered  this  chara£ler  ftrangely  incoofiflent. 

He  is  a  profefled  fortune  hunter ;  has  married  fafi 
ready,  wbichj  for  ought  he  knows,  are  all  livingy  and  pays  bit  I 
drefles  to  Lady  Rufport,  by  the  bafeft  of  all  frauds^  to  get  | 
feffion  of  her  fortune  :  yet  he  defifts  from  a  fuit  carried  oa  i 
ivith  this  view,  becaufe  flic  refufes  to  affift  old  Dudley  wilhl 
fum  hefolicited,  and  declares  that  he  will  fliare  with  thii  < 
foldier '  the  little  modicum  that  thirty  years  hard  iervkc. 
left  him.' 

In  thefe  incidents  there  is  a  double  inconfiftency.  It  il  4 
inconfidency  of  charadlcr  for  a  man  who  addrefltsd  m 
merely  to  rob  her  of  her  fortune,  to  defift  merely  from  [ 
ing  an  unrelenting  avarice  in  her  difpofition  }  and  it  it  aal 
confiftency  equally  grofs,  to  reprefent  a  man  who  had  ' 
fraudcd  four  women  in  fucceiEon  of  their  fortunes,  and  ia  aff) 
about  to  defraud  a  fifth,  as  ading  from  a  principle  of] 
and  having  a  heart  that  can  never  trip.  Generofity»  like  alli 
virtues,  is  uniform,  and  would  as  efFc£luallv  have 
him  from  pretending  to  become  the  hufband  of 
could  not  be  his  wives,  to  the  total  ruin  of  their  peaoBl 
fortune,  as  it  would  have  prompted  him  to  relieve 
brought  upon  a  Ilranger  by  any  other  means. 

Mifs  Rufport  being  determined  to  raife  the  money  IbrI 
Dudley,  by  pawning  her  jewels,  fends  them  to  StockwellJ 
young  Dudley  for  that  purpofe,  pretending  that  the  moneyi 
for  another  ufe. 

Young  Dudley  carries  the  jewels^  but  does  not  bring  bsckj 
money,  which,  by  the  way,  is  not  well  accounted  for: 
however,  is  no  great  matter ;  but  Stockwell,  inftead  of 
ading  this  delicate  affair  with  a  young  lady  by  the  ag^ntl 
(he  chofe  to  employ,  or  doing  it  in  perfon,  which  1 
•  only  alternative  that  confiflently  with  the  feelings  and 
pies  which  the  Author  has  given  him  he  could  take, 
Bclcour,  whofe  face  flie  had  never  feen :  *  Carry  her,  fi^tj 
the  fum  fhe  wants,  and  return  the  poor  girl  her  box  dF  i 
monds  which  Dudley  left  in  my  hands/    Surely  a  man  of  j 
licate  gcncrofity  fhould  not  have  been  reprefented  as  tr 
fuch  an  affair  with  a  young  lady,  fo  as  to  acquaint  heffl 
i7:eans  of  a  ftranger,  that  he  had,  to  that  ftranger, 
cated  her  ncccHity  in  fending  a  pawn  to  raife  money,  anr^  ^ 
own  gencrofiry  in  returning  it.     There  feems  alio  fonK' 
of  fkill  in  making  this  young  lady  converfe  with  this  ftrai 
about  pawning  jewels,  with  as  little  referve  as  (he  would. -^ 
talked  about  buying  them. 
Belcour  having  excuCed  h\mCe\(  iiota  c^trfvM  ^  tMitfil 
5rockivcii  afterwards  conveys  \^  Vivmfc\^>\i>»x^^^»to&** 


Tbi  ty^  Indian ;  a  Cdniid^* 


n^ 


tour  to  Cirry  the  jewels  I  which  leaves  the  objcition  ih  all  \t% 
force.  It  is  indeed  true  that  the  dramatic  incidciitj  require  Bel- 
cour  to  have  the  jewels,  and  to  be  without  the  money  ;  but 
ibis  Ihould  have  been  contrived  without  a  violation  of  chara£lef 
and  eondud. 

In  the  condud  there  is  alfo  another  inconliftcncy  Aill  more 
obi^iooi* 

The  cries  of  Mifs  Dudley,  when  Bclcour  is  ofFering  rude* 
nefs  to  her,  bring  in  her  brother,  and  produce  the  following 
altercation : 

*  DudUy,  How*s  this  ?  Rife,  Villain^  and  defend  yourfclf, 

*  B4lceur.  Villain? 

«  Dudley*  The  man  who  wrongs  that  lady  is  a  villain- 
Draw  !—'Tis  Dudley  fpcaks  to  you,  the  ir<?//vr,  the  pio* 
tedor,  of  that  injured  ladv . 

*  Bii€ffur»  The  brother  f  give  yourfelf  a  truer  title. 

*  Dudky.  What  is't  you  mean  ? 
^  Bilc^ur,  Come,  come*  1  know  both  her  and  you/ 
Belcour  fuppofes  flie  is  his  miftrefs,  and  that  he  pretends  fhe 

U  his  fiftcr  to  coIoOr  their  connexion.  Upon  this  ground  of 
quarrel  they  fight.  They  arc  interrupted,  and  meet  to  finjlh 
the  buftnefs  with  feconds. 

Ac  this  meeting  the  ground  of  quarrel  is  totally  mifrepre- 
fisnted. 

*  You,  fays  Stockwell  to  Dudley,  arc  about  to  draw  your 
fword  againtt  Belcour,  to  refute  a  charge  agalnjl  your  Jijhr*$  h^ 
9&Mr^  but  the  proofs  of  her  mnocence  are  lodged  in  our  bofoms  i 
if  flc<tf  fall,  you  dejiroy  (hi  fvidena  that  mojl  fffe^mlty  can  clear  heif 

ptttMt* 

The  truth  is,  as  the  Reader  fees,  that  Dudley  was  about  ta 
draw  his  fword,  nat  to  refute  a  charge  agalnji  Im  J}Jier*s  honour^ 
but  (9  revenge  an  infuli  en  her  per  fan.  The  only  charge  a^^ainft 
her  honour  refuted  itfelf,  that  (he  was  his  miftrefs :  Did  the 
rtfutation  of  this  depend  upon  any  evidence  to  be  given  by 
Belcour  or  Stockwell  ?  With  Belcour  (he  coulJ  noi  be  /up[x»lccl 
to  have  had  any  difiionourable  connedtion,  for  it  was  for  pro- 
tection from  him  that  flic  called  upon  her  brother;  no  miliakc 
about  the  jewels,  therefore,  could  affe£t  her  reputation,  nor 
bad  any  other  incident  happened  that  could* 

Among  other  qualities  which  are  contrived  to  diiljngutni 
Belcour  with  afalfc  luftre,  and  confound  virtue  an^  vice,  mean- 
ncfs  and  dignity,  is  that  of  determining  to  perfift  in  defence  of 
an  aclion  which  in  itfelf  was  wrong,  and  in  him  had  the  ap- 
pearance of  villany,  at  the  riik  of  his  own  life,  and  that  of  o 
injured  perfon,  under  a  notion  tiiat,  having  received  the  appel- 
lation which  he  appeared  to  defer ve,  it  was  become  t\tcc¥Urj 
to  maintain  hh  hpnsun    It  is  indeed  true,  that  SlockV(e\V  ftxc>wm 


X50  Jlmida  ;  a  T'ragitfy: 

the^abfurdity  of  this  notion;  but  it  is  more  effedaally  db^ 
bliflied  by  making  it  a  part  of  (o  fplendid  a  charader  as  BA 
cour,  than  fhaken  by  a  dry  fentence  of  StockwdU  efpedallfi 
Stockwell  himfelf  is  made  to  bear  tcftimony  that  bis  Virjfiai 
ingi  Jet  him  off^  and  that  he  fhould  almoft  think  £r  iCMdv  d| 
he  fa  perfi5i  w^re  be  f res  from  fault. 

The  felf-love  of  every  diifolute  coxcomb  in  town,  who  1 
continually  upon  the  fcent  after  a  petticoat,  and  hai  uhj^ 
fpirits  enough  to  beat  a  conftable,  or  fight  a  duel,  and  vaakj 
enough  to  part  with  his  money  for  the  flattering  ticio  of  etf  Jim 
that  has  a  hearty  vi\\\ht2Xvf%ys  ready  to  flatter  hiin  ibat'beij 
fuch  a  chariader  as  Belcour,  and  he  will  then  be  at  no  phi 
to  part  with  failings  that  fet  him  ofF,  and  /aiflts  without  im| 
be  would  be  lefs  perlcd. 

If  thefe  critical  remarks  are  thought  to  be  made  with  I  vb 
xiuienofs  of  attention  that  cannot  eafily  be  pleafed,  let  it  ti 
aknowledgcd  that  they  are  not  made  with  a  (everity  dut  i 
prompt  to  cenfure.  The  laws  of  compofition,  like  the  lavrd 
life,  kre  not  the  lefs  excellent,  becaufe  no  man  has  perlefily 
fulfilled  them.  Nor  (hould  the  breaches  of  cither,  pafs  unM^ 
ticed,  becaufe  perfect  obedience  is  no  more  to  beexpefiedil 
the  futuic  time,  than  found  in  the  pad. 

From  fuch  inaccuracies,  fuppofmg  this  criticifm  in  every  tf« 
tide  to  be  ju(l,  no  performance  is  free  ;  and,  perhaps,  it  woiy 
not  be  eafy  to  find  another  piece  upon  our  (lagc  in  which  th] 
are  fo  few. 

The  Wcfl  Indian  is  an  appeal  to  found  judgment  andtni 
taile,  from  the  flerile  afFc^Slation  of  lovers  of  Jimplidty^  ^^ 
unimpafiioned  fecundity  of  thofe  who  put  mere  incidents  iflM 
dialogue. 

%*  In  the  play,  p.  20,  Scene  III.  for  *  Did  you  find  jod 
aunt  Dudley  at  home  ?'  Wc  ihould  read,  ^  Did  you  fitid  joil 
9unt  Rufport  at  home  ?' 

Art.  IX.  Jlmida  ;  a  Tragedy :  As  perf armed  at  tbi  T&ttM 
JRoyal  in  Drury-lane.  By  a  Lady  *.  8vo.  is.  6  d.  BedoBli 
I771. 

TH  E  model  of  this  play,  as  the  Reader  is  infornied  ^  il 
advertifcmcnt  prefixed  to  it,  is  the  Tancrede  of  Voltliii 
The  lady  is  faid  to  have  tranflated  her  original  like  a  poet*  sa^ 
jiot  like  an  interpreter  i  and  *  judging  that  the  dialogue  in  iki 
French,  however  elegant,  would  appear  too  long  to  an  Eng^ift 
audiericc,  Ihe  his  taken  the  liberty  to   fh^orten  fom^  of  thi 

*  5ajd  to  be  daughter  to  the  Utc  Mr.  Pavid  Mallet.  Her  hoj 
bMod  is  M:  Cele/ia,  ia  Geaocfc  get\iVtT!iwv>  v,Vq \a.v\^  t^^^4  tec !» 
M  public  cbarativ,  •     v 


fbeechef/  In  this  (he  has  certainly  done  wcll»  and  if  (he  had 
niortecied  more.  Die  would  have  done  better  :  the  performance  is 
Rill  too  much  a  French  play  to  plcafc  an  Englifh  audience,  or 
even  an  Englifh  reader,  except  his  tafte  has  been  vitiated  b/ 
French  criticifm. 

The  whole  firft  aS,  and  part  of  the  fecond,  ire  mere  nar* 
rattve,  and  what  the  audience  have  once  been  told  m  a  dia- 
logue between  fomc  of  the  dramatic  chancers,  they  are  told 
again  in  a  dialogue  between  others  :  the  3d  fcene  of  the  3d  aft, 
in  particular,  is  a  narrative  by  Aldamon  to  Tajicrcd,  of  the 
fame  fadts  which  make  part  of  the  dramatic  adion  already  paft, 
or  rather  which  have  been  related  in  the  preceding  dialogue. 
Jt  coaTifh  more  of  ftage  tricks  than  exhibitions  of  nature.  A 
lady  b  lit  love  with  a  baniflicd  hero  :  he  believes  her  falfe  j  (he 
flics  to  him  in  rapture,  he  coldly  reprefles  her  :  Oie  refenti  his 
bdtcving  his  fenfes,  and,  in  a  fie  of  fuxy,  renounces  him :  he 
h  too  late  convinced  he  was  miftaken  ;  flie  forgives  him,  and, 
juft  ai  all  matters  arc  coming  right,  he  dies  of  a  wound,  and 
file  goes  didrafted.  It  is  indeed  true,  that  all  dramatic  difirefs 
may  be  made  ridiculous  by  a  certain  manner  of  relating  it:  we 
fliall  not  therefore  incur  the  charge  of  unjuft  fevcriiy  to  thi$ 
piece  by  a  farther  reprefentation  of  the  incidents  ;  but  we  can- 
not difcharge  our  duty  to  literature  and  the  public,  without 
obferving  that  the  whole  aflion  is  founded  upon  an  abfurdity. 

When  (ingle  combats  held  the  place  of  legal  decifions,  they 
were,  like  legal  dccifions,  always  founded  upon  a  queflion,  of 
matter  of  doubt:  one  party alledged  a  right,  which  the  other 
party  denied ;  or  one  party  accufed  another  of  a  crime,  of 
which  the  accufed  declared  themfelvcs  to  be  innocent.  If  the 
fight  was  admitted,  or  the  crime  acknowledged,  there  was  no 
more  foundation  for  a  combat,  than  for  a  law-fuit.  There  was 
no  combat  to  determine  whether  a  perfon  who  acknowledged 
the  crime  of  which  he  was  accufed  fhould  be  punilhed,  or 
whether  a  right  which  was  admitted  fhould  take  place.  But 
the  foundation  of  the  dramatic  adtion  in  queftion,  is  a  fingle 
combat,  not  between  the  accufer  and  the  accufed,  or  the  cham- 
ptonsofboth,  or  cither,  to  dcrcrminc  whether  the  accufatioa 
was  true  or  falfc,  but  between  two  perfons  who  fuppofcd  them- 
fetves  to  have  been  equally  betrayed  by  the  fame  woman,  in 
order  to  determine  whether  that  woman  ibould  die  for  a  crime 
of  which  fhc  acknowledged  herfelf  to  be  guilty  ! 

The  cafe  is  this,  Syr*cufc  being  beficgcd  by  the  Saracens^ 
under  the  command  of  Solyman,  it  is  det^rrmined  by  the  go- 
^rnment  that  a  law  which  *  doom'd  to  (hamcful  and  immc* 
diate  death 

Whoever  dar*4  t<5  hold  a  fccrct  commerce 
'    Fatal  to  Sj'iiLCiifa  with  the  foe>* 

L  4  t&u^N^d^ 


fjXQiald  be  rigoroufly  put  in  execution  i 

*  As  knicy  ill  tim'd  makes  tmton  boUer*    .   .  ;  4 
Let  neither  fex  nor  age  engage  our  pity  ;'        . ;  :n  ^      .    1  •! 

fo  raid  one  of  the  knights  in  council,  ^nd  fe  it  if  uoifftr&HM 
agreed.  '      M 

.  Tancred  is  it)  exile,  Almida  is  fecretly  contra6bed  to  Um  is  1 
marriage,  the  hears  that  he  ia  not  far  diftant  ia  4i(giiire^  tad '] 
i^nds  him  a  letter,  by  a  trufty  meflcngert  in  vbidi» 
others^  are  thefe  words, 

*  May  you  acknowledged  reign  in  Syracafii  y. 
A9«in  this  heart  you  reign.'  i  J 

3ut  fearing  that  if  the  letter  fliould  be  intercepted,  and  kne«t 
tfi  be  Wfitten  to  Tancred,  the  difcovery  might  be  fiatil  to  kini   ' 
ibe  carefully  avoided  naming,  him,  and  trufted  her  meflengcr 
with  a  verbal  dire&ion  only  to  whom  it  was  to  be  delivered. 

This  letter  is  intercepted,  and  brought  to  the  council  of  Sf* 
racufe.  They  knowiftg  nothing  of  Almida's  cpnnedioB  with  ' 
Tancred,  nor  of  Tancred's  being  within  the  reach  of  her  mcA- 
lenger,  fuppofe  it  to  be  written  to  Solyman :  ihe,  fearing  to 
^nd^ger  Tancred  by  difcloiing  the  truth,  acquiefbes-  in  the 
miftake,  and  takes  the  crime  which  the  council  has  juft  dop 
termined  to  punifh  with  (ieath,  not  regarding  either  age  or  fta^  '* 
lipon  herfelf*  -.^ 

In  this  fituation,  there  is  noqueftion  which  combat*  ia  A9>] 
days  of  chivalry,  was  to  determine:  How  abfurd  then  is  d)C.ex->! . 
damation  of  one  of  the  council  which  had  condemned  Aimidfi  - 

^  Wher;;  is  the  knight,  who,  for  this  guilty  fiur,  .     « 

Will  deign  the  ancient  cnftom  to  fulfil 

And  riik  his  life  or  glory  in  her  caufe  ?*  .  J 

Where  was  the  kni^h^  at  any  time,  who,  for  a  ^aiby  fWf  % 
woman  who  acknowledged  herfelf  to  be  guilty  of  the  criiM 
jaid  to  her  charge,  would  rifle,  or  thought  himfelf  obliged  by 
^he  laws  of  honour  to  ri(k,  his  life  or  glory  ? 

But  if  fuch  a  knight  were  to  be  found,  it  may  .well  be  mBboL. 
in  the  prefcnt  cafe,  wiih  whom  is  he  to  Aght  i  fiy  the  lawiol 
chivalry  a  general  challenge  was  fuppofcd  to  be  given  by  the 
auufcTy  if  the  charge  was  dMtd  \  but  in  this  cafe  there  was  no 
fuch  accufer ;  and  upon  wha$  pretence  could  anyone  be  chal- 
lenged to  prove  a  crime  which  the  party  had  already  confefled  ? 
f  &he  gUrUi  in  her  crime^  fays  her  father,  thus  not  a  knig^ 
will  ftir  to  fave  her.'  What  follows  is  confuiloa  worfe  coqr 
ibund^ : 

*  Though  with  deep  regret 

They  iign*d  unanimous  the  deadly  fentencOi 

Jn  fpight  of  our  mod  ancient  folemn  law, 

V  hich  grants  the  fair,  when  iniui^d  or  accus^d^ 

A  fcnigbt,  whofe  generous  arm,  \ii  ^n^^  ^ov^oax^ 
Htr  caufe  may  fight,  and,  i£  V\»«nfi^,  c\t«i  WI 


who  mi  dcte<3ecl  ta  a  crime  which  it  bad  httti  deter* 

i  to  punifli  with  death,  vy  a  Utur  imdif  Ur  cwn  h<trJy  axi4 

fquickcd  in  the  fenft  put  upon  thai  letter,  fo  as  to  glarf 

rcnmi^  h*d  DCtihcr  be  in  tHJurgd  nor  auujtd^  how  can  flio 

I  be  fcatcnccd  to  die  hi  j^-gh  of  thofe  laws,  which,  when 

hid  l»ca  injured  <>r  accufed^  granted  her  a  luiight  to 

the  charge  falfe  and  injurious,  by  the  combat  f 

fhc  ctime  for  which  flic  is  cone'?:  aired  is  ila;ply  xhn  of  cof 

|iog  with  the  enemy  V  yet  /he  arfcds  to  tu  nUf 

for  fomcthlng  elfc.     Her  fa:her  had  dc;  ihat 

^ftotiSd  roarry  Orbaffan,  and  (he  malces  her  difobediciKc  to 

I  oidtiution  the  ground  of  her  puniQiment : 

*  Til  true  I  icomM  your  laws,  nay,  more,  I  broke  them* 

Tynuuiical  they  had  no  power  to  bind  me : 

A  lather  would  h^vc  forced  my  hand  unwilling, 

I  difbbey'd  him  :  OrbafTaa  I  flighted ; 

Hau|hty  and  rude,  be  thought  to  bend  me  to  him  : 

Thefc  are  my  cn^aes  ;  if  they  arc  worthy  death 

STriltc' 

Bttt,  with  fubmiffion  to  the  fair  Almida,  thcfc  were  mt  her 

VI  flic  might  have  difobeycd  her  father,  and  (light  d  Or* 

;  with  impunity,  at  leaft  without  becoming  ob:ioxiou:»  to 

Riihment  from  the  flate<     And  it  does  by  no  me:^ns  appear 

:  ciic  ]aw  to  punlQi  capitally  any  who  fliould  correfpond  with 

Incmy,  then  at  the  walb,  was  tyrannical,  and  thrrefo-e  not 

[Ttncred  at  length  arrives  In  diTguifc  :  he  hears  that  hf^  mif. 
'\  n  falfc ;  that  flae  has  written  to  Solyman^  wrtli»n<c  that 
(ought  reign  in  Syracufe  as  he  does  in  her  ht:^art;  th^^t  flic 
tt»  and  glories  in  it ;  that  flie  was  therefore  conden*^ed 
He  renounces  and  execrates  her,  yet  fbnds  forih  as 
npion.     As  her  champion  for  what  ?  To  prov^  uer  in- 
BCe?    No,  flic  has  jrloricd  in  her  guilt.     To  determine 
being  guilty  flic  ftiill  iufier  ?  No^  that  \s  contrary  to 
vlt  die  laws  by  which  combat  is  appointed.   But,  faya  Tancxed^ 

.H  *  ■      ' —    *  her  defobted  father 

^f  Avows  my  arm  to  innocence  prf>pidou4.' 

But  whence  rofc  the  father's  difgrace?  Not  from  the  punifh-^ 
meet  of  his  child,  but  from  her  guilt;  as  it  was  therefore  fm* 
roffible  to  prove  her  innocent  againft  her  own  cojifclHon,  it  was 
impo^ble  to  fave  him  from  difgrace ;  and  there  would  be  no 
ttuJ  of  faving  criminals,  if  none  was  to  lufFcr  but  tho/c  whom 
Jione  would  lament* 

But  if  Tancred  is  to  fight,  right  or  wrong,  who  is  to  be  his 
xntagonift  ?  As  there  is  no  qudiioned  accufation,  there  vs  no 
mfit/ir  who  iitiobc  oppofcd  us  guilty  of  malice  or  fa\k\vooi  \ 

I-       n 


i 


_^ 


►'/" 

« 


15^  4lftuda%  a  Tragedy  * 

but,  accordmg  to  the  cant  of  the  theatre,  a  fine  fituatlm  wai 
to  be  produced*  by  a  combat  between  the  dcfttned  hufband  and 
the  lover,    Tancred  therefore  fibglcs  out  Orbaffan,  and  the  beft 
rc^fen  chat  is  given  for  ic  is,  that  be  was  appointed  to  ketf  9^ 
$bi  mob  ai  the  txicution : 

•  My  place  and  ng'roos  duty  here  detain  m^ 
To  keep  in  bounds  a  giddy  daring  people.* 

Who  is  anfwerablc  for  all  this  complicated  abfardhy,  Voltaire 
©r  his  Traaflator,  we  do  not  pretend  to  know,  nor  is  it  worth     _ 
cur  while  to  enquire  ;  our  bufinefs  i$  not  with  the  Author  but    ■ 
the  performance. 

As  to  the  language.  It  is  not  remarkable  cither  for  beautj 
or  defcft :  in  general,  however,  it  is  rather  that  of  the  epic 
than  the  drama  :  in  particular  parts  the  vcrfification  isdefedive, 
and  the  metaphors  arc  often  incongruoufly  mixed. 

Thq  drama  requires  a  nstural  and  eafy  conflruQion,  with 
which  the  fublimc  beauties  of  poetry  are  perfeflJy  confiftent* 
the  adjetSlivc  therefore  Ihoutd  not  be  placed  after  the  nouni  a« 
in  this  paflig? : 

'  -  ■  '  the  calk 
Arduous  to  govern,  afks  a  foncr  hand.* 

One  indance  is  fufixcient  to  iiludrace  our  remark. 

There  is  one  paflagc  in  which  the  fair  Author  was  betray 
into  an  cxpreflion  contrary  to  her  meaning,  by  the  negative 
particle  un.  When  Tancred,  having  been  rendered  carclcfs  of 
life  by  the  fuppofed  infidelity  of  Almida,  is  mortally  wounded^ 
file  coniidcrF  hid  dying  under  that  miftake,  fo  injuriQUS  to  hti 
bonour,  ^  an  aggravation  of  her  misfortune  ^  upon  which  ihe 
II  made  to  exclain^t 

*  He  diet— and  unditiswdj 
The  meaning  certainly  is  juft  contrary  to  the  words.  To  cx- 
prefs  the  Authors  idea,  and  AJmida's  fentiinent,  another  nega- 
tive particle  muft  be  added  ;  i/«  undeceived »  if  there  had  been 
fuch  a  word,  would  have  done,  and  the  Author  conceived  the 
idea  which  that  word  exprefles,  under  the  word  flic  has  ufed> 
which  conveys  an  idea  dirc<5lly  oppofite. 

The  verification  is  imperfcci  in  the  following  among  other 
inftances : 

*  By  toy  order  flje  here  advances^— 

'  My  fours  beft  love '  Ihall  1  then  be  vile'— 

■  '  '    *  He  once  in  fecret  figh*d  for  her  at  Byzantium*— 
*-—  Live  happy — whilf^  I  feck  death— fere^vcll  * 

Mixed  metaphors  ftould  not  be  too  fcvcrely  ccnfured  in  dr^ 
inatic  compofitions  ;  paffion  natural! y  flows  in  metaphorical 
Unguage,  yet  the  extemporaneous  effulions  of  paiBun  do  not  a<f- 

mil 


I 


^ 

^ 


An  Enpilrj  im  thi  gimral  EftUt  ef  H^sL  1 5  J 

tfk  of  critical  exaflnefa  In  the  figures  :  it  is  enough  if  they  havo 

ticral  fitnefs^  and  a  common  propriety  referred  to  their  ob- 

without  perfcS  congruity  when  compared  with  each  otheri 

with  this  licence  the  following  pafTage  is  not  to  be 

*  How  fhort,  alas !  u  human  comprehenijoa ! 
PrcfutDpcuogs  jodges  J  in  our  rrrifig  balance 
MlinMj  we  weigh  the  Jife,  the  fate  of  mortals. 
By  the  'wmk  gitidajict  of  fallacious  prudence, 
BrwiUtr^d  inio  cruelty,' 

To  this  paflfage  a  midake  is  produced  firft  by  the  errcr  «f  ihi 
hclami^  then  by  tht  blindmfs  of  ong  wh^  fujpends  it^  then  by  a 
fMtfi  guidance,  bv  the  wiak  guidance  of  faikciom  prudence  bt^ 
wUdiftd  into  cruikf  ! 

Other  faults  there  arc  which  we  Ihould  be  ill  employed  to 
point  out.  Upon  the  whole  we  are  of  opinion,  that  nothing 
could  have  fupported  this  piece  upon  the  ilage,  but  the  very 
mat  theatrical  abilities  of  Mrs.  Barry.  It  is  not  however  the 
piece  that  keeps  its  ground  merely  by  the  excellence  of  a 
itc  performer  in  a  particular  fccne  i  and  it  muft  be  con- 
ed that  to  give  great  abilities  an  opportunity  todifplay  them- 
Ives,  is  to  give  honour  10  merit,  and  pleafure  to  the  public* 

y^fcT.  X*  An  Enquiry  into  the  general  Effeili  of  Heat  i  wUi 
0iJ4rvalhm  en  the  Themei  of  Altxture.  In  Two  Parti,  ll» 
hfirated  with  a  yariitf  of  Exferimtnu^  tending  t9  explain  end 
Jeduce  from  Principles y  fome  of  the  mofl  common  Appearances  in 
tf&ture,  If^tth  an  Appendix  on  the  Form  and  Ufe  of  the  princi- 
pal  Vejfeli  containing  the  Suhje£l$  on  which  the  Effe^i  of  Heat 
end  Mixture  are  to  be  produced,     8vo.     %  s.     Nourfe,     1770. 

THIS  Effay  appears  to  be  the  produfllon  of  fome  ingenious 
academic,  who  has  been  lately  engaged  in  the  iludy  ef 
themiftry. 

The  general  effcfls  of  heat,  as  enumerated  by  this  enquirer^ 
are,  expaQfion,  fluidity,  vapour,  ignition,  and  inflammability* 
There  is  fomething  new  and  curious  in  what  is  advanced  con- 
cerning latent  beat  \  a  doSrme,  which  our  Author  claims  not 
as  his  own,  but  candidly  attributes  to  the  ingenious  Dr.  Black, 
Profcflbr  of  Chemiftry  in  the  Univerfity  of  Edinburgh. 

•  I  fatd  that  fluidity  is  occafioned  by  the  prefence  of  heat- 
Yet  is  it  fcarce  credible  that  a  quantity  of  fenfiUe  heat  which 
ftffe^fls  the  thermometer  fo  little,  fliould  be  produflive  of  fo  ex- 
traordinary an  effect.  Is  it  ncc  rather  to  be  believed,  that 
bodies  abforb  degrees  of  heat,  which,  in  certain  cvrcumfta«\c^^v 
^emaff^  latent  ^nd  unobfcrved  I  und  that  fluids  contam  x  ^\t?X 


Mnttt^  gflbis  Utcnt  bcMt^   tvhicb,  though  it  ds>«a  n^it  ^8t 


156-  An  Enquiry  int9  tbi  general  Effe^s  tfHcaU 

fcnfibly^  that  is^  paft  eafily  from  one  body  to  another,  u  ea^ 
pabl«  of  producing,  or,  more  properly,  of  prefcrving  fluidity  t 
thai  the  latent  ^beat  never  difappears,  or  lofes  its  influence  in 
prefecving  fluidity,  tilt  the  cold  has  become  fo  far  fijperior  as  tti 
bring  the  fluid  to  the  freezing  point  ?  that  then  it  difappeara 
gradually  and  but  gradually,  elfe  the  fluid  would  be  converted 
at  once  into  ice ;  which  is  not  the  cafe,  greater  acceffions  of 
cold,  and  of  a  longer  duration,  being  requifite  to  make  fluids 
afTume  a  foHd  form. 

^  In  the  fame  manner,  the  abforption  of  latent  heat  is  ob* 
fervable  in  the  redufiion  of  a  folid  to  a  fluid — as  of  ice'to 
water— a  very  great  quantity  of  heat  is  abforbed  before  the  ici 
begins  to  melt,  a  quantity  more  than  fuflicient  to  brins  the 
temperature  above  the  freezing  point,  if  the  heat  fo  ablorbcri 
aded  fenfibly,  or  tould  be  meafured  by  a  thermometer.  What 
then  becomes  of  this  large  portion  of  heat,  which  hat  incoiH 
teflably  entered  the  ice  ?  It  has  been  abforbed  by  the  iccj  ani 
lies  concealed  in  it  in  a  latent  form. 

*  In  this  way  are  we  to  account  for  the  large  quantities  of 
ke  to  be  feen  on  the  furface  of  the  earth  after  long  frofta,  Ibir 
fome  days  after  the  thaw  has  commenced.  After  fevere  frofts, 
the  weather  is  generally  very  warm :  how  comes  it  that  the  ioc 
cxpo&d  to  the  heat  of  the  air  is  not  immediately  meked  I  Each 
piece  of  ice  being  examined  by  the  thermometer,  will  be  found 
to  be  cooled  to  the  freezing  point ;  yet  it  cannot  be  denied; 
that  every  fuch  piece  muft  be  afi^e^ed  by  the  warmth  of  the 
atmofphere,  and  the  influence  of  the  fun.  What  then  be- 
comes of  this  hear,  which,  as  far  as  we  can  judge,  has  no  fai- 
£ble  eflFe£l  ?  It  is  evidently  abforbed  by  the  ice,  and  contained 
in  it  latent.  In  the  fame  manner,  ice,  in  ice-houfes,  not- 
withftanding  all  the  precautions  that  are  ufed,  could  not  fail  of 
melting,  if  all  the  heat  it  received  a£ted  fenfibly ;  but  that  is 
not  the  cafe,  great  part  of  it  being  abforbed,  remaioa  latent, 
and,  of  courfc,  has  no  fenfible  effe£t. 

*  The  following  experiment  is  decifive  upon  this  fub- 
jeft.  Into  a  veflcl  was  put  fome  water  cooled  nearly  to  the 
freezing  point ;  into  another  a  quantity  of  ice :  by  a  thermo- 
meter the  change  made  upon  the  water  during  the  firft  half* 
hour,  by  the  temperature  of  the  warm  room,  in  which  the 
vcflels  were  fufpended,  was  obferved,  and  it  was  found  to  hiip 
raifed  the  liquor  7  or  8  degrees  above  the  freezing  point :  no 
change  was  obfervable  in  the  ice,  fave  that  a  very  little  of  It 
was  melted  ;  but  what  was  fo  melted,  was  found,  by  the  ther* 
mometer,  to  be  equally  £old  with  the  mafs  of  ice.  The  veflcb 
hung  in  this  manner  for  11  i-half  hours»  at  the  end  of  which 
time  all  the  ice  wasmelted*  Now,  as  each  veflTel  received  from 
^he  temperature  of  the  room  in  wbich  it  was  placed,  about  7 

degrca 


'hpm^ 


» 


) 


An  Enquiry  itt9  th  gentral  EftHi  ef  HiaK  f  57 

of  heac  every  half  hour«  It  ia  evident^  the  veflel  coo- 
tt&ng  the  MX,  muft,  aC  the  end  of  1 1  hours  and  a  half,  have 
Jictrred  upwards  of  140  degrees  of  heat ;  that  is,  the  quan- 
K]f  of  beat  flowing  into  the  velTel,  during  that  time,  mull  have 
loted  to  the  number  of  degrees  fpccified.  But  tbis  heat 
ly  did  not  operate  in  melting  the  ice,  for  then  it  ihould 
produced  that  eflfecl  at  the  end  of  the  firft  half  hour,  whea 
8  degrees  of  beat  muft  have  entered  the  ice  \  wherea^i 
eflfbft  wai  not  produced  tiJJ  the  end  of  23  half  hour^, 
Wbeotby  calculation,  140  degrees  of  heat,  and  upwards,  muft 
ktve  focceOively  pafied  through  that  fubftance.  This  heat  then 
itt^  KH  wBt  fenlibly:  noi  it  wa»  latent  in  the  ice,  and  ab^ 
ibrbtd  by  lU 

*  h  may  probably  be  faid,  that  the  heat  communicated  by  the 
lir  did  not  enter  into  the  Ice,  but  was  repelled  by  it ;  but 
tkb  cannot  be  ;  for,  by  experiment,  a  quantity  of  wirm  water 
being  poured  upon  ice,  that  fubftance,  in  a  manner,  inilaii* 
tancou^y  melts,  without  repelling,  in  the  fmalleft  degree,  ttM 
beat  that  is  thus  forced  into  it.  *l 

*  By  the  theory  of  latent  heat  are  explained  the  curioua  phe- 
aoQieiia  of  artificial  colds  produced  by  mixture,  as  of  fnow-* 
inter  and  fait :  when  thefe  two  are  mixed,  the  fenfible  heat  it 
coitvefied  into  latent,  therefore  the  mixture  muft  be  fenfibJy 
ooUer  I  at  the  fame  time,  the  latent  heat  operates  its  ufual  ef^ 
kEt  in  keeping  the  mixture  fluid,  which  wouid  otherwife  have 
ateodency  toconfolidate/ 

The  iame  dodrine  is  again  introduced  under  the  head  of  va^- 
pont}an«— ^  To  be  fattfied,  fays  our  Author,  about  the  abforp* 
tion  of  latmt  heaty  by  fluids  that  have  attained  the  vaporihc 
pointy  I  put  a  fmall  quantity  of  water  into  a  phial  clofet/ 
corked,  and  expofing  it  to  a  (and  heat,  foon  brought  the  tem- 
perature feveral  degrees  above  the  boiling  point,  which  I  could 
cafity  effe£t,  as  the  prcfTure  made  the  fluid  capable  of  receiving 
mater  acceffions  of  heat.  The  fleam  which  arofe  could  noc 
iire  vent,  io  that  upon  taking  out  the  cork,  after  an  interval^ 
in  which  all  the  water  might  have  been  converted  into  (learn, 
I  expeded  the  whole  would  immediately  difappsar  and  be 
diaogcd  into  vapour,  which,  as  I  imagined,  would  rufh  for- 
dMy  out  of  the  phi.d.  This  did  not  happen.  Upon  taking 
of  the  mechanical  preiTure,  an  ebullition  and  agitation  of  the 
water  enfued,  during  which  a  portion  of  that  fluid  ru&ed  out 
f>f  ibc  phial  along  wiih  a  quantity  of  fleam.  The  remaining 
water  funk  down  to  the  boiling  point,  though  before  it  hid 
been  conCderably  above  it.  What  then  became  of  this  quantity 
of  heat  ?  Was  it  annihilated  ?  It  does  not  appear  in  the  water, 
though  the  minute  before  it  afted  fcnfibly  in  it,  by  elevating 
the  liquor  in  the  tbermanaeter  /eyeral  degrceis  above  i\\ebcrv\\ttv 


J 


Jjf        Cook'i  Voya^n  &ni  Travih  throtigh  kujjta^  tgc* 

fomu  That  fenfible  heat  Is  con\rerted  into  latent,  and,  tbofiga 
it  no  longer  af^pcars  to  a£l  fcnfibly,  refides  in  the  water.  Tbi 
following  experiments  arc  equally  dccilire  upon  this  fubJcA : 

*-  A  very  large  quantity  of  water  being  put  into  Papin'f 
digcitcr^  was  cxpofed  to  the  a£lion  of  a  violent  fire,  which 
foon  brought  the  temperature  300  degrees  above  the  boiliag 
point ;  a  degree  of  heat,  of  which  water  is  fufccptiblc  under 
great  mechanical  piefl'ure,  as  in  a  veffel  of  this  kind,  Aftef 
cooiining  the  fleam  for  a  long  time  in  fuch  an  increafe 
cf  heat,  I  naturally  judged,  that,  upon  admitting  the  air» 
or  giving  vent  to  the  oblh-m^cd  fleam,  the  whole  mafs  of 
water  would  inftantancouily  evaporate.  But  here  too,  it 
in  the  former  experiment,  I  was  deceived  ;  for,  thougby 
upon  removing  the  prelFure,  a  quantity  of  fteam  burft  out  of 
the  veffel,  with  fuch  impetuofity,  as  to  rattle  feveral  times 
againfi  the  cicling  of  the  room  in  which  the  experiment  wu 
made;  yet,  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  water  remained  in 
the  veffel  \  and  what  fo  remained,  almoft  immediately  funk  to 
the  boiling  point,  that  is,  300  degreot  delow  its  temperature 
at  the  time  of  removing  the  preffure.  Thb  heat  muft  cer* 
tainly  have  been  abforbed  by  the  water,  and,  from  its  afting 
Icnfibly,  have  been  converted  into  a  latent  form.  Nothing  cjfe 
could  have  produced  fo  inflantancous  a  change.* 

The  general  obfervaiions  on  the  theories  of  mixture,  anil 
the  Appendix,  contain  nothing,  but  what  muft  be  very  fami- 
liar to  every  one  who  ii  acquainted  with  chemical  fubjcfis. 

A  AT.  XI.  Voyagis  and  Travels  through  the  Ruffian  Empirt^  Tif- 
tary^  and  Part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Pirfta.  By  John  Cook, 
M.  D,  at  Hamilton.     8vo.     1  Vols,     12  s.  feoards,    Edin* 

'     burgh.     i770t     Sold  in  London  by  Dilly,  &c, 

THOSE  whom  bufinefs  or  pleafure  has  carried  into  fo* 
reign  counti  ks,  feem,  too  frequently,  to  imagine,  that 
ft  is  incumbent  on  them  to  lay  an  account  of  their  travels  be- 
fore ihc  public  ;  without  qucft toning  whether  they  have  the 
capacity  to  feled  thofe  particulars  which  arc  of  fufficient  value 
to  awaken  a  general  curiofuy  and  attention  ;  or  whether  they 
have  the  talents  to  exprefs  them  with  propriety.  AH  matttri 
that  have  affefled  themfclves,  they  conceive  muft  be  interefttng 
to  others.  Heroes  of  each  J i tile  talc,  and  important  in  their 
own  opinion,  they  forget,  that  to  the  bulk  of  men  they  arc 
unknown,  and  in  a  ftate  ofobfcurity.  Their  vanity  does  not 
permit  ihcm  to  fupprefs  their  journals;  and,  while  they  art 
courting  applaufc,  they  expofe  thcmfelves  to  ridicule, 
Amidfl  the  /oad  of  frivolous  and  ahCnx^  4^\'jiv\^  ^V\Oot  Mx*  . 
*fPook  bss  prckmcd  to  his  Rc^i^i,  itv«  UO.^  <av  ^NiS-^^^^-ixxtst* 


L 


CcokV  Vif^it  dndTravih  ihnugh  Rujfta^  £^r»         i  j^ 

occur,  tbu  arc  of  real  confequence.  If  be  diaaces  to  (tumble 
on  a  Aibjed  that  is  imcrcAing  lu  itfcll^  he  is  unable  to  explaia 
k  io  a  fatiifa^or^  manner.  Some  faint  glimmt^rings  of  Jlgbc 
be  bafy  indeed,  thrown  on  the  hiftorv  of  RuiTia ;  but  thefe 
point  CO  nothing  great  or  conclufive.  His  relations  are  neither 
entertaining  nor  K»lld  ;  and,  indicating  great  weaknefs  of  mind, 
and  a  total  ignorance  of  the  language  in  which  he  writeSj  tiie^ 
either  CJceitc  our  pity  or  contecnpt. 

One  of  the  mod  unexceptionable  articles  in  his  work,  is  the 
account  that  is  given  of  the  manners  of  the  Perfians ;  and,  (or 
this  reafon,  we  ihall  cxtra^  it  for  the  entertainment  of  cur 
headers* 

,  *  The  Perfians,  fays  Mr.  Cook,  arc  naturally  a  very  agilc^ 
lively  people,  the  generality  of  their  men  are  middle  fixcd^ 
tatber  of  the  fmaller  kind,  but  very  well  made^  tawny,  black- 
eyed,  with  black  hair,  Roman  nofeJ,  and  thick  lipped*  Th^ 
all  wear  high  caps  gathered  at  the  tops,  which  are  tapering; 
they  love  the  red  colour,  btcaufe  their  foldicrs  caps  are  of  that 
colour,  and  therefore  they  are  called  Kifelbaihcc,  or  red  be^ds« 
Their  coats  and  veils  are  {hurt,  and  they  wear  long  drawerm 
and  hofe  made  of  cloth ;  in  place  of  ihoes  they  wear  univer- 
fally  flippers,  with  longer  and  more  tapering  bccis  than  thofc 
wore  by  ourfiritiQiLadies  \  which  make  them  appear,  in  il^md* 
ing  or  walking,  £is  if  chey  had  no  mufculous  poilcriors  ^  be-** 
caufc  they  arc  forced  to  (land  very  ercft* 

^  Their  foldicrs  confifl  chicBy  in  horfe ;  I  have  fcen  foot 
alfo;  and  they  are  eftecmed,  juflly,  I  imagine,  the  befi  horse- 
men in  the  world.  They  have  a  fingular  way  of  iiana<^iog 
their  horfes  :  they  ride  at  a  gentle  trot,  or  walk  them^  but  as 
they  are  not  regular,  they  very  frequently  run  oft'  at  a  full  gal- 
lop, and  at  once  flop  their  horfes  ;  then  pufh  on,  turning 
nimbly,  frequently  to  the  right  or  left  iide,  as  the  rider  thinks 
proper.  If  they  are  near  a  Reep  low  hill,  they  love  to  run  up 
it  as  faft  as  the  horfe  is  able.  When  they  arrive  in  their  eamp, 
they  cover  their  horfes  over  with  cloths  three  or  four  folds 
thick  ;  then  they  tether  their  hoifes  by  the  hinder  feet,  keeping 
them  at  a  diftaoce^  fo  that  they  cannot  cafily  Vie  down  \  thef 
then  place  cut-ftraw,  or  hay  at  (uch  diiiance,  that  the  horfe 
^n  but  get  to  it^  (o  that  the  beai^  is,  as  it  were,  conftanHy 
upon  the  flretch.  They  feed  them  twice  daily  with  good  bar- 
ley, with  vrhich  we  were  obliged  to  feed  ours,  which  purged 
Ibem  fmartly  {qt  two  or  three  days  at  iirft  \  but  it  had  a  good 
tffcft,  in  making  them  very  clear -flcinned.  The  Perfian  fol-, 
dieis  rub  down  their  horfes  frequently  through  the  day :  they 
are  fonder  of  their  horfes  than  of  their  wivcg, 

*  By  the  Mahometan  l.iw,  the  Pcrilans  can,  and  frequently 
do,  tnarry  four  WJVC3^  and  ^tt  at  liberty  to  keep  3ft  mair.^  ^o^* 


i£o        CookV  F&yagi$  and  Treveh  through  Rujfuif  f^d 

cubines  aa  they  pleafc.  The  world  cannot  produce  greater 
iavea  than  the  Periian  w<7men  are  to  their  hu(bands<  We  were 
told,  that  a  hufband  may  chaflife  his  wife»  but  mull  take  ctre 
that  his  feverity  does  not  prove  the  caufe  of  her  death  ;  for  if, 
upon  enquiry,  it  proves  to  be  fo,  and  the  wife  has  relatiant 
who  can  profccute  the  murderer,  the  judge  delivers  the  criMinjil 
to  the  jetations  of  his  deceafed  wife,  who  never  fail  to  put  htm 
to  death  after  the  fame  manner  he  killed  his  wife  ;  this,  bow* 
ever,  is  not  always  the  cafe. 

*  The  IV omen  in  Perfia  are  well  enough  proportioned  ;  Iwit 
I  wad  informed  they  were  not  very  beautiful,  having  had  buc 
few  opportunities  o[  feeing  them  myfclf.  At  Cura  I  one  day 
law  an  elderly  woman  drcfled  In  a  ragged  filk  gown,  whom 
hunger  had  forced  into  our  camp,  followed  by  two  young  gii 
who  paid  htr  great  rcfpeft.  As  (he  pafled  through,  ftic 
fufly  picked  up  feme  barley  out  of  horfc*dung  and  eat  itj  at 
which  one  of  our  dragoons  would  have  beaten  her,  if  I  had 
not  prevented  him.  The  Prince  *  having  been  informed  of 
her  dtftrefi,  cauftd  fad  her  and  her  attendants,  as  long  as  we 
ftayed  there,  dhe  faid,  that  (he  was  well  born,  and  had  been 
married  to  a  Khan  ;  but  that  her  family  happening  to  fall  un- 
der the  Shach's  difpleafure  t>  was  utterly  extirpated,  and  that 
none  remained  with  her  but  the  two  girls,  who  never  would 
leave  her.  This  woman  never  had  been  a  beauty.  I  have 
fecn  m;vny  girls,  cfpecially  at  Re(hd,  who  were  very  beautiful  % 
but  I  was  informed  that  thefe  were  Georgians. 

*  One  ^jlj^  p^<Hng  by  a  houfe  out  of  the  city,  five  or  lot 
beautiful  gills  appeared  at  the  door  uncovered,  and  feemed  to 
be  very  merry  :  they  laughed,  and  made  fomc  figns,  as  it  were, 
inviting  my  comrades  and  me  to  go  into  the  houfe  ;  and  I  was 
told  by  others,  that  1  was  not  mlilaken,  for  they  were  common 
to  any. 

*  I  once  faw  a  few  girls  who  were  kept  by  one  of  the  Gene- 
rals of  the  Perfian  army,  look  out  of  a  tent  uncovered,  as  we 
palTed  by ;  but  I  was  told,  that  if  their  Lord  knew  that  they 
had  expofcd  themfclvcs,  he  would  have  punifhed  them  molt 
fei'crely*  Tlicy  were  young,  very  pretty,  and  faid  to  be 
Georgians*  I  v/as  informed  that  the  Perfian  women,  in  general, 
would  fooner  cxpofc  to  public  view  any  part  of  their  bodiea 
than  th  ! 

*  Onv  :iiti{h  merchants  at  Re(hd  told  me,  that  on« 
morni^T  v<i  c  fv,  as  he  was  walking  by  a  burial  placei  ho 
there  luw  a  wry  comely  young  woman  fitting  in  her  fhift,  be- 
^ -*  -•       '    ,  'i .    -,    ,- 

*  Our  Author  acdJapadcd  Prfacc  Calitzin  in  his  embafly  W 
Pertla* 


I 


t  The  £unottt;Njdlr  Stia^« 


m^ 


Cook'i  Voyages  and  Travels  through  RnJJia^  ^c.         1 6f 

')p|  atremely  hot  weather,  giving  her  child  fuck  :  he  was  very 

Mr  her  before  fhe  fpied  him  ;  which,  flie  no  fooner  had  done, 

tka  flie  covered  her  face  with  her  (hift,  expofing  what  our 

%tten  carefully  conceal.     Many  fuch  ftories  I  was  informed 

.Jt  iHiich  are  not  worth  repeating. 

'■  '  Men  may  matry  for  life,  or  for  any  determined  time  in 
d^lfia^  well  as  through  all  Tartary.  I  was  allured,  that 
'iKrchaocs,  and  other  travellers,  who  intended  to  itay  a  month, 
m  lon^  in  any  city,  commonly  applied  to  the  Cadee,  or 
3iid«,  for  a  wife  during  tKc  time  he  propofcd  to  flay.  That 
ue  Uailce,  for  a  ftated  gratuity,  produced  a  number  of  girh, 
^Ifbom  he  declared  to  be  honcfl,  and  free  from  difcalcs,  and  bc- 
fanw  fiirety  for  them.  It  is  faid,  fhat,  amon^fl  thoufands, 
itm  ku  not  been  one  inflance  of  their  dilhonefly,  during  the 
gillie  agreed  upon,  I  have  been  alio  told,  that  mL-rchants  who 
tait  in  different  cities,  whofe  bufmefs  obliges  them  to  live  iu 
Ikle  cities  fome  time  every  year,  or  who  keep  a  warehoufe, 
^nairy  a  wife  for  life ;  and  that  they  fuperintend  tlieir  hourc  lii 
Adff  abfience,  and  generally  prove  very  true  to  the  truft  rcpofcd 
lb  them. 

^  ThePerQan  women  arc  all  drefled  In  long  n:owns  of  fillc  or 
cotton:  they  all  wear  filk  or  cotton  drawers,  which  reach 
Jovn  to  their-  ankles  ;  they  wear  bracelets  of  ^old,  cither 
movgh;  or  fet  with  precious  floncs  about  their  ankles  and 
^wnfts  \  and  the  foremoft  parts  of  their  fhifts,  which  arc  com- 
monly of  filk,  from  a  point  immediately  below  tiit;  navel,  arc 
cmhroidered  down  to  the  bottom  with  gold  or  filvcr  f.gurcs, 
.Ipnniog  a  large  triangle,  whofe  upper  angle  is  acute.  They 
J|ever  cut  tbe  nails  of  their  fingers,  as  wc  do,  but  let  them 
mm  long  and  pointed  y  they  are  coloured  with  red  on  the  firft 
Jdiot  of  each  finger.  I  have  fomctimes  been  cuiifukcd  abouc 
their  diieafes ;  and  though  great  care  was  t.)kcii,  upon  fucii 
jOopafions,  that  1  fhould  fee  no  part  of  their  peri  on,  yet  they 
jDMild  not  hinder  my  feeing  their  hands  when  1  felt  their  pulfc: 
ttd  though  frequently  it  is  very  ncceflary  to  fee  their  faces,  in 
Jbme  diieafes*  the  Perfians  never  would  permit  them  to  b? 
BDvailcd.  When  they  go  to  the  bath,  which  they  do  twice  or 
thrice  in  a  week,  they  are  veiled  with  white  linen,  but  have  a 
piece  of  net-work  before  their  eyes,  which  renders  every  ihin^; 
vifihle  to  them,  but  prevents  any  from  kcing  them. 

*  The  Perfian  v/omcn  endure  all  ions  of  haidiiups,  and 
andergo  all  kinds  of  drudgery  ;  the  common  women  cfpecially, 
ditb  tbe  land,  plant  the  rice,  and  clean  their  f.clJs,  and  do 
jevery  other  hard  work^  while  their  hufb^nJb  only  lock  attvir 
nurkets,  and  fmok'e  ihc  caUn^n. ' 

,  Hefouc  we  bid  adieu  to  t\U'.  Conk,  it  would   be  in\ufticc  to 
4^,  not  to  dec/are,  th^t,  £ronk  the  advaniapcs  he  emoved,  V\e 
£sy.  Feb.  I//I.  M  Yia* 


€  52       Young*j  Courfi  $f  ixp&imintgl  Agricubmrt^  fii, 

has  been  able  to  make  fome  pertinent  ftridures  on  the  travds^ 
and  the  candour,  of  Mr*  Jonas  Hanwaj.  s 

•  '  I  ■  ■  ■  .1       ,  <   ^  ■■  y 

Art.  XII.  A  Courfe  of  expnimtntal  Jgricukwre^  Uc.    a  Vo]%- 
4to.     2l.  10  8.  bound.    Dodfley.     1770. 

^  H  E  dedication  of  this  confiderable  work,  to  the  Ma 
^    of  Rockingham f  (that  illuftrious  cultivator  I)    tnforan' 
that  its  Author  is  the  indefatigable  and  ufeful  Mr.  Toimg^y 
former  labours  we  have  recommended  to  the  attention  of  \ 
public.  •' 

I'his  courfe  of  experiments  is  the  bafls  of  a  fcientific  ftadj'4P 
agriculture;  a  great  national  obje£t !  and  it  is  no  eafy  matter)^ 
determine  in  what  way  moft  advantageous  to  the  public,  il^ 
juft  to  the  Author,  fuch  a  work  ought  to  be  reviewed. 
remarks  and  occajtonal  extraQs  may  gratify  the  curiofity  of  l 
Readers  who  defire  to  be  able  to  figure  in  confequence  of  1 
readin? ;   but  we  apprehend  that  this  method,  though  mi 
the  eaueft  to  ourfelves,  would  not  be  fo  fatisfafitory  to  the ' 
of  Readers,  for  whom  fuch  a  work  as  Mr.  Young's  is 
figned. — On  the  other  hand,  an  accurate  review  of  near  21 
experiments,  in  two  410  volumes,  containing  about  lOOO 
would  amount  to  a  very  confiderable  work  itfelf. 

We  have  therefore  adopted  a  middle  plan,  which,  wc 
may  in  a  good  meafure  fatisfy  the  generality  of  fuch  R< 
as  are  competent  judges  of  Mr.  Young's  merits  ;  viz.  to  fBi 
through  an  accurate  review  of  the  Author's  experiments  sH 
WHEAT,  at  leaft ;  and  to  add  fuch  further  but  morecurfiry€iim 
mination  of  the  reft  of  this  large  work,  as  the  expeAation  oFnij 
Readers  riiay  feem  to  call  for.  fiy  our  review  of  Mr.  You 
experiments  on  this  nobleft  crop,  (a  confiderable  article  of 
exports)  we  hope  to  be  able  to  eftablifh  a  juft  idea  of 
Young's  fuccefs  as  a  cultivator,  and  to  affift  fuch  Gent!( 
as  choofe  to  examine  his  operations  on  fubjeds  of  le&  im| 
ance. 

But  before  we  begin  this  principal  part  of  our  work,  as 
viewers,  it  fcems  neceflary  to  take  fome  notice  of  his  Pirefa 
as  Icadmg  us  to  the  knowledge  of  his  defign^  and  the 
of  his  execution  of  it. 

He  aflTures  us  (p.  5.)  that  he  has  formed  a  char  idea  of  pkt^^ 
feSiion,  He  owns,  that  he  had  once  ardent  hope  to  reduce  evtff 
doubtful  point  to  certainty^  but  has  now  the  chagrin  of  p^rtfig' 
fwering  even  his  own  expe£tations.  He  juftly  regrets 'tMR 
omitting  a  multitude  of  minutes  in  the  firft  year  of  his  expla^' 
tncntSj  many  in  the  fecdnd^  dc. 
^  Afatters  foreign  to  agricuUuw  ^\vt  \A\^  uC\  \ncm>ss»^  Vw-^ 
not  to  CQaanuc  lus  expcnmtau  on  tio^t  jaiin\%»^\  ^i^Kcir&>ii 


Young*/  C^nrfi  of  ixpcrhmntal  Agriculture^  £^r.  -        1 6^ 

Would  not  have  publifhcd  this  courfc  of  expericncnts  cf  many 
ycari;  for  every  fuccecding  year  would  have  convinced  him 
of  Che  expediency  of  conne^ing  in  one  chain  a  kng  ffr-ei 
of  trials :  but  change  of  foil  from  Suffolk  to  one  t'oialty  diftcrcnt 
in  Herffer/i/hkiy  hSis  broke  all  conncftion,  as  he  juftly  owns, 
betwixt  ihofe  fcxperiments]  he  has  nude  and  is  preparing  for/ 
He  1%  fs^ai^  he  fays,  to  niakc  a  paufc  aimoj}  at  his  beginning. 
He  bluQie;  ai  the  imperfeilion  of  bis  prcfcnt  fkctch,  which  is  but 
the  outline  of  what  he  wiIhed,^-^So  much  modeCly  bcfpcaks  the 
caindour  of  his  Readers. 

He  aflures  us  of  the  accuracy  of  his  expertment?  however ; 
ind  declares  his  regiftcr  fo  minyuiy  genuhi^  that  from  fomc  ex- 
periments fcvce  any  concluiion  can  be  drawn^  bwing  to  mlucJty 
atddiftti  or  other  cau^s. 

He  acknowledges  thut  in  numerous  inJI often  he  hns  been  a  vtr^ 
A^  farmer,  &c  —  but  fays,  he  btgan  with  this  principle,  *  to 
kc^p  minutes  of  every  thing;*  yet  omitted  manyxn  the  two  firft 
years,  and  owns  that  omifllon  *"  Jomrwhat  biconjljlent  with  that  dc- 
fign,'  as  it  crrtain/y  was.  He  aflirms  however  that  he  was  never 
abfent  %fmgU  week  from  his  farm,  without  leaving  a  bailift"  whom 
he  cqm\^  fully  truft,  who  gave  him  accounts.  He  adds,  and  we 
believt,  inity^  that  no  experiment  has  been  here  formed  with 
an  eye  to  confirm  lifavouthe  nothn.  No  wonder  then  that  he 
flKHild  declare  that  *  it  is  very  difficult  to  difcovcr,  here,  even 
the  Icaii  trace  oi  pnjudke  for  oragainft  any  objc£^/ 

Our  duty  to  the  public  obliges  us  to  confidcr  the  force  of 
thcie  concelTions,  in  abatement  of  the  ufefulnefs  of  this  courfe 
cf  experiments. 

It  muft  furcly  be  allowetl  a  very  great  lofs  to  the  public,  that 
any  tiling  furdgn  to  agriculture  fliould  oblige  our  Author  to 
make  a  fQufi  almofl  at  the  beginning  of  a  courfe  of  experiments 
publifhcd  as  the  bffjis  at  Icaft  of  a  new  method  of  ftudying 
agriculture  as  a  fcWnce !  In  the  fame  light  we  view  at  prefent  the 
omilTion  of  many  experiments  (inconiiftent  with  his  profeflcd 
defign)  as  we  know  not  what  cfFeft  the  giving  them  might 
have  had  on  the  conclufioOs  we  ought  to  make.  Nor  can  we 
view  Mr.  YQung*s  leaving  his  farm  to  a  bailiF,  for  weeks,  in 
the  fame  favourable  light  that  he  doe?.  A  mafter  may  be  fully 
fatisfied  with  the  fidelity  of  a  fcrvant,  whom  he  ought  not  t^i 
truft:  at  the  heft,  the  public  can  never  have  the  fame  foun- 
dation o(  ccn/idence  in  a  fcrvant  which  a  mafler  may ;  and  on  si 
fabjed  where  fo  many  temptations  to  a  mifreprcfentation  of 
work»  produce,  &c.  occur,  great  difiatisfadlon  will  remam  in 
the  minds  of  manj  Readers. 

Mr.  Young  juftly  obferves,  that  the  merit  of  books  in  gme^^ 
ftf/if  independant  on  the  reputation  of  their  Authot*  *,  bui  vY\n 


164        Young*j  C^urfe  of  expcrtmentaUpricubun^  lie* 

this  is  not  the  cafe  with  regard  to  experiments  in  rnij  lirand 
natural  philofophy  (p.  7.).  And  that  an  inquifitivc  Rcajerj 
attends  to  the  reality  of  experiments ;  *  an  inquiry  (adds 
not  a  littU  neceffary  in  an  age  fo  fertiU  in  b$9k»miki9ig^  wl 
produces  fo  mzny  experimental  hufbandmen,  whofis  fields  jj 
fuch  great  crops  without  foil^  and  whofe  cattle  are  fattmd 
nobly  without  food — farmers  without  farms — geniules,  i«iA 
invention  fupplies  the  defe£l  of  land,  feed,  cattle,  implooc^ 
and  every  rcquifite,  favc  pen  and  paper*'  . 

This  is  too  true,  though  a  facetious  pi£iure  of  feme  idbI 
writers  on  agricuhuie,  and  perhaps  in  fome  degree  nbtn 
that  of  Authors  of  ^cw^/c'/^yir/f^OTi,  &c.  .; 

Mr.  Young  therefore  very  juftly  thinks  that  the  Audi| 
experiments  (hould  fet  his  name,  place  of  trial,  &c.  tM 
accruut  of  them,  that  ad  who  will,  may  make  inquiries  i 
truth  of  his  aflertions.  This  is  fo  plain  a  cafe,  that  a  I 
experiments  without  a  name,  &c.  is  a  kind  of  Irilhifm. 
riments  made  by  nobody  knows  whom,  will  be  regarded  1 
man  of  fenfe. 

He  very  reafonably  owns,  that  <  the  degrees  of  an  Andl 
accuracy  cannot  be  thus  difcovered  \  he  thinks  hoM 
that  the  world  has  a  fatisfadion  in  <  knowing  that  he  || 
Author]  is  a  r/^/ farmer,  and  has  made  ^r^tf^  ni/Tn^r  of  C|| 
riments.'  This  indeed  appears  to  be  fomething^  but  if  1 
little.  Before  we  can  reafonably  depend  on  an  o^erimattMi 
muft  know  the  many  as  well  as  his  namej  &c.  Till  wcl 
acquainted  with  his  underjiandifigy  attention ^  and  even  tm 
and  principles^  we  can  form  no  juft  idea  of  the  credit  tt^ 
given  to  his  experiments.  j 

Mr.  Young  next  ai^'ar^x  the  z/^m/y  of  being  known  as  an  Am 

and  adds,  <  A  foUtary  [the  word  is  not  to  be  ftri<31y.  undciii 

as  will  prefcntly  appear]  who  lives  in  the  obfcuriiy  of  a  f^ 

village^  whofe  attention  is  fixed  upon  the  little  circle  of  hU 

mily,  and  whofe  views  are  bounded  by  the  limits  of  his  fii| 

has  other  objects  to  employ  his  mind  upon  than  Utiraryti^ 

tion.'     Wc  fmcerely  believe  that  our  Author  is  an  hindi^ 

and  that  charaAer  is  the  great  bafis  of  credit;  bellde,heJi 

Jlranger  in  the  literary  world,  and  has  furely  a  decent  Ihd 

reputation  in  it;  fo  that  if  vanity  could  be  fup^ofed  KoJ 

Simulated  any  body  to  fend  abroad  two  fuch  large  voluOMI 

experiments  as  thefe  in  earlier  days,  Mr.  Young  nuy  icii 

ably  be  fuppofcd  to  be  now  influenced  by  views  of  moiej 

advantage  to  the  world  and  to  himfclf.     He  will  howcffCTi 

hcpe,  excufe  us,  if  we  fmile  at  his  reprefenting  himTdf  I 

/oliiary  who  looks  not  be^oivd  ti[v&  llimts  o^  >d^^  ^>xvsk^  whcaJ 

Jk/jown  to  moft  parts  of  tYic  V\iij,iom\>>j\MkM\x\^m'A^  vn 

Jix  tctcis^  ztidfix  months* 


Young';  CQurfi  &f  ixpmmental  Agruulture^  ^u         165 

To  be  fcriouSf  wc  finccrcly  approve  his  declaration,  thatt  if 
a  defire  of  being  fcrvtceabfe  to  the  interefta  of  hb  country  m 
gen^rol^  Ind  his  profcffion  in  f articular^  induces  htm  [the  foil- 
tar)  ]  to  pubh'fli  his  remarks,  the  woiU  difcrves  toa  much  refpeft 
to  let  him  negleft  the  rendering  his  wotk  as  perfed  as  he  h 
aible.'  We  rnuft  add,  that  the  world  not  only  dtfirvts  but  m\\ 
ixaG  this  ccfpeft- 

As  to  the  mere  reputation  of  being  known  as  the  wrttcr  of  a 
book,  it  is  to  him  [let  us  add,  to  -ill  men]  *  a  mtre  huhhU^  it 
will  not  fdkinun  an  acre  of  land,  nor  fatten  ^fingU  chicken.'  As 
the  review  of  works  like  this  feldom  allows  us  to  be  pleafant, 
and  much  dry  accmnt-'work  lies  in  profpet^^  we  wdl  obfcrve,  on 
this  huhhtc  Reputation,  (the  cbje£l  of  revinved  and  rrjicwtng 
Authors,}  that  it  is  fometimes  raifeti  from  very  dirty  wat^cr^  and 
with  as  much  fucccfs,  as  when  made  of  thf  cleaned. 

We  mull  be  allowed  to  obfcrve  that  we  do  not  undcrftand 
one/cntence  occurring  in  this  part  of  the  Preface,  viz,  *  The 
fame  of  doing  his  bcit,  let  him  poffrfs  but  not  enj^y,*  Wc  can 
fee  no  reafon  why  any  man  (Iiould  not  tnjcy  what  he  bsn€jiiy 

Oitr  Author  now  ftates  an  objeflion  to  the  publication  of 
thii  Courfe,  &c,  vix,  *  All  writers  on  agriculture  ,ire  not />;- 
ftftwii  [for  impoflors^  by  the  printer*s  hurr)]:  among  the  in- 
finity may  be  gleaned  knowledge  fufEcient  without  adding  to 
the  number  cmpJJhHy  ic&  great  already,' .  This  is  rather  the 
fum  than  the  exprefiion  of  the  obje<5lion,  and  he  gives  the  an- 
fwer,  viz*  *  I  am  very  far  from  atrempting  to  overturn  a  whU 
dty  to  find  a  foundation  for  my  cottage  !*  A  jud  and  beautiful 
expreffion,  except  that  Mr.  Young's  ereftion  is  much  too  large 
to  be  called  a  cottagt.  He  adds,  rightly,  *  A  perfect  treatife  on 
agriculture  could  never  preclude  others*  The  vanety  of  foils, 
vegetables,  and  modes  of  culture  is  (o  great  as  to  admit  a 
tlioufand  admirable  works,  and  yet  the  fubje^l  remain  incom* 
pletcly  treated/     h\\  this  is  jull. 

Mr»  Young  now  proceeds  to  remarks  on  the  chief  writers 
On  agriculture ;  a  review  of  his  account  of  whom  will  make  a 
Ycry  agreeable  part  of  our  tartf,  and,  wc  hope,  prove  i\o  Icfs  fo  to 
oar  Readers.  But  it  would  be  improper  to  enter  upon  it  in  our 
operations  for  this  month.  We  (hail  therefore  referve  it  for 
the  next  j  and  at  prefent  only  add  fome  ftri£lures  on  a  few 
things  which  fecm  to  u>  neccflary  to  prepare  our  Readers  for 
an  impartial  difpofition  to  judge  of  the  merit  of  th-s  confider- 
aWe  work.  Too  great  and  fanguine  expccianoni  arc  as  dctri* 
mental,  (if  not  more  fo)  as  too  low  ones,  when  we  enter  on 
the  talk  of  iudging  of  any  fubjei^  or  ptrrfon;  and  ic  is  there- 
fore  a  friendly  office  to  preclude  them.  In  this  view  wc  muft 
o|»ftrve, 

M  3  .  v^v. 


k66         Young*s  Courfiifexpirimintat^gripiIuiriftf^M 

ifty  That  Mr.  Young  giv<^  (p.  ng-r^Stl  >  dcfcriptioQ  o( 
nature^  &c.  of  the  fields  at  BradJUU  Camhujl  f,  on  which  (d 
cially  as  we  (hall  have  frequent  recourfe  to  them  iq  the  rev 
of  experiment^  we  have  nothing  to  remacic  ;  for  we  n^uft  t 
thefe  and  all  other  fa£}s  fpr  unqueftionable,  except  that 
think  the  quantity  of  each  ihould  have  been  added. 

In  the  2d  place  we  muft  pbferve,  that  the  number  dF'g 
fields  amounts  to  13,  and  of  the  ^rablc  to  20^  'Xwo  arevv 
land,  and  two  are  called  experimental  fields.  AH  th^  ouik 
great  figure,  bei^g  marked  with  the  letters  cf  tl\e  alphabet  lis 
larly,  and  by  a  fecond  alphabet  with  afterifms,  as  far  ai  ll 
But  the  impartiality  of  Reviewers  obliges  us  to  add,  tblt 
number  of  thefe  fields  appears  to  be  much  more  conGden 
than  the  quantity  of  each,  or  0/  airy,  or  of  ifB  o(  them  I 

In  Mr.  Y9ung*s  introdu^ry  explanations,  thc^  U^^ 
things  yrell  worthy  the  attention  ot  judicious  Rfyiewei^  ] 
of  his  Readers. 

The  moft  confiderable  of  thefe^  is  our  Author's  medio^ 
ftatlng  the  expences  of  his  experiments;  a  point  6f'fof| 
confequence,  that  the  fenfible  Reader,  without  being  fiuufiM 
this,  cannot  acquiefce  in  any  experiment.  .'      -   ' 

Oiir  Author  obfervcs  tha^  tl;iere  are  three  methods :. 

I  ft,  Taking  the  general  hiring  prices  of  the  country  j   ,^ 

2d,  Stating  only  what  is  certain,  \\z.  the  labour; 

3d,  Stating  the  adlu^l  coft. 

Obje£)ions  to  all  occur ;  as  to  the  ifl.  That  th^xe  Is  aji 
at  the  hiring  prices,  which  (^ould  not  go  to  expellees. 

To  the  2d,  That  the  variations  in  other  articles  of  expenca 
keeping  horfrs  or  oxen)  may  be  conbderable  j  and  that  m 
leaves  the  refult  of  the  experiment  very  incoipplcte. 

To  the  3>d,  That  r//z( expence^  may  be  accidentally  |^ 

.(han  they  ought  in  general,  as  doing  (hat  hy  raie  aw^ 

which  (hould  be  done  by  the'drill- plough,  4ic.      '  ""     '    ; 

Mr.  Young  deteripined  to  follow  the  2d  method,  jt 
as  to  call  in  the  aid  of  the  ^d^  and  to  deduct  the  expcnci 
tlie  cattle,  of  wear  and  iear,  from  the  profit^  or  (which OB 
to  the  fame  thing)  add  them  to  the  1q(s. 

Wc  mu{l  however  give  our  judgmc(it  for  the  3d^  med 
as  iht:  (leurf/i  aruJ  mo/i  tomjjmifigi  and  we  believe  that  w! 
ever  impartial  perfon  looks  into  any  one  of  the  experimeni 
this  courfc,  \vi.\  find  that  Mr.  Young,  by  endeavourin| 
unite  the  2d  and  3d  methods,  has  gained,  nothuig  b^t 
plexity.  We  who  Jujff^er  muft  be  allowed  to  complatiu  ' 
ncedlcfs  trouble  is  it,  firi^  to  ilate  what  be  calls  the  fnfit^ 


Young*J  Courft  tf  ixpeiimmtal  Agriathun^  f^e*  j 67 

rten  to  have  the  ckar  profit  to  calculate^  when  the  whole  inight 
have  been  done  at  9ncef 

W^  rnqft  here  note,  that  we  apprehend  the  greateft  difficuhy, 
by  f^y  in  Hating  t\itirue  cxpences,  to  be,  the  deternr^ining  what 
ought  natly  to  be  allowed  for  keeping  of  cattle^  lofs  in  their 
wonh,  and  wear  and  tear.  We  fomctimes  hope^  for  the  credit  of 
agricijhure,  when  we  fee  lofs  by  fo  many  crops,  that  Mr, 
Yoeng  may  iiwduntarily  hnve  rated  thcfc  articles  too  high. 

In  the  2d  CKptanation  we  intirdy  approve  Mr.  Young's 
ftating  the  nal  not  national  prices  of  the  produtEls ;  efpecially 
as  we  believe  that  the  latter  can  fcarce  poiEbly  be  (tatcJ  witti 
accuracy. 

In  hts  3d  explanation  he  has  juflly  noted  that  fomc  of 
bit  crops  were  not  manured  for ;  and  though  he  thinks  experts 
menti  on  unmanurtd  fields  equally  ufeful,  (as  in  fome  refpe^lf 
they  may  be,)  wc  can  never  know  whther  and  hw  far  the 
failure  of  crops  was  owing  to  this  failure  of  manurcp 

In  his  6th  explanation  Mr«  Young  notes,  that  he  charges 
t!  ent  paid   for  the  ground,  and  that  it  is  equal  to  what 

T  ^/ibourhood  pay  for  the  like.     This  point   however  we 

ebend  is  of  no  great  confequcncc,  if  the  kind  of  ground  bis 
•vvaiately  Jefcribed*,  as  any  pcrfon  inclined  to  try  the  experi- 
ment can  eafily  make  allowance  for  the  higher  or  lower  rent 
which  he  pays  for  like  ground*  Such  a  Gentleman  as  Mr. 
Young  dcfcribes,  who  rates  his  own  impro'jid  homc-flall  as  only 
equal  to  his  neighbour's  unimproved  one,  may  thence  foolilhly 
deduce  marvcllo'is  fucccfs,  but  deferves  no  attention. 

Wc  highly  approve  the  caution  of  Mr.  Young  in  his  laft 
^ -rbnation,  viz.  Not  to  charge  the  real  ixpena  of  rah  an  J 
Mork^  or  of  repairing  Mr.  Randoms  w^Heh  drill-plaugh  ; 
but  the  price  of  the  work  performed  by  got^I  injirummiiy  on 
foppofitioo  of  which  alone  a  comparifou  betwixt  the  old  and 
mw  hufbandry  can  fairly  be  made.  However,  as  he  confdTet 
that  there  are  dcftds  in  all  drill -ploughs  yet  produced,  which 
mufl  incrcjfc  the  expcncc,  it  feemi  as  if  no  fair  cdmparifon 
had  yet  been  made  \  and  finks  the  value  of  ^11  Mr.  Youp;j'jt 
rxp.-rimeuta  on  this  head. 

FTi  hi  continued  in  our  ntxi*} 


U  ♦ 


MONTHI^t 


[     168    ] 


ONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For     FEBRUARY,     ij}u 

MlStELLANEOirs. 

Irf.   13.  Tii  mw  Latin  and  En^lijh  DklUnary  dtftgned  far  th$ 

V/e  €f  pri*-jate  Scb^$is^  and  pri*^aU  Educathn  ;  Cental niflg  all  the 
Words  and  Phrafes  proper  for  reading  (he  claHic  Authors  in  barl% 


Djlly,  \i:u 


A. 
or 


.i^aDguagcA.    By  John  En<tkk»  M.  A.    8vo,    41 

'E  are,  by  no  means,  of  opinron»  that  this  won 
ail  the  words  ftnd  phrii(cs  which  ic  may  be  oc 
proper  for  the  ftudent  to  confult,  in  pcrafing  the  Roman 
tiiorc  of  hu  own  counLry.  The  campilcr,  by  throwing  ir 
Into  the  title  of  his  book^  Jiicovers  a  contempt  of  former  Lcxi^o* 
eraphcrs.  which  his  merits  give  him  no  ground  to  entertain.  His 
publication  may  be  of  ufc  to  thofci  who  have  juf!  entered  upon 
he  ftudy  of  the  Latin,  but  can  afpirc  no  higher;  and,  though  Mr. 
{En tick,  •  hai  p^ff^d  fipy  ytars^  thhtr  m  a  prt*vate  f»if>r^  m  fiho^h 
kajitr^  ^  /r  ivrttir  for^  r--''  *  -  • '  -"^f  nf  thi  pff/t^  and  had  the  ad- 
atagc  of  #  rfgulof  Ur  n  f^r  Uit  yf^ift  j  riicre  would , 

belittle  diiiiculty   i  1  r^^i^utui^   a  worlc  on  a  fimilar  plan*  aii4 
eftrly  within  the  (kmt  compalv  ^^^"^  would  tnlinitdy  exceed  hl^ 
Dcribrmitcc^ 
^rt.  14.  Ij$  Guidi  du  Trad(4^em\  or,  the  *  Entertaining  and 
inHra^ivc  Excicifes  rendered  into   French*      By  John  Pcrrin* 
12  mo*     S9,    Law. 

Sec  Review,  vol.  xt,  p,  78.  where  our  Readers  will   nnd  a  brief 
lcommendr.t:<>ri  of  th-^rf  I^xftri/n  :  Art*  24.  of  the  catalogue. 
\lU  I  J.  :fhfr  IfUfiam  OrfianFj   a    fifuit^   who 

bcfnir  ce,  among  the  reft  of  thai  fociety^  tra- 

vt  !f*h  AftB,  Afric*,  and  America,  and  at  laft  becamcit 

gfM         _  .::jnt,    Bvo,    od.    Printed  for  J.  Mackenzie^  in  Wood-* 
ir  lireet 

h   Pretends  to  give  an  account  of  the  travels  of  one  Father  Orleans* 

y^'ho  fct  fail  from  the  port  of  London  in  I764»  for  Gibraltar;  fiom 

irhence   he  rambled   to   Tripoli,    Pamafcus,    Aleppo,  Jcruf*ileaii 

Grand  Cairo,  Mecca,  ^c,  &c»     At  length  be  arrives  in   America, 

fv/herc  he  becomes  a  follower  of  White  field,  and  an  aiTociate  of 

[^^elT.  Jdhn  aild  Charles  WcHey. It  fcems  to  be  all  lies,  abfar- 

lity,  cant,  and  nonfenfc ;  calculated  to  tmpofe  on  credulous  undH^ 
^erning  Readers.     [  '         .  . 

Mlrt.  16,  Cofjftdiratiom  on  tht  pnfint  Statt  of  the  Pieragi  &f 
Scotland,  AddrefTed  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Bucdcugh.  By  n 
Peer  of  Scotland  f.  Svo.  6  d,  Cadell.  x-j-^i, 
Wc  are  glad  to  find,  that  the  Peers  of  Scotland  are  begitintng  to 
Lfecover  their  importance.  They  are  intitled  to  invetl  fixteen  of  their 
pumber  with  the  higheil  dignity  to  which  a  BntiHi  fubjeft  can 
Jpire,     But  from  the  methods  employed  in  the  ele^ion  of  thefe,  it 


mv 


^  See  hh  addrefs  to  the  teacllers  ^f  ihe  Latin  tOAgue, 
t  Lord  Elibank, 


I 
1 


iippcarf, 


Political 


*«# 


appears,  that  they  have  been  polled  in  the  houfe  of  Lords  for  the 
mere  porpofe  of  fupporting  the  mcafores  of  govern menr.  They  were  < 
fuppoM  to  have  no  opinions  of  their  o^vn,  and  obeycci,  with  a 
pHant  ferTUity,  ihe  mac  dates  of  a  minifter  Nor  are  the  advantagrt 
ariiirrg  frorrx  their  deg^Mdidon,  to  be  compared  to  thofc  which,  in 
the  event  of  their  fut  eit^h/r,  will  refuk  to  thcmfclves,  to  the  ranic 
to  which  they  belong,  and  to  the  cotantry  they  reprefenr.  Thefc 
:iciiiars  rr  *       -^^  -    ^     . -^  _.   m^ent,  and  tnach 

net'  of  c  leftire  m. 

17,  The  ucm^'Utf  naKi-r ;  ui  k  ivictnod  or  cfFcflually  raifing 
a  Btifhel  of  Flour  with  a  Tea^fpoonful  of  Barm  •,  intended  to  ob- 
V  :  Difficulties  Bak«Ts  are  often  put  to*  for  W.iflt  of  a 

^  rm.— fn  which  is  Hkewilriher^'TT,  that  rhf  Caufe  of  ^ 

P  g  ciole  and  heavy,  h  entirely  o\\  jng . 

'   ir  ted  with   the  Nature   of  Barm    r  ^mea , 

Stone,  ot   Amporr,  in  HofnpO.irc.     hlvo      t  s,     Saliihury  printed, . 
for  the  Author,  and  fold  by  Crowder  in  London.   -  '      ^ 

Mr.  Jam«?s  Stone  defcrves  rhc  thanks  of  aTl  ihofewho  arcintrrtjfted 
111  the  point  in  qoeiHon.  The  effects  of  barra,  as  wcl!  n;  of  m^y 
acker  ferment s«  may  by  a  proper  management   bcc.^:  ?«- 

[ j^Mrmi. — The  kn«i    1'**^^'  <^f  this  U£i  ii  tiic  fbundatiou  t,.  ^..^  uiiTC- 
€o»i  which  are  h  icd. 

Aft.  18*  A  Jh$ti  x^ufnf^ar  and  Voeahuhry  tf  th^  Msntt  Le^* 

i"^'-     ^^^*     '  *•  ^^*     Fiexccy,     1771- 
-  T'     "     ^:o^  of  this  publication  may  be  very  well  itqaabtcd  wttTi 
tht  language;  bat  the  materials  he  cmpbyi  are  fo  fcanty, 

that  L.  cy  tjrnilh  but  an  imperfeft  idea  of  it;  and,  on  this  account,  , 
little  advantage  can  refuk  froni  his  work. 

Political., 
Art*  19.  A  ftii  Addfifi  u  Fmrnm.     By  William  Sharp,  Jun. 
8vo.     6  d,     Flexncy.     J  771. 

This  performance  ii  compofcd  with  m*»rc?  paffion  than  judgment ; 
and,  though  we  refpeQ  the  caofe  it  would  fervc,  \vc  mufl  thinki  ihai 
it«  intereH  may  rather  be  hurt,  than  promoted  by  it* 
Art.  20.  A  Littir  to  R^hfrt  Morris^  Mfqi  wherein  the  Rife  and 

Progrcfs  of  our  political  Difpaces  arc  confidercd.     Together  with 

fomc  Obfervations  on  the  Power  of  Judges  and  Juries,  as  rdating 

to  the  Cafes  of  WoodfaH  and  Almon,     bva.    a  I.  6d.    Baldwin. 

1771. 

Great  abilities,  furely,  are  nccefTary  to'  the  writer,  who,  in  a  ht^ 
country^  would  inculcate  JefTons  of  fubjcdioa  and  depcndance.  The 
Anthor,  however,  of  the  pamphlet  before  us,  though  he  is  an  advo^ 
eate  for  prerogative  and  tyranny,  has  no  great  claim  to  fagacity  or 
eIo<]uence.  Bold  a/Tertion,  and  a  feeble  attempt  towards  wit,  he 
has  fubflituted  in  the  place  of  argument  and  reafoning* 
Art.  2f»  Fne  Thoughts  on  tht  prtjtnt  State  of  fuhlk  Afairi^  iii^ 
a  Letter  to  a  Friend,     bvo.     is*     177c- 

The  Writer  of  this  letter  profcffes,  that  he  has  no  Intimacy  with 
pDlIticians;   and  acknowledges,    that  politic  c  out  of  hli 

province.     On  what  title,  tlien»  it  may  be  a  he  prcfamb 

t^  treat  of  public  afTalrs  ?  He  has  Ukewlfc  infv^imc^  hii»  Rsatijei^  iVi^t| 


1 

»  mas  em 


lyO  MoKTHLY    CATAtDClff, 

with  reg&rd -to  the  prcfent  polkical  contefts,  he  hzs  do 

ooe  way»  or  the  other.     His  performance,  however,  extolSf  bcyo 

xneafure,  all  the  a£b  of  admintHratioQ ;  and  he  is  perpetuaiJy  i 

preEing  his  diilike  of  v^hat  he  terms  *  the  prefent  public  coim 

lions. — the  anivzin^  ferment  among  the  people^ — and   the  got 

ti;i*:onrcntof  tiic  iiatlon.'     We  perceive  nothing  in  bis  letter  t! 

irvduce  us  to  recoinmeiid  tt  to  the  public. 

^.    .  21,   J  Litter  to  iU  Rgv,  Mr.  John  IVtpyi  in  Anfol 

K         Utc  Pamphlet,  entitled.  '  Free  Thoughts  on  the  prefcnfl 

W   of  pablic  Affair*/     fivo,     9  d.     Towers,  ^ 

W  Tkii  addrefa  to  Mr*  Weiley  contains  an  examination  of  the  m 

remarkable  pafTages  in  the  preceding  article*     It  iJ  fpirited  aa^ 

ible  ;  and  the  opinioas  u  combais^  defjerved  not^  in  our  jud|H 

io  able  a  re  fa  tat  ion. 

Jiiv  23^  Public  Account t  of  Sei vices  and  Grants  :  fliewingh 
L     the  Money  given  for  each  Yeitr  hai>  been  difpofcd  of;  what  fi 
E     leroain  unfatisfied;  and  the  Balance  of  Overplus  and  IXeticiefl 
V;   To  which  is  added,  an  Introdudory  Preface  to  explain  partkc 
I-    Farts,  and  a  Table  of  the  Totals  ci"  Services  and  Grants,  nnd 
B     the  Acls  of  Parliament  pafTed  esch  Year  hi  the  Ways  n 
i     likcwifc  an  Index  to  the  fundry  Services*     By  Sir  Cli^i 
K     worthy   Chairman  of  the   Committee  of  Supply  and   Ways  J 
W     Means.     Folio,     5  s.  fewed.     Robfon.     177 1, 
r    The  public  is  obfieed  to  Mr.  Whitworth  for  this  valuable  « 
jMinnication,  the  worth  of  which  will  be  eftijnatcd  folcly  by  iu  < 
Kednefs ;  and  of  its  corrctluefs  we  can  entertain  no  degree  of  doi 
P^he  accounts  arc  extracted  from  the  parliamentary  Journals,  c< 
Knencing  with  the  year  1722;    before  which  time  they  were 
■  legularly  entered*     The  articles  arc  arranged  under  the  partkj 
I  lieads  of  Nirvy^  Ordnance^   Forces^  Surniry  Ser*vicet,  Dtfcienc^^k 
f^  —  Spch  a  colledion  of  our  annual  public  accounts  cannolV 
ifcciog  ver)^  ufeful,  as  the  re fpc^able  Compiler  obferves,  not  onl) 

£  embers  of  parliaa^cnt,  but  to  c^ci'y  attentive  K9a4er  of  ~ 
l^ory.  ^ 

W  In  order  to  authenticate  hii  publication,  and  reijdor  it  t^ 
gjtrctuy,  Mr.  Whitworth  has  infer  ted  the  volume  and  pagjs  of 
Pjocrnals,  where  referred  to,  with  the  name  and  date  when  and 
U|  horn  the  account  was  prefentqd :  and  he  has»  further,  though 
Vbroper  to  add,  to  the  accounts  of  ferviccs^and  grants,  extradfol 
K  ievetal  ads  relative  to  the  three  capital yi*«40,  the  a^grtgstr^  gm 
w^v\^  fiftM/i^  fuods^  recited  in  the  ^ery  words  of  the  lUtuteii  to 
tvent  miflalces, 
F^rt..  34.  Tba  Liiv^irs  invtjfigakd*    In  a  Series  of  Letters 

l^^drefTcd  to  the  Right  Hcuourable  E ►  Tk- -,    Sir  S 

I     S he.  Sir  W M d,  kc.^    By  W.  G.  of  Richmc 

'     and  the  Lawyers  Letters  in  Reply,  with  other  aec4ful  YqucI 

fiycT'     1  *'  6  d.     HingJey- 
-       The  tranfadions  alluded   10  in  this  performance  may  have  hi 
nraJ  foundation  ;  but  we  do  not  think  it  was  neceffary  to  pobli 
■ilull  ferics  of  letters,  to  let  the  worjd  l^iOWf  t^t  lijV^'yer*/^ 
PjUfled  to  fraiidi  and  chicanery,  *'" 


i 


L   A   Wt 


ty» 


Aft  25-  Thf  yuiymaffs  Twchjjme  :  or,  a  full  Refutation  of 
Lord  Mim£cld's  luwie/r  Opinion  in  Crown  Libels.  AddrciTed 
to  all  tkc  J  mora  of  England »  by  the  Ccnibr  General.  8vo.  2  a. 
Eviiu, 

TEe  AQthof  of  tliis  pamphlet  has  pabliffied  Ic,  nnder  tW  per- 
btfion,  that  it  wc^uld  be  of  ufe  to  his  GonntryroeQ  ;  and  thii  ia  the 

ily  commendation  that  we  can  beftow  upon  it. 
^rt.  a&.  f^^^  Sefk*tns,  The  speeches  at  large  which  were  made 
in  a  gTC:;t  Afftmbly  on  the  27th  of  November  laft,  wh.n  Mr. 
Phipp&  made  a  Motion,  *  For  Leave  to  bring  in  a  Bill  to  amend 
the  A^  of  William  the  Third,  which  empowers  the  Attorney 
Generti  to  file  Informations  ex  effido.*  And  on  the  6th  of  Decern- 
httf  when  Serjeant  Glynn  moved,  *  That  a  Committee  Ihould  be 
appointed  to  cnqaire  into  the  Adminiftration  of  criminal  JuiHcc, 
and  the  Proecedings  of  the  Judges  in  Weftminllcr-halJ,  fanicu- 
Ufij  im  Ctijif  fflating  to  the  Lihrty  «f  the  Prefs^  and-  the  conflitia- 
donaj  Power  and  Duty  of  Juries,  Svo.  2  1.  Woodfall^  in  White- 
Friajs. 

Thcfe  fpecches  are  faid,  by  the  Editor,  to  contain  the  fcntimenti 
pF^c  fpcakeri  to  whom  they  are  afcribed  ;  and  we  have  no  reafoa 
p(bfpc£l  his  veracity.  Concerning  their  merit,  it  is  fufficient  for 
uiio  obfcrve,  that  it  is,  by  no  means,  in  proportion  to  the  import- 
ance of  the  topics  to  which  they  rcl^itc. 

hxu  %J.  A  Difikgue  betwitn  a  Lawyw  and  a  Country  Gem* 
firman^  ufCM  the  Suljeff  tf  tbi  Game  Ltrwi,  relative  t9  Haree^ 
frnftrtdgii^  and  Fhtafanti :  Wherein  ia  fhewu,  the  fcvcral  Ijuali- 
Bcations  to  kill  Gamt ;  ihcFenaltiej  fuchPerfons  are  liable  to,  who 
kill  them  without  fuch  Qualificarions ;  the  '*'anner  of  recovering 
tach  Penalties,  and  being  punilhed  as  Trefpaflers ;  the  DtfltHnisn 
between  voluntary  and  involuntary  Trefpaflers ;  the  neceffary  ^tept 
l(>  be  taken  to  make  wilful  Trefpaflers,  and  the  Conftqutnces  of 
being  fuch;  together  with  fomc  Oh/ervathns  upon  die  c  ia^^* 
To  which  are  added  Three  Titles ^  (hew;n^,  at  one  View,  the 
Offnuest  the  S/atufet  creating  them,  the  PtrJ^ru  to  whom  the  Pe^ 
Maliies  arc  given,  the  Mnnner  of  Recovery,  and  laftly  the  feveral 
Penalties  a  Pcrfon  may  be  liable  to  by  one  Aft.  With  a  Letter  to 
John  Glynn,  Efq;  Scijcant  at  Law,  and  Reprefentative  of  the 
County  of  Middlcfcx,  upon  the  Penal  La*w4  of  this  Country.  B/ 
a  Gentleman  of  Lincoln's  Jnn,  a  Freeholder  of  Middlefex- 
Tbe  title  of  this  publication  is  (9  ample  and  diiFufc^  that  there  ja 
nooccafion  for  ms  to  fpealc  of  its  contents*  The  dialogue  cojotains  % 
^!try  jufl  cenfure  of  the  fc verity  of  the  game-laws.  TJ*c  letter  to 
Mr.  Glynn  on  thf  pei^al  laws  is  Icfs  fadsfai^lory, 

h       A       W, 

Art  28.  A  Summary  of  the  Law  cf  Lihd :  in  four  Letters^ 
'  (fgned  PhileUutHefHs  A^gUcanyi^  addxelTed  to,  and  printed  ia,  the 
'    *'ublic  Advcrtifer, '  8vo.     6  4-     BUdon     r77i. 

'fhde  letters  abound  witK  mallerly  reileftions  on  the  law  of  libel  ; 
Itnddiicovcr  that  indignant  fpirit,   with  which  the  worthy  citizea 

xnuft  furvey  the  proceedings  of  mtn^  who  WOuld  itifcitigt  ^TV  ^Q 
hwi  sndfQuMtudon  of  their  cotfl3(r/« 


I 


J7^ 


MONTHLV  CATAtOCD£f 


Medical. 

Art.  29.     Duis  DiJfirtatUnts  in  Publicise    &c.      Two  Diflir-I 
tacioQi  deLivered  in  the  publk  Schools  ac  Cambiidge.    h  The! 

Knowledge  of  Anatomy  is  not  principally  ncceflary  lo  the  Fradice 
' .  lOii  Idedlcine.      il«  The  Deformiues  of  the  Foetus  do  not  dxiiei 
rrftwa  the  lonagifiation  of  the  Mother.      To  which  is  added, 
FloriUgium  Medicifm^    (jingUce  a  medical  Noiegay,)  or  EjeuaAij 
from  iheGieek  of  Hippocrates,  with  a  new  Latin  Tr3oilatioc,J 
1^0tc4   and  ExDendatioDs.     %y  Thomas  Okes.    M.  D.    CaiKii6.i 
Svo.     3S,    Caddl,  Sec    177c- 
.  The  I  wo  dlflTcrtadojis  are  college  dtdamathm, — And  the  extracts  i 
£poia  Hipooc rates  are  intended  as  a  fpecimcn  of  a-  larger  work  of  I 
the  £uiie  kind*     Cai(ri>rum  Hifpecrmis  hi*rorum   ufilt^a  frth  f»4fml 
€itt£mt  mt^nduri  mt^dlur^ — It  is  on  account  of  thb  larger  work^  that ! 
ottr  Author  the  following  advertifemcnt.T-Dr*  Okcs  begs  ^ 

the  favour  o!  cntlemcn  who  will  be  fo  kind  as  to  communt* 

cate  aiiy^obfervations.  to  fend  them  to  him  at  Cambridge^  or  order 
them  to  be  left  at  Mr*  White's,  Btx>kfcller.  Fleetllreet,  London,  poll 
^aidt  a»  the  frofltt  ariiing  froxo  the  fale  of  the  book  arc  intended  for  • 
the  benciit  of  i^dcnbrokc**  hofpiul  in  Cambridge.' 

From  the  fpcdmcn  before  us,  Dr*  Okes  appears  to  be  well  ae* 
^aainud  with  the  Greek;   and  to  be  competently  ^ualihed  for  l^J 
work  in  c|Ueliion, 

Art*   30,    A  Diffiriathn  m  the  Spafmsdk   Ajlhma  af  ChUdrm : 
in  a  Letter  10  \>t,  Millar*     By  Benjamin  Rufh,  M-  D.  Profpilor 
of  Chemiilry  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia*    SVP*    I  ^»    Cadell^j 
&.C,    1770.  ^  ^ . 

This  DjsjiRTATioN  was  ^(l  publiihed  in  a  /  '  vi- 

ffifer.    The  obfcnrations  it  contains^  are  ncithti  .1  fii  ■ 

important  A»  to  merit  a  republication* 

Mathematical, 
Article  31,  Cyckmathifts  \  er^  an   eafy  IntrQduilhn  t9  lhifinerat\ 
Bf ambit  tfthtMathtmatki,     Principally  designed  for  the  lofthuc* 
lion  of  yoting  Students  before  they  enter  upon  the  more  abftrufe 
«nd  djftculc  Paris.     By  Mr.  Emerfon,     8vo*     lo  Vols,     5  I,  5  s, 
Nf>«fre, 

The  feveraltolumcs  of  which  this  work  conftils,  have  been  fcpa- 
rlt«Jy  menrioncd  in  our  late  Review*^  at  the  times  of  their  rcfpc&ive 
publ  cations. 

Art-  32.  An  Aitanpt  h  tllujfreti  the  U/^/uIni/s  4/  Decimal  Arhh- 
rttik^  in  tke  Rev.  Mr,  Brown's  Method  of  working  intermtnate 
Fraaions.  Fo  which  is  now  added  Jif  Appcmitx.  By  William 
Rivet,  tfq;  the  fecotid  Editioa,  itmo*  i  9»  6  d.  Brown. 
1:71. 

♦  Thia  fmall  trcitlfe  on  decimal  arithmetic,  in  the  method  of  Mr, 
Blown 4  w#  have  formerly  had  occasion  to  fpeak  of  with  approbation  \ 
■        The  Appendix,  which  is  new,  (and  is  fold  fcparatcly  J)  con- 

•  tains  a  brief  nbtlrad  of  the  work  itfelf,  together  with  tables  for  ex- 
pediting the  calcula^on  of  ail  annoities^  peniions,  &c,  conftrttdcd 


See  RcviCw,  vol*  ;vxix,  p.  479, 


X  Price  6d. 


tt  C  Y  M  t  u  i;j 

CO  Ac  pUn  wliidi  the  Author  had  laij  down  ;  of  which  we  need 
odjr  dy^  that  the  ufe  of  them  is  illuilraied  by  two  cr  three  ex- 
ii^kt^  atid  tins  I  hey  may  be  acceptable  to  thofe  who  are  deitiOui 
^mtMimtj  nod  difpsiich  in  all  fuch  matters* 

Novels. 

Alt.  3J*  7^#  (kntrajl:  or,  Hiftory  of  Mif«  Wcldoa  and  Mir^ 

Mofcly.     I  jjno.     2  Vols.     5  a,  fewcd.     Noble. 

Two  female  chara^ers  form  ihe  oppofition  alluded  to  in  the  fo/e« 

^hg  title  ;  each  Lady  is  beautiful  and  accompltlhed,  bat  very  dif-^ 

iimU^  in  inclinations  and  manners.    Although  both^  being  rclationsp 

were  brought  up  in  the  fame  family^  one  of  them  was  gay,  giddj^, 

tod  ejftr^vigant  i  (he  other,  decent,  thoughtful,  and  prudent-    The 

lift  marricf,  and  ruios  her   hulband   by  her  iadifcrciions.      Her 

tiGtt&a  alfo  becomes  a  wife ;  and  is  efleeped  and  admired  by  all  who 

\mi  her;   while  the  diOipated  6^mc  h  pitied  by  fome  ii&d  dcfplfed 

Tbc  adventures  in  which  thefe  contraflcd  heroine?  are  inr--T' -- ', 
ire  inter etVmg  and  exemplary  ;  and  their  ftory,  upcn  the 
tkot^  not  ©r  the  higheU  rank  in  thi5  fipccics  of  literature,  licurvc-^ 
cnnaendatjon  for  its  good  tendency.  An  evening  or  two  fpent,  by 
lyottBg  female,  in  perufing  it,  may  tiot  only  \c  iniii  '  m. 
ployed^  but  perhaps  attended  with  fomc  degree  of  imp. 
Art.  34,  L^uifa,  A  fentiment *l  Novel.  42rao.  3$,  ^ovvndcs. 
A  very  high  encomium  on  this  performance  is  pre^xcd  to  tt ;  in 
wbidi  the  Editor  aOurcj  the  public,  that  it  is  the  elegant  pr  '  of 

iLidy,  who,  to  a  fine  genius,  hns  added  everv^  tidrnnn^e  c  ^  be 

<Jerl¥cd  from  a  polite  education:* — an  affcr  h  will  noti^'cigh 

niodi  with   tliofe  readers  who  may  apprcL  :  the  two  ItrtTrrl, 

T.M,  fubfcribed  to  it,  are  by  no  means  iiiiticient  vouchers  for  \pk 
wracity.  *  Who  is  this  Mr.T.  M.  i  they  may  aflc ;  and  they  ivW 
y«fen,  for  further  fatisfadion,  as  to  the  merits  of  the  work,  to  the 
wtemal  evidence  afforded  by  itfelf,  in  fupport  of  the  great  ch«rti^er 
^ft  giren  it :— and,  in  juliice  to  M^dtm  Louift,  we  muft  oblcrve, 
Mi  we  believe  this  evidence  will  not  turn  out  altogether  unfavouf- 
'blc  to  the  Editor*s  allegations^  particularly  with  rcfpeft  to  the 
*ii«ftity  and  refinement  of  the  Lady's  fentimeats,  and  the  €aiy>  qji- 
^e^cd  flow  of  her  language,  Yet  we  do  not  look  upon  this^ovel 
^  an  high^ wrought  compofition .  J i  docs  rot  feem,  to  £is,  entitled 
|o  ftand  in  the  firft  rank  of  this  order  of  books  of  entertainment  j 
**Qt  ir  is,  undoubtedly,  in  6ur  eftimation,  greatly  to  be  preferred  to 
^fcf  m$6  tf  thim^  and  efpccially,  to  thofc  *  loofcr  produdions  of  the 

Ptrfi,  *vi  '     'te  the  manners,  aod  corrupt  the  heart  :*—Tas  tJic 

dicor  ^  ios  himfcif* 

»rt  f]f  the  Pajftms  ;    cr^  Syrian  and  Bgypiian 

A  acd  from   ihc  French  oi^  the  Author  of  the 

School  ot  friend liiip,     2  Voh.     iimo.     5s   fewcd-     livans*    l'^70* 
Tbefc  :,nccdores  are  lb  frivolous^  atul  A)infjpid>  t)xax  they.co^^ot^ 
H^  /   excite   the  attention,    or .  coivuibvkl^  tja  \3fcft 


^ 


1?©EX  VCiw^« 


i74 


Monthly  CATAtocufit 


K  P  O  1    T    I   C   A   t.  ' 

P  Art.  %6i  Thi  Satirijiy  a  Poem,     4to.     2  »*     Robfbff. 

Thi$  poem  is  written  in  fmooth  harmonioas  niiniber»|  but  ii  et« 

tremely  defe^ive    in  plan  and  perfpicuity.      It    if  a  darlc  cfaioi^ 

f  «vhere  a  number  of  unconneded  images  are  jumbling  in  endleft  coo* 

I   fuHon. 

I  Art.  37.  Fecal  Mufic^  or  the  Songfter's  Companion ;  coneint^ 

■  ing  a  new  and  choice  CoIIe^ion  of  the  greatefl  Variety  ofSongif 
I       Cantatas^  ^c.     With  the  Mufic  pfefued  to  each,     12010.    |s. 

■  Horsficld.     1770- 

B  The  plan  of  this  colledion  Will  render  it  pc^uHdjIy  acceptable  ti 
I   lingersv  the  mufic  being  prefixed  to  each  long,  ^c.     The  Editot 

■  apologizes  for  the  omiiEon  of  the  baffcj  and  fymphonics,  whicK 
I  might  be  ufcful  to  proficients  on  the  harpfichord,  1-c.  by  obfcmnj 
I  that  they  would  have  fwelled  the  book  beyond  the  intended  limit/, 
\  and  have  lefTcned  the  number  and  variety  of  the  Tongs ;  befide  cb£ 
I  moft  of  thefc  com  poll  (tons  may  be  had  fingty  at  the  muHc  fhops,  ^ 
B  a  v^tj  cheap  rate. — There  are  none  of  thofe  indecent,  ribaltiiy 
1   pieces  infcrted,  by  which  other  coile.'tiou  have  been  difgraced. 

I    Art,  38,  An  Eligy  on  tbi  late  Revtnnd  Ge&r^i  IVbiufitUy  M.  A, 
k       who  died  Sept.  30,  177c,  in  the  fifty-fixth  Year  of  his  Age*    B/ 
I       Charles  We fley,  M.  A,  Prefbyier  of  Che  Church  of  England*   %n* 
I       6d.     Keith. 
I  *  Till  quite  fbrfaken  both  of  man  and  God, 

■  *  Jcfus  appeared,  and  help*d  his  unbelief* 

Wc  have  been  told  by  utoH  divines  that  the  Author  of  our  reli|i0fl 
t    was  both   man  and  God  \  many  have  ^.^txitA  that  he  was  no  rooft 
I    than  man^  but  Mr.  Charles  WcHey  it  fcems  will  have  it  that  he  ^if 
I  neither. 
"    Art*  39.  An  Eligy  tin  the  Death  tf  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gecrge  IVhlii* 

ftld.    By  B.  Francii.    4tD.     Briilot  printed  for  the  Author,  lad 

ibid  in  London  by  Buckland,  Src, 

We  fometimes  roeet  with  humour  in  places  where  we  could  kiit 
cxpeS  to  find  ic  :   in  pious  fermons,  and  paihcric  lamcntaiioni  fcf 

■  the  kfs  of  a  departed  preacher.  Thus,  in  the  doleful  elegy  bcfort 
I  us,  among  the  many  wonderful  efftds  of  Mr*  W*s  minilliatiofli 
I    wc  are  cold  that 

*  *  The  gay,  the  wanton,  (or  redemption  groan. 

And  droukard'i  thirft  — for  living  ftreams  alone/ 

■  ly  The  title-page  informs  us  that  this  poem*ha5  Utti  a  Jis^\ 
P  cdiuon  \ — which  perhaps  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  thofe  who  Ui 

^cU  read  in  the  ftcret  btfiary  of  title-pages. 

Art.  40.  An  Elegiac  Epi/lle  from  John  Halfer,  wh9  was  impnjffi 
m  §n  bis  Return  from  the  Eeif  Indies ^  to  Sufanna,  his  Wife.  Friotrf 
I  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Author,  now  confined  on  board  a  Tender* 
I       4to.    6d.    Wilkic. 

m  '  In  this  little  poem  the  cruelty  of  impre(^ng  failori  on  their  return 
I   horn  fong  voyages,  is  pathetically  difplayed.     It  appears  to  Wi^ 

■  been   written   by  fomc   perfoTV  wlhote  \vumatv\Vj  >**^&  ^;^%l  to  b*» 
genius;  noiTibty  by  the  Auibor  of  iTae  Pooruiairi  jjrajfr     <^"'**- 


Vt'%*- 


u 


HUS!IAKDRT« 


'75 


Alt.  41*  Appendix  0d  Optifcula^   Lujm  MtHcL      Odse  Latins  . 

€%  Anglfcae  Mulkrtim  Numcrum  aK|aatitcs,  grttiam  (ludiafc  cden*  M 

te»,   I*  De  Llbercate  et  Fortitudine.     2.  De  Ingenio  et  JiiCu&dl^  I 

t»t«.     3,  De  Chords  ci  Feftiviratc.     4^  Dc  Otio  Medcoiibu?  dc*  I 

bito.     5.  Dc  Seneautc.     6,  Dc  WILKESIO  ct  Libcrtate.    7,  D«  I 

ScDfaam  et  Rationis  Ufu*     8.  De  Baccho  ct  Venerc.     Q.  De  jqAo  I 

ct  icnad  Propofiti  Viro,    Adjiciunttrr  Epigrammaia,  dc  JnfidcIU  I 

bti4^  dc  Seipfop   de  ReviforibtM,    ludcntc  D.  Guliebno  Browne,  I 

4to.     It    6 d«    Dodilej.  I 

Clement  the  Sixih  frequently  complained  of  the  flrength  of  hi»  I 

memory;  that,  with  regard  to  his  reading,  it  would  not  let  him  for-  I 

get  what  he  wifhed  to  forget.     Woe  10  the  Reviewers,   were  their  I 

memories  compofed  of  the  fame  tenacious  materials !  Had  one  jiagf#  I 

potion,  of  the  many  that  Sir  William  Browne  has  given  as»  (laid  I 

vpon  the  ilomach,    we  had  Jong  ere  now  been  down  among  the  I 

dead  men.      By  good   fortune,   they  qaicldy  worked  upward  and  I 

downward^  and  were  carried  clean  away  by  the  coven  in  which  they  M 

came  I 

Dramatic.  I 

Art*  4a.    Tbi  Reapers^  or  the  Englifhman  out  of  Parta»  2m  I 

Opera.     8vo.     is*  6  d.     Carnan.    1770,  I 

This  Opera,  which  is  abfurdly  called  the  EngUftiroan  out  of  Pari*, 

ji  a  tranfiation  from  a  French  piece  entitled  Lts  M&iffomawi^   Therv 

are  fome  fenfiblc  paflagcs  in  it,  but  neither  plot  nor  intcicfl  j  and  J 

the  laboured  nuantlty  of  rufllc  jargon,  with  which  it  tyzxy  where  I 

abounds,  it  is  impofliblc  to  read.    In  fliort  it  is*  in  our  opinion^  a  I 

very  idle,    injudicious  publication.  I 

Arr.  43,  Tin  Fathrr^  a  Comedy,  iranflated  from  the  French  of  I 

M.  Diderot,  by  the  TranHator  of  Dorval,  &c.     4(0,     5  5.    Bald-  I 

win.     1770*  V 

Were  romance  to  iniinuatc  herfclf  into  the  arm*  of  comedy,  wc  % 

flidald  foon  lofe  fight  of  the  real  drama  of  life.     The  iruc  ponraita  I 

of  nature  would  vaniOi,  and   their  place  would  be  fupplied  by  no-  I 

thing  but  fancy-pieces.     In  ftiort  the  llagc  would  be  wholly  occu-  I 

pied  by  fuch  extravagant  performances  as  the  Father^  in  which  the  1 

cultivated  temper,  and  chailifcd  fpirit,  of  true  comedy,  arc  loft  in  the  I 

wild  difplay  of  ovcr-a£fccd  pafhons,  and  the  difguilful  abfurdity  of 

iU-dire^ted  incidents. 

HuSBANDHY,  J 

Art.  44*   Dc  Re  Rudicaj  or^  ihg  Rep^ftt^  for  fchsi  Paptn  §n  I 

jf^uuhttrif  ArfSt  and  ManufaBurtiy     8vo,     2  vols,     12  s.  bound*  v 

'    Davis.     1769^1770.  ^ 

This  work  having  been  lirA  publifhcd  in  numbers,  with  confider*  J 

able  fuccefs,  its  merit  is,  in  courfc,  already  generally  known  among  *  ■ 

the  lorers  and  promoters  of  agriculture,  &c.     We  have,  therefore,  I 

only  to  obfervc,  for  the  fatisfa£lion  of  thofe  few  Readers  of  oar  work  I 

who  may  happen  not  to  be  fuiiiciently  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  I 

thefip  feled  papers,  that  they  are  chiefly  the  communicatioDs  ^  of  the  m 

^  "        ^  rhem  through  the  Sociec/ for  the  encouragement  of  acu%  m 


^^6  CoftRESPONDEKCE. 

ia|;enicu»Aaturaliftsp  mechanics,  a^d  huibandmen  of  oar  own  ctfli- 
tiy ;  and  that  many  of  them  are  truly  valuable*'  and  worthy  the  at- 
tention of  the  curious,  in  relation  to  the  various  improvemcacs  latclj 
made  in  the  feveral  branches  of  knowledge  above-mentioned. 

As  this  is  not  a  regular  periodical  publication,  the  numbers  hvre 
been  for  fome  time  diicontlnued^  and  the  edioors  inform  us,  in  tkdi 
preface,  that  they  ihall  occafionally  offer  thcT  collections  to  thewoddf 
as  materials  of  importance  come  in  ;  but  that  they  will  rather  poft- 
pone  their  communications,  than  make  up  a .  number  with  trifling 
papers. 

Among  the  various  con:riI>(i:ors  to  this  work,  we  cannot  but  dlffifr 
guilh,  I.  Mr.  JohnWynn  Eaker  *,  who,  in  connexion  with  ik* 
Dublin  Society,  has  furr.iil;cd  many  experiments  relating  to  tif 
culture  of  wheat,  together  with  dircd^ion^  for  the  improving  of  bog- 
land,  and  obfervations  on  thceiTeCls  of  lime,  as  a  manure:  2.  Uu 
Baldwin  of  Clapham,  who  Jias  made  many  experiments  on  the  cuhmv 
of  lucerne,  has  invented  an  horfc-hoe,  and  hoe- plough,  for  clcariai 
the  crops  of  this  ufcful  vegetable  from  weeds  and  other  rubbifhj  m 
alfo  an  excellent  drill  plough,  Icfs  cumberfome  and  lefs  complicated 
than  others,  and  at  a  price  that  common  farmers  can  afibrd  to  pay: 
3.  Mr.  Aufrcre  of  Hoveton  in  Norfolk,  who  has  alfo  been  veiycoii- 
ons  in  the  culture  of  lucerne;  4.  Sir  Digby  Lcgard  of  Gahton,  York* 
fhire,  author  of  a  valuable  cfliinatc  of  the  profit  in  the  drill  tfl 
broad- cail  hufbandry,  for  which  the  Society  of  arcs,  &c.  adjadpj 
him  their  gold  medal:  5.  N-r.  Reynolds  of  Adifham,  who  commir 
nicated  an  account  of,  an  J  nic:hod  of  cultivating,  a  new  turnip-rooiij 
Cabbage  for  feeding  cattle,  particularly  fliecp ;  alfo  his  method  of 
rnifing  melons  without  earth,  dung,  or  water,  and  an  account  ^ 
the  caufe  andconfeqncnccof  fmur  in  com,  with  a  method  of  remedy- 
ing that  evil ;  6.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Davies  Lambe,  of  Ridley  in  Kent, 
who,  for  his  memoir  on  the  culture  of  Burnet,  Sec.  deceived  a  pr^ 
mium  from  the  Society  of  arcs,  &:c.  Befides  thefe,  there  are  nuuf 
nfeful  communications,  fent  under  feigned  names  ;  and  difcoveiie| 
and  improvements  of  various  kinds,  made  by  feveral  ingenioos  6- 
reigncrs,  arc  likewife  introduced,  with  trauflations,  and  frequendy 

with  additional  remarks,  &c. 

I,    — ^ 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

A  Letter  has  been  received  from  the  Author  of  Thoughts  on  cefitd 
Punijhments^^  mentioning  fome  errors  of  the  prefs  in  his 
pamphlet,  and  referring  to  pages  iq,  22,  27,  and  28.  This  tia4 
IS  not  now  in  our  pofTciHon,  and  therefore  we  cannot  turn  to  the 
pafTages  in  queftion ;  nor,  indeed,  is  it  our  immediate  bufinefi  to 
redlify  fuch  errors  in  the  -feveral  publications  that  cpme  before  as: 
but  when  our  Friendly  Correfpondents  are  fo  good  as  to  .inform  W 
of  the  mi  flakes  in  our  o;vn  work  (in  which,  we  are  very  confcioai 
there  are  but  too  many)  we  think  ourfelves  much  obliged  to  thevj 
and  (hall  ever  be  ready  to  acknowledge,  and,  as  far  as  in  ourpoWCTi 
amend  the  faults  fu  kindly  pointed  out  to  us. 

*  Of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.    TVus  \\i^eTC\o>aL%  V^^XMitv^asi  11  aP* 

coHedHqo;  his  ftveral  pieces  ihib  ot\c  \o\^mc,  \xi  ^lAw  XA^SusaV^ 

publifhed  in EnglsLiid.  ..  ^    •         k       t 

t  See  the  Catalogue  part  of  our  la&HVoiaV^^civvH.  tax.* 


t: 


T    It    K 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For      MARCH.      1771, 

ArI'.  r.    ContlnuaUon  and  Comlujton  nf  the  Aacunt  of  Malkn'/ 
Nortbim  Antiquitiis* 

TN  ihc  account  which  hath  already  been  offered  *  of  Monf. 
1  Mallet's  Northern  Antiquities,  we  principaity  confineu  our- 
felvcs  to  a  few  general  cxtradls,  relative  lo  the  religion,  wor» 
Ihip,  and  free  fpirrt  of  the  Gothic  nations,  together  with  the 
ibte  of  population  among  them.  There  are,  however,  fo 
r  irious  and  Cntert^jning  circumllanccs  to  be  met  with 

ngenious  work,  that,  if  we  did  not  taVe  feme  farther 
notice  of  it|  we  ihould  not,  perhaps^  do  full  juftice  to  the 
Author,  or  give  our  Readers  that  complete  informaiion  con* 
rerning  it,  which  might  be  acceptable  arid  dcfirable. 

The  ftrong  attachment  of  the  Northern  tribes  to  libcrry,  and 
the  manly  genius  of  the  modes  of  government  that  previiikd 
among  them,  are  well  known*  But  Monf.  Mallet  hath  exhi- 
bited ar^  cfFedt  of  this  difpoftiion  fo  fmguLr,  fo  new,  and 
which  afFords  fuch  a  remarkable  addition  to  the  hittcry  of  re- 
publics, that  it  cannot  fail  of  Uing  perufed  with  plcjfure,  and 
of  throwing  confiderable  light  on  the  chaiatter  K}i  the  peo^>lc 
who  inhabited  the  North  of  Europe* 

*  A  colony  of  Norwegians,  driven  from  th.-ir  own  country* 
by  the  tyranny  of  one  of  their  Kings,  cflabliflied  itfelf  in  Ice- 
land, lowirds  the  end  of  the  ninth  century.  Hiftory  informs 
us  that  im mediately,  without  loftng  time,  they  prcKcedcd  to 
deS  magiftratcs,  to  enad  laws,  and,  in  a  word,  lo  gite  their 
government  fuch  a  regular  form,  as  might  at  once  infure  their 
rranqutjlity  and  in^Jepcndencc.  The  fituation  in  which  tht;fc  Ice- 
landers found  tbemfclves  \%  remarkable  on  many  acc^^unts.  The 
genius  of  this  people,  their  natural  good  fenfe,  and  their  love 
of  liberty,  appeared  upon  this  occafion  m  all  their  vigour, 
Ufiinterrupced  and  unreftrained  by  any  outward  force,  we  have 
here  a  nation  delivered  up  to  its  own  direiltion,  iinJ  ellaMifhJn^ 

•  SeeRerjcw  for  Aiig\3i\  Ib^. 
_  Vqjl.  XLIV.  H   VAA\ 


178  Mallct'5  Northern  Arttquities; 

itfelf  in  a  country  feparatcd  by  vaft  feas  from  all  the  reft  1 
the  world :  we  fee,  therefore,  in  ail  ihcir  iniiitutions,  nothir 
but  the  pure  dictates  of  their  own  inclinations  and  fentimenta 
and  ihefe  were  fo  natural  2nd  fo  fuited  to  their  fituation  ai 
character,  that  we  d'>  not  find  any  general  deliberation,  ar 
irrefoluticn,  any  trial  of  diiFerent  modes  of  government  er 
preceded  that  form  of  civil  polity  which  they  at  firft  adopfe 
and  under  which  they  lived  afterwards  fo  many  ages.  Tl 
whole  fettled  into  form  as  it  were  of  itfelf,  and  fell  into  oidi 
without  any  efil>rc.  In  like  manner  as  bees  form  their  hifa 
the  new  Icelanders,  guided  by  a  happy  inftinS,  immediate! 
on  their  landing*in  a  de  ert  ifland,  eftablilhcd  that  fine  cooli 
tution  wherein  liberty  is  fixed  on  its  proper  bafis,  viz.  awif 
diflribution  of  the  different  powers  of  government.  An  ad 
nirable  difcovery,  which,  at  firft  fight,  one  would  think  flid 
have  been  the  niader- piece  of  fome  confummate  polickiiP: 
and  which,  nevcrthelcfs,  according  to  the  remark  of  ag^ 
genius  of  this  age,  was  completed  here,  as  in  other  countrieii 
by  ravages  in  the  midll  of  forcfts. 

'  Nature  having  of  i'fclf  divided  the  ifland  into  font  pi^ 
vinccs,  the  Icelanders  followed  this  divifion,  and  eftabliihdii 
each  of  them  a  magiftrate,  who  might  be  called  the  provhldd 
judge.  Each  province  was  fubdivided  into  three  prefefltfRl! 
which  had  their  refpcvllive  judges  or  prefefts.  And  laftly,  orf 
prefctHure  contained  a  certain  number  of  bailiwics  ;  in  eiO 
of  v/hich  were  commonly  five  inferior  magiftrates,  uhoft  bi* 
iinefs  it  was  to  diftribute  juftice  in  the  firft  inftance  throi^ 
their  own  diftricfl ;  to  fee  that  good  order  was  preferved  io  iti 
and  to  convoke  the  affcmblies  of  the  baiiiwic,  as  well  ordintf] 
as  extraordinary,  of  which  all  free  men,  who  poflfeflcd  lands  •• 
a  certain  value,  were  members.  In  thefe  affemblies  theydrfW 
the  five  judges  or  bailifFs,  who  were  to  be  perfons  diftinguifte* 
for  their  wifdom,  and  were  required  to  enjoy  a  certain  income ii 
lands,  for  fear  their  poverty  fliould  expofe  them  to  contcflip 
or  corruption.  When  the  caufes  were  of  any  importance  tb 
whole  aflembly  gave  their  opinion.  Without  its  full  confcnt^ 
new  member  could  not  be  received  into  their  community.  I 
any  fuch  ofiFered  himfelf,  he  applied  to  the  aflembly,  whotf 
amincd  his  motives  for  making  the  rcqueft,  and  rejefied  it^  > 
the  petitioner  had  failed  in  honour  on  any  occanon,  oriw 
merely  too  poor:  for  as  the  community  maintained  fuch  rf" 
own  members  as  were  by  any  accident  reduced  to  mifojo 
want,  it  was  their  common  intereft  to  exclude  fuch  pcno» 
as  were  indigent:  they  had  for  that  purpofc  a  fund  fupportt* 
hy  contribution,  as  alfo  by  what  arofe  from  the  fines,  whicl 
iA-ere  the  more  confidcrab\c»  as  l\\c^  wfc^  X'cvi^^^^  v«cv^%fc»rc 
anv  other  kind  of  puniftimenX,    l.a^\^^  ^sxx^  i^xtv^^ta^&\ 


MiilklV  Naribitn  Jniiq, 


^uiiifl.  179 

into  ihe  conduct  of  the 


cbff  b&iliwic  took  cnrt  to  examine 

bvMi^  received  ihc  compUints  that  wrrc  made  ^gainft  them. 


r 


rli 


gam  ceremonie^ 


N 


I  when  convlcicd  of  abuftn^^  their  .lutUority. 
.  f  the  members,  or  iit  Icilt  Qt  the  Heputii'f    ' 
I  c<>miimnitic3,  reprclcnced  whnt  1  caU  a  p 
tcr  or  graiid   province  of  the  ifLniJ  contai;  r: 

as  we  \vivt  already  iecn       The  chief  of  a  preledure 
onfidcrablc  dignity*     He  had  a  power  to  atlcmble  the 
r  -  jommunitiei  within  his  diftrid,  and  prcfided  himfelf  over 
iii  iiTemblies  of  this   fort,  as  wc!l  ardiniry  s»  c 
be  was  at  the  Umc  time  head  of  the  rrii^ioa  witi,  ^ 

tare.    Icwaahcwho  appointed   rhc  faerificcs,  and  other  rcii- 
which   wrrc   celebrated    in  the  fame  place 
thcjr  rcgaUted  chctr  ^olittcul  anil  civil  atFairs,     There 
hjMv  iippcal  to  thef<=  affcmblicis  from  the  fentencc  pronounced 
Br  the  mFi^Htratcs  of  the  bailivtics,  and   here  wcr/r  determined 
uti'S  arofc  between   thofc   inferior  ^. 

prefe^  r^ccivrd  the  tax,  which  eu  13 

obliged  Vj  pay  towards  llvc  ej<pcnccs  of  the  religious  worthip ; 
»nd  here  he  judged,  ia  the  quality  of  pontiff,  fuch  as  were  ac- 
ctiki  of  pruf«nmg  templc^^  of  fpcaking  irreverently  of  the 
gods»orof  any  other  a£t  of  impi  ty.  The  penalties  infliflt^d 
oncflminals  of  this  fort  confifteJ  tor  the  nioft  part  of  fines* 
which  the  aflcmhlics  empowered  the  prcft*^  to  Icv^,  in  order 
10  lay  them  out  in  repair  of  the  temples.  But  when  anv  af- 
fiif  occurred  of  i^reiit  import;! nee,  or  which  concerned  the 
itoic  p^rovince,  then  the  members,  or  perhaps  only  the  dopu- 
tict  of  the  three  prefedlares  met  together,  and  compofed  what 
ihcy  called  tht*  States  of  the  Q^iarter,  or  Province,  Thefc 
(hies  did  not  aUumble  regularly  like  the  others,  who  were  ri- 
]ulrcJ  to  meet  at  Icaft  once  a  year;  nor  do  we  knr>weY3t5Hy 
what  were  the  obje^^s  of  their  deliberations.  All  th,it  on^  cari 
Ctojc^arc  is,  that  ihey  had  rccourfe  to  it,  as  an  cktraof  Jinaty 
means  of  lein  1  rrcls  as  arofc  bettvccti  the  coni- 

mauities  of  t  stares,  or  to  obviate  fome  danger 

which  thrcat-rncd  ihc  whole  province  i;i  general. 

*  Superior  to  all  thefc  iflcmhiies  of  the  leifer  cammuntiics 
and  province's  were  the  Statis  General  of  the  whole  id  md 
(Mtitq)  which  anfwered  to  the  Jh-hfrlnr-tifi^  of  the  other 
Scandinavian  nations,  to  the  ff^ittiina-Gtfmi  or  pailiament  of 
the  -a,    TO  the  Champs  ch  Man  or  di  A tay  o^  the. 

FfLi-  iic  tV/n' ot  the  S;?atuJirds^  &c.     rhefr  afleai- 

iicd  evc/y  year,  and.  each  citizen  of  Icdand  thought  it  his  ho- 
nour anJ  his  duty  to  be  prefenc  at  them*  The  prefiietvt^f 
tikii  great  alTc.Tihly.  wa*  fovcret^i]  judge  of  the  iftind.  V\e  ^rxt* 
ii^tithh  n^c*  for  life;  but  It  u'ji  confcrrrcd  upou  W\'1\  \i^  \fc\%i 
yrjres,  Hh principal  buftaLfs  tva^  to  cci  ivokc  the  GcucroX  Kil 
-TAfr,  sndwfitc  to  ths  oS/crvance  of  the  Uws  -, 
/V   - 


MallctV  NQ'.thrrn  Anii^utntt. 

•  aame  ot  Lagman^  or  Mao  of  the  Laws,  was  ^ivcn  to  this  m^ 

piftrate.     He  had  a  power  of  examining  before  the  General 
£(late5»  and  of  reverfmg  all  ihc  feniences  pronounced  by  infc* 
I  rior  judges  throutihout  ihe  ifland^  of  annulling  their  ordinances, 

I  and  even  of  puniftiing  them,  if  ihc  compUints  brought  agaiuft 

"  them  were  well   founded.     He  could   propofc  the  enatling  of 

I  new  laws,  the  repealing  or  changing   of   the   otd  ones  \    and, 

I  if  they  paflid  in  the  General  Aflcmbly,  it  was  \\h  bufmefs  to 

I  put  ihcm  in  executron.    After  this  people  began  to  have  written 

Jaws,  and  the  whole  ifland  hid  adopted  one  common  form  of 
iurifprudcnce  j  it  was  the  fupreme  judge  who  had  the  keeping 
of  the  original  authentic  copy,  to  which  alt  the  others  were  to 
be  conformable.  To  his  judgmem  and  that  of  the  AiTcmblj^ 
lay  an  appeal  from  thefentences  given  in  the  inferior  cooirts.  The 
bailiffs  or  prefers,  whofe  fentencc  he  rcvifed,  were  obliged  to 
judge  the  caufc  over  again  in  his  prefcncc,  and  be  afterwards 
pronounced  fentence  both  on  the  contending  parties,  and  on 
the  judges.  The  fear  of  being  condemned  and  puniihcd  bcfora 
fo  numerous  an  alTenfibly,  was  (as  Arngrim*  well  remarks)  a 
great  check  upon  all  ihcfc  fubaltern  judges,  and  fcrved  to 
keep  every  magiftrate  within  the  bounds  of  his  duty.  Com- 
monly the  feflion  of  thefc  General  Eftates  lafted  fixtccn  dayj^ 
and  they  ftow  at  this  time  the  plact  of  their  meeting,  which 
began  and  ended  with  folcmn  facrificcs.  U  was  chiefty  during 
that  ft-flion  that  the  fovcreign  judge  excrcifed  his  authority, 
Uut  of  this  affcmbly  hts  power  fecms  not  to  have  been  conn- 
derable:  but  he  was  at  all  times  treated  with  great  honour  and 
rcfpefl  \  and  was  always  confidered  as  the  oracle  of  the  laws, 
and  I  rotii^tor  of  the  people.  The  Icelandic  chronicles  care- 
fully note  the  year  ^'herein  each  judge  was  cle<5tcd,  and  the 
time  W.IS  computed  by  the  years  of  his  cledlion,  as  among  the 
Lacedemonians  by  thofe  of  the  EpHORl,  VVc  fee  by  the  lift 
whtth  Arrtgnm  has  preferved  of  them,  that  there  were  thirty- 
eight  from  the  beginning  of  the  commonwealth  to  its  difTolu- 
tion  :  and  we  find  in  this  number  tiie  celebrated  hiflorian 
Snorrb  Sturkfon. 

*  Such  wai  the  conftttiition  of  a  republic,  which  is  at  prc- 
fenc  quite  forgotten  in  the  Nor:h,  and  utterly  unknown 
through  the  re  It  of  Europe,  even  to  men  of  much  reading, 
notwiihftanding  the  great  number  of  poets  and  hiftoiians  which 
that  republic  produced*  But  fame  is  not  the  portion  of  indi- 
gent nations,  cfpecially  when  remote,  unconnefled  with  the 
rclt  of  nunkiad,  and  placed  under  a  rigorous  climate/ 

Though  the  hifiory  of  this  republic  if,  at  prefent,  (o  little 
known   in   the  world,  its  exiftcnce  cannot  be  doubtei^.     The 

•  An  kciaudic  Author,  of  wliotn  fwther  >iicnuorv  is  made  in  iJie 


I 

I 
I 

I 

J 


Mallct'i  Ncrtiern  AntlquttiiS.  iSl 

account  of  It  given  by  Monf.  Mallet  is  built  on  the  tellimony 
of  many  ancient  annals,  both  printed  anJ  manufcript,  of  the  .' 
landers  themfclvcs  \  of  which  there  are  various  notices  and  cx^; 
tr^i    in    a   multitude  of   books  \    particuldrly    in    Torfaeuvi 
♦*  Scries  of  Kings  of  Denmark,"  and  in  Arngrim's  work,  m 

•  titled,  Crymogoea*  Several  Norwegian  princes  entlcavoored, 
in  vain,  to  deprive  the  Icelandic  colonifts  of  their  liberty  an " 
indepcndance.  It  was  full  four  hundred  years  before  the  re- 
public became  fybjeft  to  Norway*  along  with  which  it  was  af 
tcrwards  united  to  ihe  crown  of  Dennnaik. 

I  In  the  loth  and  iith  chapters  of  the  trcatifc  before  us,  we 

have  a  diftind  rJation  of  t^c  maritime  expeditions  of  the  an- 
cient Danes  and  Norwegians  j  towards  the  conclufion  of  which 
the  Author  obfcrves,  that  lU  in  ^n  age  when  ignorance  over- 
Spread  the  whole  face  of  Europe,  wc  are  furprifud  to  find  cola 
nies  founded,  and  unknown  rc^ions  explored,  by  a  people  who 
arc  confidered  as  farther  removed  than  other  nations  from  civi- 
lity and  fcicnce ;  how  will  our  furprize  be  increafe4  when  we 
And  them  opening  a  way  into  chat  new  world,  which  many 
ages  after  occafioned  fuch  a  change  among  us,  and  rcfie<^ed 

■  fo  much  glory  on  its  difcovererg.  *  Strange,  fays  he,  as  this 
inay  appear,  the  hSt  becomes  indifputable,  when  we  confidcr 
that  the  bed  authenticated  Icelandic  chronicles  unanimoufly 
afBrm  it,  that  their  relations  contain  nothing  that  can  admit 

Pof  doubt,  and  that  they  are  fupported  by  ieveral  concurrent 
teftlmonies.  This  is  an  event  t^jo  interefting  and  too  little 
known,  not  to  require  a  circumlHrtiil  detail,     I  fliall  proceed 

■  fben,  without  any  previous  rcflc£tions,  ro  relate  the  principal 
circumftanccs,  as  1  find  them  in  the  trcatile  of  ancient  V in- 
land, written  by  Torfxus  ;  and  in  the  Hiftary  of  Greenland 
by  Jonas  Arngrim  :  two  Icelandic  Authors  of  undoubted  credit, 
who  have  faitiifuDy  copied  the  old  hiliorians  of  their  own 
^m      country.' 

H  It  would  carry  us  too  far  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  the  difco- 

"       very  of  V inland,  and  of  the  fevcral  voyages  to  it  j  but  wc  can- 
not avoid  tranfcribing    what   Munf.   Mallet  hath  alleged,   to 
prove  that  this  country  was  a  p^rt  of  North  America, 
\^^  ♦  The  difcovcry  of  a  didant  country  called    Vinland,  and 

H  the  reality  of  a  Norwegian  colony's  fettling  there,  appear  to 
^^  be  fa^fls  fo  well  attcfled  on  all  fides,  and  related  with  circum- 
ftanccs fo  probable,  as  to  leave  no  room  for  any  doubt.  But 
to  fettle  the  gcographv  of  the  country  where  this  happened,  is 
not  an  eafy  matter — ^Neverthclefs,  though  we  may  not  be  able 
to  afccrtain  cxa<3)y  the  fuuation  of  Vinland,  wc  have  fufEcicnt 
room  to  conjecture  that  this  colony  could  not  be  far  from  the 
coafls  of  Labrador,  or  thofc  of  Newfoundland,  w\i\c\\  %t<i  v\o^ 
Us  horn  It;  nor  m  [here  sny  circumftance  m  tiae  K\aL\\oa%  '^^ 

N   2  ^M 


J 


1 32  Mallet* J  Northern  AfitiquiiliS. 

the  ancient  chronicles,  but  what  may  be  accounted  for  on  fuch 
a  fuppofition. 

*  The  firft  difficulty  that  muft  be  obviated,  is  the  (hort  fpacc 
of  time  that  appears  to  have  been  taken  up  in  paflingtothis 
country  from  Greenland.  To  this  end  we  muft  obferve,  that 
the  Norwegians  might  fail  from  the  Weftcrn,  as  well  as  from 
the  Kaftcrn  coaft  o\  that  country,  fmcc  they  had  fettled  on  both 
fides  cf  it.  Now  it  is  certain  that  Davis's  Streighr,  which  fc- 
parates  Greenland  from  the  American  continent,  is  very  nar- 
row jn  fevHrral  places ;  and  it  appears  froip  the  Journal  taken 
by  the  learned  Mr  Ellis,  in  his  voyage  to  Hudfon's  Day,  that 
his  pafla^'O  if-^m  Cape  F<uev/c!I,  which  is  the  moft  Sou:bcrn 
point  or  Grct.'/.iand.  into  the  entrance  of  the  Bay,  was  but 
fcven  or  ei^^ht  days  c^ify  llii!,  with  a  wind  in^jfFcrcntly  favour- 
able. Tht'  ciiRancc  bctvvLcn  the  fame  Cape  and  the  ncarcil 
coaft  of  LabrLdor  v^  fiill  much  lefs.  As  it  cannot  be  above  two 
hundred  French  league;,  the  voyage  could  not  take  up  above 
fcvcn  or  c'gh:  d.iya,  c-vcn  allowinji:  for  the  delays  that  muft 
have  happcricd  to  the  ancients  throuR;h  their  want  of  that  (kill 
in  navii^ation  whirh  the  mod'^rrs  have  fmce  acquired.  Thii 
could  tht-refofc  api.car  nr»  fiu  h  fri^^hifiil  diftancc  to  advcniurers 
who  had  newly  diicovere.l  Greenland  which  is  feparated  from 
Iceland  at  Icalt  as  far.  'i  his  reafoiiin^r  is  ftill  farther  enforccdi 
when  we  reflect  that  the  diitan:c  of  Iceland  itfelf,  from  the 
ncareft  part  of  Norway,  is  c'oublc  to  that  above  mentioned. 

•  In  efFe<ft,  thehiflory  of  the  North  abounds  with  relations  of 
maritimi:  expcdiions  <>f  far  greater  extent  th^n  was  nccefl'aryfoT 
the  dii'covery  of  America.  'Ihc  fiiuaiion  of  Greenland,  rel^ivc 
to  this  new  country,  not  being  fufHcicntly  known,  is  the  only 
circumftance  that  can  prejudice  one  againft  it :  but  we  IhouU 
ceafc  to  be  furprifed  at  thofe  fame  men  crolTmg  a  fpace  of  two 
hundred  leagues,  which  was  the  diftance  between  them  txA 
America,  whofc  courage  and  curiofity  had  frequently  prompted 
them  to  travel fe  the  ocean,  and  who  had  been  accuftomcd  to 
perform  voyages  of  three  or  four  hundred  Lagucs  before  they 
quitted  their  former  fettlements, — There  is  nothing  then  in  the 
diftance  of  America  that  can  render  it  unllcely  to  have  been 
difcovercd  by  the  Norwegians.  Let  us  fee  if  there  are  not 
other  greater  difficulties. 

*  The  relations  handed  doivn  to  us  in  the  chronicles,  an4 
the  name  affixed  to  this  new  difcovercd  country,  agree  in  <te- 
fcribin:r  it  as  a  foil  where  the  vine  fpontaneoufly  grows.  Th'* 
circumftance  alone  has  ferved  with  many  people  to  render  the 
whole  account  fufpeflcd  ;  but,  on  a  clofcr  view,  we  (hall  find 

ic  fo  fir  from  ovenhrowing,  that  \x.  tvctv  totvftrms  thcrodJ^ 

parts  of  the  rc-htion.     1  {ha\A  not  cn^l^^  v\it  ^\Slc:>^v^  V?*J| 

fpiffht)  b/a«fwcring,  that  very ^■off\>a\^  tV'i^^r^^t^'^^^'* 


M9\Ui*s  Norib^n  Aniiqtiities.-  183 

be  {o  little  acquainted  wirh  grapes,  as  to  midake  currants  for 
them,  which  in  the  Northern  languages  are  called  Viin-bitrj 
or  vinc-bciries,  and  of  which  in  leveral  places  they  make  a 
kind  of  fermented  liquor:  but  I  can  aflert,  on  the  faith  of  the 
moil  credible  travellers,  that  not  only  in  Canada  the  vine  grows 
without  cultivation,  and  bears  a  fniall  well  tafted  fruit;  but 
that  it  is  alfo  found  in  far  more  Northern  latitudes,  and  even 
where  the  winters  are  very  (tvere. 

<  As  to  the  other  circumftances  of  the  relation,  the  account 
given  by  the  ancient  chronicles  agrees  in  all  refpeiSs  with  the 
reports  of  modern  voyagers.  Thefe  tell  uri,  tiiat  the  native  fa- 
yages  of  thofe  couniries,  from  the  frequent  ufe  they  make  of 
them  in  fifliin^.  can.  in  a  thort  time,  <:olIe<'t  together  a  vaft 
number  •  f  canoes  ;  th^i  thy  arc?  v- 1\  fkil  ul  with  their  bow$ 
and  arrov^s  ;  that  on  the  coafts  the;  (i(h  f  r  whales,  and  in  the 
inland  parts  l:>e  by  hunting;  fo  that  their  merchandize  con- 
fifts  of  whaltbone,  and  various  k'lids  of  (kms  and  tuis;  that 
they  are  very  ff»ncJ  ot  iron  or  hardware,  epecially  arn:s,  h.it- 
chets,  anil  other  inUruiLCnt  of  like  fort;  that  tliev  are  very  apt 
to  rob  Urangers,  nut  are  oth^wiic  cowardly  and  unwarlike. 

*  If  to  this  pidture  you  add,  thit  tiiey  are  for  the  molt  part 
of  a  middling  ft.i:urw\  and  little  (killed  in  the  art  of  war.  it  is 
no  wonoer  ttiat  the  Norwegians,  the  iargeit,  flron^'cft,  and  moft 
adive  people  of  Lurope,  ihould  look  upon  them  wiih  cm- 
tempt,  as  a  poor,  weak,  dcgrnerate  race.  It  is  remarkable 
that  t:  e  n  ime  they  gave  tiiem  of  Skri:lin<^es,  is  th^  f«ime 
whh  which  hey  denoted  the  Grecnlanders,  when  they  firit  dtf- 
covered  them.  In  reality  thefe  Greenlanoers  ami  the 
£  KiMAux  teem  to  have  been  one  people  ;  and  this  iiLcnei's 
between  them,  which  nas  fo  much  ilruck  the  moderns,  could 
not  fail  of  appearir  g  in  a  flror.gcr  light  to  the  Norwegians, 
who  were  ft»H  better  able  to  compare  them  tojiethcr.  "  I  ce- 
lieve,  fjys  Mr.  £i  is,  that  the  Likimaux  are  the  fame  people 
with  the  Greenlanders  ;  and  this  fcems  the  more  probable, 
when  we  confider  the  narrownefs  of  Davis's  Strcight*  and  the 
vagabond  iirolling  life  we  find  all  this  nation  accuftomed  to 
lead  wherever  we  meet  with  rhem."  l*his  is  alio  ttie  opinion 
of  Mr.  Kgede,  who  knew  the  Greenlanders  better  than  any 
body.  He  obfervcs  that,  acording  t.>  their  own  accounts.  Da* 
vis's  Stre  ght  is  only  a  deep  bay,  v/i-i-.h  runs  on,  narrowing  to- 
wards the  North,  till  the  opp.?fite  American  continent  can  be 
<eafi)y  difcerned  from  Greenland,  ajid  that  the  extretnity  of  this 
bay  ends  in  a  river,  over  which,  v/andcring  favagcs,  inuied  to 
cold,  ftii^ht  ealiiy  pals  from  one  land  to  the  o:hcr,  even  if  tncy 
had  no  canoes. 

*  The  rcfult  of  all  this  feems  to  be,  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  but  that  the  Norwegian  Greenlanders  Avfeov^ix^tA  \!cv<i 

N  4  Kwviv.cwv 


104  Mal!et*i  Northern  AnttfuitUt. 

American  continent ;  that  the  place  where  they  fettled  wa 
cither  the  country  of  Labrador,  or  Newfoundland,  and  tb 
their  colony  Tublmcd  there  a  good  while.  But  then  this  is  a 
we  can  fay  about  it  with  any  certainty.  To  endeavour  to  y 
certain'  the  exa6t  fiie,  extent,  and  fortune  of  the  eftabliflunco 
would  be  a  fruitlefs  labour.^ 

There  is  nothing  which  has  been  deemed  more  remarkab! 
in  the  character  o^  the  European  nations,  than  the  fpirit  of  ga 
lantry  that  prevails  among  them,  the  refpe£tful  attention  pii 
to  women,  and  the  footing  of  liberty  and  equality  on  wUc 
they  are  treated  by  the  men.  The  caufe  of  this  peculiarity  i 
modern  manners  has  exercifed  the  thoughts  of  feveral  ingenioi 
perfons,  who  have  fought  for  it  in  the  feudal  times,  when  d 
diforders  of  that  fyftem  were  fo  great,  from  the  contentipns  u 
rapines  (»f  the  petty  lords  and  their  followers,  that,  at  lengd 
it  became  necefiary  for  the  more  honourable  knights  to  em 
into  engagements  for  the  protedion  of  travellers,  and  efpecial 
of  the  ladies.  Hence  is  fuppofed  to  have  arifen  a  polite  ai 
gallant  difpofiiion,  which  gradually  fpread  itfelf  through  tk 
general  ranks  and  orders  of  the  people.  Monf.  Mallet,  ho« 
ever,  has  afcribed  a  much  more  remote  origin  to  the  defeiesc 
which  is  fhewn,  in  Europe,  to  the  female  fex ;  and  whut  1 
hath  advanced  upon  the  fubje£l  is  curious  and  entertaining.  • 
*  While  the  attention,  fays  he,  of  thefe  people  was  till 
engroflid  by  their  paffion  for  arms  and  the  pleafures  of  the  tH 
we  may  conclude  that  love  had  no  violent  dominion  over  tha 
Ic  is  befidcs  well  known,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Norths 
not  cf  very  quick  fenfibiiity.  The  ideas  and  modes  of  thinl 
jng  of  the  Scandinavians  were,  in  this  refpe£t,  very  difinei 
from  thofe  of  the  Afiatics  and  more  Southern  nations ;  irii 
by  a  contraft  as  remarkable  as  it  is  common,  have  ever  felt  fi 
the  female  fex  the  warm  paffion  of  love,  devoid  of  any  re 
edeem.  Being  at  the  fame  time  tyrants  and  flaves,  laying  aM 
their  own  reafon,  and  requiring  none  in  the  obje£l,  they  hai 
ever  made  a  quick  tranfition  from  adoration  to  contempt,  an 
from  fentiments  of  the  moft  extravagant  and  violent  love,  I 
thofe  of  the  mofl  cruel  jealoufy,  or  of  an  indifference  ftill  ffloi 
infulting.  V/c  find  the  reverfe  of  all  this  among  the  Norther 
nations,  who  did  not  fo  much  confidcr  the  other  fex  as  saaJ 
for  their  plcafure,  as  to  be  their  equals  and  companions,  whd 
efteem,  as  valuable  as  their  other  favours,  could  only  bed 
taincd  by  conftant  attentions,  by  generous  fervices,  and  hf 
proper  exertion  of  vittue  and  courage.  I  conceive  that  this  m 
at  lirfl  fioht  be  deemed  a  paradox,  and  that  it  will  not  be  ii 
eafy  matter  to  reconcile  a  manner  of  thinking  which  fuppoA 
fo  much  deiicacy,  with  the  rou^Vi  \wv^\\fti<id  ehacader  of  du 
people.    Yd  I  belicyc  the  obfciN%uou\^  t^^^i^^wsA^V^ 


one  may  venture  to  aifert,  that  it  is  ihh  fame  people  who  have 
contributed  to  diifufe  through  all  Europe  that  fpirit  of  equity, 
of  moderation,  and  gcnerofity,  ftiewn  by  the  ftronger  10  the 
weaker  fcx,  which  i$  at  this  day  the  diflinguifhing  chara(5ienftic 
of  European  manners  ;  nay,  that  wc  even. owe  to  them  that 
fptrit  o(  gallantry  which  wat*  fo  little  known  to  the  decks  and 
Romans,  how  polite  (oevct  in  other  refpeds. 

*  That  there  fliouid,  in  ihe  North,  be  a  communication  of 
liberty  and  equality  between  the  two  (cx*:s^  is  what  one  might 
rxpecl  to  find  there  in  thofe  ancient  times^  when  men's  proper- 
ty was  rmall,  andalmoil  upon  an  equality^  when  their  manners 
wtrc  fimple,  when  rhcir  paflions  diiciofcd  thcmlckes  but  flow* 
ly,  and  then  under  the  dominion  of  reafon  ;  being  moderated  by 
SI  rigorous  climate,  and  their  hard   way  ot  living  ^  and  laftly, 
when  the  fole  aim  of  government  was  lo  prefervc  and  extend      1 
liberty.     But  the   Scandinavians   went  fliJI  farther,    and   chele     f 
Qtme  men,   who  on  other  occaftons  were  too  high- fpi riled  to 
yield  to  any  earthly  power,  yet  in  whatever  related  lu  the  fair 
tex  Teem  to  have  been  no  longer  tenacious  of  their  rights  or  in* 
dependancc.     The  principles  of  the  ancient  or  Celtic  rcfigioa 
will  afford  u$  proofs  of  this  relpeft  paid  to  the  ladies,  and  at  the 
fan  c  time  may  pofllbfy  help  us  to  account  for  it,     I  have  often 
a^derted,  that  the  immediate  intervention  of  the  Deity,  even  111 
the  flighted  things,  was  one  of  their  mod  eflabliflied  doctrines, 
and  (hat  every,  even  the  mod  minute  appearance  of  nature  wa$ 
a  manifeftation  of  the  will  of  Heaven   to  thofe  who  underdood 
its  language*     Thus  men's  involuntary  motions,  their  dreams,     m 
their  fud den  and  unforefeen  inclinations,  being  confidered  as  the     f 
falutary  admonitions  of  Heaven,  became  the  objects  of  ferious 
attention.     And  an   untverfal  relpe<^  could  not  but  be  paid  to 
Ibofe  who  were  confidered  as  the  organs  or  inftruments  of  a 
beneficent  Deity,     Now,  womt-n  mud  appear  much  more  pro- 
per than  men   for  fo  noble  a  purpofe,    who  being  commonly 
more  fubje<^  than  we  to  the  unknown  laws  of  temperament  and 
conditution.  Teem  Icfs  to  be  governed  by  reflcdion  than  by  kn- 
Uucn  and  natural  indin«5l.     Hence  it  was,  that  the  Germans 
admitted  them  into  their  councils,  and  confultcd  with  them  on 
the  bufmefs  of  the  date.     Hence  it  was,  that  among  them,  as 
alfo  among  the  Gauls,  there  were  ten  prophetefles  for  one  pro-     j 
pfaet;  whereas  in  the  Ead  we  find  the  contrary  proportion,  if    I 
indeed  there  was  ever  known  an  indance,  in  ihofe  countries,  of  a    fl 
female  worker  of  miracles.    Hence  alfo  it  was,  that  nothing  was     I 
formerly  more  common  in  the  North  than  to  meet  with  women     I 
who  delivered  oracular  informations,  cured  the  mod  inveterate      " 
maladies,  aflumed  whatever  (hapc  they   pleafed,  raifed  dorms, 
chained  up  the   winds,  travelled  through   the  air,   and  in  one    M 
yifoi4j  pfrformed  eve//  fun^ion  of  the  taity  ai\,    TVvM%«tv^^^-  1 


Malleti  N^rihirn  Amiquitiit. 

ed  with  fupernaeuul  powers,  thcfc  prophcteflVs  being  converted 
as  it  tvere  into  fairiei  or  demons,  influenced  the  eveiui  they  had 
predi<5)ed,  and  all  Nactue  became  tubjedl  to  their  command* 
Tacitus  puts  this  beyond  a  difputc,  when  he  fays,  '*  The  Ger- 
mans fuppofe  feme  divine  and  prt>phctic  quality  rcfidcnt  in  their 
women,  and  arc  careful  neither  to  difrcgird  their  admonitiona^ 
nor  to  nc"gU<S  their  anfwcrs/'  Nor  can  it  be  doubted  but  that 
the  fame  nt^tionit  prevailed  among  the  Scandinavians,  Strabo 
relates,  that  the  Cirjibri  were  jnrcd   bv  venerable  and 

hoar,  haded  prophciclTes,  ap^  u  long  linen  rubes  moft 

Splendidly  white.  We  alfo  find  tlii5  people  always  attended  by 
their  wives  even  in  their  moft  diftant  cx^eiuions,  hearing  them 
with  rcfpc£^,  and  after  a  defeat  more  afraid  of  their  reproaches 
than  of  the  blows  of  the  enemy.  To  thi^  we  may  add,  that 
the  men  being  conlUntly  employed  cither  in  war  or  hunting, 
left  to  the  womt  n  the  care  of  napiring  thofc  ufcful  branches  of 
knowledge  which  maucthem  regarded  by  their  huibonds  as  pro- 
pheteffci  and  oracles.  Thus  to  ihcm  belonged  the  itudy  of 
Amples^  and  the  art  of  healing  wounds ;  an  art  as  myfterious  in 
thofc  timesj  as  the  occafions  of  it  were  fret|uent.  In  the  ancient 
chronicles  of  the  North,  we  find  the  matrons  and  the  young 
women  alwass  employed  in  d;efl3n^  the  wounds  of  their  htif- 
bands  or  lovers.  It  was  the  faoic  with  dreams;  which  the  wo- 
men alone  were  vcrfed  in  the  art  of  interpreting. 

^  But  this  tsnot  all.  At  a  time  when  piracy,  and  a  fondneij 
for  fccking  adventures  esrpofed  weiknefs  to  continual  and  unex- 
pected attacks,  the  women,  efpecially  thofc  of  celebrated  beau- 
ty, flood  in  want  fomciimes  of  deliverers,  and  almott  always  of 
defen  ters.  Every  young  warrior,  eager  after  giory  (and  this 
was  often  the  chara^er  of  whole  nations),  muft  have  been  glad 
then  tn  take  upon  him  an  office  which  prom i fed  fuch  juft  returns 
of  fame,  which  flattered  the  moft  agiteabfc  of  all  paiTion  ,  and 
at  the  hmc  time  gr3riiii>d  another  almi>ft  as  ftrongj  that  for  a 
wandering  and  j.imbiing  life.  Wc  are  apt  to  value  whit  wc 
accjuiic  in  prnportion  to  the  labour  and  trouble  it  cofts  u».  Ac- 
cordingly the  hrro  looked  upon  himftlf  as  fufticiently  rewarded 
for  all  his  pains,  if  he  rould  at  length  obtain  the  fair  hand  of  h«r 
he  had  delivered :  and  it  is  obvious  how  honourable  fu^h  mar* 
fiages  muft  have  btcn  among  the  people  who  thought  in  ihi« 
manner.  This  emuUtion  would  t^uickly  incciiic  the  number  of 
thofc  gallant  kfiights:  and  the  women,  on  their  parts,  would 
not  fad  to  acquire  a  kind  of  ftatclmef',  conftdering  thcmfcJvcs 
as  no  lefs  neceflary  to  the  glory  of  their  lovers,  than  to  thctr 
happmefs  and  pleafurc.  That  fair  cmc  who  had  Hood  in  need 
of  fcveral  chumpions,  yielded  only  to  the  ni    '  ^reous;  and 

ihe  who  had  never  been  in  a  fituatton  that  protestors, 

was  ftill  dcfirous  of  the  lover  who  had  proved  iiiuiKif  capable  of 


I 
I 


FurnsauxV  Leftcn  to  Jttflice  Blaci/hne.  187 

dicoenttring  all  kind  of  dangers  for  her  fukc.  This  was  moro 
^han  enough  to  inflame  AicK  (pirits  as  ihe1«;  with  an  emulation 
l^fiirpaftRiieach  oiher,  anJ  of  difplaying  their  courage  and  in- 
Vfpfdirv.  Be'idcs,  ihe  charatter  of  the  northern  women  them- 
^"  I  left  the  men  nO  other  Icfs  glorious  means  of  gaining  their 
Naturally   chafte  and  proud,  there  was  no  other  way 

t  this  to  come  a:  them.     Educated  under  th-.*  influence  of  the 
prejudices  concerning  Honour  as  the  men,  they  were  early 

ght  to  defpife  thofc  who  fpent  their  youth  in  a  peacv:ful  ob- 
AU  the  hiftoricil  records  of  ancient  Scandinavia  prove 
;  I  advance.  We  fee  there  the  turn  for  chivalry  as  it  were 
I  the  bud*  The  hiftory  of  other  nations  (Iiews  it  afterwards  as 
ji  were  opening  and  expanding  in  Spain,  France,  Italy,  and 
'^Esgland,  being  carried  there  by  the  fwarms  that  ilTued  from  the 
^ North.  It  is  in  reality  this  fame  fpirit,  reduced  afterwards 
-frithin  j after  bounds,  that  has  been  productive  of  that  polite 
^lantry  fo  peculiarly  obfervable  in  our  manners,  which 
fdds  a  double  relifh  to  the  mod  pleating  of  all  focial  bands, 
which  unites  the  lafting  charms  of  fentiment,  regard,  and 
friendflbip,  with  the  fleeting  fire  of  love,  which  tempers 
'Shd  animates  one  by  the  other,  adds  to  their'  number, 
power,  and  duration,  anJ  which  cherifhes  and  unfolds  fenfibi-- 
Kty,  that  moft  choice  gift  of  Nature,  without  which  neither  dc» 
conire,  propriety,  chafte  friendfhip,  nor  true  generoflty,  can  exift 
Efftoong  men.  It  would  be  needlefs  to  prove,  that  we  are  not  in- 
-Mted  for  this  manner  of  thinking  to  the  ancient  Romans.  We 
may  appeal  for  this  to  all  who  know  any  thing  of  their  charac- 
•cr/ 

Wc  could  gladly  take  notice' of  what  Monf.  Mallet  hath  faid 
concerning  the  antiquity  of  the  Runic  letters;  but  we  muft 
edoclade  the  prefent  article,  when  we  have  obferveJ,  that  we 
bre  here,  what  is  very  uncommon,  a  tranilation  preferable  to 
Ae  original.  This  is  owing,  not  merely  to  the  fidelity  and  ele- 
gJUice  with  which  it  is  executed,  but  to  the  valuable  additions 
and  notes  made  by  the  Tranflator,  tending  cither  to  corredl  the 
piiSakes,  or  farther  to  confirm  and  illuftrate  the  feniiments  of 
te  Author. 

Ait.  !!•  Letters  to  the  Hm9tirable  Mr.  Juftice  Blackftone, 
emceming  bis  Expofttion  of  the  A£t  of  Toleration^  and  fame  Pcji^ 
lions  relative  to  religious  Lihert^^  in  his  celebrated  Commentaries 
on  the  Laws  of  England,  By  Philip  Furncaux,  D.  D.  The 
fecond  Edition,  with  Addition!:^  and  an  Appendix.  8vq. 
4 s.  fewed.     Cadell.     1771* 

SINCE  the  firft  puhYicatton  of  thek  Letters,   Mr.  ^^xftitt 
BiackAone  has  favoured  the  world  with  a  new  edition  ot  Yu% 
^ffd3Jc  Commentaries,  in  which  he  hath  made  confidcraVAc  aX- 


h 


tW  FurncauxV  letien  U  Jujitct  BlacJ^Jfom. 

terations  in  fome  of  the  moft  obnoxious  paflages  that  had  been 
objc£led  to  by  Dr.  Pricftley  and  Dr.  Furncaux*  This  he  had 
promtfcd  to  TJt.  Prieftley ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
Dr.  Furneaux's  accurate,  judicious,  and  candid  obfervations 
have  contributed  to  lead  the  learned  Judge  into  a  review  of  bis 
fentiments,  and  a  change  of  his  language.  Where  the  correc- 
tions are  of  fuch  a  nature  as  totalJy  to  remove  the  caufes  of  com- 
plaint, Dr«  Furneaux  takes  notice,  that  the  reader  will  confidcr 
him,  in  that  cafe,  as  not  now  writing  agalnfl  Mr.  Jufticc  Black* 
iionc,  but  againd  any  other  perfon  who  may  happen  to  hold 
or  iidvance  the  fentiments  which  that  gentleman  before  feemcd 
to  cfpoufe. 

There  arc  ftill,  however,  fome  material  qucftions  between 
them,  nor  have  the  afterations  of  the  able  and  worthy  Judge 
been  always  made  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  render  what  he  hath 
bid  wholly  unexceptionable*  Several  inRances  of  this  kind  arc 
pointed  out  by  our  Author,  and  he  has  added  a  poflfcript,  of 
more  tharl  twenty  pages,  to  his  fourth  letter,  occafioned  by  Mr, 
Jufticc  Blackilone's  ftill  continuing  to  vindicate,  though  in  dif- 
ferent exprcflkms,  the  claufc  in  the  A£t  of  Nonconformity, 
I  Eliz.  Ct  2<  ^  9*  agatnd  declaring,  or  fptaking  any  thing  in 
open  words,  in  derogation  or  depraving  of  the  Liturgy,  As  Sir 
William  thinks  that  the  continuance  of  this  claufc  to  ihis  limc^ 
ill  Urr9rim  at  haji^  is  not  too  fcvere  or  intolerant ;  Dr.  Furneaux 
hath  taken  occafion,  among  other  obfervations,  to  make  the 
following  excellent  remarks  upon  the  unreafonablencfs,  injuftice 
and  cruelty  of  laws  in  tcmrem, 

*  Such  laws,  fays  he,  cannot,  I  think,  be  confidcrcd  as  the 
offspring  of  political  wifdom,  fo  much  as  ot  an  arbitrary  and 
tyrannical  difpofition  :  for  the  laws  of  a  wife  ftatc  ftiould  only 
be  fuch,  if  I  am  not  miftaken,  as  may  be  carried  mto  cffcS, 
with  rcafoQ  and  juftice.  The  common  law  of  England,  in  par- 
ticular, if  the  voice  of  rcafon ;  and  its  ftatutes  mould  always 
fpe^k  tbc  fame  language, 

*  It  is  not  fufficicnt  to  allege,  that  thcfe  laws  arc  made  only 
in  tirrortm:  an  allegation,  i  fay,  whjch  can  never  vmdicaic 
them,  for  this  obvious  reafon,  bccaufe  they  never  contain  ia 
them  a  declaration,  that  they  are  made  only  in  i^rrorrm.  In- 
deed if  they  did,  they  would  abfolutely  defeat  ihcir  own  rnten* 
tion.  That  fuch  laws  arc  not  executed  therefore,  and  ihat  afts 
of  feverity  and  cruelty  are  not,  in  confequencc  of  them,  and 
under  their  fmdion,  committed,  is  not  at  all  owing  to  the  laws 
themfclvcs,  but  folcly  to  the  fpirtt  of  the  times  j  and  the  laws 
ihemfelvcs  are  neither  better  nor  worfc,  bccaufe  they  do  not 
happen  to  be  executed.  To  form,  therefore,  a  right  judgment 
CTinccrning  them,  wc  (hould  examine  them  as  to  what  they  are 
IA  i^tis  own  nature^  and  on  fuppofulon  they  will  be  executed  i 


Furneaux'x  Laun  U  Juftlu  Bladflmi*  189 

tfnd  approve  or  condemn  them  as  they  appear  iti  this  view,  to  be  ^ 
either  trafonable  or  other  wife,  Suppofe  a  profecution  Is  com*  H 
mencedi  that  the  law  hath  its  courfe,  and  the  penalty  is  inBii^-  fl 
cd  ;  the  proper  queflion  is,  What  {bill  wc  think  of  the  law  in  fl 
thefe  circumftances  ?  And  in  the  cafe  before  us,  where  the  pc-  fl 
naky  is  one  hundrtd  marks  for  the  Brft  oAence,  four  hundred  fl 
for  the  recoody  and  forfeiture  of  goods  and  chattels  and  impri-  I 
fonment  for  life  for  the  third  oiFcnce»  of  fpeaking,  in  open  I 
wordf,  in  derogation  of  the  Common  Prayer;  I  believe,  on  ■ 
fuppofition  of  the  actual  infl'idion  of  tiiis  penalty,  cfpecially  ia  ■ 
the  laft  inftance,  I  may  fafcly  appeal  to  the  moft  zealous  parti*  " 
zan  of  the  eflablifhed  liturgy,  whether  there  is  any  proportion 
between  the  punifhmcnt  and  the  crime,  ,  ^ 

'  BeGdes,  the  Subje£l  (hould  always  be  able  to  learn  hU  con*  S 
dition  under  any  law,  from  the  law  itfelf;  and  not  be  obliged  to  S 
recur,  for  this  purpofe,  to  confideratiuns  wholly  foreign  to  it ;  fl 
fuch  as  the  fpirit  of  the  times,  and  the  chance  that  it  will  not  fl 
be  executed.  This  is  not  being  under  the  government  of  law»  9 
under  a  known  and  ^equitable  rule;  it  is  being  at  mercy,  11  k  fl 
being  fubjci£t  to  fortuitous  events,  of  which  no  ell  1  mate  can  be  ^ 
taken.  Now  every  law  is  unreafonable  which  leaves  the  Sub*  V 
je6i  in  a  condition  fo  infccure :  every  law  deferves  to  be  con-  I 
demned,  which  brings  the  infliction  of  an  unreafonable  and  dif-  S 
proportionate  puni&ment,  within  the  power  of  every  one  who- fl 
takes  upon  him  to  be  an  informer  or  profecutor;  and  which  af-  ^k 
fords  therefore  no  fecurity  from  injaftice  and  oppreiBon  (for  ■ 
every  penalty  more  fevcre  than  the  offence  dcferves,  is,  in  pro-  ■ 
portion,  unjuftand  oppreffive)  \  I  fay,  every  fuch  law  fliouid  be  I 
exploded,  as  leaves  no  ground  of  exemption  from  injuftice  and  fl 
oppreffion,  but  the  bare  prerumption  that  there  will  be  no  profe-  ■ 
cutor,  and  confequently  chat  the  law  will  not  be  executed ;  fl 
which  really  amounts  to  this  very  bad  compliment  upon  the  law,  fl 
that  the  people  will  difcern  the  iniquity  of  it,  and  have  more  H 
wifdom  and  moderation  than  thofe  who  enacted  it*  However,  ■ 
it  mud  be  confeSed,  this  is  not  always  to  be  expe^^ed^  and  I 
therefore  (to  ufe  your  own  fervent  expreffions  concerning  the  I 
laws  in  nrrQTtm  againll  the  Papists),  *«  It  ought  not  to  be  left  9 
in  the  breaft  of  every  mercilcfs  bigot,  to  drag  down  vengeance  I 
of  thofe  occaiional  laws  upon  inotfenfive,  though  miitakcn  fub*  I 
'^B.%  \  in  oppofitioQ  to  the  lenient  inclinations  of  the  civil  ma-  ■ 
giftratc,  and  to  the  deftru£lion  of  every  principle  of  toleration 
and  rellgicius  liberty"/ 

Befide  the  particular  occafions  which  Mr.  Juflice  Blackftone  m 
has  afforded  for  Introducing  ftfveral  alterations  and  additions  In  fl 
(be  work  before  us,  Dr.  Furncaux  hath  embraced  the  opportu*  I 
iiity  of  his  fecond  edition  to  make  fuch  other  enlargements  as  are  ■ 
iuitabk  tg  his  general  detign.     The  noie^  h&hu\\  ^4^g^  "^c^  um«9 


fgd 


Furneaux'x  Ldtits  to  Juflke  Bkdtfi^uK 


mcrous,  and  fome  of  them  of  confidcrable  le-n^ih;  pftriiculaify 
Ivro,  in  anfwcr  to  Mr.  Soame  Jcnyns's  fctnarlcs  upon  e(lab1t(h^ 
mcnts,  in  his  letters  concerning  Evil,  and  to  Mr,  Forfter's  late 
vifitation-ftTmon  at  Chclmisford* 

The  Appendix  contains  auihentic  copies,  publiflied  by  per- 
nilffion,  of  the  arguments  of  the  late  Mr,  Juftice  Foiter  in  the 
court  of  Judges  Delegates,  and  of  the  fpecch  of  Lord  Mansfield 
in  the  Houfcof  Lords,  in  the  caufc  between  the  city  of  London 
and  the  UinTcntcrs.  To  attempt  an  aSridgment  of  thefe  excel- 
lent performances,  would  be  doing  thcin  a  manifclt  injuftice; 
but  our  Readers  will  think  tHemfvives  obliged  to  uf ,  for  iran- 
fcribitig  Lord  Mansfield's  fpiiited  fcntimcnts  concerning  tolera- 
tion, and  religious  liberty,  in  general. 

^  Confctcncc  is  not  controulabie  by  human  laws,  nor  amen- 
able to  human  tribunals.  Pcrfecution,  or  atten^pts  to  forct; 
confcicnce,  will  never  produce  convidi^ns  and  arc  only  cal€4J- 
latcd  to  make  hypocrites  or^ — martyrs, 

*  My  Lordii,  there  never  was  a  fin^Je  inft^nce^  from  the 
Saxon  times  down  to  our  own,  in  which  a  m^n  was  ever  pu- 
li!0tcd  for  erroneous  opinions  concerning;  rites  or  modes  of  wor- 
ftiip,  but  upon  fome  pofitive  law.  The  common  Law  of  Eng- 
land, which  is  only  common  reafon  or  ufagc,  knows  of  no  pro- 
fccution  for  mere  opinions.  For  aihcifm,  hlafphemy,  and  re- 
viling the  Chriftian  religion,  there  have  been  ijirtanccs  of  per- 
fons  profccutcd  and  puniflicd  upon  the  common  law;  but  bare 
nonconformity  is  no  fm  by  the  common  law  :  and  all  pofitive 

tifcws,  infli£ling  any  pains  or  penalties  for  nonconformity  to  the 
edabliOied  rites  or  modes,  arc  repealed  by  the  Aft  of  Tolera- 
tion;  and  Difilntcrs  arc  thereby  exempted  from  all  ccclefiaftical 
cenfurcs, 

*  Whatblooddied  and  confufion  have  been  occafioned,  from 
the  reign  of  Hcnrv  IV,  when  the  firft  penal  ftatutcs  were  cnaft- 
ed,  down  to  the  Revolution,  in  this  kingdom,  by  laws  made  to 
force  confcience  !  *  Inhere  is  nothing  ccitainly  m^re  unreafon- 
ablc,  piore  inconfiflent  with  the  rights  of  human  nature,  more 
contrary  to  the  fpirit  and  precepts  of  the  Chriftian  religion,  more 
iniquitous  and  unjuft,  more  impolitic,  than  pcrfecution.  U  it 
againft  natural  religion,  revealed  religion,  and  found  policy 

*  Sad  experience,  and  a  lar^e  mind,  taught  that  great  man  the 
Prefident  De  Thou^  this  doflrinc.     Let  any  man  read  the  many 
admirable  things  which,  though  a  Papift,  he  hath  dared  to  ad 
vance  upon  the  fubjecl,  in  the  dedication  of  his  hiftory  to  Harry 
the  fourth  of  Franct:  (which  I  never  read  without  rapture )^  and 
he  will  be  fully  convinced,  not  only  how  cruel,  but  how  im^ 
politic  it  is  to  perftcutc  fcr  religious  opinions.     I  am  forry,  tha 
of  laie  his  countrymen  have  begun  to  open  their  eyes,  fee  their 
errofi  and  adopt  his  fcntimcnts :  i  lliould  not  have  broke  in] 

6  hcari 


Frn  and  candid  Dtfquifition  on  religious  EJlaHiJhmenis^  &c,    f  91 

heart  (I  hope  Imay  fay  fo  without  breach  of  Chriftian  charity), 
if  France  had  continued  to  cherifh  the  Jcfuits,  and  to  perfecute 
the  Hugonots.  There  was  no  occafion  to  revoke  the  edi£l  of 
Nantz;  the  Jefuits  needed  only  to  have  advifed  apian  fimilar  to 
what  is  contended  for  in  the  prefent  cafe,  make  a  law  to  render 
them  incapable  of  office,  make  another  to  punifh  them  for  not 
ferving.  If  they  accept,  punilh  them  (for  it  is  admitted  on  all 
hands,  that  the  Defendant  in  the  caufe  before  your  Lordfliips  is 
profecutable  for  taking  the  office  upon  him) :  if  they  accept, 
punilh  them ;  if  thc^  rcfufc,  punifh  them :  if  they  fay  yes,  pu- 
niih  them;  if  they  lay  no,  punilh  them. 

<  My  Lords,  this  is  a  moft  exquifite  dilemma,  from  which 
there  is  no  efcaping  ;  it  is  a  trap  a  man  cannot  get  out  of ;  it  is 
as  bad  perfecution  as  that  of  Procruftes :  if  they  are  too  fhort, 
ftrctch  them ;  if  they  are  too  long,  lop  them.  Small  would 
have  been  their  coniolation,  to  have  been  gravely  told.  The 
edift  of  Nantz  is  kept  inviolable ;  you  have  the  full  benefit  of 
that  h&.  of  Toleration,  you  may  take  the  facrament  in  your  own 
way  with  impunity ;  you  are  not  compelled  to  go  to  mafs.  Was 
this  cafe  but  told  in  the  city  of  London  as  of  a  proceeding  in 
France,  how  would  they  exclaim  againft  the  jefuitical  difti no- 
tion ?  And  yet  in  truth  it  comes  from  themfelves ;  the  Jefuits 
never  thought  of  it :  when  they  meant  to  profccute,  their  Aft  of 
Toleration,  the  Ediftof  Naniz,  was  repealed/ 

Few  of  our  Readers,  we  prefume,  need  to  be  informed  that 
the  DifTenters  proved  vi^orious  in  this  memorable  conteft  with 
the  city  of  London,  which  was  terminated  on  the  4th  of  Fe- 
bruary, 1767,  by  the  unanimous  judgment  of  the  Houfe  of 
Lords,  in  favour  of  Allen  Evans,  Efq;  the  defendant  in  the 
caufe. 

Art.  III.  A  free  and  candid  DifquiftUon  on  religious  EJlabliJhfnents 
in  general^  and  the  Church  of  England  in  particular.  Occafiomd 
by  a  Vifitation  Sermon  preached  at  Chelmsford^  May  22,  17  70. 
To  which  is  prefixed^  an  Anfwer  to  a  Letter  from  a  Clergyman^ 
concerning  Subfcription  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  Church  ef 
England,     8vo.     is.  6d.     White.     i77i« 

TH  E  fermon  which  gave  rife  to  the  prefent  pamphlet  was 
mentioned  in  our  lift  •,  with  a  Ihort  remark  upon  it,  as 
the  performance  of  a  fenfible  Writer,  who  does  juftice  to  his 
fide  of  the  qucftion  ;  nor  Ihould  we  have  taken  farther  notice  of 
it,  if  it  had  not  been,  in  this  manner,  called  forth  again  to  the 
obfervation  of  the  public.  We  do  think  it  a  fenfible  and  in- 
genious difcourfe,  though  we  have  never  imagined  that  it  was 

♦  See  lift  of  Single  Sermons  in  the  Rev.  for  July,  1^70. 


S92    Free  and  candid  Difquifition  on  rtUpws  MftahSfimmt^  tid 

vinanfwerable,  or  that  it  was  fufficient  to  prove  and  eftaUiJil' 
the  point  which  the  Author  hail  in  view.  Some  other  Writtf> 
is  here  of  tr.e  fame  opinion,  and  undertakes,  in  a  candid  aol 
handtome  manner,  to  controvert  fome  of  Mr.  Forfter's  pofi- 
tions  ;  at  the  fame  time  making  (as  perfbns  really  engaged  iri. 
the  fearch  of  truth  will  generally  do)  all  due  and  proper  ac-^  .i 
knowledgment  as  to  the  merits  of  the  fermon.  i 

In  the  previous  letter,  addreffed  to  a  clergymant  it  is  laid^ 
^  The  ingenuity  (hewn  in  the  compofition  is  judly.  adoiirelr 
and,  whajtcver  defeds  and  infirmities  the  argument  may  Iaboi£ 
under,  it  certainly  wants  not  thofe  ornaments  oFftyle,  teqip^ 
and  moderation,  which  give  it  refped  even  with  thofe  ' 
may  judge  it  to  be  inconcluflve,  or  involve  confequences 
favourable  to  religious  liberty.     Your  correfpondent  is  in 
one  who  fo  judges  of  it :  and  the  more  meritorious  the  pCTv^ 
formance  is  in  /^^  refpefls,  fo  much  the  more  neceflarrkT. 
cfteems  it  to  remark  its  deficiency  in  this  refped.     For  wbaA 
there  is  an   apparent  want  of  candour, — where  rudenefi  pie-. . 
vails — where  meannefsof  defign  is  confpicuous,  or  the  tendency,. 
of  the  argument  palpably  bad,  the  reafoning  of  the  Writer  wi\  n 
the  Icfs  regarded  ; — and  confequcntly,  if  fallacious,  the  lefi  w3 
it  need  or  deferve  a  refutation.     And  you  will  do  me  no  foaei 
than  jufticc.  Sir,  in  attributing  the  dcvelopement  of  this  m^j\ 
tleman's  argument  to  my  concern,  left  error,  availing  herfufaf; 
fo  decent  and  comely  a  garb^  fhould  longer  ^<  lie  in  wait  to  de^'; 
ceive."    Without  ftoppine  to  enquire  whether  this  laft  (eatentf^ 
is  not  rather  more  harfh  than  the  Author  intended,  we  prooen^ 
to  lay  before  our  Readers  fome  of  his  obfervations* 

The  fubjcct  of  national  eftablifliments  in   religion, 
tremdy  delicate,  and  attended  with  confiderable  difficultjf.   ft : 
appears  to  be  right  that  in  forming  public  communities,  fomecaii 
Ihould  be  ued  for  preferving  or  advancing  religion,  butbo# 
far  this  care  fhould  extend,  and  what  (leps  ought  to  betakM^ 
for  this  purpofe,  is  a  nice  and  intricate  qucftion.     Certunlf 
great  wifdom  and  prudence,  as  well  as  humanity,  and  a  hear^ 
concern  for  the  true  intcrefts  of  mankind,  are  abfolutely  requi^'i 
fite  in  condufiing  an  affair  of  this  kind  in  any  fuitable  manieri  < 
Mr.  Forfter  endeavours  to  fhew,  •*  That  religious  liberty  it 
confident  with  an  cftablifliment  of  religion;  and  thatitwiljr 
if  fuch  eftablifhment  be  founded  upon  rational  and  liberal  priih* 
ciples,  be  moft  efFedually  guarded  and  fupported  by  it."    Oiir- 
Author  does  not  controvert  either  of  thefe  aflertions,  for  h^ 
thinks  them  demonftrable ;  but  he  alfo  thinks  that  Mr*  Forflef 
has  failed  in   his  proQf,  and  that  religious  liberty,  in  its  trtf 
notion,  is  not  confident  with  the  principles  on  which  he  endci*. 
vours  to  i'uppjrt  thefe  affeTtioivs«    The  (enfible  Preacher  a^ 


Trn  and  candid  Difqutfithn  on  rtligicus  EftahUJhminii^  tfr.    193 

gucs*  that  **  Though  all  opinion — is  out  of  ihc  province  of  i 
human  authority,  and  ought  to  be  nbfolutely  free,  yet  the  con-' 
fcqucnces  of  fuch  opinion  to  civit  fociety  and  the  public  happi- 
llefSi  are  clearly  within  the  bounds  of  clvit  regulation  and  legal 
controul ;  and — that  every  ftatc  his  a  right  to  prevent  the  Ht  \ 
tonfiquincei  of  free  opinion  in  matters  of  religion."  His  op- 
pofer  acknowledges,  that  *  if  in  matters  of  religion,  the  full 
and  free  enjoyment  of  one's  own  opinion  be  attended  with  any 
ill  confequcnces  to  civil  focicty,  thofe  cortfequences  fall  within , 
the  bounds  of  civfl  regulation, — But  then,  fays  he,  it  muft  not 
be  granted,  till  it  be  fbewn,  that  any  ill  confequences  can  flovir 
from  free  opinion  in  the  matter  of  religion,  to  civil  fociety  :  and 
while  this  remains  unproved,  Mr,  Forftcr  may  be  contending 
for  a  right  to  the  ftate  which  has  no  objeft  for  the  exercifc  of  it?  ! 
Farther,  whereas  Mr.  Forftcr  had  faid,  that  *  mankind  have  mod 
fcvcrcly  felt  the  fatal  cffefls  of  a  fanatic  zeal,  infpired  and  jufti- 
ficd  by  bigot  principles  of  religion,  upon  the  peace  and  happi- 
nefs  of  fociety  i  his  antagonift  allows  that  tbefe  arc  dreadful 
evils,  which  coitie  properly  under  the  cognizance  of  the  magi- 
ilrate,  *  but  how,  he  pleads,  are  they  the  confequenccs  of  U^e 
opinion  ?  they  are  i\\t  fatal  efftSis  of  a  fanatic  %taL  This  is  the 
fource  according  to  the  preacher's  own  account,  from  whence 
thcfe  diforders  and  miferics  have  been  derived  to  mankind.  Un- 
\tU  fanatidfm^  ihereforc,  and  freedom  of  opinion  in  religion,  be 
the  fame  thing,  they  are  not  juftly  attributed  to  the  fatter.  Nor 
(hould  I,  adds  the  Writer,  go  too  far  In  denying  Mr.  Forfter's 
litte  to  his  conclulion,  even  if  he  had  clearly  Ihewn  fome  ill  con- 
fequenccs attendant  on  freedom  of  opinion,  unlefs  he  had  alfo 
demon  ft  rated  the  pojfthittty  of  preventing  thofe  confcquences^ 
Without  rcftraining  opinion  itfclf,  which  **  ought  to  be  abfoiutelf 
free/' 

The  Author  of  the  fermoh  has  freely  declared,  that  **  religious 
^ftabliOiments  in  general  hav^  been  produftive  of  more  dtfmal  ^i-^ 
fefls  to  fociety  and  mankind,   than  could  poflibly  have  arifcn.' 
from  an  abfolute  Jifregard  to  «il]   religious  opinion   by  the  civil 
power ^  and  a  total  filence  of  the  la%v  upon  that  head.*'     As  an 
efFeftual  guurd,  he  has  therefore  propofed,  **  to  eftablifli  by  \tw 
a  national  religion,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  admit  and  tolerate 
in  the  largcft  fenfe  every  confcientious  diflcnt  from  it,"     The 
Writer  of  the  pamphlet  confidcrs  this  fentencc  as  *  full  of  ambi-. 
guity,*  and  employs  his  fecond   fedtion  chiefly  upon  it»     The 
word  cavfcierttioui  is  particularly  and  juttly  objected  to,  though  he 
may  poffibly  extend  his  refledlions  farther  than  Mr.  Forfter  had 
defigned  :  but  it  i»  very  requifite  to  fpcak  and  write  with  preci- 
fion  on  fo  delicate  and  momentoua  a  fubjeft.     *  Such  only,  fays'  \ 
he,  as  are  not  conjciemiom  m  their  diflcnt  are  excluded  the  bene-*  | 
f\x  of  toleration.     Thefe  fanitions  then  rcfpccl  the  (onfiiences  of 

Rlw  March  1771.  O  icvttw* 


1^4  ^'*^^  ^^  canjld  Difqulfithn  an  rili^hui  EJIabiiJhtnintt^  tii* 

men.  The  guarti  is  oytt  anfdmah^t)^. — But  law's  of  r/^i;  n^- 
turt  cannot  operate  as  a  guard  or  fccuriiy  to  the  eftab!jOiment^ 
without  an  tfi^i^ijjtofi^i  2uihomy  over  confcicnce.  And  if  the 
magiitratc  may  make  inquirition  mto  the  confcic nces  cjf  his  dif-^ 
fenting  fu!  jcdis  (and  without  it  he  cannot  know  who  of  them 
arc  proper  objeds  of  toleration),  fuch  an  authority  muft  neccf* 
ftirily  fubjcct  confcientious  opinion  to  ffnclty  and  pumjlmieni.-^ 
A  confeqncnce  which  wc  aflufc  ourfelvcs  was  not  mnmt  by  Mr, 
Fcrller,  but  which,  as  he  was  fully  aware  that  it  might  be  ob- 
jcdicd  to  his  plan,  he  ought  to  have  obviated  (ana  certainl/ 
WQuid^  if  he  had  found  it  polHble),  more  fatisfa£iority,  than  b/ 
merely  difclarming  it,  "  as  a  violation  of  the  firft  principles  of 
that  contrail  upon  which  civil  focrexy  is  founded,  and  an  invad* 
ing  and  trampling  unJer  fool  the  moft  facred  rightii  of  huma- 
nity.*' This  declaration  we  willingly  admit  as  a  proof  of  Mr« 
Forfter*8  own  moJeration,  but  it  leaves  the  confequcnce  where  il 
was,  and  the  authority  of  the  mag^iftrate  to  bear  a  moft  malig- 
nant afpc^l  upon  the  rights  of  confcience. — ^So  that  a  wcU-con- 
ilituted  fiate,  if  it  mud  have  fame  (and  it  ts  rcafunablc  it  (hould 
kave  i\\fiJ]roiJit/l)^  fccurity  to  its  religious  eftablifbment,  will 
not  demand  a  fccurity  of  this  nature.  It  will  be  ih^prgu^^r  of 
every  man*s  confcience,  and  not  his  inquifttor,^ 
*  in  the  liiiid  fcdion,  our  Author  pleads,  the  right  to  an  iqual 
and  impariiat  protcftiun  by  la'j;  in  the  matter  of  reli^on,  in 
which  he  ftill  keeps  in  view  what  has  been  urged  byMr  Forfter, 
*  The  law,  fays  he,  may  operate,  and  operate  juflifiabl^^  to* 
wards  prcfcrving  the  etlablifbmcnt  from  violence,  by  punifliing; 
any  th*it  dare  to  moleft  the  profefiors  of  the  efl^ibUfhcd  mode  of 
religiun  in  the  quiet  and  peaceable  poileOjon  of  the  fame. — Bui 
then,  if  every  individual  in  the  ftate  be  ahfslutely  free  in  the 
choice  and  cxcrcife  of  his  own  mode,  though  diffeung;  from  the 
cIlaMiflicJ  one^  he  is  a$  free  in  that  rcfpcit,  a-s  a  profeflbr  of  the 
cllab!*lhcJ  mode  4.771  be.  He  is  not,  however,  equally  and  as  ab^ 
jQluUly  ffrc,  unlc(s  he  be  equally  and  as  ohfolutely  protected  by 
law* — Orv  the  other  hand,  if  be  enjoys  equaily  with  the  members 
of  the  eilahl»fliment,  protc^lionby  law  in  the  choice  and  in  the 
cxircifc  of  his  own  mode  of  religion,  then  we  are  (lii)  at  a  I0& 
tT  know  ukhat  can  be  meant  by  Jecuring  thccftabli&ed  religion  by 
Iciial  finCliong,  or  which  of  the  different  modes  of  religion  pro- 
Icflcd  13  moft  iniitlcd  to  the  name  of  the  ejlahljhed  religion  in  a 
commuaity,  where  they  are  all  equally  protected  and  guarded  by 

This  refers  to  what  had  been  faid  m  the  fcrmon  upon  this  part 
of  the  fubjctS,  and  therefore  the  Writer  thus  proceed?,  « Is  this 
then  (cTie;tnJ0g  the  latt,  mentioned  o^boyc)  fu^h  an  cOablinimenC 
<if  religion  as  Mr.  Forftcr  would  plead  for  f  If  1  had  rcafon  to 
think  u  wa^p  he  fhould  not  haYc  found  me  among  the  oppofcr& 


I 


I 
I 


Free  emd  candid  Difqwjituin  on  reUgtbus  EJiahllJhmeniSy  &fc.    195 

of  his  plan a  plan  [I  am  free  to  declare  my  judgment  of  it] 

founded  in  the  natural  principles  oi  juftice  and  equity^  as  well  as 
in  the  undoubted  principles  of  our  common  Chrijitanity  \ — a  plaif 
fimple^  but  extenjhe ;  not  'Otfiznaryy  but  obviouflv  rationale  not 
lets  pra^icalf/e  in  a  community,  where  theMegillative  body  zre Jin* 
cerely  in  the  interefts  of  religious  freedom,  than  it  is  favourable 
to  the  fame/  But  this,  we  are  told,  is  widely  different  from 
that  which  is  contended  for-^an  eftablifhment,  the  end  of  which 
is  the  prevention  of  certain  ill  confequences  apprehended  to  flow 
from  that  very  freedom  in  religion,  which  it  is  fuppofed  to  en- 
courage and  fupport — an  eftablilhment,  the  fecurity  of  which  is 
to  confift  in  preventing  •'  the  ill  efFeSs  of  the  peculiar  opinions'* 
of  diflenters,  and  that  ^^  by  excluding  them  from  offices  of  power 
and  influence  in  the  government;"  whereas,  on  the  plan  above 
mentioned,  no  one  peculiar  mode  of  religion  is  eftablifhed  by 
iawi  no  fecurity  againft  violence  required  in  behalf  of  ^n^mode^ 
which  is  not  required  in  behalf  of  any  other.  In  (hort,  on  this 
plan  the  ftate  doth  not  defend  and  fecure  by  law  one  peculiar 
mode  of  religion,  and  leave  the  profeflbrs  of  every  other  mode  to 
defend  their  own  religion,  as  they  may,  without  law^  *^  by  the 
weapons  of  reafon  and  argument  only.*^  Thefe  laft  wbrds  are 
applied  in  the  fermon  to  thofe  who  diflent  from  the  eftablifh^ 
ment,  who  it  is  allowed  are  to  remain  free  in  the  choice  and  ex- 
ercife  of  thdr  religion  :  under  certain  reftraints  as  t6  offices  of 
power  and  influence :  ^*  The  weapons  of  reafon  and  argu* 
ment,"  it  is  added  in  Mr.  Forfter*s  difcourfe,  **  the  only  weapons 
they  can  claim  to  ufe  on  this  occafion,  are  left  free  and  un- 
touched in  their  hands :  and  upon  this  equal  ground  they  may 
form  their  ftrongeft  attacks." 

The  Difquifitor  confiders  his  fubjeft  as  becoming  r^er  deli- 
cate, when  he  is  led  by  the  fermon  to  apply  what  had  before  been 
cencral  to  the  eftablimment  of  our  own  country.  He  is  apprehea- 
five,  on  the  one  hand,  that  in  queftioning  the  rcafonablenefs  gf 
that  fecurity  which  our  eftabli(bment  requires,  he  may  appear 
to  fomc  as  a  fnvourcr  of  thofe  who  are  unthankful  for  thatmea- 
fure  of  religious  liberty  which  under  a  mild  government  they 
actually  enjoy  j  and  on  the  other  hand  in  waving  all  difcuffion  of 
the  point,  he  may  be  thought  to  fhew  a  greater  regard  to  ^7^^^^<7;7r^Xy 
than  to  truth.  •  This  latter  imputation,  he  lays,  I  will  not 
fall  under.  And  in  venturing  my  fentimcnts  on  the  indance  be- 
fore us,  I  may  reafonably  hope  to  efcape  the  former,  if  I  am  be- 
lieved'to  be  fmcere  in  declaring,  that  though  I  confider  not  our 
ecclefiaftical  conftitution  as  free  from  imperfedlions,  yet  I  not 
only  judge  it  to  be  the  beft  of  relirrious  ejiabl't/hments  at  this  day 
fubflfting)  but  I  alfo  think  the  mode  of  religion  which  it  has 
adopted  far  preferabk,    upon  the  whole,   to  any  othcc  u\  vife 

O  2  ^t^\o^^ 


196  Frei  and  candid  Dijettatim  m  nhgUus  EJiailfJl^mtnii^  i^d 

Isimong  dijpnttrsi  of  the  various  modes  at  leaft  which  arc  pro- 
Ifcdcd  in  this  free  country*  I  kiiow  not  that  one  1  would  wifh 
I  to  be  cftaUliftied  in  its  ftead/ 

I      Mr.  Forfter  having  f^id,   that   our   cftablifbnicnt  **  requires 
\^n!y^  thai  thofe  who  profefs  10  diflcnt  from  its  do<5trincs,  fliall  be 
ilexcluded  from  oHiccs  of  power  and  influence  in  the  govcrnment»'* 
lit  IS  remarked  in  the  p.imphlct,  *  This,  I  fear,  is  a  more  fa- 
1  vourable  reprefentation  of  the  ecclcfialhcal  conditution  of  our 
I  own  country,  than  will  be  allowed  to  be  jull.     It  ferves,  how- 
I  ever,  to  fhcw  Mr.  Forftcr*s  ovvn  moderation;  and  leaves  room 
I  to  hope;  that  on  finding  the  do<5tiines  of  the  church  fccurcd  by 
I  other  more  rigid  fan£lions  of  law,  which  have  hitherto  efcapcd 
r  his  knowledge,  than  this  of  a  mere  cxclufion  from  public  olSccs^ 
I  he  will  wifh  its  reformy  and  be  inclined  to  abet,  with  his  literary 
I  abilines  and  influence,  thofe  of  his  brethren  who  arc  engaged  in 
I  the  CAUSE.'     The  Writer  proceeds  to  aflc,  Whether,  fuppofing 
I  the  eftabli{hmcnt  required  only  fuch   fccurity  as  had  been  men- 
I  tioncd,  fui'h   a  requirement    be   confiftent  wiih  ahfoluu  freedom^ 
[  in  the  profeflion  and  cxercifc  of  his  own  mode  of  religion,  to 
I  which  every  individual  in  a  ftaic  is  intitled  ?     And  fince  the  fcr- 
I  mon  has  advanced,  as  a  reafon  for  excluding  thofe  who  dilTenr^ 
I   from  offices  of  power  and  influence,  that  their  admiifion  would 
I    bring  *^  dangtr  to  that  mode  of  religion  which  the  conftitutioii 
I   h^s    adopted    and   made    its    own,"    he    therefore    anfwers  h\% 
I    qurAton  in  the  negative,  fince,  we  are  told,  ^  the  admilEon  of 
I    ihc  members  of  the  eftablifhment  into  thefe  fuuations  (1. /.  into 
I   offices]  renders  thiir  opinions  equally  dangerous  to  the  mode  of 
I    religion   adopted    by  dijpnters  \    and  thus — '  di (Tenters,  in  the 
I    matter  of  religion,  (haie  not  an  equal  protc<5lion  by  la^  with  the 
I    profdit  rs  of  the  eftablilhed  Creed,— 'Till  it  can  therefore  be 
I    fhcwn,  that  power  and  influence  in  the  government  is,  in  the 
I    hands  of  church-men  alone,  more  fafc  for  the  intcrcfts  of  rcligi- 
I    ous  liberty,  than  it  would  be,  if  fhared  in  common  with  their 
I    dillenting  brethren  (and  only  to  fufpofi  it  mud  be  looked  upon  as 
I    partiality  in  us)  the  confiftency  of  ihe  (ccuruy  required   in  this 
r     inlhncc  with  the  principle*  of  religious  freedom  wiil  not  ap» 
pear/ 

In  the  fourth  fc^lion,  which  confiders  the  argument  in  favour 

of  religious  cHablifhments  groundid  on  the  principle  of  Jdlfde^ 

ftnct  ^ni  Jelf'prfjcnwtkn  in  relt-ion,  we  read  as  follows  :  *  For 

admitting  this  principle  of  felf-defence  (as  it  is  called)  in  matters 

of  religion,  the  preacher  argues  thus  :  *'  Every  flaie,  as  well  as 

every  individual,  has  a  right  to  judge  for  itfelf  in  matters  of  reli- 

I    gion,  ortochufe  its  own  religion.     It  has  therefore  ibe  fame 

W    right  to  defend  its  judgment,  and  pr*fervt  its  choice/*— M^ny 

I    perfuas  have  been  impofed  upon  by  this  trite,  but  very  fpcciou^ 

I  and 


I 


Free  trndcamSd  Dtfqutfitien  eft  nligicus  Eftahlijhnunu^  lie.   19/ 

and  fophiftical  argnment.  In  fo  naming  it.  however^  I  mean' 
not  to  infinuate  that  Mr.  Forfter  made  ufe  ot  it  with  anv  defiga 
of  impofing  upon  bis  readers.  I  believe  him  to  be  himfelf  impo* 
fed  upon,  not  aware  of  the  fophifm.  Bnt  it  confifts  in  this,  vl%. 
in  applying  the  argument  to  a  ftate  confidertd  with  nfpeH  to  it'^ 
felfox  its  own  memhersj  which  holds  only  when  applied  to  a  ftate 
conftdered  with  refpe£f  to  any  othtrjlatt.  Every  ftate,  confidered 
in  the  latter  refped,  as  well  as  every  individual,  has  a  right  to 
chufe  its  own  religion,  alfo  to  ^<^/77^  its  judgment,  and  pnfervi 
its  choice,  by  any  laws. — For  in  doing  this  it  cxercifeth  no  ju« 
rifdiftion,  claimeth  no  authority  over,  nor  anyway  interfereih 
with  the  rights  of  any  other  ftate. — But  this  argument  will  not 
hold  g<>od,  when  we  come  to  apply  it  to  a  ftate  as  it  ftands  in 
relation  to  its  own  members  only.  For  as  every  individual,  by  be- 
ing endowed  with  reafon  and  confcience,  is  a  law  unto  himfelf, 
and  confidered  as  fuch  aSeth  wrong  and  unjuflifiabfy^  when  he 
conduflethhimfelf  on  vicious  maxims  and  principles,  whereby 
fome  part  or  member  of  his  conftitution  is  depraved  and  injured  i 
fo  the  body  politic  or  ftate  aSeth  %vrong  and  unjujlifiably  in  efta* 
blifiiinglaws  which  are  partial  and  oppreffive  to  any  of  its  mem* 
bers.  The  ftate,  as  well  as  the  individual,  it  is  true,  by  fuch 
wrong  condud  hurting  only  itfdf,  is  not  accountable  to  any 
other  Jlate  :  but  yet  beine  a  law  unto  itfelfy  the  obje£l  and  end 
of  which  is  ever  the  preservation  and  wehare  of  the  whole,  and 
of  every  member  in  particular;  all  the  members  muft  have  cer- 
tain juft  claims  upon  it,  on  which  it  can  have  no  right  to  en- 
croach.— So  that  2ijiate  hath  not  the  fame  right  to  cftablifh  by 
Uw  a  peculiar  mode  of  religion,  and  to  defend  its  choice  againft 
any  apprehended  danger  from  its  dijfenting  fuhjeSls^  that  an  indi- 
vidual hath  to  chufe  his  religion,  and  defend  his  choice  againft 
danger  from  <7;7y  0/^/r  individual.  Bccaufe  one  individual  hath 
not  the  fame  claims  upon  another  individual  in  religious  mat- 
ters, which  the  members  of  a  community  have  upon  thofc  who 
are  appointed  to  guard  their  rights,  ai)d  to  protect  them  in  the 
full  and  free  exercife  of  their  religion.* 

The  next  fc£lion  brings  under  confideratiop  the  long  debated 
point  of  fubfcription  to  human  fyftems  of  religious  faith  and  doc- 
trine. The  fermon  has  faid,  *'  In  order  to  anfwcr  in  any  degree 
the  great  purpofes  of  a  religious  eftablifhment,  and  to  give  ic 
its  full  efFe£t  upon  tl^e  minds  and  condud  of  the  people,  it  feems 
to  be  necefTary,  xh^ifuch  religion  (bould  be  ftudie^l  and  taught, 
its  foundations  opened,  its  principle^  eipplained,  and  its  pratli- 
cal  influence  inculcated  and  enforced. — Every  ftate  muft  in  this 
cafe  have  a  right  to  demand,  th^t  its  own  religion  be  taught,  and 
rtot  another." 

As  it  can  hardly  be  admitted,  that  fo  able  a  writer  as  Mr. 
forfter  appears  to  be,  fliould  contradiil  himfclf  in  the  fame  dif- 

P  3-  ^^^i^^H 


198  Vui  Olid  candid  Difquijition  on  r^Eghus  E/labti/bmiitfs^  &Ff« 

courfe,  it  may  poflibly  be  thought  that  the  Author  of  the  puo-r 
phlet  prefTcs  in  a  degree  too  hard  upon  the  exzEt  meaning  of  a- 
preffions,  in  fome  of  the  queries  which  in  this  part  of  thedelntfi 
he  propofes.  After  other  refle£lions,  he  a(ks»  ^  How  is  the  de- 
mand which  Mr.  Forfter  here  pleads  for  conjtftmt  with  his  nm 
plan  of  a  religious  eftablifliment  which  ^^  admits  and  tolerticii 
in  the  iargeji  fenfe^  every  confcientious  diflent  from  it  ?"  For  if 
the  flace  (hould  exercife  the  right  he  gives  it,  and  infift,  "  tbtt 
its  own  religion,  and  not  another,  be  taught  the  people,"  lU 
diflent,  whether  confcientious  or  othcrwife,  from  the  eftablilhed 
religion,  would,  by  fuch  a  demand,  be  mod  effc<3ually  pre- 
vented, or  however  foon  fupprcflfed,  inllead  of  being  aamittej 
and  tolerated  in  the  largefl  fenfe.  How  is  it  confiflent  with  lu( 
own  notion  of  religious  liberty,  viz.  **  That  every  man  bepio- 
te<Sled  by  law  in  the  free  profcfllon  and  exercife  of  his  religion^ 
For  if  the  ftate  requires  its  own  mode  of  religion  onljf  to  h; 
taught,  ivery  man  is  not  at  liberty  to  profefs  and  exercife  hu 
own  religion.  Thofe  that  diflike  the  dodrines  of  theeflabli(h<- 
ment  muft,  notwithftanding,  hear  them^  or  hear  none,  miniften 
being  by  law  required  to  teach  no  other. — How  is  fuch  a  claim 
confiftent  with  the  provifo  annexed  to  the  right  of  a  ftate  to  de^ 
fend  its  own  religion  •  .  .  •  ^^  Provided,  that  it  prote&eraj 
individual  member  in  the  full  liberty  of  enjoying  his  own  per- 
fuafion,  of  defending  it  by  reafon  and  argument,  and  of  point' 
ing  out  too,  if  he  thinks  proper,  any  fuppofed  errors  or  de- 
fers in  the  cftabliflied  creed  r"  For  a  full  liberty'to  do  this-r 
is,  in  efFc£^,  a  liberty  to  teach  other  dodrines  than  thofe  whid| 
arc  fet  forth  in  the  eftablifhed  creed.' 

Here  Mr.  Forfter  fecms  to  have  been  fomewhat  unguardd 
in  the  illufiration  he  has  ufed  in  fupport  of  his  argument,  and 
which  his  opponent  could  not  fail  to  notice ;  who  according!} 
thus  proceeds,  ^  Such  fecurity,  however,  it  is  obferved,  the 
flate  requires  in  all  fimilur  cafes.  ^'  A  foldicr  is  fworn  to 
obferve  the  articles  of  war.  A  judge  that  be  will  declare 
the  law  of  the  land.*' — But  are  thefc  cafes  at  all  (Jmilar  to 
the  cafe  in  point  ?  Arc  articles  of  war  of  like  nature  with 
articles  of  religion?  or  the  laws  of  the  land^  with  the  law$ 
G^  Heaven? — And  can  the  yL/«/ jurifdldllon  obtain  in  matcets 
of  the  mpfl  dijfimilar  kind  ?  or  the  right  of  excrcifing  it  he, 
on  any  juft  principles  of  reafoning,  extended  to  fuch  diffennt 
cafes?  No:  **  Religious  opinion  is  in  itfcif  a  perfoKaicoii' 
cern.  It  is  therefore  out  of  the  province^  as  well  as  above 
the  poller  of  civil  or  merely  human  authority."  This  is  Mr. 
Forfler's  own  obfervation.  How  then  will  he  apply  civil ptWf 
and  human  authority  in  the  cafe  of  cftablifning  articles  of  religioDi 
fo  as  that  they^  ami  fio  oth^r  fhrJl  be  taught  the  people  ?  Let 
him  call  to  mind,  and  coufider  well  the  following  conceffioni 
wJjicJ]  could  not  have  been  p^nwii  \u  l\x^\^  ^tiv^X^  Vi\tc\r»A'^% 


Fiet  aft  J  candid  Difqutjition  on  reughjus  Ejliihl:J.hn::Kts^  l:  c,    i  <"/'> 

under  the  fuUcft  conviction  of  its  truth  .  .  .  ^^  Each  indiviJuil 
jsiu  tkis  refped  abfilutely  and  completely  a  law  unto  himfelf.  Nor 
can  my  i&aimiii  authority  have  a  rigljt  t9  determine  what  a  man 
Ai{/  believe,  any  more  than  what  he  (hall  eat  or  drinks  or 
vkrewithal  he  (hall  be  clothed."  Now,  if  no  authority, 
oervly  buman^  can  have  a  right  to  deUnniKc  what  a  man  fliall 
Mieve  (which  is,  in  other  words,  to  deny  a  flatc  the  ri  {ht  to 
\  cfiablifli  by  law  a  fyftem  of  religious  faith),  no  merely  human 
authority  can  have  the  &i\\fartkei'  right  to  require  that  its  oivti 
determinations  refpeding  points  of  religious  tuith  and'doLlrinc, 
fluU  be  taught  to  thb  people,  and  m  ether. — If  a  foldicr  brealc  an 
article  of  war,  he  is  punifhible  for  the  offence,  being  amenable 
to  a  court  of  judicature  which  has  lawful  cognizance  in  the  af- 
laiir,  as  it  is  fan£tioned  by  the  fame  authority  that  made  the  ar« 
tides  of  war.  But,  as  no  human  authority  has  power  to  make 
one  article  of  faiih,  fo  it  c^mnot  lawfully  amrne  to  any  of  its 
courts,  any  man,  either  for  the  purpo:c  of  requiring  fecurity 
fiir  hn  religious  belief^  or  punifhing  him  as  a  delinquent  in  a 
matter  of  that  nature.' 

The  laft  fe£lion  conCders  the  claim  of  a  right  to  require  pr^^- 
I!g|ftf9i/j  to  fubfcribe  ^tfrn^ff  articles  of  faith,  from  which  we  (hall 
make  the  following  extracts  :  ^  The  Chriftian  religion,  fays  he, 
is  the  religion  acknowledged  in  thcfe  realms  to  be  of  divine  ori- 
ginal, and  eftabliflied  as  fuch.  That  religion,  it  is  further  ac- 
knowledged, is  contained  in  the  writings  of  the  Old  and  Ncur 
Teftament.-^They  alone  are  to  proteftants  the  rule  of  faith  and 
dodrine.-— The  point  being  thus  brought  home  to  ourfelves,  as 
fnteftants^  the  queflion  is.  On  v.hat  principle,  which  is  not 
inconfiftent  with  ad  etlablifhmcnt  on  this  protellant  bafis,  (ball 
the  ftati:  proceed  farther  to  enjoin  an  acknowledgment  of  the 
truth  of  a  fyftematical  formulary  of  faith  and  dodrine  diflindt 
from  fcripture  ?  The  flace,  we  are  to!d,  '^  has  a  right  to  ^o 
this  on  the  fame  principle,  V-e  it  what  it  will,  that  i:  has  a  right 

-  to  enjoin  an  acknowledgment  of  the  fcnptures  themft^lves." p 

*  On  the  fame  ground  that  a  ftatceftabiithcrh  the  Chriflian  re- 
ligion, it  muft  have  a  right  to  declare,  in  its  own  te.mi^  what 
that  religion  is,  and  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  it."  A  fiatc*,  it 
Aiall  be  readily  granted,  has  that  right.  But  then  it  would  not 
excrciCe  that  right,  but  would  arrogate  a  right  which  cannot  b.:- 
long  to  it,  if  it  was  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  ihc  Chriftian  reit- 
gioD  ill  any  ether  manner  than  its  own  lasvs  warrant  it  to  do  ;  that 
i«,  in  the  cafe  before  us,  if  it  was  "  to  declare  what  the  Chri- 
ftian  religion  is,"  by  a  fyftem  of  faith  an-l  doctrines  conceived  in 
»'W  Urmi  than  thofe  rj fcripture.  For  the  ftatc  has  already  de- 
clared, and  (while  its  own  religious  eftabli/hmcnt  remains  the 
6«cj  doib  conftanti/  "  declare  in  iu  own  terms  what  vht  C\\\\* 


aoo  Fret  and  candid  Difquifition  on  reUgioui  EfidUiJhni9th  ^d 

ftian  religion  is,"  by  declaring,  that  it  is  contained  in  the  fcrip^ 
tures  and  in  them  only ;  and  has  explained  "  its  own  ideas  of  iL* 
Tlie  ideas  it  entertains  of  the  Chriftivi  religion,  are  the  idoi 
which  are  given  of  it  in  the  fariptures.  To  declare  what  the 
Chriftian  religion  is,  or  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  it  by  nf 
other  fyftem,  would  be  to  z&  inconfiftently  with  its  own  cfla- 
bli(hcnent.  It  would  be  to  declare  the  Chriftian  religion  to  b^ 
contained  in  the  fcriptures  only^  and  at  the  fame  time  to  decluCi 
that  it  is  contained  in  fome  other  fyftem.  In  (hort,  this  wooli 
be  to  eftablifli  Chriftian!  ty  upon  two  different  principles. — If  the 
religion  of  ^rtf^^tfii^j  be  contained  in  the  fcriptures  m^,  ill 
that  religion  be  moreover  confirmed  to  them  by  law^  thcBr 
as  members  of  the  eftabli(hment  itfelf,  they  rightfully  claim  «i 
exemption  from  all  obligation  *<  to  acknowledge  the  truth  ipd 
authority'*  of  any  form  ofdodrine  diftinfi  from  *<thofefcrfN 
tures  which  avowedly  contain  that  form  which  the  ftate  kc 
ijlablijhed.**  They  may  claim  this  by  law.  And  if  by  law  Udf 
they  claim  an  exemption  from  all  fuch  obligation,  then  then^ 
bas  not  a  right  to  impofe  the  obligation/ 

In  the  clofe  of  the  pamphlet  a  queftion  is  propofed  to  ibe 
eftablilhed  clergy ;  which  is,  ^  Whether  fubfcription  to  the  thif^ 
ty-nine  articles  of  the  church  of  England,  be  confiitutionali/  le-. 
quired  of  them  ?  And,  it  is  added,  if  mature,  honeft,  and  free 
enquiry  fhall  produce  cbnvidlion  in  any,  that  it  is  not  even  \ 
eonjlitutional  requirement,  the  friends  of  religious  truth  lol 
freedom  cannot  doubt,  thatyiifi^  of  the  clergy  will  be  ingenuoui 
in  pubiicly  aflcrting  their  privileges,  as  members  of  the  Enf/^ 
church  itfelf;  and  it  may  be  farther  hoped,  that  they  will,  if 
Englijhmenj  be  ready  on  any  fair  occafion,  to  fue  in  a  conffits^. 
tional  way  for  redrefs  of  the  grievance/ 

Thus  we  have  laid  before  our  Readers  fome  account  of  tUl 
pamphlet.  As  to  fmgle  fermons,  it  is  our  general  method  only 
juft  to  give  a  lift  of  their  titles.  Mr.  Foifter's  being  rather  pe« 
culiar,  and  appearing  to  be  well  written  on  that  part  of  the  \ 
gument,  we  give  a  little  more  attention  to  it.  But  it  \ 
have  been  inconfiftent  with  our  plan,  not  to  have  taken  a  i 
farther  notice  of  this  performance  which  it  has  occafioned: 
and  thereby  feems,  in  all  probability,  to  have  laid  the  foundi^ 
tion  of  a  new  controverfy  on  an  old  fubjeA,  that  hath  ofcai 
been  agitated,  but  which,  perhaps,  will  never  be  fettled,  to 
the  fatisfa6)ion  of  all  parties. 

The  Author  of  the  fermon  difcovers  much  candour  and  gen^ 
rofity  of  fentiment,  as  well  as  good  fenfe  and  abilities:  but 
judgirng  as  impartially  as  we  can,  though  it  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult, on  any  fide,  to  diveft  the  mind  of  prejudice,  we  muftftr 
ourfclves  think^  that  truth  rather  appears  to  reft  with  his  o|n 
ponent. 


t     201      ] 


ll 
1 


Art- IV.  CffrttmuatUn  ef  the  Pbihf9phUal  Trat^faif ions.  Vol, 
J.1X.     For  the  Year  lydg.     Sec  our  laft  Month's  Review, 

Pa p E R s  relating  to  Natural  History  in  genera!. 

Article  4.  A  Letter  frt^m  ibi  Honour ahk  IVUliam  Hamilim^  hit 
Majejiy^  Enmy  Extraordinary  at  NafiUs^  U  Afaiibew  Maty^ 
M.  Z>,  ^H,  R.  S,  coniainingfime  farther  Parttcukrs  on  M^mjU 
Vefuvim^  and  other  FoUams  in  the  Nei^hbourhnod^ 

IN  this  piper  the  ingenious  and  incpiifitive  Author  favours 
the  fociety  with  fomc  further  communications,  relative  to 
his  favourite  fubje£^.  In  our  account  of  his  former  letter,  we 
recommended  to  the  notice  of  eleSricians  the  appearances  re- 
fembJing  lightningt  which  were  obferved  by  himfclf  during  the 
great  erupcion  in  1767  *,  In  this  letter  he  confirms  his  own 
obicrvacion  of  thcfc  pbencmenaj  by  the  teftimony  of  the  peafants 
|n  the  neighbourhood  of  his  vdla,  who  all  agree  in  their  ac* 
count  of  the  terrible  thunder,  ^n^  forked  lightnings  which  con- 
tinued during  almofl  the  whole  time  of  the  eruption  ;  and 
which  was  particularly  confined  to  the  mountain  f.  If  thefe 
appearances  proceed  from  a6tual  lightning,  and  arc  not  mertlf 
a  fallacious  refemblancc  of  ir,  they  are  highly  worchy  the  atten- 
tion of  ele^ricians  \  who,  amidfl  the  numerous  and  llrikin^ 
difGOVcrics,  which  have  been  made  on  the  fubjc<£l  of  ariiftidl 
elcAricjty,  have  never  yet  fucceeded  in  their  attempts  to  ta« 
vcftigAtc  the  rnanner  in  which  natural  eleftricity  is  produced  j 
or,  in  other  words,  to  difcover  the  particular  agents  which  na- 
fure  employs,  in  putting  the  elcdric  fluid  in  motion,  and  m 
breaking  the  equilibrium  between  the  earth  and  clouds  ;  by  the 
operation  of  which,  llghtningt  and  the  many  meteors  conncdcd 
viih  it,  arc  produced. 

The  opportunities  which  the  Author  has  had  of  freing  vol^ 
canos  in  all  iheir  dates,  induce  bim  to  declare,  that  every  fyf. 
fcm,  hitherto  given  on  this  fubjcft,  might  be  demonilrativeiy; 
confuted,  by  an  attentive  and  philofophical  coiifidcraiian  of 
thofe  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Naples,  His  own  hypoihdis, 
were  he  to  form  one,  ihould  be  that  *  mountain^  are  produced 
by  volcanos,  and  not  volcanos  by  mountains/  The  entire 
bafts  of  the  ifland  Ifchia,  about  18  miles  in  circumference,  is 


•  Sec  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xlii,  February  177c,  page  107, 
+  We  did  not  recollect,  till   after  this  was  written,  the  very  re- 
fpe^ablc  tcftimony  of  Sig.  Bcccaria,  to  (he  f^ime  cfTtifl,  in  his  Ltft^rw 
Jtir  ellfanafmo,  p   216,  ';62,  Sec,  the  fubflance  of  which  the  R<?julcr 
tnay  fee  in  that  ufeful  rcpofitory  of  eletlrical  fa^s  and  obfcrvanons,      i 
<hc  Hfjhrj  f>f  Eltilnaty^  pagt  39  7,  ftrft  cdilion*  J 


1 
1 


202  Philofiphtcal  Tranfadflons^  fir  tbi  Tear  1769. 

formed  of  lava.  The  great  mountain  in  it,  formerly  cilM 
Epomeus,  and  now  San  NicoIo»  which  is  nearly  as  high  at  Ve^ 
fuvius,  he  is  convinced  was  thrown  up  by  degrees  y  and  tbtf 
the  entire  ifland  has  arifen  out  of  the  fea.  He  entertain 
the  fame  opinion  with  rel'ped;  to  even  Vefuvius,  and  all  thehigjii 
grounds  near  Naples ;  obferving  that  it  will  not  appear  vcrf 
extraordinary  that  Mount  Vcfuvius  fhould,  in  the  courfe  of 
many  ages,  rif;*  above  the  height  of  2000  feet,  when  it  is  con- 
fidered  that  the  ALntagno  Nuovo  near  Puzzole,  three  miles  rouiri, 
and  about  1 50  feet  high,  rofe  out  of  the  Lucrine  lake,  u  if 
well  attefted,  in  one  night,  fo  lately  as  the  year  1538.  Mr.tt 
entertains  fome  thoughts  of  foon  making  a  vifit  to  Pussolt^ 
wi*h  a  view  of  differing  that  mountain  ;  which,  from  the  nikflR 
of  its  produdion,  appears  to  be  well  adapted  to  give  light  into 
the  formation  of  many  others,  and  to  enable  him  to  diffioguift 
thote  which  may  be  called  original  mountains,  from  fu<^  tf 
have  been  the  offspring  of  volcanos.  To  thefe  parficulanns 
i&all  only  add  the  following  remarkable  obfervation,  that  il 
digging  a  well  very  lately  near  the  Author's  refidence  at  ViBi 
Angelica,  clofc  by  the  fea  fide,  the  workmen  came  to  ayfriM 
of  lava,  at  the  depth  of  25  feet  below  the  level  of  the  fea. 
Article  5.  On  the  Trees  which  are  Jjdppofed  to  be  indigetious  in  OfUt 
Britain.  By  the  HonGwrahle  Diiines  Barrington,  F.  R.  S, 
Dr.  Watfon  having  fent  to  the  Author  a  fpecimen  of  furooM 
chefnut  tree,  which  was  taken  from  the  old  hall  of  ClimxA 
Inn,  he  here  examines  into  the  authorities  on  which  is  feundd 
the  notion  which  generally  prevails,  that  this  and  fome  other 
trees,  afterwards  mentioned,  are  of  the  native  growth  of  Greit 
Britain.  He  firft  lays  down  fome  general  rules,  by  which  tbs 
enquirer  may  be  dirrdlcd  in  determining,  whether  any  particular 
tree  is  indigenous  or  not  in  any  country  ;  and  in  conformity  to 
thefe  rules,  and  from  other  confidcrations,  concludes  that  tbs 
Specimen  fent  was  only  common  oak,  and  that  the  chefnut  tnt 
is  not  a  ii.^.tive  of  this  ifland.  He  is  inclined  to  grant,  how- 
ever, that  the  Scotch  fir  was  formerly  indigenous  in  the  northeni 
par:s  of  England  :  fubtcrrancous  firs  having  been  dug  up,  IT 
a  very  confidcrablc  depth  under  the  furfacc  ;  although  the  tree 
is  not  now  to  be  found  in  this  country,  except  where  th« 
pinntation  appears  mofl  evidently  to  be  of  modern  date,  ifc 
next  mentions  fome  other  trees,  which  do  not  appear  to  him  to 
be  natives  of  thi»  ifl.md,  though  they  arc  generally  conceived  w 
be  fo.  Thcfc  are  the  elm,  the  lime,  the  greater  maple,  ani 
the  box.  With  regard  to  the  white  poplar  and  the  yew  he  ii 
doubtful  :— but  we  mud  refer  the  botanical  antiquarian  totbo 
article  itfelf,  for  the  reafonings  and  authorities  on  which  thcfc 
ppinions  are  founded ;  obferving  only  with  regard  to  the  laft 
mentioned  tree,  that  the  AuiYioi  \xt\t  ^\n^^  ^w^^^^o^\w\^U^ 


PbilofophUal  Tranfa^tonSj  for  the  fltar  17-69*  apj 

f)f  a  mod  extraordinary  fize,  \¥hich  flill  continues  to  vegetate 

in  the  churchyard  of  Glen-Lyon  in  Scotland,  though  greatly 

decayed  within  thefe  20  years,  which  ^^  twice  mcaUircd  him* 

jfelf,  and  found  to  be  52  feet  in  circumference. 

Article  17.  Dlffirtatio  Epijiolaris  deOJftbus  ^  Dentibus  Elepjum^ 

tuwy  aliarumque  Belluarum^   in  Anurica  Septentrionalij  alii/quM 

lorealibus  Regionibus^   obviis ;    qua  indigenarum  Bdlluarum  iffi 

cjlenditur.     Au^cre  R.  E*  Rafpe^  ftrcnijfimo  Hajjiarum  Land* 

gravio  a  Conjililsy  W  R,  S.  S, 

We  have  lately  had  occalion  to  treat  of  this  curious  fubjeft 
of  natural  hiftory,  in  our  account  of  Dr.  Hunter's  obfervation^ 
on  the  bones  of  the  animal  incognitumy  found  on  the  banks  of 
the  Ohio,  and  in  Siberia,  and  elfcwhere,  publi(hed  in  the  pre* 
ceding  volume  of  the  Tranfaflions  *•  In  this  diflerjtation  Mr» 
Jlafpe  recites  the  -accounts  that  have  at  diflFerent  times  been 
eiven  of  thofe  large  fofTil  bones  which  have  likewife  beeii 
K>und  in  Germany,  and  other  northern  countries,  and  which 
have  been  parts  of  animals  that  evidently  no  longer  exift  there. 
He  endeavours  to  {hew  that  the  animals,  to  which  thefe  boneij 
formerly  belonged,  were  natives  of  thofe  countries  in  which  we 
pow  find  their  remains :  but  he  oppofes  the  opinion  of  thofe 
who,  fuppoAng  them  likewife  to  have  been  formerly  indigenous 
in  thofe  places,  account  for  their  extindlion,  by  having  recourse 
to  a  fuppofed  change  in  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  or  in  the 
pofition  of  the  earth's  axis,  or  it:>  center  of  gravity  ;  produ&ive 
of  correfpondcnt  changes  in  the  climates  of  the  tarth  ;  an() 
endeavours  to  fhcw  that  none  of  thefe  folutions  are  admilHble. 

Granting,  for  argument's  fake,  that  there  is,  «ind  has  been,  1^ 
regular  and  fucceflive  diminution  of  the  inclination  of  the  earth's 
axis  to  the  plare  of  the  ecliptic,  and  making  the  moft  liberal  al- 
lowances with  regard  to  its  quantity,  thefe  concei&ons  will  not* 
according  to  him,  be  fufficicnt  to  furniQi  any  juft  grounds  (q 
infer,  from  any  alterations  in  climates  produced  by  this  caufe^^ 
that  Siberia  for  inftance,  or  any  country  under  the  fame  paral- 
lel, has  ever  been  adapted  to  bieed  and  fupport  the  prefent  racQ 
of  elephants,  or  aily  animals  refembling  them  in  habit  or  way 
of  life.  With  regard  to  a  fuppofed  alteration  in  the  pofitiou  of 
the  earth's  axis,  or  in  its  center  of  gravity,  the  Author  ob- 
fcrvcs,  that  if  the  change  was  fudden  or  indantaneous,  little 
lefs  than  a  total  dcflrudion  of  the  earth,  and  of  its  inhabitants^ 
muft  have  been  the  confcquence  of  it;  and  that,  from  modcni 
obfcrvations,  there  are  no  grounds  to  fuppofe  it  to  have  beea 
flow  and  fucceflive.  In  fafi,  the  great  elevation  of  the  equa* 
torial  parts  of  the  earth,  produced  by  its  revolution  on  its  axb, 
and  which  have  probably  been  in  their  prefent  fituation  ever  fince 

f  Moathly  Review,  vol  xlii.  February  1770,  page  108. 


204  Pbihfophieal  Tranfa^tonsy  fir  the  Tear  1 769; 

the  earth  itfelf  had  folidity  enough  to  render  it  habitable,  appeart 
to  us  a  ftanding  proof,  that  its  axis  has  not  fenHbly  deviated 
from  its  prefent  pofition,  during  a  fpace  of  time  much  grater 
than  can  be  thought  fufficient  to  decompofe  the  booes  of  anr 
animal  whatfoever.  In  our  opinion,  all  the  (blutions  of  thu 
queftion,  drawn  from  aftronomical  confiderations  of  any  kind, 
tend  to  afcribe  a  much  greater  antiquity  to  thefe  bones,  duu 
can  be  warranted  from  the  flate  of  prefervation  in  which  th^ 
are  found.  Some  of  the  tuflcs  from  the  Ohio,  our  Readers  mif 
remember,  were,  at  Dr.  Hunter's  requeft,  examined  by  fevcnl 
of  the  capital  dealers  and  workers  in  ivory,  and  were  fufficicndf 
found  to  enable  them  to  pronounce,  from  theii-  grain  and  ta- 
ture,  though  perhaps  erroneoufly,  that  they  were  true  or  ge- 
nuine elephantine  ivory  f. 

Mr.  Rafpe  rejeds  likewife  the  fyftems  of  thofe,  who  fuppoft 
that  thefe  foffil  bones  may  have  been  brought  into  their  prdfait 
fituation  by  the  univerfal  deluge ;  or  who  think  that  the  ani- 
mals  to  which  they  have  belonged,  may  have  been  formerlr 
brought  from  the  fouthern  countries,  in  which  they  were  brcJ, 
to  be  employed  in  war,  in  the  northern  regions,  in  which  tbcj 
are  now  found.  Upon  the  whole,  he  is  of  opinion  that  tiio'e 
animals,  whether  elephants  or  not,  have  been  of  a  particular 
fpecies  capable  of  bearing  the  cold  of  thofe  climates,  where  «e 
now  difcover  their  remains  ;  and  that,  from  caufes  unknown 
to  us,  their  whole  race  Jias  become  extindl.  To  render  the 
latter  part  of  this  opinion  more  probable,  he  produces  fooKb 
not  perfectly  parallel,  inftances  of  the  decreafe  or  total  extioc- 
tion  of  wolves  and  feveral  other  fpecies  of  animals,  in  difierent 
and  particular  parts  of  the  world. 

Although  every  opinion  which  has  hitherto  been  ofFered  on 
the  fubjeSb  of  this  enquiry,  is  attended  with  confiderable  dilE- 
culties,  yet  a  modern  theorift,  we  (hall  obferve,  has,  by  one 
bold  effort,  nobly  got  rid  of  them  all ;  by  ferioufly  fuppofing 
that  the  large  foflil  bones,  which  have  been  found  in  fo  manf 
parts  both  of  the  old  and  new  continent,  are  nothing  lefs  tlnff 
the  remains  of  certain  angelic  beings,  who,  according  to  bis 
fyftem,  were  the  original  tenants  of  this  globe,  in  its  primitive 
audglorious  (late ;  till,  for  their  tranfgrenions,  both  were  io- 
volved  in  one  common  ruin  :  after  which,  the  remains  of  thii 
ftattered  planet,  were  refitted  for  the  accommodation  of  the  pre- 
fent puny  and  degenerate  race.  This  is  the  opinion  of  the  au- 
thor of  the  Effaifur  POrlgine  de  la  Population  de  I'Jmcrique^  toffl* 
ii.  page  298  *.  The  work  is  now  out  of  our  hands;  but^ 
quote  it  on  the  authority  of  the  ingenious  but  farcaftic  author 

f  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xVii,  ¥ebt\x2LT^  ^"IQ*  V^gC  1^9. 
5  Sec  Appendix  to  our  xxxvutii  voUmc,  ^^%^  ^v*  t 


PhiUfipbUat  TranfaSlims^  f^  the  YtUr  \  769,  I65 

of  the  Rtchtrcbii  PhlUfiphiquei  fur  Ui  JmerualrfSy  voK  i*  page 
321 1*  There  is  fomething  laughable  in  the  idea,  that  the  nu- 
merous foflil  flccletons,  now  lying  in  heaps  in  the  marfli  at  the 
Sa/t  LUk^  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio>  and  which  M,  Rafpe,  and 
other  naturalifts,  foberly  fuppofc  to  have  belonged  to  a  troop 
ii(  Pfit4d'EUphanHy  who  accidentally  funk  into  the  fwamp,  and 
perilhed  there,  while  they  were  gratifying  their  palates,  (hodd, 
by  another  writer,  be  deemed  to  be  nothing  kfs  than  the  ve- 
nerable remains  of  a  company  of  falUn  angels,  Notwiihftand- 
ing,  however,  the  notable  contraft  between  thefe  two  opinions^ 
in  the  clafling  of  thefe  remains,  the  title  of  Animal  Incogniium^ 
given  by  Dr.  Hunter  to  the  fubjeds  in  queftion,  is  happily  itill 
perfcflly  applicable  to  both  of  them. 

In  the  7th  article  an  account  is  given  of  a  genuine  fpecimen 
of  native  tin,  which  was  found  in  the  center  of  a  beautiful 
tie  diamond,  of  the  rofin  kind,  fo  tranfparent  that  the  native 
metal  appeared  through  it,  refembling  a  piece  of  gold*  It  U 
now  depofitcd  in  the  mufeum  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Botany  and  Zoology, 
Article  i,  A  Litter  frcrn  Mr.  J.  Moult  to  Dr,  Pcrctval  of  Man- 

chifitTy  F*  R,  S.  containing  a  new  Manner  ofpriparing  SaUp. 

The  nutritious  quality  of  this  foreign  drug  is  well  known  v 
but  its  dearnefs  has  hitherto  prevented  its  being  brought  into 
common  ufe  as  a  popular  article  of  diet.  In  this  paper  the 
Author  gives  an  account  of  the  fucccis  of  his  very  laudable  en- 
deavours to  prepare  this  kind  of  aliment  from  the  roots  of  the 
Orchis  morio  ma$^  foliii  maculatis^  of  Parkinfon  ;  the  Cy no/orchis 
mnio  mas^  of  Gerard,  and  the  Cynoforchis  major ^  vulgo,  dog- 
ftones  ;  all  of  which  grow  fpontaneouHy  in  this  kingdom,  where 
they  may  confequently  be  caCly  cultivated  \  particularly  in  a 
dry,  fandy,  and  barren  foil.  The  preparation  is  very  limplc. 
The  roots  are  firft  deprived  of  their  thin  (kin;  are  then  kept 
in  the  heat  of  a  bread  oven  8  or  to  minutes,  where  they  ac- 
quire a  tranfparency  like  that  of  horn,  and  arc  afterwards  re» 
moved  into  a  common  room,  in  which  they  grow  dry  and 
harden  in  a  few  days.  We  recoiled  that  M,  Gcolfroy  has  for* 
merly  fomcwhcre  propofed  a  fomewhai  fimilar  method  of  pre* 
paring  the  root  of  the  (hchis  or  Satyrion,  as  an  agi^lutinaiit  and 
reftorative. 
Article  8.  An  Account  of  an  Effay  m  tbi  Origin  if  a  natural  Paper ^ 

found  near  the  City  of  Ccrtena  in  Tufcany*    In  a  Letter  frtm 

Jghn  Strangi^  Efq%  F.  R.  S.  to  Matthew  Maty,  M.  D,  Sic 

'R.S. 

Some  low  grounds  near  Cortona  having  been  flooded,  were 
afterwards  found  covered  with  a  lubftance  greatly  refembling  a 


I 

I 
I 


f  Montiil)'  Review,  Appendu  to  vol.  xUi.  ya^<t  ^\  ^* 


S^3^^t 


2b6  Phitofophical  TranfaSiom-y  for  iht  Tear  ij&qi 

finer  fort  of  common  brown  paper.  The  Italian  'oaturariSf 
were  greatly  divided  concerning  its  origin  ;  but  according  to 
the  moft  prevailing  opinion,  the  formation  of  it  was  attribuCcA 
to  a  cafual  aggregate  of  the  fibres  of  different  kinds  6f  filamen- 
tous plants,  colle£ied  together  by  the  waters,  and  left  on  th^ 
furface  of  the  ground  after  their  retreat.  This  fohitioxl  did  not. 
fatisfy  the  Author,  who  found  it  difficult  to  conceive  that  a 
paper,  of  fo  delicate  and  uniform  a  texture  as  that  of  Cortonaj 
ihould  owe  its  origin  to  fo  complicated  and  remote  a  caufe. 

On  examining  the  threads  of  this  paper  with  a  good  micro* 
fcope,  he  found  that  they  confided  merely  of  filaments  of  the 
Conferva  PHniiy  or  common  fpecies  of  Confirvoy  without  tb4 
admixture  of  any  other  plant  whatfoever.  He  has  (ent  fped** 
mens  of  this  native  paper  to  the  Royal  Society,  together  widi 
an  artificial  pa[)cr  manufadlured  from  the  fame  fubflance,  and 
a  fpecimen  of  a  much  better  and  ftrono^er  kind,  made  of  tkd 
fame  fpecies  of  Conferva  by  Sir  Andrew  Dick,  near  Edinbuigh. 
Article  33.  On  a  rare  Plant  found  in  the  IJle  of  Skye.  Bj  Jdit 
Hopcy  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  i^c. 

This  plant,  which  is  of  the  aquatic  kind,  is  here  figuicd 
and  defciibed  under  the  X\\t  oi  Eriocaulon  dicangulare. 
Article  52.    Some  Account  of  an  Oil  trarifmitted  by  Mr,  Georf^ 

Browjiriggy    of  North  Carolina,     By  Uilllam  fVatJen,  M.D* 

As  the  objeft  of  this  article  promifes  to  be  of  great  public-  • 
utility,  we  Ihall  give  the  fubftance  of  this  account,  with  avieif  ■ 
of  extending  the  information  contained  in  it. 

In  our  fouthcrn  American  colonics,  and  in  the  fugariflands^ 
a  plant  is  cultivated,  principally  by  the  negroes,  who  ufc  the 
fruit  of  it  as  food,  under  the  name  of  ground  nuts,  or  ground 
peafe.  It  is  called  by  Ray  Jrrachis  Hypogaioi  Americanus,  Likd 
a  few  of  the  trifoliate  tribe,  when  in  its  flowering  flate,  it 
bends  towards  the  earth,  into  which  the  puintal  enters,  extend- 
ing itfelf  to  a  fufficient  depth,  where  it  forms  the  feed  vcffcl  and 
fruit ;  which  laft  is  brought  to  maturity  under  ground,  from 
whence  it  is  dog  up  for  iife.  In  the  fouthern  climates  vaft  crops 
of  it  arc  produced  from  light  and  fandy  Ian*!  of  fmall  value. 

From  thefe  feeds,  firft  bruifcd  and  put  into  canvas  bags,  Mri 
Brownrigg  has  exprefleJ  a  pure,  ckar,  well  tailed  oil  whichi 
in  Dr.  Watfon*s  opinion,  may  be  ufcd  for  the  fame  purpofes, 
both  in  food  and  phyfic,  as  the 'oils  of  olives  or  almonds.  He 
obfervesy  however,  thnt  Sir  Hans  Sloani*  had  formerly,. in  thd 
firft  volume  of  his  Njiural  Hillory  of  Jamaica,  made  mention 
of  an  oil  as  good  as  that  of  alnmnds,  uh'u  h  had  been  cxpreffcJ 
from  thefe  feeds  ;  and  that  theref«)ie  Mr.  B.  is  not  the  firft  wh«i 
has  produced  oil  from  ih\s  \c\\.cvd^\N:  \)\oA\\cUv>u  :  th^u^^h  h^ 
Js  Intitlcd  to   our  ackDowlcvVivw^vw^  ^oi  i^nvVvvv^  >ic.^L  \<!.^.«fi^- 


ibfipbicel  TranfaSflons^  for  the  Tear  1 769.  10/ 

and  profecuting  this  difcovery.  From  fpccimen^ 
eeds  and  oil,  which  were  produced  to  the  Pvoyal 
ppears  tbait  neither  of  them  are  fubje^t  10  turn 
sping :  the  oil,  particularly,  which  had  been  lent 
Cardina  eight  months  before,  without  anv  \  arti- 
nd  which  bad  undergone  the  heats  of  the  lurr.'  er, 
perfe^y  fweet  and  good.  But  the  principal  ^  -ic 
'nrigg's  communication,  Ts  the  low  price  at  w  1 
be  obtained.  The  value  of  a  bufliel  of  the  gr«y.  i 
>lina,  the  HoBtot  has  been  informed,  does  noc  « 
rnce,  or  thereabouts  \  and  it  appears  that  this  qi; 
bout  heat,  yield  one  gallon  of  oil ;  and  with  heat, 
er  quantity,  but  of  an  inferior  quality.    We  need 

on  the  obvious  benefits  which  may  refult  to  oui: 
)m  a  fuccefsful  profecution  of  this  revived  difcovery  | 

hereby  not  onlv  fupply  their  own  immenfe  con- 
olive  oil,  annually  imported  from  Europe,  but  even 
irticle  hither^  or  to  any  of  thofe  places  where  the 
is  ufually  carried. 

de  is  fucceeded  by  the  catalogue  of  plants  annually 
the  Society  by  the  company  of  Apothecaries. 
AhJiraSi  of  a  Letter  from  Stephen  de  Vifme^  Efq\  at 
Cbifuiy  Vc,  containing  an  Account  of  an  Earthquake  at 
nd  a  Jhort  Defer  iption  ofaftngular  Species  of  Monkeys^ 
imunicated  by  Henry  Baker^  F,  R.  S. 
nothing  particular  in  this  eaftern  earthquake,  which 
accompanied  with  a  (hort  defcription  and  figure  of 
lar  animal  of  the  monkey  tribe,  found  in  the  inte-r 
f  Bengal ;  from  fome  of  which,  that  have  been 
Decca,  the  drawing  which  accompanies  this  article 
They  are  of  the  height  of  a  man,  have  no  tails,  and, 
)  the  Author,  are  thought  to  have  been  originally 

an  intercourfe  with  the  human  kind  : — an  opinion 
:figner  feems  to  have  been  well  inclined  to  ftrengthen, 
;fque  figure  which  he  has  given  of  one  of  thefc  ca- 
r  the  human  fpecies,  reprefentcd  in  a  kind  of  dancing 

attitude.  Dr.  Maty,  in  a  note,  furpe«Sls  this  aniT 
he  ape  without  a  tail,  defcribed  by  BufFon,  under 
'Giihoa^  in  the  14th  volume  of  the  Hi/Ioire  Natu^ 

Obfervaiions  on  a  particular  Manner  of  Increafc  in  the 
a  of  Vegetable  Infufiom  \  with  the  Difcovery  of  an  in* 
\alt  arifing  from  Hempfecdy  Vc.     By  John  Ellisj  Efq\ 

rft  part  of  this  paper,  the  ingenious  Author  gi^'cs 
'  fome  experiments  made  by  him,  at  tht  rec\ucV\  ot 
1  tbcinfuCions  of muihcoonn  in  water  •,  y/\iVv  ^  Nvtivf 


468  Fhilofiphhal  Tranfailhns^  far  the  fiar  1 769. 

lo  afccrtam  the  truth  of  Baron  Munchafen's  theorjr,  th^t  ihi 
fads  of  ihck  fungi  *  arc  firft  animaJs,  and  then  plants.'  It  ap 
pcarcd  evidently  to  him,  that  the  motion  obfcrvcd  in  ihofe  fccJjt 
was  not  fpontaneous,  but  was  produced  by  the  innumerable  and 
fcarccly  vifibic  animalatla^  which  teemed  in  the  infufion,  and 
by  pecking  ac  the  feeds,  put  them  in  motion  in  a  great  variety 
ofdirciHionif.  We  coul^,  from  our  own  experience,  inClance 
many  fimilar  appearances  of  life  and  motion,  obfcrvcd  in  the 
minute  globules,  or  other  inanimated  particles,  contained  in  mi- 
crolcopica!  infufions,  caufed  by  the  numerous  and  invifible  in- 
habitants of  the  drop ;  whofe  concern  in  producing  thefe  mo- 
tions could  only  be  dcteflcd  by  ufing  ftill  greater  magnifiers : 
and  we  have  long  been  convinced  th;it  many  of  M.  BufTon^s 
^rgcnical partliUs  owe  their  feemingly  fpontaneous  motions  to  the 
fame  caufe. 

The  fatisfaftion  which  the  Author  received  in  clearing  up 
this  pointy  led  him  to  make  many  other  curious  and  intercfting 
tnicrofcopical  obfcrvations,  relative  to  thofe  of  the  ingenious 
Mr.  Nccdham,  as  given  in  the  45th  volume  of  the  TranfiiQions, 
and  in  fomc  fubfequent  publication^.  But  to  render  the  Au- 
thor's obfcrvations  on  this  fubjeft  intelligible,  to  fuch  of  our 
Readers  as  are  not  acquainted  with  Mr.  Neeclham*s  fyftcm, 
(which  however  has  madeconfidcrablc  noifc  in  the  philofophical 
world)  we  fbal!  extraft  from  hit  writings  a  {hort  account  of 
It.  According  to  this  hypothefis,  the  microfcopical  animalcules, 
which  appear  in  vegetable  and  animal  infufion Sj  arc  not  the 
offspring  of  parents  of  the  fame  kind  ;  but  are  the  produflions 
of  a  certain  £i^'tve  prcty  with  which  every  micro fcopical  point 
of  vegetable  and  antm^i)  matter  is  endued.  He  afBrms  that  the 
fubdancc  employed  in  thefe  infufions,  firft,  by  its  own  innate 
energy,  divides  itfelf  Into  filaments,  and  then  vegetates  imo 
numbcrlefs  ZoQphyUs^  Uom  which  proceed  at  I  the  dtfFcnent  fpc 
cies  of  microfcopical  animals  i  and  that  thefe  very  animals,  af« 
ter  a  certain  time,  become  motionlcfs,  ;md  fubfide  to  the  bot-i 
toi!i,  where  they  arc  refolvcd  into  a  gelatinous  and  filaaientou 
fjblfjince,  which  Ihoots  into  new  Zsophyiesj  yielding  animals  of 
a  lelicr  fpecics.  Among  other  inftanccs,  to  prove  that  this  is 
the  procefs  of  nature  in  their  prod u^ ion,  he  refers  us  to  the 
appearances  obfcrvcd  in  the  infufion  of  a  grain  of  wheat ;  where 
the  feed  is  obfcrvcd  cxerciRng  thi^  pruHu^ivi  forci^  by  vegc 
tating  into  numerous  items,  crowned  with  hcad^  burfting,  at 
it  were,  into  life,  and  throwing  out  their  animal  progeny.  This 
rperatton  is  fucccedcd  by  the  puflilng  forth  of  new  Ihoots,  and 
the  forming  of  new  heads,  for  the  prod udl ion  of  another  ge- 
neration. 

Such  arc  the  general  outlines  of  Mr,  Ncedham's  fyftcm,  as 
we  cdilci^  them  from  his  writings  :  but  thefe  filaments  and 
ik:si$,  fbe  fuppofi^d  vi^tt&hU  parents  of  the  mimakular  tuQ^^ 


1 
I 


Philofiphicai  TrdnfuShm^  for  tbi  Vi^  1 769,  tGq 

hh.  Ellis  affirms,  after  k  carieful  fcrutinv  with  the  heft  glafl^, 
to  be  nothing  more  than  the  roots  and  flalks  of  that  cUfs  of 
fungi^  called  Mucor^  or  mould inefs,  vegetating  in  the  infufion» 
and  the  growth  of  which  is  fo  amazingly  quick,  that  the  plants 
may  be  perceived,  in  the  microfcope,  even  to  grow  and  feed 
under  the  eye  of  the  obfcrvcr.  Their  ftems,  he  obfenres,  ter- 
minate each  in  an  oblong  feed  vcflel ;  from  a  hole  in  the  to{>  6f 
which  he  has  plainly  feen  their  numerous  and  minute  globular 
feeds  projeded,  and  afterwards  turning  about  in  the  water,  as 
if  they  were  animated  :  but  this  laft  motion,  he  affirms,'  is 
owing  to  myriads  of  the  minuted  animatcula^  contained  in  iht 
putrid  water,  and  attacking  the  feeds  of  the  mvcor  for  food. 
From  hence  we  think  it  (hould  follow,  that  the  infufed  veget-  . 
able  fubftance  is  not  the  panttt^  but  the  pabulum  or  nidus^  both 
of  the  mucor^  and  of  the  fmall  microfcopic  fry,  whom  Mr* 
Needham's  theory  would  deprive  of  the  honour  o^  animal pitrgH-* 
tage:  and  the  pre-exiftent  germs,  or  the  feminal  fydem,  may 
yet  ftand  their  ground,  againft  the  aSIhe  forces  of  Mr.  Need« 
ham,  and  the  organUal  molecules  of  M.  Buffbn,  notwithftanding 
the  experiment  of  the  wheat  infufion. 

Mr.  Ellis  next  relates  fome  experiments  made  on  boiled  po- 
tatoes contained  in  a  glafs  veiTeU  on  which  bniing  water  was 
poured,  and  the  mouth  of  theveflel  inftanily  ^  covered  with  a 
glafs  cover ;'  and  exprcfles  his  furprize  that,  in  twenty-ftur 
hours,  the  liquor  appeared  full  of  animaOola  :  in  the  fame  man* 
ner  as  that  of  another  infufion  of  raw  potatoes,  in  cold  water, 
covered  in  the  fame  manner,  Wt  have  formerly  f'ien  animal^ 
culaj  lefs  than  even  the  tails  of  the  fpermatic  animals,'  produced, 
in  the  fpace  of  four  hours,  in  an  infufion  of  cantharides  in 
boiling  water,  poured  upon  them  in  a  vial,  the  mouth  of  which 
was  immediately  well  flopped  with  a  cork  ;  and  have  often  won- 
4ered  that  Mr.  Needham,  or  thofe  who  adopt  his  fyftem,  have 
not  endeavoured  to  put  the  truth  of  it  out  of  all  reafonablc; 
doubt,  by  experiments  made  in  a  flill  more  unexceptionable  man- 
ner than  thofe,  of  a  fimilar  kind  to  the  preceding,  which  occur 
in  his  writings  on  this  fubjed.  His  hot  mutton  gravy,  for  in- 
ftance,  inclofed  in  a  vial  fecured  with  a  well  majlicated  corkp 
and  afterwards  placed  for  fome  minutes  in  hot  a(hcs,  in  order 
to  deftroy  any  infe<^s  or  their  ovay  which  might  be  contained 
in  the  empty  part  of  the  vial,  was,  after  a  fufHcient  time,  found 
fwarming  wich  animalcules:  but  nothing  lefs,  we  apprehend^ 
than  the  feal  of  Hermes  itfeif,  applied  to  fliuc  up  all  prjfiile  com* 
munication  from  without,  can  reconcile  many  to  a  oo^irine  fo 
difficult  of  digeflion  as  this ;  that  beings  endued  with  fponta^ 
neous  motion,  many  of  them  molt  curiuufly  rrganifed,  can  b€ 
produced  by  the  mere  energy  and  adtivity  of  the  minute  yartU 

Rev.' Mar.  J771.  t  ^t:^ 


210  Philofophical  Tranfa^ims^  far  the  Tear  ifSg* 

cles  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  in  a  ftate  of  decompofi- 
tion«  Should  an  infufion  thus  hermetically  fealed,  and,  in  all 
human  probability,  efFe£tually  fecured  from  the  inroads  of  anf 
of  thefe  animated  prints^  be  yet,  upon  opening  it,  found  tcoh 
ing  with  animal  life,  we  own  we  can  fcarce  fee  any  rcfo«fO| 
left  to  the  mod  obllinate  adherent  to  the  Jodriiic  of  piff| 
exiftcnt  germs;  unlefs  he  (hould  make  his  lait  retreat  intotkii 
fuppcririon,  that  as  ihzk  expeditious  breeders  have  beenifaMMHj 
he  would  lay,  to  produce  a  progeny  in  the  fpace  oFfour  houiff 
why  not  in  as  many  minutes  ? — in  a  matter  ready  pr^aici' 
for  their  reception,  and  during  the  very  time  while  the  opM 
rator  is  unfcaling  his  glafTes,  and  preparing  for  obfervrntioot  jj 
We  have  dwelt  fo  long  on  this  curious  fubje<St,  that  we  Hull 
only  add  a  general  account  of  fome  fingular  tranfadlions,  whii' 
pafs  in  the  animalcular  world,  relative  to  the  multipli 
of  individuals,  which  are  related  in  the  remaining  part  of 
article  ;  the  hint  of  which  was  lately  given  to  the  Author  hfli 
M.  de  Sauflure  of  Geneva.  When  a  female  of  our  own  fpedri'i 
is  in  a  condition  to  increafc  her  kind,  her  taper  waift  enlarge^ 
and  ihc  daily  fprcads  more  and  more  about  the  hips:  bat,  I 
fecms,  the /^z/ifjc  of  Linnaeus  (produced  in  infufions  of  hemp* 
fee  J,  pine  branches,  tea- feed,  &c.)  occafionally  multipliei  Ili 
fpcclcrs  by  a  directly  contrary  courfe.  She  begins  the  woikii^ 
gradually  contracting  her  virgin  figure  (which  is  oval)  aboit 
the  mi.ldle ;  and  at  lalt  fairly  halves  her  perfon  with  her  oP' 
fpring,  by  dividini^  it  into  two  equal  portions,  one  of  whid 
becomes  a  new  individual.  If  we  had  room  or  inclination,  il 
would  be  a  curious  fubjecl  of  difcuf&on,  which  of  the  two  V 
the  mother,  and  which  the  daughter:  but  as  fettling  therigjit^ 
of  primogeniture  between  them  would  lead  us  too  far,  «• 
flialJ  only  add,  that  a  reprefcntation  of  this  proccfs,  as  obfctfci 
in  five  different  kinds  of  ihis  genus  of  microfcopal  animals,  ii 
given  in  a  plate  ;  accompanied  with  figures  of  the  chryftalsof 
what  the  Author,  we  think  fomewhat  improperly,  terms  tt 
indilJchillc  fdlt^  which  he  has  difcovcrcd  in  aqueous  infiifioBI 
of  hempfecd,  afur  they  became  putrid.  He  recommends  tW 
confKicTation  of  this  hcicroclitc  produdion  to  the  faculty,  oai 
fuppofition  that  it  may  be  pofTclied  of  fome  medical  virtucit 
The  grains  of  this  fait  are  faid  to  be  about  the  lizc  of  thofeoi 
the  fincfl  baficct  fait,  and  of  a  pale  yellowilli  colour  when  dry.  Ii 
diics  not  appcir  from  this  paper,  in  what  quantity  it  can  bepro^ 
cured  ;  nor  is  any  thing  faid  of  its  tafte,  or  other  fcnfible  qn* 
Jit-LS  ;  but  if  thefe  chryftals  be  really  indiirolublc,  they  arenol 
faits,  nor  can  have  any  taf^c,, 

M  K  D  I  c  I  N  E  and  Anatomy. 
Aitkh  7.   ^v  exiroQrdinaryCift  ofthv^i  Pins  fivalUivcd iy  a Gir{ 


Piilofiphicat  franfaSfwns^  for  thi  Taar  i  769.  2 1 1 

anidtfcberged  at  her  ShouUtr.     In  a  Letter  tQ  Ftank  Nuh§lb^ 

M,  D,  F.  R.  S.  ffm  Dr.  Lyfons  cfGhucefter. 

Thefe  pins,  after  Aicking  eight  weeks  in  the  oefophagus^  and 
after  having  produced  great  pain  and  inflammation  in  the  throaty 
attended  with  difficulty  both  of  fwailowini;  and  breathings  were 
at  laft,  after  various  fruitlefs  attempts,  difplaced  by  the  whale- 
bone inftrument  ufed  by  furgeons  for  that  purpofe.  I'he  rcmo* 
val  of  them,  however,  produced  only  a  change  of  fymptoms.  A 
pain  was  inftantly  felt  on  the  right  fide,  below  the  falfe  ribs, 
which  was  greatly  aggravated  on  the  patient's  moving  her  body 
in  a  particular  direftion,  or  on  lifting:  up  her  right  arm.  By 
the  violence  of  this  pain,  convulfion  hts  were  fometimes  produ* 
ced,  and  particularly  a  fpafm,  by  which  the  mujculus  re^usfupe^ 
riW  of  the  right  eye  was  fo  violently  afFeded,  that  notwithr 
Handing  the  eye  was  open,  yet  the  pupil  was  entirely  covered  by 
the  eye-lid,  and  once  continued  in  that  fituation  for  a  forrnight. 
The  other  eye  was  fimilarly  aflFc6tcd  for  a  ftiorter  time.  After 
the  patient  had  been  haraflcd  with  thefe  and  other  fyrrptbms 
about  eleven  months,  a  fmall  painful  tumour  appeared  on  her 
right  (houlder  ;  but  difappeared  uiihin  a  week.  Jn  a  fort* 
night,  a  fimilar  tumour  arofe  on  the  upper  part  of  the  left 
ihoulder-blade,  which  was  brought  to  fuppurat'on  and  opened, 
and  from  which  one  of  the  pins  ifTued  the  next  day,  and  was 
followed  on  the  fucceeding  day  by  the  two  others.  The  Au- 
thor inquires  into  the  probable  courfe  which  the  pins  may  be 
fuppofcd  to  have  followed  \  and  though,  from  the  cough  and' 
fpitting  of  blood,  and  from  the  conflant  pain  under  the  falfe 
ribs,  it  might  be  fuppofcd  that  they  had  injured  the  lungs  and 
the  diaphragm ;  yet,  from  anatomical  and  phyftological  confide- 
rations,  he  accounts  very  fatisfadorily  for  thefe,  and  moft  of 
the  other  fymptoms,  by  fuppofing  that  they  had  been  forced 
through  the  fubftance  of  the  cefophagus^  dircdly  into  the /errati 
and  other  mufcles  of  the  neck  and  (houlders,  from  whence  thejr 
pafled  to  the  part  where  they  were  difcharged.  He  afcribes  the 
general  as  well  as  particular  fpafmodic  afFedions  to  the  irritation 
of  the  intercoftal  nerve,  and  the  confent,  as  it  is  called,  of  thofe 
communicating  with  it;  but  does  not  diflemblethe  difficulty  of 
difcovering  the  caufe  why  the  pain  was  conft antly  felt  on  the  rigLt 
fide,  till  the  very  inftant  that  the  laft  of  the  three  pins  had  been 
difcharged,  though  that  difcharge  was  made  at  the  Ir/t. 
Article  6.  jf:j  Account  of  a  Cafe^  in  which  the  upper  Head  of  the 

Os  Humeri  wasfawed  ^Jf^  a  large  Portion  of  the  Bone  afterwards 

exfoliated^  and  yet  the  entire  Motion  of  the  Limb  was  preferved* 

By  Mr,  IVhitfj  Surgeon  at  MancheJIer^  tfc. 

In  this  remarkable  cafe,  when  no  oJier  rcfoiirce  fccmcd  to  b^ 
left,  to  fave  the  life  of  the  patitnt,  than  the  forimdAV\^  oVt\^V\^v\ 
of  taking  ofF  the  arm  at  its  articulation  with  the  JcotuU>  v\\c  ^.vl- 

P   2  *  >^^^ 


2 1 2  Philofopbical  TranfaifiwSy  for  tbi  Tiar  1769. 

thor  happily  propofed,  and  cafily  and  fucce&fuHy  executed 
mentioned  in  the  title  ;  in  which,  after  a  proper  incifion  a 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  burner us^  thedifeaied  head  of  tint) 
was  with  eafe  firft  turned  out  of  its  focket,  through  the  VH 
and  then  fawn  ofF;  without  any  inconveniencies  attends 
following  the  operation.  The  event  of  it  exce^del  the  An 
moft  fanguine  expedations :  for  although  above  four  iockl 
length  of  the  bone  had  been  loft,  partly  by  the  operatioii  | 
partly  by  a  large  fubfequent  exfoliation,  or  rather  fepandopi 
its  intire  fubftance  below;  yet,  after  the  cure,  the  dilbftdl 
was  found  to  be  not  quite  an  inch  (borter  than  the  ock&j 
figure  in  no  refped  altered,  nor  its  ufe  impaired:  tbef4 
performing  even  the  rotatory  motion  at  the  joint  as  wdliid 
Yrom  thefe  circumftances,  and  from  the  evident  haidiieiidU 
parts  to  the  touch,  Mr.  White  appears  fully  juftified  in  vcMJ 
to  conclude,  that  not  only  part  of  the  booy,  but  that  tk  If 
and  neck  of  the  os  humeri  have  been  adually  regenerated. 

We  refer  thofe  of  the  profef&on  to  the  paper  itfelf,  fordvj 
tional  and  fimple  method  in  which  this  extraordinary  Cfkt 
condudled,  and  which,  no  doubt,  greatly  contributed  ton 
maintaining  nearly  the  due  length,  and  to  the  prefervingtf  " 
tural  motion,  of  the  limb.  We  believe,  with  the  AutboftHj 
^  this  is  the  firft  operation  of  the  kind  that  has  been  [ 
or  at  leaft  made  public:'  although  that  excellent  pnkSicill 
tcr  Mr.  Gooch  has,  as  he  obferves,  mentioned  three  cafa  I  ^ 
compound  luxations,  in  which  a  iimilar  operation  had  bcaf 
cefsfully  performed  *.  The  art  of  furgery  has  undoubtedly  i 
obligations  to  thofe  EJprits  forts ^  who  thus  fucce&fuUy  eql 
the  i'ecret  refources  of^Nature,  and  venture,  in  defperate  0 
to  put  her  fufficiency  to  the  teft,  by  thus  properiy, 
boldly  interrogating  her,  and  making  trial  of  the  extent  flf. 
powers. 
Article  28.  An  Account  of  tht  Lymphatic  Sjftem  in  ampIMm) 

Tnals,     By  Mr,  IVHiiam  Htufon^  Li^urer  in  Anatomy^  (fti 
Article  29.  An  Account  of  the  Lymphatic  Syftem  in  Fijb.    Bf 

fame. 

In  conformity  to  his  promife  in  the  preceding  voluiiw^ 
Author,  in  the  firft  of  thefe  papers,  traces  the  lymphatic  (M 
and  the  diftribution  of  the  lad.^als,  in  a  turtle.  In  the  (eo 
■•  he  gives  an  account  of  his  difcovery  of  thefe  veflels  in  (kite^ 
haddocks,  and  a  variety  of  other  (i(h.  His  defcription  of  I 
fyftcms  is  terminated  by  a  catalogue  of  feveral  curious  pre] 
tions,  which  were  laid  before  the  Society,  and  in  which  I 
veflels  ar(?  completely  demonftratcd  by  injc£lions. 

•  Sec  his  Cafes  aud  ReniwV^  Va  ^n^^^^^i*  N^V\^,  ^,  ^xi 


PbiUfiphiad  TranfaSims^  for  the  Tear  1769.  213 

Article  54.  -^  DefcriptioH  §ftbe  Lymphatics  of  the  Urethra  amd  Neck 

of  the  Bladder,     By  Henry  ft^atfon^  Surgeon  to  the  Wejiminjier 

Hofpitat,  and  F.  R.  S. 

The  Author  introduces  this  defcription  by  obrerving,  that 
the  lymphatic  veflfels  are  of  much  greater  importante  in  t^^  ani- 
mal GCCODomy,  than  fome  have  imagined ;  that  if  an  obftrudion 
of  the  aorta  will  produce  a  very  quick  or  fudden  death,  an  ob- 
ftruded  thoracic  dud  (which  in  fad  is  only  a  large  lynrtphatic) 
will  as  certainly  lead  to  a  tedious  and  lingering  dinolution ;  and 
that  the  laft-mentioned  diforder  is  fometimes  the  caufe  of  a  ma^ 
rafmttsy  though  unfufpeded  or  not  attended  to.  The  extreme 
exility,  and  colourlefs  tranfparcncy  ofthefe  veflels,  have  hither- 
to prevented  our  difcovering  their  origin ;  though  it  has  been 
generally  fuppofed,  from  arguments,  drawn  from  experiments, 
apofieriori^  that  they  arife  from  all  the  internal  furfaces  and  ca* 
vities  of  the  body.  There  are  many  parts  likewife,  in  which 
the  mod  eminent  anatomifts  have  not  been  able  to  difcover 
them. 

In  this  paper,  the  Author  afcertains  the  exiftence,  and  giv^s 
an  account  of  the  diftribution  of  thefe  veflels  in  the  human  blad- 
der and  urethra^  where  they  had  eluded  thefearch  ofHaller.  He 
has  likewife  ocularly  demonftrated  their  actual  origination  from 
cavities,  at  leaft  in  this  vifcus^  by  having  frequently,  without 
ufing  the  knife  or  lancet,  or  the  leaft  violence  of  any  kind, 
throfvn  air  into  them  through  their  mouths,  as  well  as  intro- 
duced fine  briftles  into  their  orifices  \  through  which,  he  ob« 
ferves,  mercury  may  likewife  be  made  to  pafs. 
Article  38.  Extra£f  of  a  Letter  from  Mr.  Benjamin  Goochy  Surgeon 

of  Sbottijham,  near  Norwich^  to  Mr.  Jofeph  fVamer^  F.  R.  5. 

and  Surgeon  to  Guy*s  Hofpital^  isfc. 

This  letter  contains  a  inort  account  of  the  fymptoms  and  cir- 
cumftances  preceding  and  attending  a  very  remarkable  feparation 
of  the  fcarf  (kin,  in  the  cafe  of  a  gentleman  at  Saham  Tony,  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  During  the  laft  ten  years,  he  has  been 
frequently  atucked  with  anoitialous  feveriih  diforders,  in  confe- 
quence  of  which  the  cuticle  has  feparated  from  the  true  flcin,  in 
every  part  of  his  body ;  and  he  has,  particuhirly,  often  turned  ' 
it  off  from  his  wrift  to  his  fingers  ends,  in  one  entire  piece, 
completely  refembling  a  glove.  Of  thefe  fmgular  exuvimj  be 
has  unfortunately  been  enabled  to  prefcnt  the  curious  among  his 
friends  with  feveral  fpecimens.  An  accurate  drawing  of  one  of 
thefe  cuticular  gloves,  fent  by  the  Author  to  Mr.  Warner,  ae^ 
companies  this  article. 

[  To  be  concluded  in  the  next  Number.  J 


P  3  Kxt.N. 


[    "4  .] 

Art.  V.  The  Nautical  yflmanacy  and  AJircnemical  E^nurii^jif 
the  2 >flr  1772.  Pulilijhed  by  Order  of  the  Commiffiongrs  tf  Ijh 
gitude.     35.  6d.  fcwed.     Nourfc.     177O. 

WHether  we  regard  our  country  in  a  political  or  ccNnma 
cial  view,  the  art  of  Navigation  is  of  the  bigheft  in 
porcancc  and  ufe.     To  this  we  owe  our  fuperioricy  and  oti 
abroad,  as  well  as  our  fecurity  and  profpcrity  at  home.    W 
are  furroundcd  with  an  element,  by  the  command  of  which  « 
can  defy  the  machinitions  of  foreign  powers,  and  enrich  otti 
fclves  with   the  produce  of  di (Ian t  nations.     Our  fituatioii,  i 
this  rcfpeft,  is  a  bulwark,  on  which  we  can   more  confidefld 
rely»  than  ou  the  beil:  concerted  meafurcs  of  the  gioft  aprid 
anddifccrnirgminifters;  and  we  may  havereafon  to  congratril 
ourfcives  on  account  of  the  fecurity  we  derive  from  it,  againfttl 
attempts  of  an  adverfary,  whom  our  timidity  may  render  vaiO|  t 
our  abject  fubmifTion  encroaching  and  imperious.    It  requifCii 
prophetic  fpiric  to  prognofticatc  a  period,  i;i  which  wc  miyl 
obliged  to  recur  to  our  marithni  Jhcngth  to  combat  the  pemii 
ous  efFedts  of  our  mimj} trial  weaknrfs. — But  as  wc  arc  notfiml 
indulging  gloomy  furmifes,  we  will  hope  that  fuch  a  period 
far  diftanr.     We  are  difpofed  to  wifli,  that  the  temporary  t 
penfion  of  the  dreadful  calamities  of  war  and  bloodihed,  vU 
every  lover  of  hris  fpccies  and  of  his  country  would  gladly  afO 
M'ill  iiTuein  an  eflablifhed  and  durable  tranquillity  ;  that  we  A 
long  enjoy  the  blc/Tings  of  freedom  and  peace,  without  mold 
f  ion,  and  with  grateful  united  hearts  ;  and  that  our  commeil 
interefts  will  yet  flouriifa,  free  from  impediment  and  rcflrasnt 
Our  commerce  is  already  extended  through  the  four  quart 
of  the  globe;  our  richly  freighted  ffaipa  traverfe  the  feas,  wU 
waih  the  (bores  of  remoteft  kingdoms,  and  with  their  expand 
fails  invite  the  gales  of  various  climates.     Our  navigaton  1 
juftly  celebrated  through  the  world ;  and  we  may  boaft  fart! 
advancements  both  in  the  theory  znA  praSlice  of  failing,  than  J 
other  nation  under  the  fun.  An  art  of  fucb  extcnfive  benefit|i 
in  which  we  already  fo  much  excel,  deferves  all  the  patronaM  1 
encouragement  which  genius  and  Jiation  can  afford  it.    mii 
attained  fo  near  perfed^ion,  >ye  fhould  ftrive  to  be  altogethcrp 
fe£l.-— There  is  one  problem,  on  the  folution  of  which  the  1 
firable  perfcdion  very  much  depends;  this  relates  to  the  del 
mination  of  the  longitude  at  fea.-^Many  ingenious  and  lauda 
attempts  have  been  made  towards  refolving  this  important  p 
blem.     Time-pieces  have  been  conftrufted,    and  tables  hi 
been  formed,  for  this  purpofe.     The  latter  n^ethod  feems  to 
faireft  for  fuccefs.     The  late  Profeflbr  Mayer  of  Gottingen  I 
brought  his  tables  of  the  moon,  now  publiflied  by  authority 
phc  Commiffioners  of  Long^viuAe^  \a^,WStfiwDX^'t^^cofcxi 


Thi  Nautual  Almanac  fer  1 7  72 .  a  1 5 

ncfi  ta  ctetcrminc  the  longitude  within  a  de^rec^  as  appearcJ  by 
the  triab  of  fevcral  pcrfoos  who  made  ufc  of  tlicm  :  bui  the  nc- 
ceflary  calculations  were  too  difficult  i»nd  uJious  Tor  general  u  cr. 
To  remove  thjs  inconvenience,  is  the  primary  defjgn  of  the  work 
before  us  i  though,  at  ihe  fame  time,  it  muft  grciiily  conlributc 
Co  the  improvement  of  Aftronomy,  Gcograpby,  and  Navigation 
in  general. 

7  he  world  is  much  indebted  to  the  f^fvour  of  the  Icgijlature, 
and  to  the  commendable  labours  of  thf  altroiiomer-royal,  for 
the  extent  and  accuracy  of  thefe  tables.  The  work  contains, 
Co  ufc  the  Editor's  own  word>,  every  thing  cfleniiaJ  to  general 
ufe,  that  is  to  be  found  in  any  Ephemeris  hitherto  pubJiJhed, 
with  many  other  ufcful  and  interefting  particulars  never  yet  of- 
fered to  the  public  in  any  wufk  of  ihis  kind.  The  marirur 
may  eafily  find  the  longitude  by  the  help  of  thcfc  tables;  mc 
problem  is  now  reduced  to  the  computanon  of  the  time,  an 
operation  equal  to  that  of  an  Azimuth,  and  the  corrcdtion  of  the 
diftance  on  account  of  refratSlion  and  paralUx,  which  isalf^rcii* 
dered  very  cafy  by  feveral  methods  here  propofcd. 

The  Editor,  at  the  defire  of  the  Commiflioners  of  Longitude, 
has  drawn  up  the  explanation  and  ufe  of  the  feveral  articles  con- 
tained in  the  Ephemcris,  and  mftrui^ion?;,  to^e;hcr  with  ex* 
amples,  for  finding  the  longitude  at  fca,  by  the  help  of  the 
famc**^Hc  has  like  wife,  with  great  ingenuity  and  patii$,  calcu* 
lated  feveral  tables  to  render  the  ufeof  thefe  m  ^recafy  and  expe- 
ditious, for  which  he  is  jullly  entitled  to  the  acknowledgments 
of  the  public.  >' 

The  preface  to  this  work  contains  the  Tcfult  of  feveral  obfcr* 
vations,  made  at  the  Lizard,  by  the  direction  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude,  for  more  accurately  determining  the  difference  of 
longitude  between  this  place  and  the  obfcrvatory  at  Greenwich, 
which  is  found  to  be  5''  15"  weft; — together  with  corrections 
of  errors  of  lefi  moment,  relating  to  the  Jongiiude  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

The  Epbcmens  itfclf  contains  twelve  pages  for  each  month. 
The  firit  page  is  divided  into  four  columns :  the  three  firll  of 
which  contain  the  days  of  the  month,  of  the  w<ek,  and  ihe 
Sundays  and  feftivals  through  the  year^  The  laft  column  ihe  vs, 
at  top,  the  moon's  phafcs;  and  beneath  nrc  cnntjined  mifcclla- 
neous  phainomena,  fuch  as  cclipfcs  ot  the  fun  nnd  moon — oc- 
cultaiions  of  planets,  or  fixed  lbr!>,  not  Icfs  than  the  lourth 
magnitude  by  the  moon,  as  they  are  to  hap(>cn  at  Greenwi«.h 
by  the  tables  '  the  conjunctions  of  the  moon  ^ith  all  fbrs  nnt 
Icfi  than  the  fourth  magnkudc — the  conjimdions,  oppofiticns 
and  quadratures  of  the  planets  with  the  fun  — the  entrance  of  the 
fun  into  the  icveral  iigns,  together  with  any  other  rctnatk'i.blc. 
pha^nonieaa* 

P  ^  Oc^xi^W* 


a  i6  .  n>i  Nautical  Almanac  yir  1 77 1. 

Occultations  of  the  fun,  aiid  occultations  of  the  fixed  (bit 
by  the  moon,  obf'erved  in  places  whofe  latitude  and  longitodi 
are  known,  are  of  ufe  in  correding  the  lunar  tables  ;  and  if  the 
latitude  of  the  place  of  obfervation  onlj  be  known,  the  longi- 
tude may  be  determined  from  them.  Eclipfes  of  the  mooni 
however,  are  more  readily  applied  to  this  purpofe  2  the  longi- 
tude, in  this  cafe,  being  the  difference  of  time  of  the  obfcrvt* 
tion  and  that  fet  down  in  the  Ephemeris  converted  into  degreesi 
for  which  tables  are  provided.  The  other  phenomena  are  of 
importance  in  the  fame  refpci^. 

The  two  firil  columns  of  the  fecond  page  of  the  month  coa^ 
t:.in  the  days  of  the  month  and  week  as  before;  next  foliaw 
the  fun*s  longitude,  right  afcenfion  in  time,  declination,  and 
the  equation  of  time,  with  the  difference  from  day  to  day. 

Page  3d  contains,  in  five  columns,  tl^e  femidiamcter  of  the 
fun,  the  time  of  his  pafling  the  meridian,  his  hourly  motion,  the 
logarithm  of  his  dilhnce,  and  place  of  the  moon's  node,  fef 
every  fixth  day  :  and  at  the  bottom  of  this  page  are  the 
eclipfes  of  Jupiter's  fatcliitcs,  whenever  they  are  vifible. 

In  ihe  fourth  page  of  the  month,  wc  have  ihe  longitudes  ind 
latitudes  of  the  planets,  both  heliocentric  and  geocentric,  theif 
declination  and  apparent  time  of  puiling  the  meridian,  calculated 
for  every  fixth  dj|y. 

The  fifth  and  fixth  following  pages  (and  not  the  yth  and 
fifth,  as  by  a  miftake  of  the  Editor,  thq  references  are  made)| 
contain  the  moon*s  place,  and  all  the  circumftances  relative  tD 
her  motion,  and  her  diftanccs  from  the  fun  and  proper  flarst 
from  which  her  didance  ihould  be  obferved  for  finding  the  lon- 
gitude at  iea.  The  ..ngitudes,  latitudes,  and  declinations  of 
the  mcon,  and  time  of  her  paifing  the  meridian,  afford  the  like 
nfes  with  the  fame  circumflances  of  the  planetary  motions,  and 
many  more  bcfides. 

For  the  fake  of  greater  precifion,  the  moon*s  longitude,  lati« 
tude,  right  afcenfion^  declination,  femidiametcr,  horizontal 
parallax,  with  its  logiUic  or  proportional  logarithms,  are  com- 
puted twice  a  day  to  noon  and  midnight,  and  may  be  readily  10* 
ferrcd  for  any  intermediate  time  with  the  greateft  exadnefs. 

The  diftanccs  of  the  moon  from  the  fun  and  fixed  ftars,  are 
fet  down  to  every  three  hours  of  apparent  time  by  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich,  and  are  defigncd  to  relieve  the  mariner  from  the 
necefiity  of  a  calculation,  which  he  might  think  prolix  and 
troublcfomc,  and  to  enable  him,  by  comparing  the  famediftan- 
ces  obferved  carefully  at  fca,  to  infer  his  longitude  readily,  and 
vvith  little  danger  of  miftake,  to  a  degree  of  exa£lnefs,  thatmiy 
bethought  fufficitnt  for  mod  nautical  purpofes.  The  Editor 
pbfervcSf  that  though  the  AAauct  o^  vVvt  uvoon  from  the  fun  or 
ftars,  well  obferved  wU^  a  yioA  \tk^i\xtcv«\x^  vi  V^aL^>K0XM^<«^ 


V«SS85i^ 


The  NauiUal  Altnanu  pr  X772- 


217 


termiiie  the  longitude,  with  the  help  of  the  Ephemeris^  always 
vrithin  a  dcgrec>  and  generally  much  nearer,  yet  it  will  coaducc 
to  ftill  greater  accuracy,  if  the  obfcrvcr  takes  the  diftance  of  the 
moon  from  two  ftars,  or  the  fun  and  a  ftar,  or,  when  the  moon 
is  between  90°  and  120°  diftance  from  the  fun^  from  the  fun  and 
two  ftari^  it  he  can  be  fo  lucky  as  to  obtain  thefe  feveral  obfer- 
vations.  1  he  longitude  being  computed  from  the  obfeivations 
made  with  cjch  Itar  rcfpcftively,  the  mean  of  the  refuhs  is  to 
be  taken  as  probably  approaching  nearcR  to  the  true  longitude. 

The  laft  page  of  the  month  (and  not  the  fifth)  fhewsthe  con- 
figurations of  Jupiter's  fatellites,  or  the  apparent  pofitions  of 
the  ratelliies  with  refpeft  to  each  other  and  to  Jupiter  at  fuch  an 
hour  of  the  evening  or  night,  as  they  are  moil  likely  to  be  ob- 
ferved,  and  ferve  to  diftinguilh  the  fatdlites  from  one  ano- 
ther. 

for  the  diftin£l  ufe  and  application  of  each  column  of  the 
S^bove  tables  wc  muft  refer  to  the  work  itfclf ;  and  Ihall  conclude 
with  obfcrvinp:,  that  to  this  Ephemeris  are  annexed,  the  eclipfcs 
of  the  third  fjtellite  of  Jupiter  in  the  years  1771  and  J  772,  com- 
puted from  the  new  tables  publifhed  with  the  Nautical  Almanac 
for  laft  year :  and  two  tables  arc  like  wife  added,  for  more  • 
readily  finding  what  eclipfes  of  Jupiter's  fatellites  will  hdfipent 
when  Jupiter  is  at  lead  8**  above,  and  the  fun  as  much  below 
ihe  horizon ;  Wz.  one  containing  Jupiter's  hour  angles  to  dif- 
ferent declinations,  when  his  altitude  is  cxa^flly  H°,  and  the  other 
the  fun*s  hour-angle  or  lime  from  noon,  when  he  is  deprefTed  8" 
below  the  horizon.  This  number,  moreover,  contains  Mr. 
Lyons's  folution  of  a  problem  in  Mercator's  Navigation,  pro- 
pofed  formerly  by  Dr.  Halley,  as  wantmr^  to  complete  that  doc- 
trine>  and  defigned^to  determine  the  couife  fteered,  when  a  (hip 
has  failed  from  a  given  latitude  a  certain  number  of  mile^,  and 
has  altered  her  longitude  by  a  given  quantity  ;  which  folution5 
fays  the  Editor,  cannot  but  be  acceptable  to  the  curiuus. 

At  the  clorccif  this  article,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  fubjoia 
a  brief  account  of  the  tables  rcquifue  to  be  ufcd  with  the  aftrono-  * 
mical  and  nautical  Almanac,  which,  though  a  feparate  publica- 
tion, are  intended  10  accompany  the  other,  and  thereby  to  ren- 
der the  operations  more  cafy  and  more  accurate.  They  chiefly 
relate  to  the  corrcdion  of  the  errors  of  the  moon's  diftance  from 
the  fun  or  ftar^,  arifmg  from  rcfraftiop  and  parallax  ;  and  they 
contain  feveral  tables  and  rules  for  this  purpofe :  bcfide  tables 
for  converting  degrees  and  minutes  of  the  equator  into  time  and 

the  contrary tables  of  the  longitudes  and   latitudes  of  nine* 

icen  of  the  bfightcft  ftars  and  neareft  the  ecliptic,  fuch  as  are 
moft  proper  to  take  the  moon*s  diftance  from,  for  finding  the 
longitude  at  fea,  together  with  a  table  for  finding  the  aberra^ 
fi()fi  of  a  zodiacal  ftar  in  longitude — two  ubVe:i^  ^^t.  W  ^m- 


ai8  White'/  Cafti  In  Surgery. 

fing  proper  ftars,  from  which  to  obfenre  the  moon's  diftajioei 
and  another  of  limits. and  aquilae;- — tables  of  corredbns  of  the 
moon's  longitude  and  latitude; — of  the  right  afcenfiqns  and  de^ 
'  ciinations  of  the  principal  fixed  ftars,  with  their  variation  for  ten 
years ;— of  multipliers  ; — of  the  depreflion  or  dip  of  the  horizooi 
and  a  table  of  proportional  logarithms ;  the  nature  and  ufe  of  ill 
which  are  explained,  in  their  proper  places,  by  the  ingenioiis 
Editor. 

This  volume  contains,  likewife,  inftru6lions  for  finding  Ae 
longitude  at  fea  by  the  help  of  the  Ephemeris,  comprized  in  fe- 
vera!  articles ;  together  with  particular  cafes  exemplifyiog  Ac 
rules  laid  down. 

-  < 

Art.  VI.  Cafes  in  Surgery^  with  Remarks.  Part  the  Fttfi. 
By  Charles  White,  F.  R.  S.  one  of  the  Corporation  ofSiir- 
geons  in  London,  and  Surgeon  to  the  Manchefter  InfinnvT. 
To  which  is  added,  An  Eifay  on  the  Ligature  of  Arteries,  bj 
J.  Aikin,  Surgeon.     4s.  6d.  bound.     Johnfton.     1770. 


THIS  is  a  valuable  colle£tion  of  chirurgical  cafes  and  ft' 
marks,  fevcral  of  which  have  already  been  made  puUic; 
fome  of  them  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadions,  and  others  ii 
the  Medical  Obfervations  and  Inquiries:  but  the  ingenious A»*  j 
tLor  imagined  it  would  *  be  full  as  agreeable  to  the  readers  ID  1 
fee  them  all  together  in  one  volume,  efpecially  as  fome  of  theai  < 
are  conneded  with  thefe  now  firft  publiflied,  and  they  help  M  j 
confirm  each  other.  I  have  likewife,  fays  he,  fele^ted  fuch  ' 
cafes  from  a  number  which  my  father  took  minutes  of  when  he 
was  in  full  pradlice,  as  are  fimilar  to  thofe  of  my  own,  which  : 
I  have  now  tranfcribed  for  publication.'     He  proceeds : 

<  The  few  cafes  I  have  here  given  of  the  ftopping  of  bleedioe 
arteries  by  fponge,  are  not  intended  to  (hew  its  utility  in  iB   ^ 
haemorrhages  whatfoever,  but  in  thofe  where  the  ligature  cooU    ' 
not  poflibly  be  made  ufe  of,  or  in  fuch  as  had  refiited  the  inoft    ' 
approved  methods  of  pradice,  and  of  confequence  brought  At 
life  or  limb  of  the  patient  into  danger. 

*  *  I  propofe  to  give  the  public  a  fecond  part  of  this  work,  si 
foon  as  my  avocations  in  bufinefs  will  permit  me,  and  am  fufr 
leiently  furniOicd  with  materials  for  that  purpofe.' 

Without  making  an  abftra£i  of  the  feveral  articles  wbid 
compofe  this  volume,  we  fliall  briefly  obferve,  that  it  contsiM 
fome  new  and  ufeful  obfervations  concerning  diflocations  and  tbdr 
redu&ion ;  and  likewife  concerning  the  re-union  of  fradureJ 
bones,  the  extremities  of  which  have  remained  long  difunitdi 
Among  other  curious  cafes,  we  have  the  fingular  ona  in  utH 
fAf  ^  upper  head  of  the  Os  Humt\\  tni^  (aniii  oS^  and  yet  the  eo- 


Marty n*i  critical  Remarks  upm  the  Mntids  ef  VirgU.     ai^ 

tire  motion  of  the  limb  was  preferved.  This  was  firft  printed  in 
the  Philofophical  TranCidionSt  and  we  have  noticed  it,  p.  211 
of  tbii  month's  Review./ 

Mr.  Aikin's  Kflay  on  the  Ligature  of  Arteries,  is  written  with 
a  view  to  recommend,  and  make  more  generally  known,  the 
method  pradifed  by  Mr.  Bromfield,  which  is  this, — Mr.  Brom- 
field  firft  draws  out  the  artery  with  the  tenaculum,  and  then  makes 
the  ligature. 

This  method  of  tying  the  artery  alone,  has  long  been  known, 
and  long,  but  not  generally,  prac^ifed.  Mr.  Aikin's  knowledge 
of  thefuccefsofthis  practice,  is  a  ftrong  argument  in  favour  of 
its  particular  utility.  *  This  is  the  method,'  fays  he,  ^  of  tying 
arteries,  which,  for  feveral  years  pad,  has  been  pradifed  by  the 
ingenious  furgeons  of  the  Manchefter  Infirmary;  in  which, 
from  the  frequency  of  amputations,  on  account  of  difeafed  joints, 
die  faireft  trial  has  been  given  of  its  efHcacy.  During  this  whole 
time  a  needle  has  never  been  ufed  in  fecuring  an  artery  after  an 
operation,  except  in  a  very  few  cafes,  where,  from  the  badfitu- 
ation  of  the  artery,  or  fome  other  uncommon  circumftance,  it 
could  not  be  drawn  out  fo  as  to  be  tied ;  and  I  can,  with  the 
ftfideft  truth,  aflure  the  public,  both  from  what  I  have  been 
three  years  an  eye-witnefs  of,  and  from  the  mod  rcfpef^able  tefti- 
mony  of  others,  that  there  has  not  been  a  finale  inftance  of  re- 
turning haemorrhage,  after  an  artery  had  been  once  fairly  tied  in 
this  method.' 

Art.  VII.  Diffhrtaiions  and  critical  Remarks  upon  the  Mneids  of 
Firgily  containing,  among  other  interefling  Particulars,  a  full 
Vindication  of  the  Poet  from  the  Charge  of  Anachromfm  with  r/- 
gp'd  to  the  Foundation  of  Carthage.  By  the  late  John  Martyn, 
F.  R.  S.  Editor  of  Virgil's  Georgics  and  Bucolics.  To  the 
Whole  is  prefixed,  fome  Account  of  the  Author  and  his 
Writings.     lamo.     3  s.  6d.  bound.     Davis.     I77z« 

IT  is  pleafant  enough  to  find  this  learned  critic,  in  his  firft 
difiertation,  attempting  to  vindicate  Virgil  from  a  fault 
which  ought  never  to  have  been  laid  to  his  charge ;  unlefs  it 
be  a  fault  to  be  ignorant  of  what  it  is  impoflible  *.^  know. 
Virgil  could  not  poffibly  know  whether  Troy  was  taken  and 
Carthage  built  near  the  fame  period  of  time  or  not.  For 
though  the  ancient  Greeks  made  the  deftru£lion  of  Troy  a  ge- 
neral epocha  from  which  they  computed  time,  yec  they  had  no 
certain  knowledge  when  it  happened  ;  fo  unfettled  was  the  ftate 
of  chronolo^  before  hiftory  took  place  of  fable !  As  to  thp 
nethod  of  Herodotus,  which  allowed  three  generations  to  a 
century,  it  was  certainly  very  vague  and  very  !\u\elo\)cte« 
^JDdf  J  upon :  A  little^  indeed,  thqt  in  the  calculation  oi  m?Lti^ 


220     Martyn*/  critical  Rimarh  up§nthi  Mneids  §f  VirgiL 

centuries,   from  any  particular  family  of  Kings,  &c.  many 
mi^t  be  loft  or  gained. 

The  fecond  diflfertation  is  on  the  four  introdu£lory  lines  to 
the  £neis : 

lUe  egOy  qui  qucndam^  f^c. 

We  will  prefume  to  fay,  that  no  Reader  of  true  tafte  would 
ever  have  doubted  concerning  the  illegitimacy  of  thefe-  lineS| 
though  there  had  been  no  manufcripts  found  without  them. 

I'he  third  dilFercation  is  ofMneas*s  cbaraSler.  Virgil  has  un- 
dergone fomc  cenfure  for  reprefenting  his  hero  as  fhuddering 
at  the  profped  of  death,  in  a  ftorm  at  fea.  But  the  cenfure  is 
idle,  it  was  not  death,  but  the  mode  of  death  (which  did 
him  no  honour)  that  was  affecting  to  the  hero ;  and  our  Au- 
thor has  made  a  bad  defence  for  it  in  faying,  that  it  was  his 
pious  fear  of  the  gods.  We  find  this  generous  horror  of 
iJBneas  exemplified  in  many  charaders  both  ancient  and  mo- 
dern ;  it  was  confidcred  as  belonging  to  the  noUeft  natures, 
and  never  reprcfented  in  a  depreciating  view  by  any  good  poet 
or  hiftorian.  Thus  when  Achilles  was  in  danger  of  bang 
drowned  in  the  Xanthus,  he  laments  his  fate  no  lefs  patbeti- 
cally  than  ^neas.     He  complains  that  he  fhould  perifh 

Ovpa  T£vauXof  etTOiftrei  ^tiiAuvi  ntpiorra 

like  a  boy  that  feeds  hogs,  whom  the  flooded  ilream  fweeps 
away  as  he  is  attempting  to  ford  it.  It  is  not  death,-  but  feme 
unworthy  circumftance  attending  it  that  (hocks  a  brave  man. 
There  is  a  fine  fcntiment  in  Waller  where  he  reprefents  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  in  danger  at  fea.  His  vexation  was  not 
for  the  lofs  of  life,  but  the  lofs  of  the  idea  and  remembrance  of 
a  woman  whom  he  loved.     He  only  grieved  that. 

The  fluinc  Hiould  perifh  where  her  image  dwelt. 

Shakcfpcarc's  Othello  exprefies  the  fame  horror  at  an  obfcure 
death  ;  but,  conliJering  his  circumftances,  in  our  opinion,  with 
lefs  nature.  One  cannot  but  remember,  too,  thofe  fine  verfes 
on  Charles  the  Twelfth  : 

But  did  not  Fate  at  length  her  error  mend  ? 
Did  no  fubverted  empire  mark  his  end  f 
Did  rival  monarchs  give  the  fatal  wound  ? 
Or  hoflile  millions  prefs  him  to  the  ground  ? 
His  fall  was  deitin'd  to  a  barren  ftrand^ 
A  pe:ty  fortrcfs,  and  a  dubious  hand ! 

The  fentiment  of  Ajax,  who,  when  involved  in  a  dark  mift 
pii  the  held  of  battle,  petilions  Ju^vx^t  to  remove  it,  and  let 


Rotheram'i  Inquiry  into  the  Properties  of  Heater.  2t  i 

them  have  the  honour  of  dying  by  daylight,  is  noble  and  alto- 
gether in  nature : 

If  Greece  muft  perifti,  we  thy  will  obey. 
But  let  us  perifh  in  the  face  of  day ! 

Here  are  feveral  more  diflertations,  which  contain  fooie 
loft  conjeAures  in  high  and  fabulous  antiquity.  Prefixed  to 
the  woric  is  an  account  of  the  learned  Author,  and  fome  men- 
tion  of  men  of  letters,  his  friends  and  cotemporaries.  It  ton- 
dudes  with  critical  obfervations  on  certain  pafiages  in  the 
^neids,  that  are  generally  too  long,  in  proportion  to  their 
merit  or  importance. 

Art.  VIII.  A  Pbilofophical  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Properties 
of  JVater.  TVith  elegant  Copper -plate  Figures  of  the  feveral  Saks. 
Dy  J.  Rotheram,  M.  D.  8vo.  2s.  6d.  Newcsiftle  upon 
Tyne  printed,  and  fold  in  London  by  Murray. 

THIS  Inquiry,  was  very  commendably  undertaken  by  Dr. 
Rotheram,  for  the  fatisfadion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  of  Newcaftle.  It  is  in  fome  degree  a  general  inquiry  con- 
cerning watery  but  chiefly,  however,  refpeiS^  the  waters  in 
that  town  and  neighbourhood. 

'  As  this  deiign»  fays  oar  Author,  was  originally  undertaken  fiir 
the  fausfadion  of  the  maeiHracy  and  iDhabitants  of  this  town»  upon 
feme  late  propofals  for  tumifliing  them  with  water ;  it  may  be  ex^ 
peded  that  I  (hould  (hew  which  water  is  the  bed  and  fitteft  for  that 
purpofe  ;  but  I  (hall  trouble  my  reader  very  little  farther  with  thofe 
comparifons :  if  what  is  faid  above  be  allowed,  the  Tyne  water  is 
undoubtedly  the  heft  and  fitted  in  all  refpefts.' 

We  (haJl  lay  before  our  Readers  therefore  Dr.  Rotheram*s 
account 

Of  Tyne  H'ater. 

*  As  the  waters  in  mod  of  our  navigable  rivers  are  aflfe£led  by 
the  tides,  and  other  circumdances,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  give 
a  ihort  iketch  of  fome  particulars  relating  to  the  natural  hidory  of 
this  river,  which  may  be  fuppofed  to  alter  the  property  of  its  waters 
at  different  times,  before  we  proceed  to  relate  our  experiments  upon 
it. 

*  The  river  Tyne  rifes  from  diderent  fources ;  fome  of  them  about 
fixty  miles  to  the  North- wed,  and  others  about  fifty  to  the  Wed  and 
South-wed  from  this  town  ;  and  from  hence  to  its  entrance  into  the 
fea  at  Tynemouth,  is  about  ten  miles ;  but  if  we  meafure  by  the 
windings  of  the  river  it  will  be  more  in  both  cnfes :  fo  that  its  feve- 
ral branches  fpread  over  a  very  large  traft  of  country,  the  greated 
part  of  which  abounds  with  collieries  and  lead  mines;  from  the  nu- 
merous levels  and  engines  of  which,  immenfe  quantities  of  water 
are  condantly  Rowing  in  :  that  we  diall  be  much  within  compafs  if 
we  afiert,  that  "kbove  half  of  the  water  which  ruivs  \i>j  W^v*c^S\^ 
comes  irom  the  mines ;  and  fomcumc^  iVic  v^^J'i^  >n^\.«^  ?i^>i^  Tftfct^r 


^22  Rothcrain*j  Inquiry  into  the  Propertlet  rfJFaigr. 

tionedy  will  be  fuddenly  let  off*  in  very  large  quancitiet,  or  what  tte 
workmen  call  hufhes,  and  will  apparently  difcolour  the  river,  for  a 
confiderable  fpace.  Yet  fo  readily  and  entirely  does  the  river  clear 
icfelf  from  any  impurities,  which  it  might  be  fuppofed  to  concrad 
from  hence,  that  I  have  never  been  able  to  difcover  the  leaft  par- 
tide  of  any  vitriolic  or  other  fabtlances,  which  are  to  be  foond  ia 
the  coal  waters ;  though  I  have  repeatedly  and  very  carefnily  ea^ 
mined  it  at  different  feafons  of  the  year,  and  different  times  of  ika 
tide :  indeed  I  apprehend  that  we  are  much  indebted  to  the  tides 
for  rendering  the  river  water  fo  pure  and  good,  as  it  onauellionably 
is  in  this  neighbourhood  ;  and  the  particular  courfe  and  channel  of 
the  river  contribute,  not  a  little,  to  this  effedl. 

*  The  channel,  betwixt  Ncwcaftle  and  Tynemonth,  is  of  a  very 
different  width  and  depth  ;  fo  that  the  tide  is  more  rapid  in  fome 
places  than  in  others.  The  entrance  into  the  harbour  at  the  Low 
Lights  is  very  narrow ;  but  the  channel  forms  into  a  fine  large  ba- 
fon,  for  the  whole  length  of  Shields,  capable  of  holding  above  two 
thoufand  fail  of  Targe  fhips  ;  above  which  the  tide  fpreads  over  the 
extenfivc  flats  of  Jarrow-Slake ;  and  then,  for  a  great  length,  forms 
a  remarkably  fine,  broad  and  deep  pool,  called  the  Long-Reach,  aH 
which  contain  an  immenfe  quantity  of  water.  After  this  the  cideii 
obilru6led  by  feveral  windings  and  narrow  places  in  the  channeli  till 
it  comes  within  about  a  mile  of  NewcalUc  ;  where  it  runs  in  an  open 
and  wider  pool,  till  it  flows  about  two  miles  above  this  town,  whea 
it  is  a  good  deal  interrupted  in  its  courfe  by  a  large  ifland,  confift- 
ing  of  many  acres,  called  the  King's  Meadows :  after  flowing  round 
this  iflnnd  by  two  narrow  channels,  and  through  feveral  beantifol 
windings,  it  rifes  a  little  above  the  village  of  Newburn^  in  all  about 
fcven  or  eight  miles  above  Ncwcaftle. 

*  The  tides  commonly  flow  about  four  hours  and  an  half,  and 
ebb  about  feven  hours  and  an  half,  at  Newcallle- bridge :  and  the 
perpendicular  rife  of  the  river  here,  in  a  fpring  tide,  will  (bmctioies 
be  about  eleven  or  twelve  feet,  and  at  Tynemouth  bar,  about  eigh- 
teen feet ;  but  both  thefe  circumflances  vary  greatly  from  the  dif- 
ferent wind;;,  and  the  difTereiit  quantities  of  f'rclh  water  in  the  river: 
in  a  north-wellcrly  wind  they  will  fometimes  rife  three  feet  higher 
than  I  luive  mentioned  ;  and,  in  a  fouth-eaflerly  one,  fometimes 
fcarcely  half  fo  high  :  and  in  fome  of  our  great  land-floods,  the  tidt 
has  not  fuflicient  force  to  ilem  and  turn  the  current,  which  will  fee 
downwards  during  the  ivholc  fwcll  of  the  tide. 

*  From  this  fhort  account  we  may  judge,  in  fome  meafure,  of  the 
natural  efle^  of  thp  tides  upon  the  water  in  this  river.  For,  by 
the  conftant  and  contrary  moiions  which  are  given  to  the  waters, 
by  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide,  the  mud  is  ftirred  up,  the  falts 
and  other  impurities  mixed  with  part  of  it,  and  carried  into  the  fea; 
whilfl  that  which  fubfides  in  the  channel  is  left  unfaturatcd  with  falts, 
cleaner  from  impurities,  and  readier  to  attract  and  abforb  any  frefli 
ont's  that  m.'\y  come  in. 

'  The  mud  thus  (lirred  up,  is  indeed  fometimes  long  in  fubfiding; 
a?,  upon  Isind- floods  efpecidly,  it  chiefly  co.ifilb  of  a  fine  light  clay, 
divided  into  fuch  minute  parlicks,  v\\aiv  ^  ^tt^x  ^Kt^v  cil  Sx^wC\^^4 
through  a  common  filtering  paper,  ^ud  m^V^t  <>tvt  n^^xci  ^  \vc\^ 


Rotheram'i  Inquiry  into  thi  Propnties  o/JVaUr.  aaj 

wbeyifh  ;  but  this  will  in  time  feparate  and  leave  the  water  remark-^ 
ably  bright  and  pure ;  and  this  wtry  inconvenience  is»  for  the  rea- 
fons  aligned  above,  attended  with  a  fuperior  advantage. 

*  Another  effedt  of  the  tides  is,  that  they  may  fometimes  bring  ap 
a  little  fait  water,  la  fununer  time,  when  the  river  is  low,  and  thp 
influx  of  the  tide  meets  with  lefs  refillance,  the  water  will  be  a 
little  brackiih  at  Newcaftle  ;  but  that  is  only  about  the  time  of  high 
water  ;  for  at  half  ebb,  or  half  Aood,  it  has  fcarce  any  fenilble  pxot 
portion  of  fait  in  its  reiiduum ;  and  in  winter  time,  or  indeed  in  the 
neap  tides  in  fummer,  we  can  feldom  find  the  leail  brackifhncis  br 
the  talle.  When  we  confider,  from  the  above  account,  the  immenje. 
quantity  of  frefh  water  that  mull  be  driven  back,  before  the  tide  can 
rife  to  NewcafUe,  it  will  appear  Grange  that  any  fait  water  ihoald 
ever  reach  above  our  bridge.  I  have  often  found  a  feniible  difier-- 
ence  in  the  tafle  of  the  water  which  was  taken  up  below  the  biidge» 
from  what  was  taken  up  above ;  the  force  of  the  tide  being  a  good 
deal  broken  by  the  pillars.  1  have  not  indeed  analyfed  it  in  the 
dried  feafons  ;  but  the  day  in  which  I  am  writing  this,  I  tried  the 
fpecific  gravity  of  fome  of  it  which  I  took  up  at  high  water,  in  the 
lad  fpring  tide,  after  a  long  droughty  feafon,  and  found  it  confider* 
ably  heavier  than  any  which  I  had  tried  before ;  for  it  difiered  from- 
rain  water  by  i\z  part  of  the  whole  :  whereas  in  winter  it  rarely  dif- 
fers by  TTTvv  I  lilcewife,  at  the  fame  time,  tried  fome  which  I  had 
taken  up  at  Shields,  and  found  it  to  differ  from  rain  water  by  above 
the  28th  part,  which  is  heavier  than  mod  of  our  ubles  make  fea 
water  to  be.  Indeed,  from  the  frelh  water  which  is  driven  back»- 
the  faltnefs  mufl  decreafe  all  the  way,  as  the  tide  comes  up  the 
channel;  till,  a  little  above  this  town,  it  becomes  quite  evanefcent ; 
and,  fdr  (even  hours  out  of  every  twelve,  we  have  fcarce  any  fait  at 
all,  as  will  appear  more  fully  prefcntly. 

'  Another  effedl  of  the  tide  upon  this,  and  indeed  upon  mod  na- 
vigable rivers,  is,  the  immenfe  ihoals  of  very  fmall  fiflies  which  are 
driven  up  in  the  later  fummer  months.  It  has  been  frequently  ob» 
fcrved  here,  that  a  pint  of  water  cannot  be  taken  up  near  the  (hore, 
any  where  within  the  compafs  of  the  tide,  but  it  will  contain  fcveral 
hundreds  of  them ;  nay  they  will  frequently  lie  fo  thick,  that  we 
cannot,  even  in  wcry  (hallow  places,  fee  the  bottom  of  the  river  for 
them.  The  water  which  is  taken  up  fo  filled  with  thefe  little  ani- 
mals,  is  indeed  unfit  for  drelCng  of  vi(f\uals,  brewing,  or  almod  any 
other  purpofe ;  for  it  has  from  the  fird  a  fifhy  difagreeable  tade,  and 
very  foon  putrefies :  but  all  thefe  little  animals  are  within  two  or 
three  yards  of  the  (hore,  and  modly  in  dill  water ;  for  a  fmall  cur- 
rent fweeps  them  all  away ;  and,  upon  a  fredifdood  coming  down  the 
river,  not  one  of  them  is  to  be  feen  :  confequently  they  can.be  no 
objedlion  to  the  fupplying  this  town  with  water  from  the  river,  as 
the  water  might  eafiiy  be  brought  to  the  pumps  of  an  engine  without 
conveying  any  of  them  along  with  it. 

'  J  fliall  not  trouble  my  reader  with  a  tedious  relation  of  all  the 
different  experiments  which  I  have  made  upon  this  water  ;  but  diall 
fcled  two  trials,  one  of  which  was  made  of  the  water  taken  op  at 
half  ebb,  and  the  other  at  high  water,  when  the  river  wafi  in  its 
mod  uihaldatc:    in  the  fird  of  them,  indeed,  i«ViL\s\v>w^\akBau"^ 


124  Rotheram'x  Inquiry  inU  the  Proptrties  •f  Walt&^ 

on  the  24th  of  January »  1770,  the  river  was  rather  more  nodir 
than  nfual,  and  I  allowed  the  water  to  fland  two  dayt  befeif  1 
weighed  it. 

Its  fpeciEc  gravity  was  to  that  of  nun  water  as  if348»48i  *M 


1^348,14$  ;  the  difference  being  336,  ornearly  7A1  ^^ 

*  Its  tafte  was  nik!,  cool  and  agreeable. 
*•  It  made  no  change  with  the  lixivinm  of  tartar,  or  folafioa'if 

fugar  of  lead ;  nor  yet  with  galls,  fyrap  of  violets,  or  adds.        ^-p^ 

'  A  gallon  of  it  left  upon  evaporation  onl/  gri  4-1V9  ^  ^  ^Vfi 

brown  fediment ;  which  tafted  evidently^  though  flightly,  ti&\  IK 

felt  gritty  betwixt  the  teeth.  -    , 

*  The  quantity  of  this  refiduum  was  fo  very  fmall,  that  it  feaic4g 
afforded  an  opportunity  of  feparating  the  fait  from  the  earth,  orw 
trying  any  other  experiments ;  and  upon  fome  other  cvaponrifleii^ 
the  water,  taken  up  at  half  flood  and  half  ebb,  the  rdidmui  Mi 
ftill  lefs  ;  fo  that  I  looked  upon  any  minute  examination  of  ihcapM 
trifling  and  infignificant.  ^'--g 

'  On  the  29th  of  January,  1770,  I  took  a  quantity  of  water  faifi 
the  river,  at  the  weft  end  of  the  town,  juft  at  the  time  of  ^*  "^ 
water  in  a  fpring  tide.    The  weather  was  then  dry  and  rema  ' 
warm  for  the  feafon,  and  the  water  much  brighter  than  duft  . 
I  ufed  in  the  lad  experiment;  and  I  think  had  no  brackiAuw6 
coverable  by  the  tafte :  but  it  turned  quite  milky  and  precij 
upon  dropping  in  a  little  folution  of  fugar  of  lead. 

*  A  gallon  of  it  left,  upon  evaporation,  gr^*  i9t%^9  of*  light  Liuiil 
refiduum,  which  tafted  very  fair,  crackled  upon  the  hot  iron  ;^  aaig 
an  ebullition  and  white  fumes  with  fpirit  of  vitriol,  but  no  appiicdj 
change  in  fyrup  of  violets,  and  attraded  moifture  very  faft.         -  ■ , 

*  Five  grains  of  it  were,  by  the  hot  iron,  reduced  to  4itjbt  ^ 
increafed  again  in  weight  fo  faft,  that  I  could  not  be  fi>  exad  ast 
could  have  wifhed. 

*  After  it  wak  well  wafhed  in  diftilled  water,  it  left  a  dark  grtf 
infipid  powder  of  calcareous  and  abforbent  earth,  which  weigad 
gr.  ItoV;;*  -  ,    ■  j 

*  '1  be  fait  was  entirely  muriatic  ;  and  the  cryftals,  when  vievHl 
through  the  microfcope,  appeared  as  in  the  copper-plate.  ..^  ^i 

*  *  The  fait  was  in  proportion  to  the  earth  as,  30,^8  to  1361^  h 
that  each  gallon  of  this  water  contained  l^^y■Ju  gnins  of  fidcnA 
SvcVV  of  earth.  ; 

'  Oi/.  Though  this  water  was  manifeftly  brighter  than  that  which 
was  ufed  in  the  preceding  analyfls,  yet  the  earthy  parts  of  it  «ctt 
more  than  the  whole  refiduum  of  the  other ;  and  I  am  fore  that  th^ 
were  both  colledted  and  weighed  with  equal  care :  which  fliewt-thil! 
the  tides  impregnate  the  water  in  this  river  with  fometfatng  moi# 
than  fait ;  or  the  fait  may  probably  be  a  means  of  uniting.  itaMb 
earth  with  the  water ;  but  thefe  fubftances  are,  in  a  very  little  tiniiil 
either  mollly  carried  away  or  fpontaneouny  precipitated.  < 

'  Upon  analyfing  fome  water,  taken  up  in  another  fpring  tide,  I 
only  obtained  gr.  1 2  ,\?  \  from  a  gallon ;  but  in  very  dry  weatbeTii 
when,  perhaps,  not  one-third  part  of  the  frcfh  water  comes  dovrt 
the  river,  an  high  tide  may  bni\^  \xi;^  x\^t^t  ^to^ortion  of  fait;  ai 

indeed  is  evident  from  the  fpct\t»t  ^vvfXt^  ol  >2tifc'\^T»ft^^\sa  \a!aa 


37;#  FahUs  efFUra.  225 

Uiii  dny.  But  in  general,  or  at  lead  for  above  eight  months  in  the 
ytUt  it  contains  no  fait,  even  at  high  water,  that  can  be  any  wa^ 
prejudidal:  and  when  we  confidcr,  that  from  half  ebb  until  h:,lf 
fioodj  or  iof  upwards  of  fcvcn  hours  out  of  twelve,  there  is  fcarceJy 
any  perceptible  fait  in  it,  no  reafonablc  objcdUon  can  be  madc» 
upon  this  account^  ac:aiDfl  fupplying  the  town  with  it ;  as  an  engfne 
might  work,  ^try  well,  above  tifiecn  hours  in  the  day ;  and  in  that 
time,  with  the  greateft  fcafe,  it  might  raife  four  or  iive  thoufanii 
hoglheads  to  the  higheft  part  of  the  town. 

*  The  contents  of  this  water  are  fo  fmall  in  quantity,  and  in  their 
nature  fo  very  inoffenfive,  that  they  are  by  no  means  worthy  of  con* 
Jideradon  :  and  the  other  objeflions,  which  have  been  made  to  ic^ 
are  equally  trifling  and  infignibcant.  It  has  been  faid  that  it  gives 
both  meat  and  linen  a  bad  colour;  fo  will  the  Thames  water,  or 
that  of  almod  any  river  in  England,  if  it  be  ufed  before  it  has  fub- 
/idcd ;  but  fcveral  families  in  this  town  who  keep  it  in  proper  cif- 
terns  make  no  fuch  complaint,  and  fotnc  of  it  which  I  have  now  by 
xne«  and  which  was  taken  up  quite  muddy,  is  as  clear  and  bright 
as  any  water  which  I  know*  The  force  of  the  pumps,  the  convey- 
ance through  pipes,  and  the  reding  10  large  relervoin,  will  all  an- 
donhtedly  contribute  to  render  it  bright  and  pure.  It  is  known  to 
keep  exceedingly  good  and  fweet  through  long  voyages,  at  it  has 
been  frequently  carried  to  North  America :  and  what  is  ilill  a  farther 
argument  for  the  fupplying  of  this  town  with  it.  it  is  a  fourCte 
which  can  never  fail,  and  indeed  the  only  one  which  can  Rifely  be 
depended  on :  for  the  opening  of  new  collieries^  and  the  extending 
of  old  ones,  often  make  flrangc  aherationa,  in  the  courics  of  fevcr^l 
fprings  in  this  neighbourhood/ 

AaT.  IX.    T'bi  Fablis  of  Fhra,     By  Dr.  Langhornc.     ^to. 
3s.  kwcd,    Murray.     1771. 

FABLE  is  a  fpecics  of  literature  from  which  great  benefit^ 
aod  no  inconfiderable  degree  of  pleafure«  may  accrue  to 
Ihankind,  It  is,  as  hath  been  juUlv  remarked  ♦,  the  moft  <taj}^ 
wmin^y  and  atgaging  way  of  tcaitfin^i  it  furaiibcs  the  motl 
proper  ^nA  cffcftaal  mean*  of  inTpiring  men  with  a  love  of  vir- 
tue, and  hatred  of  vice ;  and  it  h^s  frequently  happened  that 
the  9ld  and  wifty  as  well  as  the  yrung  iind  iKcgn/hiartitf^  h;ive 
reaped  the  advantages  flowing  from  tiiis  mode  of  milruclioiK 
XhMB  former  will  admire  the  important  truths  (q  attluily  yet' 
^mpiy  conveyed  in  thcie  agreeable  tictioiu,  wlak  the  latter, 
who  ufually  lo-^k  no  Unh^t  than  the  furt.tcc  and  form- of  the 
vebtcle,  may  not  only  Hnd  the  pltalare  they  feck  for,  bat»  a» 
they  increafo  in  years  and  judgmcnr,  will  receive  ihofc  falid 
tnd  ufeful  inftf actions  which  ihcy  never  before  th'xight  of/  ** 
Thus  far  with  rcfpcdt  to  the  idea  of  FaSlct  and  its  ufeful  ten* 


•  Obf.  on  this  fubject,  by  I>r»  Lamotie,  17  ^i» 
JtiV,  Mat^  17^1, 


Hvt.^1 


226  Tbi  Fables  pf  Flora. 

denqr,  in  its  original  defign,  and  primitive  fim'pIidtyof'ciH 
flru^ion.  In  later  times  its  fphere  has  been  confidenbIy» 
larged;  much  drefs  and  ornament  has  been  fapertdddi  ai 
the  narrative  and  moraU  which  formerly  were  exhibited  qoiK 
naked  and  unadorned,  are,  by  our  modern  writers,  ckw 
with  the  choiceft  embelliOiinents  of  imagination. 

An  ingenious  but  unknown  writer,  in  a  late  fugitive  dBfi 
fpcaking  of  the  performance  before  us,  has  very  pertinendy ob* 
fervcd,  that,  *  at  firfl:  view,  one  would  imagine  the  walkd 
apologue  to  be  much  too  confined  for  a  man  of  glowing  fiiQ 
^nd  elevated  genius;'  but  when  we  confider  that,  in  this* 
partment,  ^  ^fature  reigns  in  her  richeft  fplcndor,  and  qmI 
luxuriant  profufion,'  prefentrng  not  only  all  ammal  bat '  w 
getablc  life  to  the  poet's  imagination,  we  then  perceive  iheU 
enlarged,  and  that  Fable  no  longer  walks  within  the  narrow  liaia 
in  which  we  fancied  her  confined.  She  has  the  mofi  beaudftj 
objeds  of  Nature  to  feled,  afiemble,  and  combine;  audwiiel 
thcfe  can  afford  her  no  farther  variety,  (he  takes  a  ftiU  noN 
comprehenfive  view,  and,  comparing  the  vegetable  and  iflfel- 
leciual  fyftem,  fhe  traces  refemblances  and  allufions,  befioieM' 
noticed  and  unfeen  :  thus,  rifmg  in  dignity  and  ufe,  fliellliit 
Traces  moral  truths,  by  invefligating  the  intentions  of  Natuieil 
the  different  properties  of  her  produAions.' 

Dr.  Langhorne  nimfelf,  fpeaking  of  the  Fables  now  be&rt 
lis,  in  his  prefatory  advertifement,  fays — *  The  plan  of  Fibi 
is  enlarged,  and  the  province  extended,*  in  ibefe  poimi\^^ 
«  to  the  original  Narrative  and  Moral,  are  added  luACfr 
Rv,  Description,  and  Sentiment  i'  that  the  *  fccne/y Ji 
lormed  in  a  department  of  Nature  more  adapted  to  the  geoii 
and  difpofition  of  Poetry  ;  where  (he  finds  new  ofaje&f  i^ 
terefts,  and  connexions,  to  exerctfe  her  fancy  and  her  powers.'-^ 
He  concludes—*  the  charter  of  ^iJtibet  audendij  the  binhii||i 
of  every  poet,  fufficiently  authorizes  the  attenf>pt  ef  any  bb 
fpecies  of  writing;  but  by  the  judgment  of  the  public  itod 
ftand  or  fall.' 

But,  furely,  our  Author  does  not  intend  to  perfuade  us  thl 
II  £  is  the  firfl  bard  who  hath  extended  the  province  of  apologue 
and  added  imagery^  defcription^  and  fentiment  to  the  bare  nvfl 
live  and  moral  of  the  ancients  !  Have  we  not  the  fables  of  Foi 
tainc,  and  others,  in  France,  and  thofe  of  Gay,  Moore,  to 
in  England  ?  and  have  not  thofe  juftly  applauded  writers  gaiM 
their  great  reputation  by  fimilar  improvements  in  this  branch 
of  literature  ? — Certainly  Dr.  L.'s  claim  of  originality,  vi^ 
regard  to  hi&  prefent  production,  requires  fome  pialifoelii^  ^ 
/Ar/Janatron  ! 

huty  not  to  interfere  too  te  m  ^ApaX3»\ife\»^RA the  «tf«P 
>/>  ii»dthe  new,  let  us  vtoctcaito  ^v^^  ««^t»ftft\^  ^  VjfKi* 


ktetertainment  they  will  meet  witb^  if  they  chufe  to  call 
\tktur^    We  fliall  firft  felea 

t^AdLE  X.  Thcrffllding  and  the  Brom. 

<  Id  yonder  green  wood  blows  the  Broom ; 

Shepherds,  -«e*il  cruft  obr  flocks  to  ftny. 
Court  natore  in  her  fweeteft  bloom. 

And  fteal  from  cart  one  fummer-day. 

■  From  him  ^  whofe  gay  and  graceful  brow 

Fair-handed  Hame  with  rotes  binds» 
We'll  learn  to  breathe  the  tender  vow, 

Whwe  flow  the  fairy  Fortha  winds. 

'  And  oh  i  that  he  f  whofe  gentle  breaft 

In  nature's  fofteft  mould  was  made, 
^  ho  left  her  fmiliftg  Works  itaipi^ 

In  charaders  that  cannot  fade« 

*  That  he  might  leave  his  lowly  (hrin^, 
Though  fofter  there  the  Seaions  fall-M 
Th^come,  the  fons  of  verfe  divine. 
They  come  to  fancy's  magic  call* 


What  airy  Ibudds  invitd 


My  fteps  not  nnreluAant,  from  the  depth 

Of  Shene's  delightful  groves  /  Repofing  there  ■  • , 

No  more  I  hear  the  bufy  voice,  of  men    . 

Far-toiling  o'er  the  globe— fave  to  the  Call 

Of  foul-exalting  poetry,  thd  ear 

Of  death  denies  attention.    RoUzed  by  her. 

The  eenius  of  fepulchral  iilence  opes 

Ifis  drowfy  Cells,  and  yields  lis  to  the  day. 

For  thee^  whole  hand,  whatever  paints  the  fprlng^ 

Or  fwells  on  fum«[ier's  bread,  or  loads  the  lap 

Of  antumn»  gathisrs  heedful— Thee  whofe  rites 

At  nature's  ihrine  with  holy  care  are  paid 

Daily  and  nightly,  boughs  of  briehtefl  green. 

And  every  faireft  rofe,  the  god  of  groves. 

The  queen  of  flowers,  fhall  fweeter  fave  for  the^* 

Yet  not  if  beauty  only  claim  thy  lay. 

Tunefully  trifling.     Fair  philoiophy, 

And  nature's  Idve,  and  evtry  ihoral  charm 

That  leads  in  fweet  captivity  the  mind 

To  virtue — ever  in  thy  neareft  cares 

Be  thefe,  and  animate  thy  living  page 

With  trjith  reiiftlefs,  beaming  from  the  fource 

Of  perfe^  light  immortal— Vainly  boafls 

That  golden  Broom  its  funny  robe  of  flowers : 

Fair  are  the  funny  flowers ;  but,  fading  fooa 

f  WUluun  Hamilton  of Bstn^ouT.  ^  TlioialbYu 

0^2  KuA. 


2^9  Th  Pabla  9f  Flcra. 

And  ffuitlefs,  yield  the  fbrcftcr  s  regard 
To  the  fvcll-loaded  Wilding — Shepherd,  there 
Behold  the  fare  of  foog,  and  lightly  deem 
Of  all  but  moral  beauty.*' 

-^ ♦^  Not  in  vmn"— 

I  hear  my  Hamilton  reply, 
(The  torch  of  fancy  in  Kn  eye) 
**  Tis  not  in  vain/*  I  hear  him  fay. 
That  nature  paints  her  works  fo  gay  ; 
For,  fruitlcfs  though  that  fairy  broom» 
Yet  fill!  we  love  her  lavifh  bloom. 
Chcerrd  with  that  bfoom,  yon  defart  wrW 
its  native  horrors  lo£l,  and  fmilcd. 
And  oft  we  mark  her  golden  ray 
Along  the  dark  wood  fcaitcr  day* 

*'  Of  moral  ufcs  take  the  ftrifc  ; 
Leave  me  the  elegance  of  life, 
t^hatever  charm*  the  car  or  cye> 
All  beaoty  and  aft  harmony  i 
K  fwect  fcnfations  thefc  prodnce, 
X  know  they  have  their  moral  ufc, 
I  know  that  Nature*!  charms  can  move 
The  fprtng^s  that  llrikc  to  ViitTuEVi  lope.** 

We  (hall  leave  our  Readers  to  determine  how  far  Dr.  L.  ha 
fuccceded  in  his  imitation  of  Thomfon's  ftylc.     Perhaps  he  has' 
more  fortunately  hie  the  free  and  cafy  mat>ner  of  Mr.  Hamil-' 
ton  ^,  which  feems  to  be  nearly  congenial  with  his  own.  M 

In  the  following  piece  the  bloody  rites  of  the  Druid,  and  the 
miferable  apathy  and  (loth  of  the  Anchoiite^  are  difplayed  witl»_ 
equal  horror  and  juftice : 

Fable  XI.  The  Mijlitc/^itid  the  Pa^anfrnw^ 

*  In  this  dim  cave  a  draid  fleeps. 

Where  ilops  the  paiUng  gale  to  moan  i 
The  rock  he  hollowed  o*cr  him  wteps. 
And  cold  drops  wear  the  fretted  Uone. 

'  In  this  dim  cave*  of  diffirrent  creed» 

An  hermit's  hdy  a(hes  rcll ; 
The  fchool  boy  Ends  the  frequent  bead. 

Which  many  a  formal  maiin  hULL 

•  That  truant* time  full  well  I  know, 
When  here  1  broajrht,  in  ftolen  houft 

The  druid'i  magic  IViifletoej 
The  holy  hermit's  PatEon^Bower. 


k. 


bcc  an  ;ii:couii:  of  his  pocou.  Rev.  vet  xxiv.,  p.  lO.'. 


Tha 


nt  FaUes  o/FUra^  i%^ 

*  The  ofleriogs  on  the  m/itic  ib&e 
Peofive  I  hud,  in  diought  profouadr 

When  fifom  the  cave  a  deepening  groan 
Iflbed,  and  froze  me  to  the  groand. 

'  I  hear  it  ftill— Doft  thou  not  hear  ? 

Does  not  thy  haunted  fancy  ftart  ? 
The  found  itill  vibrates  through  mine  ear-^ 

The  horror  mlhet  on  my  heart. 

*  Unlike  to  living  fopnds  it  came. 

Unmixed,  o&melodized  with  bfeath ; 

Sut,  grinding  through  (bme  ibrannel  frame. 

Creaked  from  the  bony  longt  of  death. 

«  I  hear  it  ftUl— <«  Depart,"  it  erics  t 

*^  No  tribute  bear  to  (hades  nnUeft : 
Know,  here  a  bloody  drnid  lies. 

Who  was  not  norfed  at  Nature's  hreaft. 

**  Aflbdate  he  with  daemons  dire. 

O'er  human  TiAinMi  held  the  knife. 
And  pleafed  to  fee  the  babe  ez]»ic, 

Smiled  grimly  o*^  its  quivering  lift. 

**  Behold  his  crimibn-ftreaming  hand 

EtcB  l-^his  dark,  fized«  murderoos  eye  \^ 
Id  the  dim  cave  I  faw  him  ftand ; 

And  my  heart  died— I  felt  it  die* 

<^  I  fee  him  ftiH^Doft  thou  not  fee 

The  haggard  eye-ball's  hoUow  glare  f 
And  gUwms  of  wi|d  ferocity 

Dart  through  this  fable  ihade  of  hair? 

*  What  meagre  ferm  behind  him  moves. 
With  eye  that  rues  th'  invading  day , 

And  wrinkled  afped  wan,  that  proves 
The  mind  to  pale  remorfe  a  ptey. 

'  What  wretched— Hark — the  voice  replies^ 

**  Boy,  beartkefe  idle  honoun  hence ! 
For,  here  a  guilty  hermit  lies,  ^ 

Untrue  to  Nature,  Virtue^  Senfe. 

'*  Though  Nature  lent  him  powers  to  aid 

The  moral  caufc,  the  mutual  weal ;    . 
Thoie  powers  he  funk  in  this  dim  (bade. 

The  defperate  fuicide  of  zeal* 

*'  Go,  teach  the  drone  of  faiatly  haunts, 

Whofe  cell's  the  feptt]<;hre  of  time ;  . 

Though  many  a  holy  hymn  he  chaunts. 

His  Kfe  is  one  continued  crime. 

'*  And  bear  them  hence,  the  plant,  the  flower; 

No  fymbols  tbofe  of  fydcms  vain  I 
The/  have  the  dades  of  their  hoar  ; 
^ome  bird,  fgmc  infetl  to  fuftaia.'* 


2J9        Young^s  Courfe  of  expirhniHtalJgricuIture^  f^Cm 

On  the  whole,  we  may  pronounce,  of  tbefe  Fabkf»  Aili 
with  all  their  poetical  Qieiit,  they  contain  more  oinament  this 
fubftance,  more  defcription  than  defign,  more  fancy  than  monL 

Art.  X,   J  Courfe  of  experinuHtal  j/gricukure^  &^,  condnndi 
0ee  our  laft  Month's  Review. 

WE  now  commence  Rtviewers  of  Mr.  Young,  2itiih 
viewer. 

•  The  ancient  writers,  De  Re  Rufticay  are  continually  {Mr. 
Y.  obferves)  in  the  direSfive  fty'c,  without  experimoiits  to  a^ 
vince  us  that  they  know  bow  to  direfi.*  ♦  They  have  mant  ob- 
fervations,  adds  he,  not  only  ridiciiloufly  v;idk  and  trhnei^  M 
tnoji  fuperftitious.  Cato,  Palladius,  Varro,  and  even  Colu- 
mella, abound  with  thcfe  faults.*  He  concludes,  that  *  thcf 
had  no  notion  (f  regiflering  experiments.' 

*  The  Geofonic  Writers  (Mr.  Y.  determines)  are  unvMovct 
in  merit,  with  all  the  faults  of  the  former,  and  le(s  authoritf.' 

Jufticc  to  the  dead  obliges  us  to  obferve,  that  their  religion, 
and  age  in  which  they  lived,  cxcufe  the  fuperftitious  obfcrvatioDi 
of  thofe  wrirers;  and  if  Mr.  Y.  means  to  extend  theccDfurcol 
tveak  and  trivial  only  to  thofe  obfcrvations  which  arc  fyferjli' 
tious  (as  propriety  of  expreifion  requires),  he  is  very  injvricai 
to  writers  who  were  confiderably  teamed  and  doubtleu  ijj^ 
in  their  day.  A  fimilar  cenfurc  might  juftly  be  pifled  on  Livfi 
»nd  according  to  Mr.  Y/s  canon  of  criticifm  here  advanced, 
we  fhould  not  lament  the  lofs  of  feveral  of  his  dccads,  hn 
the  furvival  of  the  reft. 

We  heartily  with  that  more  modern  writers  on  agriculton 
had  not  many  weak^nA  rr/v/tf/ obfcrvations,  for  whicl)  the  prcafi 
of  national  fuperjiition  cannot  be  pleaded. 

It  is  but  fair  to  obferve,  that  he  muft  be  an  exaSI  and  aimed 
vniverfal  fcholar,  who  is  able  to  read  with  under/landing  di( 
writers  here  moft  feverely  ccnfured  }  and  we  apprehend  that  th 
more  able  their  reader  is,  the  mo^e  candid  he  will  be  in  his  judg' 
ment.  Mr.  Y.  has  lately  received  a  gentle  hint  from  a  friend 'i 
that  he  fliould  have  underftood  the  meaning  of  farritiom  «wl 
runcations  better,  before  he  condemned  them  as  inefficeuiom. 

The  method  of  raifmg  agricultural  knowledge  on  the  bafis  ol 
accurate  experiments^  is  a  modern  improvement,  and  we  thiw 
that  Mr.  Y.  fliQuld  not  thus  feverely  condemn  the  ancients  fa 
not  feeing  what  moderns  only  fee  by  being  raifed  on  their  flioul' 
dcrs. 

In  one  word,  Mr.  Y.  tells  us,  that  the  Oeoponic  wriltf 
have  lefs  merit  than  the  writers  *  De  Ri  Rujlica^*  but  be  ^ 
not  owned  any  merit  in  thefe  laft  mentioned  Authors. 

/  $ce  Mr.  Comber's  CoricfyoTv^eiiCtmiWU-^^^^V         .  ^ 


Young*/  Courfc  af  iicpmmmtal  AgrUuliun^  {/* .  231 

*Moft  moderns  (purfucs  Mr.  Y.)  a<Jopt  iKc  manner  of  thefc 
%%  Dcglcfting  experiments  5*   and  on  this  hc^Jarecon- 
fG^Jhj  in  his  *  I  inti Gkmete  dalC  Agricohur a \  {^10 .  1550) 
»  in  his  RuDrdo  £ AgrU^hurn  \  alfo  our  Fitz-Hrrbert  in 
\i^  if  Hujhan^ry  and  Surveying  (1539),  and  the  Frenchman »   * 
DcSerrcs,  in  hU  *  Thiatre  d'  A^rkuliuri'  \  1600). 
Yet  Mr.  Y,  confcfTcs  that  he  has  not  only  never  read  the 
firfi  1(1  the  origtna^U  but  alfo  that  be  has  only  feen  extre^t^ 
fhcflcc  hccatmot  rightlyjudgeof  the  wW^  of  ihcir  works. 
Hfowns  alfo,  that  though  ^he  works  of  the  third  of  tbefe 
Tilers  contam  not  cfti  experiment  in  forty  years  hutbandry,  yet 
vofks  are  valuable  for   the  age  he  lived  in,  and  that  both 

two  Ull  writers  pra£lifed  and  undcrdood  husbandry. 
*  The  inquiries  of  the  great  Bacon  which  related  to  agricul- 
(fays  Mr.  Y.),  as  far  as  they  extend,  are  worthy  of  his 
irtal  genius— ^wr/^  i^pirimenial^  and   related  with  a  philo* 
itcal  prectfioni  itrangc,  that  fuccccding   writers  lliould  not 
from   bis  works  2,  jufter  idea    [ofa  work  on  agn culture 
fumej.    This  praife  of  Lord  Bacon  \^  veryjull, 
,f  Y#  owns,  that  he  has  never  been  able  to  meet  with  any 
the  works  of  Gabriel  Platte,  and  therefore  knows  not  his 
inner. 

Here  we  take  an  opportunity  of  ftepping^  for  a  moment* 
It  of  the  Ariel  path  of  Reviewers,  to  exprefs  our  with,  that 
le  able  colle£tor  would  prefent  the  public  with  a  good  edition 
tIi-«Mr  o3d  wrifCTs  De  Re  Rujhca,  If  Mr.  Y.  would  under- 
take the  tafk,  probably  be  would  And  motiva  to  fpeak  of  them 
more  favour*b]y  than  he  docs  at  prefent.  Wc  need  hardly  add, 
liutt  211  af99nymotiSy  but  ixcdUnt  contributor  to  the  Aiuftum  Ryjii- 
tmiH  has  given  fuch  a  catalogue  and  account  of  them,  as  mufl 
gicady  facilitate  fuch  an  undertaking,  and  if  himfelf  is  (as  we 
iiope)  alive,  we  ihould  with  peculiar  pleafure  review  an  edition 
^f  them  from  his  hand,  and  doubt  not  but  we  could,  with  iiitc^ 
frity,  recommend  it  to  the  grateful  public. 

Our  Author  owns  Hartlib*s Legacy  (printed  in  1665)  to  be  a 
work  of  great  merit,  though  not  much  in  the  expenmentai  Jlyfe  *, 
kc  prajfcs  it  for  being  n^t  nearly  fo  thickly  Jhiwtd  with  the  ex- 
travagancies [conceits]  of  the  age,  as  the  works  of  fome  of  his  co- 
temporaricai  and  be  condemns  Beat i*5  annotations  on  it,  as  hav- 
ing tH  many*  We  own,  that  if  he  has  any^  he  has  toomany^  but  won- 
kier that  Mr.  Y.  ihould  fclcft  that  which  he  gives  the  public,  from 
p.ayQfWhereB/^li  fpeaks  of  rape  crops,  which  cannot  produce  lefs 
than  from  five  to  ten  quarters.  We  are  forry  to  be  thus  obliged 
to  review  Mr.  Y.  as  a  crnic  Qn  flyk  \  a  walk  in  which  we  cxped^- 
cdjiotto  meet  with  him.  Our  impartiality  to  the  living  and 
ic4iobligc*  us  to  fay,  that  this  exprcflion  fcems  not  juftV^  ctu- 
fcfafcJr>  45  the  ^Txaf^ifl^ef  Byle  of  cmmon  life  juftiftes  iWi^  5\\t*Xe^ 

CI  4  ^^^^i* 


%2X       Young*^  Ckurfi  cf  ixptrimiuUl  Jgriatbmri^  Hu 

ology,  which  feems  alfo  agreeable  to  pbibfipblc  frmfim.  We 
could  cafily  enter  further  into  a  juftificaUon  of  it,  but  wetUA 
fuch  a  talk  unmajfary  ♦. 

Mr.  Y.  now  complains,  that  Sir  H.  Platte,  in  hiiTreitiferf 
pajiure  and  arable  lands,  has  no  juft  idea  of  experimmhi opiaiF' 
ture^  but,  in  fomc  other  works,  even  ^nr/r/firiy  agriculture ;  aal 
he  iilfliances  the  following  conceit  in  his^  Garden  of  Eden'  (jtb 
edit.  1659),  viz.  <<  A  touch  at  the  vegetablb  work  iaphf* 
Ac,  whofe  principal  fire  is  ^tjiomach  oftht  oflricb.**  p.  167. 

He  notes  a  very  different  fault  in  £lythe*s  ^  £ngli(h  Impmcr 
hnproved'  (1652),  viz.  that  tf//.his  experiments  are  fo  exmm^ 
^antlyfuceefsful^  that  one  muft  want  common  fenfe  to  believe  faf 
of  what  he  lays.  Indeed  clover  worth  12I.  per  acre,  aqd  vaxtif^ 
without  hoeing,  worth  as  much,  fcem  vtry  hypirMical  in  /ii0| 
but  as  to  hyperbolical  terws^  of  which  alfo  Mr.  Y.  ooni|m«i 
we  fee  none  of  them,  and  if  we  were  difpofed  to  pieaGintry, 
might  fay,  that  hyperbolical  expreJJioK  is  a  very  fuitabk 
or  garb  for  hyperbolical  faSls. 

By  Mr.  Y's  faying  thac  he  who  wants  not  common  iienfe,  be« 
lieves  not  half  of  Mr.  Bhthe\  aflcrtions,  every  Reader  ii  ie> 
minded  of  a  repartee  afcribed  to  a  great  wit,  who,  oa  an  ilht 
trious  lady's  complaint  that  the  world  reported  Oie  had  tVH  bafe* 
born  children,  aflured  her,  that  be  never  believed  above  half  of 
fuch  reports.  If  Mr.  Y.  believes  that  the  unhoed  tanip 
amounted  to  nearly  ,61.  per;  acre,  he  will  be  in  danger  of  a 
fufpicion  that  he  has  parted  with  more  than  ha^  his  coaiaMMl 
fenfe,  efpeciaHy  if  he  adds,  that  eight  or  ten  quajts  of  (bed 
were  employed. 

To  thtrfc  hyperhcles  of  Mr.  BIythe,  Mr.  Y.  adds  the  aflertiOB 
of  a  farnicr,  viz.  ihat  ^  his  hog  would  not  eat  a  turnip  fUftfnl 
boiling,*  He  might  he  h:ne/l^  and  Mr.  Blythc  not  fTTrrr  irr Ahir 
Even  a  fwine  has  not  always  an  appetite,  and  perhaps  he  had 
been  pampered  with  bonmorceaus!  Such  experiments  as  this  can 
hurt  nobody,  for  they  can  deceive  nobody.  When  men  (hoot 
with  the  Icng  boWy  we  always  wifti  them  to  flioot  far  enough, 
that  every  body  may  know  whence  the  (haft  comes.  .  Mr* 
Biythe*s  (bftenings,  which  Mr.  Y.  obferves,  viz.  *  Reader,  if. 
thou  dar'Jl  believe  nie  !'  are  quite  unncceflary. 

However,  we  cannot  aflent  to  Mr.  Y.  who  ranks  with  the 
former  extravagancies  Mr.  BIythe*s  crops  of  oats  worth  6K  pa 
acre  on  land  ^  good  for  no:hirtg^"  if  he  wiil  only  make  a  few  grM 
of  reafonabic  allowance.  Ground  which,  comparatmhy  ^leak- 
'"£»  \^  good fcf  nothing  vfhWt  unploughed^  frequently  yields  (efpe^ 

•  What  will  Mr.  Y.  fay  to  the  exprcffion,  *  Clipping  the  piniooi 
nf  drilling  idfas^  which y^n/r^/  too  much :'  Yet  fuch  is  foand  in  a  late 
Courih  oi*  Experiments  on  AgticuYiuie. 


Yoiing'i  C9wrfi  of  exferitmntal  Jp^uuttun^  ifc         IjJ 

ciaU^  if  pired  and  burned)  fuch  quauitiues  of  oats  at  the  firft 
crop,  as  oiay,  whtn  the  crop  in  gener^  ip  that  neighbourhood 
is  bad,  amount  to  6  L  or  fix  quarters  per  acre. 

Mr,  Adam  Speed  is  next  cenfured,  and  juQly,  for  giving  into 
moft  of  the  extravagant  promifes  of  fuccefA  which  difgracc  that 
age,  Mr,  Y.  inftanccs  bis  advice  to  impr9V€  [land,  we  fuppore] 
by  rabbits  ♦  in  hutches,  up  to  aoooL  pir  annum.  See  his  *  Jdam 
out  of  Edin^  or  an  Abfira^  of  divers  ixcellemt  Expirimenti  touch- 
ing the  Advancement  of  Huftandry*,  1659^ 

It  is  imppffible,  untcfs  the  book  or  the  whole  fchcmc  were  be- 
fore us,    to  judge  of  the  propriety  of  Mr.  Y's  cxcUmation» 

*  Enough  to  ruin  any  man!*  At  prcfent  we  muft  thmk  that 
fuch  a  fcheme  could  hardly  have  fuch  din  effiifs^  unlcfi  the  at* 
tendance  role  to  a  conftderable  fum. 

The  inftances  of  turnips  worth  30 1*  per  acre  (p.  19.),  and 
clover  of  one  acre,  which  h  to  keep  four  cows  bummer  and 
Winter  (p.  4$,)  are  indeed  laugh*at*ablc  articlea,  and  innutm 

Surely  fuch  inftanccs  do  no  great  honour  to  the  expinmintal 
method  ;  and  yet  ^-e  doubt  not,  that  had  any  perfon  addrefled 
Mr.  Speed  for  fatisfa<51ion,  he  would  have  produced  his  book* 
in  which  all  his  experiments  were  originally  recorded,  with  as 
miich  gravity  as  Mr,  Y.  could  produce  his  vouchers. 

All  we  mean  to  infinuate,  is,  that  the  credit  of  experiment! 
depends  incirely  on  the  credit  of  the  author  for  inu^rity^  accural 
gS  ^nA  judgment, 

Mr.  Y,  cites  M.  Stephenfon's  *  Twelve  Months,'  printed  in 
1661,  as  a  curiefuy^  and  fuch  it  is  in  point  of  ftyle.  He  gives  tho 
following  inftances  from  January  and  Marclf,  f/z. 

*  After  a  confli6l  betwixt  the  ftecl  and  the  ftonc,  (he  [the 
maid]  htgds  %fpark\  at  laft  the  canMt  lights  on  his  matih^'  p.  5, 

•  Limn^  in  drty  December,  had  gotten  the  y^lUw  jaundice  j  and 
ihis  is  the  only  time  to  ptt^gf  them,*  p,  %%,* 

Our  Author  thinks  Mr.  Worlidgc,  in  his  *  Syflema  /fgricuU 
tura^  not  only  malhf  devoid  of  experiment,  but  very  fupet'-' 
Jkiai^  and  judges  Mr.  Mortimer  in  his  *'  Whole  Art  of  Hufb:in* 
dry,"  in  am  nfpt^  no  bad  writer >  viz,  that  he  is  every  where 
fraitkaU  and  had  no  vanity  of  Aining  as  an  author,  much  lefa 
a9  a  fijlanatiftr  \  thut  h^  pretends  ©nfy  to  Mitt  and  mubadifi 
the  commonly  received  ideas  of  good  huibandry,  and  cxecute$ 
his  dcfign  in  a    plain  and  judicious  manner/ 

As  Mr*  Y.  has  aflumcd  to  be  the  critic  in  language,  wc 
muft  conclude*  from  the  propriety  of  his  exprcflior  it,  that  Mr, 
Mortimer  is,  in  his  judgment,  a  had  writer  in  every  reipefl  but 


*  By  the  dung,  molt  likely. 


vnt: 


^34         YdungV  C(mrf9  of  exptrlmintal  jlgrieuttwrg^  tic* 

(me:  however,  this  one  refpeA  is  fo  diffufive,  thit  it  iivcludci 
tf/w^  rT;^;^  thing  valuable,  viz.  methsdy  pUnfufs^  judgment ! 

We  muil  obferve,  that  Mr.  Mortimer  has  ft<>od  lb  high  in  the 
opinion  of  fubfequent  writers,  that  they  have  copied  him  UtenillY 
for  whole  pages,  down  to  the  author  of  a  Compkai  Sj/hm  eif 
Agriculture,  in  maf^vo\\xmt%. 

Mr.  Y.  clleems  Mr.  Lifle  one  of  the  mofi  pecuBar  writen  ia 
the  walk  of  hufbandry.  ^  He  has  regiftered  bis  obfervatiohi  in' 
m  un'experimental  maimer,  the  faAs  being  derived  from  theapc- 
r^enceof  himfelf  or  old  farmers,  and  he  has  no  favomrhi  wiaXx 
which  may  warp  hisjudgmcnt.  He  gives  only  the  plainesna^' 
ratives.'  Yet  our  Author  thinks  it  ^as  £fficuh  to  give  as  tf 
r^fufr  the  name  of  a  book  of  experiments  to  Dia  irwL 
What  can  be  the  reafon  of  this  difficulty  ?  Mr.  Y.  fadsfia  air 
Mr.  Lifle  *  fcldom  gives  above  one- tenth  of  the  circumftakti 
which  fhould  be  known.'  Will  not  this  criticifm  raife  a  ihtl^ 
objedion  to  the  experimental  method  i  Mr.  Lifle's  work  ii  d- 
ready  of  z  decent  fize,  and  if  it  (hould,  in  the  experimefxtal  wtf^. 
have  been  ten  times  as  large,  may  not  both  buyers  and  reedm 
(for  they  are  often  diftinfl  perfons}  and  poor  reviewers  too,  dc* 
precate  the  omen  ? 

Of  Mr.  Tull,  Mr.  Y.  fays,  that,  <  with  all  the  advantages  of 
learning,  fortune,  travelling,  anda  vaftfhareof  ntf/vm/^Miffyv- 
tion  and  ingenuity f  he  law  with  wonderful  quicknefs  the  omiiEoiu 
of  0^7  preceding  writers.— Full  of  thejufteift  ideas  of  proceeding 
on  experiment  alone^  he  executed  a  vaft  number,  and  for  msof 
years  formed  repeated  trials  of  his  method  upon  a  kirgeetxxxixdi 
ground.  But  when  he  came  to  publifii,  inftead  of  laying  before  Us 
reader  2>plain  narrative  of  his  experience^  and  fubjoining  his  zelkc- 
tions,  he  compofed  a  folio  *  of  reflrflions,  inftrudionSf  and 
opinions,  which  might  beyi^  and  well-founded^  but  carried  not 
with  them  the  proofs  of  their  propriety.*  He  then  infifts  nacb 
on  the  difference  of  giving /A^iin/;7/j  in  particular^  and  %geurd 
aflurance  of  having  made  them ;  and  avows  his  own  peignemftt' 
gret,  that  Mr.  Tull  has  not  given  his  in  detail  (p.  lo.),  andtUi 
omiffion  of  Mr.  Tull  appears  to  be  what  Mr.  Y.  ha*  called 
that  rock,  for  fplitting  on  which,  Mr.  Tull  fo  much  cmdeaad 
others. 

And  here  we  muft  own,  that  Mr.  Y.'s  appears  to  be  the  better 
method ;  but  much  may  be  faid  in  excufe  for  Mr.  T.'s  as  it  is 
certain,  that  long  experiments  in  deuil  require  an  attentioa 
which  few  readers  will  give;  and,  if  Authors  will  be  read,  tbef 
muft  in  a  certain  degree  confult  the  tafte  of  the  generahtjoi 
their  readers. 

*  Horfc-hoeing \\uVWr»dT^ ,  ^IWs 


YoungV  Csurfe  of  ixferlmtntal  Agricultufiy  (^i,  135* 

Mr.  Y.  has,  however,  another  objeftion  to  Mr.  Tul!,  which, 
if  allowed  to  be  tme^  is  imxcufahUy  viz.  that  be  «  was  by  no 
nicitns  an  impartial  writer.' 

Having  obfcrvcd  that  Mr.  Tull  embraced  the  idea  of  the  drill 
ploughing  with  the  utmoft  warmth,  he  adds,  *  infotnuch  that 
he  lets  nothing  efcape  his  pen,  that  has  the  leafl  tendency  to 
deftfoy  his  favourite  meafure/ 

Hence  our  Author  accounts,  and  perhaps  with  truth,  for  the 
neglcdl  in^o  which  the  drill  hu(bandry  fell,,  till  revived  by  fome 
very  fprrited  perfons  in  France,  whofe  praftice  has  drawn  the 
attention  of  all  Europe, 

To  a  writer  of  a  very  difFcrent,  nay  oppofite  charafler,  a  rc- 
commenderoftheold  hufbandry,  viz.  Mr. William  Ellis  of  Little 
Gaddefden  in  Hertford  (hi  re,  Mr,  Y.  next  pays  his  compliments, 
and  praifes  his  works  ♦,  as  dcferving  much  more  attention  than 
they  meet  with,  and  containing  a  vaft  fund  of  real  experience'. 
He  own&v  however,  that  many  long  piflages  in  them  are  moft 
difguftrng,  and  that,  through  haf/olfhh  woiks,  he  is  a  mere  old 
umrttfi.  indeed,  the  titles  of  fcvcral  chapters  are  fuch,  that  on 
pc.u'^l  of  them  the  delicate  reader  will,  rather  than  h,ivc  the  dif- 
gufl  of  perufing  the  chapters  thcmfelves,  give  Mr,  Y,  credit  for 
his  aficrtion,  and  be  apt  to  conclude,  that  he  who  is  m^/f  frt" 
qu:ntly  .1  mer^  eld  woman^  can  feldom  be  any  thing  better. 

7o  Mr.  Bradley  our  Author  allows  the  chara«ller  oi  tl  fefijible 
writer,  but  blames  him  for  talking  of  experiments,  and  giving 
none^  and  thinks  that  many  ftrokcs  of  hia  praSice  afford  us  a 
fretty  accurate  idea  of  his  experiments* 

Mr.  Y.  refers  to  many  inftances,  fome  of  which  (hew  Mf. 
Bradley  certainly  to  have  had  little  experience  j  fuch  as  that  from 
which  he  determines,  that  the  turnip,  with  a  root  like  a  parf- 
©ip's,  is  hijl  for  light  lands  (p.  238  of  Complete  Body  of  Huf* 
bandry,  gvo,  1727)  i  and  that  other,  vix,  that  dry  chalk  is  /»- 
Jurimi  to  land,  if  mcnnt  generally^  feems  of  the  fame  kind  (p»63.). 
To  the  fame  clafi  probably  may  be  referred  his  opinion,  that 
Ihcep's  dung  and  find  are  the  ruin  of  light  lands  (p.  76.),  and 
certainly  that  other  (p.  1 4 1*)»  ^hat  ground  to  be  hid  ftiould  be 
ploughed  as  lotg  as  It  will  bear  corn  with  ^ffy  fpirtt. 

There  are,  however,  many  fkilful  farmers,  who  will  think, 
with  Mr.  Bradley,  that  no  dung  fhould  be  ufed  till  It  is  like 
earth  (p,  91.),  and  that  the  dung  of  pigeons  and  poultry  (houid 
be  fteeped  in  water  (p.  82,  83.),  though  we  perhaps  hold  ncl 
ihcr  of  ibefc  opinions. 


•  Modern  H^fbandraan,  4  vols.  8vo,  1744.  The  Timber  Tree  im- 
proved, Svo,  1745.  Agriculture  improved,  2  vols  Svo,  I746»  ^^'^- 
Ifrf  and  /V/r  Farming,  8vO|  1745.    Shepherd's  Gtiido,  8vo,  i7'^9^ 


136        Young'f  Cmirfi  of  experimMal  Agruubuu^  i^c* 

And  now,  Mr,  Y,  obfcrvcs>  that  the  experiments  of  Monf. 
Pw  HamelBtid  his  corrcfpondcntd  have  been  fa  much  praifcd^  that 
^  feme  may  imagine  thty  preilu^^/r^  ixperimetrts* — He  will  therms 
fore  give  them  ^littU  attention,  and yi^//y praifes  them,  '  as  bein^ 
generally  {onafe^*  (and  we  may  pronounce  cencifmtfs  to  be  a  great 
excellence,  when  joined  to  ff^tiuncy^)  *  admirahly  tJcprtJfed^  an" 
with  great  attention  to  mc/i  concurrent  circumftances/  yet  ad  * 
with  truths  ih^i  fome  circutnUances  of  high  imp&riance  are  omti 
ted  in  them* 

In  fupport  of  this  conclufivc  obfervation,  Mr,  Y.  mcntioi 
one  grofs  omfiTion  in  thofe  experiments,  which  rouft  have  ftru 
every  attentive  reader,  yet  cannot  be  too  often  noticed,  vix.  thi 
*  cxpcnces  of  the  new  hufbandry  are  utally  omitted  i'  and  witf 
out  this  circumdance,  an  experiment  is  in  many  cafes  ufelefi 
He  note4,  that  he  will  engage  to  raifc  vajf  crops  of  corn  in  i 
^QTJl  fields  (p.  I  a*),   zud  jiidkkujly  proceeds  to  remarlc,  that 
Monf<  De  Chateau  Fitux's  comparative  experiments  between  t[ 
§U  and  new  hitt'bajidry  frequently  extend  no  farther  than  9ni 
ru;tf  crops  on  the  fame  land:    and  that  he  calculates  crops  f( 
jiTtfn/ years,  on  the  ^tf/ii  of  that  }ft,  or^d. 

He  ajfo  rightly  adds  *  the  fiiperiority  of  the  nnu  mitkod  to  the 
eld  hufbandry  of  wmva^  with  alterfrnte  fallows,  is  2k  f mail  recoi 
mendation  of  it,  as  that  [old  hufbandry]  is  a  very  impirfeif  om 
and  chat  in  England  ihc  cafe  is  widely  diUFcrent,  fo  that  no  coi 
parifon  can  be  diciftviy  nnlcfs  conduced  for  fcvcral  years. 
an  exail  regifter  kept*' 

Mr.  Y.  fupports  his  very  ufcful  general  remark  by  an  inilance 
of  Mr.  De  Chateau  Vieux's  calculating  from  a  crop  of  1752, 
that  the  crop  of  17^;^  will  be  equal \  nay,  fuggcfting  that  there 
IS  no  doubt  but  it  will  be  greater.  He  exclaims  jyftly  againft 
fuppnfuhm  artfully  interwoven  with  faHs  \  and  then  drawing 
from  thence  muiy  conclullons  and  maxims. 

He  very  handfomcly  acknowledges,  that  the  well-being  of 
mankind  was  the  only  view  of  Mr.  &e  Chateau  Vieux,  but  ota^ 
ferves  that  as  his  experiments  *  are  publtjhed  for  univerfal  M| 
M'ft,  It  is  highly  neceflary,  efpecially  in  foreign  countries,  tQ 
ex2m:ne  clofely  whether  the  new  pradiice  promifes  advantage 
fuperior  to  the  old^  which  it  is  intended  to  fuifvert^  and  thefc 
experiments  being  tranflatcd  into  EtigUJh^  and  Jlrengly  recon^ 
mended  to  our  larmersj  he  afks,  *  Will  the  comparifon  betwixt 
Geneva  and  England  hold  gool  ?  How  mifcrably  defective  (cries 
he  J  mull  their  old  hudiandry  bt-,  to  prcjducc,  on  a  medium,  not 
more  than  three  times  the  feed.'  ^ 

He  concludes,  that  after  a  moft  attentive  examination  oP 
ihcfc  experiments*  he  could   not  determine  whether,  on  given 
i*nd,  tii«  dnll  hulbandry  difirvtd  to  be  etd^pted* 

Thua 


tiat 

I 

th« 


^^•ungV  Cmtrfe  tf  ixpirhmntal  Agriculture^  fiu        '4 J^ 

^^1^  Ik  deirs  himfelf  from  the  imputation  of  temerity,  iif 
^^«^g  his  courfe  of  experiments^  *  as  in  fome  inftances  better 
1^^  to  the  pradice  of  Britifh  cultivators,'  and  profefles  t(# 
1^?^  to  equal  Mr.  Du  Hamei  and  his  coxrefpondents  in  no-» 

^J™*  V.  acknowledges  (in  th^  fafiionable  phrafe)  that  •  th« 
VWt  range  of  ctammic  writings  docs  not  prefent  a  trure  vatu- 
dkbai^*  than  the  biftbry  of  Turbilly's  improvements/  and 
M^i  tbat  <  the  gaurat  oeconomy  of  a  farm  is  fo  muoh  concern- 
ttl  ID  than,  tbat  the  want  of  regiftered  experimeras  is  compara- 
lMf\»itliuUfeb: 

Alt  B  not  the  fame  apology  admiJfibU^  in  certain  degrees  at 
%tdt^  for  other  writers  to  whom  the  fame  indulgence  is  not 
ftnvn-'  We  would  not  be  thought  to  reckon  the  Marquis  of 
TuUHy  among  the  blaci  kind  \  otherwife  we  (hould  repeat  the 
Acfrift't  adage,  Dat  veniam  corvis^  &c. 

•  Mr»  Y.  acknowledges  the  uncommon  pleafure  which  he  re- 
ceifed  from  perufing,  in  the  Encyclopedit  of  Meflrs  Le  Roy  and 
QgcfiB^  the  fon,  the  articles  Fermier^  Frommt^  Culture^  and 
Grmmm  He  avows  their  giving  accurate  defcriptions  of  feverai 
pnAkeSp  and  obfervations  on  them,  drawn  from  reafon^  and 
la  this  plan  thinks  thefe  articles  mofi  excellently  executed,  with 
pott  penetration. 

Hcpraifes,  as  of  the  fame  nature,  M.  Patullo's  <  Effaifwrf 
imiEireitiin  des  Terref  (i2mo,  175S),  which  has  numerous  re^ 
fc&ions  of  a  pra£tical  kind,  and  includes  an  elegant  idea  of  % 
Bewly-inclofed  farm,  with  calculation  of  expences,  produces^ 
»d  profit,  for  a  term  of  years,  with  confidirable  precifion. 

We  mean  not  to  decry  this  work,  but  muft  obferve,  that 
hCKy  if  any  where«  plans  (hould  go  on  experiments,  as  caleuia^ 
Ikm  without  proof  of  experience,  are  moft  fallacious  in  building, 
hdofing,  &c. 

But  our  Author  condemns  the  works  of  Mr.  Lc  Large,  viz* 
^  Mewmira  fur  F  Agriculture^  (i^mio,  1752),  and  Moiif.Sarcey 
h  Satieres,  viz.  Agriculture  Experimentaie  (i2mo,  1764),  as 
fuetendimg  to  experiments  (the  latter  of  twenty  years}  without 
ike  merit  of  good  reafoning  or  rrflcdtions. 

We  think,  with  Mr.  Y.  that  fuch  a  dfficiency  is  a  very  great 
One,  but  fiill  the  experiments  remain  to  reafon  upon  ;  unlefs  Mr. 
Y.  means  that  thefe  gentlemen  only  pretend  to^  but  have  or  give 
no  experiments. 

He  praifes  the  Memoires  et  ObfervatUns  of  the  Berne  focictt, 
^abounding  with  a  great  variety  of  knowledge  truely  t^eful^  but 
thioks  the  eflays  profeOing  to  be  experimental^  Icfs  Jatisfa^ory^ 

*  The  good  eatiA^  of  the  French  hsu  introduced  thitt  fH(!i\\OTi%\>V^ 
}^kiato///frarymaUeri,  ladccd  the  hn  gcuT  has  lon^  bi^u  /a;?alUr. 


238         YoungV  C^urfe  of  ixpmmintal  JgrUukun^  tfr. 

as  blended  too  much  with  nafadugSj  nfie^igKi  ^uid  f^jfrK" 
ttoni. 

We  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Y.  in  this  cenfure,  u  it  feemsl 
contradidlion  to  what  we  have  agreed  wiih  him  in^  on  the  laft^ 
named  writers,  if  the  reafonings  Kc.  be  good. 

He  notes,  that  feveral  of  tbefe  writers  have  a  proper  idea  d 
[the  neceffity  of ]  inferting  their  expences  (p.  14,  ij.jhutbi 
ments  that  experimental  cflays  bear  no  fr^pmrtiem  to  the  ^rgmai^ 
five  \  and  applies  this  remark  to  the  agricultural  part  of  di 
Memoirs  of  Britanny.  But,  before  his  readers  join  with  \m 
they  will  wifl)  to  make  an  eftimate  of  the  refpraive  meniafl 
two  kinds  of  writing,  both  very  ufefuL— He  confiefleSft  diftl 
could  not  procure  the  Memoirs  of  Rouen,  and  fomc  other  citk 
of  France.    A  fa£l  at  which  we  wonder  much. 

D/.  Home's  Treatife  of  the  Principles  of  Jgricubmn  ind  flk 
getatioHj  is  juftiv  praifed  by  Mr.  Y.  as  afibrding  ipednOM  C 
pure  and  truly  poilofophic  experlmitits ;  and  he  declares^  thk  i 
the  DoSor  had  attended  to  a  larger  courfe  of  czperiiMM'i  1 
would  hsLVC  prevented  the  publication  of  Mr.  Y*s  imptffeitJM 
Such  conferiions  as  this,  may  deprecate  the  feverity  of  ^j^p 
but  we  muft  note,  that  two  bulky  volumes  in  410  aieufiiiBjfll 
peeled  to  give  mare  than  an  imperfect  Jketch. 

Or.  Home's  O[miflion  of  expences  is  indeed  (as  Mr.  Y.  notts) 
great  defe£l. 

Our  Author  laments  that  he  cannot  fpeak  of  Mr.  Diddja 
Treatife  of  Agriculture  (8vo,  2d  edit.  I76<c),  in  theCune  ttn 
of  refpeA ;  regreting,  that  he  kept  no  regifter  of  his  bufioeisafl 
experiments  on  a  cmfiderahU  farm  for  majiyyezrs  ;  and  iGqrs,-Ea 
pcrience  is  an  admirable  foundation  for  any  kind  ofjhrmffmiei  h 
in  agriculture  fhe  muft  be  the  fi^/lruSfure  itfefjf^  not  dieyisi 
dation  only.  Wercan  fcarcely  allow  thb  diftin£hont  as  every  6 
perior  ftoae  &c.  in  every  buildings  is  a  fypirJlruStan  to  the  ibC 
rior. 

Mr.  Y.  makes  the  fame  objection  to  Mr.  Randal's  ditn 
Treatife,  and  notes,  that  Mr.  Randal's  fallow  year  is  fii^ 
gioufiy  expenfive,  that  his  readers  muft  neceJ/irilyQC&rtXo  lee  bo 
it  anfwered  with  himfelf,  before  they  venture  to  etdopt  it.  Bi 
he  given  a  number  of  acres  on  which  he  tried  bis  method,  flatii 
every  operation,  and  the  a£iual  expence,  with  the  produce  ai 
proht,  &c.  for  a  term  of  years,  fuch  zfngU  experiment  WM 
have  more  weight  with  the  world,  than  a  volume  of  xeafiuui 
from  experience. 

Mr.  Y.  refides,  indeed,  at  a  great  diftance  from  the  leat^ 
Mr.  RznizVs  Jemi'virgilian  hufl)andry ;  but  as  he  has  lately  ma 
the  northern  tour^  we  (hould  have  thought  that  he  might  ha 
eafif/  learned  bow  to  reconc\k  th«  ftcoLia^ly  difcordant  tmd 


Young^;  Courfe  of  expcrvncntal  Ajkuhuyc^  IS:.  'j.\kJ 

viz.  that  Randal's  method  is  prodhiiufly  expcnlhe^   and  trcdhimi?,* 
kaaaal  to  bim. 

iix.  Y.  juftly  celebrates  Mr.  Stillingflcct's  Mifcellancous 
Tia&j  relating  to  Natural  Hiftory,  as  dcferving  to  be  univcrfal- 
i/iead.  He  congratulates  Ireland  on  the  regifters  of  Mr.  Wyna 
/not  /iPJjOT»]  Baker,  and  praifes  Mr.  Billing's  Treatife  on  the 
Culture  of  Carrots,  as  a  very  precious  performance,  truly  expj- 
llnenta),  &c.  ;  but  juftly  condemns  Rocque's  piece  on  Lucerne, 
2cc  as  wlld^  hnprobahUy  inaccurate^  and  tctally  incGticluftzw  He 
concludes  his  Review  of  agricultural  writers,  with  a  juft  con- 
idfoa,  that  Mr.  Harte's  *  Eflays  on  Hufbandry*  (8vo,  1755), 
are  much  fuperior  to  any  eukginm^  Sec, 

*  The  perufal  (Mr.  Y.  fays)  of  thefe books,  led  him  to  conchufc 
thefobjeft  of  them  [Agriculture]  by  no  means  exhaufted,  and 
that  he  might  add  to  their  number,  without  the  imputation  of  ut- 
iraijrting  to  improve  pirfe^ion : 

^^  Extremi prtmorum^  extremis  ufque  prior es  * .** 
He  declares,  « 1  fubmit  with  deference  to  their  [the  Public's] 
dcdfion;  but,  confcious  of  numerous  imperfections ^  I  feci  witii 
mmtUlj  the  rajhnefs  of  parting  with  a  MS*  on  which  I  wifhcd  to 
ihmp  a  merit  it  is  far  from  pofleffing.' 

Ho  adds,  that  the  experimental  part  of  this  work  coft  h\m^ 
cxclofiveofproduds,  nearly  1200I.  This  afTertion  will  not  ap^ 
pear  improbable  to  the  Reader,  when  he  is  aflTured,  that  Mr.  Y. 
had  the  reiblution  to  try  n;^  ^^hv^;  even  the  experiments,  which 
he  W9S  fenjible  could  not  anfwer.  On  fuch  a  plan  who  can  woii- 
'derat  «if^  Idfles  f  •'  Well  may  he  difcourageii//  perfons  from  fol- 
lowing his  example,  of  quitting  the  prudent  path.  ^  There  may 
have  been  ages  (fays  he)  in  which  patriotifm  was  zs  fub/iantial  a 
pHl9&f$oi  or  raiment ;  but  the  prefent  I  take  to  bc/emewhat  dif» 
jetixtm 

■    This  is  certainly  no  fit  place  to  difeufs  the  profit  of  patrictifin  in 
our  days.    We  apprehend,  however,  that  the  public  wUl  hardly 
'  allow,  that  the  expence  of  mzkmg  experiments,  which  the  maker 
b  ^Jenfibli  cannot  pojfibly  anfwer,'  is  a  proof  oi patriotifm, 

1  here  are  neverthelefs  methods  of /»rff/»^aman's  loiiestogood 
account;  and  an  experiment  which  turned  out  lofs,  may,  by 
being  held  out  to  the  public  as  a  warningy  be  converted  to  folid 
fr^f  and  the  loft  gold,  by  a  certain  chemiftryy  rife  in  the  fpecies 
^f&od  and  raiment. 

•  •*  £xtremu8/ri«0/wm,  extremis  ufqae/r/0rfis!"  fays  the  exhor- 
tation of  the  fatyrift. 

f  Thifcondud,  however,  is  agreeable  enough  to  a  maxim  with 
which  he  begins  his  preface,  viz.  that '  in  agriculture  it  is  /omeav/^at 
neceffarj  to  a^  before  we  ///W  (p.  i,),  an  axiom  which,  foi  ^\i^\vo- 
jiour  ofagricuJture,  we  cs^nnot  ad/nit. 


Af O    Wimpey'x  Utiir  t9  the  Autbws  rfiht  MmA^f  Rnrii»% 

In  the  mean  time,  we  muft  applaud  Mr.  Y's  ddcnniiutioiili 
*  leave  expenfiut  experiments  to  the  n9bility  znAgmtry  of  Itfge  fbr* 
tunes,'  and  to  avoid  <  the  prcfumption  of  aCtenpting  a  fmtU 
iKtcntiw  of  public  ideas/ 

[To  hi  continuid  in  $ur.  nisctJ] 

Art.  XL  J  Lettgr  to  the  Authors  vftho  Afontbfy  Rtwiwi  ttm 
fumed  by  their  Remarks  on  two  FamphUts  latilf  ptiiSJMi  m 
entitled^  Thoughts  on  feveral  interefting  SubjeAs ;  vis.  Ofi 
the  Exportation  of,  and  Bounty  upon  Corn  :  *  On  the  1^ 
Price  of  Provifions :  On  Manufactures,  Commerce,  &c*« 
The  other y  A  Defence  of  the  above  Pamphlet.  Bang  «  Re^f  M 
the  Appendix  annexed  to  The  Expediency  of  a  Free  Eipor- 
tation  of  Corn  at  this  Time.  In  which  the  MififepieiiBiita< 
tions,  falfe  Reafoning,  and  wilful  Deceit  of  the  AuthoTi  are 
fully  expofed  and  refuted  f*  By  Mr.  Wimpey.  8va  6d. 
Crowdcr. 

WE  are  at  prefent  much  in  the  fame  iituation  widi  diofl 
who  are  (aid  to  have  pulled  an  <dd  houfe  about  tkir 
cars  \  having  expofed  ourfelves  to  a  challenge  for  o&riag  t 
flight  hint  or  two  in  favour  of  the  bounty  on  com :  though  we 
by  no  means  defired  to  be  confidered  as  taking  up  Mr.  Young't 
quarrel,  there  ftill  remaining  points  of  fome  importance  id  M 
fetiled,  even  if  he  fiiould  hsppen  to  be  on  the  right  fide  d 
that  queftion. 

As  we  have  (everal  times,  on  former  occafions,  and  lately  ii 
confiJering  Mr.  Young's  pamphlet  and  another  together  oa 
that  fubje^t]:,  entered  pretty  fully  into  the  queftion  of  the 
bounty,  we  hope  Mr.  Wimpey  will  excufe  our  recapitulatiD| 
what  has  been  To  often  urged  :  but  as  we  would  not  be  accuM  « 
treating  htm  with  negleiSi,  we  (ball  produce  fix  Fa£ls,  on  wkicK 
he  lays  ereat  ftrcfs,  and  examine  what  they  amount  to. 

'  I.  ris  an  undoubted  faA,  that  exportation  is  never  cat- 
ried  to  fo  great  an  height  as  when  corn  is  ytcy  plenty,  ai4 
confequently  cheap.' 

Granted. 

<  2.  That  the  firfl  unfavourable  or  unfruitful  year  that  fbilovt 
fuch  Urge  exports,  inevitably  advances  the  price  50,  60^  atti 
fometimcs  100  per  cent/ 

An  unfavourable  feaibil,  by  the  nature  of  things,  will  ui» 
evitably  raife  the  price  of  corn  :  but  what  was  the  confe- 
quence  of  an  unfavourable  feafon  in  the  early  pirt  even  nf 
the  laft  century,  when  hiftorians  tell  us,  that  the  nation 

♦  Rcvkvi^  vol.  xliii.  p.  1^9*  \  '^^n,  -^^A^^Uvu  ^.  400. 

t  Rev.  vol.  xlii*  p.  219-  ^>^ 


Wimpey'j  Letter  to  the  Authn  efthi  Monthly  Review*    241 

ftilJ  depended  on  foreigners  for  daily  bread  j    that  there 
was  a  regular  import  from  the  Raftic,  as  well   as  froni| 
Fraoce,  and  if  it  ever  ftopped,  the  bad  confcquences  were 
feniibly  felt  by  the  nation  ?  §     We  will  not  carry  Mr»  W. 
a  century  farther  back. 

*  3.  That  the  Legislature,  in  fuch  an  emergency,  has 
aWays  thought  it  expedient  and  ^t,  to  prohibit,  for  a  ccrtaii|J 
time,  all  exportatioo,  even  without  a  bounty.'  I 

And  very  prudently  :  as  there  15  one  price  of  corn  whld&l 
limits  the  bounty,  it  would  be  well  if  another  price  waal 
fixed,  beyond  which  exportation  Qiould  ceafe.  | 

*  4,  That  the  LEciSLATirRE,  in  cafes  of  great  exigenceJ 
haih  not  only  prohibited  all  exportation,  but  hath  opehcd  ourl 
Ports,  and  given  free  permiflion  for  importation/  I 

And  with  good  rcafon  ;  the  advantage  of  commerce  is  tlw 
mutual  fupply  of  national  wants,  J 

*  5.  That  exportation  has  been  fo  far  carried  beyond  its  dueTj 
bounds^  by  the  bounty,  that  what  has  been  exported  one  yeaftJ 
with  a  bounty  of  20  per  cent,  we  have  fometimes  been  obligedl 
to  buy  again  the  next,  at  an  advance  of  100  per  cent/  ^  I 

That  too  much  corn  may  be  fometimes  carried  abroad,  mzf\ 
be  determined  by  a  fubfecjuent  bad  crop,  but  what  hail 
the  bounty  to  do  with  that  ?  The  bounfy  having  a  limi«^ 
ution,  cannot  be  charged  vvi:h  occaliomng  a  fcarciiy  :  thiil 
muft  be  owing  to  exportation  beyond  or  without  the! 
bounty,  when  it  is  fcnt  abroad  to  better  markets,  Perhapll 
we  may  fometimes  purchafe  corn  in  again  at  a  dearer  rate] 
ihan  we  before  fold  it  at«  Inconveniencies  attend  attJ 
human  affairs ;  here  is  a  temporary  jnconvcniencc,  which,  J 
though  it  may  pUy  fomc  money  into  the  hands  of  corn<»| 
jobbers  at  critical  times,  and  make  the  confumer  difcon*  j 
tented,  yet  preferves  the  corn  ir^de  alive,  by  buying  1^  1 
when  we  can  no  longer  fell  out,  I 

*  6.  That  thefe  occurrences  i»avc  not  only  happened  once^  I 
as  if  by  chance,  but  from  the  commencement  of  the  bounty  ta  I 
the  prefent  time,  fcarctty  and  high  prices  have  regularly  and  1 
conftantly  followed  a  large  and  cxtenfive  exportation,  as  certairi  | 
eHci^s  fiom  an  inrallible  caufe  \  though  they  have  been  fome«  | 
limes  longer,  according  as  the  following  feafons  proved|  er^'l 
they  were  felt  or  perceived/  I 

Wc  here  beg  leave  to  doubt  the  regularity  and  confiancjf  1 
which  Mr.  W#  aflcrts,   Cuntldering  how  many  vatiable  cir-  I 


i  Htjme.    App*  10  Jamri  I. 
t.t\\  Mar.  1771.  R^ 


cumftajicei 


l^X    Wimpey'j  Letter  td  the  Authors  d/the  Monthly  Review: 

cutnflances  muft  be  taken  iato  the  examination,  wc  imagine 
he  will  find  it  a  diificulc  matter  to  give  a  clear  proof  of  it : 
and  furely  Mr.  VV,  will  not  feriouny  ruppofe  a  fcarcity 
occafioncd  this  year,  to  operate  alter  ibc  intervention  of  a 

Elemiful  jcafon  or  two,  duriug  \ybich  it  was  not  perceivoll 
ndeed,  if  fuch  an  indefinite  latitude  is  aflymed  in  a(- 
figntng  caufcs^  it  will  be  difficult  to  fay  what  may  not  be 
provedf 
.  To  conclude,  wc  would  recommend  the  following  points  to 
Mr  W/$  private  confidcration,  without  wifhing  to  engage  him 
in  a  farther  coniroverfy,  for  which  neither  he  nor  the  Reviewers 
may  have  leifuie  or  inclination  : 

1.  Whether  it  i$  not  expedient  that  corn,  as  a  ncceflary  of 
lifo  and  an  article  of  commerce,  (hould  be  kept  as  nearly  as 
poiCbIc  at  a  regular  medium  price  ? 

2,  Whether  the  bounty  with  its  attendant  rcftrlfllon,  does 
not  tend  to  keep  corn  at  a  medium  price  ? 

)  3,  Whether  this  cxpedienr,  by  preventing  corn  from  ftag- 

t  Dating  on  the  farmci's  hands,  has  not  encouraged  the  growth 

of  corn,  and  caufed  more  land  to  be  tilled  th^n  was  applied  to 

I  that  purpofc  before  the  bounty  exiftcd  ? 

►  4.  Whether,  if  the  bounty  was  difcontinued,  the  firft  plenti* 

ful  feafon  would  not  ruin  many  of  our  farmers,  and  hence  dif- 

[•  couraging  the  growth  of  wheats  render  us  zgain  dependent  on 

other  countries  for  bread  ? 

Without  the  bounty  our  raejrchants  could  only  export  corn 
when  the  price  is  fo  much  advanced  at  foreign  markets  as  to 
pay  the  freight  and  gratify  them  for  the  trouble  of  negociarion  | 
but  by  aid  of  the  bounty  they  are  now  enabled  to  export  it 
when  foreign  markets  are  as  much  below  that  ftamiard  as  the 
)t>ounty  amounts  to ;  hence  a  ftagnation  of  corn  at  home  is 
prcventtd :  and  when  the  price  of  corn  at  home  exceeds  the . 
medium  price  efliblJhcd  between  the  raifcr  and  confumer  by 
the  Legiflature,  the  operation  of  the  bounty  ceafes.  Hence 
any  confequent  fcarcity  \h  not  fairly  chargeable  00  the  bounty^ 
which  only  afliih  in  carrying  off  the  fuperfluity  it  gave  nfe  lOw 
But  when  a  fcarcity  happens,  from  whatever  caufe,  either 
abroad  or  at  home,  we  have  a  certain  fecurity  againft  famine^ 
by  {hutting  up  our  ports  outward^  and,  If  needful,  by  opening 
them  inward^  litt  the  feafons  come  round  again.  Thus,  though 
corn  may  rife  in  price,  it  will  always  be  to  be  had.  A  happy 
circumftance,  which  the  records  of  hiltory  inform  us  wc  could 
not  always  boaft. 


1 


k 


I 


I 
I 


Aet 


r  ^43  3 


AtT*  XIL  King  timr  v  a  TragtJy*  Written  by  William  Shake- 
fpearc*  Collated  with  the  old  and  modern  Edition*.  8vo. 
3S.  fcwed.     White.     1770. 

THE  plays  generally  afcribed  to  Shakcfpeare  are  fortytvro 
in  number.  If  the  Editor  lives  to  fullil  his  declared  in- 
tention of  publlAiing  all  the  dramatic  worlcs  of  this  voiuminous 
Bard,  in  a  manner  conformable  to  this  fpecimcn,  the  public  are 
to  expetS  an  iditim  tf  iihakefpeareU  plays  in  forty-nvo  Oi^^^vt 
volumes  f  an  edition  whtch^  in  the  boolcfellcr's  phr^fc,  may,  wi(h 
good  reafon,  be  ftyled  a  library  bask.  Perhaps,  however,  he  may 
propofe  to  bind  two  plays  in  one  volume.  This  may  be  done, 
provided  they  do  not  exceed  the  (nt  of  the  prefcrit  fpecimen^ 
which  coniiftd  of  192  pages,  beliJes  26  of  Preface,  He* — But» 
ftill,  the  PriV^,  Six  Poltnos  Sfx  Shillings  unbound  !  Tibbald* 
atooe-fjxth  ot  the  money,  will  continue  to  ftand  the  beft  chance 
in  ?hc  market ;  notwithftanding  the  beautiful  mezEOtinto  print 
of  Shakcfpeare,  here  prefixed^  by  way  of  frontifpiecc  ;  which  is, 
indeed,  a  very  fine  one,  from  an  original  picture,  by  Cornel iul 
fanflfen,  in  the  col  led  ion  of  Charles  Jenncni*,  Ef<};  ofGopfal, 
Leiccftcrflilrc,  lo  whom  the  work  is  dedicated* 

The  public  will  naturally  ekpCiiJ  fomeihing  extraordinary  in 
the  mtis^  as  an  equivalent  for  the  txtraordinan*  purchafi.  But  if 
we  arc  to  judge  from  the  fample  before  us,  thi  ,  of  all  the  nume- 
rous editions  that  have  been  given  of  Shakefpc.-rt%  with  annota* 
tions,  will  be  the  moft  tedioufly  trivial;  the  grcatcfl  number  of 
the  nates  confitHng  merely  of  verbal  varblions  in  the  feveral 
readings  of  the  various  imprcflions:  many  of  them  of  no  othe«f 
coufcqucnce  than  to  fhcw  the  Editor**  amazing  induflry,  and 
to  iweil  the  fjze  of  the  book. — Here  2nd  there  indeed,  but  not 
very  fxec^uentlyt  we  obfervc  the  aiinotator  venturing  out  into 
the  higher  road  of  commentary,  and  rcafoning  on  the  true 
meaning  of  his  Author,  where  it  is  obfcurcd  by  errors  of  the 
prefs,  the  miftukes  of  a  Iranfcribtr,  or  the  whiMifies  of  an  Edi* 
tor;  but,  for  the  moft  part,  he  contents  himlelf  with  barely 
telling  us  that  the/i?'/  read  fo»  che  i^^*/  thus,  i*.  this  way,  and 
R.  that;  with  regard  to  the  omiflion,  iiifertiun,  or  variation, 
perhaps  of  fomc  p'ltry  expletive. 

A»  a  fpccimen  of  his  more  important  annotations,  let  us  take 
the  tiffl  ihac  occurs,  on  cafa^lly  opening  the  book — A£l4» 
Sc.  2.  we  obfervc  his  iiludrat^on  of  two  very  doubtl^^ul  words, 
in  Albany's  fine  refle<Slion  00  Goneriiri  unnatural  behaviour  to 
Iter  father  : 

«*  She  that  herfdf  will ^/t'/r,  and  dif-branch, 
*•  From  her  maUnalU^^  perforce  muft  Wither, 
♦*  And  come  to  deadly  ufc." 


K  1 


0«i 


X44  Clumtnlha;  a  Tragedy  * 

On  the  firft  of  the  words  printed  in  italic^  our  Editor's  note  if 
*'P»  reads ^/wfi*  but  he  takes  no  notice  of  Hanmer's  reading, 
Jtivir^:  which  we  wonder  at,  in  io  minute  a  colle<ftor !  On  ihc 
word  material  he  has  the  following  note  :  '•T*  H  and  /.  read 
maifrrmKoz  material ;  to  fupport  which  latter  reading,  in  ihe  ufual 
fenle  of  the  word,  fK  has  a  long  notej  but  after  all  confcflcs 
th  jt  material  may  ftgnify  maternal ;  and  quotes  the  title  of  aa 
cild  Knglifh  book  to  prove  chat  material  has  beon  ufcd  in  that 
fenfc  :  the  title  is?  as  follows — **  Syr  John  Froiflkit's  Chronicle 
tranflatcd  out  of  the  Frenchc  into  our  material  Englifli  tongue 
by  John  Bouchier,  pfinted  1525."  But  a  few  words,  fays  our 
Editor,  will  determine  the  reading  to  be  material  in  the  ufual 
fcnfc;  for  the  force  of  Albany's  argument  to  prove  that  a 
branch  torn  from  a  tree  muft  infallibly  wither  and  die,  lies  in 
this,  that  it  is  feparatcd  from  a  communication  with  that  which 
fapplies  it  with  the  very  identical  mattery  by  which  it  (the 
branch)  lives,  and  of  which  it  is  compofed/ 

We  fliall  conclude  this  article  in  the  Editor's  own  words,  as 
they  will  fervc  to  remind  the  public,  what  acknowledgment  is 
iJuc  to  the  undertaker  of  a  work  which  demands  fo  much  pa- 
tience and  pcrfcvcrancc  j  to  fay  nothing  of  the  other  rcquifitcs 
for  the  execution  of  fuch  a  dcfign  : — '  Tis  no  doubt  a  flavifli 
bufinc fs  to  proceed  through  fo  voluminous  a  writer,  in  the  flow 
and  cxa£l  manner  this  Editor  hath  done  in  King  Lear^  and 
pfopofes  to  do  in  the  reft  of  Shakefpeare's  plays:  and  though  it 
Is  a  work  that  fecmed  abfolucely  neceflary,  yet  nothing  but  the 
merit  of  the  Author,  and  the  approbation  of  his  admirers,  could 
liifpire  one  with  patience  to  undergo  fo  laborious  a  ta(k.' 

Art,  XIH,  Ckmentina\  a  Tra^r^y  :  As  perf^rmed^  tvith  univir- 
fal  Applatifet  at  the  Theatn  in  Ccvent  Garden,  8vo,  1  s«  6  d* 
Dilly,  Si4ik     ijyt* 

rip  HIS  piece  does  not  languifti  in  narrative  and  declama* 

^     tion }  it  is  full  of  a^ton,  and  event  i  but  the  events  are 

brought  about  not  improbably  only,  but  inconfilUntly ;  they 

•  If  wr  may  be  allowed  to  add  one  conjcfture  to  the  ihoufands  that 
)iave  been  otFcrcd  by  the  expounders  uf  this  drsmatU  Biblr,  we  think 
it  moll  probable  that  /ivtr  ii  the  word  that  Shakcfpearc  wrote  ;  for 
it  h  the  word  that  makes  the  bcft  fcnfe  of  the  palTagc:  and,  furcly, 
it  n  no  afironi  to  the  mcmorj'  of  this  admirable  poet,  to  fuppofe  him 
to  h^ve  chofen  the  M, 

t  Here,  too,  we  diiTcr  from  the  Editor;  maternal,  we  think*  if 
jDOkt  Itkely  to  be  the  word%ufcd  hy  Shakefpcare*  a&  being  not  only 
more  poetical  than  mai^r^h  but  more  expreilivc  of  the  iou-nded  allu- 
fton  10  the  c^Ci  of  GoncriUg  who  had  fo'unniturall/  cilrangcd 
^^'fr*jlj  htHclffrom  her  pareor, 

arlfe 


I 
I 


I 


Cltmfnttna ;  a  Tragedy* 


^4S 


ifife  from  perpetual  violation  of  charadier,  and  extravagance 
of  condudl*  The  fame  perfon  is  reprereiued  ;is  wife  and  foo!-»j 
ifli^  a9  kind  and  cruel,  candid  and  arbitrary^  to  produce  inci« 
dents  of  diftrcfe  which  could  not  ariie  from  nature  and  unifor- 
mity; and  though  it  is  true  that  the  fame  perfon  may,  in  dif- 
ferent fituations,  appear  to  a6t  from  different  principles,  it  if 
alfo  true  that  theie  apparent  inconfiflencies  are  nlways  re« 
folvable  into  that  predominant  pafUon,  or  difpofition,  that  marks 
the  charafterj  into  which  the  inconliftcncics  of  condud  m  thii^ 
performance  cannot  be  refdvcd, 

Clementina,  the  daughter  of  Anfelmo»  Duke  of  Venice^  hav- 
ing privately  married  Rtnaldo,  between  whofe  houfe  and  her 
father's  there  was  an  irreconcilable  enmity,  fuppofes  him  to. 
have  been  flain  in  the  defence  of  his  country  againft  F'erdi- 
nand,  the  fuccefTor  of  Charles  the  Fifth,  Six  months  after  ^ 
this  fuppofed  death,  her  father  infifts  that  (he  (bould  marry  Pa-* « 
lermo  :  this  (he  obftinately  rcfufes  ;  but  neither  fcems  to  have  *' 
fufficient  motive  for  fuch  condu^!^. 

She^  indeed,  calls  upon  th^  fpirit  of  her  hu(bind  to  ie^ 

How,  failhful  to  her  ifQfwt^ 
£he  braves  a  furc  dedrus^lign  for  his  fake. 

But  it  is  prefumed  that  file  had  not  vcwid  to  be  his  wife  after 
he  was  dead  j  and  the  father  implores  the  daughter  to  confcnc» 
that  he  might  not,  in  the  clofc  of  life,  be  expo  led  to  iiljbniouf^ 
and  urges  her 

Nobly  to  fdve  him  from  tlie  gnilt  tffalfih&td^  ' 

But  whatever  may  be  the  caufc  of  gwlt  and  dijhomur  in  Tragtdy^ 
it  is  certain  that  a  daughter*s  refufing  to  take  for  a  hufband,  a 
man  to  whom  a  f4tbcr  has  prom i fed  her,  can  bring  neither 
guilt  nor  difljonour  upon  him  in  life^ 

Anfdmo  U  reprcfentcd  as  a  man  of  kind  and  liberal  fcntl* 
rncnts,  as  inflexibly  juft,  and  maintaining  the  point  of  honour 
even  to  fuperftition  i  yet  he  petfifls  in  a  rcfolution  of  fubjcciing 
bis  daughter  to  a  legal  rape,  after  ihe  following  expoftulatioq  * 

Venerable  Sir,  if  e'er  my  peace, 

My  foul's  dear  peace,  was  tender  to  your  thoughts^ 

Spare  me,  O  fpare  me,  on  this  cruel  fubjed! 

Let  the  brave  youth,  fo  honoured  with  your  friend fhfp. 

Partake  your  wealth,  but  do  not  kill  your  daughter^ 

Do  not,  to  give  him  a  precarious  gooil* 

Doom  me  to  certain  wrctchedncG  for  ever  I 

1  have  an  equal  claim  upon  your  heart» 

And  call  as  much  for  favour  44  Paicrmo. 

That  fuch  claim  fliould  not  be  admitted  by  fuch  a  father,  is  cer» 
tainly  very  improbjble,  fuppofmg  Palermo's  happinefs  to  he 
c^ual  to  the  lady's  mifery  ^  but  the  father  is  ihuii  d<;v<ii\\v.vvv^^  ^** 


^0  Ckmifttha ;  a  Trage^fy, 

make  hJs  daughter  wretched^  even  without  procuring  hsippinefi 
to  Paicrmo, 

Palermo  has  juft  told  him  that 

H«  never  merited  a  worthy  heart 

Who  meanJy  Itoop'd  contci^tcd  with  a  cM  om. 

Yet  ^ccld  hfcrt  was  all  that  Anftlmo  could  give  to  his  friend^ 
by  thf?  utrtioft  fxertion  of  authority  to  outrage  nature  and  curfe 
his  chiW*     An  ;:uchonty  which  he  perfcvcrcs  to  exert. 
He  tells  his  daughter  Indeed  that 

A  lictk  time  ■ 

Will  charm  her  gentle  bofom  into  reft* 

And  ev'n  rciurn  Palermo  love  for  love/ 

But  he  docs  not  appear  to  believe  this  abfurdity,  even  white  hc 
advances  it ;  for  he  hasjuft  affirmed  the  dired  contrary,  ^  J 
fee,  fays  hc^ 

"• ■  « ith  tiriiiiitc  reject 

Your  fcoroi  your  Jix'd  averfion  to  Palermo* 

This  man  loves  his  daughter  more  than  his  deareft  frirrn 
be  dcibres  that  the  diflrefsof  a  frieitd  Aio'jJd  mnke  us  more  ac- 
tive in  his  behalf,  yet  to  give  a  friend  what  that  friend  dcclarei 
15  not  worth  having,  he  not  only  deferts  his  daughter  in  diilrefs, 
tut  brings  the  diftrcfs  upon  her, 

U  this  lefs  abfurd  tjian  Piince  Prettyman's  forfaking  his 
miflrcls  and  marr)ing  the  fiOierman's  daughter,  in  gratitude  for 
having  laved  his  life  f 

A  prumi(c,  however,  having  been  extorted  from  Clementina 
thai  flic  will  m^rry  Palermo,  though  in  the  utmoft  agony 
^ricf,  abhorrence,  and  dcfpair,    the  good   father  falls  imme 
diately  into  an  cxtacy  of  joy,  and  he  cries  out 

My  tranfport  gro%vs  tog  mighty  to  be  borne  ! 

O  let  me  haflen  to  the  brave  Palermo 

And  raife  him  from  defpondcncy  to  rapture. 

Clementina  however  fuppofes  that  her  father  would  at  once 
defift  from  bis  fuit  if  fhc  (hould  tell  him  that  (he  had  mar* 
rted  Rinaldo,  though  Rtnaldo  was  dead,  which  is  not  a  very 
probable  fuppojkion  ;  but  fhe  fuppofes  alfo  that  this  man  of 
pundtiiious  honour>  and  inflexible  reSitude,  would  exert  his 
power,  as  temporary  governor  of  Venice,  to  ruin  Rinaldo's  fa- 
mily^ in  revenge  for  his  having  married  his  daughter,  and  for 
that  reafon  fttil  keeps  the  fccret  to  her  own  ruin,  which  re- 
vealed would  fct  her  at  eafe. 

It  foori  appears  that  Rkialdo  is  alive :  he  was  carried  off 
wounded  from  the  ftcld,  and  fuppofed  to  be  dead  ;  but  a  noble 
Frcuchmau,  who  had  t^kcn  notice  of  him  in  the  battle,  recol- 
Udiiig  his  features,  made  aa  attempt  to  recover  htm,  and  fuc* 

cceded : 


tina 

(  of  M 
[Tie*  .1 


I 


CliffJifiUfta  I  a  Tragidf,  .S||h 

reeded  :  he  likcwifc  fo  warmly  recommended  bim  to  the  Kin^ 
of  France,  that  he  is  appointed  ambafiador  to  Venice,  witlH 
propofals  that  if  the  Venetians  will  acknowledge  thcmfelves  fub- 
]t6t  to  France,  their  own  form  of  govcrnmenc  Iball  be  efla* 
bliftied,  and  they  proteftcd  frona  their  enemies ;  but  the  offer 
of  a  ^  ibreign  ruler'  lo  Venice  by  a  Venetian,  h  a  capital  of- 
fence; therefore  Rinaldo  having  been  created  Lord  of  Granvillej 
by  the  French  King,  propofes  not  to  difcovcr  who  he  is  while - 
he  is  treating  :  if  his  propofals  are  accepted  indeed,  he  intends 
to  claim  his  wife  j  if  not,  to  carry  her  off  privately. 

In  confequence  of  this  notable  projc^,  the  following  events 
tre  fuppofed  to  take  place. 

Rinaldo,  a  noble  Venetian,  whom  every  body  in  the  army 
knew  when  he  fell,  for  •  concurring  multitudes  beheld  him  fall/i 
and  reported  that  he  was  dead  j  nobody  knows,  when  he  returnal 
in  a  public  charaAer  to  his  country  :  he  is  (o  happily  tranr-l 
formed  into  a  French  man^  by  his  French  titU^  that  no  Vcne  J 
tian  difcovers  him  to  be  his  countryman  ;  and  though  PalerJ 
mo  had  been  his  felTow-foldier,  and  Anfi^lmo  quarrelled  with  hiil 
family,  neither  of  them  have  the  lead  knowledge  of  his  perJ 
fon,  and  he  appean  in  public  without  referve,  the  event  jufti-J 
fying  his  prefumption. 

Within  lefs  than  an  hour  after  the  arrival  of  Rinaldo,  Pa- 
lermo difcovers  Clementina  embracing  him  in  an  arbour*  Hal 
tells  her  father  what  he  has  fecn,  but  the  old  man  gives  him  z 
hearty  fcolding  for  believing  his  eyes.  H^  then  direfts  him 
.where  he  alio  may  fee  ihc  lovers  letea-lcte  :  he  goes  to  make 
^thc  experiment,  but  without  any  other  emotion  than  contempt 
and  anger  at  the  fuppofed  folly  of  the  report.  _ 

His  own  eyes  foon  convince  him  that  Palermo  was  not  mll^l 
taken*     Here  thtn  is  a  very  extraordinary  jituatton  :  the  fiilhcr  I 
finds  his  daughter  embracing  a  Frenchman,  who  had   not  been  J 
an  hour  in  the  country,  and  whom  fhe  is  fuppofed  never  to  | 
have  feen  before  :  yet,  in  the  general  tenor  of  the  dial-^guc  that  ' 
enfues,  there  arc  no  traces  of  this  peculiarity  ;  it  is  juft  (uch 
as  nught  have  happened  if  the  lover  had  been  a  perfon  witli  J 
whom  the  lady  had  been   long  privately  fiimiliar  :   he  appeartf 
to  be  well  acquainted  with  her  fituation,  and  juftifies  his  paf- 
fion  by  boa  [ting  that  he  is  as  good  as  Palermo,  who  had  been 
capcictoufly  preferred^  and  (he  her*s,  by  averting  her  righc  of 
choice* 

It  would  furely  have  been  more  natural  for  Palermo,  who 
has  {o  warmly  declared  againft  a  connexion  with  a  cold  hearty  J 
to  have  broke  off  all  connexion  with  an  alienated  one;  yet  ht\ 
talks  as  if  he  was  compelled  to  marry  Clementina  by  a  fpcU 
which  could  not  be  broken.    Hear  him  exclaim  :  , 

What  though  her  error  is  ideal  yet,  ^ 

And  a^uai  ^uiit  has  Hamp'd  no  {able  ou  W  \ 

K4 


^ 


$48  CliMiHtmai  aTragedf* 

U  not  her  mind,  that  all-in-all  of  virtoe, 
Polluted,  f^ain'dl,  nay  proflitiite  before  mc  ? 
Do  I  not  take,  O  torture!  to  my  arm«, 
A  mental  wanton,  in  the  rage»  the  madncfs 
Of  flaming  will,  and  burning  expe^ation  f 
Will  not  this  fiend,  damnation  on  him,  Granville 
Will  he  not  dart  like  lightening  to  her  memory. 
And  £rc  her  fancy  ev*n O  hold  my  brain- 
Let  me  avoid  the  mere  imagination — 
It  ilabs— it  tears — On  love's  luxurious  pillow 
It  bkfls  the  frelhcfl  rofea,  and  leaves  fcorpionSf 
Eternal  fcorpions  only,  in  their  room. 

The  diflrefs  of  the  piece  is  to  arife  froon  a  forced  match^ 
and  therefore  in  violation  of  all  nature  :  Anfclmo  i&  to  facri* 
fice  his  child  to  Palermo,  becaiife  he  hat  promtfed ;  and  Pa* 
Icrmo  is  to  take  h^r  againft  her  will,  to  the  total  fubverfioii 
of  his  own  happinefs  as  welt  as  her^s,  rather  thap  abfolvc  An* 
fclmo  from  fo  abfurd  and  fatal  aii  obligation. 

It  is  ftrange  that  no  fpark  of  fufpicion  fliould  kindle  in  An- 
felmo's  breaft,  that  the  perfon  whom  he  had  feeo  in  his  daughter's 
arms  was  not  wholly  unknown  to  her  ;  and  it  is  ftranger  that  ■ 
when  (he  intimates  that  he  is  not,  he  fliould  treat  the  intima*  ■ 
fion  as  an  artifice.  *  Conceal  your  name  and  quality  with 
care,*  fays  Oie  to  Rinaldo  in  her  father's  prefencei  and  her  fa- 
ther jeplics, 

What  fhallow  air  of  myftery  is  this  f 

He  orders  guards  to  feizc  thcambaflador  of  France  and  force 
him  aboard   his  fhip  ;  the  lovers,  as   ufual,  lay  hold  on  each 
#thcr  j  he  is  pulled  one  way,  fhe  another^  an  order  is  given  ta 
hew  them  afunder,  and  they  are  forced  out  feparately  ;  an  incw      ■ 
^ent  that  always  produces  a  fine  efFedl.  H 

In  thefirft  a£tClcracmina  exclaims  agalnft  parental  tyranny, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  third  julljfies  it : 

What  claim,  what  right,  misjudging  Eli2ara« 
Can  tyrant  cufbm  plead,  or  nature  urge 
To  force  the  free  cle£i ion  of  the  foul  ? 
Say,  fhoold  affc^ion  light  the  nuptial  torch. 
Or  fhould  the  rafh  deciSon  of  a  father 
Doom  his  fad  race  to  wretchedncfs  for  ever  i 
No,  Eliza ra  ;  cuftom  has  no  force, 
Nature  no  right,  to  fani^ify  oppreffion  ; 
And  parents  vainly  tell  us  of  indulgence. 
When  they  give  all  but  happlnd's  to  children. 

Afterwards  Qie  fays, 

Why  do  I  exclaim  f  His  caufe  for  rag« 
Is  juil^he  only  afts  wi^ai  Naturt  ^i^attn 


I 


I 


After 


CUmmtma  ;  a  Trageif*  34^ 

After  the  fcene  In  the  arbour,  Anfelmo  tells  Palermo  that  nov^ 
to  wed  his  daughter  would  be  bafenefs  ;  that  (he  is  funk  Kelovt? 
his  thought,  and  fiiould  be  defpifcd  and  forgotten  :  Paierm;j 
perfcftly  agrees  wuh  him  in  this  fentimcnt,  and  fays, 

m—^ 1  were  a  Have  indeed, 

A  foul-lcf5  flavc,  to  proflltotc  a  thought, 

A  finglc  thought  on  mch  a  woman  longer* 

Yet  foon  after  we  find  Clementina  importuning  him  to  do  what^ 
he  has  done  already ; 

Nqj^^  for  yoar  own  fake  give  mc  up  Palernao- 

This  furcly  implies  that  he  had  refufed  to  give  her  up  in  the 
beginning  of  the  altercation  which  this  verfc  continues.  He 
however  difclaims  her  at  laft  in  the  ftrongcft  terms,  reproaches 
her  with  havmg 

Lod  a  whole  life  of  ittnecina  and  hemur^ 

and  declares  that  he  requires  no  plels  to  fhun  an  obvious 
bafenefs,  and  would  fooner  wed  diftradlion  than  diihonour: 
however,  upon  Rinaldo's  coming  back,  after  having  been  forceA 
on  board  his  veffcl,  he  prepares  to  prevent  his  carrving  her  oflF, 
becaufe,  fays  he,  *  my  noble  friend  fliall  not  be  bafdy  plun- 
dered of  bis  daughter/ 

At  this  crifis  Anfelmo  arrives,  orders  Rinaldo  again  to  \k 
feized,  and,  ilrange  as  it  may  appear,  to  be  put  to  death. 

ANSEL  MO 

And  now  coodudl  the  hero  to  his  prifon. 
His  monarch  mailer,  though  in  perfoa  hcre» 
Should  not  unpuniibM  viojate  oor  la^vs. 
Nor  offer  fuch  an  outrage  to  AnfcJmo, 

GRANVILLE.     [RinaU^.} 

Why  all  thij  pomp  of  needlcfs  preparation  ? 

I  know  my  crime,  and  dare  your  inilant  fentcncf* 

Bring  forth  your  knives,  your  engines,  or  your  £rei— 

Next  to  fuccecding  in  a  great  attempt. 

The  gen'rous  mind  cilecms  to  fuffcr  noblcH, 

Bring  forth  your  racks  then,  witnefs  to  my  triumph. 

And  be  yoQrfelf,  obdurate  Lord»  the  judge. 

Which  is  moJl  brave,  the  torturer  or  tortured. 

CLEMENTINA. 
Stop  not  with  him — Prepare  your  racks  for  me— 
I  am  mod  guilty,  and  to  heav'n  I  fwear. 
Whatever  his  fate  is,  that  U  Clemcntina*9. 
Vctt  ray  dear  Granville,  if  we  arc  to  fall. 
We'll  vindicate  our  fame ;  and  though  offending, 
Affert  at  Icalt  the  honour  of  our  loves* 
Let  us  inform  this  venerable  chief. 
It  is  a  fon  he  hurries  to  the  block, 
ilnd  that  my  fancy'd  fpoilcr  ii  my  hulbaad. 


ANSEL  MO, 

Your  hafband^  traitrdk  I — infamous  e\TL6onf 
To  varniHi  o'er  your  uncxaaipled  baXenefs, 
And  fnatch,  if  pofilbJc,  this  foreign  caitifT, 
This  foul  offender,  from  the  ftrokc  of  juilice. 

GRANVILLE. 
Take  heed,  icvcal  not  all,  my  Clemen ciiia. 
Fate's  woril  is  done,  and  dying  undifcovcr'd. 
Guards  thofe  I  prize  much  dearer  than  roy  life. 
Remember  this ;  and  O  remember  coo« 
Known,  or  unknown,  that  equal  death  awaits  pne. 

CLEMENTINA, 

My  father,  hear  mt — Yes,  Jie  is  my  hufband. 
However  ftrange,  ijiy/lcrious,  or  unlikely — 
I  mufl  no  more — But  time,  a  little  time. 
Will  prove  it  all— Then,  gracious  Sir,  diflrefs 
No  longer  an  unhappy  pair,  whofe  hands 
High  heaven  has  join'd— Allow  the  wretched  wife 
To  gain  her  wedded  lord;  and  judge,  O  judge, 
If  aught  but  this,  the  firft  of  human  duties, 
Cou'd  tear  her  thus  from  Venice  and  her  father, 

A  N  S  E  L  M  O. 
Your  hufband— marricc^— whcn^by  whomi  and  w^ 
Away,  degenerate,  infamous  deceiver. 
Away,  and  from  the  world  hide  quick 
That  guilty  head — Your  minion  diei  this  hour— 
The  next,  a  cloy  Her  fliuts  you  in  for  ever. 
Take  him  from  hence — 

CLEMEN  T  I  N  A, 
And  take  me  with  liim»  guards* 

GRANVILLE. 
Unman  me  not  with  this  exccflive  fofcnefs, 
My  life*s  folc  joy ;  but  let  me  meet  my  fate 
As  may  become  a  foldier — Where's  my  dungeon  I 
Perhaps  An fel mo,  when  a  little  calmer. 
May  think  my  blood  fufiicient  expiation, 
And  let  my  gujklcfs  fallowers  cfcape, 
Whofe  only  crime  is  duty  to  their  leader* 
Gracious  hjcav*n  compofc  her — 

CLEMENTINA  td  the  Guard  pn^unuhg  her. 
Off— let  me  go^ — 
Is  this  a  time  to  drag  me  from  my  hufband  ? 
Will  not  his  blood  fuffice  your  utmoft  rage, 
But  mull  he,  in  the  bitter  hour  of  death, 
Lofe  the  poor  comforts  of  a  wife's  attendance? 
Where  is  the  mighty  freedom  of  your  ftaie. 
Where  your  (Irid  love  of  liberty  and  julHce  I 
Why,  fay,  O  why,  ye  too  benignant  powers ! 
Did  you  from  ruiu  fnaicVi  v\ii%  bwbatous  rcajm. 
Where  cv'a  oar  viriuw  ar^  c^i^^vi^^  ^  wmc&^ 


{S^mi 


CUmmina  \  a  Tragtdj* 

And  Toft  CQn\pafiion*s  conftitiited  trcafon— 
Revoke,  revoke  your  merciful  decrees ; 
From  yotir  dread  florcs  of  ever  lading  wrath 
Hurl  itiftant  fury  down,  and  blftft  thofe  law* 
Which  talk  of  freedom,  yet  enflave  ihe  oiiodt 
And  boaA  of  wifdom,  while  tb«y  chain  our  ixaloal 

AN  S^  LMO, 
Blafphcmirrg  nionfler — Clop  that  impious  tongiit. 
Nor  thus  provoke  mc  longer,  to  coiDOiit 
Some  dreadful  deed  of  honourable  phrenzy: 
Already  driv'n  beyond  a  father's  pacie&c^, 
I  fcarce  can  fpaic  the  very  life  I  gave* 
Hence  from  my  fight  then,  execrable  wrctdi— 
To  urge  mc  farther»  is  to  ruih  on  deaths 
And  add  new  horrors  to  the  fate  of  Grannllc. 

CLEMENTINA. 

Do  ilrikc  at  once— behold  my  ready  bofom — 

Yet  fpare,  Anfelmo,  my  unhappy  hufband  ; 

He  ts  not  what  he  feems — O  Sir — he  is  — 

My  brain— my  brain—When,  when  ihall  I  have  rtHf 

My  father,  be  confidently  fcvcre. 

Wreak  not  thi5  cruel  murder  on  my  peace, 

Aiid  think  that  aature  fandi£es  my  pcrfon. 

A  N  S  E  L  M  O. 
He  it  not  what  he  fcems — Declare  who  it  he  ? 
How  lofs  of  truth  attends  the  lofs  of  honour  I 
Abandoned  girl,  your  arts  are  aJi  ia  vaiHt 
Are  all  unable  to  prevent  his  fate. 
At  my  rcqucfl,  tJi'  aiTemblirg  fenatc  now 
Prepare  to  hear  his  crime,  «nd  wilt  pronoonce 
Hit  doom  dircdly — Nay,  this  wretched  tale 
Shall  ev*n  give  vengeance  wings — ^acceleratc 
His  fall ;  and  like  the  dreadful  whirlwind^  fweep 


n% 


[Exit, 


Him  to  deflruflion* 

CLEMENTINA- 

Stay,  Anfelmot  Hay — 
He  is — but  that  it  alfo  certain  deaths 
And  I  myfelf  prepare  the  horrid  axe 
if  I  reveal  him— Which  way  fliall  I  afi  ? 
The  Jab'riflg  globe  convulilng  to  ita  bafe. 
Is  downy  fortnefi  to  my  road'tiing  boibm : 
Vm  all  diib^ion— Reafon  dropt  her  rein. 
And  the  next  ftep  is  dreadful  defperation* 

Surely  the  Reader  is  (hocked  at  the  injury  done  to  nature 
and  probability  by  the  part  that  Anfclmo  heart  in  this  fcene. 
Is  it  poffiblc  that  be  could  fuppofc  hit  daughter  had  never  fceii| 
Rinaldo  till  two  hours  before  this  time  ?  That  {he  could  in- 
ftantly  fall  in  love  with  him,  and  fo  haftily  indulge  her  paiTton" 
a$  to  have  been  dlTcovcred  etnbniciiig  him?  That  flicQouV4^\^ 
2  Vix'gx 


[Ejfif. 


*s* 


Climtntinai  d  Tragafy. 


feign  he  was  in  a  borrowed  character,  zt\A  then  thit  he  was  bef 
liuiband,  merely  to  give  colour  to  To  fudden  and  unaccounub)e  { 
mn  ittachroenr^  without  the  leaft  foundation  n\  ;jdV?  Ii  itpof* 
fible  that  he  ilxould  not»  at  lead,  be  ftimuUt^d  to  Etipity,  bj 
her  foiemn  affcvcrations  in  an  agony  of  diftrcfs,  which  could  not  | 
tc  feigned,  even  when  fhc  precludes  all  objcSion  arilln^  from 
the  ftrangencfi  of  the  tvtnty  by  faying  it  is  unlikely  ind  myiU* 
jtou^,  and  that  a  little  time  would  prove  it  ? 

Our  J  raged y  however  required  this  abfurdity  ;  for  if  Anfel-| 
mo  had  a£led,  as  every  thing  human  would  have  a^ied  upon  the  1 
occafu.'nt  the  iintfttuathn  at  the  end  of  the  4th  a6l  could  not  have  ! 
been  b( ought  about.     It  was  neceffary  that  while  the  happincfi 
of  the  lovers  is  poITiblct  Anfclmo  ihoulJ   be  inexorable,  iiJ 
that  the  moment  it  ceafed  to  be  poffible  he  {houJd  relent, 

Anfclmo,  juft  at  the  proper  time,  difcovers  that  his  daugh*  ' 
trr's   anguifli  was   undiJfttnbUdj   as  appears  by  the  followiflg 
feene ; 

^  N  s  £  t  M  o  and  Palermo. 

ANSELMO. 

And  yct>  my  good  Palermo, 
My  fccrtt  foul  inclines  to  hear  her  too, 

0  did  yoo  mark  lier  undtfftmhkd  anguifh  ? 

PALERMO. 

1  did— I  did— and  felt  it  moft  feverdy— 
Her  burning  eye  expanding  into  blood, 
Stood  dcfjverately  ^x*^^  wniJe  on  each  cheek. 
Each  pallid  cheek,  a  lingle  tear  hung  quiv'ring. 
Like  early  dew-drops  on  the  fick'ning  lily. 
And  fpokc  a  mind  juil  verging  into  madnefi. 

ANSELMO. 
1*11  fee  her  once  again— for  when  I  weigh 
All  the  nice  ftrii'lncrs  of  her  fofmer  condmfl; 
When  I  reflect,  tkat  to  this  curfed  day. 
She  look'd,  as  if  her  perfon,  wholly  mind* 
In  Dian's  brcafl  could  raife  a  figh  of  envy, 
I  cannot  think  her  octerly  abandon'd  : 
Abandon'd  too,  in  fuch  a  little  fpacc  ! 
Defpife  me  »ot^  Palermo — for  the  father 
Still  nilhcs  ftrofjgly  on  my  aching  heart. 
And  fondly  fecks  for  argument  to  fave  her. 

PALERMO. 

Check  not  the  tender  fentimcnts  of  nature. 

But  fee  her — make  her,  if  poffible,  difclofe 

Who  Granvilk  truly  is,  iince  fhe  affirms 

He  is  not  what  he  feems,  and  \h  her  hufband-^ 

That  he's  a  Frenchman,  and  of  noble  rank. 

Appears  too  plainly  fiom  K\s  high  commiiHon-^ 

But  ftill  feme  fecttx  ftxtitv^V^  \vfta,ii^^ V^x  fex\  \  . 


CUminiinai  aTraitJf. 


m 


And  hid  beneath  this  myftery  of  woe. 

Who  know^  how  far  that  fecrct  may  not  merit 

CompafHoD,  or  cxcufc^^ 

A  N  S  E  L  M  0. 

V\\  try  at  lead— 
ril  a£l  as  fits  the  fondnefs  of  a  fathers 
Forgive,  as  far  as  honour  can  forgive. 
And  if  her  guilt  exceeds  a  father's  mercy, 
rU  beg  of  heaven  the  firmnefs  of  a  man— 

But  though  the  father  is  now  entering  into  the  world  of  i 
fon,  he  leaves  Palermo  behind  him*     He  ftippofes  that  *  thi 
'fceming  my  fiery  h  wholly  art  ;*  becaufc  if  he  a<9ed  like  a  re 
fonablc  creature  an  other  ^fw^f/V«  would  be  prevented. 

Palermo  and  Rtnaldo  fight,  and  Rinaldo  is  mortally  wounded i 
and,  to  make  this  event  truly  tra^'c,  all  mifunderftandings  bc-^' 
twecn  the  daughter  and  the  father  vantfll  juft  before  it  takes 
place,  and  (he  hears  that  her  hufband  is  dying  immediately  af- 
ter the  paternal  blcffing  has  fan<^ified  her  marriage. 

It  muli  alfo  be  obfcrved  that,  to  make  the  reconciliatioa 
moving^  Clementina  accufes  hcrfclf  as  nothing  lefs  than  a  dt^ 
proved  mmJUr^  for  having  exerted  a  right  of  chufing  for  herfclf 
which  fhe  has  fo  well  defended  in  the  firft  adV. 

When  Palermo  is   in   Rinaldo*s   power,   he  commands  hi 
people  to  treat  him  with  ^juft  refpeS  ;  for,  fays  he,  I  knm)  I 
nohU*     The  next  lime  he  fees  him  he  cries  out,  infernai  vili 
turn.    This  was  alfo  neceflary,  firft  to  heighten  Rinaldo's  cha4 
raster*  and  then  to  bring  on  the  dueK 

It  muft  alfo  be  remarked  as  an  abfurdity  occurring  wherevcf 
Rinaldo  is  prefent,  that  though  nobody  knows  him,  he  knows 
every  body.  He  accoih  Anfelmo  and  Palermo  as  being  well  ac- 
quainted with  their  perfons  -,  b«t  what  inter courfc  could  have 
acquainted  htm  with  their  perfons  which  would  not  hiive  ac- 
quainted them  with  his  ? 

Thus  much  for  the  charaSers  and  plot ;  the  fcntimcnt, 
though  fcJdom  new,  h  generally  juft,  and  the  language  is  not 
wholly  unpoecical,  though  abounding  with  falfc  metaphor,  and 
extravagant  rant,     A  few  examples  will  fuSice, 


When  the  arm  of  kiiigj 


That  (hould  prctccl  all  mankind  from  oppre/Ilon 
Is  itretchM  to  feiz.e  on  what  it  ought  to  guard. 
Then  heaven's  own  handixi  aggravaxed  fire 
Should  ilrikc  the  illulbious  villain  to  bis  Kcll, 
And  wur  10  mercy  for  a  groaning  world* 

In  this  paflage  mankind  has  the  Scotch  accent  on  the  firj 
-lyiJable,  and  a  brandy  inftead  of  htaven^  is  faid  to  war.     Hell 
alfo  appropriated  by  the  word  A/r,  wbiclj  is  neither  clcjjnt  m 


\^ 


«♦ 


MoNTHtY  Catalogue, 


In  the  following  paflTage  an  arr^w  Is  aided  by  a  dart: 

Let  OS  not i 

■  aid  the  arro^w  of  a  galling  need 

With  the  keen  ^art  of  difappoiotcd  love. 

The  CKpreffioQ  a  galling  nted  h  alfo  inclegauc  and  Impfop^r,  i 
nad  ill  cxprelTes  penury  or  want,  and  the  c^kx)xtt g^img  bcloogf 
not  fo  much  to  the  med  as  to  the  irrr^tu. 

Lovf  is  made  to  court  o{>e  hero  with  ript  r$fa^  xnd  another 
is  faid  to  drag  a  chmn  ^fbumg^  a  lady  is  compafi'ed  r^uW  witil 
fiiTTdunding  virgins^  men  arc  fuppofed  to  ful  flftvery  moft  fe- 
vcrely  when  the  chains  have  crujh^d  thtm  into  dyjl\  from  which 
it  appears  that  flavcs  have  either  the  flrange  property  of  liviM 
vhen  they  arc  crulhed  into  dujl^  or  the  ftranger,  of  feellag  i^ 
ter  they  are  dead.  The  Author  alfo  ufes  kluMifs  for  unkipd^mA 
timilifs  for  unitTttelyy  and  carries  the  repetition  of  a  woird  in  the 
ihe  fame  fentcnce,  which  fomctimes  has  a  good  eSe^^  toailiF* 
gufting  excefs.  We  have — look,  O !  look  ;  fay,  O  !  fay  j  I  wifll, 
I  with  i  judge,  O!  judges  revoke,  revoke  j  long,  long;  *W 
hard,  'tis  hard  ;  if  this,  if  this  }  thus«  thus  ^  and  many  otben, 
iccurring  almoft  in  every  fpeecb.  Upon  the  whole,  this  ocr* 
formance  is  in  fomc  refpcd!^  an  cmbrio,  and  in  fome  a  moailtr: 
'  it  has  fomc  dcformiiies  that  arif^  from  the  iinperfe£l,  wd  fooifi 
from  the  preternatural  formation  of  its  parts. 

*^*  Our  quotations  are  from  a  copy  corrected  by  the  Author. 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For     MARC   H,     1771, 

Medical. 

Art,  14*  jf"  Ejpiy  °^  '^^^  C^^^  ^f  ITictraied  Legs^  uhhut  Rejl, 

exemplified  by  a  viiriety  of  Cafes«  in  which  laborious  Exercifc  WJi 
ufed  tJurinpf  the  Cures.  By  William  Rowley,  Surgeon,  ^u 
IS.   6d,     Newberry*     *770' 

A  Method  of  cirrin^  uker&trd  legs  without  reR,  and  even  dorinf 
laborious  cxercife,  15,  on  m;iny  accounts,  %  iifid^Atum  ni  ytff 
great  confequence  in  the  art  of  furgery.  Should  Mr.  Rowley ^s  p?|£^ 
tice  prove  as  fuccefsful  in  other  hands  as  in  his  own*  the  public  w^iU 
certainly  be  much  indebted  to  him  for  this  eflay, 

*  The  medicine,  fays  Mr.  Rowley,  which  I  moH  depend  on  in  i^« 
core  is  nitre  ;  which  I  commonly  order  in  large  dofes,  and  in  a  dif* 
folved  Hate,  joined  with  the  fpt.  fal.  ammonuc,  or  camphor^  whidi 
will  prevent  its  having  thofc  ill  effects  on  the  (lomach*  moll  frequcndf 
complained  of.  I  moH  commonly  begin  with  one  fcruplc,  and  ac- 
cording to  the  conftitution  of  the  patient,  and  clrcumllanoM  of  ih* 
cafe,  incieafe  the  dofe  to  one  dram,  or  one  dram  and  half,  which  I 
order  to  be  taken  three  or  i^vtr  times  in  the  day,  dilToivcd  in  any  cod- 
vcniem  liquid,  with  the  adiuwtv  ot  \weY\t>j  oi  ttivrtv  drops  o(  fpt-  of 
ii/.  juomoniac,  or  with  fome  oC  t\vt  '^viV^vum  ^  t'i.\sv^\^<iTa.%  ^V>K.Hi  Vift 
Jfiprcfcr  W  the  volatile  fpiiU.  \u  tak-  v-Vu.\i  :i\^  NYO.t^n\>|  m^am;^ 


Medical  ^sid 

t(5rf»  t^o''  rtcficvc  their  cfFc^s  are  nearly  the  fame  fi^  conSefUng  th^*  j 

nitre,  and  rendering  it  Icfs  liable  to  diilurb  the  conftitution;  forf  ^" 
am  very  fenlible,  that  nitre  given  in  the  lar^e  dofes  which  I  have 
mentioned,  would  produce  very  alarming  effeds  in  a  number  of  pa- 
tients, unlcfs  given  in  the  manner  which  I  have  recommended*  \ 
'  The  laxative  which  I  order  for  the  irregular  patients,  is  tompofed  J 
of  about  one-fourth  of  pulv,  jalap,  to  three-fourths  of  powdered  nitre,  ] 
of  which  may  be  given  from  one  fcruple  to  half  a  dram»  and  at  ihd  I 
fame  time  the  nitrous  draught  mult  not  be  omitted.     .                          '  I 

*  Thefe  remedies  moft  commonly  occafion  very  great  pa!n  allHut^ct  J 
the  ulcers,  when  they  are  firll  taken,  but  the  pain  graduaJIy  dccrcafe*  1 
as  the  ukers  advance  in  their  cure;  and  they  promote,  in  general,  a  1 
mofl  copious  urinary  difcharge.  vv  hat  great  afTi fiance  this  difcharge  i 
of  urine,  or  by  what  means  nitre  given  in  this  manner  produces  fucli  J 
goodelFeds,  i£ball  not  take  upoa  xnyfe If  to  determine,  but  leave  it  tcf  I 
be  accounted  for  by  the  theories.  What!  have  attended  to  are  fai^s,  1 
and  it  i$  a  matter  of  no  very  great  confequencc  with  me,  is  the  pa-  | 
tienis  are  cured,  whether  my  method  agrees  with  the  common  re-  1 
ccived  opinions  or  not ;  as  I  am  conlciou^,  that  I  have  dIfcHarged  my  1 
duty  in  making  my  obfervations  public,  in  a  prad^icc  which  for  Ibme  J 
years,  in  repeated  i nil ances, has  proved  fucccGful/  1 

*  The  ulcers,  continues  our  Author,  which  I  propose  curing  by  ] 
Ditic  arc  the  phagedenic,  all  old  callous  ulcers,  and  evei^y  ulcer  at-  j 
icodcd  with  inflammation.     In  fomc  old  ulcers,  which  are  commonl/  | 
caJJous  both  at  their  bottom,  and  for  a  conflderable  fpacc  round  their  ^ 
edges,  1  have  obferved,  that  the  hrll  Hgn  of  amendment  is  the  calloAty 
alJ  round  {foftening,  next  the  caJloiity  at   the  bottom   of  the  ul^er 
appears    rather    loofe,  as   though  Nature  (ecmcd  pufhing  off  this  I 
obllru<5lion  to  the  cure,  with  a  generation  of  new  fielh  underneath  ; 
and  I  have  greatly  aililtcd  the  reparation,  by  oaring  it  with  a  knife, 
which  never  occafion*  any  pain,  as  thefe  callofitjci  in  general  when 
loofened,  arc  moft  commonly  i  nfcnfi  ble.  *  y 

For  the  cafe*  and  obfervations,  which  arc  related  in  proof  of  the  1 
utility  of  this  method,  we  mull  refer  our  readers  to  Mr.  Rowley^i  \ 
elTay.  j 

ArU  15.    FIf mints   cf  Agriculturt  and  Vrgeidtton^    By  George  | 

Fordyce,  M,  D.  of  the  Royal  College  of  Phyficians;  Phyfician  to  J 

St.  Thomas's  Hofpital ;  and  Reader  on  the  Pradice  of  Phyfic,  ia  ' 

London.  8vo,  as,  6d.  1771.     Johnfon, 

7  hefe  elements  arc  very  concife,   M:iy  fyftcmatic,  and  very  \xmii* 
celligible  to  any  but  expert  chemiAs.  1 

1  he  iirll  part  contains,  the  clement*  of  chemiilry,  oecc/Tary  to  be  | 
nnderllood  for  the  explanation  of  the  principles  Qi  tgricuhure  ;  the  J 
fccond,  treats  of  the  propertiei  of  bodice  nccf^ary  to  be  known  in  thia  J 
fciencc;  the  third,  of  the  flrufture  and  ceconomy  of  vegetables ;  the  1 
fourth,  of  the  nouriiliment  of  plants ;  and  the  laf!,  of  the  fubflancci  J 
ncceflary  for  the  examination  and  aoalytis  o*  foils.  | 

Mu^hhas  been  faid,  and  various  have  been  the  co'njc£l:urCf,^con*  1 
cerning  xhe/pecijtc  matttr  which  contlitutcs  the  nourifhmcnt  of  plant**  1 
Dr*  Fordyce  determines  it,  to   be  chietly  ^  gtlatin^tis  mmciUgr. — As 
what  is  advanced  on  this  fubjc^,  will  be  more  generally  u\\d^A'\'CiKi4. 


1 

otir  mgP 


156  MOHTHLT  CATAtOCUE, 

thai)  tbe  other  parts  of  this  work,  we  fhall  traRfcriisc  what  otir  In 
tiioas  Aachor  uyt 

0/iti  KourifimiMi  of  Flatiff. 

*  A  plant  will  grow  in  fand  alone,  rooiilencd  with  pare  diimicd 
water,  and  in  the  purcll  oir,  but  not  fo  luxuriantly  as  in  a  rich  foil, 

*  A  plant  will  aJfo  grow  better  in  a  mixture  of  fand  and  clay,  whei^ 
the  tenacity  is  adapted  to  the  puihing  power  of  its  root  than  in  fand 
alone  ;  and  will  alfo  grow  better  if  a  proper  quantity  of  water  be  ap- 
nlied,  according  to  the  difpofition  of  its  roots  to  refiil  putrcfaftion* 
but  with  both  thcfe  advantages^  it  will  not  Hourith  fo  well  as  in  a  rich 
foil. 

*  If,  in  a  proper  mixture  of  fand  and  clay,  a  plant  is  properly  fup- 
plied  with  water,  it  will  grow  better  than  in  the  fame  mixture  exposed 
to  the  weather,  and  the  chances  of  being  too  moift  or  too  dry  j  but 
it  will  grow  iUU  better  in  a  rich  foiL 

*  There  it  therefore  in  a  rich  foil  fomething  jndcpendant  of  te«urc, 
or  the  retention  of  water,  which  concribates  to  the  flouriihlng  of 
plants. 

*  A  rich  foil  contains  fubftances  infoluble  in  water ;  or  fubfUncea 
foluble  ill  water. 

*  The  fubllanccs  infoluble  in  water  cannot  enter  the  rejTds 
of  the  roots  of  plants*  and  therefore  can  only  contribute  either  to 
the  texture,  or  the  produf):ion  of  fubHances  foluble  in  water, 

*  The  fubftances  infoluble  in  water  may  nccefTarily  only  be  fand  or 
clay;  thofe  at  any  time  found  are.  Sand;  — Clay  ;— Albefles  Talc^ 
ice — ^Calcareous  earth  ; — Magnefia  ; — Earth  of  allum  ; — Calces  of 
metals  ;  particularly  iron  and  coppcx;  and — The  fibres  of  vegetables* 

*  Thofe  foluble  ia  water  that  are  found  in  all  rich  foib,  arc  Muci. 
lagej — ^Nitrous  ammoniac  5 — Nitrous  fclenitcj; — Common  ammo^ 
liiac  ;— Fixt  ammoniac  ; 

*  Thcfe  fubHances  all  get  into  the  plant  along  with  the  water  ; 
and  the  fahs  are  found  in  the  juices  of  the  plant,  unchanged. 

*  A  mucilage  ia  alfo  found,  but  very  different  from  that  contained 
in  foils. 

*  Therefore  a  plant  may  be  noorilhcd  by  pure  water  and  air  alone; 
t>ut  it  will  be  more  iujcurtant,  if  it  alfo  abibrbs,  and  digeib,  a  qoan- 
tity  of  geliitinous  mucilage. 

*  Richnefs  of  the  foil  depends  on 

*  Fir  ft,  A  proper  degree  of  tenacity,  which  is  procured  by 
{aj  *  A  mixture  of  clay  with  fand,  or  any  other  earth,  fo  thai 

Ihall  contain  bct^^een  one  fourth  of  clay,  and  three  fourths. 

(hj  •  Mttcilage,  which  give?  friability  to  the  clay,  and  tenaeiif 
to  fand. 

fej  *  The  qoajity  of  tlic  clay,  the  mort  diftifiblc  it  is  in  water, 
it  gives  the  better  texture  ro  the  foiL 

*  Secondly,  The  quantity  of  mucilage,  the  more  there  is  in  a  fell. 
Hie  bcricr, 

«  One  gr;un  in  a  thoofand  will  be  of  advantage,  as  it  will  give  ^ 
fenfible  tenacity  to  a  fa&cicnt  quantity  of  water,  to  moiftea  the  ibtl 
ilinrooghly. 

*  Thirdly,  The  quantity  of  fttbHancci  capable  of  being  converted 
into  mnciJagc, 

^  •  iVid« 


Utntck'ti 


isf 


•  *•  (Vide  flmcifagc,  page  41.) 

»  Fifthly,  The  matters  in  the  foil  difpoflng  diefc  to  be  €0&vcTte4 
into  mueilajpe. 

*  Thcrearr,  Calcareous  earth  ;— Earthy  falts* 

•  if  i  foil  be  rich,  a  fm&U  proportion  of  an  alkali,  neutral  fait, 
cauftk  calcareous  earth  or  ^%tiWy  fait  (except  the  Calts  of  allum)  will 
improve  it»  but  thefe  AibdMcev,  unleii  they  be  putrefceiiUi  Koit 
plants  growine  in  a  poor  foil, 

•  Thcfc  fuoftanccs  may  be  faid  to  hc/crarf,  in  aj  much  aa  thcf 
not  only  tend  immediately  to  produce  a  larger  cropi  bat  dellroy  the 
mucitage. 

•  They  may  aft  by  deftroying  the  weak  fibres  of  the  roots,  acid 
occafionfng  them  topufh  out  more  numerous  and  flronger  oaei. 

*  They  may  prevent  the  evaporation  of  the  water. 
'  They  may  dcftroy  infefls, 

'  PoCibly,  they  may  affilt  the  digeftion  ofthe  plant. 

*  A  very  fmalJ  proportion  of  ihcm,  produces  an  efie£^» 

'  in  manuring  poor  foils,  we  ore  therefore  to  render  ibem  of  a  pro* 
per  tejtmrc^  by  adding  clay  or  fand,  where  it  can  be  done  fufficicntly 
cheap,  taking  care  that  they  be  ftcc  from  pyrites,  and  it  is  to  be 
obfen*ed,  that  lef«  clay  wUl  be  ufeful  in  fandy  foils,  than  fand  in  clay 
foils. 

'  PtosT  by  die  expanfive  pt^werofthe  cryftallieation  ofthe  «rAter» 
breaks  down  the  maifes,  which  form  in  ftiff  foils, 

*  We  are  to  apply  gelatinous  mucilage,  or  fubflaacei  from  wheoct 
it  may  be  formed^  or  ^bllances  forwarding  the  foroution  of  it* 

•  (Vide  mucilage,  page  42.) 

'  Thefe  are  enrich  tag  manures. 

•  And  in  rich  foils,  we  may  venture  to  apply  the  forcing  manures* 
gis  otberwife  we  fhould  not  have  the  whole  effefts  of  the  mucilage. 

*  Any  dcfefl  of  texture  may  be  made  up  by  mucilage,  and  the  al- 
teration clay  landergoes  on  cultttre,  but  the  defe^  of  mucilage  can* 
tiot  be  made  up  by  texture. 

*  A  foil,  if  it  have  all  the  properties  of  a  rich  one,  may  have 
thelecounteraded  by  its  coniaining  poifonous  fubilances,  which  aret 

•  Firft,  Metallic  falts,  or  pyrites. 

'  Second ly»  Salts  containing  earth  of  aJlum  (or  pyrites) 

*  Thirdly,  Acids  uncombiticd. 

•  Fourthly,  Any  other  fait  in  too  large  a  proportion. 

*  The  firlt,  fecond,  and  thirds  may  be  drttroyed  by  <juick  lime ; 
the  Iburth  is  got  the  betror  of  by  time,  and  the  wafhiag  the  foil 
with  water,  by  the  rains,  onlefj  there  be  a  frcih  ftpply  from  Cpnag%m 

*  The  advantages  of  draining  a  foil,  are  th^  preventing  the  water 
from — Rotting  the  (eedi(—f- Rotting  the  roots,  efpeciiilly  at  the  time 
of  flowerings— Taking  off  the  effeda  of  the  mucilage,  by  too  great 
dilution* 

*  The  advantagrs  of  FAi,LOwjKC  aic, 

•  The  converfion  of  the  vegetable  iibrcs  into  mocilage,  by  de- 
Jlroying  their  life,  and  expo^tig  thcna  to  the  air. 

"*  The  deftroying  weeds,  by  giving  their  feeds  an  opportCnity  of 
growing,  killing  them,  and  converiiiag  them  into  iRUcvU^e^ 

•  The  decompofmg  pyrites,  and  mctaWic  ^ad  alVumtiQ^  i^\%^ 
Rsi.  MsLn  ijji^  %  * 


»j&  Monthly  CA^Aieous^ 

^  A  very  poor  foil  will  be  but  little  benefited  hf  ftUomiigi  Ifefr 
muck  as  there  is  ntfthing  contained  in  it  capable  of  bdng  coafoad 
into  xnucilage»  except  the  rain  water,  it  is  better  to  employ  mt^ 
riching  crop. 

.  *  Fallowing  for  ieveval  years-  would  deftroj  » ibtl»  at  it  would  eo^ 
▼ert  the  wbole  pocrefcent  fubdances  itiio  mncilagey  and  thai  ■ad* 
lagc  into  bk»,  and  thefe  wodd  be  deeunpofed. 

*  The  advantages  of  drillikg  are^  '  *' j 

*  The  giving  an  opportunity  to  deftroy  the  weeds,  cut  the  (T  "" 
of  the  rooft  fo  as  to  make  them  branch  out  again,  and'Ii9ofiii\ 
earth  about  the  roots,  and  throwing  the  earth  on  the  Iteins»  ^  d, 
make  frefh  roots  break  out. 

*  The  faving  fuperfluous  feed  and  fbwingt&egrotind  more  eqii^. 

*  The  giving  a  free  pafTage  to  the  air. 

*  It  is  not  yet  determined  bow  far  the  rows  fliould  be'  fato  ^ 
zLHOther,  nor  how  thick  the  plants  (hould  be  fown  ;  it  Will  mmr 
that  they  (houM  be  ibw«  thinner  to  produce  a  great  crOp  of  mir 
or  coots,  tlRin  a  great  quantity  of  herbs. 

*  Quere,  Is  there  any  difibrence  in  the  dlrefUbn  of  the  tows? 

*  Enriching  crops  are  Aich  as  fupply  the  fi>il  with  matters 
of  being  converted  into  mucilage,  they  do  this 

*  FiHt,  By  exfudation  from  the  roots.     .  ^      . 
'  *  Secondly,  By  leaving  the  roots  which  wZTI  putrify.   ' 

^  Thirdly,  If  ploughed  in,  the  whole  plant  will  pdtnQr;ml'i 
15  to  be  obferved  in  this  cafe,  that  the  plants  (hould  always  be  ttlj 
down  when  in  fnllrsij]jair,TjHid  while  the  exfudation  ik'  ftalI'liSiif| 
place  flrongly. 

*  If  the  juices  exfuded  are  very  aftringent,  thnr  • 
good  cficfls  of  this  method  of  culture  by  preventiDg  tnc 

'  A  lift  of  MANUass. 

*  Firft,  Thofe  farniiking  mncibge  or  fubftances  oonveittUeni 
it.  As,  Glue ;— Skins ;— Hair ;— Homs  ;>— Bones  ;*-Rag8^  ice.  JlR 
•-^D'ung  of  animak ;  — Infetfh.  •: .  ^ 

*  Vegetable  putrified  fubftances  ;  thefe  go  through  Ae  facwiM 
vinous,  and  acetous  fermentations  firft ;  fo  that  a  dun^iiU  is  M 
fufliciently  putrified,  until  the  heat  is  over ;  but  k  is  1 
trify  too  little,  than  too  much,  as  in  the  firft  'cafe,  iht 
may  be  continued  in  the  foil ;  in  the  fecond,  the 
verted  into  falts,  and  cannot  be  reftored. 

'  Putreibible  vegetable  fubftances  :    it  iv^  to-  be  obferfcd  iktf^ 
gctable  fubftances  that  are  of  too  folid  a  texture,  as  Wood,  pim^ . 
with  great  difficulty  into  a  mucilage,  and  alfo  thojb  that  hate  aflbii' 
gent  juices,  and  fuch  as  have  lain  in  the  earth  a  confidcraUe  tiflift 
and  fugar.' 

*  Enriching  crops. 

'  Secondly,  Manures  converting  putrefeible  (ob^ces  inta  f 
cilage. 

*  Calcareous  earth,  as  Marie  ;-^ChaIk  ;<^Bfl«te  lime :  ^ 
'  £arthy  fahs,  in  \he  du^^  o^  iwi\%,  ti&ak^«  <o<u— Too  p*i^ 

Joflghills ;— Sea  water  in  tmai\  cv^«Mto| .  ^^^ 


FO  E  T  IC  A  t. 


2S9 


*  ThfrtJIr,  Forctng  manures,  as.  Quick  lime;— Fixt  alkalis  in 
vegetable  a(hc$  ; — Neutral  (m\u  which  do  iioi  aSxH  putrefaflion  ;— 
Eitf  tby  roles  as  above/ 

Poetical. 
Art.  1 6.  f^erffi  addrtjftd  t^  J^hn  Wilht^  Efq\  on  hU  Arrival  at 
LjMft*  4to.  td.  WhiCtinghani  atLyfifir  B^ild^nn  in  London,  ijyt* 
Amidft  the  lamentable  SefeHioo  of  number*  of  the  patriotic  band* 
a  fonof  F'recdom  and  the  Mufcs  has  kindly  ttcppcd  forth,  to  cheer 
the  defcrted  leader  in  his  coiM^fe,  and  to  llrew,  wich  the  choicell 
ilowers  he  could  fcle^i  tl^  '^g£«<^<  and  ii0i^»  alas!  nearly  defolate 
paths  of  patriotilm.  He  prophcucally  holds  Hjrih  to  hit  hero  the 
Dobic  and  hli^h-foyndin^  titles  of  patriot  and  guardian  of  the  laws, 
which,  he  forefecs,  will  be  adjudged  to  him  by  pollcritf ;  and  milces 
it  a  matter  of  comfort  to  him  thati  *  in  chcfe  our  day?^  in  this  de* 
.dining  age,*  t>e  h  in  no  d«nger  of  being  curfcd  with  graodcufj  or 
idiigraced  by  the  fav-ours  of  the  crow^i : 

On  thee  fhall  favour  ne'er  ks  veogeance  fonr« 
Or  on  thy  head  the  curfc  of  grandeur  ihow*!  ; 
In  courts  no  villain  teach  the  civil  leer. 
No  tiiied  blocidiead  hail  thee  ^  brother  peer/* 

If  Mr.  Wilkes  receives  any  confolation  from  this  lad  declaratinn 
of  the  prophetic  imire,  he  is  indeed  a  patriot  of  a  very  dlflercnt 
complexion  £roni  any  that  have  appeared  within  ou^r  memories*  As 
to  the  cvenf,  however,  we  ivouW  take  the  male's  word  for  a  thou- 
iand  poontls* 

Though  thefe  verfcf,  as  we  have  been  infomifd^  were  a^uallf 
prcfcnted  to  Mr.  V/jlkcs,  on  his  hwt  arrival  at  Lynn,  to  take  up  the 
freedom  voted  tn  him  by  that  borough,  they  are  by  no  means  how- 
ever, as  their  title  may  fcem  to  import,  of  a  private  or  local  nature, 
nor  bear  any  particular  allufion  to  the  objcft  of  that  \\fii.  They  \ 
may  accordin^y  be  undcrflood,  ;jnd  read  with  equal  prnt-r  ind  de- 
lights  in  any  part  of  the  three  kingdom*;  Scotland  perhaps  ex- 
cepted^ *  from  whence  (if  we  ar<?  to  believe  our  poet,  delcribirj' 
the  lace  fitppofed  incurftons  of  defpodiin  into  this  country)  tyranny 

^-^^-* — who  long  had  ilept. 

In  northern  toe  immured,  uow  forA;ird  Itcpt; 

dfjcompanicd  by  flavcry,  corruption,  r^ge^  with  their  a;ttendaiit 
chains  and  fcorpions.  Heaven  however  perceiving  the  danger  of 
poor  Britannia  from  this  hellifh  crew,  at  length  fends  htr  guardiaa 
jui^el  to  her  refcue  : 

A  H^tlkis^  a  hero  came  : — ferenely  brave,  * 

DauDtlefs  he  r^tfliM  ^finkitig  land  to  fav^^,  • 

Chaltifcd  ambition  with  viflarious  hand. 
And  once  again  ^luith  frttdani  hUft  fhe  lamd. 

If  this  be  true,  bleffinp  on  him,  we  fay,  with  all  hjs  infirmirief!! 
fuch  public  fcrviccs  would  cover  a  mtiUitude  of  private  lim.     We 
rejoice  too  to  find  our  encomialt  acknowledging  that,  through  hii 
heroes  toils,  we  enjoy  freedom  at  lalL     Few  either  of  cur  rh^ttvltw^^J 
jprofcing  patriots  lave  the  grace  to  confcfa  fo  mucU,      .       . 


2jlo-  Monthly  Cataiogve» 

Thongh  profitfe  in  the  praifca  of  Mr.  Wilkcf,  •»  ^ott  hai,  mk 
£|igular  xnodeft/»  devoted  only  one  (blitanr  line  lo  bn  ovo.  Afai 
repeated  fu  mm  oils  q{  Proeul  efte  prrfaid  !  addrefftd  to  the  'jpntvri' 
g(ar,'  the  minifterial  '  lordliou.'  he  reiterates  dw  injiiii&««  wl 
f  hus  chaiieiy  and  co^cifely  fpeaks  of  kimfelf : 

Fly  I— nor  the  vengeance  of  mv  fury  tmft, 
fbt  iBMV  Wi&0  qm///  //  hwtfi^  hrai^i^  mmij&fim 

We  ihall  uke  leave  of  our  ^'Vj/&«^  bravet  juft«  and  koaeftfOi(|' 
with  the  lines  unmediately  following  the  PsUf^approving  oo^Hl 
which  will  furni/h  a  not  unfavourable  ipecimen  of  his  fatiric  tikitt: 

No  birthtday  Whitehead  here  fhall  tire  the  ev> 
Or  make  the  reader  curie  the  new-bom  yt:^ : 
>  No  peniion'd  Johnfon's  proAituted  pen 
Shall  varnilh  crimes^  and  praife.the  woift  of  men/ 
No  foftly- warbling,  fweetly-penfive  Gray, 
Attempting  Ode.  ihall  blunefer  in'his  wa/a 
Miftalce  his  talent,  fee  his  laurels  fade 
In  madrigals  of  praife  to  villains  paid. 

We  cannot  queftion  an  unknown  gentlcmaa'a  httsmafx  faetvi 
may  be  allowed  to  doubt  of  his  juAice»  or  ac  leaft  of  hit  .diHn- 
jnent,  and  of  the  decency  of  the  latter  part  of  this  quotation* .  Ul 
InlUllation  Ode,  we  apprehend*  is  here  very  unjuftly  or  ignoB 
clafled  with  madrigals^  and  the  fubjed  of  it  indecentl]r»  at  \ 
ranked  with  wUains. 

Arc.  17.    Tbi  £xbibiiidfi.  iH  Hell;   or,  Ai^bch  iwrmi 
4tO.     IS.    Organ. 

Moloch  IS  the  devil  of  a  painter  indeed !  He  has  ponitim)  4 
Carlton-houfe  junto  (under  which  denomination  centum  geMhm 
who  figure  in  the  political  world  are  generally,  underflood)  m  i$ 
blackelt  and  moft  frightful  colours.— We  can  uy.nothiffg. .vi\pi# 
of  his  performance,  though  .honedly  inclined  to  give  the  dtfd  J| 
iue. 
Art.  18.     Carmen    Arabitum^   five   verba   Def^aris  ^ifHk 

AlnnJHfbiy  dt  Religitnis  Sonnitie^  Prineitiis  numtn  wmOeii  tmcm 

Pirficuhi^    nimirum  Doiloris^    Sbaadi  Sbirmuta  eferis^    Ptmum 

diiJi  initium  uhi  dt  Deo  T,  O.  M.     Edidit  me  Lettmi  vpik  J.  Ori 

4to. -  2  s.    Oxford,  printed  at  the  CUrendbn  PreO.   ^Bht'inUi 

don  by  White,  &c.     1770. 

A  new  and  tolerably  corrvd  edition  of  an  Aralnc  and  t  Ptirfie  ]MM 
with  a  Latin  profe  tranflation  on  the  oppodte  pilge^    Thne-tt  tf 
thing  either  new  or  curious  in  th^  poems  rhemfelres. 
Art.  19.  Poetical  EJays^  chiefly  of  a  moral  Nature,  Written  1 

diflTerent  Periods  of  Time,  by  a  young  Man«     Svo.     1 1.  6i 

Whcble.     1770. 

The  Author  of  thefe  pieces  appears  to  be  a  good  kind  of  voai) 
man,  who  has  written  fome  well* meaning  verfes,  and  gntcfauyde 
dicated  them  to  his  mother.  He  alleges,  as  a  reaion  fer  their  p«k 
iication,  that  he  had  not  hitherto  rendered  himfdf  ufefnl  to  Iboftf 
For  the  credit  of  thefe  matttct  vie  ^inW  ^^le  Vva  vis  heft  and  £acei|l 
aeivice.    Wc  aflare  him  thmt  Vkt  "ii'iS^  iamci  i^makvi  wt^^*^^ 


PatlTlCAU 


t$l 


poetty ;  and  we  recommend  it  to  bim  to  ihink  of  fome  other  plan  of 

making  htrnfelf  ufeful  to  the  public. 

Art-  20.  jf  Poetical  Effay^  sn  tht  Exlflena  of  Gtfd,     Part  I.     By 

the  Rev.  W,  H.  Robert*  of  Eton,  late  Fellow  of  King's  College* 

Cambridge.     410.     is.    Wrtkic.     1771. 

Some  of  the  mofi  common  arguments  in  favour  of  the  csrii^encc  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  are  here  given  in  blank  vcrfe ;  and  fo  expreiXed 
in  general  as  not  to  do  any  difcredit  to  the  Author.  T\^^o  more  parrs 
arc  propofed,  one  on  the  Aitribates,  the  other  on  the  Providence  of 
God. 

Art,  21,  ThiVilkgfOfpreJfii\  a  Poem:  Dedicated  to  Dr.  Gold- 
fmith.     4to.     IS.     Robron,     177  »• 

This  U  a  feeble  and  unpoctical  complaint  of  the  imaglnar/  mifok 
riej  of  a  village  opprcfied. 

Dramatic. 

Art.  22.  Thi  Drunkm  Ntws  writer  i  a  Conrvtc  Interlude:  As  It 
is  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  the  Hay*market»  With  a  new 
Songt  fet  to  MufiCy  and  fuog  in  Chara^r.     Svo.     6  d*     Smith, 
in  Greek-ftrect. 
This  interlude  confifts  only  of  one  fcenc ;  and  the  dramatis  fer/un^t 

aiSc»rds  but  one  chara^er,  the  drunken   paragraph-writer :  a  fellow, 

JM/  of  tn€njte  humour,  bat  of  fome  drollery.  The  fong  a  pretty  good 

Bacchaaallan-piece^ 

Political. 

Art.  23.    An  AnfwiT  ta  fufilus  :  Shewing  his  imaginary  Ideas 

and  falfc  Pritjciplcs ;  his  wrong  Poiiiions,  and  random  Conclo^ 

fioas.     8vo.     6df     Organ,  In  tlie  Strand. 
'  ,  We  do  ivot  remember  to  have,  at  any  time,  read  a  publication 
wliich  promifed  fo  much»  and  which  has  performed  To  little,  as  this 
auack  upon  Junius.  The  blows  which  it  ftrikcs  arc  fo  very  innocent, 
that  we  can  only  fmile  at  the  zeal  and  the  weakncfs  of  its  Author. 
Art.  24.    A  ^fuJlificQihn  of  the  G^ndu^  of  the  Minijlry  relative  t9 

F&lkUni^i  sjiand^    In  a  Letter  to  both  Houles  of  Parliament.    $vo. 

I  s.     Organ* 

This  performance  if  verbofe  and  pomocus ;  but  contains  no  ob* 
{ervations  of  anv  force  or  value.     It  loaas  with  compliments  thofe 
minivers  who,  in  the  opinion  of  manyi  have  only  diigraced  theif 
country,  in  their  late  tranfaflions  with  Spain, 
Axt.  25.  Papers  relative  to  the  Negociations  with  Spain  j  and  lAf 

taAt9ie/FalkUtitd*s  IJlendfram  tbt  Englfjk,     4to,     3  s,     Almon.     ■ 

The  parliamentary  debates  ^qtq  the  bell  account  of  thcic  iUie^ 
papers. 
Art.  26.  Propofali  to  the  Legifiature  far  numlerlng  the  People.  By 

the  Author  of  I'he  ^mrt  tbr^vgh  England,     Svo*     is,.     Nicoli« 

I77». 

Gneat  advantages  would  certainly  refalt  from  the  projc6  which  is 
l^re  recommended  to  the  kgidature ;  and  with  regard  to  the  mc 
ihod  and  form  oi  its  execution,  the  hintl  thrown  oat  in  thefc  ^t 
poX^  might  be  of  jLngulAf  ktytinu 

^  ^  ^  %  ^  %r 


Itftt 


McmTHLY  Catalog  D£, 


N  o  V  E  L  s. 

Art.  a7»   The  Br&iher.     By  a  Lady*     i2mo,     a  VoU*    ji, 
fcwcd,    Lowndes, 
Pratding  letters — fcraps  of  fongs — cnd^  of  vcrfe — aod  m  Ifi 
jSo»,  to  ca{>tiva£e  the  xnilleQcrs  appri^nticcs ;  wick  a  dirm^  ule 
end,  10  diilolfc  their  pretty  eyes  ia  a  pearly  fliower.     The  twQ 
volumes  m2Ly  ealily  be  periHed  in  twice  as  many  hour> ;   lod 
Lady  Fannys  of  the  age,  to  whom  wc  arc  obliged  for  inoft  cif  tk 

Jroduftions  in  tiijs  HgnJ  e^fy  way  of  writing,  will  fpin  ye  on 
kud4aa  and  troily  performances,  we  doubt  not.  in  the  fi&:^ 
Art*  28.  Btlii  Qrcwi  or,  The  Fatal  Seduction.     12*00.    1  wa  , 
Vols.     fTS.  fcwedp     Nohlc. 
Ifwc  may  venture  ta  conclude,  from  fi mill tude  of  n 
the  work  of  the  fame  fair  hand  that  furniihed  the  prec 
but  the  manufafturc  fcems  to  be  of  rather  a  mnrc  fubll 
tiie  fabric  fomewhat  finer,   and  tlie  pattern  richcr. 
£lmfey  materials  abovementioned*,    we  here  meet  with  wim  muf 
comparatively  be  lUIed  Tight  Mi^Alin  and  BruJJiis  point*     Vet  all  lit 
parts  are  not  of  equal  goodnefs :  though  the  defend  wc  liave  xkkt^ 
m  it,  as  wdl  as  thofe  in  fJn  Brwther^    are  Icfs  cwinj^,  pcrfunt^  a 
want  of  ability  in  the  artifl^  than  to  that  bane  of  aU  exc 
worknianlliip,  hurry  tQ gtt  tht  hufineji  dme^  however  imp*  '^*- 
cd  ;  or*  to  (peak  with  more  tcchmcal  prccifion,  notjf/ 
Art*  29,  The  Hijhxy  cf  Mr^  Cecil  and  Miji  Grey,     iii  .^ 
Letters,     umo,     2  vols,     5  s.  fcwed.     Richardfau  and  I 
Yeryjhl^tr,  vv\  '   ;c,  we  are  forry  to  add,  when  ipciXjrig 

of  a  moral  prod  1  .i\    To  thoft*,  however*  who  cin  thiftt 

good  fcnfe  and  virCuoui  Louinenlf  a  fufiicier  .fadon  jbr  iny 

Scficjencyin  point  of  tarte,  or  of  fpirit,  ihi:  d  lot  nhdlf 

unintereiLing  work,  may  be  acceptable. 
Art.  30.  The  Nun  ;  or,  The  Adventures  of  the  Marchiooefl  of 
Bcauville,  j2mo,  as.  6d.  Rofoo. 
Like  moil  of  the  tales  of  nuns  and  convents^  thisDifratSyeaboaads' 
with  fcencEof  leundnefs  n.nd  complicated  wickednefi,  unfit  forthe 
or  ear  of  a  modcll  vid  virtuous  reader;  though  fome  indifcreet  Fill* 
tenants  have*  perhaps,  promoted  the  circulation  of  fuch  books, 
cbe  view  of  contributing  fomewhat  toward  rendering  Popery  the  m<J«* 
0dioti5,  bydifplaying  the  ill  eiFefts  of  that  fyftcm  pf  rcUgioo«  fail 
it?  branches.  ' 

Alt.  Jt  •  Tfje  Hiflctry  iff  Sir  Willmm  Harrington,     Writteo  km 
Years  fioce,  and  revilcfd  and  corrcdcd  by  the  late  Mr,  Richardrofl 
nowfirfl  publiflied,     t2mo.     4  Vols,     los.  fewed.     BeH,     1771 
Imitation  of  Richardfon*s  manner  bath  been  the  prevailing  mode  li 
novel-writing,  ever  fmce  the  extraordinary  fucccfs  of  his  work* 
the  bint  that  hi»  prattling,  goffipicg  fltle  was  pecaliftfiy 
the  readers  of  that  fpecies  of  compofition, 

By  the  foregoing  epithets,  however,  wc  do  n©t  mean 

conaemn  Mr.Richardfon'f  produAions.     They  have,  undoul 

great  meric,  although  that  merit  is  not  to  be  fought  for  in  his 

verijo/ity,  and  innumerabk  m\tiviu«et>^  ^Ai^i0imJ^A5\te%.  W.U  c.to 

Uy  in.  admifafaly  drawing,  nwy'^i^^,  ^icLU^t^^^  ^xk^WTj^T^Rflr 


St 


R  M  o  Ki; 


m 


t1iara£lcrs ;  joined  to  his  cxtcRfive  knowledge  of  human  n,i  hire:  iitf^H 
which  great  and  capital  rcfpcds,  he  may  be  jullly  conildercd  a^  thlF^| 
Sh  AiCESPEA  It  £  of  Romance.  ^H 

The  prcfent  performance  :i|>pear5  to  have  been  one  of  the  earlielt^H 
imiutions  of  Clarlffa  and  Grandifon.  The  anonymous  Editor  a f-^H 
fares  us  it  was  written  by  an  inilmate  friend  of  Mr.  Rlchardfon's,  who^^f 
himfclf  revifcd  and  correflcd  ir.  Adniitiing  the  truth  of  this  declara^^^H 
lion^  notwithflanding  it  has  been  (not  very  Talis fatHorily  indeed)  r^v^^H 
irmJididxii  an  advcnifcment  •  publillieri  by  the  widow  and  daughter».^H 
of  Mr*  Richardfon,  yet  it  will  by  no  means  follow^  that  Mr.  Richard*  ^H 
Ibn  tbtugh  it|  or  by  hi«  corrections  ttmdt  it,  a  work  of  extraoidinary'^H 
merit.  ^^H 

In  fa£l,  although  the  hiffory  of  Sir  William  Harrington  is  far  frong^H 
being  the  molt  inconftderable  of  the  numerous  imitations  to  whick^^f 
thofe  celebrated  models  abovcmcntioned  have  given  birth,  it  is,  how-^H 
ever«  at  the  befl,  but  a  faint  copy  of  Mr*  Richardron*5  jullly  admired^H 
eatGiNALs  ;  for  fuch  they  unqueflionably  are,  not  with  Handing  thC^H 
imperfedions  we  have  hinted  at.  Yet,  in  all  probability,  this  per*«^H 
formancc  would  have  been  thought  to  have  pofTc/rcd  confidcrable  me-p^H 
Ht,  had  not  Richardfon  wrote  firll»  and  left  its  Author,  with  all  htt^H 
other  followers,  under  the  difadvantagcous  circumlUnce  of  a  comfari^^^^ 
fsn  which  none  of  them  have  yet  been  able  to  iland,  ^H 

SERMONS.  fl 

I.  Vhi  Grennds  ef  a  particular  PrQ'videna^ — Preached  befbre^^f 
ihe  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  in  the  Abby  Church.  Wcil^^| 
jolnHtr,  on  Wcdncfday  Jan.  30^  1771*  D]?'*Edmuud  Lord  Bilhop  ol^H 
CarixSe.     4(0*     t  3.     Robfon*       ^         '  ^H 

In  this  very  fcnfible  difcoiirf^,  of  a  fearned  and  worthy  prelate^^| 
the  following  parallel  is-  drawn  between  the  **  figns  of  the  timei**^^! 
in  the  rei^  of  Charles  L  and  thofe  of  the  prefcni  reign.  ^H 

After  cudcavourrng  to  ihcw  that  the  alJairs  of  this  world  arc  all^H 
under  the  dire£lion  of  a  particular  Pramdina^  and  thence  inferringp^^H 
that  we  (hould  look  a  little  beyond  fecond  cau/a ;  that  we  ihoulA^H 
Hft  up  our  eyes  to  the  On  1  gin  a  l  Disposer  of  them  ;  and  that  we^H 
Ihould,  with  alt  humility,  enquire  what  he  may  chieHy  intend  hf^H 
each  remarkable  event,  and  whit  he  would  have  us  karn  in  th^^H 
commemoration  of  it ;  he  thus  proceeds  :  ^H 

'  We  ought,  iQ  a  particular  manner,  to  reHe*^  upon  thoCe  cryin#^H 
fins  which  ufually  call  down  bis  heavy  judgments  on  aland;  fucSi^H 
more  efpcci:illy  as  once  attended  on  this  day  ;  the  hiftory  whereof  i»^^ 
too  well  known  to  need  explaining  in  this  place.     Nor  are  we  lef»        1 
acquainted  with  the  caufes  that  immediately  produced  them  among 
the  bulk  of  the  people,  at  and  fome  time  beibre  this  fat:il  period  ; 
namety,  an  eager  impatience  of  reftraint  and  difcipline»  a  relllelii^M 
fpirit  of  difobcdlence  to  all  order,  law,  and  government ;  a  refola«^H 
lion  to  fufpe^^  and  cenfure,  to  calumniate  and  expofe  every  adion  ^1 
end  inttntion  of  all  perfons  placed  in  fupenor  ilations.     And  I  hear* 
tily  wi(h  it  were  Icfs  obvious  to  remark,  that  thcfc  fame  caufcs  iliU 

•  To  which  thf  FuUiOicr  of  titb  work  made  a  Hery  proper  and  de- 
cent reply. 


L 


I 
1 


$  t  !t  WOKt, 

fubrtft  among  w?,  and  in  Co  high  a  degree,  as  may  be  juflly  appr^* 
hended  to  draw  dgwn  the  like,  or  greater  vengeance  on  our  hcad% 
So  far  ar«  we  from  having  profited  by  former  examples,  that  ivc 
have  the  very  fame  principles  and  pra^iccs  revived  in  church  and 
ilace,  which  upon  thiA  dav  comple;cd  the  dedrudion  of  them  both  i 
on  one  hSind  appears  the  lame,  or  rather  a  more  flagrant  and  avowci 
contempt  of  every  thing  that  Is  ferloui  and  fhould  be  held  facied  3 
Oh  another,  the  very  fame  wild  eothufiallic  notions  in  religion  arc 
prcvaillflg ;  the  fame  violent  meafurcs  arc  purfucd,  and  unfound 
maxims  oT  civil  policy  too  frequently  advanced  on  every  hand.  One 
cannot  but  obferve  the  fame  notorious,  or  even  a  yet  more  and  if* 
guifed  infult  upon  Majefty,  and  open  ridicule  of  every  ordinance  di- 
vine or  human ; — ^ihat  fupcrior  growth  of  Atheifm  and  profancnefs  t 
^— thofc  bold  attacks  on  the  foundation  and  firil  principles  of  piety 
and  virtue; — that  enormous  height  of  luxury,  and  Icwdncfs  and 
corruption  ;^thac  aImo(l  univcrul  diflipation,  and  abandoned  diin>- 
lutencfs,  which  it  is  difficult  to  parallel  in  hilloiy. 

'  When  crimes  like  thefe  become  cxtenfivc  and  predominant,  *tif 
eafy  to  fbretcl  where  they  muft  end.  When  by  fucli  wavs  any  na» 
tion  renders  itfelf  ripe  for  dcHru^ion,  then  does  Divine  Providence, 
concurring  with  and  aiding  natural  caufes,  proceed  to  loflift  the 
judgment  fuch  a  nation  has  defcrved,  by  railing  up  fomc  foreign  fl 
enemies  to  infult  and  invade  it;  or  by  permitting  its  own  unnatu*  ^ 
ral  fons  to  weaken  and  diftraft  it ;  or  by  botJi  tTicic  together,  which 
indeed  ufually  excite  and  inflame  each  other,  completing  its  decays 
and  hartcning  its  di<lblution. 

•  What  rcafon  we  have  from  appearances  to  expe£l  that  this  may 
(hortly  be  our  cafe,  unlcfs  prevented  by  a  thorough  rcfbrmatloft» 
happy  would  it  be  for  us  were  we  wife  enough  to  under(land|  and 
well  enough  difpofcd  to  confidcr:— to  difccrn  the  *•  figns  of  the 
times,"  and  take  due  warning  by  what  befcl  our  forefathers,  that 
the  like  iniquity  may  not  prove  our  ruin.' 

This  is  not  the  vague  rant  of  an  eufhttfiajfic  fitti^^  but  the  folid 
obfcr\^ation  of  a  rational  divine,  well  ^uaUiied  for  clearly  difcerning, 
and  rightly  interpreting,  the  *'  /igns  of  the  times,'* 

11.  Before  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  at  St.  Margaret's,  Wcflminfter, 
Jin.  30,  177 1.  By  James  Kin£,  M.  A.  Chaplain  to  that  Hon.  Houfe* 
Od,     Wilkie,  &c. 

in.  Brfort  the  Governors  of  Addcnbroke's  Hofpitalp  Jtinc  28,  1 770, 
In  Great  ^t.  Mary's,  Cambridge.  B/  Samuel  HaJlifax,  ;.L*  D.  Pro- 
fefTor  of  Civil  Law  in  the  UnlvCriity  of  Cambridge,  iiold  for  the 
Benefit  of  the  HofpitaU     i  s.     While,  &c. 

t>  We  are  obliged  to  Tvro  Mbdicus  for  his  friendly  oouce  of 
fomc  errors  of  the  prefs,  and  fuch  little  ovcrfights  as  every  candid 
Reader  will  cxped,  and  excufc,  in  a  work  which  is  obliged  to  be  har- 
ried through  the  prcfs,  in  order  to  keep  lime  with  the  lUicd  rttura« 
of  periodical  publication. 

%•  Thi  MiKSTREL  in  oar  next, 

t+t  Mrrmhtm  in  our  laft.^P,  n^,  par,  J,  I,  f,  for  '  having  A 
titfing^*  read,  *  having y/r^wY^// 


I 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIE W>i 

For      APRIL,      1771. 


AUT.  I.    7 hi  Minpnli   ^r,  the  Proj^refs  cf  Gtaius^     A  Psm^ 
4x0,     1  s«  6d.     Dilly.^     1771. 

THE  effeas  of  ENTHUSIASM  in  poetry  arc  fo  very  differcni 
Ijrom  its  inilucnct^  on  religion,  that,  though  poifon  tt» 
the  latter,  it*i$  nutriment  to  tfic  former.  Nothing  can  be  morf 
pronely  ch^railcriy,cd  than  thi3  genuinp  cnthufiafm !  Nothing 
inore  cafy  to  be  diftinguifhcd  !»-^Pppc  never  lt"<^¥V^H*  he  l)a^ 
wit*  be  had  elegance,  harmony,  apd  vivacity;  bvit  he  never 
VidL%  a  JicreUmbks  natura  an/flits.  The  ingititi  per^ul/kf  ifmpr§ 
feemed  to  be  what  he  did  not  uijdcrftand  i  was  certainly  what 
he  did  not  fee).  In  Spenfcr  there  1%  hardly  >  page  which  do^f 
not  bear  vifiblc  marks  of  it;  and  what  hut  this  could  now  re- 
concile m  to  the  ^Ty  pcrple>fity  of  his  allegory,  the  frequently 
jiaufcating  circumftances  of  hjs  iijiagery,  and  the  tircfome  uni- 
formity of  his  rpcafurc  ? — Jt  iG  fortunate  for  the  Author  of  fbiii 
poeni,  that,  as  he  has  thought  proper  to  adopt  the  latter,  he 
}ias  the  fame  happy  cnthufiann  to  fiipport  and  render  it  agre^% 
^blc.     He  gives  the  following  account  of  his  performance  : 

*  My  dcGgn  •  was  to  trace  the  progrcfs  of  a  poetical  geniMS, 
born  m  a  rude  ajid  iUitcrate  age,  fron^  the  iirft  dawnlqg$  of 
Fancy  ;ind  Reafon,  till  that  period  st  which  he  may  be  though; 
capable  of  fupporting  the  character  of  a  Minftrcl,  that  is  of  an 
itinerant  poet  and  mufician ;  a  characW,  which,  accprding  iQ 
|hc  potions  of  our  forefathers,  wns  not  only  rcfpcftablc  but  fa^ 
cred.  A  poetical  iiluftration  of  fuch  a  fubjec^  feemcd  to  pro^ 
mifc  variety  of  amufement,  and  even  fome  topic*  of  infirut^ion 
both  morai  and  phdof^phical.  Perhaps  I  midoolc  it,  as  wdl  as 
my  own  abihties  ;  however,  in  tjiaking  a  trial  there  could  flot 


i 


•  The  (irft  hint  of  tM»  pcrfarmancc*  the  Author  fays,  was  fug^ 
;efta5  t>- >ir.  pc:      '     '  .    tht  £ffgl:jh  Mrjh'fb,  j^rcf 


a66  The  Minftrel ;  ^,  tht  Prppefs  $f  Gmut^ 

be  much  harm.  My  friends  are  pleafed  with  what  I  hire  done] 
but,  as  they  cannot  entirely  acquit  themfelvea  of  partiality, 
advife  me  to  lay  a  fpecimen  before  the  public. 

*  The  purfuits  and  amufemcnts  of  the  Minftrel's  childhooc 
and  early  youth,  are  defcribed  in  the  firft  book  i  which,  if  th( 
title  were  altered,  and  a  few  phrafes  ftruck  out  that  refer  to  i 
fequel,  might,  perhaps,  be  conCdered  as  a  fort  of  whole  by  itfclf 
7  hi  inddints  that  qualify  bimfmr  bit  frsfijfim^  ami  diiirmiiu  bim  a 
enter  upon  itj  will  fumift>  materials  fir  the  books  that  are  tofdkw. 
If  this  be  honoured  with  the  public  approbatioir^  I  thall  diink 
it  has  merit  fu£5cient  to  juftify  my  beftowing  fome  time  in 
finifhing  what  remains,  which  is  already  in  great  forwardoc& 
Should  it  be  unfuccefsful,  I  will,  with  no  great  concern,  i> 
linquifh  a  fcheme,  which  cannot  be  completed  withdut  fuchia 
cxpence  of  time  and  thought,  as  a  perfon  in  my  way  of  life  can- 
not eafily  fpare.  Ifj  as  the  Critics  tell  us,  the  cbie/ end  of  fait) 
is  to  pUafe,  furely  the  man  who  writes  verfea  with  finne  ukob* 
venience  to  himfelf,  and  without  any  pleafure  to  the  puUiCi 
fpends  his  time  to  very  little  purpofe. 

^  I  have  endeavoured  to  imitate  Spenfer,  not  in  his  allegoiyt 
or  antiquated  dialed,  which,  though  graceful  iii  him,  appor 
fometimes  auk  ward  in  modern  writers,  but  in  the  mcafunaai 
harmony  o(  his  verfe,  and  in  the  fimplicity  and  variety  of  Ml 
compofition.  All  antiquated  expreffions  I  have  mi&olj 
avoided,  admitting,  however,  fome  old  words^  where  te 
feemed  peculiarly  luitable  to  the  fubjed  ;  but  I  hope  floneM 
be  found  that  are  now  obfolete,  or  in  any  degree  unintelligiiil 
to  a  reader  of  Engliih  poetry.' 

In  the  above  account  the  Author  informs  us,  that  '  the  inci- 
dents that  qualify  the  Minftrel  for  his  profeffion,  and  dctermiac 
him  to  enter  upon  it,  will  furnrih  materials  for  the  books  thai 
are  to  fdlovv.'  We  would  not  by  any  means  have  him  ftof 
here.  The  Minflrel's  progrefs  to  his  profeffion  cannot  pofiU) 
be  fo  entertaining  as  his  practice  in  it.  To  reprefent  him  ii 
his  itinerant  lifc^  to  invebt  amufing  incidents  expreffive  of  dN 
nught  of  his  minllrclfy  over  the  natural  and  moul  evils  tbH 
may  difturb  the  peace  of  families  where  he  is  entertainedf  vii 
over  all 

*  Tlic  ftrcwcd  ills  that  watch  his  way/ 

wouIJ  certainly  be  a  glorious  field  for  fancy  and  variety.  Whit 

for  inflance,  could  be  more  ftriking  than  the  MinftreKs  iblidd 

ing  entertainment  at  the  door  of  Spleen  or  Avarice,  elevatiJH 

the  heart  of  one,  and  opening  that  of  the  other  I  The  defcrii|- 

lion  of  (o  mjny  different  objefis  would  greatly  animate  and  & 

Verfify  the  [>oem. 

The  Author  quotes  atv  o\)fciN%tAOii  ^?  tV\e  Critics,  tbatth 

chief  end  of  poetry  Is  to  p\e^(e.    TV\%  tci^x\f«i  V>*  XjlV^^ Vct 

MOvncd  by  Dr.  Hurd,but  not  tu^^o\Xft^\  »&\\\\>^SaBL^'N 


7h  Minflreii  ^,  (he  Progrifs  &f  Genius. 


iSj 


Tupportalile  as  it  is  Idle.  If  the  end  of  poetry  is  to  pleafe,  it  it 
to  profit  too ;  for  every  thing  is  profiubJe,  even  ia  a  moral 
fenfe,  that  produces  inoffenfive  pleafure* 

The  MidArel  opens  with  the  following  ftmzif  : 

Ah  !  who  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 
The  ftcep,  where  Fame's  proud  lemple  fliincs  tfar  f 
Ah !  who  can  tell  how  many  a  foul  fubHmc 
Hath  felt  the  influence  of  malignant  i\ar» 
And  waged  with  fortune  an  eternal  war  I 
Check'd  by  the  feoff  of  Pride,  by  Envy's  frowo« 
And  Poverty's  unconquerable  bar. 
In  life's  low  vale  remote  hath  pined  alone, 
Then  dropt  into  the  grave  unpined>  and  unknown  { 

And  yet»  the  languor  of  inglorious  days 
Not  equally  opprcflive  is  to  all. 
Him,  who  ne'er  liftcn'd  to  the  voice  of  praiie. 
The  filence  of  neglcd  can  neVr  appal. 
There  are,  who,  deaf  to  mad  Ambition's  callf 
Would  Qirink  to  hear  th'  obllreperous  trump  of  Fame, 
Supremely  blell,  if  to  their  portion  fall 
HeaJthf  Competence,  and  Peace.     Nor  higher  aim 
Had  HE,  wbofe  ftmple  tale  thefe  artlefs  lines  proclaim. 

The  fcntimcnt  of  the  firft  Aanza  appears  too  clofcly  copied 
frorti  a  paDTagc  In  the  Church* yard  Elegy  to  give  cither  merit  to 
the  Author,  or  plcafure  to  the  Reader,  The  fecond  ftanza  is 
more  original,  excepting  the  phrafe  of  *  heattht  competence, 
and  peace,'  which  ought  not  to  have  been  admitted,  su  being 
too  trite,  and  coo  much  hackQcycd  for  elegant  poetry. 

This  fapient  age  difclaims  all  clafEc  lore* 
Elfe  I  fhould  here  in  cunning  phrafe  difplay. 
How  forth  the  Minilrel  fared  in  days  of  yore. 
Right  glad  of  heart,  though  homely  in  array. 
His  waving  locks,  and  beard  all  hoary  grey  : 
And  from  his  bending  (houlder  decent  hung 
His  harp,  the  folc  companion  of  hh  way. 
Which  to  the  whirling  wind  rcfponlive  rung. 
And  ever  as  he  wcntp  Come  merry  lay  he  fung« 

The  twro  firft  lines  of  this  ftanxa  appear  aflfeacdly  antiquafed, 

which  it  generally  is,  and  ought  always  to  be,  the  Author's 
objeft  to  avoiJ,  There  is  moreover  a  want  of  truth  in  the 
former.  The  defcriptton  of  the  Minftrcrs  rallying  forth  is  ia- 
znlftcizlf  but  not  the  lefs  pleafing  on  that  account. 

Life's  flender  fuftenancc  his  only  meed 
*Twas  all  he  hoped,  and  all  his  heart  defireJ. 
And  fuch  Dan  Homer  was,  if  ri^Jht  I  read. 
Though  with  tha  gifts  of  every  mufc  lnfpircd« 
O  when  (hiill  modern  bard  like  him  be  fitc4V 

t  2  CTvH^ 


\ 


^0  TJjp  M!fiflrel\  er^  the  Progrtfi  tf  Ginlku 

Give  me  hot  leifurc  to  attend  his  lays» 
I  care  tiot,  though  my  rhimcs  be  ne'er  admiredt 
For  fwecicr  joy  his  inaichjcfs  ftrain  ftiall  raile, 
Than  courts  or  kings  can  yietd,  with  pcnfions,  polls,  andprai/i 

In  purfuing  the  path  of  firapHcUy  great  care  ought  to  be  takeoi 
in  avoiding  the  burlcfcjuc.  The  prepofitive  Dan  fecms  now  tcx 
have  acquired  that  air.  Wc  fliouU  therefore  prefer  the  Afaonioft 
BarJy  or  fomc  fi.mil ar  appcllationt  to  Dun  Hamer*  The  follow- 
iJig  lines  are  fimpic,  pathetic,  and  bcautiCul : 

Rife,  fbns  of  harmony,  and  hail  the  morn. 
While  warbling  larks  on  rufi'ct  pinions  flbat» 
Or  feck  at  noon  the  woodland  fcenc  remote^ 
Where  the  grey  linnets  carol  from  the  hill, 
O  let  them  ne'er,  with  artiHciai  note. 
To  plcafe  a  tyrant,  drain  the  little  bilj, 
fiut  fing  what  heaven  infpircs,  and  wander  where  they  wiW* 

Yet,  in  our  opinion,  they  arc  introduced  abruptly ;  and  the 
epithet  fw^/j  applied  to  the  lark*s  pinion,  having  no  connexion 
with  her  harmony,  is  in  this  place  fupcrfluous.  The  epithet 
grtyt  applied  to  the  linnet,  is  not  fo,  becniifc  it  diftinguifhcs 
the  bird.  It  is  cbfcrvablc  that  Virgil  feldom  ufcs  an  cpithei 
without  ferving  fome  purpofe.  The  following  flanza  has  cvcrj 
kind  of  merit : 

O  how  can'H  rheu  renounce  the  boundlcfs  (lore 
Of  charms,  which  Nature  to  her  votary  yield*  ! 
The  warbling  woodland,  the  rcfounding  ihor«, 
The  pomp  of  groves,  and  garniture  of  fields  i 
AU  that  the  genial  ray  ot  morning  gildd. 
And  all  that  echoes  to  the  fonj  of  event 
All  that  the  mountain's  fheltenng  bofom  Ihiel ds» 
And  all  the  dread  magni licence  of  heaven, 
O  how  can'il  thou  renounce,  and  hope  to  be  forgiven ! 

The  defcription  of  the  Minfticl*s  childhood  and  early  youf 
will  be  found  to  be  a  genuine  painting  of  Natme,  by  fuch^  ai 
leail,  as  are  of  her  fccret  councils : 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vut^ai  boy  ; 
Deep  thought  oft  feem*d  to  Jix  his  infant  eye. 
Dainties  he  needed  not,  nor  gnude«  nor  toy» 
Save  one  (liort  pipe  of  rudcfl  minllrcUy* 
Silent  when  glad ;  affe^onxiie,  though  fliy  ; 
And  now  his  look  was  moil  demurely  fad. 
And  now  he  laughM  aloud,  yet  none  knew  why. 
The  neighbours  llar'd  and  figh'd,  yet  ble^M  the  lad  ; 
Some  deemed  him  wondrous  wife,  and  fomc  believ'd  hi  19  matj 

But  why  <hould  I  his  childilh  feats  difplay  f 
Concourfe  and  noife  and  toil  he  ever  Hed ; 
Nor  eared  to  mingle  in  the  clamorous  (tsiy 
Vf  fi^uabtling  imps ;  but  to  the  tbrcii  fp«d. 


7if  Minflnli  ^r,  tht  Prognfs  dfGiuhtV  26j. 

■Or  roaniM  at  large  the  lonely  moontain'a  head  j 

Of,  where  the  maze  of  ibmc  bevviider*d  llrcam  ,    . 

To  deep,  untrodden  groves  his  footllcps  led,  ^ 

There  would  he  wander  wil^,  iiU  Phoebus*  bcacn. 

.01  from  the  wclkrn  cliff,  reiicv'd  the  weary  team. 

Th'explok  of  (Irength,  dexterity,  or  fpced 
To  him  nor  vanity,  nor  Joy  coold  bring, 
•His  heart,  frora  cruel  fport  cflrang'd  would  bleed 
To  work' the  woe  of  any  living  thing. 
By  trap,  or  net ;  by  arrow,  or  by  fling ; 
Thcfe  he  deteftcd*  thofe  he  fcorn'd  to  wield  ; 
^e  wiO)*d  to  be  the  gaardian,  not  the  king. 
Tyrant  far  lefs*  or  traitor  €i  the  field  ; 
And  fure  the  fylvan  reign  unbloody  joy  might  yield, 

Lo  !  where  the  ftripling,  wrapt  in -wonder,  rove* 
Becieath  the  precipice,  oVrhungwith  pine; 
Add  fees,  on  high,  amidil  th'  encircling  grovct. 
Prom  cliff  to  cliff  the  foaming  torrents  ilnnc  : 
While  waters,  woods,  and  winds  in  concert  join. 
And  echo  fwells  the  choras  to  the  (kies. 
Would  Edwin  this  luajcilic  fcene  retlgo 
For  aught  the  huntfman's  puny  craft  iupplicj  ? 
tb !  ng  :  he  better  knows  gncat  Nature's  charms  to  prize. 

And  oft  he  traced  the  uplands,  to  furvcy 
WJim  o''cr  the  flcy  advanced  the  kindling  dawn. 
The  crirafon  cloud,  blue  main,  and  mountain  grey, 

I   And  lake  dim-gleaming  on  the  fmoky  lawn  ; 
Far  to  the  Weft  the  long  long  vale  withdrawn. 
Where  twilight  loves  lo  linger  for  a  v^hile  ; 
And  DOW  he  faintly  kens  the  bounding  fawn. 
And  villager  abroad  at  early  toil. — 
|3ut>  lo  f  the  iun  appears !  and  heaven,  earth,  ocean  ^miTe. 

I     And  oft  the  craggy  clfiT  he  lov*d  to  climb, 

I     When  all  i-n  mill  the  world  below  wai  loft, 

I    What  dreadful  pleafurc  I  there  to  Hand  fublimc, 

■  Xikc  (hipwreck'd  manner  on  dcfert  coaft, 

P    And  view  th'  enormous  wafte  of  vapour,  tofl 
In  billows,  lengthening  to  ih'  horizon  roun3. 
Now  /coop*d  in  gulphs,  with  mountains  now  embod  ! 
And  hear  the  voice  of  mirth  and  fong  rebound, 

fk)cki,  herds,  and  watcrfalk  along  the  hoar  profound ! 
In  truth  he  was  a  flrange  and  wayward  wight. 
Fond  of  each  gentle  and  each  dreadful  fcene. 
In  darknefs,  and  in  Rorro,  he  found  delight  i 
Nor  lefs,  than  when  an  ocean- wave  ferene 
The  fouthern  fun  diifufcd  his  dazzling  fhene. 
Even  fad  viciiTitude  amus'd  his  foul  : 
And  if  a  figh  would  fomefimcs  intervene, 
And  dowQ  his  check  a  tear  of  phy  roll, 
^  jggAr  Jt  iCMr  fa  Avcct,  he  ivi/h'd  not  ta  cotUtQuU  ^ 


S70  7^  XBnftreh  «r,  dit  Rtigrifs  sf  Gbums. 

In  ftanzas  xxxiu  and  xxxtti.  the  Author  has  done  injafticeto 
bis  abilities,  hj  making  uie  of  the  trite  fimile  of  the  biojr's  run- 
ning to  catch  the  rainbow ;  but;  ifter  his  refltdions  on  the 
difappointmentsof  age,  he  has  made  amends  by  a  Very  juft  and 
truly  philofophical  obfervation: 

Bat  why  fhonld  fbrefight  thy  fond  heart  alarm  ? 
Perifh  the  lore  that  deadens  yoang  defire ! 
PurTae,  poor  imp,  th*  imaginary  chanut 
Indalge  gay  Hope,  and  nleafin^  Fancy's  fire : 
Fancy  and  Hope  too  (bon  maU  ofthemiisives  expire. 

Though  the  Author  may  have  borrowed  this  thought  fim 
Roufleau's  Emilias,  yet  ftill  we  are  obliged  to  him  for  thjR 
pleafing  dreft  he  has  given  it. 

Two  ftanus  mpre  on  early  poetical  imaginatioa  will  o^  tj 
difpleaAng: 

When  the  lone-founding  corfew  fiom  a&r 
Iioaded  with  load  lament  the  lonely  gale, 
Yoang  Edwin^  lifted  by  the  erening-ftar. 
Lingering,  and  hfteniog,  wandered  qown  the  vafe* 
There  would  he  dream  of  graves  and  codes  pale  s' 
And  ghofts,  that  to  the  charnel- dungeon  throngs  ' 
And  ^rag  a  length  of  clanking  bhain,  and  wailj' 
Till  filenced  by  the  owls  terrific  fong. 
Or  blaft,  that  fhrieks  by  fts  the  Ibudde^ng  ifles  alo^gi 

Or,  when  the  fetting  moon  in  crimfon  dy'd. 
Hung  o'er  the  dark  and  melancholy  deep, 
To  haonted  ftream,  remote  from  man.  he  hied» 
Where  Fays,  of  yore,  thdr  revels  wont  to  keep; 
And  there  let  fency  roam  at  large,  till  fleep 
A  vifion  brought  to  hn  entranced  fight. 
And  Brft,  a  wildly-murmuring  wincT'gan  creep 
Shrill  to  hh  rinfiiig  ear,  then  tapers  bright. 
With  inflantaneou4  {^eam,.  iUnmed  the  vault  of  nights 

The  following  defcription  of  morn  will  be  admitted  as  f^' 

jiuine: 

But  who  the  melodies  of  momcan  tell  ? 
The  wiJd  brook  babblipg  dowq  the  mountain's  fide^ 
The  lowing  herd ;  the  ihf epfeld's  &mple  bell  i 
The  pipe  5  early  flie^herd  dim  dcfcned 
In  the  lone  valley ;  ecchping  far  and  wide 
The  clanlorous  horn  al6hg  tne  clifis  above  ; 
The  hollow  murmur  of  tne  oceah-tide ; 
The  hum^f  bees,  and  linnet's  lay  of  love. 
And  the  full  choir  that  wakes  the  univerfal  grove* 

T]i<{  cottage-curs  at  early  pSgrim  bark ; 

Crowned  with  her  pail^  the  taramv  mUknud  fings  | 

The  whiftling  plowmia^ttiXka  i&e^%  vm^^W^V 

Pown  ana  rough  ftopt  i}we  fmdlawiiii«B«LTav|>\  ^^^ 


^^^  tlVs  EJfay  m  MiHtaty  Firfi  Prindphu  ^J% 

K       TliTOttgh  ruflling  corn  the  hare  adonifhM  fpringi ; 

Slow  colls  the  viJlage-'Ctock  the  drowfy  boar; 

The  panridge  budls  away  on  whirring  wings  ; 

Deep  mourns  the  turtle  m  ffqucfler'd  bower. 

And  ihrtll  lark  carob  dear  from  her  aereal  tour* 

We  would  rccoaimcnd  it  to  the  Author  to  alter  the  laft  line 
oFflatiza  Iviii*  He  will  fee  that  it  is  below  the  mark  of  trutt 
lod  elegant  fimplicity. 

AlT*  ir.  Afi  EJfof  CH  Military  Firjl  Prmapla^     By  Major  Tha* 

kmas  Bell.  8vo.  4s.  fewed,  Becket.  1770. 
ROM  this  rpeclmen  of  Major  BeH's  abilities,  he  appear! 
to  be  a  good  foldicr,  and  it  would  have  given  us  pleafure 
d  we  have  added  that  be  ia  alfo  a  good  writer.  By  a  good 
writer  is  here  meant,  one  whofe  knowledge  of  language  is  equal  to 
the  purpofe  for  which  the  pen  is  afl^umed  :  for  to  write,  and  at 
the  fame  time  to  difcJatm  all  prctenfion  to  literary  (kill,  though 
iWs  is  fometimes  done,  is  an  abfurd  affedation  of  fdf-denial, 
and  (lands  no  chance  of  being  accepted  as  a  fatib factory  apo- 
Ipg)*  for  infufficiency. 

The  language  of  this  traA  ii  by  no  mean$  equal  to  the  mat* 
tcr  of  it :  for  it  is  fo  obfcure,  and  the  train  of  thought  is  fo 
dcfultory,  that  in  reading  the  preface  we  could  not  help  con- 
tra^fting  an  unfavourable  idea  of  the  work  that  was  to  follow^ 
Vk%  fyfftm  of  firft  principlesi  or  elements  of  military  fcience* 
The  firft  principles  of  any  art,  arc  its  fundamental  truths  j  and 
on  the  proper  choice  and  clear  cflablifhment  of  thefe  princi- 
plti,  depend  the  ftrcngth,  fymmetry,  and  beauty,  of  the  fuper- 
ilruflure  raifed  on  them.  But  though  the  Author  is  fond  of 
tht  c:cpreffion  firjl  prindpUs^  let  the  Reader  determine  by  the 
following  extraft  from  his  preface,  whether  we  have  done  this 
gentleman  any  injufticc  by  thefe  preliminary  obfervattons : 

*  To  treat  of  any  art  or  fcience  by  a  primary  relation  of  firft 
pnnciplef,  and  from  thofe  principtcs  to  attempt  to  draw  jull  infe- 
itnccs,  mull  ever  be  the  way  leall  liable  to  err,  and  when  erring, 
id  errors  the  cajleli  perceived  :^ — for  that  method  which  drily  ad- 
^pu  icfclf  to  the  anderllanding  alonet  will  ever  by  it  have  iu 
H^$  acknowledged*  or  dete^cd  and  exploded. 

^  There  are  fome  truths  to  which  a  large  part  of  mankind  give  an 
entire  afletit,  y^i  it  has  been  thought  neceflary  to  have  thofe  truths* 
thofe  firtl  principles  by  ^1  confcficd,  to  all  for  ever  repeated  and 
inculcated. 

*  The  firil  principles  of  all  military  matters  have  ever  had»  and 
perhapi  ever  will  have,  the  otmofk  ncccflity  of  repetition  ;  as  peace 
continually  fliews  in  all  ilate*,  praQjces  and  cuftoms  repugnant  to 
iruc  pnnaples,  and  war  hat  ever  produced  plans  and  atlWui  V4\>tt^ 
■tt|dple#  hMve  been  unknown  or  ibrgot^cOt 


<nfi  .JidVi'Efajf  oH  Militarj  PirJI  Pflniipki4 

'  \^niatavcr  profeffion  is  embraced  as  the  purfait  for  Wftt  td  Ifi 

ii\t  at,  comprehend^  and  if  pofiibky  be  mafter  of  the  6rff  prind- 
pies  of  fuch  profeflioDi  mttft  be  the  ardent  wiih,  nay  the  omy,  ditf 
ultimate  end  of  all  applicatioD.«^For  he  who  applies  hxotfelf  to  any 
bu find's,  art,  or  (<iejice>  civil  or  military »  ana  alihough  pofleffiag 
the  greateft  love,  the  utmod  paffion.for  it,  yet  if  he  does  not  obtaia 
a  knowledge  of  th6  true  m^aiis,  of  /irft  leading  troths^  he  ncfcf 
^rl  arfive  at  the  only  end.  .  :  .. 

'  In  the  :nilitary  profeflion  ^T?t  principles  are  the  only  govendDi 
roles ;  if  thry  are  difregarded,  appearances  may  dazzle  and.  aiiflead^ 
and  the  moU  fatal  efie&s  may  ^ow  ^tun  a  choice  void  of  atteatioa 
to  them. 

*  Without  £rft  principles  all  ibrts  of  preparations  in  peace,  aU 
fdrts  of  bpen'tcions  i A  war  will  never  be  bought  to  the  bar  of  tn|k 
<^  which  is  alfo  the  bat  of  national  ntility  and  of  vidoryr^4nd  dl 
warfare  will  pafs  away  without' imprcfling  on  the  mind  trmfas  aad 
lights  for  future  condud  and  futore  benefit : — they  are  the  only  die 
that  lead  through  the  labyrinth ;  ihey  fet  Mp  and  pull  do»a  flates 
and  (tin^doins  :— with  fuch  companions,  all  countries  fiad  every 
thing  within  t^emfejves ; — the  clothing,  the  exercifey  the  auuusimcsv 
the  aifciplinc  of  troops  are  found  without  external  fcarch. 

'  Cicero  IS  ah  Authority  that  may  Avithout  fear  be  cited,  id  Us 
tttatifc  De  Or  at  ere  he  writes,  "  I  pofitively  fay  there  is  no  aft  ift 
Which  ritles  can  be  hid  down  for  all  its  eifeAs,  but  whoever  Sas 
entered  into  the  nature  of  certain  :dire£ling  principles,  can  never  te 
under  any  difficulty  of  compafling  the  reft. 

*  There  can  be  no  man  fo  ideal,  fo  abfolutely  uninibnned,  ft 
tinterreftrial,  as  to  foppofe  any  fociety  of  men  will,  for  any  iei^ 
of  time,  a£l  pp  to  the  lirfl  principles  of  their  inilitution  i|  but  the 
nccfflity  for  knowing  £rft  principles  is  not  in  the  leaft  ileftfojcd 
thereby,  for  in  critical  fituatibns  it  muH  be  from  the  perception  of 
fuch  truths,  and  the  acting  confiftently  with  them,  that  ean  aloea 
give  birth  to  fafety  ;  and  the  military  fociety  can  in  war  only  hope 
'tot  viiflory  and  conqueft,  but  by  the  like  fimilar  means. 

*  All  hiftory  from  the  firfl  record  of  events  to  the  preftnt  tine^ 
however  voluminoos  and  various,  might  have  the  greateft  part  of  its 
military  relations  comprized  in  a  vtiy  few  pages  of  firft  principles.' 

•  From  this  laft  paragraph  the  Author  does  not  appear  to  vk 
his  words  wirh  any  precifion  j  for  we  can  never  fuppofe  tbtf 
the  grcatcftpart  of  the  tnilitarv  relations  in  hiftory,  might  be 
tomprized  in  a  few  pages  of  hrft  principles ;  though  poSUf 
the  principles  of  attack  and  defence,  diduced  from  tbf/iriktUi 
of  military  tranfadlona,  ttight  be  contained  in  a  very  fmill 
tompafs.  ■    '     "'    ' 

The  vague  utc  our  Author  makes  of  his  teritis,  is  ftill  aorf 
apparent  in  the  following  paflfage,- where,  ftyr  firfl  principU^^ 
fenfe  of  the  paflage  requires ^Er/?  duty^  and  they  arc  by  no  means 
fynonimous  expreflions. 

'  "^  The  fitft  prificipli  of  a  cotnmander  in  war,  is^  to  ftudj  tbe 
/libj><a,  be  it  campaign,  \»x.tXe,  ^^%^^  ««  tr^^^vvvoti.    A  doe 
dttcntion  to  fuch  principle^  \»  v^oAuSiw^  q>^  S»>xtA  ^\«»^  f^«<^ 
.  .    ..    ■      ..  ...  >       -  w^pu 


felPi  Eps  m  Military  fhft  Fnmiphu  tjj 

t0tptht^  of  cofiquefi,  dccifivenefs  of  con Ju<3>  bappy  dccifionS|  i 
of  little  flaughtcr,  undifmay,  and  vidtory.'  4 

A  writer  of  fcicnttfic  principles,  has  no  manner  of  ufc  for /!«] 
b;urativ€  modes  of  cxprc/!ion  j  brevity  and  pcrfpicuity  being  the  j 
bcft  charadleriftics  of  his  language.  The  enfuing  odd  incoht-»  j 
jrcnt  fimilc  could  not  be  paflcd  over  without  notice :  *  J 

*  All  fancier  in  w^r  might  be  like  mfedious  proviiions,  bu«l 
tied  ;  and  when  peace  coines,  ttiey  might  be  ploughed  up,  aaii 
fee  day-lightf  if  it  flioutd  be  To  ordained.*  I 

The  obje£ls  of  Mr.  Bell's  attention,  are  treated  of  in  the  fol- J 
lowing  order  :  0/  fhyf  PrindpUs — Invafiom  in  genfrni^  and  their  \ 
Principles — Exerdfe-^Exerdfi  ef  the  Firdock — liattalion  Firings-^  J 
Evduticm — IFar  in  general^  ami  of  its  Study — Campaigm — Bolt  in  \ 
^^ZU^ei^Expedlfmu—The  long  Linen  Gaiur—ACkak—The  iWi-  j 
litar^  Ct^/iUiidsn^  end  of  Di/dp!ine — Light  Infantry — Pou'ir  ^J 
Sfiiih.  1 

Though  this  arrangement  of  fubjei^s  cannot  be  called  either  j 
ftnalytical  or  fynthetical,  yet  in  a  detached  view  there  arc  manjr  I 
judicious  and  pertinent  remarks  under  each  head,  which  prove  J 
the  Major  not  to  have  been  inattentive  to  thofc  fiudies  which  | 
diftinguifli  the  able  officer.  I 

That  our  military  readers  may  be  enabled  to  form  a  compc*  I 
tent  judgment  of  the  manner  in  which  thcfe  principles  are  dc* 
livered,  we  fijall  give  that  fcdtion  entire  which  treats  of  battles. 

*  Battirs  have  ever  been  the  lafl  refourcc  of  good  gencrali ;  %  \ 
fitoation  where  char^ce  and  accident  often  ba^e  and  overcome  the  1 
jnoft  prudential  and  moft  able  arrangements,  and  where  fupcriority 
in  number*  by  no  means  arc  certain  of  facccfs,  is  fuch  as  is  never 
entered  inio  without  a  clear  neceffity  for  fo  doing. — The  iighting  ji  I 
battle  only  bccau  fc  the  enemy  is  near,  or  from  having  ao  other  1 
formed  plan  of  offencct  is  a  direful  way  of  making  war:  Darius  loft  I 
his  crown  and  life  by  it ;  King  Harold  of  England  did  the  fame;  anJ  ] 
Francis  L  at  Pavia,  loll  the  battle^  and  his  liberty. — King  John  of  I 
Prance  fought  the  battle  of  Poidiers^  though  ruin  attended  hi^  cnc*  I 
my  if  he  did  not  fight.  I 

*  The  true  fuuation  for  giving  battle,  is  when  an  army's  iituatlon  I 
cannot  be  work,  if  it  Is  defeated,  thau  it  mult  be  if  it  does  not  I 
&ght  at  all,  and  when  the  gain  may  be  great,  and  the  lofs  little.—  | 
Such  was  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  at  H.illcnbeck,  and  Prince  Per-  ] 
dinand's  at  FclIInghaurcn,  I 

*  Another  fituaiiou  for  giving  battle,  or  attacking*  ii,  when  th©  | 
enemy  ihaJl  have  j:ut  himftrlf,  or  be  drawn  into  a  fuuation  in  which  j 
there  may  be  the  c.oil  moral  probabUity  of  defeating  him*  ] 

*  There  may  be  exigencies  of  ftatc  that  require  its  army  to  attack  | 
the  enemy  at  all  events.— Such  were  the  caufcs  of  the  battles  of  BIcn-  I 
helm,  and  of  Zorndorff  and  CunnefdoriTin  the  late  war.  I 

*  Another  caufe  for  giving  battle,  is,  to  attempt  to  relieve  a  place  I 
befte^di  when,  by  overcoming  cicher  the  bcfiegiog  army  ot  \Vt^  I 
covering  one^  the  cn^my  may  be  obliged  to  zb^kxvdgu  ^2tv!c  ^\t^it^'^\w«.*ttjl 


t74  BdUV  BJfof  m  Mliuny  flrJIPrinSpld. 


tf  defeated,  themMny'toifafitepiojeSsoattOAljFMm  BCd»lriMl| 
of  the  place. 

*  A  battk  may  alfo  be  proper  to  be  gives  vlien  way  mat  oorpi 
it  near  making  a  jundtion  with  the  army  of  the  enemy,  wiiich*  nhn 
made,  will  £^ve  him  fuch  a  foperioriQr»  at  to  be  dbdfivc  of  dt 
campaign  in  his  fiLvoor,  and  when  a  defeat  will  not  difenabte  It 
pnrlue  the  defenfive  plan. 

*  Extraordinary  defpondency  in  an  army,  a  want  of  ^  confidenct 
i|i  their  chief,  or  chiefs,  a  difonimi  among  them,  the  gtjtialiw 
manding  not  in  any  great  roeafare  to  be  druded,  the  annj  diiandir 
compoCra*  and  badly  difciplined,  and  theoppofites  of  the  ibt^griag 
being  in  the  oppoitng  army»  may  indace  the  general  of  the  lamr  It 
give  battle.— Sach  circomfiances,  in  great  meafuie,  canfed  the  haBb 
ofRoibach  tobefbught  by  the  Praffians.        ^      ^  ^  - 

*  The  preoarations  for  battle  admit  of  infinite  variety  s  by  I 
Icnowledg^  of  the  detail  of  battles,  ^l^e  precept  will  aoooaUMBy  At 
fRcample. — The  main  general  preparatives  are,  to  profit  m  aq 
yanuge  of  eroond,  that  the  tadical  form  of  the^  army  be  k  i 
^eafnre  a&pted  to  it;  and  that  fnch  form  is,  if  poffihle^  a1 
taflically  better  than  the  adverfary's ;  and,  in  forming  the  aimi*  la 
have  a  moft  careful  attention  to  multiply  refburoes,  (o  that  the  to 
pf  the  army  does  not  hang  on  one  or  two  fin^e  efibits  $  to  nve  aaf 
particular  part  of  the  army,  whoTe  quality  is  faperior  to  uch  past 
la  the  ienemy's  army,  a  pofition  that  enfures  a&ion  ;  and,  -fiaaDy* 
to  have  a  rear  by  nature,  or,  if  poffible,  by  art,  capable  of  cheddB| 
the  enemy  in  cafe  of  defbat, 

*  Since  the  ufe  of  fire  arms,  taffies  have  in  great  meafere  beta 
^fregarded  i  thofe  forms  have  only  been  fought  which  oppofed  ifa9 
created  quantity  of  fire :  cannon  will  deftroy  columns,  and  mop 
3rawn  up  with  depth,  are  not  fo  properly  formed  to  ddead  hedges, 
where  a  long  line  of  fire  may  be  neceflfary :  but,  however,  viAMS 
perhaps  may  be  gained  at  prefent  by  mere  dint  of  ♦■^*««^  at 
lurely  as  they  were  ever  gained  heretofore. 

*  If  an  army  attacks,  and  marches  of  courie  to  its  adverikry,  ha* 
preffion  muft  be  its  ob)e£^,  and  that  very  often  will  be  beft  done  Iqr 
an  eflfbrt  of  weight  upon  a  particular  part ;  for  when  one  part  of  aa 
army  gives  ground,  it  is  in  general  likely  it  will  be  defeated.— The 
conceding  die  real  purpofed  attack  may  not  always  be  ^poCblk     ^ 
from  the  nature  of  the  ground  afl%)rding  the  enemy  a  yrwm  of  ai 
proceedings;  but  it  will,  on  the  contrary,  very  often  permit  coeopk 
ment. — Mar(hal  Luxembourg,  at  the  battle  of  Flennu,  pereeiv^    { 
the  Pl-ince  of  Waldeck  could  not  fee  the  march  pf  his  cavalry  ob  m    ; 
}eA  wing,  drew  them  up  on  the  Prince's  rights  wh|ch  they  attachrf^    ; 
and  gained  the  vidlory.  / 

*  The  drawing  up  an  army  in  two  Ion?  lines  and  a  fiioit  oa^ 
mud  be  from  the  ditterent  nature  of  ground,  the  dififerentibnn  aii 
pumbers  of  the  enemy,  only  jull  taking  things  as  they  are  ibi|od, 
without  any  fort  of  adjufting  armies  to  groundt  iMi4  ^  ^^^  ^ 
ponents. 

*    *  The  coup  d'ctil  of  field  fortification  is,  by  irregular  and  dctpcM 

works  adapted  to  gro\ind,  to  fotm  %.  cottc^\t»t  Sl^eajMoical  (lieceef 

fprtiBcmou,  though  to  a  cwMftoiDkts^  ^Vi\a4%i^^^TOi»s^«^^ 


BdVs  Epy  m  Military  Flrfi  PrtncipUu 

THe  e»f  d*^i  of  battle  is  to  tkrow  an  atucking  army  Into  ot\ty  onei 
*perbapS|  of  two  or  three  poiats  of  form  that  (hall  bear  down,  or,  by 

tts  focceiEoii  of  refouFce,  drive  away  an  oppoiltion  not  fonncd  ad- 

noate  CO  rtpulfe  Iti  attacken* 

•  The  ftratagcma  of  battle  arc  witboat  end.— If  at»y  particular 
pait  of  the  enemy's  trmy  Ihould  be  Icrfs  liable  to  refill  than  the  other 
parts,  there  would  be  attack  on  that  part. 

•  It  has  been  faid,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  fitoatlon  at  Haftcn- 
^k  was  one  to  'give  battle  io, — The  Duke  having  been,  from  the 
great  fcperiority  of  the  French  army,  obliged  to  retreat,  aitivcd  at 
Ifateibeck  ;  if  he  retreated  farther,  the  clefkorate  of  Hanover  was 
fertslttly  loft ;  if  he  fooght  a  battle,  and  was  beat,  he  could  but 
that  iUlt  retreat,  and  lofe  the  eletlorate ;  and  if  he  was  vidorious, 
ht  Biighl  be  able  to  preferve  Hanover,  if  not  forae  part  of  the 
lUbapricti — if  he  had  fought  a  battle  before,  he  would  have  had 
10  wear  place  of  fafctv  for  retreat  ;  and  if  he  fonght  it  on  ihiS 
gnmvd  near  HaAenbeck,  he  had  Hamclin  clofe  in  his  rear,  which 
wQfolfi  a§brd  him  a  fecnre  and  a  fafe  one.^ — Here  then  was  a  true 
tenimfi  to  fight  a  battle,  much  to  be  got  by  iu  gain,  and  nothing 
fiobe  lo(Vby  defeat^. 

•  Duke  Ferdinand,  at  the  battle  of  Fcllinghaulen,,  had  Ham  to 
protefl  hii  retreat ;  if  he  croffed  ihe  Lippe  without  fighting,  f ^ipiladt 
would  have<|uickiy  been  inveflcd  ;  if  he  did  fight,  and  was  fucccfs* 
fal,  the  fecurjty  of  the  bKhoprics  wonld  probably  be  the  fruits  of  the 
bccefs  i — if  he  was  beat,  he  then  only  would  have  crofTcd  th6 
Lippe,  and  do  what  he  would  oiherwife  have  done  had  he  palTcd  it 
without  fighting  at  all, — Moreover,  the  having  both  the  French  ar- 
ttiet  ailing  againll  his  whole  army,  was  a  point  to  be  wilhed  ;  il^, 
iMtafe  his  army  was  unable  to  divide  in  any  degree  of  equal  oppoR* 
Uon  to  the  French  ;  and,  as  there  was  a  great  jcaloufv  and  difagrec* 
ncBt  between  the  French  Marlhals,  he  might  reafonably  and  jiifti. 
ftbly  hope  that  fach  jcaloufy  would  produce  its  natural  efh^s,  an(^ 
mhidh  it  did  do, — This  then  was  another  fituation  for  battle,  whcrei 
the  gaiti  was  great  and  probable,  the  lofs  not  to  be  attended  with 
fatal  dicdi,  and  where  an  opportanity  offered  to  fight,  with  fucK 
fiirvoiiribfe  circumilances,  as»  if  miiled,  would  not  probably  be  re* 
giined, 

•  The  King  of  Pruffia's  battles,  during  the  late  war,  were  chiefly 
battles  of  ilate  ncceffity  ;  he  was  ruined  if  he  did  not  fight. — la 
f75K,  when  the  Kiog  of  Prudia  fought  the  battle  of  Zorndorff",  his 
toofitry  was  cither  to  be  ravaged  by  the  Aullrians  or  the  Ruf* 
fransp    if  he  aftcd  on    the  defcnfive,  as  he  could  not  make  head 

lift  both  ; — a  battle  therefore  might  free  him  from  one,  and  en- 
him  to  keep  the  othrr  in  check  at  Icaft, — The  vtflory  of  Zorn- 
ilorff'frecd  him   from  the   Ruflian^,  and   gave  him  liberty  to  a^ 
i^fift  tbe  Auiirtant . 

•  In  1759,  the  battle  of  CunnefdorfP  againfl  the  Ruffians,  wai 
mother  of  abfoJutc  neceCTuy  ;  all  the  Prufllan  dominions  were  in  pof- 
ftffion  of  his  enemies  i  dctcnding  was  ruin ;  and  nothing  but  vie- 
__^ ^- — * 

•  OnrAothor  having,  jaU  beforr,  obfervcd,  thaiif  tli^D\iV.^\k^i 
£pt/bii£ho  Jic muH b^vc  ioii  the  cievloratc 


ft;*  BcU^jr  Epy  m  Mdkary  Brft  Prlnaphs: 

tofy,  or  a  icvere  check  to  his  adiTrfaiiesj  could  in  any  fiiapc  a&fstt 
kk  uncommon  circumilances. 

*  The  compofition  of  the  lrnper]:il  army  in  ij%6^  at  the  battkcl 
RoIbach»  was  luch  as  might  have  induced  an  oppoftng  getieralcoi^ 
battle,  from  the  great  probability  of  their  defeat — No  dcience  cotfd 
be«xpe£led  from  that  part  of  it  drawn  from  the  circle*  of  the  Em- 
pire ;  and  its  chief,  as  well  as  the  French  commander,  garc  Jxir 
hgpcs  of  luccefs  to  an  attacker. 

'  The  battle  of  Blenheim  wasof  Aatc  ncce^ty. — A  defeniiieplm 
would  have  left  the  French  to  have  wintered  in  Bavaria,  and  21 6e 
fame  time  expofed  Flanders  to  loiTes^  on  account  of  die  abfence  of 
its  army. — ^A  battle  therefore  might  gain  every  things  and  a  Jofiof 
it  fcarcc  ieave  the  empii-e  more  open  to  the  French  than  before. 

*  The  citing  of  a  number  ©f  ejtamples  needi  no  oiher  palm  than 
the  perufal  of  hillory,  where  will  be  found   battles  fought  on  all 
manner  of  accounts,  fome  with  folid  objcdls  in  view,  other* 
fcarce  any  bcnejit  could  attend   their  gain,  others  when  ruin 
attend  their  lofs,  and   little  advantage  their  fucoefs. — Some 
tn  improper  ground,  fome  with  the  ground  judicioafly^  chofco;^— 
ibme  whofc  tadical  forms  bid  fair  for  fucccfs,  others  almoU  caftttc^l 
a  defeat. 

'  *  The  lall  Duke  of  Bargoadyt  before  he  fotight  the  battle  of 
Granfon  again  £1  the  Swifi;,  was  oSered  every  advantage,  if  he  would 
jigree  to  peace,  that  he  could  poiTefs  by  vi^ory  »  he  refufed  to  Ireiib 
ibught»  and  was  beat, — He  drew  up  his  men  in  a  narrow  n6t 
itvhere  the  Swifs«  much  his  inferiors  in  numbers,  could  oppoK  U 
great  a  front  as  that  of  his  own  army. 

'  When  Hannibal  fought  the  battle  of  Zama»  his  fecond  lia£ 
Itavin^  CO  intervals  for  the  retreat  of  his  £rft>  waa  tadicajjy  liablt 
CO  de&at,    . 

*  When  the  Hereditary  Prince's  army  paffed  the  Rhiae»  after  the 
affair  of  Clofter  Campen  in  1760,  the  French  general  had  the  fiiirel 
opportunity  of  dcftroying  tbcm,^ — If  he  had  been  repul fed,  Wcfd 
could  be  in  no  danger,  and  the  year  fo  far  advanced^  as  that  na ad- 
vantages could  have  accrued  to  the  Allied  Army  from  fucccf* ;  and 
it  was  in  his  power  (a  thing  very  rarely  the  cafe)  to  have  entcrtd  is 
little,  or  as  much  into  the  attack  as  he  had  plcafcd,  for  the  Princt'i 
bufmcis  was  to  pafs  the  Rhine* — The  Allied  Army  had  been  de- 
feated, and  of  couri'e  difpirited,  and  were  totally  worn  down  by  wtac 
of  viduah  and  faiigac. — The  French  had  gained  a  vi^lory,  andweie 
not  in  want  of  provifions,— The  Prince's  bridge  broke  where  theit 
was  an  entrenchment  to  defend  it,  and  was  obliged  to  be  morfd 
where  there  was  none;  and  farther,  upon  the  leail  iauiter*  or  break* 
or  giving  ground  of  the  Allied  troops,  the  river  Rhine  muH  hm 
been  their  fate.— Had  the  French  general  marched  his  army*  wHkh 
was  much  fuperior  to  the  Prince's,  and  attacked  before  the  Alliei 
began  to  pafs,  or  after  fome  were  palTcd,  a  totaJ,  or  a  very  great  dc* 
flru^ion,  mull  have  certainly  enfucd,  and  which  would  have  beci 
of  the  moll  ferious  confequenccs  in  the  fate  of  the  next  campatga ; 
inilead  of  which,  no  attack  wai  made  at  all,  and  one  of  the  mo^ 

I'iaiid  ajid  uncommon  fair  oonoxiMxCvUfi*  v^  ^^"iuto^  a^^^^t  wa£  miiW* 


1 


J 


He 


his  thrown  m  iht  Hiftdfy  cfMar^  ^  0/  Englatid. 

*  Tbe  battle  of  Val,  in  J  747*  was  a  battle  of  refoorce;  Mariha 
a<e  kept  conHantly  feeding  the  objv^A  of  attack* 

'  In  fordtication,  the  defendants  are  chiefly  In  force  where  the 
mttack  or  attacks  are  made:  in  battle*  where  the  attacks  are,  there 
lithe  principal  defence,— If  an  army  ^ittacks,  it  forms  at  pleafurc, 
it  makes  it^  points  at  will ;  if  it  defends,  it  will  be  difficult  ft^metimes 
10  penetrate  into  the  dcfipn^  of  ihcr  enemy,  bat,  when  once  found, 
faccoor  fuccecds  to  the  di{icovery\ — Ground  and  numbers  mufl  ever 
kad  in  the  form  of  battles : — imprellioa  and  refourcc  wiU  cvc#  biJ 
faired  for  winning  them/ 

Left  our  Readers  fhould  be  at  a  lofs  to  conceive  how  the 
f^wtr  of  fptech  happens  to  be  the  fubjcfl  of  a  chapter  in  a 
mtlttary  treatifc,  wc  (hall  inform  them,  that  Major  Bell,  un- 
der that  hcud,  treats  of  the  advantages  of  proper  addreile*  to 

IdierSy  by  their  commanding  officers,  ca  fignal  occafions,  in 
critical  fuuations,  and  important  tmeigencies. 


►' 


Art,  III.  ^ftc;  Lights  thrown  upon  the  Hijlon  tf  Mary  ^een  ef 
England^  tldtji  Daught<r  of  HcmyVllL  Addrcfitd  to  David 
Hyme,  Efq;  Author  of  tbe  Hiftory  of  the  Plantagencts,  the 

'    Tmlors,    and   the  Stuarts.     Tranflaced   from    the  French* 

•    Sfo.    2S-  fewed,     Wilkic.     1771* 

AS  this  publication  has  impofed  upon  its  Tranflator,  and 
as  It  may  fall  into  the  hands  of  Readers  who  have  little 
acqaaintance  with  the  Knglilh  hiftory,  we  thmk  it  our  duty  to 
otpofe  ita  defc<25^  and  to  point  out  its  gener^  fcope  and  in- 
tention. 

Inftead  of  throwing  any  li^ht  on  the  iran&Sions  of  Mary's 
reign,  it   fcrves  to  involve  them   in  confafion  ;  and  from  the 
cenfure  which  it  has  profufcly  lavifhed  on  a  celebrated  hiftorian, 
wc  can  only  learn,  that  its  Author  \^  totally  uninformed  con- 
lerning  the  fubjeft  which  he  has  endeavoured  to  illuftrate. 

The  following  obfervations,  at  the  fame  time  that  the^  will 
exhibit  a  fpecimen  of  the  performance,  will  furnifli  us  with  ait 
opportunity  of  making  fuch  ftriflyrcs  on  it  as  will  fuificiently 

» evince  its  imperfections, 
*  In  the  firft  volume  of  the  French  tranflatlon  of  your  hrftory 
of  the  Tudors,  fays  ihc  Author,  addrcfllng  himfelf  to  Mr.  Hume, 
we  read,  that  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VL  the  Princcfs 
Mary  hi*  filler,  attcmpttdtt^  tfiapt  WITH  Charki^  her  km/man^  to 
aviid  ^nater  perfecuiions^  but  th^t  ktr  dtjign  was  dijcovirtd  and 
preVifsttd.  This  ex  predion  ought  certainly  to  be  explained  : 
firft,  Who  Is  this  kinfman  Charlo  with  whom  ihc  attempted  ta 
efcapc  ?  Was  it  Charles  V.  her  coufio-german  ?  If  it  was  him^ 
it  Oiou^d  have  been  faid  that  (he  attempted  to  withdraw,  and 
lake  refuge  with  Chajlcs  her  relation  ;  f.  r  certa^tvl^  xVi^vlLtsx- 
ftwrtfJd  not  then  come  into  t  nghnd   to  uiUll   la  Wt  et^^e.. 


tyj   New  Lights  tbr&iUH  on  tbi  Htfi^fj^/Mary  ^  ^/EifglsnJL 

What  fteps  did  (be  take  in  order  to  leave  England  (for  \ 
word  attempt  implies  fume  adlion  and  e^rt)  and  what  wasdoiM 
to  hinder  her  flight  ?  Had  flie  fct  out  in  order  to  embark,  oc 
had  any  veflcl  been  prepared  to  receive  her  ?  Was  £hc  ftoppd 
upon  the  road  before  flic  reached  the  fea-lhore,  or  was  toy  pof 
mcafurc  taken  to  deprive  her  of  the  (hip  engaged  for  her  tran* 
fportation  f  One  might  reafonably  expect  fomethtng  would  have 
been  offered  to  obviate  fuch  doubts  as  muft  naturally  arite  la 
the  mind  of  an  attentive  and  intelligent  Reader, 

'  M.  dc  Noaillcs  places  this  proje^  of  a  flight  to  have  hap- 
pened in  the  (hort  interval  between  Edward's  death  and  her  ad* 
vancement  to  the  throne.  He  fays,  the  Princefs  had  fomt 
thoughts  of  croHing  the  fea  after  the  death  of  her  brother,  m 
which  flie  was  advifcd  fay  feveral  perfons,  in  order  to  fecurelier 
life  and  liberty  ;  and  adds*  that  if  ihe  had  then  quitted  £ii|» 
land,  flie  would  not  have  found  one  friend  to  fupport  berio* 
tereft,  or  contribute  to  bes.  return.  It  is  very  probable  (he  re- 
linquiflied  this  delign  fo  foon  as  flic  perceived  her  party  wm 
ftronger  and  more  numerous  than  was  at  firft  imagined  i  in4 
inflead  of  abandoning  her  hopes  to  the  impulfc  of  fearajvldif* 
uuRf  flie  fotmd  herielf  in  a  condition  to  render  her  power  re- 
fpeQable/ 

In  the  reign  oF  Edward  VI.  when  Somcrfet  rcfigned  the  pfo- 
teflorfliip,  the  admintflration  of  affairs  was  conduflcd  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  who  promoted  the  principles  of  the 
reformation  ;  and  among  other  fteps  which  were  then  taken  for 
the  fuppreffion  of  popery,  it  was  determtncd,  that  the  Princeft 
Maryflioyld  no  longer  be  fuffcrcd  to  adhere  to  the  mafs,  and 
to  lejcft  the  new  liturgy.  She  was,  therefore,  remonftnted 
with  on  this  fubjeS  j  and  her  two  chaplains  were  thrown  into 
prifon.  In  this  fituation,  dreading  farther  violence,  **  flie  to- 
deavourcd,  fays  Mr.  Hume,  to  make  her  efcape  ta  ^  ber  kJAf* 
man  Charles  ;  but  her  defign  was  dlfcovered  and  prevented/* 
That  flie  made  thts  attempt  is  fufficienlly  afcertaincd  by  authca- 
tic  proofs,  ar.d  by  the  confequences  it  produced.  For  when 
Cbaftes  fuund  that  ftie  was  detained  in  England,  he  threatcncJ 
hoflilities  if  liberty  of  confciencc  was  rcfufed  her  j  and  ibc 
young  King,  who  lamented  his  fifter's  obftinacy,  was  prevailtd 
with  to  allow  her  to  contiiitie  in  the  Romifli  faith.  But  our 
Author,  while  he  is  unacquainted  with  (he  terms  In  which  Mr. 
IIuiiic  has  cxpreflcd  himfclf,  with  regard  to  this  defign^  bii 
alfo  alTerced,  that  he  is  miilaken  in  rcUtion  to  the   period  uf 

♦  Not  ivifL    The  error  of  the  Fiench  iranHator  is  afcribed  tt>Mj'* 

f{i*tnc.     If  is  perfedlly  ridiculous  to  pot  the  qucftion*  iFif4  i$  fh» 

ktmjm&n  Charh,  f    Had  Mary  atvy  other  kin  (man  of  thai  name  be* 

£d€  tht  Emperor  Charles  lo  >w\\ouv  ftic  t^i^viXi^  \^\v\V  ^i  %y.'f\iv'^  ^  ^lo* 

mtCViQn  ! 


1 


{ 


CriiUal  Obfirvatlsm  on  thi  BkUding$^  itc,  ofLcnion^      tj^ 

t!me  when  Mary  formed  the  projed  of  her  flight,  M.  deNoatUes^ 
he  obfervcs,  places  this  circumflancc  in  the  fliort  interval  be* 
twecn  Edward's  death  and  Mary's  advancement  to  the  throne* 
It  is  not,  however,  to  this  circumftance  that  M.  de  Noaillet 
has  alluded  ;  and  if  our  Author  had  given  himfelf  the  trouble  to 
confult  the  Englifli  hiftorians,  he  might  have  learned,  that 
Miry  had,  at  diffirent  timis^  conceived  an  intention  of  abandon- 
ing the  kingdom.  At  the  time  referred  to  in  the  difpatches  ot 
M.  de  Noailles,  (he  thought  of  flying  into  a  foreign  country, 
in  order  to  efcape  the  vigilance  of  the  duke  of  Northumberland, 
whofc  criminal  ambition  had  induced  him  to  plot  againft  her 
life,  that  he  might  fecurc  to  lady  Jane  Grey  the  fuccciTion  ta 
the  crown  of  England, 

The  ignorance  and  inaccuracy  fo  apparent  in  the  extratfl  we 
have  given  from  this  performance,  are  no  !cfs  confpicuous  in  the 
other  obfervations  which  tt  contains.  It  appears  to  be  the  pro- 
duAion  of  a  rigid  papift  ;  and  its  general  tendency  is  to  vindicate 
the  character  of  Mary  from  the  juft  reproaches  that  have  been 
thrown  upon  it  by  the  proteflant  hiftorians.  It  is  a  panegyric 
on  a  queen,  who  joined  to  great  wcaknefs  of  underftanding,  the 
moft  obftinatc  bigotry  and  the  utmofl  malignity  of  difpofition. 

Art*  IV.     Critical  Ohfffvattfffts  on  ihe  But/dings  and  Impr&vi^ 
mints  of  Lmdm,     4to.     2s»  6d.     Dodfley.     I77t, 

IN  this  performance,  the  particular  defeats  of  many  of  our 
public  ftruftures  arc  pointed  out;  and  the  Author  has  very 
properly  ridiculed  that  aukward  imitation  of  the  country  amidit 
the  fmoke  and  buftle  of  the  town,  which  is  To  dtfgufting  in 
fome  of  the  fquarcs  in  this  metropolis.  But  though,  in  general, 
his  obfervations  arc  juft,  we  muft  rcr^ark^  that  in  criticifipg  fome 
of  our  public  works,  which  arc  not  of  very  modern  date,  he 
fcems  inclined  to  draw  conduffons  from  them  concerning  the 
taftc  of  the  prcfcnt  inhabitants  of  London.  From  edifices^  how* 
ever,  which  have  cxifted  for  any  length  of  time,  we  can  only 
judge  with  propriety  of  the  ideas  of  elegance  and  convenience 
which  were  entertained  r.t  the  period  of  their  erei£lion.  In  this 
cafe  we  arc  not  to  rcafbn  from  the  paft  to  the  prefcnt ;  and  in- 
convenient ftreets,  and  unftiapcly  fabrics,  cannot  be  demoliflicd 
in  a  moment,  and  indantly  conftru^ed  and  rebuilt  after  happier 
models,  to  picafe  the  caprice  of  a  virtuofo  or  an  a r till. 

Perhaps  the  prefcnt  period  is  that  in  which  the  moft  general 
fpirit  of  improvements  ot  every  kind  has  prevailed  in  this  coun- 
try; and  to  do  juHice  to  our  Author,  he  fcems  to  be  abundamlv 
fcnfibic  of  this  fa^  in  fcveral  parts  of  his  performance,  •  Every 
fefSon  of  parliament,  fays  he,  is  now  marked  by  fome  bill  for 
the  iiiclofing  of  commons,  cutting  of  canals,  conftrufting  of 
bridges,  embanking  of  rivers,  makings  mecvdvT:\^^^Tv^^vvt<vcv^'|_ 


I 


%tO       Critical  Ohfirvatms  on  tht  Buildings^  tjc,  cfL^mhn^ 

of  highways,  and  for  the  paving  and  lighting  of  llreets.'  Froni 
the  taflc  now  diffufcd  among  all  ranks  of  men,  the  greatcft  ad 
vantages  arc  doubtlcfs  to  be  ejcpciflcd.  The  improvements  be 
gun,  will  be  extended  and  continued  ;  and  it  is  impofijblc  ta 
lay  to  what  length  they  ftiall  be  earned,  in  a  coufury  where 
commerce  is  perpetually  enriching  the  individual,  and  where 
the  difplays  of  his  magniiiccncc  are  unrcdrilned  hy  fumptuar^ 
laws. 

The  obje<£l  in  London   fufccpiiblc  of  the  highcil  improve* 
mcnt  in  the  opinion  of  our  Author,  is  the  river  Thames. 

•  The  Thames,  the  pride  and  palladium  of  LundoOi  hat 
hitherto,  fays  hc»  been  albwcd  to  ilea]  through  the  town,  Hko 
Mr.  Bays*s  army,  in  difguife,  while  the  Seiiic^  the  Arno,  and  h 
every  diich  in  Holland,  sire  adorned  with  lupeib  keys.  How-  fl 
cvcr^  the  time  feems  at  hand  when  it  is  to  emerge  from  its  aii« 
tLcnt  obrcurity.  Already  two  bridges,  worthy  pf  iu  waterSf 
ftretch  gracefully  from  {hore  to  fliorc  ;  and  the  third,  which  has 

ib  long  obflrufled  and  dlfhonoured  its  ftream,  bids  fsiir  under  ^ 
the  prefent  enlightened  fydcm  of  the  city,  to  be  foon  removed.  I 
It  may  not  be  ami fs  to  obferve  here,  that  Blackfryars  bridge,  to 
its  own  intrinfic  merit,  adds  this  concurrent  advantage  of  af* 
/ording  the  bcft  and  perhaps  the  only  true  point  of  view  for  the 
magnihcent  cathedral  of  St.  Paur*,  with  the  various  churcbet 
in  the  amphitheatre  that  reaches  from  Weftminfter  to  the  Tower, 

*  The  project  ot  embanking  alfo  promifes  much  for  ihc  cm^ 
fcdlifbmciu  and  improvement  of  the  rivfr.  )^efidc{^  thp  b^nc^ 
ill  to  navigation  I  it  opens  a  vail  field  of  reformation  on  the 
wharfs  and  keys.  The  works  carrying  on  amid  the  antient 
ruins  of  Durham  Yard,  is  a  f»mple  of  what  may  be  done  in  that 
way  ;  and  from  thp  terras  of  that  ftatcly  pile  we  qan  bell  judge 
of  the  cfFe«5i  of  ^o  noble  an  pbjc£l  as  the  Thames  properly  dif- 
playe4*  You  have  here  an  extenfivc  fweep  of  water  with  tium^ 
berlefs  gay  images  moving  on  it^  furface  ;  two  bandfome  bridges 
bound  the  unbroken  prolped,  while  beyond,  the  various  fpirci 
of  the  city,  and  of  Weftmmftcr,  appearing  at  a  diftance,  add 
to  the  richnefs  of  the  fccne*  Were  but  the  embankment  com* 
pletely  finiflicd  all  along,  it  would  depend  fol^Iy  on  the  inba* 
bitanti  to  have  keys  on  the  Thames,  which  none  in  Europe 
pould  rival  cither  in  beauty  or  extent/ 

What  he  has  advanced  concerning  the  building  of  a  fcnate*. 
houfc,  zn^  concerning  a  palace  for  our  kings,  dcfcrves  th^  at« 
tcntion  of  the  legiflatute* 

The  former,  he  remarks,  *  ihould  not  only  ccmprchend  cirery 
jiccominodatlon  of  cafe  and  dignity  for  the  two  houfcs  of  parr 
liamcnt,  but  alfo  include  the  courts  of  juflices  with  their  pro* 
per  offices^  that  the  oracle*  of  law  may  no  longer  be  delivered 
frvfn  wcioJt^n  bQotij^i  rup  up  in  i)JC  C4?n)W  of  iin  glJ  Uoibicl^ 


I 


I 


Critical  Ohfervaitans  o\  the  ^ulldings^  ^c.  of  London.       28  f 

hall.  Nothing  more. readily  imprefles  ftrangers  with  reverence 
for  the  laws  and  government  of  a  country,  than  the  pomp  and 
fplendor  which  furround  them.  Whoever  beheld  the:  Stadt-houfc 
at  Amfterdam,  without  conceiving  a  more  refpedful  idea  of  the 
republic  of  HolJand,  than  can  be  conveyed  by  the  words  High 
and  Mighty  rcpeafed  fifty  times. in  a  plocaart  * ?* 

The  latter  is  certainly  an  undertaking  which  is  loudly  de« 
manded  by  the  honour  and  dignity  of  the  nation.  *  How  dif- 
graceful,  fays  our  Author,  to  fee  the  head  of  this  mighty  empire 
worfe  lodged  than  the  Gonfalionlere  of  &an  Marino j  or  the  chief 
magiftrate  of  Glarls  or  Ziig  !  But  it  is  not  fufficicnt  to  have  a 
mere  royal  houfe  for  the  refidcnce  of  the  fovereign.  In  it  Oiould 
alfo  be  comprehended  proper  offices  for  the  departments  of  the 
executive  power  that  are  more  immediately  conne£ted  with  the 
crown,  fuch  as  thofe  pertaining  to  the  privy-councii  and  the 
fecretaries  of  ftate  ;  the  latter  of  which  are  at  prefent  fcattered 
in  difibrent  corners  of  the  town,  and  fome  of  them  hired  by  the 
week. 

<  Thefe  objeds,  continues  he,  properly  fulfilled,  would  add 
luftre  to  the  crown  and  weight  to  the  government.  It  is  truly 
laughable  to  hear  the  cxpence  mentioned  as  an  argument  againft 
them,  in  a  nation  that  has  on  many  occafions  thought  light  of 
beftowing  ten  times  the  fum  neceflary  for  thefe  ends  in  foreign 
fubfidies,  often  employed  by  the  princes  who  received  them  to 
no  better  purpofe  than  patching  up  an  old  caftle;,  or  fpouted 
away  in  jet  d^eaus.  I  fliould  imagine  forty  or  fifty  thoufand 
pounds  a  year  fufficient  for  carrying  .on  and  completing  thofe 
works  :  a  fum  which  a  moderate  duty  on  a  few  articles  of  luxury 
atone  could  eafily  raife.  Not  to  mcotion  numberlefs  other  un- 
touched refources  for  fo  trifling  a  fupply,  the  lotteries  would 
furntfli  it  with  eafe,  fince  they  are  found  by  experience  capibl# 
of  producing  annually  two  hundred  thoufand  pounds  cleajr  by  a 
voluntary  tax  on  the  folly  and  fupcrfluityr  of  the  people.' 

The  other  improvements  which  our  Author  has  fuggeded  for 
the  decoration  of  London,  would  alfo  t^nd  confiderabiy  to  pro- 
duce  that  efFefl ;  and  he  dcferves  the  highed  commendation  for 
the  public  fpirit  which  his  obfervations  diiirover.  In  regard  (o 
compofition  and  literary  merit,  his  performance  is  by  no  means 
defeflive;  but  we  could  have  wiihed,  we  mud  coufefs,  ih^t 
there  had  been  lefs  affedation  in  it,  and  that  be  had  been  more 
ambitious  to  diftinguifli  himfcif  by  a  modeft  fimpIiciCy,  than  by 
foppifh  and  meretricious  ornaments. 

*  Why  not  placard?  If  our  author  meant  to  follow  the  Dutch  or- 
thography, he  ihould  have  written  plakoirt. 

Re7.  April  1771,  U  ^  Kvt% 


Art,  V.     Eh  mint  a  Logica*     Suljidtur  Appendix  it  Ufa  L$gll 
{^  Confptlim  Org  ant  Artjlotelis ,  8vo,  3s.     Oxoiiii»excud^|j 
G- Jackion.     1770,     Sold  by  White,  Sec.  in  Loa<!o»»     , 

THE  a;t  of  logic  has  fufFered  more  from  fchoolmcn  and 
fyftcmatic  writers  than  any  other,  W  hilft  they  profcflc4 
to  aid  the  operations  of  the  human  mint),  and  to  pave  the  way 
for  the  difcovcry  and  communication  of  truth,  ihcy,  in  effect, 
fcftraincd  the  freedom  of  the  former^  and  ralfed  Inlurmoyntiblc 
cbftacles  in  the  way  of  the  latter.  Men  ©f  true  gcniua  felt  and 
deplored  the  (hackles  they  impofed^  though  their  imf>licu  fub* 
inriffion  to  venerable  authority,  the  happy  a^ra  of  our  releale  from 
which  was  not  yet  arrived,  would  not  permit  ihetn  to  aficrt 
their  native  liberty,  and  to  thinlc  and  judge  fg£  themrdves.*— 
Others  who  were  deftitule  both  of  genius  and  tafle^  learnt  to 
think  and  resfon  by  a  fct  of  mechanical  rules,  as  children  ufcd 
to  make  verfes :  and  under  a  notion  that  art  fupplicd  all  the 
deficiencies  of  nature,  fct  up  for  prodigies  of  learning.  Pedants 
and  bigots  became  very  numerous,  and  artifuwl  fcicnce  greatly 
prevailed,  to  the  difgrace  and  injury  of  real  knowledge. — The 
celebrated  lord  Bacon  ilruck  out  new  lights  in  an  age  of  general 
ignorance  and  corruption,  and  prepared  the  way  ^r  thofe  fab- 
fequcnt  tlifcovcries  and  advances  in  every  branch  of  fcicnce 
which  have  rendered  the  laft  century  fo  diilinguiHicd  in  the 
anna!&  of  time.— Newton  and  Boyle  purfucd  the  track  w^hich 
he  had  marked  out  for  unfolding  the  fyftcm  of  nature,  whilft 
Locke  applied  the  hints  he  had  givcDi  to  the  invelligauoa  and 
analyfi;  of  (he  powers  of  the  human  mind.  His  cfiay  on  the 
humin  undtrftandin;r,  neeJs  none  of  the  encomiums  which  we 
may  be  dirpnTed  to  beftow  on  it  :  but  we  arc  forry  to  obfrrve, 
though  we  are  profclTedly  the  advocates  of  Free  Enquiry, 
and  would  ever  proteft  again  It  an  implicit  fubmiiHon  to  any 
authority,  however  refpeAable,  that  it  is  more  the  faihion  of 
modern  writers  than  might  be  wiOied,  to  flight  the  author^  and 
undervalue  a  work,  art  pinunlui*  Wc  fhall  be  excufcd  for  bear* 
ing  our  teAimony  in  its  behalf,  at  a  period  when  truth  mu(l  be 
rendered  cafy  of  accefs,  and  alluring  in  its  afpcQ,  to  engage 
the  attention  and  gratify  the  taftc  of  the  hulk  of  readers.  This 
IS  a  dangerous  fymptom,  and  wc  cannot  but  apprehend »  that  in 
proportion  as  the  name  and  wutings  of  Locke  fink  into  neglcA 
and  difufe,  fcepticifm  will  prevail.  Nor  i^  our  apprchcnfion 
alto|>cthcr  groundlefs,  as  fcveral  publications,  of  late  years,  fecm 
to  furnifli  but  too  ample  a  foundation  for  it*  We  have  there- 
fore waited  zvx  opportunity  to  do  fome  jullice  to  a  Writer  of  the 
firft  rank  on  the  fcicnce  of  the  human  mind,  and  the  arllcje 
before  us  fervcs  our  purpofe  in  this  refpe^S. 

The 


Mullcr'i  S^dem  of  MathmaticSn  agj     - 

The  title  of  this  piece  conveys  a  juft  notion  of  the  work.    It     | 
Conr;*ins  a  brief  abUraft  of  chc  elements  of  IoljIc  ;  und  shuugh     I 
the  intclligt'nt  rca'lcr  caaexpedl  to  find  nothmg  new  in  it^  he     I 
will  be  p1e.»fed  to  fee  the  principal  definitions  and  rules  of  this     I 
art  com pri fed  in   fo  fmall*  a  compa'jj,  reguiarly  digefted  under 
their  proper  heads,  and  cxprcflcd  wn^  ecjual  cleamefs  and  con- 
cifencfs*     He  wilU  perhaps,  regret  that  the  Author  had  nf>t  taken     I 
a  farger  fcope,  and   introduced  a  greater  numbtrr  of  illuftra-     1 
tioQS.     There  is  undoubtedly  a  mran  bet^^cen   the  extremes  of     ■ 
prolixity  on  the  otic  h;ind  and  brevity  on  the  oth<fr,     Lo^ic 
icfclf  teaches  the  ncccfliry  of  trcatin*  every  fubjcQ  fo  coptouflf 
as  that  nothing  may  be  wanting,  yet  io  concifely  z%  to  exclude     1 
all  redundance.     Some  may  like  wife  be  at  a  lofs  to  know  why,     fl 
in  his  definttion  of  logic,  (fince  it  is  an  eflential  character  of  *     m 
good  definition  that  it  be  univcrfal  or  adequate)  the  Author  h2$     I 
confined  it  to  th''  direcHon  of  the  mind  in  the  d'tfcovery  of  truth,     I 
whilil  moft  wnters  have  extended  it  to  the  ccmmurjcathn  of  it     I 
alfo  ;  and  why  he  has  excluded  dijpofttiony  when  he  is  enume*     I 
rating:  the  operations  of  the  human  mind^  for  the  rct^ulation     I 
and  sid  of  which  thif  an  is  intended.     It  is  true,  the  Author    1 
baj^  in  his  condufton,  difcuflcd  the  fu'ojeft  of  merhod  ;  though    ■ 
mfthd  itfe!f  feemcd   to    require  his  dividing:   his  fubjc^t  intQ     I 
four  general   parts  infVead   of  three*     Some  danger  may  arife     I 
from  connecting  words  and  ideas,  as  he  docs  in  the  ftrll  part  of 
h's  wo'k.     Yuung  pcrfons,  for  whofe  u(c  this  trcatjfc  Teems  tci 
fee  intended,  may  not  didinguifh  with  that  precifjon  and  accu-* 
racy  which  the  Author  himfclf  has  done. 

On  the  whole,  notwichftanding  the  above  remarks,  wbicli 
our  duty  in  this  province  led  us  to  make,  this  work  may 
be  acccpt.ible  and  ufcfu!  as  a  fchool-book,  to  give  young  per* 
fons  fbme  notion  of  this  important  art. 

Art-    Vi.     A  Sew  Syjhm  af  Mathtmatm.     h>f  Johfl  Mullen 
8vo.     IDS.  6d.  bound.     Cadell, 

THE  defign  of  this  fliort  trcatife,  fays  the  Author  in  hit 
preface,  is  to  reduce  the  principal  parts  of  the  extenfive 
fcicnce  of  mathematici  into  To  narrow  a  compafs,  as  to  contain 
no  more  than  what  is  abfolutcly  nccefTary  to  be  known,  witli 
rcfpe^St  to  pr^dice,  in  the  difFcrtnt  ufeful  arts  of  life  to  which 
mathematical  knowledge  may  be  conveniently  applied  \  and 
hereby  fave  both  time  and  cxpence,  as  well  as  prevent  that 
difgull  occafiontd  to  many  ftudcnts  from  a  tedious  round  of 
intric<^te  and  at  the  fame  time  ufclcf,  fpeculations* 

Wt/e  the  execution  in  any  mcafure  aafwcrable  to  the  defign^ 
this  work  would  be  exceedingly  v*ilu«ble  and  important:  but 
Wv*  ^re  fijfrv  to  f.iy,  that  thr  Author  has  raifed  expcflarion* 
which  he  bjU  mlfcrably  dji'appointcd.     And  itvovv^K  u^  ^mws^*  I 

\3  a  W 


I 


lai?  charge  can  be  alleged  againft  what  he  has  Jone,  we  have 

i'dft  region  to  coftnptaia  on  account  of  that  which  he  has  not 
ioae.  It  is,  without  doubt,  very  defirable  and  nccefiary  to  re- 
lieve ftudenis  from  whatever  is  burdenfome  in  the  purfuit  of  ma- 
thcmatical  fcicnccj  by  cutting  off  all  fuperfluous  fpeculations, 
and  retaining  no  more  than  what  directly  tends  to  inftruftioa 
in  that  practical  knowledge  required  in  various  profcffions.  But 
when  we  confidcr  th;it  the  Author  of  this  treatifc  intends  it  as 
a  complete  iyiiccn,  containing  every  thing  abfotutcly  neceflarjr 
to  be  known  with  relpc^Sl  lopraflice  in  all  the  different  aris  of 
life*  we  were  led  to  expect  it  would  have  been  much  more  com- 
pltrtc  and  perfccl.  We  cannot  but  be  aftonifhcd,  that  the  com- 
prebcnAve  fcicnce  of  mathematics  and  mechanics^  the  Ji^perfluous 
pans  only  being  lopped  off,  and  every  thing  effential  retained^ 
ihould  be  reduced  into  fo  fmall  a  compafs  as  a  thin  oilavo  vo- 
lume  of  about  130  pages,  pintcd  in  an  open  letter,  an^  with 
a  very  handfome  margin,  Happy  genius  !  that  can  focondenf© 
the  labours  of  ancient  and  modern  mathematicians,  and  adapt 
the  important  fceince,  fo  reduced  in  Gze,  to  the  capacities  of 
fiudents  ! 

The  Author  feems  well  acquainted  with  the  fubjcfls  of  whicb 
he  treats  ^  and  bad  he  allowed  himfclf  fufHcient  fcopc,  mighi 
have  been  of  real  fervice  to  thofe  for  whijfe  benefit  this  treatife 
i$  compiled.  Perhaps  foiiething  more  cxtenfive  and  perfcd 
might  have  been  produced  with  lei's  haftc  and  greater  labour, 
without  any  confiderablc  aWition  of  cxpcncc  ;  for  a  faving  in 
|!|hi^  fcfped  as  well  as  in  others,  was  one  obje^^  the  Author  had 
i"  V'  -—  We  will  not  pretend  to  fay,  that  the  value  of  a  work 
m  its  fi^M?,  and  that  we  arc  to  eftimate  its  price  by 
rufijbcrmg  its,  pages.  Notwithftandiag  this,  we  cannot  help 
lliinking,  that  the  AVtt/ S^/ZfOT  ef  Alatbematia  is,  for  its  bulkt 
exdufive  of  its  tntenial  merits  as  dear  a  book  as  moff  we  have 
feen;  and  that  the  purchafent  might  have  been  allowed  a  little 
fttore  in  ijUiimity  imo  the  bargain,  without  any  great  injury  to 
the  Author,  for  and  by  whom  this  treatife  is  printed  and  fold. 

-VVe  onkrvc  that  ir  is  entered  at  Stationer *s  Hall,  fo  that 
there  is  no  dan-,  being  pirated  and  fold  under  price,    fl 

A  very  prudent  a  .^ry  caution !  " 

Ail  r,   VIL     T*ii;j^4t  Mciuum  Soils  U   Luna  ngrva  et  arreSf^^ 
Jii^ffrtToiia  Mdytri  quihm  acadh  Mithodm  LongitudtJium^    ■ 
fipmota^  ioJa/n  Aa^^n,  Edifjt  jujfu  PnffeAiorum  Rd  Longitudi^    I 
naria.     4.to.     ics-  fJwcd,     Nourfe.     177O.  f 

WE  rtiould  have  taken  earlier  notice  of  this  valuable  pub- 
lication, had  not  an  ingenious  allociate*  to  whofe  in*- 
fpc^on  a  copy  was  cntruAcd  for  that  purpofe,  been  Jong  pre- 
veiucd  ij  b«d  health  and  urgent  avocations^    We  hope  an  tr* 

tick 


Tabubs  Afotuum^  (jfa 


^%. 


tide  orth!s  kind»  though  a  Utile  out  of  time,  will  not  be  un;»c- 
ceptable  to  the  public ;  and  tvc  arc  the  more  dcfirous  of  prefe  ^^'n^*^ 
our  Readers  with  an  account  of  this  ufeful  work,  as  it  i 
us  an  opportunity  of  tnaking  fomc  extrafls,  which  m-^v  'crvv* 
to  give  fatiiifaAion  on  a  controverfy  that  hath  long  fubfifted 
concerning  the  beft  method  of  determining  the  longitude 
at  fea. 

There  are  two  queries  which  will  naturally  be  propofcd  oti 
this  fubjecl,  viz.  With  what  cerrainty  and  prccifion  the  longi- 
tude may  be  determined  by  the  method  here  explained  ?  And 
likewife  how  far,  and  with  what  degree  of  expedition,  it  may 
be  generally  adopted  and  pradtifed  ? 

Thefc  are  undoubtedly  important  and  mterffling  enquiries  j 
and  when  two  folutions  of  the  fame  problem  arc  prrjiinfcd,  we 
cannot  decide  In  favour  of  one  or  the  other,  without  taking 
both  thefe  confiderations  into  the  account* «  It  is  not  fufBcfent* 
in  a  cafe  of  general  concern,  that  the  problem  may  be  accu* 
ratcly  relblvcd,  unlcfs  the  principles  and  method  by  which  fuch 
a  folution  is  efTccted  arc  capable  of  an  eafy  and  univerfal  ap- 
plication. Perhaps  in  common  cafes  it  would  be  rii^ht  to  re- 
cede a  little  from  rigid  exaftnefs,  for  the  fake  of  a  method  left 
accurate  that  may  be  generally  adopted  and  ufcd,  and  which 
from  its  very  nature  is  capable  of  continual  improvement.  Our 
readers  will  cafily  perceive  the  tendency  of  thefe  obfcrvations  ^ 
and  though  they  are  not  intended  to  derogate  frnm  the  merit 
of  the  ingenious  inventor  of  the  time-piece  for  determining  the 
longitude,  they  difpofe  us  to  give  the  preference,  as  far  ai  we 
arc  capable  of  judging,  to  the  method  now  under  confidera;ion. 
It  has  not  yet  appeared,  that  the  former  is  conftru«3cd  on  prin- 
ciples that  are  of  eafy  and  general  application  ;  this  is  an  arca- 
num which  the  public  arc  llill  to  feck,  Wc  (ha'l,  however, 
leave  others  to  judge  for  thcmfelves  in  cafes  of  competition,  and 
will  glaJly  embrace  every  opportunity  of  applauding  ingenuity, 
and  merit  wherever  we  find  them.  The  article  before  us  fur-' 
niflies  many  juft  occafions  of  this  kind  j  it  is  a  very  important 
and  valuable  acquifition,  and  fairly  entitled  the  Author  to  the 
recompence  his  family  obtained* 

The  Editor  of  thefe  tables  his  taken  great  pains  to  fupply 
their  defe£U,  to  adapt  them  to  the  meridian  of  the  obfervatory 
at  Greenwich,  to  fupply  thofe  precepts  of  calculation  and  ex- 
planation which  were  wanting,  and  to  render  them  in  every 
fefpe<Et  convenient  and  ufeful.  He  has  given  u^  in  his  preface^ 
the  following  account  of  them  ; 

*  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1755,  the  learned  profcflor 
Mayer,  of  the  univernty  ofGottinffcn,  communicated  a  new  fct 
of  manufcript  lunar  tables  to  the  Right  Honoutab\t  \\v<;i\.^>t^% 
CoramiiHoners  of  the  Britifh  Admrratty^  ]pullm^\v\\v\i  c\ivca 

U   1  »^^ 


%%6 


TaluU  M^immf  iSc* 


fit  the  fame  time  for  fome  one  of  the  rewards  whi^h  be  mFg 
be  thought  to  merit,  promifcd  by  the  famous  adl  of  p;;ru3mciit 
of  the  14th  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  to  the  difcovcrcr 
or  tSfcovercts  of  a  method  of  5nding  the  longiitude  at  Tea  witbm 
certain  limits.  They  were  Immediately  referred  to  chc  learned 
Dr.  Bradley,  then  aftronomcr  royal,  for  his  opinton ;  who 
compared  ibcoi  with  a  great  number  of  his  accurate  obfcfva- 
tions,  aji»1  foon  was  c  1  of  the  excellence  of  the  tables.— 

But  the  le.i/ncd  and  .  _ablc  aiith':>r   having  continued  his 

rcfearches  for  further  improving  and  corrcii^ing  thcfe  tables  tiU 
the  time  of  his  death,  (which  happened  In  the  beginning  of  the 
year  176^)  left  behind  him  a  more  complete  and  correal  let  of 
fohtr  and  lunar  tables,  which  were  feat  to  the  bo^rd  of  longi- 
tude by  his  widow  alit:k*  after^  or  about  the  yeir  1763.  Thefc 
arc  the  tables  which,  in  confideration  of  their  great  u fc  in  find- 
ing the  longitutie,  were  honoured  with  a  reward  of  3000L  by 
aft  of  pajli;»mcnt,  which  was  paid  to  the  widow  of  the  deccafcd 
profcflor.  Thcfe  tibks  were  put  into  my  hands,  that  I  might 
caufc  them  to  be  printed,  and  publiQi  them  aftcrwatds,  and  alio 
dire  ft  thr  cilculaiions  of  the  Britifh  Nuttikal  Ephcmcris,  then 
lirfi  fet  on  foot^  to  be  made  from  them  i  ^nd  now  they  are  pre- 
fcnted  to  public  view.' 

Several  additions  and  alterations  of  confiderable  importance 
wcic  fupplled  by  the  ingenious  Editor  himfcif,  and  thcfe  arc 
pirticubrly  enumerated  in  the  fcquel  of  the  preface.  The  pre- 
face, together  with  the  precepts  and  calculations,  arc  tranflateJ^ 
for  the  fake  of  the  Englifla  reader* 

This  work  contains,  befides  the  tables*  calculated  with  great 
labour  and  accuracy,  and  the  nccelfary  precepts  and  iUuflraiions^ 
a  new  and  cxadt  method  of  deterniinit)g  the  true  diftancc  of  the 
Inoon  ff*>m  the  fixed  ilars  at  fca,  together  with  the  dcfcription 
and  uff  cf  an  inftrumcnt  proper  for  fuch  obfcrvations.  And 
it  is  maniftfl,  that  wJjt-n  the  apparent  diibnce  h  carefully  ob- 
fcrved,  and  reduced  to  the  true  diliance,  by  means  of  the  tables 
and  rules  provided  for  that  purpofc,  the  important  problem  of 
determining  the  longitude  is  very  cafily  refilvcJi  it  bdng  no- 
thing more  than  fhis,  to  find  the  apparent  time  of  the  obfcrva* 
lion  by  the  meridinn  of  Greenwich  i  the  difference  of  this  and 
of  the  lime  of  the  obfcrvation  given,  will  be  the  diiFcjence  of 
longitude  in  time.  And  it  appears  upon  the  whole,  that  if  the 
tahles  are  fuffictently  corrcifl  10  give  the  true  place  of  the  moon 
within  one  minute,  the  longitude  will  of  cnurfc  be  found  within 
Ilflf  a  degree  j  to  which  We  may  add,  that  the  chief  difficulties 
attending  both  the  previoui  obfcrvations  «hd  thefubfequent  cal- 
culations, aic  rcmo/ed  by  the  tables  and  precepts  accompanying  j 
them  :  Had!cy's  quadraWf  ibc  ufc  of  which  is  familiar  to  every  J 

fcamani] 


I 


Thhtila  Moiuum^  f*. 


287 


le&ai^n,  aad  a  watch ,  lofmg  no  more  than  erne  mijiute  In  fix 

(ri,  are  tnftrumcnts  I'ulEcient  for  this  purpofe. 
To  this  general   and  brief  account  of  the  defign  and  ufe  of 
e  tables,  we  Ihall  add  ieverai  ^t^ftimonies  and  facts,  evincing 
r  iuiportancc  af)d  it>e  advantages  to  be  derived  from  them, 
i  he  firrt  leftimony  is  that  of  Dr.  Hallcy,  who  obfervcs,  '  that 
;  advantages  oMhe  art  of  finding  the  longirtade  at  fca,  are  tco 
ent  10  nted  any  arguments  to  prove  them  ;  and  having  by 
fown  expenence  found  tke  impratTticability  of  all  other  rae- 
3s  propofed  for  t^at  parpofe,  but  that  derived  from  a  perfect 
nowleJgc  of  the  moon's  moiion,  he  was  ambiiious,  if  poiTible^ 
overcome  the  difficulties  that  attend  the  difcovcry  theieof, 
drfty  he  had  found  it  needed  only  a  little  pra£^ice  to  be  able 
[maoagc  a  five  or  fix  foot  tclefcope  capable  of  fiiev/ing  the  ap- 
Tfcs  or  occultatioHS  of  the  fixed  ftars  by  the  moon  on  (hip-board 
moderate  weather,  cfpecially  in  the  firit  and  laft  quarter  of 
1  moon's  age,  when  her  weaker  light  does  not  fo  much  efface 
\  of  the  ilars  ;  whereas  the  cclipfes  of  the  fatellitfs  of  Jupiter, 
proper  focver  for  geographical  purpofes,  were  abfolutely 
it  at  iea,  as  requiring  telefcopcs  of  greater  length  than  can 
I  weU  dirc^Slcd  in  the  roiling;  motion  of  a  fliip  in  the  ocean. 
Now  the  motion  of  the  moon  being  fo  fwift  as  to  afford  us 
ce  ever  lefs  than  two  minutes  for  each  degree  of  longitude, 
i  fooietimes  two  and  a  half,  it  is  evident  that  were  we  able 
ediy  to  predict  the  true  time  of  the  appulfe  or  occultaiion 
Ta  fixed  ftar  in  any  known  meridian,  we  might,  by  comparing 
cwith  the  time  oblerved  on  board  a  (hip  at  fea,  conclude 
b!y  hew  much  ttae  Ihip  is  lo  the  eaftward  or  weftward  of  the 
idian  of  our  calculos*' 

He  then    addj,  that  *  the  beft  tables  then  extant  (viz. 'in 

11 5)  were  too  imperfefl  for  this  purpolc  ;  but  that  the  errors 

I  Ac  fables  returning  to  pretty  near  the  fame  quantity  after  a 

Itod  of  tS  years  and  11  days,  or  223  lunations,  the  tables 

ght  be  correSed  at  any  lime  from  obfcrvaiions  made  at  that 

itice  of  time  in  an  antecedent  period,  provided  fuch  were 

ic/ 

h.  Hallcy,  by  the  help  of  his  own  obfervations  in  1722, 
fumed  he  was  able  to  com4)utc  the  true  place  of  the  moon 
ith  certainty  within  the  compafs  of  two  minutes  of  her  mo* 
&n  during  the  year  1731,  and  fo,  taking  half  the  above- men- 
tion period,  for  the  future.     This,  fays  Mr.  Mallcclyne,  is  the 
Bfeacinefs  rcquifjte  to  determine  the  longitude  at  fea  to  twenty 
^kgues  under  the  equator,  and  to  lefs  than  fifteen  leagues  in  the 
^ttilh  channel. 

.  •  It  remains  therefore,'  Dr,  Hallcy  concludes,  <  to  con- 
fidcr  after  what  manner  obfervations  of  the  moon  ma.^  be  m-Jtd^ 
at  fea  with  the  fame  iJcgrcc  of  exadnefs  j  but  tuce  out  ^ot^^ 

U  4  \  v;c?- 


t 


m 


ToiuU  Afmum^  tf^» 


vicc-prcfitlcnt  (aJdrefliiig  himfcif  to  the  Royal  Society)  Jolnf 
Hitiley,  Luj;  tu  whom  v,c  arc  highlv  obliged  for  his  having  pcr- 
firfled  and  brought  into  common  ufe  the  rtjif/lhig  uUft^ft^  has 
been  plcifcd  to  communicitc  his  moft  ingenious  iiwcntion  of 
an  inflf ument  for  taking  the  anj^Ics  ivith  great  cereatiuy,  (vide 
Trjnla£^.  N**.  420.)  i^t  is  more  than  probable  thit  the  fame  n;iay 
be  applied  to  taking  angles  ^x  fea  with  the  defined  accuracy/ 

Dr.  Briidlcy,  the  l.r  lomcr  Royal,  In  his  firft  letter  to 

,thc  Secretary  of  the  A  ,  writer,  *  that  he  h^id  carefully 

pxanf)ined  Mr.  Proft  ffbr  Mayer's  theory  and  tables  of  the  moon4 
lotions*  and  other  papers  relatm«;  to  the  method  of  finding  the 
Dnjitudc  at  fca»  and  compared  feveral  obfervations  made  (during 
he  lafl  five  year:*)  at  the  Royal  Obfcrvatory  at  Greenwichf 
nib  tbc  places  of  the  moon  computed  by  the  faid  tables  \  and 
more  than  230  com  pari  Tons,  which  (fays  he)  I  have  already 
aade,  I  did  not  find  any  difference  fo  great  as  \  \  between  tlic 
Dbferved  longitude  of  the  moon  find  that  which  I  computed  by 
the  tables :  and  although  the  greateft  difference  which  occurred 
"b,  in  fact,  but  a  fm.iil  quantity;  yet  as  it  owght  to  be  con- 
"fidcteJ  a^  arifing  partly  ffom  the  error  of  the  obf<-i  vations,  and 
partly  from  the  error  of  the  tnbles,  it  feems  probable,  that  dur- 
ing thJi  interval  of  time,  the  tables  generally  gav^  the  moon*s 
place  true  within  one  minute  of  a  degree.  A  more  general  conri« 
pnrifon  may,  perhap5,  dtfcovcr  larger  errors  ;  but  thofc  which  I 
have  hitherto  met  with  being  fo  fmallj  that  even  the  biggcft 
could  occnfion  an  error  of  but  little  more  than  half  a  degree 
in  longitude,  it  may  be  hoped,  thpt  the  tables  of  the  moon's 
motions  arc  exacl  enough  for  the  pitrpofe  of  finding  at  fea  the 
loni2;itudc  of  a  fliip,  provided  that  the  obfervations  that  arc  ne- 
cefrary  to  be  made  on  (hip-board  can  be  taken  with  fufficient 
exactnefs.  The  method  of  finding  the  longitude  of  a  (hip  at 
fea  by  the  moon,  hath  been  often  propofcd,  but  the  defefts  of 
the  lunar  tables  have  hitherto  rendered  it  fo  very  impcrfeS  and 
precarious,  that  few  perfons  have  attempted  to  put  rt  in  prac- 
tice J  but  thofc  defects  being  now  in  great  meafure  removed, 
it  m;iy  well  defervc  the  attention  of  my  Lords  Commiflioners  of 
thcAdmii  *  '  >JroofthcI*o.^d  of  Longitude)  to  confidcr  what 
other  obii  ^  remain,  and  what  trials  and  experiments  may 

be  pioper  to  be  made  on  (hip-boardi  in  order  to  enable  them  to 
jutfge  whether  obfervations  for  this  purpofc  can  be  taken  at  fea 
Wilh  the  defircd  accuracy. 

Dr.  Bradley's  fccond  letter  contains  fcveral  remarks  to  the 
fame  purpofe, — We  fhall  content  onrfelves  with  one  Ciort  paf- 
fage,  which  fupplies  us  with  a  fadl,  in  alteration  to  the  excel- 
lence of  this  method  of  finding  the  longitude  at  fca.  *  I  com* 
puted  (f^ys  he)  the  ftip's  longitude  from  each  of  the  obferva* 
t'ous  made  by  captain  Campbell^  and,  upon  comparing  the  rc- 

fults 


1 


I 


!  Tabula  M^tman^  ISc.  aS^j 

fults  of  fcvcral  that  were  taken  iiear  tbc  fame  time,  and  under  < 
the  like  circumftancesy  it  appeared,  thit  in  general  the  obfcrvc^j 
was  not  liable  to  err  more  than  one  minute  in  judging  of  th%\ 
apparent  contact  of  the  moon's  limb  and  the  objedt  with  whicliT 
It  was  compared.  Now  this  being  nearly  the  fame  error  thaC  1 
would  be  found  to  obtain  it  the  like  obfcrvations  were  to  b«j 
made  with  the  fame  indruments  pa  land,  it  may  hence  be  in- 
ferred, that  in  moderate  weather  the  motion  o^  the  fliip  U  no^ 
otherwifc  an  impediment  in  this  fcwt  of  obfervations,  than  a3  it  i 
renders  the  repetition  of  them  more  tedious  and  troubklbme  i;©  ^ 
the  obferver,  which  yet  ought  by  no  means  to  be  omitted  ;  be- 
caufc  if  each  finglc  obfervation  be  liable  to  an  error  of  a  minute 
only,  by  taking  the  mean  of  five  or  (\%^  the  error  on  this  head 
ihav  be  fo  far  diminifted  as  to  be  offmall  moment/ 

The  Appendix,  whence  the  ;ibQi.'C  cxtrafls  are  taken,  con-! 
tains  likewife  the  copy  of  a  mcmoriat  prcfented  to  the  commir-*] 
Coners  of  longitude,  by  the  Rev.  Mr,  Ncvil  Mafkelyne,  Aftro*J 
aomer  Royal,  on  the  gth  of  Feb.  I765,  in  which  he  obfcrves, 
«  [that  the  longitude  deduced  from  obfcrvations  made  by  himfclfl 
and  others,  with  the  help  of  Mr.  Mayer's  printed  tables,  always; 
came  within  a  degree 5  but  (he  adds)  as  1  am  informed  that] 
Mayer's  laft  manufcript  tables  are  much  more  exa<£i  than  th^J 
printed  ones,  it  may  be  prefumed  that  the  longitude  deduce^] 
from  them  will  come  confiderably  within  a  degree/  ^ 

Were  it  necefliry  to  add  any  further  tcftimony  to  thofe  al- 
ready alleged,  we  might  produce  inlny  more*  Several  mate« 
of  £afl> India  fbips  attended  the  boardt  of  longitude  by  Mr^ 
Ma{kelyne*s  dcfirc,  and  were  fcparately  examined  ^s  to  the  i 
utility  and  practicability  of  the  above-mentioned  obfcrvations  ;  ■ 
they  produced  their  journals,  and  fomc  nbftradls  of  the  refultf  1 
of  their  obfcrvations,  and  all  agreed,  •  that  they  had  determined  ' 
the  longitude  of  their  refpeSive  (hipe,  from  time  to  time,  bjr  j 
obfen'ations  of  the  moon,  taken  in  the  manner  direfled  by  the  4 
iforcfaid  book,  and  found  the  fald  obfcrvations  eafity  and  ex- ' 
aflly  to  be  made,  and  that  the  longitude  refulting  always  agrec4  i 
with  the  making  of  land  (near  the  time  of  making  the  obfer*  , 
VSitions)  to  one  degree;  that  they  could  make  the  calculauoi|i 
in  a  few  hours,  not  exceeding  four  hours  ;  and  are  of  opmiout  j 
that  if  a  Nautical  Ephemeris  was  publifhed,  this  method  might  ■ 
be  eafiJy  and  generally  praflifed  by  feamen/  I 

Upon  which   the  Board   came  to  a  rcfolution,  *  that  thefq 
tables  fliould  be  printed  ;  and  that  application  (hould  be  madei 
to  parliament  for  power  to  give  a  futh  not  exceeding  5000K  toi 
the   widow  of  Prof,  Mayer  as  a  reward  for  the  faid  tables  j 
and  that  a  Nautical  Ephemeris  fhould  be  compiled^  in  order  ta* 
make  the  &id  lunar  ti&bles  of  general  utility. 


^0  DalrympIeV  ColkSihn  tfVojt^s  in  ihi  Scuih  Pacific  OaOL 

Mn  Profcflbr  Mayer's  curious  and  elaborate  Theory  of  the 
Moon's  Motions,  according  to  the  Newtoniaa  Syftcm  of  Gn- 
vitatton,  was  publiflied  *  at  the  fame  time. 

Art.  y  IH.  j/n  Hi/lorical  CoUiglim  of  the Jeoeral  Voyages  and  Dis- 
coveries in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  VoLL  Being  cbiefy  a  lite* 
rat  Tranfiation  from  the  Sfanijb  Writers.  By  Alexander  Dil- 
rymple,  £fq;  4to.  1 1,  ii  i.  6d.  Beards  (for  the  two f  Vo- 
lumes).   Nourfe,  &c.     1770. 

MR.  Dalrymple  appears  to  be  animated  with  that  laudable 
unremitting  zeal  without  which  no  enterprizes  of  im- 
portance can  be  atchicved  :  and  were  it  in  our  power  to  equip 
afmall  fleet  to  go  under  his  command  on  difcovery,  hefliouM 
have  no  caufc  to  deem  us  unfavourable  to  a  point  which  lie  has  lb 
much  at  heart.  But  when  Mr.  Dalrymple  thought  proper  (0. 
be  angry  at  the  article  (Rev.  vol.  xl.  p.  427.)  relating  cobtt 
former  publication  on  this  fubje£l,  and  to  date  it  in  a  kind  of 
previous  advertifement  to  his  prefent  produSion,  he  (hoold  at 
leaft  have  dealt  fairly  by  us  ;  for  there  is  fometimes  a  little  dif- 
ference hetween  telling  partly  the  truths  and  declaring  the  vMt 
truth.  It  is  not  fuppofed  that  Mr.  D.  intended  to  mifreprefiut 
the  conteft  he  has  been  pleafed  to  have  with  us,  but  it  is  fup- 
pofed  that  he  might  be  too  much  out  of  humour  on  other  ac- 
counts to  attend  coolly  to  the  remarks  of  byeftanders. 

We  did  not,  in  the  article  above  referred  to,  fay  any  thing 
tending  to  difcourage  the  profecution  of  difcoveries  to  the  South- 
ward ;  we  did  not  objedl  to  the  qualifications  of  Mr.  D.  to  un- 
dertake fuch  an  expedition,  nor  impeach  the  grounds  of  bis 
perfuafion  that  important  difcoveries  were  to  be  made  within  the 
limits  he  lays  down  :  we  did  not  fay  that  any  future  pubScatitM 
on  this  fubjeSf  was  unnecejjary^  which  latter  is  the  grand  com- 
plaint Mr.  D.  makes  againft  the  Review.  What  we  did  fjyf 
2nay  be  feen  by  turning  to  the  article,  and  it  amounts  to  this, 
and  this  only :  that  the  republication  of  the  old  voyages  in 
queAion,  which  had  already  appeared  in  various  forms,  ieeme4 
to  be  unneceflTary :  but  with  an  exprefs  exception  to  any  com- 
munications of  his  own,— f^mething  of  that  nature  having  been 
hinted  by  him. 

With  refpeft  to  the  volume  of  early  Spanifh  voyages  now 
before  us,  what  have  they  produced  on  the  part  of  the  induf- 
tnous  Compiler?  Little  more  than  complaints  of  their  de&: 
ciencies,  attempts  to  reconcile  their  variations,  and  conclu* 
fions  upon  probabilities.  We  had  too  many  hints  of  tbefe 
Southern  lands  from  the  voyages  as  they  already  ftood,  to  doubt 

•  Printed  for  Nourfe,  Stc.    \tD.   x\.  ^d.  Revved.  .  1767. 
f  Tic  fecond  volume  w  not  '^tx  igxxVk^ci&A^* 


^pS^mpIt*!  Csfte^hn  ofVepgh  uVtfiSkitl^:)JicOcian.  igr  ^ 

efihclr  cxtftcnce  5  or  to  be  altogether  at  a  lofs  how  to  ftccr  for  ^| 
them  IF  they  were  fought  after;  and,  fo  far  as  yet  appears,  our  ^H 
icnowlcdge  of  them  is  not  much  cnbrgcJ  by  the  prefent  publi-  ^| 
cation.  For  the  mecr  purpofc  of  exciting  the  attention  of  the  ^| 
nation  towarJ  eftablffhlng  an  intercourfe  with  thofe  remote  re-  ^| 
gions,  we  remain  fttll  of  opinion,  with  or  without  the  leave  of  ^H 
McfTrs.  Dalrymplc  and  Dcs  Broflcs,  that  one  clear  well  con-  ^| 
ncftcd  memoir,  deduced  from  the  materials  in  Mr.  D/s  cufto-  ^^ 
dy,  would  Hand  a  good  chance  of  commanding  more  regard^  ^| 
than  a  difpUy  of  the  detached  papcis  thcmfclvcs;  which  re-  .^H 
quire  a  zeal  equal  to  that  of  the  Compiler  to  collate  with  eacbi  ^| 
other,  in  this  viclv  we  confider  the  chart  of  the  South  Sea,  ^| 
given  in  this  volume,  and  the  snnexed  paper  containing  the  ^| 
data  on  which  it  was  formed,  as  by  much  the  moft  valuable  ^| 
part  of  iti  while  it  flill  remains  for  future  trials  to  determine  ^| 
what  that  value  may  be,  ^H 

Mr,  Dal rym pie's  plan  of  this  work,  may  be  conceived  by  ^| 
the  following  extia^^s  from  h's  preface  :  ^B 

.  *  My  plan  originally  was  to  publifh  the  work  in  two  parts  :  ^| 
*  *  Part  I.  An  Hiftorical  ColU<f^ion  of  the  feveral  voyages  to  ^| 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  a  chronological  fcries*  ^| 

*  Part  11.  Se<ft.  i»  Geographical  Dcfcripiion  of  the  places  ^| 
hitherto  difcovcred  between  America  ajid  Papua,  on  the  Ssutb  ^H 
of  the  equator,  comprehending,  ^H 

*  I.  i)cfcription  of  the  country  and  anchorage.  '  ^^k 

*  2.  Complexion,  drcfs,  and  manners  of  the  Indians*  ^H 

*  2*  Signs  of  friend ihip  amongil  them,  ^H 
*•  4.  Habitations.  ^| 
*'  5.  Embarkations,  ^| 

*  6.  Arms*  ^H 
^  7.  Manufactures,  arts,  and  commerce.  ^H 

*  8.  Provifions  and  rcfrcftmeots.  ^| 

*  Seft,  2.  Examination  into  the  conduct  of  the  dtfcoverera  ^| 
in  the  trades  they  purfued,  ^| 

<  And  having  thus  recapitulated  every  thing  that  had  been  ^^ 

done —  J 

*  Scfl,  3.  Tnvefttgation  of  what  may  be  farther  expt^td  im  ^J 
this  quarter  from  the  analog  of  nature^  as  wc]l  as  from  the  dt*  ^H 
duifion  oi  paj}  difcoveries.  ^y 

*  Sect.  4.  To  point  out  the  moft  eligible  meafures  for  fuc-  | 
ceeding  on  fuch  an  undertaking,  as  well  in  the  difcovcry,  as  , 
intercourfc ;  at  the  fame  time  examining  the  conduft  of  paft 
difcovcrers  to  the  natives,  at  the  feveral  places  they  vifited.  J 

*  8c6^»  5,  and  lqftly\  It  was  prcpofcd  to  examine  into  the  ] 
equipment  proper  for  this  fcrvicc,  and  into  the  condudl  adapted  J 
to  the  nature  of  difcovery  voyages.  ^H 


0^2.  DHrymple*s€M^icH  ofVrftgttin  the  S^uihPmjie  Ouau 

^  Motives,  which  it  is  unneceflary  to  lay  before  the  puUiCi 
induced  me  to  print  the  trad  abovememioned,  in  a  very  imr 
perfcd  ftate ;  it  is  not  only  deficient  in  the  arrangement,  but 
as  every  thing  not  immediately  relative  to  a  Southern  Continent 
was  omitted,  nothing  is  inferted  to  the  weftward  of  the'  intcr- 
fe£Uon  of  Schouten's  track  by  that  of  Tafman.  The  firft  (ec- 
tion,  therefore,  was  very  much  curtiiled  ;  and  as  I  found  the 
opinions  of  other  men  very  diflFerent  from  mine,  on  the  two  laft 
iKads,  I  thought  it  would  have  too  much  appearance  of  pre- 
fumption  to  lay  down  rules  for  any  condu(5l  but  my  own.'— • 

^  I  (hall  not  at  prcfenc  publifh  the  fecond  part,  containin2 
the  Geographical  Defcription,  &c.  This  mull  be  much  en- 
larged, when  the  voyages  lately  made  by  the  Englifli  and 
French  are  communicated  to  the  world  ;  I  {ball  wait  till  then 
before  I  go  any  farther  than  the  HiJIorical  CoUe£iion,  So  that 
the  purchafcrs  of  this  tradt  are  to  cxpe£l  only  the  voyagps  of 
Sch«uten  and  Lc  Maire,  of  Tafman  and  of  Rogge wein.— Hicfe 
voyages  will,  I  conjecture,  be  at  leaft  as  much  as  whatisncnr 
publiflicd. 

*  I  have  prefixed  to  this  Hiftorical  Colle£lion  fome  papen, 
which  appeared  to  me  not  foreign  to  the  fubjed  ;  and  fome  of    i 
them  indeed  abfolutcly  requifite  to  [make  the  work  intelligible.      ' 

*  Thefe  papers  are, 

*  I.  Data,  on  which  the  chart  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean 
was  conftru6ted/. 

*  2.  An  EiTay  on  the  Salomon  iflands :  this  is  a  very  dry 
difquiiition,  which,  perhaps,  few  men  will  have  patience  to 
confidcr  with  the  attention  neceflfary  to  make  it  intelligible; 
however,  future  difcoveries  may  (hew,  that  New  Britain  is  not 
one,  but  many  iflands ;  and  then  every  body  will  fee,  that  .die 
old  maps,  which  fo  dcfcribed  them,  were  not  merely  coqec- 
tural. 

'  3.  A  lift  of  Authors  confulted  in  this  work,  as  well  as  of 
fome  whofe  publications  or  relations  I  have  not  been  able  to 
obtain/—— 

'  I  have  added  two  papers  of  my  own ;  one  of  them  has  been 
already  publifhed  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadlions ;  and^firom 
thence  in  fome  of  the  periodical  collections  ;  but  as  it  will  ex- 
plain the  nature  of  many  iflands  mentioned  in  this  CollefiioDi 
.  I  thought  it  was  not  improper  to  infert  it  here. 

*  The  other  is  an  account  of  the  pearl  fiihery,  and  fome  na- 
tural curiofities  at  Sooloo;  what  is  faid  of  the  pearl  fiibeiy 
may  be  of  ufe  in  explaining  part  of  Quiros^s  Memorial ;  bqt 
my  chief  motive  for  printing  thefe  remarks  was,  that  ibey 
migt^t  be  prefervid\  the  Uft  paper  did  not  appear  to  me  fuffi- 
ciaitly  corred  for  the  PV\\\obiEitkvca\Ti2x&a&u^Yv^^  ^t]bL«  time 


A fne  Enquiry  hfo  the  Authintutty^  fSi*  a^  j  ^| 

time,  if  k  was  to  be  printed,  I  did  not  chufc  to  let  it  be  altered 

to  other  men's  ideas  or  opinions  :  errors  may  lead  to  truths  bat  ^ 

when  all  mens  notions  are  ground  in  pne  mill^  they  fervc  no  pur*  H 

pofe  of  inveftigation  or  dtfcovery.'  H 

For  the  honour  of  our  nation,  and  to  reward  this  ingenious  fl 
traveller,  for  his  induftry  in  grinding  and  Jlfting  the  uncertain 

obfervations  and   notions  of  former  voyagers  in  his  milly  we  ^ 

heartily  wifli  he  had  been  engaged  in  an  undertaking  for  which  M 

his  aSual  experience  fo  amply  qualifies  him.  ■ 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  laft  volume  of  the  Review,  p.  519^  iH 

may  be  feen  an  account  of  fome  memoirs  of  the  Count  dc  Re-  I 

dern,  relating  to  the  Antarftic  continent,  publiihed  in  the  Hif-  ■ 

tory  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  which  me-  H 

moirs,  if  Mr.  D.  has  not  feen,  he  may  be  gratified  by  con-  ■ 

fuhJDg,  H 

Art.  IX#    A  fru  Enqmry  into  tU  Authtntlciiy  of  the  firjt  and  H 

fuond  Chapters  of   St.  Matth^wU   Qafpel.      8vo,      2  s,  6  d.  I 

White,  &c.     1771.  ■ 

WE   have  heretofore  had  occafion  to  mention,  with  ap.  S 

pjaufe,  the  manly  and  liberal  turn  of  fentimcnt  which  V 

IS  vifible  in  fcveral  of  the  clergy;  their  difpofition  to  follow  '■ 

truth,  wherever  it  leads  them ;    and  their  readinefs,  in  parti-  H 

cular,  to  point  out   the   errors   and  Jnterpolaiions  that    have  H 

crept  into  the  facred  writings.     Few  of  our  Readers  can  be  ig-  H 

norant  how  freely  Dr.  Kennicott  has  expofed  the  corrupted  H 

ftate  of  the  commonly  received  Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Tcfta*  ■ 

mcnt,  and  that  Dr.  Owen  has  done  the  fame  with"  regard  ta  ■ 

the  Septuagint  vcrCon,     Nor  have  thefc  learned   gentlemen  ■ 

done  injury  to  the  caufc  of  revelation,  by  laying  open  the  afte-  H 

rations  which,  either  through  inadvertence  or  deftgn,  have  been  H 

made  In  the  fcripturcs ;  but  have  taken  the  very  method  that  H 

was  nccefflary  to  exhibit  them  in  their  genuine  purity,  beauty,  H 

and  luRre.  H 

Who  or  what  the  Author  of  the  prcfent  Enquiry  is,  dotfs  fl 

not  appear  upon  the  face  of  the  publication  ;  but  it  is  probable  ^| 

that  he  is  a  clergyman  of  fome  denomination  or  other.     Be  ^| 

that,  however,  as  it  may,  be  profcfles  hirofelf  a  fmcere  be-  H 

licvcr  in-Chiifttaniry,  and  feems  evidently  to  have  an  intention  H 

of  doing  honour  to  the  Gofpd,  in  what  he  has  now  advanced.  H 

Many  ptrfons  will  confider  his  attempt  as  a  bold  one  ;  and,  in-  H 
deed,  by  calling  in  queftion   the  authenticity,   not  merely  of  ■ 

here  and  there  a  detached  paflage,  but  of  two  whole  chapters  •■ 

of  the  NewTcftament,  he  has  gone  much  farther  than  others,  H 
in  general,  have  proceeded  Neverihelefb,  he  ovi^Vvi  tvoi\o\s^^^B 
ba£ly  condemned  on  this  accoujat.    Whai  \vc  W\\\  U\^  \^  ^^* 


i. 

\ 


L 


^94  j/yr«  Enquiry  into^ihi  AkihiHlidiy  of  ihi 

filled  to  a  patient  heaxing,  «  every  judicious  friend  to  revels* 
tiati  will  be  affured  thac  the  IntereAs  of  truth  cannot  fulFc/ 
from  the  fulleft  and  moil  open  difcuflion  of  any  fubjc£U 

Our  learned  Enquirer  fets  out  with  fomc  obfcrvations  on  the 
canon  of  the  New  Teilament,  and  mentions  a  variety  of  cir- 
cunil^anccs  which  render  it  highly  incredible  that  the  facrecj 
books  can  have  fuffered  any  fuch  alterations  or  corrupcions  as 
affe£l  their  general  authenticity. 

It  is,  however,  natural  to  fuppofc,  that,  in  the  courfe  of  fc- 
vcnteen  hundred  years,  they  muft  have  been  mjund,  to  a  cer- 
tain degree,  either  through  defign  or  negligence;  and  this,  he 
fays,  is  the  truth  ;  for  it  i*  allowed,  that  there  are  fcvcral  ad- 
ditions and  interpolations  in  the  fjcred  volume,  which,  though 
they  do  not  weaken  the  foundation  of  any  do£lfinc,  very  often 
difturb  the  fenfc.  Having  produced  three  or  four  in(lances, 
which  the  Author  imagines  to  be  of  this  kind,  he  goes  on  to 
make  fome  father  obferv*itions  on  the  canon  of  the  New  Te- 
ftament,  and  on  the  characters  of  the  ancient  fathers  from 
whom  we  have  received  it*  l^hef«  ebfcrvations  are  followed 
by  an  account  of  the  Nazarencs,  Ebicnitcs,  Cerinthians,  and 
Carpocratians ;  ancient  Chriflian  feft**  of  whom  it  was  nccef- 
fary  to  take  notice,  becaufc  they  received  a  copy  of  St.  Mat* 
.thew's  Gofpel  which  had  not  the  <:tnealogy,  ar,  indeed,  by 
alt  that  appears,  either  th^  firft  or  fccond  chapters. 

The  way  being  thus  prepared  for  the  principal  ful^Vfti  our 
Author  enters  more  direclly  upon  it,  by  (hewing  that  the  ge- 
nealogy was  wanting  in  fome  ancient  copies  of  St,  Matthew, 
and  that  this  might  probably  be  the  cafe  with  regard  to  the 
whole  of  the  two  firft  chapters.  It  appears,  from  the  tefti- 
mony  of  Epiphanius,  that  the  Nazarenes,  Ebioniies,  Ccrin- 
thtans,  Carpocratians,  and  others,  ufcd  a  Gofpel  which  began 
at  what  is  now  called  the  third  chapter,  and  wai  written  in 
Hebrew  or  Syro-cbaldalc.  Mr.  Stephen  Nye,  formerly,  and 
Dr,  Worthington,  \tty  lately,  have  fuppofed  that  St.  Matthew 
publifhcd  different  editions  of  his  Gofpel,  in  different  lan- 
guages ;  each  of  them  originals,  and  of  equal  authority.  But 
it  isjuftly  anfwcred,  that  a  double  publication  of  tnc  fame 
book  is  a  thing  never  heard  of,  as  to  any  book  of  cither  the 
Old  Teftament  or  New,  in  all  antiquity  \  and  that  this  notion 
JS|  indeed,  a  modern  thought,  ftarted  to  remove  certain  diffi- 
culties with  which  men  were  prcflcd  by  the  united  tefUmonv 
of  antiquity  in  favour  of  a  Hebrew  Gof^^l  by  St,  Matthew. 

As  the  qucflion,  whether  St.  Matthew*^  Gofpel  vf as  written  In 
Hebrew  or  Greek,  is  of  confidcrable  importance  in  the  prefent  en- 
quiry, the  tcAimony  of  the  fathers  concerning  it  i%  particglarly 
examined ;  and  the  lefutt  of  th^  e;iamination  i«,  i\\u  they  all 
»^rcc  ij\  afiirmipg  tb»t  St^  Matthew  wrote  bis  Gofpel  In  He* 

brew, 


I 


firJiandfccQnd  Chapters  of  St,  Matthttus  GafftL  %^g 

r»  for  the  ufc  of  the  believing  Jews.  *  And  is  not  thi«^ 
fays  our  Author,  what  mt|ht  naturally  be  cxpefled  ?  for  how 
corocnon  fnever  the  ufe  of  the  Greek  language  might  be,  yet 
there  iloubtltfs  were  miny  In  PiiUiruie  upMicquaintcd  with  It» 
The  fanne  rcafuns,  therefore,  that  induced  our  Saviour  to 
preach  in  the  Syro-chaldsic  ton^iuc— might  alfo  induce,  at 
leaft^  one  of  his  difciples  ro  publifli  a  Gofpcl  in  the  fame  laji- 

te  J   namely,  to  inftrudt  and  ciUblifh  the  poor  and  ignorant 
i  who  believed.     One  autheniic  Gofpd  was  fufEcicot  to 
>cr  that  purpofc  ;  but  as  the  whole  race  of  man  were  imme- 
diately concerned  \n  the  contents  of  the  Neiv  Tcftament,  the 
Iier  paits  of  it  were  pub)iflied  in  a  language  more  UDivcrfaHjf 
iwn.     Had  Authors  duly  attended  to  this  confidcration,  they 
uld  hardly  have  faiJ,  that  no  reafon  could'  be  ailigned  whj 
Matthew,  more  than  any  other  Evangelill,  fliguld  publifh  a 
fpc!  in  Hebrew/ 
The  tcftimony  of  the  Naxarenes,  Ebionitt^  and  other  fefls, 
o  were  reputed  heretical,  being  of  fomc  wtight  with  regard 
'to  the  confirmation  of  our  Enquirer's    hypothecs,  he  endea- 
urs  to  (hew  that  their  evidence  ou^ht  to  be  deemed  credible 
fufficicnt  in  points  which  do  not  concern  their  particular 
kimcnts;  and  that  they  had  neither  any  reafon,  from  the 
Bnions  entertained  by  them,  to  attempt  expunging  the  firft 
|d  fccond  chapters  of  St,  Matthew,  nor  would  it  have  been  in 
feir  power  to  cfTeft  it,  if  they  had  had  fuch  an  inclination* 
fiirther  fupport  of  his  fcheme,  the  learned  Author  alleges^ 
t  thcfc  two  chapters  are  not  referred  to  by  the  apoftolical 
\k^r%^  or  by  othersi  for  fifty  years  at  leaft,  perhap-  for  a  huo- 
Id  and  fourteen  years,  after  St,  Matthew's  GoI]^.l'1  was  re- 
ived by  the  ChrilVian  church.     Some  collateral   arguments 
:  adu'ed,  from  which  we  fhall  tranfcribe  what  is  advanced 
uccrnmg  the  abfotute  filence   of   St.   Luke,   rcfpefting  the 
[ly  remarkable  events  fuppofed   to  be  related  by  St.  Mat- 
ure 
I*  St*  Luke  hath  given  a  clear,  confiftent,  and  natural  ac« 
lint  of  the  birth  of  Jefus,  and  of  all  the  events  which  followed 
till  Jofcph  and  Mary  carried  him  home  to  Nazareth.     But 
lis  whole  account  is  totally  different  from  that  which  is  found 
the  two  firft  chapters  of  St.  Matthew.    There  is  not  the  moft 
llant  bint  in  St.  Luke  of  the  appearance  of  a.ftar  in  the  £afl; 
'the  vifit  of  the  magi  to  Bethlehem  \  of  the  flight  into  Egypt ; 
Qi  of  th?  flaughter  of  the  infants.     In  ftiort,  the  account  giveii 
St-  Luke,  and  that  which  appears  in  ihcfe  chapters,  agree  m 
\  one  circumftance  but  in  Chrift's  being  born  at  Bethlehem 
a  virgin^  and  in  his  dwelling  at  Nazareth,     It  is  vet^  d\?a- 
[It  to  conceive  that  the  perfon  who  fg  p«irticu\atVy  te\i\e^  \V^ 
\^csfjm^  of  MP  gels  to  Ibcphcrds  inlkc  Reid^  lo  dccWe  \.Vve 


9,^6  A  free  Enquiry  into  ihe  AdhiHiulty  rffSm 

birth  of  Jefus,  fhould  yet  be  entirely  filent  abont  aaoditf^l^ 
pcarance  of  a  much  more  public  nature ;  a  ftar  in  the  heavens 
which  announced  the  fame  interefting  event  to  people  in  dUbi{ 
countries.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  a  writer,  whoieezpre(8  porpoft 
it  was  to  record  the  wonderful  circumftancea  that  attended  thl 
introduflion  of  the  Meffiah  into  (he  world,  fliould  omit  tk 
other  extraordinary  incidents  which  are  found  in  the  two  fill 
chapters  of  St.  Matth^v,  if  he  was  acquainted  with  thofe  ilH 
cidents,  and  knew  them  to  be  true.  What  is  ftiU  moie^  ttf 
account  given  by  St.  Luke,  will  not  admit  of  the  variotts  tnil» 
actions  defcribed  in  thcfe  chapters.' 

Rut  there  is  no  part  of  his  fubje£t  in  which  our  ^oqaacrag^ 
pears  to  fo  great  an  advantage,  as  in  his  difeuffion  of  the  Imt  y 
culties  that  occur  in  the  firft  and  fecond  chapters  6[Sl  lu^ 
fiiew.  Thefe  difficulties,  which  are  numerous,  important aij^ 
have  been  found  infuperably  embarraffing  to  the  very  (cSmA- 
mentators,  are  difplayed  by  our  Author  in  a  clear  andibikiiif 
light.  The  following  obfervations  feem,  among  otherSi  to  Dip* 
lit  particular  attention.  ^ .  ; 

^  St.  Luke  has  given  us  a  concife  and  clear  account  of  ll|^ 
birth  of  Chrift,  and  other  tranfii£lions  that  followed,  bill  K^ 
the  mod  diftant  hint  of  fcvcrul  things  mentioned  in  thefe  du^ 
ters.     He  tells  us,  that  Jefus  was  born  at  BetUehemj  ok] 
when  csght  days  were  acjomplifhed  he  was  circumcifed|  thy 
when  the  days  of  Mary's  purification  were  over,  that  is,  alCtl^ 
end  of  forty  days,  he  v/ds  brought  to  Jerufalem,  and  prefiadii  ' 
to  the  Lord;  and  that,  when   his  parents  had  performe&fff 
things  according  to  the  law  of  the  Lord,  they  returned  nli 
Galilee,  to  their  own  city  Nazareth.     From  hence  it  ii  ^, 
dent,  that  the  di^ht  into  Egypc  could  not  be  froni  BetUdoil^ 
If  ever  it  took  place,  it  muft  have  been  from  Nazavethi  ^ 
inccrmcdiate  time,  between  the  birth  of  Jefus  and  his  gn^glk 
Nazaireth,  being  fully  accounted  for  by  St.  Luke.  ■•» 

^  The  fli'^hc  from  Bethlehem  was,  therefore,  impraAica$let 
and  from  Nazareth  it  was  altogether  unneceflary,  becaufedfl 
flaughtcr  of  the  infants  did  not  extend  fo  far.  ^ut  let  us  bctf 
the  account  given  in  this  fecond  chapter  :  *<  When  Herod  Af 
that  he  was  mucked  of  the  wife  n:cn,  he  fent  forth,  and  tef 
all  the  children  which  were  in  Bethlehem,  and  In  all  the  cooi 
thereof,  from  two  years  old  and  under,  according  to  the  diM 
which  he  had  diligently  enquired  of  the  wife  men/' - 1(  * 
phin  from  thefe  words,  that  Herod's  cruel  command  v^as  ftui^. 
ed  upon  an  aflurahce,  that  the  infant  Jefus  continued  at  Bm^ 
lehem  at  leaft  more  than  a  year  after  his  birth  ;  and  yet  dii' 
could  not  be  the  cafe  *,  for  lus  ftay  there,  as  S(.  Luke  exprefiff 
/ays,  was  but  forty  da^s.  \iv  x\m  n\^^  ^  >^ut  tsottftc^  hoff 
ibaJi  we  accouivt  for  itv^  OT<iw  v^VivOck^^SR^  ww5«t^%w^ 

2 


frfi  anifmni  Chapter s  ^/ St.  Matthiw't  GofptL        197 

Into  Egypt  ?  What  rcafort  can  be  afllgned  far  fucb  3  command  ? 
,  The  child  Jefug  could  not  be  in  any  danger  from  the  fury  of 
Herodt  for  he  wa^  at  Nazareth  in  Galilee,  far  from  Bethlehem, 
Hot  within  its  coajts^  to  which  bounds  we  are  told  the  flayght«r 
was  confined. 

«  Is  it  credible  that  God  would  fetid  Jofeph  into  Egypt,  to 
he  out  of  the  way  of  Herod,  who  would  not  think  of  killing 
any  children  at  Nazareth  ?  Had  the  flight  been  the  confequcnce 
of  Jofeph *s  own  apprchenfion  for  the  child*s  fafcty,  it  might  be 
eafily  accounted  for  j  but  there  appears  to  be  no  ncccifity  for 
his  being  warned  of  God  to  flee  into  Egypt.  Suppofing  that 
Nazareth  was  under  the  jurifdi£tion  of  Herod,  he  never  would 
think  of  fending  his  bloody  order  fo  far,  becaufe  he  had  bcea 
very  lately  told  by  the  chief  priefls  and  fcribes,  that  the  MeQjah 
was  to  be  born  in  Bethlehem.  There  he  might  expe<^  to  find 
that  infant  of  whom  he  was  fo  much  afraid,  and  not  fo  manjr 
miles  dif^ant  from  Bethlehem  as  Nazareth  in  Galilee. 

*  St,  Luke's  account,  which  confines  the  ftay  of  Jofeph  and 
Mary  at  Bethlehem  to  within  forty  days  after  the  birth  of  Chrift, 
throws  likewifc  a  frefh  difficulty  upon  the  hiftory  of  the  Magi. 
It  as  evident  from  the  relation  of  the  affair,  as  we  have  it  \a 
the  prefent  copies  of  St.  Matthew,  that  the  vifit  of  thefe  wife 
men  was  made  at  Bethlehem  :  but  at  what  time  was  it  made  ? 
Not,  certainly,  in  the  firft  forty  days  fuccccding  the  birth  of 
our  Lord  \  becaufe  Herod's  order,  which  was  regulated  by  the 
information  he  had  received  from  the  Magi,  included  the  {laugh- 
ter of  ail  the  children  who  were  under  two  years  old,  or  at  Jeafl 
had  entered  into  the  fecond  year  of  their  age.  Now  we  cannot 
fuppofe  thit  Herod  could  be  very  long  before  he  knew  that 
the  wife  men  had  departed  into  their  own  country  without  re* 
turning  to  Jerufalem.  As  Bethlehem  lay  (o  near  to  Jeruf:ilenif 
this  was  a  faA  which  he  muft  have  been  acquainted  with  in  a 
few  days  after  it  happened.  The  villtj  therefore,  of  the  Magi 
muft  have  been  paid  at  a  time  when,  according  to  St.  Luke,  the 
child  Jcfus  was  not  at  Bethlehem.* 

In  the  bit  fci£tion  of  the  work  before  us,  the  Author  endea- 
vours to  account  for  the  interpolation  of  the  firll  and  fecond 
chapters  of  St.  Matthew,  and  fuppoles  that  there  are  two  ways 
in  which  it  might  aaturally  be  cffcclcd.  '  This  Gofpcl,  fays 
our  Enquirer,  according  to  the  voice  of  all  antic] uity,  was 
originaJly  publiflied  in  Hebrew,  or  Syro-ch^ldatc,  ^  language 
in  ufe  only  among  the  inhabitants  of  Paleilinc  and  »he  ad- 
jacent parts.  When  it  was  tranilatcd  into  Greek,  the  other 
Chrillians,  not  acquainted  with  the  original  language,  depended 
altogether  upon  that  verfion.  It  was,  in  general,  faithfully  made, 
liable  to  no  material  objeiftlon,  and  therefore  foon  acquired  ^te^v 
jcpute.  The  Jittle  acquaintance  which  lhe\>oi^  \ii  C\xxv;a^t» 
JRjK.  Apr.  i]ji.  X 


A 


298         Weflon  M  prailkat  Agruuhufi  aniGardfnittg* 

at  that  time  had  with  the  Syro-chaldaic  icnguc,  left  tht  tranffliCer 
at  Itbcny  to  sdd»  or>  if  Jie  had  been  To  dttpofL-d,  to  take  away, 
what  he  plcafed,  without  much  danger  of  dete<5tion.  Suppoftn^ 
then,  that  the  tranflator  of  thia  Hebrew  gofpel  w.na  a  bdicvm^ 
Jfi w,  it  is  pofiVble  that  he  might  think  a  few  prophtcics,  ciied  h^m 
the  Old  Tcftamcnt,  wo^jld  have  coniiderablu  influence  \i\KiT\ 
fome  of  his  unbelieving  brethren  ahread  ^  who  having  never 
fccn  the  original)  would  naturally  think  that  the  Greek  copy 
was,  in  every  refpeft,  a  faithful  tranflation  of  that  originaU 
However  improper  fuch  c^o^atioiis  may  now  appear^  yet,  whca 
wc  recoiled  that  the  ancients  were  not  fuch  accnut^  and  cJofr 
re&foners  as  the  moderns,  it  will  not,  perhaps,  be  thought  that 
our  conjcflure  is  altogether  improbable.  'Ihis,  then,  u  not  an? 
unnatural  way  of  accountijig  for  the  inccrpolation  of  thi£io- 
chapters. 

'  Farther,  this  mi^hi  esfily  have  happened  without  any  il>e 
]eaft  defigrt,  Thcfc  chapters  might  originally  be  no  more  ihaii' 
SI  kind  of  introdu<5tion  to  the  gofpcl  of  St.  Matthew,  drawn  op 
fay  the  tranClator  of  it  into  Greefe,  and  never  intended  by  htm 
to  be  confidercd  35  a  part  of  it.  When  jhis  Geek  copy  wat 
fprcad  abroad,  thcfe  who  knew  nothing  of  the  original  uould 
naturally  tliink,  that^  as  it  was  caJled  ihe  Gofptl  by  St.  Mat- 
thew, it  contained  norhtng^  but  what  was  ihc  auther^Hc  wj  itin^ 
of  that  apoftlc  :  and  accctrdingly  it  might  be  received  as  fuch  \Sk 
foreign  countries ;  that  is,  in  the  countries  out  of  Jmiea/ 

Such  are  the  general  outlines  of  a  performance,  the  i^V^^  of 
which  is  too  important  to  pafs  unnoticed  by  the  fricods  of  fa* 
crcd  litcratuTC.  In  fomc  rcfpe^ia  the  argumcnis  of  ouc  Author 
might,  perhaps,  admit  of  farther  confirmauon ;  in  others,  the 
force  of  his  reafonings,  and  the  jufinefs  of  hrt(  criticifm?,  are,, 
we  think,  liable  to  be  called  in  queftion.  Upon  the  whole,  he 
fecms  to  have  been  happier  and  more  fucccf^^ul  in  ftating  the 
internal  than  the  external  evidence  relative  to  bis  enquiry.  It 
ought  to  be  obferved  in  his  favour,  that  he  does  not  pretend  ab* 
folutely  to  decide  againft  the  aaihenticity  of  ihe  two  (irft  chap* 
tersof  St  Matthew  J  but  only  to  ftart  a  number  of  fufpicaon^ 
and  difHcuIties  that  may  render  their  authority  doubtful,  and 
ftibjed  them  to  a  ftrider  examination  than  they  have  ever  jct 
received  from  the  learned. 

Art.  X,  Traii$  en  praSiUai  Jgruuliwt  and  Gardftting,  In 
uhki  thi  Advantage  of  imitating  the  Gar  dm  CuUnrtt  in  tlw  Fu/d 
is  fu'ly  frcvfd  by  a  fcven  Yian  Courfi  ef  Experiments,  Parti* 
tulafiy  addrtjjed  to  ihe  GentUmen  Farmen  in  Great  Britain*  ll'ub 
Oi'Jervstions  nwde  in  a  ht*  Teur  ti^cugh  Port  of  FrahL4^  N/tk* 
*4ir,  and  Holland :  Aljo  ftveral  ufefnl  Jmfro^imetiii  in  Staves 
and  Crten-houfeu    T9  ubub  is  adtUd^  a  amplete  Chrsnol^pt^d 

t 


I 


tVcAon  cH  P^aifUal  jf^nculture  and  GarAmftg.         299 

Caislo^sti  0/  Englijh  Author t  en  Agficuhwt^  Gdrdmtng^  l^c^  i 
'&^  a  Country  Gciuleinan,  Svo.  6  s.  bound.  Hooper.  1 
1769-  I 

TH  E  Author  of  thcfc  Traas  h  Mr,  Wcfton,  of  wtiofe  j 
Unherfsi  Btttaniff  wc  gave  fomc  account  in  our  Rcvicur  i 
for  February  UO* — The  publication  now  before  us  has  bceii  j 
longer  in  phnC  thaa  his  botanical  work ;  btit,  through  fomc  ac-  I 
tidenr,  it  er'caped  6ur  notice  at  the  time  of  us  firft  appearance.     1 

Mr,  VVeflon  having  laid  down  a  pofuiuri,  in  which  we  agree  | 
Vith  him,  *  that  country  genllcrtifn  have  the  chances  of  ten  td  | 
OH'-  t  them  if  they  meddle  with  the  culture  of  corn  ;*  he  j 

ad;  .1,  if  they  mu/l  uie  the  plough,  fo  purfue  the  7«//:<m  | 

huibandry^  In  this,  however,  We  cannot  agree  with  him*  aa  | 
wc  apprehend  men  begin  every  day  to  awaken  more  and  more  j 
from  the  dream  of  profit  by  that  praftice,  I 

He  advifes  men  of  his  own  clafs  chiefly  to  apply  to  t^ifinj  j 
crops  of  lucerne,  cabba^esi  and  even  flowers,  garden  ftuitV  1 
andcfp-  rdert-feeds  ;  and  explains  the  great  profit  which  j 

LondoT  rjs  make  of  their  ground.  1 

We  acknowledge  that  bad  garden-fccds  are  ufually  fotd,  as  J 
well  thofc  imported  from  abroad,  as  thofe  which  are  grown  nt  j 
hornc^  and  that  good  ones  would  fetch  an  higher  price,  and  b«  j 
Jure  of  a  conftant  demand.  But  we  apprehend  that  the  csn-^  | 
y?tfiff  attention  ot  the  mafter's  eye,  which  is  necelTary  to  raife  j 
Atcccfsful  crop3  of  corn,  and  which  he  complains  of  as  intofc-  1 
rable,  would  be  equally  ncceffary  in  railing  garden  feed?.  The  I 
cropi  of  lucerne,  cabbages,  f:c.  arc  liable  to  thii*  objection.  I 
But  as  to  ralfmg  garden  fluff,  beftdcs  the  above  grca£  objet^iortf  J 
there  is  fnmething  Ulibfral  in  the  notion  of  a  GtntkmarCs  fmking  ] 
inro  the  character  of  a  common  Gardimr  \  and  it  j«  obvious,  aHb|  I 
that  fuch  a  pradHce  could  not  be  luce*  fi.ful»  except  in  the  iTfut*  j 
r^fff  of  the  capital,  or  fome  veiy  confiderable  city  or  town  at  j 
Jcift,  where,  after  all,  he  muft  have  the  markct-gardeners,  as 
rivah,  to  contend  with.  I 

Thus  much  may  fuMce  with  regard  to  the  contents  of  chap*  J 
ters  1,4,  5,  and  6.  j 

The  pr^>jea  of  raifing  mulberry  trees »  for  feeding  filk-wofms/  I 
docs  honour  to  the  memory  of  J^imtt  the  Firft ;  and  the  at*  1 
tempt  of  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  ftc.  to*j 
wards  the  propagating  that  tree,  has  a  right  to  our  praife  i  | 
but  Mr*  W/s  ad  chapter  informs  us,  on  thf$  fubjeft,  liftldj 
further  than  that  the  gardener  to  whom  they  dirctfted  the  cartel 
drdites  for  their  premium  to  apply*  could  nut  furnifh  on:^  can<*  j 
didatc  with  a  fufficicnt  number  of  plants*  1 

The  i^  chapter  frcms  to  (hew  that  the  Dutch  method  o(fj 
training  and  pruning  fiuit  trees  is  inferior  to  the  CnjKJb*        "^  j 


200         Wcfton  en  prailkal  Agriculture  and  Gardening. 

Mr.  W.'s  7th  chapter  is  defigned  to  convince  the  cou) 
gentleman  that  he  may  have  a  (tove  at  much  kfs  txpence  thai 
is  ufualJy  imagined.  But  Mr.  W,  ihews  that,  in  a  fmall  mjc, 
above  100  L  mull  be  funk,  and  that  the  annual  expcnce  isvety 
confiderablc-,  yet  if  he  can  produce  early  fruit,  and  fell  it  t»fo» 
leii^n  Ambafnijtirs,  *vc.  he  may  get  money* 

The  8ih  chapter  teaches  how  to  force  peas^  afparagm^  vA 
mdms^  in  a  ptt,  at  a  very  great  expence,  which  bowerer  nifi 
perhaps,  be  repaid  by  fale. 

The  9th  chapter  recounts  moft  forts  of  manures  in  £1 
and  fpecifies  their  ufcis ;  in  which,  however,  we  can  di] 
hnk  or  mthing  new.     VVc  only  prerume  to  make  two  flionr?"! 
marks:   ifl,  That  if  buni-wood  will  make  a   fire   fuiBcientl] 
hot  to  burn  clay,  it  may  make  a  profitable  manure :  and,  141; 
We  know,  by  experience,  that  coal  alhes  will  bring  op 
white  as  well  as,  or  better  than,  the  red  clover,  on  Tome  clivi* 

Among  the  rational  hints  for  improving  of  parks  (in  Mr« 
W/s  loth  chapter)  we  cannot  acquiefce  in  the  brIngiiJ|  cfl 
a  larger  fort  of  deer,  till  the  feed  is  improved.  There  is  not  t 
more  evident  truth,  than  ^  that  ftock  of  all  kinds  dcgenenteii 
or  improves  according  to  the  foil  on  which  they  ict6\* 
that  *tis  a  grofs  miftake  to  biing  ftock  on  to  worfe  land, 
cially  to  ftt^.  We  applaud,  however,  improving  the  fa 
by  fovving  of  grafs-feeds  which  improve  mutton. <»-We 
that  the  fa<^,  '  whether  flveep  and  deer  eat  wild  thyme/ 
afccrtained:  it  would  then  be  Toon  enough  to  have  recouiie  Ib| 
the  hypQthefts  of  its  improving  mutton  and  venifon  by  its  fc«!v' 
Planting  of  cabbages,  &c-  is  certainly  a  good  method  of  keep-! 
ing  mere  deer  in  winter. 

Our  Author  rates  the  value  of  a  buck  from  4 1,  to  6I»  ll 
there  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  too  high*  yet,  when  we  corw 
fider  how  much  more  this  animal  confumes  than  a  ftieep,  mi, 
how  many  years  he  is  kept,  we  fliall  not  haftily  conclude,  wiA 
Mr.  W.  that  the  profit,  at  whatever  price  the  carcafe  is  fokl* 
exceeds  that  annual  one  of  an  ewe^  viz.  loi,  by  wool  aDij 
Jamb. 

Probably  the  cxpencc  and  profit  of  afiih-pond  mighty  if  fci 
tinizcd,  be  equally  liable  to  objections  ;  and  the  fubftitutjng 
kid  for  houfe  lamb  fecms  to  be  a  fancy;  or  if  it  could  bete- 
duccd  to  fa(^,  it  mufl  be  confined  to  very  narrow  bounds* 

The  fcheme  of  profit,  by  an  artificial  warren  (which 
ploys  all  chapicr  1 1 )  Teems  a  mere  amufement,  unlefs  the  dai 
be  more  valuable  than  v/e  can  eafily  imagine. 

The  improvement  of  fome  garden  utenfils  and  tool*  fjti' 
cart  to  be  drawn  by  men,  and  taken  off  the  wheels  and  dipt 
•11  a  roller  j  fcmi-ckcuUi  ^i^^^i^  \.^  VTihyLu^CU^^crs^  and  efcn 


Wcfton  OH  prailual  AgrUulit^i  and  Gardenings         301 , 

trees ;  a  wooden  machine  to  lay  out  ferpentinc  walks  cxpe<Ji- 
tioufly,  &c,  &c.)  fccm  to  havcy&/7i/  ui'c,  and  till  no  long  chap- 
Xcfy  viz*  the  1 2th. 

In  chapter  13th  Mr.  W.  gives  us  a  dcfcription  of  the  bridge 
caUed  Sans  Pontic  or  two  bridges  croiEng  each  other,  about  ao 
feet  broad  and  12  feet  from  the  furfacc  of  the  water*  This 
bridge  is  thrown  over  the  croffing  of  the  canals  from  Ardrtt  to 
Cravtllntiy  and  from  St,  Omtrs  to  Calais,  The  abutments  are 
on  the  four  necks  of  land  betwixt  the  canals,  fo  thit^  when  oa 
the  centre  of  the  bridge,  you  may  take  four  ways.  Wiib- 
out  fiich  a  contrivance  to  eficit  this  purpofc,  you  muft  have  had 
four  bridges.  Mr*  W,  wonders^  and  juftjy,  that  no  iravellert 
have  hitherto  defcribed  this  bridge.  He  alfo  defcribcs  a  kind 
of  float  of  boats,  with  fcythcs  fo  fattened  to  poles,  that  the 
weedj^  in  the  canals  are  eattly  cut  up  by  them.  In  this  chapter 
alfo  Mr,  W.  juftly  obfcrvcs,  that  the  example  of  the  French^ 
who  make  ihirir  foldiers  work  on  the  cutting  of  canals  in  the 
neighbourhood  ot  the  country  here  fpoktrn  of,  defcrves  our  itnl- 
tation  ;  and  hope^  that  many  of  our  nobility  will  imitate  the 
Duke  of  Biitigewatirs  princely  undertaking.  Mr,  W.  recom- 
mends, juftly  enough,  as  we  want  hands,  the  imitaiinn  of  the 
Duich^  who  carry  on  many  manufactures,  cfpcctatiy  fawing  of 
*  timber,  by  mills.  He  tninks  alfo  that  the  convenient  and 
cheap  manner  of  travelling  in  barges  in  Flandifs^  might  be  imi* 
Uted  in  many  parts  oi  Engiand,  But  would  not  this  fcheme 
ruin  many  turnpike  roads,  for  the  fupport  of  which,  money  is 
lent  on  public  faith  ? 

In  the  14th  chapter  Mr.  W.  aSures  his  Reader,  that  whoever 
fees  the  public  roads  abroad,  planted  with  trees,  will  be  con* 
vinccd^  that  the  objeftion  to  this  improvement  arifing  from  the 
fuppofal  of  the  road's  being  kept  wet  by  the  trees,  is  nothing. 
He  wifely  advifes  the  planting  of  quick  growing  trees,  and 
mentions  the  furprifing  proEt  from  an  acre  let  with  Norfolk  or 
Dutch  willow.     ' 

Wc  agree  with  Mr.  W*  in  his  obfervation,  that  iht  almofl 
total  impeJfd>Uity  of  a  gentleman's  profiting  by  farmings  is  a 
ftrong  inducement  to  planL 

Mr.  W.  propofcs  10  employ  a  gardener  in  every  caunty»  to 
raife  trees,  to  plant  the  turnpike  roads  with  oaks  and  elms,  and 
the  banks  of  rivers  and  canals  with  aquatics  ;  and  he  prefumes 
that  in  a  feries  of  years  the  debts  on  the  roads  may  be  paid  ofiP. 
—We  wifli  that  this  calculation  may  not  be  far  too  favourable 
to  be  verified  by  fa^.  We  think  particularly  that  the  expencc 
of  guarding  the  trees  when  planted,  and  repairing  the  defi. 
cicncies  of  trees  dcllioyed,  would  be  found  very  confiderahl^. 

X  $  Howcvcf^ 


However,  Mr.  W.  has  the  autjhoritjr  of  the  cxceUcnt  Mr.i!ErCf 

for  a  county-nyrfcryman. 

The  1 5th  chapter  contains  ufeful  tables  to  (hew  hour  mwKf 

trees,  at  a  given  diftance,  will  (lock  an  acrp. 

The  i6ch  gives  rules  for  fattening  of  fowls;  but  (is  Mr. 

W.  owns)  without  regard  t$  frugaUtj  (fee  p.  171O  viz.  fowl^ 

by  rid  and  fugar^  geefe  and  ducks  by  grsund  maii^  and  turkeji 

by  whole  walnutSy  encreafing  and  then  decreafing  the  quandty. 

— iV^  B.  The  Society  for  Encouragement  of  Arts,  &c.'  propoft 

a  golden  medal  for  the  beft  method. 

Chapter  1 7th  explains  a  propofal  (but  an  expenfive  one)  rf 

having  orange  and  lemon  trees  fet  iii  open  e^rni,  aqd  covm 

^ith  a  pale  of  wood  and  glafs  in  winter,  with  fire  of  chan^J 

peat,  &c. 

Chapter  1 8th  recommends,  as  the  mod  cffedual  medudflf 

makii^g  the  cuttings  and  layers  of  Ondir  trees  grow^  to  cofcr 

llbem  with  hand-gufies,  and  fet  the  pots  in  tan. 
'Chapter  19th  opens  with  very  probable  opinions,  iftfTtal 

fbe  greater  part  of  our  bnwed  wines,  ibid  for  genuine  jf^p% 
|re  raifed  frQm  cyder  a^nd  fugar ;  idly.  That  much  perry  isftiM 

for  Cbqpitpaigne^  and  Currant  wine  for  red  Champa'tgne  and  td 
Burgundy ;  3dly,  That  an  infufion  of  elder  flowers  imitates 
firontit^ii^  \  4thly,  That  Smyrna  raifiii,  with  brandy  and  doves, 
H^ijl  refemble  .^^fiiv  ;  sthly,  That  white  currant  wine,  widj 
brandy,  refembles  ic^f>#  pcrt^  with  elary^  rheni/b^  and  (whea 
ipld)  b^k^  and.  with  Lifien  fugar,  wheii  old,  fack ;  6tbly,  Aft* 
^laga  raiftns  make  a  wine  much  refembling  Li{l>on  and  Mountaiii* 
{i(r  notes  that  honey  clarified  has  a  good  efie£^  in  imitating  fi>* 
leign'wines,  and  that  %uhte  wines  may  be  turned  into  rA  bf 
iin  infufion  of /i^r^r/d/^,  fyrup  at  Jlees^  ilderberries^  and  muWtrritt* 
He  then  makes  an  extraA  frohi  a  very  fcarce  book,  **  EngUnis 
Jnterejl\  or ^  thd  Farmer* s  Friend^**  in.  pxixh  oi  cyder -r^t^itYivA^ 
§n  experience^  we  pronounce  to  be  excellent.  From  the  famd 
book  Mr.  W.  quotes  a  paflage  to  fhcw  the  advantage  iA  pimd* 
ing  9  field  with  apple- trees,  currant-trees,  and  goofebcrry^trecs. 
Mx*  W.'s  own  method  of  making  wine,  by  putting  3  cwt  of 
Malaga  raifins  (only  the  grofs  ftalks  picked  out)  to  about  65 
gallons  of  foft  water,  and  flirring  them  for  about  I4daysini 
lDa(h  tub,  wc  can  avouch  to  be  a  good  one,  on  experience. 

The  20th  chapter  gives  the  method  of  making  ftarch  of  po- 
tato^St  which  i$  pretty  well  known,  fiut  from  a  memoir  in  the 
Swedijh  P^Q?Atmy<i  Mr.  W.  informs  us,  that  an  acre,  fet  wiih 
poiatoeiy  'will  afiord  more  brandy ^  than  if  fet  with  barley. 

»  '    Chapter  21ft  advifes  to  improve  cucumbers,  by  nailing  then 
9^inft  a  wally  and  other  wife  raifing  thcmfiom  the  ground. 


Young*!  CiwryJ  tf  totpmmental  Agricuhwrt^  (fc.         TOJ 

^The  Z2d  chapter  recommends  (from  an  Eflay  publifhed  in 
Dublin)  the  resM'ing  of  calves  by  hay-watery  a  method  long 
Icnown*  and  which  cannot  fail  of  fucccfs. 

Chapter  23d  recemmends  planting  of  larches,  firs,  poplars, 
and  willows,  oa  banrea  lands,  of  which  he  gives  inftances  ;  and 
Aews,  by  experiments,  that  the  ftrength  of  timber  is  incrcafcd 
J)y  barking  the  tcees  while  {landing  :  nay,  that  the  fap  of  barked 
trees  exceeds  the  beMrt  ef  others  in  ftrength. 

The  24t]i  chapter  contains  advice  to  improve  the  quantity 
md  flavour  of  milk  about  London,  by  giving  the  cows  ifur-- 
wf,  Imcirat^  cabb4ge,  turRcps  and  carrots^  and  adds  tcilimonies 
io  favour  of  all  thefe. 

.  The  laft  chapter  propofes  -to  dcftroy  infcfts  on  plants,  by 
IMtting  drugs  which  will  kill  thern,  in  the  phials  of  electrical 
Aicbines. 

Mr,  W.'g  work  is  clofed  by  a  very  curious  lift  of  (with  fome 
remarks  on)  our  old  EngUJh  writers  on  agriculture,  gardening, 
and  botany,  continued  down  to  the.  time  of  publifliing  this 
work*  As  Mr.  W.  is  very  candid  ia  judging  of  his  fellow  wri-> 
^er^  he  deferves  therefore  to  be  treaccd  w  i.h  candour ;  and  we 
doubt  not  that  his  next  volume  will  be  written  with  a  pen 
ibmewhat  more  correcit. 

AaT.  XF.    ACourJe  of  Experimental  Agriculture,     Ccntaimng  a?t 

,.  €XM^  RegijUr  of  all  the  Rufinefi  tranfaStid^  during  fi<ye  Tears ;  'vix. 
Jrwm  17J2 /«  1767,  on  near  ^oo  Acres  of 'various  Soils,  including  a 

'  ■  Variety  of  Experiments  on  the  CuJti*vatica  of  all  Sorts  of  Grain  and 
Pmlfet  both  in  the  old  and  nerjo  Mtikods^  Tb:  raifng  large  Crops  of 
Turnips,  Cabbages^  Carrots^  Potatoes,  ^c,  and  federal  Plants  not 
afually  eulti^uated  as  Food  for  Cattle,  and  the  Application  of  them  to 
ibe  feeding  or  fattening  of  Oxen,  Cows,  Hcr/irs,  Hcgs,  Sheep,  l3c» 
Alfo  the  Management  of  the  artificial  Grafjcs,  particularly  Clo^ver, 
Lucerne,  Sainfoine,  Murnef,  l^c.  in  the  broadcaft,  drilling,  and 
tremjphnting  Methods;  and  their  Ufes  in  feeding  federal  Sorts  of 
Cattle,  The  Culture  tf  Madder.  A  particular  Comiarifon  betvjecu 
ibt  old  and  ne'w  Hujlandry,  The  Managtment  cf  Pafture  Lands,  On 
P toughing,  Har reiving,  and  other  Operations  of  Tillage,  rclati've  to 
ihe  Seafoa,  Number,  Depth,  l£c.  On  the  general  feeding  and  fattening  of 
Cattle^  on  'various  Articles  of  Fcod ;  the  Expences^  Profit,  i^antity 
^at^  (ic.  The  Im/lements  of  Hufhandry,  their  DefeSls,  Improvements, 
fcff .  H^itb  other  SubjeSls  of  Importance  to  the  Country  Gentleman  ipid 
Farmer,  The  Whole  demonft rated  in  near  2000  original  kxperiments. 
By  Arthur  Young,  Efq;  Author  of  The  Farmer* s  Letters,  and  Tours 
.10  tbe  Southern  and  Northern  Counties,    ^c,    i^c.     2  Vols.   4to» 

.    2  1.   10  s.     (Review  continued.) 

THH  firft  fef^ion  of  Book  I.  Chap.  T.  contains  experiments  oir 
the  culture  of  wheat  in  the  old  hufbandry. 

X  4  \^^, 


A  Prod,  per  Acre    I  Pffoficper  AcfC|     CmIm   uA 
1  I       orLoCi* 

I  Qr.  B.  P.    I         1.    1.  d. 


Bfp. 


I 
% 

I 
4 

I 

7 
I 

9 

>^ 

SI 

»4 


»5 


l6 


•7 


iS 

'      I 


QganLj^laod. 

6  A. 

j^A. 

I  A. 

I  h. 

Tot.  wanting. 
4  A. 

6  A. 

3  A. 

1  A. 

4  A. 

8  A. 

J  A. 

i%h. 

9  A. 

FalIow*d  land 

4iA. 

Bean  land 

34  A. 
Potatoc  land 

I  A.' 

I  A. 

{A. 


I  A. 


I  A. 


Not  ft    9  p 

4*o  o 

i    X  o 

7    s  o 

Abovi  1     5  X 

X     5  o 

5    «  o 

X    7  X 

J    %  % 

Above  1    Q  X 
Above  070 

Almoft  100 

Nearly  o    4  I 


4     ?    o 


4*0 


f    ♦    • 


5    ? 


o   o 


L060    o  xo 
Loitx  15    ft 

L061    i    i 
P^«  t  XI     x| 

Pr.   3  H    4t 

Lofio  10    6} 

Lo&o  16    9{ 

Pr,   5    %  111 
Pr.   s  16  io| 

Loft  X    9    t} 

Pr.  O  x8    4} 

iofi  0x6 


Pr.   o    o    I 

Lofi  X    S  XX 

Lofi  X  X7    xl 
Loit  X  X9  loi 


P^.     X     X 


"f 


Loii  o  xa    9 


Loia  3  10  x|i 


Ba4  weather. 
Bad  feafep  aii4  m|^ 
ofi       " 


hand-boci  vM}  cid| 
fod  down* 
Thirteen  dcaa anbi{ 
mamrinf  ijU.iji 
8d« 

Thirteen  deu  cvllit 
aaaof^  haad-W 
and  fccdipg  dowa.    , 

Two  precedinf  bukf 
cropa,  tbo*  ld|Mr 
manorcd. 

Wet     harvcft    feilb^  • 
Fallow  aa#   daw 


Manure  in  pffeorfbt 
crop  of  clom  wi 
charged. 

Wctfjrl'iof  Mod,  ilv 

Sill  icifen  and  inatif 
drjimiQf,  allbav^ 
fill  I O*^  f  rprtrfed. 

Wiat  of  manutt  « 
poor,  flatp  wee  M; 
for  pouioo  pcfdr 


PoUtoof  aegfcaed. 

Bad  ieafoa.  Talal  a* 
pence  SI.  XII.  %(L 
Crop  laid. 

Weather  laid  tfahoff^ 
which  had  3  trcndh 
plooihbf^  ix  ci» 
mon  eae%  9  hamv 


\^W^%   by , 

though  thia  fail 
kad  1/  deaa  odkb 
and  onichflaaM 

Good  com»  well  tffm 
aadweUibld.       ^ 


^otmgf^  C^ttrft  of  ifcpmmental  Agrkuliun^  k^c,         jOf 

RcmaTks  of  Mr*  Y.  and  the  Reviewers,  on  the  particulars 
of  thcfc  Experiments, 

.On  tft,  p»  6.  1.  25,  prki  is  wanting  after  good.     R» 
3d,  •  Land  is  \th  in  good  heart  by  high  tillage/   Y.     This  poinC 
ibould  be  well  weighed  in  all  calculations.     R* 

•  Grcttt  crops  arc  fubjefl  to  lodge*    Y. 
l^is  point  Ihews,  M\,  That  in  calculations  of  fucccfs  of  high  tillage^ 

cbnfkdcrable  deduf^ions  (hould  be  made  on  thi$  account;  and,  zdly, 
*rhat  the  wheat,  which  is  well  known  to  have  no  hoUow  ilem,  ihould, 
on  fuch  tillage,  have  the  preference  ;  at  leafl  ca-ftrh paribus,     R. 

5th*  7  he  public  will  exped  an  accotint  &om  Mr.  Y.  why  this  cxpe* 
riment  \%  WalJy  wanting.    R. 

6iJt.  The  benefit  of  the  feed  fhould  be  added  to  profit.     R* 

*  Loam  inclining  to  clay  appears  preferable  to  gravelly  in  this  high 
tiUage/    V.     Is  not  the  rent  and  colctire  ufually  higher?    R. 

Sth.  p.  It;*  I.  24.  Certainly  2  1.  8  $,  is  fubfUtuced  for  ue.  (accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Y/s  other  charge)  which  overcharge  of  1 1»  16  9.  makes 
a  confiderabledifi^erence  in  cxpences.     R. 

icth.  •  Some  neighbouring  fields  yielded  not  above  two  or  three 
bnllieU  to  the  acre,'  Y.  This  is  a  very  material  p>oint  to  be  con* 
fidercd  in  jud^aiciits  of  all  crops,  unlcfs  fuch  bad  aopi  were 
owing  to  peculiar  negledb.     R. 

1 2  th.  Mr.  Y.  allows  nothing  for  the  clay  manure  \  yet  owns  it  maft 
iiavc  done  fcrvice.  Now,  though  we  think  the  fcrvice  of  the  ma* 
nnre  fmall,  we  mufl  judge  that  Mr.  Y.  on  his  principles^  Hiould 
Have  made  an  allowance.     R. 

J4ih.  Mr,  Y.  jiftly  obferve»  here,  that  the  new  hufbandry  of  beans 
appears  iiot  to  equal  a  fallow  in  preparing  of  land.    R. 

K   s.  d. 

•  Profit  by  the  beans  per  acre  was  -        -        -        -     j   iS  10 

*  hxiU  by  wheat  -        *        -        -        -        -        -    o  r8  to 

Balance       1     o    (f 
which  is  about  %  s.  per  acre  proHt  on  the  bean  land  above  that  of 
the  fallow  for  two  years/     Y, 
Jt    remains  10  be  known  which  land  would^  under  the  fame  cropv 

leave  more  profit  in  the  third  year.     R, 
1 6th.   *  The  inferiority  of  expence  of  till&gi  to  that  of  mcmwte  rcn- 

dcT%  this  crop  mofl  profitable.' 
f  CTorn  being  very  liable  to  lodge,  all  additions  of  moft  beneficial 
manure  arc  fare,  in  bad  Jtafini^  to  make  the  crop  lefs  valuable  ; 
and  therefore  potatoes,  cabbages,  and  turnips,  afford  fairelt  expe- 
riments on  comparative  value  of  tillage  and  manure/     Y, 
^hcfc  are  ju/l  obfervations.     Is  it  not  of  great  confequcnce  in  agri- 
culture  Co  have  regiftcrs  of  weather,  from  whence  to  judge  of  th^r 
prohMMty    ^f  any  fammcr's  being  dry  or  ot/^r,   on   the  pria- 
cipJes  of  chances  f    R* 

€7^^!f^a/ O^/irvaims  of  Mr*  ¥•  and  the  Reviewers  on  thefe 

Experiments. 
L  Mr.  y.  throws  the  expenccs  into  a  table,  and  thence  deduces  die 
^rcrajjccx^encc  of  one  acre,  viss,  3  1.  as.  Q^d* 


j|o<        YoungV  Cwfi  cfixpmmmdJgriaikmri^  He. 

We  are  fony  to  be  obliged  to  difient  from  ^jii.  Y.  on  this  imfmtmd 

point,  Wc  apprehend  that  jr#  adfuanure  mi  all  can  poffibtj  rdalt 
nx>m  averages  of  fuch  expqnces  as  theie  czperimencs  occa^Soact 
How  different  ucrtabk  expences  are,  5 1. 1  o  s.  lod.  and  z  I.  o  s.  4id.l 
Is  it  not  moft  evident  that,  in  real  i^gaiar  cnltare  apon  ona  » 
gular  plan,  there  can  never  be  fuch  a  difference  an  cacpencet,  ad 
that  therefore  the  knowledge  of  this  average  ii  abjbfatelj  of  • 
mjt  f  Nay,  it  is  hardly  a  matter  of  cariofft^  to  know  chie  afcnM 
of  an  acre*s  expences  in  experiments  of  vanoiu  Idndsy  and  oa  w 
ferent  principles. 
il«  Mr.  Y.  ftates  what  he  calls  the  prices  of  the  produAi  uijdwfae 
years  under  queftion;  viz.  17639  1764,  1765,  1766,  and  itJ^i 
and  makes  the  average  orice  by  quarter  l1.  i  8  s.  2  d.  But,iiiid|^ 
to  this  average  many  ODJe£lions  may  juffly  be  made.  In  osdcr » 
make  an  average  ufeful  it  (hould  be  general.  Oar  Readtf  viki 
to  know  what  is  the  average  price  of  wheat  for  five  jean;  jib 
from  1763  to  1767,  both  indufiv^e;  that  is»  what  u  the  waSam 
price  of  com,  neither  *uery  gooil  nor  vnyhai^  in  thole  yeani  apoa 
the  whole }  Mr.  Y/s  experiments  produce  fime  veiy  had  cant 
'  «vhich  fells  for  10  s.  6d.  per  quarter,  when  com  in  geomi  fiUi 
jbr  a  good  price  (fee  p.  6.}«  Now  'tis  mod  ertdeat  that  tliii  font 
mnft  alone  make  a  great  lowering  of  the  price  of  the  year  17^3, 
and  confequently  of  the  average  price  of  the  £ve  years.  Wc  taii 
give  other  inftances,  but  this  fuflSces. 
I|[.  Mr.  Y.  from  the  above  premifes  concludes,  that  i  qr.  £bdk 
2  pecks,  at  his  average  price,  equab  his  average  ezpence.  Tfcn 
is  a  very  right  coacluiiqni  but,  as  appears  above,  of  no  afe  ta 
'  the  public. 

lY.  Mr.  Y.  makes  i  qr.  $  buih.  2  pecks,  the  average  of  lis  cnp 
in  thefe  experiments ;  and  as  he  has  made  the  average  fiunif 
crop  I  qr.  0  buih.  2  pecksji  he  rightly  can^lades,  that  1  baflid  i» 
the  average  in  corn  of  his  lofs ;  but  this  is  of  no  confequcnoe  IB 
the  public. 
V,  On  the  fame  principles  Mr.  Y.  makes  his  average  lofs  ia  cii 
1 1.  OS.  5[d.  though  his  particular  acreahU  loffcs  vary  fxom  101. 
6^d.  to  il.  178.  i^d.  and  his  average  profit  1 1,  as.  3^d.  si" 
though  his  particular  profits  vary  from  id.  to  2I.  16s.  10^ d. 
Is  not  all  this  mere  amufement  ? 
VI*  Mr.  Y.  on  giving  the  profit  of  the  whole  of  thefe  experiments; 
viz.  5  U  for  cultivating  60  acres  (or  is.  S  d.  per  acre)  juftiy  oIk 
ferves,  that  it  will  not  nearly  pay  the  intereit  of  the  money  em- 
ployed. 
VjL  He  juffly  adds  an  obfervation  which  he  calls  important  s  viz. 

*  five  giood  acres  of  wheat  will  pay  more  than  thefe  6o.* 
Vin.  He  confefles,  that  *  the  average  of  thefe  crops  was  not  ivdl 
managed,  not  having  fufiicient  ploughing  and  manure.'  We  iff 
forry  to  be  obliged  to  add,  in  confequcnce  of  our  impartiali^i 
that  they  feem  hardly  worthy  to  be  offered  to  the  public,  as  it 
knows  already  that  *  want  of  due  ploughing  and  manure  mui  be 
attended  with  bad  crops.'    But  here  again  Mr.  Y.  apologizes '  &r   | 
giving  b  impirftQ  1  Vf oxk«  V^^  Vu  \ytvii%  oVAv^^d.  to  leave ir«ijM>'  | 
Wc  entertain  an  \l\^  opinion,  ^i  \i»  /t^U^  ta|U,  ^^  'uii|cK^ 


'oung*i  C^urfi  of  ixpirimintal  Jgricuhuriy  Vc.  Jt^ 

'  in 3  arc  thcrcibre  forry  that  wc  cannot  comfort  him  with  an  a(fa^ 
rancc  that  the  candid  public  will  think  the  fame  apology  holdt 
good  for  *  the  imftrfeHhti  ef  exfirimtnts^  and  *  the  publilhing  of 
iropcrfcdl  ones/ 
Mr.  y.  thinks  that  five  hot  years  would  hive  converted  his  ^  1.  gains 
into  lool.  But  let  us  whifperja  his  car»  *  Does  not  this  faroot 
too  rouch  of  tbe  cbarlatafi  ? 
In  what  follows  we  fhall  find  Mr,  Y.  both  hgftimiu  and  MfifuL 
IX.  He  deduces  from  his  experiments,  that  the  produce  o£ grmfdl^ 
and  ch>y^  loam  is  nearly  equal ;  viz.  I  qr.  7  bufh,  1  peck,  oz| 
the  formert  and  1  buOiel  lefs  on  the  latter  (fee  p,  38,)  but  ingc- 
naoufly  owns,  that  the  former  has  1 1,  7s.  2d.  profit,  and  tho 
latter  7  s.  jj  d.  lofs  per  acre  ;  yet  this  conclufion  ia  not  timjtve  for 
the  former,  as  there  is  a«  inequality  in  the  number  of  fields  (fee 
p.  ;9,)  viz.  3  to  6,  or  1  to  2.  But  wt  apprehend  that  In  all  ex* 
penments  the  advantage  will  be  on  the  fame  fide- 
Mr.  Y.  obfcrves  that  manured  fields  give>  on  an  average,  2  qrj» 
2  buffi,  t  peck*  per  acre  ;  unmanured  ones,  1  qr*  5  bu/h.  3  peeks* 
Of  the  former  a  fuperiority  of  ^  bufh.  2  pecks;  and  adds,  as  4 
circumilance  in  favour  of  manuring,  that  only  one  of  the  manured 
fields  was  fallowed.  But  Reviewers  arc  in  duty  bound  to  obfervc, 
that  many  circumlbnces  of  fui],  ^c.  may  have  a  right  to  fharc 
the  credit  of  this  fupcriority, 

Mr.  Y.  notes,  that  the  profit  of  the  unmanured  fields  is  12  a.  t  J  <L 
per  acre,  and  lofs  of  the  manured  i;:s.  11  ^d.  confequently  the 
fuperiority  in  this  refpeA  o(the  former  is  1 1.  ^  $.  1  J  d,  but  he  is  fo 
ingenuous  as  to  own,  that  tbe  badnefs  of  the  cuftom  of  manuring 
jieTds  is  not  hence  proved  decisively.  Indeed  the  (Ute  of  thecal 
of  manuring  fcems,  frim  the  two  lail  obfervations,  to  reduce  the 
ufe  of  thcfe  experiments  to  almoil  nothing, 

Mr.  Y.  ilaics  the  expcnces  of  wheat  cropi  (per  acre)  after 
1.    5«    d.  J«    s.    d. 

ift.  Fallow,  •        -    4     >     o    I    or    ^+    5     7J 

zd.  Ameliorating  crops,     3     5     4^1  ( 2  16     3J 

3d,  Exhaufting  ones,     -     4     2   ic^ 
when  the  manured  fields  are  excepted)  which  account  11  cheaper  b/ 
1 1.  9**  4 Id. 


or 


qrs. 

{: 


b. 

7 
4 


1  1  manured  fieldi  ez^ 
o  J    eluded* 


qrs.  b.  p« 
produce  of » ft,     2    2    o  I 

2d,     1     4    2J 
3d,     160 
On  this  date  of  matters  we  mu(t  obferve,  id,  That  expence  of 
fallow  is  greater,  when  manured  fields  arc  excepted,    idly.  Crop* 
after  an  cxhauHing  crop  are  better  than  after  an  ameliorating  one 
by  I  \  bufhcis.     Are  not  thcfe  circumllances  fufficient  to  convince 
any  reader  that  the  refult  of  chefe  experiments  is  fuch  that  one 
can  deduce  no  rules  from  them  i 
Mr*  Y.  iiatcs  fue  profit  ^htr 

s.  d.  s.     d. 

9I 1  the  manured  field*  rejeded,  con- 
lOji  J    fcqaenily  the  id  fupertor  to  the 
ift  by  %  %,  \ V4,  ^t  atxt. 


or- 


0oB        YoongV  Caarji  •/ ixpmmmiai  .^rioibwre^  &>• 

Will  not  the  Reader  iay,  all  the  ^k6t  of  theTe  experiments  is  |d» 
trifling  to  infift  on  ? 
XIII.  Mr.  Y.'s  grand  condufion  is»  '  fowing  wheat  after  amdioii- 
dng  crops  is  better  management  than  (owing  after  a  faIlo#.*  Wi 
figree  with  Mr.  Y.  in  his  condufion,  and  hope  that  in  his  aetf 
conrfe  of  experiments  he  will  afford  us  ilrongeir  premifes ! 


fub&qi 
of  oor  Author : 
4t>  He  remarks,  that  the  expences  of  high  cqltivation  (is  thcfco*!^ 

Sriment:i)   amount  to  7L  17s.  id.   per  acre,  confeqaendf  t 
m^er  inuft  expend  nearly  800 1.  on  .cultivation  of  |oo  aoai: 

and  s  quarters  per  acre  are  inadequate  to  fuch  expences. 
2dly»  The  un&vourablenefs  of  many  feafons  in  which  tbafe 

ments  ^rere  made,  might  reduce  a  crop  to  5  quarters  which 

hayc  i>een  7  or  8  quarters. 
3dly,  That  aJthough  in  common  management  zgnnfiiy  Va/aib* 

perior  to  a  clayey ,  yet  not  in  high  culture^  as  the  profit  per  acre 

on  tjif  latter  exceeds  the  former  by  13  s.  lo^d. 
4thly9  That  the  improved  hufbandry  is  doubly  more  expenfive  du 

the  common. 
5thly9  That  the  produdl  is  three  times  greater. 
t>thly»  That  its  profit  is  fevcn  times  as  great.    This  Mr.  Y.  calls  Af 

moji  important  point ,  yet  owns,  though  it  feems  very  alloring,  tbs 

profit  is  \tTy  fuiali.    But  he  elfewhere  calls  it  *  a  prodigumi  h- 

periority.* 
Reviewers  mu(l  remark,  that  it  is  fo  in  fpcculation,  nocpniic^ 

and  beg  leave  to  add  a  concluiion  of  the  greateft  importance ;  m 

Since  profit  in  both  cafes  is  fo  very  fmaii,  till  better  methods  ht 

found  out,  growing  of  wheat  is  an  occupation  not  worth  owt'l 

purfuit. 
7thly>  The  improved  hufbandry  is  more  unprofitable  in  bad  yon. 

And  here  recurs  our  observation  of  the  importance  of  calcauinBg, 

^m  regiHers  of  the  weather,  the  probability  that  any  given  bar 

mer  will  be  wet. 
8thly>  That  the  condition  of  the  land  after  the  improved  haftandiy 

is  incomparably  better  than  after  the  common. 
Till  the  value  of  tJiis  better  condition  cai^  b^  afcertai^ed,  we  fflst 

remark,  that  the  rifque  which  the  improver  rups  of  lofing  Ui 

whole  capital,  or  a  part  of  it^  demands  his  utmofl  attention.   Fcff 

beginners  can  afford  to  lofe  1 200 1. 
Due  allowance  however  fhould  be  made  fqr  unfriendlinefs  to  yrot 

crops  of  many  years,  in  which  Mr.  Y.  made  his  experiments  (fo 

p.  ^9.) 

The  fecond  fe^on  of  the  ill  chapter  contains  experimenu  on  tke 
culture  of  wheat  in  the  new  hufbandry. 

As  thefe  are  upon  a  fmall  fcale,  Mr.  Y.  endeavours  to  conviflcs 

his  Readers,  that  *  they  will  prove  much  more  uftful  in  their  sea' 

racy  than  the  experience  of  a  whole  farm  could  poffibly  allow  ;*  (p.  $0*) 

and  obferves,  that  ^  epexxuntuxa  ovl  ^\%x^ V^«  \«q^qsk.  «.  ^jnat  doh* 

her  of  dtxirous  haAds,  and  ^  cw^ont  \\\waw^  tw  Xat'%ip*n>  «^^ 


Young'i  Courfi  of  txpermental  Agrtmlinre^  lic^        gOf 

tn  Awell  cultivated  country  fcarce  a  field  has  its  cxadl  counter- part-* 
All  ihii  is  true  ;  but  when  all  neajpary  hands  arc  dextraus^  and  a  fupcr- 
intcndant  thinks  not  due  atttntion  too  fatiguing,  and  the  diffcrenccj 
of  parts  of  one  large,  or  fcveral  different  fields  arc  cxadly  noted, 
large  experiments  arc  generally  more  faihfaa^ry^  as  the  Reader  ia 
mwch  inclined  to  believe  that  any  confiderablc  error  is  not  fo  likely 
to  be  admitted  on  a  largt  as  ^/mall  plan  ;  becaufe  if  any  be  admitted 
in  a  fmall  part,  it  is  propagated  to  the  whole,  and  multiplies  ama- 
zingly* 

Wc  (hall  enter  on  an  account  of  Mr.  V/s  experiments,  after  hay- 
ing obferved  on  an  aflcrtion  of  his ;  viz.  *  A  dificrcncc  of  fix  boun 
rowing  on  barley  land,  well  prepared,  will,  if  an  heavy  ihower  in- 
tervene, on  many  foils,  counterbalance  every  other  point ;'  that  4f 
this  be  the  cafe,  agriculture  is  a  mod  precarious  and  uncomfortably 
employment. 


E.p. 


Produce  per 
Acf«, 

Qri,  B.  P* 
a  a  o 
)  o  o 
I    6    o 


Profit  or  Lofi 
^f  Acre. 


Loft  o 
Pf,  I 
Uft6 

I''  5 
Pr,    3 

Pr,   o 

L.  10 


7i 

t 

<^ 

9 

IV 

ft 

lO 


Pr.    4  IS    9 


Land  maiiured  an<j  not  eat  iown  j  beace  fta^ 

uriancY  and  mtfdew. 
Deep  water  furrowi* 
Land  a  griwUy  Imjh  j  j  rows. 
Two  rowi. 
Manure  (value  i  L  oi.  ^d*)  fpreadom  ch£ 

whv)e»  did  Jictie  good. 


Remarks  on  thcfc  Crops  of  1764,  by  Mr.  Y,  and  Reviewers.  - 
1.  •  Wet  land  in  this  bufbandry  is  very  expenfiire  in  water- furrowing 

and  weeding/     Y. 
a.  *  Succcfs  attends  gi?ing  much  more  feed  than  nuny  writers  al- 
low/   Y. 

3.  The  boailed  faving  of  (tt^  in  the  new  hufbandry  fccms  almoft 
given  up.     R* 

4,  Difference  betwixt  7th  and  8th  numbers  is»  in  pocket,  ncAfiy 
7  L  tot.  What  can  be  concluded  to  the  advantage  of  fo  preca* 
rioy»  a  culture  ?     R» 

Notible  Circumftantei, 


Isf. 


l# 


Jt 


l^oduee  per 

Acre. 

Qrt.  B,  P* 

♦    ♦    o 

$00 


<  ad  U  ( 


Prufit  or  Lofs 
per  Acre. 
L    %,    d. 

Pr.    i     5     a 


Fatoarablcnefs  of  fcafon,  which  Mr*  V.  ;• 
confident  ovcrbabnccj  every  ihing.  P,  65, 
Second  crop  on  the  Tarne  ground  jmcnedUtcf^* 
I'row.aToot,!^  r4fe^  - 

row,Siacb.S.^  ^  3  feet  8  mcb. 

roA»  I  foot,i  •     C4f«t, 

and  clear  profit  c   91.  1 1  c^,  v 


7* 


ix 


Towed  in  §  foot  bedsi 

fuwed  in  6  foot  bed^, 

r^  bufh. 

Produced  <  5  buih. 

If,  S*  All  thtfe  three  equtl  paita  are  fixtbt  oftA  ti^  and  had  the  itfiie  fmi 

and  culture^    Soil  dayejr. 
All  ai  abftve,  «-  C  «  J  J  ^  ******  *  P*^'  1 

ccpt  reverfing  *  |  ^  (  Produced    J  3  buA.  3  pec*  >  tod  profit 

the  lefteri  ^  #  ^  l  4  bii(h,  i  pec,  J 

N*  B,  All  at  above,  caccpt  foil,  gf*velly. 


•  3o  that  c  ftandi  fffx  No.  |^  ia  £xp.  1 1^  and  a  tot  Uq,  i« 


\IVt, 


Mr.  Y/s  Conclufions  from  thefc  two  laft  ETcpcrlmetitii 
t*  In  the  clayey  foil  ireble  rows  are  fupcrior   ua  duublc  onc$» 
*«.  In  the  gravelly  fuptriority,  but  not  fo  great  on  the  fame  fidc- 
j.  Superiority  of  No.  j,  to  No,  %,  is  trifling*  aod  therefore  the  greater 


labour  of  No,  ?,  carries  it  for  No.  j 

Five  Experiments  on  a  Rood  drilled  m  different  Rows,  and 
and  at  different  Diflanccs, 


Pr3^o<^e. 

(ij_.  B.  P, 
p     7     o 
too 

Profit. 
1.    $,     d.  , 

1  X     0     s 

*5 

X     %     # 

1    «  n} 

050 
070 

0   :i  11 

0  II     a 

Rows  ATtd  DH^jnccf* 

Rows  ctfujdidaht  M  r  fnof. 
Do(ik»l«  rowi  t  toot  aXuader* 


Ditto. 

Ditto. 

^'EquldiAant  rowi  t  foot  afunder, 


Sred  4  pedts 

AUnured  oa 

Secuad  cr^. 

S*cd  \  pecJci* 
Seed  '  I  f»rck* 
Seed  a  ^«eki« 

Mr.  Y.'s  and  Reviewers  Obfervations  on  tliefe  five  Experiments- 
On  Exp.  i\x%  If  4  pecks  were  not  too  much  feed,  where  is  the 

faving  of  feed  by  the  drill  method  ?  Or  even  if  3  pedes,  wbat 

coniiderable  faving  is  there  ?  Nay»  what  if  2  peckt  ?  1  f  pecks 

appear  too  Uttle.     R* 
14th,  Manure  appears  to  have  great  effcO.     R. 
15th,  If  this  profit  continues,  tke  drill  method  will  fnperlcjc  the 

broad-catt.     R. 
16th,  Mr.  Y.  cannvt  accbttnt  for  thii  wretched  crop ;  but  remarks 

that  mod  drilled  crops  pay  for  faltbw. 
Ditto*  What   becomes  of  the   othtr  great  boa^  of  drilltng  i   m, 

avoiding  of  fallow  ?     R. 

Mr.  Y.'s  Obfervations  on  the  drilled  Crops  of  1765. 
L  Three  rows  at  1  foot  dillancc  fcems  the  bed  method ;  and  thre« 

rows  at  8  inches  diUance  preferable  to  double  rows. 
n*  Second  crops  do  not  cxhaull  the  foil. 
IIL  Drill  crops  pay  for  fallow. 
Seven  Experiments  in  1766,  on  two  Roods  each,  except  No.  24. 


ter 


I 
I 


L 


Zip* 


to 


ml 


31 


Produce. 

Qri,  B.  P. 

O     )     o 

o   4    < 


Pn>du£t 
mittedj 
avoid 
nutCMfi. 

Pt^ua 

ni 

I     4     o 

a    I    o 


Pro  At  or  L«ofi 

I.    f.     d. 

I^ft  1    6    9I 

Lofi  o  18    ${ 


Rovvl  and  DiftaAces. 
Thne*  fOWi  i  foot  tfoJidcrp 
Ditto. 


I  CtrcumiUaec*. 

'  Third  cro^t   % 

peckioffeed, 

D^to.      Ditto. 

Mildewaolt 


=6.  U      "    ♦    '    S 


a  f>giiijliet  J  rnwt  on  6  f<et  bedi. 
^  dttti>,  on  5  fecf  l>cdt, 
f  t  row  I  on  I  feet  bcd«» 


I  Profit. 


Lofto 
Loffo 


6    2    >  LoA  I  11    1} 


iCquidift.  eowi  t  ft.  afuudef. 

Ditto, 

Thtee  rgwi  i  foot  ifaader. 


H 


Bad  O^wCmim 

Bid    rr^Lfon.     r 

bufh.of  ffcd, 

BH  (eafon  an4: 

eicpf*rtrc    of 
HiJUttre. 

Mr* 


Young'i  Cmrft  (fexpirlminfal  Agrlcuttun^  Ifc*         jl| 

Mr.  Y/iand  Reviewers  Obfcrvations  on  the  Crops  of  f  766* 
On  Expt  19th,  He  calls  its  culture  (4  horfc-hoeings,  ditto  hand- 

hociiigSy  and  z  hatid»weedings)  enormous, 
t3th,  *  TKeCe  drilled  crops  worie  mildewed  than  common  ones** 
2 2d,  '  This  crop,  kmd-h^ed^  not  Co  much  mildewed  ai  horfe  hoed 

ones.*     ^-      \ 
Ditto»  May  not  its  following  a  fallow  in  part  account  for  this  ?     R. 
2  4tb,  *  This  crop  was  fed  down,  and  ««/  mert  mildewed  than  others/ 

Ditto,  ShooM  it  not,  on  Mr.  V/«  principles,  have  been  lefs  I    R. 

Mr.  Y.*s  and  Reviewers  General  Obfervations. 

L  '  Sacceis  of  hufbandxy  depends  upon  the  weather/     Y. 

II.  Should  not  rcftridions  be  here  afcd,  and  fome  degrte  o/ijicary  bo 

endeavoured  to  be  feuted  i     Ocherwife  how  precarioui  it  agrlcnl- 

lurc  ?    R* 
ni.  Three  rows  at  1  foot  diftancc  appear  the  befl  method. 

IV.  *  If  drilled  crops  be,  as  they  here  appear,  mort  fubjc£l  to  mil- 
dew, ihii  is  a  great  difadvantage.*    Y. 

V.  Mr.  Y.  fuppolcs  the  liablenefs  to  mildew  to  arife  from  luxuriancy, 
and  this  from  often  turning  the  foiL  Is  not  this  an  eiTentiai 
obje^ioa  to  drilling  t     R« 

Seven  Experiments  in  1767  ;  the  farmer  four  on  tw^  Roods  each, 
and  the  three  latter  on  one  Rood  each* 


»7 


at 


a* 


Qri,  B,  P, 

090 

»     3 


Profit. 
o    9 


If 


o  j6  tc4 
Q    6  toj 

1 

o 

9 

o 
a 
1 
9 


Rowt  ui4  Diftances» 
Thttt  tiiwi  t  foot  »fuadtT» 
Oiito. 
Profit* 


Circiaoiftaacei* 
Fourth    crop. 

Ditto,     Ditto* 


Ditto,     Ditto, 


I 


o    7    o    I  Loft  t 


to 

O    V  Profit* 

5    I  ^.qoidifL  rowf  f  ft.  Jl4inr.  C  Ditto*     Dittos 

71^  I  i  bree  fo^  i  fo«e  diftiAt,      V  Mild«wittKk- 

I  1   e4  there  cropi* 

I'  L   Seed*  pccki* 

Dltt«4  I  Msfiure      w«i 

I    ex  pen  ft  re. 

Mr.  Y.  obfcrves  on  Exp*  28th,  *  I  expc^cd  that  a  wet  leafon  would 
be  attended  with  a  artein  and  gn^t  lofs :  but  ray  miftake  fhews, 
that  one  cannot  be  too  cautious  in  rcafoning  upon  one  year  by- 
analogy  with  another/ 

He  obfcrves  on  £xp.  29th*  That  many  broad-cail  crops  prored  verjf 
detrimental  this  year.  Is  it  not  greatly  to  be  lamented  that  a  ba- 
linefsi  fo  neceffiiry  to  the  fupport  of  human  life  as  gr&^ing  «f 
mthtat^  is  fo  fubjcfl  to  prove  detrirDental,  that  a  man  cannot  cirter 
upon  it  with  any  reafonablc  alTurance  of  proiit  adequate  to  the  ha* 
zard  which  he  runs  i    R. 


Mr.  Y/s  Conctalion«  from  thcfe  drilled  Crops  of  1 767. 
I.  They  prove  more  for  than  3 gait  ft  the  diAllw^^^iis-Vk^tV* 


^\s\t:^ 


Mrs.  Stciurt^  JlfeJitatmSi  fefr. 

.  Three  rows  drfbnt  t  f(x>t»  with  imervai^  of  4  fleet,  tBe  mofl  a!« 
vantageoQs  dtrpofuton  of  drtlU, 
.  Purchafed  manure  aufwers  not  the  expcticc. 
Two  pecks  of  feed  per  rood,  or  two  bulhels  per  acre^  14  too  little 
a  quantity* 

Wc  have  been  fo  exad  in  oar  Review  of  Mr.  Y/s  averages  of  tKe 

[cxpenccst  produfls,  and  proEts  and  lo/fes  of  his  crop?*  in  the  oM 

liiutbandry,  that  we  will  inferc  nothing  of  this  Idnd  on  the  new  hnf- 

\  bandry   (although  wc  have  reduced  the  whole  to  writing)  but  onVy^ 

ji^j  That  from  his  prcinifes  Mr.  Y,  rrghtJy  concludes  (p.  116.)  that 

•  manunn^of  drilled  crops  anlwers  nut  ;*  and  that  the  average  loff 
[by  manupidcTop^t  i^ to  that  hy  unmanured  ones,  3S  6  [.   10s.  Jtd* 

to  I  1.  1  s.   lo  d.  or  almoft  6  to  1  :  and,  zdly*  Mr.  Y.  (in  p,  1 19 — 

lit)  having  gained  the  averaget  of  crops  after  fallows 'and  other 

;  crop  St  o^ns  his  furprizeat  the  refult  of  this  comparifon,  as  he  ex- 

[  pc^Ud  that  a  drilled  crop,  after  a  fallow,  would  be  Icail  profitable  5 

'  but  6nds  that  It  exceeds  in  profit  that  after  a  crop  by  1 1*  2  s.  3  d; 

per  acre;  and  as  the  profit  of  a  fuccceding  crop  is  only  17s,  6d. 

(that  of  two  of  them  only  i  i,   15  $.)  therefore  by  fallowing  the  land 

every  other  year  wc  gain  4  s.  q  d.  by  the  acre,  fave  the  trooble  of 

ticcndiog  the  fecond  crop,  and  the  rifquc  of  greater  cypences.     He 

therefore  concludes  (as  alt  impanial  Rc;iders  will  from  his  prciMfA) 

*  drilled  land  ftcms  to  lofc  fertility/  Wc  fcrioufly  recommend  this 
conclufion  to  the  confidcration  of  the  advocates  for  the  drill  hufban- 
dry,  and  apprehend,  that  it  may  cootribute  to  *  clip  the  pinions  of 
drilling  ideas  when  too  much  on  the  wing*' 

Mr.  Y.  next  flicws,  that  fcttf.  paribus)  the  /rotd^i^^^  of  squid iHant 
TOWS  exceeds  that  of  horfehocd  crops  by  5  Vulhels  3  pecks  to  the 
acre  ;  and  the  profit  of  the  former  that  of  the  laucr  by  its,  6d.  im 
the  acre.  How  confidcrable  all  thii !  *  Seems  it  not  hence  that  good 
iroad-call  is  likelieft  to  bear  a^vsiy  the  prize  ?  , 

He  notes  that  3  rows  at  1  foot  diftance,  with  intervals  of  4  Utu 
arc  fupcrior  to  the  two  other  methods,  by  above  i  U  15  s,  per  acre* 
and  prefers  the  common  Suffolk  plough  to  iiU  horfc  hoes. 

A';  B,  In  our  Review  of  the  above  experiments  wc  have  omitted 
adding  the  fcreenings,  in  (laibg  of  the  prod  aft,  (to  avoid  minuieiicfj) 
but  they  arc  in  the  profits 

[To  hi  iofttinuid^ 

Art,  XU.  AJt^haiiom  upon  ftv^ral  Te^eti  b/ Scripture*  By  the 
late  Mrs.  Jean  Stcuart,  Widow  of  Alexander  Trotter  of  CatUe- 
fliicll,  Efq;  D^iughrcr  of  Sir  Robert  Steuart  of  Allanbank, 
Bare*     8vo»     4s.  6d.     Keith.     1771. 

NOtwithftanding  our  diflike  of  religtous  enthufiarm^  wc^ 
frequently  fee  great  rcafon  to  refpeil  the  chaiaflers  of 
ihofe  who  arc  infeiScd  by  it  ;  for,  wild  and  irrational  a3  the 
r^at  enthufi^ft  may  be  in   the  cjtcrcife  of  his  imagination  aod 

*  Itidccd,  ill  this  cafe.  ^1 1.  7  s.  ^d,  inrteadof4l.  i^s-  jd,  muft 
be  expended ;  fo  that  fome  trifle  for  intcrcft  of  the  greater  fum-, 
ihould  be  allowed* 

fancJca 


Mrs,  Steuart'i  MtStatims*,  jl  j 

fancied  feelings,  we  cannot  qucftion  h!s  fincerlty  s  ^ni  fmttrity 
is  aJways  rcfpedable.  However  erroneous  in  principle,  or  mii^ 
taken  in  condu^,  thcfe  Tons  and  daughters  ot  tnenul  dclufion 
may  be,  the  inconvenience,  if  any,  i^  lo  ihcmfclvcjj  for  they 
arc,  neverthelef£,  generally  found  to  be  the  beil  members  of 
fociecy.  Sober  in  their  manners,  they  are  peaceable  neigh* 
bours,  warm  friends,  pious  toward  God,  and  zealous  in  dif* 
charging  the  obligarions  of  iheir  religious  perfuafioii* 

Such  a  character,  it  appears,  was  Mrs.  Jean  Sreuart  \  of 
whom  a  circumilantial  account  is  given  by  the  Editor  of  her 
papers  ;  from  which  we  (hall  extraS  a  few  particulars  to  gra* 
tify  the  curiofity  of  our  readers. 

She  was  married  in  1708,  in  the  15th  year  of  her  age;  was 
left  a  widow  in  1728,  with  eight  Tons  and  three  daughters  then 
living,  befide  two  funs  which  ihe  had  buried  \  and  (he  remained 
a  widow  till  her  death,  which  happened  in  1766, 

^  She  feems  to  have  had  a  \try  early  turn  fi:»r  religious  fub  • 
jetfls,  which  was  much  encouraged  not  only  by  her  pious  pa* 
rents,  but  by  her  worthy  grandmother  lady  Gdmour. 

*  As  a  wife  (be  was  moft  afFe<5lianate,  and  as  a  mother  none 
could  excel!  her  in  tendcrnefs ;  but  even  this  is  only  half  her 
praife,  for  ftc  was  at  the  greatcft  pains  to  inftil  into  the  mindt 
of  her  children  the  principles  of  religion,  and  to  guard  them 
againft  the  extremities  of //r/^f^^^  and  lu  Ice  warm  nefs,  which  the 
Reader  will  fee  from  a  few  of  her  letters  to  her  children  *• 

^  As  a  miflrcfs  (he  was  gentle,  as  a  friend  i^eady,  as  a  com- 
panion chearfu  I  and  agreeable;  and  to  objei5ls  of  charity,  her 
hand  was  always  open. 

*  None  Will  be  furprizcd,'  fays  the  writer  of  this  account, 
*  that  a  perlbn  in  whom  refided  fo  many  Godlike  virtues, 
ihuuld  meet  with  trouble  in  life ;  for  this  Is  one  of  the  evideu- 
CCS  of  our  being  the  children  of  God.  Her  afflidtons,  indeed^ 
were  greaf,  not  only  from  her  young  and  numerous  family,  but 
from  a  very  tender  and  broken  ftate  of  ht^alth  during  the  whole 
of  her  widowhood.  She  had  the  trial  to  iofe  nine  of  her  chil- 
dren, and  five  of  them  in  little  more  than  or.c  year.— But  in 
thefe,  and  all  her  aiHi£lions,  Oie  hoic  the  will  of  God  with  an  ex- 
emplary rcngnation.-^Hcr  la(l  tilriefs,  though  exiremely  painful, 
fhe  bore  with  great  patience  and  fortitude  :  never  did  ojie  fret- 


•  Thcfc  letters  arc  particukrly  referred  to,  va  infcrtcd  in  this  work  ; 
and  wc  have  efpecially  attended  to  their  con  ten;  s,  but  h:ivc  obfen^cd 
nothing  in  thcm»  nor  in  the  whole  vol u me,  that  in  tjic  kail  degree 
Teems  to  guard  the  Reader  againft  entlufiajm^  Indeed  we  might  as 
well  look  into  Whitcficld's  journals  for  a  diftuafiv^  agatcll  Jacld- 
preaching,  or  tabern:icle  conventicles-— Of  the  rxtrtmihei  of  entnu- 
fiafm,  therefore,  we  may  concludci  t|)c  wortLy  Lditor*5  ideai  and 
oars  arc  ixtrtinttj  diSimiJar. 

Rev.  Apr,  1771.  Y  V^ 


udgmeftt 


to 


fM  word  efcapf  ^She  ret;>ined  her  j 

Wft,  Jnd,  with  r  ruftrrie  ai^^  fw^e^ct  afp^^l,  waUeil  far  iht*\ 

€bitriimm9tion  61:  her  hafH>m«rs.— At  Itngth  th«  lob'^r  rxpe^M' 
hou^  arrived  ;  an^  aficr  caftif*g  a  iviftiful  look  on  her  rnourn-j 
>rtg  children  anJ  U\tx^%  ^ho  ('>»rrourt(ktJ  her  bed^  ill  w*kh  her^ 
Tliry  *bul  rpok^r,  flit  frll  Sfflcei;)  in  Jcfus. 

i «  Thus  Jived,  am*  thus  dted»  one  of  the  heft  of  #dm^n  ;  bijrt| 
though  cJe*id*  in  theft*  her  devout  mcditiiions  (he  ftdl  Jives,  ft»J  1 
^ak^  ifidrodian  to  the  world/ 
^*In  many  cftlltf,  the  Kditor  acknowledges  it  would  be'tfriprdpefj 
topublifh  private  uTitings  of  this  nature;  but  ill  f^ij,  he  ap^i 
prchcnds,  *  the  fccreting  of  them  wouW  be  hiding  a  golderi  ^ 
laletit  in  the  earth,  er  putting  a  candle  under  a  bulliel,  which  | 
ffiay  tend  to  enrich  and  give  light  to  all  around. — The  per- 
fualion  of  thif»  the  Editor  is  afluned,  induced  the  ton  of  lht\ 
pious  author,  Mf,  Archibald  Trotter,  merchant  and  accomp'*] 
tant  !n  Edinbui*gh,  id  fuffer  this  work  to  come  abroad  into 
world  ;  and  it  is  his  enrneft  wtfh  it  may  anTwcf  all  the  Jmpo 
tant  ends  of  fpifitttal  edification  to  thofe  who  read  it*' 

With  whatever  gd♦^d  intent,  and  pious  regafd  toehc  memory! 
(»f  hi«  worthy  p.uciTt^  Mr.  Trotter  caufcd,  o^  fuffercd^  theft  I 
•  devdut  breariiings  of  a  ho!y  foul  In  fecret,  who  never  enteral 
fwncd  a  thmrght  that  her^writrrrg?  would  be  feeh  bv  the  eye  of  J 
flic  puhlfc/  to  make  their  appeA'rance  to  the  v^'orld  in  print,  wtj 
mud,  nct^erthelefs>  fiom  the  refpe^  which  we  bear  to  nkA 
YloKAL,  TEMPERATE,  and  WANLY  religion >  honeftJv  declafcj 
ew  dirfip;>rabation^  of  fuch  pyhlicattons  as  theprefent.  Ofthdj 
fervent  private  cxcrcifcs  of  a  heart  warn>Jy  attached  to  the  ob-1 
j4ft  of  its  devotion,  we  certainfy  ought  to  deem  with  the  f7ighefl\ 
rt^rrtnttj  while  it»  effufions  are  oorifined  to  the  clofet  whtcfc' 
gave  ihcm  blrih  j  but  when  they  afc  communiciied  to  tht 
worMy  and  fubmitted  to  a  eool  c^amtnatton  and  dtfpwfFtontt^l 
yti^thx^  there  f^frcat  rcafon  to  fear,  that  inftead  df  exciting] 
lith\.*rs  to  go  mi  75',  they  may  not  only  becbme  the  fub- 

j^a  of  tl>«  fcofj  ule,  but  may  even  fall  tinder  the  cra^' 

Aire  of  t'tfe  fober  and  judiciotis. 

^  That  we  may  net  be  charged  wtih  having  tttijtrCHy  cJaflM 
tliefc  mcditaiioi>5  with  the  extravagancies  of  enthufiaft?,  we  will ' 
fupport  what  We  have,  not  nn char ka*>ly,  hintetl^  in  rtlttion  X^\ 
rheir  true  merits,  by  a  few  fliort  cxtrads,  which  will  indifpu^J 
tably  fpeak  for  themfelves  and  for  their  author  ;  and  which  may»( 
at  ihe  fame  time,  if  candidly  accepted,  fufficiently  ituimate  to  fhtj 
Editor  In  what  manner  we  apprehend  he  ought  to  dlfcharge  hi^J 
duty  in  refpctl  to  the  remainder  of  Mrs,  Stcuan's  pfpers»  if  f| 
fcijuel  to  this  pybjicatton  is  intended  ^  as  feema  to  be  the  cafii 
fioin  the  fi^atitrci  F&L  L  prin^d  it  the  k>ot  of  the  firft  pdg#] 


Mri.  Scetnurt  V  Midkatrntk  }f  ^ 

%f  rvery  flncflt  ia  (he  prdoit  voIiudc,  although  notking  of  this 
felt  a^^rs  ifi  tbjc  title.  ^ 

P.  9.  '  When  my  heart  is  overwhelmed,  kad  ttu:  to  thcrock 
that  IS  higb^r  ih^n  f.     This  is  ^  mnfy  fappiicatjon  iodeed.'-— 

Rcadera  of  a. ludicrous  turn  mi;^!'.;  be  apt  to  i'ay^  that  the 
pious  mednaiH  h^re  iiu«o4cd  (qdclscnd  evca  to  the  iaoiiliarity 
of  a  pun^ 

P.  13.  *  The  jftoncji  of  SdIoipoo's  temple* vycre  all  m  idc  ready  " 
before  thoy  were  brought  thither  \  fo  that  there  was  ncricher 
hammer  por  any  tool  he^rd  in  the  houfe  while 'it  was  building;, 
«-*£ven  fo  with  Gou's  people  io  this  world,  who  are  defigned  hf 
the  great  mtfter-builder  to  form  aod  make  upa^  holy  temple  tu 
himielf  io  the  higher  houfe,  his  owii  immediate  abfode^-^What- 
ever  hrwmg  and  polifliing  of  any  kind  his  providence  makes 
upon  lis  in  the  way  of  afflidion,  it  becomes  us  to  be  fubmiifive 
under  theiie  ilrokes,  and  quietly  wait  the  iflue.  The  better  p  j- 
liflied  we  are,  ^4  the  more  pains  he  vouchLfes  in  his  provi^ 
4eoce  for  this  end, — the  mare  honourable  (ball  our  place  io 
that  building  be. — We  ih^ll  nof.  grudge  the  toil  we  endured  in 
being  fitted /pr  it;  yea, . t^  our  gr^at  joy,  we  (ball  (ec  how  ne^ 
ceflary  .every  hammerings  ^^y  k^i^g  of  his  providence  was.'-^ 

The  mechanical  terms  introduced  in  the  above  abridgment 
•f  this  medication,  will,  no  doybt,  by  moft  readera  be  thought 
much  too  kw  for  the  langusige  proper  to  be  uied  in  the  inter* 
courfe  of  A  pious  heart  with  the  fuprcme  Majefiy  of  heaven  an4 
earth— *Of  the  fame  ftam|>  is  th^  exprcJion  at'  oAir  Lord  chiding 
aod  twitting  his  difciples  for  their  want  or  fairh,  p.  29. 

P.  67.  Io  carrying  on  the.Ajp)i|it^de  of  a  nurlcry,  from  which 
the  '  fair  plants  of  grace  (ball  be  tr^nfpl^ntcd  to  the  garden  of 
God,'  we  have  a  pauage,  the  whole  of  which  will  nor  be  in* 
telligible  to  theEngli(h  reader:-^*  Yet,  O  my  foul,,blefs^/  the 
Lord  thy  God,  and  forget  not  all  his  beneAis ;  although  thou 
art  at  prefcnt  inhabiting  a  parched  field,  a  oarrcn  foil,  yet  ofFcr 
to  the  Lord  ihankfgiving,  that  t'.ieie  a  e  in  the  nurfery  of  Gud» 
amongft  thcfe  plants  (however  ffjiub  and  jickljs  there  appe;ir 
amongft  others  around  thee  in  the  fame  inclomrc)  whom  he  is 
training  up  for  his  palace-garden  above.'—* 

The  meaning  of  the  phrofc,  fiirub  and  f^cklcji^  nvay  be  ob* 
vious  enough  ia  Scotland,  but  wes  believe  it  wi»l  not  be  eafily 
undcrilood.  on  this  fide  the  Twe<l- 

.  -P-  iSj,  J.n  .meditating  on  the  v/ords,  *  But  thou  art  a  (hieiJ 
for  me,'  &c.  the  infults  ai^d  taunts  uft^il  by  David's  enemies  are 
introductd,  and^hus  rebuked ; — '  l^he  Lord  is  a  IhiclJ  for  mej 
jpy  glory,  and  the  lifter- up  of  my  head.  A  viajjie  counter- 
match  indeed  to  all  tneir  hcililh  boalling :  ''  There  is  no  help 
iior  himin  God'*— Ip^  //V»— the  Lord  is  a  ihield,*  ^c* 

Y  a  \>^ 


3'5 


Mrs.  Steuari*j  Meditathnt* 


Do  not  the  (wo  words  printed  in  italic,  in  the  latter  part  i 
the  foregoing  extra£l,  imply  fomeching  rather  too  indelicate 
mafcutine  for  the  pen  of  x  lady  ? 

P.  229.  *  O  amazing  niyftery  !  that  the  infinite  God,  th 
glorious  fecond  perfon  in  the  Trinity,  needed  to  be  furthc 
qualified  than  from  his  own  infinity  to  fuccour  his  people  whc 
tempted/ — 

I'his,  ^^'c  fear,  will  be  undcrftood  no  where. 

P.  233.  *  Hail !  O  glorious  Saviour,  every  drop  of  thy  pre 
cious  flicd  blood  !  O  hail  f  every  precious  m^lkk  groan,  frofl 
the  pure  and  unfpotted  bread  of  him  who  is  the  God  of 
confolation/ — In  the  fame  page  fhe  again  finks  beneath  the  ic 
poTtancc  of  the  fubjcft,  by  complaining  of  furrowful  angutil 
and  faint  quabnt^  while  fufFering  by  our  enemies,  an<J  the  ene 
ti>ics  of  the  Saviour.  The  fame  pecultitr  phrafe  is  ufed,  p,  354 
— *  Now  may  wc,  dcfolated  and  deje£lcd  in  our  ftate  of  dif 
tancc  and  captivity,  weep,  when  we  remember  Zion,  yea,  fainf 
and  almoft  die  away  in  Uvg- quaint  i  *,  when  re  fleeing  on  ou 
foifcited  love-pledges»  and  our  Lord's  abfencc.'— Thefe  ncc 
no  comment.  Nor  will  divines,  who,  like  our  fair  med leant; 
are  fond  of  fpintualizing  Solomon's  Songs,  have  much  objc 
tion  to  them, 

P.  302.  In  the  month  of  September  laft,  near  to  the  begii 
fling  of  it,  fome  time,  1  think,  in  the  fecond  week  j  from  whic 
tirnc  till  the  middle  of  Oftober,  was  a  very  extraordinary  tin 
With  me:  a  fpiritual  anguiOi  was  excited  upon  my  mind,  at^ 
tended   (by  God's  good   hand   upon  me)  with  fuch  delightful, 
yea,  vehement  pangs  of  love-fick  dtfires  after  God,  and  to  \ 
by  the  fmiles  of  his  countenance  and  favour,  m^dQ/urihc^mm^i 
to  the  glory  and  praifc  of  his  glorious  name,  &c. — 

Surely  our  Editor  does  not  include  fuch  thoughts  and  cxf 
fions  as  the  foregoing,  among  thofe  which  he  hopes  will  *  an 
fwer  the  important  ends  of  fpiritual  edification'  to  thofc  wl 
read  them. 

To  multiply  quotations  of  this  fort,  would  be  no  agreeable 
tafk  to  us,  nor  would  it  furnifli  any  very  rational  entertainment 
to  many  of  our  Readers.     Enough  has  been  extraiSted  to  Qxtt 
both  the  fpirit  and  turn  of  moft  of  Mrs,  Stcuart's  Medit 
and  to  give  a  tolerable  idea  of  their  onfiinefs,  in  many  rcfp 
to  meet  the  eye  of  an  enlightened  and  difcerning  age  and  natioo. 


•  And  in  p.  271.  —  *  A  needy  (inner  J  am ; — all  that  is  in  the  world 
cannot  keep  mc  from  flarving  to  death,  and  fwoooing  away  in  U^ifich 
quitimt^  if  I  am  not  fuppHed  by  my  Lord  from  th*it  fulncfs  that  is  it 
inm»  which  \t  th;U  that  alone  can  fatiyfy  ray  foul/ 

t  This  word  is  often  nfed  ia  ihefe  Meditations,  and  is  always  tkui 

AnT.  xm. 


r  3^7  ] 

Art.  Xirr.  CoHCl^miOH  of  thiPhiUf&phicQlTfanfacfhns.  Vol. 
Lix.     For  the  Year  1769.     Sec  our  laft  iMonth*s  Review^. 

A  N  T  I  Q^U  1  T  X  B  S. 

Article  27,  ^n  Account  of  fevtral fcpulchral  Infaipticns  and  Figures 
in  Bas-nlUf,  difcovered  in  1 755,  at  Bcnn  in  Louder  Germany 
By  Jahn  Strange^  Efq\  F.  R,  $, 

THE  Author  in  his  pafiagc  through  Germany  and  the  Ty- 
rol, in  bis  way  to  Italy,  had  an  opportunity  of  obferving 
fomc  curious  remains  of  Roman  antkjuity,  coiiufting  of  bas- 
reliefs  in  the  htgheft  prefcrvation,  which  had  been  difcovercd 
on  digging  certain  foundations  in  a  garden  belonging  to  the  Elec- 
tor of  Cologne,  together  with  fome  infcriptions.  Two  plates 
exhibiting  thefc  antiquities  accompany  this  article. 
Article  61.  j/n  Attempt  to  iluctdatt  tW9  Samnitf  Coins ^  nruer  htfon 
fully  acpkinid^  ^c.    By  thi  Rtv.  John  Swinton^  B.  D.  F.  K.  S. 

The  mod  eminent  antiquarians,  as  Mr.  Swinton,  with  his 
accuftomcd  gravity,  obferves*  '  have  not  fcrupled  to  aflert*  that 
the  word  Safinim,  found  on  the  reverfe  of  a  certain  Samnite 
denariu^i  of  Papius  Mutilus,  muft  be  equivalent  to  Sabini  or 
^^;»mV^x,theSabinesor  thcSamnites  ;  whereas,  with  much  erudi- 
tion, he  makes  it  nearly  evident,  from  the  nature  and  genius  of 
the  coin  itfelf;  frooi  the  Samrute  mode  of  abbreviation;  and 
from  its  jimilarity  to  other  coins,  bearing  the  names  of  Itattm 
captains,  and  adorned  with  the  fame  fymbuls,  that  it  ilaods  for 
SAFIN li^i  Marcifiliusy  pofHbly  an  Itiilian  general  who  had  di- 
flinguiQied  himfelf  in  the  focial  war  \ — ^wholc  exploits  indeed  are 
not  come  down  to  us,  and  whofe  very  name,  that  fingle  evi- 
dence of  his  ever  havin2;  exited,  though  recorded  on  brafg,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  filently  pofling  on  the  high  road  to  uttt-r 
oblivion,  till  our  alert  antiquarian  outpod  challenged  and  flop- 
ped it  on  the  very  borders  of  the  gulph  \  after  it  had  eluded  the 
fcrutiny  of  the  Marquis  Scipio  Maffei,  Signior  Olivieri,  M* 
Pellerin,  and  his  numerous  brother  centineb,  who  inceiTantly 

guard   the  pafles  into  that  region. May  the  Philofophical 

Tranfaclions,  jEre  pergnnions^  in  which  it  is  now  depofitcd, 
and  commences  a  frcfh  sera  of  cxiflencc,  preferve  and  tranfmit 
the  folitaiy  name  of  Safnius — (for  even  they  can  do  no  more) 
and  tht  pranomm  uf  his  venerable  father,  to  the  lateft  poftcrity^ 
more  faithfully  than  the  medal  of  Papius  Mutilu^  I 
Ankle  66.  Extraif  ffo^n  the  Journah  of  the  Rsyal  Swity^  refpeH'- 

ing  a  Letter  addreffed  to  tht  Society  by  a  Member  of  the  Houfe  of 

Jifuits  &t  Pekin  in  China.     By  Charles  Afottcf:^  M.  Z>.  ^ee^ 

R,  S.  iffc. 

The  controvcrfy  which  has  lately  arifen  among  the  literati  of 
Europe^  on  the  occaficn  of  fome  conjeflurc^  of  the  ingcixlovv^ 

Y  3  \Ai, 


31 8  Phllofophlcal  Tr^faSims^  for  the  Tunr  1769. 

Mr.  Turbervillc  Kecdiiam,  piAKlhed  in  1761^  relative  tDt 
fuppoied  conne£Uon  bccvi'ccn  the  hieroglypbicsd  wfittDg  o|jta« 
ancient  Egyptians,  and  the  chara&eriitic  writing'liow  la  yk 
amon^  the  Chinefe,  are  ncn  unknown  to  our  learned  Readoi^ 
The  Egyptian  fyml^ols  or  charaAers  ixrfcribed  oh  the'^Uhilil 
bud  of  Ills,  at  Turin  t>  appeaivLxl  to^him  to  re(emUe  faoi 
Chineie  charadlcrs,  which  are  to  be  found*  in  tbe  ^rcit.^ 
ticmary  Tchihg^  fj:f^  Ung ;  froiA  whence  be  eohjcAiudt  'V^ 
that  the  Chinefe  cliaradtcrB  are  the  Tam^,  in  many  idfSii^t 
the  hieroglyphics  of  Egypt;  and,  fccondly>  chat  die  MbiI 
hieroglyp:)ics  xt\^  be  invei!ig;ated  by  the  CdtiparaMe 'ami i||i^ 
propridted  rigAifSe^iion  of  the  Chinefe  charafitera.  ^flyiiilnifc# 
larity  hetwecn  thefe  two  fpecics  bf  writing  has  hawcv<r-lili 
contcftcd,  an  appeal  has  been  made  to  the  only  potffB8|i 
judges  of  this  qii^fttonf  the  Itlvati  of  China.  The  SaoettiM 
•f!he  Royal  Society  has  accordingly  addrefled  bimfeif  Oi|liMi«l 
]e£l  to  the  Jcfuits  at  Pekin.  Amung  other  queftionl'frapi' 
to  them,  which  we  omit,  they  were  in  particular  defiltiloi 
form  the  Society  *  whether  certain  characters^  to  ike  Mid 
of  29,  copied  from  the  buft  at  Turin,  together  witk  Mi 
mher  chara6len«,  to  the  number  of  200,  copied  fraa}<itirfaiM| 
inonument*<t  bfEgvpt,  arc  really  and  indeed  ChindTcchanAdl 
and,  if  they  be,  of  what  dialed  and  of  what  ageafediciyj^  ^ 

In  anfwerto  this  and  ether  enquiries  relative  to^hiiiuk' 
the  Society  have  received  a  paper  from  Pekin,  of  whicbake 
fent  article  is  an  abftraiSb.     It  is  accompanied  wicti  VJ 
reprefenting  feveral  of  the  ancient  and  modern  Chtnefec 
ters  ufed  in  writing ;  togerhcr  with  copies  of  fevcMl  ai 
Chinefe  infcriptlons,  drawings  of  vafes,  and  other  oai^ail 
With  regard  to  the  queflion  ;>bovcmentioned,  chewrker  af 
paper  fent  from  Pekin  (who  appears,  from  feme  BiilRania| 
dthcr  accident  befallen  fo^^^c  of  the  packers  fent  to  hint  to 
received  only  chat  whic)\  contained  the  Turrn  chai%Aeii) 
cides,  that  though  four  or  five  of  thefe  charaders  lMV>e  af 
tefembtance  to  the  like  number,  to  be  found  rn  thetboi 
fioncd  Chinefe  dictionary;  yet  that  they  arc  not 'g^dwtie 
nefe  chara^ers  \  having  no  conqeded   fenfe,  nor  a  props^ 
femblancc  to  any  of  their  forms  of  writing  5  and  that  thevl 
of  the  infcription  has  nothing  of  Chinefe  upon  the  fcce  of 
Many  of  the  lUcrati  of  that  country,  whofe  proWlM  k  « J 
fiudy  the  ancient  writings,  and  whom  he  confulted  upoay^ 
occafion,  concur  v/ith  him  in  this  opinions  declafhigtliat^ 
fymbols  are  abfolutcly  unintelligible  and  new  tothdAi. 

•  Sec  Review,  vol.  xxix.  p.  31  — 34. 
f  A  caft  Q^  this  venerable  rdtnain  of  antiquity  1ia«  faeea  [ 
.  and  fent  hither,  b^  Mr.Motvxai^  %xv^  H^  ^qw«  xhsoag^h  the  I 


PJfUfifiiiai/  Tro^^hnhf  for  ihTter  1769. 


a4 

A  ..-u^-  j^.,.  -.  ^  however  »Vqlutfly  r^pnjounce  MrNced- 

e;  Aiid  accofilingly  pr^fents  the  Society 

73  tgyp^i^  bicroglyjjiiks^  colle^ed  prin* 

T,  aod  LiS  jiltrcd  by  thcro  ^  i\nm\>^  ^i  ^^ 

modern  Ciuficfc  l  ^,  Anihich  moie  or  lefs  re- 

hrm  ^  atwi  rccon;uncj.^,  ,„„  l^rlhcr  iiiv^ftignti9n  of  tht^ 

I  to  ih^  learned.    He  llk^wife  giyt^  .what  he  s^^\^ 

■fi  pidtureof  tbe  Cblpcfe  Cpague,  arul  a;i  ^cppun^  o| 

icb  have  been  pblcrvcd  ii^  Uie  fgrntittion  of  us  cha* 

c  is  profuJ'c  in  his  praiiti  c^f  t'  lage^  and  cx-» 

I  *  force^  grace,  qnccgy,  ^mcuity,  ^;.  t  *nd  CmplU 

^nicuUfly  in  many  of  the  pafLgcs  of  the  King  :  obff/v- 

;  xk(i  fame  time,  tb^,  noxwabil^nding  all   Ms  4i%rc^f 

.Of  varieticst  chaC  tc^igue  copuins  only  »bofic  330  word^^ 

emp;'  9f  wbich,  howev*;r,  n  nc;>i^y  mukjifUcd  into  foyir, 

'nuny  diticrent  accents  or   int'cxioiu,  of  ,^be  voicr^  of 

It  ii  dif£culc  to   give  ;tn   £Mropea|i  an   |d^^ ;  ^nd  th^r, 

IflefSy  It  ii  neither  a^Qnotoui^  biirrcn,  or  h.^rd  10  unucr« 

^  h^  been  fuppofcd  Vy  Europeans.     He  obferves  ^ 

le  accents  '  give  a  certain   harmony  and   pointed  ca^c^q^ 

L  jxioil  ordinary  pbrafes/  ancf^  with  regard  to  c;\^^rmhf 

Is      ■       fheCbineCe  fpcak  as  f*dl  ;is  we  do»  exprefs  ^orc 

|i  ^  icwei  woid^^    and    miverth^lelii    unc^etit^nd    yne 


pes  opt  hw^ever  appear  ftona  tbi^  Pfjpe^fi  JwWi  wvb/^hc 
.Ofily  four  times  330  ^ords,  a)]  it^is  c]c^n^U  is  att^ij[ied, 
|ir  owji  parts,  notwitbftandiag  our  leaiae^^  M^ipunary'f 
^  we  icjoice  that  we  are  tfuRurs  of  that  fiipple  bi^f 
ifiveiiuon,  V  nj  twenty  lett^rs^  ai?d  of  fhc  duju^ 

^d  tens  of  >  ^  of  wordii  rb&t   f^e  formed  ou^  9^ 

Aa  Reviewers  pariicularly,  we  haye  re;^ofi  tp  be  m^^ 
^rdlinarily  tbani^fui  on  thi#  account.  Talking  our  wbpl^ 
jiogether»  we  nuy   mpd^jUy   reckqn    pMffclvcs  iplerably 

Kbalf  a  dozen  alph^hcuc^l  1  s  ^it  \^*xQ, :  b^t  \va4 

,000  Chincie  cJn\rajUers  l  ./ith,  to  qualify  U0 

ir  office— (fupp oil ng  it  could  t/iiii  iiiidcr  fu<:\t  ;i  fuppqfir 
-icftcad  of  treating  dsiiy  every  iponih,  at  pur  ef^fe,  %s  wjc 
o^  di  9mnifabiii^  our  whple  body,^  one  qt  two  greybeards 
|edy  would  fcarcc  be  got  iiaif  w^y  .^hrou^b  their  hofR- 
fiut  to  conclude  Hitb  a  (nore  ^ious  reflexion }  \^ 
fcdd,     '  -  know  not  whether  th^  ^onfiderablc  progr:!fs 

iti.  have  RiaJc  in  (evcral  of  the  (cLcnccs,  und^r 

;  dif^viv gauges  of  a  y/riuen  Un^uagc,  fo  unfavourably, 
its  very  Itrudure,  to  the  diffufion  arid  propagation  of 
edge,  does  not  furnifli  a  ftrqnger  and  more  iatisfjkCiQt^ 
of  ihe  fcj^h  ^piiqtthy  to  which  ihey  grcij^ftd,  lY^ti  «.u^ 

y  4  ^\.U^- 


3*6  PbihfiphkaltranfsSfUns^  far  tht  Tear  X769, 

Electricity  and  Meteors, 

The  two  firft  papers  belonging  to  the  firft  of  thcfe  claflet 
are  the  9th  and  loth  article*,  in  which  Dr,  Prieftley  relates 
fame  curious  experiments  on  the  force  and  dircflion  of  ele£lri« 
cal  explofions.  Thefc  were  puHiflied  fome  time  ago  in  the 
Jdditioni  to  his  Hijioryy  and  have  been  already  noticed  in  our 
Review  t»  In  the  13th  article,  an  account  Is  given  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Paxton,  of  the  effei^s  of  a  violent  thundcr*ftorin  on 
the  tower  of  the  church  of  Buckland  BrcwtT  in  Devonfhire  5 
from  the  pinnacle  ©f  which  (lonei  were,  by  the  fufce  of  the  clcc* 
irical  cxplofion,  projcdcd  and  difperfed  in  all  direftions,  and 
to  different  diftances;  fome  of  which  (if  there  Is  no  typogra- 
phical error  in  the  number)  weighed  fcvcn  hundred  pounds. 
The  14th  and  20th  articles  contain  meteorological  journals  of 
the  weather  in  the  ytar  1768,  kept  at  Plymouth,  Bridgcwatcr, 
and  Ludgvan.  In  ihc  15th  and  4gth  articles,  accounts  arc 
riven  of  two  tcmvi\\it\>\t  Amone  bortaUi\  the  lirfl  f-bferved  at 
Paris,  by  M.  McHier,  and  the  latter  at  Oxford  by  Mr*  Swin- 
ton.  The  remaining  articles  of  this  clafs  arc  the  two  fol- 
lowing : 
Article  21.  Prepffal  of  a  Method  fer  feamn^  ihc  Cathedral  cf  St. 

Paulas  frcm  Damage  h  Lightning ;  in  Conftqumce  of  a  Litter 
'^^jfrom  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's  to  Jamei  ^i'ijl^  Efq\ 

Pr.  R.  S. 

While  the  intrepid  and  fagacious  wardens  or  other  guardians 
of  the  parochial  church  of  St.  Bfidc*s»  after  repeated  ele£lric 
ihocks  from  above,  and  reiterated  admonitions  and  remon* 
flrances  from  us*  and  others,  ftitl  continue  to  brave  the  utmoft 
fury  of  an  eleftrified  cloud  j  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  their  me- 
tropolitan church  J  lefs  daring,  and  doubt  lefs  more  enftghtened, 
have  applied  to  the  Royal  Society  for  their  opinion  and  parti- 
cular dircfllons,  relative  to  the  beft  and  moft  cfFcdual  method 
of  fixing  eledrical  condui^ors  to  that  building:  incited  to  this 
tneafure  by  a  confideration  *  that  the  old  church  of  St,  Paul's 
had  twice  already  fufFered  by  lightning,'  and  by  a  prudent  foli- 
citude  *  to  fecurc  the  prcfent  fabric  from  fimilar  accidents  5 
which,  but  for  the  interception  of  the  ftorm  by  St.  Bride*? 
church,  within  thefc  few  years,  might,  they  obfcrve,  have  al* 
ready  happened/  In  confequencc  of  this  application  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  by  the  Royal  Society,  confining  of  Dr, 
Frankly  n  and  Dr.  Wat  Ton,  and  Mefirs.  Canton,  Delaval,  and 
WilfoHt  who  were  aflifted,  in  the  examinaijon  of  the  builJing, 
by  Mr*  Mylne,  furveyor  pf  St,  Paul'?. 

t  Sec  vol.  xliii*  September,  page  214, 

f  See  Monthly  Review^  vol,  xxxvii.  O^ober  1767,  p.  447,  fid* 
fill  March  1770,  p*  zo^t  and  vol.  xliii.  September  i770»  p*  ai6. 


I 


Phikfaphkal  Tranfa^hns^  fer  the  Year  1 769.  311 

As  wc  have  lately  had  feveral  occafions  of  explaining  the  na- 
ture, and  (hewing  the  advantages,  of  metallic  elcarica!  con- 
du£h>r$,  and  in  our  review  of  Dr.  Franklyn's  lalt  publication^ 
gave  a  pretty  large  and  circumftantial  account  of  feveral  parti- 
culars relating  to  the  improvement  of  theni»  which  had  been 
fuggefted  by  certain  accidents  that  had  befallen  fome  build- 
ings furnifccd  with  metal  rods*;  we  (hall  only  obferve, 
with  regard  to  the  prcfent  article,  that  the  advice  and  direc- 
tions here  given  are  principally  of  a  local  nature,  and  in  gene- 
ral relate  to  circumftances  rcfpcfting  the  materiaTs  and  their 
difpofition,  in  the  confl:rm5lion  of  this  particular  building; 
fuch  as,  conne^ing  together  the  great  quantities  of  lead  and 
iron,  which  already  occur  in  the  different  parts  of  the  cathe- 
dral, by  means  of  metallic  communication'?,  and  thus  faving  a 
confidcrable  part  of  the  expence,  &c.  We  fhall  only  add  that 
as,  in  a  matter  fo  new,  and  of  which  we  have  had  fo  little  ex- 
perience, it  has  not  yet  been  determined  to  what  diftanoe  the 
prefiTvativi  power  of  a  conducing  apparatus  extends  ;  this  pbi- 
loiophical  committee  have  judged  it  expedient,  or  at  leaft  pru- 
dent, in  a  fabric  of  fuch  height  and  extent,  and  which  prefents 
fo  large  a  metallic  furface  to  the  clouds,  that  the  two  towerSf 
as  well  as  the  cupola,  (hould  be  provided  with  a  complete  elec- 
trical communication  with  the  earth  f . 
Article  4.7.    Of  the  different  ^uantUies  of  Rain,  whtcb  appear  t9 

fall^  at  diffirtnt  Heights^  ovtr  the  fame  Spot  ef  Ground*     Bj 

mi/iam  Heherdtn,  AL  D.  P,  R.  S. 

The  novelty  and  fingularity  of  the  obfcrvatton  contained  \n 
this  article  will  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  philofophers  ia 
general,  as  well  as  to  the  confideration  of  thofe  who  keep  me- 
teorological journals  in  particular.  The  Author,  on  making 
a  comparifon  between  the  quantities  of  rain  which  fell  in  two 
places  in  London,  about  a  mile  diOant  from  one  another,  found 
that  the  rain  in  one  of  them  conftantly  exceeded  that  in  the 
other,  not  only  every  month,  but  almoft  every  time  that  it 
rained.  This  difference  could  not  be  imputed  to  the  appara- 
tus, which  was  accurately  conflrufied  in  both  places ;  nor  to 
any  other  probable  caufc,  except  this  circumllance  \  that  on^ 

•  Sec  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xlii.  March  1770,  from  page  aoo  to 
page  206. 

f  Signior  Beccaria,  who  had  two  infulated  rods  ftxed  to  his  hou(e» 
at  the  alliance  of  1 40  feet  from  each  other,  one  of  which  was  50  feet 
higher  than  the  other,  obfcrvcd  that  on  uking  a  fpark  from  the  firft, 
the  ele£lncity  of  the  Utter  was  fentibly  diminiihed ;  but  though 
he  contiQQed  to  touch  the  higher  rod,  the  lower  would  neverthekis 
ftcw  figns  of  increafing  cicdricitj^,     Luten  dell*  ElUitri£iJm&^  p,  i;6* 


of  ih^e  rain-gag«s  was.  fixed  above  the  «ri^bMri«g  okifmijcs 
and  the  other'  confiderably  below  thorn. .  X^  4ifeovar  mMm 
this  varution  proceeded  from  the  diff^wit  heighu  at  w/HA 
each  apparatus  was  plaipedi  the  Aut)ior  afuf w^rdi  fixed  eai 
jain-gagc  above  the  higheft  cbireniea  of  a  koufet  giui  Miidirr 
upoA  the  ground  of  a  garden  adjoini^.tfi  H  i  when  a  finypc 
difference  was  found  in  th^  quantity  oj^^-aiii.i^f&cf  ived  ip^K  tbiffp 
He.pre&cuted  the  efcperimeot  ftilt  f^^Uftfrj  'pUcisg  aoi^ 
ratus  on  the  roof  of  Weftmindcr  abbey  i  af^  foynd  die^ifilr 
fence -ftill  more  remarkably*  It  appearafrom  %  uUe  of  ji  fnu'f 
pbfe^vations,  here  given,  that  there  fi^U  above,  (he  fOfi  ef  a 
faoufc  above  a  fifth  part  Icfs  rain,  tba<n  fell  in  aa«qui||  ^p#0| 
below ;  and  that  on  the  roof  of  Wefi:fnioAer.  4bbey«  there  SA 
little  more  than  half  the  quantity  whidi  kU  Wlow.  7^9  fVr 
perimeatfioo  ba&  beeo  repeated  in  oth^r.  places,  with  diefiw 
event;  . 

The  Author  does  not  undertake  tp  ^gn  thcxaiifp  «f  ikii 
extraordinary  difrereiKe-s  but  hints  in  g^^r^U  that  U  Ji  yiop 
hablethat  fome  hitherto  unknowa  property  of  ck^ricityilieoer 
cerneJ  in  this  phenofmn&n:  as/,  whenever  \t  rajoa,  a  (xvaMi 
rod,  if  peife^y  iiUVlated,  never  fails  to -exhibit -maQiraft  |pi 
of  -elei^ricity  in  the  air.  That  elei^icity  is,  in  £ome  inauffr 
or  another,  concerned  in  it,  is  cixtresMly  p^^h^iblA  i  ftbo^cltJI 
is  not  eafy  to  aifign  the  qwmoda.  Wiihout  haz^Iog  atfy  ftf^ 
mal  conjeJlures  on  this  par^ticular  head,  ^uv  .ibaU  ventiva  to 
mention  one  czufe,  which,  choagh  not  adeqy^te  to  die  fvhofe 
efied, .  may  poflibly  be  thought  inftrumcnt^  m  prodMi^  & 
part  of  it.  .        ..  ■      ': 

Confidcring  rain,  with  fome  late  pbyGologiQs,  as  a  ^ttdf^ 
tation  of  water,  before  diflblvedin  air,  it  is  evident  that  Mb  >* 
other  chemical  precipitations,  a  greater  poftioa  of  the  ynpcipir 
bating  Cubftancc  will  be  received  on  the  real  bottom  of  a  vdfat 
conuining  the  folution,  than  on  a  fuppofcd  falfe.  bptcom  plM^ 
any  where  above  it,  and  that  in  proportion  to  4ts  height  .ahi«t 
the  real  bottom  :  fo  a  greater  quantity  of  wat^er  xuight,  on  fNit^ 
ing  with  its  former  folvent,  to  fall  on  the  furface  pf  tbeeaitk 
than  on  an  iiliaginary  hou2X)ntal  plaiiie  of.  the  £une  dmeofiM 
abpve  it.  The  two  cafi:s,  we  are  fenfiblc,  are  not  exM^lyfa- 
raMel;  as  rain  is  not  a  precipitation  of  a  fubftaaqe  ^f im/^  dif- 
fufed  throughout  the  air,  but  principally  proceeds  from  cioudi 
at  a  conHderable  height  above  both  the'  upj>ef  and  lovMr  appa- 
ratus. Neverthelefs  little  doubt  can  he  enteitained  that  the 
.drops  of  rain,  in  their  courfe  downwards,  areyomru'/hr/  increaM 
«ither  in  number  or  fizc ;  partly  by  fucceffively  impinging  ontte 
aqueous  particles  contained  in  the  air  through  which  thcypafii 
«nd  hy  attra£ting  othets,  \HN'\tx.>3A  o(  thdc  being  poflTdled  of  a 


PbH<f(ypbioal  TrttfifaS^em^  /or  thi  Xh^  i  769*  323 

t)0enenl4fleftficit7^  \  and  partly  by  tbt  fp«rTtaaeoif»  firparatioa 
atid  predpieauoii  af  Dhai  motilutc;  which^  ^^Eom  mamy  eicperi* 
uveitis,  is  known  ta  be  cont^iKdi,i  in  cott^cxii^le  cjttMtlttics^ 
in  the  air  nt  ail  tim^s,  ^nd  the  mpptara&ce  of  ivfhiQ:h«  irippiag 
down  tbe  walls  of  aur  boafers^  &c;-t5  osc  of  the  (loptilar  fignt 
of'  ^proaditug  ratn«  The  qaantftyof  mmOare  however^ 
which  is  aduilly  lepftfatrd  and  putrtpkatcxl  withm  rjie  dimcD-  . 
(Iftn^of  a  pi  ite  of  air  cxifting  bcutctn  tlw  ti>p  and  bottom  of 
^y  g4ven  building,  wc  preetaij  not  even  to.guti^aL  . 
yy^y-  "   '       '*   ••  '  C  H  £  M  I  8  r  R  r.  .»   •;  'n  -mr 

H^ticle  3©.  OiT  f*/  S^luhiUiytfhm  h/mpii  fVatfr^  k^  tig  Mtt^ 
f^^i^mtkn  4f  fiktdAirs  m  o  Littwr  frmn  Mr.  Lumt^c.  n  th§ 

Th<^  i5ttnd  sccursite  phiiorophcr,  to  whom  this  letter 

h  adtlfdicd,  Jatt ly  communic  e  publk,  la  the  f  hilofo- 

pHtC^l  Tranfattient  f,  a  fcric  ,  jriments  which  &cw  that 

i  <f>ftrt  of  4h<  c^lcaMGua  eardi,  whtdi  is  contavnedr  ia  federal 
watterg)  ts  rcnc*crc<l  fo!  jWc  in  thdm  kf  the  cotans  o\^ fisadair.  The 
Author  of  thti  paper  bar  here  hapyiiiy  extended  t hit  in tereftmg 
ililcovery  l#  a  ditfxrrodt  fubjetil,  iind  by  fcvcral  cjcperifiicots  con* 
JtfdM  ^rffh  great  ingen^tity^  has  retuiercd  it  highly  pro babk 
rkat  the  irmi  cei^rftmed  in  many  chaiybeaDe  fpringSy  4»ves  its 
fiSHibility  ifi  watt*  to  that  principle  il!<wic.  .  :  , 
',  The  iotuiton  k/i  this  metal  in  mitieml  w^aters  ha^  mnendly 
bWn  'hi:'  '    "^       !  to  ^(sm^  fubtile  f^  or  Tobcale  aciil : 

feM^st  wn(tert$  mani^ly  Gotiutin  a  predomi- 

rrtntakus  tn  **  nt  earth,  tn  tenant  i  tie  t  more  tbm  fiif« 

fieient  to  faturatL  id  contained  in  ^hcm  ;    andaaallthc 

hmim  ^*iQ\A^  bave  u  greater  affinHy  to  ^oth  tbeib  fubftancea^ 
than  to  irnnv  it  leem«  to  follow  that  waters  thus  impregfiated^ 
wWch  p^ffcfe  the  jj«>wer  of  tinging  with  giUg,  and  on  being 
Ibtnc  trn^  evpofcd  to  the  open  aiv^  )et  fall  the  metal,  and  lol« 
tliat  propcriv^  mt}#tiavc  ovireJ  it^  not  to  an  acid,  but  to  (brne 
dilfcrent  prl;  r  other  folvent  of  iron  ;  and  mott  probibly 

to  fixed  at r  ch  Mn  CavendiOi   bad  already  (hewn  that 

'^  T*ic  clouds,  md  ^c  farface  of  tlieicarth,  may  be  cQi>iidered« 
with  Wilkc  and  jCpinus,  as  the  coatings  of  an  electrified  plaU  of  tiir 
toterpoil'd  between  fbcm.  Wh«|i  tb^  u|^cr  prr-  ^  ^  ^^  r  -  ^^  i^  in  a 
pofuive,    tl.c  lower  will  be  in  ii  mj;*aii'e,   i  verjk^ 

c4 

rir    iL  ;   aiid 

rheir  aere^l 

••r  ritaivc  acrrucaoii  rn  wa^r,  a  r**!- 

r^  ekitHcity. 

^v  Monthly  lUvieWf  t^*  axxijc.  Novem* 


^|l*e  dro^i    thcf;:f 
iflAancc,  pryfiuvel 


'f    Vol.  ivu. 

fcjcr  I76if,  p.  35 0. 


art,  11, 


«m 


towanJt-  joflifytng  hia  ^oncluliQiii  from  iheflHi-^kh  fcgard  fi» 
the  mannec  in  which  chalfbeaft  fprings  becomo'  impr^nfni 
with  that  metal,  to  repeat  them  with  the  ores^F.iro^.  Bm 
noneof'thefc  anrwered  hh  expectation  except  ctfne,  *liich  fa 
called  iroH  find  orij  and  which  feema  to  contain  a  perfeA  wttRi 
This  difficulty  led  hint  into-  a'  new  fet  of  experiment^  whldl 
were  fuggeftcti  by  thisfuppoficion  j  that  waters  charged  wiill 

Sritical  matter,  or  with*anj  bf  the  ores  Of  irOivpvevieafly  difi 
ved  in'  an  acid,  might  afterwards  have  the  acM  nentraiSi»6f 
by  alcatine  or  calcareous  fubfUnces,  and  yet  that -tlie  irontkin 
detached  from  its  former  acid  iblvent,  by  the  fuperior  aftaiiy 
of  the  alcali  or  earth,  might  ftiil  be  kept  fufpmdcd  in  thewsM 
by  a  newmenftruum — the  fixed  air>  generated  or  ict  loofe  durihig 
the  effervcfcence.  Though  we  cannot  follow  the  Antkol 
throughout  the  detail  of  his  experiments  on  this  head,  iM 
fhould  do  injuftice  to  his  hypothefis  if  we  did  not  give  a  coiicilt 
view,  at  leaft,  of  the  general  refutt  of  them,  bjf  which  itil 
in  a  great  meafure  coi>iirmed. 

It  appears  then,  from  liis  6th,  7th,  and  8th  experiments,  tM 
diluted  folutions  not  on-y  of  iron,  but  of  any  of  its  ores,  lA 
any  of  the  three  foffil  acids,  on  the  addition  of  fubftaneesaif 
tontaining  fixed  air^  (fuch  as  lime* water  or  foap-leys)  letgofhs 
iron;  and  that  the  filtrated  liquor  accordingly  gives  no  cinge 
with  the  tincture  of  galls :  but  that  if  to  fuch  folutions  tbt 
common,  or  fofiil,  or  volatile  alcali,  ail  replete  with  fixed  mr^  be 
added  \  or  any  of  the  earths  which  likewife  abound  with  tliat 
principle,  fuch  as  chalk,  unburnt  limeftone,  magnefta,  the  earth 
of  alum,  marble,  &c.  though  the  metal  is  hereby  likewift  d{(^ 
engaged  from  its  acid  folvent,  which  is  neutralifed  by  thcai  i 
and  even  though  the  water  be  overcharged  with  the  akatiHe  cf 
earthy  matter,  yet  that  the  iron  is  kept  fufpended  in  the  wativ 
by  the  folvent  power  of  the  fixed  air  generated  in  the  aA  «f 
cfFervefcence,  as  \%  evident  by  its  Bfluming  a  purple  colour,  oi 
applying  to  it  the  ufual  teft  of  tinAure  of  galls. 

fiy  this  difcovcry,  new  lights  are  obtained  with  regard  todM 
more  perfect  analyfis  of  natural  meilicated  waters,  and  cooA- 
qucndy  to  the  produftron  of  artificial  ones  rcfembling  thsflfc 
Upon  the  whole,  v/e  fhall  obferve  from  our  own  experience^ 
that  there  are  juft  grounds  to  expcd,  that  the  principles  con- 
tained in  this  paper  may  be  applied  to  the  perfeft  tmitsltfofl  of 
fome  of  the  moft  valuable  chalybeate  waters  ;  f>f  thofe  partlc^ 
larly,  of  which  fixed  air  is  undoubtedly  a  Jifie  qua  fUn^  in  tltt 
compfjfitTon.  By  fome  of  the  proccflcs  here  given,  of  by  othcn 
not  very  materially  varying  from  them,  a  water  may  bcrobtaiiiefl 
very  little  inferior,  even  in  point  of  tafte  and  grattfuinefs,  10 
that  of  Pyrmont. 


FUhfi^huifl  Tfanfe£HmiSf  fir  ^  Ttgr  1769,  ja/ 

'Mi!ict  L  t  AK  Eous  Papers. 
Article  2.  .Brevis  Nongtio  de  Struffura  i^  EffeSlu  Speculsrum 
^ 4!dk/Hc:ritfh  parabshccrmn^  a  defuntU  />»«.  H^iejin  Drtfdtt  elaho* 
'  rottrrom ;  qu4t  nunc  tt  />».  Ehrard^  fub  Arce  Drefdenji  hMtante^ 
f'^JfJcntur.  Jiiffff-e  t>\  IVdfe^  Af.  D. 
1  Tie  large  coticavc  /pectila^  the  tcnftruaion  and  effcdls  of 
which  arc  dcfcribcd.in. this  article,  arc  each  formed  of  feveral 
Koards  of  wood,  firtnly  bound  together,  and  conftituting  a  fcg- 
ifieht  of  a  parabola  V  f  he  concave  furfaceof  which  is  lined  with 
plates^  of  brafs  (hmihiy  fturichakeis).  accurately  joined  to  each 
other,  ^nd  which  havt:  received  as  hi^h  a  polifb  as  the  metal  13 
Capable  of  receiving.  Notwithftanding  their  very  great  iize, 
theft  Jpichh  arc  iiiourtfed  in  fuch  a  manntr,  as  to  he  very  cafsly 
manageable.  Of  fix,  which  arc  in  the  poiTcfTion  of  Mr.  Ehrard, 
the  dimenffons  and  focal  diftances  of  four  ire  here  given.  The 
diameter,  or  rather  ordrnate,  of  the  firft  or  largcfl  is  9  feet  7 
mcbes ;  its  depth,  or  abfcifle,  i  foot  4  inches,  and  the  diftance 
of  the  focus  from  Hie  vertex,  4  feet  *•  The  efFcfls  produced 
by  ihticj'pfcula  are  (aid  greatly  to  exceed  any  that  have  bten  pro- 
duced by  inftrumtnts  of  this  kind.  We  Ifeall  briefly  give  th« 
refults  of  a  few  of  the  experiments  here. related,  which  were  all 
made  by  Dr.  HufFmtrn,  with  the  3d  in  order,  the  diameter  of 
which  is  5  feet  i  inch,  its  depth  10 -|  inche*;,  and  its  focal  dif- 
fatice  I  foot  10  inches ;  premifmg,  as  a  proof  of  the  accuracy  of 
figure  given  to  thefe  mirrors,  that  the  imaa:e  of  the  fun  does 
not,  in  any  of  them^  exceed  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Their 
power  however  is  grtratly  wefikencd  by  the  impcrfeilion  of  thcif 
polifh,  and  by  their  colour. 

Amon;r  the  cxp^rrments  relating  to  the  cffcQs  of  fo  large  a 
portion  of  the  folar  rays  thus  concentrated,  and  direftcd  on  dif- 
ferent ores,  mct;;Is  and  earths,  we  read  that  a  piece  of  filvcr  ore 
was  fufed  in  one  fecond,  without  any  fume  arifing.  A  piece 
of  Hungarian  Ajhjlui  was  in  3  feconds  converted  into  a  grt-enifh 
yellow  glafs.  An  iron  nail  flowed  in  3  fccon.^s,  and  in  ^  was 
partly  changed  into  a  green  coloured  glafs.  A  Spanifh  ^'iftole  was 
melted  in  2  feconds,  and  when  in  fufion  appeared  black.;  anJ  a 
half  crown  began  to  melt  in  one  fecond,  and  v/as  co:i:plc:cly 
perforated  in  three.  Wc  were  difappointed  irt  not  Ending  that 
rcfraftory  metal  platina^  among  the  fubjc£ls  ixpofcJ  tu  citis  in- 
tenfe  heat.  We  (hall  fiibjoin  two  or  three  cxperimen;s  of  a  dif- 
ferent nature. 

^'Experiment  15,     Some  coals  well  kindled  being  pliCcd  at  a 

notable  diftance  frotn  iHc  fpcculum,  a  candle  might  be  llghud, 

"-'■'"■  ■  '   '  "■'    -I  ■  ^. .        "  ■  I.I  -  |. 

"^  'The  Drefdcn  foot  h  to  the  Englifli  foot  nearly  ia  the  rarb'  of 

IJ-W  14,  «  :  •'  '    • 

and 


328  Phlhfiphiid  Tranfa^hm^  for  iU  Tior  1 769.  1 

and  various  infiammabk  matters  kindled^  on  being  brought  into 
the  focus/ 

*  Experiment  16.  If  the  liv«  coals  be  placed  in  the  focus  of 
the  fpeculum,  and  the  rays,  rcfledcd  from  thence,  be  received  oa 
another  fpfculum  placed  even  at  a  pretty  coniiderablc  diftaiitt 
from  the  former,  inflammable  bodies  may  bclcindled  in  iheibciii 
of  the  fecond  fpeculum/ 

We  Ihall  give  the  next  experiment  in  the  Author's  own  worlii 
as  we  do  not  perfcftly  underftand,  whether  he  means  that  tk 
fpcculum  refle£ts  and  collet  into  a  focus  the  rayt  if  beat  mM* 
companied  with  any  vifible  light  as  a  vchicte.  If  this  be  nocKii 
meaning,  thts  experiment  is  only  a  necdlefs  and  weakened  ft- 
petition  of  the  two  former,  and,  in  fa£i,  a  kind  of  phyfical 
an  ik  it  max, 

*  Experiment  17,  Exptrimenta  duo  ultima  (meaning  the  rjlk 
and  i6tb  given  above)  mn  folum  fucadunt  cum  ipfis  pruitdi  A'- 
cmftiy  fed  etiain  cum  fornace  fortiter  caUfa^s^  in  foco  fpeculi  f^f 
vel  juxta  experimentum  j  ^tum  ante  eundcmf  di/lantiii  nempt  fnk 
fcieUis: 

In  a  fubfcqyent  paragraph,  an  experiment  is  given  in  whl^^ 
the  rap  of  founds  if  we  may  he  allowed  the  exprcflion^  arc  tiii 
thrown  into  a  parallel  diredtion,  and  afterwards  collc£lcd  into  1 
focus,  in  the  very  fame  manner  as  the  rays  of  light  in  the  i6dl 
experiment.  For  if  two  of  thcfc  mirrors  be  pUccd  oppoiitt  to 
each  other,  even  at  the  diftancc  of  50  yards  from  each  other, 
and  a  pocket  watch  be  held,  or  a  perfon  fpeak  very  low  in  tic 
focus  of  one  of  themi  the  ticking  of  the  watch,  and  the  wonfa 
of  the  fpeaker,  will  bediftinflly  heard  in  the  focus  of  iheod 

In  the  laft  paragraph  the  Author  hints  the  poffibiHty  off  ' 
fire  to  objefls  at  an  indeBnite  didance,  by  throwing  ihel 
rays,  diverging  from  the  focus  of  a  very  large  fpeculum  of  th»i 
kind,  into  a  parallel  dire<flion,  by  means  of  a  Jens  placed  at  itf 
own  focal  diftancc  beyond  the  focus  of  the  fpeculum.  VV'clhill 
give  the  whole  paragraph  in  hfs  own  words. 

Qii.   *  Specula  Archimedta  trantne  divtffa  ah  hii?  Ce^^  h^a* 
lola,  cujus  paramitif  his  millc  pedum^  mn  difficulur  d 
FcrU  etiam  radii  a  tali  fpecuh  rcfiexi^  pofi  facum  a  tenti  cxupi^  o 
ftu  paralleh  ad  cmnem  dijlantiam  miiti  p^Jftni^  haUta  Kempe  rgtim 
fufihilitatii  vitri.*  J 

The  phyfical  difficulties  of  difFcrent  kinds  attending  the  a&nl^ 
execution  of  thts  very  magnificent  experiment,  of  converting  1 
cette  of  folar  rays  into  a  burning  cylinder^  and  projecting  it  taaa  . 
unlimited  diflance,  we  apprehend  to  be  nearly  infuperable:  notl 
to  mention  the  probably  confiderable  diminution  of  theexpedetTi 
cfTciiJ,  producible  by  various  caufes  which  we  need  not  cnuine* 
rate.     As  to  the  firft  query ,  it  will  readily  be  anfwered  in  tlw 
.  negatif% 


Phikjiphkal  T)ranfii^Uns^  for  the  Tw  1769.  ^29 

Negative,  by  thofe  who  recolle<£i  the  defcription  of  the  mIrror§ 
bf  Archimedes  given  by  Txitzif^  and  quoted  by  M*  Dutens^ 
[in  his  Recherchi's  fur  rorigtHi  (Ut  detnuvtmiy  Jtc]  of  which  our 
leaders  will  find  a  fhort  accounti  oH  confulting  ihe  Appndlx  to 
Our  35th  volume,  page  554. 
Article  62.     Exptriments  to  prove  that  the  lumimufnefs  of  the  Jea 

atifes  from  the  putreptcftan  of  its  animal  fubfl anas.     By  fohn 

Canton^  MJA.  and  A  R.  S. 

The  different  caufcs  siffigncd  by  philofophtfrs  as  producllve  of 
the  luminous  appearance  of  the  fea,  have  been  equally  nume- 
rous and  unfatisraflory.  From  the  experiments  produced  in 
proof  of  the  Author's  opinion  on  this  fubjcft,  cxprcfTcd  in  the 
title  of  this  article,  we  collcft  that  a  frcfli  whiting,  after  re- 
maining about  24  hours  in  a  gallon  of  fea  water,  appeared  lumi- 
nous on  that  part  of  it  which  w4$  even  with  the  furface  of  the 
fluid  J  although  the  water  itfcif  was  dark  :  but  that  on  drawing 
the  end  of  a  flick  through  the  water,  the  latter  appeared  lumi- 
nous behind  the  ftick,  prcfenting  an  appearance  greatly  rcfcm- 
bling  that  obfervcd  in  the  wake  of  a  (hip  at  fea.  When  the 
whole  body  of  water  was  agitated,  the  whole  likcwife  became 
luminous,  and  appeared  like  milk.  This  appearance  too  is  fre- 
quently obfervcJ  at  fea.  The  fame  experiments  were  repeated 
with  a  hcrringy  which  communicated  io  great  a  degree  of  light 
to  the  water,  that  on  agitating  it  on  the  third  night,  the  houf 
might  be  difcovered  with  a  watch.  The  fifti  itlelf,  howcvcrf 
now  appeared  as  a  dark  fubftancc*  In  a  week  the  water  loft  in 
luminous  quality. 

The  appearances  were  the  fame,  when  the  Author  employed 
in  thefc  experiments  an  artificial  fea  water,  made  by  adding  4 
ounces  avoirdupois  of  fait  to  7  pints  of  water,  wine  meafure  J 
but  no  light  was  produced  on  putting  a  herring  into  fre(h  water, 
nor  into  water  almoft  fully  laturatcd  with  fea  Calt,  in  which 
the  herring  remained  a  week  firm  and  perfectly  f wee tj  while 
that  in  the  artiticial  fea  water  was  become  more  foft  and  putrid 
than  another  herring  which  had  been  kept  as  long  in  the  frefli 
water.  It  appears  from  Sir  John  Pringle's  experiments  on  anti-» 
feptics,  that  a  certain  portion  of  fait,  lefs  than  what  is  found  In 
fea  water,  haftens  putrcfaftion.  From  thence  Mr.  Canton  in- 
fers, that  if  the  fea  were  lefs  fait,  it  would  be  more  luminous. 
To  thefe  experiments  the  Author  fubjoins  fomeof  the  mod  accu-* 
rate  and  circumftantial  accounts  that  have  been  given  con* 
cerning  the  luminous  appearance  of  the  fea,  which  greatly  favour 
his  explication  of  that  phenomenon. 

The  laft  article  of  this  volume,  is  the  copy  of  a  paper  which 
was  fome  years  ago  delivered,  fealed  up,  to  the  Royal  Society^ 
by  the  late  ingenious  Mr.  James  Short  i  which  has  been  opened 

Rev,  Apr.  17; i*  Z  fmce 


33^ 


Monthly  Catalogue, 


fuK^  his  de^th,  and  contains  an  siccognc  of  his  method  orwor{c<|j 
iiig  the  object  glafTcs  of  refra<5ling  tclcfcopes  truly  fjiherical, 
.     lo  this  vuImiii^  is  prefixed  a  caulnguc  of  many  new  philolbf  1 
phlcal  publications  and  natur;il  curioficics,  which  have  been  prOfl 
iciitcd  to  the  Society  duitng  the  Qourtc  of  the  year  1769  j  fuc' 
»6  the  ipemoiis  of  kinic  of  the  fujcign  academies,  as  well  astfa 
work?^  of  fcvcral  individuals  publillicd  both  abroad  and  at  home  |J 
.whofe  crvilUitrfi  a#c  here  properly  acJcnowlcdgcd  by  the  addijtior 
of  the  nafnca  of  their  rcfpe^i  ve  donor  a. 


MONT 


H  L  Y    C 

For      APR 
P  o  L  1 


A  T  A  L  O  G  U  B,J 

I  ht    1771. 

T    I    C    A    L. 


Aft*  14*   Th&f^hii  m  ilfi  l^i  Tranja£iimt  rtfpi^i^g  PdUklanf^ 

ifoH^,    Svo.     i».  6d  r'3f^r!l.     1771, 

THE    fe^v  writcrj  who  treat  ^  aely   of    public   aiFairffl 

arc  iniitfcd  to  tfi-  'i    -^    ^-^  '  *            .    .  •.  - 
lb  wkh  ijiofc  vvhf>  \ 

r^        ruives    of  the   vifjwu   hy  ^ 

In  this  latter  clafs  we  are  unwilling  to  place  the  Aathotl 


*" '  au^w- citizens  ;  but  it  is  nq 

on,  or  who  wodd  exalt  tli 

o^cTLiirowing   the    libcrtie*   of  th 


CI   tnr    1        - 
pion  oi 
.to  the  * 
have  c 

Though     fCJ: 

of  re^i'gaipg  in 
cacugh  to  r 
Voll'»win^   I 
jio  dou' 

*    Ar: 

had  the  ctT 
<br  who  cc  1 

tunc/    K'.;l  \\:\  i 
lands  ii    '   ! 
^llcrior^  t 
tiavc  bU^cii,   , 


ihjlanding  that,  as  the  ch« 
licate  its  eondufi  in  relati0 
that  he  co&lidtrs  chofilj 

;tion/ 
u  p,j  grcj.:  force  of  argamcilt^  or  ftrc 
before  us  wV  rauft^  howcvrr^  be  candiil] 

ble.    Th 
vritcr  wilL 


ir,  wntild  undouhtfdfy  hziv 
(0  earncll ' 
ly  ending  ' 
V.  ,  I  r   1  i  1  u vaiii  an  u  n deicr vxdly  proi'pcred,  had  Faib-  j 
i  urit-onlfLiandly  witb  cvcjy  right  priof  tn  ' 
*  iiave  Iboutedi  aod  the  wii)4owl| 
t   vjIuc  of  life,  and  the  micer" 
tainiy  of  public  credit^  \\  mured,  perhaps  ufiheard^ 

the  ircrcafe  of  our  ijcbt,  •;>.  .,.-,  —    .  our  people, 

'  This  thiffl  of  b!ood,  howtcVer  th<r  vifible  promoters  of  fcdit 


I 


'  p\ny  think 
iviuved  by 
pride,  J—' 
•f  Ulv 

.gar?  ! 
die  d*> 


fhrink  from  the  accafatton,  15  lottdji 
to  whom  his  party  owe^  much  of 

t't  I  .  |^*.|.M**vniy.     Uf  Junius  it  cannot  be  fasd* 
he  fcattcrs  ambiguouH  expre&on»  among  the  vi 

"^  -i  ^  ^  icfcTvc,  and  eodeivoura  to  |«i  lli| 

igHorau^  whither  ihty  are  goi«^^ 


is  fttire  fclt»  but  hrt  not  iiyudi- 
^«iou:^  «iaiu«u«iaoa  imll^c  liic  vcngji  •f  the  ih'aift  i^r  the  risbdr  ol' 


Political.  3jr 

(he  bow.  Me  has  rotnetimes  fported  with  lucky  matice  $  but  to  him 
that  kriows  his  company,  it  is  not  hard  to  be  farcaftic  in  a  maflc. 
While  he  walks  like  Jack  the  Giant-killer  in  a  coat  of  darkncfs,  he 
may  do  much  mirchief  with  little  ftrength.  Novelty  captivates  the 
iiiper£ciai  and  thoughtlefs ;  vehemence  delights  the  difcontented 
and  turbulent.  He  that  contradiAs  acknowledged  truth  will  always 
have  an  audience ;  he  that  vilifies  eflabliflied  authority  will  always 
£nd  abettors. 

'  Junius  burft  into  notice  with  a  blaze  of  impudence  which  has 
rarely  glared  upon  the  world  before,  and  drew  the  rabble  after  him 
ai  a  monfter  makes  a  ihow.  Whin  he  has  once  provided  for  his 
fafety  by  impenetrable  (ecrecy,  he  had  nothing  to  combat  but  truth 
and  jnftice,  enemies  vdiom  he  knows  to  be  feeble  in  the  dark,  ficing 
then  at  liberty  to  indulge  himfelf  in  all  the  immunities  of  invLubi- 
lity ;  out  of  the  reach  of  danger,  he  has  been  bold  ;  out  of  the  reach 
of  (hame,  he  has  been  confident.  As  a  rhetorician  he  has  had  the 
art  of  perfu^din^  when  he  (econded  defire ;  as  a  reafoner,  he  has 
convinced  thoie  who  had  nt:  dv/ubc  before;  as  a  moralift,  he  has 
taught  that  virtue  may  diigracc  ;  :ir'U  is  a  |v  ^riot,  he  has  gracified 
the  mean  byinfultt  on  the  high.  Jciitdi.i,  :< .Jit!  ui  afcenUant,  he 
has  been  able  to  advance  it ;  finding  the  nation  ccrtpi: ':.M^,  he  has 
been  able  to  inflame  it.  Let  ns  abilradt  from  his  wit  ii.c  \  i . .  crty  of 
infolenccy  and  withdraw  from  his  efficacy  the  fympatheuc  i'.i.  .  r  of 
Plebeian  malignity;  I  do  not  fay  th?r  wc  fh.ill  leave  him  nothing.; 
thecaufe  that!  defend  fcorns  the  help  of  failchood t  but  if  we  leave 
)um  only  his  merit,  what  will  be  his  praife  ? 

'  It  is  not  by  his  livelinefs  of  imagery,  his  pungency  of  periods, 
or  his  fisrtility  of  allnfion,  that  he  detains  the  cics  of  London,  and 
the  boors  of  Middlefex.  Of  (lyle  and  fentimenc  they  t.ake  no  cog- 
nizance. They  admire  him  for  virtues  li!ce  their  own,  for  contempt 
of  order,  and  violence  of  outrage,  for  rage  of  defimation  and  auda- 
city of  falfehood.  The  Supporters  of  the  Bill  of  Hur'nts  f^el  no 
niceties  of  compofition,  nor  dexterities  of  fophitlry ;  th^ir  faculties 
are  better  proportioned  to  the  bawl  of  Bellas,  or  barbarity  of  Beck- 
ferd  ;  but  they  are  told  that  Junius  is  on  their  fide,  and  they  arc 
therefore  fure  that  Junius  is  infallible.  Thofe  wKo  know  not  whither 
he  would  lead  them,  rcfolve  to  follow  him ;  and  thofc  who  canaot 
find  his  meaning,  hope  he  means  rebellion. 

*  Junius  is  an  unufual  phasnomqnon,  on  which  fome  have  gazed 
with  wonder  and  fome  with  terror ;  bu:  wonder  and  terror  are  tran- 
fitory  paffions.  He  will  foon  be  more  clofely  viewed  or  more  atten- 
tively examined,  and  what  folly  has  taken  for  a  comet:  that  fro.-n  its 
-flaming  hair  (hook  peftilcnce  and  war,  .enquiry  will  i^nd  en  be  cwW 
■  a  meteor  formed  by  the  vapours  of  putrefying  democracy,  and  kir.iled 
into  flame  by  the  efiervcfcence  of  interell  flruggling  witli  convi^iion  ; 
which  after  haviL:g  plunged  its  followers  in  a  bog,  will  leave  us  en- 
quiring why  we  regarded  it.' 

.  The  prefent  publication  is  not  entirely  free  from  ibat  dltguflinqr 
petolance  and  affectation^  which  generally  charadlcrize  the  perfor- 
mances of  its  Author.  Filled  with  that  little  vanity,  which  fo  frc- 
qocntly  ;utends  on  contemplative  and  retired  men,  he  delivers  his 
jOracka  with  an  air  of  the  atmoft  authority  s  and  {ip&n\v  \o  coti^^^^% 

Z  a  \s:vcait\\ 


332 


MoJfTHLY   CATAtOCUf, 


himfelf  as  fcated  on  the   pitioacte  of  the  temple  of  wifdom, 
whence  he  looks  Jown  mth  z /mpitnt  dijdain  oo  the  repuies  Ui^a 
crawl  below  him. 

Art,  1 5*  An  Examtmihn  of  tbi  Did^rathn  and,  Agrttmmt  with 
thi  Court  of  Spain,  rtUiting  f&  tin  RtJiitHtUn  of  Falkland^ i  IJUnd 

8vo.     1 3,    IJinaky. 

Tlus  performance  has  but  a  irnd)  ]»oi:tioa  of  literary  merit ;  ya 
t:s  dcfctb,  in  this  oarticular,  aic  amply  compenfiLicd  by  its  candoar^ 
good  {<tt%h^  and  jjuolic  fpirit. 

Art.  1 6.  R.iJU&itin%  upon  the  pnfeni  Difpuii  bttwtm  the  H&ufe 
C^mmeHf  and  thMa^iJl  rates  if  London*    dvo.    is.     Bladon*     177 1* 

According  to  the  Tpirit  of  our  conftitution^  the  members  of  th 
Houfe  of  Commons  ought  to  hold  no  language  but  what  the  peopli 
Ihould  hear,  or  be  informed  of.     They  are  cleftcd  for  the  purpofe  < 
fupporting  the  general   rights  of  the  nation ;  and  when  they  con 
plain  thai  their  /pteches  are  publidied,  it  is  naturally  to  be  fiilpefled 
that  they  are  inclined*  in  fomc  refpedl,  to  betray  their  conftitucnw.'^ 
The  publication  however  before  us,  in  compliment  to  adminiilration, 
would  vindicate  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  their  late  tranfa^ioof  j 
wiih  the  magifhates  of  London.     It  is  written  with  no  cxtraordina 
ftrengih  of  argument,  or  elegance  of  compofition;  yet>  from  its  llyi 
and  manner,  we  ihould  be  apt  to  afcribe  it  to  a  perfon  of  fome  emUl 
aence  in  the  literary  World— the  Author  ot  Mtmmrt  tf  Grtmt  Mritam\ 
and  Inland, 
Art.  17*   An  Aidrefs  tp  the  Houfe  of  Commons  of  Ireland,     By  1 

Freehplden     t!vo.     i  $,     No  Publifhcr's  Name.     Advertifed   b 

Almon. 

Con tiiins  fome  pertinent  bints  for  the  proteflion  of  Ireland  againil 
invafion,  which,  the  Writer  thinks,  is  to  oe  apprehended  on  the  com- 
mencement of  any  future  war;  and  which,  according  to  the  reprc- 
fcntation  made  of  the  prefcnt  Hate  of  the  country,  it  is  by  no  means 
enabled  t.*  rcpulfc.  Hence  he  jullifies  the  aogmcniation  of  the  army, 
infills  on  the  ourden  and  inefHcacy  of  militia  in  a  countr)%  the  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  of  which  arc  Catholics,  and  pointi  out  pro- 
per  fortiHcations  to  be  made  and  garriibned,  to  render  any  deJceiitM 
on  that  illand  abortive.  ^B 

Art,  18.   An  Addnfs  U  the  Peaple  of  England^  m  the  prefent  State 

cf  tbt  Britljh  UgtJIature ;    pointing  out  she  Cau/et  9/  tkt  ptefint  Di' 
j^Mrhantts^     8vo.     11.     Griffin.     1 77 1* 

When  the  forms  of  a  free  government  ouilail  the  ends  for  whidi 
they  were  inlUtuted,  they  become  a  mere  mockery  of  ihc  people  for 
whofe  welfare  they  ought  to  operate. 

The  delegates  of  a  people  never  lofe  the  confidence  of  their  coii- 
flitucntf  without  deferving  it ;  and  whenever  this  unhappy  circum- 
fiance  takes  place,  no  good  can  be  cxpcdcd  in  any  point  of  view, 
until  the  people  are  referred  to  a  new  choice*  Jfp  when  they  obtain 
this  opportunity,  they  can  again  roifufe  it»  let  their  own  reflediois 
fugged  to  them  what  they  defence;  but  then  let  them  not  be  fo  to* 
tally  void  of  Qiame  as  to  coroplain  of  the  venality  of  thofe  men  to 
whom  they  fell  thcmfelves. 

The  difpafTionate  Addref$  now  before  us  traces  the  public  difquiets 
from  their  natural  and  obvious  caufes ;  the  cle^ors  firft  bafely  bartering 
Mtvsjr  their  i'Otc£»  and  the  puK^a&  &i'Utwatd  groLlituung  and  be- 


N    O    V    E    t   t* 


35i 


trtyii^g  tKeiT  tfuft,  to  rcimburrc  themfelves,  in  the  mean  capacltv  of 
minillcrial  agents ;  at  which  ihe  pcoplCp  Aran^e  to  fay,  are  rurprlfcd. 

Our  Author  calls  upon  th«  Britifh  cle^on,  therefore,  to  let  the 
year  I774«  when  the  next  general  clcdion  takes  plice,  be  the  grand 
jcra  of  Britifh  freedom. — But,  alas !  addreiTci  of  this  kind  wUI  be 
little  regarded^  perhaps  little  read,  by  thofe  who  fhould  profit  by 
them  ;  and  hence,  it  h  to  be  apprehended,  our  political  redemption 
can  only  be  elTefled  by  fhort  parliaments^  which,  if  any  thing  can, 
win  fpoil  the  markea  at  which  our  national  rights  are  bought  and 
fold. 

One  thing,  with  rcfpcfl  to  this  fenfiblc  Addrcfs  gave  us  peculiar 
pleafurc  in  perufmg  it;  vix*  to  obfcrv^e  fuch  conlUtutional  principles 
enforced  by  the  pen  of  an  officer  in  the  regular  forces ;  and  we  hope 
there  are  many  more  gentlemen  in  the  army  aj  true  wetl-wilheri  to 
^heir  country  as  this  worthy  Writer:  fuch  men  will,  in  nil  exigen- 
cies^ acl  in  fuch  a  manner  us  becomes  its  re^l  frientls  and  dcjend^rs, 

N  o  V  E  1  s,   &c. 
Art,    19.     Stntimental  Tata.      i2mo,      2  Vols.     5  s.    fewcd. 
Wilkie.     1771. 

Id  thcfe y/«/ /!«/«/ tf/ productions  arc  comprehended  feme  very  warm 
Ideas,  and  allufions  to  fituations  rather  fen/ual  than  fentimeniaL 
The  Author,  in  fome  parts  of  his  work,  imitates  Sterne,  with  the 
ufual  fuccefs  of  imitators.  He  has  introduced  a  number  of  poetical 
piecesi  both  originals  and  tranllations^,  and  chey  are  not  the  woril 
parts  of  the  Talcs  in  which  they  arc  intcrfptTfcd  :  but  even  of  thcfe, 
in  juAice  to  the  public,  we  cannot  fpeak  in  the  higbclt  terms  of  ap- 
probation. 
Art*  20*  The  Fault  wax  oil  bh  own*     In  a  Series  of  Letters. 

<  By  a  Lady,  i  zmo.  2  Vols,  c  s,  fewed.  Riley, 
*  Wc  arc  told  that  this  is  the  produflion  of  a  ^Qung  Lady»  of  t 
prominng  genius ;  and  the  work  bears  fulHcient  tediiifony  that  we 
are  not  miiinforroed  ;  for  it  abounds  with  the  marks  of  axi  imm;iture 
judgment^  and  yet  affords  proofs  of  a  fine  imagination*  It  is  de- 
ftdive  in  plan,  chara^eri,  and  ftyle  ;  but  many  good  lentiments  arc 
interfperfed  in  it ;  and  we  meet  with  retle^ions  that  would  do  ho- 
nour to  the  pen  of  a  more  experienced  writer. 
Art.  2f.  Tht  Advtnturei  of  a  Bank  N'^tt.  In  Four  Volutncs, 
Vols.  in.  and  IV,     limo,     5  s.  fewed.     Davies. 

Wc  refer  to  our  ihort  mention  of  the  two  former  volnmei  of  thii 
droll  performance:  fee  Review,  vol,  xliii*  p.  i;;, — It  appears  that 
the  public  arc  to  thank  the  humoroys  Burlt/quer  of  Homft  f^r  the 
entertainment  aiforded  them  in  the  Adventures  of  a  Bank  Note. 
Thefc  adventures  refult  from  the  various  transfers  of  the  note,  from 
«oe  poiTcflbr  :o  another ;  with  the  charade  rs  of  its  fevcral  proprietors, 
among  whom  arc  divers  well- known  remarkable  pcrfonages  of  the 
preieni  age,  and  of  various  ranks  and  completions. 
Art*  22.  B(ify\  er^  the  Caprues  of  Fortune.  l2mo.  3  Vols, 
7  s,  6d    fewed.     Jones. 

All  improbabiHt}* ;  yet  not  entirely  dcltitute  of  Jnterelling  fcenes. 


partiCttbrly  from  Catullm. 


Zj 


K%x« 


33+ 


Mo!*THI.Y    CATAI.OCUr> 


Art.  3^3.    7hi  Fuar   0/  Bray:    A  Talc,      ijmo*      2  Vols* 

.5  5.  {tvvcd.     Baldwin. 

A  ridiculous  Hory  ridicjloully  blended  with  th«?  political  hiflory  J 
of  tbc  Ijlt  foiirtfiiMi  v^r  liTretn  vcati,  jii  grdcf  to  give  ai^  aix  gf  fecrec 
hidory  to  a  f  Ic  fidion. 

Aft*  24.    T/J.  -.' y^  .  c, ,    .;  jjrimiinc  Novel.     i2ino.     2  Vols, 
;;s*rcwied.     DodflcA     f^-^u 

The  Author  of  this  ptrfoxmnucc  apologlzts  to  Kk  Reader  for  <ie- 
vUting  from  the  fjrm«  in  winch  novcis  have  ufuatly  be^n  written; 
bttt  this  circumBance  is^^^rhzpst  the  only  one  for  whkh  he  dc- 
fcrvc's  conimcndation.  In  the  hands  «^f  a  man  of  genius  the  dn^ 
matic  form  n  I'lly  b::  employed  in  a  novel  with  the  grciteft 

advantages;  uthor  is  not  to  be  ranked  in  this  daCs^     Th6' 

incidents  he  ha^  Jul^  cd  are  ofien  unnatural;  they  ar<  always  fan- 
cicd  wiih  liitk  ingcrmity  or  lalie;  and  the  language  in  which  he 
ofprcfie*  himfclf,  is,  in  the  hie  heft  decree,  loofc  and  incorrcd.  He 
has  thrown  mere  events  into  dialogue;  there  is  no  xnailcrly  dlilinc^. 
tion  in  his  charaikrs ;  and  he  appears  not  10  be  intimately  unac- 
iju&tnicd  wiiK  thq  human  hearc*  Hc.ha«  coinptaioed  that  epiJlolary 
corrcrpondcncics  have  grown  dull,  that  narratives  have  become  ic-. 
dious»  and  joumalj  he- vv  ;  but  the  a^s  and  th^  fcoics  he  has  pro- 
duced, arc,  :  Jtill  more  c;  Ic ;  thtir  gcr.cral 
laoguor  and  Ki  ^  ^  never  intcrru^  -  f« Acs  of  humour, 
and  (allies  of  vivacity  or  wit» 

Miscellaneous* 
Art.  25^  Eikonodqfhs,     In  Anfwcc  to  a  Book  intitkd,  Eikm^ 

BafiUke^  the  Fortriiitore  of  his  facred  Ma}e{ly  in  his  Solitudes  and 

Suireriti^f,     A   new  E^iition      Corre^ed   by    the    Ute   Reverend 

Rjcha/d  Btiroo.     8vo.     5  s.  fcwcd*     KcarQy.     1770. 

The  advcriiicmcnt  prcfiAcd  to  thii  edition,  by  the  pubfilhcr,  ia 
at  follows; 

'  No  heart  ever  glowed  with  a  mofc  ardent  and  ;;«4enoai  wiaroitk^J 
in  the  caufe  of  religious  snd  ci^nl  liberty  il'  flc 

only  brr?»hH,  hf  f^i  1  »vtt  Itvf  tn   hi?  own  c»i  heij 


was  in  r 
lie  wfOi 

*  HrxJ  lu  : 

have  left  ti  c 
whole  I 
cern.     I 

new  cilidijo  < 


^f«. 


i  in  thi?  cauJc  ;  iic  negiccicd  every  other  con- 

'  .  at  his  fole  expcnce,  he  prinicJ  thif 

Its*     Mc  \\\C\  not  KvL'  Lii   nubliih  iu. 
pcocbo^J 


His  notes  and  additions  to  it  are  truly 

t)iu  edition  i'^  *  i\c  ^  lvi  vn'nt  anon  Mr.  F*i..„     ,,--, 

*  yb  is  n£>\  : -rvc  the  gunaal  cauk,  and  alio  to^ 
Afve  the  iii.^ —  ^.  •-!.  x,.».  '  r.,T;fv'.  The  Eiito.NOCLAsTS^  ia, 
tan  well  known  to  need  any  cc !  11 ;  there  11  not  a  fricud  la 
^iljcuv  who  would  not  wiih  it  t^-^  m^  im^..  i^uU 

*  Th^  public  tnay  be  afTnrcd  that  every  farthing  ari/ing  frorn  tke* 
nf  ic,  fltail  be  faithfully  and  cOAfdcauoally  ap^iod  to 
ill  of  ili%  Batou^s  family «*  _  ^  ^ 

Mr, 


1 


M  X  S  C  B  I.  L  A  N  £  O  U  I.  33^ 

Mr.  fiaron  had  written  a  preface  to  this  publication,  in  which 
he  informs  us,  that  when  the  lafl  edition  of  Milton's  profc  works  was 
committed  to  his  care,  he  executed  that  trult  wi:h  the  greuteil  fide- 
lit/ i  of  which  no  one  who  knew  Mr.  B.  will  entertain  the  lead  doubt: 
that  tf/>/r  he  had  thus  endeavoured  to  do  julHce  to  his  favourite 
Author,  by  comparing  every  piece,  line  by  line,  wi[h  the  original 
editions,  he  met  with  d,/econd  edition  of  the  Eikokoclastes  (which 
had  neither  been  feen  l^  Mr.  Toland,  the  former  Editor,  n^rr  by  Mr, 
B.)  with  many  large  and  curious  addittGns  ;  and  he  quickly  refolved 
that  the  public  fhoald  no  longer  be  withheld  fiom  the  poHefnon  of 
fuch  a  trcafure.  *  I  therefore  now,  fays  Mr.  B.  give  a  new  impref- 
iion  of  this  work,  with  the  additions  and  improvements  made  b/ 
the  Author :  and  I  deem  it  a  fingular  felicity  to  be  the  inllrumcnt 
of  reflorine  to  my  country  fo  many  excellent  lines,  long  loft— and  in 
danger  of  being  for  ever  loft — of  a  Writer  who  is  a  larting  honour 
to  our  language  and  nation ; — and  of  a  work,  wherein  the  princi- 
pies  of  tyranny  are  confuted  and  overthrown,  and  all  the  arts  and 
cunning  of  a  Great  Tyrant  and  his  adherents  detedcd  and  lilid 
open.' 

The  following  obfervations  on  Milton,  arc  at  once  chara6leriftic 
of  that  great  man,  confidered  as  the  Champion  of  the  People, 
and  of  the  political  zeal  and  fpirit  of  his  lace  reverend  Mditor : 

*•  Milton,  in  particular,  ought  to  be  read  and  ftudied  by  all  our 
young  gentlemen  as  an  Oracle,  He  was  a  great  and  noble  genius, 
perhaps  the  greateft  that  ever  appeared  among  men  ;  and  his  learn- 
ing was  equal  to  his  genius.  He  had  the  higheft  fenfe  of  Liberty, 
glorious  thoughts,  with  a  ilrong  and  nervous  ftyle.  His  works  are 
full  of  wifdom,  a  treafure  of  knowledge.  In  them  the  divine,  the 
ftatefman,  the  hiftorian,  the  philologift,  may  be  all  inftruAed  and 
entertained.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  his  divine  writings  are  fo 
little  known.  Very  few  are  acquainted  with  them,  many  have  never 
heard  of  them.  The  fame  is  true  with  rcfpcft  to  another  great 
writer,  cotcmporary  with  Milton,  and  an  advocate  for  the  fame 
glorious  caufe;  I  mean  Algernon  Sydney,  whofe  difcourfes  oa 
Governntent  are  the  moft  precious  legacy  to  thefe  nations. 

'  All  antiquity  cannot  ihcw  two  writers  equal  to  thefe.  They 
were  both  great  matters  of  Reafon,  both  great  matters  of  Expreffion. 
They  had  the  ftrongeft  thoughts,  and  the  boldeft  images,  and  are 
the  beft  models  that  can  be  followed.  The  ftyle  of  Sydney  is  al* 
ways  clear  and  flowing,  ftrong  and  mafculine.  The  great  MrLTorr 
has  a  ftyle  of  his  own,  one  fit  to  exprefs  the  aftoniflimg  fublimity 
of  his  thoughts,  the  mighty  vigour  of  his  fpirit,  and  that  ccpia  of  in- 
vention, that  redundancy  of  imagination,  which  no  writer  before  or 
fince  hath  equalled.  In  fome  places  it  is  confeffed  that  his  periods 
are  too  long,  which  renders  him  intricate, .  not  altogether  intelli- 

fible  to  vulvar  readers ;  but  thcfc  places  are  not  many.  In  the  book 
efbre  us  his  ftyle  is  for  the  moft  part  free  and  eafy,  and  it  abounds 
in  eloquence  and  wit  and  argument.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  ftyle 
of  this  work  is  the  beft  and  moft  perfect  of  all  his  profe  writings. 
Other  men  have  commended  his  Hiftory  as  matchlefs  and  incompa* 
rable,  whofe  malice  could  not  fee  or  would  not  acknowledge  the 
excellency  of  his  other  works.    It  is  no  fecret  whence  their  averfioii 


33* 


MONTHIY  CATALOOVE9 


to  NfiLTON  proceeds ;  and  whence  their  caatioB  of  atoiing  hhatt 
any  other  writer  than  a  poer.  Miliok  combated  faperflitioo  ui 
tyranny  of  every  form,  and  in  every  degree.  Againft  them  heea« 
ployed  his  mighty  ftrength,  and»  like  a  Baiterimg  Ram,  beat  dovv 
all  before  him.  But  notwithtlapding  thefe  mean  arts  either  to  hide 
or  difpaiage  him,  a  little  time  will  make  him  better  known ;  and 
the  HiOre  he  is  known  the  more  he  will  be  admired.  H*^wofb 
are  not  like  the  fugitive  fhort-livcd  things  of  this  age,  few  of  whick 
furvive  their  authors :  they  aic  fubftantial,  durable,  eternal  writinfi; 
wMch  will  never  die,  never  perilh  whilll  Reafon*  Trnth,  andLiboif 
have  a  being  in  thefe  nations. 

*  Thus  much  I  thought  proper  to  fay  on  occafion  of  this  pubKcSf 
tion,  wherein  I  have  no  retentment  to  gratify,  no  private  intereil  to 
ferve :  all  my  aim  is  to  ilrengthcn  and  fupport  ih^tgood  §ld(Ua^ 
\shlch  in  my  youth  I  embraced,  and  the  principles  wheicof  I  will  af- 
ff It  and  maintain  whild  I  live.' 

And,  accordingly,  Mr.  B^ron  did  fo,  with  uniform  ardour  and 
zeal,  to  the  lall ;  but,  as  we  have  already  feen,  did  not  live  copflb- 
li(h  what  he  was  fo  eagerly  folicitous  to  print. — He  was  an  hoaeil 
man,  was  well  acquainted  with  the  literature  of  this  country  in  the 
laft  ac;e,  and  had  many  friends,  whofe  regard,  however,  he  geite- 
rally  To(l«  through  the  ungoverncd  warmth  and  inequality  of  hii 
'  temper. 
A«t«  26.  J  firj^  HtJI^ncal  Ehgraphical  and  Clascal  Diifrnerj, 
Containing  a  ccncife  and  alphabetical  Account  of  the  moil  remark- 
able Events  rtcorded  in  Ancient  Hillory.    Extra^ed  from  themol 
cele|;)rated  ClalTicni  Writers :  Alfo  the  Lives  and  Charaflcrsofdie 
TT.ofl  illullrious  Pcrfonages  amoi^g  the  Greeks,    Romans,  Egyp- 
ti«n.s,  Carthaginians,  and  other  didinguifhed  Nations.     Compie^ 
.    bending  Heathen  Deities,  Patriots,  Prieids,  Philoibphers,  Kings^ 
Piinccs,  Lcgiilators,  Statcfmen,  Generals,  celebrated  Ladies,  Ora- 
tors, Poets,  Hiilorians,   Painters,   Phyfici&ns,   Lawyers.  Playcn, 
Artificers,  and,  \n  (hort,  a}l  who  have  fi^nalized  themfelves  by 
their  Virtue,  Courage,  Learning,  or  Abilities.     Calculated  for  the 
LTe  of  Schools,   and  for  fuch  Gentlemen  and  Ladies,  who  doc 
having  had  the  Happinefs  of  a  ClalTical  l^ducation^  are  defimusof 
being  acquainted  with   the  Heathen   Mythology,    and  the  moH 
Uriking   Circumflances  of  Ancient  Hillory.      izmo.      3  s.  6 d. 
bound,     kcailly.     1771. 

I'he  deiign  of  this  co;npendium  is  thus  exprefled  by  the  Autho: 
—  *  To  the  Reader^*  viz. 

'  In  the  following  (beets  the  Editor  has  endeavoured  to  lay  befere 
hi>  Kcaders,  whatever  he  found  molt  valuable  in  the  bell  ciaffic 
writers.  They  contain  a  fhort,  but  he  flatters  hxmfclf  not  an  unin- 
terelling  account  of  the  moft  remarkable  events  recorded  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  hiHorians ;  with  the  liyes  and  charaders  of  the 
ilhiltrioys  heroes  of  ^nti^uity,  and,  where  they  could  with  propriety 
be  introduced,  tranfl?,tions  of  many  of  the  celebrated  pafTages  that 
Aie  to  be  met  l^ith  in  the  ancient  poets. 

'  The  woj-k  was  not  only  undertaken   for  the  Use  of  Schools 

wlii-rc  the  wan;  ot*  fuc\\  ;i  ipcTfoTTcviyivtt  VvTi-i  loci^^  been  complained  of, 

i^iir  frir  the  f\;rvicc  of  fuA  tcu\.\c,m^:ti  ^  m%,  Vi  \>^^<(»sv&  ^KA^QOKcAed 


tp 


M I  S  C  E  t  t  A  K  E  0  U  5.  ^J7 

til  the  mod  rattcrhl  occtfrfctices  of  profane  hiltory,  In  the  con- 
fer and  cafieil  manner* 

*  In  ihcMt,  the  Editor  kas  altcmpted  to  render  the  whole  both 

Cmfing  and  ufehi!,  b^  blending  delight  w'lih  iniXiiX^kion^  and  knov^* 
gi  with  entertainment. 

•  Qoeen*!  College,  Oxford,  Dec.  m,  1770* 
We  have  only  to  obfcrve,  that  thia  little  work  is  extremely  defi- 
;ietit,  from  the  great  number  of  ftrfins  and  thingi  omitted  ;  which, 
ndeed,    ij  not  much  to   be  wondered  at,  confidering    the   narrow 
|>afs  to  which  it  is  confined.     If  the  Author  won  Id  add  to  it  s 
id  volume,  for  which   there  are  ample  materials,  even   on   his 
plan  o(  hri^ity^  we   apprehend   his  Diflionary  would   be  more 
rally  acceptable  to  the  public. — Wc  have  feen  a  work  bearing  a 
fimilar  title  to  thii»  but  it  is  merely  biographical :  it  was  pub* 
1  by  Millar,  about  17  years  ago-,  in  2  Vols.   i2mo. 
27.   Obfcrvations  upon  fcvcral  Paflagcs  extrafled  from  a 
Work  lately  publiOied,  entitled,  AReins-wjofthfChara^tnoftht 
^inttpai  Naihns  of  Europe*^     8va,      is.  6d,     Aim  on. 
There  are  very  few  of  thcfe  obfcrvations  that  are  in  the  leaft  de- 
cree intcrefling  x  many  of  the  extraOs  are  produced  only  to  commend 
and  to  echo  the  Author's  fentiments ;  while  it  is  difticiilt  10 
for  what  purpofc  others  are  produced* 
Whac^  for  inftance,  is  to  be  learned  from  the  following  article; 

*  Extract  the  Fourteenth. 

*•  "Rf  this  perpetual  concSmitana  of  the  women,"  kc* — ^s^g^  7U 

OBSERVATIONS. 

*  The  Author,  no  doubt,  means,  by  the  perpetual  co/tcomitajtc€  of 
French  women,  their  Itrong   propenfity  to  aflcmble  together  in 

iif^  bodic!. — Would  not  ajfotiation^  therefore,  be  a  propcrer  word 
"j^^SiXi  cam^mitann  ?  *'  Concomitance  [fr#m  concomitor,  Lat.]  Sub- 
ifteace  together  with  another  thing."— Johnfon*s  OitL 

*  However,  on  re-con fidcring  the  word,  I  acquit  the  Author  of 
im|^ropriccy  ;  for  concomitor^  in  Littleton's  Ditlionary,  is  *•  to  accom* 
^ny,  to  follow,  to  attend,*' 

Let  us  try  one  more  : 

ExTHACT  the  Thirty*ninth, 
*•  Their  general  negligence  of  books  (fpcakfng  of  the  Spaniards) 
"^  cs  individuals  to  the  ncceflity  of  drawing  moil  of  their  know- 
from  their  own  fund  of  experience  and  obfcrvation  ;  which, 
fJOtJ^'iEhltanding  they  are  excellent  fources,  and  far  exceed,  in  pu- 
xity  of  truth  and  certitude,  the  lucubrations  of  the  clofet  alone,  can- 
not compare  with  that  fupcrior  extent  and  profoundnefs  of  acute  and 
fihorough  dircemmcnt,  which  reading,  and  meditation  give  thofc 
|vho  ajc  adequately  converfant  with  the  world.'* — Page  255, 
OBSERVATIONS. 

*  Mttch  knowledge  may,  doubtlefs,  be  acquired  by  experience 
lUid  obfcrvation ;  and  we  frequently  meet  with  men,  who,  with 
hardly  any  affiflance  from  hobt  make  no  contemptible  figure  in 
|h^  world.  But  thofe  who  are  naturally  acute  and  difcerning,  will 
find  their  acutenefs  and  difccrnment  confiderably  incrcafed^  ^^   ^ 


t  forvJMCCQoat  of  this  workt  Jcc  Review^  vol*  x.U^,  ^»  ^^9* 


33^  Monthly'  CATiOLacMEy 

careful  perufal  of  bo6ks,  the  Aathors  of  which  tfew  MHUtfk^UeioK 
their  fhrewdnefs  and  acumin.  Many  of  the  Readen,  howcier»  of 
t)io  above  ixtrmSi,  will  probably  wiih  to  kaow  why  there  is  mere 
ttftitudi^  why  there  is  more/wi/^  of  tnak  in  ci^^mffwv  and  ajftma* 
tiw^  than  in  the  lucuhrations  of  the  tUfet  alont* 

OBSEaVATION    Vpm  this  OsfEaVATIOVtf 

Does  t)iis  Obferver  need  to  be  told  that  a  maa  of  czperieKC» 
though  he  cannot  read,  will  aift  with  more  propriety  in  tho  worid. 
than  a  raw  reclufe  ftudent,  until  his  ftudies  are  oorredcd  and  aah 
tured  by  an  experimental  icnowledge  of  mankind  ;-  but  that  wkn 
this  knowledge  is  once  atuined,  tawit  ptarihus^  the  latter  will  hue 
greatly  the  advantage  of  the  former  \ 

After  ail  we  are  perhaps  miftaken  in  our  eflxmate  of  the  ipcfi^of 
thefe  Obfervacionsy  for  in  the  lift  of  Tra6ts  ibid  by  the  poUifter, 
fUtched  up  at  the  end,  we  are  given  to  nnderftand  that  thir  panpUet 
was  out  of  print  at  the  time  it  was  upon  fale !       ^ 
fixt,  28.  Skitchts  and  CharaHtrs  of  ihi  m&ft  imineKt  &md  mafi  /i- 
gular  Pcrfins  now  having..    Vol.  I.     12 mo.     2  s.  6d.  fewed.  Bri- 
flol  printed,  and  fold  by  Wheble  in  London.     1770. 
A  good  hint  for  a  uking  tdutb  Mr  ibi  timts ;  bat  the  ftippaaC  Wri« 
ter  has  not  made  the  moft  of  his  thought.    If  he  will  revife^  vmr 
prove,  and  give  more  folidity  and  fubftance  to  this  work,  we  doubt 
not  but  it  will  be  highly  accepuble  to  fach  Readers  at  aie  fed 
t>{  anecdotes^  rtparttes^  and  bons  matSf  of  the  Duke  of  nij^  and  my 
Lady  Tbat^  and  Mr.  T'etbtr  the  noted  wit.  Sec.  &c.  Sec. 
Art.  29.  The  Coterie  recommended \  or,  the  Pleafures  of  tbe  Aw 
Moitde  vindicated :  In  an  Oration  made  before  that  honobrabk  lad 
truly  laudable  Society,  on  the  4th  of  April,  being  the  Antftttf^ 
fary  of  its  lafHtution.    By  the  Hon.  Mr.  Shame'em*    Svo.    1 L 
Gardner,  &c. 

Taking  up  the  vulgar  notion  that  the  fociety  lately  fbrmed  aaoa^ 
0ur  people  of  faihion,  and  known  by  the  name  cH  the  Catmtt  is 
calculated  for  the  accommodation  and  encouragement  of  viciooi  plti* 
fures,  this  pretended  Apologift  abufes  the  aflfodationy  i)a  a  ftylc  chtt 
will  fufHciently  clear  the  Writer  from  aU  fufpidon  of  Ins.  beiag  hia- 
fclf  a  member. 

Art.  30.  The  Trial  of  WilBam  Winrnis^  and  feven  otbers,  Sol- 
diers in  his  Majefly's  29th  Regiment,  for  the  Murder  of  Cri^ 
Attacks  and  four  others.  Mar.  5,  1770,  at  the  fuperior  Covt  of 
Judicature,  Afltze,  &c.  at  Bofton,  Nov.  27  fbll6wittg,  &c.  bcfac 
the  Hon.  Benjamin  Lynde,  John  Cnfliing,  Peter  OUvtr,  and  Ed. 
Tiowbridge,  fifqrs.  Juflices  of  the  faid  Court.  PablUhed  byFtf- 
miiHon  of  the  Court.  8vo.  3  s.  fewed.  Bofton  printed^  Loadoa 
reprinted.     Evans. 

As  the  unfortunate  accident  which  gave  birth  to  thefe  proceeding 
liath  bceii  taken  up  on  party  gr$iatd,  and  the  circamftftiloes  have  beai 
varioufly  reprefented,  thofe  who  are  defiroos  of  kAO^^g  thte  red 
(late  of  the  cafe,  will  here  meet  with  fatisfadlion. 
Art.  31.  The  Fegetahk  Syftm.  By  Dr.  HilL  Vol.  XVIL  FoBfc 

Royal  Paper,     r  1.  lis.  6d.    Bddwin. 
■    Sec  Review,  vo\,  xfiii.  ^*  \6\» 


Mathema  ticai# 


B^ 


PB.      Relicjovs  and  Controversial* 

Plrf.  ja.  A  Propofaifor  tht  AJvancemtnt  of  Chrijfianity  into  a  ps^ 

r   Hu  amJ  €h^ant  Syjhm,  adapted  to   the  Taftc  and  Frfcdom  of  the  J 

I    present  Age,  with  rcfpect  to  our  general  Manners  and  Maxima  of  ^| 

I     Government.    In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend,    By  Thomas  Bedford,  M,^  ^ 

I    Chaplain  to  the  Earl  Granville,     410.     is.    Wilkie,     ilji. 

I    Swift's  ironical  n>anncr  is  here  afTumed^  wich  jpretty  good  fuccefs  ;  ^m 

But  whether  much  good  dffeft  is  10  be  expefted  from  any  attempt  to  ^| 

midituU  vice  or  irreligion^  is  a  point  of  fome  doubt  wirh  as«     People  ^| 

Luv.  polUbly,    be  laughed   out  of  Corte /Mn ;    bat  to   encounter  ^M 

■■Bftfdnefs  and  depravity  with  the  delicate  \^eapons  of  raillery,  feems  H 

^Hlcpe&t  a  keen  comparifon  of  the  witty  Dean's)  to  be  Ukc  endea-  ^| 

R&ing  to  hew  blocks  with  a  razor.  ^M 

f                          Mathematical.  H 

Art.  33-  jfn  Explanatim  of  the  affirmative  and  negative  Stgm  in  ^| 

Algfora.     Svo.     6  d*     Cambridge  printed,  and  fold  by  Beecroft,  ^| 

I     A'C,  Lofidon.  ^1 

I  .  The  title  of  this  pamphlet  would  lead  one  to  expedl  undoubted  evi-  ^| 

I^CiKe  and  fatisfadion  on  the  fubje^  of  which  it  profefles  to  treat,  ^| 

|The  AlgcbraiK,  however,  after  a  careful  per ufal  of  it,  maybedifpo-  ^| 

Med  to  fuggell  an  amendment^  and  to  entitle  it  '  An  Attempt  to  ex-  ^| 

main,  ^c*  ^| 

I     The  fubjeft,  M  mull  be  confefTcd,  is  intricate  and  abflrafted,  and  ^| 

lit  is  duHcult  for  a  fpeaker  or  writer   to  exprefs  his  ideas  with  that  ^| 

Iprtciiloa  and  cleamefs  he  could  wifh,  and  without  defccnding  from  ^| 

rt~     "  '  "tnefs  of  mathematical  demonftration,  ih  a  fcicnce  whofe  ob-  ^| 

,                  ilraft  number;*,  to  the  more  familiar  and  popular  illailrations  ^| 

HH|ett)aL>te  objedis.     The  Author  confider^  all  quantity  as  exifling  ^| 

^^Kmr  ah/olutei/  OT  in  a  certain  made.     And  he  obferves,  that  as  the  «^| 

^^■i-ha«  a  power  of  contemplating  either  of  thcfe  cxiflences,  and  of  ^| 

^^Bning  concerning  them^  the  figns  of  algebra,  which  are  fubHitu-  ^| 

ted  in  the  place  of  ordinary  language,  may  certainly  be  made  ufe  of  ~ 

to  exprcfi  this  rcafoning  in  either  view*     The  application  of  this  re-  1 

mark,  in  the  fequel,  i^  ingenious,  and  amounts  bricBy    to  this, —  ^H 

thai  with  regard  to  quantity,  abfotatcly  confidered,  the  iign  [plus)  is  ^| 

J  age  whereby  the  algebraiil  affirms  it  to  exift,  and  the  figa  H 

that  whereby  he , denies  its  exigence.     But  with  regard  to  ^| 

aiiancity,  having  only  medal  exiilecice^  plus  and  minui  may  altcrnmtf-  ^| 

ly  cither  aiBrm  or  deny,  ^| 

I     There  arc  two  or  three  paragraphs  in  this  trcatife  fo  vtry  inaccu-  ^| 

Irately  cxprciTcd,  that  it  is  impoilible  to  undcrfland  their  meaning*  H 

'  We  IhaJl  only  produce  one  as  a  fpecimcn — *  By  the  imaginary  cxift-  ^| 

ieocc  of  quantity  as  oppofed  to  real,   is  meant,  fuc^  as^  being  no  exifl-  ^| 

I  taci  im  mature^  is  tenceivetl  o^ainft  nature  t  fir  fome  particular  ufe^  This  ^| 

il  a  fpecies  of  definition,  from  which  we  can  form  no  idea  of  tvhaC  ^| 

the  Author  menfit  to  fay.     We  have  laid  the   blame  on  the  prefs— ^  ^| 

wc  have  left  oac»  aJter^d  and  tranfpofed  one  word  2nd  another  xfy^^  ^| 

porpofe.  H 

We  ihall  conclude  this  article  witK  the  following  general  remark  :  ^| 

tf  mathematiciii.Da  would  hx  their  attention  primarily  on  tht  rtUtioni  ^^ 

of  quantities,  and  conMer  the  iigns  (-|-)  and  ( — )  as  expreGivt  ci{  i\vet4 

t  itkuom,  they  would  be  kb  fubJQ^  to  perplcjdiY  ^jdA  coului^wv  tVits^- 


340  MoNTHLT  CATAtOeOf^  ™ 

fctves,  and  to  the  charge  qf  ufing  unioteMigible  and  myftcnoui  {i«« 
;^uage,  than  they  really  are.— Some  of  the  bcft  writers  od  algcbxahive 
purfueJ  thii  method,  and  hereby  rendered  the  fererai  fpccfCi  Df  maU 
tiplication,  In  apprehending  the  rationale  of  which  the  main  di^culty 
coafiUs,  intelligible  and  obvious. 

Law, 

Art.  34.  Liberty  vindicated  againft  Slavery,  (hewing  that  Inv- 
prilbnmcnt  for  Debt,  refuling  to  aofwer  Interrogatories^  lung  la* 
prllonmcnE,  though  for  ju (I  Caufes,  &c*  are  all  deflrudive  to  the 
fundamental  Laws  and  common  Freedom  of  the  People  of  Englaad* 
By  a  Lover  of  his  Country.  FixH  publilhed  in  the  Year  itijS. 
8vo*     IS.     Wilkic.     177U 

The  efforts  of  Mr.  Stephen,  in  behalf  of  himfelf^  and  of  the  otkcr 

debtors  confined  in  the  King-s-bench  prifon,  have  probably  occasioned 

the  republication  of  the  treat! fe  before  us.     The  Author  of  it  fiwou 

xb  have  been  wel!  informed  with  regard  to  the  fpirit  and  tendency  of 

oar  laws,  and  pleads  (Irongly  the  caafc  of  humanity  and  freedom* 

Art.  35*  Lord  Camden's  genuine  Argument  in  giving  Judgoieut 

on  the  ejectment  betv^xea  Hindfon    and   others  againft  fcrlqr* 

"Wherein  Lord  Mansfield's  Opinion  delivered  in  Wyndmm  tttifM 

Chetv,7nd,  is  learnedly  conndered.    To  which  is  prenjcedr  Tie 

Argument  of  Lord  Mansfield..    410.     4  s.  fewcd.      Wilkic.    1711* 

7'hc  opinion,  which  was  given  by  Lord  Mansfield  opon  a  dcitfc 

of  l.ind  in  the  cafe  of  Wyndham  c^ntr^  Chctwynd,  he  fupported  with 

much  legal  erudition  ;  and  a  fimibr  qucilion  having  been  fobmitttd 

to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  Lord  Camden  delivered  his  judgroent 

upon  it.    The  feniiments  of  thcfc  judges  were  oppofitc  ;  and,  it  muH 

be  allowed,  that  the  point  of  law  in  difputc  wa^  of  nice  and  diflic«lt 

difcuffion. 

Lord  Mansfield  contends,  that  the  atteilation  of  three  witnelTei  to 
dckifes  ofland  is  mere  form;  that,  in  the  ftatute  of  frauds^  whidt 
gived  this  dire£lion,  the  word  credihle  as  applied  to  witne/Tes  is  ntigt* 
tory  or  ufed  improperly  ;  that  the  ftaiotc  being  deprived  of  the  mti 
crediltt^  the  word  wtfujs  muR be  expounded  by  common  law;  thil  1 
rcleafc  or  payment  will  remove  the  difability  of  a  wiincfs  from  r«^ 
rejl  I  and  that  fuch  a  witncfs  may  even  without  a  releafe  be  compctect 
enough  to  prove  the  will  for  every  pcrfon  except  himfclf. 

Thcfecanclufions  appeared  to  Lord  Camden  to  be  erroneous.  He 
conceiv-cd,  and  attempted  to  prove  in  ofp^fition  to  them,  That  thf 
ertdibillty  alluded  to  in  the  ftatute,  ought  to  be  ct>nfidered  as  a  xktxsd* 
fary  and  fubflantial  qualification  of  the  witnefs  at  the  time  of  pttdb- 
tion  ;  that  if  the  witncrs  is  incompetent  at  that  time,  he  cannot  porBt 
hlmfe  If  afterwards,  either  by  releafe  or  payment,  fo  as  to  fet  optnc 
will ;  and  that  he  cannot,  in  that  cafe,  be  a  witriefs  to  cftabBm  any 
part  of  the  will. 

In  the  rcafoning  and  arguments  employed  by  Lord  Mansfield,  theif 
IS  much  fubtlety  and  prccilion  ;  but  perhaps  he  is  inclined  to  allowr 
to  judges  too  great  a  latitude  in  the  interpretation  of  tawi.  XnA 
Camden  is  more  difi'ufeand  \zU  profound  ;  bnthis  opinion,  notwith* 
/fanding,  abounds  wUH  tuaiv^  CoUdobCetvations.  He  argues,  in  iJV* 
iJcaJar,  with  great  force  a^WSl  t\ift  ^\Vwt\\Q(Vk^r|  y:f«nLt  ^  \^4^. 
I  fh^  difcretion,*  fayi  Tac,  *  of  a'^xi^*^  vi^'tv^^a^w  ^x^xvd.\v,\x>c.^ 


^N 


Poetical. 


341 


ways  unknown  ;  it  is  diJFerejit  in  dUTcrcnt  men  ;  it  u  cafatal,  and  de- 
pends upon  conftitQtioa,  temper,  and  paiHon,  In  the  bcfl  it  ii  oftm'- 
times  caprice ;  in  the  word  it  is  every  vice,  foil/,  and  paiCcm  to  which 
Imman  nataro  is  liable.* 

Poetical. 
Art,  36.  A  pMttcal  EpiftU  to  tht  Aulbsr  of  Verfes  iddrefleJ  to 
John  Wilkes,  Rfq;  on  his  Arrival  at  Lynn.     410,     6d.     Loudon, 
1771,     Sold  by  the  Bookrcllcrs  of  Lynn  and  Cambridge* 
From  the  few  fpccimens  which  we  gave  of  the  Verfes  lately  pre* 
Tented  to  Mr,  WiUces  at  Lynn  t»  our  Readers  may  perhaps  readily  in- 
fer with  us,  that  the  Encom tail's  (hicion  on  Mount  ParnalTus  is  fome- 
wliM'e  on  the  declivity  of  the  mountain  ;  though  we  wilt  not  pretend 
to  mark  the  identical  fpot,  or  its  elevation »  prcciicly.  We  can  (peak 
with  more  confidence  and  prccifion  with  regard  to  the  ftation  of  his 
prefent  Anfwerer;    who  is  evidently  a  lowtander,  and  appears  ip 
have  his  reitlemejit  in   fome  dark  and  deep  cavern  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain.     He  talks  indeed  of  flying,  with  great  con^denccj  ia 
|he  ^try  firll  line  ; 

•  My  fliufe  on  daring  pijiions  takes  her  flight^—* 
bat  his  n^ufe  and  he  are  a  couple  of  arrant  cheats:  for  they  never 
once  budge  from  the  earth;  nor  can  we  difcern  the  fm^llcil  riidi. 
mcnti  of  wings  any  where  about  them.  He  does  indeed  endeavour 
to  clamber  up  to  the  mountaineer ;  but  his  foot  flips  ijicefTantly.  He 
gets  however  within  reach  of  his  fatellite^  the  poor  printer^  who  is 
fomtwhat  nearer  his  levels  and  catches  hold  of  him  by  the  flap  of 
his  coat — his  bcfl  Sunday  clotths  too — in  which,  he  tells  ui,  the 
caitiflT  on  his  knees  preicnted  the  obnoxious  Verfes  to  Mr.  Wilkei^ 
mod  gorgeouily  bounds  and  infcribed  with  golden  capitals*  For 
this  tranfgreffion  he  roils  the  culprit  in  the  mud  brought  down  from 
Helicon,  till  this  poorWilkite  typographers  holiday  coat  is  in  fuch 
a  pickle»  that  the  man  can  ntxtt  furcly  appear  in  it  any  more 
without  turning  it.  After  this  mod  intemperate  afl,  he  defcants 
a  while  on  the  good  of  Old  England,  and  concludes  with  an  invoca- 
tion, and  a  prayer  for  poor  Britannia,  whofe  cafe  mult  be  defperatc 
indeed,  if  it  refills  the  powers  of  vtitt:  like  this. 
Art,  37.  Leon  J  DAS  j  a  Poeni,  The  fifth  Edition.  i2mo« 
2  Vols.  6  s,  Cadell,  &c.  1770. 
That  this  well-known  Englifh  Epic  hath  had  many  admirers,  is 
evident  from  the  circumllance  of  its  having  pa/Ted  into  a  fifth  ctfi- 
tioii*  Its  hrA  appearance  in  print  was  fcveral  years  before  the  com- 
mencement of  our  Review  ;  fo  that  any  remarks  on  the  merits  and 
chara^er  of  this  poem,  would  be  foreign  to  our  province^  We  ihaJI^ 
^  therefore,  only  add,  for  the  information  of  our  poetical  Readers, 
'  that  Mr.  Glover*  the  ingenious  Author  of  Ltomaas^  hath,  in  the 
prefent  edition,  not  only  corrci>cd  the  poem  throughout,  and  cx- 
'  tended  it  from  nine  books  to  twelve,  but  hath  alfo  added  feveral 
new  charadcrs;  beiide  placing  fome  of  the  old  oties  in  dcw  fi* 
tuations. 

t  Review,  March^  page  459. 
3 


^  MoKTRtT  CATAidOUE, 

Art.  38.   The  Love  of  Money ;    a  Satire.    AtOm    2  81    tfifll 

177 1. 
To  be  liimgry,  and  to  owh  it  too.  Is  at  this  dme  of  day  a  tot 
snexitorious  depce  of  modcfty :  ■' 

*  Write,  write  I  iKuJt ;  '&  a  licentious  age. 
And  vices  croud  to  feed  a  poet's  rage. 

Shame  on  the  times        * 
Kq  !  that  ingratitude  fpoiis  all. 

*  Shall  i,  with  equal  blame. 

With  equal  la/s  of  faonoanible/aMr^' 
Remember  the  Italian  proFerb,  and  fear  nothing.    Me  'mtosfiSm 
lo/e  what  be  netter  hud^  hfit  nothing  but  bis  fiu/eSn 

*  And  therefore  cail  my  imiorm  worth  afide.* 
iLeeAftiU'bvm. 

■      ■■  *  *  without  reniorfef 
Or  //Mr/  looks,  or  ftUi  move  pious  tearsp 

We'd  i&tfffff  all  villains' 

Surely  1  \^\^  fhould  not  a  hangman  look  like  himfelf  ? 

*  But  where  begin  V 
At  home. 

^     •  would,  would  I  had  a  friend  !* 

That  is  true ;  hang  him  fifft  by  all  means. 
«  Wilt  thou  aflift  me  S ?' 

Ko ;  he  is  appointed  FirH  L— d  of  the  A'    ■      ■     y  and  has kHh 

|hing  elfe  to  dp. 

-  *  Thou  canft  tell 

Where  to  begin ;  what  chara£lers  of  hell^- 
I  know  the  road,  and  felf-iiillru^ed  run.' 

Oceuptt  exiremum /cables  !  If  you  are  for  that  road,  good  bye  to  yoh 
'  Here  honour's  loft,  for  Churchill  is  no  more; 
Churchill  is  gone,  and  G— — —  is  a  w— .' 

Whereas,  had  he  been  living,  her  laJyfliip  would  have  been  as  fllh 

as  Diana  of  the  Ephcfuns* 

«  •  •  •  bought  a  feat,  will  •  •  *  the  truth  difown, 
Bought  others  virtue,  while  he  fold  his  own : 
AncTwhcn  the  wretch  his  own  can  fell  ho  more^ 
He  fells  that  virtue  which  he  bought  before.' 

Braviffimo!  Encore! 

So  goody  Jobfon  went  to  Wakefield  fair» 
And  fold  feme  eggs,  and  bought  fome  chickens  dieie : 
But  when  of  eg^s  fhe  had  no  longer  llorc. 
She  fold  the  chickens  that  fhe  bought  before. 
This  worthy  Gentleman  informs  us  that  he  is  himfelf  vety  Ab^ 

of  the  ladies  at  prefcnt,  and  that  he  loves  them  '  aye,  more  this 

money ,'  but  that,  when  he  grows  old  and  grcy-headed»  }ie  iatea^ 

to  turn  pimp  for  the  benefit  of  foqicty,  and, 

—  *  prove  what  woman  is  the  caufc  of  vice.' 

Bul«  pQOX  Gentleman  !  he  is  at  prefcnt  in  apiuab[e  iiU}atiQ&in4^ 
'  But  jiow  I  burn,  axkd  \iv  ^he  (lower  of  youth.* 

jUc  threatens,  however,  to  excnV\mfe\^  ^^ial\tC\Jwi^T^v^[^p5RMiwtt" 

^  «  Yet  1  may  iUng*  v^Viciv  oti^t  V^>J^'^  'i^t^■^^  ^'«s^  . 


Poetical 


5*! 


Kit  Ar  good  of  oar  countrywomen  we  would  not  recommend  litj  re* 
lb Jttuon  in  die  next  line,  ^  I 

'  And,  ifprovok'd  enongh,  rauH  fting  before**  . 

Aft.  39.  The  Book  of  Nature  ;  a  Poem.     410.     1  8.     Carnaii. 

A  fpmelersr  well  meaning  poem,  recommending  moril  Improve- 
menc  from  the  ftudy  of  Nature. 
Art*  40.    AtifuUaneous  Potms  on  various  Subji^s  and  Occaftom. 

Revifed  and  corretlcd  by  rhe  !ate  Mr.  William  Shcnilone,     8vo. 

4t*  Boards.     Newbery,  ic.     1771- 

Thc  Author  of  thefc  poems  is  faid  to  be  Mr*  Jofeph  Gilet^  who 
Ibmc  time  fincc  refidcd  at  Birmingham,  was  intimately  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Shenflone,  and  wrote  fome  plcafing  poems  in  Doddey's 
Mifctllanies.  However  the  la  ft  circumftaoccs  may  fcem  to  fpeak  in 
his  favour,  the  poetry  hece  prcfented  to  \xs  is  far  beneath  medio- 
crity. We  prefume  not  to  fay  what  the  late  ingenious  Mr.  Shcnilonc 
might  be  induced  to  do  from  motifs  of  private  fricndlTiip  or  bene- 
volence. We  are  f^fible  that  with  him  thofe  virtnea  had  no  nar* 
XQ^  limits:  but  thefe  pf^cms  were  every  way  unworthy  of  his  attett- 
don,  and  in  truth  we  can  fee  no  traces  of  that  attention  in  them. 

I  pi.  41*  Thi  Dramatic  If 'oris  of  Mark  Antony  Mciian.  Confift*- 
IQg  of  three  Tragedies,  Em/Iia,  Ncrthumbirland^  the  Fritnd$,  As 
ihcy  were  px  ''  '  "  V  ■  Mj^nagers  of  both  our  Theatres^  but 
rtfafed.     Pu!  ,  of  an  Appeal  from  the  arbitrary  De- 

ctitonii  of  the  t  the  Drama  to  Candour  and  the  Lovers  of 

theatrical  A:..  .,    whofe  Liberality  fo  anaply   aggrandize* 

ihofe  Defaulters.     ::vn.     6  s,    White,  &c. 
How  the  Author  of  this  wretched  ftuif  coujd,  prefumo  to  impeach 
c  taftc  or  impartiality  of  the  managers  for  rcjcfli|j^  it,  would  be 
allooilhing»    did  not  daily  experience  convince  us  that  the  vilcfl 
*"   bblers  bcliyve  their  own  compofitions  cxceMont.     In  fuch  cafes 
ihefe,  the  r^anageri  TCtjuirc  no  other  pity  thaji  we  ourfeives  dp, 
X  they  are  i:;  fome  meafure  under  9  neccfliiy  of  looking  IntQ  fndi 
irlbrmances, 

,11.  42-  Cricket^  an  Heroic  Poem  ;  illuftrated  w»ich  the  critical 
Obfcrvations  of  Scribkrus  Maxirnus.  To  which  is  added,  an  Epi- 
logue, called,  Buiks  haiM  at ^e  All.  Spoken  by  Mr.  King  at  thcThe- 
atru  Royai  in  Dublin^  in  the  Charader  of  Ranger  in  the  ^ufpicious 
Hulhand.  By  James  Love,  Comedian,  410.  1$,  Davies.  1771. 
Thi«  n  rtally  a  very  decent  claiHcal  poem,  does  credit  to  the 
c,  fpirit^  and  good  fcnfe  of  th«  Author,  and  may  give  pleafure  as 
11  to  the  critical  as  to  the  cricketical  Reader.  It  was  iirjt  pub" 
li/hed  about  30  yearj  ago« 

Art*  43*    7l)€  TempU  cf  Compa^n ;  a  Poem  :    Addrcffed  to  a 

Lady»  by  ao  OiHcer  in  ik^  Guards.     410.     i  s.     Ridley. 

The  Author  of  this  poem  informs  us  that  it  was  written  •  chiefly 

lor  the  pleafure  of  dedicating  it  to  a  lady/   aud  that  '  it  was  a 

,  carclcfs  compofition.'     This  is  certainly  a  very  unfoldier  like 

SHmcnt,  and  the  lady  was  but  tittle  obliged  10  the  poct«  who 
profrfledly  be  carelefs  in  the  execution  of  a  piece  he  honoured 
ihcr  oamc— Hon^ermv  hi$  toul  want  of  abUUV«%  1^  %  fotii  WiiV 


S4* 


Monthly  Catal&su«. 


occmpt  Kim  from  the  attention  of  ininuie  criticiioi.  and  wi  HuM  it 

low  him  a  place  in  his  Temple  of  CampaCion. 

Art.  44.  Jrt  EpiJiU  from  ikg  Princefs  F a^  ^  NapJes^  ($  tk, 

Cduntifs  fl/" in  London^    Traniljited  from  the  luliaitt  ^ 

addrcffed  to  G.  S — w — o,  Eft^;     4to.     is.    While,     1771. 

This  is  a  wretched  attempt  at  wit;  in  the  preface,  again^  thf 
patriots,  who,  the  Tranllacor  (ays,  %t^ /pieth/ytn^  a^ity\  an  (J,  in 
the  poem,  agaiDil  the  coteric»  which  u  ccrtaiiily  entitled  co  ta  ahkf 
fat)riii.  ^ 

Art.  4.5.   7^^  Lovii  of  MiJea  and  Jafin -^  a  Poem,  in  Three 

Books.    Tranlbtcd  from  the  Greek  ofApoIlonius  fthodius's  Ai* 

gonauiics.     By  the  Rev.  J,  Ekins,  M.  A.  late  Fellow  of  ting'f 

College,    Cambridge,   and   Redtor  of    Qi^alotOD,   Backs.     4t0. 

51  s,  6d.     Payne.     1771. 

The  Argoniutics  of  ApoUoniiii  were  of  fucK  high  repute  in  and* 
quity  that  Virgil  has  not  fcrupted  to  borrow  very  largely  from  thU 
writer,  both  in  the  conftrudion,  the  fentiments,  aod  tm^i^rr.  r'hiM 
jEneid;  yet  wc  have  never  tranHated  him  ;  and  iodet  de- 

tail of  his  fabulous  heroes,  and  their  unintcrclling  ej,^  ^i  '^' 

two  firft  books,  is  very  forbidding.  The  prefcnt  Tranflator  f 
enough,  therefore,  omitted  them,  and  fallen  only  on  that  n^u^u.- 
tercfling  part  which  defcribcs  the  loves  of  Medea  and  JaJbn.  Butt 
mediocrity  of  art  and  gcniaa  [which  if  we  allow  Mr.  Ekioi,  w 
grant  him  rather  too  muGh)  was  by  no  means  fufficicnt  here*  Audf 
indeed,  this  is  a  very  tame  and  Inadequate  tran/lacion.  To  poio£ 
cut  the  feeble  lines  were  endlefs ;  but  the  Tranflator  has  fometiiui 
as  little  propriety  as  poetry.  He  reprefcnts  the  biqombg  Medriu 
an  old  hag,  who,  in  the  morning, 

•*  Smooths  her  parched  cheeks :" 
'  She  then  gives  orders  to  the  female  band. 
Who  in  attendance  near  her  chamber  ftand  !* 
Art.  46.  Evis  Legacy  to  her  Dav^hters,    In  two  Cantos*   With 
her  Epitaph:  AndTirefias*     Rvo,     is.     Davie?. 

A  gracelefs  wag,  making  merry  with  his  great  grandmother,— 
the  apple,— the  fcrpent,^and  the  good  man  Adam*  Some  fcrupii- 
lous  Readers  may  think  the  Author's  humour  (while  employed  on  i 
fcripture  fubjc^l)  not  quite  free  from  prophanencfs.  The  trajuibrflU* 
tioa  of  Tirefias,  however,  was  lawful  plunder,  as  being  an  Btiii» 
ftory.     yide  OviA*^  Mttam*  lib.  Hi. 

Art  47.  The  Nnv  Foundling  Hofptial  for  IPlt,     BeiJig  a  Colltt*^ 
.      tion  of  curious  Pieces  in  V'erfe  and  Profc.     Part  IV  ••     iinO* 

^s.  6d.  fewed.     Almon.     1771* 

A  few  choice  bits  may  be  picked  out  of  this  bafltet  of  fcrapi. 

m -  <. ■ . m - — ' 

♦  See  more  of  this  colleflibn.  Review,  Aug*  !769>  p.  ij6. 

ERRATUM. 
«     •»•  In  the  Review  for  March,  page  1H8,  line  1,  read.  This  i* 
lad  proratfed  to  Dr.  Pricftley  in  on§  rtfpt£l  \  and  there  can  be  a^ 
lioubt  bui  that  in  ^ihiti  Dc»¥ihccvcikU]^*i  accttraie»  ^le* 


i    .1,":. 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     M      A     Y,  '    lyyi. 


;Art.  I.    Obfervatms  pn  tnodifn  Gardening,  tllufltattd  hy  Dcfcrip^ 
tions.    8vo.     js.  6d.  Boards,     T.  Payne.     177^- 

THIS  Author  conMers  Gardening  zs  not  confined  to  th9 
fpotfroin  which  it  borrows  its  name,  but  as  ^regulating 
the  difpofitioR  and  embellifhments  of  a  piuk,  a  Farm,  or  a  ri- 
ding ;  fo  that  the  buftnefs  of  a  gardener  is.  to  Mii&,  and  appl/ 
Mrhatever  is  g4reat,  elegant,  or  oharaderiftic  in  any  of  them ;  to 
difcern  and  to  dtfplay  all  the  advantages  of  the  place  upon  which 
be  is  employed  $  to  fupply  its  defeats,  torreSt:-  if^  fauhs,  and 
improve  its  beauties.  He  obferves  that  the  fcenci^  of  Nature 
confift  of  ground^  fvoady  waitr^  and  rocks^  in  various  proportions 
and  combinations  ;  to  which  art  has  added  iuUdingSf  and  fat 
treats  of  thefe  feparately. 

Ground  he  confiders  as  mere  furface^  which  may  be  varied 
into  fwellj  hoHow^  %nHevil:  he  obferves  that  the  convex  and 
concave  are  in  themfelves  lefs  uniform  than  a  plane,  but  that 
planes  fliould  not  for  that  reafon  be  wholly  reje^ed  ;  ^  a  gentle 
•concave  declivity,  ikys  he,  falls  and  fpreads  eafily  on  a  flat ) 
the  channels  between  feveral  (wells  degenerate  into  mere  gut* 
ters,  if  fome  breadth  be  not  given  to  the  bottoms  by  flattening 
them  ;  and  in  many  other  inftances,  fmall  porctonn  of  atr  in- 
clined or  horizontal  plane  may  be  introduced  into  an  irregular 
compofttiofi.  Care  only- muft  be  taken  to  keep  them  dowrv  as 
Subordinate  parts,  and  not  to  fufFer  them  to  become  principal. 

«  There  are,  however,  occaftons  On  which  a  plar:e  may  be 
principal :  a  hanging  level  often  producfcs  eflfcfls  nor  otherw^fc" 
attainable.  A  targe  dead  flat,  indeed,  raifes  no  other  td?a  than 
of  faticty  :  the  eye  finds  no  amufement,  no  tepoic,  on  fuch  a 
level  :  it  is  fatigued,  unlefs  timely  relieved  by  an  adequate  ter- 
mination ;  and  the  ftrength  of  that  termination  will  compcnface 
for  its  diftance.     A  very  wide  plain,  at  the  toot  o^  ^  xx\^\sxcck\w^ 

Mot.XLlV.  *         Ai  •     -\% 


34^  Obftrvations  on  madirn  Gardenings  lie, 

is  lefs  tedious  than  one  of  much  lefs  compafs,  furrounded  onlj 
by  hillocks."  A  flat  theiefore  of  condderablc  extent  may  be  ha* 
zarded  in  a  garden,  provided  the  boundaries  alfo  be  confiderable 
in  proportion ;  and  if,  in  addition  to  their  importance,  thcj 
become  flill  more  intcrcfting  by  their  beauty,  then  the  fkility 
and  diRiiK^nefs  with  which  they  are  fecn  over  a  flat,  makes  the 
whole  an  agreeable  compofltion.  I'he  grettnefs  and  the  bewt^ 
of  the  boundary  are  not,  however,  alone  fufiicient ;  the  fen 
of  it  is  of  ftill  more  confequcnce.  A  continued  range  of  die 
noblcft  wood»  or  the  iincft  hill,  would  not  cure  the  infipiditf 
of  a  flat :  a  lefs  important,  a  lefs  pleafing  boundary,  would  be 
more  cfFc£lual,  if  it  traced  a  more  varied  outline;  if  it  ad- 
vanced fometimcs  boIJly  forward,  fometimes  retired  into  dap 
reccflcs ;  broke  all  the  fides  into  parts,  and  marked  even  ric 
p]uin  itfclf  with  irregularity. 

*  At  Moor  Park*,  on  the  back  front  of  the  houlc,  isalavfl 
of  about  thirty  acres,  abfolutcly  flat;  with  falls  belov  it  oo 
cnc  hnr.d,  and  heights  above  it  on  the  other.  The  liiing 
C.rouiid  is  divided  into  three  great  parts,  each  fo  difiinft  andb 
diiFcrcnr,  as  to  have  the  cflld  of  feveral  hills.  That  neatt  , 
to  the  houfc  fliclvcs  gently  under  an  open  grove  of  noble  tne% 
which  hang  on  the  declivity,  and  advance  beyond  it  oa  tb  \ 
ptnin.  1  he  next  id  a  large  hill,  prefling  forward,  and  coieid 
with  wood  from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  The  third  is  a  boU 
fiecp,  with  a  thicket  tailing  down  the  (Icepeft  part,  vbick 
makes  it  nppcar  flill  mere  precipitate  :  but  the  reft  of  the  flops 
is  bare;  only  the  brow  is  crowned  with  wood,  and  towvA 
the  bottom  is  a  little  groufie  of  trees.  Thefe  heights,  this 
finely  charudieri fed  in  themfelves,  are  further  diftinguiflicd  bf 
their  appendages.  The  fmall,  compact  groupe  near  the  feoii 
but  ({ill  on  the  dcfccnt,  of  the  further  hill,  is  contrafied  bjl 
large  (iraggling  clump,  fome  way  out  upon  tho  lawn,  bciaff 
the  miuJlc  eminence.  Between  this  and  the  iirft  hill,  uo'tf 
two  or  three  trees  which  crofs  the  opening,  is  feen  togreitii" 
vanta^'^c  a  \vi:.ding  glade,  which  riics  beyond  then^  and  foA^ 
the  reparation.  This  deep  receis,  the  diflerent  dillances  t» 
which  the  hills  advance,  the  contrcft  in  their  forms,  and  their 
accompanimcnfs,  cr.ft  the  plain  en  this  T.dc  into  a  rroft  hoB' 
liful  figure.  '1  he  other  fide  and  the  end  were  originally** 
flat  ctigc  of  a  dcfcent,  a  harfii,  oiFenfive  termination  j  but  it  •* 
now  broken  by  feveral  hillocks,  not  diminutive  in  fiz?,  ^ 
conlideraole  by  the  fine  clun.ps  which  diftinguilb  them.  '\^ 
rccrilc  one  beyond  anolicr,  and  the  outline  waves  agrcrabf 
anuin^ift  ihcm.     They  do  more  than  conceal  the  Iharpncfirf 

•  The  feat  of  Sir  Laareivcc  D^vA^-i^  \i^^x^\OfcsBia»S*;«0bLinH«^ 
&rJj]iire.  ^l 


ObferoatUm  en  TnoJirn  Gerdtniftg^  ^c.  ^4^ 

the  edge;  they  convert  a  deformity  into  a  beauty,  and  greatly 
contribute  to  the  embellifhment  oi  this  moft  lovely  fccne ;  a 
fccne,  however,  in  which  the  flat  is  principal ;  and  yet  a  ^orfe 
varied,  a  itiorc  beautiful  landflcip,  can  hardly  be  defired  in  a 
garden.*  ■ 

With  refpecl  to  convex  and  concave  forms,  the  Author 
thinks  that  thofc  which  are  perfeAly  regular  Ihould  be  avoided*: 
a  femicircle,  fays  he,  can  never  be  tolerable ;  fmall  portions  of 
large  circles  blended  together ;  or  lines  gently  curved,  which 
are  not  parts  of  any  circle  ;  a  hollow  fmicing  but  little  below  a 
level ;  a  fwell  very  much  flattened  at  the  top ;  are  commonly 
the  moft  agreeable  figures. 

In  made  ground  the  Author  conCders  the  connexion  of  dif^ 
fcrcnt  furfaces  as  the  principal  objedl ;  without  it  a  fwell  is  but 
a  heap;  and  a  hollow  but  a  hole:  the  lines  of  feparation  art 
manifeft,  and  the  want  of  connection,  except  in  the  great 
fcenes  of  nature,  is  a  want  of  beauty.  This  remark  leads  the 
Author  to  the  following  pertinent  obfervation  with  refpeft  to 
fencing  by  a  ditch.  •  The  ufe  of  a  foflls  fays  he,  is  merely  to 
provide  a  fence,  without  obftrucSing  the  view.  To  blend  the 
garden  with  the  country  is  no  part  of  the  idea :  the  cattle,  the 
objeds,  the  culture,  without  the  funk  fence,  are  difcordant  to 
all  within,  and  keep  up  the  divifion.  A  fofl'e  may  open  the 
moft  polilhed  lawn  to  a  corn  field,  a  road,  or  a  common, 
though  they  mark  the  very  point  of  feparation.  It  may  be  made 
on  purpofe  to  (hew  objcfts  which  cannot,  or  ought  not  to  be 
in  a  garden ;  as  a  church,  or  a  mill,  a  neighbouring  gentle- 
man's feat,  a  town,  or  a  village }  and  yet  no  confcioufncfs  of 
the  exiftence  can  reconcile  us  to  the  fight  of  this  divifion.  The 
moft  obvious  difguife  is  to  keep  the  hiihcr  above  the  further 
bank  all  the  way  5  fo  that  the  latter  may  not  be  fecn  at  a  com*- 
petent  diftance  :  but  this  alone  is  not  always  fiifHcicnt ;  for  a 
tiivifion  appears,  if  an  uniformly  continued  line,  however  faint, 
be  difcernabic ;  that  line,  therefore,  mutt  be  broken  ;  low  but 
extended  hillocks  may  fometimcs  interrup:  it ;  or  the  (hapc  on 
one  fide  may  be  continued,  acrofs  the  funic  fence,  on  the  other; 
as  when  the  ground  finks  iii  the  field,  by  beginning  the  decli- 
vity in  the  garden.  Trees  too  v-ithout,  connected  \vi:h  thofe 
within,  and  leeming  part  of  a  clump  or  a  grove  there,  will  fre- 
quently obliterate  every  trace  of  an  inteiruption.  By  fuch,  or 
other  means,  the  line  may  be,  and.fhould  be,  hid  or  diCguifed  ; 
not  for  the  purpofe  of  dfccption  (when  all  is  done  we  are  fel- 
dom  deceived)  but  to  prefervc  the  continued  furface  entire.* 

The  Author  procecils  to  cor^fider  what  he  calls  they?///  of 
ground  :  that  i-  whether  it  is  ta;iie  or  bold,  gentle  or  rude, 
continued  or  broken  :  it  is  not  perhaps  very  cafy  to  diftinguifh 
in  ground  the  tame  from  tiie  gnitU^  or  the  toW  ^\<^m  >^^  TuAe^ 

A  a  2  \v\i'**<v*^^ 


34t  Obfermditons  m  madem  Gardtding^  Ufu 

however  the  Author's  general  precept  is  good,  ^  thtjlilt  d 
every  pare  (hould  be  accommodated  to  the  charaAer  of  the 
whole/ 

The  Author  proceeds  to  recommend  variety,  and  even  con- 
trail ;  but,  he  fays,  that  ^  Italfo  contributes,  perhaps  morethu 
any  other  circumftance,  to  the  perfefiion  of  thofe  /fW,  which 
the  eye  traces  along  the  parts  of  a  piece  of  ground,  when  it 
glances  over  feveral  together.  No  variety  of  form  compento 
for  the  want  of  it.  An  undulating  line,  compofed  of  paniill 
elegant  in  themfelves,  all  judicioufly  contralted  and  bapfdf 
united,  but  equal  the  one  to  the  other,  is  far  from  the  line  if 
beauty.  A  long  ftrait  line  has  no  variety  at  all  i  and  a  little 
deviation  into  a  carve,  if  there  be  ftill  a  continued  uniforaiitj, 
is  but  a  trifling  amendment.  I'hough  ground  all  falling  the 
fame  way  requires  every  attention  to  its  general  tendency,  yet 
the  eye  mull  not  dart  down  the  whole  length  immediately  ia 
one  direction,  but  (hould  be  infenfibly  corKlufied  towaidsthe 
principal  point  with  (bmc  circuity  and  delay.' 

He  then  enforces  a  caution  which  he  fays  (hould  be  always 
held  in  rcmcmbjance  ;  ^  never  to  fuflTer  general  confidentiont 
to  interfere  with  extraordinary  great  ejftSls^  which  rife  fuperiorto 
all  regulations,  and  perhaps  owe  part  of  their  force  to  their  de« 
viation  from  them  \    but  he  judicioufly  obf<erves,  that  thefe  rf- 
fc£is  are  not  produced  merely  by  objcds  of  enormous  fize,  bst    | 
by  a  greatnefs  oi  JiiU  and  ihara&er  within  fuch  an  extent  ai  or-   1 
dinary  labour  may  modify,  and  the  compafs  of  a  garden  indudci    | 
The  Author's  fecond  general  head  is  wioi.    He  firft  confiden    j 
the  diflVrcnccs  of  trees  and  (hrubs  as  xojhape^  coirur^  ^nigrttoi: 
his  general  rule  with  refped  to  thefe  varieties  is,  to  ranged^ 
fhrubs  and  fmall  trees  io  that  they  may  mutually  fet  i^  the 
beauties,  and  conceal  the  blemiQics  of  each  other,  to  aion  rt 
no  efFccis  which  depend  on  a  nicety  for  their  fuccefs^  andiHiich 
the  foil,  the  e^pofurc,  or  the  fealbn  of  the  day  may  deftroyi  to 
attend  more  tothegroupes  than  to  the  individuals,  and  tocooli* 
der  the  whcle  as  a  plantation,  not  as  a  collection  of  plants. 

Every  plantatitm  muft  citJ.er  be  a  woed^  z  grovt^  a  clumf^  or 
zfingle  ttee.  A  wood  confifts  of  trees  and  underwood  ;  a  grort 
of  trees  without  urderwood  ;  a  clump  differs  from  either  onlf 
in  extent,  but  when  it  is  clofc  ic  is  called  a-  thicket,  and  & 
groupe  when  it  is  open. 

With  rcl'pcct  to  a  \v(.'od  the  Author  ol»ferves,  that  it  appc*" 
mod  to  advant  igc  (Kian  frosn  below,  and  hanging  on  the  fide  of 
a  hill;  iiix  ih^c  commanded  frcim  an  eminence  it  mikes  no 
more  than  a  part  (>f  the  fcene  below  :  in  either  fituation  the 
variety  of  irs  Auface  is  cU'eutial  to  its  beauty  :  a  contintt"!^ 
fmooih  fliiiven  Uvc\  of  WiVamc  n.vk^  \i<i  ^^nt^x^^^^  >^d\fettn^ 
growths  of  liccs    br':at  vv  vv\  ic^\\v^>  ^v^^  >^vvt  ^aa^'*^^^ 


Ohfervathns  on  modern  Gardenings  6fr.  349 

«nore  in  appearance :  difFerent  tints  undulating  about  the  fur- 
face  are  its  greatcft  embellifhmene.  As  to  mafles  and  groupes, 
the  contrail  muft  not  be  too  (Irong,  where  the  charafler  of  the 
wocx)  is  greatniefs,  to  which  unity  is  eflVntial ;  and,  to  pro- 
duce amy  fenfibte  variety,  they  mud  be  large.  Single  trees  are 
feldom  of  ufe  to  diverufy  a  furface ;  but  a  few  large  trees,  not 
eminent  above  all  about  them,  but  diftinguifhed  by  fome  flight 
feparation,  and  obvious  at  a  glance,  difiinguifh  a  wood  iirom  a 
thicket  of  (hrubs. 

But  our  Author  obferves,  that  *  when  broken  ground,  in  a 
romantic  fituation,  is  overfpread  wiih  wood,  it  may  be  proper 
on  the  furface  of  the  wood,  to  nurlc  the  inequalities  of  the 
ground.  Rudenefsy  not  greacncfs,  is  the  prevailing  iJea ;  and 
a  choice  diredly  the  revcrfc  of  that  which  is  productive  of 
unity,  will  produce  it ;  ftrong  contrails,  even  oppoficions.  may 
be  eligible ;  the  aim  is  rather  to  disjoint  th&n  to  conned ;  a 
deep  hollow  may  firik  into  dark  greens ;  an  abrupt  bank  may  be 
l)|ewn  by  a  rifnig  ftage  of  afpiring  trees;  a  (harp  ridge  by  a 
narrow  line  of  conical  (hapes  :  fire  are  of  great  ufe  upon  fuch 
qccafions  ^  their  tint,  their  form,  their  fingiilarity,  recommend 
them/ 

A  wood  feen  from  below  (h'^uld  be  thick ;  feen  from  iabove, 
its  being  thin  is  fometimes  an  advantage,  it  prefents  many  ob- 
jtfis,  and  every  tree  fhews  its  beauty. 

The  budine  of  a  wood  (bould  always  be  irregular,  but  not 

ooDfift  of  eafy  fweeps  and  gentle  rounds  :  the  true  outline  with 

refped  to  this  objed,  according  to  our  Author,  cbnfifls  more 

in  breaks  than  fweeps,  rather  ifi  angles  than  in  rounds;  in 

'  nriety,  not  in  fament-fs  of  fucccffion.     Every  variety  in  the 

oudine  of  a  wood  muft  be  a  prominence  or  recefs,  and  ic  is 

defirable  that  the  recefs  fhould  wind,  fo  as  to  conceal  the  ex- 

traiiity,  and  leave  the  imagination  to  purfiie  it. 

With  refped  to  an  inlet  into  a  wood,  the  opp'^fite  points  of 
the  entrance  fhould  never  tally,  for  if  thev  do  there  is  an  ap- 
pearance of  art ;  other  points  which  diftinguifli  the  great  parts, 
ftould  in  general  be  ftrongly  marked  ;  a  (hort  turn  has  more 
fpiritthan  a  tedious  circuity,  and  a  line  broken  by  angles  has  a 
F^cirion  and  Armncfe  which  in  an  undulating  line  are  wanting. 
As  the  charaftcr  of  a  wood  \^  granrieur^  fo,  f^ys  our  Aurhor, 
that  of  a  grove  is  beauty.     But  though  a  prove  is  beautiful  as    ' 
■n  objc£l,  it  is  beildes  dclighiful   as   a  fpot  to  walk  or  fit  in  ; 
>nd  therefore   the  choice  a  »d   difpolition   of  trees    for  efFccls 
within,  are  a  princip;*!  confidcration.     *  Mere  irregularity  alone 
will  not  pleafe ;  ftricl  order  is  there  more  aprccablc  than  abfo- 
Juic  coofufion  ;  and  fome  meaning  better  than  noue.     Kxe^w- 
\^^ phntation  has  a  decree  of  brjjutv  \  but  \l  ^^wcs  t\o  ^a^V.^^c- 
tioa,  beczufc  we  know  that   the   lamo  number  o^  vi^«^  m\^\ 

A  a   2  ^^ 


3  JO  Ohfirvdtions  on  modern  Gardenings  BTr, 

be  more  beautifully  arranged.  A  difpofition,  however,  in 
which  the  lines  only  arc  broken,  without  varying  the  diftances, 
is  Icfs  natural  than  any  ;  for  though  we  cannot  find  ftrait  Itns 
in  a  forcfV,  we  are  habituated  to  them  in  the  hedge-rows  of 
fields ;  but  neither  in  wild  nor  in  cultivated  nature  do  we  ever 
fee  trees  equi-diilant  from  each  other  :  that  regularity  belongs 
to  art  alone.  The  diftances  therefore  fliould  be  ftrikingly  dif- 
ferent:  the  trees  (hould  gather  into  groupes,  or  ftand  in  va- 
rious irregular  lines,  and  defcribe  feveral  figures  :  the  intervali 
between  them  fhould  be  contrafted  both  in  ihape  and  in  dimen-  ! 
fions :  a  large  fpacc  ihould  in  fomc  places  be  quite  open;  ia  ! 
others  the  trees  Ihould  be  fo  clofe  together,  as  hardly  to  leave  a  | 
p^flage  between  them  ;  and  in  others  as  far  apart  as  the  con- 
nexion will  allow.  In  the  forms  and  the  varieties  of  tbefc  < 
groupes,  thefe  lines,  and  thefe  openings,  principally  confifts  the  : 
interior  beauty  of  a  grove.' 

The  Author  illultratcs  thefe  rules  by  a  defcription  of. the 
walk  to  the  cottage  at  CIaremont,and  the  grove  at  Efher- place. 
As  to  clump5»,  which  are  only  fmall  woods  if  clofe,  and 
fmall  groves  if  open,  they  are  governed  by  the  fame  principles 
as  the  larger;  care  muft  be  taken  however  to  attend  to  their 
beauty  as  finglc  objcdis  when  independent,  and  the  cflfcft  of 
the  whole  to  which  they  belong,  when  they  are  relative. 

The  Icaft  clump  that  can  be  is  of  two  trees,  and  the  beft 
e/Tccl  they  can  have  is,  that  their  hciids  united  ihould  appear 
to  be  one  large  tree.  Three  trees  muft  form  either  a  right  line 
or  a  triangle,  and  therefore,  to  avoid  regularity,  the  diftances 
fhould  be  very  different.  When  clumps  are  larger,  they  admit 
a  mixture  of  trees  and  flirubs,  wood  and  grove,  and  every  fpe* 
cics  of  plantation,  and  none  arc  more  beautiful  than  thofe  whidi 
are  fo  coinpofcd. 

Our  Anther  proceeds  to  mention  feveral  occafions  on  which 
inricpeniicnt  clumps  may  he  npplicd,  which  are  many,  and  for 
which  wc  mult  rctcr  our  Readers  to  his  work.  What  is  faid  of 
clumps  may  be  applied  to  fingle  trees  almoft  without  exception. 

Water  is  the  next  great  objeA,  of  which  our  Author  jufll^ 
remarks  the  chara^ers  are  fo  various,  that  there  is  fcarcely  an 
idea  with  which  it  mnv  n(.t  concur,  or  an  impreffion  which  it 
cannot  enforce.  '  A  ce.p  ftagnnted  pc^ol,  dank  and  dark  with 
Ihaties  which  it  cimlv  r  Hrcls?,  befits  the  feat  of  melancholy; 
even  a  river,  if  it  he  futik  between  two  dlfmal  banks,  and  dull 
bcth  in  motion  and  colnur,  is  like  a  hollow  eye  which  deadens 
the  counttnr.ncc ;  and  over  a  fluggifh,  filent  fiream,  creeping 
heavily  along  all  t(;;:crher,  h::n^s  a  gloom,  which  no  art  can 
cJiifipate,  noi  even  the  fun-(l\iae  difperfe,  A  gently  murmur- 
ing rill,  clear  and  i\\a\\ov;,  *^M?t  %vx\^\^'^,  yi'^  ^xm^JiCxti^^  \m^ 
pofcs  /ileucc,  fur.s  wiiVv  toWvvx^^^  ^vA  Vti^^  \a  tb!^\x\vc«.\  i. 


Ohfervations  on  mo  Jan  Gardenings  (^c.  351 

brifleer  current,  which  wantons  in  little  eddies  over  a  bright 
fandy  bottofn,  or  babbles  among  pebbles,  fpreads  chearfulnefs 
all  around  :  a  greater  rapidity,  and  more  agitation,  to  a  certain 
degree  are  animating ;  but  in  exccfs,  inftead  of  wakening>  they 
alarm  the  fenfes ;  the  roar  and  the  rage  of  a  torrent,  its  force, 
ks  violence,  its  impetuofity,  tend  to  infpire  terror ;  that  terror, 
trhich,  whether  as  caufe  or  cfFc£t,  is  i'o  nearly  allied  to  fubli- 
Bity.' 

But  all  water  is  either  running  or  Jlagnated  i  cither  a  lake  or 
fodi  a  rivery  rivuUty  or  rii/,  *  In  a  garden,  fays  our  Author, 
the  water  is  generally  imitative.  That  which  in  the  open 
country  would  be  called  a  great  pond,  there  aifumes  the  name, 
mod  ihould  be  fhaped  as  if  it  had  the  extent  of  a  lake  ;  for  it 
is  large  in  proportion  to  the  other  parts  of  the  place.  Though 
Ibmetimes  a  real  river  paiTcs  through  a  garden,  yet  dill  but  a 
finall  portion  of  it  is.  fcen ;  and  more  frequently  the  femblance 
only  of  fuch  a  portion  is  fubftituted  inftead  of  the  reality.  In 
«iiher  cafe,  the  imitation  is  loft,  if  the  chara^eriftic  diilinc- 
tions  between  a  lake  and  a  river  be  not  fcrupuloufly  prcferved.' 

The  chara£lcriftic  propwty  of  running  water  is  progrcfsy  of 
ifaignated,  circuity^  buth  banks  of  a  river  therefore  fhould  never 
be  concave,  this  converts  a  ftrcam  into  a  pool,  and  departs  from 
the  appearance  of  progrefs :  but  creeks,  bays,  and  receiles, 
Wkich  Ihould  be  avoided  in  a  river,  ought,  for  that  reafon,  to 
be  allowed  in  a  lake  :  what  is  an  objc3ion  to  them  in  one,  is 
H  recommendation  in  another. 

Our  Author  proceeds  to  obferve  that  bays,  creeks,  and  pro*  . 
montories,  with  which  a  lake  may  be  diverfified,  are  in  their 
(hapes  and  combinations  an  inexhauftiblc  fund  of  variety,  but 
fliould  not  be  numerous  :  and  that  rivers  fhouid  not  be  perpe- 
tually wreathed,  becaufe  if  the  bends  are  too  frequent  and  too 
fudden,  the  current  will  be  reduced  to  a  number  of  feparate 
pools,  and  the  idea  of  progrefs  obfcured  by  the  difficulty  of 
tracing  it. 

Under  the  article  wnter^  our  Author  mentions  bridges,  though 
they  might,  perhaps  with  more  exa£t  propriety,  have  been  re- 
ferred to  buildings.  Bridges,  properly  conftrudted,  he  obfcrves, 
favour  the  idea  of  progrefs  in  the  water  they  croi's ;  fuch  a 
communication  between  the  oppofite  banks  implies  the  want  of 
any  other,  land  gives  both  length  and  depth  to  the  dream  ;  but 
the  form  of  a  lake  intimates  that  all  the  fhores  are,  by  making 
a  certain  circuit,  acceflible  :  bridges  therefore,  though  charac- 
teriftical  of  a  river,  are  inconfiftent  with  the  nature  of  a  )ake  ; 
and  the  Author  juftly  obfcrves,  that  the  fingle  wooden  arch, 
now  much  in  falhion,  is  elevated  ^o  much  above  the  river  that 
|t  fee/Jis  to  have  no  connv^iion  with  it :  it  is  fcen  ftt2L^tfC\wi.\w 
flfCMir^  f»p  he,  withQui'd  glimpfe  of  waUr  lo  ;xct\>\i.t\\.Wx  ^^n 

A  a  /J.  ^'-'^^ 


352  Ohfervattons  on  modirn  Gardenings  CsTr. 

and  the  common  foot  bridge,  of  planks  only,  guarded  <hi  mb 
fide  by  a  common  rail,  and  fupported  by  a  few  piles,  is  often 
more  proper  :  no  other  fpecies  fo  effeflually  charaderifes  a  ri- 
ver  ;  it  is  too  plain  for  ornaments,,  too  humble  for  a  difguife: 
yet  it  is  too  mean  for  a  great,  and  too  fimple  fur  an  deganc 
fcene ;  our  Author  therefore  recommends  a  ftone  bridge,  fulgcft 
to  the  following  rules  :  '  An  extraordinary  elevation  is  fiJdn 
becoming,  unlefs  the  grandeur  compenfate  for  the  diftance  V 
v^hich  it  leaves  the  water  below.  A  gentle  rife,  and  cafy 
fweep,  more  clofcly  preferve  the  relation  :  «a  certain  degree  of 
union  fliould  alfo  be  formed  between  the  banks  and  the  bridge; 
that  it  may  feem  to  rife  out  of  the  banks,  not  barely  to  be 
impofed  upon  them.  It  ought  not  generally  to  fwclt  muck 
above  their  level ;  the  parapet  wall  mould  be  brought  down 
near  to  the  ground,  or  end  againft  fome  fwell  ;  and  the  fizeaod 
the  uniformity  of  the  abutments  fhould  be  broken  by  billocb 
or  thickets  about  them :  every  expedient  fhould  be  ufed  to 
mark  the  connexion  of  the  buildmg  both  with  the  ground  fna 
which  it  ftarts,  and  the  water  which  it  crofles.  ^ 

<  In  wild  and  romantic  fcenes  may  be  introduced  a  mined 
ftone  bridge,  of  which  fome  arches  nruy  be  ftill  (landing,  and 
the  lofs  of  thofe  which  are  fallen  may  be  fupplied  by  a  ftv 
planks,  with  a  rail,  thrown  over  the  vacancy.  It  Is  a  pic- 
turefque  obje£l ;  it  fuits  the  fituation ;  and  the  antiquity  of  the 
paflage,  the  care  taken  to  keep  it  ilill  open,  though  the  ori- 
ginal building  is  decayed,  the  apparent  neceffity  which  thence 
refults  for  a  communication,  give  it  an  impofing  air  of 
reality.' 

The  Author  makes  many  judicious  obfervations  on  the  dif- 
ference of  rivers  with  n  I'pe^l  to  the  ground  through  which 
they  flow,  ar.d  fays,  whether  fmall  or  large,  they  appear  to 
great  advantage  when  cnndudted  through  a  wood  :  he  illuflrates 
his  principles  by  defcriptions  of  feveral  feats,  in  which  he  it 
particularly  happy. 

From  rivers  he  proceeds  to  rocks^  but  the  fi  nations  in  which 
thefe  are  to  be  found  are  few,  and  few  of  our  Readers  there- 
fore cm  have  an  intercft  in  the  remarks  of  our  Author  upon 
them  :  we  (hall  for  this  reafon  proceed  to  buIlJings.  Of  thefe 
the  Author  obferves,  that,  in  a  garden,  they  ought  to  be  con- 
fidercd  both  as  beautiful  objctSls  and  agreeable  letreats;  and 
that  if  a  charaftcr  becomes  them,  it  is  that  of  the  fcene  to 
which  they  belong,  and  not  that  of  their  primitive  application: 
for,  fays  he,  a  Grecian  tem.ple,  or  a  Gothic  church,  may  adori^ 
fpots,  where  it  would  be  afFc£lation  to  prclierve  that  folemnity 
within,  which  is  proper  for  places  of  devotion  :  they  arc  not 
to  be  exacl  modtls,  iV\e  (M>a\t^^  ow'^  vi\  ^w\\q.^\vj  or  ftudy; 
they  arc  Icats,  and  ftvQu\d  xVvw^l^i^  Wv  ^-  ^^^^  ^^  ^'^  ^^^ 


Ohftrvathns  en  mcdirn  Garimmg^  fcf/,  3^  j 

prictor  with  ideas  which  cannot  be  fuggefted  by  fimpliclty  and 
gfoom  :  when  buildings  are  created  merely  to  break  the  uni* 
ibrmity  of  a  view«  they  muft  always  be  fuch  as  belong  to  the 
fituation  ;  no  Grecian  temple^  no  Turkifli  mofquc,  ng  i^gyp- 
lian  obeitfk  or  pyramid,  nothing  imported  from  loreign  coun- 
tries and  unufua)  here  muft  be  admitted.  But  in  a  garden 
where  objcSs  are  intended  to  adorn,  every  fpecics  of  architec- 
ture may  have  place,  from  the  Grecian  to  the  Chinefc,  and 
the  choice  is  Co  free  that  the  mifchief  moll  to  be  apprehended 
is  an  abufe  of  this  latitude  in  the  muUiplicity  of  buildings. 

Our  Authorobferves  alio,  that  *  accompanifmnti  arc  important 
to  a  building  ;  but,  fays  he,  they  lofc  much  of  their  cffed,  when 
they  do  not  appear  to  be  cafual,  A  little  mount  ju(t  large 
enough  for  it;  a  fmall  piece  of  water  bcjow,  of  no  other  ufe 
than  to  rcfledl  it;  and  a  plantation  clofe  behind^  evidently 
placed  there  only  to  give  it  relief,  are  as  artificial  as  the  ftruc* 
ture  itfclf,  and  alienate  it  from  the  fccne  of  nature  into  which 
it  is  introduced,  and  to  which  it  ought  to  be  reconciled.  Tbefc 
appendages  therefore  fliould  be  fo  diCj^ofed,  and  fo  canncded 
with  the  atljacent  pang,  as  to  anfwer  other  purpofes,  though 
applicable  to  this,  that  they  may  be  bonds  of  union,  not  marks 
of  difference  J  and  that  the  fituation  may  appear  to  have  been 
chofen,  at  the  moft,  not  made  for  the  building/ 

A  temple  adds  dignity  to  the  nobleft,  a  cottage  fimplicity  to 
the  mofl  rural  fcencs ;  buildings  may  alfo  enliven  the  dulneb 
of  a  fcene,  mitigate  its  gloom,  or  check  its  extravagance* 
We  cannot  trace  our  Author  through  all  the  precepts  and 
cautions  which  his  tafte  and  his  judgment  have  concurred  to 
give  under  this  important  divifion  of  his  work  :  but  the  fallow- 
ing remark  is  of  too  general  importance  to  be  omitted  : 

*  The  great  effefls  which  have  been  afcribed  to  building?, 
do  not  depend  upon  thofe  trivial  ornaments  and  appendages 
which  are  often  too  much  relied  on  ;  fuch  as  the  furniture  of 
a  hermitage;  painted  glals  in  a  Gothic  church  j  and  fculpture 
about  a  Grecian  temple;  grotcffque  or  bacchanalian  figures  to 
denote  gaiety ;  and  deaths  heads  to  fignify  melancholy.  Such 
devices  are  only  dcfcriptive,  not  exprelfive,  of  chara^tir;  and 
muft  not  be  fubftituted  in  the  ftead  of  thofe  fupcrior  properties^ 
the  want  of  which  they  acknowledge,  but  do  not  fupply  :  ihcy 
befides  often  require  time  to  trace  their  meaning,  and  to  fee 
their  application  ;  but  ihe  peculiar  exctlicncc  of  building  is, 
that  their  effects  arc  inftantafjcous,  and  therefore  the  1*11  prcU 
lions  they  make  are  forcible  :  in  order  to  produce  fuch  cfi'ects, 
the  general  ft  vie  of  the  ftrudure,  and  its  pofition,  arc  the 
principal  con  fid  cfit  ions  ;  either  of  them  will  fomctimcs  be 
ilrongly  chara:leriftic  alone  ;  united,  their  po^weT^  ^\t  N<t\>^ 
jrcati  and  both  are  fo  impgriant,  thai  if  v^c^  da  u^^V  ^ow;vi^> 


354      Military  TnflruSfiom  for  Offtten  detachedin  the  Field. 

St  leaft  they  muft  not  contradid  one  another :  the  colour  alb 
of  the  buildings  is  feldom  a  matter  of  indifference;  thatexcct 
five  brightnefs  which  is  too  indifcriminately  ufed  to  render  tbem 
confpicuotts,  is  apt  to  difturb  the  harmony  of  the  whole;  fone- 
times  makes  them  too  glaring  as  objeds ;  and  is  often  incoa- 
fiftent  with  their  chara^rs.  When  thefe  eflential  pomci  ire 
fecuredy  fubordinate  circumftancea  may  be  made  to  agree  widi 
them  ;  and  though  minute,  they  may  not  be  improper,  if  tkjf 
are  not  afFcAed ;  they  frequently  mark  a  correfpondenre  Ik- 
twccn  the  outfide  and  the  infide  of  a  building  ;  in  the  htter 
they  are  not  inconftderable ;  they  may  there  be  obferred  t 
Icifure;  and  there  they  explain  in  detail  the  charader  which  i 
more  generally  exprefled  in  the  air  of  the  whole.* 

The  Author  proceeds  to  give  fome  particular  InttruSikm 
with  rcfpe^l  to  ruins,  which  all  builders  of  ruins  wouJd  Jo  ndl 
to  confider. 

He  treats  of  arty  of  piSturefque  beauty^  of  charciQir^  and  of  the 
general  fubjeSf  diftinflly :  he  gives  dire<Sions  concerning  a/irr^ 
a  gar  deny  a  park^  and  a  ridings  as  diftinguiflied  from  each  other, 
which  will  not,  without  great  injury,  admit  either  of  eztndi 
or  an  epitome ;  but  which  fbould  be  confulted  by  all  whovouM 
improve  wealth  into  elegance  and  beauty  by  the  improremoK 
or  decoration  of  Nature. 

This  work  is  written  with  uncommon  knowledge  of  the  ftk- 
jeft,  and  with  a  perfpicuity,  ftrength,  and  elegance  of  ilyh 
which  were  not  to  be  expedied  in  a  work  of  this  kihd|  all 
which  indeed,  where  there  is  moft  reafon  to  expeA  them, 
feldom  found.  It  is  entertaining,  in  a  great  degree,  even  • 
thofe  who  cannot  avail  themfelves  of  its  in(lru£tion  ;  and  if  >■ 
avenue  to  other  fciences  equally  true  in  its  diredion,  loJ  ^ 
fant  in  its  courfc,  was  laid  out,  the  defidcrata  of  literature  vodU 
be  cxhaufted. 

Art.  IF.  Military  InJlruEiiom  for  Officers  detached  inihTi^ 
containing  a  Scheme  for  forming  a  Corps  of  a  Partifa :  # 
tratedwlih  Plans  of  the  Manaiuvres  nccejary  in  carrjing9»il 
Petite  Guerre.  By  an  Officer.  i2mo,  5  s.  Cadell,  te 
J  770. 

IT  has  been  a  frequent  and  general  complaint,  how juftif** 
is  not  our  immediate  province  to  determine,  that  themw 
tary  branch  of  education,  in  this  kinjidom,  has  been  Irf'** 
tended  to  than  any  other.  While  academies  arc  inftinitcJ  W 
ihc  patronage  and  encouragement  of  every  other  departing  ^ 
of  Science,  th\s,  tYxouc^Vv  \i^  ivo  n\^";ixv^  \\\«  leaft  necc(Diy*J  a 
ufcful,  has  hitherto  Vicetv  loo  t«vw?Mv^^tBw^»  '^^^*?'!l  LI 
education,  in  this  letpea,  Yv^^\s^^tv  w^  5:^tS««^^^j*^ 


THilltary  Iriftruniom  for  Officers  detached  in  the  Field.     355 

greater  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  minutia;  of  military  in- 
ftruction,  fuch  as  drefs,  and  the  manual  exercife  of  a  parade, 
than  to  the  more  important  accompliftmcnts  which  require 
extent  of  genius  and  vigour  of  application,  and  oh  which  the 
condud  of  an  army,  the  fucccfs  of  a  war,  and  the  reputation  of 
an  officer  depend.  Garrifon  fervice  has  been  much  more  re- 
'  garded  than  the  duties  of  the  field,  and  '  thefe  have  fo  little 
refemblance,  that  they  may  be  reckoned  diftind  profeffions/ 
And  though  the  former  is,  perhaps,  the  principal  object  to  a 
nation,  fituated  and  connected  as  ours  is,  the  latter  ought  not 
to  be  altogether  overlooked  and  neglected.  Our  continental 
connections,  during  the  laft  war,  furnifh  a  number  of  glaring 
fads  to  evince  the  neceffity  of  making  military  fciencc  at 
large  more  the  objed  of  general  attention  and  ftudy.  It  would 
be  an  invidious  tafk  to  recount  any  of  thefe ;  but  no  one  can 
help  regretting,  that  the  glory  of  Britifh  prudence  and  valour, 
fo  fignally  difplayed,  (hould  have  been  fullied,  in  any  fmgle  in- 
ftance,  by  the  lofs  of  the  moft  trifling  advantage,  or  by  the  rifle 
of  the  moft  inconfiderable  damage. 

The  benevolent  and  the  humane  will  not  hefitate  in  deter- 
mining, which  is  moft  defireable,  to  fuhdue  the  reftlefs  ambi- 
tion of  princes,  or  to  be  under  the  neceffity  of  cultivating  the 
.  art  of  war.  But  as  the  former  is  impoffible,  honour  and  in- 
tereft  unite  to  recommend  the  latter.  Nor  is  this  an  objed 
unworthy  the  attention  of  the  Ipgiflature  itfelf.  Some  plan 
might  be  propofed,  and  carried  into  execution  with  this  view, 
which  muft  be  produ6livc.of  innumerable  advantages;  and  this 
is  the  mere  necefl'ary,  if  we  confider  the  ftate  of  our  fchools 
and  academics,  where  young  gentlemen  are  promiied  an  edu- 
cation for  the  army,  as  the  ingenious  author  of  the  treatife  be- 
fore us  has  very  fairly  delineated  it.  *  We  are  forry,  fays  he, 
to  fee  them  come  to  regiments  without  any  inftrudt  on  that 
relates  particularly  to  the  profeffion,  except  perhjps  the  theory 
of  geometry  and  fortification.  The  different  branches  of  the 
mathematics,  taught  in  thefe  academies,  are  certainly  very 
ufeful ;  but  are  they  fufficient  to  give  any  idea  of  war  ?  When 
the  pupils  leave  thefe  academies,  have  they  brought  with  them 
any  notion  of  pitching  a  tent;  fixing  a  camp;  mounting  a 
guard ;  going  the  night-patroles  between  two  armies  ;  con- 
ftrufting  a  redoubt  ;  defending  an  intrenchment,  or  attacking 
a  poft  ?  We  cannot  think  it  poffible  ;  reafoniogs  and  drawings 
will  not  ferve, 

*  The  art  of  war  is  much  the  fame  as  our  mafters  the  Ro- 
mans taught  it,  only  that  gun-powder  has  fupplanted  the  flower 
operations   of  the    baiij/a  and   eatapulia.     The  campus  martius 
was  their  military  academy,  where  they. learned  iVve  ^xx.  o^  vi^x 
by  practice,  under  the  eycs^  of  expcrieaccd  g&c^i^  >  ^xA  ti^^^ 


I 


k. 


356      MiStary  In/lru^uns  fir  Offiun  ditachid  In  the  FulJ. 

the  pupils  of  our  academics  fltewn  the  manarttvrts  that  happrit 
moll  frequently  in  a  campaign,  which  every  military  maa 
ftiught  to  knoWf  they  would  not  leave  the  academies  like  fimpie 
fcbobrs,  but  formed  foldicrs>  capable  of  fervice^  conducing 
par|ic&,  intrenching  polls,  and  oppoltng  the  enemy  -,  and  a 
imall  fpot  of  ground  would  be  fufficient  to  Ihew  the  different 
operations  that  render  the  foundation  of  the  fcience  familiar  to 
the  pupils*  In  this  country  we  have  not  been  the  fird  to  copy 
the  great  oiaders  in  the  art  of  war;  nay,  we  arc  indcbttd  td 
our  neighbours  for  the  very  terms  of  the  art/ 

The  want  of  a  regular  and  enlarged  education  in  the  mili« 
lary  art,  in  our  publi    fchools,  is  the  more  to  be  latnented,  as 
we  have  no  books  fuflicieni  to  com  pen  fate  this  defedt.     *  It  has 
always  been  regretted,  fa«  s  rur  author,  that,  though  we  have 
nanibcrlcfs  trta  ilcs  on  mjiitary  fubjccJs,  none  of  the  authors 
have  defc ended  lower  than  to  inOrudt  generals  in  the  operatiofii 
of  armies,  excepting  ihjfe  wiK>  confine  themfelvcs  to  thedutiet 
of  the  parade   and  garnlon  i  fo  that  infenor  ofHcers  have  had 
no  iourcc  from  whence  they  coulJ  derive  any  inftrudlion  or  i»*  ^ 
ibrmacionof  the  duties  of  their  fphcre  in  the  field,  even  though  | 
they  may  have  ranfacked  all  the  military  writers,  from  V^cgettus 
to  our  books  of  dircipline.     The  inl^rudlions  on  the  fublime  ^ 
parts  of  war  are  perfec:!  ;  none,   however,    but  general  officers  fl 
have  occafion  to  confult  them  for  any  purpofe  but  fpeculafion, 
while  tiie  art  of  carrying  on  the  paiu guerre ^  and  forttfyir^  the 
lefler  pofti  in  the  held,  which  is   the  bufinefs  of  every  rank, 
has  remained  unheeded,  ai  if  unworthy  the  notice  of  nuliiary 
writers,  tilj   Moniicur  le  Cointc  and  Mr.  dc  Jency  pabiiAi^fl 
their  treatifes,  during  the  courfe  of  the  laft  war.  ^ 

*  From  thcfc  works,  compared  with  the  opinions  and  ob(er* 
vations  of  particular  friends^  I  havecolleded  fuch  information^^ 
ID   the  foJIuwmg  cflTay,  as,  I   hope,    may  be   of  fervicc  to  my^ 
brother- officers  who  are   follicitous   of   improvement  on   that 
bead/ 

'  A  greater  number  of  wc!l  authenticated  fafls  might  have 
been  col  led}  cd  and  introduced  to  illuftrate  the  particular  fub« 
jcfls ;  but  this  would  have  been  inconlliicnt  with  the  particular 
dcfign  of  a  work,  intended  to  comprize  every  neceflary  inftruc* 
cion  within  the  compafiof  a  pocket-volume,  to  be  confulted  oi) 
any  emergency/ 

Of  the  mititary  inftruflions,  which  this  ufcful  trcltire  con* 
tatns,  it  may  with  great  truth  and   propriety  be  declared,   th; 
they  arc  the  dilates  of  military  genius,  and   the  cvijcnt  rcfyl 
of  cxtcnfive  experience.      I  hofe  gentlemen,  for  whofe  f<Tvic« 
they  arc  immediately  intended,  will  perufe  them  with 

and  advantage  i  while,  at  the  fame  lime,    they  arc   k _:  i 

b 


Military  InftruBions  fot  Officers  detached  In  the  field.      357 

by  obfervations  and  fads,  which  mud  intcrefl  the  attention 
and  gratify  the  tafte  of  the  moft  indifferent  reader.  / 

Thcfe  mftruAions  are  comprized  in  £  5  chapters.  The  author 
begins  with  a  few  geometrical  problems,  neceflkry  to  be  undcrftbod 
by  every  officer  in  the  army  ;  and  as  they  have  no  occafion  to 
dire£t  the  conftru(^ion  of  large  fortifications,  he  o^ferves,  that 
the  geometry  cflentially  requifite  for  them  may  be  reduced  into 
a  fmall  compafs.  He  then  defcribes  and  illuftrates  the  different 
works  with  which  p9fts  (fuch  places  as  bodies  of  troops  can  fie 
in  when  detached  from  the  army)  may  be  fortified  to  thegreateft 
advantage.  He  propofes  the  beft  method  of  fortifying  churches^ 
mills,  and  otherdetached  buildings ;  and  lays  down  neceffary  cau- 
tions and  rulesforintrenchingand  defending  villages.  After  having 
given  the  manner  of  fortifying  pofls,  the  author  proceeds  to 
fpealc  of  thofe  who  are  to  defend  them.  He  gives  inftrudlions 
for  the  choice  of  the  corps  of  a  partifan,  and  flatcs  the  qualifica- 
tions neceffary  in  fuch  an  ofHcer,.  as  well  as  in  the  individuals 
compofmg  his  party.  The  two  fucceeding  chapters  treat K>f 
exercife  and  fubordination.  He  goes  on  to  give  inflrudions 
and  rules  for  detachments  and  fecret  marches  %  for  recon- 
noitring ;  for  the  defence  and  attack  of  pofts ;  for  furprifcs  and 
ftratagems  in  feizing  pofls  ;  for  ambufcades,  and  a  retreat. 

To  the  above  general  abftrafl  of  the  contents  of  this  inge- 
nious and  ufeful  treatife,  we  fhall  fubjotn  two  or  three  extracts, 
by  which  our  readers  may  judge  of  the  abilities  and  good  dif- 
pofitions  of  the  author,  and  of  the  execution  of  the  vvork  itfe1f« 
In  defcribiilg  the  qualifications  neceflary  for  a  partifan,  the 
author  obferves,  *  That  a  good  partifan  ought  to  have  an  ima- 
gination fertile  in  projedS|fcheme&,  and  refources ;  a  penetrating 
fpirit,  capable  of  combining  thi  whole  (all  the)  circumftances  of 
ail  adtion  ;  a  heart  intrepid  agiinfl  every  appearance  of  danger  ; 
a  fleady  countenance,  always  affured,  and  that  no  fi^ns  of  dif- 
quiet  can  alter ;  a  happy  memory,  that  can  call  every  one  by 
his  name;  a  difpofttion  alert,  robuft,  and  indefatigable,  to 
carry  him  througd  every  thing,  and  give  a  foul  to  the  whole ; 
a  piercing,  rapid  eye,  which  inftantly  catches  faults  or  advan- 
tages, ohftacles  and  dangers  of  fituation,  of  country,  and 
every  objed  as  it  paffes  ;  his  fentiments  fuch,  as  to  fix  the  re- 
fpeft,  confidenceand  attachment  of  the  whole  corps.  Wiihout 
^efe  difpofitions,  it  is  impoflible  to  fucceed. 

'  A  partifan  ought  to  underfland  T^atin,  German,  and 
French,  eoconverfe  with  all  nations.  He  ought  to  have  a  pcr- 
feft  knowledge  of  the  fervice,  efpecially  light  troops,  without 
being  ignorant  of  the  enemy*«.  He  fhould  have  the  cxadcfl 
jmap  of  the  theatre  of  the  war,  examine  it  well,  and  become 
perfcft  mailer  of  it.  It  would  be  very  advantageous  10  Vvtci^ 
iumegood  geographers  under  bis  command,  cajj\>\^  o^  ^t^vj- 


3s8      Military  InJiruEiions  fir  Officers  detnel^d  in  tpe  Fuhi. 

ing  plans,  routes  of  armies,  fituation  of  camps,  wherever  xkvtf 
may  have  occafion  to  reconnoitre.  He  ought  to  fpare  nothing 
to  be  aiTured  by  his  fpies  of  the  march)  force,  defigns  and  pofi^ 
tion  of  the  enemy.  Thcfe  difcoveries  will  enable  him  to  fcrvt 
his  general  effentially,  and  muft  contribute  infinitely  to* the 
fafety  of  the  army,  the  fupport,  happinefs,  and  glory  of  his 
own  corps. 

^  As  chief,  he  owes  the  example  of  an  irreproachable  conr 
du£t  to  his  corps,  circumfpedl  in  his  cares  like  the  aflFciSlion  of 
a  parent,  by  which  he  will  infpire  rcfpc^l,  love,  zeal,  and 
vigilance,  and  gain  the  hearts  of  the  whole  to  his  fervice.  It 
is  extremely  dangerous  for  fuch  an  officer  to  contrad  the  leaft 
attachment  to  women,  wine,  or  riches.  The  iirft  makes  him 
]iegle6l  his  duty,  and  frequently  occafions  the  moft  ruinous 
treacheries  ;  the  fecond  leads  to  dangerous  indifcrctions,  anJ 
18  fure  to  draw  down  contempt ;  the  third  leads  to  guilt,  and 
deftroys  all  fentimcnts  of  honour.  The  partifan  muft  be  con- 
tent without  the  delicacies  of  the  table,  as  he  may  be  often 
expofed  to  want  provifion.  His  bed  the  fame  with  the  men's, 
a  cloak  and  Araw,  never  ftripping  but  to  change  linen. 
Nothing  animates  foldlers  fo  much,  as  the  prefence  and  vigi- 
lance of  a  commanding  officer  (haring  with  them  the  fat-iguet 
of  the  fervice  j  the  officers  follow  his  example,  the  men  are 
aflurcd,  encouraged  and  content. 

*  Npthing  can  be  fo  dangerous  to  the  fafety  of  a  corpsy  as 
a  commander  of,  a  delicate  indolent  habit  \  for  when  officers 
are  feen  at  their  eafe  paffing  day  and  night  at  table^  abandon- 
ing the  fafety  of  the  poft  to  the  vigilance. of  the  guard,'  who 
(not  being  refponfible  for  the  commiffions  of  their  officers)  in- 
fenfibly  ncgleft  their  duty,  and  expofe  thcmfclves  to  be  eafily 
furprifed  ;  when  the  blow  is  ftruck,  then  tk^y  lament,  comr 
plain,  and  throw  the  blame  on  one  another,  but  the  general 
will  make  it  fall  upon  the  commamling  officer.*. 

Under  the  head  of  cxcrcife  the  Auihor  remarks,  that  *  this  is 
the  firll  part  of  military  art,  and  the  moic  it  is  confidcred  the 
npore  eflcntiul  it  will  appear.  It  frees  their  bodies  from  the 
rufticity  of  fimple  nature,  and  forms  men  and  horfes  to  all  the 
evolutions  of  war  ;  upon  it  depends  the  honour,  merit,  appear** 
ance,  ftrength,  and  fuccefs  of  a  corps ;  while  we  fee  the  grcateft 
corps,  for  want  of  being  cxercifcd,  inftantly  difordered,  and 
the  diforJer  increafing  in  fpite  of  command  ;  the  confufion  over* 
fcts  the  art  of  the  fkilfulleft  maflcrs,  and  the  valour  of  the  men 
only  fcrvei  to  precipitate  the  defeat ;  for  which  reafon  it  is  the 
duty  of  every  ofliv  cr  to  take  care  that  the  iccruits  be  drilled  ai 
foon  as  they  join  their  corps. 

*  The  greateft  advantage  derived  from  the  cxcrcife  is  the 
exjjertnefi)  with  which  men  become  capal^Ie  of  loading  and  firingt 

and 


MilHarf  Inftru^i§ns  frr  Officers  detached  in  the  Fidd.      359 

apd  teaching  them  an  attention  to  z£k  in  conformity  with  thofe 
around  them.  It  has  always  been  lamented,  that  men  have 
been  brought  on  fervice  without  being  informed  of  the  ufes  of 
the  different  tnanceuvres  they  have  been  pradifmg  ^  and  having, 
no  ideas  of  any  thing  but  the  uniformity  of  the  parade,,  iu« 
fiantly  fall  into  diforder  and  confufion  when  they  lofe  the  ftep, 
or  fee  a  deviation  from  the  ftraight  lines  they  have  been  accuf- 
tomed  to  at  exercife.  It  is  a  pity  to  fee  fo  much  attention  con- 
fined to  (hew,  and  fo  little  given  to  inftru£l  the  troops  in  what 
may  be  of  ufe  to  them  on  fervice.  Though  the  parade  is  the 
place  to  form  the  chara£ters  of  foldiers,  and  teach  them  uni- 
fprmity,  yet  being  confined  to  that  alone  is  too  limited  and  me« 
chanical  for  a  truie  military  genius.  To  the  ufual  exercifes  the 
cavalry  of  the  partifan  ihould  be  accufiomed  to  galloping,  lcap« 
ing  ditches,  and  fwimming  rivers/ 

The  chapter  on  fubordination  contains  feveral  excellent  ob— 
fervations.  '  Subordination  ought  to  {hew  the  fpirit  of  ^he 
chief  in  all  the  members,  and  this  fingle  idea,  which  difplays 
itfelf  to  the  lead  attention,  fuffices  to  fhew  its  importance. 
Without  fubordination  it  is  impoffiblc  thst  a  corps  can  fupport 
itfelf;  that  its  motions  can  be  diredted,  order  cftabliflied,  or. 
the  fervice  carried  on.  In  efFecl,  it  is  fubordination  that  gives 
a  foul  and  harmony  to  the  fervice  \  it  gives  firength  to  autho- . 
rity,  and  merit  to  obedience  ;  it  fupports  the  ftaiF  of  the  mar- 
(hal  as  the  fword  of  the  foldier,  which  fecures  the  efficacy  of  the 
command,  and  the  honour  of  the  execution  :  it  is  fubordination 
which  prevents  every  diforder,  and  procures  every  advantage 
to  an  army.  But  if  it  fecures  the  rights  of  fuperiors,  it  like- 
Wife  makes  them  anfwerable  for  the  confequ'ences  ;  and  if  it  re- 
duces inferiors  to  blind  fubjeftion,  it  at  the  fame  time  fecures 
them  from  all  reproach  :  fo  true  it  is,  that  in  the  failure  of  all 
enterprizes,  the  fault  is  laid  on  the  commander  alone,  obedi- 
ence juftifying  the  rell. 

*  To  have  fubordination  pcrfeft  there  are  conceflions  to  be 
made,  as  well  on  the  fide  of  the  fuperiors  who  command,  as  of 
the  fubaltcrns  who  obey;  and  the  confidence,  with  which  a 
fovereign  honours  an  officer,  is  the  only  title  required  to  au- 
thorize him  in  fupporting  the  rights  of  his  rank,  therefore  it 
were  great  imprudence  to  oppofe  it, 

*  The  voices  of  the  officers,  the  waving  of  the  colours  and 
flandards,  the  found  of  trumpets,  and  the  noife  of  drums,  are 
fo  many  echoes  which  explain  and  extend  the  orders  of  autho- 
rity, to  which  every  inferior  owes  a  ready,  rcfpeclful,  and  im- 
plicit fubmiflTion.  Such  a  foIiJ  obedience  is  always  the  fruit 
of  the  confidence,  refpecl  and  afFctStion,  which  a  corps  has  for 
its  chief;  it  is  then  vtry  important  for  him,  and  all  his  officers, 
to  cndeavuur  to  inlpiie  the  men  with  thefc  fcnVvmaxx.'i^  ^.xv^^.o 


jfio         tCimbcr  and  johnbnV  l^arondagi  •/  ^nglandm 

fix  them  by  a  reciprocal  attention  to  the  chara£ler  and  wants  of 
every  individual. 

^  Neverthelcfs,  in  fpite  of  neceffity,  and  all  the  advantages 
of  fubordination,    in  fpite  of  the  merit  and  good  condufi  of 
fuperiors,  there  happen  a  thoufand  occadons,  where  ambitioiii 
intereft,    libertinifm  or  fear,   feek  to  violate   it.     There  are 
dangerous  charaders,    reftlefs,  jealous,  turbulent  fpirits,  vain* 
prefumptuous,  criticizing  fouls,  whom  a  fuperior  ought  to  ob- 
ferve  with  care,   to  check  their  arrogance,  and  prevent  their 
inutiny,  by  remedies  which  prudence  fuggefts,  and  authority 
allows.     He  will  employ  promifcs  and  good  offices  to  cure  die 
timidity  of  the  weak,  to  excite  their  hope,  raife  their  courage^ 
and  form  their  valour  ;   he  will  equally  put  a  ftop  to  all  the  US' 
orders  of  libertinifm,    and  all    the  plunderings  of  a  criminil 
avidity,  by  thrcatenings  and  chaftifements,  regulated  by  equitj 
and  the  ncceflity  of  making  examples.     An  excellent  divine^ 
acknowledged  by  the  whole  corps  as  a  man  of  probity  and  re- 
fpc£lablc  zeaU  who,  both  by  his  condu£l  and  difcourfe,  excites 
and  fupports  the  moft  folid  fentiments  of  religion,  upon  which 
alone  true  honour  is  founded,  would  be  of  great  ufe  to  fuppoct 
union,  juftice  and  dependance  in  the  corps.' 

The  Auihnr  proceeds,  pointing  out  the  ufual  fources  of  witit 
of  fubordination  ;  anfwering  an  obje&ion  often  alledged  agiinft' 
ftridlncfs  of  difcipline ;  and  recommending  courage  and  firm- 
nefs  to  an  officer,  notwithftanding  the  defedion  of  a  few  nw-* 
tineers  : — But  our  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  purfuehis  judi- 
cious and  fenfible  obfervations  any  farther. 

Art.  TIL  Tlje  BaronMtagt  of  England:  Centaining  a  gentd^td 
and  bijiorual  Account  of  all  the  EngUJh  Baromts  novfixiJStg: 
IVitb  their  DefcentSy  Marriages^  and  metnorabli  A^iignskAh 
Jf^ar  and  Peace.  ColUSfed  from  authentic  Manufcripts^  Rtarik 
old  iniiS^  our  bejl  Hijlorians^  and  other  Authorities,  nkftrold 
with  their  Coats  of  arms^  engraven  on  Copper-Plates.  J^h  ' 
Liji  cf  all  the  Baronets  who  have  been  advanced  to  that  DipBtft 
fran  the  fiiji  InJIitution  thereof  To  which  is  addid^  an  Jccntid 
of  fuch  NGVa-Scotia  Baronets  as  are  ef  EngUJh  Families  i  wii 
'Di£tiGnaiy  of  Heraldry.  By  E.  kimber  and  R.  Johnfon. 
3  vols.  8vo.     il.  IS.  bound,     G.  Woodfall,  &c.     1771. 

MR.  Wotton  (that  indefatigable  labourer  in  the  mines  of 
antiquityj  publiflied,  in  the  year  1741,  his  laft  accourt 
of  the  Engliih  bironets,  of  which  this  is  prcfented  to  the  public 
as  n  new  edition  and  continuation.  Many  hiftoiical  pafiagcSi 
of  no  great  moment,  and  moft  of  Mr.  Wotton's  notes,  tre 
Jjcre,  for  the  fake  ol  \>\c>;\i^^  otwvu^^.    T^^  ^^di^rees, 


ever,  aic  kept  cnurc^  \t\c\u^\t\^  ^X\^^ttci^x\\^^%  ^»^>^^ 


kimber  and  ]ohnfon*y6arcMage  of^n^landi  ^ti 

the  prcferK  time,  together  with  fuch  hiftorical  memoirs/  as 
feem  to  have  any  connexion  with,  or  may  ftrvc  to  Jllufltrate 
them.  Seventy-four  baronets  (now  cxiftingj  have  bteh  cr6atc(l 
fincc  the  time  of  VVotiori's  publicaton,  atid  are  Jnferted  in  the 
prcfcht  work  5  but  the  accounts  of  moft  of  thefc  addltionai  fa- 
ihilies  are  fomewhat  imperfcdt ;  which  ftiuft  be  afcrib^d  t6  the^ 
difficulty  of  obtaining  the  ncccfliry  info-^matr  ns :— f.tftwiihi 
{landing .  it  is  faid;  that  every  baronet,  whofe  plact  of  rtfldencd' 
was  known,  had  been  applied  10,  cither  pfcrfonally  or  by  letter; 
—and  that  public  advcitiicments  (for  £hc  fi-me  purpofc)  were 
repeatedly  ^j^Jpl  Jed  to  the  whole  body.  But  flill;  we  arc  told  ' 
in  the  prcf.KC,  that  [however  unaccountable  ft  may  appear] 
<  fonie  lew  were  fuch  ft: angers  to  the  glory  of  their  anceftors^ 
?nd  the  future  honour  of  their  families,  as  not  to  be  prevailed 
on,  by  repeated  folicitations,  to  fpare  a  moment  in  fiirnifhing  ' 
one  fingle  material  to  grace  their  families*/ 

The  manner  in  which  this  work  appears  to  be  execiitcd,  i^ 
pretty  much  like  moft  otbei"  pieces  of  lamily-hiftory  ;  in  which 
^c  meet  with  a  good  deal  of  truth,  niirfgled  with  fame  errors^ 
For  inftance, — in  vol.  i.  p.  349,  treating  of  the  Dal  flan  family^ 
bf  Dalfton  iri  Cumberland,  the  Editor  deduces  their  pedigree 
from  the  time  of  Will.  I.  (when  orle  of  them  was  poficfTed  of  the 
fcarony  of  Dalfton)  in  a  very  accurate  manner,  fo  far  a$  we  are 
able  tojiidge  :  but  when  he  comes  down  to  the  conclufion  of 
his  account  of  this  family,  a  multiplicity  of  errors  arc  exhibited^  ' 
even  in  the  following  Jhort  praragrapH,  which  cfofcs  that  ac- 
count.— ^  Sir  George  Dalfton,  Bart,  only  fon  and  fiicceiTc)r  to 
his  father,  was  a  volunteer  on  board  Adnfiiral  Haddock's  fqua- 
dron,  X740,  arid  {her iff  of  the  county  of  Cumberland,  1752, 
He  married  Anne,  daughter  of  George  Huxley,  Kfq;  which  ladj 
died  Aug,  15,  1764,  and  Sir  George',  March  9,  17^5,  and  was 
fiiccceded  by  Sir  William  Dalfton,  A/>  eldc/l  fon^  who  1^  the  pre-- 
fent  baronet.* 

Now  the  truth  of  the  matter  is  this ;— the  above-mentioned 
lady  (/aid  to  have  died^  '764)  is  Jlill  alive  :  and  at  the  death  c?f 
her  hufband,  the  lite  Sir  George,  the  title  of  Baronet  became 

•  This  ftfiAarc,  however,  does  not  include  that  cfelebratc^!  adven- 
turer who  calls  himfelf  Sif  Richard  Perrott,  Baronet ;  for,  though  un- 
able to  produce  any  patent  for  afTiiming  that  title,  yet  he  ^je^y  oblig- 
ingly (at  the  Editor  cxprefTes  it)  communicated  a  cttricus  pe4igrec, 
deducine  his  family's  defcent,  even  from  a  long  train  of  princes ;  fl(t 
the  heaa  of  whom  (lands  Brutus,  the  Hrll  King  of  Britain. — But  noc« 
Withftanding  all  this  parade,  aa  well  as  an  allowance  of  precedency 
^hich  i^a^been  granted  him<  a  few  years  ago,  upon  \\\ic  fuppcftiion  of 
iis  defcent  from  one  James  PerrcJtt,  /aid  to  have  been  created  a  Ba- 
fonet  in  f  716  ;  yet  bit  claim  of  Baronetage  is  nona  gcacrallj  >i^dst<« 
It6&d  to  have  relied  chiefiy  upon  bis  own  xfjt  ixmx^ 

Rtv.  May  jyyt.  B  ^  *^^»^ 


L 


362  -Dr.  Joflin'j  Sirm^m  on  Sffertni  ^lAjt^s^ 

abfolutcly  txtin^  \  for  he  left  n»  Jm  at  all^  though  the  Editor 
calks  of  an  eldi/f^  as  if  there  had  bccnfr-jfraL — Sir  George,  faow*l 
cvcf»  left  an  only  daugkur^  folc  heircfs  to  his  cftatc,  of  whom  noT 
m^nnrr  of  notice  is  taken. — As  to  the  prefecu  Sir  William  DiUj 
fion»  he  muy^  probably,  be  a  diftant  relation,  znd  really  U 
Kntght^  but  mt  a  Baronet. 

The  arnii  in  this  work  appear  to  be  well  executed  ;  twelvej] 
upon  each  pdavo  plate  :  and  the  Diclmiary  of  Hrraldry  exhibiui 
an  ufeful  compendium  of  that  entertaining  fdcnce,  of  which  | 
no  tnghih  gentleman  can  be  ignoranti  without  a  Ikt  (zs  tWI 

her  Jds  fpcak)  apsn  his  tfcutche-n. 

t 

Art,  IV.  S/rmsm  en  diffitrnt  SuhjtBt.  By  the  htc  Reverend 
John  Jbrtin,  D.  D.  Archdeacon  of  London,  Rcftor  of  St, 
Dunftan  in  the  Eaft,  and  Vicar  of  Kcnfington.  8vo»  4  Vols. 
I&s.  Boards.     White*     1771. 

THE  perpetual  incrcafc  of  printed  fcrmons  has  very  long-l 
been  a  fubjcdt  of  complaint ;  efpccially  as  ic  brmgs  fomef 
perfons  under  a  kind  of  obligation  to  purchafe,  who  would  I 
gladly,  if  they  could  properly,  be  excufed.  But  wfaatevt:r| 
complaints  are  made,  or  whatever  reafons  there  may  be  for] 
them,  we  do  not  find  that  the  numbers  dimini(h;  and  more| 
than  this,  it  docs  not  appear  that  they  are  generally  a  t'^  un- 
faleablc  commodity  :  for,  were  it  othcrwife,  what  could  in* 
duce  authors,  or  others,  fo  frequently  to  make  trial,  in  thlil 
lefpcft,  of  the  difpofition  of  the  public  ?  The  multiplicity 
fubjctSts,  which  are  offered  for  this  kind  of  competition,  and 
the  various  lights  in  which  they  may  be  viewed,  together  wu| 
the  diverfjty  there  muft  be  in  the  tli*  t 

fctcnt  perions,  treating  on  the  r:!rr*e  fi 
and  happy  occafionti   for  f '  to  the  wurid  what  maf 

greatly  contribute  to  their  1  .,, ,^n  and  improvement, 

happens,  indeed,  not  unfrcqu«ntly»    that  thofe  who  arc  \t%i 
qualified,  arc  fametimcs  the   moft  forward   in  exhibiting  th^ii 
productions   to  the  public  eye  j    an  J,   pcrhaj^?,  it   were  to  1 
wifhcd,  that  fomc  bounds  could  be  fixed  to  pi  '  ~ 

nature;  aUhough,  at   the  fame  time,   it  wn 
regretted,  if  all  thefe  compofitions  of  men  of  :  id  wont 

(houM,  after  having  been  once  delivered  before  ^  mi  u 
of  bearers,  be  thrown  afidc  for  ever,  to  be  utterly  \ 
ai'*  -crt.     Thus  much  may  ccrtaitjly  be  fald  in  fav<. 

pii-  ncns,   in  the  general;    as  to  thtfc,  in  partie 

which  now  (all  under  our  review,  though,  as  ruud  be  the  cafc3 
they  treat  upon  topics  w^^kh  have  been  repeatedly  confidcrcdj 
liicy  appear  to  Ui  to  be  very  ir.geoious  and  iifrful.  The  autho 
h.is  long  been  wdl  known,  and  highly  rcfpcclcd,  on  aC€ 
ot hh  other  wc?r*^s,  pubi\fr*cd  va  \\\^  Vii-\\\^^^  **.\\\  ^\\\^ 
6 


Dr.  Jortin'j  Sermons  on  different  Subje£ls.  363 

covered  his  genius  and  learning  ;  we  arc  here  to  confider  htm 
as  a  preacher,  and  from  theie  Tpecimens  of  his  ability  au4 
manner  we  learn,  that  he  was  foJicitous  to  deliver  to  his  audi- 
ence, the  mod  lolid  and  imp  >rtant  inftru£lions  ;  fuch  as  wer9 
adapted  to  inform  the  undcrltanding,  and  improve  the  heart. 

Thcfe  difcourfes  arc  not  all  of  equal  merit  and  value ;  fome 
particular  fubjedU  bcin^,  by  nomeans,  thoroughly  canvafled  j 
which,  indeed,  could  harilly  be  done  within  the  compafs  of  a 
fingle  fcrmon  :  but  they  abuund  \vi  h  good  fcnfej  and  are  not 
only  ingenious,  but  practical.  They  difcovcr  great  knowledge 
of  the  facred  writinj;;s,  and  a  confiderablc  acquaintance  with 
other  kinds  of  learning  conncdti^d  with  them  ;  and  have  a  be« 
coming  air  of  ferioufncf;*  and  raiional  piety.  It  cannot  be  faid, 
that  they  are  greatly  conformable  to  the  eftabliffaed  articles  of 
the  church  of  England,  as  to  fome  particular  matters  of  opi* 
nion  ;  but  they  ^rc"  candid,  liberal,  and  charitable;  manifell-* 
ing  a  di(pofiti'>n  which  does  not  wi(h  to  confine,  or  to  domi- 
neer over,  any  man's  judgment  or  confcicnce  ;  but  rather  to 
ferve  the  caufc  of  tiuth  and  rightcoufnefs,  without  regard  tQ 
cftablifhments,  fyftcms,  or  fc£larics. 

We  find  no  preface,  or  particiilar  advcrtifement,  affixed  to 
thcfe  volumes  ;  but  from  a  flijrt  infcription  by  Mr.  Rogers 
Jortin,  as  a  tcftimony  of  refpcdl,  to  the  parifliioncrj.  of  St.  Dun- 
ftan  in  the  liad,  we  learn,  thuc  this  publication  v/as  made  at 
their  rcqueft.  There  arc  nineteen  difcourfes  in  each  of  the 
four  volumes;  but  we  do  not  more  than  once  meet  with  twO 
or  three  on  a  text,  though  fomecimcs  the  fi^mc  fubject  is  con- 
tinued under  different  fcripiures.  .  The  fcrmons  are  not  (ac- 
cording to  a  practice  which  has  for  fome  time  been  juftly  ex- 
ploded) greatly  interlarded  with  words  or  fcraps  from  difTerent 
ian^uagCi ;  but,  at  the  fame  time,  they  will  frequently  remind 
tlic  leader  of  the  author's  real  and  folid  le:irning.  There  are.% 
however,  occafionally,  fevcral  quotations  in  the  margin,  from 
ancient  writers,  which  ferve  to  iiludrate  the  preacher's  obfer- 
vations. 

We  might  give  fevcral  extrafls  from  ihefe  difcourfes,  which 
would,  we  doubt  not,  be  very  acceptable  to  miny  of  our 
readers;  a  few  v/t  think  it  right  to  make,  as  a  fma!l  tribute 
of  refpedt  to  the  memory  of  the  author,  and  as  we  fliall  thereby 
afTord  our  readers  a  much  better  opportunity  of  forniing  a  judg- 
ment concerning  this  publication,  than  we  could  pretend  eo 
give  them  by  any  remarks  of  our  own. 

We  fhall  be-^in   with  the  firft  fermon,  becaufe  the  fubjed  is 
fomcwhat  peculiar,    and  th(;  refie£tions  upon  it  appear  to  be 
acute  and  ingenious.     The  text  is,  Deuter.  xxvu.  v%,    CuT\t3L 
be  he  that  maketh  the  blind  to  wander  cut  of  iht  waj.     And  au  iw* 
f^o/>/c  J/jalJ fay,   Jmfn, 

B  b  2  '  *  ^\'^tw>j 


364  Dr.  Jorlin'i  Sermons  on  differtnt  SuhjeHs* 

*  Many  of  the  expounders  of  the  holy  fcriptures,  laysotf 
author,  both  nncienc  and  moJern,  have  induftrioufly  fought 
after  hidden  fenfes,  and  fublimer  meanings  than  the  words  ob- 
vioufly  and  naturally  offered  ;  and  this  method  of  interpretatioo 
hath  been  carried  by  feme  of  them  to  the  utmoft  exOcTsi  he* 
caufe  of  fuch  expofitions  there  is  no  end,  when  the  fober  roles 
of  grammar,  of  reafon,  and  of  good  fenfe,  are  negledcd,  and 
the  heated  imagination  is  let  loofe  to  purfue  her  ownwiM 
conceits. 

*  '  The  ceremonial  law  of  Mofes,  in  particular,  fcems  to 
have  diftrefled  both  Jewifh  and  Chriltian  dolors,  bccaufefooie 
of  its  precepts  were  in  appearance  ftrange,  arbitrary,  frivolooii 
and  tending  to  no  ufeful  purpofe ;  and  therefore  ftudiousaoJ 
contemplative  pcrfons  fought  out  myftical  doftrines,  which 
they  fuppofcd  to  lie  concealed  under  the  covering  of  \ht  Jitail 
fenfe. 

'  For  thefe  attempts  to  illuftrate  and  juftify  the  wordofGodi 
they  are  not  to  be  blamed  ;  they  rather  deferve  praife  than  ceo- 
fure;  but  their  attempts  were  feldom  fuccefsful,  and  their  ex* 
ample,  upon  the  v^hole,  is  difcouraging.  As  for  theJewiA 
interpreters,  their  expofitions  were  often  contemptible,  ind 
fuch  as  might  be  cxpe£ted  from  men  mifkd  by  prejudices,  vA 
deprived  o^  feveral  helps  which  Chriftians  enjoy  ;  and  to  diem 
one  might  fay.  The  well  is  deep,  and  thou  haft  nothiogto 
draw  with  ;  whence  then  fhouldft  thou  have  that  living  waierl 
The  ancient  Chriftians  too  often  imitated  the  Jews  in  finding 
out  fenfes  in  the  fcriptures  which  were  never  ii>tended.  Btf 
this  feems  to  have  been  the  fault  of  the  times,  rather  th9fl<' 
the  men.  In  thefe  later  ages  bettcrr  methods  of  interpretation 
have  been  fuccefsfully  purfued,  though  injudicious  perfons  viS 
always  be  found,  who  arc  incapable  of  receiving  inftru^ 
upon  this  head. 

*  It  may  be  thought,  that  of  all  writings  whatibever,  l«w* 
and  ftatutes  will  not  bear  ambiguities  and  double  fenfes,  vA 
cannot  admit  fuch  refinements.  Laws  have  fomething  indw^ 
own  nature  repugnant  to  myftery.  They  are,  or  tbcy  ftouU 
be,  dcfigned  for  general  ufe,  and  be  as  plain  as  is  poSblCf 
that  he  who  runs  may  read  them,  that  even  the  dull  and  tbt 
ignorant  may  be  in  no  danger  of  mifapprehcnding  them. 

*  But  there  is  fomething  very  particular  in  the  MofeicJi'i 
which  both  diliir.guifhcth  it  from  other  laws,  and  carries  wii 
it  an  cxcufe  and  a  plea  for  double  fenfes  which  they  have  not. 

•*  The  law  of  Mofes,  as   it  contained  a   fhadow  of  go<^ 

things  to  come,  a&  \t  V\?Ld  gittfc^^cvcc  to  the  Meffias,  and  exbK 

hired  bodily  anv\  ttt\Wa\t  tt^t^ttvtasACiVi*.ti\^^W\x>i'jS.Viw^ 

bJcffmgs  to  \>e  confexT^A\i^  VCxm,  ^ol^x  Vl  >w^  >M«tf»^i!^ A 

an  allegorical  and  f^m\>oYvcA  u%x>^i^.   "^^^'^^^"^^^S 


Dr.  JortinV  Sermons  on  different  SubjeSfs.  365 

nplicity  and-  perfpicuity  which  are  requifite  in  laws.  Mofes 
Lvc  the  people  the  two  great  commandments,  to  love  God, 
id  to  love  their  neighbour,  and  many  rules  of  life  and  prc- 
pts  of  morality  with  fufficient  piainncfs.  But  the  various 
:ual  ordinances,  the  wafhings,  the  purifications,  the  atone* 
ents,  the  ccremofiies,  the  facrificcs,  the  bodily  pollutions  to 
avoided,  and  the  bodily  purity  to  be  obferved,  thefe  often 
jrc  cither  figurative  reprefentations  of  hoiincfs  of  life  and 
irity  of  heart,  or  had  a  view  to  the  future  difpenfation  and  to 
e  gofpel  of  Chrift,  which  in  the  fullnefs  of  time  (hould  be  made 
anifeft.  ^ 

•  It  will  be  faid,  perhaps,  that  the  Ifraclitcs,  who  came 
lUgh  and  unpolifted  out  of  the  land  of  Egypt,  where  thejr 
id  been  occupied  in  mean  and  flavifh  employments,  were  not 
rute  enough  to  difcover  and  underftand  thefe  hidden  fenfes.  It 
lay  be  fo ;  and  if  they  could  not  difccrn  them,  it  mattered 
9t.  V  There  was 'enough  for  them  in  the  law,  which  was  of 
le  plain  kind,  and  fuited  to  their  capicities.  But  why  (hould 
•c  fuppo(e  them  fo  very  unfit  for  this  fort  of  mftru<9ion  ?  The 
Igyptians,  with  whom  they  had  long  dwelt,  had  many  myfti- 
il  precepts,  and  their  religion  was  full  of  fymbols  and  enig- 
larical  reprefentations.  7  he  Ifraelites  might  therefore  expert 
tmething  of  the  myfterious  kind  in  their  facred  books,  and  it 
as  a  proper  occupation  for  the  learned  to  meditate  upon  the 
iblimer  parts  of  religion,  and  to  unfold  them  to  the  people. 

•  Befides,  the  law  was  not  defigned  for  one  gencfration  of 
len,  and  for  one  age,  but  for  many.  It  is  to  be  fuppofed, 
lat  the  people  of  lirael,  being  once  fettled  in  the  peaceable 
adeffion  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  and  obliged  to  be  well  xc- 
uainted  with  their  fatred  books  which  contained  their  national 
►ws,  would  improve  themfelves  daily  in  wifdom  and  know- 
dge;.and  if  they  did  not,  it  mud  have  been  altogech.-r  their 
wn  fault. 

•  We  muft  not  think  that  double  fenfes  can  never  be  admit- 
rd  and  allowed  in  moral  precepts,  and  in  rules  of  life  and  be- 
aviour;  for  there  are  fome  fuch  precepts  in  the  Old  Teffa- 
icnt.  But  then  the  fecond  fenfe,  or  the  fublfmer  dc(i:n, 
lould  ufually  be  obvious,  or  at  leaft  difcoverable  by  thofe  who 
iply  the  proper  methods  to  difcover  them.  1  will  mention  a 
!W  inftances  of  fuch  paflages  in  the  books  of  Mofcs,  and  then 
roceed  to  confider  the  text,  which  alfd  is  a  precept  of  a  double 
rnie. 

•  In  Leviticus,  it  is  faid.  Thou  (halt  not  cdrfe  the  deaf. 

•  This  bafe  adion  of  curfing  or  reviling  a  deaf  pcrr:)n  is 
ere  condemned.  But  that  is  not  all  \  there  is  fomething  more 
>rbidden  by  this  law  ;  for  it  feems  to  be  of  a  pi'overbial  nature, 
sd^  the  general  meaning  isj  Thou  (halt  not  tak^  x^\^  ^o\^\\ 

JB  b  3  a^N^tvx.'a.^ 


366  Dr.  }ortm*i  Sermons  on  different  SutJeSis* 

advantage  of  a  man's  incapacity  to  defend  htmfelf,  and 
him  either  in  his  body,  his  fortunes,  or  his  reputation. 
abufe  an  abfent  perfon,  to  calumniate  people  in  fecrci 
attack  anoihcr'd  reputation  in  the  dark,  and  in  dil'guife,  cc 
fame  thofe  who  ere  dtad  ;  to  hurt  in  any  manner  thofe 
are  unable  to  help  and  redrefs  ihemfelves,  all  this  ma; 
called,  To  curfe  the  deaf. 

'  Again  :  amongll  ihe  Mofaic  laws   are  thcfc  ;  Thoa 
not  .kill  a  cow  :tn  l  her  young  both  in  one  day.      If  thou  fii 
a  bird  with  her  e-r.s  or  young  ones,  thou  (halt  not  take 
the  dam  and  the  young. 

*  Bcfidcs  the  a£lions  ^which  are  here  prohibited,  ever] 
haviour  which  (hcw^  inliumanity  and  barbarity  fccms  to  be 
bidden.  The  things  here  mentioned,  flight  as  they  maj 
pear,  are  perhaps  condemned  oecuul'e  they  carry  an  ai 
cruelty;  and  if  cruelty,  and  the  appearance  of  it,  was  I 
avoided,  even  towards  brutes,  much  more  was  compaffion 
pity  due  to  men.  A  Jewilh  commentator,  bath  fuppofed 
to  be  the  fpiiic  and  import  of  thefe  laws,  and  thus  imer[ 
them  ;  As  your  Father  in  heaven  is  mciciful,  fo  be  ye  men 
on  eanh  ;  and  dcflioy  not  on  the  fame  day  a  beaft  an 
young  one. 

*  Again,  we  read  in  the  law,  Thou  flialt  not  let  thy  < 
gender  with  adiverfe  kind.     Thou  Ihalt  nor  fSw  thy  field 
inin^ltd  feed  :    neither  ihall  a  garment  of  woollen  and 
come  upon  thee.     Thou  ihalt  not  plough  with  an  ox  ai 
afs  together. 

*  Since  the  things  which  are  here  prohibited  are  not 
rally  evil,  there  might  be  a  further  meaning   in   thefe 
namely,  that  the  Jews  fhould  abfl;ain  from  ail  impurities, 
that  they  fliould  have  no  intercourfe,   and  contract  no  man 
with  idolatrous  neighbours. 

*  I  will  not  deny   that  thefe  and  other  fuch   fingulir 
might  alfo  poUibly  be  enjoined  in  *oppofition  to  certain  rite 
ceremonies  ufed   by  fuperftitious  and  idolatrous  pagans, 
thing  hinders  but  that  a  law  may  ftrve  to  more  purpofes 
have  more  vice's  than  one  or  two, 

*  — I  now  proceed  to  the  text ; — In  this  chapter  curii 
pronounced  againil  fevcral  heinous  crimes,- and  among 
crimes  is  mentioned  this,  of  caufmg  the  blind  to  go  out  of 

*  This  is  the  notion  of  Spcr.ccr.  But  this  learned  and 
writer,  having  prcjtdled  a  general,  and  in  the  main,  a  rations 
tiled  of  interprctiiuon,  fccms  fometimes  to  carry  his  hypothci 
n:r,  fuppcfes  f^cntile  fuperilitions  of  which  no  traces  can  be  i 
iniroducfcih  the  tlevil  too  often  into  his  fyAem,  and  lays  fomci 
to  hii  qharcjc  Mhich  perhaps  he  never  did. 


Dr.  JoTtin*s  Sermons  en  different  SuhjeSfs.  367 

way;  a  wickednefs  of  a  fingular  nature,  and  which  one  wou]d 
tiotexpcd  to  find  in  this  lift  of  vitious  a6iions.  It  u  a  crime 
which  is  feldom  committed;  there  is  little  temptation  to  it ;  it 
is  doing  mifchief  for  mifchief's  fake,  an  enormity  to  wiiicli 
firw  caa  eafily  bring  themfel\res.  Add  to  this,  th.u  in  Leviticus 
cUsbafe  a^on  is  mentioned  along  with  that  of  curfmg  the 
deaf,  which,  as  wc  obferved  before,  is  a  kind  of  proverb,  and 
bears  a  figurative  fenfe  :  Thou  (halt  not  curfe  the  deaf,  nor  put 
aflumbling  block  before  the  blind.  XVe  may  therefore  rea- 
ibnably  fuppofe,  that  in  the  words  of  the  text, — more  is  in- 
'tended  than  barely  to  condemn  thofe  who  Ihould  lead  a  blind 
man  eut  of  his  way.  And  what  that  may  be,  it  is  not  difficult 
tadifcover.  Blindnefs,  in  all  languages,  is  put  for  error  and 
ignorance;  and  in  the  ftile  of  the  fcriptures,  ways  and  paths, 
and  walking,  running,  &c.  mean  the  actions  and  behavioui* 
of  men.  Thefe  obvious  obfervations  will  lead  us  to  the  moral, 
nyftical,  fpiritual,  and  enlarged  fenfe  of  the  law,  or  commi- 
nadon ;  and  it  is  this,  Curfed  is  he  who  impofcth  on  the  fimple, 
,the  credulous,  the  unwary,  the  ignorant,  and  the  helplefs ;  and  ' 
cither  hurts  or  defrauds,  or  deceives,  or  feduces,  or  mifinformf^, 
oroifleads,  or  perverts,  or  corrupts  and  fpoils  them.  This,  I 
fay,  is  the  fenfe  which  may  be  fairly  put  upon  thefe  words, 
bdfides  their  literal  fenfe.  It  remains  to  (hew  by  what  a£lions 
Vemay  be  fuppofed  to  be  guilty,  more  or  lefs,  of  this  fault.* 
But  for  the  farther  particulars  we  rtiuft  refer  to  the  book. 

We  proceed  to  a  quotation  from  the  nineteenth  fermon  in 
the  firft  volume ;  after  feveral  pertinent  rcflcdtions  on  thofc 
VOcds  in  John  xxi.  21.  in  which  our  Lord  replies  to  Peter's 
cjuefiioQ  concerning  the  apoftle  John,  '  If  I  will  that  he  tarry 
till  I  come,  what  is  that  to  thee  ?  Follow  thou  me.'  Dr.  Joitin 
t*fer?cs  as  follows:—*  Here  St.  John  clofes  his  narrative  of 
Ail  manifeftation  of  Chrift  :  he  te?ls  us  not  in  v/hat  manner 
he  departed  from  them,  and  what  elfe  he  faid  to  them  at  that 
time.  It  is  certain  that  Chrift,  before  and  after  his  refurrcc- 
tien,  faid  many  things  and  did  manv  things  which  the  evangc- 
•lifis  have  paffed  over  in  filence.  Thus  when  Jcfus,  aficr  he 
Was  rifen,  converfed  with  two  of  his  difcijdcs  in  their  way  to 
-fmmaus,  beginning  at  Mofis  and  the  prophets,  h^-  expounded 
tojdicm  in  all  the  fcripturcs  the  things  belonging  to  himfelf ; 
'hut  his  difcourfe,  upon  this  important  and  mod  intercfting 
fcbjeft,  is  not  recorded. 

■  *  Jf  an  extract  were  made  of  his  words  and  aflions  from  the 
fourgofpels,  and  every  thin;i:  omitted  that  is  twice  related  in 
^^e«n,  it  would  be  contained  in  a  vi-ry  fmall  volume.  So  1  kc- 
Wife  as  to  his  difciples,  wc  know  but  litile  of  their  miniftrv, 
^ndof  the  things  which  befcl  them,  where  they  preached,  and 
iH>w  ihey  died^  except  what  \s  related  by  St.  Lute  u\  V.Yi'i  i\c>.'i\ 

Ij  b  4  -AW^ 


368  Dr.  Jor(in^^  Sermons  on  ii^eni  StfljiSff^ 

and  be  confines   himfelf  principally  to   the   mintftry  of  St, 

t'aul. 

^  The  (hort  memoirs  of  thefe  tranfadions  fee  many  impoSon 
to  W'^ik,  in  early  times,  to  forge  gofpels,  and  epiftles,  and  av- 
ratives  of  the  hiftory  of  Chrift  from  his  infancy  to  his  deadi, 
and  of  the  preaching  and  travels  of  the  apoftles.  But  as  the 
defigns  of  thefe  men  for  the  moft  part  were  bad,  ifo  their  abili- 
ties were  no  better,  and  their  works  never  could  obtaia  oedit 
in  the  Chriftian  world. 

^  We  Aiould  be  very  much  pieafed  to  have  larger  and  fuller 
accounts  of  our  Lord,  and  of  his  apoftles,  aiid  of  the  fiift 
eftabllfhment  of  chriftianity.  A  defire  of  knowledge,  whidi 
exerts  itfelf  ftrcngly  in  all  ftudious  perfons,— and  a  zeal  for 
pur  religion,  and  ifor  every  thing  that  relates  to  it,  plead  oar 
excufe  for  fufFering  fuch  a  wiih  to  rife  in  our  minds.  Bat 
we  muft  not  indulge  it  too  far,  and  lament  our  ignofanceof 
thefe  things,  left  we  alfo  fall  under  the  juft  rebuke  which  our 
Saviour,  in  the  text,  gave  to  his  apoftle,  What  is  that  to  thcei 
Follow  thou  me. 

^  K  we  had  lived  in  thofc  times,  weihould,  perbips,  have  beta 
defirous  to  put  many  queftions  to  our  Lord  and  his  apoftles 
of  the  learned  and  religious  kind,  which  feem  to  us  doubtfid 
and  difficult.  And  fuppofmg  we  had  done  this,  it  is  moft. 
than  probable  that  our  Lord  would  not  have  anlwered  them; 
for  we  find  him  conftantly  refufing  to  refolve  queftions  of  OQ 
immediate  concern  to  the  inquirers.  And  as  to  theapoftleSi 
it  is  probable  that  they  could  not  have  anfwered  themi  in4 
that  their  knowledge  went  no  farther  than  it  was  necclTiry  fer 
the  execution  of  their  office  and  the  work  of  their  miniftrj. 
Sufficient  it  is  for  us,  fufficient  for  all  moral  and  religious  psr- 
pofcs,  that  the  holy  fcripture?,  by  the  divine  providence,  ate 
preferved  and  tranfmitted  down  to  us,  and  that  they  contiifl 
all  th'it  is  abfolutcly  needful  for  us,  both  as  to  faith  and  as  to 
practice.  For  as  St.  John  tells  us,  Many  other  iigns  truly  did 
Jefus  in  the  prefence  of  his  difciples,  which  are  not  written  ifl 

Shis  book.     But  thefe  are  written,  that  ye  might  believe  that 
efus  is  the  Chrift,  the  Son  of  God,    and  that  believing)  J^ 
Inight  have  life  through  his  name. 

*  'I'he  praftical  inference  which  the  fubjc<3:  and  the  text 
fuggcft  to  us  is,  that  every  one  (hould  principally  attend  to  his 
own  proper  bufmefs,  to  his  own  plain  duty,  and  not  concern 
^imfclf  about  things  which  do  not  concern  him. 

*  — Every  one  is  capable  of  difcprning  and  feeling  that  he 

ought  to  live  foberly,   righteoufly,  and   pioufly,    and  prepare 

himfelf  for  the  day  in  which  God  will  judge  mankind.     It  re* 

giiire.s  no  ftrong  pans^  uo  Ym\>j  wv^^^xi^xiL'^  twa  deep  ftudj 

to  know  this,         * 


JPr.  Jortin'x  Sermons  $n  different  Sulje^s.  369 

f  But  we  would  fain  know  more  than  this.  Man  is  curious 
^nd  inquifitive,  and  defirous  of  novelty  :  the  eye  is  never  fatis* 
fied  with  feeing,  fays  Solomon,  nor  the  dr  with  hearing,  nor 
the  mind  with  feeking  and  difcoveripg.  This  dcfire,  innocent 
enough  in  itfelf,  and  even  commendable,  yet  muft  be  directed 
)>y  rcafon,  and  confined  to  its  proper  bounds,  elfe  it  infenfibly 
Ibecomes  a  bad  habit.  Curiofity,  ill-applied,  is  at  lead  a  wafte 
of  time,  which  might  be  fo  much  better  employed.  When  it 
is  excrcifc'd  in  obferving  the  condudl,  and  enquiring  into  the 
charaflcr  of  others,  it  often  grows  pragmatical,  impertinenty 
andcenforious,  full  of  fpite  and  malevolence  towards  them.— 

*  As  there  is  a  needlefs  and  impertinent  curiofity  relating  to 
pcrfons,  fo  there  is  with  refpc6l  to  doctrines  of  no  importance 
to  religion  and  morality.  Whatfoevcr  opinions  concern  the 
pcrfe6lions  and  the  government  of  God,  and  the  worfliip  due 
to  him,  and  the  focial  virtues,  and  have  an  influence  and  a  ' 
tendency  either  to  mend  or  to  fpoil  the  tempers  of  men,  cither  ^ 
to  promote  or  to  obftruft  the  pradicc  of  piety,  thefe  are  obje£^s 
pf  fober  and  feriqus  enquiry,  that  we  may  rejcd  every  perni- 
cious principle,  and  hold  fad  every  found  doctrine.  But  as  tp 
mere  fpeculations  and  fubtle  refinements,  which  amufe  ttib 
imagination  without  improving  the  heart,  the  fewer  of  them 
enter  into  our  religious  fyftem,  fo  much  the  better.  Yet  thefe 
have  perpetually  been  matter  of  eager  contention  and  uncha^ 
ritable  animofity  ;  and  ecclefiaftical  hiftory  too  fully  confirnoft 
this  melancholy  obfervation.  A  fondnefs  of  overbearing  others,| 
and  of  forcing  opinions  upon  them  which  yet  can  n^ver  be 
forced,  a  zeal  for  things  not  certain,  pr  not  ufeful,  or  even  not 
intelligible,  a  (alfe  fhame  of  depjrting  from  falfe  notions  once 
obftinately  maintained,  together  with  pride,  ambition,  and 
fclf-intereil  lurking  at  the  bottom ;  thefe  have  produced  thofe 
feds  and  parties  by  which  the  chriftian  world  hath  been  divided^ 
and  the  chriftian  religion  difhonoured.' 

We  fhall  add  a  (hort  quotation  from  a  difcourfe  on  the  pa« 
rable  of  the  fotuer,  for  (he  fike  of  ax  note  which  attends  it : 
*  In  this  parable,  fays  Dr.  Jortin,  there  is  a  beautiful  gradation 
from  the  bad  to  the  good.  The  feed  which  fell  on  the  high 
way  comes  not  up  at  aH  ;  the  feed  upon  ftony  ground  corner 
up,  but  foon  withereth  away  ;  the  feed  fown  amongft  thorns 
fprings  up  and  grows,  but  bears  no  fruit;  the  feed  fown  ia 
good  ground  brings  forth  fruit  in  its  feafon,  but  yet  in  va- 
rious degrees,  and  much  more  plentifully  i|i  fomc  foils  than 
|n  others.' 

The  note  is  as  follows:  *  An  old  commentator  (Thcophy-^ 
hSt)  expounding  thi^  parable,  f4ys  See  how  fnr^all  a  ^amber 
^here  is  of  good  men,  and  how  fe^  arc  faved ;  fince  only  a 
JTpurth  part  of  th^  fefd  was  prcfcrvcd.    His  ttovM^  vi  tw^x.  ya!^.  % 


yi^  Dr.  Jortin'j  Sirmons  on  diffinnt  Stfijeilu 

but  is  foreign  frotn  the  purpofe,  as  may  ealily  be  {hewed.  la 
this  parable  of  the  fower,  there  are  three  clafles  of  bad  roen, 
^nd  one  of  good  ;  in  the  parable  of  the  talents,  there  are  two 
jgood  fervants  an  J  one  bad  ;  and  in  the  parable  of  the  virgins, 
half  are  wile  and  half  foolifh.  So,  if  we  follow  fuch  methods 
of  expounding,  wc  muft  conclude,  from  the  firft  of  thefe  pi- 
Tables,  there  are  three  times  more  bad  than  good  men ;  from 
the  fecond,  that  there  are  twice  more  good  than  bad;  mi 
from  the  third,  that  the  good  and  the  bad  are  equal  in  number. 
I  mention  this  chiefly  for  the  fake  of  obferving  to  you,  that  inihc 
.  interpretation  of  parables,  care  fhoulJ  be  taken  not  to  ovcr- 
ftrain  them  \  but  to  diiiinguift  thofe  pirts  wiiich  are  merely 
ornamental,  from  thofe  which  are  moral  and  iniiruftive.' 

In  a  fcrmon  upon  charity,  we  obfcrve  this  note  upon  thofe 
words  in  the  epiftlc  to  the  Corinthians,  TF:  fc:  ihrsu^h  a  £!afs 
Parity.  '  The  fenfc  may  be,  v;e  fee  S\  lo'c-:/!::-:,  [y^v  fpfcularj  vd 
jpecutarei  through  a  glafs,  or  pellucid  ftone,  which  alfo  per- 
haps was  not  fo  clear  and  tranfpirent  as  our  glafs.  See  Lam- 
bert Bofs,  Exert.  Phil.  p.  147.  Wefee  JI  scottJch,  and  we  fee 
i¥  amyiJi^^?it>  Perhaps  it  fliouid  he  eu  avB'Jyfjisclty  or  a  imly' 
paJi,  through,  or  at  a  door,  a  wicket,  or  a  chink.  "Amyja 
is  ufcd  in  the  LXX.  iii.  Rfg,  xiv.  6.  Others  have  made  this 
conjcciure  alfo/ 

This  fjrinon  is  clofcd  in  the  following  manner,  •Ifliallil 
prefciit  only  juft  remind  you  of  fomc  faults  contrary  to  this  fir-  ^ 
tue  of  churl cy.  And  they  are  covctoufnefs  and  felii{hne(s,  whidi 
make  us  hard-hearted  and  infenfible  to  the  diftrefs  of  o«r 
neighbour-;  iiiji'.llicc  of  ail  forts; — an  infolent  pride  and dif* 
dain. — Thcfc  vices  arc  not  confiftcnt  with  the  lowcft  degi* 
of  chriiliim  benevolence:  and  to  thefe  we  may  add  twootte 
fuilis,  which  arc  as  oppofitc  to  each  other  as  they  aretocha- 
ri.y.  The  firlt  is  a  cold  indifference  about  religion  and  virtue. 
He,  in  Whom  this  carclcfs  indolence  prevails,  hath  no  rcgad 
and  afiVcliofi  for  truth,  no  concern  whether  it  profper  or  ooC^ 
ami  wh.th'^r  men  be  good  or  bad. — The  other  is  a  zeal  for 
tLiii^'-  n  ;:  cflVntial  to  religion,  which  exerts  itfelf  in  an  eager 
jRcrccnc'l's  nhout  doubtful  and  difputable  points,  in  jud-iingnn- 
m^icifully  of  thofe,  who  being  fober  and  religious  people,  haie 
a  dirt'eicnt  way  of  thinking  from  ourfclves. — Such  a  litigioBi 
chriftian,  if  he  be  right  in  his  opinions,  which  is  much  to  be 
floiibtcd,  is  wrong  in  his  way  of  defending  them:  he  keeps! 
doctrine,  and  breaks  a  commandment. — True  religion  coafih 
more  in  d')ingthan  in  prdiing^  more  in  practice  than  in  fpccu- 
laiion.  A  iiian  who  haih  get  an  orthodox  faith,  and  ncrtr 
learned  to  load  an  orthodox  life,  proclaims  his  ownfallyaw 
madnefs.  He  la^s  a  ftrow^  foundation,  and  then  raifcs  a  rottrt 
building  ou  il.— Wc  CAmwiX.  aiA>Oki^  "i.  ^^\r  ^\  i^vAtand  fuf- 


Dr,  Jortin';  Sermons  on  diffirent  SuljeSitm  2^X 

pcnfc  ;  we  love  to  get  at  certainty.  For  this  wc  arc  not  to  be 
blained.  But  we  love  to  be  pofitive  and  dogmatical,  and  afe 
feldom  fenlible  how^  little  at  prefent  it  is  given  us  to  know. 
Paganifm  was  thick  darkncfs  :  Chriftianity,  in  fomc  refpefts^ 
is  only  a  twilight.  For  now  we  talk  like  children,  now  wc 
know  in  part,  now  we  fee  through  a  glafs  darkly  j  unlefs  wc 
be  wifer  than  St.  Paul,  who  f^ys  this  of  himfelf,  as  well  as  of 
other  Chiiftians.* 

One   difcourfe,    entitled,    K^tp  thy  foot ^    from  Ecclef.  v.  i. 
has  thefc  remarks   upon  the  text,  '  what  Solomon  calls,  the 
houfe  ol  God,  is  a  place  appointed  for  the  worfliip  and  fervicc 
of  God.     To  ereft  and  fee  apart  fuch  places  for  the  excrcifc  of 
religious  lites  is  derived  from  the  dictates  of  human  nature,  and 
approved  of  God  from  the  remoteft  antiquity.    •  It  began  not 
wi:h  the  tabernacle  which  Moles  by  divine  appointmenr  caufed 
to  be  made,   but  was  much   more  ancient.      Noah  built  an 
altar  when  he  came  out  of  the  ark.      Abraham,   Ifaac,  and 
Jacob,  wherefoever  they  pitched  their  tents,  had  places  for  di« 
vine  worfbip,  that  is,  altars  with  their  inclofures,  though  they 
had  no  exprefs  command  from  God,  that  wc  know  of,  concerning 
It.    Mofes,  before  the  ark  was  made,  and  that  tabernacle  which 
God  appointed,  created  a  tabernacle  for  the  fame  purpofe  without 
the  camp,  where  every  one  who  fought  tlve  Lord  was  to  go. 
And  all  this  feems  to  have  been  done  as  a  thing  of  cuftom, 
and  as  men  by  tradition  had  learned  to  appropriate  fome  par- 
ticular place  for  the  more  folemn  worfhip  of  God. — Our  Sa- 
viour,   who  brought  into   the    wprld    a  brighter   light  and  a 
fublimer  religion,  taught,  that  it  mattered  not  where  God  was 
worfliipped,    if  he   were  worlhipped    in   fplrit  and    in   truth : 
that  of  all  temples  a  pure  heart  was  that  which   he  mofl:  ap- 
proved,   and  that  where  two  or  three   of  his  difcip'cs  (hould 
meet  together  to  ferve  God,  there  would  he  fpiiiiually  be  in 
the  midllof  them  ;  doflrines  agreeable  to  reafon,  and  luitable 
to  the  enfuing  times,  when  chriftians  flioulJ   be    fo  far  from 
cnjo\ing  fplendid  temples  to  repair  to,  that  they  of:en  would 
hardly  have  a  place  where  to  hide  their  heads.     As  foon,  in- 
deed, as  perfocution  declined,  and  a  calm  fucceeded,  chriftians 
built   tbcmlelves  churches,  and  ever  fince  have  fet  apart  fuch 
edifices  for  public  worfliip  J    which  is   very   right,  fo  long  as 
wc  rcmciTibcr  that  it  is  only  for  conveniency  and  decency.' 

Whether  the  altars,  mentioned  in  this  paflagc,  were  inclofed, 
cnJ  were  intentled  or  ufed  for  public  worfhip,  or  whether  they 
were  chicily  defigned  as  memorials  of  fomc  particular  infiancc 
of  divine  goodnefs,  we  will  not  difpute.  The  obfervations 
here  rr.z'^iZ  arc  candid  and  rational,  and  difcover  nothing  of  the 
bigot  cr  high  churchman.     The  remainder  of  the  fermon  pre- 


I 


gyi  Dr.  Jortin*/  Sermons  on  Jlffinnt  Suhjiils* 

fents  the  reader  with  fcveral  very  ufcful  and  important  re&ec^ 
tions; 

The  fecond  fermon,  in  the  laft  volume,  treats  of  Humilitjryfl 
from  which   we  fhal]  give  a  fliort  quataiion. — '  The  wurd  hu*  ^ 
ini7/>y  is  ulcd  by  Latin  wrrtcrs  in  a  bad   fcnfc  for  meannefs  of 
fpiiit;   but  the  pagans  were  not  ignorant  of  this  virtue,  and  M 
have  recommended  it ;  only  they  gave  it  another  name.     Chrif-  V 
tianity^  indeed,  hath  taught  us  jufler  notions  of  humility  than 
they  commonly  entertained  ;  for  they  ufujilly  confidcrcd  humi^ 
litjfj  which  they  called  modtjty  or  moderation^  as  a  focial  virtue, 
as  it  influenced  our  behaviour  toward?  ourfctvcs  and  towards 
men:  but  humility  towards  God,  few  of  them  fccm  fufficiently  to 
have  apprehended.      It  is,  indeed,  a  virtue  fo  remote  from  mean- 
nefs  of  fpirit,  that  it  is  no  bad  fign  of  a  great  and  exalted  mind. 
An  humble  perfon  is  one  who  is  neither  puffed  up  with  appro* 
baiion  and  applaufe,  nor  greatly  provoked  or  difturbed  by  cen- 
fure  and  ill  ufagc  \  who  envies  none  placed  above  him,   and 
dcfpifcs  none  below  him  ;   who  dares  examine  his  own  condu£^| 
and   condcmti  whatfoever  is  faulty  in   it  \    >vho   is  gentle  to 
others,  and  feverc  to  himfelf ;   who  defires  to  obtain  no  more 
than  he  dcferves  ;  who  can  quit  even  that  alfo,  if  his  duty  re-  _ 
quires  it  \  who  is  contented  to  act  the  part  which  providence  fl 
allots  to  him  ;  who  is  free  from  irregular  felf-love,  that  is»  from 
one  of  the  moft  infinuating  and  prevailing  wcakncflVs  of  man- 
kind, which  may  not  improperly  be  called  the  inner  garment 
of  the  foul,  the   firft  which   it   puts  on,  and  the  laft  which  it 
puts  off.     If  this  be  not,  it  is  hard  to   fay  what  is,  grcatnefs  ■ 
of  mind.     On  the  contrary,    if  we  would  know  what  mean*  ^ 
nefi  of  fpirit  is,   and  how  it  afts,  let  us  look  for   it  among  the 
proud  and   infolent,    and    we  fhall   not  lofe  our  labour.      A 
proud  man  is  one  who  is  glad  to  receive  homage  and  flattery, 
though  it  be  offered  to  him  by  the  moft  ignorant  or  worth- 
lefs,    and    cannot    bear    contempt    even   from    them  \    who 
therefore  is  the  fervant  or  flave  of  all,   not  in  a  good  fenfe, 
but  bccaufc  \xh  happmefs  depends  upon  their  opinion  and  be- 
haviour;  who  has  no  heart  to  own  his  obligations  to  God 
jind  man  i  whofe  life  and   conduft  is  one  continual  lici  who 
;iflumes  good  qualities  which  he  has  not,  and  is  blind   to  bis 
own  faults ;    who  dcfircs  to  poffcfs  what   he  Ihould  not,  an4 
what  he  often  cannot  obtain  ;    and  who  is  much  diSatitfiedl 
when  be  is  difuppointed.     Thefe  arc  the  pcrfons  who  delptfe 
humilityt  and  by  dcfpifing  recommend  it*' 

The  candid  reader,  we  doubt  not,  will  fuflFer  us  juft  to 
obfervc,  that  we  could  not  help  frequently  reflecting,  during 
the  perufal  of  thefe  difcourfes,  how  irkfome  it  muft  have  bcenp 
and  crievouj,  to  a  man  who  entertained  the  fcntiments  ex- 

prdfed 


I 


Reynolds'/  DlfcQUrfi  to  thi  Students  of  the  Royal  Academy.    37  j 

^reficd  m  many  of  them,  to  go  through  fomc  parts  of  the 
Drms  of  religious  fcrvice  to  which  the  learned  and  judicious 
Author  was  Frequently  called. 

Lrt,  V.  A Dijcourfi  dilhertd  to  tU  Siudenis  of  ihi  Royal  Jiadsmy^ 
m  the  Dyirtbution  of  FrixiSf  D^c*  1 4,  1770.  By  the  Prc&<- 
dent,     4to.     is.  6d.     Davics.     1771. 

iHIS  Difcourfe  is  on   the  gujio  irandi^  or  great  ftylc  in 

painting,  which  the  prefident  recommends   to  the  flu- 

Jcnts  as  their  primary  purfuit,  fince  that  purfuit,  though  ie 
night  not  always  attain  its  principal  purpofe^  would  neverthe* 
tfs  be  attended  with  advantages.  By  aiming  at  better  things, 
^  from  particular  inclination^  or  from  the  ta!tc  of  the  tmie  and 
(lace  he  lives  in,  or  from  ncccflity,  or  itom  failure  in  the 
iigheft  attempts,  the  ftudciit  Chould  be  obliged  todcfcend  lowdr; 
lie  would  bring  into  the  lower  fphere  o\  art  a  grandeur  of  com- 
afiiion  and  charadcr,  that  would  raifc  his  works  above  their 
iiatural  rank. 
This  is  undeniably  true.  He  who  ftudles  the  gtrnius  and 
principles  of  any  art  or  fcience,  and  purfues  it  in  its  higheft 
lepartmencs,  will  defcend  to  the  lower  With  more  enlarged 
Ideas,  and  a  greater  command.  It  Is  particularly  true  in  paint* 
ing.  The  artift  v/ho  ftrengthens  his  mind,  and  acquires  a  li- 
berality and  magnificence  of  conception  in  the  higher  walks  of 
Nature,  will  find  thofe  advantages  even  in  the  mechanifm  of 
artrait  painting,  and  the  limited  fphere  of  ftill  life-  Poifibly  , 
^c  reafon  why  Phidias  excelled  io  greatly  as  a  flaiuary  was, 
,lhat  be  bad  originally  been  a  patnter.  it  is  certain  that  be 
l^^iainted  many  figures  before  he  undertook  his  inimitable  ftatue 
■Bilyf  Minerva. 

^B     The  mean«  which  thp  learned  prefident  points  out  to  the  ffu- 
^ffdents  as  moft  capable  of  conducting  them  to  this  great  ftyle  in 
piintingi  appear  to  be  rational  and  well  founded »  fo  far  at  leaft 
as  they  exclude  individual  imitation^  the  great  bane  of  the  pro*      > 
grefs  of  genius.  fl 

*  The  wifli  of  the  genuine  painter,  fays  he,  muft  be  more 
'       cxtenfive:  inftcad  of  cndeavouiing  to  amufe  mankind  with  the 
minute  neatnefs  of  his  imitations,  he  muft  endeavour  to  im* 
I        prove  them  by  the  grandeur  of  hii  ideas ;  inftead  of  fecking 
praifc,  by  deceiving  the  fuperficlal  fcnfc  of  the  fpefl^ttor,  he 
muft  ftrive  for  fame,  by  captivating  the  imagination, 
I  ^  The  principle  now  laid  down,  that  the  pcrfc£lion  t>f  this 

art  does  not  confift  in  mere  imitation,  is  far   from  being  new 
or  fin^ular.     It  is,  indeed,  fupported  by  ihc  general  opinion  of 
1       the  enlightened  part  of  mankind.     The  poets,   oratota^  'wxd 
j^^ihetoricians  of  antiquiiy,  arc  contmuaWy  e^U^tcv1^^v\v^^  ^QS\\\<a(t\> 
^Hfr^r  a/i  (he  zm  receive  their  pcrfctiis^a  horn  ua  \^^i^  >a^^»x^% 


Nai 
Klrpor 
^the 


374    RcynoMs'i  Difieurft  i§  tie  Students  of  the  RvyatAcaimj. 

fuperior  to  what  is  to  be  found  in  individual  nature.  They  t\t 
ever  referring  to  the  praAice  of  the  painters  and  fculpcon  of 
their  times,  particularly  Phidias  (the  favourite  artift  of  anti- 
quity) to  illuftrate  their  aflfertions.  As  if  rhey  could  not  fuf- 
ficiently  exprcfs  their  admiration  of  his  genius  by  what  they 
knew,  they  have  recourfe  to  poetical  enthufiafm.  They  call  it 
infpiration,  a  gift  from  heaven ;  the  artift  is  fuppofed  to  hare 
afcended  the  celeftial  regions,  to  furnifh  \\u  mind  with  dill 
pcrfefl  idea  of  beauty.  **  He,  fays  Proclus,  who  takes  forhii 
model  fuch  forms  as  nature  produces,  and  confines  himfelf  to 
an  exa6l  imitation  of  them,  will  never  attain  to  what  is  per* 
fedly  beautiful.  For  the  works  of  nature  are  full  of  difpro- 
portion,  and  fail  very  ihort  of  the  true  ftandard  of  beaaty.  So 
that  Phidias,  when  he  formed  his  Jupiter, -did  not  copy  any  ob* 
jcA  ever  prefentcd  to  his  fight ;  but  contemplated  <only  that 
image  which  he  had  conceived  in  his  mind  from  Homer's  de- 
icription.'^  And  thus  Cicero,  fpeaking  of  the  fame  Phidias; 
*'  Neither  did  this  artift,  fays  he,  when  he  carved  the  image 
of  Jupiter  or  Minerva,  fet  before  him  any  one  human  figwc, 
as  a  pattern,  which  he  was  to  copy ;  but  having  a  more  p^« 
fe£t  idea  of  beauty  fixed  in  his  mind,  this  he  (readily  contco* 
plated,  and  to  the  imitation  of  this  all  his  (kill  and  labour  vac 
dircftcd" 

Let  us  now  hear  on  what  principles  he  founds  his  precepts. 
*  All  the  objeds  which  arc  exhibited  to  our  view  by  Nicurc^ 
upon  clofe  examination  will  be  found  to  have  their  bicnjiihes 
and  defefts.  The  moft  beautiful  forms  have  fometiiing  about 
them  like  weaknefs',  miimcenefs,  or  imperfe<Sion.  But  it  x^ 
not  every  eye  that  perceives  thcfc  blcmiflics  ;  it  mufl  be  an  eye 
lont^  ufed  to  the  contemplation  and  comparifon  of  thefe  forms i 
and  which,  by  a  long  habit  of  obferviiig  what  any  ftt  of  ob- 
jects of  the  fame  kind  have  in  common,  has  acquired  the  power 
of  difcerning  what  each  wants  in  particular.  This  I'lng  labo- 
rious comparifon  fhould  be  the  fiift  ftudy  of  the  pain-er,  who 
aims  at  the  grcatcft  ftyle.  By  this  mc.uis  he  acquires  a  juft 
idea  of  beautiful  forms  ;  he  corrects  Nature  by  herfelf,  h:r  i-ii- 
perfcft  ftate  by  her  more  perfect.  His  eye  bein;^  enabled  to 
diftinjuifti  the  accidental  deficiencies,  excrcfccnces  and  defor- 
mitieu  of  things  from  their  general  figures,  he  makes  our  in 
abftraft  idea  of  their  forms  more  perfect  than  any  one  ciiginal; 
and,  v.li-it  may  feeni  a  ^v.»r.idox,  he  learns  to  dcfi^rn  naturiily 
by  tlrawin,^  his  figures  unl'ke  to  any  one  object.  Thi*  idciot 
the  pcrftdl  ftatc  of  ■  nature,  which  the  artift  calls  the  ideil 
beauty,  is  the  great  kacUn^  |;)rinci^)le,  by  which  works  of  ge- 
i]fiis  are  condutVtd.  tt^  xXm^VCv^va^  ^K.c^^i:\\t\  Vv^  vmcv^.  He 
wroii<»ht  upon  a  tobci  ^ntvc\^\t^  vjV^x.  \i^&  ^ci  \u>\ecv  t:wL\\^ 
the  cmhufiafin  of  xVvc  yiOx\4  •,  ^li^  \»i  ^^^^  ^'^v^m^^  >i^>^.^; 


Reynolds  V  Difcourfe  f9  tht  Students  of  the  Royal  Academy.    37^ 

have  courage  to  tread  the  fame  path,  miy  acquire  equal,  rcpu-   ' 
ration.  ^ 

'  This  is  the  idea  which  has  acquired,  and  which  feems  to 
have  a  right  to  the  epithet  of  dhrne ;  as  it  m.iy  be  faid  to  pre- 
fide,  like  a  fupreme  judge,  over  all  the  produdibns  of  nature; 
appearing  to  be  pofleffed  of  the  will  and  intention  of  the  Crea- 
tor, as  fiir  as  they  regard  the  external  form  of  living  beings. 

*  When  a  man  once  pofleffes  this  idea  in  its  perfedion,  there 
is  no  danger  but  that  he  will  be  fufficicntly  warmed  by  it  hiin- 
fclf,  and  be  able  to  warm  and  ravifh  every  one  elfe, 

*  Thus  it  is  from  a  reiterated  experience,  and,a  clofe  com<i- 
parifon  of  the  objeSs  in  nature,  that  an  areift  becomes  pof- 
fcfled  of  the  idea  of  that  central  form,  if  I  may  fo  exprefs  it,- 
from  which  every  deviation  is  deformity.  But  the  invcftigtion 
of  this  form  I  grant  is  painful,  and  I  icnow  but  of  one  fnrthod 
of  fhortcning  the  road  ;  this  is,  by  a  Careful  ftudy  of  thfe  works 
of  the  ancient  fculptors  ;  who,  being  iridefatigable  in  the  fchopi 
of  nature,  have  left  models  of  that  perfcft  form  behind  them, 
which  an  artift  would  prefer  as  fupremcly  beautiful,  who  had 
fpcnt  his  whole  life  in  that  fmgle  contemplation.  But  if  in- 
duftry  carpied  them  thus  far,  may  not  you  alfo  hope  fjr  the 
fame  reward  from  the  fame  labour  ?  We  have  the  fame  fchool 
opened  to  us  that  was  opened  to  them  ;  for  Nature  denies  her 
inftruftions  to  none  who  defire  to  become  her  pupiN. 

'  To  the  principle  I  have  laid  down,  that  the  idea  of  beauty  • 
in  each  fpecies  of  beings  is  invariably  one,  it  may  be  objected, 
that  in  every  fpecies  there  arc  various  central  forTS,  which 
are  feparate  and  diftinft  from  each  other,  and  yet  arc  unde- 
niably beautiful ;  that  in  the  human  figure,  for  inftnocc,  the 
beauty  of  the  Hercules  is  one,  of  the  Gladiator  another,  of 
the  Apollo  another;  which  makes  fo  many  different  ideas  of 
beauty. 

*  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  thefe  figures  are  each  perfeft  in  therr 
kind,  though  of  diflfcrent  characters  and  proportions;  but  ftill 
neither  of  them  is  the  reprefentation  of  an  individual,  but  of  a 
clafs.  And  as  there  is  one  general  form,  which,  as  I  have 
faid,  belongs  to  the  human  kind  at  large,  fo  in  each  of  thef^ 
claflcs  there  is  one  common  idea  and  central  form,  which  is  the 
abftradl  of  the  various  individual  forms  bclon^iinjjj  to  that  claf;*. 
Thus,  though  the  forms  of  childhood  and  acre  differ  exceed- 
ingly ;  there  is  a  common  form  in  childhood,  and  a  conmori 
form  in  age,  which  is  the  more  perfect,  as  it  is  more  remote 
from  all  peculiarities.  But  I  muft  add  further,  that  thoirgli  the 
moft  perfeft  forms  of  each  of  the  general  divifions  of  the  hu- 
man figure  are  ideal,  and  fnperior  to  airy  individual  form  of  that 
clafs;  yet  the  higheft  perfedli  )n  of  the  h\xn\a\\  ^>^n\x^  \^  tvvi\.vo 
be  found  in  any  one  of  ihem  5  it  is  not  vi\  tYv^  \\«c\x\^*«>  'Vv^^^t 


\w 


37^    keylioIdsV  DifcoUrfi  to  Hi  Stuhntg  oftbi  Itojal  AcaJemp 

in  the  GluJiator^  nor  in  the  Apollo ;  but  in  chat  form  whicfi 
is  compounded  of  thehi  all,  and  which  partakes  cqdallyof  the 
a£livity  of  the  Gladiator,  of  the  delicacy  of  the  Apollo,  and  of 
the  mufcular  ftrength  of  the  HercUlcs.  For  peifecl  beauty  in 
any  fpecics  muft  combine  all  the  characters  which  are  beautifiii 
in  that  fpecies.  It  cannot  confift  in  any  otit  to  the  exclufioii 
of  the  reft :  no  one,  therefore,  muft  be  predominant,  that  Mi 
one  may  be  deficient. 

*  The  knowledge  of  thefc  different  cliar:;elers,  and  the 
power  of  fcpaiating  and  diftinguifhing  them,  is  uiidoubredlj 
jieceflary  to  the  painter,  who  is  to  vary  his  compofitions  with 
figures  of  various  forms  and  proportions,  though  he  is  never  to 
lofe  fight  of  the  general  idea  of  perfe^ion  in  each  kind. 

•  There  is  likewife,  a  kind  of  fymmetry,  or  proportion^ 
iwhich  may  properly  be  faid  to  belong  to  deformity.  A'&gati 
lean  or  corpulent,  tall  or  mort,  tl;ough  deviating  from  beauty, 
may  ftill  have  a  certain  union  of  the  various  parts,  which  may 
contribute  to  make  them,  on  the  whole,  not  unpleafing.' 

Aftei  having  thus  inllruded  the  ftuJent  how  he  may  ac- 
quire the  real  forms  of  Nature  diftincSl  frodi  accidentitI-defor« 
mity,  and,  indcpcnJcntly  of  inJividual  imita  ion,  obtain  2  gjS 
ncral  idea  of  excellence;  he  proceeds  to  inform  him  how  hti 
may  learn  to  icparatc  genuine  N:iture  fiom  thofe  adventi'ioos 
or  afFcdcd  airs  or  actions  with  which  fhe  is  difguifed  by  modcn^ 
education. 

'  Perhaps  I  cannot  I  citcr  explain  what  I  mean,  than  by  re* 
minding  you  of  what  was  taught  us  by  the  Profefibr  of  Ani^ 
tomy,  in  refpccl  to  the  natural  pofition  and  movement  of  dM 
feet.  Hcobfcrvtd  that  the  fafhion  of  turning  them  outwards 
was  contrary  to  the  intent  of  nature,  as  might  be  feeo  froa 
the  ftruclure  of  the  bones,  and  from  the  weaknefs  that  proceed^ 
fron)  that  manner  of  (landing.  To  this  wc  may  add  thcercA 
pofition  of  the  head,  the  projcftiun  of  the  chefl,  the  walking 
with  ftrait  knees,  and  many  fuch  a£lions,  which  are  mcrdf 
the  refult  of  fafhion,  and  what  nature  never  warranted,  as  ffc 
arc  fure  that  we  have  been  taught  them  when  children. 

^  I  have  mentioned  but  a  few  of  thofe  inftances,  in  wbick 
vanity  or  caprice  have  contrived  to  diftort  and  disfigure  the  hiH 
man  form  ;  your  own  recollection  will  add  to  thefc  a  tboufaiul 
more  of  ill-underftood  methods,  that  have  been  prafiifed  to' 
difguife  nature,  among  our  dancing  maimers,  hair-drefiers,  vi 
taylors,  in  their  various  fchools  of  deformity. 

^  However  the  mechanic  and  ornamental  arts  may  facrifice' 
to  falhion,  (he  muft  be  entirely  excluded  from  the  art  of  Paint- 
ing ;  the  pamleT  mu&  ivc^cx  m\&.^V;.e  this  capricious  chang^liog 
for  the  genuine  offspt\t\^  o^  \^?X"at^  s  Vt  tcwJ^L  ^vttSc  VmCelf  w 
all  prejudices  iu  taivouK  ol  Viv^  ^^^  ^^  t^>«i\x^  \\«.  \k^^^\W 


hJ         ^^^h 


Reynolds*/  Difcour/e  to  the  Students  of  the  Royal  Academy,    377 

gard  all  local  and  temporary  ornaments,  and  look  only  on  thofe 
general  habits  that  arc  every  where  and  always  the  fame.  He 
addrefles  his  works  to  the  people  of  every  country  and  every 
age  ;  he  calls  upon  pofterity  to  be  bis  fpedtators,  and  fays  with 
Zeuxis,  In  aternitatem  pingo, 

*  The  negledl  of  feparating  modern  fafliions  from  the  habits 
of  Nature,  leads  to  that  ridiculous  (lile  which  has  been  prac- 
tifed  by  fome  painters,  who  have  given  to  Graecian  heroes  the 
airs  and  graces  praflifed  in  the  court  of  Lewis  the  Fourteenth; 
an  abfurdity  almoft  as  great  as  it  would-  have  been  to  have 
drcfled  them  after  the  fafbion  of  that  court. 

*  To  avoid  this  error,  however,  and  to  retain  the  true  fim- 
plicity  of  Nature,  is  a  ta(k  more  difficult  than  at  firft  fight  ft 
may  appear.  The  prejudices  in  favour  of  the  fa(h!ons  and  cuf- 
toms  that  we  have  been  ufed  to,  and  which  are  juflly  called  a 
fecond  nature,  make  it  too  often  difficult  to  diftinguifh  that 
which  is  natural,  from  that  which  is  the  refult  of  educattion  ; 
they  frequently  even  give  a  predileftion  in  favour  of  the  artifi- 
cial mode ;  and  almoit  every  one  is  apt  to  be  guided  by  thofe 
local  prejudices  who  has  not  chafiifed  his  mind,  and  regulated 
the  inflability  of  his  affedions,  by  the  eternal  invariable  idea  of 
Nature. 

*  Here  then,  as  before,  we  mufl  have  recourfc  to  the  an* 
cients  as  inflru£tors.  It  is  from  a  careful  ftudy  of  their  works 
that  you  will  be  enabled  to  attain  to  the  real  fimplicity  of  Na- 
ture ;  they  will  fuggefl  many  obfervations,  which  would  pro- 
bably efcape  you,  if  your  ftudy  were  confined  to  Nature  alone. 
And,  indeed,  I  cannot  help  fufpedling,  that  in  this  inflance, 
the  ancients  had  an  eafier  tafk  than  the  moderns.  They  had, 
probably,  little  or  nothing  to  unlearn,  as  their  manners  were 
nearly  approaching  to  this  defirable  fimplicity ;  while  the  mo-  ' 
dern  artifl,  before  he  can  fee  the  truth  of  things,  is  obliged  to 
remove  a  veil,  with  which  the  fafhion  of  the  times  has  thought 
proper  to  cover  her.* 

If  there  are  any  defe£ls  in  this  Difcourfe,  they  arife  chiefly, 
perhaps,  from  a  partiality  to  a  particular  walk  of  painting. 
Though  Hogarth's  chief  excellence  confifted  in  the  exhibition 
of  familiar  life,  yet  that  furely  is  no  reafon  why  he  fhould  be 
entitled  only  to  an  inferior  degree  of  praife.  If  Nature  is 
firongly  pourtrayed  to  us,  the  imitative  art  has  its  end,  and  if 
it  is  common  and  unabflra£le4  Nature,  perhaps  not  the  leaflr 
ufeful  end  is  obtained. 

For  our  Author's  Difcourfe  on  the  diflribution  of  the  pn7es 
for  the  year  1769,  we  refer  to  the  42d  volume  of  our  Review, 
P   317*     S^c  ^l^o  ^tyf.  vol.  40,  p.  310,  for  his  oration  at  the  - 
opening  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

Rev.  May  lyyi.  C  C  Ilvt-NV 


[    378    ] 


Art.  VI  Continuation  of  a  Courfe  of  Experimental  Agricubm. 
Contaihing  an  exaQ  Regijier  of  all  the  Bufiue/s  tranfaSed^  durimgji^ 
Years  :  ^iz  from  |-«  to  \y{y^  on  near  300  Acres  0/ <various  5w//, 
including  a  Va-'lety  of  Experiments  on  the  Culii'uatiom  of  all  Sifts  tf 
Grain  and  Puljt.  both  in  thf  old  and  nenv  Methods,  The  fFhJedf 
monftruted  in  near  .»^oo  original  Experiments,  By  Arthur  Yoonf, 
Efq;  Author  of  The  Farmer's  Letters,  and  Tours  to  the  ScMtienoMd 
Northern  Counties,  Uc. 

WE  are  now  arrived  at  the  third  fcftion  of  Mr.  Yoirag's  firft 
book,  chap.  I.  the  fubj eft  of  which  (viz.  the  compariibo of 
profit  between  the  old  and  new  hufhandry,  in  refpc£k  to  the  caltuic  , 
of  wheat)  is,  as  he  juflly  obfcrves,  of  very  great  importance.  Wc 
ihall  give,  firft,_the  eflence  of  his  experiments  ;  fecondly,  his  obfcr- 
vations  on  them  ;  and,  ladly,  fuch  remarks  of  our  own  as  mayfeem 
necefTary  to  enable  the  Reader  to  form  a  juft  judgment  00  what  the 
Author  has  advanced. 


Ixp. 


In  the  year  1 764  Mr.  Y.  has  feven  Experiments  on  two 
Roods  of  ground  each 


Profit  or  Lo fs, 

Lofs  by  drilPd, 
Lofs  by  broad  caf}. 


1.    s.  d.    I 
o     6     3  1 


Obfervations. 


•oi 


I 


Difference     o     3     4J 


I  Lofi  by  bioad  cad,    o     3 
Difference     o     6 


» J 


Lofs  by  drill'J,  i     8 

Lofs  by  broad  caff,    o     2 


5 

4 

Difference     261 


Pr.  by  broad  caff,      o     3 
Lofs  by  drili'd,         o     4 


» 


Difference     073^ 


Profit  by  drill'd,        5     3     2 
Profit  by  broad  caff,  3   10     9 


Difference     i   12     5 


Profit  by  broad  caff,  o  ir 
Lofs  by  driird,  i   11 


Difference      227 


Pr.'fit  by    'OAdcaft,  I     8      5     I 
Lois  by  diiird,  l  \i     -^   \ 


DVffcrcnct    »  19    % 


Thefe  loflcs  arc  by  the  half  arrt,  and  all  thf 
r     leff  of  lofKi  or  profits  by  the  whole  aoc 


*  Reafon  it  fo  often  miffaken  ia  mattnt  tf 

huibandrj,  tbat  Jt  11  rnvtrfaJfy  la  k  oil- 
ed 1  crcii  IQ  d^dudng  conlci^ti/tticci  **>• 
dent  fifom  ejrpcrimcfli  itfelf,  Wc  m^k  not 
therefore  rwftjt  im  mtct,  evco  oo  ift^es* 
peri  men  (i,  notwithiliDdim  theit  beta|4^ 
cjfive  as  far  as  they  extend.' 

Mr.  Y.  is  quite  amort  on  this  trial. 


Mr,  y.  now  triumphs  for  the  drillen. 


Mr.y.  owns  the  tablet, n early  turo^d:  *  I 
forbear  reffe^ons  on  it;  theie  vani* 
tions  fhoald  convince  one  that  notbio{  ii 
agriculture  is -to  be  determined  ftr « 
againft,  without  much  czpcricnaa  frtS 
numerous  trials.* 

'  I  muff  own  this  trial  ^ots  ne  a  little  c8t 
«it  VMa.TCNQRit  "^vt^L  driilisf /     P,  148.—* 


Young V  Courfe  of  experimintal  AgrUulturiy  f^c.         379 

On  the  crops  of  this  year  Mr.  Y.  obferves,  *  if  nothing  farther  than 
t^is  immenrQ  diiference  was  taken  in,  it  would  be  deci/iye  againft 
the  drillers.* 

Reviewer's  Reflcflions. 

On  the  3d,  Rea/on  is  to  be  trufted  fully  in  ibis  and  all  cafes  when  pro- 
perly applied.  Reafon  herfelf  inftruds  us  hot  to  carry  our  con- 
clufions  too  far,  not  farther  than  the  premifes  allow,  and  then 
our  conclufions  will  be  right. 

On  the  5th,  Yet  the  produce  of  the  broad  call  was  7  bufhels,  and 
that  of  the  drill'd  only  9,  or  i  quarter  per  acre  greater  produft  ; 
and  much  more  money  is  laid  out  in  drilling,  and  conlequently 
greater  hazards  run. 

On  the  6th,  Mr.  Y.'s  caution  is  vtTj  juft. 

On  the  7th,  Mr.  Y.  fhould  be  not  a  little  out  of  humour.  His  af- 
figned  caufes  are  Inadequate. 

In  the  year  1765  Mr.  Y.  has  feven  Experiments,- the  two  fijpft 
on  two  Roods,  and  the  other  five  on  one  Rood  each. 

Obrervttions. 

Tbefe  loflies  accounted  for  by.ufe  of  expenfifS 
maoure.     Y, 


£zp. 
% 

Profit  or  Lofs  per  Acre 
J.    t. 
Loff  by  broad  caft,    o     7 
Lof3  by  driird,          214 

d. 

3 
II 

Difference     2 

7 

8 

9 

Profit  by  drili'd,        3 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  1 

2 
4 

Difference      1 

19 

lO 

20 

Profit  by  drili'd,        i 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  i 

J7 
II 

0 

% 

Difference      0 

10 

V 

Profit  by  driird,  .     3 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  2 

13 

10 
8 

Difference     0 

2 

12 

Profit  by  drili'd,        i 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  0 

0 
6 

Difference      0 

IS 

6 

n 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  6 
Profit  by  drili'd,       3 

Difference     2 

15 

2 
8 

6 

»4 

Profit  by  broad  caf>,  2 
Profit  by  drili'd,       2 

10 
6 

Difference     0 

6 

4 

Dry  years  like  this  (1765)  good  for  wheat 
in  general,  efpecially  drili'd,  as  frequent 
hoeings  hy  horfe  and  hand  ezpofe  Hew  fur« 
faces  to  attract  dew.    Y* 


Manuring  does,  in  a  dry.  year,  more  good  t^ 
drilled  crops  than  broad  caft,    Y. 


Mr.  Y.'s  Obfervationjs  on  compared  crops  of  this  year  1765; 
•  Drill  method  appears  si\moi\  uniformly  better  in  l\v\s  di^  '^tw,  ^\t- 
ference  of  fevca  acrss  cultivated  in  the  two  mt\.\lo4%  ^o>j2A ^» 

Cc  z  IUpAm 


380         Youn^V  Courfi  cf  txpnimmd  AgrlcmUmn^  &r# 

Reviewer*s  Reflexions  on  thefe  Experiments. 

On  the  9th,  Mr.  Y.'s  remark  is  very  jadicioos. 

S2th,  One  main  recommendation  of  the  drill  method  is,  that  it  fiives 
manure :  but  we  here  fee  the  great  fuperiortty  by  it  is  afcr3)ed  to 
manore. 

I3th9  The  drill'd  was  after  a  fall  fidlow,  and  the  broad  caft  atlj 
after  a  clover  crop,  and  yet  the  fuperior  profit  of  the  latter  voy 

*  great. 

I4tb,  'Tis  pretended  that  fucceeding  drill-crops  improve  ;  bit  here 
a  crop  of  broad  caft,  after  a  bean  crop»'is  fuperior* 

Qn  Mr.  Y.'s  General  Obfcrvations  our  Reflexions  are,  ift»  dial 
though*  driird  crops  are  this  dry  year  generally  (uperior  to 
broad  call,  yet  the  fuperiority  of  broad  caft  to  driii*d  in  Experi- 
ment 1 3  is  very  great ;  the  broad  caft  profit  is  almoft  double  of 
the  drill'd,  nearly  3  1.  per  acre.  2dly,  The  fuperiority  of  die 
drill'd  to  the  broad  caft  is  never  z  1.  per  acre. 

In  1766  Mr.  Y.  has  feven  Experiments,  the  three  firft  on  two 
Roods  each,  and  the  reft  on  one  Rood. 

ObfervatioAS. 

Wet  feiTon  occifioned  thefe  !•&••    T. 
DrillM  corn  too  much  cxpofed  to  laia.   T« 


Up. 

»5 

Profit  and  Lofs. 

1.    1.   4. 
Loft  by  driird «         208 
Lofs  by  broad  cail,   014 

DifiTerence     i  19    4 

16 

Lolfl  by  driU*a,         2411 
Lois  by  broad  caft.   0  la     i 

DilTerence    i  i*  10 

17 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  098 
Loft  by  driirdy         113     i 

Difference     129 

aS 

Profit  by  brof  d  caft,  05! 
Lois  by  driU*d»         017    a 

Difi^ence     i    2  10 

«9 

Lofs  by  driird^          j     5     0 
Lois  by  broad  cafty    0  14    0 

DifTerence     0  11     0 

so 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  i    9  10 
Profit  by  driird,       050 

DifiTerence     1    4  10 

ai 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  094 
Profit  by  drilled,      0    a    0 

DifTerence     074 

Samecaafe.    N.Bt  Both  crops  CfuUy  a^ 
dew*d.    Y. 


Same  caole*    Y» 


The  broad  caft  crop  foUowtd  dom:  di 
driU*dadriU*d.    Y. 


Msnnre  was  ufed,  and  mofc  facecftfiil  k  tbc 
broaftcaft.    Y. 


\K\. 


Young- J  Ciwr^yf  »f  exptrimintal  Jgricukun^  (fci 
Mr.  Y.'s  General  Obfervations  on  thefe  crops. 

f«  This  wet  year  maket  the.profit  by  broad  caft     -    - 
And  lofs  by  drilling       ...... 


38r 


1. 

1. 

A. 

I 

7 

8 

7 

»3 

lO 

Difference  •  -  -  -  -9  14    6 

2.  Need  of  many  kands  together  in  dril)  hufbandry  increafea  tbe  tXi* 

pence  amazingly. 

Reviewer's  Reflexions. 
On  Experiment  i8th»  A  drill'd  crop  after  a  driiPd  on^  anfuvars  AOtt 

fo  well  as  after  clover. 
20th,  The  fame  refledtion. 
tift.  Produce  was  equal  in  the  crops  compared ;  but  the  expence  o£ 

the  drill'd  funk  it.  ' 
We  fee  not  that  the  manure  had  more  effect  in  the  broad  caft. 

General  Obfervation  on  thefe  crops. 
We  fee  not  by  any  means  how  Mr.  Y.  can  acconnt  for  wet  years 

being  bad  for  drill'd  corn,  by  the  rain  coming  too  much  to  it.    On 

the  contrary,  the  greater  field-room  it  has  ihould  make  it  drjr 

iboner.    R. 
^/ly,  What  can  Mr.  Y.  mean  (p.  178)  by  faying,  on  Experiment 

J 8,  that '  2I.  is  a  ytry  confiderable  profit  this  year?*  No  fach 

profit  appears.    R. 

Mr.  Y.  has  in  the  year  1767  five  Experiments  on  divided  Roods 

each, 

ObiemtioaiofMr.y. 


Profit  and  Loft  per  Acre. 

1.   ••    d. 

Profit  by  brotd  caft,  0154 

Lofi  bj  drill* dy         o    o  lo 


DifFerence     0  i< 

% 

Profit  by  drUrd,       3  16 
Profit  by  broad  cafty  »  11 

t 

0 

Diflference     i     5 

8 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  i     4 
Profit  by  drill'd,      0    0 

4 
8 

Difilerence     i     3 

8 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  015 
LoTf  by  drm*d,         0  16 

i 

DkTereDce     i  11 

10 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  0    6* 
LofibydriU'd,         0  10 

0 

6 

A  drill'd  crop  of  beans  preceded* 
A  broad  caft  crop  of  ditto  preceded* 


After  dorer* 
After  barley* 


Fallow  preceded* 


The  field  wu  manoredi  and  ffodnft  sg^ 


DifFerence     o 


16    6   i 


Cc  3 


^Ru 


jSa        Ypi|ng*j  Courfi  of  ix^erimental  AgrlaUtwriy  tfcf 
Mr.  Y.'s  Obfcrvations  cm  thcfc  cropa. 


I.  Profit  this  year  by  the  broad  call  is 
Ditto,  driU'd, 


S  " 

2    9 


-    iDifference        -  -  -  .  -326 

2,  Drilled  Corn  is  more  faccefsful  than  it  wras  laft  year. 

3,  Mr.  y.  doubts  whether  wetnefs  be  againfl  drilling. 

N.B.  For  1765  read  1767  in  p.  igi  of  Mr.  Y. 

4,  In  many  cafes  a  fingle  year,  not  a  luccefllon  of  years,  is  to  be  coa- 
'  £dered  for  profit,  viz.  where  we  have  peculiar  wants. 

On  the  four  Years  Comparifans  Mr.  Y.  flicws  that 
profit  by  the  old  hufbandry  is  -  -  -    22  19  icl 

Ditto,  new  -  -  -  -  -      7  14   5J 

i'.i.  nearly  three  to  one  for  the  old. 

General  Corollary. 
*  On  an  average  of  crops  of  wheat  in  the  two  methods  in  vm-im 
cafes    (viz.  as  fucceeding  fallows,  beans  drill'd   and   broad  cail, 
clover  and  drill'd  wheat)  one  acre  in  the  oldhufbandrj'is  equal 
to £hree  in  the  hew.'   Honed,  ingenuous,  and  imporcant !  R. 
On  the  23d  Experiment  (the  only  one  this  year  in  which  the  drill'd 
crop  exceeded  in  profit)  the  former  had  great  advantage  in  hiT* 
ing  thfe  bean  land  ftirred  much  more ;  bat  what  were  the  compt* 
rative  profits  of  the  two  bean  crops  compared  ? 
Mr.  Y.  juftly  Calls  the  fubjeft  of  the  fourth  fedlion  of  the  firfl  chajh 
ter  of  the  firft  book,  viz.  *  quaqtity  of  feed,  an  untrodden  ground/ 
and  propofcs  to  reduce  his  Experiments  thereon  to  whatisif^^'i 
tieceffaryy  as  he  owns  his  papers  voluminous  enough. 

He  has  in  the  year  1764,  fix  Experiments  on  this  fubjcfl  m 
the  old  Huftandry. 
N.  B.  S  (lands  for  Seed,  and  P  for  Produce. 


Exp. 

Qr.  B.  P. 

Qr.  B. 

P. 

Qr, 

B.  P. 

Qr.  B. 

P. 

Qr.  B.  P. 

S. 

0x0 

0 

2   0 

030 

P. 

I   b   0 

2 

4   0 

3   I  0 

2 

s. 

010 

0   I 

2 

0 

2   0 

0   2 

2 

0  -3  0 

p. 

060 

t   X 

0 

2 

4   0 

2   6 

0 

3   »  « 

3  . 

s. 

010 

0   X 

2 

0 

2   0 

0   2 

2 

P. 

070 

X   0 

0 

2 

2   0 

2   6 

0 

4  ^ 

* 

S. 

010 

0   X 

2 

0 

2   0 

0   2 

2 

0  3  0 

P. 

040 

«   4 

6 

ft 

0   0 

2   6 

0 

3   0  0 

010 

0   X 

2 

0 

2   0 

0   3  0 

p. 

052 

1   6 

0 

3 

0   0 

2   6  0 

6 

S. 

010 

0   I 

2 

0 

ft   0 

0   2 

2 

0   3  0 

P. 

050 

'   4 

0 

2 

6   0 

3   0 

0 

3   2  0 

Mr.  Y,*8  ConcVutiotv^  otv  ^^  ^c^n^  ^x^^^, 
!•  On  ?11  Experiments,  tlka.l  \  >a>xfti^\^t  v:jt^\vS.^x  v;^\)9c\^W^ 


Young';  Courfe  cf  cxpcrlmmtal  A n-'i culture 


383 


,   On  Experiment  5th,  that  3  budiels  for  the  firil  time  Jecreafes  in 

produce. 
.  On  Experiment  6th,  that  3  bufhels  exceed  all  the  reft. 

His  Obfervations. 
.  *. One  would  expcft  lefs  feed  fhould  be  better  fed  ;  but  land,  if 
not  ilock'd  with  corn,  will  with  weeds.'    P.  206. 
.  Experiment  4th  is  on  clover  lay,  5th  and  6th,  on  fallow. 

B.       Qr.    B.    P. 

Average  of  clear  prodace  of         -        -        ^^^"^^      ^      ^ 


B.       Qr.   B.    P. 


002 

qr.  b.  p. 
010 

qr.b.p. 
012, 

qr.b.p. 

0  a  0 

3  40 
360 

1  5  0 

3  50 
26a 

3  I  0 

420 

*  7  3 

qr.  b.  p. 
02a 

qr.b.p. 

030 

qr.  b.  p. 
0  3  a 

»  0  7  0 
060 
040 
060 

050 
I  a  0 

220 
200 
100 
2  £  0 
072 

1  4  0 

2  12 

300 
300 
I  40 
3  I  0 

I  7  0 

3  2  2 

360 
3  ao 

160 
360 

3  3  a 

4  5  » 

300 
360 

1  4  0 
3  a  0 

3  »  I 

240 
a  6  0 

250 

320 
3  I  0 
120 
300 

212 

2  6  a 

ail 

0  5  a 

I  3  3 

*  3  3 

3  I  0 

4   Three  bufhels  of  feed  the  befl  quantity,  is  contrary  to  all  modeVn 

ideas. 
Thefe  Experiments  militate  ftrongly  againft  drillers,  one  of  whofe 

principal  boails  is  faving  of  feed.     R. 

Mr.Y.  has,  in  1765,  fevcn  Experiments,  moftof  them  in  eight 

parts. 

iV.  B.  The  head  line  ihews  the  feed,  and  the  produce  is  oppofite  to 
the  number  of  the  Experiment. 

«r.b.  D.  or.  b. 
S«ed 

7 
8 

9 
10 
II 
la 
'3 

At.    05a   133   «33   273   310   250   aiili5i 

Mr.  Y.'s  General  Conclufion  on  thefe  crops* 

1.  That  the  moH. profitable  quantity  of  feed  this  year  is  2  bufhels 

2  pecks. 

2«  That '  the  grand  average  to  be  drawn  from  all  mufl  be  of  pecu- 
liar advantage.'     P.  230. 

^uert^  Is  not  the  dryncfs  of  1765  an  adequate  reafon  why  2  bufhels 
and  2  pecks  may  fucceed  as  well  as  3  bufhels  in  1764  ?    R. 

Mr.  Y.'s  Conclufions  and  Obfervations  on  the  crops  of  1765; 
On  Experiment  i .  As  2  bufhels  give  more  than  3  bufhels,  lofs  by  x 
bufhels  is  35  s.  per  acre;  and  2  bufhels  2  pecks,  are  better  tham 

3  bufhels  by  2  1.   15  s.  per  acre. 

2.  To  Experiment  g,  Mr.  Y.  adds,  4  bufhels  2  pecks  give  i  quarter 
J  bufhel,  and  5  bufhels  only  1  quarter. 

3.  On  Experiment  10,  he  obferves,  that  after  good  clover  4  baiheis 
give  2  quarters  2  bufhels. 

To  Experiment  13,  he  adds,  that  on  this  richly  manured  field  4 
bufhels  2  iptcks  give  z  quarters  4  bufhels,  and  ^\>utbA\%  ^^  » 
quMTters  1  baihcl  and  2  pecks. 

GC4.  VOlL 


384        Young*i  Courfi  of  ixperlmMal  ApricuUiire^  ii^. 

5«  On  Experiment  13,    he  remarks,   that  *  imderlbwiiig  on  ruh. 

ground  is  not  fo  great  a  lofs  as  on  poorer.' 
6.  Mr.  Y.  obfervcs,  that  the  arerage  prodn^k  of  4  baflbcls  and  i 

pecks  is  I  quarter  2  bulhels,  and  Uiat  of  5  bafhels  is  7  bafhcds  and 

3  pecks  ♦. 

In  1 766  Mr.  Y.  has  fix  Experiments. 


Seed. 
Txp 

16 

17 
18 

'9 


qr.  b.  p. 
00a 

I  o  .3 
062 
05c 
07a 
J  o  3 
I  o  3 


qr.  b.  p. 
010 


170 
2  I  a 
I  4  a 
120 
I  4  » 
110 


qr.  b.  p. 
o  I 


a  3 
4  o 
7  o 
»  3 
z  2 

»  3 


qr.b.p. 
o  a  o 


240 
a  6  a 

240 

»  7  3 
a  tf  2 


qr.b.p. 
o  a  2 


6  a 

7  3 
4  «^ 

6  2 
I  2 

7  3 


qr.b.p, 
030 


240 
240 
26a 

*  7  3 
240 
223 


qr.b.  p 
032 


7  o 

0  1 
7  o 

1  2 
I  2 
7 


qr.b.p. 
04c 


170 
I  7  o 
«  S  3 
I  4  a 
^  »  3 
'  5  S 


041 


ISO 

»  3« 
»  5  3 
1  4« 

170 


100 


Av.  07c  133  ao2  231  241  213  142  1*3 

I/,  B.  Five  bufhcls  give,  in  Experiment  14th,  1  quarter  and  3  pecks; 
in  I  ^th,  I  quarter  2  bufhels.  Experiment  14th  was  oa  bHow^ 
15th  on  clover  land,  and  i6th  on  bean  ftubble. 

Mr.  Y/s  General  Obfervations. 
I.  Two  bufhels  2  pecks  is  beft  quantity,     2.  The  feafon  of  this  year 

was  oppofitc  to  that  of  1765. 

In  1767  Mr.  Y.  has  fix  Experiments, 
N,  B,  Lad  table  is  here  continued. 


ad 
ai 

2a 

»5 


qr.  b.  p. 
073 
072 
103 
072 

I    2    C 


qr.b.p 
07a 

5  3 
7  o 
a  o 

5  3 
a  o 


qr.b.p. 
I  7  c 
I  7  o 
223 

1  5  3 

2  I  a 
170 


qr.b.p 

223 

7 

4  o 

5  3 
»  3 
3  * 


qr.b.p. 
»  5  J 


qr.b.p 
26a 
a  a 

»  4 

1  7 

2  2 

»  3 


qr.b.p 
I  7  o 
I  7  <? 
112 

»  5  3 

170 
170 


qr.b.  p. 
'   5  3 


5  3 

7  o 
a  o 
7  o 
a  c 


qr.b.p. 
E  a  q 
I  4» 
I  4» 
13s 
120 
ISO 


Av.      073    ia3    162    172    220    aoo    132    103    06  ~i 

N,  B.  In  this  year  the  bed  quantity  is  2  bufhels  and  2  pecks  of 
feed. 

Average  of  the  four  Years, 

Table  the  laft  continued. 

qr.  b.  p.Iqr.  b.  p.iqr.  b.p.Iqr.b,  p.lqr.  b.  p.lqr.  b,  p.Iqr.  b.  p.lqr.  b.  p.lqr.  b.p, 
o  6  31    I  I  3M  7  o|  2  3  o|  2  4  31  21  3  OM  5  31   I  9  31  I  o  0 

N.B.  In  1767,  5  bufhels  produced  in  all  Experiments  i  quarterns 
bufhels,  except  in  No.  25,  and  in  that  only  i  quarter  and  3  pecks. 

Mr.  y.  obferves  on  crops  of  1767,  that  many  fields  yielded  only  5 
bufhels  per  acre,  and  that  in  Experiment  24  above  5  facksper. 
acre  are  produced. 

'^  N,  B.  Thoujih  thcfe  Experiments  are  made  on  quantities  oif 
gv(  und  much  fmaller  than  an  acre,  yet  we  give  them  in  that  pro- 
poitiOD,  SLs  being  more  (axni\xaX)  axvil  ^^^t^^^t^  «^iCY^    R« 


Ybung%  Courft  of  ixpmmefital  jfgruuhun^  £y<,         jg^ 

Mr.  Y/s  General  Obfervation  on  tbcfc  Experiments  of  the 
four  years  is, 

*  They  are  made  on  clayey  and  gra'vfily  loam,  after  fallows,  and  fal- 
low crops  of  aii  forts.'  The  refult  z  bulhels  and  2  pecks  bell 
quantity. 

On  his  five  Experiments  of  quantity  of  Ceed  In  the  new  husbandry,  in 
1764,  Mr.  V.  obfcrvcs»  ift,  that  2  bufhels  and  z  pecks  are  Arikingly^ : 
the  moll  advantageous  quantity  ;  and,  2dly,  that  three  rowi  are 
preferable  to  two,  and  two  to  one,  in  every  quantity  of  feed.  Oa 
the  Experiments  in  1765,  on  this  fubjcft,  Mr.  Y.  obfervcs,  in  the 
6th,  2  bufhels  2  pecks  arc  the  belt  quantity,  and  when  fown  in 
treble  rows  :  on  the  7th,  the  fame :  on  the  i^'th,  that  the  greatest 
produce  is  from  2  bufhels  in  one  foot  rows ;  next  from  2  bufhels 
2  pecks  in  ditto  ;  next  from  2  bufhels  in  iS  inch  rows ;  then  from,  j 
I  bufhcl  2  pecks  in  one  foot  rows;  and  lalUy,  from  2  bufhels  2 
pecks  in  one  foot  rows :  on  the  nth,  that  2  bufhels  is  the  beft 
quantity,  and  diftance  of  6  inches  inferior  to  12:  on  the  12th, 
that  2  bufhels  is  the  befl  quantity ;  but  2  bttlheh  2  pecks  comes 
nearer  than  hitherto :  on  the  1 3th,  that  2  bulhcfs  2  pecks,  in  tre- 
ble rows,  arc  the  bell ;  and  that  i  bufhel  i  peck  produces  as  mucK 
in  one  row  as  in  three  ;  a  phenomenon  unaccountable  !  On  the 
14th,  15th,  and  J  7th,  that  2  bulhcls  2  pecks  arc  the  fupcrior 
quantity;  but  that  in  the  i6th,  18th,  and  19th,  2  buihels  ^^^ 
(our  Author's  word)  2  bufhels  2  pecks  in  rows  12  inches  afundcr, 

Mr.  Y/fi  Particular  Conclufions. 
Pn  8th|  One  foot  is  the  belt  dil^ance,  and  others  are  better  as  nearer 
to  it ;  but  diflance  is  not  chiefly  confrderable. 

*  On  joth,  *  General  ellefl  proves  that  the  more  rows  thcbettcr,* 
On  i6di^  *  One  foot  is  the  proper  dillancc  for  cquidiAant  rows.' 

His  General  Conclufions. 
I»  But  quantity  varies  betwixt  2  bufhels  2  pecks,  and  a  bufhels  ;  but 
as  I  bufhel  1  peck  is  in y/i;^riz/ Experiments  the  belli  the  2  bnjhels 
feem  Itkeliell  to  be  belt. 

2.  Eqaidiilant  rows  at  1  2  inches,  then  at  18  inches,  are  befU 

3.  Horfc-hoed  crops  come  next* 

4,  Three  feet  intervals  lent  four  feet  intervals. 

5,  Thefe  fuperior  dUtances  require  a  fallow,  which  horfc-hocd  crops 
do  not. 

Reviewer's  Conclufions. 
t*  The  2  buihels  proving  befl,  may  be  owing  to  the  d/ynefs  of 

■  76^ 
2.  One  bufhel  1   peck  is  feldom  fuperior;  fo  that  our  conclufionis 

the  contrary  of  Mr.  Y/i,  viz*  that  2  bufhels  2  pecks  feem  befl  on 

the  whole. 
3*  Whether  2  bufhels  2  pecks,  or  only  2  bufliels,  be  the  bell  quan* 

tity,  it  militates  Urongly  againil  drillers. 

r  ..-.-.  -  -- — ^- — 

*  N*  B*  Experiment  9th  is  wanting. 


j86        YoungV  Courf€  of  exptrimmial  Agriadtun^  kfc. 

The  fifth  fedion  of  chapter  I.  book  the  firft^  examinet  whtt  isthe 
bcft  time  of  fowing. 

Experiment  til.  Nine  pieces  of  ground  are  fown  at  abeot  a  week's 
diftance  each  from  other,  from  September  5  to  November  ic.  The 
firft  gives  the  beft  crop,  and  the  two  laft  the  worft,  but  not  ia 

regular  progreiEon. 
2d,  Eight  pieces  fowed  from  September  12  to  Odlober  30.   Thedit 

ferences  are  regular,  but  fometimes  extremely  irifiing. 
3d,  Differences  are  trifiing  and  irregular.     Same  produce  from  ftme 

quantities  fown  at  a  month's  diilance. 
4th,  Eight  fowings,   including  about   fix  weeks.    Produce  is  fc- 

quenUy  in  an  oider  contrary  to  the  iall  Experiment,  except  ia  tke 

two  lail  portions. 
5th,  Fourteen  different  fowings^  from  Auguft  18   to  December  i;. 

Difference  betwixt  produce  of  firft  and  laft  is  more  than  two  to 

one,  though  the  laft  had  three  ploughings  more, 
6th,  Sixteen  different  fowings  from  Auguft  2^  to  December  18.  The 

middle  feafons  have  belt  produce,   and  the  laft  wohe  than  the 

earlieft. 
7th,  Seventeen  fowings,  from  Auguft  23  to  December  26.    Pnncipai 

produce  from  September  lO  to  Odlober  16  ;   from  earlier  much 

lefs,  and  afterwards  it  declines. 
8tb,  Seventeen  fowings,  frjm  Auguft  r-  to  December  26,  on  clover 

land.     Produce  of  two  eailieft  is  trifling;  they  then  rife  toN^'Sy 

fown  on  September  .1,  and  then  gradually  decline. 
9th,  Thirty-five  fowings.  from  July   r-  to  April    28.     Ploughinp 

continued  in  proper  weather.     Produce  rifes  to  N**  7,  fown  Sep- 
tember 8,  \i  the  fame  on  z^d,  and  then  with  fomc  irregularities 

declines. —iV  B,  Firft  and  laft  are  equal, 
loth.  Same  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  the  fame  days,  witk 

rotten  manure.     Latter  autumnal  fowings  feem  benefited  by  die. 

manure, 
nth.  Same  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  fallow.    Chief  produce 

is  from  fowings  of  September  8  to  November  24. 
12th,  Same  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  a  clover  lay.    Refilt 

as  above  to  fowing  of  December  22. 

Mr.  Y.'s  Obfervations  on  Particular  Experiments. 
On  7th,  *  Late  ploughings  feem  not  to  have  effeft.' 
8th,  *  Two  firft  fowings  feem  to  have  failed  from  the  clover's  roott 

being  too  juicy.' 
9th,  *  Sowing  earlier  than  ufual  may  fave  a  ploughing ;  an  objedof 

much  confequence  to  an  hufbandman.' 
nth,  *  Very  little  fowings  are  not  r:compenfed  by  extra  tillage.' 
12th,  *  This  foil  being  gravelly  may  have  feafon  continue  fa?Otti«l* 

on  that  account.' 

Mr.  Y.'s  General  Obfervations. 
L  *  Early  fowings  require  thorough  weeding  before  winter,  wbii 

may  be  5  s.  expence  per  acre.' 
II.  '  Beft  feafon  lu  Sei^ietcvbciT  ^xvd  Kalf  of  Oflober^  t^it  Septeabff 

better,  and  a\l  {ubfeQutnx.  w^  ^ox^^  ^\i\^^^0 


Yoyxti^iCgwrfiofixpertmittialAgrUulturiyiic.  387 

III.  '  Difference  o^  fctfons  of  fowing  fecms  to  cffeft  no  difference  in 
corn  as  to  diftempers  and  beating  down.' 

Reviewer's  Obfcrvationsy  particular  and  general. 

Oil  Experiment  cjd,  Mr.  Y.'s  giving  ploughings  in  lieu  of  earlier 
rowings,  on  this  gravelly  loam,  may  account  for  equality  of  pro- 
duce. 

7th,  The  late  ploughings  may  have  had  that  effed,  though  unat- 
tended to,  as  U^e  produce  would  probably  have  been  woife  with- 
out them. 

£th,  Mr.  Y.'s  obfervation  hereon  feems  very  judicious  and  impor- 
tant. 

1.  Gen.  As  all  Mr.  Y.*s  Experiments  on  this  fubje(El  are  in  the  drill 
hufbandry,  they  cannot  be  decifi^ve  on  the  luhole  for  broad-cad  ;  - 
as  flower  ripening  of  corn  in  one  method,  and  *vtce  ijer/a^  may  re- 
quire great  allowance. 

2.  (Jen  Difference  of  feafon,  and  nature  of  foil  and  management, 
muft  require  great  allowances  on  this  fubje<5l. 

Seflion  fixth  of  chapter  I.  book  the  firft,  exhibits  mifcellaneooj 
Experiments  on  fteeps,  feeds,  &c. 

From  Experiments  1 7,  of  fteeps  in  common  fait,  fait  petrc, 

lime,  foot,  pigeon's  dung,  horfe's  urine,  wood-lye,  &c.  no  cpnclu-  ' 
fion  refults  that  any  of  them  is  of  fervice.    P.  310      But  from  fix 
Experiments  on  change  of  feed,  many  important  conclufions  arife,  viz.*  .' 

1.  Foreign  wheats  from  the  moll  oppofite  climates  arc  fupcrior  to 
moil  of  our  own. 

2.  Sowing  of  wheat  rrxlfcd  for  feveral  years  in  the  neighbourhood,  ii 
worjc  than  any  change, 

3.  Change  from  poor  land,  even  to  ftiff  loam,  fucceeds  not. 

4.  Evciham  wheat  is  fuperior  in  many  inllances  to  all  forts ;  Kentiih 
red  wheat  is  r*cxt ;  and  Cambridgelhire  the  third. 

q.   Red  and  white  wheats  are  nearly  eq'?al. 

6.  Bearded  wheats  yield  larger  produce,  but  inferior  in  quality. 

7.  Mere  change  of  foil  is  of  much  confequence. 

Conclufions  from  other  Experiments. 
From  14th  and  15th,  Black  dutl  of  burned  corn  appears  to  prodoce 

no  bad  grain. 
1 6th  and  17th,   id,  A  double  fallow  and  manuring  appear  to  yield 

the  bell  grain  :    2.  Bad  feed  en  bad  land,  in  bad  order,  produces 

bad  grain  :  3.  But  on  good  land  well  ordered,  the  contrary. 
18th,   I.  Long  dung,  and   fecond  and  third  cropping,  produce  bad 

crops :   2.  'Soil  in  very  good  order  forces  bad  leed  to  a  pitch 

which  good  cannot  exceed.* 
19th,   I.  '  Burnt  and  mully  grain  is  mAre  fubje^Sl  todidempers  than 

found  fee4  :'    2.  *  Wheat  is  affirdled  by  dull  of  burned  barley  and 

oats,  'as  well  as  by  that  of  wheat.* 
2cth,  Former  conclurion  of  h(l  Experiment  feems  contradicted. 

From  many  uninfcrtcd  Experiments   Mr.  Y.  concludes,   ill,  that 
mildew  proceeds  immediately  from  infers  brought  by  the  wind,  p. 
319:  :dly,  that  rich  foils,  manured,  and  fome  natural  ones,  are  more 
liable  to  mildews  :   jdfy,  that  drill'd  crops  are,  ferhapi^  isssy^^Kxii!^ 
to  mildews  from  dravi^ing  a  current  of  air  atid  lufc^  m  \x.    '^x^* 


388     n^e  Farmer's  Litters  to  the  Landlords  of  Great  Britatn. 

N,  B.  If  driird  cropj^  on  any  account  whatever,  be  more  liable  tl 
mUdcWt  heacc  arifes  a  capital  objedion  to  drilling.     R, 

Experiments  af  Ciiriofity,  ai 26. 

N*  IT  (hews,  that  flipping  of  wheat  roots  is  attcoded  with  lodif  - 

nearly  3  K  per  acre. 
N*  22,  that  tranfplantailon  is  not  Hkcly  to  anfwer. 
Ift  N*  ^5,  2l>  2^.  arc  produced  8,  10,  and  ►  i  quarters  z  bufhels  hf 

high  culture,  and  wiih  lofs  of  170 1.  in  the  bit  Experiment  N*  15, 
N"  3^ »  produce  is  5  quarters  3  bulhcls  3  pcck5,  at  expence  of  15  I. 

Seftion  feventh  aad  lafl  of  chapter  I.  Sec,  contains  general  Re- 
marks, which  dcferve  ta  be  written  in  letters  of  gold.  ^M 
I.  •  Culture  of  wheat  is  a  matter  of  much  nicety.*  ^ 
n.  •  Impro'viii  hujhandry  h  fcven  times  more  advantageous  than  the 

common,  and  yet  feveraj  very  great  crops   leave  but  very  fmall 

proftu* 
ni.  *  Incomplete  cultivation  is  very  unprofitable^  but  tefs  fo  thta 

a  complete  one.' 
IV-  *  Both  on  clayey  jind  gravelly  loams  (/  f,  the  generality  of  wheat 

lands)  the  dd  hujhandry  is  the  fuperior  mode.* 

V.  *  On  the  whole,  the  ne^  hyjhandry  \%  far  beyond  a  common  far- 
incr»  both  on  account  of  perfe^ion  of  inflruments,  and  accuracf 
of  culture.' 

VI.  *  Profit  of  wheat  fuccecding  ameliorating  crops,  appears  clearly* 
and  is  a  nr^z/Z^jVit/ obje^  oiiinfertance^ 

VII.  *  Wmii  K  txpoRTAiioN  ts  ALLOWED,  Increafc  of  whcat  u  aQ 
obje£t  of^iifl  HOtienal  importance. ^ 

VJII*  *  The  mojl  rational  method  ofeffeAing  an  increafe  of  wheati  it 
promotion  of  gcmral  gcod  hufietndry^  and  particularly  large  ^uaa-* 
titles  of  manure.'     P.  ^a^. 

[  Ti  be  concluded  in  cur  next.  ]  S 

Art.  VII,  The  Farmer* s  Letters  ta  the  Landlords  9/ Great  Brhetin* 
Containing  the  Sentiments  of  a  pra^ical  Hulbandmany  oil 
various  Subjc£ls  of  great  Importance ;  particularly,  I«  On 
raifmg  large  Sums  of  Money  by  improving  Eftatcs.  11,  On 
the  Methods  of  raifmg  the  Rental  of  Eftates*  IIL  On  va- 
rious Improvements  j  fuch  as  Draining,  Manuring,  Fencing ; 
and  raifing  new  Buildings,  or  remedying  t|ic  Inconvcniencics 
of  old  ones,  IV,  On  Paring,  Burning,  Liming,  &c.  V, 
On  improving  fcvcral  Sorts  of  wafte  Lands,  Moors,  Downs^ 
Wolds,  &c.  &c.  The  Whole  calculated  to  Ihew  the  great 
Profit  attending  the  Improvement  of  Eftatcs,  both  in  culli* 
vatcd  and  uncultivated  Countries*  VoL  IL  8vo.  6  !• 
NicolK     1771,  M 

THE  titlc*page  fufficiently  ftiews  the  defign  of  thefc  aj  " 
Letters*  which  are  of  a  much  more  extenfivc  nature  than 
thofc  of  the  former  volume  *,  h 

L^  For  our  account  of  the  Brfl  volume,  fee  Rev.  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  4]7*^| 
Hc€  dfo  2n  account  of  the  ad  t^diUQiit  \oX*xxm.*  ij*  "iix*  ,  V 

_    "1 


The  Farmer^ s  Letter t  is  thi  Landlords  ofGrtai  Britmm     389 

The  Author,  Mr,  Young,  obfcrvcs,  that  he  deilgns  to  point 
out  to  landlords,  who  only  know  that  they  have  improvable 
cllates»  an  cafy  method  of  giving  proper  diredions  10  ihcir 
ilewards,  &c.  to  improve  them  i  and  to  give  hints  to  fuch  as 
know  much  more  of  ihe  fubjcdt.  He  propofes  10  fliew  the  no- 
bility and  gentry  how  to  raifc,  on  their  improvable  eAates,  large 
fums  of  money,  or  great  incomes  quickly,  in  many  cafes,  with 
lefs  hazard  than  attends  application  to  the  minijfry  for  a  phce^ 
or  to  the  city  for  a  wife.  He  promifes  to  advife  no  improvement 
which  he  has  not  athtir  pra^iijed  or  Jcen  praSiifed^  and  th^t  his 
defign  is  not  to  make  farmers  but  improvers*  By  improvable 
eftates  he  means  fuch  as  will  pay  intereft  for  money  expended^ 
and  leave  a  clear  profit  from  5  to  20  per  cent* 

In  Letter  11.  be  adviTcs  the  landlord  to  fecure  a  large  fum 
to  go  through  his  intended  improvements  with  fpirit,  and 
not  to  depend  upon  fmall  annual  fums ;  and  he  compares  him 
to  the  merchant,  whofe  fuccefs  depends  upon  having  a  fuiftcienc 
capital.  But  we  apprehend  that  many  a  nobleman  and  gentle- 
man who  docs  not  underftand  agriculture,  will  tliink  it  a  point 
of  prudence  to  try  how  fmaller  annual  fum^  anfwer  in  im- 
provements, before  he  incur  the  rifque  of  adding  to  the  weight 
which  he  already  fuftatns,  by  a  confiderablc  mortgage.  He 
cannot  by  fuch  cautious  conduct  grow  fo  fuddenly  rich  ;  but  hi  1 
is  fafc  from  becoming  fuddenly  poor,  and  he  will  gradually  I 
gain  experience. 

Letter  UK  aJvifes  the  landlord  to  gain  a  complete  know- 
ledge of  his  eftatc,  as  a  grand  preliminary*  But  hie  labor ^  hoc 
§pm  ejh  Mr.  Y,  ailigns  many  reafons  againft  employing  com- 
mon He  wards  in  thefe  improvements,  and  therefore  advifes  the 
landlord  either  to  get  fufficicntly  acquainted  with  country  bu- 
finefs  himfclf  to  di£tate  pofitivcly  to  woikmen,  or  to  employ 
fome  pcrfon  of  known  abilities  to  dictate  in  that  manner.  J 

But  this  is  the  vtry  difEculty  which  fcems  next  to  infur-     \ 
mountable*     The  landlord  may  fpend  the  bejl  part  or  whie  of     I 
his  life,  before  he  can  gain  knowledge  fyfEcicnt,  or  gain  fuch 
a  fidus  Achates  as  Mr.  Y,  recammends,    *Tis  ^n  cafy  matter  to 
provide  books  ruled  with  feparate  columns  for  place,  foJs,  ic*    , 
oant,  acres  of  arable^    grals,  wood,    Ihcep-walk  incfoied  and 
open,  rent,  repairs,  horfes,  oxen,   young  cattle,  iheep,  hogs^ 
&c.  &c.  but  a  mo{i  di^cult  thmg   to  know  into  whoie  handa 
to  put  ihefc  books  thus  ruled  ^ndfilUd,     He  muft  be  acquainted 
not  only  with  agriculture  in  general,  but  that  of  the  country    ^ 
he  is  to  improve  in  particularly  \  the  prices  of  labour,  wooJ»     1 
and  all  the  produ«5ls  of  the  canh  ;  the  Itate  of  the  ne^tcil  mar-    I 
kets  i    the   conveyance   by  land   and   water,  &r.  and   \\  he   is    " 
thus  act^uainted  w^Ui  the  country]  he  can  ic^rce  f&tl  ol  V\«M\\\f; 


L 


390      7h  Farmer^  Letters  to  the  t^ndhrds  of  Gnat  Britain* 

connexions  with  the  people  ;  a  circumftancc  which  Mr,  Y 
jcfted  to  in  the  old  fteward. 

And  here,  once  for  all,  wc  prcfume  to  deliver  our  opiniol 
on  this  important  fuhjefl  j  vfz.  that  no  landlord  who  is  igno* 
rant  of  agncuUurc  can,  with  prudence,  inirutt  his   eftate  i\ 
itnprovemtrnt  to  any  perfon  who  will  not  ^rvc  bond,  on  co 
dition  of  a  certain  fum  to  he  advanced  by  the  landlord,  to  i 
prove  the  rental  to  a  certaia  ratCi  and  bring  a  fufficicnt  tcoai 
to  lestfe  it  at  thit  rare, 

Mr*  Y,  judicioafly  advjfes  to  begin  improTcmcnts  with  fan 
moll  capable  of  it;  and  obfcrves,  that  the  cxpcnces  of  rcpai 
in  little  farms  fwallow  up  a  conftderubic  fliare  of  rent.     Hi 
concludes  this  letter  by  (hewing,  that  if  ponds  arc  to  be  du^ 
roads  to  be  mended,  houfes,  &c.   to  be    repaired  or  rebuilt, 
nrarle,  limeftone,  &c.  to  be  dug,  though  thefc  works  may  ni 
be  prudent  in  a  tf  nant,  they  may  be  highl,  fo  in  a  landlord, 

Jn  Letter  IV.  Mr.  Y.  (hews  that  the  .lugmenting  of  rents 
by  giving  notice  to  n!d  tenants  to  quit  at  a  day,  or  pay  an  ad 
vance,  is  a  fchcme  liable  to  many  objcftions,  of  which  he  fp 
cifies  a  few  ;  viz.  that  thus  the  work  is  done  by  halves, 
none  will  give  fur  farms  unimproved  nearly  what  a  landlo 
may  make  by  improvements  j  2dly,  that  new  tenants  will  n 
take  without  a  Icafe,  and  thus  tic  up  a  landlord's  hands  froi 
further  improvements  ;  3dly,  that  *tis  unjuft ;  and,  4thly,  un- 
popular. Mr.  Y,  judiciourty  advifes  to  do  all  repairs  and  im- 
provemcnts,  if  the  landlord  can,  while  the  old  tenant  is  01 
the  farm  \  which  he  thinks  may  be  done  even  on  leafed  farmi 
by  virtue  of  the  claufc  for  ingrefs  and  regrcfs  for  repairs.  \\^ 
think  however  differently,  as  the  making  improvements  unde 
the  name  of  repairs,  may  be  very  inconvenient  and  dtfadvania 
geous  to  the  prcfent  tenant,  and  was  never  intended  by  ih 
claute.  Mr.  Y.  advifes,  that  if  ihe  improvements  cannot 
made  while  the  old  tenant  is  on  the  farm,  it  Ibouid  rather 
taken  into  hand,  the  intended  works  done,  and  the  farm  te-lcl 
than  covenants  for  the  improvements  made  with  the  new  ( 
nant.  His  reafon  is,  that  a  man  will  value  higher  what  h< 
views  done,  than  what  he  is  told  of.  But  furely  a  tenant  may 
have  fuch  certainty  of  the  works  to  be  done,  that  he  cann^ 
doubt  of  the  reality  of  them  ;  and  it  may  be  fo  very  inconvi 
nient  to  the  landlord  to  buy  ftock,  utenfils,  and  hire  fervanfj 
that  the  improvements  may  be  more  advantagcoufly  execut 
both  for  landlord  and  tenant,  by  the  new  tenant's  immediatef 
fuccceding  the  old.  Lcfs  expence  laid  out  on  tnc  new  tenant^' 
own  phn  may  be  both  more  pleafmg  and  more  ufeful  th 
greater  on  the  landlord's. 

Mr.  Y*   thinks  fix  months  iufficicnt  time  to  ^improve  m^fi 
htm^^  SLod  twelve  months  to  improve  any.     Buildings  arc  to 


;ob^ 


Tht  Farmer*!  Letters  to  the  Lan^hrJs  a/ Great  Britain,      391 

done  in  fummcr,  fences  in  winter.  He  advifcs  not  to  cm- 
ploy  the  landlord's  old  carpenters,  mafons,  &c.  He  would 
allb  have  great  numbers  of  all  woikmen  hired  at  advanced 
prices  i  and  fcvcral  farms  improved  at  the  fame  time*  But 
here  we  mull  obfeive,  that  many  judicious  landlords  will  pro- 
bably be  of  an  oppofite  opinion,  becaufe  much  work  will  occa- 
fion  confufion,  neglect,  &c,  and  that  advancing  of  prices  is  not 
only  a  temporary  evil,  but  a  antinuifig  one,  and  of  a  contagious 
example. 

Letter  V-  opens  with  a  plan,  which  flicws  how  inconve- 
niently the  lands  of  three  farms  may  be  fituatcd  with  regard  to 
the  houfcs,  and  howeafily  reformed  by  making  the  fcveral  parts 
of  the  fame  farm  contiguous.  This  is  (q  natural  an  idea*  that  it 
muft  furcly  have  fu^gtftcd  iifclf  to  every  one  who  hath  thought 
of  improvements  at  alL 

The  Author,  however,  adds,  that  if  the  farms  arc  too  fmall, 
iliould  all  be  thrown  together,  and  fufficient  buildings  ereifled 
in  one  convenient  place*  He  thinks  that  fuch  reform  would 
raifc  the  rent  to  double  5  and  in  fuch  low  rents  as  he  mentions^ 
viz«   19.  6  d.  per  acre,  we  apprehend  it  might. 

Our  Improver  obferves  rigUily,  that  in  diipofmg  an  eftate 
into  farms,  the  fize  molt  demanded  in  the  country  (hould  be 
regarded  ;  and  adds,  that  when  tent  is  not  funk  on  account  of 
fize,  the  larger  the  farm  is,  the  mote  advantageous  tu  the  land- 
lord, as  the  buildings  and  repairs  are  not  in  proportion.  But 
allow  us  to  remind  Mr.  Y.  that  in  the  former  volume  of  his 
Letters  he  has  thcwii,  that  farms  which  are  large  beyond  a  cer- 
tain fize,  are  difadvantagcous  both  to  the  public  and  individuals, 
as  they  discourage  population,  and  cxad  nt»t  fufiicient  attention 
to  culture. 

Mr.  Y*  aifo  well  obferves,  that  the  fize  of  fields  fiiould  be 
proportioned  to  that  of  farms  ;  and  he  remarks,  that  the  number 
of  arable  Gelds  to  a  farm  need  not  be  more  numerous  than  crops 
which  compofe  a  courfe.  He  thiiiks  that  grafs  fliould  be  di- 
vided into  three  or  four  clofcs  for  convenience.  It  is  certaiu 
that  mixed  rtock,  viz*  fhecp,  horned  cattle,  and  horfes,  dirive 
together  ufuahy  ;  but  it  fccma  proper  for  the  farmer  to  have 
not  only  pafturcs  for  bis  fattivg  and  Uan  flock,  but  alfo,  if  he 
can,  foz  fnjhening  ftock  too. 

Letter  VI  propofes  to  confidcr  that  capital  objeft  in  farms, 
the  rtbuilding  or  repairing  of  the  houfcs,  &c.  We  agree  with 
Mr.  Y,  entirely  th nt  JIaU  or  file  ftiould  be  fubftituted  for  shaub. 
He  thinks  the  pUns  for  farm-houfcs  already  puhliflied  very 
faulty^  as  bring  vtry  imnn'tyenient.  Wc  fhall  not  pre  fume  to  fcan 
thele  phinj  cri  ica  Ivt  mf»rc  specially  as  dimcniions  ate  not 
given  i — now  a^d  lUcn  we  {ball  otilr  a  r.nurk. 


L 


392     Ti^  FarnuT*$  Letters  to  the  Landlords  of  Groat  Britain. 

In  plate  II.  fig.  r,  c  is  called  a  fmatlroomj  yet  appears  twioe 
or  thrice  as  big  as  a^  in  which  the  whole  family  are  to  live: 
'We  really  imagine  chat  the  letters  are  tranfpofed.  In  fig.  St 
though  fomething  is  faved  by  having  the  fire-place  of  the  parlour 
thruft  into  the  corner,  yet  more  feems  loft  by  having  it  cfafe 
to  the  dairy,  ft>  as  to  aneft  the  milk,  efpecially  as  the  fire  cif 
the  fcatding  houfe  is  in  the  fame  pofition.  Fig.  3,  is  joftly 
liable  to  the  fame  objedion ;  and  we  fhould  fuppofe  that  vkj 
judicious  farmer  who  came  to  fuch  an  houfe,  would  cenainly 
make  /  his  dairy,  provided  it  be  built  northwards,  which  dairia 
ihpuld  conftantly  be. 

In  plate  III.  fig.  i,  Mr.  Y.  gives  a  plan  of  a  fium-yard, 
which,  in  general,  may  do  very  well ;  and  we  agree  with  hin 
•that  the 'farmer's  kitchen  fhould  form  a  part  of  the  indofaie. 
We  find  not  immediately  an  explanation  of  fig.  2,  and  do  ncX 
eafily  guefs  what  it  means.  In  plate  IV.  Mr.  Y.  gives  what 
may  be  called  a  plan  of  a  fuperb  farm-yard,  with  all  poffble 
conveniences,  which  may  fuit  the  purfe  and  tafte  of  a  noble* 
man. 

We  agree  with  him  entirely  that  *  manure  is  theySii/(diough, 
a  n^Ay  foul)  of  good  hufbandry ;'  and  we  go  even  further  tbaa 
he  does  :  we  would  have  all  cattle,  young  as  well  as  aged, 
oxen  as  well  as  cows,  flailed,  for  two  reafons  which  appear^ 
us  unanfwerable  ;  viz.  that  thus  they  are  often  prevented  frUik 
doing  harm  to  each  other,  and,  fecondly,  that  their  ridgn  are 
kept  dry,  a  point  of  much  more  importance  than  is  lifual^ 
imagined.  We  agree  with  Mr.  Y.  that  a  landlord  who  bfikfc 
his  tenant  to  (lack  all  hay  at  home^  ads  wifely  if  he  alfo  bimb 
him  to  lay  all  the  manure  on  his  grafs  land. 

And  now  we  are  fent  back  to  plate  III.  fig.  2,  for  anexpla^ 
nation  of  an  irregular  farm-yard. — We  entirely  approve  Mr. 
Y.'s  advice  to  bind  the  workmen  to  finifh  in  a  given  time. 

Mr.  Y.  ends  this  letter  by  apologizing  for  non-affignoieM 
of  calculations,  bccaufe  they  are  fo  various ;  but  this  apology 
fecms  not  to  us  fufficicnt.  He  intends,  we  apprehend,  to  in' 
ilruA  the  ignorant;  and  for  fuch,  furely,  calculations  upon  dif' 
ferent  plans,  with  different  given  materials,  and  in  difiercnt  m 
fituations,  are  ufeful,  nay  needful,  that  the  improver  haviif  W 
made  proper  alloy/ances  for  the  difference  of  his  own  fituatioftf 
may  calculate  with  tolerable  exaftnefs  before  he  begins  tobuili 

Letter  VII.  opens  with  a  declamation  in  praife  of  theadvin- 
tages  of  good  fences,  the  ncceffity  of  which  we  hope  will  n< 
be  very  generally  difputcd. 

We  know  from  experience  that  Mr.  Y.'s  encomiums  on  i(f 
fionc  walls,  as  having  notbin^  oj  tToub{e  v^  them,  would,  in  hu 
opinion,  be  Uabk  10  ^xe^xi^^uKv^tk'^^  \^\a  V\i.v^^\>ax^«0'    ^ 


TA*  Fartmr's  Letters  to  the  Lan/lhrtts  cf  Great  Britain.      393 

tion  is  ncccfflary  to  fupport  them  in  countries  expofcd  to 
high  winds,  hunters,  &c.  The  t.>.o  kinds  of  ciicchL:^  whi.:h 
he  rccommeni^s,  viz.  five  feet  wide  hy  foi:r  deep,  and  f  ur  by 
threr,  the  wiJth  at  bottom  one  i'oor,  arc  ini'ecd  good.  He  ju- 
dicioufly  approves  the  mttliod  of  p  Lirnini'.  the  fence  by  leaving 
fooie  part  of  the  quick  for  llr^cc  j,  and  prcfcis  it  to  cutt.Ji^  do\w'ii 
the  whole,  in  OiJcr  to  rc-furii^^;,  when  defended  by  a  dead 
liedge. 

1  he  addition  of  pales  .it  the  i-ateways  and  joinirj  of  hedges, 
the  turning  of  brick  or  ftcuic  arciica,  the  painiiiig  of  i;ates,  &c, 
are  points  \yhich  the  bare  infpedioa  of  the  lauds  of  at  in  oft  any 
improver  w  11  recommend. 

Mr.  Y.  recommends  the  plafliers  of  Hertfordshire  to  teach 
thofe  of  countries  unacquajr:ied  with  the  method;  and  advifcs 
to  work  the  cxicn  hy  a  frame,  and  to  buy  buihes,  flakes,  and 
rdders,  where  the  prcmifes  do  not  fupply  them.  VVe  apprehend 
moft  of  this  advice  might  have  been  fp<ircd. 

His  objcdicns  to  clipped  hedges  of  white  thorn,  fecm  reafon- 
ihlCy  as  is  the  dodtrine  which  he  inculcates,  viz.  ^  a  fence  in* 
fufficicnt  to  turn  an  hog,  is  no  fence.' 

But  we  cannot,  without  conhderable  refliidions,  admit  Mr. 
y.'s  aflertion,  *  that  thorn  hedges  yield  no  firing.'— VVe  do 
not  much  oppofe  the  permitting  of  thorns  to  grow  tall  and  old 
^fore  they  are  cut,  a$  they  then  afford  excellent  fhelter ;  but 
Ae  fooner  they  are  cut  the  oftener  they  will  furijifh,  though  in 
Cnaller  quantities,  fire  boot  as  well  as  hed^e-b^^ot. 

.  We  heartily  recommend  the  pradlice  of  Mr.  Y.%  advice,  to 
mikjc  the  flakes  of  the  dead  fence  of  fallow,  as  thefe  will  gene^ 
CB^ygrow,  and  fave  much  expence  and  trouble  of  flakes. 

Letter  VIII.  propofes  a  very  important  cbjeit,  viz.  the  pro- 
■fOftioning  the  graj's  and  {jn/b/e  parts  of  farms.  Mr.  Y.  ob- 
iieives,  that  gra/'s  pays  the  landlord  better  than  ir-u-bU-^  and 
.tkence  deduces  his  axiom,  *  ' Tis  much  better  to  hjve  too  much 

inTs  than  too  much  arable.'  His  fchcme  of  convertl.ng  arable 
^iniDgrars,  maybe  fcen  in  th-::  foiL>winj  ihoU  directions,  viz. 

*  Turn  in  the  flubblc  foon  after  harveti.     In  October  plough 

the  ground  into  three  feet  liJgcs.     Plough  as  icon  in  fpring  as 

Ac  ioil  admits,  fo  as  to  g.iin  a  fine  tilth  by  tbc  nrli  week  in 
•May.     In  a  fortnight  or  tl.icc  wetks  all   thr  we-*dj  v.ill  fpr  ut. 

ftocccd  with  the   pb  u:»h  tliioi-'.^h  Jum'  and  Jul/.     h\  the  fint 

•ttkof  Auguft  fow  the  fcc-.l?;,  h  »ru»^v  and  xu\\.^ 

Mr.  Y.  recommends  jOlb.of  v/^iCf  i-'o-'-r^  iclh.  ofbuinef, 
*ih1  ditto  of  rib  LMafs,  prr  acre,  wi.ich  uiil  roil  al>.  ;;:  I^  s.  6d. 
•*€  adds,  that  f»v.ing  iiainfo'niii  on  li-  lit  liiiuiloii  •,  io.ni,  t'ry, 
''ndy  or  gravelly  land,  will  improve  ic  t.»  !■>:  tur.ei  its  value. 
*  his  we  believe  to  be  a  very  m.dcrrc  c  il  ul.i::on, 
Kev.  Ma/ 777/.  JL>J  \lc 


394    ^^  Farmer* s  Letters  to  the  Landlords  of  Gnat  Britain, 

He  obferves,  that  though  the  more  grars-land  there  is  in  a 
farm,  generally  the  better,  \et  a  tenant  (hould  have  two  fields,  if 
dry  enough,  for  turnips  alternately,  or  if  clay,  one  for  cab- 
bages, (he  culture  of  which  every  year  with  that  plant  will  im 
prove  the  foil. 

Mr.  Y.  opens  Letter  IX.  with  recommend rng  to  landloidi 
the  drainage  of  wet  knds,  boih  arable  and  grafs.  He  wifely 
advifes  the  landlord,  that  having  found  a  fufficient  defceoc /or 
the  water,  or  made  one,  he  begin  with  the  fmaller  drains, 
which  (hould  be  covered  ones,  filled  to  a  certain  heighthwitk 
ftones,  wood,  or  bufbes,  fuch  as  the  country  affords  eafieft,  and 
having  laid  a  thin  cover  of  flraw,  fern,  &c.  fill  them  upmik 
earth.  He  adds,  that  drains  alone  can  convert  bad  kmixopU^ 
to  the  doubling  of  the  rent. — He  fuppofcs  that  this  work  nay 
cofl  30  6.  per  acre. 

Letter  X.  advifes  the  clearing  land  of  bulbesi  brambles 
mole  and  ant  hills,  as  what  reducx  the  land  to  half  value, 

Mr.  Y.  rightly  advifes  the  landlord  to  meddle  with  nooii- 
nurings,  but  fuch  as  are  of  the  lafliug  kind,  vis.  by  marie, 
chalk,  or  clay,  which,  laid  on  light  lands,  will  pay  amph. 
He  obferves  that,  in  Norfolk,  from  80  to  xoo  loads,  of  jobdhas 
each,  of  fat  marie,  are  laid  on  an  acre.  The  total  cxpenceviB 
be  3  1.  per  acre  when  the  cart  is  filled  from  the  pit  by  the  dig- 
gers, and  when  drawn  up  in  buckets  5  K 

Letter  XL  recommends  to  landlords  the  making  of  good  R»h| 
as  what  a  tenant  willingly  pays  for  when  he  conuders  the  &fia| 
thereby  of  his  cattle,  carriages,  &c.  He  concludes  this  kner 
with  fetting  forth  the  advantages  of  water^  as  thedriviogtf 
cattle  to  it  at  any  diflance  is  in  a  manner  fatal  to  fattiwghath 
and,  we  think,  fcarce  lefs  fo  to  a  dairy. 

Letter  XII.  confiders  the  aggregate  bufinefs  of  hnptufCflMflb 
Wc  think  Mr.  Y.  might  have  fpared  the  informatton,  dtf 
^  Lands  let  at  low  rents  will  bejl  pay  for  money  expended  m 
improvements/  He  feems  indeed  too  minute  in  fone  fiiUb- 
<|ucnc  pages;  but  perhaps  our  own  experience  in  mattcisef 
this  fort  may  make  his  inftruAions  appear  to  be  too  mock  ' 
detail.  There  is,  however,  a  piece  of  advice  in  p.  891  vkjn 
may  not  he  necdiefsly  given  to  every  improver,  vix.  to  g**, 
higher  prices  than  ufual  in  winter  for  fome  works  rathcrttai 
defer  them  till  fummer,  when  the  price  of  all  work  isdeara 
He  certainly  advifes  prudently  rather  10  hire  teams  todotk,' 
neceflary  workb  than  to  buy  horfes,  carriages,  &c. 

The  Author  advifes  his  improver  to  calculate  the  wboferf"j 
pence  of  the  improvement!),  and  then  add  the  intcrcft  «  * 
fiim  to  the  old  rent  i  ex.  gr. 

5«*J 


Thf  Farmer's  Letters  to  the  Landlords  af  Great  tsriian.    3^^ 

].      s.    d, 

500  acres,  at  8  s.  rent  —  —        200    o    o 

Intereft  of  2200 1.  ac  4  per  cent.  •—  80     o    o 

2S0    o    o 


Rife  of  the  rent  per  acre  33.  6  d.  which  Is  above  87  1.  on  the 
intereft  of  the  expences,  and  fome  profit,  though  trifling.  Mr. 
y.  thinks  that  few  tra£ls  of  country  would  want  fo  large  an  ex« 
penditurc  as  thi?,  and  many,  we  believe,  would  pay  better. 

Mr.  Y.  largely  (rather  too  larg^ely  and  minutely,  we  think) 
recapitulates  the  improvements  of  various  kinds,  tj  lead  us  to 
conclude  that  the  rife  of  rent  would  be  much  higher  than  this, 
and  ftatcs  the  feveral  fuperior  advances  with  correfponding  prj^ 
fits,  viz. 

7  s.  18  equal  to  87 1. 

13 237  I. 

15 287 1. 

17 . 337  1. 

He  judges  that  a  farm  thus  improved  would  let  iot  1 1.  53. 
per  acre  ;  and  harangues  upon  the  great  advantages  of 
inaking  this  improvement,  viz.  a  clear  profit  of  337  1.  per  aiin.*^ 
Now  our  duty  to  the  public  obliges  us,  as  Reviewers,  to  ob- 
fenre,  that  the  reality  of  this  improvement  of  rent  mult  depend 
on  the  nature  of  the  foil,  about  which  nothing  can  be  afcer- 
tained  to  verify  the  reality  of  the  profit. 

Indeed  Mr.  Y.  fecms  cor.fcious,  that  the  advance  of  rent 
at  25  s.  p~er  acre  will  appear  extravagant,  and  therefore  modclUy 
finks  It  to  a  guinea,  and  the  clear  profit  to  237  1.  and  concludes 
that  a  gentleman  thus  improving,  enjoys  a  certain  perpetual  re- 
turn of  20  per  cent,  for  hazard  and  expenditure  of  a  fmglc 
year — *  An  advantage,  he  adds,  to  be  found  in  no  trade  what- 
ever ;'  and  we  agree  with  him. 

He  proceeds  to  (hew  that  there  Is  no  fuch  greet  trouble  in  the 
execution  of  this  plan,  as  needs  c'eier  any  g?nilcman  from  carry- 
ing the  plan  into  efFe£l  himfclf,  or  committing  the  management 
to  fome  perfon  of  knowledge  and  arfftvity ;  he  omits  integrity^ 
To  this  piopolal  we  have  faid  fomeihing  in  the  commencement 
of  this  article. — He  propofes  that  the  manajjer  fliall  h,ive  5  !• 
per  cent,  on  the  real  improvements  of  rent  per  annum.  But  vvc  do 
nottf/fl// underftand  how  long  this  5I.  per  cent.  ^':t  anr.um  is 
to\>^  contimwl.  if  during  the  management  only,  it  fcciiis  too 
little  5  if /i>r  f'fr^  too  much.  If  during  //;/-  life  of  the  m  n^gcr^ 
it  is  a  very  uncertain  premium  ;  as  the  younger  man  will  be 
much  better  paid,  while  the  older  h^s  genera  I Jy  much  better  talents, 
fiut  new  ends  ih.:  former  part  of  this  work,  which  concerns  a 

D  d  2  culiivuted 


*^       OftcckV,  TorccnV,  and  EckcbcrgV 

mUhaiii cotmtry.    The  unct^J^'-^'i^^i  country  opens 
arondum  f 


'7Uir 


majiiS 


Art.  Vrn    A  Ftf^agt  ta  China  and  the  E&lf  Indies^  hy  Piter  OJbiik  \ 
together  wi!h  a  Voyage  to  Suratti^  by  Ohf  Jcrera ;  and  am  At^ 
£Ofmt  qJ  the  Cbiftefe   Hujbandryj    ly   Captiun   Charles    Gufla^m^^ 
EcMe^g* — Tranflatcd  from   the  Germain,     By  John   Reii^| 


Oflfl 

i 


nefy 


hold  Forllcr,  F,  A.  S,    To  which  are  added,  ^  FaunuU  ; 
Flora  Sincrnfis,  8vo»  2Vols,   los,  6d.  Boards,  White.    1771. 

VOYAGES    and   Travels   are   a  fpecies  of  tnftrutliofi 
which  is  generally  acceptable  and  amudng  :    they  gri 
tify  that    love    of    novelty    and    variety,      which     is    natur' 
to   the   human  mind,    without    tiring    its    attention^    and   are 
ifapcrly   perufcd    by  that   clafs   of  readers,    who  have   neither 
inclination  nor  Icirure  for  much  reflection.     It  is  of  importance, 
therefore,  that  they  fliould  be  the  re fuU  of  accurate obfcrvation|^ 
ard  faithful    report.     Diligence  in  obferving,  and  honefty  iijH 
relating*  arccflTcntivl  10  the  reputation  and   credibility  of  cvcr^^ 
wsittr  in  this  department.     In  fume  cafes  it  may  be  extrcmefy 
diiKcuU  to  correct  thofc  miftalces,  which  their  want  of  attcn^ 
tion  or  want  of  intcj^nty  may  occafion;    the  potfon  may  hs 
produced  its  ctTcd  before  the  proper  antiJi  te  can  be  appllc 
^nd  prejudices  and  errors^  which  have  taken  full  potlcillon  of  1 
mind,  may  never  be  wholly  fubdued  and  redificd.     Wc 
never  fufficicntly  Viilut  and  commend  the  writer,  who  fparel' 
nruher  expcnce    nor  paini  to  obtiiirt  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  tlie   fubje*5ls   to  which   his  teilimony  rctL-is,  and  who  is 
faithful  in   commijni^ating    informatian    to    others.     Where- 
ever  we  find  fuch  qualities  as  thcfc,  wc  can  readily  excufe  repe- 
tition or  minutcncf^v  which  Come  may  be  xoi  to  deem  dull  and 
tedious.     Im})erfet\ions  of  this  kind  will   be  necelTary  appcn 
daces  to  fuch  a  work  as  that  now  before  us.     The  ingcnioi 
author  committed  to  writing  every  thing  that  occurred^  and 
ofikTS  to  the  Candour  of  the  public  every  obfcrvation  his  journa 
coniained.     His  remarks  mull  therefore  often  coincide  with  tfc 
Ptlaiionsof  others;    and  the  form  of  a  journal^  under  Whic 
his  obfcrvau'ons  appear,  will  cxpofe  him  to  the  charge  of  bcir 
li>o  minutf  untj  trilling  in  fomeof  his  details.     Butthefc  tmpcr^ 
^^-  nwch  more  numerous  than  they  arc)  arc  abufl4 

^  '     ,  ,  i\y  the  great  variety  of  important  said  ufcft 

piirucuiai>  whfch    his  work  contains  ;    and  he  will  be   foiiod 
to  ixvtl   ill  ihitt   province  of  a  natural  hii^orian,   to  which  bit 
obferk'ations  princiualiy  refer.     It   will  be  a  fuSicicnt  rccoo 
mrndatioi)  or  lUU  *votk,  that  it  is  part  of  the  plan  of  the  cclel 
Dfjttd  prfjleffiir  Linnaeus  for  cx:cnding  and  improving  natufj 
*'  . — that  it  15  the  refuU  of  the  directions  he  had 

*^'  ,     P'ifc  ill  hh  Irtjlru:lh  p£regrifhit:ris i  and  that! 

0  Qii^inalF 


Voyngci  to  Clhia^ .  Ifc,  397 

originally  publifhed  at  his  dcfirc,  and  with  bis  rnrticular  ap- 
probation. *  You,  bir,  fays  Linnrcu?  in  his  Ictic;  to  the 
author,  have  every  where  travclleJ  with  the  li  :ht  of  fcicncL^  ; 
you  have  named  every  thing  1')  prccifl-lv,  thnt  it  fnay  be  com- 
prehended by  the  learned  u'orld  ;  and  have  difcovcrifd  and  Ic:-  " 
tied  both  ll:e  genera  and  fjjecies.  For  this  reafon,  I  fc/ni 
myfelf  to  h.ive  travelled  with  y(ni,  and  to  have  examined  every 
object  you  faw  with  my  own  eyes.  If  voyages  were  thus 
written,  fcience  might  truly  reap  advantage  firm  them.  I 
congratulate  you.  Sir,  for  having  traced  out  a  way  in  which 
the  world  will  follow  your  ileps  hereafter ;  and,  purfuing  this 
career,  will  remember  the  m«ui  vyho  firft  pointed  it  out.' 

The  editor,  whofe  tranflation  does  juftice  to  the  original, 
gives  us,  in  his  preface,  the  following  account  of  this  work. 
•  Nothing  efcaped  the  attention  of  Mr.  Ofbeck.  The'  hiflory, 
the  antiquities,  the  religion,  the  manners,  the  drefs,  the  cha- 
racter, the  policy,  the  government,  the  mHitary  and  civit' 
cftablifhments  of  the  country,  were  equally  objcdts  of  his  at- 
tention ;  and  what  is  very  remarkable,  and  will  of  courfe  pre- 
judice [prepofiefsj  this  nation  ih  favour  of  our  author  is,  that 
we  find  the  judgment  of  Lord  Anfon  about  the  Chincfe,  con- 
firmed and  juftilicd  in  his  obfcrvatlons  on  the  character  of  that' 
nation. 

'  The  merchant  will  find  a  minute  and  accurate  account' 
of  many  commodities  brought  from  the  ilaft,  v/ith  an  exact 
delineation  of  the  whole  commerce  of  China.  The  oecuno- 
milt  and  hufbandman  will  find  many  ufcful  and  agreeable  re- 
marks in  Mr.  Ofbeck's  and  Mr.  fJckeberg's  I'.ccuunts,  which 
might  be  confi*'crcd  as  good  hints  even  in  this  country,  where 
agriculture  and  b.uib.indry  have  been  improved  both  in  theory 
and  prailico,  to  the  great  ctnolumcnt  of  ihc  iDlialiitr.iilh  ; 
while  x^y<^\\\;  fjiU  he.e  icia'ed  are  app'ivabic  to  t'u-  Kn^l.ih 
colonico  ciiul  piai:t:it^ons.  In  ^^o^r,  th.  r^.ilcr  will  find  ni:iny 
rcm.iiks.  i:i  ihc  c(v.:rlc  of  ihi.  \vc:i:,  t.iat  will  a'T.ft  him  in 
the  rtuJy  oT  nvNiicinc,  hifuiry,  ^eo^r.inhy,  and  alinof:  cv^:y 
other  br*;nch  of  1  ainini:. 

*  But  \\\t  n.i  ur.il  hil^:)rlan  will   fi.'id   the   liclv.d: 
this  ufcfui  per  To  mil  nee.' 

The  ahovj  acioimr,  wc  :i;  pr  bend,  is  n'^t  in-.-'ch 
nor  is  it  uri  worth.'  of  1^.  ^v.  :.   t'-ac   M-.  C")I')wClc  ^v: 
tii^v-ble  arid   lefolure,  as   in ;':"'''C)ii';,  in  prc^lccuti'i^: 
tion-:i.      li-  wiflits  that  they   niiiy  procure*  h.^lf  as    :i. 
baii(Mi  rroni  the  woild,   as   tlvy  l;*uc   reft    hir.i  tro;/ 
tcji:ion.     '  1  vcniured,  fiy^  he,  0:i  fliv>re  a:  r-ic  :iV. 
wl,:::-c   the    v/oods    arc  filled   with   timers   ar.d   c\r>; 
ha/.nrdcd  wy  life   in  C/j/r.tjy  wheic  inu  V.c:\t  c^t  xXvni  Vaw 'oV\  \y.vac.\\ 
hiJsy    lobbcis  on   the   r-ads,    aid  pctuliLtvX.  c^WCxi-^vv '  \^  "^^^^"^ 


treafurc 

s  m 

• 

\r.5^crn 

red; 

:;   :'s  iMii 

'.fe.- 

H*>  n'>'i' 

rva- 

.  ;  •>.  :.- 

,-0- 

.>!  ■   ::mJ 

i  a:- 

...!o-r 

I 

I 
I 


I 


L 


OfbcckV,  TorcenV,  anj  Eckchcrg*s 

cocoa-nuts,  which  hang  at  the  lop,  looked  like  cahbtgcs,  ittd 
were  fomevvhat  tiianguUr:  the  exterior  fljcll  of  ibe  nut  tt 
yellow^  when  it  begins  to  riprn^  and  grows  brown  :  it  con- 
fifts  of  an  outer- Cdfe,  like  hemp,  ;tnd  is  ufol  as  fuchi  and 
therefore  is  corr.moly  pulled  off*  before  ihc  nut  is  fold  i  rxccpc- 
ing  a  narrow  flripc,  whi:h  is  left  to  fl^cw  howiipc  ihc  nut  is  i 
and  accordingly  is  either  green,  or  yd!oW|  or  brown*  Yet 
thcfc  nuts  may  be  had  quite  pcrfe^  if  tliey  are  ordered,  and  in 
that  ftate  ihey  contain  the  grcaicft  plenty  of  frcfh  water.  'I  he 
fibrous  (htll  h  ufcd  for  tnatches  and  ropes,  but  the  bttcr  foon 
lot  in  frcfh  water.  Ihc  next  (hell  bcl  »w  this  is'Ufhitc  before 
it  is  ripe  J  but  it  afterwards  becomes  brown  end  very  hard  2 
near  the  ftalk  it  is  fomevvhat  angulated,  Tbe  Java  people 
m.ike  ufc  of  it  to  put  their  blown  fugar  and  other  thing t  in. 
P'  M]g  to  the  Faft  lnd;f3  make  drinking  vciill*  an  -t , 

l.i  I    :   nnd  beikics  this,   fomc  very   pictiy  littU 

Oppoiicc  to  the  bafe,  or  to  the  p-irt  where  the  ihlk  is  iaitencd^ 
^fc  three  liulc  holes,  but  only  one  of  them  is  ea&ly  opened. 
The  innermoft  fnell,  which  fi is  clofe  to  the  hard  (hc!l>  13 
whtt^,  and  not  much  harder  than  !i  turnip  before  ii  i^  boiled  ; 
it  may  be  e^ien  raw,  snd  has  a  taUe  of  fwecc  almonJs  ^  and 
for  that  rcnfon  A^nicu  m»x  ii  with  cinnamon,  and  make  a  iurt 
of  almond  milk  wiih  it.  it  nt^y  be  alio  ulai  as  a  fall  ad,  whcti 
prepared  with  vinegar,  falt^  and  oil.  The  nut  is  ftlltd  with 
a  p^le  fwect  water,  which  turns  lour  if  K  is  not  drunk  fjon 
fffter  i\v:  nut  is  opcneJ*  Every  nui  contains  aboiu  a  pint,  or 
fomevt^hat  more,  of  this  water.  VVc  uf<:d  it  for  fomc  weeks, 
whiUt  it  was  frefh,  iuQcati  of  tea.  It  is  faij,  that  tni^  juice^ 
if  It  is  ufcd  as  water  to  waftl  oneS  fclf,  gives  a  line  complexion. 
When  the  nut  grows  old,  tlic  waier  congcols  into  a  fpung| 
white  kernel,  frvm  which,  after  the  (hell  is  opened,  fon 
leaves  fpring  up,  which  Jteep  very  Jong,  without  putting  tb« 
nut  into  the  ground,  or  wa;erlng  it*  A  hundred  nuts  cofi  a 
f/Jo  duf^t  or  Spmvfli  dollar.  The  irfcs  Rood  along  the  ihore  in 
low  pbccs,  and  were  very  plentiful.  Authors  fay  vcrycircum- 
ftdnitally,  that  ibis  tree  affords  clothes,  meat  and  drink, 
hocM'es  or  huts,  utcnfits  or  h<iufclu>!d  implements,  and  oth« 
inl^ruments  to  the  nai!ves«  To  the  hft  mentioned  purpot 
the  flem  is  of  ufc  ;  out  of  the  branches  they  make  the  archcj 
entrances  into  their  huts,  to  wluih  they  bilcn  tkiwers  on  theil 
iVteding-^d4ys  :  the  leaves  are  made  ufc  of  for  thatching,  fails, 
bafkets  brooms,  and  may  be  wiote  upon  with  bamboo  n^iilsf 
ihc  kcme]  ^n^  water  of  the  nut  afford  them  their  meat  and 
beverage:  the  outward  fticll  affords  clothing,  painting 
bfulhes,  &c.  If  an  incifion  is  made  into  any  bough,  a  clca 
juice  runs  from  the  wound  in  the  ikight  time,  wnich  make^ 
fvpj:)  and  viiie^atj  if  properly   prepared,     Without  this  jui< 


Voyages  to  China^  l^c.  39^ 

great  care,  for  with  its  teeth  it  is  faid  to  bite  o(F  a  leg  with 
great  cafe,  at  leaft  it  would  not  be  fafe  to  try  the  experiment. 
When  the  feamen  want  to  get  into  a  boat  where  thefe  fifli  fre- 
quent, they  RHift  take  care  not  to  put  their  feet  into  the 
water  $  for  I  once  fow  a  dog-fi(u  attempting  to  fwallow  alarge 
wooden  quadrant,  but  it  was  not  able  to  do  it,  as  it  was  too 
broad,  and  therefore  only  left  the  marks  of  its  teeth  on  it. 
It  is  owing  to  its  great  greedinefs  that  the  (eamen  are  able  to 
catch  it :  they  cut  off  its  fins,  and  then  throw  it  again  into  the 
fea ;  befides  many  other  cruel  tricks,  which  I  (hall  pafs  over. 

*  If  a  failor  dies  in  a  place  where  dog-fifhes  haunt,  he  is  fure 
to  be  buried  in  the  bellies  of  fome  of  them.  Large  dog-fiihes 
are  never  eaten,  and  fmall  ones  but  feldom,  and  in  cafes  of 
neceifity  only.  They  are  cut  into  dices,  wkichare  fqueezcd 
in  water,  till  no  train-oil  remains  in  them ;  after  being  thus 
wafhed,  it  is  boiled  or  roafted,  and  eaten  with  butter  ;  the 
part  towards  the  tail  is  the  bcft  :  the  forepart  is  feldom  eaten. 
The  ftin  and  fins  are  made  ufe  of  in  poIiSiing,  and  are  called 
Bhagreen  *  ;  ihey  are  found  in  plenty  in  the  Chinefe  apothe- 
caries (hops,  and  in  other  places,  in  the  head,  above  the 
eyes,  in  two  cavities,  is  a  thick  white  matter,  which,  (he 
ikin  being  taken  o(F,  is  taken  out,  dried,  reduced  to  powder, 
and  ufed  as  an  emmenagogue.  This  dog-fi(h.  had  two  compa* 
siions.' 

«  June  7th,  37*»  30'.  S.  L. About  eight  o'  clock  at  night, 

we  heard,  at  feveral  times,  a  deep  and  harfh  noife.  We  fup- 
pofed  this  was  the  voice  of  feme  large  fi(h.  Some  faid  that 
they  faw  its  way,  and  that  it  (hone  a  little  in  the  dark.  This 
light  might  probably  arife  from  the  violent  motion  which  its 
fivift  paflTage  gives  to  the  water  j  for  in  the  night  fomething 
(hone  about  our  (hip ;  yet  this  might  alfo  be  occafioncd  by 
many  forts  of  little  worms,  dead  fifhes,  and  other  putriiied 
bodies.' 

This  latter  conje*Sure  is  confirmed  by  the  conblufive  expe- 
riments of  Mr.  Canton,  defigned  to  prove,  that  the  luminous 
appearance  of  the  fea  arifes  from  the  putrefadion  of  its  animal 
fubilances.     See  Review  for  laft  month,  p.  329. 

The  Author  landed  at  Java,  and  gathered  feveral  plants, 
which  he  has  minutely  defciibcd.  We  (hall  feledt  his  defcrip- 
tion  of  the  coccus  nucifcra  as  a  fpecimen.  ^  Coccus  nucifera 
(PiJma  Indica  major,  Kumphius,  tom^  1.  p.  i.)  called  Culapa 
in  the  Javan  language,  is  a  very  high,  but  not  very  thick  palm- 
tree,  with  a  rough  bark,  and  a  ftem,  which  is  undivided  up  to 
the  crown.     On  the  bark  grows  a  white  flower-like  mofs.    The 

*  True  (hagreeo  is  part  of  the  ikin  of  a  wild  afs,  and  is  brought 
from  Turkey. 

D  d  'i^.    *  ^^^^V 


Ofbcck'i,  Torccn'j,  and  EckcbcrgV 

turcs  for  cattle.  The  city  wall  confifts  of  hewn  fand- 
is  covered  whh  all  forts  of  little  trees  and  plants,  viz. 
Ifidiia^  urtha  nlvia^  ice  and  on  the  top  of  them  arc  ccn 
boxes  i  however,  the  watch  is  fo  ill  obfervcd,  that  ilran 
paHing  hj  are  often  welcomed  with  fuch  a  voUcy  of  flones 
their  lives  aie  endangered  i  as  happened  to  an  Englilbn 
during  my  ftay.  It  is  faid,  that  oa  the  WJ^lis  arc  fomc  cigh 
nine  pounders  ;  at  leaft  it  is  certain,  that  at  eight  o*cloc 
night  their  report  is  heard,  I  had  no  opportunity  uf  mcafu: 
the  circuit  of  the  city»  hut  it  fcetiicd  to  mc  to  be  above  a  £tc^ 
mile  (aboyt  fix  miles  three  cjuarrcrs  EngUfii), 

*  The  fuburbsof  Cint'>n  (in  which  the  EwopeimiYxyt  dur 
the  ttme  they  trade  there)  are  much  greater  than  the  ford 
city.  ^ 

*  The  ftrccts  are  long,  fcldom  firait,  about  a  fatboji^S 
paved  with  oblong  Und-ftoiics  without  any  gutters.  V 
ilones  arc  full  of  holes,  that  the  water  may  run  oft';  tor  all 
part  of  the  town  is  built  on  piles, — No  carriage  is  to  be  i 
with  in  the  city  ;  and  whatever  is  brought  from  one  pUc 
another,  fuch  as  hogs»  ducks,  frog**,  fn*iil%  roots,  grccni, 
is  all  carried  on  men*s  fliouldcrs  in  two  bilkers,  hanging  on 
cxtremiucs  of  a  pole.  Living  fiih  were  carried  about  in  buck 
the  Chinefe  keep  them  in  the  following  manner  : — Tl 
ace  put  into  larj.ie  water  vt:ft'cls  in  the  ftrccts,  but  cai  "" 
Hands  under  a  fpout  which  comes  out  of  the  wall, 
which  the  water  runs  continuaJJy,  but  {lowly,  upoa  the  { 
and  for  this  rcafon  they  were  always  to  be  got  cjuite  as  frejh  \ 
chey  had  been  juft  caught. —  I  he  ladicsi  are  continually  c 
fincdt — People  of  the  fame  trade  commonly  live  in  the  f 
ftrcct  together*  The  faflory-ftreet  has  mcrchant-fhopsv  join 
japannere,  and  workers  in  mother  of  pearl. 

*  In  the  markets,  where  the  people  every  day  run  about 
ants,  they  fell  fruit,  garden  herbs,  iifli,  bacon,  v\c, 

^  A  pagoda^  or  idol-temple,  is  near  one  of  thefc  marke^f 
this  they  oftcr  incenfe  to  their  idols,  which  the£urDpeaP 
Yos^  from  the  Portuguefc  rf/Vi,  and  which  are  reprcfcnted 
orte  or  more  gilt  pictures  of  feveral  fixes,  accord  mi;  as  t 
faint  looked  when  he  was  alive.  The  honnurs  they  bd 
on  him  arc  in  confcqucnce  of  his  writings,  or  of  any  01 
fcrviccs  he  has  done  to  the  public.  Thefc  pictures,  toge 
with  fomc  foliage  on  the  fides,  are  in  the  place  of  an  altar  ta 
Both  upon  the  altar,  and  upon  particular  tables,  are  Sower*| 
incenfe,  and  all  forts  of  meat  and  drink.  They  offer  thr fame  fa 
fices  ia  pnvate  houfes  ;  for  every  body  has  his  own  idol.  ' 
priefts  are  cMcAI-ou-/t9ng  by  t\\tCktruJe^  and  Hcnzes  by  the  El 
pcsns.  They  go  with  their  heads  bare  and  fliaved,  drefs  in  ft 
coloured  fijk  coats  with  wide  SV^^ve^^  >NVvt>c\ \csoV\\kje. Cvit^U 
Mud  wear  roiarics  about  ihc'vt  a^<;V-^»   VTVt;itxici^>t  ^^.mis 


ll!Ti 


p'nyagii  to  Chinay  (^c. 


403 


M 


the  fcflival  of  the  bmhorns,  they  had  red  coats  and  high  caps. 
Perhaps  this  was  an  order  different  from  the  former.  Hundreds 
of  bonzes  fomctimcs  perform  their  fundttons  in  one  temple/ 

*  — The  eye  is  every  where  ft  ruck  with  the  popufoufncfs  of 
this  healthy  country,  in  which  the  people  chufc  rather  to  wantt 
than  to  feck  a  plentiful  fubfiftencc  dfcwhcrc.  They  are  al- 
lowed but  itttle  more  navigation  than  what  they  can  carry  on 
by  their  inland  canals.  Their  foreign  trade  is  chiefly  to  Bata- 
via,  and  feme  places  adjacent. — The  ftreets  are  as  full  of 
people  here,  as  if  there  W4S  a  fair  every  day,  at  leaft  during 
the  ftay  of  the  Eursftans  in  this  country,  whi^h  is  from  July  iq 
February, 

^  In  China  are  U\A  to  be  58  millions  of  inhabitants,  all  be* 
twecn  20  and  60  years  of  age,  who  pay  an  annual  tax.  It 
i^  reported  ihat  many  were  ftarved  to 'death  this  year  (1751) 
on  account  of  the  bad  crop,  and  that  great  numbers  were  come 
I'from  different  provinces  to  get  their  livelihood  here.  Not- 
v/ithftanding  the  induftry  of  the  people,  their  amazing  popu- 
Joufncfs  frequently  occaiions  a  dearth.  Parents,  who  CJinnot 
/upport  thetr  female  children,  are  altow/ed  to  caft  them  into 
,thc  river  V  however,  they  faftcn  a  gourd  to  the  child,  that  it 
may  float  on  the  water,  and  there  arc  often  conipalTionatc 
people  ot  fortune  who  arc  moved  by  the  cries  of  the  children  to 
lave  them  from  death/—* 

The  language  of  the  country  has  nothing  in  common  with 
^nv  other  ;  it  has  no  alphabet,  but  as  many  characters  and 
different  figures  as  they  have  words  ;  which  have  different  fignt- 
Jf.caiions  as  they  are  differently  pronounced,  and  have  dif- 
ferent accents,  Le  C^mtt  flicws  that  by  the  p/onounciation  only 
they  make  1665  words  quite  different  from  each  other  out  of 
333,  He  is  reckoned  very  learned  among  the  Chinefe^  who 
knows  half  their  words;  fcr  they  have  80,000  chara£lers.' — 

*  Their  obfervations  on  the  heavens  and  earth,  and  their 
hiftory,  are  remarkable,  on  account  cf  their  antiquity.  (Ac- 
cording to  their  accounts,  they  go  as  high  as  the  times  ofNoah.) 
Their  morals  arc  looked  upon  as  a  m.iftcr-piecc  ;  iheir  laws 
arc  confidered  as  excellent  maxims  of  life  ;  their  medicine  and 
natural  hiflory  arc  both  of  them  founded  on  long  experience; 
and  their  hu (ban dry  is  sdmiicd  for  the  perfection  it  has  rifen 
to.  But  the  want  of  the  true  knowledge  of  the  fuprr  me  Being 
is  an  imperfection  which  outweighs  all  their  other  knowledge* 

*  The  religion  in  China  is  pagan  ;  but  by  their  own  accounts^ 
there  arc  almoft   as  many  fe^ls  as  perfons  among  them ;  for  as 
foon   as  viChhifi  expcd^s    the  leaft  advantage  from  it,    he  is 
without  any  confideration  to  day  of  one  Te\v^\oxvv  ^w^vc^-tc\»\* 
row  of  another^  or  of  all  together;  D«  HaHe^  Vvova^^^^v"^^* 

iven  an  account  of  three  principal  tcft^  ,m  VC\i  ^^^cim^vSq^  ^-i 


4P4  Macpherfon'j  Introdn£l,  to  the  Hijl.  of  Great  Britain^  i^c. 

this  empire,  viz.  Tao-tfa,  Fo-e,  and  the  difciples  of  Cknfu^ 
c'ttis* — But  Du  Halde  is  every  body's  bands^  and  we  mutt  not 
enlarge. 

To  this  work  is  annexed  a  fpeech  of  the  Author,  delivered 
on  his  being  chofen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Swedifli  Academy 
of  Sciences  at  Stockholm,  containing  feveral  ufeful  obfervatioos 
and  diredions  for  thofe  who  undertake  voyages  to  Chim\  by 
an  attention  to  which,  the  fcicnce  of  natural  hiftory,  in  all  its 
branches,  might  be  greatly  promoted  j  and  the  anfwerof  the 
Koyal  Academy  is  likcwifc  fubjoincd. 

Toreen\  voyage  to  Suratte^  in  a  feries  of  letters  to  Dodor 
Linnaas,  is  well  worthy  the  perufal  of  the  curious ;  and  would 
have  furnifhud  many  agreeable  extracts,  had  not  this  arcide 
already  attained  our  limits. 

Eckt'btrg^  account  of  tJic  Chhicfc  hufbandry  will  be  both  in- 
Hrudive  and  cntcrtainiiig  to  natural  hiilorians  in  general,  and 
particularly  to  thofe  who  apply  themfelvcs  to  the  ftudy  and  im- 
provement of  agriculture. 

The  wor!:  concludes  with  two  effays  ;  the  one  entitled  f-tf- 
nida  Sinmf.Sy  tov/ards  a  catalogue  of  the  animals  o^  China  \  the 
other,  Fiora  Sinenfa^   towards  a  catalogue  of  Cilncfc  plants. 

Art.  IX.  An  Introdw?Aon  to  the  Hiftory  of  Great  Britain  and  In- 
lund.  By  Jairjes  Macpherfon,  Lfqj  4to,  los.  6  d.  Boards. 
Becket  and  De  Hondt.     1771.  ' 

T'  H  E  later  periods  of  our  hiftory  have  been  inveftigatcd 
and  explained  by  very  accurate  and  intelligent  writers} 
but  tlic  tafk  of  inquiring  into  the  earlier  condition  of  the  Bri- 
tifli  nations,  bcc;;mc  attended  with  more  difficulty,  has  attradeJ 
Icfs  attention.  The  want  of  tafte  too  has  been  indifcriminatcif 
objected  to  all  thofe  who  have  ventured  on  attempts  of  this 
kii.d  ;  and  the  dread  of  this  illiberal  reproach  has  not  unfre- 
quently  difcouragcd  men  of  talents  and  cap  icity  from  the  ex- 
amination of  fubjeftj  of  antiquity.  Pedantry  and  erudition 
^avc  been  thought  inf..parablc ;  and  yet  Moniefquicu  has  un- 
folded ihe  obfcurities  of  the  feudal  jurifprudcnce,  and  Dubos 
and  Boulainvilliers  have  treated  of  the  foundation  of  the  French 
monarchy. 

Our  Author,  though  fcnfiblc  of  the  prejudice  entertained 
n;j..;inft  refeaichcs  into  ancient  times,  and  oi  the  lit:le  reputa- 
tion or  advanijge  that  can  be  derived  from  them,  has  }et  bcca 
careful  to  illuilrate  and  adorn  his  fubjeQ ;  and  though  uniiiviteJ 
by  the  ordinary  rewards  of  literary  labour,  his  performance  muft 
excftc  curiofity  av\d  teC^iccX,  ^xom  v\v^  ^N^\V\\.^  v^  difcoveis,  and 
the  mallcrly  obfcivatious  a  covv\vc\wvv\^^\x'^. 

It  commences  wuW  2.  ft\oi[t  Wx.  cc^Tcvv\^\v^vvW%vtNN^\>« 
ate  and  revolutions  oi  ^rvev^uvY-vx^o^^s  ^u^m<^^Ti^» 


MacphcrfonV  IniroduSi.  to  the  Htjl.  of  Great  Britain^  lie.  405 

reflexions  with  which  our  ingenious  Hiftorian  and  Antiquary 
introduces  this  divifion  of  his  work,  he  has  given  the  following 
modcft  account  of  its  defign.  *  To  djfpel,  fays  he,  the  (hades 
which  cover  the  antiquities  of  the  Britifli  nations,  to  invefti. 
gate  their  origin,  to  carry  down  fome  account  of  their  charac- 
ter, mannes,  and  government,  into  the  times  of  records  and 
domeftic  wriiers,  is  the  defign  of  this  Introdudion.  The  abi- 
lities of  the  Author  are,  perhaps,  inadequate  to  fo  arduous  an 
undertaking;  but  as  he  travels  back  into  antiquity  with  fome 
advantages  which  others  have  not  pofleff.d,  he  flatters' himfelf 
that  he  ihall  be  able  to  throw  a  new,  if  not  a  fatisfaftory  light, 
on  a  fubjcdl  hitherto  little  underftood.  Though,  for  want  of 
fufficicnr  guides,  he  fliould  fomctimes  lofe  his  way  in  a  reo^ion 
of  clouds  and  darknefs,  his  hopes  of  the  indulgence  of  the  pub- 
lic are  greater  than  his  fears  of  their  cenfure.* 

The  next  object  which  employs  the  attention  of  our  Author, 
is  the  origin  of  the  ancient  Britiih  nations.  In  this  field  x>f 
obfcure  inquiry  he  has  carefully  collcfled  all  the  informatioa 
which  is  furniftied  by  ancient  Authors ;  and  he  has  made  an 
admirable  ufe  of  the  knowledge  he  poflTeflcs  of  thofe  original 
hnguai^cs,  which  the  Europeans  derived  from  the  different  na- 
tions to  whom  they  owed  their  defcent.  What  he  has  advanced 
concerning  the  Scottifli  and  Irifti  antiquities,  we  fliould  think, 
mult  finally  decide  the  difputes  which  have  fo  long  fubfifted  on 
t'.iat  fubjcct. 

To  his  inveftlgation  of  the  origin  of  the  ancient  Britifli  na- 
tions, he  has  added  an  examination  of  the  religious  fentiments 
they  entertained.  Nor  is  it  from  the  Authors  of  Greece  and 
of  Rome  only  that  he  has  endeavoured  to  trace  the  opinions  of 
our  forefathers.  He  has  fought  for  them  among  thofe  of  their 
poflcrity,  who  have  been  cxcludc^d  by  their  fituation  from  any 
confiderable  commerce  wiih  ftrangers.  Such,  till  of  late  years, 
were  the  inhabitants  of  a  p.^rt  of  Wales ;  and  fuch  ftill  arc 
fome  Irifh  tiibcs,  ani  the  natives  of  the  mountains  of  Scotland. 

But  the  divifion  of  his  work  which  will  have  the  grcateft 
charms  for  the  generality  of  his  readers,  is  the  defcription  he  has 
given  of  the  character  and  cuftoms  of  the  ancient  Britifh  na- 
tions. What  he  has  obferved  concerning  their  manner  of  life, 
wc  Giall  tranfcribe  as  a  fi)ccifnen  of  the  merit  of  his  perfwrai- 
ancc. 

*  Our  Anceftors,  fays  he,  had  the  misfortune,  if  t!  ere  \^ 
any  misfortune  in  the  want  of  importance  with  potteriry,  to  be 
fccn  diiiinctly  by  forci^^ners,  before  either  time  or  accidort  hr.d 
polifhcd  them  out  of  their  natural  rudenefs  and  biilriruy. 
Nations,  who  hive  the  advantage  of  being  the  rcQorj  rs  of 
their  own  actions,  cover  the  beginnmgs  of  their  htfl;.  ry  wirh 
fplendid  fictions,  or  place  ihcm   in   the  fhaJc  to  he'ghtrn  the 


4o6  MacpherfoaV  Intr^duSt,  to  tbt  Htfi.  efCriat  BrUmn^  Idt. 

I 


I 
I 


features  of  their  more  auibenilc  i^mt^     The  light  urhich  the 
Romans  threw  upon  the  n^rchern  nations  in  their  unculeivati 
ftatc,  by  refcuing  their  manners  from  oblivion,  has  taken  aw* 
from  their  renown.     Men  accullomtJ  to  the  luxuries  of  a^ 
vanced  fociety,  look  with  a  kind  of  contempt  on  the  inconvc* 
niencics  of  rude  life.     Thiii  confiderdtion  hiS  induced  the  Au 
ihor  of  the  Introduction  to  confine,'  within  narrow  bounds,  hti 
obfcrvatioiii  on  the  manners  of  the  ancient  Brinlh  nations  j  fi 
where  the  roid  lies  through   a  barren   countr/i  the  journe^l 
ought  to  be  fhort. 

*  When  the  Scythian  Ntjmadcs  fir  ft  became  known  to  the 
Greeks  they  neither  kiwed  nor  rejped ;  they  derived  ihcir  fub» 
fiftence  from  the  Iruiis  which  the  earth  naiurally  producedi 
from  the  chares  and  the  mitk  and  flclh  of  their  flacks  and 
herds.  The  Gauls  were  the  firll  branch  of  the  Celta:  who  ap- 
plied them  felvcs  to  agii  uliure;  anJ  th.^t  e  irlici't  and  ruded  of 
all  arts  had  fcarce  pafllJ  ;hc  Rhine,  when  C-^far  difpbyed  in 
Germany  the  Roman  eagle.  The  Brlmns  were  probably  be* 
fore  the  Qcrmins,  in  point  of  time,  rn  the  cuhivaiion  of  their 
land^.  Their  vicinity  to  Gaul  enabled  th.m  to  import  irs  artsi 
and  their  foil  and  climate  was  more  favourable  to  agriculture 
than  the  cold  regions  beyond  the  Rhine  j  yet,  in  ihe  days  of 
btrabo,  many  of  the  inhabitaots  of  firvr;^tn  were  ftrangers  to  the 
life  of  the  plough.  In  the  infancy  of  agiKuIture,  oats  and  bar- 
ley were  the  only  grains  known  in  the  North  of  Europe.  The 
£rft  they  parched  before  the  fire  and  ground  in  hand-mills,  as 
fome  of  the  Scots  and  Irilh  did  tiSt  of  late  years  \  and  of  the 
latter  ihcy  made  their  favourite  beverage,  beer. 

*  The  art  of  cxtrafling  an  inebriating  liquor  from  corn  was 
known  among  all  the  branches  of  the  Ccltse,  before  the  Greeks  fl 
and  Romans  extended  their  information  to  the  regions  of  the^ 
Weft*     As  the  method  of  brewing  this  intoxicating  liquid  was 
not  the  peculiar  invention  of  any  particular  country,  it  went 
under  various  names*     The  German  appellation  is  fttll  retained 

in  the  Hngtifh  word  beer  i  and  the  lean,  or  leuan  of  the  Scott  fl 
jind  Irifti  is  ftiH  famous  in  the  rhirnes  of  their  ancient  birds.  ™ 
Beer  however  was  not  the  fjlc  beverage  of  the  ancient  Britons  \ 
their  zythus,  or  water  diluted  with  honey,  was  in  much  re- 
qucli  \  and  they  feem,  with  other  northern  nation?,  to  have 
known  a  method  of  cxtra«3ing  a  kind  of  cyder  from  wild  ap- 
ples. When  the  Rom  ins  extended  their  arms  to  this  fide  of 
the  Alps,  the  ufc  of  wine  was  introduced  among  the  Celtic  ni 
tions.  The  Germans,  rude  as  they  wxrc  in  the  days  of  Taci 
tus,  were  well  acquainted  wtili  the  juice  of  the  grapt ;  and  wi 
may  conclude,  from  a  parity  of  rcafon,  that  the  Hritons  werft 
not  ftrangcii  to  wiae  at  the  firft  fcttlcmcnt  of  the  Romans  ia 
thek  cuujitry* 

*  Tbi 


1 

1 


Macphcrron*!  IntroduH.  to  the  Hiji*  of  Great  Britain^  l^c.  407  ^ 

*  The  houfchold  furniture  of  the  Britons  was  neither  fplen- 
did  nor  corivcnicnL  The  belt  accommodated  lay  on  flock- 
beds,  or  on  the  fkms  of  wild  beafts  fpread  on  ftraw,  rufiies, 
or  heath  ;  and  their  chairs  and  tables  were  fafliioncd  with  the 
axe,  The  ancient  Germans  were  not  peculiar  in  having  a  fe- 
paf.ite  table,  wht-n  they  ate  in  private,  for  each  perion  in  the 
family ;  at  their  public  entertainments  they  ufcd  but  one  table 
for  each  rank  of  the  people  invited.  The  old  bards  have  tranf- 
mitted  the  memory  uf  this,  as  a  BriciOi  cuftom,  to  modern 
limes.  The  veffcls  ufcd  by  our  anceftors  were  carved  out  of 
wood,  or  made  of  earth.  Their  dfitjking  cups  were  originally 
cither  of  (hcH  or  of  horn,  though  fume,  more  magnificent  than 
others,  were  pr^flcfled  of  goblets  of  filver. 

'  The  Celix  were  better  cloathed  than  feme  learned  men 
have  fuppofcdi  from  the  teflimony  of  the  ancients*  Their  pe- 
culiar cuilom  of  throwing  away  their  loofc  garments  in  a£tion, 
gave  rife  to  the  opinion  that  fome  of  them  went  always  naked. 
When  the  nations  of  antiquity  tirrt  appeared  in  hiftory  they 
were  but  very  flightly  covered  :  chc  greateft  part  of  the  body 
was  left  bare  j  and  the  Perfians  were  the  firft  who  adopted  the 
womanift  long  ftolc  of  the  Ealt*  In  the  various  regions  of 
Europe,  they  ufcd  for  cloathing  the  materials  in  which  the 
country  moil  excelled  j  but  the  fiifliion  of  their  garments  was 
univerfaliy  the  fame. 

•  In  the  northern  regions,  where  game  abounded,  thefr 
upper  coverings  were  made  of  the  (kins  of  beafts;  in  Germany 
they  ufed  linen,  efpecially  the  women,  who  fometimes  wore 
printed  garments,  and  often  long  robes  of  white.  The  Gauli^ 
like  the  modern  French,  delighted  in  gaudincfs  and  fliew.  Their 
wool  was  coarfe ;  but  they  rendered  their  garments  lefs  homely 
with  gold  and  filvcr  lace*  In  Spain,  as  at  prefent,  the  wool 
was  extremely  fine  j  the  cloathing  of  the  Spanisrds,  thereforet 
was  of  fiightcr  texture,  and  more  elegant  than  that  of  the  Gauls, 
The  inhabitants  of  Britain  uieJ  woollen  cloathing;  neither 
were  they  itrangers  to  the  manuiatturing  of  linen* 

*  The  party-coloured  garments  which  the  natives  of  the 
mountains  of  Scotland  have  brought  down  to  the  prefent  times, 
were  the  univerjal  tsftc  among  all  the  branches  of  the  Celtic 
nation.  The  fa^^^um  of  the  old  Gauls  and  Spaniards  was  no 
other  than  the  Sccittifh  phiid  of  various  colours;  the  braccar, 
from  which  a  p,at  of  Gaul  took  its  name,  were  the  lughland 
trowfe,  and  the  fame  with  that  worn  by  the  Germans  \  which 
being  ftratt  and  clofe  to  the  fkin,  exhibited  the  fliape  of  the 
limbs.  The  ancient  Britons,  l»kc  the  Germans,  wore  a  clofe 
jacket  of  party-coloured  cloth,  which  generally  reached  no  far- 
ther than  the  wa*itband  of  the  trowfe.  This  jacket  had  a  half 
tieo^Cj  which  came  down  to  the  chow.     The  vulgar  wore  \ 


408  Mzcphctfoti^s  IntroJu^,  to  the  Ulfl.  of  Gnat  Britain^  Ui, 

kind  of  half  boot  and  ihoe  in  one,  made  of  raw  hides,  and 
laced  fail  before  with  ^lall  thones  :  the  (hoes  of  the  beccer 
fort  of  people  were  of  tanned  leather. 

'  The  drefs  of  the  women  was  ftill  more  fimple  th^n  that  of 
the  men.  It  confided  of  a  jacket  without  any  fleeves,  and  a 
petticoat  which  reached  down  a  little  below  the  knee.  Their 
bofoms  were  ex  poled  to  view,  and  their  arms  were  bare.  Upon 
public  occafions  they  ufcd  likewifc  a  party-coloured  f^m  or 
Pioid  of  finer  texture  than  that  worn  by  the  men  ;  and  women 
of  condition  and  rank  hung  a  chain  of  gold,  by  way  of  orna- 
ment, about  the  neck.  In  fummer  therr  jackets  and  pettiotts 
were  of  linen  ftair.ed  with  purple  :  in  winter  they  were  of  wool, 
ftripcd  with  different  colours.  Printed  linens  feem  to  be  ot 
Celtic  invention.  The  Spanifli  ladies,  in  the  days  of  Strabo, 
wore  linen  robes  flained  with  the  figures  of  various  flowers. 

^  'J'hough  the  Celtic  nations  had  a  particular  averfion  to  the 
changing  of  the  fafhion  of  their  deaths,  they  became  carlf 
luxurious  and  expenfive  in  the  article  of  drefs.  The  apparel 
of  the  Gauls  and  Spaniards'  efpecially  was  extremely  magnifi- 
cent. When  they  wo.e  linen,  it  was  ftampcd  or  painted  with  a 
variety  of  figures  in  different  colours;  and  their  woollen  doihi 
were  variegated,  according  to  Strabo,  with  gold.  The  Ger- 
mans themfclves,  as  c  irly  as  the  beginning  of  the  third  centurfi 
ftrcakcd  thtir  garments  with  filvcr  ;  and  we  may  conclude  fut 
the  ancient  Hritons  were  not  behind  the  Germans  in  their  love 
of  finery  and  fhow. 

*  The  Ccltae  were  not  only  neat  in  their  drefs,  they  were  alfo 
cleanly  in  their  prrfons.  'I'he  character  of  dirtinefs,  which  we 
annex  to  the  barbarians  of  ancient  Europe,  came  from  the  Kaft 
with  thofc  wild  nations  who  overturned  the  empire  of  the  Wed. 
The  S.irmatne,  who  were  the  anceilors  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  prc'fcnt  inhabit  ints  of  Europe,  were  dirty  to  a  proverb.  The 
i'cltic  nations  were  peculiarly  fond  of  clcanlincfs  :  they  bathed 
rcMiKuly  every  6?.y  in  the  months  of  winter,  as  we'l  as  in  the 
h(  it^  o\  fummer  ;  and  they  carried  their  love  of  neatnefs  fo  far, 
that,  according  to  Ammianus  Marctllinus,  in  all  the  provinces 
of  anci'?nt  (jaul,  not  one  man  or  woman,  even  the  poorcfti 
was  to  be  fccn  with  patched  or  mended  cloiths.  The  fiTse 
writer  i^ivcs  a  ftriking  contrnft  to  the  Celtic  neatnefs  ia  i>e 
naliincfii  of  the  Sarmstrt',  whofi  dirty  and  ragged  poftcritjf 
croud,  r.t  this  day,  the  Itreets  of  the  muft  opulent  cities  in  £«• 
rop*?.  The  clears) jul's  of  modern  nations  proceeds  from  lux- 
ury, and  is  not  ^/rncral ;  it  was  the  rcfult  of  nature  among  the 
Cel'x,  ad  was  Kiiivcrfal.  Biggary  and  rags  are  of  the  ia- 
provcmer.ts  of  advanced  fuciety.' 

From  the  charadler  and  manners  of  the  ancient  Britlfli  nt* 
iion^^  our  H\fto\'\n\  i^aK^^  \.q  >^cv^  ^Qt&\^\-aXV5yc^  ^^  vbc  mode  of 


MicpficrfohV  Introdun.  ti  the  HIJT.  of  Griat  Btltain^  tffr.   409 

IPb^crnmcnt  to  which  they  fubmittcd.  It  b  not  in  the  ruder 
periods  of  fociecy  that  we  are  to  fcek  for  the  dominion  of  a 
dcfpot*  Our  anceitors  were  fully  fcnfiblc  of  the  value  of  inde- 
pendence and  of  liberty  ;  and  when  their  prrvilegcs  were  at- 
tacked by  ihofe  whom  thtry  had  raifed  to  prefide  over  ihem, 
they  exerted  that  righr^  which  is  inherent  in  the  collciflivc 
fnembcfs  af  every  community^  and  deprived  them  of  iheir  au- 
fhority.  It  is  with  fingutar  pleafyrc  that  we  prefcnt  to  our 
Readers  the  remarks  of  our  Author  on  this  fubjcd. 

*  The  ancient  Biitifli  nations,  he  obfeivcs^  like  the  reft  of 

the  inhabitants  of  the  north  of  Europe,  were  extremely  fond 

and  very  tenacious  of  their  political  frcedoiHt     Though,  from 

%  conviction  that  civil  fociety  cannot  ma  ntain   itfelf  without 

ftibordi nation,  they  had  their  ju<iges,  their  prirtccs,  and  kings  j 

the   power  of  thofe  dignified  perfons  was  very  much  circum- 

fcribcd.     In  the  midft  of  barbarity  they  formed  as  juft  notions 

of  liberty  as  other  free  nations  h^ve  done  in  the  molt  cultivated 

times*     They  were  convinced  that  they  not  only  had  a  rign  to 

elcvi  their  magiftrates,  but  alio  to  prt-fcribe  thofe  laws  by  which 

they  chole  to  be  governtd.    The  anions  of  the  individuaJ  were 

cognizable  by  the  hrehon  or  judge;  the  judge  hicnfelf  was  ;ic- 

AJMintable  for  his  conduS  to  the  general  afiembly  of  the  people. 

|Bi  The  Celtse  in  general  vAcre  fuch  enthufiaOs  on  the  i*rticle 

^m  public   freedom,  that  they  affirmed  it  was  the  natural  pro- 

rty  of  animals  as  well  as  of  nun       Their  love  of  liberty  was 

;  of  the  rcifons  they  gave   for  their  avcrfion  to  induftry  and 

I  accumulation  of  property  ;  **  for  he  that  wiflies  to  be  free^ 

Ibc  Scythians,  ought  to  have  nrithing  that  he  is  afraid   to 

Poverty  is  certainly  the  beft   bulwark  ^gainll   tyranny  3       • 

'were  our  anccftors  much  miftaken  when  ihcy  believed  that 

I  nan  who  loves  riches  Is  capable  of  felling   his  liberty  fuc 

aey.     The  Celtsc*    through    all    their    branches,    preferred 

freedom  to  life  itfelf.     Their  firll  maxim   in  war  was  to 

bntain  iheir  independence,  or  prevent  flavery  by  a  voluntary 

th. 

"f  The  department  of  the  prince  was  to  lead   in   war;    in 

EC  he  funk  into  an  equaiit^  with  others*     Inllead  of  conil* 

^ing  his  will  and  pleafure  as  a  living  law,  they  paid  him  no        | 

"edience  bat  what  he  derived  from  their  opinion  of  his  merit, 

licy  fcemed   to  confider  the  chief  magiftrate,  even   afttr  his 

ihority  had  extended  itfelf  to  times  of  tranquility,  to  be  only 

the  guardian  of  thofe  cufloms  which  occupied  the  place  of  laws* 

Xhcir  kings  had  no  public  revenue,  and  they -ftood   in  need  of 

lione,  when  the  fubj^ct  attended  them  in  war  at   his  own  ex- 

fience,  if  indeed  the  equippitig  of  an  ancient  Briton  fac  dc^cc*       | 

datory  expeditions  Tcc(\x\itA  awjr  c]ipencc  at  all, 

a^.  Ahr  177 i*  E  c  *^  ^^ 


410  Macphcrfoa^  Inmdu£l»  to  ihi  Hifl^  ^/Gnai  Britain^  iSi. 

•  It  is  certain  that  the  ancient  Britons,  like  their  hrcthrcti 
on  the  continent,  had  their  general  aflfcmblies  of  the  people,  in 
which  all  afFairs  of  public  concern  were  decided  by  the  plura- 
lity of  voices.  In  the  fmall  ftates  inco  which  they  were  fub- 
divided,  it  was  not  impoflible  for  the  majority  of  th»jfc  of  per* 
fc^  age  to  convene  upon  important  occafions.  Their  rebb- 
tioos  mufl,  in  the  nature  of  things,  have  been  tuniu  tuaijiml 
precipitate.  They  met  principally  for  the  purpofc  of  mim^ 
war,  and  they  rufhed  with  little  deitberatton  into  a  llateiniich 
they  naturally  loved,  Domeftic  affairs  were  fcldom  the  fubjcS 
of  debate;  for  a  people  before  the  eJiabli/hment  of  landed  pro* 
perty,  and  a  confiderable  degree  of  commerccj  can  fcarcrly  be 
Jfaid  to  have  any  domeilic  affairs* 

*  The  greateft  improvements  in  politics  rife  from  very  frmple 
and  rude  beginnings.  When  the  ftatc  became  cxtenCve  and 
populous,  it  was  impoflible  for  all  its  members  to  convene  in 
general  aflembly,  T'he  expedient  of  delegation  wis  obvious, 
and  was  naturally  adopted  \  and  length  of  time  poliihetl  into 
what  is  called  a  convention  of  the  ilate^  the  dernocraiical 
meetings  of  the  Celtic  nations.  The  delegates  being /r#irf«/ 
the  interruptions  and  confufions  incident  to  the  afi'emblies  of 
the  populace,  fouod  leifure  to  determine  upon  domeftic  a^  well 
2s  foreign  matters;  and  this  was  the  fource  of  thofe  civil  regu- 
lations, which  we  diflingyifh  by  the  name  of  laws. — Irv  the 
darknefs  which  involves  our  remotcft  anceftors,  it  is  impoifibic 
to  trace  their  government  through  all  its  departments  wi^h  prt- 
cifton.  The  abfcnce  of  thofe  vices  which  exift  only  in  poli&ed 
focicty  was  probably  the  chief  caufc  of  the  domeftic  tranquility 
which  they  enjoyed.  Crimes,  to  ufc  at  once  a  paradox anS 
a  metaphor,  are  the  parents  of  civil  regulations  ;  and  neccflityi 
which  is  faid  to  have  no  law,  is  the  fource  of  all  law.' 

The  feclions  in  which  our  Author  examines   into  the  lin- 
guage  of  the  ancient  Britifh  nations,  do  not  form  the  leaft  ori- 
ginal part  of  his  work.     In  ihefe  we  muft  do   him  the  jtiiHcc 
to  remark,  that  he  has  combated  and   overthrown  an  opiniooi 
very  gcncrilly  received  among  the  learned,  which  fuppofes  that 
the  Romans  eftabliflied  their  own   language  in  the  regioilf  of 
the  Weft  ^nd  North,  which  fubmitted  to  their  aims.     Hthai 
fliewn  that  the  conne^^ion  between  the  Latin  and  the  bngnaga 
of  Spain,  France,  and  modern  Italy,  is  not  to  be  traced  to  the  j 
government  of  Rome,  but  to  another  fource  j  that  the  Cekic  ml 
ojice  the  univerfa!  language  in  Europe ;  and  that  the  Latin  owf!> 
in  part,  its  origin  to  one  of  the  Celtic  diale^Sts.    With  regard  lo 
the  bnguage  of  ancient  Britain,  he  h«s  made  it  appear,  ill  it  it  I 
Cf>nfifted  of  three  diaiefts  of  that  great  and  general  tongue  whick  ' 
pcrviidcd  aiickni  VLutoY»e  -^   21  slu^mtvy^^'wl^  ^x^^^&itv^d  by  the 


Macphcrfon'x  Introdu£l.  to  the  Hjjh  of  Great  Britain ^  ifc*  41c 

•colonics,  which,  at  three  different  periods*  had  been  Tent  into 
Bntdin  from  Gaul  and  the  Lower  Germany. 

The  concluding  Jivifion  of  ihe  publication  before  us,  regards 
the  origin^  the  religion,  and   the  government  of  the   Anglo- 
iSaxoiis.     The  obfervations  of  our  Hiflortan  on  the  lad  of  ihefe     j 
heads  will  be  allowed  to  be  curious  and  entertaining. 

*  The  want  of  information,  fays  he,  which  induced  the 
writers  of  Rome  to  remove  the  northern  limits  of  ancient  Ger- 
many to  the  Pole,  was  a  fource  of  error  to  the  learned  of  nro* 
dern  times.  The  latter  have  exicnJeJ  the  general  character  of 
the  Ctltic  nations  between  the  Rhine  and  ihe  Llhc,  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Scandinavia  and  the  fhores  of  the  Baltic.  In  vain 
have  the  wild  nations  of  the  North  advanced  into  the  fouthcrn 
Hurope  with  pofitive  proofs  of  their  own  Sarmatic  origin  j  men 
of  letters  have  chofen  to  make  them  Celtae  j  and  Cel[«>  in  fpitc 
of  all  evidence  10  the  contrary,  they  muft  remain.  To  differ 
from  the  learned,  in  this  point,  is  neither  precipitate  nor  pre- 
fumptuouB.  The  ancients  give  no  countenance  to  their  opi* 
nion  ;  and  the  unmixed  pofterity  of  thofe  nations,  who  over- 
whelmed the  empire  of  the  Weft,  aigue  againll  them  with  all 
the  force  of  language,  manners,  and  government.  To  the 
origin  of  the  latter  we  fliall  at  prelent  confine  our  inquiries* 

*  The  Scandinavian:i,  in  the  days  of  Tacitus,  were  fubjcft 
lo  abfolutc  monarchy.  They  were  a  commercial  people.  Ella* 
tlifhed  prfipcrty  had  attached  them  to  fixed  abodes.  Wealth 
was  honoured  among  them,  and  they  acquicfced  under  the  un- 
limited defpoiifm  of  one.  Secured  by  their  fituation  from  fo* 
reign  enemies,  their  dnmeftic  fpirit  declined.  They  fuffcred 
tbcmfelves  to  be  dilarmed  by  their  princes  ;  and  thus  the  ty- 
ranny of  Afia,  in  the  abfcnce  of  its  luxury,  prevailed  under  the 
Pole,  The  Sitones  of  Norway  were  even  mnre  abj^et  than 
their  brethren  to  the  Eaft  of  the  mountains  of  Sevo.  They  not 
only  degenerated  from  liberty,  but  even  from  flavery  itfclf; 
they  fubmitted  to  the  government  of  women,  and  added  dif- 
grace  t  >  fervitude^  Tnis  yttachment  to  hereditary  fucccffion 
continued  among  the  colonics  which  Scaniiinavia  cllablifhed  to 
the  Soutliof  the  Baltic*  The  Rup^ij,  the  Lemovij,  all  the  V^an- 
dals  from  the  ifle  of  Rugen  to  the  German  Ocean,  as  well  a9 
their  brethren  the  Sarmatic  Goihones  on  the  V^iiluta^  were  di- 
iitngutihed  by  their  obedicrnce  to  king!t» 

*  It  is  howevtrr  certain,  that  the  mouarchs  of  the  Scandinavian 
Sirmatx  loft  their  influence  iiv  the  progreffivc  mi:^rations  of 
iheir  fubjcds  towards  the  Souih.  The  Goths  and  Vandals, 
the  unduubted  ancellors  of  the  modem  EngliJh,  were  remark* 
able  for  their  attachment  to  civil  liberty.  I'hough  the  crown 
was  hereditary  in  certain  families ;  though  their  princei  \aLyii^.\ftA 

E  e  a  iicvvw\ 


412  Macphcrfon'^  Intro Ju^.  to  the  Hijl.  ofCnat  Britain^  tic. 

their  defccnt  from  Odin,  the  firft  of  the  gods,  their  power, 
and  even  the  pofleflion  of  their  dignity,  depended  upon  ^e  ge- 
neral aflVmbly  of  the  people,  whofe  refolutions  they  were  al- 
ways obliged  to  carry  into  execution.  In  expedition  and  war  the 
kino  was  rcfpedtcd  ;  but  deftitute  of  the  power  of  infliSiiigiiiy 
puniihment  upon  the  difobcdient,  his  authority  was  nugatory. 
With  war  the  reverence  for  his  perfon  was  at  an  end.  Indig- 
iiity  was  a  !dcd  to  his  want  of  confequence  and  power;  die 
jncancil  of  his  fubjeds  fat  with  him  at  table^  joined  in  tits 
converfation,  ufed  him  with  contempt,  and  difgraced  hi;p  widi 
fcunility.  The  kings  of  the  Goths,  a  nation  defcended  fron 
the  fame  ftock  with  the  Saxons,  enjoyed  no  honour,  and  met 
with  no  rcfpeft.  The  rabble  being,  by  the  ftrength  of  eb- 
blifhcd  cuftom,  admitted  to  the  entertainments  of  the  prince, 
the  unhappy  man,  indead  of  being  treated  with  the  revercnoe 
due  to  his  rank,  was  often  obliged  to  purchafe  with  prefeocs  a 
decency  of  behaviour  from  his  barbarous  guefts. 

^  This  fpecies  of  rude  liberty  degenerated  fometimes  into  li- 
cence in  the  extreme.  Barbarians  who  ufed  fuch  freedoms widi 
their  prince,  muil  naturally  have  a  contempt  for  his  charaAcr 
ind  authority.  They  fomctimcs  perfccuted  him  to  death  ilfelf, 
for  no  other  caufe  but  that  they  were  determined  to  fubmittft 
the  commands  of  none.  He  was  expelled  from  his  throne 
upon  every  frivolous  and  unjuft  pretence. — Should  they  bappei 
to  be  unfucccfsful  in  war  ;  (liould  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  through 
the  inclemency  of  the  feafon,  fail,  the  unhappy  monarch  wai 
degraded  from  his  dignity,  and  became  the  viAim  of  di&p- 
pointment  and  injuftice.  He  was  anfwerable  for  the  fttcof 
battles  in  which  he  was  not  obeyed ;  and,  though  deftitute  of 
authority  among  men,  he  was  punilhed  for  not  having  the 
power  of  a  god  over  the  weather. 

'  The  northern  Germans  had  two  afTemblies  for  the  ma- 
nagement of  their  foreign  and  domeftic  affairs.  The  greater 
afTembly  confifting  of  the  body  of  the  people  for  matters  of  fiate: 
the  lefler  compofed  of  the  prince  and  his  aflcflbrs,  for  tbead- 
minillration  of  juftice.  Every  man  of  perfeft  age,  and  widi- 
out  any  diftinflion  of  degree,  had  a  voice  at  this  general  con- 
vention. The  multitude  came  completely  armed,  and  all  had 
a  right  to  deliver  their  fcntiments  with  the  utmoft  freedom,  i 
Alliances  were  made,  wars  refolved  upon,  treaties  of  peace  ' 
concluded,  in  the  great  aflembly;  whofe  power  extended  alfo 
to  capital  punifhmcnts  for  offences  againft  the  ftate. 

*  The  general  afTcmb'y  of  the  people  eledled  annually  one 
hundred  out  of  their  own  number  to  attend  the  perfon  of  the 
prince,  and  to  fcrvc  2ls  \\\s  ?L^cSoT%'w\s.^tvVv<t<^.\.\a  iudgment. 
Thcfc  gave  wc\g\\t  to  Vvvs  d^cv£\ou^>  "wA.  t.'cd^\^:;^  Vv^  ^'^x^^* 


Macphcrfon'x  Introdu^*  to  the  HiJ!,  of  Great  Britain^  ifc.  41 J 

They  fat  at  his  table^  accompanied  him  in  hi5  progrefs ;  they 
were  his  guard  in  peace,  hii>  protection  \n  war.  Vo  fupport 
the  cxpence  of  cntcnaining  thefc  ctjnftant  attendants  of  his 
•  prcfcnce  he  received  from  the  people  a  voltjntary  and  free  gift  i 
of  cattle  and  corn,  and  he  al^o  dirivcd  a  kind  of  revenue  from 
the  fines  impofcd  upon  petty  offenders,  f  he  pnncc  and  hi^  af- 
fcflbrs  formed  the  lefler  afiembly  ;  and  difFcrences  between  in- 
dividuals were  heard  and  determined  bcfoce  them. 

*  Traitors  againft  the  ftate,  and  deferters  to  an  enemy,  wers 
tried  among  the  old  Germans  before  the  general  aflcmbly  of  the 
people,  and,  upon  convidion,  banged.  Cowards  and  men  of 
infamous  lives  were  drowned  under  hurdles,  in  ftagnant  and 
muddy  pools.  The  laws  of  the  ancient  Saxons  on  the  cotiti- 
nent  were  particularly  fevere  againft  incontinence  and  adultery* 
Should  a  virgin  in  her  father's  houfe,  or  a  married  woman  in 
that  of  her  huiband,  be  guilty  of  incontinence,  Oie  was  either 
ftrangled  by  her  relations  in  private,  and  her  body  burnt,  or 
Ihe  was  delivered  over  to  a  fpecies  of  public  punifhrncnt  the 
moft  ignominious  and  crueL  Cut  ftiort  of  her  clothing  by  the 
waift,  fhe  was  whipped  from  vlU  jge  to  village  by  ancient  ma- 
trons, who,  at  the  fame  time,  pricked  her  body  with  knives 
til]  ihe  expired  under  thetr  hands.  Virtue,  in  this  cafe,  dege- 
nerated into  unpardonable  barbafiiy. — They  animadverted  upon 
petty  offenders  with  (lighter  puniftimencs  :  a  fine  in  cattle,  prot- 
portioned  to  the  degree  of  the  offence,  was  levied  hy  the  au- 
thority of  the  king  and  his  affeffurs  upon  the  delinqLJent;  even 
homicide  ittclf  was  expiated  by  a  certain  mulct  payabic  to  the 
prince  and  the  relations  of  the  perfon  fljin.  Such  were  the 
rude  elements  which  time  has  improved  into  the  prefent  con- 
ftitution  of  Englifh  government.' 

Throughout  the  whole  of  his  fntroJuftion,  our  Author  has 
difcov^red  no  lefs  judgment  than  erudition.  He  has  not  given 
into  bold  and  vague  conjeflurcs^  but  has  grounded  his  opinions 
on  the  teftimony  of  the  ancients ;  and  the  general  remarks  h« 
h.'is  made  on  religion  and  policy,  are  a  proof  that  he  is  well 
acquainted  with  the  hiftory  of  mankind.  The  language  ia 
which  he  expreffes  himfeU  has  energy  and  elegance ;  and  we 
perceive  in  his  performance,  a  force  of  mind,  which  never 
marks  the  produdions  of  thofc  who  purchafe  a  temporary  re- 
putation by  retailing  the  difcoveries  and  the  fcmioients  of  othe{: 
men. 


Ee  3 


uo^^^vi 


[     4U     ] 


MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For      MAY,     1771* 

Medical. 
rt.  10.  f^irfues  of  Brit ijh  Herbs.  With  the  Hifiory,  Dffrrip* 
tion,  and  Figures  of  the  feverd  Kinds ;  an  Account  of  the  DneiJei 
they  will  cure;  the  Method  of  ^ivitr^  them  ;  and  MaoAgieaiaiof 
the  Patients  in  each  Difeafe  :  Con Uiining  Cures — O/ the  G^Mii 
by  a  Tea  of  CMe/t  Rodi  ofjhr^uth'  BUmiJhes  by  a  Deco^on  of 
Mupatorium  \  and  of  the  Piles  by  Varroiv,  An  Account  of  the  tmi 
nt-nt  Virtues  of  ^«//*rii*rr  in  pejJihntial  Fevers ^  aod  the 
fclf.  And  oP  the  Excellence  of  Fiowfers  of  ?*a»^jr  for  \h^  ^  -,- 
Unarms*  Tlie  Poxver  of  Conjhwnd  a5  a  ^vttltternry  -  and  the  OfifTSil 
%^zt\pt  foT  Ar^urbM/ad£-^atcr\  with  an  Inftancc  of  mo  invcimJi^ 
Sicmach  compluini  cu  red  by  a  Tea  of  t  h e  F lowers  o TJmm  Fw^t^-^m* 
TheWhnk  illuflrating  that  important  Truth,  that  ^cFtMttd 
our  own  Country  will  cure  all  its  lyifi^fti.  To  %vhkh  it  tMed, 
the  Manner  of  raifnig  Tarrc^w^  for  increaftog  the  Qui&d;y  rf 
wholeJome  Fafturage  in  Grafs  Grounds.  A  Work  intended  10  k 
ufcful  to  the  Sick,  and  to  their  Friends ;  to  private  Familks;  4»d 
to  chc  charitable,  who  would  hdp  their  Neighbours.  Nambcfl 
To  be  continued  occabonally,  as  new  Virtues  are  difcovcrti  la 
Plants 'j  or  neglefled  or  doubtful  ones  afccrtainrd  by  Experience. 
ByJohnHifl,  M.  D.     tvo.     is.  6  d.     Baldwin,  &c.     1770* 

T*  H I  S  loquacious  title-page  has  fo  gfeat  an  appearance  of  pf 
(ix\g  and  quackery,  that  it  may  prejudice  fome  Readers  igilll 
the  work  which  it  defcribcs.  We  are  perfuad^d,  nevenhclcfj,  dnide 
tle/ign  of  the  publication  h  very  ccmniendable.  It  were  to  be  «ri(kl 
that  the  qu:jliiie5  and  eifeds  of  the  lierbs  dcfcribed,  bad  bern 
tcRed  from  the  Do<itor*s  own  experience  and  knowledge  ;  but 
fame  inflances  in  which  he  feems  chiefly  to  depend  on  what  It 
leaf ned  froci  other  pcrfons-  Of  the  tirll  number  of  this  wi»k^] 
look  notice  fomc  months  ago  ;  this  fccoud,  like  the  forn]er»  M^' 
particular  dcfcription  of  the  difTtTCnt  herbs,  is  attended  with  a  prist 
of  each.  In  defcribing  the  matrtcaita  Jua^jeoUtti,  or  fweci  fcvcf-^'i 
wc  are  told  of  a  lingular  and  ftrikjng  inftance  he  had  of  its  vlriaf* 
fome  years  ago,  when  he  was,  we  are  informed,  defired  by  tkli» 
Dutchefs  of  Richmond  to  vifit  a  farmer's  wife,  *  who  was  perifhiuj 
from  mere  want  of  nouriOiiiicnt,'  '  An  avcr^on,  fay*  he»  trt  til 
food  hsd  poiTeiTcd  her  for  many  months,  not  to  be  accounted  fcrbf 
any  means  or  equalled  by  all  that  has  been  written  in  incdkine-  ft 
WTu  fcarce  poffible  to  get  her  to  taile  any  thing  whatever;  and  tks 
minutes  after  tht-  lead  morfel  was  down,  flic  always  thre^vit  upagiiB. 
I  found  her  in  the  ufe  of  a  tea  made  from  this  plant  i  and  u  his 
iriends  thought  it  pro  mi  fed  good,  1  recommended  the  continouct' 
of  it.  The  tea  was  made  only  from  the  yellow  diflts  of  the  fionrtf) 
clipped  into  bcnVvn^  >waict.  A  ^V^i^t^v-^xv  m  the  neighbourhood  hid 
taught  her  the  meiWA,  aT\d  ^t^^ftW^x  <^<i  ^\mv\,    '^Vt  x^ybii 


M  8  D  t  C  A  L. 


4IJ 


ibhorred  gentian  and  the  like,  bore  this ;  and  by  a  conllant  perle* 
Tcrance  in  it  ftie  was  cured/ 

After  dcfcribing  the  achill^tA^  or  y a/row,  it  is  obferved,  that 
greater  care  isneceflary  than  men  commonly  uie,  to  {hew  what  plantr 
are  and  what  are  not  valuable;  becaufe  the  yarrow  is  a  plant  leift 
ftanding  always  in  fed  paRures,  therefore  it  has  been  thought  anfer- 
viceablc ;  *  but  yarrow,  fays  our  Author,  Hill  is  ufeful,  i  fowcd 
fotne  in  a  barren  patch  of  grafs  ground  ;  and  all  the  while  the  leaves 
were  tender  the  cows  and  horfcs  eat  them  heartily ;  and  it  proved 
wholefome^  and  doubled  the  natural  produce-  On  cutting  down  the 
ilalks  as  they  rofc,  it  iHIl  kept  in  leaf  and  frclhnefs^  growing  as  it 
wao  eaten-'  He  proceeds  afterwards  to  fpeak  of  its  medicinal  qua- 
lities and  ufe. 

The  ftmcio  famnuus^  or  faraams  confiund^  is,  we  are  told,  the 
great  ingredient  of  the  Swii's  arquebu fade- water.  Among  the  many 
receipts  for  making  this  famous  water,  the  beft>  the  Do<£lor  feysi 
which  he  has  feen,  he  obtained  by  purchafe  from  a  perfon  of  vera* 
city  and  knowledge,  and  is  '  happy  in  this  opportunity  of  giving  it 
to  the  public,  becaufe  every  one  who  has  an  alembic  may  make  it 
with  the  greatell  eafe.*  The  recipe  follows,  but  for  the  particnlar^ 
we  muH  refer  our  Readers  to  the  pamphlet. 

The  ptiafius  onjatut^  or  common  hutterhurr^  receives  great  praifcs 
from  this  Author,  *  'Tjs»  fays  he,  one  of  thofe  innumerable  in(lancci 
that  the  providence  of  God,  ^^^x  attentive  to  the  good  of  man,  has 
placed  thofe  things  abovjt  us  in  great  plenty,  thit  can  be  of  great 
ufe, — This  is  an  admirable  medicine  in  fevers  of  the  worft  kmd  ; 
and  taken  early  tt  prevents  the  mifchiefs  that  often  rife  naturally  ia 
the  difeafe  ;  anti  oft tner  from  thi  trrors  tif  fbyfuiansj'  When  a  difeafe 
of  the  putrid  kind  prevailed,  it  is  faid,  in  England  about  twenty 
years  ago,  *  the  fame  fever  raged  at  the  fame  time  in  Germany  | 
and  while  we  died  by  bleedingi^,  and  by  chemical  medicines,  they 
lived  by  butter  burr/  He  proceeds  to  fpeak  very  feriouily  of  a  hea- 
vier vifuatinn,  with  which  a  while  ago  it  was  imagined  we  were 
threatened  ;  and  adds,  *  if  that  greateil  of  all  calamities  ihould 
come,  there  are  few  things  from  wnich  we  may  cxped  fo  great  relief 
as  from  this  herb.  'Tis  no  new  or  hafty  obfervation*  The  Greeks 
nfed  it  with  the  greatell  fucccfs ;  and  the  very  name  of  the  plant 
among  the  Germans,  is  peftilence-wort/ 

He  goes  on  to  acquaint  us  in  what  method  the  root  of  biitterburr 
is  10  be  ufed,  whether  for  this  or  for  a  Icfs  calamity  ;  for  putrid  fe- 
vers, or'for  what  is  called  the  fore  throat  with  ulcers,  which  is  in- 
deed, fays  he,  only  one  fy mptom  of  a  putrid  fever,  however  other- 
wife  it  has  been  fpoken  of/  The  account  of  this  herb  is  clafed  by 
producing  fome  great  authorities  in  its  favour,  and  then  he  atks, 
•  Shall  we  go  on  ? — But  it  were  ncedlefs  to  prove  the  fun  gives  light  j 
'lis  fcarce  lefs  certain,  or  Icfs  obvious,  that  thi^  root,  beyond  alj 
things  clfe,  cures  pellilential  fevers.* 

Under  one  article  he  laments  the  great  confusion  that  has  arifet^ 
about  the  names  of  plants,  particularly  of  fome,  of  whofe  ufe  Diof- 
corldcs  had  experience.  •  We  have,  fays  he,  been  falling  into  tho 
fame  mif chief  now ;  and  all  knowledge  faded  before  it^  I  Kci^«,  \^vv 
©i|bJic#iion  may  have  its  ufe  m  ftopmne  i\vc  ^lO'g^t?:^^  qV  ^  ^\iJ^'a?cw^ 


^^>s^ 


^x$  Monthly  CATAioofiffy 

which  mud  in  time  de&roy  every  attempt  to  help  minklnd*  Tb 
greateil  forrow  is,  that  the  moll  refpedled  names  have  given  nx^ 
much  countenance  to  the  pra6lice.  lannxqs,  worthy  of  all  pniie^ 
yet  not  without  his  faults,  has  given  the  names  of  Dk>icorides's  pUsn 
(o  new  kinds  found  lately  in  America/  •  The  paragraph  is  odd^ 
concluded  with  faying,  f  If  fuch  a  piethofl  l^e  not  ^pped,  fooi 
night*  to  all.' — ^Good  night  to  yoji,  Dodto^* 

PoLlTICAt. 

Art.  |i«    A  Refutation  of  a  Pamphlet,  called.  Thoughts  it  dr 
late  fraftja^ions  refpeSing  falktand^sljland.     In  a  Letter  addrdfej 
to  the  Author,  and  dedicated  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnfon.     8vo.    \i 
Evans.     1771.'' 
This  publication  fully  refutes  the  fallacious  reasonings  employed 

}n  Dr.  J.'s  pamphlet  *,  and  expofes  the  diiingenuity-of  its  Author. 

Art.  1 2.  The  ortginal  Power  of  the  colUStive  Body  of  the  People  if 
SngUnd  examined  and  ajjerted.  AddrefTed  to  the  King,  Lor3s,  afi4 
Commons.  Neceffary  to  be  read  at  this  alarming  Crifis.  %yo,  i  $. 
Williams.     1771.  ' 

This  appears  to  us  to  be  an  old  trafl;  and  it  has  evidendy  been 

indebted  for  its  republication  to  its  title,  and  not  to  its  merit. 

Dramatic. 

Art.  13.    He  would  if  he  could  \  or^  an  old  Fool  worfe  than  axji 
A  Burletta,  as  it  is  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  Drwy- 
lane.     The  Mufic  by  Mr.  Dibdin.     8vo.     is.     Griffin.     1771. 
Goes  an  eafy  hand-gallop  with  the  right  foot  foremoft,  in  thit 

kind  of  titupping  burlelque  rhyme  which  feems  ridiculoufiy  enoogkt 

and,  therefore,  well  enough  adapted  to  fubjeds  of  this  kind.— W  1 

old  Fool  marries  his  maid. 

Art.  14.    The  Fair  Orphan:  A  comic  Opera  of  Three  Afls,  n 
performed  at  the  Theatre  at  Lynn,  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Stevens's  Cob- 
pany  of  Comedians.     8vo.     t  s.  6d.     Nicoll.     1771. 
The  plot  inartificial,  the  dialogue  unnatural,  the  chara£lcr$  ill 

diflinguifhed,  the  underplot  impertinent,  and  the  whole  a  heap  of 

abfurdities.       •  . 

P  O   E    T    I    C   A   J,. 

Art.  15.  TJf  Triumph  ofFaJhion\  a  Vifion.  4to.  is.  6i 
Griffin.  1771. 
Wit  and  Senfe  are  here  reprefented  as  foolifh  enough  to  go  W 
war  with  Fafliion,  and  their  campaign  is,  of  courfe,  unfucccisfiil' 
pulnefs  is  made  One  of  Fafhion's' generals,  in  which  appointment 
we  do  not  fee  much  propriety  ;  but  poffibly  the  Author's  connetoa 
with  the  Goddefs  might  induce  him  to  give  her  that  preferment. 
Art.  16.  ^ An  EU'gy  written  in  Covent  Garden.     410.     is.    Rii* 

*     Jey-    177.' •  . 

The  progrefs  of  a  thief  to  Tyburn,  in  a  parody  on  the  Elegy  wnt; 
ten  in  a  Country  Church-yard.  Here  and  there  the  Parodiil  aflbi* 
us  a  droll  I'tanza  ;  but,  upon  the  whole,  it  is  a  dull  performance. 

•  Sec  Rcvvtyi  fot  K^x\\,  ^.  -^jyi*  1 


P  O  E  T^l  C  A  tf 


»»r 


Art  17,  Penprof(i\  or,  thi  penftve  Phihfapher  in  hit  S&Htudfsi 
a  Poem  in  fix  Books.  By  the  Rev.  James  Foot.  8vo.  4  s.  Boardju 
Bathurft.      1 771. 

Mr*  Foot,  ia  this  poem,  introduces  an  imaginary  perfbn  of  iho 
pame  of  Penfcrofo,  reflcOing  upon  ihc  jtatc  of  iKe  moral  and  nata- 
xaU  the  religious  and  civil  world.  He  means  very  well,  byt  he  vvriiei 
jmhappily.  His  poem  affords  innumerable  inllanccs  of  the  Bathos  5 
p.nd  had  it  been  publilhed  before  the  trcatife  on  that  fubje^  wai 
)vnttenj  it  would  have  faved  the  Authors  the  trouble  of  coinuig. 

The  Macedonian  Prince,  with  glory  i/rtttti^ 

•  «         * 

AfiA  ft Mping  gods  attentive  hear  his  tale. 
In  him  the  direful  work  was  but  begua 

For  others  bleed  by  dr^^ns* 

•  •         • 

Give  me  to  pafs  within  this  facred  dome. 

Where  death  is  to  be  fecn  in  higheft  taftu 

•  •         •         • 

A  warripr  frowns  10  (lone,  hit  Ugt  acrofs^ 

•  »         • 

The  grinders  loH, 

Or  leiTen'd,  the  digeftive  power  declines. 
Such  is  the  mifery  of  being  tooth  lef»,  and — tailelefs ! 

Art,  18.  J  hi  Proflituti  i  a  Poem.  The  Author  J,  H.  Wynn^ 
4to.  It,  Wheblc*  177U 
The  old  idea  oP  a  country  parfoD*s  daughter,  debauched  by  a  man 
of  fortune,  revived,  and  the  Itqry  told  in  a  vciy  unequal  manner ;  ta 
fome  places  quite  below  mediocrity,  trite  and  tedious ;  in  others  ijpi^ 
jiccd  and  pi^turefque. 

How  changed  the  fad  MeliiTa  now  appears  I 
H:>w  counts  her  fighs,  und  drinks  her  falling  tcan! 
Tears  vainly  ih-d  for  many  a  fccret  crime 
That  llains  the  folU  of  her  departed  time! 
Her  waning  form  keen  hunger's  power  betrayn 
jinJ  fe  arching  tht  ft\  mthuh  en  her  tntrmh  prtji  j 
Deep  marks  of  gnet   her  faded  lifage  plough, 
Ancf  gloomy  care  fits  heavy  on  her  brow- 
Sorrow,  remorfe,  and  ftiame,  a  hideous  train, 
Sicknef^  aid  want,  and  heart-di  (hading  pain, 
Wi  h  confcious  guilt  that  fharpeit  anguifti  breeds^ 
And  fcjl  dcipair,  that  prompts  to  bUckell  deeds  \ 
KM  thcfe  within  her  tortur'd  bofom  fwcU, 
Rage^  £tnd  dt  rra^  her  'with  thi  pains  of  htU, 
,     Banilh  fwect  llecp,  or  to  her  doling  eye 

Ten  thoufand  dreadful  dreams  of  woe  fupply* 

The  critical  Reader  will  perceive,  in  this  fhort  fpecimcn,  the  in* 
equalities  we  have  mentioned ;  and  the  fair  Reader  will  fee  a  true 
pifturc  of  ruined  virtue. 


I 


111  MOKTMLT   CaTALOCUF, 

N   O    V   I   L    S. 

Art*  19.  Harriet ;  or^  ihi  Innocent  Adultirtft*     I2mo*     2  Vdlw^ 
5  a,     Baldwin* 
The  Author  ftcps  forth— a  champion  for  the  ladiw,  again  ft  the 
principle  adopted  in  the  caule  between  ihe  D.of  C.  and  Lord  Gr — r» 
which  convidU  the  Lady,  on  prcfumptive  evidence;  and  in  the  fup- 
TOfed  fituations,  which  he  has  artfully  llrctched  to  the   urmoft,  he 
Irings  off  his  heroine  as  innocent,  notwiihflanding  the  ftrong  antl 
almal!  irrefiftable  circumflances  which  appeared  upon  the  trial. — His 
xnanner  is  very  fprtghtly ;  and  the  agreeable  llraio  of  his  writing' 
xnighc  entitle  him  to  .tpprobation»  could  wc>  with  propriety,  com- 
mend a  work  which  the  juH  fcverity  of  moral  criticifm  mull  certainly 
coDdcmuy  as  having  too  much  ihe  air  of  an  apology  for  that  heinoos 
though  falhionable  crime,  which  fcems^  in  thefc  licentious  ttmeSy 
and  in  the  higher  ranks  of  Hfe,   to  need  no  degree  o( incouragem^xi^ 
Aft*  ZO.    Letttn  from  Ckra  ;   ^r,  tht  Effufiont  of  ibi  Htarf. 
iimo,     3  VoU.     5  s.  fcwcd.     Wilkie.     ^Jjt, 
The  Author  of  thefc  Letters,   unacquainted  with  real  life,  and 
po{rcircd  of  no  powers  of  imagination,  has  had  the  prefamptioa  to 
imagine  that  he  could  compofc  an   affe^fting  novel.     But  the  heart 
lias  no  concern  in  his  ElFufions.     Cold,  infjpid*  and  devoid  of  cir- 
cttroftancc5,  ihty  difplay  neither  intrigue  nor  paflion*     The  morality, 
indeed,  which  they  inculcate,  is  pure  and  commendable  ;  but  though 
ilbef  havedu^  advantage  in  their  favour,  we  fcruple  not  to  coniigQ 
tbem  to  the  peaceful  regions  of  obfcurity. 

Arc.  21*     Thi  ALiu  of  FtiUng.      i2mo»      25.    6d.    fewed. 
CadelK     1771-  • 

This  prrfbrmance  is  written  after  the  manner  of  Sterne  ;  but  it 
Ibllovvs  at  a  prodigious  dillancc  the  ^tips  of  that  ingenious  and  fea* 
timental  wriier.*  It  is  not  however  totally  deilitute  of  merit;  and 
the  Reader  I  who  weeps  not  over  fomc  of  the  fccncs  it  defcribcs, 
Jtas  no  fenfibility  of  mind.  But  it  is  to  be  obferved,  chat  the  know- 
ledge of  men  it  cootaias,  appears  to  be  rather  gathered  from  books 
thaji  experience;  and  that,  with  ttgT^vA  to  compofition,  it  is  care- 
Jefs,  and  i^bounds  in  provincial  and  ScotttOi  idioms.  It  is  probably 
a  ^t^  work  ;  and  from  the  fpecimcn  it  affords  of  the  talents  of  its 
Author,  we  ihould  not  be  diipof^d  to  think  that  he  will  ever  actatn 
to  ttsy  great  eminence  in  literature.  He  may  amufc  himfelf  at  the 
foot  of  ParnafTus  ;  but  to  afccnd  the  lleeps  of  the  mountain  muft  be 
the  r  fe  on  whom  their  benignant  Hars  have  beilowed  the 

rare  ^^  ue  genius 

Aft   %t*  "iU  Cun^ti  of  Covtntry  :    A  Tale.     By  John   Patter^ 

Author  t>f  tjic  HiHory   and  Adventures   of  Arthur  0*Bradlcy, 

I  :jhO      2  Vols.      ?  s.  fewed,     Newbery*     1^7  U 

The  ceconcmy  of  this  piece  has  ibme  degree  of  merit.     In  other 

jcfpetls  it  is  unworthy  of  attention »     Readers  of  the  lower  elates 

^«y  find  fotncLhing  to  pkafe  them  in  it ;  but  for  thofc  who  have 

Irmihiiity,  and  who  can  diflinguKh  the  Arokcs  of  genius,  it  will 

Jiave  fewer  charms. 


I 


I 


I 
I 


I 


Religious  ^ir^CoKTROVERStAt.  ^ 

Law. 
Art.  23.  Ctif[$  argued  and  determined  in  the  High  Cmrt  ofCkan^ 
tery,  in  the  Time  of  Lord  Chancellor  Hardwickc,  from  the  Year 
1*46-7  to  (7^;.    With  Tables,  Notcs^  and  References.     By  Fran- 
cis Vefcy,  LL-D,  Baniilcr  at  Law*     Folio.      2  Voli,      ^L  3  s. 
CadclJ,     177'- 

For  our  thoughts  on  the  utiHty  of  publications  of  this  kind,  and 
on  the  importance  of  the  dodrine  of  precedents,  in  general ;  ajfo  on 
the  judicial  cbaradker  of  Lord  Hard^-icie,  and  the  great  credit  of  J^ 
dccilions  in  purtic^ilar ; — we  refer  to  the  article  in  which  wc  gave  mm 
Account  of  thc/ry/f  volume  of  Atkins*s  Reports  :  fee  Review,  voL 
xxxiiu  p.  IC7, 

Many  of  the  cafes  in  this  coUcflioTi  are  the  fame  with  thofe  re^ 
ported  by  Atkins,  and  they  are  tiot  Jefs  judidoufly  recited.  There 
are  others » not  to  he  found  in  the  latter ;  and  j  on  the  whole,  Dr,  Vcfcy*a 
work  \^ilK  we  doubt  not,  prove  very  acceptable  to  thofc  gentlemen 
far  whole  ufc  it  was  intended  by  the  diligent  and  accurate  Reporter* 

Religious  and  Controversial. 
Art,  24.     yfn  Ej/ay  &n  ibi  Holy  Saoafneut  of  the  Lord's  Sufypgr, 

AddrcITed  to  the  Inhabitants  of  a  populous  Pariih  near  London. 

By  a  Laym^in,  livingiti  the  faidParilh.   liino.  2  s.  Robfon*    1771* 

The  Writer  of  this  little  treatife  apprars  to  be  a  well-meaning 
worthy  man,  who  wiihts  to  promote  the  weliare  of  hts  neighhom's  and 
friendi^    to  whom  he  addrefTcs  him  ft  If  in  a  ihort  preface;  expre^       a 
Ting  the  grirat  concern  it  gives  him  to  obfcrvc  ♦  how  much  the  facra-       ■ 
ment  of  the  Lord's  Supper  is  negleiflcd,  not  only  by  the  profane  and 
irreligi*^us,  but  by  muayt  very  many,  houeft  well  diipofcd  Chrif-       ^ 
tians,  who  regularly  attend  the  common  fcrvice  of  the  church,  but       I 
as  commonly  turn  their  backs  on  this  ordinance,  which  he  conii- 
(ier9  as   being   the  mc»i^  important  and  beneiiciai  of  all.*     He  feara 
that  great  part  of  what  has  been  wrote  upon  the  fubje^  is  not  ex- 
prcfled  in  fo  clear  and  plain  a  manner  as  it  ought,  and  therefore, 
with  a  \cry  good  dtixgn^  he  offers  this  EfFay  to  the  public*    What  he 
fays  concerning  it  is,  however*  nearly  the  fame  with  what  may  be 
met  with  in  other  orthodox  writers »  and  therefore  will  not  require      M 
any  more  particular  notice  here.  f 

His  book  concludes  with  two  appendixes,  one  addrefTed  to  parents 
and  others  who  have  the  care  of  youth,  in  which,  among  other 
points,  he  advifes  th^t  cbiidrcn  Ibould  not  be  brought  to  church 
'  till  they  are  fully  inftruclr'd  in  the  nature  of  prayer  and  public 
worQiip,  and  are  capable  of  joining  in  it  with  their  hcajrts  and  un*  fl 
derllandings^  as  well  as  their  moutbf«  The  fecond  appendix  is  '  a  V 
friendly  admonition  to  the  McthodiUs*'  exhorting  and  entreating 
them,  as  their  principles  corrcfpond  with  the  articles  of  the  efta- 
bliflied  church,  not  to  fat-fake  its  communion,  or  if  they  have  for- 
fakcn  it,  to  return  without  delay  ;  and  this  he  particularly  applies  to 
his  own  pariih,  adding,  *"  I  am  certain  that  the  worthy  man,  who 
has  for  fo  many  years  had  the  care  of  this  pariOi,  can  give  you  no 

+  The  2d  and  3d  volumes  of  Atkins's  Bvcooni  \ka\^  \»^^tk.  ^^«i- ^>^- 
mcd.  .  «. 

Jl 


410 


Monthly  CATAiaauff* 


juft  caufe  ©f  olTence  ;  he  preaches  true  chritHauiiy— found  orthodox 
doflrine,  and,  what  is  no  lefi  ncccflkryt  found  rooralitv/' 
Art.  25.    An  Eflay  towards  a  Cocitraft  between  i^«^; 
MttMi/mi  wherein  the  Myftery  of  fi lent  Meetings  1*  l 
and  explained :    In  an  Addrefs  to  thofe  of  both  Dcnomio^r 
By  Johannes  Catholicus,     8vo.     6d.     Briflol  printcdr  icd  *i..^ 
by  Johnfon  in  London, 

The  Author  enters  upon  his  preface  with  iaying,  •  In  my  ^tif^ 
bourhood,  when  the  good  houfewife  wants  &re  in  her  cabiii  fti 
takes  a  wifp  of  ftraw,  and  borrows  fire  from  her  i!eighbour'i*  Hkl 
by  and  by,  in  her  own  turn,  becomes  hcrfclf  capable  of  Icodiftg  a 
little  fire  to  them.  And  in  a  fimilar  fpjrJtual  view,  as  f  hare  lor^ 
been  intimately  converfant  with  Chrillians  of  the  two  denominidcMi 
in  my  titJe-page.  1  here  beg  leave  to  offer  fomc  hints,  by  an  hur- 
attention  to  which,  1  hope  and  believe  they  may  become  of  in  ^ 
fervicc  to  each  other.*  The  honcft  man's  hmilc  is  but  a  \y 
bot  his  intention  we  fuppofe  to  be  very  good,  and  the  il 
which  he  traces  between  the  people  called  Quakers,  and  ittc  B^jid 
Societies,  as  they  arc  here  termed,  feems  greater  than  woald  be  at 
f  rft  cxpe<5\€d.  We  (hall  difmifs  the  pamphlet  with  juft  takiog  nft* 
ticc  of  fomc  of  the  rcafons  ailigncd  for  filcnt  meetings,  after  he  \u 
obferved  that  they  agree  with  other  ChrilUans  in  an  cjleem  hr  tk 
miniilry :  the  firll  rcafon  offered  is  an  admirable  one,  and  mud  be 
allowed  fufficient;  it  is  this,  •  the  want  of  the  proper  qualiftcitiot 
to  fpeak  :'  to  this  is  added,  *  an  unfanilifitd  hian  ;*  farther,  it  ts  ff* 
marked,  *  If  abColute  filence  had  been  incompatible  with  the  fbtefif 
the  faints  in  heaven,  John  the  Divine  had  never  told  us,  that  whet 
the  Lamb  of  God  had  opened  the  feventh  feal,  there  was  ftlcoct  ift 
heaven  for  half  an  hour,  as  he  docs  in  the  8th  of  the  Revelatioa.' 
Befide  thefc  he  infills  on  fome  advantage  which  he  fuppofes  cobt 
derived  from  this  filtnt  theught  and  tncntal  prayer  when  alloirod  ii 
public  focieiies,  as  well  as  in  private  retirements :  concernuig  all 
which  every  perfon  mujl  be  left  to  reafon,  and  determine  as  he  t£mb 
to  be  moH  for  his  own  improvement. 

Art.  26,  An  4tUjlatton  u  drome  Truth.  In  which  arc  pointci 
out  the  univerfal  Love  of  the  Deity ;  the  Difplay  of  hi*  Wtfdoffli 
the  mod  certain  Truth  and  high  Importance  of  the  Ground  of  iM 
My ftery  of  Nature  and  Grace  opened  in  x\\c  Teutonic  Tl*n/tpher\ 
the  Caufes  of  the  great  Corruption  in  the  World ;  nnA  the  Dciigi 
and  Completion  of  our  Exiflence*  410.  is,  6  d«  Boards.  Pir* 
ker.  Brown,  &c.     1770. 

This  tra^  appears  to  be  the  produ£tion  of  fome  perfon  whofe  bad 
is  confufed  and  bewildered  by  myllical  and  rhapfodical  notiofks  ifi^ 
writings;  for  though  many  ferious  and  plain  tefle^tions  are  h^ 
thrown  together,  they  have  all  their  foundation  in  a  particalar  iwi 
whimiical  fylletn  of  divinity.  We  cannot  millakc  what  kind  of  rei* 
fonera  or  Chriftians  we  are  fallen  among  when  we  read  thai  •  God, 
incomprehcnfible  in  his  abyffal  nature  inhabiting  Light  inacceiBbk, 
In  his  triune  manvfeti^uotim  icv^\N\Tt  ^x^^^\t'aX\i\t<aC  divine  fire,  vA 
JjVht,  and  fpmt,  is  vVve  uxit  V\k,  ^w^Xx'^x^w^^^^t^^S.^xxx^^Vsit 
ill  all  intelUgcnt  beitv^s»  ^tid  <t.tt  ^^rj  ^l  \V^  umxt^xSicv  -»a^^ 


Jl 


Religious  and  CoNTROTERsiAt. 


421 


*  by  the  Teutonic  Theofopher  is  intended  the  divinely  Illummatcd 
Jacob  Behmen,  and  by  that  great  light  of  the  age,  who  fo  judici^ 
ouCIy  and  jullly  recommended  his  principles,  is  meant  Mr.  Law/ 
An.  27.    A  Litter  to  the  Rrj.  Mr.  Topiadyj  occaftoned  by  his  late 
L4iter  te  Mr,  Wejiey*.     By  Thomas  Olivers.     i2mo.     4d,    Cabe, 
Mr.  Olivers  difclaims  the  ufe  of  that  rough  language  with  whicfa» 
it  muft  be  acknowledged*  Mr,  Top!acly*sLccter  too  much  abounds, 
IL||^  in   his  own  words,  '  to  cmbcllifh  almoft  every  page  with  fuch 
^Hftttfr/  as  you,  fays  he.    Teem   peculiarly   to  admire ;'    which  /ami 
Towers  are  in    this  pamphlet    twice    colk^flcd    together,    and  prc- 
fented   in  one  view  for  the  entertainment  of  his   readers.     •  I  can- 
DOt,  adds  this  Writer,  prevail  with  inyfelf  to  throw  off  all  good- 
manners,  and  tocxpofe  that  meafure  of  common  fenfe  I  am  poflefTed 
oU  to  the  contempt  of  every  candid   reader ;  much  Icfs   to  difclaim 
the  mccknefs   and  gentJenefs  oi  ChriJI  \^  and  therefore,  '  I  fliall  not 
pretend  to  treat  you— according  to  your  defer  £  5.'     Yet  this  Writer  is 
BOt  always  upon  his  guard ;  fo  that,   upon  the  whole,  ihefe  cham- 
pions feem  to  be  well  matched. — But  is  it  not  fhameful  that,  inllcad 
of  being  bujied  in  fome  honcil  and^  ufcful  occupation,  any  perfoni 
XHould  employ  their   pens  in   a  manner,   which,  among  fome  kind 
^^  readers,  may  tend  to  expofc  religion  ic  felf  to  ridicule  or  negled ! 
^B  Miscellaneous. 

^Vt.  28.  Th€  Trial  of  Farmer  Carter^:  Dog  Porter j  for  Murdeu 
^^  8vo.     I  s«     Lowndes^     177  >• 

^^Poor  Porter,  who,  we  are  informed,  was  the  trufly  cur  of  a  farmer 
Lia  Eflcx,  being  charged  with  having  killed  a  hare,  in  the  grounds 
^^V  a  neighbouring  jullice  of  the  peace,  was  arbitrarily  fentenced  to 
^Be  hatter  for  the  fame,  to  the  great  injury  and  lofs  of  his  mailer,  to 
'  whom  he  had  been  a  mod  ufefuTand  faithful  (crvant.  In  revenge  of 
thii  cruelty,  fome  friend  of  the  farmer,  or  of  the  dog,  ha^.  burlefqucd 
the  proceedings  of  the  profccutor  and  his  afTociatcs,  whom  heivittilj 
^^ilrs  an  affembly  ofjujf-a^i. 

^K^t.  2q,    The  Shipwreck  and  Adventurer  of  Monf  Pierre  Viand. 
^^Tranflatcd  from  the  French  by  Mrs.  Griffith.     8vo.     4  s,  fewed. 
Daviei.     1771- 

Wc  have  here  an  affefting  narrative  of  the  mofl  dreadful  hard- 
Aips  ^nd  foiferings  which  it  is  pofGble  to  fuppole  mankind  capable 
'fun'iving.     It  is,  indeed,  fo  Ihocking  a  tale,  that  the  humanity 
the  Reader  will  be  glad  to  take  refuge  in  the  hope  that  fome  of 
circumflances  arc  100  horrible  to  be  true*     In  that  hope,  too,  he 
1  be  fomewhat  encouraged  and  confirmed  by  the  improbability  of 
o  of  the  fafts,  and  the  notorious  impoffibility  of  others: — ai 
the  relator  (Mr.  V.  himfelf)  mentions  his  meeting  with  tygers 
m  in  the  woods  of  North  Americaj  near  theBritilh  fcttlements 
Apalachians. 
Vt  fee  no  reafon,  however,  to  difpute  the  exigence  of  fuch  a  per- 
as  Monf.  Viaud,  nor  the  reality  of  the  (hipwreclc,  which  forms 
bafis  of  a  work  that  fcems  to  have  been  coniiderably  injured  b^ 


See  Review,  roL  xliit  p,  4S2, 


ettX>^' 


^2%  Monthly  Catalog uei 

embclHihtnent ;  znd  we  arc  the  more  fea<lily  indciceKl  to  Mkye  thit 

the  narrative  h<is  its  foundation  in  fa^t,  by  the  certificate  anocxedw 

it,  which   mentions  the  deplorable  iltuation  vbhereio  Mr.  V.  and  u 

iMihappy  gen de woman,  hij  only  furvivijig  f  companion*  were  fcoai 

Thl*  certificate  h  figned   by  J.ieut,  Swctienham,  laic  oommioiitf 

otEcer  at  Fort  St.  Mark*s,  who,  wc  arc  allured,  is  a  loan  cfia> 

mudi  charafter  lo  countenance  an  impofition  on  the  public. 

Art,  30.    jf  LetUr  ts  thi  G ova  nor s  cf  the  Co&g^  i/NfwMi 

refpcding  the  Collcdion  that  was  made  in  thii  Kingdom  in  1761 

and  1763,  for  the  Colleges  of  Philadelphia  and  New  YoHu  Ti 

which  arc  added,  explanatory  Notes ;  and  «u  Appendix,  coama* 

ing  the  Lcuers  which  paiTcjl   between  Mr.  Alderman  Trttcchicl 

and  the  Author.     By   Sir  James  Jay,   Knt*  M.  D.      8vo,    ifc 

Kearfley,  Ate.     »77U 

We  are  here  informed,  that*  while  ]>r«  Jay  was  10  New  Yxvkv 
and  intending  to  come  to  England,  a  propoial  was  made  to  hiaior 
uudcrtaktng  a  collcdion  in  thi5  Kingdom  for  the  benciu  of  t^oot- 
lege  in  tliat  place;  to  which  propoial  he  gave  his  confcDt;  ihu, 
for  a  J  far  ami  an  half  ^ii^r  \\i&  arrival  in  England,  the  grtsucA  ^v^ 
jnony  lubfilled  between  the  governors  and  himfelf;  that  be  tedi^ 
otilly  endeavoured  to  acconipliHi  the  bafmefs ;  that  they  tf^^^ct«tfihis 
condudt,  and  npeatedly  thanlccd  him  for  his  kind  and  faithful  (er* 
vices.  But,  in  this  date  of  things,  they  drew,  it  is  Ciidi  fort^liirp 
fum  than  he  had  authorized  them  to  do,  or  that  then  was  in  1&aai« 
even  when  the  bills  arrived  :  various /r/Afjr//,  it  is  added,  wcrci^" 
figned  for  drawing  thofc  bills ;  but  the  real  ground  of  the  proMtd* 
ing,  Dr.  Jay  now  tells  the  public,  he  *  difcovcrcd  to  be  an  inlinoi- 
tion,  dandiftinily^  tianrmittcd  to  them  by  Mr,  Alderman  Trtcoihick 
of  London,  tmplyitjg  that  the  money  was  m^t/afi  in  my  hand*.*  S«d, 
we  arc  told,  was  the  rife  of  the  difference  between  the  gorcrnor*  lai 
Dr.  Jay.  The  Dr.  farther  recites,  that  *  they  attempted  to  jaifify 
one  injury  by  committing  another,  and  then  endeavoured  to  aike 
good  the  whole  by  enforcing  it  with  violence.'  Their  bllb,  it  ii 
added,  were  at  length  protefled,  and  immediately  afcer  a  power rf 
attorney  fent  to  Mr,  Trccothick  to  fettle  with  Dr.  Jay,  '  under  a  /»■ 
Jiti-jt  inlbu-tUon  to  infijl  on  Vx^firjl  paying  for  the  protclicd  billii* 
zpreliminary  to  the  fettlement/  Dr,  Jay  iiiforms  us,  that  he  ojf^red 
|o  refer  the  affair  *  to  the  Archbifhop  of  Canterbury,  or  to  ar"  Two 
or  three  gentlemen  his  Grace  fliould  name,  or  Mr.  7 
would  appoint,  nay  tvtn  to  Mr»  Trccothick  himfelf,  10  felt 
ters  bet^veen  him  and  the  govcrnorst'  *  This  otTer,  fays  he,  w»*  t^ 
fufed,  and  a  bill  in  Chancery  was  (ded  againlt  me  It  is  now  t\»%t 
four  years  fincc  the  luit  was  commenced  ;  and  although  I  replied  » 
their  bill,  and  carried  on  the  proceedings  on  mj  fide  with  the  gmirf 
difpatch,  the  governors  have  not  j^/  taken  ^  Jingk  ftep  to  bri^it 
to  a  conclufion/ 

t  Except  a  youtJi,  the  fon  of  this  gentlewoman,  who  was  Icfi,  ia 

a  dying  condiuon,  ox;  a  tit'v^Vk^oouw'g^dcfert  i/I.ind  ;  where  hti  bxiT 

js  faid  to  have  beeu  uketvj^Td?.  Iom^v  l^t,  ^v^i^  Vi\wA\a  ^  (U«e  i 

puirf/€i^i(^n  \  and  \  cl  \ic  ricQ-jmi  I 


] 


MisCELlAfrioui*  4lt 

i  Aate  of  the  cafe  the  Letter,  which  employs  the  greater 
part 'of  the  pamphlet,  is  founded*  The  Writer  prelTes  the  governort 
to  expedite  their  proceedings,  and  offers  fomc  farther  obfcrvaiion* 
on  the  fubjed.  We  cannoi  make  ourfelves  parties  in  the  difpute,  oc 
pretend  to  enter  mto  tlie  meriti  of  the  aiTair :  One  reflcdlion, 
however,  is  almoil  unavoidable, — that  the  inhabitants  of  Great 
Britain  have,  on  fcveral  occafions,  with  great  cheerful nefs  and  ge- 
ueroiity,  contributed  to  the  affiftaocc  of  our  brethren  in  the  Americaii 
plantations ;  but  ihould  it  appear  that  fome  of  th«  moniei  thua 
raifed,  are  at  any  time  rnifapplicd,  or  fquandered  in  expensive  dii^ 
putea  and  litigations,  this  will  certainly  cool,  an  J  juAly  check,  that 
fibcrality  which  might  be  hoped  for  on  future  emergencies. 
Arc,  3U  A  Letter  to  Sir  Robert  Ladbroke^  Knt.  fcnior  Alderman^ 
and  one  of  the  Rcprefentatives  of  the  City  of  London  :  lf*iih  •  an 
AttAnpi  to  fhew  the  good  £fFe£ls  which  may  reafonabJy  be  ex* 
.   pedled  from  the  Confinement  of  Criminals  in  feparate  Apartmenu* 

8vo.  IS.  6d,  Rivington.  177 1. 
^  _  In  this  judicious  pimphlet  the  danger  which  rcfults  to  the  health 
and  the  morals  of  criminals  from  their  intercourfe  in  gaols,  is  fully 
infilled  upon  ;  and  a  method  is  propofed,  the  exectition  of  which, while 
it  would  tend  confiderably  to  prefcrve  them  from  ditlempers,  would 
recover  many  of  them  to  indurtry  and  to  focicty.  When  fchcmei  of 
general  utility  are  fuggelted  by  the  public  fpirit  of  individuals,  it  it 
the  duty  of  the  legiilature  to  aitent  do  them. 

Art.  32..  A  Pra^ihal  Englijh  Grammar^  for  the  Uf«  of  Schooli 
and  private  Gentlemen  and  Ladies;  with  Exercifcs  of  faife  Oiv 
thography  and  Syntax  at  large.  %y  the  Rev,  Mr.  Hodgfon,  Ma* 
Her  of  the  Grammar  School  in  Southampton,     lamo*     a  s.    Law. 

This  Grammar  may  be  of  confidcrable  ufc  to  yonng  beginners^  la 
their  fludy  of  the  Englifh  language.  What  chiefly  dilUnguilhet  it 
from  other  produdtons  of  the  fame  kind  is,  that,  as  the  title  im- 
ports, it  contains  great  variety  of  cxcrcifet  on  orthography,  and 
large  collc<ulions  of  examples  of  falfc  fyntax* 
Art.  33.  New-market ;  tfr,  an  EJfay  on  (he  Turf.     Very  proper 

to  be  had  in  all  Pockets  at  the  next  Meeting.     Small  8vo.    2  Vq!$. 

5  s.  fewcd.     Baldwin,  Arc,     "77W 

The  extravagant  attachment  of  our  peopl?  of  faihion  to  the  diver- 
lion  of  the  horfe-courfe,  the  corruption  of  this  ancient  mode  of  pa- 
ftime,  by  debaftng  it  into  an  infamous  fyAem  of  modern  gaming, 
and  the  contamination  of  the  manners  of  our  young  men  of  biri 
and  fortune,  by  their  intimacy  with  jockeys,  grooms,  and  fliarpers, 
•^altogether  furnifli  a  juft  and  ample  fabjed  for  fatire. 

Such  a  fatirc  is  here  a  r  tempted,  by  a  Writer  poffeffed  of  no  inconi- 
iiderable  talents ;  but,  we  fear,  his  work  will  fail  of  producing  the 
full  effect  that  miL;ht  be  hoped  from  fuch  abilities,  exerted  in  fo 
laudable  an   undei  riiking ;  for,  if  we  arc  not  miftakcn,  he  has  not 

•  One  would  fufpcift  that  there  were  here  bo:h  a  Utter  and  an  at^ 
tempt ;  but  the  latter  is  included  in  the  former*  Inilcad  Qi <with^  the 
Author  ihould  have  faid  lung  or  citjitatning^ 


\«.tXk 


4^4'  5  £  R  M  0  N  S. 

been  altogctbcr  happy  In  ihc  manner  which  he  has  adopted* 
he  has  aimed  at  Swift's  ironical  ftrain  of  mock  panegyric,  he  h 
fallen  into  the  rambling  incoherence  a^efted  by  the  imitators 
Sterne:  which,  if  not  fup  ported  with  native  and  inceiTant  humour, 
or  relieved  by  fcaibnable  itrokes  of  genuine  pathos,  will  tire  infleacf 
of  captivating  the  Rcader^s  attcniion.  The  Author,  however^  (t€m$^ 
Tather  unwilling  to  be  numbered  among  the  difciples  of  Sterne,  af- 
fcrting  the  preference  due  to  the  witty  Dean  as  a  model ;  and  di(^ 
claiming,  part iciHaKy,  the  impurities  which  are,  indeed,  the  dif« 
grace  of  the  jocular  and  unfcrupulous  Prebendaj7, 

With  rcfpcd  to  the  plan  of  this  fatiricat  work,  the  general  idea  of 
it  is,  that  of  a  parallel  between  the  New- market  meetings  and  the  pc* 
riodical  afTemblies  of  the  ancient  (creeks,  at  the  celebrations  of  the 
Olympic  games  — Ampng  other  obje£ls  of  his  feverity,  he  has  not 
overlooked  the  cruel,  unmanly^arr  of  cock-fighting  ;  fc/  his  juft  re- 
prehenfioQ  of  which,  he  deferves  the  thanks  of  every  Igver  of  ha* 
inanity. 


I 


SERMONS. 

I.  ^he  impro'vtd  Cbriftian  i  Courage  and  Comfort  in  Affli£i^on  ani 
"Deaih^  through  tht  gractcus  Frf/ettce  und Injluinu  tf  his  htavtniy  Sh/f^ 
i&/ri^—Occa Honed  by  the  De^th  ot  Mrs.  Sarah  Jcffery,  RctiCt  ol  Mr# 
Richard  Jelfery,  of  Mount  Sion.— Preached  alio  at  Lewc^*  in  Snflex^ 
on  the  Death  of  Mjfs  Ann  johiallon.  Daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr  ~ 
uczer  Johnllon,  Minidcr  there.  By  Wiihiim  John ilon,  M.  A.  6d* 
John  lion. 

II.  Before  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  at  their  A  iniverfary  Meeting* 
atSt.PauFs,  M-iy  17»  17:0.  By  Peter  Whalley,  LL  B.  6d.  Ri* 
vington, 

^^  Before  the  Governors  of  the  Lying  in  Charity,  for  deltveriiig 
poor  Married  Women  at  their  own  Habii^iions»  un  the  1  oth  oi  Aprils 
1771,  at  St.  Ann's,  Soho,     By  the  Hon*  Browulow  North,  LL  D, 
Dean  of  Canterbury,     Publilhcd    for   the  Beneiit  of  the  Chiuityi,, 
Kobfon,  Johnfon,  &c. 

1^  The  remainder  of  the  fingle  Sermons  in  our  nejtt. 


I 


•»•  Mr.  Smith's  Sermon  at  Bury,  in  1766,  came   to  hand  this 
Month  ;  but  is  out  of  Time  for  particular  Notice. 


Error  of  the  Prefs  in  our  laft  Month's  Review  ;  viz. 

4,  in  the  account  of  ^I'^l^i/guife^  al 
uoacquainied/'  read  intima^ acfuatntid. 


P,  334,  in  the  account  of  ^/jt^Pi/guife^  a  Novel,  lor  •'  intim&cely 

mMh  at 


I 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For      JUNE,      i'/7i. 


4t»«##4(#««H»«<»«««^igi^^^i^Oa»S-^ 


Art*  !♦    Dijftrtatkn  fur  la  Liter ature  OriifttaU^ 
Elmfley.     lyyi* 

WE  have  on  fome  occafion  or  other  ohfcrvcd,  that  it  h 
ablurd  to  fcparatc  the  idea  of  utility  from  poetry,  becaufe 
whatever  is  agreeable  is  ufeful ;  and  we  are  pkafcd  to  find  the 
very  learned  Author  of  rhis  trcatile,  in  his  apology  for  the  B^lks 
Littres  learning,  fall  into  the  fame  opinion*  After  this  apology 
be  comes  immediately  to  his  fubje£^,  which  is  to  examine  the 
works  of  the  oriental  writers  in  hiitory,  phUofophy*  and  poetry. 
*  It  muft  be  owned^  fays  he,  that  Afu  has  not  been  the  theatre 
of  many  memorable  events  ;  that  it  is  not  adorned  with  lac 
fined  produ£tions  of  nature;  that  it  has  not  been  honoured  by 
many  able  generals,  wife  counfelfors,  or  virtuous  tcings.  Per* 
fpicuity  and  impartiality  might  therefore  be  fuiEcient  in  the 
Adatic  hiftorians  \  but  they  have  a  higher  merit :  they  are  elte- 
gant  and  fublime.  Narrations  naturally  dry  and  infipid,  by 
thtir  glowing  pens,  arc  heightened  to  fplendor  and  beauty. 
We  are  not  to  judge  of  this  from  the  hiftory  of  Nader  Ghah, 
which  was  publiftied  at  Londbn  *.  Dryncfs  and  identity  of  ftyJe 
were  inevitable  in  a  work  written  on  the  plan  of  a  military  jour- 
nal. It  affords,  however,  excellent  materials  for  compofinj 
the  htftory  of  the  moft  extraordinary  man  the  prefcnt  age  has 
produced,  Charles  XII.  and  Peter  the  Great  not  excepted. 

*  But  what  objcclion  can  be  made  to  the  hiftory  of  Tamer- 
lane, written  by  Ebn  Ahi  Arabchah,  which  is  in  the  hands  of 
^vtty  fcholar,  and  of  which  the  public  muft  have  fomc  idea 
from  the  tranflation  of  Vauicr? 

*  To  form  a  right  eftimatc  of  Oriental  hifiory*  we  muft  read 
the  works  of  Aboulfeda,  ihc  Xenophon,  and  of  Isfahani,  the 


1 


♦  By  this  Author- 
Vol.  XLIV. 


See  Review,  voL  xW.,  ^.  \-i,  Xtj'^^^^vx*         m 


4^6  DiJJertatlon  fur  la  Literature  Ortentale. 

Thucydides  of  the  Eaft  ;  to  form  a  juft  idea  of  ihe  fcrtil'ty  of 
Eaftcrn  genius  we  mull  turn  over  the  immenfe  volumes  of 
Mirkhond  and  Noveiri. 

*  Of  moral  philofophy  the  Orientals  will  not  give  up  the 
palm.  Why  (hould  they  give  it  up,  whilft  Calileh  va  Dcmnah, 
ivhofe  book  is  tranflated  into  all  the  languages  we  know,  gives 
bis  fufFrage  to  their  honour  ?  The  Perfian  imitation  of  Cachcfi, 
as  well  as  the  Turkifli  by  AH  Tchelebi,  is  embelliflicd  with  all 
the  flowers  of  Eattern  rhetoric, 

*  It  muft  be  confeflcd  that  the  abflrafled  fciences  in  Afia 
are  ftill  in  their  infancy.  But  for  us  it  is  unneceflary  to  travel 
thither  for  knowledge  of  this  kind,  while  we  have  the  worb 
of  Newton,  of  Leibnitz,  of  Wallis,  of  Halley,  and  many 
more,  who  eclipfe  the  names  and  honours  of  Ptolemy  and  Ar* 
chimedes.  Not  but  that  the  Eafterns  have  had  their  mathema- 
ticians and  their  aftronomers,  but  their  labours  did  not  reach 
the  perfection  of  the  Authors  abovementioned. 

*  The  Arabian  phyficians  arc  univerfally  celebrated;  lha?c 
read,  however,  but  one  of  their  books,  and  cannot  there- 
fore properly  fpeak  of  their  merit,  but  the  celebrated  name  of 
Abou  Sina  muft  not  be  forgotten.  Afia  is  very  fruitful  in  me- 
dicinal herbs  and  roots.  Her  falutary  drugs  are  many,  and 
their  names  and  virtues  are  recorded  in  a  variety  of  books, 
which  would  undoubtedly  contribute  to  that  moft  importantof 
all  arts,  the  art  of  prcferving  the  human  fpecics. 

*  But  let  us  now  come  to  poetry,  wherein  the  fpirit  and 
genius  of  the  Orientals  are  principally  diftinguiOied. 

*  We  (hall  not  here  give  a  detail  of  the  diftVrcnt  fpedesof 
the  Afiatic  poetry,  which  the  tranflator  of  Mirza  Mabadibas 
in  fomc  meafure  done.  We  (hall  only  anfwer  fome  objc&ioB* 
ivhich  appear  to  be  equally  groundlcfs  and  unjuft. 

*  The  Europeans  in  general  treat  the  Eafterns  as  an  ub|»' 
lifted  and  uncultivated  people,  whofe  poetry  is  extravagance 
and  bombaft,  and  whofe  writings  are,  for  the  moft  part,  dS* 
tute  of  delicacy  and  of  elegance.  To  thefe  it  might  bean- 
fwered,  that,  as  the  paflions  of  men  are  the  fame,  they  will 
cxprefi  them  in  the  fame  manner,  and  that  the  difterenrelio 
only  in  the  idiom.  But  that  anfwer  would  not  be  fufficicoilf 
particular.  Suppofc  we  fhould  fay  that  all  men  have  thefee^ 
of  the  fame  paflions,  hut  that  they  are  infinitely  modified  bytl* 
influences  of  habit,  education,  and  climate.  Tbofc  three cir- 
cunaftances  arc  certainly  in  favour  of  the  Eaftern  poets,  aoi 
give  them  great  advantages  over  the  Europeans.  Accuftofl^ 
from  their  infancy  to  dtC^v\^  tKc  languages  of  other  nUViSh 
the  Afiatics  app\7  x\\emfc\Nt^  feV\>j  xa  ^^  ojNxv^-jxxa^  of  thtit 
own       This  was  one  ^xe^ix.  ^^wMwai'^^  ^l  \i^^ ^xvoRvxQiiit^H 

tvhu 'employed  the  ^uiv.\^^\  ^^^^  ^^  >^^^^^  ^^^^^>»^  ^.s^^ 


Dijfertaticn  fur  la  Literature  Orieniale.  427 

and  bringing  to  pcrfcftion  thofe  glorious  works,  in  which  the 
elegance  of  language  is  in  proportion  to  the  grandeur  of  fen- 
timent. 

*  The  contempt  which  the  Orientals  have  of  our  learning  is 
as  unjuft  as  that  which  we  aftecl  of  theirs.  The  reciprocal 
prejudices  proceed  from  the  fame  caiifcs,  ignorance  and  felf- 
love.     Let  us  profit  by  their  fo'iics  anJ  conecl  our  own, 

*  The  Arabs  and  the  Pcrfians,  bred  in  indolence  and  Icifure, 
follow  the  bent  of  their  genius  :  thefe,  with  unreined  imajri- 
nation,  bound  over  the  WDiks  of  Nature;  thofe  travel  in  the 
fafer  but  more  toiifome  paths  of  philofophical  truth.     Born  un- 

.  der  a  fcrene  and  tranquil  (ky,  and  furrounded  with  a  thoufand 
cbjcdls  of  delight,  the  poet  exerts  hi<  powers  in  the  praife  of 
Nature,  and  the  philo.^df^h-T  in  inveftigating  her  principles. 
The  former  bears  the  rofcs  of  pKafure  in  his  hand  ;  the  latter 
tells  you  whence  they  fprurjg.  Amralkis,  Zoulremma,  Hafiz, 
Nezami,  Mefiki,  and  Baki,  dcfcribe  the  power  and  operation 
of  the  paflions  :  Sadi,  Nabi,  and  Attar,  infpire  the  love  of  vir- 
tue :  Antarah,  FerJoufi,  Abpuloli,  pafs  on  the  wings  of  the 
fublime,  through  the  regions  of  hcroifm 

*  Thofe  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  Oriental  languages 
arc  incompetent  judges  of  their  poetry.  They  rcfembk  thofe 
profound  adepts  who  afFecl  to  decide  on  the  merit  of  ihe  an- 
cient Greek  mufic,  without  knowing  the  mode  of  it.  1  (hall 
never  forget  what  Voltaire  fays  of  thofe  who  form  their  idea  of 
foreign  poetry  and  foreign  manners,  from  tranflation,  and  the 
idle  evidence  of  report.  **  Thoy  are  like  blind  men,  fays  he, 
who  afllire  you  that  the  rofe  can  have  no  lively  coluurs,  be- 
caufe  they  feel  the  thorns  with  their  hands." 

■  *  The  only  way  to  obviate  this  millaken  idea  is  experiment. 
Take  two  odes,  the  one  Arabic  or  Perfian,  the  other  Greek 
or  Latin.  Triinllate  tliem  literally  into  a  common  lanj:uage 
without  embcllifiiment  or  variation.  Make  due  allowance  for 
idioms,  topical  circumftat>ces,  and  manneis,  on  both  fide?, 
,  then  decide  without  prejudice  between  the  works  of  the  Kaftern 
writers  and  thofe  we  commonly  admire. 

*  Let  us  take,  for   inftance,  the  tenth  ode  of  Hafiz.     The 
Perfian  poet  intreats  the  Z/phyr  to  reproach  his  friend   for  his 

'  inattention    and    indifference.      In  the  latt  flanza,    where  he 
fpeaks  fo  favourably  of  his  own*  verfcs,  he  means  to   infinuare 
that  every  objccl:  in  Nature  is  more  attentive  to  him  than  his 
*  friend. 

The  Persian  Ode. 
•*  Zephyr,  fay  foftly  to  that  delicate  roc,  it  is  you   who 
make  us  fond  of  the  hiJJs  and  dcfnrts. 

«*   Why  docs  not  the  fugnr  merchant  (ti\a^  V\\s  W^e  ^  ^^^ 
longed)  regret  the dlfcnce  of  his  fusjar-biWci  p^uo<VX«>v\ 

F  f  a  •*  « 


428  Dtffirtaiionfurla  Literature  OrtentaU. 

*'  Is  it  the  arrogance  of  thy  beauty,  O  rofe,  that  permits 
thee  not  to  afk  tidings  of  the  amorous  nightingale  ? 

^^  The  fine  quahties  of  the  mind  are  the  fnares  of  an  infbudal 
heart.     A  prudent  bird  is  not  caught  with  nets  and  fprings. 

^^  When  feated  by  your  companions  you  drink  the  moft  ex* 
quifite  wines,  remember  your  friends  who  are  traverfiig  the 
defarts. 

<*  I  know  not  the  reafon  why  a  youth,  who  has  the  (hapc  of 
the  cyprefs,  black  eyes,  and  a  complexion  like  the  moon,  fhooU 
not  have  the  colour  of  fincerity. 

**  The  only  reproach  that  can  be  caft  upon  your  charms  is, 
that  your  enchanting  countenance  is  not  adorned  with  a  faith- 
ful heart. 

*'  Is  it  adoniihing  that  the  heavenly  bodies  arc  moved  by  the 
fongs  of  Hafiz,  and  that  his  melody  ihould  make  the  tan 
dance i" 

Ode  xxxii.  lib.  I.  of  Horace. 
*«  I  intreat  thee,  my  lyre,  if  e'er  at  leifure,  beneath  tbeflude 
of  the  groves,  I  made  thee  play  fongs  that  (hall  laft  this  and 
many  more  years,  to  favour  me  ^t  prefent  with  a  Latin  ode, 
<*  Thou,  that  wert  once  tuned  by  the  citizen  of  Lefbos,  who, 
though  fierce  in  war,  yet  in  the  midft  of  arms*»  or  when  be 
bound  to  the  moift  ban  1c  his  agitated  veflfel, 

<^  Sung  Bacchus  and  the  Mufes,  Venus  and  her  Ton,  who  is 
ever  by  her  fide,  and  Lycus,  beauteous  with  black  eyes  aad 
black  hair. 

•'  O  lyre,  the  glory  of  Phoebus,  and  grateful  to  the  board 
of  Jove  fuprcme,  fwcet  folace  of  my  care,  whenever  |  addreft 
thee  properly,  receive  my  compliments.*' 

<  Put  this  ode  in  the  hands  of  a  perfon  who  docs  not  under- 
{land  Latin,  who  does  not  know  that  Alcaeus  was  an  inhsl»- 
tant  of  Lefbos,  and  that  the  poet  calls  him  the  Lefbian  ctttfea 
by  way  of  eminence,  who  does  not  tafte  the  epithet  L^ttmah 
which  appears  fo  ufclefs  in  the  tranflation,  and  he  will  find 
neither  propriety  nor  connexion  in  this  piece  of  poetry.  On 
the  contrary,  give  the  original  to  a  man  of  tafle,  who  under- 
ftaods  it^  and  he  will  find  beauties  in  almoit  every  line,  ha^ 
exprefEons,  an  enchanting  vivacity,  and  the  fweet  foft  torn  of 
melodious  numbers. 

*  The  fecond  and  third  ftanzas  of  the  Perfian  ode  wouM  ap- 
pear under  the  fame  difadvantages  to  an  European,  who  mi^ 

*  The  learned  Author  of  the  Diflcrtation  before  at  has  made  a 
iniftake  in  tranUatii^^  qui  /crox  hdU^  tamtn  inter  armm  by  kftni  f^iaf 
Ardemt  dans  la  guerre  ^  et  ou  miUfu  de*  ormw  ^  \d^t;^  ^  tx\i^  ^wud 
have  written  neamnyim. 


\a 


Dtffiriatlon  fur  la  Ltteraturt  OrUntah. 


4»» 


CI 


10 


tiot  undeiftatici  that  the  poet  compares  himfelf  to  a  pirroquet 
and  a  nightingale,  and  hts  friend  to  a  fygar  merchaoc  and  a 
ta^^y  the  emblems  of  fwectnefs  and  beauty.  The  fahlc  of  the 
nightingale  and  the  rofc  is  univerfally  known,  and  it  is  to  the 
fiiDic  that  Hafix  makes  the  elegant  allufion. 

*  The  Author  of  this  Diflenation  docs  not  affeS  to  make  any 
comparifon  between  thefe  two  odes.  He  pretends  not  to  pre- 
icribe  to  the  r^Hc  of  the  Reader.  He  would  only  aflc  which 
f  them  has  a  claim  to  that  charming  fimplicity  which  is  the 
fifd  ornament  of  poetry  and  the  fine  arts  ?  He  alFures  the 
Rcader»  that  the  greatcft  part  of  tkc  Pcrfian  odes  arc  compofed 
with  tht  fjme  delicacy  and  eafe,' 

Here  let  us  flop  a  moment  to  a(k  the  Author  of  this  Difler- 
tation  what  h€  means  by  fimplicity  in  poetry,  and  how  low  he 
allows  his  idea  of  it  to  defcend  \  if  he  praifes  the  Perfian  ode  for 
its  fupcrior  fimplicity,  furely  he  betrays  a  want  of  taftc  to  de- 
lermine  between  what  is  fimple  and  what  js  low.  This,  indeed, 
is  a  general  error.  It  is  fomethlng  like  conne6^ing  the  ideas 
of  poverty  and  nakednefs  ;  but  fimplicity,  though  naked,  is  not 
poar.  She  defcends  to  nothing  inelegant*  Her  air,  her  port, 
her  language,  are  true,  not  to  favage,  but  to  civilized  nature. 
She  follows  her,  not  through  rugged  defarts,  but  through 
plains  that  wear  the  afpefl  of  cultivation.  The  fugar  merchant 
amd  the  parroquct  i^ — It  is  not  her  language.  It  is  the  language 
^  a  nurfe,  and  therefore  filly,  noi  ffmpie. 

By  this  obje£lion  to  the  Perfian  ode,  we  would  not  mean  to 
inGnuate  that  the  Eaftern  poets  are  dcfiitute  of  tafle  in  gene- 
ral. The  following  obfcrvations  on  poetry^  written  in  the 
Turkifh  language  by  Nabi  Efendl,  a  celebrated  poet,  who  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  prcfcnt  century,  and  tranflated  by 
M.  Cardonne  in  his  Melanges  de  Literature  Orientak^  arc  in  fa* 
vour  of  the  contrary. 

**  My  font  before  you  attempt  to  run  the  painful  race  of 
pociry,  examine  your  flrength.  If  you  perceive  within  yourfelf 
that  divine  fire  which  glows  in  the  bofoms  of  great  poets,  give 
ourfelf  up  to  your  genius,  Firft  enrich  your  mind  by  reading 
fbc  works  of  ihore  who  have  excelled  in  verfe.  Nefi  and  Baki 
arc  in  the  firk  rank  of  the  Turktfli  poets.  Pcrfia,  the  fruitful 
mother  of  genius,  hiis  produced  a  great  number  of  good  poets. 
What  ftrcngth  and  purity  in  the  works  of  Saib  and  Kelimi ! 
Giami,  Nourl,  and  Khakanj  abound  with  beauties  innumerable 
and  incxpreffible.  Sadi,  like  the  foft  nightingale,  fills  the 
groves  with  founds  of  melody,  Chevket,  like  the  eagle,  bears 
his  ambitious  wing  to  heaven,  Hafiz  fings  of  love  and  the 
.fweet  juices  of  the  vine,  while  Atter  aids  the  C2tuCe  o?  NUVXiJtVj 
the  fublimc  precepts  of  morality.  The  Arabs  VvuN^i  N^c^tx  tv^ 
Jefs  sfJcnt  in  the  cuJtivation   of  poetry    lYv^xv   liv^  Y^\t.^Tv^» 

Ff  3  '^>^^1 


L 


4.36  Dtjfertailon  fur  la  Litiratun  Orientate* 

7  *-t*y  have  cvtn  more  of  that  cnthufiafrp,  that  pocttc  fitrvf^ 
<which  ftiics,  inflamesj  and  elevates  the  heart.  Their  ftylc  fs 
impetuous  :  their  ftrong  iitiagination  paiiiis  every  objc£l  with 
iovcr  ;  anti  their  poetry  is  imprcj;natcd  with  all  the  warmth  of 
their  climate.  Their  works  are  like  diamonds  that  dart  a  thou- 
fand  Jays  •,  but,  to  taftc  their  beauty,  it  is  necertary  thoroughly 
to  undprl>.'uid  their  languax^c.  Whucvor  would  attain  to  per- 
fection (hould  have  a  ccnfu  nmate  knowledge  of  the  Ar.ibic  and 
the  Perfian.  Thofc  two  languages  are  the  wings  on  which  a 
poet  mud  rite  tUto  the  air  :  without  them  he  will  grovel  on  the 

*'  Would  you  wifh,  my  fon,  that  your  verfe  fliould  not  only 
be  admtrcd  by  yo^^^  c*?tempo^aries^  but  pafs  to  poftcrity,  ncvcr^ 
facnfire  rcnfc  td  rhyme.  Convey  foire  ufcful  truth  under  fame 
ingerii-us  e^r^blem  or  fine  allegory.  Let  your  works  have  a  ge» 
netal  tendency  to  promote  the  virtues  of  mankind.  The  gar- 
den of  poetry  15  dry  and  ungenial,  if  it  Is  n6t  watered  with  the 
ilrccims  of  philofophy. 

'*  The  greater  part  of  o«jr  ordinary  poets  fpfak  only  of  lilies,' 
locks  of  hair,  arsd  nightingales  and  wine,  Jf  ihey  dcfcribe  (ome 
imaginary  beauty  with  which  they  are  fmitten,  chcy  compare 
her  lonfetime?  to  the  fpring,  fomecifrxs  to  an  enamelled  mc.id. 
Her  tips  arc  like  the  rofe,  and  her  complexion  rcfcmble.^  the 
jcOamin^.  Cold  anrl  fervre  imitators,  their  languid  imagina- 
tion fyp plies  them  with  nothing  new.  They  cannot  march 
Except  in  a  bcaren  path, 

**  IVuth,  my  fon,  has  no  need  of  feverity  to  make  us  hear 
her  voice  Never  employ  your  mufe  in  fa  tire.  A  profcfled  fa- 
tyrift  is  feared  by  all  mankind  :  all  are  apprchcnfive  of  the  ma- 
lignity of  his  pen*  He  has  H.irred  and  envy  to  encounter,  and 
many  reafons  to  repent  his  cauftic  genius," 

Thus  we  have  fccn  Nabi  Efendi  in  the  charafter  of  a  fublime 
phiTofopher  and  a  judicious  critic,  let  u^  conicinpUte  him  in 
the  light  of  a  poet,  and  read  hi?  vcrfes 
On  the  Sirring. 

*  Spring,  my  for,  is  the  mr>ft  benutiful  of  all  the  feafons. 
NaiLff,  that  Teemed  expiiing  dutinj  the  rigours  <^f  winter,  i$ 
now  re-aninia*ted,  and  aflumes  frcOi  life,  Ihe  whole  cieatton 
appears  Xo  be  put  in  motion,  and  ijvery  thing  announces  a  ge- 
neral rcvoluiionl  The  fap  jn  the  vegetable,  and  the  b!o<.»d  in 
the  animul  w*  rid  circulates  wirh  greater  rapidity.  The  trcc$ 
put  on  iheir  new  apfMrc),  and  the  mtai!oWs  ar-  enamelled  with 
a  thoufand  frefh-born  flf^wers.  The  (It cams,  whofe  captive 
t^rarers  were  held  in  chains  by  the  wild  North  wind*,  brralc 
tfiofe  chains  on  the  srtrival  of  the  foft  zephyrs  The  birds 
chaunt  their  pleafures,  and  the  woods  echo  to  their  amorotig 
WdibiingSn 


I 

I 


Dijfertaiim fur  la  Liuraturt  Orlcntife*  4J1 

*  Indulge  yourfclf,  my  f^jn,  fn  all  the  dclii^hrs  of  the  fair 
feafon.  Leave  the  pomp  of  cities,  and  live  in  the  humble  fields. 
ThiTe  were  the  firfV  abode  of  man.  The  pleafures  you  will  tafte 
m^V,  poffihiy,  belefs  brilliant,  but  they  will  be  more  pure  than 
th'»re  which  towns  afFord,  Here  the  phibfophcr,  while  he  con- 
lemptates  Nature,  muft  admire  the  magnrficcncc  of  God  in  his 
works. 

*  The  meadows  and  the  forcfts  leave  no  heavincfs  in  the 
heart  of  min.  No  femes  more  favourable  to  the  lover  I  none 
whtrre  he  may  better  enjoy  his  fwect  reveries  !  All  the  fcnfcs  arc 
flattered  at  the  fame  lime;  the  fight  with  verdure,  the  fmcll 
witK  fragrance;  and*  on  the  fufceptible  ear,  how  fwcetly  fall 
the  nnte^  of  ihr  nightingale  !  Let  mufic  aflcrt  her  empire  over 
your  foul  !  Give  yourfclf  up  to  her  enchanting  influence.  Let 
her  fnaich  vou  from  yourfclf.  Mufic,  no  lefs  than  poetry, 
paints  the  ODJefls  of  rhc  mind.  She  expreffcs  the  different  paf- 
lions.  She  has  the  fecrct  art  of  infpiring  tenderncff  anJ  rage. 
Surely  the  heart  has  fome  correfpondence,  fome  intelligence 
with'^the  car/ 

This  is  really  poetry^  genuine  poetry,  heightened  and  en- 
riched by  philosophy,  Pollibly  an  European  poet  might  exprofa 
the  fame  Icntiments  in  fomethtng  like  the  fallowing  language ; 

See  the  fair  feafon  of  each  foft  dcHrc  ! 
Sec  waking  Nature  on  her  urn  rcfplre  f 
No  more  with  wintcr*s  icy  hand  at  llrifc, 
See  motion  ^jxxi  through  all  created  life! 
Through  all  she  human,  a\\  the  fvlvan  reign 
1q  brilkcf  currents  glides  the  gcnid  vein. 
The  lifclcfs  mead,  the  wgodlanU's  naked  fccne 
Burd:  into  Rowers,  and  brighten  into  green, 
N\f  nmre  the  llrcams  the  freezing  North  obey; 
Their  captive  waters  freely  wind  away. 
With  joy.  with  love,  the  winged  worlds  arc  blcft, 
And  Arain  to  melody  each  little  breath 

O,  yield  thy  houn,  to  this  fair  feafon  yield  ? 
Lravc  the  ilunn'd  city  for  the  (Irifelcfs  iicld  : 
Their  earlv  race  *twd*  there  thy  fathers  ran. 
The  only  dwelling  Nature  meant  for  m^in. 
If  pleai'd  with  virtues,  genuine  though  obfcure^ 
Charms  that  are  guihlef^',  pleafures  that  arc  pure, 
Jn  Nature^  pointed  eloquence  to  trace 
H^r  raighiy  M;Aker'fi  wlfdom,  and  his  grace; — ^ 
If  fccn*j>  like  ihcfe  may  purer  plea fu re;  yield, 
Leave  the  llunn'd  city  for  the  Itrifelefa  field. 

No  pale  chagrin  fhall  plains  or  groves  impartp 
For  Nature  beara  no  haired  tn  her  heart : 
With  her  the  lover  fceks  the  lonely  vale, 
Sreatbc»  ius  loud  vow&>  and  uviiU  \u:^  \v^4tt  \i^a^ 

5  f  ^  ^Wtt^^ 


432  Barker  en  Bapirjhu 

While  every  charm  that  every  fcnic  can  knoW| 
The  mingled  bounties  of  her  hand  beftow. 
Healthy  freedom,  fragrance  in  the  pregnant  (ky. 
The  green's  mild  frefhnefs  opening  o^  the  eye  ; 
And,  oh !  the  founds  that  melt,  th|^t  melt  away^ 
When  PhilomcU  pours  her  liquid  lay ! 

To  Music*s  voice,  to  music's  foft  control^]. 
Yield  the  rapt  ear»  and  render  all  the  foal : 
Love,  grief,  and  rage,  her  various  notes  infpire  ; 
The  poet  fpeaks  not  plainer  than  the  Ivre. 
SeWd  are  his  honours,  and  excellki  his  art. 
While  the  rapt  ear  holds  commerce  with  the  heart. 

Wc  mud  now  recommend  the  remnirider  of  this  ing^nioqi 
pamphlet  to  the  attention  of  our  learned  Readefs. 

■  ■  .    >    I  I    ■  ^  ail   II— ^iM^ 

Art.  II.  The  Duty^  CiramJIances^  and  Benefits  of  Bapiifm^  A- 
ttrmin.'d  by  Evirience.  L  The  Tejiimonies  in  the  New  ^Teftmd 
rar,ged  under  proper  Heads.  IL  Thofe  from  the  firfi  Cbr^Hk 
L^'r iters  hi  Dr,  IFa'Ss  Aletkod  Improved.  II L  7 be  Evidemtif 
the  whole  fummed  up.  If^ith  an  /fppendixy  Jhiwivg  the  MeMf 
of  fever  al  Greek  Words  in  the  Kew  Tejiament.  By  ThoflMI 
Barker.    8vo.    3s.  6d.  fewed.     White,     1771. 

WE  agree  with  this  Author  (and  happy  were  it  if chrit 
liar.s  h'd  j^tiicrally  been  of  the  fame  mind)  in  fup- 
pofing,  that  *  there  may  be  fome  nvatters  of  opinion,  wbptiii 
ix  man  may  (Rifely  fulpend  his  judgment,  if  he  finds  them  not 
clearly  revealed,  or  too  deep  for  his  underftanding  or  leifati 
and  may  find  no  difTiculty  in  acling  as  a  good  chriftiaq,  though 
he  be  not  fully  fatisfied  about  the  meaning  of  fome  fuch|)io* 
profitions.'  But  we  perceive  that  he  will  not  join  with  vs  io  I 
farther  fuppofition,  that  this  may  b^  the  cafe  as  to  the  fubjefisy 
and  the  mode,  of  baptifm,  upon  which  it  docs  by  no  q[ieani  tpr 
pear,  after  all  that  has  been  faid,  and  fomctimes  with  fogreit 
confidence,  that  the  fcriptures  bave  exprefsly  determined;  iti 
probable  that  while  baptifm  is  itfelf  commanded,  thcfc  parlicu- 
Lr  points  and  circumftances  arc  left  indifferent,  and  the  pcrfB^ 
who  determines  on  either  fiJe,  determines  fafely. 

J  his  Writer  has  a  different  view  of  the  matter;  *  Biptlfini 
fays  he,  is  a  point  of  pradlice ;  it  is  a  thing  which  cither  ought 
to  be  pradHfcd,  or  it  ought  not:  either  infants  (hould  bebljH 
tizcd,  01  it  (hould  be  delayed  till  they  grow  up:  the  method] 
rJ'o,  cither  ought  to  be  by  dipping  or  not.  Many  fuch  cifa 
might  be  put,  wherein  a  man  who  is  not  fatisfied  which  is  rightf 
will  be  in  a  great  l\T»\t>  \^  ^c^feVa^k^^xv^  viherein  h«  muftxS 
ciriicr  one  way  .or  olVvw*  \tv*^^  O^vtScj  V^^  v^<^<^^^i>^^:Ri'^>Qi.«  -^ 
puiit  that  1  cTcattvin^A  \.\v^  vcv^xw  \  ^xA\u^^VK»^\^wBii^^ 


L 


Barker  en  Baptifm^  433-^ 

)l6cp  clear  of  all  prejudice,  which  like  an  ignis  fatum  is  To  apt  ^ 
ta  miflead  men  \  aiked  of  God  afltftance  in  my  enquiry,  aad^ 
endeavoured  to  conform  my  opinion  to  the  evidence,  not  to  re- 
ponctle  the  evidence  to  my  opinion.* 

He  writes  in  a  manner  becoming  a  worthy  man,  who  candidly  fl 
enquires  for  truth,  and  dtligently  applies  to  obtain  it ;  he  likewtfe  ^| 
^ifcovers  a  very  confiderable  fharc  of  that  kind  of  learning  which  H 
is  requifitc  for  difcuiBng  fubjc£ts  of  this  nature  to  advantage  |  ^ 
as  he  appears  to  have  rccourfc  to  the  fountain  head  for  his  au- 
thorities, and  does  not  merely  retail  them  at  fecond-hand  from  ^1 
the  writings  of  others.  In  his  extrads  from  the  ancient  fathers^  H 
beflde  remarks  on  the  meaning  and  fitnefs  of  what  they  fay^  H 
he  farther  gives  fomc  obrcrvattons  on  the  inferences  whicli-™ 
Dr,  Wall  and  Dr.  Gale  have  drawn  from  them,  to  whom  there- 
fore  he  frequently  refers ;  telling  us,  that  be  has  rather  chofen 
to  remark  on  them  than  on  more  modern  writers,  becaufc  they 
principally  proceed  in  the  fame  order  with  himfelf,  and  lay  to*  ^| 
gt^thcr  all  that  the  ancients  fay,  methodically,  before  the  reader*  H 
*  The  flrong  impreflTion,  fays  he,  the  ftrft  principles  received  ia  H 
childhood  make  on  the  mind  of  man,  greatly  hinders  the  dir<<»  ^| 
covery  of  the  truth  in  this  an^l  many  other  cafes  ;  and  but  hw  ^| 
overcome  that  prejudice,  which,  like  a  coloured  glafs,  tinges  all  ^| 
objeds  fcen  through  it.  By  this  falfe  light  was  Dr.  Wall,  a  ^| 
very  good  man  in  himfelf,  mifled  :  for  though  I  greatly  approve  H 
of  and  imitate  his  method,  of  quoting  the  feveral  writers  m  ^ 
order  of  time,  yet  whoever  reads  his  remarks  on  rhc  quotations^ 
will  plainly  fee  their  aim  is  not  fo  much  tofearch  out  the  author's  h 
real  opinion,  as  to  reconcile  it  to  the  pra^ice  of  infant  baptifm,  H 
which  he  firmly  believed  to  be  right.  By  the  fame  rudder,  only  H 
fet  the  contrary  way,  his  oppofer,  Dr.  Gale,  was  turned  afidr,  ^| 
who,  though  he  well  dcteds  many  falfe  colourings  in  Dr.  Wall^^^l 
is  not  clearer  from  the  like  himfelf;  his  aim  being  not  as  a  mo«^^| 
derator^  to  Qicw  where  he  had  hit  or  miffed  the  truth,  but  as  a^^| 

f  leader,  to  fay  what  he  could  for  the  caufe  he  efpoufcd.     And^f 
muft  own,  [hough  1  am  nearer  his  opinion  as  to  the  fa<5^,  yet  H 
I  like  WalTs  methodical  way  of  writing  better  than  Gale*s  tr«  ^| 
regular  one,  from  which  his  plan  of  feparace  letters  can  hardly  ^ 
be  kept  clear.     But  while  I  complain  of  the  power  of  prejudice 
over  others,  fome  will  perhaps  fay  to  me,  arc  you  any  clearer 
from  it  yourfelf  ?  It  may  he  1  am  not  a  proper  judge  in  my  owa 
cafe:  but  having  taken  all   the  proper  precautions,  of  diligent  J| 
fearch,  careful  examination,   and  application  to  God  for  direc*^| 
tion,  which  either  prudence  or  religion  didace;   and  Inving  no^| 
intereft  to  fuppofe  the  ahurch  of  England,  whofc  fervice  I  con«^| 
ilantly  attend,  is  in  an  error,  unlefs  where  It  really  appears  to  me^J 
tf  be  fo  j  I  hope  to  be  found  for  the  moft  ig^iiv  t;V:^^  ^tv^  ^^ 


4?* 


Barker  ^n  Bapiifm. 


;  p8 


ftand  cxcured  before  God  and  msin^  if  I  have  any  whcc 
into  an  involuntary  miHalce/ 

We  apprehend  others  vf\\\  think  with  us,  that  the  pi 
t3o^^  of  a  man  of  fenfe  and  learning,  who  difcovcrs  fuch  a 
rit,  merit  attention  and  regard,  chough  he  cppofcs  fome 
vailing  opinion  or  pra£iice,  or  even  though  he  ftiould  in 
inflance  appear  to  he  miltakcn.  For  a  general  view  of  hU 
thod,  we  flhiU  lay  bi-fore  our  readers  t  farther  brief  accoui 
it,  which  hr  bus  t^ivf  n  in  the  preface-  *  The  pl,in  of  the  w 
book  is  as  h^Uuws  :  Baptiim  is  confidercd  as  a  thing  in  its 
nature  indifttrtnt,  but  a  duty  on  men,  becaufc  conunandc 
our  Saviour,  and  therefore  to  be  done  in  fuch  a  manr^efy 
fuch  only,  as  he  has  commanded.  To  find  out  which,  al 
texta  relating  to  baptifoi  are  here  quoted  \  not  firA  laying  d 
the  doctrine,  and  then  picking  out  texts  to  fupport  ii,  bu 
thai  relate  to  each  circumttince  of  baptifm  arc  brought  t 
iber,  and  endeavoured  to  be  placrd  in  the  clearcH  orders 
on  viewing  the  whole*  the  meaning  is  fct  down  at  the  cr 
the  number ;  and  before  anv  other  old  writer  is  examin«"d 
lubOance  of  the  doctrine  of  the  New  Teftament  is  fummcd  i 
the  end  of  the  firft  part.  The  other  chriftian  writers  arc  qu 
in  the  fecond  part,  in  order  of  rimCi  and  mentioning  alfc 
country  where  ench  lived  ;  und  all  each, author  fays  is  la 
tinder  leveral  heads  in  the  f^mc  manner  as  in  the  fiiil  part; 
author's  meaning  fet  at  the  end  of  each  number,  and  geM 
his  whole  opinion  fummed  up  before  I  proceed  to  4fl 
writer.  In  the  third  part,  the  do£lrine  of  the  whole ^n 
med  up  in  order,  and  the  opinions  where  diftercnt  comf 
together,  to  find  what  was  the  original  pra£lice,  and  where 
how  alterations  arofe,  which  fecm  to  be  thefe.  That  otij 
fin  is  not  a  fcripture  dt^^rine,  but  came  in  gradually  aft^erv 
and  gathered  flrcrtgth  by  time.  That  ail  chriftians  mu; 
baptised  in  due  lioic,  but  ihiit  thofc  only  were  baptized  at 
who  were  old  enough  to  undcrtland  and  beUcve  tl 
liil  by  baptt2.ing  children  younger  and  younger,  baj^^i  ; 
fants  came  in,  firil  in  the  weilcrn  church  and  afterwaid  tf 
caftern ;  the  doctrine  of  original  fin,  and  practice  of  if 
baptifm  keeping  equal  pace.  The  feveiiil  ceremonies  ufc 
baptifm  arc  alio  reckoned  up  ;  forgivcncfs  and  divine  aiGfi 
arc  the  benefit:^  of  bapiifm  \  and  an  open  profclfion  and  p 
vertng  in  virtue  the  duties  of  it/ 

To  this  general  account  wc  iball  add  a  few  exhra^s,  m 
0iay  give  fome  farther  idea  in  what  manner  thi>  Writer  CAci 
the  plan  he  had  formed. 

Of  the  necefllty  of  baptifm. 

I  Pet.  iii.  ai.  Bapcifm  doib  alio  now  fave  uSi^ 


Barker  en  Baptffm^-  43^:^ 

Afls  xxii.  16.  Be  baptized  and  wafli  away  thy  fins, 

EpK*  V,  26.  Th:it  he  might  fiinQify  it,  clcanfing  it  by  the 
W^fliing  of  water  10  the  word. 

1  Con  vi,  II.  But  ye  arc  waflieJ,  but  ye  are  fan^ified. 

Heb.  X*  22.  Having  our  hcurts  fprmklcd  from  an  evil  coa* 
fcience,  and  our  bodies  walhcd  with  pure  water.  = 

Tit.  iii,  5.  He  fjved  \xs  by  the  wafliing  of  regeneration. 

John  ill.  3,  5»  6.  Unlefs  a  perfon  (T*f)  be  born  from  above^ 
he  cannot  fee  x\\p  kingdom  of  God. — Unlefs  a  perfon  be  born 
of  water  and  ihe  fpirit^  he  cannot  enter  the  kingdom  of  God. 
That  which  is  horn  of  the  flcfli  is  ficfli,  and  that  which  is  bora 
of  the  fpirit  is  fpirit. 

«  The  method  which  Chrift  has  appointed  for  admitting  men 
into  his  I'-hurch,  and  cleanfing  their  former  fms,  is  baptifm. 
An'1  notwithftniiding  all  Gale's  quotations  and  argumcnt^^  that 
T*VK  fometimrs  means  a  few  perfr^ns  out  of  a  larger  number, 
yet  I  think  it  is  plain  that  tk  in  John  in',  means  a  certain  per- 
fon, any  one  whti  will  become  a  chriflian,  and  that  no  one  un- 
lefs h«.'  be  born  of  water  and  the  fpirit  is  entered  into  Chrift's 
church,  nor  entitled  to  the  peculiar  rewarf?s  promifcd  to  it: 
for  as  oar  Saviour  argues,  from  a  ftaturai  Ih-th  cAn  fprin^  only 
a  natural  itp^  tq  a  f:iritual  snevi  renewal  by  iki  fph^it  is  required. 
This  may  fufficc  m  aniwer  to  Mr*  tmlyn's  previous  qucftion, 
whether  baplifm  i^^  at  all  necettiry  to  the  children  ef  chri/fjam^ 
Of  00 1 y  to  co'ivcrti  ?  which  I  laok  on  as  a  good  argumentum  ad 
homintm^  concluding  againft  thofc  who  argue  from  the  fuppofed 
Jcwilh  profelVte  baptifm,  but  nothing  furih«rr.  A  child  then 
born  of  chriftiart  parents,  educated  in  chriftianity^  attending 
the  fervirc  and  praflifihg  the  precepts  of  it,  as  far  a?  an  uijbap- 
tized  p.  non  m.iy,  cannot  be  c.jlicd  a  compleat  chriftian  tiH  hi 
is  h(tpt!%ed\  and  what  reward  fueh  a  one  dying  before  baptifm 
will  receive,  depends  on  the  undeclared  good  pleafure  of  God* 
But  becaufc  the'  kingdom  of  heaven  is  promiTcd  only  to  chri- 
f!ians,  to  conclude  with  Auguftin  and  hJs  followTrs,  that  all 
muil  perifh,  who  without  their  own  fault  fail  of  being  baptized, 
is  without  grnunJ  :  all  the  promifes  in  the  GoTpel  are  made  to 
the  (hers  of  God's  toorky  to  him  who  p'fafeth  God^  to  him  who 
knpith  the  csmmandminis^  to  him  who  T<r^//  the  drv  l^  s^nd  to  him 
wh(}  overcQmtth,  kc.  Again,  all  the  threaten  ings  are  again  ft  the 
committers  of  whhdnefs^  againft  murderers y  drunkards^  hyU^crttei^ 
fr:tiiers  to  fin,  Uq.  ;  but  I  know  of  no  declaration  in  the  whole 
NcwTcftament  what  fhall  be  done  with  thofc  who  never  knew 
good  from  evil,  were  never  cxpofed  to  temptation^  were  never 
put  to  any  trial  of  their  obedience,  nor  ever  had  any  oppor- 
tunity to  do  or  refufe  their  duty.  This  therefore,  which  can  be 
known  only  by  revelation^  let  us  not  prcfutiv^  xo  4^t^t«k\Tv^  «^^* 


4i^ 


Barker  m  Baptlfirh 


^ 


liilvest  but  be  a>ntcnt  to  leave  them  to  their  merciful  creat«r| 
well  knowing  that  we  are  far  Ihort,  than  that  wc  fliould  love 
God's  creature  more  than  he  who  made  it. — But  though  fuci 
as  never  heard  are  not  required  to  believe,  nor  thofe  who  can 
not  know  cxpcflcd  to  prafiifci  I  fay  nothing  in  behalf  of  fuch 
as  being  grown  capable  of  both,  caufclefsly  delay  their  own  baj 
tifm  ;  they  arc  to  be  looked  on  as  negle£^ers  and   dcfpifers 
wiiat  God  has  appointed^  to  ibiir  own  majUr  thty  mujl  Jiand  ff 

fan: 

It  hu  been  argued  with  great  appearance  of  truths  that  i 
the  laft  charge  concerning  baptifm  recorded  by  St,  Matthcwi 
the  word  Mafitilftj trait  (hould  be  rendered  pr^fdyte  or  dijcipU%, 
nor  does  it  feem  unreafonable  to  fuppofe  that  baptifm  was  to 
be,  in  rcfpefl  to  children,  the  initiating  right  or  token  of  thcifj 
being  brought  into  the  church  of  Chrift,  that  they  might  b« 
educated  ia  hi^  do^titne  and  in  obedience  to  his  laws  :  but  Mr. 
Barker  docs  not  admit  of  fucb  an  interpretation.  What  he 
Cay  a  upon  it  is  as  follows : 

*  Matth.  xxviii.  19,  20*  (MaMiLnralf)  Convert  all  nations, 
baptiTJng  them   into  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Soi 
and  of  the  Holy  Ghoil ;  teaching  them   to  obferve  all   thingjf 
vhatfoevcr  1  have  commanded  vou, 

'  Some  would  tranflate  f^cSwu^sCii  difdph  all  nations,  as 
it  referred  to  what  fallows,  making  ihem  difciplcs  by  baptizing  ^ 
but  on  comparing  the  ufcof  the  words,  it  appears  that  ^jtffulru 
never  means  any  dif<.ipling  hut  what  comes  by  teaching,  yet 
Ibmething  farther  than  teaching,  that  is  to  perfuade  and  con 
vince  by  it.  MaSijlYic  alfo  whence  it  is  derived  means  one  taught^i 
either  an  immediaic  follower  of  Jefus,  or  one  who  by  what 
heard  and  faw  was  convinced  that  he  was  ihe  Chrift  \  yet  men^ 
were  called  fo  on  lefa  belief  before  ChriiVs  refurrec^ion  thiA 
afterward/ 

In  the  fourth  chapter,  the  Author  recites  the  {|ualificatioi 
for  baptifm ;  from  which  wc  (hall  give  ihe  following  extrad 

*  ]  Johii  \u  12,  13.    I  write  unto  you   children  (rutv**)  be 
caufe  your  fms  arc  forgiven  you. — i  write  unto  you  children 
{^ctiSia)  becaufe  yc  have  known  the  Father. 

*  The  fins  of  children  as  oppoJVd  tu  fathers,  being  here  fai 
to  be  forgiven,  probably  they  were  baptized   before  manhood 
and  fo  far  as  this  text  goes,  which  is  no!  cxprcfs,  it  is  again 
thofe  who  delay  it  till  full  age  or  even  longer,  as  too  many 
the  antipaedobapiifts  do  j  but  the  age  they  were  baptizrd  at  doe 
not  appear,     l^hofc  here  mentioned  had  underftanding,  elfe  bi 
writing  to  them  were  ufclefs  ;  the  word  (tix^i^)  alone  fixes 
time,  being  u(ed  of  perfons  of  whatever  age,  as  oppofed  to  thi 
incefiors  whether  immediate  or  remote  j   the  perfons  in  theli 


1 


twi 


Barker  en  Baptifm, 


437 


two  vcrfcs  are  fons  as  oppofcd  to  fathers,  and  children  to  young      \ 
men  ;    yet  all    were   of  fome    confiderable   age,  the   childrcA 
{sraiSiCi.)  as  oppofed  to  young  men,  being  faid  to  have  known 
the  father, 

*  Rom,  Xf.  1 6.  If  the  firft  fruit  be  holy  fo  is  the  lump,  and 
if  the  root  be  holy  fo  are  the  branches. 

*  I  Cor,  vi*.  14.  The  unbelieving  hufband  Is  fanSiRed  by 
tbe  wife,  and  the  unbelieving  wife  is  fanclificd  by  the  bufband  ; 
clfe  were  your  children  unclean  but  now  are  they  holy. 

*  Mr*  Emiyn,  in  his  previous  quijihn^  quotes  thefe  texts  to 
fhew  that  chriilian  children  need  no  baptifm ;  and  they  are,  I 
think,  the  bcft  he  can  produce,  as  feeming  to  fpeak  of  a  race 
purified  by  defcent  from  a  pure  flock ;  yet  I  think  by  no  means 
fufficient  to  fet  afide  a  pradtcc  conftantly  ufed  from  the  firft. 
Nor  indeed  is  that  in  Romans  fpoken  of  baptifm  at  all,  but  as 
the  context  proves,  to  fhew  that  the  Jews,  though  rejeftcd  for 
a  time,  were  not  utterly  caft  ofE  Dn  Wall,  on  the  contrary, 
quotes  that  in  Corinthians  to  prove  that  they  then  baptized  the 
infant  children  of  chrtftians  :  but  we  may  obferve,  that  the  un- 
believing party  is  faid  [oiyiCLfOLi)  to  be  made  holy,  in  the  fame 
manner  as  it  is  faid  the  children  {^yioi  fn^)  are  holy,  which 
muft  not  therefore  be  interpreted  inconfiftcntly.  Now  I  think 
none  will  fay,  either  that  the  unbelieving  party  needs  no  bap- 
tifm, or  that  the  believing  party's  faith  fits  him  for  it ;  that 
therefore  muft  not  be  faid  of  the  child  fo  born, — But  the  mean- 
ing of  the  text  feems  to  me  to  be  this  ;  Paul,  in  this  chapter, 
tells  the  Corinthians,  that  they  ftiould  marry  w/y  *» /A/ /^^r^; 
and  clfe  where.  Be  mt  untqualiy  yoked  t^^ithtr  tvith  unbelievirsi 
but  he  here  explains  himfelf^  that  he  does  not  mean  thofc  wh© 
were  married  before  convcrfion  fiiouid  part ;  in  that  cafe  he  ad- 
vifes  the  believer  nut  to  part  in  hopes  of  converting  the  other, 
for  that  there  was  nothing  unlawful  In  the  union,  nor  were 
their  children  ever  the  worfe,  but  might  probably  be  brought 
up  chriflians^  either  by  the  convcrfion  of  the  unbeliever,  or  at 
leaft  by  their  own  care  and  inftru<Stion  ;  chriftianity  being  fo 
much  more  reafonabic,  agreeable  to  unprejudiced  minds,  and 
favoured  of  God,  than  hvathenifm/ 

i  bus  our  Author  rtjedts  thflfe  texts  as  to  any  favourable  af- 
pe£t  they  may  wear  reipc^fllng  infant  baptifm  ;  but  there  ia^ 
nevcrthdcfs  reafon  to  think  that  they  hive  (at  leaft  the  btter 
of  them)  fome  confiderable  importance  and  weight  in  the  argu- 
ment. It  is  well  known,  from  feveral  pafTages  of  fcripturc 
which  have  been  proJuccd  aud  compared  in  this  view,  that  the 
word  Wy,  as  applied  to  perfons,  fi^jnifirs  thofc  who  might  be 
admitted  to  partake  of  the  diftinguifhing  rii^s  of  G^*s  people; 
and  as  to  the  (uppolition  that,  bccauf^  \ht  uT\b^\fi^\v^^  ^^^v^  v^ 


438 


Bflrker  on  Bapil/m, 


1*1  V- 


here  faid  to  he  fanflificd  by  the  believing  wife  or  hufband,  th; 

party  continuing  in   unbelief  might   dill   be  admitted  to  ba 
tifm  upon  the  fame   pica  as   is  drawn  in  behalf  ot  infants ; 
jiof  this  draining  the  meaning  of  the  text   beyond   its  evidc 
dcfi^o  ?   For  docs   not  the  plain  import  of  it  ft-tm  to  be  this 
that  thouLih  one  of  the  married  parties  remained  an  unbclicv 
or  a  heathen,  >et  th^  party  might  be  fo  far  regarded  as  hoi 
by  the  connexion  with  a  believer,  as   not  to  render  tht?  chit 
dren  unclean^  or  deprive  them  of  any  benefits  they  might  de- 
li ve  from  chriflian  parents  ?   This  obfcrvaiion  happened  to  pre 
fent  itfclf  uhile  we  were  confidering  what  is  here  faid,  and  there 
fure  we  have  given  it  a  place,  though  we  do  not  by  any  mea 
take  upon  us  to  enter  much  into  the  coiuroverfy. 

One  chapter,  in  this  part  of  the  woric,  which  inveftigatcs 
fubjedt  according  to  the  accounts  g  ven  of  it  in  the  New  Teft* 
mcnt,  is  entitled,  0/  the  fivercl  unmQnus  of  bupttfm^  and  hci 
we  meet  with  Tome  conclufions  which  we  fhould  not  have  ex- 
pc^ed  from  this  Writer.  From  fome  pUces  in  fcripture^  i^ 
which  chriitians  arc  fpokcn  of  as  being  fiaUd  and  anomud^ 
recciviiig  the  fpirit  af  adaption  whereby  they  rrj'.  Alba  father^  ia 
which  they  are  admoni£hcd  to  keep  their  garments  undcfilcd, 
iiiid  to  be  ckathid  in  whiti\  he  infejs,  that  baptized  perfons  were 
anointed  with  oil  or  olntrntnt,  to  re  pre  ft  nt  the  gift  of  the  fpiric 
they  were  to  receive  J  that  in  token  of  their  adoption  by  Dap 
tifm,  they  immediately,  on  receiving  it,  called  on  God  as  their 
father  by  repeating  the  Lord's  prayer,  and  that  they  received 
white  garments  with  a  charge  to  keep  them  pure.  Is  not  thif 
building  too  much  upon  conjC(5lure  ?  and  is  it  not  a  manner  oj 
reafoning  from  the  fcripturcs  which  has  fomcthing  of  a  dan- 
gerous tendency  ?  It  is  indeed  well  known  that  ceremonies  of 
this  nature  did  pretty  early  prevail  in  the  chriftlan  church,  and 
at  length  degenerated  into  deep  UiperfUtion  ;  and  fuch  practices 
they  endeavoured  to  fopport  by  fcripture,  or  rather  by  its  mif- 
interprctation  :  but  there  docs  not  appear  any  ground  to  be- 
lieve  thiit  ihd'c,  or  other  ceremonies,  were  authorized  by  any 
precept  or  pr>i*5tice  of  Chrift  or  his  apoftlt-s. 

After  having  confidercd  what  the  fcripturcs  offer  upon  this 
fubje(5t,  our  Author,  regarding  the  pniclicc  of  the  church  in 
or  near  the  Apoftles  time,  as  a  good  comment  on  them,  proceed 
to  fcarch  out,  in  order  of  time   and  place,  the  opinion  of  all 
the   early  chriftlan  writers  :  but  for   particulars,  we  muft  rcfeffj 
our  readers  to  the  book  iifclf.    One  thing  farther  we  muft  men- 
tion, as  generally  applicable  to  thofe  writers  who   arc   unfa- 
vorable to  the  baprifm  of  infants,  which   is,  that  they  do  n 
feem  fufficiently  to  diftinguifh  between  the  converts  to  chrifli 
amty  from  judaifm  and  beat  hen  ifm,  and  the  children  of  chri 
£mn$*     With  reki^aid  lo  l\v^  lotm^:^-^  a  i\td^\ikV\^ie\  ^i  C^x^K  an 


BulkleyV  DIJccmfet  9n  ihi  ParahUsi  ^j^ 

repentance  was  certainly  rcquifite  to  bap^ifm  ;  as  to  the  latter, 
it  appears  natural  to  conclude  that  they  flio  ild  be  baptized  up- 
on the  faith  of  their  parents,  as  a  tcftimony  of  their  coming 
into  the  world  under  a  merciful  and  gracio as  difpenfation,  ani 
being  brought  into  the  church  of  Chrili.  However  it  muft  be 
acknowledged,  as  evident  to  all  thinking  pcrfons,  that  there 
arc  fome  things  in  the  adminiftration  of  baptifm,  and  other 
parts  of  the  fcrvicc  of  our  church  of  England^  which  loudly 
call  to  be  reconfidered  and  arnended.  They  afford  Tome  matter 
of  triumph  to  infidels  and  fcofFers,  while;  ferious  and  up- 
right pcrfons  regard  them  with  concern.  It  is  greatly  to  be 
wiflied,  tha't  thofe  who  have  it  in  their  power  would  make  aa 
attempt  for  an  alteration,  fo  far  at  leaft  as  to  leave  fome  things 
indifferent  and  difcretionary,  and  not  fulFef  the  people  or  th« 
clergy  lo  be  forcibly  tied  down  to  any  cxprtflions  or  praiEticcs 
which  it  is  hard  to  reconcile  with  religion  or  common  fenfe. 

Art,  Iir,  Dtfcourfts  on  the  ParabUs  of  our  Blfffhl  Sjvhur^  and 
the  Miradii  of  his  holy  GofpeL  if  1th  ^caift  ftal  llnthathns* 
In  four  Volumes,  By  Charles  Bulkley,  Vol.  I.  8vo.  5  s, 
fcwcd.     Horsficld,  &c.     177 1. 

THE  parables  of  Chrift  form  a  very  important  and  edify- 
ing part  of  the  facred  writings.  An  ingenious  and  learned 
writer,  already  known  to  the  world  by  ft)rmer  publications,  has 
here  undertaken  to  illullratc  them,  and  to  apply  and  enforce 
their  prad^ical  dcfign. 

This  volume  contains  fourteen  fermons,  the  firft  of  which 
confiders  the  nature  and  dcfign  of  parables.  The  fubjcfts  of 
the  others  are  as  follow:— the  parables  of  the  fower,  of  the 
tares,  of  the  muftard-fced  \  the  forgiven  debtor,  the  two  fons^ 
the  vineyard,  the  marriage  feait,  the  ten  virgins,  and  the  talents. 
The  difcourfcs  on  thcfc  topics  are  very  rational,  tending  to  fix 
the  principles  of  religious  truth  and  virtue  in  the  heart,  and 
alio  10  excite  us  to  a  fuitablc  pradicc. 

The  firft  fermon  is  founded  on  the  reply  which  our  Lord  gave 
to  the  enquiry  of  his  difciplcs*  why  he  fpake  to  the  people  m 
parables  I  *  He  anfwercd  and  faid  unto  them,  becaufc  it  is  given 
to  you  to  know  the  myfteries  of  the  kingdom  of  God  :  but  to 
them  it  is  not  given,'  '  For  whofoevcr  has,  to  him  fcall  be 
given^  and  he  ftiall  have  more  abundance  :  but  whofoever  hath 
jjot,  ixo^  him  fliall  be  taken  away  even  that  he  hath.'  *  The 
meaning  of  which  declaration,  obfcrvcs  O'lr  Author,  I  ipprc* 
hend  to  \>z  this  j  to  you  who  have  made  fo  much  better  im* 
provement  of  your  former  advantages,  and  retain  an  ingenuous 
candour  and  docility  of  temper,  I  can  fometuncf^  cxprcfs  myfcif 
in  more  dirc£l  and  explicit  terms  concct\vrv^  \V\^  ^Tfv\c!\^^s  <i?s- 
my  tcYigmi  and  the  dtilga  of  my  propK^lic  au2ioa\  ^^v^^^^^^*^ 


i 


I 


44»  BidklcyV  Dificurfis  m  tht  Parables^ 

thofc  who,  notwiihftanding  their  having  enjoyed  the  fame  li* 
vantages  with  you,  arc  moft  dreadfully  depraved  in  temper  arii 
blinded  in  undcrilanding,  there  is  the  hlghell  polUble  nece(Ti 
ib^t  I  fhould  deliver  my  inftrudiions  in  Tuch  a  graduaU  tnfinu 
ating  and  imperceptible  manner,  as  may  be  molt  effedual  ft 
bringing  them  to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth  : — *  Therefore  fpeal 
I  to  them  in  parables  ;  bccauCe  they  feemg  fee  nor,  and  hearin] 
they  hear  not«  neither  do  they  undcrftand  :'   that  is,  whilft 
fpeak  to  ihem  in  this  manner,  though  they  immediately  difccrn 
and  cannot  but  acknowledge  the  propriety  of  the  parabolical 
reprefcntation,  yet  ihey  do  not  fo  immediately  and  directly  ft 
or  perceive  it  to  be  intended  as  a  rcprefentation  of  the  matig* 
nity  of  their  own  charaders,  and  of  the  abfoluic  necefEty  of  a 
reformation  and  amendment  to  be  made  in  them.     Our  Saviour 
adds,  *  and  in  them  is  fulfilled  the  prophecy  of  Efaias  ;  whic 
fays,  by  hearing  ye  fhall  hcari  and  fhail  not  underfland  :  ajii 
feeing  ye  fliall   fee,  and  fliall  not  perceive  j    for  this  peaple'i 
heart  is  waxed  grofs,  their  ears  are  dull  of  hearing,  and  their 
eyes  they  have  clofcd/     In  which  words  is  more  dire£lly  mii<( 
immediately  eijprefTed  that  ablolute  neceflity  thene  was  of  td« 
drefling  them  in  the  manner  now  hinted  at,  arifmg  from  their 
long  habit  of  indifpofition  to  religious  ioHrudion,  and  tbofe  pre- 
judices which  would  be  inceiTanUy  arifing  in  their  minds  againft 
whatever  fliould,  upon  the  firft  afpeft,  appear  to  have  a  moral 
view  or  meaning  in  it :  and  the  good  cffe£ls  which  fuch  a  me- 
thod of  in(lru6lion  might  poMbly  produce  in  the  cafe  of  fuch 
perfons,  are  expreiled  in  the  hft  claufe  of  the  text;  lefl^  or,  a$ 
the  original  word  made  ufe  of  both  by  the  evangclift  St.  Mat* 
thew,  and  in  the  feptuagint  verfion  of  the  pallage  in  the  pro- 
phecy of  Ifaiah  here  referred  to,  fometimes  fignifies,  if  perad* 
vtntun^  by  being  thus  infenfibly  and  unawares  led  to  a  more 
ferious  and   deliberate  attention   to  religious  truths,  and   to  a 
fuller  and  more  ingenuous  conviction  of  the  depravity  of  their 
own  hearts,  than  could  be  cxpcfled  from  any  other  method  of 
inftrut^ion; — *  they  fhould  fee  with  their  eyes  and  hear  with 
thur  ears,  and  be  converted,  and  I  fliould  heal  them/     Or,  in 
other  words,  if  poffibly  they  may  at  length,  and  in  the  happy 
refult  and  iHlje,  be  fo  clearly  convinced  of  the  truth,  importance 
and  excellency  of  my  doctrine,   as  to  be  by  it  reclaimed  froni 
the  irregularities  of  their  lives,— and  be  firmly  eftablilhcd  ia 
the  love  and  pra£ticc  of  religion.     In  the  fecond  chapter  of  St» 
Paul's  epiftle  to  Timothy,  the  twenty-fifth  and  twenty* fixth 
vcrfcs,  he  gives  htm  this  advice,  that  he  fhould  *  inftrufl  in 
meekncfs  thofe  who  oppofe  thcmfelves,  if  God  peradventurg  will 
give    them  repentance  to  the  acknowledgment  of  the  truth/ ^ 
Where  the  particle  tranflated,   if  peradventure^  is  the  very  fame  V 
with  tbat  which  in  our  text  l&  reudeted  Uft^  and  by  which  ren^ 


Balkley^j  Difcourps  on  the  Parahku  441 

dcring  our  Saviour  is  made  to  fpeak  of  the  reformation  of  his 
audience,  as  what  ou^ht  by  all  means  to  be  avoided,  and  to 
ailign  it  as  the  very  rcafon  of  his  addrefling  them  in  parables, 
that  by  fo  doing  he  might  not  run  the  hazard  of  reclaiming 
them.—  So  that  the  plain,  natural  and  eafy  meaning  of  the  text 
is,  that  our  Saviour  addreilcJ  himfclf  to  the  multitude  in  para- 
bles, becaufe,  confidering  their  great  averiion  to  moral  inftruc- 
tions,  this  gradual,  infinuating  method  was  moft  likely  to  an- 
fwer  the  end  aimed  at,  namely,  their  reformation  and  amend* 
mcnt :  and  for  the  very  fame  reafon,  fabks,  parables,  and  allc- 
goiies  have  been  made  ufe  of  by  many  others  who  have  applied 
thcmfelves  to  the  inftru<Siion  and  reformation  of  mankmd.'  As 
an  initance  of  this,  we  are  referred  to  the  parable  of  the  poor 
man's  ewe  lamb  addreiTcd  by  the  prophet  Nathan  to  King  David  ; 
*  here  we  have,  proceeds  the  Writer,  an  illuftration  drawn  from 
real  fafl  of  the  meaning  of  thefe  phrafcs,  **  feeing  they  fee  not, 
and  hearing  they  hear  not ;"  the  meaning,  I  fay,  of  thefe  phrafes 
as  defigned  to  fignify  and  denote  the  tendency  and  ufcfulnefs  of 
parabolical  reprefentations  :  how  aptly  do  thefe  terms  exprefs 
the  very  conduct  of  David  upon  this  occafion  ?  **  feeing  he  faw 
not,  and  hearing  he  heard  not :"  he  immediately  faw  the  ini- 
quity and  barbarity  of  the  rich  man's  proceedin:^.s ;  his  heart 
was  in  a  moment  fired  with  indignation  at  the  thought  of 
it;^he  pronounced  the  fevereft  fentence  of  condemnation 
againft  the  man ;  but  he  was  not  at  iirft  aware  that  this  was 
an  tX9&  defcription  of  his  own  conduct : — and  for  this  very 
icafon  he  was  brought  at  length  to  perceive  it  the  more  forci- 
bly ;  without  at  all  apprehending  himfelf  to  have  been  con- 
cerned in  the  affair,  he  pronounces  a  fentence  of  condemnation, 
which  he  could  not  decently  retrad,  when  he  afterwards  found 
it  in  reality  to  be  pronounced  againfl  himfelf.'  He  proceeds  to 
Slower  an  objection  to  his  explication  of  the  text,  which  arifcs 
from  the  manner  of  St.  John's  citing  the  wordb  of  Ifaiah,  and 
which  it  may  be  fuppofed  will  by  no  means  admit  of  fuch  an 
interpretation ;  but  for  this  we  mufl  refer  the  reader  to  the 
fermon  itfelf.  In  a  note  are  produced  fome  inftances  from  an- 
cient Greek  wi iters  of  the  ufe  of  phrafcs  equivalent  to  that  in 
the  paflage  under  confideration  :  and  in  a  farther  note  fome  in- 
^ances  are  alfo  produced  in  which  the  word  (/xr^clfi)  tranflated 
Ufl^  in  the  text  here  confidcred,  is  ufed  for  pojjibly  or  peradvcn^ 
tmrt:  and  to  other  proofs  of  this  kind  is  added  Luke  iii.  15. 
where  *  we  read,  that  ^*  all  men  mufed  in  their  hearts  (jixfjVcIc) 
whether  he  were  the  Chrifl  or  not/*  "  Whether  or  not ;"  chat  is, 
in  other  words,  \f  pojjibly  ot  piradventun  he  were  not  the  Chrift/ 

But  though  there  is  great  appearance  of  truth  and  rcafon  in 
what  is  here  faid,  it  muft  be  acknowledged  that  the  point  is 
ftill  debateable ;  and  furely  it  cannot  greatly  furprize  us  to  find. 

Rev.  June  l^^u  G  g  cvvlv«^ 


442  Bulklcy'j  Dlfcourfes  on  the  ParabkSm 

chhrr  in  natural  or  revealed  religioHi  fome  difficulties  partiai- 
jaily  relating  to  the  methods  of  the  divine  government,  to  which 
wc  mufi:  be  willing  to  fubmit,  without  being  able  at  ptcfcnt 
cither  to  remove  or  explain  them. 

In  the  (iifcourfe  on  the  parable  of  ihi  tares^  among  other  ju- 
dicious and  iinimated  refledions,  after  having  conlidered  the 
blcfTings  imparted  to  mankind  by  Chrift  as  intended  bj  dieoc- 
prcfRon,  ^  he  who  fowed  the  good  feed  is  the  fon  of  man,*  we 
read  as  follows :  <  But  muft  it  not  neverthelefs  increafe  amf 
heighten  our  forrow  on  account  of  the  abounding  and  the  tri- 
umphs of  iniquit/V,  to  conlider  that  it  abounds  and  triumphs, 
notivithflanding  all  that  has  been  done  by  this  mbft  illufthoos 
meflenger  of  heaven  and  friend  of  human  kind,  in  fowiogaod 
chcrifhing,  by  the  mod  excellent  principles  and  do£hrinesofhis 
religion,  the  feeds  of  pict/V  and  virtue  in  our  world  ?  Whenvc 
reflect  upon  the  gloiious  defign  and  happ/V  tendenciVof  the  chii- 
flian  fcheme,  when  wc  view  it  in  its  original  fimplicitf/  and 
grdlike  form,— when  we  confider  by  what  a  variet/V  of  motives 
.-^rifing  from  the  great  truths  it  inculcates,  from  the  bright  tnd 
fpoticfs  example,  from  the  endearing  love  and  unparalleled 
condcfccnfrion  of  our  great  redeemer,  its  moft  excellent  laws  and 
precepts  are  enforced,  and  when  we  attend  to  thofe  marks  aod 
iign.iturcs  of  divine  and  heavenly  authorit/V  which  dignify  aod 
confccrate  the  whole,  we  can  fcarcely  forbear  being  elated  at 
the  thought  of  thofe  moft  benign  and  falutar/V  e(Fe£ls  which  ve 
cannot  but  think  muft  needs  appear  in  every  age  of  the  chri- 
ftian  world,  and  in  the  condu<^  of  every  chriftian  profeflbr. 
But,  alas  !  how  foon  do  we  find  ourfelves  checked  and  reftraiii- 
ed,  and  all  our  pleafmg  profpe£^s  b^rne  down  by  that  fwelliflg 
torrent  of  iniquit/V  which  fpreads  itfclf  on  ^vtiy  fide;  andic 
will  be  no  fmall  addition  to  that  concern  which  we  muft  fed  in 
our  min^s  upon  fuch  a  view,  to  confider  that  the  fpring,  ftoB 
whence  this  overpowering  and  impetuous  torrent  took  its  life 
in  the  chriftian  world,  was  no  other  than  the  early  corrupMi 
of  tholc  who  aflbmcd  the  charadter  of  being  the  principal  fup- 
poiicrs  and  abettors  of  the  chriftian  faith.  **  When  men  flcpC,** 
to  ufc  t-ic  language  of  the  parable  we  are  now  difcourfingupoB» 
and  which  in  all  prob:tbiIit;V  was  in  this  particular  intended  tB 
be  prophetic;  wi.cn  thofe,  whofe  peculiar  buftnefs  it  was  to 
inculv.ite  the  truths  and  doRrines  of  the  gofpel  in  all  their 
moral  force  and  ciier;:/j,  foil  into  a  lethargic  ftupiditiV  as  to  the 
g'cat  intcrcfts  and  purpofes  of  vrtal  religion,  but  at  the  iane 
time  were  extremely  aclive  \n  purfuing  the  dreams  of  their  0WI 
bewlKlcTcd  imnprinmlons,  then  of  courfe  did  *^  the  tares  fpring 
up  apace."  When  thofe  whofe  proper  charader  it  was  to  k 
r!ic  *'  helpers  rvt  tht  jo^*'  of  others,  began  to  claim  •*  domi- 
niun  ovei  thcit  1j^\*V*  V.o  ti^Qc  ^^  \^^  ^\  ^>\\^;i&c-^wer, » 
6  ''^ 


Bulkley'i  Difccurfts  9n  thg  Parahhs*  443 

make  the  vain  and  abfurJ  attempt  of  cftabliftiing  an  unifor- 
TPiiiU  of  opinion,  and  to  coruemJ  %^ich  furious  pride  and  bicGcr* 
nefs^  whofe  fliould  be  the  fljndard,  purfuing  ikZ  cbe  Ikime  time 
wtth  unbounded  and  unfaciabic  eagcrnels  wufldly  emulumcnts, 
riches  .md  honours,  ic  is  natur  J  to  ima^inc^  what  was  indeed 
the  cafe,  that  all  kind  of  fordidncf'9  and  iniquitiV  in  temper  aiid 
behavior  Aiould  gain  ground.  And  at  that  very  tiine»  when 
there  was  more  occafton  than  ever  for  hearing  the  principles 
of  chrifttanitjr  inculcated  in  their  htghell  puriti^  and  with  their 
utmoft  moral  force,  did  thcv  aduUcr^tc  und  enfeeble  it  by  the 
introduiSlion  of  the  moft  uninteUigrble  mylleries^  and  the  fub- 
/litution  either  of  abfolutely  unmeaning  founds  and  phrafcs,  or 
elfe  of  dire6IIy  immoral  and  licentious  doctrines,  ia  the  room  of 
that  true  and  real  ^*  dodlriiie"  of  Chrill^  which  is  *^  according 
to  godlincft/* 

In  the  fcrmon  on  the  parable  of  the  muftard-fced,  the  re- 
marks (quoted  chicfiy  from  Sir  Thomas  Brown)  on  the  exprcf- 
iions  of  its  being  the  leail  of  all  feeds,  and  growing  up  to  a 
large  tree*  may  be  acceptable,  as  fomc  may  be  at  a  lofs  how 
to  remove  the  difficulty,  and  to  others  it  may  not  be  diUgree- 
able  to  be  reminded  of  the  explication.  Nothing  *  could  more 
expreffivcly  rcprclent  the — Ihbilit//,  enlargement  and  triumphs 
of  Chrift's  kingdom,  than  a  fair  and  fpreading  tree  rifing  out 
of  the  very  fmalicft  of  feeds,  Th^*  propriety  of  this  cxpret* 
Con,  with  refpedt  to  the  feed  of  mullard,  his  been  very  iu  flicicatljf 
juiVificd  by  a  learned  writer,  (Sir  Thomas  Brown)  when  he  ob^ 
fcrves,  that  **  though  it  be  not  fimply  iind  in  itfclf  the  fmallcft 
of  feeds,  yet  we  may  very  well  believe  it  to  be  the  fmaUcft  of 
feeds  of  plants  that  arc  apt  to  ^row  unto  a  ligncoui  fubltance^ 
zM  become  a  kind  of  tree/'  He  obfcrves  Hkewiic,  that  **  the 
parable  may  not  ground  itfclf  upon  generals  or  implic  any  or  . 
every  grain  of  multard,  but  point  at  fuch  a  peculiar  %tAm^  as^ 
from  its  fertile  fpirit  and  other  concur  he 

fucccfs  to  become  arboreous,"     Thecv  ii« 

author  goes  on  to  ohferve,  that  it  might  grow  into  iucn  dimcn- 
fions,  that  birds  might  lodge  in  the  branches  iheieoF,*  m<ty  ha 
literally  conceived,  if  we  allow  the  Ijxurianse  of  pUnts  ia 
India  above  our  northern  regions.  And  he  mcntionri  upv:>n  this 
occ2ifjon  what  is  recorded  in  the  Jewilh  iioi;«',  ^^  of  a  multard 
tree,  that  w,i-s  to  he  climbed  like  u  fig  tree.*' 

it  would  be  eafy  to  add  further  cxtradl^  frum  this  and  other 
fermons  in  the  volume  before  U9,  which  would  be  accepted,  we 
doubt  not,  with  picafure,  by  many  of  our  Readers  ;  but  45  our 
limits  will  not,  at  prelent,  allow  us  to  cnUrj^e,  uc  nruft  here 
refer  to  the  difcourfcs  themfclvei,  of  which  only  \htfirjl  volume 
is  yet  publilhed. 


Gg 


*.v^.NS 


C    4H    ] 

Art.  IV.    Principles    of   Pitial    Laws.      8vo.     5s.  Boards. 
White,  &c.     1 77 1. 

THE  neceffity  of  fupprefling  thofe  diTorders  which  irifeia 
focicty  from  the  paffions  and  intercourfe  of  meiif  gives 
birth  to  criminal  jurifprudence.  It  is  long,  however,  bdTort 
the  right  of  revenge  is  wholly  wrefted  from  the  individual  and 
entrufted  to  the  magiftrate,  and  before  the  magiftrate  acquires 
full  authority  to  enforce  his  decifions.  The  point  of  hooonr, 
for  example,  dill  leads  to  the  practice  of  duelling  ;  andalltbe 
efforts  of  Icgiilation  and  government  have  been  unable  to  aixh 
lift  it. 

If  we  would  throw  any  light  on  the  fubje£l  of  crimes  and 
punifhmentSf  we  muft  attend  to  the  different  appearances  tbey 
exhibit  in  the  different  periods  of  focicty.  We  niuft  trace  them 
from  their  infant  (tate,  in  a  rude  community,  to  the  coaditioo 
and  afpedl  they  affume  in  a  refined  age.  It  is  only  from  a  care- 
ful obfervacion  of  their  progrefs,  that  we  can  arrive  at  the  prin- 
ciples of  penal  law. 

Our  Author  has  followed  a  very  different  method.  He  fets 
out  from  an  affumed  period  of  perfedt  civilization  ;  and  while 
he  feckjs  in  the  hiftory  of  mankind  for  facts  and  examples  by 
which  to  fupport  and  confirm  his  reafonin^s,  he  perccfvesDOt 
that  he  is  led  into  miftakes,  by  applying  toTefs  cultivated  ages 
the  ideas  of  his  own  times.  It  muii  be  improper  to  rea^ 
diredly  from  the  criminal  regulations  of  a  Saxon  monarch,  M> 
thofe  which  are  now  eilablifhed  in  England.  It  is  neceflkrff 
in  this  refpedt,  that  we  examine  the  fiate  of  the  intervening 
periods  -of  our  hiflory. 

The  prefent  publication  confifts,  therefore,  of  detached  ob- 
ftrvations,  and  contains  no  regular  chain  of  caufes  and  eflfefis* 
It  difcovers,  notwithftanding,  a  confiderable  (hare  of  ingenuity 
and  genius,  and  may  be  read  with  profit  and  amufemcnt. 

The  following  obfervations  on  corporal  ^uniihments,  andofl 
infamy,  will  give  our  Readers  an  idea  of  our  Author's  maimer 
and  merit. 

*  We  are  told,  fays  he,  that  in  Sparta  it  was  thought  a  fery 
difgraceful  fentence  to  the  criminal,  to  lofe  the  privilege  df 
lending  his  wife  to  another  man,  or  to  be  confined  to  the  Ibdety 
of  virgins 

'  l^he  authenticity  of  the  fad  is  immaterial,  if  the  infercoGe 
be  admitted,  which  is,  that  in  a  moderate  and  virtuous  g^emmti^^ 
the  idea  o/Jhurne  will  fodotu  tin  finger  of  the  law\  and  that  what- 
ever fpccicb  of  pui'.iihnicnc  is  pointed  out  as  infamous,  wiB 
have  the  effect  ot  inUaiy  Exijiimatio  eft  dignitatis  illaf^t  fitim% 
leg'rhm  ac  moribui  comfrobatui^  qui  ex  delia^  tio/?r»^  au&oritidi 
U^um  aut  mmiiiiury  aut  cowjumitur*    '\\w^^\x\^>&k\DK3ft.^^ES»^ 


Principles  tf  Penal  Laws, 


44S, 


k' 


ling  Is  deemed  honourable  by  the  Ottoman  family,  who  thialc. 
it  infamous  that  their  blood  ihould  be  fp;It  upon  the  ground  ; 
in  England   it  is  thought  a  more  rcfipt'tfiable  4eath  to  be  J»e- 
headed. 

*  Let  legiflators  then  remember,  that  the  (l.imp  of  ignominy 
JS  intruded  to  their  dilporal  ;  and  let  rhcm  ufc  with  tcconomy 
ind  difcrction  this  bed  inftrument  for  the  promotion  of  mora** 
lity  and  the  extirpation  of  vice. 

*  Shamt  lofes  its  effciV,  when  it  is  mfllfled  wirhout  juft  and 
cauuous  diilin^lfon  ;  or  when  by  the  wantrmnefs  of  opprelTion 
it  is  made  familiar  to  the  eye.  The  fentibllity  of  the  people 
under  fo  extravagant  an  exertion  of  po^A^er*  dct;cncr*itcs  intu 
dcfpondcncy,  bafcnefs  and  ftupidity  ;  their  virtue  is  of  forced 
extraftion,  the  child  of  fear,  with  all  the  mcanntrfs  of  the  parent 
entailed  upon  tt.  The  tranquillity  of  fuch  a  (lao,  (dys  Mon^ 
tefquieu,  is  the  mournful  illencc  of  a  city  which  the  enemy  is 
about  to  {lorm. 

*  The  prefcnt  Emprefs  of  Ruflia  Is  aware»  that  immoderate 
efforts  arc  the  fymptonis  of  infulficiency,  and  have  alwaya  more 
fury  than  force  ;  that  the  fccurity  of  the  Prince  decreafes  in 
proportion  to  the  exorbitance  of  his  defpotifm  ^  and  that  the 
national  fcnfibllity  is  the  bef^  fpi'ing  ot  naiiun.il  power.  But  a 
few  years  ago»  prior  to  the  rdgn  ot  the  laie  Empicfa  Ellzabethi 
it  was  no  more  difgrace  to  a  RuiHan  nobleman  to  rei.eivc  a 
public  flogging  from  the  hands  of  the  hangman,  than  it  is  at 
this  moment  to  a  miserable  Japonefc  to  pay  with  his  (kin  the 
cofts  of  a  civil  atSlion,  thought  nugatory  by  the  juJgc,  The 
Mafcovjtes  no  longer  wed  their  wives  with  a  whip  inftcad  of  t 
wedding  ring  i  and  Ruflia  rifcs  into  the  refpcii  of  Europe, 
The  Japonefe  ftill  fubmit  to  the  daily  difciplinc  of  the  lafh  ; 
2nd  Japjo  continues  the  contempt  of  the  world.— The  cuJgel 
(fays  Du  Haldc)  is  the  governor  of  China  ;  the  Chine fe  (fays^ 
the  wrircr  of  Lord  Anfon'^  voyage)  are  eminent  for  timidity^ 
hypocrify,  and  difhoncfty, 

'  Corporal  punithmcnts  Immediately  affefling  the  body,  and 
publickly  inflicted,  ought  ro  be  infamous  in  the  eilimation  of  the 
people  i  fo  fliould  degradations  from  titles  of  hontmr,  civil  in- 
capacities, brandings,  and  public  exhibitions  of  rhe  offenders  : 
all  which  penalties  ougiit  to  be  applied  with  greac  caution,  and 
only  to  offences  infamous  in  their  nature, 

*  In  any  cafe,  to  aifix  a  lafting,  vifible  filgma  upon  the  of- 
fender^  is  contrary  both  to  humanity  and  iound  policy,  I'he 
wretch  finding  himfelf  fubjcdtal  to  continual  infult,  beco^ne^ 
habituated  to  bis  d.f^rucc,  and  lofci  all  fenfc  of  (hainc*  h  is 
impoffible  fir  him  to  form  any  irreproachable  conntction  \  for 
virtue,  though  of  a  foci  a  1  nature*  will  no\.  ^VJocvikXt  >nvOcv  \tv» 
fam/.     Yet  this  pradicc  of  br»ndinfe  tv^tAv  ptc^iAcA  \^  ^>i^L\^ 

— Vvwo^vk 


446  PnncipIiS  tf  Penal  Lawsm 

known  fyftem  of  laws ;  as  with  us  at  prefcnt,  in  the  punilb* 
ment  of  many  offences  ;  and  in  all  cafes  when  the  ofiendery 
not  being  a  clefgyman,  is  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  clergy.  In 
Ijice  manner  by  the  laws  of  France,  Ceux  ^  cel/iSy  qui  afrhavirr 
ete  condamut's  pour  vol^  on  Jiciris  ne  quelque  autre  crime^  que  ufiitf 
fercni  onvavi^ui  de  rkidive  en  crime  de  vol^  ne  pourrant  etre  mitm- 
nh  a  itv.indre  feine  que,  fcavoir^  les  hommes  aux  gaieres  itms^ni 
a  perpeiuitSy  tt  Ls  femmes  a  ctre  de  nouveau  flelries  eTun  IV,  f  Tift 
pGur  rccidive  de  vJj  ou  d^un  ftmple  V.  ft  Iti  premiere  JUtriJfure  a  bi^ 
en  courrue  pour  autre  crijrie*.  Et  ceux  que  feront  cwdamah  wt 
galcres  a  tims  ou  perpetuite  POUR  QlTELquE  CRIME  qjJE  CE 
PUissE  tTRE^fercnt  Jiitrles^  avant  d'y  etre  conduits^  des  trns  littrn 
G,  J,  L,  p(jur,  en  cas  dc  rccidive  en  crime  qui  mcrite  peine  affii&Wi 
etre  punis  de  mort  f.  So  alfo  among  the  Romans  it  was  ufuilt 
but  only  when  the  crime  was  infamous  in  its  nature,  to  affix 
fome  branoMng  or  i^^nominio-js  letter  on  the  forehead  of  the  cri- 
minals J  and  pcrfons  fo  branded  were  afterwards  called  hfripti^ 
or  Stlgmattci^  or  by  a  mor;-  eq;  iv.-xai  term.  Literati \  ancx- 
prcfiion  ado;.'tcd  in  Srat,  4.  Hen.  VII.  c.  13.  which  recites,  d^ 
divcrfe  pcrfx's  Uttered  had  been  more  bold  to  commit  mif- 
chicvous  deeds,  &c. 

*  I  lay  nothing  of  baflinadoes,  mutilations,  and  a  variety  of 
other  modes  of  punifliing  etjuallv  inconhftent  with  decency  and 
humanity  :  fuch  refinements  of  cruelty  put  the  whole  fpccics, 
rathor  tli^n  the  crl  .  inal,  10  difgracc. 

*  Artaxerxes  aiodcratcd  the  feverfty  of  the  laws  of  Pcrfia, 
by  enacUng,  that  the  nobility  who  debafed  themfclvcs,  infiod 
of  being  lafhed,  which  had  been  the  prafiice,  fhould  be  ftripped, 
and  the  wliipping  be  given  to  their  veftmcnts  ;  and  that  io* 
flcad  of  having  the  hjir  plucked  off,  they  (hould  only  be  de- 
prived of  their  high-crowned  tiarse. 

^  'i'herc  arc  two  kinds  of  infamy,  the  one  founded  in  the 
opinl(Mis  of  tlie  people  rcfpeSing  the  mode  of  punifhment,  the 
other  in  the  c  onftrudlion  of  law  refpe£ting  the  future  credibi- 
lity of  the  delinquent :  the  law  of  England  was  erroneous,  wlwi 
it  dcrlarcd  th(»  latter  a  confequence  of  the  puni(hment  ootdf 
the  erimej.—  There  ftill  exift  fome  unrepealed  ftatote!«,  wbkh 
infli6l  perpetual  infamy  on  offences  of  civil  inftitution  |.  Bot^ 
in  general,  the  ligour  of  this  doftrine  is  now  reduced  to  rei- 
k)r.  'y  ar:d  it  is  holdcn,  that,  unlefs  a  man  be  put  in  the  pil- 
lory,  or  ftigm.itizcd  for  crimen  falji^  as  for  perjury,  forgery,  or 
the  like,  it  mfers  no  blemifh  on  his  atteftation.  it  may  be  highly 
pcn\l  to  er^grofs  com,  or  to  publifli  a  pamphlet  offenfive  n 
govcrn.ire/Lt  *,  but  n\ttc3itvtilc  avarice,  and  political  fedition,  h«fe 

•  Code  pcud.  ^vo.  A.  I>-  ^TSVV-  ^^V  "^^"^^^^^^w^^^Xb^^ 


PrlncipJcs  cf  PlKuI  Laiv!,  4^7 

no  coniicclion  with  the  competence  of  tcftiniony  ^  the  crcilit  ot 
an  oath  can  only  be  overbalanced  by  the  nature  and  weight  of 
the  iniquity.    Such  was  the  reafoning  of  the  Roman  Law.  Idlus 

fyflium  tnfamiam   non  imp  or  tat  ^  fed  caufoy  propter  quam  id  pati 

meruit  %  Ji  ta  fuity  qua  infaniiam  damnato  irrogat. 

*  The  Englifh  conftitution,  ever  anxious  to  prefervc  the 
virtuous  pride  of  the  people,  hath  ufed  this  branch  of  the  penal 
code  with  a  refcrvc  fo  fcrupulous,  that  it  may  almoft  be  doubt- 
ed whether  more  attention  hath  not  been  (hewn  to  the  pro- 
te£tion  of  this  principle,  than  to  the  prefervation  of  life:  for 
corporal  pains  might  certainly  with  good  eftcdt  be  fubflituied, 
in  fome  cafes,  in  the  room  of  capital  judgments. 

*  Yet,  without  any  very  ftridt  fcrutniy  into  our  ftatute  b.)ok'3, 
one  may  point  out  many  provifions  fUlI  exiftin^,  wiiich  are 
difguftful  to  humanity,  and  oAenfive  to  common  fenfe. 

*  It  is  cafy  to  conceive,  why  the  hand  which  gives  a  blow 
in  a  court  of  juftice,  fhould  be  cut  off  by  cdi6l  of  law  ;  though 
it  was  at  leaft  a  condefcenfion  to  minutenefTes  in  that  parlia- 
ment which,  to  give  more  JoUm>:ity  to  the  operatioN^  ordercJ  the 
mafter  cook  and  lerjeant  of  the  larder  to  attend  with  drolling 
knives ;  the  ferjeant  of  the  woodyard  to  furnifh  a  ch^'pping- 
block ;  the  yeoman  of  the  icuUery  to  attend  with  a  pan  of 
coals,  and  the  ferjeant  farrier  to  brin^  hot  irons  to  (ear  the 
ftump.  But  it  is  not  fo  eafy  to  acq-iiefcj  in  the  pr  ^priety  of 
punifhing  a  blow  given  in  a  church-yard,  with  the  lofs  of  an 
ear;  though  we  are  told,  that  it  was  intended  to  obviate  the 
quarrels  of  proteftants  and  papids  at  the  (11  It  cllabliflimcnt  of 
the  reformation.  Under  a  fimilar  difu^ird  ta  rclat vi  pro- 
priety, Henry  the  Firft  fcems  to  hav:  ciucto  ■  ^uo^i  V//!  -i=;7  my- 
ncta  oculos^  et  genitalia  amittereut^  cihjqiie  a  /';  m  i  ^  \  n-  t'.o  .e.  Lcfs 
abfurd  was  the  conduct  of  Sevcru.^,  who  puii:ihjJ  a  notary  for 
the  exhibition  of  a  forged  picadin'r,  by  o: ;.  ijn^^  tlic  nerves  of 
his  fingers  to  be  cut,  that  he  mi^ht  ne;'i  r  be  able  to  write 
again  \  as  was  alfo  a  law  of  Edward  the  Fiili,  how  unjudiliable 
foever  on  account  of  hs  cruf.lty,  ri^ainlt  rhe  th  -d  otfence  of 
theft  from  the  lead  mines  in  Derby fli ire,  Tkut  a  k'lfejhou'dhe 

Jiuch  through  the  hand  of  the  ciiininal  fxed  on  ihc  tihle  \  u>:d  in  tiis 
agony  and  attitude  he  was  to  continue  till  he  had  fvjid  Vunfcif  by 
cutting  off  his  hand. 

*  The  eighth  of  Eliz.  ch.  3.  punifhes  with  imprifonment, 
and  the  lofs  of  the  left  hand,  tiie  fendini;  of  live  iheep  out  of 
the  kingdom,  or  the  embarkation  nf  tlierii  r.u  hoard  of  any  fliip  ; 
and  this  too  without  ;iny  exceptions  of  the  neceflary  provifions 
for  the  (hip's  crew  :  the  fecond  offence  is  mad';  only  a  clers;eable 
felony. — Sir  Edward  Coke  thinks,  tiiat  tne  bencft:  of  the 
cler^  might  be  phmied,  as  well  in  cafe  of  cuUiv\^oW  \.\\^  V'accA^ 

as  in  cafe  of  felony  i  if  /b,  and    if  the  offeuAci  >Ncitt  ^ot\.v^w»fc 

G  g  4.  tvtfi>i^ 


44'  YoungV  expninnnialJgricukure^  {^r. 

enough  to  have  learnt  to  read,  he  could  never  have  fuffered  ua* 
^er  this  zSt. 

'  The  14th  of  Eliz.  ch.  5.  dircfted  vagabonds  to  be  fcrerely 
whipped  and  burned  through  the  ear  with  a  hot  iron  the  com* 
paGi  of  an  inch ;  and  for  the  fecond  offence  to  fufier  death. 
This  was  a  temporary  a£t,  and  not  continued  in  force. 

<  It  will  not  eafily  be  credited  by  thofe  who  do  not  poiIe& 
the  ftatute  whiph  I  am  about  to  mention,  yet  if  is  certainly 
true,  that  by  Stat.  10  Geo.  3.  c,  19.  >/.  D.  1770,  evtrj  fet^fk 
whatfoever  taiingy  killings  or  deflroying  any  hare^  pbeaJarU^  partriipy 
moor-gamey  l^c.  or  ufing  any  dog^  gurty  &c.  fcr  that  pwrtefi^  U» 
twfen  an  hour  after  fun-fetth.gy  and  one  hour  before  fun- rifing^  at 
convi^id  th6r£of  BEFORE  ONE  or  more  juflice  or  juJUcts^  UPOW 
THE  OATH  OF  ONE  or  more  w'ttnefs  or  witne^es^  fhally  fsr  th 
frfl  offence^  he  imprifoned  not  lefs  than  three  tnonfhsy  for  ether  9f 
fences  not  lef  than  fix  months  \  and  either  for  the  firfiy  or  any  tthtr 
offence^  BE  once  publicly  whipped  in  the  town  where  ttt 
gaol  or  houft  of  com^ion  fljall  bty  within  three  days  from  (be  time 
of  his  commitment y  between  the  hours  tf  twelve  and  one  0* clock  in  Ai 
day.  And  this  is  enafled  even  witlout  any  refervations  or  dijiine* 
tions  as  to  the  ranky  quality^  cr  fortune ^  of  the  offender. 

*  The  tacit  difapprobation  of  mankind  coniigns  fuch  laws  to 
difregard  and  oblivion  j  but  ihcy  fliould  be  repealed,  to  prcvcit 
every  pofTibility  of  opprefTion  on  the  one  h^nd,  and  to  ftifleaO 
hopes  of  impunity  on  \he  other.' 

In  juftice  to  our  Author,  we  muft  obferve,  that  there  nrni 
through  his  work  a  ftrnin  of  benevolence  and  humanity^  vA 
that  it  every  where  difplays  a  zeal  for  the  fupport  and  protec- 
tion of  th^  natural  and  inherent  righ.s  of  men.  The  courage 
alfo  with  which,  on  feme  occafions,  he  has  propofed  his  ovft 
views  and  fentiments  in  oppofition  to  thofe  pf  former  writer5| 
deferves  commendation. 

.  Art.  V.  Conilufion  of  our  Rcvitw  of  a  Courfe  of  Experiment 
Agr'u ulturs,  Contaihiug  an  exaSl  Regijler  of  all  the  Bufimfs  trmf 
atUd^  during  five  Tears  ^  on  near  300  Acres  of  'various  Soils^  incUdiMg 
a  Variety  of  Experiments  on  the  Culti'vation  of  all  Sorts  tf  GrmB 
and  Pul/e,  both  in  the  old  and  ne*w  Methods.  The  IVbole  demm* 
f  rated  in  near  2000  original  Experiments.  By  Arthur  Yoaog,  Efqs 
Author  of  The  Farmer's  Letters^  and  Tours  to  the  Soutberu  mi 
Northern  Counties,  ^c, 

j\  Greeably  to  our  propofed  plan,  this  conclufive  number 
Jr\^  of  our  review  of  Mr.  Young's  Experiments  is  to  coi^ 
of  curfory  remarks ;  but  they  ihall  be  fuch  as  appear  to  us  of 
the  greatcft  con(e<\uence  *\iv  \^^\s\^xi\N«  of  any  which  the  fubjefi 
affords,  and  at  the  tamt  um^  ^>i^Vi  ^^^^  t^tai^^^^i^UjusIer 

>5^ 


YoungV  ixpiflminial  Agrmhun^  i!fil  44,9 

to  form  the  jufleft  idea  of  Mr,  Y.'9  merits  ^^^  induce  him  to 
pcrufe  the  whole  work. 

Book  I,  chap.  2*  feft.  It  Mr.  Y,  juflly  remarks,  on  barley^ 
that  it  is  a  chance  whether  nine  out  of  ten  of  very  extraordinary 
crops  are  not  iofing  ones;  and  alfo,  that  *  more  than  10  quar- 
ters per  acre  have  been  raifcd  by  common  management  of  bar- 
Icy  in  difFerent  parts  of  England.*  He  confirms  his  arteitions,  as 
to  lofing  crops,  by  Experiments  6  and  7,  in  which  the  tof;*  was 
above  6  U  per  acre*  However,  Experiment  8,  gives  a  clear 
profit  of  8  L  I  as,  7d,  per  acre  on  account  of  manure  to  the 
preceding  crop.  Mr,  Y,  alfo,  from  experiment,  juftly  con* 
eludes,  that  the  writers  who  aflert  '  the  fuperiority  of  Ulkgi  to 
manna^  contradiiSi  pratlice.*  ' 

Experiment  22  {hews  a  clear  profit  of  9 1.  14  s*  6d»  per 
acre  by  broad  cad  barley,  In   a  bad  feafon* 

On  Experiment  27,  Mr.  Y,  remarks,  that  *  if  the  manurt  had 
been  purchufed,  the  lofs  would  have  been  confideublc.'  And 
here,  once  for  ail,  we  muft  be  allowed  to  remark,  that  we 
cannot  agree  with  him  in  charging  nothing  for  one's  own 
manure,  as  this  practice  gives  a  very  fjilfe  idea  of  the  profit. 
There  is  certainly  ^  ftlUng  price,  which  fhould  be  charged. 

On  Experiment  30,  Mr,  Y.  remarks,  and  juftly,  that  manures 
ftiould  be  applied  to  ameliorating  crops,  bctaufc  they  take  off 
the  heat  [jiot  heart^  of  large  quantities.  He  obfervcs,  that 
the  expence  of  harlty  cropi^  in  impr^vtd  hufbandry,  is  three  times 
as  great  as  that  of  like  crops  in  common  hufbandry,  but  the 
produd  four  times  as  great ;  confequcntly,  more  than  anfweiablc 

Se<5)ion  2,  Mr.  Y,  fhcws  that  barley  has  ftalks  to*>  weak  to 
fuppoft  iht^mrelves  in  the  drill  culture*  He  concludes,  from 
all  his  experiments  in  this  fe<aion,  that  the  drill  culture  of  bar- 
ley is  extremely  unprofitahUt  the  expences  immadirauiy  grtat^  the 
produtSt  trifling,  and  the  lofs  alarming* 

Scdion  3  concludes  with  obferving,  that  by  drillmg  of 
barley,  inOead  of  a  vafl  profit  to  the  nation,  an  annual  lofs  of 
many  niillions  would  enfue. 

Sedlicm  4  opci.s  with  Mr.  Y's  obfcrvatlon,  that  a  fmall  quan- 
tity of  feed,  in  tht*  broad  c^ft  method,  has  been  recommended 
by  the  drillers  very  artfully.  He  concludes  with  a  dedudlion 
that,  in  the  broad-cait  method  of  fowing  barley,  from  4  to  6 
bufhels  per  acre,  the  beft  quantity,  raifes  according  to  foils,  &c. 

In  p.  19,  he  feems  to  have  proved,  that  the  method  of  giving 
the  fame  feed  to  all  foils  is  abfurd  ;  and  that  poor  joils  require 
inore,  contrary  to  vulgar  ideas.  He  (hews,  in  the  f;inic  man- 
ner, that  2  bufhels  of  feed,  in  the  drill  culture  of 
^c[e|  or  t\  bufbclsj  are  the  b^d  quantity. 


^5^  YoungV  expmnuuud  Agriadhin^  &/• 

SeAion  5  fliews,  from  many  ExpcMments^  that  Febnuiy  i 
the  beft  month  for  fowing  barley,  and  March  the  next,  aad 
none  later  advantageous. 

Sedion  6,  that  fteeps  have  no  tSeSt  as  to  quality  or  quantit/ 
of  grain  ;  and  that  change  of  the  foils  of  barley  from  (and  or 
day  to  loam,  have  the  greateft  effed,  and  vice  vnfsu 

Mr.  Y.  obierves,  that,  in  Experiments  10  and  11,  tbe  ex« 
pence  is  about  40 1,  and  133 1,  per  acre;  and  Experiment  12, 
produced  18  qrs.  i  bu(h.  ^  per  acre;  and  thinks  that  10 or  12 
quarters  per  acre  may  be  obtained  by  good  common  manage- 
ment 

Chap.  III.  fed.  I,  culture  of  oats,  in  common  managemcot, 
cofts  per  acre  2I.  and  gives  fcarce  profit  to  pay  intereft;  bac 
improved  culture  gives  4 1.  per  acre:  nearly  ten  times  as  much. 

Sedlion  2,  drill  culture,  (hews  a  lofs  of  4 1.  per  acre  in  oats. 

SeAion  3,  the  drill  culture  of  oats,  '  another  name  fornoa- 
fenfe  and  abfurdity.* 

Sedion  4,  feven  bufhels,  or  7  bufliels  2  pecks,  the  moft  ad- 
vantageous quantity  of  I'ccd-oats  per  acre. 

Section  5  {hews,  that  the  beft  time  of  fowing  oats  is  about 
three  weeks  from  the  end  or  February  to  tbe  beginning  of 
March  ;  and  that  white  fliouid  i  c  lown  before  black  oats. 

Chap.  IV.  fhews,  that  buckrwheat^  on  foils  not  in  proper 
condition  for  barley,  pays  better  than  that  grain,  and  pajs 
well  o:\  the  riv  heft  ;  that  it  ihould  not  be  fowed  till  about  tbe 
middle  of  May,  and  does  not  exhauft  the  foil  likf  any  other 
grain. 

In  book  II.  chap.  I.  fcfl:.  i,  Mr.  Y.  (hews,  that  a  crop  of 
peafjp  is  fometimes  attended  with  a  lofs  of  8  1.  1 1  s.  per  acre, 
and  fometimes  with  a  clear  profit  of  6 1.  13  s.  3d.  but  that  die 
average  of  peafc,  in  common  hufbandry,  is  6  s.  o|  d.  in  «• 
proved  3  1.  16  s.  5  d.  and  in  perfe£l  the  lofs  is  8 1.    lis. 

In  kO..  2,  he  proves  that  the  lofs  on  horfe-hoed  crops  of 
peafe  is  above  4  guineas  per  acre;  that  the  lofs  on  double 
rows  is  6  s.  5vd.  on  treble  rows  4  s.  8d.  and  profit  byqua^ 
druple  rows  is  8  s.  1  d.  and  that  the  lofs  on  clay  is  1 1  s.  while 
the  profit  on  gravelly  is  i  s.  2|d. 

In  kSt.  3,  Mr.  Y.  ftiews,  that  drilled  peafe,  in  equidiflaflt 
rows  at  one  foot,  is  the  beft  for  produce,  broad-caft  next,  and 
horfe-hoed  worft ;  alfo  that  the  expence  of  the  drilled  exceed- 
ing that  of  the  hroad-cajl^  is  a  circumftance  which  determines 
againft  the  former  in  point  of  profit. 

Se6l.  4  afferts,  that  the  beft  quantity  of  feed-peafe  is  ffoa 
4  bufh.  2  pecks  to  5  hufli. 


•  At  the  cxpeivce  oi  iG'^V  ^«  ^'t^ 


\^ 


YoungV  experimental  Agriculture,  fcf^.  '^jt 

*  In  fcfl.  5,  Mr.  Y.  concludes,  that  the  new  hufbandry  is 
iio  remedy  for  che  want  of  frefh  air  among  the  ftalks  and 
branches. 

Chap.  II.  fed.  I,  (hews  that  beans,  in  comn\pn  manage- 
ment, leave  ahfivc.51.  profit  per  acre,  and  pay  well  for  ma- 
nure. But,  N.  B,  Profit  on  this  and  other  crops  is  raifed 
by  chmgiiig  only  for  manure.  Mr.  Y.  male  :s  the  averas;e  of  a 
bean  crop,  in  common  management,  i  1.  12  s.  per  acre,  which, 
wh'.-n  ic  is  a  fallow  crop,  is  not  defpicable  ;  and  that  it  is  in- 
comparably the  bcft  to  make  it  fo. — But  in  feft.  2,  he  (hews 
that  by  the  new  hu(bandry  in  beans,  a  profit  of  4 1.  per  acre 
may  be  made  by  drilling  double  rows  on  4  feet  ridges;  and 
chat  the  average  profit,  without  manure,  is  3  1. 

In  feci.  x»  hand- hoeing  of  beans  pays  the  expence,  and 
'kavcs  16  s.  8d,  per  acre.  Speaking  of  the  expence  of  keep- 
ing drill  ploughs  in  order,  the  Author  fuppofes  that  feme 
pcrfeil  ones  may  be  in  ufe.  But  (hould  he  not  (hew  that  fuch 
exill  as  do  not  make  this  article  of  expence  a  fad  dedudion 
from  profit  ?  He  evinces  the  drill  culture  of  beans  to  exceed 
-that  of  hroad'Cn/i  by  2 1*  3  s.  an  acre  profit,  befides  leaving  the 
land  in  fine  order. 

In  fe6t.  4,  he  maintains  that  February  is  the  bed  feafon  for 
fowing,  January  good,  March  pretty  well,  but  April  out  of 
the  quellion. 

Se£l.  5  aflerts,  that  bean  crops,  when  hoed,  improve  by  fuc- 
ceifion  to  each  other,  and  that  lands  out  of  heart  may  thus  be 
improved  :  alfo  that  the  tick-bean  exceeds  the  common  horfe- 
bean  in  produce. 

In  chap.  III.  Mr.  Y.  (hews  that  tares,  by  hay,  give  a  clear 
profit  as  high  as  4,  5,  and  61.  per  acre,  and,  at  an  average, 
2L  15  s.  6d.  that  they  are  an  ameliorating  crop,  prepare  as 
well  as  a  fallow  ground  for  wheat,  &c.  and  by  feeding  of  cat- 
tle, and  producing  of  manure,  are  highly  advantageous. 

In  chap.  IV.  experiments  (hew  that  lentils  are  good  for  the 
fame  purpofes  as  tares,  but  produce  lefs  quantity. 

Boole  III.  chap.  1.  fedt.  i,  2,  and  -3,  turnips,  broad-cait, 
and  drilled,  give  no  great  crops  of  profit  by  the  root,  except  by 
confequences,  viz.  bringing  the  foil  by  hoeings  into  g.^od  cul- 
ture, and  enriching  it  by  manure.  When  the  drilled  turnips 
"grow  in  treble  rows,  in  5  feet  r.  Iges,  they  are  rather  a  weightier 
crop  than  that  of  broad-caft,  w^uch,  however,  is  fomewhat  left 
cxpenfive;  but  the  drilled  foil  is  in  rather  better  order,  and 
the  weightier  crop  yields  more  manure.  Yet  then  Mr.  Y.  ob- 
ferves  that  the  expence  of  repairing  the  drill  plougli  aw| 
amount  to  2  5,  6  d.  per  acre. 


4Sa  YoungV  experimental  Jgricubure^  &V. 

In  fed.  4,  Mr.  Y.  produces  a  Angle  experiment,  to  detennine 
whether  turnips  are  more  profiuble  when  dremm  or  fed^^  ami 
concludes  for  the  former:  but  on  many  accounts  (which  our 
neceflary  brevity  forbids  a  difplay  of)  the  experiaeat  feans  not 
to  us  decifive. 

In  chap.  II.  he  maintains,  that  carrots  produce  up  to  above 
lo).  per  acre  profit;  and  that  fucceeding  crops  improve;  and 
all  this  on  a  gravelly  loam. 

Chap.  III.  compares  parfnip  with  carrots ;  and  decides  in 
favour  of  the  former. 

Chap.  IV.  fe£t.  i,  (hews  that  a  crop  of  potatoes,  in  promit 
cuous  culture,  amounts  on  an  average  to  above  lol.  per  acre 
profit,  and  that  fome  acres  give  20  guineas.^-^.  B.  Tbii  ii 
an  ameliorating  crop. 

Sed.  2,  that  horfe-hoeing  fucceeds  well  with  potatoes,  but 
fuperfedes  not  the  neceffity  of  dung ;  and  that  3  rovrs  00  5 
feet  ridges,  diflant  1  foot,  are  the  beft  method. 

Se£l.  3,  the  old  method  far  fuperior  to  that  of  the  drill. 

Ch^jp.  V.  red  beets  leave  fometimi^s  a  profit  of  10  i.  peraot, 
or  of  8  guineas  on  an  average.^- iV.  B.  Clayey  loams  fuit  than 
beft. 

Chap.  VI.  Jerufalem  artichokes  give,  on  an  average,  10  K 
J5  s.  5  d.  per  acre  profit,  and  thrive  almoft  on  any  grouod. 

Book  IV.  that  the  large  garden  cabbage  yields  a  clear  proft 
of  nearly  7I.  per  acre,  but  will  only  Taft  through  Janutfj; 
and  that  the  turnjp  cabbage,  which  lafts  through  the  fpring,  il 
peculiarly  advantageous  for  ibcep. 

Book  V.  chap.  1.  fe£^.  1,  (hews  that  the  produce  of  ao  acre 
of  clover,  conpletely  manured,  is  81.  6s.  6d.  and  the  liic- 
ceeding  crop  is  7 1.  3  s.  th^t  a  commonly  manured  cr(^  it 
5  1*  15  s.  3  d.  and  the  fucceeding  is  4 1.  and  that  a  crop  of  clo- 
ver unmanured  is  3 1.  9  s.  gd.  Our  Experimenter  juftl^ 
notes,  that  clover  yields  the  greateft  but  moft  hazardous  prom 
by  fee*  ing ;  and  recommends  feeding  it  with  hogs  as  a  moft 
profitable  pridlicc. 

Scdi  2  (hews  that  autumnal  fowing  of  clover  is  very  expen* 
five  and  hazardous. 

Seft.  3,  that  from  12  to  17  1.  of  feed  is  beft  for  clover,  sod 
that  good  foils  reauire  lefs  feed. 

Se£t.  4,  that  white  clover  is  much  inferior  to  red,  and  beft  for 
{heep  feed,  or  to  mix  with  other  feeds  to  lay  down  for  grifs. 

Chap.  II.  trefoil  much  inferior  to  broad  clover,  though  OP 
dry  foils  it  may  ftand  longer.  \ 

Chap.  III.  {e&.  I,  drilled  lucerne,  properly  managed,  yieUi 
10  I.  per  acre  for  ti\;\n^  ^^t^ix^,  \i\3X  wa.  "vr.  \V«.  ^tft  three  years. 
— iV,  !b.  The  profit  oi  ^  m^u>x\^^  c\o^  \\^«^  xwwS.^  \^  \-\V 


pf  r  acre.  Mr.  Y.  thinks  64  fquare  pcrdics  would  keep  2  horfcs 
6  months  i  and  that  the  manure  created  by  this  fuiDmer-food 
ovcr-oijnures  the  ground  on  which  it  grows, • 

ScSt,  2,  broad-caft  lucerne  not  comparable  to  drilled,  in  oon* 
ttnuance  and  profit. 

ScSt.  3»  tranfplanted  lucerne  gives  clear  profit  61.  4  s,  per 
acre  m  the  third  year,  and  is  likely  to  increafc. 

Scit.  4,  when  the  three  mcthodi*  ot  cultrvating  lucirm  arc 
compared  for  the  three  fifft  years^  the  drilled,  tranfplantcd^ 
and  broad  cail,  are  nearly  as  |7,   11,  ^}\i  7. 

Chap.  IV.  broad  cail  fainfoin  greatly  exceeds  the  drilled  for 
the  turce  firft  years. 

Chap.  V,  LufHtt  gives  no  conAderable  profit  in  hay,  but 
fecms  a  good  fpnng  feed  for  fticcp. 

Book  VI.  Mr,  V/s  foil  not  loofc  and  rich  enough  for  mad- 
der, fo  that  he  loll  prodigioufly  by  ii  v  but  errors  in  the  cul- 
ture were  committeJ.— N,  B*  The  feller  is  at  the  mercy  of  the 
,  buyer. 

BookVlI.  contains  an  accurate  compnrifon  of  a  courfe  of 

[fiiilkd  wheat  crops,  charge  of  drilled  cropn,  and   broad-caft ; 

whence  it  appeals  that  the  lait  U  far  fuperior  to  the  other  two 

courfes. — A'^^  J?<  The  nmtlartty  h  as  perfc£l  as  it  can  be  made. 

The  former  of  Mr  Y/s  experiments  is  printed  fo  irrcgulirly, 

[as  to  pages,  that  u  can  f<arcc  be  reduced  to  order  \  and,  in  the 

blacttr,  2S.   li^.   y%  fubAilutcd  fur  2I.   J  s.   id. 

Book  VIIL  chap.  1.  fed.  j,  ftiews  that  autumnal  ploughing 
i%  advanragcf  us  to  the  foil  for  beans  and  turnips^  not  evidently 
for  oatb,  5cc. 

Sed.  2,  that  many  ploughings  are  fuperior  to  few,  efpecially 
for  turnips  and  barley, — Mr,  Y.  juftly  obfcrves,  ihat  the  expe- 
diency of  numbers  of  ploughings  depends  much  on  feafon. 

Sett,  ^,  ploughing   for  cabbages  or  turnips  ftiould   be  to  or 
12  inches  i  yet  thts  depth  does  not  feem  10  be  advantageous  to 
[corn,  but  proi>ably  will  in  time. 

Ch^p.  11,  gives  the  expence  of 
[curding  to  hi*  rcgifter*    . 

Book  IX.  chap.  I.  a  grafs  field, 
bollow  drained)  paid  betwixt  3  and4l.  per  acre  deir  profits 
fT  he  average  of  Mr.  Y.'s  improved  grafs  fields,  none  very 
jood,  is  iL  ts^  per  acre  improvement. 
Chap,  II  Ui\,  I.  Mr,  Y-  perceives  no  difference  betwixt 
F|)afturcs  ccnftantly  mown  and  ahcrnatcly  fed.  He  thinks  ma- 
Jfiurc  fo  thin,  as  it  proceeds  fiom  the  feed,  does  little  good,  and 
I  Uic  fhade  uf  the  meadow  much  i  and  he  judges  targt  palluiea 
[tnoR  .idvantageous. 

t>c£t.  a>  roIUiig  of  graft  lands  docs  harm. 


labour,  wear  and  tear,  ac- 
by  being  welt  manured  and 


4  j4  Voung^  experimental  Agrieuhun^  fstcm 

Seft.  3  gives  Mr.  Y/s  expences  in  carting  on  gnfs  lands. 

Book  X.  chap.  I.  2  1.  2  s.  per  acre  expend^  in  covered 
drains  brings  8  s.  per  acre,  nay  15  s.  improvement  on  inUe 
ground.  Draining  per  acre  at  1 1.  us.  improveH  pafturesfrom 
10  s.  to  20  s. 

Chap.  II.  Open  drains  much  inferior  to  covered  ones,  being 
often  to  cleanfe,  and  lofing  much  groun'd. 

Book  XI.  contains  experiments  of  the  expence  of  bringing 
die  Suffolk  fences,  quick  hedges,  and  ditches  into  good  repur; 
alfo  the  expence  of  gate*ways  with  hollow  trees,  oak  planks, 
and  brick  arches  :  but  as  thefe  things  are  topical^  we  flull  only 
barely  mention  them.  Mr.  Y.  eftimates  the  expence  of  fendi^ 
a  new  inclofure  completely;  which  eftimate  muft  be  ufeful  to 
Gentlemen  who  inclofe  in  the  fort  of  country  fpecified. 

In  Book  XIL  chap.  I.  he  eftimates  the  manure  made  in  the 
farm-yard  at  an  average  by  7  loads  per  head  of  cattle,  wbick 
will  wafte  to  5. 

Chap.  II.  horfes,  from  October  to  Spring,  create  an  avenge 
of  14  loads  per  head. 

Chap.  III.  {hews  that  the  fatting-ftall  yields  dung,  wbidr 
eofts  only,  when  litter  is  bought,  i  s.  4^  d.  per  load. 

In  chap.  IV.  the  fatting  hog-ftye  yields  dung  at  I  s.  6(L 
per  load. 

Book  XIII.  chap.  I.  feft.  t,  concerns  the  fumroer-feed  rf 
cows  ;  from  which  little  of  general  ufe  can  be  concluded,  ex- 
cept that  clover  fuits  them  well,  and  lucerne  better. — A'.  A 
Mr.  Y.  hazards  an  opinion  which  will  be  greatly  controvencd, 
viz.  that  dry  fummers  are  as  good  for  milk  as  wet  ones. 

Se£l.  2  recommends  potatoes  for  winter  food  of  cows,  and, 
ftill  more,  carrots. 

In  fcft.  3,  Mr.  Y.  makes  the  profit  per  cow  2  1.  15$.  5  A 
but  he  allows  nothing  for  attendance.  He  ftates  the  quantity 
of  butter  and  chcefe,  and  eftimates  the  produd  of  a  cow  bjf 
fwine,  at  about  1 1.  3  s.  6  d. 

Chap.  II.  fhews  that  a  beaft  from  30  to  50  ftone,  with  pro- 
per change  of  food,  will  feed  in  3  months,  otherwife  in  4. 

Chap.  III.  fed.  1,  that  plenty  of  any  grafs,  either  natural  or 
artificial,  may  be  depended  on  for  feeding  fheep. 

Seft.  2  recommends  turnips  for  winter  food  for  ftock  fliccp. 

Se£l.  3,  turnip-cabbage,  lucerne  and  burnct,  the  bcft  foe 
fpring  food  for  fliecp. — N.  5.  The  firft  will  pay  9  s.  per  ton. 

Sea.  4  (hews  the  profit  of  Mr.  Y.'s  breeding  fheep  per  fcoti 
to  be  from  12I.  to  5  I. — N.  J5.  This  is  not  clear  profit. 

Chap.  IV.  fed.  1,  lucerne  the  bcft  fummcr  feed  for  horfcfc 
For  7iQt  depend^  read  rfcf  ewrf  Qn%  j 


Young'j  exptrtmtntal  Jgrtculturtt  (fa 


45S 


ScS.  Z  fhcws  that  carrots  arc  an  excellent  winter  food  for 
horfcs ;  that  t  buihels  2  pecks  equal  i  buftid  of  oats  |  and 
that  carrots  may  be  grown  for  3d,  per  buflieU 

Sc£t,  3,  that  average  cxpcncc  of  horfcs  per  year  is  full  clcvea 
guineas. 

StSt.  4  mentions  what  work  Mr.  Y/$  team  did* 

Sed.  5»  Mr.  Y/s  yoke  of  oxen  coft  in  keeping  18  I.  13  s,  5d. 
and  ploughed  212  acres  of  land  ;  that  is  at  is.  9  d,  per  acre. 
The  Author  fays  that  oxen  plough  an  acre  for  i|d.  Icfs  thaa 
bodes  do^  but  that  they  have  many  advantageS|  as  not  dimi- 
ni(hing  in  value,  &c,  &c. 

Book  XIV.  is  allotted  to  defcribc  the  implements  of  huf-- 
bandry  which  Mr.  Y,  ufcd. 

In  k&,  2  he  fhcws,  that  by  an  Inn  phugb  3  d-  per  acreii 
favcd, 

Se£l«  3  recommends  the  double  mould  6ar  pkugL 

Se£l,  6  fhcws  many  defcfls  in  Randal's  drill  plough. 

The  Appendix  gives  an  account  of  weather  daring  the  yearf 
when  thcfc  experiments  were  made. 

We  have  now  finiChed  our  review  of  this  capital  work  in 
the  agricultural  walk.  Some  Readers  wall  think  it  too  long, 
and  others  too  fhort  j  and  fuch  a  difference  of  judgment  could 
not  reafonably  be  cxpcfled  to  be  avoided.  Thole  who  are  not 
diVQttis  of  the  rujlk  Mufcs^  muft  think  our  account  too  long  by 
its  whole  extent  5  and  thuie  who  are  their  admirers,  will  por- 
haps  wifh  that  we  hid  treated  the  fubfcquent  books  of  this  work 
with  an  accuracy  equal  to  that  which  wc  beftovved  on  the  firft. 
But  we  hold  ourfclves  noways  obliged  10  anfAxr  the  expecta- 
tions of  either  party.  The  former  may  pafs  over  an  article 
from  which  they  can  receive  neither  entertainment  nor  plcifure^ 
and  the  other  may  feck  a  complete  gratification  by  rccourlc  to 
the  work  itfelf. 

The  principal  dcfign  of  a  Review,  according  to  our  ^pprc- 
hcnfion,  if  to  (hew,  whether  or  not  a  work  be  worth  the  pur- 
chafe  J  and  then  the  Reader,  when  the  fubjed  fuitt,  will 
confider  whether  he  can  afford   to  bu^^  or  muft  cndcavuui  i<j 

With  regard  to  the  work  under  quedion,  the  price  is  confider* 
able  ;  but,  as  a  gentleman  lately  obfcrvcd,  *'  in  fuch  a  work 
wc  may  expc£l  to  meet  with  much  that  is  ufcJcfs,  but  one  im- 
provement in  praflicc  fliewn  to  be  tanfuitrolly  hemfdal^  reduces 
the  price  to  nothing/'  We  think  with  him,  and  will  ven- 
ture to  add,  that  what  Mr.Y,  has  effected  tow;irdi  afccrtaining 
the  real  mrrit  of  (he  drill  huil>andry,  both  in  genrral  and  pitnicu- 
lar  parts  of  that  culture,  renders  the  conftderation  %)i  the  price  of 

his 


45^  Young'f  expirtmintat  Agncuhkri^  i^i. 

his  book  not  ai^objed.  We  apprehend  that  whatever  im^hial 
perfon  examines  this  point,  will  be  of  our  opinion.  Whit 
mountains  of  gold  have  been  promifed  by  the  Drillrrs  to  their 
difciples  !  yet,  after  all,  it  feems  clearly  to  appear,  that  the  prac- 
tice of  the  drill  hufbandman  is  fo  far  from  being  in  general  ad- 
vantageous to  the  individual  or  the  public^  that,  on  the  con* 
trary,  it  is  highly  pernicious,  and  in  fome  parts  ruinnuy  cfpe- 
cially  the  culture  of  barley,  oats,  and  pcafc.  Mr.  Y.'s  candour 
cannot  be  too  much  praifed  on  this  fubjeft.  He  feems  to  hate 
entered  upon  making  experiments  in  this  path  with  an  unVufled 
9nd  honeil  intention ;  in  his  progrefs  to  have  been  not  a  Uttk 
J)rejudiced  in  favour  of  the  drill  culture  ;  but,  in  the  funher  pro- 
grefs, to  have  been  awakened  frpm  his  dream  of  golden  mouiH 
tains:  he  appears,  however,  to  have  feen  the  excellency  of  die 
new  huKbandry  in  the  only  path  where  he  could  find  it,  viz.  tk 
culture  of  beans ;  and  having  allotted  a  part  of  his  work  to  aa 
examination  of  the  comparative  merit  of  the  two  kinds,  upofl 
the  whole,  he  very  judicioufly  advifes  to  make  the  moft  com- 
plete courfe  of  hufbandry,  by  joining  one  drill  crop  withfcvenl 
broad-caft  ones,  viz.  i.  drilled  beans  ;  2.  broad-caff  badey; 
3.  clover  ;  4,  broad-caft  wheat.  His  merit  towards  the  public 
is  aifo  very  great  in  demon/l ratings  that  a  much  greater  qutntitf 
of  feed  than  the  modern  writers  ufually  prefcribe,  is,  inwj^ii^ 
ftances,  adviiable,  nay  neceflary.  Another  very  confiderablcnfr 
rit  which  he  has,  is  his  advifing,  on  the  foundation  of  indubitaMe 
expeiiments,  that  a  jundion  of  tillage  and  manure  fhould  It 
made,  as  the  former  will  never  be  fuccefsful  without  the  latw; 
and  that  raifmg  of  large  quantities  of  manure  (hould  be  a  prin- 
cipal objeft  with  the  farmer.  Future  farmers  will  alfo,  nx  ap- 
prehend, owe  to  Mr.  Y.  a  great  deal  of  important  knoiwletfp 
with  reg^d  to  the  time  of  fowing. 

On  fome  fubjedls  he  knows  little,  viz.  the  advantages  » 
oxen  for  draught,  and  a  large  flock  of  breeding  fliecp;  b< 
then  he  profefl'es  to  know  little,  and  feems  to  be  in  the  rigk 
path  to  know  much. — In  ftiort,  **  Kon  omnia  poffumus  we^' 
and  of  Mr.  Y.  may  be  faid,  with  as  much  juftice  pcrhapi* 
of  any  man,  "  Damna  juvant.''  He  not  only  profits  by  tf 
own  loffes,  but  teaches  others  to  profit  by  them ;  and  as  «t 
ourfelves  are  well  fatisfied  with  the  uncommon  pains  lAiA 
we  have  taken  with  this  work^  fo>  wc  hope,  will  his  toJ^* 
be  alfo. 


AlT.Vl 


r    457    ] 

AUT.  VI.  AVirJkatkn  of  the  Sjcrtd  Booh ^  and  of  Jofepbui^ 
efpeaally  the  former,  from  various  Mifrcprefentations  and  Cavils 
of  the  ctUbratsd  M.  de  Voltaire.  By  Robert  P'indlay,  A.  M. 
one  of  the  Minifters  of  Glafgow.  8vo.  5  s.  6  d.  Glafgow 
printed,  and  fold  by  Cadell,  &c.  in  London,  1770. 

IT  IS  an  employment  fultable  and  honourable  to  the  mini- 
ilerial  chara£)er,  to  vindicate  the  truths  of  religion,  and 
endeavour  to  explain  or  defend  the  declarations  of  Scripture, 
Bgainft  the  objections  of  it's  enemies,  or  to  remove  the  difficul- 
ties of  fuch  honed  and  well  difpofcd  perfons  who  are  it's  friends. 
The  writers  who  have  devoted  themfelves  to  labQurs  of  this 
Icind  are  almoft  innumerable:  fome,   it  muft  be  acknowledged, 
trith  the  bed  intentions,  have  been  but  very  indifFerently  quali-* 
fied  for  an  undertaking  of  this  nature :  neverthelefs  there  have 
."been  numbers  even  in  our  own  country,  exclufive  of  the  feveral 
great  and  refpecftable  names  which  foreign  nations  prefent,  who 
Save  with  eminent  ability,  erudition,  and  piety,  appeared  to 
aflert  and  fupport  the  honour  and  truth  of  a  divine  revelation. 
.  It*0  feveral  parts  have   been   minutely  examined,  it's  general 
Icheme,  it's  particular  relations,  and  the  difficulties  arifing  from 
errors  in  copies,  tranflations,  and  other  caufes,  very  careful!/ 
^^.^nd  exadlly  attended  to  :  we  have  feen  the  objections  which 
^ipay  occur  to  intelligent  readers,  or  which  have  been  diligently 
^  JbughC  out  by  it's  adverfarie?,  exhibited  in  their  full  force,  and 
-'tiieii,  we  apprehend,  as  to  the  far  greater  and  more  important 
part,  fufficicntly  anfu-ercd  and  removed. 

It  is  notfurprifing,  that  writings  fo  very  ancient  as  the  books 

^  l»f  Scripture,  amidft  the  various  revolutions  in  the  world,  and 

the  different  intereds,  opinions,  cuftoms,    prejudices  and  bi- 

ery  of  men,  (by  all  of  which  we  may  fuppofc  them  to  have 
n  in  fome  degree  afFc6led)  it  is  not   furprifing  that  theft 
^5 writings  fhould  furniOi  out  fome,  and  even  many,  parts,  which 
.  it  is  difficult,  in  a  manner  perfeclly  fatisfaclory,  to  explain  or 
^  jcconcile  to  the  current  apprehenftons  of  mankind*      There 
•  qppcars  much  greater  reafon  to  wonder  that  they  have  reached 
.our  day  in  the  Hate  in   which  we  find  them,  and  with  that 
ftrength  of  evidence  -^hich  they  have  to  fupport  their  authority ; 
-  evidence  which,  we  imagine,  no  ob'e£lions  to  fome  particular 
parts,  were  they  unanfiverable,  could  invalidate,  or  poffibly  de- 
ftroy. 

Though  every  perfon  who  propofcs  his  difficulties  with  any 
fuitable  candour,  has  a  claim  to  fome  regard;  yet,  perhaps, 
the  advocates  of  revelation  have,  in  many  inftances,  rather  ex- 
ceeded in  the  deference  paid  to  their  opp  ments,  particularly  b^ 
repeated  anfwers  to  the  f^me  axgumrnts  or  cavWs,  iVvovi^  %viwi^ 
Jt^ay  be,  under  famewhstt  of  a  d liferent  form,  >NYiaXucs«S6»P* 
R£Y.  June  17JI.  H  h  . 


45^  Findlay'j  PlndiarttcH  sfth^ /acred  So^is^  t^C 

it  may  be  3fked«  is  there  for  muliiplying  books  of  ihjs  ki 
when  the  objections  lUried  have  been  Co  often  refuted,  or  if  Qi 
abfolutely  refuted,  weakened  amd  obviated  in  a  great  degree^ 
and  as  far  as  the  knowledee  and  bei(>ft  to  be  obtiined  at  this 
diAance  of  time  wUl  allow  F  And  is  there  not  fome  danger,  Icfl^ 
while  fo  much  application  is  beilowcd  on  fome  branches  of  a 
fubjefi,  others  may  by  this  means  be  weakened ,  or  the  reafant 
signed  on  one  fide  of  the  queClion,  clafh  with  fomc  that  are 
offered  on  another  ?  Or  farther,  may  not  too  great  a  folicttud^ 
to  anfwcr  all  objcdcrs,  of  itfelf  rather  prejudice  a  caufe,  by 
iffording  more  importance  to  an  adverfsry's  arguments,  than  thcr 
would  otherwife  have,  or  by  leading  others  unfairly  »o  Mpctt 
fome  kind  of  intercfted  view  in  the  point-debated  ?  Far  be  it, 
however,  from  U5,  to  fay  any  thing  which  (hou)d  difcourage  a 
ftudious  application  to  thefe  fubjcfts,  or,  on  proper  oc- 
Cafions,  the  publiOiing  what  is  the  refult  of  fuch  application  j 
efpecially  as  we  arc  all  plcafcd  with  novelty,  and  it  h  raihcf 
more  Itk-^ly  that  we  (hall  be  induced  to  confider  any  topic  by 
fomc  frefli  performance  which  it  has  produced,  than  by  hiv- 
ing recourfeto  thofe  folid  and  fenfiblc  reflections  upon  it  which 
may  be  found  in  publications  of  a  former  date* 

It  is  principally  in  this  view  ihat  Mr.  FindJay*$  book  comes 
'recommended  to  the  world.  The  farcafms  and  cenfurcs  whicit 
the  novfr'aged^  but  flill  lively  M,  dc  Voltaire,  has  freely  poured' 
forth  upon  the  Scriptures,  have  been  circulated  by  various  means, 
and  have  no  dcuHc  i3i]^eti  into  many  hands.  It  is  therefore 
proper  to  remind  his  readers^  that  his  pleafancrief  arc  not  folid 
rcafonmg,  and  that  his  objeftions  may  be  anfwercd,  chough 
fomc  of  them  arc  fo  frivolous  and  unfair  that  they  are  not  ia 
themfelves  worthy  of  ferious  notice  :  for  what  fenfiblc  perfon 
would  think  it  requifite  formally  to  difcufs  all  the  fallies  of 
wit  and  humour,  or  in  a  ferious  manner  to  reply  to  every  cen* 
fure  and  mtfreprefentation  which  are  the  evident  efTe^b  of 
dtfguft,^or  tlUwill  to  oihcff,  or  diflatisfa^ion  and  difplcafure 
with  one's  felr?  But  fincc  the  fatyrical  reflexions  (wc  might 
not  improperly  fay  concerning  fome  parts  of  his  works,  the 
ribaldry)  of  the  -  •  Frenchman  have  fprcad  far  and  wide, 

it  is  a  laudable  at  ^  point  out  fomc  ^intidoce  agarnft  their 

A*enom  :  tthile  at  the  fume  time  it  is  to  be  feared,  numbers  will 
be  amufcd  by  bis  humourous  vein,  who  have  not  opporttinity, 
or  kifure,  or  inclination^  to  perufe  fuch  a  work  as  that  now  be* 
Tore  us,  and  wh"  recomnitnt^ed   to  the  public 

notice  by  any  fprj  like  that  which  fo  plealinglr 

diftin:X'H flies  the  writing*  uf  M»  dc  V'oltaire, 

We  flnll  now  proceed   to  lay  before  our  readers  fome  ac- 
count of  the  rtafons  which  thit  Author  gives  for  the  prefcnt 
ublication. 

7  The 


I 

I 

I 
I 


Findliy^s  FindUatien  cf  iht  facred  Boois^  f^c.  459 

■  The  preface  informs  us,  that  in  the  year  1 765  he  wrote  a  detec- 
tion of  feveral  *  falfchoods  which  he  perceived*  in  the  forty-ninth 
chapter  of  Mr.  Voltaire's  Philofophy  of  Hiftory,  which  was 
eftcemcd  worthy  of  a  place  in  a  periodical  mifccllany,  for  the 
month  of  December  in  that  year.  In  the  fame  colle^iion  he 
afterwards  publiflied  fome  remarks  upon  the  injuries  which 
Jofcphws  received  from  this  celebrated  writer.  But  finding,  he 
tclis  us,  that  the  animadverfions  on  the  Scriptures  would  be- 
come too  learned  and  critical  for  that  channel  of  conveyance, 
he  determined  to  publifh  an  account  of  Mr.  de  Voltaire's  errors 
and  mifreprefentations  relative  to  the  Chriftian  fyftem,  in  a  fe- 
parate  treatife,— which  is  now  accordingly  here  delivered  to  the 
world. 

Mr.findlay  docs  not  feem  to  have  been  the  moft  happy  in  his 
flyle  and  manner.  Befide  the  Scoticifms  that  frequently  pre* 
fent  themfelves,  he  is,  in  fome  inftances,  a  little  inaccurate, 
verbofe,  and  confufed ;  nor  does  he  always  convey  hh  ideas  in 
that  agreeable  manner  which,  with  a  farther  degree  of  attention, 
we  apprehend,  he  might  eafily  have  attained.  He,  neverthelefs, 
lays  before  us  a  coUedion  of  pertinent  and  ufeful  reflc<5tionSt 
and  for  the  greater  part,  we  imagine,  folid  and  weighty  argu- 
ments, which  may  be  perufed  to  advantage,  efpecially  by  thofe 
who  have  received  any  ill  impreflion  from  the  works  of 
M.  de  Voltaire,  or  other  writers  of  that  Oamp.  In  regard  to  any 
deficiency  in  brilliancy  of  expreflion  or  elegance  of  compofiiion, 
let  us  receive  the  Author's  apology  for  himfelf :  *  I  have,  fays 
he,  been  abundantly  fenfible,  while  employed  in  meditating 
this  criticifm  on  Mr.  Voltaire's  works,  that  1  could  not  wriie 
in  his  entertaining  and  fpri£;htly  manner  ;  far  lefs  enliven  my 
fuhjedl  with  his  ftrokes  of  humour  and  raillery:  neverthelefs,  I 
ha^  e  not  been  difcouraged  by  the  flron^^eR  confciou fuels  of  this 
inequality.  For  it  Teemed  10  me,  that  it  was  a  man's  dutyi  to 
ufe  fiich  talents  of  rcafon  and  learning  as  GoJ  had  conferred 
upon  him,  for  promoting  the  caufe  ot  truth  and  piety,  though 
he  might  fall  fhortofan  adverfary  to  ir,  in  a  lively  and  animated 
way  of  expreffing  his  fentiments :  the  more,  that  numbers  of 
mankind  will  hearken  and  yield  to  found  argument,  though  ic 
may  not  be  recommended  by  elegance  in  it's  delivery.  It  oc- 
curred to  me  likewife,  that  if  I  wanted  abilities  for  ridicule  and 
wit,  I  w7uIJ  be  more  likely  to  elcape  the  charge  which  haih 
been  brought  againft  fome  advocates  for  Chriftianity,  of  wan- 
dering far  from  the  mark,  and  be  lefs  in  hazard  of  irritating 
Mr.  Voltaire's  admirers  to  fuch  a  degree,  as  to  fleel  them  againft 
the  force  of  the  evidence  I  offer,  to  evince  his  great  negleit  of 
veracity  and  fairnefs  where  religion  is  concerned.' 

The  preface  concludes  with  the  following  declaration :  *  I 
hope,  it  will  be-  found,  that  I  -have  not  trea\eA  ^A.t.  NOiXv^x^ 
with  an/  undue  fcvcrity  and  (harpneft  of  ex^i%SiQii%   \  ^^  ^^^^ 

H  h  X  ^'^- 


I 

1 


460  FIndlayV  Vlndkaiwn  of  tht  facred  Boois^  i^c* 

I  intended  to  avoid  this,  whatever  provocation  there  might 
to  it  on  many  occafions,  by  the  ftrongcft  proofs  of  a  bigotccd  and 
blind  zealfor  infidelity.  Far  from  wiihing  him  any  hurt,  ] 
wifti  he  may  enjoy  all  happinefsj  and  for  this  cnd»  that  hf 
may  become  a  firm  believer  of  Chriftianity,  upon  ikefe  raliona' 
grounds  on  which  It  challenges  our  allent,  and  with  dilige 
obey  it's  holy  precepts/ 

The  work  is  divided  into  three  parts;  the firll, which  confl- 
ders  the  injuries  Jo fcph us  has  received  from  Mr.  Voltaire,  con^j 
fifts  of  fcven  fedtions,  but  employs  only  forty*fix  pages  of  th 
volume*     The  reflections  here  made  upon  the  mifreprefcntation 
of  his  opponent  arc  very  juft,  but  generally  of  too  great  a  leogtlil 
to  admit  of  an  extract  confiftent  with  our  limits  ;  we.i^l  there- 
fore make  one  (faort  quotation^  alone,  from  the  beginning  of  tb^^ 
fecond  fe^ion.  ^| 

— *  Let  us  proceed  to  the  dcteftion  of  a  falfehood  more  im- 
portant.   Says  Voltaire,  chap.  xxv.  **  Flavian  Jofcph us  docs  not 
hcfuate    faying,    that  Minos  received   hia,  laws   from  a  God, 
This  is  a  little  ftrange  in  a  Jew,  who,  it  Ihould  fcem,  ought  to 
allow  no  other  god  than  his  own,  unlcfs  he  thought  like  tht 
Romans  his  maimers,  and  like  all  the  ftrit  people  of  antiquity^^ 
who  allowed  the  cxiftence  of  all  the  gods  of  other  nations.**^ 
With  the  fentiments  of  the  Romans,  and  other  idolatrous  na* 
tions,  on  this  point,  I  have  at  prefent  no  concern.     My  bufi- 
nefs  now  is  only  to  enquire.  Whether  Jofephus  hath  aitov^dfl 
fuch  divine  authority  to  the  lawgiver  of  Crete,     This,  I  confefs,™ 
would  appear  to  me  not  a  little  Arange,  as  V^oltaire  pronounce« 
it :  but  altogether  inconfiftcnt  with  his  character  as  a  Jew,  who 
profefled  to  believe  that  Jehovah,  ^he  Godof  Ifrael,  was  the 
God  of  the  univerfe.  and  that  there   was  none  befidcs*     But 
there  is  no  reafon  for  imputing  fuch  an  abfurdity  to  him.     What 
lie  fays  is,  "  Our  lawgiver  Mofcs,  was  not  a  juggler  or  impoftor, 
as  they  fay,  reviling  us  unjuftly,  but  fuch  a  one  as  the  Greeks  • 
boaft  Minos  to  hjve  been,  and  after  him  other  lawgivers;  fo 
fomc  of  them  faid  their  laws  w^rc  of  divine  original  ;  Minos  a 
leaft  referred  his  laws  to  Apollo  and  his  Delphic  oracle,  thej 
either  thinking  it  was  (o  in  reality,  or  fuppofing  they  w^tuid  ea(il| 
pcrfuadc  the  people  of  it:  which  is  no  more  an  argument  thj 
Jofephus  thought  Minos  leceived  his  laws  from  a  god,  than 
would  be  an  evidence  that  a  Chrifttan  judged  Mahomet  to 
a  divine  mcfTenger  and  inftrudor,  if  he  (hould  fay»  that  Jcf 
was  fuch  a  perfon  as   the  Turks  believed  Mahomet  to  hav 
been.' 

The  remainder  of  the  fedion  is  employed  in  ctnfuring  fome 
fentiments  of  the  hmt  kind  concerning  Jofephus,  wliich  have 

•  CoQtri  Appion.  lib.  2,  feO.   t6»  pag,  1^76* 


Findlay'f  Vtndlcaikfi  ^fthfacred  Bosh^  iSc. 


4*f 


teen  delivered  by  Dr.  Middleton>  a  writer  far  more  aWe  and 

more  diftinguifhed,  on  thcfc  fubjc^s,  than  evcTi  the  witty  ge- 
nius whom  this  volume  is  immediately  intended  to  oppofc. 

The  fecond  part  of  this  book  cootaios  two  chapters,  each 
fubdivided  into  feflions  :  the  firft  chapter  treats  of  thofc  mif- 
reprefcntatioos  of  S^rtpttire,  for  which  Mr.  Voltaire  may  plead 
the  authority  of  the  Viilgate  verfion;  and  as  the  other  fedions 
here  are  generally  too  long^  we  ftiall  feleft  only  the  fourth  as  a 
fpecimen. 

*  A  fimilar  inftance  of  mifreprefcntation  fupportcd  by  the 
Vulgate  verfion,  we  meet  with,  in  my  opinion*  in  this  fame 
t  chapter,  when  he   fays,    '*  The   Lord,  in  the  prophecy  of 
Amos,  threatens  that  the  cows  of  Samaria  (hall  be  put  into  the     ^ 
caldron,  chap,  vu* 

*  As  no  fach  cxprcflion  occurs  in  the  fixth  chapter,  I  fuppofe 
he  intended  the  fourth,  for  it  begins  thus.  Hear  this  word^  yt 
fine  9f  Bajhan^  that  an  in  the  mmntain  of  Samaria^  whUh  epprif$ 
the  p^r^  %vhuh  crujh  the  needy ^  whkh  fay  to  their  maflers  (thofc 
to  whom  they  have  fold  them  for  filvcr)  come  and  let  us  drink ; 
the  grandees  of  Ifrael  being  thus  denominated,  on  account  of 
their  infolence,  by  which  they  refembled  fuch  wanton  cattle, 
fed  in  the  luxuriant  paflufCb  of  Bafhan,  according  to  a  figure 
ufed  clfcwhere,  Ezek*  xxxix,  i8.  Pf*  xxii.  30,  Then  follows 
the  word  to  which  their  attention  was  by  this  addrefs  awaked, 
The  Lard  God  hath  f worn  by  his  holinefs^  that  lo,  the  days  Jhall  come 
upon  youy  thai  he  vjUl  take  you  away  with  hooks^  and  your  pofterity 
with  fi/h- hooks*  In  room  of  which  the  Vulgate  hath,  'Leva- 
bunt  vos  in  contis,  et  reliquias  veflras  in  otiis  ferventibuSf 
They  will  lift  you  up  on  poles,  (or  perches)  and  your  pofterity 
in  boiling  pots,*  where  every  one  fees  the  rcafon  of  his  caldrons. 
Btit  our  tranflaiion  appears  far  preferable.  In  other  places  of 
Scripture  alfo,  we  find  the  invaders  of  a  country  compared  to 
anglers  or  fiiher^,  Jcr,  xvi,  r6,  H;tbak,  r*  15*  1  hen  the  word 
nij>  Tzamthy  by  us  turned  h^oJts^  in  the  former  claufe»  properly 
fignifics  thorns^  as  in  Piov.  xxiL  5,  Job.  v.  5.  From  which 
fenfe  the  trantlation  was  eafy  and  natural  to  this,  as  the  fliarp 
extremities  of  thorns  were  ufed  in  lifbing,  in  the  more  rude  and 
unimproved  ages  of  the  world,  intteiJ  of  the  inftrumcnts  we 
call  Kpoks,  And  though  "i'D  /''»  is  often  turned,  a  pot  or 
caldron,  and  rni^DA^^^^  P^t^  ^^  caldrons,  yet  on*D /'"''w 
is  tranflatcd  tbcrns  in  three  ditTerent  places,  Ifd,  xxxiv*  1^. 
Nahum  i.  io»  Ecclef.  vii,  6*  Nor  can  there  remain  any  doubt, 
but  it  (hould  be  fo  J  rendered    here,   when   ic   is  joined   with 

f  Pag,  tfc.  PhiloCof  Hiftory. 

I  I  confefs,  however,  the  Targum  hath,  fiflier-boats,  iodead  of 
thorns  of  iiiliing, 

Hh  3  TiK\ 


461  ViVii\zy*syindtcatton  oftbefacred  Boohs^  tic. 

j^^n  dttgah^  as  the  participle  SD^Jin  dugim  is  fifbirs^  Ezek. 
xlvii,  10.  Jer.  xvi.  i6.  God  therefore  threatens  to  diaw  ihe 
Ifraclitcs  out  of  their  towns,  by  their  Aflyrian  enemies  TigUih- 
Pilcfcr  and  Shalmanczer,  as  fiih  out  of  their  wacry  clement,  the 
one  removing  thofe  whom  the  other  had  left.  And  where  i» 
there  in  this  image  of  their  captivity  any  thing  blameable,  or 
whichdefervestobe  fcofFcd  ai?  Thv re  was  no  intention  ^bac  to 
ftdte  a  lilcencfs  between  the  treatment  they  Ihould  receive,  and 
that  of  wanton  cattle,  by  giving  them  the  appellation  ciHiuif 
Bajhan.  Though  elfcwhere  indeed,  the  opprcfuon  of  the 
people  by  the  princes  is  called,  flaying  their  (kin  anJ  bre^kini^ 
their  bones,  and  chopping  thcin  in  pieces  as  for  the  pot,  andu 
(lc(h  within  the  caldron,  Micah  iii.  x,  2,  3.  it  was  only  defigaed 
by  that  eypreflion,  in  the  paflage  under  coniidcration^  to  de- 
lineate their  crimrnal  chara'.ier,  for  which  God  was  provoked 
to  punifli  ihcni,  in  the  manner  the  prophet  dcfcribes.' 

Allowing  the  Vulgate  verfion  of  the  paflage  in  queftioo  to 
have  been  juft,  which  it  does  not  appear  to  bc»  the  meaning  is 
evident,  and  the  exprcifions  fui table  to  the  eaftern  manner  anl 
the  prophetic  ft>le:  the  ludicrous  turn  which  is  given  them  bj 
Mr.  Voltaire  is  hardly  woithy  of  notice,  and  with  perfons  of 
fcnfe  and  judgment  no  doubt  the  ridicule  will,  as  it  ought, 
revert  to  himfclf.  However,  it  is  doing  iervice  to  mankind,  to 
Ihew  that  this  writer  is  no  longer  to  bj  regarded  or  depended 
upon  than  while  the  reader  himfelf  is  able  to  produce  evidence 
in  fupport  of  his  aflertions.  In  the  laft  fedlion  of  this  chapter 
Mr.  Findlay  jullly  chaftifes  his  antagoniil,  and  obferves,  thattbe 
Vulgate  trunflation  affords  no  fufEcicnt  apology  for  (as  we  find 
it  in  the  title  of  that  fcction)  bisfalrntfs  and  candour  X\  bat  we 
ihould  fuppofe  it  ought  to  be,  his  want  of  fa irnefs  and  can* 
dour :  fince  feveral  eminent  perfons  in  the'  Roman  comniu* 
nion  acknowledge  that  it  is  noc  without  ii's  errors,  and  fioce 
Mr.  Voltaire  himfelf  ha:h,  in  fome  inftances,  we  are  told,  *  given 
a  {QCi{{i  very  dift'crent  and  contrary  (to  that  verfion)  where  fuch 

f  •  Father  Houbigant*s  no'c  foppofcs  the  women  of  Sanarit 
living  i:i  pleafur. ,  to  be  ligriified  by,  the  kine  of  Baihan,  and  tLt 
denunciation  to  be,  that  they  iliouJd  be  dealt  with  as  filhes  that  fpoit 
and  frifk  in  a  pond,  which  the  iiihers  draw  out  with  poles  aod  hocks, 
and  throw  into  (htir  boats,  is  worthy  to  be  tranfcribed  here 

'*  iNec  minim  videri  debet,  talem  fnnilitudinem  adhiberi,  pof!qaaa 
mulicres  i(l;e  appcllarat'  funt  vaccae  Bafan,  quia  hoc  erat  nudum  eg* 
women,  ut  tauri  Bafen,  Pf.  xxii.  non  autem  ninilitudo."  Vide 
IJoubig.  Bibl.  in  locum.* 

X  I'olfibiy  the  Au  hor  might  intend  this  form  of  expreflion  is  foo^ 
what  farca^Vical,  \^  ^o,  W,  fetvvi^  i^^h.«  aiding,  efpecially  in  his  grart 
performance. 


FindlayV  Vindication  ofthefacred  Books^  i!fe%  463 

defertion  of  it  was  needful  to  anfwer  his  view,  and  gratify  him 
with  thepleafure  of  deriding  the  facrcc  writings.* 

The  fecond  chapter,  in  this  part  of  the  work,  confiders  thofe 
mifrepreTentations  of  Scripture,  for  which  Mr.  Voltaire  cannot 
plead  the  authority  of  any  tranflation.  As  there  arc  in  th^ 
preceding  chapter,  feme  articles  more  material  than  that  whicl| 
we  have  exhibited  as  a  fpecimen,  but  of  too  great  a  length  for 
us  to  tranfcribe  ;  this  alfo  is  commonly  the  cafe  with  the  prefenC 
chapter  :  wc  (hall,  however,  lay  before  our  readers  part  of 
what  Mr.  Findlay  fays  in  the  fixth  fe«Stion  concerning  the  afler- 
tion,  that  the  Jewifh  law  required  human  facrifices.  The  law 
referred  to  is  found  in  Levit.  xxvii.  29.  Some  interpretations 
that  have  been  given  of  this  (latute  are  here  confidered,  and  par- 
ticularly that  of  the  late  Dr.  Sykes,  <  who  explains  X  'he  mean- 
ing of  it  to  be  no  more  than  this,  "  That  every  perfon  who  ig 
devoted  or  confecrated  to  the  fpecial  fervice  of  God  irreverfibly, 
or  for  ever,  by  one  having  a  right  to  do  fo,  inilead  of  being 
redeemed,  (hall  die  in  that  devoted  date.*'  The  objedions  to 
this  and  other  explications  are  mentioned,  and  our  Author 
profeiTmg  bimfelf  to  be  difTatisiied  with  thofe  accounts,  adds, 
^  I  will  propofe  another  interpretation  of  it,  and  fubmit  it  to 
the  candour  of  the  reader. 

^  To  make  way  for  this  I  remark,  that  the  Jewifli  maften| 
very  generally  underftand  this  twenty-ninth  ytxi^  to  treat  of  i^ 
very  dift'erent  kind  oi  hheremox  devotement,  from  that  intended 
in  the  former  verfe,  even  one  by  which  perfohs  were  feparated. 
not  to  religious  ufes,  but  to  excifion  or  lofs  of  life.  And  it  will 
fee m  Icfs  Grange,  that  the  meaning  of  the  terip  (hould  vary  in 
fuch  manner  here,  when  we  confider  that  the  fame  expreflioi^ 
upon  other  occafions,  comprehends  under  it  both  a  feparation 
to  facrcd  fervices,  and  a  feparation  to  death,  according  to  the 
different  fubjeds  to  which  it  is  applied.'  Of  this  he  propofci 
as  inftanccs,  Jofliua  vi.  17,  18,  19,  21,  29.  and  tlien  thu^ 
proceeds : — *  This  change  of  fenfe  moreover,  from  a  feparation 
unto  religious  ufes,  to  a  Reparation  unto  the  abfolute  lofs  of  lifp| 
is  fufficiently  intimated  by  the  finifliing  claufe  in  the  paflagp 
under  our  cnnfideration  (which,  if  I  am  not  miftaken,  hat^ 
been  manifefled  in  the  laft  note  to  be  incapable  of  any  other 
interpretation  than.  He  Jkall  hi  funly  Jlain^  or.  Hi  Jhall  bi  fur  elf 
put  to  deaths)  fince  it  (hews  that  the  hherem  defcribed  in  it,  in- 
ferred an  excifion  by  violence  from  the  land  of  the  living,  while 
the  hherem  fpoken  of  in  the  former  verfe,  only  iffued  in  a  per- 
petual and  unalienable  Hate  of  holinefs  to  the  Lord. 

X  See  \ih  Connexion  of  Natural  and  Reveided  Religion^  chap.  xiii. 
pfpecially  pages  313,  318. 


464  Flndlay  V  Vindication  of  the  facred  Books^  lie'. 

'  But  though  the  Jewifh  doctors  have  commonly  interpreted, 
as  hath  been  faid,  the  hhcreniy  or  dcvotement  here,  of  a  fepan- 
rion  to  be  cut  off,  they  never  fuppolcd  it  was  the  intention  of 
the  law  to  fay,  that  a  man  with  validity  might  devote,  and  with 
acceptance  before  God  kill  another,  according  to  bis  fancy  and 
humour;  No.  How  indeed  could  they  lodge  a  right  (^ lUt 
kind  in  any  Jew,  when,  as  was  fhewed,  they  do  not cfcn 
allow  to  a  Hebrew  maftpr  the  power  of  life  and  death  oterbb 
Gentile  flave  ?  Now,  a  dcvotement  is  only  made  with  binding 
force,  to  the  extent  of  a  man's  title  of  difpofal  ;  and  procedure 
according  to  it  is  only  juft,  in  the  fame  proportion,  theferighcs 
being  cxa£lly  paramount  or  equal  to  one  another.  They  there- 
fore limited  and  reftrained  this  i^atute  about  devoting  noto 
death,  with  a  legal  effe^  of  excifion,  in  refpe<Sl  of  the  perioDS 
who  were  the  fubjc^ls  of  it;  and  fo  would  I,  though  with  feme 
little  alteration.  For  I  fuppofe  it  to  relate  to  none  but  tbefe 
whofe  lives  were  appointed  by  God  to  be  deftroyed.  Thus  the 
Amalekites,  and  all  the  Canaanites  who  would  not  confent  to 
terms  of  peace,  were  to  be  put  to  death  by  God*s  expreis  coid- 
mand,  Deut.  vii.  2.  xxv.  17,  19.  I  Sam.  xv,  3.  In  the  fano 
manner,  whoever  fhould  lie  with  a  beaft,  facrifice  to  an  idol 
deity,  or  comixiit  cenain  other  attrocious  crimes,  againft  whidi 
capital  puniihment  was  denounced  in  the  law,  were  to  be  cut 
off.  They  therefore  who  belonged  to  thefe  clafles  of  men,  of 
who  perpetrated  thefe  enormities,  might  be  devoted  unto 
death  without  any  injury  or  wrong  to  thtm.  And  on  account 
of  the  conformity  and  agreeablencfs  of  fuoh  a  meafure  to  the 
will  of  God,  they  might  hereon  be  faid  to  be  devoted,  or  as  the 
phrafe  is  in  the  book  of  Jofliua  vi.  17.  about  the  inhabitants  of 
Jericho,  To  he  accurfed  to  the  Lcrd,  frni  concerning  fuch, 
when  they  had  been  devoted  to  death,  I  reckon  the  ordinance 
here  to  be  enafted.  None  devoted  who  is  devoted  of  men,Jbail  k 
redeemed^  hut  Jhall Jure  y  he  put  to  death* 

A^r.  Findlay  endeavours  aftcrwaids  to  remove  an  objefiionor 
two  that  may  be  raifcd  againit  this  explication,  an  explicatiga 
which  Guffetius,  a  celebrated  critic,  appears  to  have  pointed  at 
in  his  Commentary  on  the  Hebrew  Tongue,  laying  great  ftreii 
on  the  omiilion  of  the  words,  which  is  hisy  in  the  29th  vtxkt 
whereas  they  occur  in  the  28th  ;  part  of  his  words  on  the  place 
are  here  quoted  in  a  note  from  Michaelis,  as  follows,  *<  Onmedi 
vctuniy"  cmnefciliat  aliud  quod  non  ejl  de  fropriis  viriy  tit  erat  irct* 
28.  quod  anathema  fit  fecundum  vocabulum  Dei,*  *  And  perhaps» 
adds  our  Author,  from  thefe  laft  words  I  may  have  taken  the 
hint  of  my  explication/ 

This  fedtion  is  coi\c\ud^d  V4vv.lv  Cooie  pertinent  refle£Hons  upon 
the  differences  of  opvmou  amow^X^^xrv^^  tci^w  '3;^>ax.  vKe  mean* 
Wfr  of  this  law.    ^T\v3X  \iv«^  ^^  ^\^^>^\tfa^ \«.  Vl^v,\sw 


Findlay'i  VlndicattGn  of  the  facrcd  Books ,  i^c.  465 

aTcertaining  the  origiQa!  intention  and  fenfe  of  this  ftatutc,  and 
thence  a  variety  of  opinions  among  divines  concerning  it,  need 
not  much  be  wondered  at.     In  like  manner,  there  are  intrica- 
cies in  fome  of  the  laws  deh'vered  by  the   decemvirs   to  the 
Roman  people,  and,  on  this  account,  a  wide  difference  between 
the  fentiments  of  civilians  and  criiics  about  their  import.'     He 
proceeds  to  mention  two  examples,  the  one  about  punifhing 
theft,   upon  fearch  and  difcovery  of  the  ftolen  goods,  by  the 
loHx  and  Uciunij  concerning  the  fenfe  of  which  words  the  learned 
have   been  greatly  divided;    the  other  is  the   law  about   the 
treatment  of  the  infolvent  debtor,  which  is  alfo  preferved  to  us 
by  Aulas  Gellius,  and  has  given  rife  to  feveral  difputes.     And 
this  laft,  he  fuppofes,  *•  may  be  thought  more  appofite,  as,  like 
that  of  Mofes,  it  hath  received  an  interpretation  very  cruel  and 
inhuman.'— 

•  Now  furely,  it  is  added,  if  there  are  not  wanting  perplexi- 
ties and  difficulties  in  the  laws  of  the  decemvirs  to  the  Romans, 
it  is  not  furprizing  that  fuch  fhould  be  found  to  attend  this, 
as  well  as  fome  other  ordinances  in  the  Mofaic  code,  when  we 
cpnfider  that  the  Jewifb  lawgiver  lived  in  times  much  more 
remote,  and  that  there  arc  not  equal  alTiflances  for  inveiligat- 
ing  the  real  defign  of  every  ilatute  promulged  by  him,  as  there 
are  for  difcovering  the  intention  of  thcfe  other  legiflators,  by  the 
many  Roman  Authors,  whofe  writings  are  conveyed  down  to 
us  ;  and  who,  if  they  lived  not  while  their  regulations  were  in 
daily  execution,  lived,  one  would  think,  when  the  remembrance 
thereof  could  not  be  altogether  loil  and  obliterated.  I  needed 
not,  however,  to  havcg^^nc  fo  far  back  as  the  laws  of  the  decem- 
virs. There  are,  I  believe,  in  ftatute  books  far  more  modern, 
pafiages  which  are  daik  and  obfcure,  fo  that  thofe  who  are  bed 
able  to  judge,  are  not  ai^recd  about  the  certain  and  determinate 
meaning  of  them,  but  have  much  debate  concerning  it.  Nor 
is  it  a  circumftar.ce  peculiar  to  codes  of  laws;  but  common  to 
all  ancient  writin-s  whatever.  This  perplexity  therefore,  in 
the  ordinance  about  devotcmenf,  and  thei'e  diftlrrent  comments 
and  expofitions,  to  which  the  fame  hath  given  rife,  ibould  not 
D£Fend  us,  far  lefs  lead  us  to  form  any  conclufion  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  authority  of  that  body  of  la;vs  in  which  it  occurs. 
Of  the  divine  original  hereof  there  may  be  good  evidence,  what- 
ever claufes  may  be  therein  found  that  are  hard  to  be  ui^der- 
(lood  in  thefe  lat'.er  ages,  and  occaiion  difputes  among  us  about 
their  fenfe  like  the  prcfcnt  one,  even  as  there  may  be  fufHcient 
proof  of  the  eftabli(hmcnt  of  a  Ibtute  book  in  any  kingdom  or 
realm,  though  there  are  obfcurities  in  it,  and  therefore  contro- 
ircrfies  about  its  expofition.  Meantime,  they  exercvCc  ow^  dA\\« 
gence,   try  our  candour,  and  fcrve  to    abate  out   ^u^^  «cA 


466  FindlayV  VtnScation  §fthifaared  Boois,  (fi. 

In  the  twenty -feve nth  feflion,  which  is  the  iaft  of  the  fccood 
part,  this  Author  exprefles  himfelfthu^  *  I  (hall  only  take  no- 
tice of  another  mifreprefentation  of  the  fenfe  of  Scripture;  and 
it  is  in  his  Ignorant  Philofopher.  But  it  is  not  the  paflage  where 
heaffcrts,  "  That  the  holy  Scripture,"  where  it  introduces  God 
faying,  He  will  nquin  the  Hood  of  men*  s  lives  at  tht  baairfewj 
btqfty  manifeftly  I'uppofes  in  beads  a  knowledge  of,  andaoquuBt- 
ance  with  good  and  evil."  For,  I  think,  1  may  fafiely  leave 
his  concluuon  to  be  judged  of  by  every  man's  own  unafifted 
fagacity.  The  paflage  I  would  examine,  is  in  the  article  en- 
titled. The  effeSis  of  the  fpirit  of  party  and  fanaticifm.  After  ob- 
ferving,  there  is  room  K>r  mutual  reproaches  among  papifls  sod 
proteftants,  on  account  of  religious  cruelties,  he  goes  on  thns, 
*^  Compare  feds,  compare  times,  you  will  every  where  find  far 
one  thoufand  fix  hundred  years,  nearly  an  equal  proponion  of 
abfurdity  and  horror  every  where  amongft  a  race  of  blind  meni 
who  are  deftroying  each  other  ia  theobfcurity  which  furrouodi 
them.  What  book  of  controverfy  is  there  written  withoatgalll 
And  what  theological  dogma  has  not  been  the  caufe  of  fpilliog 
blood?"  And  then  adds,  *'  This  was  the  necefTary  effied  of 
thefe  fenfible  words,  '  Whomfoever  liftens  not  to  the  church, 
ihall  be  looked  upon  as  a  pagan  and  publican/  Each  party 
pretended  to  be  the  church,  each  party  has  therefore  conftandf 
laid.  We  abhor  the  officers  of  the  cuitoms,  wc  are  enjoined  to 
treat  whoever  differs  from  us  in  opinions,  as  the  fmugakn 
treat  the  officers  of  the  cuftoms  when  they  have  the  fuperioritj. 
Thus  the  firft  dogma  every  where  eftabliftied,  was  hatred.'* 

Mr.  Fihdlay  confiders  his  opponent  here  as  attributing  the 
perfecutions  that  have  been  fo  (hamefully  exercifed  io  the 
Chriftian  world,  to  the  words  of  Chrift,  Matt,  xviii.  17.  *  Btf 
what  can  be  more  injurious,  fays  he,  than  fuch  a  reflefiitfi 
founded  on  this  text?  Indeed,  I  am  not  able  to  recoiled,  thit 
it  hath  ever  been  pleaded  by  any  of  the  patrons  and  advocates  cf 
feverities  for  difference  of  opinion.' 

After  (hewing,  than  which  nothing  is  indeed  moreevideoCi 
that  perfecution  is  utterly  repugnant  10  the  fpirit  of  the  gofpelt 
be  proceeds  to  prove  that  a  rule  of  this  kind  is  not  conuined  ia 
the  place  mentioned :  bccaufe  it  is  plain  from  the  context  tkat 
Chrift  is  ^  not  ipeaking  of  errors  in  fpeculation,  or  miftakesio 
cpmion,  but  of  injuries  between  man  and  man  as  to  fubftaocc^ 
or  reputation,  and  good  name,  or  fome  (imilar  intercft: 
farther  alfo  it  is  certain  that  the  treatment  to  which  thewofdl 
dire£fc  is  very  different  from  that  which  M.  Voltaire  mentioos: 
— '  When  was  it  ever  heard,  fays  Mr.  Findlay,  by  what  aodei* 
writer  is  it  at  a\V  iteotd^d^  iVv^t  the  Jews  were  accuftomcdi 
whenever  l\\ey  wet^  ec^wA  xo  ^^  ntfaxV^xA  ^vi^ured  witfc 
gp  opportunity  tot  It^to  ^\^^axOcw>^^aSw.^.«  '^>^^^^  h*^.' 


fc 


FindUy'i  VituScatm  ofthefacred  B&oks,  (f£. 


46r 


tfeeins,  is  the  manner  of  the  fmuggler's  dealing  with  the  officers 
of  the  cuftoms  in  Mr,  Voltaire's  country.     What  ih.-n  is  the 
glondi  aod  likely  meaning  of  the  words  of  our  Savioiif,    **  Let 
Wothci'  who  is  de^f  to  rebuke  in  all  thefc  methods,  be  to  thcc 
faeatben  m^rn,  or  a  publican  f"  It  appears  to  be  thli ;  that 
IwboiTi  he  had  injured,  (hould  conftdcr  him  as  unworthy  of  all 
crcr  aft'e^lioni  and  more  intimate  fociety,  and  carry  at  s  grfaur 
^ance  from  him^  as  the  Jews  did  to  heathens  or  publicans.* 

fliould   have   been  almoll  tempted   to  think  that   this 

ithur^s  zeal  had  carried  him  too  far,  as  it  is  not  credible  that 

illtaire  (hould  himfelf  believe  tl^e    words  were    intended   fo 

jpour  pcrfccution,  though  he  might  fuppofe  ihar  fome  Chriftiam 

given  them  fuch  a  turn  ;  but  his  own    cxpiefiions  as  here 

|UOtcd«    it  mufi   be  owncd^  do    appc^^r  to  lead    to  fome  fuch 

iiiing*     This,  among  other  inliancesj  mufl  be  fufficient  to 

sfy  every    reader,  that  though    our  fprightly  foreigner  hai 

en  juftly  celebrated  for  genius  and  wit,  he  is  greatly  defective 

o  fidelity   and  veracity;  and  in  regard  to  points  of  hillory 

fatt,  and  not  uufrcqucntly  as  to  other  fubjctts,  is  to  be  read 

iih  gf<^at  fufpicion,  if  not  with  utter  diftruiK 

le  third  part  of  this  work  confilU  of  remarks  upon,  and 
ers  to   fome   injurious  allertions    which   its   Author  finds 
ranced  by  hts  opponent^  with  regard  to  feverai  of  the  books 
Scripture.     The   whole   is  concluded   by  an  appendix,  con- 
;  of  obfervations  on  thoie  remarks  which  Mr,  Vnltaire  ha^ 
ac   on    the   fiUnie  of  co temporary  writers   concerning   the 
racks  of  Chrill,  and  fever j1  other  extriiordin Ty  events  whicb 
Scriptures  relate.     Among  a  variety  of  obfcrvations,  agree- 
to  wh:U  learned  men  have   oHcred  at  difterent  times  wnh 
H  propriety  and  flrengch  on   thefe    fubjc^s«  we  may  tran- 
a   few  lines,  whtch  are  likely  to  afford  a  little  afliftancc 
I  of  our  readers  as  have  found  Jifficulties  on  this  queilion^ 
rho  have  not  had  much  opportunity  for  removing  them  i 
ey   are  taken  from  that  part   of    the  work  which   conndert 
omiQtion  oi  ihi  Jhughtcr  ef  the   in/ants  by  other  hiftorians. 
[JBclhlehem,  fays  our  Author,  was  but  a  fmall  town,  of  little 
ic  or  fame  : — it  could  not  be  of  great  extent,  for  the  hifl  on 
lich  it  fiood,  and  of  which  it  occupied  only  a  part,  according; 
travellers,  does   not  exceed  in   iis    \\hoIc  circumference  s 
baufand  paces,  that  is,  a  fmgle  mile. — 1  he  children,  then,  in 
bis  place  and  it's  confines,  from  two  years  of  age  and  under, 
►  were  cut  off  by   Herod's  decice,   muft   have  been  but  a 
Iful  in  comparifon.     Why  then  (hould  rt  be  thought  ftrangc^ 
liat  thefe  Gentile  writers,    uho   had  fu  large  a   held    before 
sem,  and  who  needed  to  treat  of  fo  ^r  eat  a  ^aixtt^  o^  ^Nt\W% 
itcrcftingto  thcRijmnn  government,  (Vi^u\d  Vva^e  >D^t.t\  \Ac^\. 
bout  this  /laughter  Qf  fome  babes  in  a  fmall  coiuei  ^i  Ocve^om^tv 


468  An  br/lorical  EJfaj  on  the  EngKJh  CenflHuttSfi. 

empire,  for  the  fake  of  the  intcrcft  of  a  petty  prince?  And  how 
ridiculous  is  it  to  make  their  omiffion  to  mention  it^  a  ground  of 
unbelief,  cfpecially  when  it  is  confidered,  that  they  cither, 
through  ftudy  of  bre\'ity,  pafs  Herod's  ftory  altogether;  or  if 
they  do  not,  they  comprize  all  they  tell  us  about  his  elevatioa 
to  the  throne,  his  behaviour  in  it,  his  death,  and  the  dirifioa 
of  his  kingdom  among  his  fons,  whofe  very  names  withal 
they  omit,  in  three  or  four  lines." — In  another  place,  on  the 
fame  fubjedV,  he  proceeds, — *  As  wc  believe,  on  Jofephos's 
authority  alone,  many  things  about  Herod  which  none  beikk 
him  atteft  ;  fo  we  credit  many  things  about  the  Cscfars  upoa 
Tacitus's  relation,  which  Suetonius,  who  was  his  cotemporary, 
paiTes ;  and  many  things  upon  Dio's  afTertion^  though  he  livn 
about  100  years  later,  which  neither  of  them  mentions  in 
their  hiftories  of  their  lives  and  reigns.  Is  it  not  then  very 
equitable  to  rely  upon  Matthew's  account  of  this  adioO| 
though  omitted  by  Jofcphus  ?* 

Towards  the  clofe  of  the  appendix  it  is  added,  *  The  fpccdj 
alteration  in  the  world  itfelf,  of  which  there  are  moft  antfaentic 
monuments  in  the  relations  of  heathen  hiftorians,  and  in  die 
refcripts  of  heathen  princes  and  governors,  is  a  ftrong  proof 
of  the  truth  of  the  miracles  and  prodigies,  notwithftanding  the 
filence  of  Jewifh  and  Gentile  writers,  ftill  remaining  enemies 
to  our  religion,  about  them  ;  which  is  only  a  difficulty  eafy  to 
be  folved  from  a  knowledge  of  human  nature,  without  fayin;, 
as  Mr.  Voltaire  does  in  his  ironicial  fcoffing  manner,  "Ifup* 
pofc  God  would  not  allow  fuch  divine  things  (hould  be  com- 
mitted to  writing  by  profane  hands." 

We  (hall  only  obferve,  in  the  conclufion,  that  we  hare  tnifld 
to  Mr.  Findlay  as  to  the  fidelity  of  the  quotations  which  behai 
made  from  the  works  ot  Mr.  Voltaire. 


Art.  VII.  Jn  hijh.rlcal  EJfiy  on  the  EngUJh  C^n/litution \  #r,  B 
imperii  a!  Enquiry. into  the  eU  Stive  Power  of  the  People^  fnmtk^ 
fir/i  Ejlahliflment  of  the  Saxons  in  this  Kingdom,  fVberein  tki 
Right  of  Parliament  to  t<ix  our  dijlant  Provinces  is  explaimi  od 
ju/fified^  upon  fuch  Cin/litutionat  Primiples  as  uill  afford  em  efd 
Security  to  the  dLniJls  as  to  their  Brethren  at  home.  8va 
4s.  Boards.     Dilly.     IJJI- 

THE  inftitutirns,  laws,  and  cufloms  of  the  Nonhern  na- 
tions have  often  been  the  pleafmg  fuhjefb  of  enquiry  » 
the  learned  and  curious,  and  we  cannot  be  uninformed  ho« 
much  a  fpirit  of  liberty  prevailed  among  the  Teutonic  tribes 
in  general.  This  is  finely  repiefented  in  Tacitus's  admirable 
Treat'ifc  on  iV\t  MaLT\tie\%  o^  >Xvt  -aL^vcvRw^  Germans  j  in  which 
trcatilc,  as  batV\  iTeO|UtTv\\^  V^c^vv  oX.'v^xn^^^  ^Ots«.h  ^^^ 
ccrn  how  car\y  xYic  fouu^^wtw^  ^^^^^  V^^  ^^^  ^^«*fc  Sxw:  ^^ 


Jin  htjloriial  £Jay  on  ihi  EngUJh  Cmjlituttm.  46^ 

trplcs  and  modes  of  government  which  aftervvards  extended 
through  the  g^reateft  part  of  Europe,  and  produced  fuch  extra- 
ordinary cffedls  with  regard  to  its  fituation  and  affairs. 

Of  all  the  people  of  Germany,  none  fecm  to  have  had  a 
tnore  independent  fpint,  or  to  have  more  ftcadily  prefervcd, 
and  moie  wifely  improved,  the  fyftcm  which  they  brought  with 
them  from  the  continent,  than  our  Anglo-Saxon  anceftora.  It 
cannot  jullly  be  denied  that,  from  thiir  inftitutions  have  been 
derived  fevcral  of  the  moft  valuable  cuiloms,  and  of  the  moft 
important  privileges,  which  fubfift  among  us  at  prefent.  It  is 
no  wonder,  therefore,  that  the  Saxon  con  flit  ution  (hould  bc 
deemed  a  noble  object  of  ftudy,  by  Englifli  lawyers,  politt* 
cians,  and  fcholars  ;  and  we  believe  that  it  will  be  found,  upon 
enquiry,  to  have  been  the  compicteft  model  of  government 
which  hath  ever  been  carried  into  practice.  Such,  at  leaft,  is 
the  opinion  of  our  moft  judicious  and  enlightened  antiquarian*  1 
and,  among  the  reft,  of  the  fcnfiblc  Writer  of  the  work  bcfor* 
Its. 

It  13  to  be  lamented  that  we  have  fo  great  a  fcarcity  of  hifto- 
rical  evidence,  with  refpe£t  to  many  things  which  relate  to  this 
admirable  form  of  policy.  Our  Author  obkrves,  however, 
that  there  arc  four  fources  from  whence  we  may  draw  our  in- 
telligence concerning  the  principles  and  manner  of  conducing 
the  firfi  cftablifhment  of  our  mode  of  government  in  this  king- 
dom: firft,  from  the  great  remains  of  it  we  have,  in  our  go- 
vernment, now  in  ufc  ;  fecondly,  from  the  feveral  Saxon  etta- 
blifliments  that  are  ftill  in  being,  but  of  no  ufe,  with  refpeA 
to  the  end  of  their  firft  eftabliihmcnt ;  thirdly,  from  the  glim- 
mering lights  of  ancient  hiftory ;  and,  Jaftly,  from  the  known 
alterations  that  have  taken  place  at  and  fmce  the  conqueft* 
There  arc  alfo,  he  fays,  many  cuftoms,  forms,  principles,  and 
doctfines,  that  have  been  handed  down  to  us  by  tradtrion, 
which  will  ferve  us  as  fo  many  land-marks  to  guide  our  fteps 
to  the  foundation  of  this  ancient  ftru£ture,  which  is  only  bu- 
ried under  the  rubbiih  'coUeifted  by  time,  and  new  eftablifh* 
ments.  Our  EiT^yift,  availing  himi'elf  of  ihefc  advantages, 
hath  given  a  curious  and  cntertaJning  account  of  the  firft  fet- 
tlcment  of  our  conftitution  by  the  Saxons,  to  what  is  com- 
monly called  the  Norman  conqueft ;  which  account  we  Ihall  M 
lay  fomewhat  largely  before  our  Readers.  I 

Having  premifcd,  that  the  principle  of  annual  eleftton  is  the  I 
firft  principle  of  a  government  that  is  founded  on  the  natural  ■ 
rights  of  mankind,  he  dcfcribes  the  eftabliftiment  made  by  our  ■ 
anceftors,  under  the  heptarchy,  in  the  following  manner: 

•  They  firft  dividend  the  land  into  fmall  parts,  and  that  divided 
the  inhabitants  upon  that  land,  and  made  tbem  a  ditlind  and  fe;a* 
rate  people  from  any  other,     Tliij  divifion  ihe^   <:a\V^  ^  vvOsivt^^, 


47^  ^  iftr^m^tf/  EJfej  on  the  Englijb  CmfittuiivH. 

Here  they  eftablKhed  a  governmentv  which  was,  nodonbty  theiabe 
as  that  under  which  they  lived  in  their  mother-coaotry ;  and,  witk 
as  little  doubt,  we  may  fay,  it  was  the  fame  which  is  a(ed  in  ov 
corporations  at  this  day ;  as  will  hereafter  more  fully  appear.  They 
Iiacf  two  forts  of  tithings,  one  called  a  town-tiching,  andcheodicr 
a  rural  tithing  Thefe  were  governed  gpon  the  lame  princ^les, 
only  thus  diftinguiihed  ;  as  one  is  exprcfGve  of  a  town«  having  fxii 
a  number  of  inhabitants  as  to  make  a  tithing  of  icfelf ;  ai^  tke 
ether  of  a  tithing  lituatcd  in  the  rural  part  of  the  kingdom.  Tin 
they  went  on,  as  they  conquered  the  country,  to  divide  the  Ind, 
till  they  had  cut  the  whole  kingdom  into  tithings,  and  cllabliU 
the  fame  form  of  government  in  each. 

*  In  this  manner  they  provided  for  the  internal  police  of  tkc 
whole  country,  which  they  veiled  in  the  inhabitants  of  the  refpec- 
tivc  tithings,  who  annually  elcdlcd  the  magiftrates  that  were  to  ai!- 
miniflcr  jullice  to  them,  agreeable  to  the  laws  and  cufioms  they  had 
brought  with  them  from  their  mothcrcountry.  And  this  intemd 
police  was  fo  excellent  in  its  nature,  that  it  hath  had  the  enco- 
xniumsof  moft  Authors  of  our  hillor>',  who  obfcrvc,  that,  in  the  reigl 
of  Alfred,  it  was  in  fo  great  perfedion,  that,  if  a  golden  bracelet 
had  been  expofcd  upon  the  high  road,  no  man  durll  have  touched 

*  The  principal  officer  of  a  tlihing  wss  veiled  with  the  execodit 
authority  of  the  tithing.  They  had,  likewifc,  a  icgiflativc  aotho- 
lity  in  every  tithing,  ^\hich  made  laws  and  regulations  for  the  good 
government  of  the  tithing.  Befidcs  thefe  they  had  a  court  ofUv, 
whofe  jurifdic\ion  was  confined  within  i he  fame  limits:  all  which 
were  created  hy  the  ekaivc  power  of  the  people  w  ho  were  leSdent 
inhabitants  of  the  tithing  ;  and  the  rij;ht  of  cleftion  was  placed  is 
every  man  that  paid  his  Ihot  and  bore  his  lot.  From  hence  «ic  may 
cafily  perceive,  that,  under  the  eflablilhment  of  thefe  tithings,  by 
leafon  of  tJieir  fmallnefs,  the  natural  rights  of  mankind  might  very 
well  be  prefervcd  in  the  fullell  extent,  as  they  could  Jelrgite  their 
power  by  eleciion,  without  any  confufion  or  inconvenience  to  the 
inhabitants. 

*  Having  advanced  thus  far,  I  would  make  one  obfervation;  which 
is,  that  all  elcdlive  power  in  the  people  at  laroc,  after  it  bad  cUauiiihed 
the  executive  and  Jc^^lflative  authority  in  the  tithing  for  one  year, 
and  duly  veuf;J  the  officers  in  their  rerj>efiire  departments,  then 
Hopped,  and  procceJfrd  no  farther  than  :he  tithing?.  But  the  prin- 
cipal officer  of  c.-ich  tithing  (whom  for  diltini^ticirs  fake  we  ilia'lcall 
mayor)  had  afrcrwards  the  whole  care  of  the  intcicrt  of  the  x^y^t 
of  the  tithing  veitcd  in  himfelf  alone,  in  every  matter  that  rti^&ti 
their  connefticn  with  the  higher  orders  oi  the  ilate  :  for  thefe  tithingi 
were  the  root  from  whence  all  authoiity  in  the  higher  orders  of  the 
ilate  fprung. 

*  The  hrft  conne£lion  the  tithings  had  with  one  another,  waj  J> 
form  an  eftablilhmcnt  for  the  military  defence  of  the  countrv.   ftf 
this  end,  a  nrmber  of  thefe  tithings  were  united  together,  ioiat^ 
related  to  tht:ir  miWit^.i'^  toncwn^,    TKU  uuion   neceffarily  crfiw^ 
a  larger  divifion  of  tV.cXaxv^,  <ic^A  \o  \^^  \.>axcJ^ii\  ^  \\^\v^^ 
were  tbtts  unived  \  wid  x\i\%  Ow:^  ^A>\^ii^  \N-;^\n»w^^^  ^^-^vw^-^^s^ 


An  hiftorhd  EJfay  m  thi  Englijh  Confiitutim^  47 1 

Here,  likcwifc,  they  clhblifhed  a  court  of  council,  and  a  court  of 
law,  which  laft  was  called  a  wapentake -court.  In  the  court  of  coun- 
cil, the  chief  magi  Urates  of  every  tithing  afl*cmbled  to  ckd  the  offi- 
cers of  the  miUtia  to  their  refpcftive  command,  and  regulate  all 
matters  relating  to  the  militia ;  in  which  every  individual  tithing 
was  coticerned.  The  court  of  law  was  to  enforce  chefc  regalationt 
within  that  jurifdiclioa* 

*  Let  us  now  confider  the  third  and  !a(l  divifion  which  they  made 
in  the  land*  This  was  compofed  of  a  certain  number  of  vvapentakei 
united  together,  which  they  called  a  Hiire,  or  one  complete  fhara 
or  part,  into  which  they  divided  the  land.  This  divjfion  completed 
their  fyHcm  of  internal  police,  by  uniting  all  the  tithrngs  within  tha 
Ihtre  into  one  body,  fubjefl  to  fuch  laws  and  regulations  as  ihould 
be  made  in  their  (hiregemot^,  or  ihireparliaments,  for  the  bcaefic 
and  good  government  ot  the  Ihire, 

*  The  members  that  compofed  the  fhiregemot  were  ftill  the 
chief  officers  of  the  tithings ;  who  always  reprefented  the  tithings  in 
every  thing  in  which  they  were  concerned.  It  was  in  this  (hiregcmoC 
where  the  great  officers  of  the  ihirc  wcrceleded  to  their  office ;  who, 
confequcRily,  were  ele^cd  by  the  immediate  reprefentatives  of  ch« 
people,  but  not  by  the  people  at  large.  This  fecms  to  fatisfy  what 
hiiloriajis  obferve,  that  the  great  officers  of  the  ihircs  were  ele^ed  by 
their  peers.  What  I  under  Hand  by  this  is,  that  they  were  clewed  bf 
men  who  were  members  of  the  wittctiagemot,  or  parliament,  and 
confequently  peers  or  equally  at  that  day,  to  any  men  in  England. 
There  were  many  titles  that  fecm  to  have  belonged  to  their  fupcrior 
orders  of  men  ;  but  they  were  only  tides  of  office,  and  not  pcrfonal 
titles  of  honour.  And  we  Ihall,  hereafter*  have  occafion  to  obferve^ 
that,  when  the  office  by  which  they  held  their  titles  was  aboIifhed» 
from  that  time  the  title  vanished  with  it. 

*  As  this  divifion  comprehended  many  tithings,  and  many  people, 
fo  it  had  the  greatell  court  of  council  in  England,  except  the  high 
court  of  parliament ;  and  the  chief  ofFiccr  was  \^iled  with  as  high 
a  jurifdi^ttion  in  the  (hire,  as  the  king  in  the  kingdom*  He  wai 
veiled  with  the  executive  authority,  ana  wai  commander  in  diicf  of 
all  the  militia;  in  iliort,  he  was  the  fame  in'  the  ihlrc,  as  the  king 
was  in  the  kingdom.  They  had,  likewnfe,  a  court  of  law,  called  the 
ihire-coun ;  to  which.  I  make  no  doubt,  every  man  might  appeal 
who  thought  himrdf  injured  by  the  inferior  courts  in  the  Ihirc.  Thefe 
divisions  m  the  land  are  what  I  call  the  ikeleton  of  the  conflitutiont 
which  was  animated  and  put  in  motion  by  all  thefe  cilabliihmenti. 

'  We  may  confider  each  fliire  as  acomph  te  government,  furniihcd 
with  both  a  civil  and  a  military  power  within  its  own  jurifdiiition* 
The  cxpencc  attending  each  government  of  a  Hiire  w«»  merely  local, 
and  confined  to  the  ihirc,  which  was  fupportcd  by  taxes  charged 
upon  the  people  by  the  ihiregcmot,  with  the  alllltancc  of  certain 
lands,  appropriated  to  that  purpofe,  which  was  a  clear  and  dilUnd 
thing  from  a  national  cxpence,  and  never  brought  to  the  national 
account  at  all.  And,  indeed,  it  is  the  fame  at  this  day,  tlioogh 
conducted  in  a  different  manner;  for  the  iarcrnal  government  of 
this  kingdom  is  no  ex  pence  to  the  Jlate,  and  is  foanded  upon  this 
equitable  principle,  that  whatever  expense  cgucetnu  o^Vj  ^  ^^^> 


.. 


■ 

oldlJP 


k 


47  %  An  hijlm(al  EJfa^  en  thi  En^llJI)  Ca>tjliui!m, 

ought  to  be  paid  by  that  part  only  j  but  what  concernt  the 
community  ought  to  be  paid  by  the  whole  community.  I  would 
juft  beg  leave  to  obfcrvc,  that  the  govcrnmcut  clbblifhed  for  the  in- 
ternal police  of  our  American  provinces,  is  foanded  upon  the  fame 
piincipJes  as  that  which  our  Saxon  forefathers  cflabliflicd  for  the  go- 
vernment of  a  fhirc.  And  tbelr  connef^ion  with»  and  duty  to  the 
legtflative  authority  of  the  whole  united  kingdom,  is,  confUtatioitally 
confidcred,  the  fame  in  each. 

•  Let  us  now  fee  by  what  mode  of  union  thcfe  (hires  became 
united  together  into  a  kingdorj.  And  it  will  be  found,  I  appreHcnJ» 
that  they  jiorfued  the  fame  principles  which  they  had  ufed  in  cvc^ 
other  ertablithment ;  that  is  to  lay,  wherever  a  combined  intc 
was  concerned,  and  the  people  at  large  were  afffcdcd  by  it,  the 
mediate  deputies  of  the  people,  who  were  always  the  chief  oliBc 
of  the  tithings  for  the  time  being,  met  together  to  attend  to  thci 
fpeflive  iotcrefts  of  their  conflitucnts ;  and  a  majority  of  voices  ^ 
ways  bound  the  whole,  and  dctermihcd  for  any  meafbre  that 
foppofed  to  operate  for  the  good  of  the  whole  combined  body,  1 
meeting  of  the  deputies  of  the  people  was  called,  bv  the  Stxc 
the  wittcna-gemoi,  or  an  aiTcmbly  of  the  wife  men  of  the  nir 
which  compofcd  this  national  council  and  IcgiHative  authority. 

*  hct  us  fiippofci  for  inllance,  that  one  of  thcfc  fmall  kingd 
was  compofcd  of  fiVc  fhircs ;  then  a  deputy  from  every  uthiti^ 
the  five  (hires,  meeting  together,    would  compofe  the  cob 
part*  of  the  parliament  of  the  little  kingdom  to  which  they  bel! 
This  agrees  with  what  St*  Ammon  •  fays,  in  his  EfTay  on  the  Le*>l 
tivc  authority  of  England,  that  the  judges,  or  chief  ofhccri  of 
tithings,  reprefcRied   the  dthlngs  in  the  Sajton  wtttena-gcmor, 
|>;irliament* 

•  We  know  very  well  what  town  tithings,  or  boroughs  are, " 
caufc  they  arc  now  in  ufc,  in  forae  rcfpcfls,  for  the  fame  purpofij 
formerly  ;  but  wt  arc  not  fo  well  acquainted  with  the  dimenijonil 
the  rural  tithings,  according  to  their  ancient  cftabliihment.     But 
Is  very  probable  that  the  dlvlfion  in  the  land,  which  we  now  call  til 
high  conllablc's  divifion,  was  the  bounds  of  the  ancient  rural  tithii  " 
and  what  makes  this  the  more  probable  is,  that  the  high  conita 
in  his  divifion,  is  a  man  of  a  very  high  authority,  tven  at  this  i 
and  as  ancient  a  peace  oficcr  as  any  in  the  kingdom.     HowcvcrJ 
that  as  it  will,  fk>m  what  has  been  faid  we  may  conclude*  that  j 
conftttuent  parts  of  the  legislative  authority,  during  the  heptar  ^ 
confil^cd  of  two  bodies  of  men,  which  were  both  elcftivc ;  and  rc- 
fpcdUvely  rcprefented  the  inhabitants  of  the  towns^  and  ihc  inh 
tanti  of  the  rural  parts  of  the  kingdom. 

*  But  as  a  confiderable  alteration  v/as  made,  in  thi*  refpcft*' 
the  union  of  the  fcvcn  kingdoms  into  one,  by  Alfred  the  Grcat|  il 
will  be  proper  here  to  remark  the  conft'.tucut  parts  of  the  parliamcnrst 
and  the  rights  of  eledion  of  the  people,  during  the  hcptarchv.  Ftrft, 
the  reprefentativcs  of  the  town  tithings,  or  boroughs,  were  alwayi 
their  chief  magiJtrates  for  the  time  being,  by  virtue  of  their  ofEcei 
to  which  th^  were  annually  elcded,  by  every  man  that  was  a  J^l 
<!ent  inhabitant  of  the  town,  and  that  paid  his  (hot  and  bore  his  ^| 


I 


ITU  rc- 

-11 


The  Author  ihoukd  tis^vt;  iud«  ^\.  ^wm^ul. 


^  ^<;^^^ 


Jii  bijoricrrl  EJujf  m  thi  Enghjb  Conjlltuim,  473 

*  Secon^ily,  ihe  rcprefentativcs  of  the  ruriJ  tithin^i  were,  likewife, 
their  chief  magillrates  for  the  time  being,  by  virtue  of  their  oficc  ; 
to  which  they  were  annually  clewed*  by  every  01  an  tliui  wis  a  rcfi- 
detic  iohablunt  of  a  rural  uthii)g»  and  tluc  paid  his  ihac  aoi  bord 
hlfi  lot* 

*  Hence  it  is  evident,  thgt  the  people  ncvcj-  delegated  their  power 
to  their  members  of  parlijiinent  for  w  longer  lime  than  00c  year  ; 
becaufe  the  powers,  vdlcd  in  them,  mull  of  courfc  expire  with  their 
office;  they  being  mayors,  or  chief  magiil/aicj,  in  iKcir  refpcdivc 
diviiion*  ;  and  before  fuch  a  member  wiis  out  of  his  ollicc^  as  mayor 
he  was  obliged  by  law  ((x  oj^i^toj  to  a/Temble  the  people  of  th^i 
town,  for  tiic  cleclion  of  ofliccri,  to  fcrvc  for  tlie  cnfliing  year;  the 
principal  of  whom  was  their  mayor  clcd,  who>  conicqucndy,  waa 
their  member  elec\  :  and,  for  the  fame  reafon,  it  w.u  not  in  tbc  power 
of  the  king  to  continue  the  fame  parliament  Jon^cr  thin  one  year. 
Thus  we  fee  that  the  conllltuiion  h^th  daubly  armed  itfelf  a^^aiui 
Jong  parliaments,  by  conHning  the  power  of  the  mcmbeia  withia  the 
duty  of  an  annual  oflice.' 

From  the  ftate  of  things  under  the  heptarchy,  our  Author 
proceeds  to  the  ftate  of  things  under  the  monarchy  ;  and  Intro* 
duces  this  part  of  his  fubjcdt  with  fomc  obfcrvations  concern*^ 
ing  the  ofigin  of  our  houfc  of  Lords,  and  the  excellent  charac- 
ter of  Alfred  the  Great*  When,  under  the  heptarchy,  it  was 
ncceflary  for  the  Saxon  nations  to  tmitc  together  fot  their  mu- 
tual protcflion  and  defence,  one  of  the  fcvcn  kings  was  alwiiys 
chofco  general iilimo  over  the  whole  body  ;  and  they  appointed 
him  a  (landing  council,  of  a  certain  number  of  deputies,  frool 
each  ftate,  without  whofe  advice  and  concurrence  it  is  probable 
he  could  not  a^»  The  deputies^  who  compoT  d  this  great 
ftanding  council^  were  raifed  to  their  truft  by  the  joint  con  fen  t 
of  the  king  and  parliament  of  ihc  little  kingdom  from  whence 
they  were  fent.  When  Alfred  united  the  fcvcn  kingdoms  into 
one,  *  he,  undoubtedly,  (fays  our  ingenious  Writer)  with  the 
approbation  of  the  people,  incorporated  this  great  council,  as 
a  feparatc  branch  of  the  wittena-gcmot,  or  parliament;  fo  that 
they  ft  ill  continued  to  be  the  king's  great  council,  and  a  bfanch 
of  the  leginativc  authority,  which  they  aic  at  this  d^y.  In 
confirmation  of  which  it  is  obfcrvable,  ihat  the  confent  of  the 
parliament  continued  nccefiary  for  creating  a  baion  of  the  tealmj 
about  as  low  down  as  Henry  the  Seventh/ 

When  one  parliament  was  to  be  eftablifhed  in  the  room  of 
feven,  for  the  fervice  of  the  whole  united  ktnj^'lom,  the  qucftion 
muft  have  been  how  to  reduce  the  rrprcfcntativrs  to  luch  a 
number  as  would  be  convenient  for  tranfafl^ng  the  buhnefs  of 
the  nation,  and  yet  prefcrvc  the  elective  power  of  the  people 
unhurt.  Our  Saxon  anccftors,  according  to  the  nccount  {zivcn 
by  our  Author,  were  exceedingly  happy  in  tbcit  removal  of  thij 
difficulty. 


Rev.  June  i77i« 


li 


TV^^ 


L 


4r4  ^^  htprical  EJfay  on  the  Etiglijb  ConflituiM. 

*  They  excluded,  fays  he,  from  this  parliament,  all  the  repitleo- 
tativcs  of  the  rural  tithings,  as  being  a  body  of  men  the  moft  no- 
merousofany,  confidcrcd  collectively,  and  yet  eleded  by  the  fevci 
people,  in  proportion  ;  which  muft  be  very  evident,  fince  the  rual 
part  of  the  kingdom  mul^,  of  courfe,  be  more  thinly  inhabited  dm 
the  towns;  befides,  the  town  tithings,  or  boroughs,  wheita  gietf 
number  of  inhabitants  are  col ledted  together  upon  a  fmall  co^ifi 
of  ground,  were  undoubtedly  the  mod  conveniently  fituated  fartk 
commodious  exercife  of  the  elective  power  of  the  people.  Aid  tk 
towns  being  few,  in  comparifon  to  the  rural  tithings,  'and  at  dK 
iame  time  difpcrfed  over  the  whole  country,  were  the  beftad^tcd 
to  receive  the  regulations  they  intended  to  make  in  their  platf 
forming  the  condituent  parts  of  the  new  parliament. 

*  In  fatisfadion  for  aboli(hing  the  reprefentatives  of  the  rail 
tithings,  they  fubftituted  two  ne^-  bodies  of  men.  The  firft,  askilk 
been  hinted  before,  were  the  members  of  the  great  coundl  of  tk 
nation,  which  attended  the  generaliflimo  under  the  heptardiy;  «ki 
were,  upon  this  occafion,  incorporated  as  a  diftindt  branch  of  the  pv 
liament,  under  the  monarchy.  And  whatever  their  power  n^bc^ 
as  the  king's  great  council,  they  were  now  incorporated  as  adifiifi 
branch  of  our  parliament ;  as  a  body  of  great  freeholders,  exeicifii| 
their  legidative  power  in  perfon  ;  and  for  that  reafon  have  fiooe,  ^ 
way  of  eminence,  been  (liled  barons  of  the  realm.  Ic  is  upoatha 
ground  that  our  houfc  of  commons  are  of  opinion  that  a  lordofftf* 
liament  hath  no  right  to  interfere  in  matters  of  clcdion. 

*  Though  the  barons  of  the  realm  carried  into  parliamett  dn 
grcatcd  concern  for  the  interell  of  the  rural  part  of  the  kingdoB, 
of  which,  perhaps,  they  were  the  grcaceft  proprietors;  yet,  ■• 
being  elective,  they  were  not  fuch  a  body  of  men  as  the  confliioW 
and  the  fafety  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  rural  tithings  reqaired;  uk 
therefore  they  conllitutcd  fhire  elections,  for  two  members  to  icpif 
fent  the  (hire  in  parliament ;  and  tliofe  reprefentatives  were  tkeod^ 
gin  of  our  knights  of  the  Ihire. 

*  The  barons  of  the  realm,  and  the  knights  of  the  (hires,  looii^ 
der  as  two  bodies  of  men  that  were  fubdituted,  at  the  eftal)lifluBai 
of  the  monarchy  under  Alfred  the  Great,  in  the  place  of  Aofeff- 
prcfcntativcs  that  ufed  to  ferve,  under  the  heptarchy,  for  the  rsnl 
tithings.  The  alteration  that  was  made,  with  rcfpcdl  to  the  W^t 
or  boroughs,  was  Amply  this ;  that  all  boroughs  that  uied  10  iesd 
one  member  to  the  little  parliament,  to  which  they  belonged  tf^ 
the  heptarchy,  (hould,  for  the  future,  fend  two  to  the  great  psriii' 
3iicnt  of  England. 

*  Thus  the  feven  kingdoms  of  the  heptarchy  became  finiUyav^ 
under  one  king,  or  chiel* magiilrate,  and  one  parliament:  byvb^ 
means  the  members  were  properly  reduced  to  a  convenient  na^li* 
to  hear  and  to  be  heard,  to  inform  and  to  be  informed,  by  up" 
ment  and  debate ;  which  is  no  fmall  difficulty  in  a  goveroatft 
founded  upon  the  common  rights  of  mankind,  where  the  elcdr* 
power  of  the  people  is  difiufed  through  a  whole  kingdom  }Ssti^ 
•f  En^lai\d,' 


An  hiftorical  Ejjay  gn  thi  Englijh  Conftitutkn.  475 

rthe  Author  now  concludes  this  part  of  his  fubjed,  by  enumerating 
the  conftituent  parts  of  the  parliament,  as  it  was  thus  new  modelled 
under  the  inrpcdlion  of  Alfred  the  Great : 

'  Firft,  it  confifted  of  the  barons  of  the  realms  created  by  the  mu^ 
Ciul  confent  of  the  king  and  parliament. 

'  Secondly,  of  the  knights  of  the  (hires,  e]e£led  by  the  rural  in- 
habitants of  the  fhires,  paying  their  (hot  and  bearing  their  lot. 

•  Thirdly,  of  the  burgelTes,  who  reprefentcd  the  people  of  the 
towns,  and  were  eledted  by  tvtr^  refident  inhabitant  that  paid  hit 
llioc  and  bore  his  lot. 

*  I  haire  thus  endeavoured  to  give  the  hiftory  of  the  mode  of  go«> 
vernment  introduced  into  this  kingdom,  by  our  Saxon  forefathers^ 
about  the  year  4^0,  to  the  union  of  the  feven  kingdoms  into  one, 
%Hfcien  the  conftitution  of  this  country  became  finally  eliablilhed  as  a 
Creat  nation.  And  whoever  attentively  confiders  this  matter  will 
lee  that  our  Saxon  forefathers  had  only  one  mode  of  government, 
which  they  made  ufe  of  on  all  occafions,  both  to  govern  a  town,  a 
city,  a  wapentake,  a  (hire,  or  a  kingdom :  and  that  the  power 
Tcfted  in  our  Saxon  kin^s  was  circumfcribed  by  the  fame  rule,  was 
^  the  fame  genius,  fpirit«  and  temper,  as  that  veded  in  the  chief 

«  masiftrate  of  a  city.  The  only  difference  between  them  was  in  the 
'cirde  and  duration  of  their  authority  ;  the  care  of  the  one  being  an-* 
analt  and  confined  within  the  walls  of  his  city,  and  the  care  of  the 
Other  being  for  life,  and  extended  over  the  whole  kingdom. 

'  There  were  three  things  effentially  necelTary  to  form  a  Saxon 

^government,  which  they  applied  to  every  cafe  where  a  combined  in- 

tereft  was  concerned ;  and  thefe  were  a  court  of  council,  a  court  of 

.  Jaw,  and  a  chief  magidrate.     A  court  of  council,  to  confider  what 

:,   Vtas  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  fociety  ;  and  to  make  laws,  orders, 

'•  and  regulations,  for  the  good  government  of  the  people  within  that 

' '.  jniifdictxon.     A  court  of  law,  to  enforce  due  obedience  to  the  a^s 

and  orders  of  the  court  of  council.     One  chief  magiflrate,  who  was 

vefted  with  the  executive  authority  to  adminiiler  the  conftitution  to 

die  people,  and  whofe  duty  it  was  to  take  care  that  every  man 

*  within  his  jurifdidtion  paici  a  due  obedience  to  the  law. 

•  'In  this  manner  every  borough  was  furniihed  with  a  court  of 
:  COandl,  a  court  of  law,  and  a  chief  magiilrate.     Every  wapcnrake 

.and  rural  tithing  had  the  fame.     Every  lliirc  had  like  wife  a  court  of 

"^t  council,  called  the  fhire-gemot,  and  a  court  of  law,  called  the  (hire- 

'■   aonrt.  and  a  chief  magiilrate.     The  fame  ellablifhmcnt  held  good 

in  the  adminiflration  of  the  government  of  the  whole  kingdom  :  for 

the  court  of  council  was  the  high  court  of  parliament ;  the  king's 

coort  was  the  court  of  law;  and  the  king  himfclf  was  the  chief  ma- 

'(^rate.     As  it  was  impofBble  for  the  chief  magiilrate,  in  great 

^towns,  to  execute  the  bulinefs  without  encroaching  too  much   upon 

'•Ut  time,  and  hindering  his  attendance  upon  the  higher  orders  of 

'.die  date,  where  his  prefence  was  more  particulafly  ncced'ary,  they 

-  cleded  a  number  of  men,  whofe  bufinefs  was  to  alTill  the  chief  magi- 

fratein  the  execution  of  his  duty  at  home.     The  principal  of  thefe 

were  what  we  now  call  the  aldermen  of  a  town  j  aad  ;hc\c  v;t\vi  Vi^- 

ides  many  other  inknox  oHicers. 

li  z  '  -tV* 


476  An  hifiorical  Effay  on  the  EngUJb  ConJIltution, 

*  The  firfl  duty  that  the  chief  maglilrates  of  the  tithings  had  oat 
of  their  own  divifion,  was  to  attend  at  the  wapentake  meeting, 
where  they  formed  the  wapentake  court  of  council.  Their  fecond 
duty  was  to  attend  at  the  Ihire-j^emots,  where  they  again  formed 
the  court  council.  And,  lallly,  they  attended  in  the  witccna-gemoty 
where  they  formed  liic:  common  council  in  the  high  court  oiF  par- 
liament. 

*  It  is  very  evident  from  hiftory,  and  I  think  it  is  generally  agreed, 
that  our  Saxon  kin^^!>,  after  their  eftablifhment  in  England,  enjo^red 
the  crown  during  their  natural  lives ;  and  that,  at  their  death,  tbdr 
fucceflbr  was  eleiccd  to  his  ofrice  by  the  parliament :  however,  tiqf 
generally  gave  the  preference  to  fome  one  of  the  iame  family,  wbo 
v/as  cap.'il  Ic  of  executini^  his  ofuce  in  perfon  :  for  our  Saxon  fiue- 
fathers  had  no  principle  in  their  mode  of  government,  by  which 
l^owcr,  or  oHice,  could  be  obtained  peaceably  by  any  other  meaas 
than  by  receiving  it  from  fome  body  of  men  who  had  a  right  o 
give  it. 

*  W  ere  an  old  Saxon  to  rife  out  of  his  grave,  and  be  told,  dut 
there  wah  an  hcreoitary  right  to  power  in  kings,  and  that  England 
was  fonictinics  go\erned  by  a  child,  he  would  be  greatly  farpnxed, 
iind  ceil  you  it  uro  ilie  oddeft  conception  that  ever  entered  the  mind 
cf  man.  And  )e:,  as  things  are  now  (ituated,  wife  men  are  of  op 
liion  that  chance,  in  this  cafe,  is  better  than  choofing.' 

We  have  chiefly  confined  our  extiat^ts  to  this  part  of  the 
hifiorical  Kfl'ay,  not  only  becaufe  they  afFord  an  entertaining 
account  of  the  political  wifdom  of  our  anceftors,  but  becaufe 
they  exhibit  likewiic  the  grounds  on  which  our  Author  builds 
his  rcafonings  in  the  remainder  of  his  performance.  The  an- 
nual cxercife,  in  particular,  of  elcftivc  power,  he  juftly  tnfifis 
upon  as  the  qulntcflence,  the  life,  and  foul  of  the  Saxon  con- 
ilitution;  and  upon  this  piinciple  he  flridlly  examines,  and 
feverely  condemns,  the  alterations  that  have  taken  place  in  fuc- 
€ceJing  periods  of  the  Englifli  government.  We  could  with 
pleafurc  tranfcribe  many  of  his  obfcrvations,  if  it  would  not 
extend  the  prefent  article  to  an  improper  length.  In  nwft 
things  we  entirely  agree  with  him,  and  efpcctally  in  his  cttK 
dcmnation  of  the  members  of  the  long  parliament  of  164O1 
for  procurin<;r  an  adt  that  the  parliament  Jhould  net  be  diJ^M 
without  the  confent  of  hAh  houfes.  This  memorable  event,  he 
fays,  will  be  marked,  in  our  future  annals,  like  that  of  Ma* 
rius  and  Sylla,  in  the  Roman  Hiftory,  who  taught  future  ad- 
venturers the  way  to  dellroy  the  Roman  conftitution,  and 
make  flaves  of  the  people  :  fur  it  is  the  iirft  inftance,  in  die 
Knglifh  hiiiory^  wherein  the  Houfe  of  Commons  impioullf 
violated  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  gained  an  eftabliftmcot 
l>y  a6t  of  parliament,  by  consenting  to  a  law  for  their  own  dv- 
ration  ;  whence  the  elcdtivc  power  of  the  people  was  deftroycd, 
and  our  free  ftviie  cov\n^i\r^  Va.\»  ^^ya4  md  ftandingarillociaci* 


Doffic'j  Mermlrs  of  Agriculture^  l^c'  477 

We  equally  concur  with  our  Author  in  his  cenfurc«  of  the 
ariftocratical  meafurcs  that  have  fiiicc  been  piirrue..^,  i\\u\  piir- 
ticularly  the  fcptcnnial  adt,  which  has  fettered  Jown  in*  cL-c- 
rive  power  of  the  EngIKh  in  fuch  a  manner  (hiit  ic  is  cnlv  !uf- 
fcred  to  go  abroad,  cnce  in  fevcu years ^  f:.r  an  ;.:ri:Tc:. 

But  though,  in  general,  we  grearly  approve  oF  the  perform- 
ance befo'c  us,  we  by  no  means  conlidcr  it  a.-;  fjce  from  errors. 
FaAs  arc  not,  in  every  inftancc,  accurately  flntcd,  nor  a:';r  the 
remarks  always  judicious.  It  is  a  capital  defect  in  ihi>  Isiito- 
rical  Eflay,  that  the  authorities  on  which  it  is  grounde-.l  :vc 
wholly  omitted.  Thefe  v/erc  the  more  nectfrary  and  dciirable 
in  the  account  of  the  Saxon  g(»vcrnmcnt,  as  many  thin^^'!  re- 
lating to  it  arc  involved  in  much  controvcrfy  and  diff'nilty- 
Indeed,  the  infertion  of  the  proper  a'.ithoritics  would  hive 
raifed  what,  at  prefcnr,  tan  be  confi  iercd  as  litt'e  more  tinn 
a  temporary  political  pamphlet,  into  the  charjcier  of  a  folid 
and  lalling  treatife  on  the  true  nature  of  the  Englifh  confti- 
tution. 

The  Author's  vindication  of  the  right  of  parliament  to  tax 
our  diftant  colonies,  is  worthy  of  attention. 

Art.  VIII,  Memoirs  of  Agriculture  and  other  aciKcmicil  Arts^ 
By  Robert  iJoflie,  iifquire.  Vol.11.  8vo.  5  s.  Boards. 
Nourfe.     1771. 

WE  introduced  our  Review  of  the  former  volume  *  of  this 
work,  by  offering  our  congratulations  to  the  public, 
that  theftudy  o{  agriculture^  and  other  occonomical  arts  (.iKvays 
of  confefledly  great  advantage,  and  peculiarly  \o  under  the  cir- 
cumftances  of  high  price  of  labour,  &c.)  was  p'jjiueJ  by  /;/ ;; 
rf fortune^  the  moft  proper  perfons  to  rifque  the  expence  of  un- 
tried experiments  5  and  we  obfcrved,  that  as  a  channel  was  ne- 
ceflary  to  communicate  improvements,  fo  the  London  Society  for 
Encouragement  of  Arts,  &c.  had,  by  unforefccn  accidents,  been 
hindered  from  opening  one  for  improvements  addrciFcd  to  them, 
but  had  now  encouraged  Mr.  DolHe  to  publifli,  from  time  to 
time,  fuch  pieces  on  the  fubje<Sls  of  arts,  manufactures,  and 
commerce,  as  they  think  proper  to  lay  before  the  public. 

After  the  fpace  of  about  three  years,  we  are  prefcnted  with 
the  fecond  volume,  which  we  (hall  treat  with  that  rcipetl  which 
the  patronage  of  the  Publiiber  deferves,  and  with  the  freedom 
which  our  duty  requires. 

The  preface  informs  us,  that  an  earlier  publication  of  this 
volume,  promifed  at  the  time  when  the  former  was  completed, 

*  Rqv.  February f  I'jCx). 

113  '^^^ 


478  Do&t*s  Memdirs  $f  Agriadiuri^  bf^m 

had  been  hindered  by  unforefeen  accidents ;  and  that  an  omif- 
fion  of  the  continuation  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Sodity^  is 
to  be  afcribed  to  certain  alterations  in  thofe  proceedings.  Mr. 
Dof&e  promifes,  however,  this  continuation  in  his  third  vdame; 
and  recommends  the  contents  of  tbis  fecond  volume  as  coai- 
peiifating  for  that  delay.  He  apologizes  for  the  repubScOisM  of 
feveral  pieces,  by  obferving  that  moft  of  them  had  bcenfur- 
reptitioufly  obtained  *,  and  faultily  printed,  fo  as  to  be  un- 
worthy of  the  Society.  He  recommends  the  pieces  not  com- 
municated by  the  Societyi  as  of  apparent  importance^  and  no* 
deftly  defends  the  laft  article  of  this  collefiion,  viz.  his  owa 
diflertation  on  the  murrain.  We  think,  indeed,  the  objeAioa 
to  it,  as  being  treated  too  fcientifically,^  ill  grounded.  In  (hort,  »e 
honeftly  deem  it  of  more  value  than  all  the  reft  of  the  artfcles 
here  colleiS^ed. 

The  iirft  article  gives  Mr.  Baldwin's  *  improved  method  of 
cultivating  lucerne*' — This  Gentleman  propofes  to  (hew  that 
his  diftance  of  rows  in  drilling  lucerne,  viz.  20  inches,  is  fu- 
perior  to  that  of  Meflrs.  Tull,  Lullin,  Du  Han\el,  &c.  &c. 
viz.  40  inches.  But  he  ftates  his  experiments  in  fo  confiiied 
a  manner,  that  he  muft  be  an  Oedipus  who  difcovers  his  con- 
clufion  from  his  prcmifes,  viz.  that  the  produce  of  a  rod  of  his 
is  2  cwt.  and  i  lb.  whereas  Mr.  Baker's  produce  is  only  1  cvt 
and  12  lb.  But,  on  fuppofition  that  the  produce,  as  afcertained 
by  Mr.  Baldwin^  he  exa<9,  it  is  fo  indecifive  as  to  be  of  no  va- 
lue ;  for  Mr.  Baker^s  produce  was  only  the  fecond  year's  growthi 
and  Mr.  Baldtvins  the  third.  Who  lees  not  the  inadequateneis 
of  the  parts  of  the  comparifon  ? 

♦  By  this  is  meant  the  publication  whofe  title  is  **  De  ReRuJUci^** 
which  we  did  not  properly  review,  but  gave  a  (light  account  of,  as  10 
the  titles  of  the  main  pieccf,  and  the  names  of  their  Authors,  in 
our  number  for  February  lalK  The  Editor  of  the  Memoirs  of  Agri- 
culture aflcrts,  that  the  pieces  for  which  the  Society  give  pre- 
miums, become  their  property,  and  that  they  have  coniigned  then  ID 
the  publicarion  of  Mr.  DoJ^c ;  fo  that  every  other  publication,  whether 
with  or  without  the  leave  of  the  Authors,  mufl  be  furreptitiott. 
This  feems  reafonabie.  Fame  adds,  that  the  Editor  of  them,  iodie 
publication  (liled  '*  De  Re  Rufi/ca,*'  is  above  pecuniary  emolamenti, 
and  publiHicd  them  out  of  pique  to  Mr.  Doffie^  whofe  publication  he 
boailed  hereby  to  foreflall ;  but  that  the  fuccefs  has  not  anfwertd 
his  expei^Ution,  cither  as  to  reputation  or  profit.  Fame  is  often  a 
tattling  goHip ;  but  if  fhe  fpeaks  truth  in  all  this,  we  rejoice  that 
fuch  a  defign  was  thus  frufbatcd. — So  far  as  the  public  is  concerned, 
it  is  our  duty  to  obfcrve,  that  it  is  much  more  their  intereft  to  be 
fencd  with  a  regular  publication  of  the  pieces  which  the  Society 
approve,  by  a  cl^auiveV  >n\v\c\v  \.\v^^  ^tct  ^>ax,  \Vv^tv  to  be  dfccifed 
into  a  double  t)urc\vatc  ot  \V*^  l?^^  >w^\W*  Wxt:Yii<>swk'i.^\Ktf^^ 


DofficV  Alttnsirs  of  Agriculture^  l^u  479 

His  calculation  that  an  acre  will  keep  five  horfes  three 
weeks,  or  one  horfe  fifteen  weeks,  is  not  at  all  to  the  honour 
of  lucerne,  notwithflanding  his  encomiums.  Who  can  guefs 
what  is  meant  by  iif  and  12  lb.  of  fat  of  JVekh  wethers  ?  Is 
the  weight  of  the  quarters  meant  ?  What  proof  of  the  goodnefs 
of  lucerne  is  rKis  ? 

This  Gentleman  now  expatiates  on  his  own  tinv-invenled 
hmrfe-boe  and  hoe  plough^  and  recommends  the  man  who  makes 
them  (under  his  dire^fion)  to  the  >ocicty.  We  fliould  be  forry 
to  check  a  fpirit  of  rccompcniin;^  the  labours  of  any  ingenious^ 
iwieft  m2n\  bur,  from  Mr.  Baldwin's  defcription,  thefe  inttru* 
mcnts  feem  liable  to  the  inconveniences  found  in  their  predc* 
ceilbrs,  though  extolled  beyond  mcalure. 

Art.  II.  contains  a  receipt  of  the  late  excellent  P.  IP'ychy  Efq; 
for  a  cheap  f ,  durable,  and  handfome  coping  of  walls  : 

B:  Of  fuch  plaller  as  is  commrinly  burnt  for  floors  about 
Nottingham,  4  or  5  bufhcis  ;  beat  it  to 'fine  p>9wder,  then  fife 
and  put  it  into  a  trough,  and  mix  therewith  i  bufhel  of  pure 
aflies  of  coals,  well  calcined.  Pour  en  water  till  the  whole 
becomes  good  mortar.  Lay  this  in  wooden  frames  of  12  feet  in 
length  on  your  walls,  well  fmoothed  with  common  mortar  and 
dry,  the  thicknefs  of  2  inches  at  each  fide,  and  3  inches  in  the 
middle.  When  the  frame  is  moved,  to  proceed  with  the  work, 
leave  an  interval  of  2  inches  for  this  coping  to  extend  irfelf,  fo 
as  to  meet  the  laft  frame- work. — This  is  the  fum  of  a  much 
more  difFufivc  narrative. — Mr.  DoJJie  well  obferves,  that  any 
tarras^  pla/ler^  or  calcined  ^ypfum^  may  be  applied  with  as  much 
fuccefs  as  the  fpecies  here  particularized  :  alfo,  that  though 
Mr.  Wych  ufcs  old  plafler  new  calcined^  yet  fre/h  is  much  bet- 
ter ;  and  we  fuppofe  it  ufed. 

Art.JII.  is  Mr.  DoJ/ie*s  account  of  a  recipe  for  making  mor- 
tar fiR/^fff/r^^/?  to  moilture,  and  of  great  hardncfs  and  durability, 
fuppofed  to  be  that  of  the  ancients. — Communicated  by  him  to 

the  Society,  &c.  in   1760. — N.  U,  Lord  M 1  had   it 

from  a  gentleman  of  Neufchatel^  and  faw  the  mortar,  and  gave 
the  following  recipe  to  Mr.  D^Jfte : 

R  •  Mix  thoroughly  one- fourth  of  frefh  unflaked  lime  with 
three-fourths  of  fand,  and  let  five  labourers  make  mortar  of 
thefe  ingredients  by  pouring  on  water,  with  trowels,  to  fupply 
one  mafon,  who  mufl,  when  the  mp.terials  aic  fufficienrly 
mixed,  apply  it  inflantly  as  cement  or  plajler^  and  it  will  become 
hard  as  flone/     This  is  the  fummary  of  the  recipe. 

f  N.  B,  Mr.  Wych  rates  the  fquare-foot  of  this  coping  cnly  1  J:  d. 
and  fays  it  has  lalled  20  years. 

I  i  4.  >^t. 


/|8o  Doffie'j  Memoirs  $f  JgrlaJtun^  (fcl 

Mr.  DJJie  well  notes,  that  the  lime  ufcd  (hould  htJlsne-Uinty 
tluu  b.  :cic  ufc  it  (hould  be  prcfervcd  fiom  accefs  of  air  or  wet, 
^nJ  the  pjjftcr  fciccncd  for  fomc  time  from  fun  and  fuimL  He 
remarks  well,  that  the  excellence  of  it  arifej?  from  the  particu- 
Lr  atiri^Ciion  butwixt //;/<v  andyiwrf,  which  is  deftroyed  by  Hi- 
king cf  the  liriic.  He  ;idvilcs  the  ufe  of  jltmtned  mUk  inftead  of 
nvaur,  J'ur  the  fmularity  of  this  mortar  to  that  of  the  anciects, 
Mr.  T)\ffie  refers  us  to  Pliny,  Vitruvius,  &c. 

Art.  IV.  gives  the  Rev.  Mr.  Howman*s  obferVations  on  the 
I//////V  of  tile  ilrill  hufbamiry,  and  on  the  turnip- cabbage,  and 
raifing  of  while  clover  by  manure. 

T\m  very  fcnfible  but  modeft  clcrjryman  will  allow  the  drill 
nieilirid  very  prufiublc  in  Jlme  particulars,  but  moft  juftly  en- 
tei tains  *  v.'Ufiy  doubts  whc;her  the  public  would  receive  077  ad» 
vanUi^c  from  the  unherfal  prevalence  of  it.'  Here  Mr.  DtJIk 
h?,s  a  note,  *  that  the  warmcji  of  the  rational  advocates  for  tnc 
<:';/;/ /;:/y^^wi^;)' have  never  pretended  that  the  univerfal  praflice 
cf  it  in  the  culture  of  wheat  would  afford  either  public  or  pri- 
vate benefit.'  We  arc  glad  to  hear  this;  but  we  cannot  agree 
with  Mr.  DofTic  in  the  ft'quel  of  his  nr>te,  that  there  are  any 
accounts  yet  *  laivl  before  the  public  which  provide  any  founda- 
tion towards  deciiling  that  there  is  even  one  particular  cafe  in 
which  the  diiil  culture  of  wheat  can  be  profitable,  either  totht 
f.irmcr  or  public*  We  fliall  confirm  our  opinion,  in  our  review 
of  Sir  D.  Legard's  account. 

The  acute  and  judicious  Mr.  Howman  obferves,  in  this  ac- 
count, that  according  to  Sir  D.  Legard's  conceffions«  ift,  the 
comparifon  is  to  be  made  between  the  ufe  of  the  drill  znd  the 
hrcau'Cflj}  hujliauihy^  according  to  the  modern  improvements  of 
introdircing  tiirnips  and  clover  inftead  of  fallow;  and,  2dly, 
the  advantage  of  one  v.cthcd  over  the  other  is  not  to  be  dcter- 
nircd  in  a  particular  crop,  but  by  many  fucceflive  ones.  Mr. 
//:i('.'//6v;  is  fo  grn'tccl  as  to  allow  oir  D.  Lcgard,  that  in  a  com- 
paiifcn  cA  federal  crops  the  drill  method  was  fuperior;  but  we 
cannot  paySirDlgby  that  compliment,  as  wp  fhall  fhew,  incur 
r;:vi'j\y  (  f  his  hitter  account.  Mr,  Howman,  however,  denies  the 
i:o:;ir:il  propofition,  that  *  the  drill  method  is  fupcrior.'  Htrc 
Mr.  f^'J/i-'  h;is  another  note,  viz.  that  *  this  word y?/^^/0r,  when 
Pi  pi:*.  (1  to  ^rill  cu-iurc  of  ivhcat  compared  with  br^ad-caft^  muft  bt 
t:;.;.!!  in  a  I'miicd  not  clfcliiie  fenfe,'  We  have  a  proper  eftee  m  for 
i. ;  r.  r'']j'u:  (t  fpcc  ially  as  a  writer  on  the  murrain)  but  he  muft  for- 
^  i\  c  n.ir  brcSd  fin-lc  on  this  occafion.  Sir  D.  Legard  manifeftly 
c  rrr.ifls  th.:t  ti.c  drill  culture  of  wheat  is  on  the  whole  tb» 
Ji.'niur  n.oJc.  Mr.  Dofilc  contends  that  this  fuperiority  is  not 
o'j^'uic  lut  l':7r.\*:iL     l.ooV.  \o  lV\c  Cequcl  of  his  note,  and  yo« 


Doflic*j  Memim  of  Ap'icuhnre^  (ffc* 


48  r 


IS  far  as  any  improvements  in  the  drill  culture  have  been 
Efto  laid  open  to  ihc  world  (that  rs,  including  Sir  D.  Le- 
|gsir<!*s)  (here  are  more  cafn  where  the  broad-call  would  be  mnrc 
■dvanrageijus  than  the  drill.' — Is  not  this  plf^afant.  Reader  ? — 

X»et  us  hear  the  equally  acute  and  candid  Mr.  Hcwman : 

For  the  public  it  certainly  cannot  be  mod  profitable,  whilft 
produces  a  lefs  quantity  of  grain  upon  a  given  quantity  of 
ixid  ;  kir  then*  in  order  to  raifc  the  fame  quantity  of  gfam, 
jre  muft  take  more  land  ;  and  if  To,  what  becomes  of  our  clover 
pnd  ttJrnipS)  the  neceffary  provifion  for  our  live  flock  ?  If,  on 
llic  contrary,  weihould  in  the  drill  way  cultivate  the  fame  quan- 
tity of  land  for  each  refpcclivc  crop,  as  wcdo  now,  then  there 
^1  uld  he  a  deficiency  in  every  crop.  I  think,  therefore,  that 
Ihcclnti  never  can  be  ptonounced  to  be  i\\^.  fuptrior  method, 
till  it  C2n  be  dimonjhated  that  it  produces  an  equal  quantity  of 
*in,  acre  for  acre/  A  fcnfible  Reader  will,  on  this  occalion, 
Ixclaim  to  Mr.  Howman,  as  our  Harry  the  Eighth  did  to  Cran- 


*•  You  have 


got 


r- 


The  can- 


the  right  fow  by  the  ear  ! 

♦  Then,  indeed,  I  vt\\\  ackrtow- 


ficl   Mr.  Hownian  proceeds 

edge  it  to  be  vaftly  fuprrior  ;  as  there  will  be  a  faving  of  (t^d 
fa  great  national  confideration)  and  a  great  quantity  of  ma- 
lurc  may  be  applied  to  pafture  land,  with  much  piohf,*     BiiC 

ere  we  muft  beg  leave  to  diflent  from  Mr,  Howman. 
In  our  review  of  the  former  volume  of  thefe  Memoirs  we  ob- 

?rved,  **  the  manifeft  faving  of  manure  and  feed  feems  to  be  the 
nmn  fupports  of  its  alledgcd  fuperiority,'*  p.  151  of  our  Re* 
Hew  above  referred  to.     But  we  have  fince  been  convinced,  by 

He  experiments  of  Mr.  youngs  that  there  is   no  fuch  faving  of 
Iced  as  has  been  pretended,  and  that  manure  is  wanted  to  drill 
>P$  as  much  as  to  broad-caft  j   nay,  that  drill  crops  often  pay 

>r  a  full  fnllow.     On  the  fuppofition  that  one  buibel  of  feed 

M^i  quite  fufficient  for  an  acre   (as   aflferted  in    p.  354  of  the 

lemoirs)  we  juftly  exclaimed  againit  fowing  three,  aa  little 
fhort  of  wilful  w.ifle.  But  we  are  now  fully  convinced  that 
the  drillers  have  done  nil  they  could  to  ruin  broad-caft  crops, 
"by  perfuading  men  to  fow  far  too  little  feed  ;  and  the  public 
irc  much  obliged  to  Mr.  Young  for  undeceiving  them  in  (o 

material  a  point.  As  we  advifed  the  common  farmers  to  try 
that  delufive  advice  of  the  dnDers,  they  have  a  right  to  thi« 
>ur  retradation.  Bcfide,  we  muft  remind  Mr,  Howman^ 
at  if  the  quantity  of  product  by  the  drill  were  equal  to  that 
tiy  the  broad- caH",  the  faved  feed  would  be  a  trifle  in  com- 
jarifon  of  the  fuperiority  of  expence  in  the  drill  method, — On 
VIr.  Howman*5  honelt  exhortation  of  Sir  D.  Leg^ird  to  try  to  pro- 
luce  an  equal  quantity  of  porn  by  the  drill  as  by  irqarf-caff  ^^\.t. 
"^oflip  ohkry^s^  in  a  notc^  that  *  it  feetn^  uoi  vtry  jrobabU  ^"W. 

^  ci^w^i5 


jfl%  Doflic*j  Mmoirs  %f  Agrlcubure^  He. 

a  quantity  of  ground,  much  lefs  than  hmlf^  (hould  be  made  to 
produce  [without  manure  too]  as  much  as  the  vAidi!  This 
would  be  vAfoy  Df»<ru  TratHoc  with  a  witnefs. — He  talks  of  thb 
equality  of  crops  as  founded  on  fomi  experiments^  but  owns  that 
neither  the  in/irununts^  nor  manner  of  ufing  them,  are  known. 
He  promifes,  however,  in  a  fubfequent  article,  to  fpecify  ia 
what  particular  cafes  the  drill  method  feems  advantag^us.— 
Mr.  Howman  gives  an  account  of  a  crop  of  8|  quarters  of  oits 
as  a  proof  of  the  great  effects  of  pulverifation,  and  thinks  it  aa 
hint  that  the  principles  of  the  new  hulbandry  may  be  advanO- 
geoufly  applied  to  the  eU, 

Mr.  Howman  has  difcovered  a  notorious  fallacy  in  Sir  D. 
LfCgard's  reafoning,  which  we  had  marked  for  cenfure ;  bat  as 
he  has  anticipated  us,  let  him  enjoy  the  honour.  *  The  pro&i 
fays  he,  in  a  great  meafure  arifes  from  cultivating  the  fum  total 
with  grain  in  the  drill  infiance ;  whereas  the  broad-cafl  nuft 
be  divided  into  four  equal  parts,  fo  that  the  value  of  the  graia 
produced  by  the  drill  exceeds  the  value  of  the  grain,  turnips, 
and  clover,  produced  by  the  broad-caft.  But  this  would  be  aa 
impoffibility  in  univerfal  pradice;  fome  part  of  the  land  oioft 
be  appropriated  to  clover  and  turnips,'  &c.  p.  35.  The  falLcy 
is  fo  apparent,  that  we  blu(h  for  its  author's  fufiering  it  to 
efcape  his  pen. 

Mr.  Howman  juftiy  obferves,  that  the  prices  of  labour,  ma- 
nure, produ£l,  &c.  are  fo  different  in  different  parts  of  England, 
that  nothing  ^^;7^rtf/ can  be  concluded  from  particular  infianceSi 
and  would  have  quantities  only  expreifed,  and  value  left  to  eve^ 
Reader  to  fubftitute.  But  we  think  with  Mr.  Doffie,  inanoK 
on  the  place,  that  money  {hould  be  expreifed,  and  Readers  kft 
to  make  the  feveral  charges  agreeable  to  their  (ituation. 

Mr.  Howman  mentions  two  inftances  (in  confirmation  of  Sir 
D.  Legard*8  affertion)  of  white  cIovcr*s  being  raifed  by  manure^ 
and  adds,  that  his  was  pond -mud  i  and  remarks,  that  doflg 
rotted  to  black  mould  has  the  fame  effc£t.  Mr.  DofSe,  is  > 
note,  mentions  other  inftances,  and  concludes  the  efFefi  to  arifc 
from  the  quantity  not  quality  of  the  manure.  But  what  is  thii 
obfervation  ?  The  effe£^  evidently  arifes  from  the  manuic's 
warming  and  opening  the  foil.  Muft  not  a  larger  qtmnsitjd 
weaker  manure  equal  a  fmaller  quantity  oi  Jironger  f  This  is  00 
new  difcovery. 

This  obferving,  ingenious  clergyma^i  remarks,  that  his  tmi^ 
eahbages  fufFcred  in  the  froft  of  1768,  fooncr  than  his  larrup 
Mr.  Doffie  remarks,  in  a  note,  that  the  local  har£nef%  of  pbnB 
Ihould  be  attended  to.  The  agticultural  philofopher,  however 
will  not  &op  Vitt^  ax.  xYk^  (%£X)  but  \^roceed  to  enquire  into  eke 
caufe. 


Doffic'x  Mi/nein  cf  AgrUultun^  (fc*  483 

Aft.  V.  contains  Mr.  Rcynold&'s  obfcrvations  on  the /irrjif^- 

TQOted'CQhhage^  0%  cabbage-turnips  and  on  roifing  melons  in  bark  aiom. 
In  our  concluiion  of  the  review  of  the  former  volume  of  this 
work,  we  exprcflcd  a  fear  left  Mr.  DoiEe  (houlJ  be  tempted  by 
the  Society 'ii  patronage,  to  pradtifc  fomething  like  Author-crafts 
by  fwelling^  &c.  Sec  p.  153. — We  have  fo  nuich  refpedl  for  the 
work  and  for  Mr.  DofHe^  that  we  are  nccclEtattd,  by  our  duty> 
to  inftance  the  continual  repetition  of  Dr  'fempleman%  letters^ 
which  are  neither  intrrtalmng  nor  inflrudln^^  as  an  after ifxu 
would  fufficiently  denote  the  pieces  which  came  recommended 
by  the  Society. 

Mr.  Rcynold»*8  letter  to  Dr,  Templem^n^  prefixed  to  thh  ar- 
ticle (or  a  part  of  it)  informs  the  Header  that  the  tops  of  the 
cabbage-turnip,  when  boiled,  exceed  all  greens  in  colour,  and 
the  roots  Hiccd  improve  foops  for  a  prince.  He  yet  knows  not 
whether  the  root  is  bienniaiy  trUnmal^  or  perennial,  Wc  appre- 
hend that  the  late  fcvere  winter  will  determine  this  point, 

Wc  have,  in  our  review  of  the  former  volume  of  this  work^ 
given  a  general  account  of  this  plant  from  Mr.  Reynold?,  and 
fliall  therefore  only  add  here  what  feems  new  and  confiderabie* 
Mr.  Reynolds's  firft  remark  is,  that  half  an  acre  of  ca^^bagc- 
turnip  produced  ij  tons  of  rich  food;  and  Mr,  Dofiic  calcu- 
lates from  Mr,  Reynolds's  account  of  the  ftock  kept,  that  the 
value  is  nine  pounds  eighteen  Jhilltngs  per  acre,  or  7L  los.  dear 
profit.  This  is  certainly  ytty  conliderable,  Mr,  Reynolds *» 
fecond  remark  is,  that  thefe  plants  may  be  propagated  through 
alt  fummer,  and  gives  an  inftance  of  propagating  ihf-vn  fuccefs- 
fully  by  fowing  them  as  late  as  Augujl  the  24th,  Mr,  Reynolds's 
third  remark  is,  that  this  root  promifcs  plenty  of  wmtcr-food 
for  cattle.  He  propofes  to  plant  this  root  after  rye,  pcafe,  and 
white  oats  are  reaped,  and  afErms  that  an  acre  may  be  planted 
for  7  s, 

Mr.  Doflie,  in  a  note,  candidly  own?,  that  perfons  who  have 
propagated  this  root  from  Mr,  Reynolds's  feed,  complain  that 
it  amounts  not  to  Mr*  Reynolds's  boafted  magnitude;  and  as 
candidly  anfwers,  th:it  their  foil  may  occafion  this  failure  | 
that  Mr*  Reynolds's  foil  was  n^t  rich^  and  that  this  root  ap* 
pears  to  have  many  advantages  over  turnips.  Mr.  DotEc  alfo 
in  another  noteobfervcs,  that  from  Mr,  Reynolds's  further  vcr* 
bal  account,  tranfplantation  of  this  root  i^m^  preferable  to  fow- 
ing and  hoeing. 

Mr.  Reynolds  fteeps  his  melon  feeds  in  warm  milk^  fets  them 
in  pcwdered  barky  in  a  bed  of  common  bark,  covered  with  glab 
frames^  &c* 

[To  bi  ccndudii'in  eur  mxt,^ 


[    484    ] 

Apt.  IX.  Martini  Lifter,  \1.  D.  Hijloria  Jive  Sjnif/u  Cmhy 
lUrum  it  Tiibulftrum  Jnatomuarum,  Edith  altera^  -Jc* 
0>{oii.  1770.  Folio.  3I.  \^s.  t)d.  in  Sheet?,  Princcai 
Oxford.     Payne  and  White,  London. 

THIS  work  was  publiflicd  by  Dr.  Lifter  in  dctacVcd  and 
fcparatc  parcels,  and  at  different  timL*?,  Some  of  tbefe 
were  printed  off  without  any  names  or  delcriptiond  of  the  ihelisi 
others  had  both :  then  a  new  impreffion  was  m::dc  of  the  for- 
mer, and  defer i prions,  &c.  added.  Thefc  dctacied  pieces  the 
Do<9or  prcfcnlcd  to  his  fiiends,  or  let  a  few  of  the-n  go  isto 
public  fale.  But  it  is  plain  that  no  regular  methoJ  w.s  ob* 
fcTvcd  in  this  affair:  for  of  numberlcfs  copies  which  were  ex- 
tant, very  few  were  perfect  in  every  part.  The  plates  of 
(hells  were  depofitcd  in  the  Mufeum  at  Oxford.  Mr.  White- 
Itde,  keeper  of  that  Mufeum,  did»  about  the  year  (as  I  con- 
jcvSlure)  1721,  take  off  a  few  imprefTi  ns  of  the  work,  which 
are  the  mod  perfed  of  any  before  this  new  edition  \  but  thcj 
had  Hill  many  faults. 

In  1769  the  book  became  fo  very  fcarce,  that  a  copy,  tolcn- 
biy  perfedt,  fold  for  1 2  1.  The  curntors  of  the  Oxford  prefs  de- 
termined to  print  a  new  edition  of  it,  and  committed  the  care 
of  it  to  the  prcfcnt  keeper  of  the  Mufeum. 

In  this  new  edition  the  literal  errors,  which  were  numerous 
in  the  defcriptive  part,  are  corre£led. 

The  references  to  the  anatomical  tables  are  alfo  accurately  ad- 
jufted. 

As  it  was  impoffible  to  alter  the  difpofition  of  the  (hells  to 
correfpond  with  the  more  improved  fyftcms  of  natural  hiftorrt 
the  Editor*  has  endeavoured  to  obviate  that  difficulty  by  add- 
in?  two  indexes. 

The  firit  is  a  kind  of  fyllabus  of  Dr.  Lifler's  method  of  dafc 
finjT  the  {hells. 

The  other  is  taken  from  the  laft  difpofition  of  Dr.  Linnans, 
with  references  to  the  plates  of  this  work,  as  exa£l  as  it  wasia 
the  power  of  the  Editor  to  make  them. 
•  Hy  thefe  indexes  the  Reader  is  enabled  to  find  inftantlyanr 
fpecimen  he  is  in  fcarch  of,  which  was  almoft  impo(fible  in  aoy 
former  edition. 

I'he  laft  index  alfo,  being  printed  on  a  ftrong  paper  capable 
of  bearing  ink,  and  having  large  margins  and  (paces  left,  will 
be  of  great  ufc  to  the  colle£iors  of  thcfe  natural  bodies  towaidi 
arranging  their  own  cabinets,  fupplying  the  Englifh  name** 
and  correding  thofc  miftakcs  which  the  fituation  of  theEdiltf 
made  it  \mpoffib\c  ^oi  \vvtu  \o  ^^^^vi* 

Some  tew  obkrv tiUotv^  o^  \^t  •Vix^^^ ^ "w^ vcSfcvytVv^xScA wof L 


Aikin  9n  thi  ixUrnal  Up  (fPn^aratms  &/  Lad.        485 

The  new  edition  confifU  of  105^  plates,  cxcliillvc  of  the  ana« 
tomical  ones.     It  has   the  two  plates   mentioned  in  Giignat  s   . 
catalogue*     Paris,  1769. 

(Fropn  a  Cumfpondeni,) 

Art.  X*  OhfffvatiCNs  on  the  fxUrnal  Ufi  af  Priparnttom  i^f  Uad^ 
with  Jome  gin€ral  Remarks  on  Upic&l  Mttdidnes,  By  John 
Aikin,  Surgeon.     tSvo,     is.  6d,     Johnfon.     1771, 

IT  would  tend  greatly  to  the  advancement  of  medical  know- 
ledge, an  J  to  the  advantage  of  the  public^  if  the  re^l  mcfitj 
of  newly -difcovercd  or  propofcd  medicines  were  iiWays  difcuffed 
with  the  fame  philofophical  f^iirit  and  intelligence,  and  with  the 
fame  temper  and  impartiality  which  arc  ma  jifcfted  in  this  very 
fenfible  and  well-writicn  pamphlet.  The  difcovcrcrs  or  p.nro- 
irifers  of  new  mcdicinest  by  their  indifcnminJte  and  too  exten- 
five  recommenJations  of  them,  frequently  indifpof::  tbefobcr  aad 
rational  pau  of  t*ie  faculty  agatnft  the  reception  of  them*  The 
various  preparations  of  lead,  in  particular,  which  luve  lately  been 
fo  ftrongly  recommended  by  M,  Goulard,  as  topical  medicines 
adapted  to  anfwer  the  moft  various  and  even  contrary  indict 
tions,  and  as  poiTciTed  of  a  kind  of  eledive  power  of  penetrating 
fo  far  into  the  habit,  as  to  do  good,  while  they  refrain  from  en- 
tering deeper  to  do  mifcbief,  however  valuable  they  may  really 
be  for  fome  purpofcs,  run  fome  ha;tard  of  a  total  rcjeilion,  on 
account  of  this  mode  of  indifcriminate  and  univerfal  recommen- 
dation. The  Author,  however,  fenfible  that  M*  Goulard  has 
laid  muny  things  in  their  favour,  which  well  deferve  attention* 
and  defirous  to  feparate  and  diftinguifli  their  real  virtues  from 
the  fanguine  additions  of  a  prejudiced  admirer^  attecnptsto  place 
thcfe  medicines  upon  the  rational  fooling  of  others  in  common 
praclice,  inJ  to  flbew  what  may,  and  what  may  not  be  expected 
from  them ;  alUgning  to  them  their  proper  tank  among  chtrur- 
gical  topics,  not  merely  upon  the  confidence  of  theoretical  rca- 
foning,  but  ^  on  a  very  cxtcnftve  and  acciLrate  obfcrvatlon  of 
their  effe«5ls  in  real  pratflicc/ 

After  fomc  fhoit  preliminary  obforvations  on  the  different  me- 
riicindl  preparations  of  lead,  Mr.  Aikin  tre  its  of  the  penetrabili- 
ty and  primary  eficcts  of  faturninc  preparations.  On  the  firft  of 
thcfe  fubjcds  the  Author  juftly  reprehends  M,  Goulard  for  that 
*  licentious  fpirit  of  conjcdlute'  which  he  indulges,  when,  in  l 
accounting  fur  the  effcds  of  thcfe  topics,  he  rcprefcnts  their  mi-^ 
nutc  and  fuhtlc  particles  entering  the  pores,  forcing  thc<nfclved 
through,  grindi;  ,  and  dividing  the  obftruitting  matter,  - 

and  then,  after  li  .  ormcd  thcbulinefs,  retreating  through 

the  fame  paffagcs^ and  this,  with  all  the  confidence  of  a  fpec- 

lator,  who  had  uclually  fei*n  them  employed  in  this  work  throu^K 


J^S6        Aikin  OH  tin  external  XJfe  ef  Preparatlem  In  LeaJL 

a  microfcope.  The  Author,  with  a  commendable  d^ne  rf 
fcepticifm,  appears  rather  inclined  to  doubt  of  the  penetratioa  of 
the  faturnine  particles  to  any  coiifiderable  depths  on  a  confider- 
ation  of  their  remarkable  ftipticity  and  evident  aftringeacy;  and 
Iiecaufe  none  of  thofe  pernicious  effe£h  which  atterS  the  ioter- 
nal  exhibition  of  this  metal,  have  been  obferved,  even  io  the 
fmalleft  degree,  to  follow  the  moft  liberal  external  aduuniftra- 
tion  of  iL  M.  Goulard's  own  teftimony  on  this  head  is  bUy 
corroborated  by  that  of  the  Author,  who,  after  an  attentife  ob- 
fervation  of  its  cfFeds,  in  numerous  inftances  where  M.  Goi- 
lard's  faturnine  preparations  were  ufed  during  a  confidenUe 
time,  in  large  quantities,  and  in  all  the  circumftances  whidi 
could  be  fuppofed  to  favour  its  abforption,  declares,  that  oooe 
of  the  fymptoms  ever  appeared  which  invariably  attend  its  at 
miflion  into  the  ftomach  or  lungs. 

Thefe,  and  other  obfervations  of  the  Author,  incontellaUf 
overturn  M.  Goulard's  theory  of  the  afiion  of  this  metal,  ibfir 
as  he  founds  it  on  its  analogy  with  the  well-known  abforptioaof 
mercurial  preparations  ;  which  evidently  produce  the  fame  good 
or  bad  eftedls,  whether  externally  or  internally  adminimed. 
On  this  occafion  Mr,  Aikin  juftly  obferves,  that  M*  Goulanl 
has  no  right  to  avail  himfelf  of  the  avStivity  or  intimate  peaetra- 
tion  of  a  medicine  in  a  favourable  confideration  of  it,  while  none 
of  the  noxious  cfFeds  appear,  by  which  its  prefence  and  a^vity 
fhould  be  afcertained.  We  take  this  opportunity  of  acknow- 
ledging, that  the  apprehenfions  which  we  formerly  exprcfled 
concerning  the  liberal  ufcof  faturnine  applications*,  founded  ooi 
very  natural  fufpicion  that  the  ab.'brbed  particles  might  prove 
injurious  to  the  nerves,  appear  from  this  additional  tefiioionyof 
Mr.  Aikin's  on  their  behalf,  to  have  been  rather  premature. 
The  Author,  however,  afterwards  treating  of  the  ufe  of  thii 
remedy  in  the  itch,  juftly  obferves,  that  it  would  be  inconv^ 
nient,  and  might  be  even  dangerous,  on  account  of  its  repellcor 
quality,  to  apply  it  to  fo  large  a  furface  as  that  of  the  wbde 
body ;  as  thereby  perfpi ration  might  be  checked,  and  other  con- 
comitant eruptions,  which  it  would  perhaps  be  unfafe  to  repdf 
might  be  ftruck  in. 

As  the  fedativc  virtues  of  faturnine  applications  appear  to  be 
fatisfia£torily  eftablifhcd  by  the  obfervations  of  M.  Goulard,  and 
as  the  moft  liberal  ufe  of  them  has  never  been  obferved  either  by 
him  or  Mr.  Aikin  to  be  productive  of  tremors,  conftipations,  or 
other  paralytic  aftet^ions  attending  the  internal  exhibition  of 
this  metal,  the  Author  concludes,  that  the  a£lion  of  thefe  to- 
pics is  limited  to  the  parts  near  the  furface  of  the  body ;  and 
fuppofes,  that  by  diminifliing  the  fenfibility  of  the  nerves  of  die 

•  Monthly  Kt^.  no\.  iiSL.Oto\«x  \i^*  v  V»^* 

2 


I 


Aikin  m  the  external  Vfi  0/  Preparations  in  Lead,         487 

(kin,  they  may  appeafe  pains  fcatcd  there  j  while,  not  being 
able  to  penetrate  to  thofc  which  are  more  deeply  fitaated,  and 
particularly  to  the  nerves  fubfervicnt  to  the  mufcJes,  they  can- 
not afFc£t  the  moving  powers  of  the  body* 

In  oppofition  to  M,  Goulard,  the  Author  contends  for  and 
cftablilhes  the  repellent  quality  of  faturnine  topics,  and  juftly 
criticifes  his  paradoxical  affertlons  concerning  their  power  in  dif- 
cuOing  tumours  of  every  kind,  and  even  abfcefles  containing 
matter  already  formed,  by  cauftng  an  a<^ual  tranfudaiion  of  the 
fus  through  the  pores  of  the  (kin.  A9  many  of  thedifordcrs  for 
V'hich  M.  Goulard  recommends  his  medicines,  arefuchas  have 
iifually  been  treated  with  emollient  applications,  the  ufc  of 
which  he  ftrongly  condemns,  the  Author  next  enters  into  an 
examination  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  emo!lients,  with  a 
view  of  (hewing  the  great  difFcrencc  between  their  qualities  and 
thofe  of  faturnine  topics.  The  refuU  is,  that  the  former  are 
relaxant,  fuppurative,  and  fcptic  ;  whereas  the  latter  arc  aftrin- 
gent,  difcutient,  and  antifeptic.  They  both  however  appear  to 
be  fcdative,  though  by  different  modes  of  operation  :  the  former 
by  cotintera£)ing  the  caufes  produtSiive  of  irritation,  but  without 
affefling  the  fufceptibility  of  the  nerves  to  receive  impreHionf  | 
and  the  latter,  by  fome  unknown  fpecific  quality,  tending  tQ 
dimiiiifh  or  dcftroy  their  fenfibility  and  influence. 

After  this  general  examination  of  the  properties  of  faturnine 
topics,  our  Author  attends  M.  Goulard  in  the  difcuflion  of  the 
virtues  which  he  afcribes  to  them  in  particular  cafes,  and  with 
great  judgment  and  precifton  compares  their  effcAs  with  thofe  of 
other  applications  in  common  ufc.  The  difordcrs  of  which  he 
particularly  treats,  are  infl^^mmations  and  their  conft^quenccs, 
ulcers,  anchylofes,  the  herpes  and  itch,  hcrniae,  and  dtforders 
of  the  urethra.  In  the  difcuffion  of  thcte  fubje<5ts,  we  find  Mr. 
Aikin  frequently  confirming  the  obfervations  of  his  Author,  and 
often,  but  with  great  candour,  diilenting  frofn  htm*  He  ^ot^ 
not,  however,  confine  himfelf  to  the  office  of  a  mere  commen- 
tator  on  M«  GouUrd,  but  on  all  thefe  fubjefls  makes  many 
judicious  and  gcncr4.1  obfcrvations,  which  induce  ua  to  wi/h  that 
lie  may  execute  the  more  comprehcnfive  work,  which,  in  a  poft- 
fcript  to  this  pamphlet,  he  exprcflcs  fome  inclination  to  under- 
fake  ;  if  the  public  fhould  approve  of  the  dcfign  on  which  this 
|>iece  is  executed  :  we  mean  a  general  and  methodical  treatifc  on 
the  topical  remedies  ufcd  in  furgery,  founded  oh  fcicniitic  prin- 
ciples, la  this  wifti,  we  imagine,  thofe  who  have  pcrufcd  this 
^fpecimen  of  hi^  abilities  for  fucti  a  tailc^  will  very  readily  concur 
with  uf . 


MOHT^\X 


r    488     1 

MONTHLY    CATALOCUE, 

For      J    U    N    E,     1771. 

Poetical. 
Art.  II.  7%^  Fionral  of  Arahert^  Monk  of  LaTrappe  ;  a  Poem. 
By  Mr.  Jcrningham.     41%     is.     Robibn.      1*71. 

MR.  Jcrningham  has  once  more  paid  his  court  to  his  fanmrke 
mufe  Melpomene,  and  foHcited  her  aafpices  in  another  tea- 
der  talc.  We  have  had  To  many  occafions  to  fpeak  of  this  gendema&'i 
poetical  merit,  that  we  (hall  now  rell  fatisfied  with  letting  his  worb 
fpeak  for  themfelvcs. 

Arabert,  previoufly  to  his  monadic  engagement,  had  a  love-anir 
with  Leonora;  but  being  feizedwith  illnefs,  and  having  made  a  tok', 
in  cafe  of  his  recovery,  to  retire  into  the  convent  of  La  Trappc,  he 
was  under  the  necefHty  of  fulfilling  his  vow,  and  he  retired.  Leonora 
followed  her  lover,  and,  by  difguifmg'  herfelf  in  man's  habit,  ob- 
tained admiffion  into  the  monallery ;  where,  a  few  days  after,  fhe 
silfirtodat  the  funeral  of  Arabert.  On  the  faul  news  of  his  deatij, 
ihe  difcovcrs  herfelf  to  Anfelm,  a  venerable  monk,  who  had  attended 
Arabert  in  his  laii  moments,  and  naturally  in  treats  him  to  inform  her 
whether  her  lover  had  totally  call  her  off  from  his  thoughts.  Tiie 
monk  anfwcrs, 

As  at  his  fide  I  took  my  mournful  (land. 

With  feeble  grafp  he  feiz'd  my  ofFer'd  hand. 

And  thus  began "  The  fatal  dart  is  fped; 

Soon,  foon  (hall  Arabert  increafe  the  dead. 

'Tis  well ;  for  what  can  added  life  bellow 

But  days  returning  flill  with  added  woe  ; 

Say,  have  I  not  fecluded  from  my  fight 

The  lovely  objeft  of  my  paft  delight  ? 

Ah,  had  I  too  dethroned  her  from  my  mind. 

When,  here,  the  holy  brotherhood  I  join'd, 

Remorfe  would  not,  increafing  my  difeafe. 

Prey  on  my  foul,  and  rob  it  of  its  eafe  : 

And  yet  I  drove,  unequal  to  the  part. 

Weak,  to  perform  the  facrifice  of  {^eart : 

And  now,  ev'n  now,  too  feeble  to  controol, 

I  feel  her  clinging  to  my  parting  foul  :'* 

He  fpoke,  my  fympathctic  bo(bm  bled. 

And  to  the  realms  of  death  his  fpirit  fled. 

The  Fair  rcjoin'd ;  "  Mifled  by  foul  diflruff. 
To  him  whofe  heart  was  mine,  am  I  unjuft  / 
Ah,  Arabert,  th'  unwilling  fault  forgive. 
Dead  to  th'  alluring  world,  in  thee  I  live. 
My  thoughts,  my  deep  regret,  my  (brrows  own. 
No  view,  no  objedl  dill  but  thee  ak>ne« 
At  all  the  vengeance  burding  from  above, 
Aiarm*d,  1  weep— 1  diudder — yet  I  love." 


P  O  E  T  I  C  A  t«  4^9 

Ah,  Lebnore  I  in  that  tremendous  hour, 
Didft  thou  not  feel  all  heaven's  avenging  power  ? 
When  moving  through  the  iile,  the  choral  band 
And  veiled  priclh,  with  torches  in  their  hand. 
Gave  to  thy  view,  unforiurtately  dear. 
Thy  lover  nccping  on  th'  untimely  bicr? — 

With  trembling  hand  (he  now  the  veil  withdrew. 
When,  lo!  the  well-known  features  tlruclc  her  view 
AbforbM  in  grief,  fhe  call  a  fond  furvey  — 
At  length  Iter  thoughts  in  murmttrs  broke  away ; 
**  That  eye  which  {hed  on  mine  voluptixous  tiORT^ 
Ahsl  how  funk  in  everlaHing  night  1  > 

See  from  thofe  lips  the  living  colour  fled  \ 
Where  love  rcfidcd,  and  where  plcafure  fed  ! 
And  whctc  bright  eloquence  had  pour*d  her  llore. 
Dumb  horror  fits  —  aitd  wifdom  is  no  more. 
Yet  ere  the  worm,  fmce  this  is  doomed  its  prey. 
Shall  ^Ci\\  the  lingering  likened  quite  away» 

On  that  cold  lip 

•         •        •        • 

Tht>u,  who  artcv'n  at  this  dread  moment  dear, 
Oh,  iiude  of  Arabcrt,  Hill  hover  near. 
I  come'* ►— ^-^^ 

And  now,  emerging  from  her  woes; 

('Twas  Iove*4  Ult  effort)  from  the  earth  fhe  rofe ; 
And,  ilrangc  to  tcII,  with  Ilrong  afFcdion  fraught^ 
She  headlong  plnng'd  into  the  gloomy  \'ault ; 
And  there,  whut  her  impafllon'd  wilh  rc^nif'd. 
On  the  lov'd  brcitft  of  Arabert  expired* 

'We  muft  do  Mr.  Jcrningham  the  jufTic:  lo  obfcrve  that  there  zte 
liner  lines,  and  more  beautiful  pafla^^s  in  his  poem,  than  thofe  we 
have  quoted* 

Art*  12.  An  criginalEffay  on  IVcmani  in  four  Eplllle^.  Writleir 
by  a  Lady.     4to.     %  s.  6  d.     Sw;in. 

We  pay  the  grcatcfl  deference  to  the  noble  Author  of  this  poem* 
the  right  honourable  Lad/  ^4ary  Seymour  Montague*;  and  we  molt 
humbly  impore  h«r  Lad) i}iip*s  pardon,  if  we  prcfume  to  prcfent  o^ 
Kcadejs  with  one  precious  nofc£jay  from  her  dclccluble  garden  ; 

What  if  the  farmer's  wife,  to  (liew  her  tadc. 
Should  all  her  trme  with  pr.itiiig  parrots  wallc; 
Weplcft  her  poultry  and  her  dairy's  care 
To  hear  the  feather'd  mimiC:.  fing^  and  fWcar| 
Or  (huuld  her  joys  upon  a  monkey  fix. 
Admire  his  grin,  and  doat  upon  his  tricks ; 
Would  not  fuch  fooleries  as  much  furprlzc. 
As  if  you  faw  a  duchcfs  making  prcs ; 


L 


*  The  Author's  preface  fo  Ogned;  a  ftale  trivk  of  preExiog  nim^f 
of  quality  to  works  of  tralh, 

KEy,  Junci77u       .  Kte  ^^ 


^^0  Monthly  Catalogue. 

Or  fome  fine  fountefs  in  the  lanndry's  floods, 
Involv'd  in  fteianiy  and  fpatter^d  o'er  with  fods. 

Would  the  Reader  know  more  concerning  this  origind  perfbr» 
ancc  :  — it  is  Pope's  EfTay  on  Man,  tamed  into  an  Eilay  on  Woman. 

Art.  13.  Cautions  to  a  Lady  ;  a  Poem.  By  the  Author  of  Scar- 
borough. 4to.  IS.  Dodfley.  1771. 
The  precepts  in  this  poem  are  good»  and  the  langoagie  is  not 
bad.  Inflrudbions  for  guarding  aeainft  the  common  da&gm  to 
which  youth  and  beauty  are  expofed,  and  which  await  the  very  »• 
portant  decilion  of  the  matrimonial  choice,  fill  ten  thoufand  volaao, 
and  cry  aloud  from  the  fhclvcs  of  every  circulating  library.  Tke 
flill,  fmall  voice  in  which  they  fpeak,  ^m  this  little  pamphlet,  iu]f 
not  be  difagrceable  to  our  fair  Readers,  and  we  fhall  therefore  vn 
ture  to  recommend  it  to  them  ;  as  they  will  here  and  there  meet 
with  a  vcrfe  that  is  new,  and  a  thought  that  is  not  old :  fuck,  for 
inftance,  is  the  following  couplet : 

Coxcombs,  like  cancers,  on  the  vitals  prey ; 
Coxcombs,  like  cancers,  kill,  when  cut  away. 

Art.  14.  The  Merchant y  a  naval  Lyric,  written  in  Imitation  of 
Pindar's  Spirit,  on  the  Britilh  Trade  and  Navigation.  Bj  L 
Young,  LL.  D.     4to.     2  s.  6d.     Swan. 

The  late  Dr.  Young  was  unfortunate  in  his  idea  of  the  fublimeio 
lyric  poetry.  He  imagined  it  beft  exprcfTed  by  the  gig-like  lii  of 
fhort  quick  rhymes,  and  thought  it  loll  nothing  of  its  dignity  by  the 
admilFion  of  familiar  expredlous,  vernacular  terms,  and,  u  fliort,  all 
the  dominantia  nomina  rerum.  Hence  his  odes  are  the  idlcft  of  all 
his  compofitions.  In  fa£b»  he  was  not  fufficiently  fkilled  in  numben 
to  fu'Hain  the  variety  of  the  ode.  There  is  a  monotony  in  his  Aanzas, 
in  the  lad  degree  mortifying  and  tirefome.  His  mufe  was  too  and- 
thetical,  his  taAc  too  low,  for  the  dignity  of  the  lyre. 

Stanza  III. 

By  George  and  Jo\'e  it  is  decreed 

The  mighty  months  in  pomp  proceed. 
Fair  daughters  of  the  fun  ! — O  thou  divine* 

Bleil  Indudry  !  a  fmiling  earth 

From  thee  alone  derives  its  birth  ; 

By  thee  the  ploughihare  and  its  matter  (hine. 
This  is  quite  in  the  flyleof  Sir  William  Browne. 

George  thus  addreiTd  his  brother  gods. 
George  and  Jove  thus  afTociated  make  a  ridiculoos  figoxt.    lothc 
above  Itanza  the  earth  is  called  the  daughter  of  Indoftry  ;  jAd  the 
conceit  in  the  lad  line  is  infufferably  low. 

From  thee,  mad,  cable,  anchor,  oar ; 
From  thee,  the  cannon  and  his  romr  i 

Not  the  cannon  only,  but  his  roar.     Let  us  add  ; 

SoNoaihof  old,  in  his  good  ark, 

Vrcfctv' 4  \iift  4»^  ^^^  Ukfc  ^^^\\Mab»  , ,  I 


P  a  fi  T  I  c  A  t; 


49» 


When  lie  would  roufe  the  langui(hing  rpirit  ef  TraJe,  Ke  has  the 
air  and  manner  of  a  waterman  who  calls  on  hU  wife  to  wake  \ih 
neeping  'prentice. 

Wake,  fting  her  up.     Trade! 
Another  inflance  of  low  conceit  is  the  following  line  t 

Her  pitot  into  fcrvicc  Ms  the  ftars, 

Notwithflanding  thefe  flrangc  faults,  the  po«m  is  not  without 
marks  of  genius ;  bttt  it  is  genius  mifemployed,  exerting  itfelf  on  « 
fubjcd  to  which  it  is  unequal ;  in  meafures  ill  varied  and  ill  fuiUinedi 
and  in  language  fometimes  low,  and  frequently  obicure,  Upoti  the 
whole,  we  cannot  but  condemn  the  motives  from  which  the  poem 
was  reprinted,  and  brought  out  of  that  obfcurity  where  it  ought  to 
have  remained.  We  have,  however,  no  doubt  that  this  *  noble  pin- 
daric,'  as  the  Editor  llyles  it,  is  really  the  production  of  the  jullly 
admired  Author  of  the  Night  Thoughts* 
Art.  15.  Poems^  from  a  Manufcript  ♦  written  in  the  Time  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  410.  is.  6d,  Murray.  I77i» 
Thefe  poems  bear  not  only  certain  marks  of  originality,  but  fome 
inarits  of  genius.  There  is  fomcthing  uncommon  in  the  idea  of  ih« 
cxtortioner*s  epitaph : 

Who,  without  horror  can  that  houfc  behold. 

Though  ne'er  fo  fair,  that  is  with  tombilones  made, 
Whofe  walls,  fraught  with  infcriptions  writ  of  old, 
Say  Ml  HEUH  undehneatm  fome  body's  laid* 

Though  fuch  iraaflated  church-yards  fhine  with  gold^ 

Yet  they  the  builder's  facrilcgc  upbraid. 
And  the  wrong'd  ghofts,  there  haunting  uncontrourd^ 

Follow  each  one  his  monumental  ihade. 

i 

But  they  that  by  the  poor  man^s  downfall  rile. 
Have  fadder  epitaphs  carv'd  on  their  cheds. 

As  here  the  widow,  here  the  orphan  lies. 
Who  (te$  their  wealth  their  avarice  dctefts  ! 

The  lad  verfe  but  one  of  the  laJl  lUnza  is  pointed  with  extraordi- 
nary force,  and  we  do  not  remember  to  have  feen   any  thing  Uke 
cither  that  or  indeed  the  whole  epitaph.    The  pamphlet  contains 
fome  other  curious  pieces. 
Art.  1 6»    Tbi  Inundation  \    or^  the  Life  0/  a  Penman  ;  a  Poem  : 

With  Notes  critical  and  explanatory.     By  a  Fen  Parfon.     4to# 

t  s.     Baldwin. 

In  thofc  melancholy  tradls  of  this  iJlaod,  where,  fecluded  frooi 
the  foctety  of  mankind,  in  miferabte  huts  conllru^ed  of  clay  aoct 
rulhes,  expofed  to  the  impetuofity  of  winds  and  waters,  obliged  to 
delve  their  wretched  way  from  place  to  place  with  toll  and  difficulty^ 
like  a  maa  who  tempers  clay  for  bricks  with  his  feet,  chilled  through 

•  The  previous  advertifement  afcribes  thefe  poems  to  *  one  Ct* 
rcy,  a  man  of  whom  we  know  nothing,  ^nd  whofe  rcputatiotif  pof- 
fibjy  in  his  own  tkne,  never  went  br/ond  the  caicU  of  grivatet 
friendtliip.* 


L. 


4^ 


Monthly  CATAioouFi 


her 

m 


ha: 


I 


the  whole  current  of  Jjfe  with  damp  abforblng  air,  with  fallovv  £cVit 
countenances,  unknown  to  chccrfulncfs,  and  unvifitcd  by  charity- 
In  thofe  regions,  where  people  thus  circumllanccd  fpend  ihcil^  pi 
tiabic  dnyi,  is  it  not  ftrangc  that  any  thing  like  the  voice  of  poctr 
ihould  be  heard.*  Fair  befal  thee,  thou  kind  and  adventurous  mj 
of  God  '  Risht  wjie  and  learned  clerk,  fair  befall  thee  and  thy  chit 
cLren  ntnc  !  St^cing  thou,  like  another  Ovid  in  Pontus,  like  another 
Orpheus  in  the  infernal  regions,  or,  rather,  like  Arion  on  the  back 
of  a  dolphin,  furronndcd  by  the  inhofpiiable  main,  hatl  introduco 
founds  of  humanity  to  an  amphibious  race  of  men.'  For  this  cour 
teous  d^'d,  when,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  thy  ^7il£rty  plunges 
deeper  than  his  tail, — may'll  thou,  may  he  emerge  to  day*lightf 
May  thy  gccfc,  if  gcefe  thou  hall,  when  dtveiled  of  their  plumage 
to  fwell  the  couch  of  luxury,  what  time  the  general  fcream  tudsk 
from  fen  to  fen,  and  the  allonijhed  traveller  apprehencW  that  the  racial 
of  geefe  have  rebelled  againfl  the  race  of  men,  and  ilrippecl  iHcoi- 
fcl vcs  for  battle,  may  thine  at  that  critical  jundurc,  when  *  like  a 
rat  without  a  tail,'  they  fwim  in  ragged  deformity,  and  (hew  tbcir 
naked ncfs  to  hide  thy  own,  tfcapc  the  pert i lent  hatl^florm  iha: 
would  quickly  lay  them  low !  For  thou,  though  not  the  fweetcfi 
linger  of  Ifrael,  hall  fung  one  of  the  fongs  of  Sion  in  a  iliange  lancji 
yet  hadil  thou  not  one  hofpitable  willow  whereon  to  hug  th} 
hurp* 
Art.  17.  J poiiual  EJfay  on  the  jtttrihuies  of  God.     PiirtU,     By 

the  Rev.  W.  H»  Roberts*  Fellow  of  Eton  College.     410.     1  5. 

Wilkie.      1771. 

In  our  Review  for  March  •»  wc  took  notice  of  the  firft  part  of 
this  poetical  work,  and  obfcrvcd  that  though   the  Author's  fenti^ 
jncnts  were  common,  his  poetry  did  him  no  difcrcdit.     The  fame 
may  be  iV5d  of  the  prefent  performance,  wirhthis  additional obferva 
tjon,  that  it  contains  more  poetry  than  philofophy,  and  more  ortho 
doxy  than  cither.  Whether  Mr.  Roberts  has  rightly  thought  itiwooli 
coneribate  to  the  honour  of  the  attributcfi  to  rcprefent  the  Sapres 
Being  punifhing  the  breach  of  one  focial  duty  with  an 
'  hornd  dungeon,  drear,  and  dark, 
Whence  pefiilential  vapours  taint  the  air> 
And  livid  Aa^mes  afcend 

aird  to  dcfcribe  the  wretch  condemned  to  this  abode, 

Wnthing  with  agonies  and  parch*d  with  fire,        * 
we  ihall  leave  our  Rcaderi  to  dctcririnc. 

Pol   I  t  j  c  a  l. 
Art.  iS.  Ff  fbiPnfs^  and  Privileges  (f  t})i  Ccmmms^  can* 

fidtred :  in  ^  i^cui.1    to  a  Country  Friend,     iivo.     1  s.  6ii«     BelU 

1771. 

In  thii  very  contemptible  pcribrmance,  the  Author  would  fupp 
the  condud  of  the  Houk  of  Commons  in  their  late   tranfa^Uo 
agalnll  the  printers ;  but  he  feetns  to  be  equally  a  Uranger  to 
nature  of  the  EugUih  govcrntTwnt,  and  to  the  rules  of  go^  con 
£iion. 


f  P.ige  ::'U 


I 


Art^ 


P  O  L  1   T  I  C  A  I* 


491 


Art,  19.  Tw)  Spiichet  ^f  an  Honourah  i  Gentleman  on  th  late  Isle^ 
godafhn  aiii  C&nvetfthn  nmitb  Sfmn^     8tfO.      is.  6  d.      Almoit. 

The  fubje£l  of  the  fpeeches  before  us  is  canvafTcd  in  ihcm  at  con- 
fiderablc  length,  and  with  equa!  candour  and  abihty.  They  prove, 
in  the  moil  irrefragable  manner,  that  Spain,  in  the  affair  of  Falk* 
land  s  Illand,  offered  a  wantx}n  and  ignominious  inCult  to  the  Britiih 
flag;  and  that  the  condud  of  our  ncgociators.  with  regard  10  it, 
juftiticd  fufhciently  the  difcontent  and  clamour  which  attended  it* 
To  fpread  among  all  ranks  of  men  a  hi^h  fcnfe  of  our  national  dig* 
nky  and  importance,  has  been  citeemcd  no  impolinc  mcafure  under 
fome  adminitlrations ;  and  to  tarnilh  our  national  glory  by  tame  and 
dajlardly  fubmiiTjons  miifl  kad  certainly  to  the  moil  dangerous  con- 
fequcnces.  How  far,  in  tranfa<^tions  of  this  kind,  our  rulers  have 
fully  dilchargcd  the  duties  of  their  oiKces,  or  whether  they  have  di- 
re£lcd  thcmfelvcs  by  motives  pernicious  to  the  freedom,  the  honour, 
and  the  fecurity  of  their  fellow- citizens,  may  hereafter  be  more 
clearly  feen  than  at  prefent. 

Art,  20.  "The  Dehati  in  the  Houfe  of  CommmSy  February  27, 
1771,  on  the  Bill  to  repeal  a  Claufe  in  the  AH  for  c|uteting  the 
PolTcnion  of  the  Subjcitl,  commonly  called  the  Nulikm  Ttmpm  ASim 
8vo*     IS.  6d.     Aimon. 

On  the  principle  that  nullum  ttmpui  oicurrit  regi,  an  cftatc,  which 
had  been  above  (cycnty  years  in  the  poficllion  of  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land*s  family,  was  given  to  Sir  James  Lovvthcr,  The  purpofe  of 
this  grant  feems  to  have  been  10  carry  an  election,  and  to  fupport 
the  crown  :  a  proceeding  which  has  been  cenfurcd  as  violent,  tyran- 
nical, and  unjurt.  It  is  curious  to  obfervc,  in  the  publication  be« 
fore  U3,  what  arguments  the  friends  of  government  employed  to  de- 
fend it. 

Art.  21*  A  Defend  cf  fomi  ProcaSngs  lately  depending  in  Parlia-^ 
mtmt^  to  render  morecffe^oal  the  Ad  for  quieting  the  Pofleflion 
of  the  Subjcd,  commonly  called  the  NuHum  Tempvj  Ad*  With  aa 
Appendix,  containing  an  A^a'vit^  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
concerning  a  Spoliation  which  has  happened  among  the  public 
Records  relative  to  the  Title  of  certain  Ellatcs  belonging  to  the 
Buke  of  Portland,  lately  granted  by  the  Lords  of  the  Treafury  to 
Sir  James  Lowiher.     Svo.     1  s.     Almon. 

Strongly  fupports  the  Duke  of  Portland's  claim  to  the  eilates  of 
which  bir  James  Lowther  obtained  the  grant.  The  above-mentioned 
affidavit  is  annexed  to  it.  In  order  to  prove  that  a  fpoliation  had  been 
committed  in  the  record  relating  to  thefe  ellatcs,  and  that  men  of 
rank,  and  of  ofBce,  are  capable  of  committing  atis  of  the  uimofl 
injufticc  and  opprcffion. 

Art.  22.  Thi  PhUofiphir\  in  three  Covcrfations,  Part  IK  With 
a  fecond  Dedication  to  Lord  Man^^deld*    1 2mo.     is.  6  d*    Becket. 

That  becaufe  a  man  ha5  once  done  well  he  mud  aWays  do  fo»  k 
by  no  means  an  eilablifhed  maxim.     In  Autliorifm,  particularly,  t€ 
rarely  holds  good ;  and  of  fecond  parts,  in  general,  we  may  fay  as 
faid  of  the  fecond  legion,  that  they  follavif.  V^^  i.\^  ^^\^'  ^^- 


494-  Monthly  Catalog ue. 


■  jnericaUy.    Bat  thoagh  we  can  (ky  bnt  little  in  favour  of  tketia- 
.  logue,  there  is  the  fame  pecaliar  fpirit  in  the  dedication  to  Lotd 
Mansfield  which  diilinguifhcd  the  former  publication.    See  Rcficf 
for  January  lall»  page  35. 

Art.  23.  The  political  and  commercial  Works  rftbat  csUhgied  ff^ri* 
ur  Charles  Danjenant^  LL.  D.  relatine  to  the  Trade  and  Rerenoe 
of  England,  the  Plantation  Trade,  the  Eaft-India  Trade,  and  dn 
African  Trade.     Colleaed  and  revifed  by  Sir  Charles  Wbitworth, 
Member  of  l^arliament.    To  which  is  annexed,  a  copioiulAda. 
8vo.     9  Vols.     I  1.  qs.  Boards.    Horsfield,  &c.     1771. 
The  public- fpirited  Editor  juflly  obferves  that  the  fubjeds  txetted 
pf,  in  this  culledion,  are  fach  as  every  nobleman  and  gendemania 
this  country  ought  to  be  well  acquainted  with ;  that  the  timet  ii 
which  Davenant  wrote  the  principal  part  of  tbefe  valuable  oab 
were  foon  after  that  happy  a^ra  of  our  Englifh  conftitotion,  bjr  iki 
acceflion  of  King  William  and  Queen  Mary  ;  and   that  his  difoonfe 
may  properly  be  called  the  foundation  of  our  political  eftablifhineit, 
as  leveral  public  regulations  have  taken  place  from  the  hinu  wkid 
he  threw  out.     It  is  certain  that  the  political  and  commercial  pieca 
of  this  able  and  eminent  Writer  have  long  been  held  in  thehigM 
eflecm,  and  deemed  as  valuable  as  they  were  fcarce.     He  pablShcd 
them  at  different  periods,  from  the  year  1699  to  171 2;  and,  iafe 
many  detached  treacifes,  that  to  collect  them  in  an  entire  aod  odh 
iform  edition,  was,  undoubtedly,  a  very  defirable  work.— The  ac- 
count of  the  life  and  writings  of  the  Author^  here  prefixed,  is  eX" 
traded  from  the  Biographia  Britannica. 

Trade  and  Commerce* 
Art.  24.  Confideratiom  on  the  prefent  State  of  the  Trade  t9  Africa  i 
with  fome  Account  of  the  Britiih  Settlements  in  that  Coontry,  aod 
the  Intrigues  of  the  Natives  (ince  the  Peace  :  In  a  Letter  addfcftd 
to  the  People  in  Power,  &c.  By  a  Gentleman  who  refided  op- 
wards  of  fifteen  Years  in  that  Country.  8yo.  is.  6 d.  Mxat- 
fon  and  Roberts.     1771. 

Recites  the  feveral  inconveniences  and  grofs  abufes  which  hn 
prept  into  our  African  trade.  The  Author  feems  to  ]^ve  writn 
from  unqueftionable  experience,  and  his  obfervations  appear  to  b« 
fo  important  as  to  merit  the  ferious  regard  of  all  who  are  interefiel 
in  the  fubjed. 

Art.  25.  Jn  Jnglo  Lufitanic  Dtfcourfe^  concerning  the  CemfliaA 
tf  the  Britijh  Faaors,  rejident  in  the  City  of  UJhon.  By  a  Seriw 
and  Impartial  Wellwifher  to  the  Profperity  of  both  Nation&r  fi^ 
is.  6d.     Wilkie.     1771- 

In  the  Review,  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  68,  we  gave  an  account  of  iptt* 
jhlct  containing  Memorials  of  the  Britijh  Confid  amd  FetBory  eiiUf^ 
relating  to  commercial  grievances  therein  complained  of.  TheJll^ 
fcnt  Difcourfe  is  a  difcufiion  of  thofe  complaints  ;  the  origin  of  ™ck 
is  afcribed  to  the  machinations  of  the  Jefuits,  who  are  reprdcBttl 
as  having,  by  various  arts,  endeavoured  to  calumniate  Ins  Fo^ 
guefe  ma3e(lN  e\ei  ^\tvc<ixVi^  c<c^mtcL!eucement  of  l&is  reign  ;  and  aola 
to  irritate  ti\t  ?ott\3i^>at^^  xvaXMati  %!^\)!^  ^^^^aj^^Si^  thsa  the  Bi* 
Jiihagainft  iVieYoi^u^xJ^tfe*  ^^  «»t«w  M^^^ix^m 


Medical.  495 

has  faduned  no  injury  by  any  internal  regulations  of  his  Portuguefe 
majefty ;  and  the  Writer  gives  the  amount  of  the  fpecie  remitted 
from  Portugal  by  various  conveyaiKes  to  Britain  for  four  years,  fub- 
iequent  to  the  above-mentioned  Memorials ;  as  under : 
Years.  i.         s.     d. 

{906,286  9  il 
813,370  8  4* 
930,4.01  4  4I 
902,455   19     6 

Sum  total    3,55**574     ^     7J 

The  names  fubfcribed  to  thofe  Memorials  this  Writer  affirms  to 
con/iil  of  book-keepers,  clerks,  and  even  of  individuals  of  a  lower 
clafs ;  the  merchants  of  any  confequence  refufing  all  concurrence 
therein.  Such  oppofite  allegations  mud  be  left  to  the  reyiewai  of 
gentlemen  engaged  in  the  Porcuguefe  trade,  who  only  know  the  par- 
ticular fadls  ;  and  of  which  we  can  fay  nothing  pofitively.  We  fhall 
therefore  onlv  remark,  that  what  he  advances  feems  plaufible  ;  and 
%hat,  if  the  king  of  Portugal  labours  to  introduce  indotlry  among  his 
people,  this  alone  may  render  feme  of  the  mercantile  profeilion  there 
difconte^ited  ;  though  fo  far,  there  can  be  no  jullifiable  complaint 
flgainft  him  by  foreigners. 

Medical. 
Art.  26.  Tlje  Female  Phyjici an  ;  or^  every  IVoman  her  own  Do^frefs. 

Wherein    is  fummarily  comprized,    all   that  is  necefHiry  to  be 

known  in  the  Cure  of  the  feveral  Diforders  to  which  the  Fair  Sex 
•    arc  liable  ;  together  with  Prefcriptions  in  Englifli  of  the  rcfpeilive 

Medicines  proper  to  be  given  in  each  Cafe.     By  John  Ball,  M.  D. 

Author  of  the   Modern  Pradlice  of  Phyfic,    &c.      i  zmo.      2  s. 

L.  Davis.     177c. 

Dr.  Ball,  or  his  bookfeller,  will  probably  be  more  benefited  by 
this  publication  than  the  good  ladies  of  Great  Britain. 

We  Ihould  be  extremely  forry  to  fee  thofe  females,  who  are  not 
,{0  happy  as  to  be  mothers,  making  free  with  Dr.  Ball's  prolific  tinc^ 
/««.— Here  it  is  : 

'  Take  of  Peruvian  bark  in  powder,  an  ounce  and  a  half;  cinna- 
mon, gum  guaiacum,  rhubarb,  each  half  an  ounce  ;  Virginia 
fnakeroot,  three  drams  ;  Peruvian  balfafn,  two  drams  ;  faifron, 
one  dram  ;  bed  French  brandy,  two  pints. 

'  Infufe  them  together  in  a  bottle  or  decanter  well  flopt,  for  a 
^rtnight,  often  ihaking  the  vefTel,  then  drain  off  the  clear  tincture 
for  ufe 

*  Of  this  beautiful  cordial  tindure  the  patient  may  take  four 
large  fpoonfuls,  or  a  wine  glafs  two  or  three  times  a  day.' 

Twelve  large  fpoonfuls  of  French  brandy,  independent  of  the  fitry 
ingredients  with  which  they  are  loaded,  are  much  too  large  a  daily 
allowance  for  any  fair  lady,  be  her  conditution  ever  fo  phlegmatic 
Whatever  Dr.  Ball  may  tMnk,  this  is  downright  dram-drinking. 

Kk  4  *^ 


^9|g  Monthly  CATAtCcuEy 

,Art.  27.  Propofals  for  Publijhing  by  Sutfcription,  a  Symffis  ef  ikf 
Gimral  Pra^ii^e  vf  Phyfic  :  Explaining,  in  a  full  and  condfcMio- 
acr,  iheNature  of  Difcafcs,  interna)  and  externa!,  w^iih  the  {ro- 
per Mctiiod  of  treating:  them.  Tranilatcd  from  the  Latin  of  jij- 
feph  Liciitaud,  Chief  Phyiiciiin  to  the  Roy:il  Family  of  FrsuLt. 
By  T.  Tomlinfon.  8vo.  6  d.  Birmingham  printed,  by  Biiijccr- 
ville,  and  fold  in  Loudon  by  Nicpll. 

Thcfe  Propofals  are  accompanied  with  a  fpecimen  of  the  tnnila- 
tion  ;  from  which  it  appears  that  Mr.  Tomlinfon  is  v*ell  cjualifcedfor 
the  work  which  he  has  undertaken,  and  we  with  liim  fuccds  in  his 
labours. 

Jt  fcoms  however  that,  *  Many  diffictiltles  occur  to  the  Editor  ciUu- 
faun's  SynQ/yti  either  in  carrying  on,  or  difcontinuin^  this  tranflauon. 
To  the  former  a  more  numcp^us  fublcripiion  than  what  at  prcienti^ 
railed,  is  necc|ia;y  :  and  in  rcfpeil  to  the  latter,  atcer  the  pcirsioi 
cxpcnce  already  bcftowcd,  and  the  trouble  given  to  thv*  fubfcriUii, 
he  feels  hiinfcJf  at  a  lois  how  to  make  an  apology.'— lis  add*,  *  Aj 
to  the  prefent  attempt  the  Editor  can  only  fay,  that  he  flands  ac- 
quitted to  himfelf  in  his  intentions,  and  humbly  hopes  that  the  fab- 
fcribers  will  cxcufc  liim  frouT  pro.ecutin^^  it  to  his  own  lofs,  as  thepr:- 
pofaLs  have  been  in  the  particular  mode  in  which  ihey  were  cil*pe::et!, 
unfuccefsful.  In  refped  to  the  public,  he  fubmits  wi:h  thitceler- 
cncc  due  to  it,  the  propofuls  nnd  fpecimen  here  riiintxcd,  beinijlli!] 
defirous  cither  of  continuing  the  work  by  fubfcripti  .-n,  or  of  r:.:j:"- 
ing  the  property  into  the  hnnds  of  any  bookfellers  who  choofe  to  en- 
gage in  it. 

»  '  N.B,  Gentlemen  who  choofc  to  cncnurr.q;^  this  undertaking  aie 
refueled  to  give  in  their  names  to  the  Editor  in  Birmirghri. 
(Letters  poll-paid)  or  to  William  Nicoll,  No.  51,  S:.  I'aui'iCiiuitL- 
yard,  L'indon  * 

An.  2S.  //.'  /t'/Avj'  OH  ihr  Ufc  of  the  GatigUofis  of  the  Nerves,  Bjf 
J.\n.Co  J.  ;i:\lr?'jr\  M  D.  J^vo.  2  s.  Shrewibury  printed,  and 
fold  in  Lv»!idon  by  Uichcc  and  Co.      1771.* 

The  ru'j!'::ncc  oi  iliia  K:iay  has  already  appeared  in  the  Philofo* 
phit  al  Tia;ifi:',io:n  *". 

'  Tlit^  (ItJCTiiic  ;.  Iva.'.ced  by  cur  ingenious  Author,  .in d  which  he 
heii-  fi:i!KM  I'l'.iiirnrjb  and  Kjpp:^rts,  ii.  briefly  tliii  ; — that  thr  g-n«- 
lionii  r.;."  ilvj  irnmed'.ite  foiirvt  s  of  all  the  ifizfoluv/afy  morions  i  ti\t 
iuilnii:.:'.!!'^  by  v.j:lch  the  motions  of  the  heart  and  inteilines  arc, 
from  r!i  •  <.iriiL!{.  to  tlio  JLir*;' periods  of  animal  lif^.-,  uniformly  kept 
lip. — *  Till*  :  ..;:y.]!  , .-,  rcfpeC ting  their  Ilruc^ui c,  may  ju illy  be  con- 
fi'Jer -li  ;;s  litiie  l)r;iir.s,  or  geinies,  of  the  nerves  dcrnched  fom  ihrm, 
confi  ii;i:;  r  f  a  mixture  of  cnrtical>  and  nervoas  medullary  fub.iaucc, 
r.our'.li.eJ  by  ll-. r.;al  fmall  blood  vcilcls,  in  wliich  various  nervous 
filTir.etts  .ire  eolljj^led,  and  in  them  lo.'e  their  leitilinear  parallel 
<!iu^ciiv.'n,  10  tha:  a  new  nervous  organization  probably  lakes  pl-cu 
y.\  ih'.ni. 

*  ]lf;vairj'T  tleir  ufcs,  ganglions  feem  the  fourccs  or  i.Ti  medial 
or';-;ij;     c.f  il.:-   i:.rvis,  fent    to  orgini*  moved   involuntarily;  and. 


N  o  V  E  f.  3..  49/    . 

|>r6babl)',  the  check  or  caufc  which  hinders  our  voliCiCjns  from  ex- 
tending to  them. 

•  Ganglions  feem  analogous  to  the  brain  in  their  ofilce  :  fubor- 
dinate  fpring?,  and  refcivoirs  of  nervous  po.vcr,  they  ;cem  capabJe 
of  difpenfing  it,  lon^  aficr  all  communication  with  the  brain  is  cut 
off.  And  though  they  ultiniauly  depend  upon  the  brain  for  its 
emanations,  it  appears  from  {din,  that  /In/  dcpcndance  is  far  from 
being  immediate  and  inllanrav^i  .  us. 

•  From  the  ganglions  ier.in:;  :i,s  i'ab'.rdinatc  brains,  it  is,  that  tfae 
vital  organs  derive  their  nervous  power,  and  continue  to  move  du-  ' 
^ing  flcep :  and  to  the  fame  caufe,  as  well  as  to  itp  greater  irrita- 
bility, we  may  refer  the  continuance  of  the  motion  of  the  heart  fo 
piuch  longer  than  that  of  the  voluntary  mufcles,  in  perfedt  apo- 
plexies.    From  thence  too  the  motions  of  the  heart  receive  for  fome 

.  time  fupport,  even  after  the  fpinal  marrow  and  the  intercoflals  ia 
thei;-  defcent  along  the  neck,  arc  cut  through :  fo  that  animals  fur- 
vivc  ihis  experiment  Sometimes  thirty  hours,  which  however  proves  at 
length  certainly  fatal,  by  cutting  off  all  communication  with  the 
prime  fountain  of  nervous  emanation.' 

The  ganglions  confidcred  in  this  point  of  view,  have  a  vf ry  fio- 
gular  and  ufeful  ollice ;  they  controul  the  powers  of  the  foul,  and 
limit  its  authority  in  the  animal  machine  ;~hence  we  cannot,  when 
under  the  unhappy  iMtiuence  of  Tome  moody  or  froward  fit,  arreil  the 
motions  of  the  heart  by  a  fntfr  volition  \  and  thus,  in  one  capricious 
piomeot,  for  ever  luck  up  the  fprings  of  life. 

Novels. 
Art  29.  The  Favourite  ;  a  moral  Tale.    Written  by  a  Lady  of 
Quality.     i7mo.     2-Vcls.     5  s.  fewcd.     Baldwin. 
The  favourite  here  exhibited,  is  not  the  f;tvourite  of  a  king,  as 
in  chefe  times  many  perfons  might  luppofe,  from  the  title ;  but  the 
favourite  daughter  of  a  termagant  mother,  who  leads  an  eafy  hu{^ 
band,  and  another  daughter,  a  good  tempered  ienfible  girl,  moll  un* 
eafy  lives,  whi)c  fhe  cherifhes  the  bad  qualities  of  her  darling  child. 
The  event  is  anfwerablc  ;  and  fimilar  to  what  we  meet  wich  in  many  ^ 
other  novels : — unhapplr.cfs  and  difgrace  on  the  one  fide,  and  per- 
manent felicity  on  the  other.     There  is  another  ftory  interwoven, 

'  which,  in  feveral  particulars,  is  fomewhat  exceptionable  ;  but  though 
the  whole  has  a  moral  tendency,  and  is  written  with  eafe  and  fre&- 
idom,  we  cannot  think  it  merits  a  more  particular  examination.  If 
one  of  thele  compofiiions  will  afford  an  afternoon's  amufement  to  a 
novel-reader,  and  du  her  no  Larm^  it  is  as  much  good  as  can  be  ex* 
pcded  from  it. 

Art.  30.  The  Divorce,     In  a  Scries  of  Letters  to  and  from  Per- 
fons of  high  Rank.     i2mo.     2  Vols.     ;  s.  fewed.     Baldwin. 
From  the  title  of  this  performance,  and  thp  dedication  prefixed  to 
it,  the  Writer  means  to  have  it  undeHlood  ns  founded  on  a  late  ad- 

.venture  in  high  life.  He  reprefents  the  huiband  in  an  amiable  point 
of  view  ;  but  if  the  manreis  of  our  great  people  are  fo  abandoned 
as  they  are  here  re  pre  fen  ted,  if  high  life  con  tills  in  being  fuperior 
to  all  the  rellraint:;  of  virtue,  honour,  and  honelly,  no  good  can  be 
acne  by  recording  Lud  embdlilhing  their  y>ioA\^ax.t  xx%.fkSa££i&tA«  ^ 
which  can  only  tend  to  contaminate  the\)\i\k  ot  xiic  ipco^XftVaVsPiite 


'  '^%  MOKTRIY  CaTALOCUE, 

flations,  where  the  fmall  remains  of  thdle  virtues  are  prindpalljto 
he  found. 

Whatever  may  be  faid  in  favour  of  fbme  chancers  here  intzo- 
ducedy  or  of  the  cataftrophe  of  the  ftoiy,  we  are  firmly  convinced 
of  the  bad  tendency  of  putting  fuch  decorated  pi£lares  of  vice  into 
the  hands  of  young  perfons,  whofe  paiiions  are  more  mature  tkan 
their  powers  of  reflexion,  and  whofe  difpofitions  are  pliable  to  tb 
moft  alluring  bias. 

Art.  31.  7%0  Generous  Inconjiant ;  a  Novel.    By  a  Lady.   lino. 
2  Vols.     ^  8.  fewcd.     NicoU. 

Sophiflical  reafonings  put  into  the  mouth  of  an  avowed  iiberdne, 
may  but  too  readily  be  adopted  by  fimilar  difpofitions  ;  and  wkere 
the  other  parts  of  a  licentious  character  are  favourably  reprefented, 
vice  is  but  too  much  recommended  to  thofe  light  minds  whidi  refoft 
to  novels,  in  order  to  fill  up  the  vacancies  of  time.  We  are,  there- 
fore, perfuaded  that  fuch  produdlions  are  rather  calculated  to  confinn 
bad  difpofitions  than  to  reform  them  ;  as  the  proper  inferences  will 
feldom  be  drawn  or  fubfcribed  to  but  by  thofe  who  fland  in  no  need 
of  thefe  equivocal  monitors.  This  observation,  applied  to  the  pI^ 
fent  performance,  will  comprehend  all  the  praife  we  can  befhnr 
upon  it. 
Art.  32.  Rofara ;  «r,  the  Adventures  of' an  JSIrefs  :  A  Story  from 

real  Life,     Tranflated  from  the  Italian  of  pietro  Chiari.    lano. 

3  Vols.     7  s.  6d.  fewcd.    Baldwin. 

This  work,  though  we  have  iuferted  it  in  the  clafs  of  novels*  is 
given  to  the  public,  not  as  a  matter  of  fidion,  but  matter  of  fafi. 
It  pretends  to  recite  the  real  adventures  of  a  young  Italian  damfel, 
faid  to  have  been  well  known  at  Naples,  Palermo,  &c.  firft  as  a 
rope-dancer,  and  afterwards  as  an  adlrefs.  Laftly,  fhe  here  innt)- 
duces  herfelf  (for  (he  is  her  own  biographer)  to  her  readers,  10  de 

charader  of  Lady  B ,  wife  to  the  Count  of  B ,  tn  IttliJt 

nobleman. 

If  the  narrative  be  true,  it  is  curious,  from  that  circumftance;  if 
it  be  a  mere  fidion,  it  has  little  merit,  although  it  appears  to  be  not 
ill  written,  in  the  original:  for  it  wants  that  power  of  inventioB,  as 
well  as  variety  and  importance  of  incident,  which  are  neceflaiy  to 
render  it  acceptable  as  a  work  of  imagination.  It  abounds,  bov- 
ever,  with  feniible  refledlions ;  but  the  tranflation  is  not  extreodf 
elegant,  as  will  appear  from  the  following,  out  of  many,  infiaicci 
of  vulgarity,  which  might  be  produced  : 

**  I  revealed  my  fufpicion  to  the  Count  and  Don  Cirillo  :«-dKf 
were  fit  10  die  of  laughing  :"  vol.  ii.  p.  203. — *•  It  woold  [f*y»*^ 

Lady]  be  a  ticklifh  matter  to  truft  Lady  A with  my  feott:* 

ib.  p.  209. — "  I  know,"  fays  a  Gentleman   (Majorrdomo  to  tbe 

Marchionefs  of  B }  *'  that  J  am  hurting  the  apple  of  my  msfkr's 

eye :"  vol.  iii.  p.  31.—"  But  a  ticklifh  doubt  flill  remained:*'   ib. 
p.  190. — Signora's  affairs  are,  indeed,  of  fo  tickiijb  %,  natare,  that 
we  defire  to  have  nothing  more  to  fay  to  them. 
Art.  33.  Memoirs  of  Lady  IVoodford.     Written  by  herfelf,  ilJ 

addrcffcd  to  aiYneivd.    xxxaa^    xVols.     cs.  fewed.    Noble. 

Tendernefs  siiid  (\tiv^\\dv)  ^t^  ^<t  Y^^^^^^^^winfivRnflka  of  tUi 
ianocent  novel. 


v^ 


Religious  An^CoNTRovERsiAt. 


499 


K 


Art.  34.  The  Fatal  CompHana  ;  «r,  the  Uiftarj  $f  Mifs  Cmflam'm 
Pimbroki,     izmo,     2  Vols,     ;  s.  fcwed.     Jones, 
Mifs  Pembroke  is  juil  fuch  another  Mifs  as  the  relt  of  the  Miflci 
who  top  their  parts  in  the  chara^ers  of  novel- heroines.     Her  llory 
is  lold  in  natural,  cafy  language;  forne  of  the  letters  (for  the  epillo- 
Jary  form  is  become  the  high  mode  of  modern  romance)  arc  fpright- 
ly  ;  and  none  of  them  are  Ul  written, 
.  Art.  35.  7he  Britijh  Aforalijl ;  cr,  T^ung  Gentleman  and  La4y^t 
Palttt  Inftru^or^    Being  a  new  Collcflion  of  Novels,  Tales,  Fablc£» 
Virions,  Dreams,  AUegories ;    felc^cd  from  the  moft  celebrated 
Moderns  that  have  been   pabliflicd  during  the  lafl  ten  Years,    To 
which  are  added,  L  Rules  for  acquiring  true  Politenefs.    If,  Pa- 
rallels between   ancient  and  modern  Charaflcrs.     JU»  h  concife 
View  of  the  Britiih  ConlUtmion,      i2mo,     2  Vols.     6  ».     Robin* 
fon  and  Roberts.     1771. 

The  Editor  intends  thi>  compilation  as  a  fupplement  to  the  feve- 
al  colleflions  which  have  been  made,  for  the  pro (1  table  amufement 
W  the  Britifti  youth.  The  pieces  which  it  contains  are  detached 
from  the  moral  and  entertaining  produtftions  of  Johnfon,  Hawkcl% 
worth,  Sterne,  Langhorne,  Shenilone,  Goldfmnh,  Brooke,  &c« 
The  articles  arc  not  itl  chofcn  ;  and  there  is  a  '^reat  variety  of  fhem; 
ib  that  the  book  cannot  fail  of  being  agreeable  «  well  aj  ufcful  to 
young  Readers, 

Religious  and  Controversial, 
Art.  36.    Tht  Chrijlian  Minljhr's  Reaf^ns  far  haf^ti-zAng  Infants^ 
and  for  adminitlering  the  Ordinance  by  fprink ling  or  pouring  of 
Water.    By  Stephen  Add ington,      i2mo,     is,     Auckland.     177 u 
The  fubjec^  of  this  little  trad  has  b^en  long  the  caufe  of  great  dif- 
lUtc  in  the  Chrillian  world;    happy,  coulJ  we  add,  that  it  had  not 
iccn  the  occafion  of  much  rancour  and  iH-wili!     The  champions  on 
he  oppoftte  fide  of  the  quellion  to  our  Author  have,  foraetimes  at 
Jeafl:,  defended   their  arguments  with   fuch  warmth  and  confidence, 
wc  had  almofl  faid  prejumpthn^  that,  judging  alone  from  thence,  it 
muil  have  been  concluded  that  their  opinion  was  moft  clear  and  cer- 
tain, and  that  of  their  opponents  utterly  indefenlible.     But  the  fair 
and  unbiaffed  mind  muft  perceive,  that  this  is  very  far  from  being  the 
^^ruc  JUte  of  the  cafe  ;    fjuce,  though  an  ingenious  pcrfon  may  offer 
^■Toniething  plaulible  on  almoU  any  fubjcf^,  it  would  then  be  impoflible 
^■to  fay  fo  much  as  is  faid,  with  the  force  of  found  truth  and  reafon,  in 
^Piippoiition  to  the  AntipadQ-baftilh^  who,  notwithllanding  all,    fre- 
quently  continue  to  contend  i^Jf  their  own  favourite  fcheme,  with  that 
pertinacious  zeal  which  might  lead  nnc  to  fuppoie,  that  the  whole  of 
religion  coniiiled  in  or  depended  upon  this,  after  all,  stxy  quefHon- 
able  point.  ' 

The  performance  before  us  is  written  with  candour:  it  conHdere 
inoll  of  the  principal  arguments  which  are  ufcd  by  the  Foeda-haptifii^ 
both  as  to  the  mode  and  the  fubje^tls  of  baptifm,  attended  alfo  with 
ft  few  fuitable  criticifms  on  feme  parts  of  fcripture.  If  there  are  any 
parts  of  the  wo^k  which  are  not  fully  conclufive,  or  to  be  regarded 
^^bicfiy  as  an  argument  ed  bominfm^  or  probafe^e  ttOiW^^  li^asit^  -wt 
^^thcn  which  zpp^&T  on  the  whole  very  hmfai^Qrv^  ^jcvi^v.WA'!:^- 


jo6  Monthly  Catalogui, 

tirely  fuiiicient  to  fhew,  that  the  praflice  of  infant-baptifm  is  prC)»er, 
allowable,  and  juilifiable;  we  apprehend,  therefore,  that  we  may  ?en- 
ture  to  recommend  this  fmall  Trcatife,  among  others,  particulvly 
one  publifhed  feme  years  ago  by  Mr.  Towgood  of  Exeter,  to  the  pe» 
rufal  of  thofe  who  wifh  to  be  more  entirely  fettled  on  this  point. 

The  following  obfervation,  though  not  new,  may  be  laid  before 
our  Readers,  *  uf  all  the  different  {e6isy*  fays  this  Author,  •  in© 
which  the  church  was  divided  in  the  third  and  fourth  centuries,  and 
which  were  always  ready  to  detedl  and  oppofe  every  thing  in  cad 
other,  that  did  not  appear  authorifed  by  the  word  of  God,  not  one 
ever  upbraided  the  other  with  baptifing  infants  as  an  innovation; 
but,  though  of  very  different  fentiments  on  many  other  dodrines  of 
the  goi'pel,  in  this  they  all  agreed  ;  and  thofe  whofe.  other  principles 
would  have  inclined  them  to  oppofe.  the  pradlice  in  their  day,  and  to 
have  difputed  the  divine  original  of  it,  if  its  divine  original  cculd 
have  been  queftioned,  even  they  declared,  that  they  never  heard  npr 
read  of  any,  whether  true  Chriflian,  heretic,  or  fchifmatic,  whodf- 
nied  baptifm  to  infants.' 

The  controverfial  part  of  the  book  is  concluded  with  thefe  obfem- 
tions,  *  We  have  not  met  with  one  text  in  the  whole  Bible,  that  re- 
quires the  immerfion  of  the  whole  body  in  Chrillian  baptifm.— Not 
one  in  which  Chrift  commarvded  his  minifters  to  baptize  believers, 
jiiuch  lefs  believers  only. — No  command,  either  from  him  or  his 
apoltles,  to  baptize  fuch  again  in  adult  years,  who  were  baptized  ia 
their  infancy,  nor  any  word  that  authorifes  to  call  a  fccond  walbiag 
baptifm.— Nor  have  we  met  with  a  fingle  inllance  recorded  in  the 
New  Teflamcnt,  in  which  the  defendants  of  Chriilian  parenis  were 
baptized  in  adult  years.' 

In  what  particular  fenfe  the  Author  underllands  the  word  (bilU^cr) 
in  the  above  pallagc,  we  know  not;    but  (hould  this,  or  ai:y  odicr 
part  of  his  performance  be  liable  to  any  jull  objeftion,  wc  muft  leave 
it  to  him  to  vindicate  himfelf. 
yVrt.  37.  J  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cr man^  occafionei  h  h^ 

Sermon  preached  at  SuJ—y,  May  25,   1 769.      Publifhed  at  the  R5- 

queft  of  fomc  of  the  Clergy.     410.     6d.     Evans.      1770. 

This  Letter-writer  is  very  angry  with  Mr.  Cr man  *,  andat 

the  fame  time  profefTes  himfelf  very  forry  for  that  gentleman's  mifial* 
in  *  fancying  himfelf  a  reformer,*  when  he  is  *  what  the  itrl 
is  faid  to  be,  an  accufer  of  bis  brethren^  This  Mr.  Cr man  is  in- 
formed how  little  he  underfiands  his  duty  when  called  upon  to  preack 
at  a  <vifitatioH ;  that  an  attempt  in  one  of  his  rank  to  inflrud  the 
clergy  at  that  time  is  *  impertinence,  prefumption,  and  impqdeoce.' 
Surely  this  Writer  is  here  under  fome  little  miflakc  himfelf;  we  have 
ourfelves  heard,  what  we  thought  vtvy  ufcful  and  proper  adnonitioof 
addreffed  to  the  clergy  on  fuch  occafions,  nor  can  we  fuppoie  this  to 
be  unfuitable  or  unbecoming,  if  performed  with  modefly  anddeceiw 
cy.  But  the  preacher  who  is  here  attacked  feems  to  have  failed  it 
thefe  lad  efTential  requifites,  having,  we  are  told,  loaded  kis  brethren 
•  with  the  blackefi  accufations,  and  moji  undefer^ed  caltt^fuuts*  The 
publication  of  Viis  (etmoiv^  iiOVM\x!t^^2L\v^v^<^^ '\^  ^^^ti  ^  )i^i^^  (i^en 

♦  See  Rev.  vol.  idi.  if,  %o.  ^Vfc^x^^^twiVYB.^^^^fea^ 


Religious  and  Coktrovhesial.  501 

queued  fy  the  archdtacon^  atid/ome  of  the  clergy.  The  Author  of  the 
Letter  IS  defirous  it  fhould  br  known,  that  though  he  thopght  the 
preacher  dderved  fuch  a  punilhment,  he  was  not  one  of  the  number 
who  folicitcd  the  favour ;  and  he  has  been  informed,  he  l:iys>  that  the 
requell  was  '  a  piece  of  plea  fan  try*  in  fomc  of  the  clergy,  and  *  ow  • 
ing  to  a  ftory  they  had  heard  of  C^«rA?/  the  Second,  who,  when  any 
of  hts  chaplains  preached  a  fcrmon  more  than  ordinary  fooliili,  com- 
wmttnded  bim  to  print  it.*  *  I  acknowledge,'  fayj  he,  *  this  was  carry- 
iog  the  Joke  too  far,  but  even  animis  cakjtihiis  /r<r,— by  their  raih  rc- 
queil,  and  your  not  having  the  tear  of /iri  before  your  eyes,  they  have 
told  their  own  fliame,  oryofiri^  ioformidahltpo/terity,  and puhhjhed  it 
in  thi  annah  of  Qrubftrtft^^  But,  however  impirtintnt  or  impudmi^ 
vmMViA\t{sQT  undtfervid  may  bethcKharges  altedgcd  in  Mr.  Cr — man's 
lermon,  this  Lcuer-writcr  does  not  greatly  attempt  la  exculpate  the 
clergy,  or  the  patrons  of  livings,  but  chiefly  aims  (if  that  be  any  vin- 
dicaiion)  to  llicw,  that  Mr.  Cr — man  is  culpable  equally  with  others, 
or  in  a  greater  degree,  in  the  very  inftances  he  has  condemned. 
Arc.  38,  The  AHs  cf  the  Days  of  the  Sort  cf  Afan,  or  the  Hijhry  of 

keur  Lord  and  Sa^'icur  ff/us  Chrrjf,  Comprehending  all  that  the 
four  Evangelilb  have  recorded  concerning  him.  All  their  Relation* 
-lieing  brought  together  in  one  Narration,  fo  that  no  Circumftance 
id  omitted,  but  that  ineftimable  Hillory  is  continued  in  one  Series^ 

in  the  very  Words  of  our  Englijh  Vcrfiou,     1 2 mo,     2  »*     Lewis* 

I77t. 

This  work  appeared  firll  in  the  German  language.  The  Author, 
w«  find,  is  Samuel  Lieberkuhn,  M,  A.  who  *  made  ufe  of  Luther's 
%*erlton  of  the  New  Tcftament,  altering  here  and  there  a  word  agree- 
ably to  the  original,  or  to  render  the  ienfe  of  the  paflage  more  clear/ 
'J'he  Tranrtator  *  adheres  ftridly,*  he  tells  us,  '  to  the  Englifh  verfion 
in  tjfc,  inferting  in  fomc  places  a  few  words  for  the  fake  of  conneflbn, 
or  by  way  of  ill  u  ft  ration.*  There  is  no  doubt  but  thoufands  have  read 
the  detached  hillory  of  each  Evangelill  in  the  facred  writings  with 
great  advantage,  nevcnhejefs,  though  it  is  not  poilible  topbtain  per- 
fe^  exaftnefs  as  to  the  order  nf  time  and  place,  it  mull  be  acknow- 
ledged that  fuch  a  harmony  as  can  be  gained  in  tliis  rcfpeifl  is  of  real 
utility.  *  It  might  bewiihcd,*  obfen^e^  this  Writer,  '  that  we  could 
arrive  to  a  certainty  touching  the  order  of  time  in  which  the  matters 
followed  upon  each  other.  But  as  the  Evangcliils  have  not  obfervcd 
ihe  fame  order  of  time  in  their  relations,  it  has  proved  a  fubjefl  for 
many  con  trove  rfics  among  the  learned-  Some  aiText,  thai  all  the  four 
Evangeliils  have  wre/^  according  to  the  true  order  of  time,  which  ob* 
lige«  them  to  repeat  the  very  fame  tranfadion  two  or  three  times* 
Others  arc  of  opinioD,  that  Mark  and  Luke;  and  others,  that  Matthewr 
has  kept  clofdt  to  the  order  of  time.  But  we  will  not  enter  here  into 
this  controversy,  for  ihi^  obvious  reafon,  we  cannot  determine  any 
thing  pofuivcly.  In  this  harmony  we  have  made  the  Evangclill  Mat* 
thew  our  rule,  as  to  tlie  order  of  time,  and  we  have  herein  chieHy 
followed  the  la:c  Dr,  Bcngcliaa,  and  his  harmony  of  the  four  Evan- 
«cltils;  ard  he  had  many  learned  men  who  were  his  fore-runners  ia 
this  method.  In  this  arrangement  it  is  laid  down  as  a  rule,  that  we 
reckon  no  more  th;in  ihrec  Ea/ters  from  the  baputni  vo  vV^  ^<iiix\\  c^S. 
^Msr  Saviour,  which  John  phinly  (hews  in  his  ^o(pt\.  ^tc^^^"^ » ^^^\ 
wc  imafpofo^iiie  relations  of  Mark  and  Luke  m  lome  ri\^x,c%,  ^^^ 


J02  MoNTHir  CATALOCUfcy 

range  them  according  to  the  order  of  Matthew.  AH  this  hat  (olid 
leafon  for  its  fupport,  and  on  this  accouDt  is  more  followed  at  pre-' 
fcnt.' 

In  this  manner  the  Author  fpeaks  of  his  performance,  which  we 
think  may  be  read  with  fatisfaiflion  and  advantage  by  thofe  who  can- 
not eafily  confulc  Iarq;cr  or  more  elaborate  works  of  this  nature. 
Art.  39.  A  Letter  to  the  Monthly  Reviewersy  containing  Ccnfures 
and  Refcntment,  for  many  Inllances  of  their  ftrange  Milbehayioof, 
cfpecially  their  Titlc-pnge  Remarks  on  the  Exemplar,  or  anE^ 
pofition  of  the  Prophecies  now'^fultilling.     With  a  brief  Redcalor 
Plan  of  the  Work,  and  fome  Additions.     8vo.      i  a.     Printed  fcr 
the  Author,  and  fold  by  Stevens  in  London.     1771. 
In  our  Catalogue  for  January  1769,  in  mentioning  the  Eximfivp 
an  huge,  expofuory  quarto,  on  the  vifions  of  Daniel,  and  the  Reve- 
lation of  John,   &c.   &c.    we  gave  the  very  uncouth  and  verbofe 
title-page,  as  a  fufiicicnt  fpecimen  of  what  every  Reader  of  diibem- 
ment  and  tade  had  to  c\pcd  from  the  Author.     Such  brevity  of  bo- 
tice,  however,  fecms  to  have  given  no  fmall  offence  to  the  Geotle- 
man  who  had  been  at  the  pains  of  writing,  and  perhaps  theexpeace 
of  printing  this  great  volume :   but  it  is  natural  that  every  aathor 
whofe  work  ^incHimablc  in  his  fond  eye  !)  a  Reviewer  does  not  approve, 
Hiould  conceive  himfelf  and  his  learned  labours  to  be  ill-treated,  and 
that  he  iliould  complain  of  the  envy  of  critics,  and  the  malignity  of 
criiicifm.     This  Letter  writer,    accordingly,    in  the  falnefs  of  his 
avowed  refcntment^  confiJers  the  Monthly  Reviewers  as  a  fet  of  ftry 
bad  people,  enemies  to  religion,  infidels,  &c.     But  we  hope  it  does 
not  follow,  that  every  man  who  diflikes  the  plan»  or  diflents  from  die 
principles  of  any  piouHy  intended  book  (among  the  thouiandsof 
wrangling  and  contradidory  ones  with  which  the  Chriftian  world  hath 
been  troubled),  is  therefore  irreligious,  or  an  infidel! — In  brief,  «e 
fiill  think  of  the  Exemplar  as  we  thought  before  ;  and  this  Letter  firoa 
our  difobliged  Friend  and  Correfpondent,  has  only  ferved  to  cooiixB 
as  in  the  Idea,  that  he  is  a  good  Man,  but  not  a  eood  Writer. 
Art.  40.  The  Methodijls  vindicated  from  the  Afperflons  caft  up- 
on them  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Haddon  Smith.     By  PbilaUtbu.    Sro. 
I  s.     Bladon, 

It  is  currently  fuppofed  that  the  Methodifts  are  an  ignorant  and  il- 
literate fct  of  people,  who  are  incapable  of  oflering  any  argnmeocs 
worthy  of  attention,  in  fupport  of  their  religious  principles  or  prac- 
tice. But  the  prefent  Writer's  manner  of  repelling  the  atuck  made 
upon  the  Mcthodiilical  party  by  Mr.  Smith  *,  is  far  from  contempt- 
ible, and  we  much  queftion  if  the  Kev.  Curate  of  Bethnal  Green  wiU 
be  able  to  Hand  his  ground  againllthe  efforts  of  an  antagonift,  whott 
well  furniihed  with  weapons,  ofFenfive  and  defcnfive,  and  who  knowi 
how  to  employ  them,  cither  in  his  own  caufe,  or  in  that  of  othos:' 
for  he  declares,  that  he  is  not,  himfelf,  a  Methodifl. 
iVllSC£LLAN£OU8. 

Art,  41.  Ten  Dialogues  on  the  ConduS  of  Human  Life.    To 
which  is  added,  Zara,  ^xcvc^T^VT^le,    Small  8vo.     2  s.     Caraio. 
Thefe  D'\aU\;ues»  we  \\t\dk.  >Q^v«ttx!L  ^  ^^>x^^\aj^  •«»ti.a  patk- 
man,  and  treat' o{  ;xTV^b\uotv>  Vq^<^>  yi^xv^t  %xA.  -ywAgy^eKi^^  ^■^_ 

♦   Sec  lUvicw  to  oaoVvii  \^^.  ^^  ^^1- 


MiSCELlANEOUS. 


50} 


and  rage,  hatred  and  revenge,  envy,  jcaloufy,  compaiTjon,  fociety, 
company,  ^c.    With  refped  to  the  tale  of  Zara,  if  young  perfons^ 
for  whoie  ufe  this  publication  is  calculated,  do  not  read  the  narra- 
tive and  overlook  ihc  preceptive  parts  of  it»  which  may  too  often  be      h 
the  cafe,  they  may  colled  variety  of  good  fentiments  from  it,  fl 

Art.  42.  ^hi  Knowledge  of  the  IVorld^  and  the  Attainments  ufeful  m    H 
iht  Condnd  p/Li/f,     Tranflated  from  the  French  of  Monficur  Cal-     ■ 
liirett  Secretary  of  the  Cabinet  to  Lewia  XIV.  one  of  the  Forty    H 
Members  of  the  Academy,  and   Minifter  Plenipotentiary  at  the    ^ 
Peace  of  Ryfwick.     1  zmo.     2  s.  6  d»  fewed.     Baldwin,  &c. 
The  knowledge  here  difplaycd,  is  that  of  the  French  world  a-s  it 
flood  more  than  half  a  century  fincc.     M.  Ga!liercs  was  a  fenfiblc     fl 
man,  but  his  rules  for  pleafing  in  convcrfation  will  only  enable  per*     fl 
fons  to  talk  all  day  long  without  faying  one  word  to  any  profitable    ^| 
purpofc;  and  many  of  our  countrymen  are  not  fo  far  behind  their    H 
neighbours,  but  that  they  can  perform  this  already  without  any  in-    S 
ftrudions  from  them.    The  Tranflator  indeed  anticipates  this  objcc-    V 
tion  without  obviating  it  fatisfa^orily  ;  for  it  is  diihcult  to  conceive    H 
how  a  company,  who  fet  out  with  a  principle  of  yielding  to,  and  com-    ^ 
plying  with,  each  other's  foibles,  can  ever  alfert  opinions  of  their 
own,  or  calk  like  men  of  fenfe.  \jm 

Art.  43,  The  C$ndu^  §f  the  Royal  AcadimUians^  while  Members  *^| 
of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Arti lis  of  Great  Britain,  viz.  from   ^| 
the  Year  1760,  to  their  Expulfion  in  the  Year  1769.     With  fomc    fl 
part  of  their  Tranfadions  fmce.     8vo,     i  s»     Dixwell.     1771-         S 
It  appears,  from  this  publication,  that  the  Royal  Academicians,    ^ 
while  a  part  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artifts  of  Great  Britain, 
obllmded  the  order  of  that  AtTociation,  and  ufurped,  by  their  addr els, 
the  fuprcme  diredion  of  it ;  that  the  arbitrary  meafures  they  profecu* 
ted,  gave  rife  to  a  powerful  oppofition  againfl  them  ;    and  that  the 
check,  which  was  thus  given  to  their  ambition,  induced  them  to  ere^    fl 
a  feparate  inftitution,  to  which  they  had  the  influence  to  procure  the    " 
Royal  San^ion,     We  would  not,  however,  advife  the  Readers  of 
this  pamphlet  to  adopt  all  its  conclufion?,  before  they  know  what  the 
Royal  Academicians  have  to  urge  in  their  defence. 
Art,  44.  The  Merchant's  Cotnptamt  to  the  Lawyers  at  the  Devil, 
Shewing  the  HardH^ips,  Inconvcnicncies,  and  Injuflicc,  to  whicK 
every  honcft  Man  of  Property  is  expofcd,  from  Jew  Bail,  (ham  Picas,     h 
Demurrers,    Writs  of  Error,  and   Injunction  Bilb.      With  fomc     H 
Hints  for  redreOing  thofe  Grievances.     By  a  Merchant  of  London. 
8vo.      I  s.     Wilkie.      177 1. 

We  are  here  prcfented  with  fomc  Hrldurcs  on  the  difadvantages  at- 
tending the  forms  of  procedure  in  our  courts  of  law.  They  are  judi* 
cious,  and  worthy  of  an  attentive  perufal :  and  we  with  they  may  give 
occafion  to  any  remedy  of  the  abufcs enumerated  in  this  complaint. 
Art,  45.  A  Focahulary  adapted  t&  the  new  Latin  Accidence  ^  dcfign- 
cd  to  exercife  Children  in  the  Application  of  the  Grammar  Kules^ 
while  they  are  acquiring  a  Copia  of  Words.    i2mo.  1  s.  Lowndes* 

177I' 

The  Author  of  this  fmal!  performance  feem?  to  fuppofe  it  unque- 
Jlionably  certain,  that  the  public  muft  bo  wcl{  acquainted  witk  \5\r 
iVViv  Lati/r  Accidence,  of  >\hich  fomc  aG<;oaivlWis  t\\^tv\^*Ccvt'^^VwH 


504.  .    -S  fi  R  MO  N  IV. 

for  Oftober  laft.    Wc  arc  here  informed,  that  *  this  cOlIe^liDn  is  poS^ 
iiihcd  as  a  (ketch  only*  which/  the  Compiler  thinks*  •  may  be  ufcftil 
in  its  prefent  form,  bat  means  to  make  it  as  perfed  heretfccr  as  tiic 
plan  requires.'     The  book  confifts  of  lifts  of  fubdantives  to  exercife 
the  rulds  of  dcclenfions  and  genders  ;  of  adjedives,  adverbs,  conjunc- 
tions and  interje(i:\ions  ^    of  verbs  with  their  compounds,  to  cxercife 
the  rules  for  the  perfeSs  and  lupines,  and,  farther,  a  number  of  ex- 
amples to  exercife  the  Symtax  rules :    after  which  the  vocabulary  is 
Englifhed,    and  alfo  the  Syntax  examples.     This  publication  may 
prove  an  ufeful  afllllant,  particularly  to  fuch  who  liave  recoarfen 
grammar,  which  it  is  defi^ned  to  accompany. 
An.  46.  jf  New  French   Dt£fionary^    in  two  Parts :    The  firfi, 
French  and  En^iih  ;  the  fccond,  Englifh  and  French:  conuioing 
fcvcral  Hundred  Words  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  DidioDaries 
.hitherto  publiihed  :  the  various  Meanings  of  \^wds,  often  explained 
ty  French  or  Englifti  Sentences  :  the  Genders  of  Nouns«  Adjcftives, 
and  Pronouns,  and  the  Conjugations  of  Verbs  :  the  Irregularities 
of  the  Parts  of  Speech.    To  which  is  prefixed,  A  French  Grammar, 
ihewing  how  to  form  the  regular  Parts  of  Speech.     By  Thomas 
Deletanville.     Svo.     7  s.    Lcudbn.     Nourfc  and  Vaillant.     1771. 
This  Diftionary  fcems  to  be  more  copious  and  perfeft  in  e^'ery  re- 
fpcft  than  the  abridgment  of  Boyer.     We  muft  beg  leave,  however,    ^ 
to  fufpcnd  our  judgment  with  refpccl  to  Mr.  Deletanville's  affertion,    ' 
that  it  contains  fevcral  hundred  words  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the 
liidionaries  hitherto  publilhed. 

Art.  47.  A  Mnmridl  6nd  Petithn  to  the  Kifig's  Mojl  Excellent 
Majcfiy^  on  the  Primiplts  cf  public  Fnitb,  common  Jmjiiee^  mmd kit 
own  Royal  Promife,  By  Samuel  Lee,  Surgeon -general  to  the  Arayt 
and  to  the  Hofpita!  for  Relief  of  indigent  fick  Perfons  afflided  witk 
Ruptures.     Svo.      1  5.     VVilliams. 

It  appears  from  thii  Memorial,  that  Mr.  Lee  has  been  fingoiafly  . 
fuccefbful  in  his  niuna^cment  of  ruptures. 

As  to  his  pecuniary  ch^im  upon  the  crown,  it  has  already  hadv 
hearing  in  ibme  of  the  courts  of  juiiicature,  and  is  moil  certainly  BOI * 
deccrininanlc  in  the  court  of  criticilm. 

SERMON    S.  ^ 

I.  The  Grace  of  our  Lord  Jc/us  Chr'tjl^  the  Lofue  of  God^  and  a  ^miu 
Communion^  recommended  and  enforced  in  a  Sermon  at  a  Meeting  of 
the  People  called  Quakers,  in  Leeds,  the  26th  of  the  5ih  MoDlhi 
commonly  called  June,  17^^).  Carefully  taken  down  in  Charadcn 
at  the  fame  Time.     By  James  Blakes,  jun.     Svo.     is.     Nicoil>&c 

II.  The  Folly  and  Dang.r  ofcoiforming  to  the  World — at  a  Monthly* 
Eiiercife,  at  the  Rev.  \Ar,  Reynolds's  Meeting-place  ncarCrippk-* 
gate,  March  i,  177 1.  ^)'  Samuel  Stcnnet,  D.  D.  Svo.  6dL. 
Buckland. 

III.  Tv\o  Sermons  occafioned  by  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Robert' 
Law  Ton,  A.M.  at  the  Scotch  Church,  London  Wall,  May  5,  1771. 
By  Thomas  Ofvvald,  Minifler  of  the  Scotch  Church,  Ruflel-StlttV 
Covcnt-Garden.    ^vo,     \^%    ^>^K.WUiBid. 

•^*  Mr.  FartnctH  Diir«^totion*nl/lW«\ti,'M^^^^.^<eut!^*xffi^ 
cf  Great  Britain,  Vu  oui  tiWU 


>  - 


APPENDIX 

T  O    THE 

MONTHLY     REVIEW, 

Volume  the  Forty-fourth. 

FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 

Art.    I. 

y^ffoge  Lluralre  de  la  Grece^  fsTc— A  Literary  Journey  through 
Greece,  %v  Letters  on  the  ancient  and  modern  Greeks,  with 
a  Parallel  of  their  Manners.  By  M.  Guys,  Merchant,  of 
the  Academy  of  Marfeillcs.    lamo.    2  Vols.    Paris.    1771. 

THESE  volumes  contain  a  variety  of  mifcellaneous  obfer- 
vations  on  the  national  charader,  arts,  manners,  cuftoms, 
and  commerce  of  the  Greeks,  The  Writer  feems  to  be  a  man 
of  fpirit  and  fentiment ;  but  he  frequently  indulges  his  vivacity, 
or  his  turn  for  fpeculation,  till  his  fubjcft  is  out  of  fight.  He 
writes  withr^ut  much  order  or  connexion ;  but  his  matter  is 
various ;  and  as  he  is  by  no  means  a  dull  Writer,  there  arc 
many  to  whom  his  book  may  afford  an  acceptable  amufement. 

From  this  Literary  Journey  we*  fliall,  in  the  firft  place,  give 
our  Readers  the  39th  letter  of  the  fecond  volume,  as  it  is  on 
a  fubjeft  for  which  the  Greeks  have  ever  been  famous,  the  firftf 
and  bell  of  focial  virtues,  the  love  of  our  country. 

*  You  afk  me  if  the  Greeks  ftill  love  their  country  ?  That 
virtue  is  dill  theirs ;  and  notwithtlanding  the  prefent  ftate  of 
Athens,  Sparta,  Mytilene,  and  Corinth,  the  inhabitants  re* 
tain  the  moft  ardent  afFc£tion  for  their  refpcftivc  cities.  That 
ffntiment,  which  Nature  has  written  on  the  hearts  of  mankind 
in  general,  the  Greeks  have  cultivated  with  peculiar  care;  and 
U  has  even  furvived  the  fair  monuments  of  their  former  glory. 

I  fpeak  not  here  of  that  blind  attachment,  that  connexion 
formed  by  habit,  Itrengrhcned  by  ignorance,  and  confirmed  by 
ihe  ties  «f  property.  Barbarians  and  favages  love  nothing,  be- 
caufe  they  know  nothing  more  thin  their  huts  and  heariK^%  Cn^^x 

Vol.  XL: V.  L\  vkvw^ 


5o6  Guys'j  Ltterary  Jourmy  through  Greece* 

among  civilized  nations  the  common  people  blindly  follow 
one  inHlndive  fenciment ;  but  men  of  enlightened  minds,  who 
have  diftind  ideas  of  their  inclinations  and  their  duty»  are  at* 
tached  to  their  country  upon  difterent  principles. 

I  never  felt  more  ftrongly  the  force  of  natural  eloquence, 
than  when  I  heard  two  Greeks  difputing  on  the  pre-emioencc 
of  their  refpedlivc  countries. 

I  travelled  with  a  Tiniot  *,  who  had  carried  on  a  maridme 
commerce  more  than  twenty  years.  He  left  his  ifland  to  gp  to 
Smyrna,  where  he  lanl  out  his  money  in  merchandice,  which 
he  carried  to  Marfeilles.  From  the  laft  place  he  embarked  for 
our  American  iilands,  and  returned|  in  a  regular  courfe«f  cx« 
change,  to  the  port  from  whence  he  fet  out,  and  where  he 
ibould  again  renew  the  fame  fyftem  of  commerce. 
-  I  was  with  him  and  M.  Peyfibnel  f  in  1748,  duriog  die 
war  between  England  and  France,  in  a  fmall  Swedifh  bottom, 
which  was  wrecked  oS  the  ifie  of  Andros.  This  Greek  fpoke 
many  handfome  things  of  Marfeilles,  and  of  our  colonies; 
but  fio  country,  he  i'aid,  was  comparable  to  his  own.  Hit 
utmoft  ambition  was  to  end  his  days  in  bis  iiland,  and  to 
carry  thither  the  fruits  of  his  toil  and  travels. 

Such  were  all  the  Greeks  I-  have  known.  One  canoot  but 
be  interefted  in  that  pfeafure  and  admiration  with  which  dicj 
fpeak  of  their  native  country.  The  very  name  of  it  awAem 
their  paflions  and  their  powers  ;  excites  their  tcndemefs,  tbeif 
eloquence,  their  ardour.  I  have  made  fome  refie&ions  on  die 
patriotifm  of  the  modern  Greeks  in  comparing  it,  as  is  my 
ufual  method,  with  that  of  their  anceftors,  and  even  with  that 
of  the  Romans.  Suffer  me  to  fubmit  thefe  reflexions  to  yoaf 
judgment. 

The  patriotic  a(Fc£lion  was  fo  univerfally  embraced  bj  the 
fincients  that  it  could  hardly  become  a  qucftion  ;  but  forusk 
may  not  be  ufelefs  to  expatiate  upon  it  from  time  to  time.  Wc 
have  in  reality  no  attachment  except  to  our  capitals,  whidtef 
the  aQemblage  of  arts,  talents,  and  pleafures  draws  us  alooft 
irrefiftibly,  and  where  we  frequently  forget  the  places  of  oui 
nativity. 

7*he  patriotifm  of  the  ancient  Greeks  was  founded  00  the 
moft  powerful  motives : 

1.  Natural  inclination,  the  firft  feed  of  the  paffion,  in  V^ 
cefs  of  time,  became  an  hereditary  virtue,  and  was  often  carried 
to  extremes. 

2.  The  principles  of  education. 


•*  A  native  c.CT\uc,  a  fmall  iiland  in  the  Archipelago. 
•J  Now  i\\c  VietvO^  Cou'^vxV  ^\.^»«^^\kaii* 


•^'w 


GuysV  Literary  Journey  through  Greece.  507 

3.  The  beauty  of  the  country  and  the  climate.  For  Iccal 
phyfic  is  not  the  fecbleft  tie  that  binds  us  to  our  common  mo-, 
ther. 

4.  The  IciElures  of  the  ancient  orators,  always  eloquent  on 
this  point. 

5.  The  preference  which  the  Greeks  gave  to  their  own  laws 
and  cuftoms  above  thofe  of  other  nations. 

6.  The  examples  of  thofe  who  had  fignalized  themfelves  by 
the  zeal  they  had  tefiified,  or  the  fervice  they  had  done,  for  their 
country. 

7.  The  religion  of  their  country,  which  ever  leads  men  to 
the  local  woribip  of  their  fathers  ;  and  under  this  head  1  com- 
prehend feftivals  and  dances,  to  which  the  modern  Greeks  are 
not  lefs  attached  than  were  their  remotcft  anceflors. 

The  people  of  Candia  called  their  country  their  mother  *. 
*'  Though  older,"  fays  Plutarch,  **  than  our  immediate  pa- 
rents, (he  has  a  ftronger  right  to  our  afFe(£lion  and  duty  f ." 

Nature  and  law,  according  to  Lucian,  place  the  patriotic 
before  the  filial  duty.  We  learn  arts  and  fciences,  fays  he, 
for  no  other  purpofe  than  to  be  ufeful  to  our  c  nmtry.  We  en<« 
joy  no  property  but  to  fupport  her  intercft  and  fccurity.  What- 
ever ihe  may  be,  (he  is  flill  the  objc£l  of  our  afFedlion,  and 
we  are  afraid  of  being  baniflicd  from  her,  even  after  death. 

The  body  of  Palinurus  thrown  by  the  waves  upon  a  foreign 
Ihore,  is  what  the  Trojans  conftdercd  as  the  mod  deplorable  cir- 
cumlfance  attending  their  pilot  %.  For,  independently  of  the 
religious  rites  of  burial,  the  ancients  thought  highly  of  the  pri- 
vilege cf  dying  in  their  own  families,  and  amongd  their  friends. 
Oreftes,  before  he  is  facrificcd  in  Tauris,  takes  mcafurcs  to  fe- 
cu:e  his  interment}  and  Iphirenia,  who  does  not  then  know 
him,  promifes  to  fupply  the  place  of  a  filler. 

The  Greeks  were  not  Icfs  attached  to  their  laws  than  to 
their  country.  Bufiris  and  Spertis,  LacediemDnians,  went  cou- 
rageoudy  to  Xerxes,  and  ofFcred  him  their  lives  to  difchirge  the 
punifhmcnt  their  fellow-citizen-?  had  merited  for  mail'/tciing  his 
heralds.  The  king,  flnick  with  their  gcn^'iofiry,  offtrrcd  tne;n 
the  pardon  they  dcmar.Jc.i  for  the  S^srcnn';,  on  this  condition, 
that  they  fliould  remain  upun  honuLirablc  terms  at  his  court. 
The  two  Spartans  refufed  this  advaniagrous  offer,  faying,  that 

•  Pindar,  in  like  manner,  calli  Thebes  his  mother,  Mar;^  f^xa— 

yCVCOLfTH  flr.^sr,       Ifth.    I. 

^  t  Tclcmachus  fays  to  Tdomencas,  who prcfTcs him  to  flay,  "What! 
(liail  1  renounce  my  father,  iny  mother,  my  country,  which  ought 
to  be  dearer  to  me  than  bf>th  V*     OdyfT.  lib.  23. 
J  Nudus  in  ignoia,  Palinurc,  j  ace  bis  Arena. 

Ll  a  *«1 


L 


508  Guys'x  LUirary  fourftey  through  Grnce* 

they  could  not  poffibly  live  at  a  diftancc  from  their  country,  anJ 
under  foreign  laws.     Death  fcemcd  preferable  to  this, 

A  Granger  faid  one  day  to  Theopompus  the  Laced scmoni an » 
without  doubt  from  a  deflgn  to  pay  hii  court  to  him,  **  My 
name  is  Philolacoti,"  that  is,  a  lover  of  Sparta;  •*  I  wifli/* 
faid  the  Spartan,  *'  the  love  of  your  own  country  had  induced 
you  to  take  your  furname  from  it.  It  would  have  done  you 
more  honour  than  that  which  you  affc<-t/' 

It  is  obfervable,  that  the  anttent,  like  the  modem  Greeks^ 
affiimed  their  Patronymics,  not  from  felfifh  motives,  as  Theo» 
critus  did  to  diftinguifh  himfelf  from  another  poet,  to  whom  he 
was  much  fuperior,  but  that  ihcy  might  bear  a  name  which  to 
them  was  dearer  than  any  other.  **  I  am  Thyrfis  of  VEtna/' 
fays  one  of  the  paftoral  poet's  ibepherds,  with  great  compU* 
ccncy,  as  another  Greek  would  have  faid,  I  am  Dtonylius  of 
Halicarnaflus,  or  I  am  Thales  of  Mtletum." 

While  the  Greeks  thus  aflumed  the  name  of  their  country* 
they  found  motives  to  do  honour  to  it  by  their  virtues  or  their 
talents,  and  confequently  an  emulation  to  exert  both,  **  I  yield 
to  no  man,*'  fay»  Ajax,  '*  my  bir;h  and  my  education  at  Salioiis 
have  fufHciently  formed  me  10  valour," 

Tbefc  brave  people  looked  upon  it  as  a  thing  impoflible  to 
furvivc  the  ruin  of  their  country.  In  Homer,  to  whom  we 
muft  neccftarily  refer,  when  we  fpeak  of  the  manners  and  cuf- 
toms  of  the  Greeks,  Priam  is  able  to  fupport  hii  grief  for  the 
lofs  of  Hcdor,  but  cannot  furvivc  the  deftruftion  of  Troy, 
*«  May  the  gods,"  faid  he,  **  fend  me  down  to  the  ihades,  bc- 
foie  I  fee  my  city  deilroyed  by  the  Greeks  *.*' 

Ariftotle  dies  content  with  having  obtained  from  Alexander 
the  re-tftablifliment  of  Stagyra,  his  nutive  place,  which  the  con- 
queror haJ  given  up  to  the  ravages  of  his  troops. 

This  lender  attachment  to  the  place  of  our  nativity  f  is  the 
portion  of  ihofc  virtuous  and  Icnliblc  hearts  which  Nature  has 

formed 


•  This  noble  fentiment  is  Iti  the  241I1  BcNDk  of  the  Iliad,  It  wa* 
one  of  the  great  charadcrilUcs  of  antiquity.  In  the  tnfaat-flate 
of  focicty,  man  was  in  love  with  Nature,  and  wiib  the  fccne  of  bij 
exifleitce.  When  Mr  Guys  oblcrvcd,  that  the  antients  held  the 
love  of  their  country  prior  to  all  other  duties^  he  might  have  can  finn- 
ed his  obfervatioQ  by  a  remarkable  p.ifLge  in  V^^lertus  Maximtis. 
Pittas  Jciiketf  irga  fatriamy  cu/us  mttjffiatu  iftam  lUa  fh^  Df^um 
Numim hut  etq uaf  ur^  au darttat  pa rtnftim  'vires  fuas  ju Ij eaf .  V al .  M dX * 
t  V.  c.  *  . 

f  When  Ulydes,  in  the  ifland  of  Calypfo,  is  dcilrous  of  once  more 
beholding  his  native  country « the  ^oei  rc^rcfents  him  a^  fitting  on  the 
hdnki  of  the  fca>  hU  hcati  o^^rcVve^»  wk^^  ^-^  Vt  Vqiq^-v  <i\^  vWv«i- 


I 


I 


Guys'j  Literary  Journey  through  Greece.  509 

formed  for  the  impreffions  of  paternal  love,  filial  piety,  faithful 
friendfliip;  in  order  to  fulfil  the  feveral  duties  conne<S^ed  with 
thofe  fentiments,  to  ahimate  indifference,  and  to  fhame  ingra- 
titude. 

Let  us  now  confider  the  conduA  of  the  Romans  in  this  re- 
fped.  Zealous  republicans,  fond  of  glory,  jealous  of  liberty 
and  independence,  but  ambitious  of  place  and  power,  accuftom- 
cd  to  look  upon  their  citizens  as  fuperior  to  kings  (of  whom  they 
ibewed  their  contempt  by  dragging  them  behind  their  triumphal 
cars],  and  to  confider  Rome  as  the  miftrefs  of  the  world,  the 
Romans,  in  their  attachment  to  their  haughty  country,  had 
jnore  of  oftentation  and  vanity,  than  of  fentiment. 

The  patriotifm  of  the  Romans  refembled  that  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians. It  was  a  fublime  but  fevere  virtue,  an  imperious  paf- 
iion,  impatient  of  controul,  and  carried  almod  to  the  delirium 
of  fenaticifm.  This  does  not  carry  with  it  the  idea  of  thofe 
gentler  fentiments,  thofe  natural  attra6lions,  wc  find  in  our 
hearts,  and  that  aiFeAion  we  experience  for  the  place  of  our  na- 
tivity *.  The  rage  of  patriotifm  with  them  ftifled  all  other  fen- 
timents. At  the  fame  time  it  made  them  capable  of  fuch  prodi- 
gies of  valour  as  aftonifhed  their  enemies,  and  of  fuch  barbarous 
facrifices  as  were  (hocking  to  humanity.  The  ancient  Romans 
were  devoted  to  the  commonwealth,  and  made  themfclves  vic- 
tims to  its  aggrandifement.  The  Lacedaemonians  were  of  the 
fame  principles.  They  would  live  in  hardfhips,  and  die  with 
joy,  to  render  Sparta  the  miftrefs  of  Greece  t- 

Cicero  preached  this  dodrine  to  his  fellow-citizens,  at  a  time 
when  they  were  incapable  of  receiving  it.  Cart  funt  Parentes^' 
cart  liberty  propinquiy  familiares ;  fed  omves  omnium  caritntes  pa- 
4ria  una  compUSiitur^  pro  qua  quis  bonus  dubitet  mortem  oppetere^  Ji 
gifit  profuturus.  Nothing  was  more  commonly  adopted  than  the 
Decorum  pro  patria  mori.  It  was  the  motto  of  that  military  race 
of  men  which  gave  the  world  fo  magnificent  an  idea  of  Rome. 
The  folc  idea  of  the  happincfs  of  their  country,  their  common 
mother,  gave  the  Greeks  more  temperate,  more  pleaiing,  and 
confequently  more  durable  fentiments. 

snenfe  plain  of  waters,  tears  rifing  in  his  eyes.  Surely  he  only  could 
Ihcd  fuch  tears  who  could  imagine  them, — the  great  difciple,  not  of 
human  fcience,  but  of  Nature,  the  immortal  Homer  ! 

*  Oppian  obfcrves,  that  Nature  has  given  the  fame  attachment  to 
animals.    De  Venat.  1.  2    v.  u  ?• 

-f  M.  Duclos,  fpeakingof  this  kind  of  patriotifm,  adds,  fuch  art 
our  Religious,  whom  the  zeal  of  the  houfe  of  God  hath  eateo  up. 
Their  families  become  ftrangers  to  them.    They  Vlivo'n  ti<i  i^jEGK^")  >MiO 
that  which  they  have  adopted.     The  monaSkic  v\nu^%  ^n^'MVI  XA.^iSu^ . 
gCDStis  of  monkery  n 

Li  3 


510  Guys'i  Liieraty  Jourmj  through  Graal 

The  Greek  orators  exprcfs  a  fenfibility  by  no  means  Inferior 
to  that  of  the  Romans,  when  the  love  of  their  countrj  u  the 
fubjed.  To  be  fatisfied  of  this,  we  need  only  confult  the  eulo- 
gium  of  Athens  by  Ifocrates  ♦. 

They,  moreover,  confirmed  their  do£irine  by  their  evn  ex* 
amples.  Demofthenes,  when  exiled,  feeks  no  other  xevcnp 
of  his  fellow-citizens,  than  that  of  doing  them  freih  fenrioB. 
When  befteged  in  the  temple  of  Hercules,  where  be  had  takca 
refuge,  he  chufcs  raiher  to  end  his  days  by  poifon,  thao  to  at- 
tach bimfelf  to  the  tyrant  of  Athens. 

Dion  Cbryfoftom»  who  by  his  government  had  embelliihel 
and  improved  his  country,  notwith(l;inding  the  oppofitions,  the 
difgufts,  the  infuUs  he  had  encountered,  and  the  dangers  to 
which  he  had  been  cxpoftd  fi  Dion,  though  long  in  exile,  a 
fugitive,  wandcting  fr^m  one  retreat  to  another  to  efcape  the 
hatred  of  Domitian,  iifked  no  other  favour  of  his  friend  Ncrvi, 
when  he  (uccecdcd  to  the  tnr.pire,  th^n  that  he  might  be  permit* 
ted  to  return  to  Prufa  %,  his  country,  and  make  fome  improve- 
ments there  at  his  expence.  On  his  return  to  Bithynia,  he  ma^ 
a  public  fpcech,  wlierein  his  affection  for  his  country  and  bii 
fellow-citizens  is  cxprcfl'ed  with  great  energy  and  fenfibility. 

Nothing  can  be  more  linking  than  a  view  of  the  Grecb  re- 
turning to  their  country  after  a  (hort  ab'enctr.  They  invoke 
their  gods  ;  they  falute  it  with  all  the  eager ncfs  of  joy.  In4g^ne 
to  yourfelf  the  traufporis  of  thofc  brave  foldiers  of  Xenophon 
^in  the  retreat  of  the  ten  thoufaiid)  on  the  i»ght  of  the  fea  which 
opened  iheir  way  to  Greece.  They  creil  trophic^  in  memory  of 
their  atghicvements  and  their  return  ;  they  congratulate  each 
other  ;  they  embrace,  and,  in  the  firii:  emotions  of  their  gene- 
ral joy,  there  is  no  difiinclion  between  officer  and  foldicr  |. 
This  retreat,  fo  famous  in  hiftory,  is  the  mort  glorious  monu- 
ment, not  only  of  the  courage  and  finnncfs  of  the  Greeks, 
but  of  their  aflcciion  for  their  ccuntiy. 

Every  other  feniiment  fcems  to  have  been  abforbed  in  this. 
When  Athens  had  the  iiigiatitude  to  banifh  Lycurgus,  Arif- 
tides,  Miltiadcs,  Phocion,  and  Themiftocles,  thofe  virtuous 
citizens  ftill  loved  their  country,  as  the  poet  loved  his  miliicfS| 

•  Mr  Guys  here  alludes  to  the  following  paiTage,  *•  Our  origin  Is 
fo  pure  and  unxr.l::ed,  one  city  having  pn)duced  us  all,  and  been  iliil 
poiltfud  by  us,  that  we  are  the  only  Greeks  who  can  give  our  caiivc 
place  the  dt-Lrei^  and  ter.dercll  of  all  rjjimes,  who  can  call  it  at  oiice 
our  niin";;,  our  country,  aud  our  inorhcr.** 

t  In  .in  inlurredtion  occafjcntd  by  a  fcarcity  of  conij  wlea  tlte 
people  a  1 1  e  n '  pic  A  u>  VviT  u  \as  \\ovL\»i . 

J    A  city  \r.  BrA^v^*''^^^  ^otv\c\msvc%  t^^\t^\x>cS\^^* 

II  Xenoph.  De  C^d\LH»^vi.V:x^.  ^^^^^>^«  ^^1-  ^^ 


GujrsV  Literary  Jturncy  through  Gruce. 


5" 


though  he  knew  her  to  be  falfc  ♦.    If  they  had  divifions  among 
themfelvcs,  they  /till  united  to  dcfenJ  their  country.     Impreca- 
tions were  publicly  pronounced   againft  him  who  introduced  9 , 
foreign  army  into  his  country  f ,  In  time  of  peace  they  cmp'oyed  \ 
ihemf  Ives  in  embclhihingand  adorning  their  native  cities.  The' 
decoration  of  their  towns   and  temples  announced  the  progrcfs 
of  arts,  and  the  zeal  of  the  citizens.     It  is  obfervable,  tlvat  the 
genius  of  the  fine  arts  has  always  been  ambitious  of  doing  honour 
to  the  country  where  they  flouri/hed. 

The  Romans^  at  the  cxpencc  of  the  Greeks,  whom  they 
ftrippcd  of  ihcir  ornamQnis,  had  the  fame  ambition  to  enrich 
their  country,  to  tranfpoi  1  the  arts  thither^  and  make  them  fub- 
mit  to  the  mailers  of  the  world. 

One  cannot  confider  the  patriotic  affection  of  the  Greek$,. 
and  Romans,  different,  indeed,  in  itscharadter  and  nature,  with- 
out finding  among  the  modern  Greeks  the  fame  features  which 
that  virtue  wore  with  their  forefathers.  It  is  that  natural  love 
of  the  tiativc  placc»  which  Virgil  exprfrlTcs  fo  well  In  the  perfon 
of  Melibceus,  whofc  principal  regret  fecms  to  arife  from  his 
forced  dcferticn  of  his  beloved  country, 

N&s  patria  fiftes^  i^  dukia  Hnqwmus  arva  ; 
Noi  patriam  fy^imui^  i^c. 

The  fame  poet,  when  he  paints  the  patriotic  afie£t!on  of  a 
virtuous  citi/en,  rcprcfents  a  young  Greek,  who  followed  the 
fortunes  of  Evander,  dying  in  a  foreign  country,  and  at  the' 
point  of  death  wholly  taken  up  with  the  remembrance  of  hit 
dear  Argos  : 

^^    ^.    DuhfSy  moriens^  remimfcttur  Argn* 

Thus  AjaXj  in  Sophocles,  juft  before  bis  death,  .*'  Fair  Sung  j 
I  behold  thee  for  the  laft  time,  Sal  am  is,  palace  of  my  fathers,  | 
Athens,  friends,  rivers,  fountains,  that  bore  witnefs  to  my] 
birth,  receive  the  laft  adieus  of  Ajax,'* 


^  The  pott  here  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Guys  is  Tibatlui,  who  fays  of! 
his  milireU, 

Quamvit  pcriida,  cara  tamcn ! 

The  patriot ic  affottion  did  not,  Jiowcvcr,  alvvays  meet  with  fo  un» 
C^atcf^l  a  return.  The  city  of  Mytilenc  caufcd  a  medal  to  be  itrucki 
m  honour  of  Kotamon,  the  fon  ofLcibonax  the  philofupher,  whowa^l 
rcprefcnred  on  ihc  rcverfe  rctufning  frgn^  P,ome,  where  the  Empcrorl 
Tiberius  had  loaded  him  with  fa\rours:  but  he  chofc  rather  to  tix  hiij 
rcfidcncc  io  bis  j»attve  city,  and  to  give  his  lellons  to  his  fellow- dti- 
zens,  than  to  rciip  the  grcatcil  .idvaritiigc*  iii  the  capital  of  the  world.] 
The  paHport  Trbeiiusg/tve  him  on  leivtng  Rome  is  curious.  '*  ff  ans 
cnc  dares  to  infult  I'otanion,  the  fon  of  X^ibonait,  l^^v  Vv\\ew ^x^  < 
dpi  whether  he  is  able  10  refift 

/  tkb.  §€pt.  ap.  Thcb, 


5^2  Guys'x  LiUrary  Jntrmy  tbmqff  Gnea. 

The  Abbe  De  Chaulieu  has  exprefled  the  Cune  fentiinentS) 
much  in  the  fame  manner,  in  his  tender  adieu  toFonteosf,  the 

place  of  his  nativity. 

Fontenai^  lieu  dilicieux^ 
Ouje  vis  a^abcrd  la  lumiiri  ; 
Bientot  au  bout  de  ma  carriire^ 
y*irat  rtjoindre  nus  ayeux. 
Mufes,  qui  dam  ci  lieu  cbampitre 
Avec  foin  mefites  murrir^ 
Beaux  Arbres  qui  m'avez  vu  naitre^ 
Bientot  VGUS  me  verrez  mourirm 
In  Englifli: 
Farewell  fields  of  Fontenay, 
Where  I  firll  beheld  the  day ! 
Soon  to  clofe  my  aged  eye. 
Soon  to  join  my  anceftry* 
When  I  feek  their  lowly  cell. 
Fields  of  Fontenay,  farewell ! 
When  the  mufe  that  wak'd  my  lyre. 
Sees  the  breath  (he-ton'd  expire; 
When  the  groves  that  wont  to  wave 
O'er  my  flumberst  fliade  my  grave  ; 
Where  I  once  enjoy'd  the  day. 
Farewell  fields  of  Fontenay ! 
Let  us  read  the  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  of  Euripides,  the  oioft 
interefting  tragedy  perhaps  of  the  whole  Greek  theatre,  as  wdl 
on  account  of  its  fitoations  and  fentiments,  as  of  that  peculiar 
air  of  truth  and  probability  which  the  poet  has  had  the  art  to 
give  it.     Let  us  hear  the  chorus  of  Greek  women  tenderly  b^ 
wailing  the  -lofs  of  their  country  in  the  fecond  and  fourth  afis. 
I  (hall  quote  only  the  following  ffrophe  : 

**  Far  from  my  dear  country,  I  figh  for  the  fociety  of  the 
Greeks.  Who  will  lend  me  wings  to  flv  to  Diana,  the  Cyn- 
thian  goddefs  ?  When  fhall  I  behold  tnc  palms  of  Delqs,  tbe 
groves  of  laurel  for  ever  green  :  the  fhades  of  Olive  confecnuol 
by  the  genial  bed  of  Latona  ?  O  lakes,  whofe  waters  aie  co- 
vered with  fwans !  O  fwans,  friends  of  the  mufes,  whenfluB 
I  behuld  you  again  r'* 

When  Iphigenia  would  bind  Pilades  by  the  ftron2eft  oath, 
Ihe  fays,  ♦*  If  you  prove  falfe,  what  (hall  be  the  punifltmentof 
your  infidelity  f "     Pilades  anfwers,  *'  May  I  never  more  return 

to  my  country  1" And  your  punifhment,  Iphigenia,  in  the 

like  cafe  ?*'     **  May  I  never  more,"  (he  replies,    **  fee  Ar- 
gos  !'' 

Such  was  the  influence  which  this  patriotic  affeflion,  in- 
fpired  by  Nature^  had  in  ancient  Greece ;  and  though  in  mo- 
dern Greece  \t.  3L\)^t?j^  wo\.  >n\\^c^  ^^'iS.^'^^'^v^'w,  vw  ^vU deeply im- 
prcffcd  upon  0\c  Vv^^iu  oi  ^^cv^\iti^^'t% 

8 


GuysV  LiUrary  Jourftey  through  Greece.  513 

The  Greeks,  enamoured  of  their  own  country,  travel  not 
but  for  the  advantages  of  learning  or  commerce,  which  they  al- 
ivays  return  to  enjoy  in  the  place  of  their  nativity.  Under 
the  yoke  of  the  Turks,  their  very  chains  fcem  only  to  bind 
them  more  firmly  to  the  country  of  their  anceftors.  Mo- 
dern Greece,  covered  with  the  long  veil  of  flaves  *,  is  a  captive 
mother  in  affli£lion,  whom  her  children  embrace  with  tender- 
nefs,  and  affectionately  promife  that  they  will  never  forfake 
her  t-' 

Mr.  Guys*s  Letters  have  one  kind  of  merit  which  muft  re- 
commend them  to  men  of  learning  in  general.  The  intelligent 
Writer,  in  moft  of  them,  illuftrates  and  explains  the  ancient 
iifages  on  record  by  the  modern  manners  and  cuftoms  of  Greece. 
Of  this  we  fliall  give  a  fpecimen  from  his  fifth  letter. 

f  I  obferve  that  now,  as  in  former  times,  in  the  principal 
families  of  Greece,  the  nurfe  of  the  mailer  or  the  miftrefs  makes 
a  part  of  the  family.  Among  t)ie  ancients,  the  woman  who  had 
jiurfed  a  young  lady  never  forfook  her,  even  after  her  marriage  %. 
She  was  her  governcfs,  her  confidant,  her  counfellor.  Flence  it 
is,  that  in  the  ancient  Greek  tragedies,  and  in  thofe  of  the  La- 
tin written  upon  the  fame  plan,  no  woman  of  rank  ever  ap- 
pears upon  the  ftage  without  being  accompanied  by  her  nurie. 
This  ufage  is  fo  attentively  prcfervcd,  that  the  modern  name  of 
a  nurfe  is  Paramana^  a  word  of  great  tendcrnefs,  and  even  more 
czpreflive  than  the  ancient,  as  it  fignificb  fecond  mother.  7*he 
nurfe  is  always  lodged  in  the  houfe  where  fhe  brought  up  her 
child,  and  from  that  time  (he  is  adopted  into  the  family. 

The  Greek  ladies  flill  refufe  to  nurfe  their  children,  that 
they  may  preferve  their  beauty,  the  elegance  of  their  bofoms, 
and  even  their  health,  to  which  they  fuppofe  that  'this  contri^ 
butes.  In  this,  however,  they  have  been  often  told  that  they 
axe  miflaken,  and  that,  by  giving  up  their  children  to  the  nu- 
trition of  ftrangers,  they  make  themfeives  mere  ftepmothcrs. 
But  the  force  of  cu (lorn  fuperfedcs  ail  arguments.  Of  all  that 
has  been  written  in  our  times  on  this  iiUt-reifing  fubjeft,  nothing 
IS  more  to  ihe  purpofe  than  the  dii'courfc  of  a  great  philofopher, 

•  The  ilave's  veil  was  made  longer  for  the  fake  of  diiiindion,  par- 
ticularly when  the  female  Haves  were  olFered  to  fale 

t  This  fine  image  naturally  reminds  us  of  the  medals  of  Vefpafian 

and  Tiius,  (Iruck  open  JeruTMlcms  being  taken  by  the  Romans A 

woman  fitting  at  tl»c  foot  of  a  palm-tree,  covered  with  a  long  veil, 
her  head  reclined  and  fuppur:cu  by  her  hand,  with  this  infcription, 

X  This  cullcm  is  of  high  antiquity.  When  Rebecca  left  her  coon- 
try  and  her  father's  Loujc  to  luajry  ifaac,  (he  was  ^cu:>vti^^tkV^^>Qi^  \kKt 


5i6  GuysV  Literary  J^ir^  through  Grmii 

Greeks,  no  woman  of  charader  can  go  out  of  her  houfe  iritb< 
out  having  at  ieaft  one  fervant  with  her.  Thofe  of  fuperki 
rank,  who  have  a  mind  to  (hew  their  opulence  or  dieir  vanitj, 
are  followed  by  numbers. 

The  young  Greek  women  rarely  uled  to  go  out,  never  to 
church,  till  they  were  married.  The  latter  cuftom,  dMMigli  of 
great  antiquity,  is  not  now  obferved  with  the  fame  feventy. 
Neverthelefs,  they  are  as  much  confined  as  they  were  aadeady. 
They  never  venture  to  (hew  themfelves  in  the  company  of  meay 
unlefs  the  father  or  the  mother  be  prefent,  or  it  be  with  thdr 
approbation. 

Young  Nauficaa  fays  to  Ulyflfes,  ^^  Which  of  us  woaM  i^ 
pear  in  public  with  a  man,  without  the  permiffion  of  our  fr 
thers  and  mothers,  before  we  are  married  *•"  Such  wifloi 
and  fimplicity  had  the  manners  of  ancient  times  !  How  fun 
we  from  them ! 

The  Greek  ladies  have  always  been  fond  of  covering  then- 
felves  with  precious  ftones.  The  buckles  of  their  girdles,  thek 
necklaces,  their  bracelets,  are  all  fet  o(F  with  them ;  and  tbi' 
they  delight  in  Ampler  ornaments,  and  adorn  their  hair  wiik 
the  fair  flowers  of  the  Spring,  ftill  the  diamond  muft  fliioe  ii| 
the  midil  of  jafmine  and  rofes.  They  often  drefs  without  going 
from  home,  without  any  intention  to  be  feen,  merely  to  peife 
themfelves.  They  never  lay  afide  their  ornaments^  except  OQ 
fome  occafion  of  fevere  forrow  or  mourning. 

One  cannot  poffibly  fpeak  of  the  ornaments  of  the  Gieck 
ladies,  without  recolle£ting  an  anecdote  recorded  by  Plutarch f. 
An  Ionian  lady,  a  friend  of  Phocion's  fecond  wife*  tookapki- 
fure  in  (hewing  her  her  jewels,  which  confifted  of  bracelebifli 
necklaces,  adorned  with  gold  and  precious  ftones ;  ^^  for  of 
part,"  faid  her  friend,  "  my  only  ornaqient  is  Phocioni  wh 
has  for  twenty  years  been  general  of  the  Athenians.'*  Qit 
might  ftill  find  the  fame  fentiments  among  the  modern  Greebi 
could  one  find  Phocions. 

To  form  an  idea  of  the  excefs  to  which  the  Greek  woma 
carried  their  luxury,  we  need  only  attend  to  St.  John  Cbijlb- 
fiom,  when  he  delaims  againft  its  progrefs  in  his  time.  ^*  B^ 
fide  ear-rings,  fays  he,  they  have  other  ornaments  for  the  a- 
tremities  of  their  cheeks.  Their  eyelids  and  the  whole  coun- 
tenance is  painted  :  their  petticoats  are  interwoven  with  thrd' 
of  gold  :  their  necklaces  are  gold  :  they  wear  plates  of  goH 
upon  their  fleeves :  their  (hoes  are  black  and  (hining,  and  ter- 
minate in  a  point :  they  ride  in  chariots  drawn  by  white  muks, 


♦  Odyff,  \.e). 


^ 


Guy%*s  Litirary  Journey  through  Gruu*  ^if 

with  a  numerous  retinue  of  chambermaids  and  other  maid*fer- 
vants  f/* 

The  modern  Greek  women,  when  they  go  to  any  great 
diitance,  never  fhcw  their  jewels  by  the  way  :  they  are  carried 
along  with  them  :  they  put  them  on  before  they  enter  the 
houfe  whither  they  arc  going  ;  and,  when  their  vifit  is  ended, 
put  them  off  before  they  return.  This  likcwife  is  an  ancient 
cuftom.  The  maid-fervant  of  Thais,  in  Terence,  fays  of  her 
miftrefs,  **  She  has  privately  taken  off  her  jewels  and  given 
mc  them  to  carry  :  this,  I  kno^,  is  4  fign  that  flic  will  go  ai 
foon  as  (he  can  J." 

Madam  ,  Dacier  remarks  on  this  paflage,  that  courtezans 
were  not  allowed  to  wear  gold  or  jewels  in  the  ftrects.  But 
the  truth  is,  and  the  prefcnt  cuftom  confirms  it,  that  Thais, 
like  other  Greek  ladies,  had  her  jewels  carried  backward  and 
forward,  only  that  they  might  appear  with  greater  fplendor  at 
the  place  of  entertainment  §/ 

The  origin  of  the  veil  is  of  remote  antiquity  \  for  we  have  it 
as  high  as  Abraham,  but  the  Greeks  afcribc  it  to  the  natural 
cfteck  of  modeftyt 

Faufanias  has  recorded  a  delicate  litcle  ilory  on  this  fubjeft. 

At  the  diftance  of  thirty  furlongs  from  the  city  of  Sparta^ 
fays  he^  is  a  lUtuc  of  Modclly,  which  was  crc<3ed  there  b/ 
Icarius  for  the  following  reafons  : 

Icarius,  having  married  his  daughter  to  Ulyfles,  endea- 
voured to  prevail  on  his  fon-in-law  to  fix  his  rcfidcncc  at  Spar- 
ta;  but  his  endeavours  were  vain.  As  thele  hopes  proved  in- 
efTcAual,  he  applied  to  hts  daughter,  and  conjuced  her  not  ta 
abandon  her  father*  At  che  moment  ihe  was  about  to  depart 
for  Ithaca  he  redoubled  hii  intreaties  ;  anJ,  when  Ihe  a<^tnally 
fet  off,  followed  her  carriage.  Ulyff-s  at  length,  tired  of  his 
\  importunities,  told  his  wife,  that  flie  might  make  her  choice  be- 
tween her  father  and  her  huihand,  and  that  he  left  it  to  her 
own  picafure,  whether  (he  would  go  with  him  to  Ithaca,  or 
return  to  Sparta  with  her  father.  Then,  it  is  faid,  the 
fair  Penelope  blufhcd,  and  made  no  other  anfwer  than  by 
throwing  a  veil   over   her  countenance,      Icarius  underftood 


t  Sec  Monifaucon's  cxtiaft  from  the  works  of  St,  John  Chryfo- 
ftom. 

J  Irjtcrea  aorum  fibl  clam  mulier 
Pcmir,  dai  mWn  ur  auftTam. 
Hoc  eft  fignt  ;  ubi  prircum  potent, 
Sefc  illinc  rubdacci.  fcio*  Eunuch   A<^.  4.  Sc*  I. 

f  This  jhetvs  coVh&t  ^inwarrancibte  aiTcrttotis  the  indulgence  of 
Conjrelure  will  frequently  It^d  commenutors.  For  our  p:ircs  wc  be- 
lieve with  Mr.iiuys,  that  thii  vvas  tht  cullom  thcn»  as  h  is  now. 


5 1 8  Tbi  Hiji&ry  af  iht  R^yitl  AiaJimy  ^  Sa^mut 

whut  this  anfwer  meant,  and  left  her  at  liberty  to  go  with  hef 
.  hufband  ;  but,  affeded  with  ihe  cmbarraiTraent  in  which  he  had 
I  fecit  his  daughter,  he  erc£lcd  a  ftatue  to  ModE£TY«  in  the 
[place  where  Penelope  had  thrown  a  veil  over  her  blulhct^  that, 
Vin  imitation  of  her,  all  women  might  wear  a  veil.'* 

Agreeably  to  this  traditton.  Homer  reptefcnts  Peneio^ 
followed  by  two  of  her  wooKn^  and  hervvfage  covered  with  a 
magnificent  veiL 

The  veil  dill  worn  by  ihc  Gr<*ck  ladies  is  of  muflin^  with 
gold  tiilue  at  the  extremities.  That  of  their  women  i^  all  of 
a  piccc»  and  without  go!J.  It  is  always  white,  fach  as  Homer 
and  the  ancient  monuments  reprcfciu  the  vails  of  Helena  and 
Hermione*' 

From  the  above  quotations  the  Reader  wil]  perceive  in  wlut 
nanrKr  M.  Guys  has  made  the  ancient  and  modern  cafhMu 
mutually  illuftratc  each  other,  and  at  the  faaae  lime  will  ac- 
Jtnowlcdge  the  utility  of  this  kind  of  writing.  All  we  have  to 
obfcrvc  furtber^  i^^  th^t  thofc  who  read  tor  fcntimeai  and  eru* 
dition  will  be  bttter  fati^ficd  with  thefe  vQlumcs,  than  ibofis 
livbo  open  them  in  purfuii  of  curicTuics* 


A  m  T.    11. 
Hfjlitn  d§  r  Jcademii  R§y<ih  de  Scienm^  £^/.— The  Hifloiy  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  ScieiKes  at  Pafis»  for  the  Year  I76(w 
Comiaued  from  the  Appendix  to  the  XLtii"^  VoluiDe,  Fagi 
505 1  and  concluded, 

Hvr>RosTATics  and  HyDRAULic*. 

Memoir  I,  R/fief^km  on  f&fflt  fuw  hydiojfaikal  Phemmenit. 
the  Abbe  I^^olJct. 

THE  paruJoxicalair  of  tl;  .  r^ml  the  fint^ular  maimer 

m  v.'ivich  the  phenumci  ^  in  it  were  hdl  produced, 

induce  us  to  give  a  fume  what  paiticular  account  of  it. 

In  the  courfc  of  this  ycar^  the  AbbcNollct  had  been  tnfortO'? 
tA  that,  in  Spain,  water  had  lately  been  raifcd  to  the  height  of  S' 
or  60  feet,  apparently  in  dircft  vioUtion  of  the  efl  '   ^ 
of  hydroftaiic?,  by  means    only  of  a   Gmplc    fui  >  inp, 

He   paid,    however,    little    attention   to    this   marv<;lloii%    an^ 
l»ncircutnOjinttaI   relation,    till  he  rend,    in  one  of  the    Dotd 
prints,  that  the  late  M,  Le  Cat  had  afcertamed  the  poffibility 
the  fai5l  by  a£lual  experiments  at  Rouen.     On  his  cnquirmg 
that  gentleman,  by  letter,  whether  it  was  really   true  that  ch< 
laws  of  nature  had  of  laic  undergone  fume  rcmarki^blc  ^ 
M-  Lc  Cat  fct  the  Abbe  at  eafc  with  regard  to  their  i«r 
Jity ;  but  at  the  f^mo  time  afTurrd  him  of  the  tfuih  of  the  ract  i 
general,  and  fent  him  a  relation  of  the  fingular manticr  in  whicfei 
the  discovery  waa  ori-^'itvaW'j  m^4e* 


i 


K/\\a^ 

J 


^  Paris  J  fir  the  Year  1766.  5 19 

A  Tinman  zX.  Seville,  ignorant  of  the  general  principles  of 
hydroftatics,  and  equally  ignorant  of  the  bounds  which  nature 
has  fet  CO  the  afcenc  of  water  /;{  vacus^  as  of  the  caufe  of  its  ele~ 
vacion,  confidently  undertook  to  convey  it  up  to  a  terrace  60  feet 
high,  by  means  of'  a  fimple  fucking- pump.  Having  completed 
his  apparatus,  he  falls  to  uork  upr)n  the  top  of  the  terrace;  but 
the  water  refufcs  to  obey  his  repeated  fuclions.  '  Irritated  at  this 
difappointment  of  his  hopes,  he  runs  down  in  hafte,  and  in  a  fit 
of  rau;c  and  defperation  throws  a  hammer,  which  he  held  in  his 
hand,  at  the  pipe,  with  fuch  good-will,  and  in  fuch  a  direflion, 
as  to  make  a  hole  in  it,  at  the  height  of  about  10  feet  above  the 
refervoir;  and,  in  confequcnce  of  this  lucky  hit,  the  water  in- 
ftantly  ruflics  up  to  the  place  of  its  deflination.  Thus  chance.  ' 
produced  what  genius  had  never  yet  cfFedied,  and  a  pafSonate 
blockhead,  by  a  da(h  of  a  hapimer,  drove  water  up  through  the 
pipe  of  a  fimple  fucking-pump  to  the  height  of  60  feet,  which 
before,  and  ever  fmce  the  days  of  Torricelli,  would  never  pro- 
ceed much  farther  than  30. — In  a  fomcwhat  fimilar  manner,  a 
painter,  we  have  fomc where  read,  after  many  fruitlefs  attempts 
to  paint  the  foam  about  the  mouth  of  Bucephalus,  dafhed  his 
pencil  in  a  rage  againft  the  pidlurc,  where  initaiitly  an  excellent 
foam  appeared,  when  he  lead  expedled  it. 

But  it  is  incumbent  on  us  to  explain,  if  thephilofophical  Reader 
has  not  already  anticipated  us,  the  caufe  of  this  cfFcft.  It  ap- 
pears evidently,  from  the  Abbe  Nolict's  experiments,  that  the 
preflure  of  the  atmofphcre  does  not,  in  this  cafe,  raife  a  folid  or 
continuous  column  of  water  50  or  60  feet  in  height,  or,  in  other 
words,  a  weight  greater  than  its  ov/n  ;  but  that  it  only  elevates 
a  compound  column  of  water  and  air  intermixed,  which  is  con* 
fiderably  lighter.  J;i  facl,  the  water  having  been  firft  railed  to 
its  ufual  height,  by  the  rarefaclion  of  the  air  within  tiie  tul^.-,  the 
external  air  ruihes  in  through  the  fr.iall  artificial  aperture ;  and 
ivhile  it  deprelics  the  water  below  the  orihcc,  which  confcqucntly 
falls  into  the  bafon,  having  now  only  the  weiM;ht  of  a  column  of 
v^ater  20  feet  hi^h  above  it,  that  is,  ;d3  only  of  the  weight  it  is 
able  to  fufiuin,  it  elevates  it,  but  at  the  fame  time  however  in 
its  paflage  upward.4  becomes  intcrmix'.'d  with  it;  and  the  whric 
compound  mafs  of  air  and  water  is,  by  the  continued  prellure  of 
the  atmofphcre,  carried  up  to  the  height  of  50  feet  above  the 
aperture. 

Chance,  as  we  have  already  mentioned^  gave  rife  to  this  ob- 
Tervation  \  though  the  effect  might  undoubtedly,  we  think,  have 
been  conjed^ured  a  prizri.  It  h  well  known,  that  on  lifting  up 
the  tube  of  a  barometer  out  of  the  bafon,  fo  as  to  permit  a  pirt 
of  the  mercury  to  fall  out,  and  of  air  to  enter,  the  remaining  co* 
lumn,  now  become  lighter  than  the  atmofphcre,  is  fuddenly  ele- 
vated and  daihfd  Bg^\u{k  the  top  of  ih«:  tu\>«;  (o  tic\^x.  ^a  tcrAl 


5^0  The  Hifl6ry  pf  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sdenea 

remarkable  circutnftance  in  the  Seville  experiment  i$,  that  the 
water,  inftead  of  being  elevated  to  fo  confiderable  a  height,  does 
not  rather  defcend  through  the  air^  a  fluid  fo  much  lighter 
than  itfelf ;  while  the  latter  might  naturally  be  expeded  to 
ru(h  through  it  to  the  top  of  the  tube.  Xhis  event  how- 
ever does  not  take  place,  when  the  tube  is  of  a  proper  bore,  aod 
the  aperture  is  made  at  a  certain  determinate  height  aboreihe 
furface  of  the  rcfervoir.  It  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  in  the 
Seville  pump,  as  well  as  in  M.  Le  Cat's  imitation  of  it,  tk 
ftream  at  the  top  is  intermittent ;  and  that  it  is  neceflarv,  afer 
the  firft  difcharge  of  water,  to  ftop  the  hole  for  a  fliort  tune,  in 
order  to  procure  a  fecond ;  or,  in  other  words^  that  the  hole 
mud  be  alternately  ftopped  and  opened  by  an  afliffcant,  or  other- 
wife,  during  the  working  of  the  pump. 

Soon  after  the  Abbe  had  cleared  up  this  hydroftatical  pandox, 
the  truth  of  his  explication  of  which  he  afterwards  confirmed  bf 
experiments  made  with  glafs  tubes,  in  the  prefence  of  the  Ac^ 
demv,  he  was  informed  of  ano(her  fingular  machine  of  the  fame 
kind,  which  excited  more  furprizc  than  the  former,    tic  was  told 
that  the  Sieur  Bellangc  at  Paris  had  afiually  con(lni<Sled  afimple 
fucking-pump,  which  not  only  raifed  water  to  the  height  of  55 
feet,  but  delivered  it  in  an  uninterrupted  ftream^  as  longasit 
was  worked,  without  requiring  any  attendance  at  the  litdeap- 
pcrture.     He  made  a  vifit  to  that  artift,  and  found  that  the  per- 
formance of  his  pump  was  fuch  as  it  had  been  reprefented  to  him. 
The  bore  of  the  pipe  of  this  machine  was  10  lines  in  diameter, 
and  that  of  the  littie  aperture,  which  is  by  no  means  a  matter  of 
indifference,  half  a  line.     The  latter  was  pierced  at  the  diftaoce 
of  a  foot  from  the  furface  of  the  water,  and  had  a  flender  valve, 
which  was  fixed  on  the  infide ;    although   the   machine  wouM 
work,  if  the  aperture  remained  always  open.     On  applying  his 
ear  to  this  opening,  the  air  was  heard  rufhing  in  through  it  with 
a  hiding  noife;  and  from  this,  and  other  circumftances,  he  was 
convinced  that  the  pump  did  not  raife  a  continuous  body  of  water 
55  feet  in  height,  but  an  interrupted  column,  confiding  of  al- 
ternate mafles  of  water  and  air.     On  this  account,  the  quantity 
of  water  delivered  by  it  falls  very  much  (hort  of  what  might  other- 
wife  be  expected,  and  renders  it,  at  leaft  in  its  prefent  ftate,  ra- 
ther a  matter  of  curiofity  than  of  much  ufe.    Neverthelefs,  there 
may  be  fome  circumftances  in  which  this  conftrutStion  may  be 
employed   to  advantage  ;  particularly  where  the  fourcc  is  inic- 
cefHble,  or  fo  fituated  as  to  render  the  fixing  of  any  of  the  com- 
mon pumps  difficult  or  impradicable. 
Memoir  II.  On  the  Motion  of  Fluids  running  through  given  Afer* 

tures  in  the  Bottom  of  a  l^eJfeL    By  M.  Le  Chevalier  De  Borda. 
In  quctt\ov\s  o^  ^u^t  ^ti^^vcvti^^ ^  the  Ccicncc  of  certainty,  no 
difference  can  viiufe  m  vV  WVvixxovsi  vii  ■^•ovs\^\£\^\^ixe5.^\J^5X^^»n 


€t  Parhf  pr  tbt  Tear  |j66.  521 

ey  ar«  cotnplicated  with  phyriral  confiJssrations,  tlie  minuted 
9ircum(laiKe  a  lilcd,  ovcrtoukdd,  or  lU'fUckJ,  i«  liitlkjcnt  to 
produce  error  in  the  refalts.  The  proSlcm  which  is  ihz  fabjcA 
of  this  Mcm6ir  has  hern  profoundly  invtfligatcJ  by  (tvtin\  great 
geometricians;  paiiicuUrly  Isy  Mtflrs.  Danid  Bernoulli,  ;ind 
D'Alcmbcrt,  M-  I>c  Bordj,  however,  ihiril's  their  foluciuns 
in  folic  rcfpe^s  erroneous  anJ  here  ciuleavours  to  fubltitutc 
Ifi^thers  more  \\%i\  and  accur;iiC|  founded  on  adiQcrent  hypothefts, 
^Knd  on  adtiul  experiments* 

^■^  Wc  (hall  only  give  the  titles  of  the  two  remaining  Memoirs 
^bf  this  clafs.  The  firft  treats  of  the  diftcrcnt  rncthods  of  laying 
BBihe  fouridaii<*nsof  tirid^es  and  other  works  under  water  :  the  fc- 


w 


By 


cond  contains  an  account  of  the  fchcme  nf  ^ 
of  the  river  U'Y'vcttc  to  Paris,  together  wit-  ^ 
lubrity. 

A   s   T   R   o   K    o    M   V, 
£Mom  I.  and  II.  On  thi  Theory  0/  thg  Plamt  Mercury^ 

M.  Dc  la  Lande. 
Thcfe  Memoirs  are  curious,  not  only  as  aftronomical  artielesp 
but  likcwlfc  on  account  of  the  critical  difcufSon?,  relative  tD  a 
curious  ind  imerclling  part  of  ancient  literature^  contained  in 
em*    -We  (htU  accordingly  g1\c  a  (hort  and  general  abliradl 
their  curttents.  1 

The  theory  of  the  planet  Mercury,  it  is  well  known,  is  Uz 

om  having  been  carried  to  that  degree  of  p        "       ,  which  has 

en  aitancd  to  with  regard  to  that  of  the  *  iet«*     Thi* 

Impcrftdtion  has  evidently  arifen  from  the  great  rarity  and  infuf- 

Iciency  of  obfervations  ;  and  ihefe  have  been  caufid  by  the  ex- 

renie  fmallnefs  of  tha^  planet,  and  his  vicinity  to  the  fiiu  even 

It  hii  greateft  flon^^tions,  which  render  him  frecjiicnfty  indif- 

ernibjc  even  by  modern  artronoTCrs,  provided  with  the  hc^tl  in- 

run^ents;  erpcci.dly  in   his   pufl'i;2;e  over  the  menJiani  where 

De  !a  Lande  huii  frequently  not  been  able  to  obf'ervc  him* 

ith  the  afliftance  of  a  large  leHe^flor  moving  in  the  plane  of  ihit 

ircle.     WTc  are  not  to  wonder,  there furc»  that  the  anttcnt  ob- 

rvationa  of  this  planet  amoutK  only  to  fixtecn,  whirh  arc  all 

n(aincd  in  ihc  only  mnn^  at  altronvny  which 

come  down  to  us  tbe   /v  my  *^    and   rhefe  we 

wc  to  the  favotjrat)L-  fitiation  as   well  as  inJuftry  of  the  obfen* 

cr5.     Copernicus,    fiiuujftr  in  a   more  nofthern  tlimAit\  ani 

nfeqaently  m  a  more  ohliqac  <pherc%  and  rncom^oJeJ  bv  the 

Fogs  anfing  from  the  Vdlu'a,  lamented  th^t  '  '  '  -t 

btatn  an  ubfcrvaiion  of  this  (dancr.     'V)*\:\  :u«  , 

ioli,  and  other  mo^c  m  »Jcin  afironomfiH,  v%crc,  how^vef, 

!  fortunate*     After  difculling  the  refpefiivc  mctlu  %Tv<Ji  ^<t- 

£b  of  their  obfervarion^,    M.  Dc\'4  lu^tiAc  ^if^Wc-^.^  ^  ^^^ 

ftly  mad^  by  himfelf,  under  Uv  ^»a\>\t  cu^nn^ew:^^*^''^'*^' 

An*,  Rev.  vol.  .xJiv,  U  m  \.viT^<^<^^*1 


^22  ^^^  Hijiery  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 

tuations  of  the  planet,  and  from  thence  corre£ls  the  erron  of  tbe 
tables,  and  deduces  the  place  of  his  aphelion  for  the  prefeiU 
time. 

In  the  fecond  Memoir,  the  Author  undertakes  to  determine 
the  motion  of  the  aphelion,  and  the  mean  mocton  of  Mercury, 
together  wl(h  the  mean  time  of  his  revolution,  and  his  diftince 
from  the  fun.  For  thefe  purpofcs  he  enters  into  a  critial  exa- 
mination of  the  fixtccn  obferva'ions  abovementioned,  conuined 
in  the  Almageft ;  fcveral  of  which  he  judges  to  be  of  thegrett- 
cft  importance,  and  to  be  as  capable  of  affording  a  determim- 
tion  of  the  motion  of  the  aphelion,  as  well  as  of  fome  of  the 
other  elements  relative  to  the  theory  of  this  planet,  as  exailat 
Icaft  as  aM  the  obfervations  made  in  the  laft  century.  The  nu- 
merous diificulties  which  the  Author  meets  with  in  this  under- 
taking, give  him  frequent  opportunities  of  difplaying  notoolf 
his  wcll-knov/n  aftronomical  knowledge,  but  tikewife  hit  emdi* 
tion ;  and  of  exercifing  his  critical  difcernment,  in  concfiia{ 
the  unavoidable  errors  which  have  crept  into  that  precious  mo- 
nument of  antiquity,  during  a  courfe  of  more  than  fixteen  cen- 
turies, through  the  inulis  of  copyills  and  tranflators,  and  after- 
wards thofe  o(  printers.  The  manufcripts  of  the  Almi^eft,  in 
the  original  Greek,  wcie  for  many  ages  loft  to  the  world:  hvt 
the  Arabs  had  traiilhtcd  this  work  into  their  language,  andfrom 
thefe  Arabic  xcificns  were  made  the  Latin  tranflations  which  we 
now  pofllfb.  Lor.g  afterwards,  however,  a  copy  of  the  original 
Greek  was  difcovcrci],  and  publifhrd  towards  the  beginning  of 
ihc  1 6th  century,  from  the  lift!)  edition  of  which  the  Auihcr 
tranfcribcs  thr.-  r«>ttcn  oljfcrvations  which  are  found  in  it,  mtdc 
by  Ptolemy  and  !iis  prcilccofl'ors,  relative  to  this  fubjecl;  cor- 
recting the  text  where  it  is  faulty,  and  elucidating  it  where  itii 
obfcurc*. 

Of  the  diilicultl:3  nttendfn[»  this  undertaking,  fome  arifefroo 
the  manner  of  computing  time  ufed  by  this  antient  writer;  and 
from  obfcurilies  in  cxprciTion  both  on  that  and  rther  fubfeits. 
The  K^iprinn  year,  und  the  A>a  of  Nabonailar,  ufed  by  PtoirtnVi 
M.  Dc  la  Lundc  tiiil  reduces  to  the  Julian  ye.ir,  and  the  vulgar 
yTlra.  In  oppofition  to  forre  of  the  learned,  who  have  erred  ('D 
this  head,  he  ih.-ws  that  the  firft  day  of  the  {\ri\  vearof  Nabo- 
nafTar  falls  prccifcly  on  the  2^'th  of  February,  747  \cars  before 
Jefus  Chriit;  a  cv.ic  incontcfliblv  eflabliflicd  on  adronnmicai 
principles,  and  on  the  authority  of  Ptolemy  himfcif,  who  gi^tj 
the  places  of  rl!  the  pLiners  for  that  day  :  on  which  occafit* 
L/I.  iJe  la  LnnJj  obfcrvcs,  that  no  other  day  or  year  cjn  poi- 
fibly  agree  with  all  their  difrerent  loniiitudes  (particularlv  thatof 
the  moon)  except  ihofc  above  indicated.  By  calculatincr  thefun*^ 
places,  and  cc>u\v-^vavi^\\\^vcv  Vw^vV^-^clual  obfcrvatioiis  as  give" 
by  PtulemiY>^^  6cvcia;\tkfc^^^i\sv\V^v^H\^^^s5^^ 


'^t^ 


at  Parht  /^^  t'^^  Tiar  1767,  523 

was  ncccffiry  to  be  afccrtaincd^  with  regard  to  his  manner  of 
rtckoning  the  day,  and  finds  that  he  began  the  day,  as  modern 
aflronomers  do,  at   noon  ;    and   n^tt,   a>  the  antient  Egyptians 
did,  at  fun- rife.     Finally,  among  other  ambiguities  relative  to 
the  text  of  this  Author,  he  fettles  that  important  one  arifnig 
from  his  frequent  manoer  of  cxpreffing  ihcdilUnces  of  Mcrcuiy 
from  the  fixed  ftars,  which  are  not  given   in   degrees   and  mi- 
nutes, but  in  monSy  half-moom^  thirds  cf  m^mt^  kc;    that  is, 
in  diameters  of  that  planet,  and  in  parts  of  that  diameter.     M*     | 
De  la  Lande,    by   a  delicate  ctlctilation,  difcovcrs    the  prccifc     * 
value  which  Ptolemy  affigned  to  that  mcafure ;  and  finds  his  lu- 
nar diameter  to  have  been  equal  to  32'.    45".     He  exprefles  hij 
furprizchow,  without  the  ufi-  of  telcfcopes  and  micrometers,  he 
could  approach  fo  near  to  the  true  mcafure  of  the  monn*s  diamo-     \ 
tcr.     He  fuppofes  it  however  not  to  have  been    obtained  by 
ajjt ua I  meafure^  but  deduced  from  calculations  of  cclfpfcs.    The 
Author  havine:,  in  thcfe  two  Memoirs,  determined  all  the  other    1 
elements  of  Mercury,  except  the   equation  of  the  centre,  pro-    1 
pofes  to  render  his  theory  complete,  I  y  a  dcteimination  of  that 
element,  which  is  to  be  the  fuHjcctof  a  future  Memoir* 
Memoir  HI*  On  (hi  Mmcn  cf  the  NoHa^    end  the  l^ariation  in 

the  Inclination  efihe  Orbits  tf  thi  Satellita  ofjufiter.     By  Mr, 

Bailly. 

In  pur  x?cxvii»''  volume  (Sep.    1767*  p*  167.),   and  in  the 
Appendix  to   the  xlii'',  p.  503,   ^  Jeq,  we  have  given  a  ftoit     1 
account  of  Mr.  Bailly's  attempts   to  pei fe»5l  the  theory  of  the 
fatcllites,  by  calcuUtions  and  Teafonings  founded  on  the  theory 
of  gravitation  ;  %vith  which  the  variations  obfcrved  in  thtir  in- 
clinations had  by  fomc  been  fuppofed   to  be  incompatible.     In 
this  Memoir  he  continues  the  invcftigation,  and  finds  almoft     \ 
every  where  a  perfect  coincidence  between  the  rcfu^?s  of  the  cal- 
culations grounded  oti  the  Newtonian  fyiU-m,  and  the  beft  ac- 
tual obfervation5* 
Memoir  IV.  On  tht  Hmzontal  Rffm^kn.     By  M.  Le  Mon- 

nier*  | 

In  this  Memoir  M.  Le  MonnJcr  prnpofes  a  nfw  method  of 
afccriaining  the  quantity  of  the  boristontnl  refra(£^ion,  and  its 
fmalleft  variations,  with  the  £rc3?cft  precifion,  by  n^eans  of 
fome  of  the  circumpo^ar  ftar?  of  the  hrit  magnitude,  which  re- 
rn*un  a  (hcrt  time  under  the  horizon,  obfervcd  at  the  time  of 
their  fifing  and  felting.  To  htr  mora  p;irticular}  his  method 
confifts  in  mcafuring  the  arch  cf  the  hor  zon  intercepted  between 
the  two  points  :it  which  the  ftar  rifei  and  fcrs ;  and  he  propofea 
the  bright  ftar  in  Ly^a  as  the  moft  proper  for  thcfe  observations  in 
the  meridian  of  Paris*  T'^  rjvc  an  idea  of  the  great  prccifion  of 
this  method,  we  lh.ill  add  that,  nccnrding  to  his  calculationt^ 

M  m  1  Va^^^'vvw^ 


524  77^^  Hijlory  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 

fuppofing  the  horizontal  refraction  to  be  32  minutes,  the  arch 
of  the  horizon  between  thefc  two  points  will  be  diminilhed  by 
the  faid  refraction  3^  .  58'  .  2'';  but  if  the  refradion  be  fuppo- 
fed  cqinl  to  33  minutes,  tlie  fame  arch  will  be  diminiflied  4.^ 
27' .  6'  :  that  is,  a  variation  of  a  fmglc  minute  in  the  horizon tul 
rL'fravf.iior.,  -a  ill  produce  no  Icfs  than  a  difference  of  29'.  4*.in  the 
mq^rurc  of  that  arch  :  fo  that  an  erior  even  of  a  minute,  in  ob- 
fervin.r  tliis  horizontal  angle,  will  produce  an  error  of  iL-cotds 
onl)',  in  the  quanticy  of  the  horizontal'  refraiilion. 

A  very  (hort  account  of  the  remaining  articles  of  this  difs 
will  be  fufficicnt.  Thjfe  arc,  i.  Inquiiits  iilth  regard  U  t-e 
iGJighude  fffvcral  place^^  by  Mr.  Pingrc  ;  u  nJci  taken  principallj 
with  a  viuv/  to  determine  the  quantity  of  ihc  folar  parallax  in 
which  it  is  a  neceflary  clement,  and  which  M.  Pingre  fiill  pcr- 
fifts  in  fixing  at  lofeconds;  attribu'.ing  the  different  determina- 
tions of  other  aftronomers,  in  part,  to  the  errors  committed  in 
fouling  the  longitude  of  the  places  of  obfcrvaiion.  2.  //a  ett£m}t 
to  iletcrr/i.hi.:  the  principal  elements  of  the  theory  cf  JupiieTy  by  M. 
Jcaurat.  3.  A  Continuation  of  M.  Du  Sejyur^s  new  analytical  me* 
thoih  of  calculating  eclipfes  of  the  fun  ^  and  occult  at  ions  cftbeplasns 
and  fixed Jluvs  by  the  moon.  In  this  fourth  Memoir,  the  Audiar 
applies  the  equations  demonflrated  in  the  three  preceding  Me- 
noiis,  to  the  folution  of  fcveral  aftronomical  problems.  4.  On 
thcpyfi  C:mit  of  the  Tear  1765,  by  M.  Pingrc.  While  the  Au- 
thi;r  and  M.  Mcfllcr  were  both  employed,  but  without  effect, 
during  the  nu;nth  of  March,  in  endeavourin;^  to  difcover  the  f*- 
tellite,  which  has  fo  often  been  fuppofcd,  and  of  late  confidently 
affirmed,  to  attend  the  \\^^,Qt  Venus,  which  was  then  in  t^.c 
moft  favourable  fituation  for  fuch  a  difcovery ;  the  latter,  whofe 
vigilance  and  fucccfs  in  the  dcteSion  of  comets  is  well  known 
to  the  public,  catchcd  this  in  the  very  fa£i  of  flcalin'^  outof  tbc 
foLr  f  0cm,  as  cij.ht  days  afterwaids  it  became  torally  invifibie 
M.  Piji'Mclicre  giv  s  its  ckraents  deduced  from  the  obfervationi 
of  Tv^.  Mcfllor,  and  confirmed  by  tliofc  of  the  Abbe  Chappc.— 
AVe  thi:)!:  ic  unncccfiaiy  to  enumerate  the  fevcral  obfervatiorsof 
par^icL:!;:r  cciipfcs,   hz-   given  in  tills  volume. 

(]eoc;rap]iy  and  Hydrography. 

Unvicr  t'u-  fiirt  of  thcfc  two  clafics  is  given  an  account  offom: 
vy:.m  cA  :\\2  hit;  M.  iVlMle,  puMiflicd  'this  year  by  his  brother. 
T :  c  "■  :;  :i  :i  i:i:Tr:.:l  nr.v^  rf  G-or-ia  and  Ar.ncni.i,  cefigRfi 
\  hn  ..;■  i'.fijjd  :ir  P:tc':''r.iri:h,  ajid  conftructcd  on  fome  curi- 
'  !.:>  .  J-..]  \  .;v  pa: Li.  u!ar  m  .;.s  v.f  thefe  countiics,  furnifiied  him 
1'/  a  (.\':  j-an  p:i  cc,  v.I.o  v.  as  then  in  that  capital.  The  fe- 
c-.^^J  :>  a  n-.p;)  oi  Ba'o)  Ir-ni.i,  o:  that  part  of  Afia  formerly  ca'IcJ 
--•'•— ^  i;'-  Ch:-!.!ci;  principally  foimdcd  on  the  relation  of 
tlx  c:  :  .  ..V  r.  ct  0.x  ».u\'{c:iov  Julian  into  this  country  5  the  iti- 
nerary 


^ejiions  CGrxcrnivg  the  Etuydcpedie^  525 

ncrary'of  the  celebrated  Jew,  Benjamin  d«  Tudclla,  who  tra- 
velled through  it  in  the  12th  century  ;  and  laftly  that  of  Tex- 
cira,  the  learned  Portugucze  gco2.raphcr.  On  the  duta  furnilh- 
cd  by  their  different  routs,  which  remarkably  correfpond  wirh 
each  other,  the  Author  has  fatisfadorily  dcn-rmincd  the  cou:ic3 
of  rivers,  and  the  pofition  of  places  which  have  been  rendered 
interefiing  to  the  readers  of  antient  hiftory,  by  the  i^rcat  events 
that  have  formerly  pafled  in  this  part  of  the  world. 

Under  the  fecond  of  thefe  clafies  we  meet  with  an  account  of 
the  prefent  ftate  of  the  ufeful  entcrprifc  und.TiakLri  b.  lie  orders 
of  the  French  court,  and  executed  by  M.  Chaberr,  <»  rooii  ,i\r 
the  fea-charts  of  the  Mediterranean,  by  geometrical  o.^;*  ,t  ->»  s 
combined  with  agronomical  obfervations.  The  particulars  of  .1 
new  and  ingenious  method  are  here  qiven,  propofed  by  M. 
Chabert,  of  determihin  j:  the  lon<j;itude  of  place-,  in  expeditions 
of  this  kind  ;  which  confilh  in  facilitating  the  means  of  obferv- 
ing  the  moon's  paffage  ov6r  the  meridian,  together  with  thofe  of 
fuch  of  the  fixed  ftars  as  have  the  famcdci^iinntion  :  thefe  fbilMva- 
tions  being  afterwards  compared  with  correfpondcnt  oSfcrvations 
made elfewhere.  The  nature  of  the  fubject  prevents  us  from  en- 
tering into  any  pirticular  detail  o\  mis  method.  We  fliall  only 
obferve,  that  the  Author  dcKiibcs  a  very  fimple  and  expeditious  . 
procefs,  by  which  a  qua  irant  or  triinfit  inltrunrent  niay,  in  the 
fpace  of  five  or  fix  hours,  be  fixed  exadly  in  the  plane  of  ti\e 
meridian,  under  the  fuelter  of  a  temporary  oJ>l  rvatory  or  tent; 
and  the  proper  obfervations  be  taken  with  the  utmolt  prompti- 
tude and  precifion. 

The  only  article'?  remaining  to  be  noticed  are,  an  account  of 
various  machines  or  inventions  produced  before  the  Academy,  of 
the  different  arts  and  manufactures,  the  hiftory  of  which  is  an- 
nually publidied ;  and  the  Kioge  of  tnat  excellent  chemift,  M. 
Hellot. 

A    R    T.       HI. 

^te/ilons  fur  V EiicycJo^cdic. — C^ieftions,  or  D.'^ubt?,  fjp;rreflvd 
from  a  Pcruf-il  of  the  y:7.'jc/:/>w;/V.     8vo.     3  vols.      i;;?. 

TH  I  S  performance  bears  evidt^nt  marks  of  tlic  p?n  oF  \'^oI- 
taire.  It  has  ;ill  the  e:i_a  .inj  viv.icl'y  o'  liiae  c-. l-.l-ra'cvl 
writer,  and  contains  many  of  tholo  <  .vCcptiojiaLlc  r.pii.i,:);,  for 
which  he  has  fo  frvqucntly  and  fo  rticnuoutly  con:c;i.!c.].  Aj 
his  attention,  however,  has  here  been  chiefly  emplove-.l  on  f'.p- 
jc6ls  of  talle  .avJ  criticiirn,  he  h.is  fmiuihcd  a  number  of  ;irticlt  s 
which  arc  truly  vahii^olc  and  iiuertilin^.  It  was  his  inteniioa 
to  fupp)y  fomc  om;7Jio;is,  v/!rich  h.^d  l*.ce\\  rrajXt  V>j  C:.";. -^wNcvwi 
of  the  Encychfcdie^  and  ti)  rr.ake  fomc  ;vddavvn\o  \.o  VAwy^'^^^ 
idmLcd  work.     In  bu:h   thefe   rcfpcCls  \\e  \\j^^  ^nxcc^^^^^'^^*^ 


526  ^ejllons  conctrning  the  Eitcjchpidii, 

great  meafure;  and  his  obfervations  and  reafoniDgs,  except 
where  they  attack  religion  and  moral  icy ,  are  entided  to  appio- 
bation. 

Under  the  title  Augujii  OSiavt^  he  has  made  the  WlowiDg 
remarks,  which  will  not  be  unacceptable  to  our  Readcn: 

<  It  has  often  been  aflced,  under  what  defignation,  or  under 
what  title,  did  OAavius,  furnamed  Augdftus,  a.  citizen  of  the 
fniall  town  of  Velctri«  cxercife  dominion  over  an  empire,  which 
extended  from  Mount  Taurus  to  Mount  Ailaf,  and  from  the 
Euphrates  to  the  Seine?  It  was  not  as  peipctual  diclator. 
Th^t  title  had  been  fatal  to  Julius  Caefar  ;  and  Auguftusbnre 
it  only  for  eleven  days.  The  dread  of  perilhing  like  his  prtde- 
ceflbr,  and  the  advice  of  Agrippa,  determined  him  to  renounce 
it.  He  had  rccourfe  to  other  meafures  ;  he  infenfibly  vcftd  in 
his  perfon  all  the  places  of  truft  and  of  dignity  in  the  republic. 
Thirteen  confulaies,  the  tribunefbip  renewed  in  his  fawur 
every  ten  years,  the  appellation  of  Prince  of  the  Senate,  %tA 
that  of  Efiipcror,  which  originally  exprcfled  nothing  roore  thin 
commander  of  the  armv,  but  which  afterwards  came  to  be  taken 
in  a  more  extended  fcr.fe  ;  thefe  titles  fecmeJ  to  legitimate  his 
power.  In  the  mean  time,  the  honours  of  the  fenate  were  not 
tarnifhed  ;  and  it  always  prclerved  very  confiderablc  privileges. 
Auguftus  divided  with  it  all  the  provinces  of  the  empire;  but 
thofe  which  he  reiaincJ  to  himfelf  were  the  nioft  powetM  and 
important :  and  his  command  of  moiicy  and  troops  made  him 
abfoliite. 

What  is  ftranrrc,  Julius  C^f.ir  was  not  made  a  god  till  af:cr 
his  death  ;  but  Oclavuis  w.is  dcilied  during  his  life.  It  is  true, 
that,  at  Rome,  he  was  not  abiolutcly  confidered  as  ad:-i:v; 
but  he  was, viewed  in  this  lij^ht  in  the  provinces,  and  had  his 
temples  an  J  his  pricfl.-.  'VwiiA-hay^CiEney^  at  Lvons,  was 
one  of  the  places  v^hcrc  he  was  vvoilbippcd.  Horace  has  f^ 
of  hiin, 

J ivcniLfo'ie  tuur.:  per  K:r7hji pouim-s  aras. 
We  may  hence  coiiji'l,  that,  even  among  the  Romans  them- 
felve?:,  t:;crc  wciv  rounicrs,  p  Jiic  enough  to  raife  alran  to  hicn 
i;:  their  h.^ufcs.  He  was,  t  .crefore,  in  cftzdi,  Ca:i.>niz.:d  vlar- 
in^  his  Ii:":  ;  aiv.i  th.;  ;ippc:ia:ion  of  Deity  becanic  ihc  tiilc  or 
fur nanie  o:"  h  s  l'iiv.c«.(]l.T^. 

Caii;.u;a  f.;iir.cl  110  difliciilty  in  making  hLmfcIf  a  deity.  He 
required  il-.at  the  jC.plc  (hv-uilj  p;iy  him  adoration  in  thc'icmpic 
o!  Caf^or  ;,nc!  P^.IIl'.-:  ;  and  his  ftjtu?  was  placed  between  the 
fbtue  of  thcTc  div^iiitie^.  Nero  enjoyed  the  title  of  Deity  liJ 
he  was  cor  v\*:\i[\vwA  u^  Oi\vt\iN  ^^^t  'vv:tva\^» 


^ue/l'ons  concerning  the  Encyclopedic:  527 

carried  to  fo  daring  a  length.     Dhus  had  prccifcly  the  fame 
meaning  vf\i\ifan^us. 

Wc,  ough^  to  judge  of  the  maimers  of  Auguftu^j  only  from 
the  f.i<Sis  recorded  of  him  ;  anJ  ilit:  fjiSs  on  vvhi^'h  we  found 
our  conclufions  ought  to  be  incontcltable.  It  has  been  aff^rced, 
that  this  man,  who  is  fo  extravagantly  extolled  as  the  reftorer 
•of  the  Roman  manners  and  laws,  was,  for  a  long  tinic,  a  moft 
infamous  libertine.  His  epigram  on  Fulvia,  comi)ored  after  the 
iiorrors  of  the  profcriptions,  is  a  demonftration,  that  his  con- 
tempt of  decency  in  cxpreffion  was  equal  to  ^lic  barbarity  of  his 
qonduA : 

*  ^od  futwt  glaphyram  Antonius^  banc  mihi  pccnam 
Fulvia  conjiituity  fe  quo]t4e  uti  futuam, 
Aut  futue  atpugmmuSy  ait  \    quid  quod  mihi  vlid 
Charior  ejl  iofa  mentula  ?    Signa  canant* 

This  abominable  epigram  is  a  ftrong  teftimony  of  the  re- 
proachable  manners  of  Auguftus.  Sextus  Pompey  objected  to 
him  his  infamous  wcaknelfes  :  Ejfeminatum  inicdlatus  ejL  An- 
tony affirmed,  before  the  triumvirate,  that  Cacfar,  the  grand- 
uncle  of  Auguftus,  hail  adopted  him,  becaufe  he  had  been  fub- 
fcrvient  to  his  pleafures  :  Adiptionem  avuncuHJiupro  meritum. 

The  fame  reproach  was  thro»vn  upon  him  by  Lucius  Caefar, 
who  affirmed  alfo,  th;:t  he  had  carried  his  mcannefs  fo  far  as  to 
fell  his  modcfty  to  Hirtius  for  a  confiderable  fum.  His  impu- 
dence made  him  lake  a  woman  of  the  higheft  quality  from  her 
hulbanJ  while  at  fuppcr.  He  retired  with  her  to  a  neighbour- 
in^^  apartment,  and  having  gratified  his  dcfires,  he  conducted 
her  to  the  table,  while  neither  he  himfelf,  nor  the  lady,  noc 
her  hufhand,  were  feen  to  blufli  at  this  indecency. 

There  ftill  remains  a  letter  from  Antony  to  Auguftus,  con- 
ceived in  thefe  teims  :  ha  vaUas  ut  banc  epijhlam  cum  leges  n:}n 
inieris  Ti/iullamy  aut  TirenUti:mi^  aut  Rujfilam^  aut  Sahiam^ 
aut  omnts,  An>:e  rcfcri  ubi^  (J  in  quam  arrigas.  We  muft  nut 
tranfl^ite  th-s  licentious  epiftle. 

The  fcandalous  feaft,  which  he  celebrated  with  five  of  the 
companions  of  his  debauchery,  and  fix  of  the  principal  ladies  (jf 
Rpme,  is  well  known  They  reprcfented  fo  many  gods  and 
goddefl'es,  and  prad  fed  the  grolFcft  obfcenities  : 

Dum  nova  ciu-.rum  canat  adult eria* 
He  was,  at  length,  publicly  marked  out  on  the  theatre  in 
the  following  famouj  vcrfe, 

Vidcs  ne  ut  cintcdus  0  hem  dig! to  temperet. 
Almoft  all  the  Latin  authors,  who  have  fpoken  of  Ovid,  have 
pSfcrvcd,    th3t  Auguftus  was   induced   to  fend  this  celeorated 
Rqaism  into  exile  f/qm   no  other  leatoU)  Vu\  \>^^imSL^  ^^^^^  ' 

M  01  4  S^tV 


528  ^ujijons  concerning  the  Encycloptdiem 

furprifcd  him  in  inceft  with  his  daughter  Julia  ;  and  they  have 
alfo  aflfcrted,  that  it  was  a  motive  of  jealoufy  which  made  him 
banifli  Julia.  This  appe.rsthe  more  probable,  a$  Caligula 
hojftcd  publicly,  that  his  moiher  was  the  fruit  of  the  inceftuoos 
commerce  of  Auguftus  with  his  daughter. 

It  is  not  difputed,  that  Auguftus  repudiated  the  modieTof 
Julia,  on  the  very  day  that  he  had  celebrated  his  marriage  with 
her  ;  and  th.it  on  that  day  he  carried  offLivia,  who  was  with 
child  by  her  hulband  Tiberius,  another  monfter,  who  fucceedcd 
him.     Such  was  the  man,  of  whom  Horace  has  faid, 

Rci  !'a!a5  crni's  inter u^  mcrihui  crncs^ 
Leglhus  emendcSy  t^c. 

It  is  with  the  utmoft  indignation,  that  we  read  in  the  Geor- 
cics,  tl'.at  Aiii*,uftus  is  one  oi  the  grcatcft  deities,  and  that  we 
iiiid  the  poet  at  a  UU  what  oilicc  fliall  be  afligned  him  as  a 
trod  ;  wlKther  he  will  h^ld  dominion  in  the  air,  whether  he 
will  be  ihc  proiCvStor  ot  ciiics,  or  whether  he  w.li  accept  the 
Ciiipirc  cf  the  !'ca  ? 

yffi  ditis  rvymrfi  \'t':ijs  ;.v^r/j,   ac  iua  naui^ 
hwr.'ina  f'Aa  coloht^   tli  Urv'uit  ultima  IhuU. 

Aiiv^Ho  has  exprtiTtu  hlniklf  with  mere  propiicty  as  wcllis 
gr^.-jc,  wixn  \\'c  1^)5,  i.i  his  admirable  thirty-liuh  c.mto, 

No7ifu  ft  fai:tn  ne  hhiigno  An^ujls^ 
Lome  la  tro?iiha  ili  Pirgiiio  Juor.a  \ 
Vaver  avtito  in  I  /cfia  buon  gujio^ 
La  prcfcript'r.Kc  i\iqua  gii  pinicnay    (fc. 

In  proportion  to  the  cxccTs  of  dcbauchcrv  in  which  he  in- 
di!l^,cd,  t:.e  cruelty  of  A;;c;»ilius  was  atrocious  and  deliberate. 
It  Wiis  in  VM'  lui'ib  of  jollity  and  mirth  that  he  gjve  orders  for 
the  p^ofcriptions.  In  c.^niloK  ncc  of  thefe,  :^co  fen. 3 tors  were 
put  todcr.th,  ?cco  knii.hti,  and  anumber  of  individuals  ofob- 
fcurc  fami!:.i;,  but  whofc  riches  were  confiderabK-.  The  ^rtit 
c^'jcdt  which  OJlaviijsaiid  Antony  had  in  view,  in  the  murders 
they  comniitlcil,  was  liie  v. ca'fh  of  the  profcribed.  In  this 
refpccl,  they  differ  not,  fays  M.  Voltaire,  from  thofc  high- 
wayrr.CM  \v  .oin  wl-  brc.ic  iipon  the  wheel. 

Ir.imccliat  iy  belore  th:  Peruhan  war,  Oftavius  cave  a  dona- 
tion to  his  v'.t'.ran  lolli-.r^  of  the  lands  which  belonged  to  the 
citizciis  or  iMantua  arid  Cremona;  thus  recompencing  their 
murders  by  d..p:^da;:on. 

^  Jt  is  but  too  certain,  that  the  world  was  ravaged,  from  the 
Euphrates  to  t'.u-  hcr.rt  of  Spa-n,  by  a  man,  who  had  neither 
modcfty,  honour.,  wot  \)XoV\\n  \  V\\c\^^•^N'\\\^^/\•^«^•i^:\^^Yi;i^aa(^ 

•city,  wevc   cxccCavc -^   \;\\vi  cvi\:\^  ^wixwx.Tivtv  vxwx^^^v^  \^ 


^iflum  concerning  ihi  EncjfilapedU*  529      ^ 

ftiemtclflof  crimes;  and  who,  in  a  welUconRituted  rcpiiblict 
oughr  10  have  died  by  the  ha-nds  of  the  executioner. 

The  government,  or  -idminiftrationj  of  Auguflus,  notwUh^ 
{landini!,  is  a  fabje*Sb  of  .idmirzition  ;  becaufc  Rome  enjoyed 
under  it  ihe  advantages  ot  ptjice,  pleafure,  and  abundance* 
Seneca  fays  of  him,  Ciemcni'tam  mn  vqco  lajjhm  crudflitat/m*  I 
do  not  give  the  name  of  clemency  to  a  lalliiudc  prgd^ccd  by 
cruelty-  .  j 

It  has  been  thought,  that  he  became  mild  iii  hi^difporuion^ 
when  his  umbition  rrnJercd  it  n<j  longer  neccfiaiy  to  him  ca 
comnut  crimes.  When  he  w^s  abfolute  m after  of  the  ilate,  it 
wa&  \\h  intcrcft,  it  is  f^td,  to  be  juit.  Um  1  muft  be  of  opi- 
nion, that  there  was  more  cf  cruelty  than  of  clemency  in  his 
nature:  for,  after  the  battle  of  A^ium,  he  ordered  the  fon  of 
Antony  to  be  put  to  death  at  the  fpot  of  Caefar's  ftatue  ;  and  he 
hj»d  the  barbirity  to  caufc  C^firio,  the  Ton  of  Cacfar  aud  of 
Cleopatra,  to  be  bchealcd,  though  he  himfclf  had  acknuw<F 
ledp^ed  him  as  the  king  of  Kgypt, 

He  one  day  fufpedtcd  that  the  praetor,  Gallius  Quintus^ 
•had  come  into  hu  prefence  with  a  dagger  concealed  under  hii 
-gown,  and  he  ordered  him  immcdialdy  to  be  put  to  the  torture. 
Being  called  a  tyrant  by  this  fufierci,  he,  in  the  heat  of  his 
rage,  with  his  own  hands  tore  out  the  eyes  of  the  unhappy  (c- 
njtor  1  for  this  fjtt,  we  have  the  authority  ot  Suetonius-  1 

It  is  wtU  known,  that  Caef^r,  his  adoptive  f4ihcr,  bad  the  « 
greatncfs  of  mind  to  pardon  almoil  all  his  cnemici.  But  it  dot$, 
not  appear  to  me,  that  hrftory  has  recorded,  of  Auguftus,  unc 
example  of  fuch  gcnerofity,  I  doubt  extremely  of  what  is  faid 
concerning  his  clemency  toward  Cinna,  The  ftory  is  neither 
mentioned  by  Suetonius,  nor  by  IVcitus ;  and  the  furmer, 
who  profcflis  to  .^ive  an  account  of  all  the  confpiracie^  which 
were  formed  againft  him,  would  not,  probably,  have  omitted 
to  take  notice  of  the  moft  atrocious  of  them.  The  fingularity 
of  his  giving  the  contulate  to  Cmna,  as  a  reward  for  thr  '  ft 

perfidy,  could  not  have  efcapcd  all  the  contemporary  1.  i, 

Dio  Cafiius  fpeaks  of  it  after  Seneca;  but  the  p^IFage,  ui  Se- 
jicca,  which  bears  relation  to  i^,  has  more  the  air  of  declamation 
than  of  hiftory,  Befide,  Seneca  lays  the  fcene  in  Gaul,  and 
Dio  in  Rome;  from  which  contradiflion,  we  muft  infer,  that 
the  fad  is  falie.  The  mudern  Roman  hiftorics,  being  com- 
piled in  a  hurry»  and  without  tdic,  have  not  examined  into  J 
this  mater.  That  of  Laurence  EcharJ,  in  particular,  is  lame  1 
and  defciftive.  Authors,  in  geneial,  are  fetdom  guided  by  the 
ipirit  fif  inq»»iry  and  jcfearch. 

Pcrhaps  Cinna*  having  been  fufpe£\ed  oi  cotvN\&<^  ^*t  Vwtw- 
trcCpj  "    '     'uflus,   was  promoted b^  Wxm^  la^^V^t  ^avv^V^o- 

jwnL.     ...  .a>  iQ  the  einot.v  koftout  oi  yXk^A^i^^^"^^^^^ 


but  It  ft  altogether  improbable  thjc  he  hjid  concetred  die  i 
fign  of  felling  upon  the  Tuprcme  autbortty*  He  lud  nt 
Cocnmanrleii  an  army,  was  fupported  by  no  party-,  and  waa 
fio  conftcleration  in  the  Hate.  Cuuld  a  courtier,  without  re- 
Iburcrs  or  power»  have  the  picfumpuun  to  thinic  of  dethroning 
a  fovereign,  whofc  dominion  had  been  ftrcngihcned  by  a  reigc 
of  twenty  years,  and  who  had  heirs  to  claim  the  fttcceffian 
him  ?  (Jr  is  it  probable  that  Auguf!us,  after  having  difcove 
Cinna's  confpiracy  againft  him,  would  immediately  have  ^i 
tanced  him  to  the  confutOiip  } 

If  the  ftory  of  Cinna  is  true,  Auguftus  mud  have  par 
bim,  in  oppoTition  to  his  will,  at  the  inftig^^tion  and  importi 
sky  of  Livia,  who  had  acquired  the  afcendant  over  him  i  an 
who  pcrfuadcd  him,  fays  Seneca,  tbzt  the  granting  a  pardon  i 
Cinnj  would  rcdaund  more  to  his  advantage,  th^n   ttic  | 
incnt  of  that  offender.     In   this  cafe,  thcicfore,  the  cl     _ 
of  Auguftus  was  an  tffe<El  of  policy,  ami  not  of  generofif y/ 

The  obfervallons  which  our  Auihor  hj!i  made  in  the  anic 
Ckm^fat^n  [a  qiiack-do£lor]  are  by  no  means  unemeruining, 

•  The  chevalier  Jancoun^  fays  he,  hascxpofed,  in  the  fcncj 
doped te%  the  qu;ickL-ry  of  phylicians  :  1  Ih^W  make  a  few  ad^Jta 
tions  to  hts  leflc^ioiJS* 

Phyficians  live  in  great  cities ;  there  arc  few  of  them  in  ih^ 
country*  The  rc^ifon  of  this  is  obviaus.  In  great  cities  then 
■re  rich  patterns  j  and  among  tbefe,  dcb.iuchery,  the  pleafuic 
of  the  table,  and  the  gratific?-tion  of  the  paOlons,  give  nlc  loi 
vai iecy  of  difcafcs,  Dumoulin,  not  the  la^A^ycr,  hut  the  phyJ 
fician,  who  was  a  no  kf:»  famous  pra^iiioncr,  obferved  at  bii 
death,  *  Thai  he  left  behind  him  two  great  phyftcians.  Re 
gimen,  aud  River -water/ 

In  17^8,  one  V'illars  told  his  ffiends  in  confidence,  that  hi 
uncle,  who  had  lived   almoilr  an  hundred  years,  and  who  dte 
only  by  accident,  had  left   hitn  a  certain  preparation,  whicl 
had  the  virtue  to  prr>long  a  man's  life  to  an  hundred  and  lift 
years,  if  be  lived  with  lobricty.     When  be  happened   to  oh 
ftrvc  the  proccffion  of  a  funeral,  he  fluugi^cd  up  his  fliotiidifil 
in   pity  :    If  th  dtaaftd^    faid   he,   hod  Sahn  my  mtJ 
'$t4iiU  upt  hi  whrrt  hi  is*     \{\%  friends,  among  vvhom 
bitted  it  gencruuflv,  oblcfving  the  condiiion  rvquired,   ' 
utihty,  and  extolled  tt.     He  was  thence  encouraged   . 
at  a  crown  the  bolile  ;  and  the  fale  was  prodigious.     It  wan  nn 
more  than  the  water  of  the  Seme,  mixed  with  a  Utile  nitre. 
Thofc  who  made  ufc  of  it,    and  were  attentive,  at  the  fame     ^ 
iiiixt^  to  regimen,  or  who  ^erc  happy  in  good  conf. 
foon  recovered  \\vc\t  utviA  \\^Av\v*    '\^  <5\Ww  he  .  ,     . 

^  it  is  y#)UT  own  (auH\^  nw  >c>^  tvov t^iUL\\>^  <;m^^^v  ^^^^hM 
been  iniempe^^^^  %iA  mcorvuti^^x^  t^u^>ir^^^  ^^^^^^^[|j| 


^€/!ions  concerning  the  Ency dope  fie.  531 

believe  me,  you  will  live  at  Icaft  an  hundred  and  fifty  years.' 
Some  of  them  took  his  advice  j  and  his  wealth  grew  with  his 
reputation.  The  Abbe  Pons  extolled  this  quack,  and  gave 
him  the  preference  to  the  Marifchal  de  Villars  :  *  The  latter, 
/aid  he,  kills  men  ;  the  former  prolongs  their  cxiftence.* 

At  length,  ir  was  difcovered  that  Villars'  medicine  vvas  com- 
pofcd  chiefly  of  river-water.  His  practice  v/as  now  at  an  end, 
Men  had  recourfe  to  other  quacks. 

Villars  was  certainly  of  no  diflervicc  to  his  patients  ;  and  can 
only  be  reproached  with  fellinn;  the  water  of  the  Seine  at  too 
high  a  price.  He  excited  men  to  temperance,  and  in  this  rc- 
fpedt  was  infinitely  fupcrior  to  the  apothecary  Arnoud,  who 
.filled  Europe  wiih  his  nodrums  for  the  apoplexv,  without  re- 
. commending;  the  practice  of  any  one  virtue. 
•  1  knew  at  London  a  phyfician,  of  the  name  of  Brown,  who 
had  praclifcd  at  Barb:idocs.  He  had  a  fugar-work  and  negroes; 
and  having  been  robbed  of  a  confidcrable  fum,  he  called  toge- 
ther his  flavcs.  *  My  fricn«i.s,  faid  he,  the  great  ferpent  ap- 
peared to  me  during  the  ni;^ht,  and  told  me,  that  the  perfon  who 
ftole  my  money  (hould,  at  this  inft;int,  have  a  parrot's  feather 
at  the  point  of  his  n-)fe/  The  thief  immcdiatHy  put  his  hand 
to  his  nofe.  *  It  is  3011,  cried  the  matter,  th.it  robbed  me; 
the  great  fcrper.t  has  jutt  now  told  me  fo.'  By  this  method, 
the  phyfician  recovered  his  money.  This  piixe  of  quackery  is 
not  to  be  condemned  ;  but,  in  order  to  praclifc  it,  one  muft 
have  to  do  with  nr-grocs^ 

Scipio,  the  firll  Africanus,  a  man,  in  other  rcfpei5ls  h  dif- 
ferent from  Dr.  urown,  perfuaded  his  fo!diors,  that  he  was 
diredted  and  infpircd  by  the  gods.  This  piece  of  fraud  had 
been  long  ar.d  fucccl'bfully  practifcd.  Can  we  biamc  bcipio  for 
having  recourfe  to  it  ?  There  is  not,  perhaps,  a  perfon  who 
does  greater  honour  to  the  Roman  republic  ;  but  how  came  ir, 
let  me  afl:,  that  t!ic  gods  infpircd  him  not  to  give  in  his 
accounts  ? 

Numa  acled  bct'er.     He  had  a  band  of  robbers  to  civiliz?, 
and  a  fenate  that  conftituicd  the   mo(t  intradlable  part  of  them. 
Had  he  propofeJ  his  laws  to  the  aflcmblcd  tribes,   he  would 
have  met  with  a  thoufand  difTicuItics  from   the  afl'aflins  of  his 
predcceflbr.     He   adopted    a   different    method.     He   addrefled 
.himfclf  to  the  godJcfs  Kgeria,  who  gave  him  a  code,  fandlified 
with  divine  aurliority.     What  was  the  confequence  ?    He  was 
fubmitt'.'d  to    witnout  oppofition,    and   reigned   happily.     His 
jntentione  were  admirable,  and  his  quackery  had   in  view  the 
public  good  ;  but  if  one  of  his  enemies  had  Jifclofed  his  artifice^ 
.and  faid,  ^  Let  us  \yat\\{h  an  impoftuT,    >nYvo  ^\oVt\v>i\ft.'&  ^^ 
osimc  of  the  Gods  to  deceive  mankind^*  Vi^  viovAd^Ykvi^uti^w 
gone  the  fate  ofli'inuhis.  « 


y32  ^eflhns  eoneeming  the  Encyclope£e. 

It  is  probable,  that  Numa  concerted  his  meafurcs  with  great 
prudence,  and  deceived  the  Romans,  with  a  view  to  their  advan- 
tage, with  an  addrefs,  fuited  to  the  time,  the  place,  and  the 
genius  of  that  people. 

Mahomet  was  twenty  times  on  the  point  of  mifcarrying; 
but,  at  length,  he  fucceeded  with  the  inhabitants  of  Medina, 
and  was  believed  to  be  the  intimate  friend  of  the  angel  Gabriel. 
At  prefent,  (hould  any  one  announce  himfelf  at  Conftancinopk 
to  be  the  favourite  of  the  an^el  Raphael,  who  is  fuperior  in 
dignity  to  Gabriel,  and  infift  that  they  mult  believe  in  hia 
alone,  he  would  be  impaled  alive.  Quacks  ihould  know  hoff 
to  time  their  impoftures. 

Was  there  not  fomewhat  of  deceit  in  Socrates,  with  his  fa- 
miliar demon,  and  the  precife  declaration  of  the  oracle,  which 
proclaimed  him  the  wifeft  of  men  ?  It  is  ridiculous  in  Roilin 
to  infift,  in  his  hiftory,  on  the  fiiicerity  of  this  oriicl^:.  W&t 
does  he  not  inform  his  readers,  that  it  was  purely  a  piece  of 
quackery?  Socrates  was  unfortunate  nr  ro  t.-.e  time  of  his  ap- 
pearance. An  hundred  years  fcjiic;  ;*j  might  have  governed 
Athens. 

I'he  leaders  of  philofopbical  fe£ls  have  all  of  thrm  been 
tinctured  w  iih  cjuackcry.  But  the  grcateft  of  all  quacks  arc 
xhofe  who  have  afpircd  to  power.  How  formidable  a  quack  was 
Cromwell  !  He  appeared  precifcly  at  the  time  when  he  could 
have  fucceeded.  Under  Elizabeth,  he  would  have  bcenhangcJ; 
under  Charlcb  II.  he  woul-l  have  been  an  obje«fl  of  ridicule. 
He  came  at  a  period  when  the  EngliQi  were  difgufted  wi'i 
kings ;  and  his  fon,  at  a  time,  when  they  were  difgufted  with 
protestors.* 

In  the  courfe  of  th^  remarks  which  our  Author  has  made 
upon  dramatic  poetry,  he  takes  occafion  to  give  the  following 
ItrivSlurc  on  a  late  edition  of  Shakefpear.  We  (hall  prefent  it 
to  our  Readers  in  his  own  words. 

*  jVi  jettc  Ics  yeux,  fays  he,  fur  une  edition  de  Shakefpear, 
donnee  par  le  ficur  Samuel  Johnfon.     J'y  ai  vu  qu*on  y  trJie 
dc  fctits   ejprits  Ics  etrangcrs  qui  font  etonnes,    que  dans  Ics 
pieces  dc  ce  errand  Shakefpear,  itn  faiatcur  Romain  fajfc  U  bwp*%    I 
i3  qinm  roi  paraijfe  Jtir  le  theatre  comme  uu  yvrogne,  ' 

*  Jc  nc  vcux  point  foupc^onner  le  ficur  Johnfon  d'etre  un 
mauvais  plaifant,  &  d'aimcr  trop  !c  vin  ;  mais  je  trouvc  un 
pcu  extraordinaire  qu'il  coinptc  la  boufFonnerie  &  Tyvrog- 
nerie  pnrmi  le  heautes  du  theatre  trngique  ;  la  raifon  qu'il  en 
clonnc  n'eft  pas  moins  fingiilicre.  Le  po'ete^  dit-il,  dc.ialgntai 
tiijTin^iom  o:ddi>^\c\U%  at  tov^diticni  ^  de  f/^yj,  (Off,7m  un  pdntn 
qut^  conUnX  ii  a-Xi^xr  j> tint  In  fg^urc^  v/t^Wne  \a  Aro^mt,  VA.coffl- 
unraiion  fcra\t  v^ws.  "^wVU  ^"v\  V^^^^^^  ^'^^  v^vwci^  ^x^^-we.^ 
f.ijet  ncWc,  iuucAuvv^:v^.^^^  ^-^c,v.vlNo,vv^^  ix^.5.>^%^  ^^^^i>^V. 


An  EJfay  ccncerning  Prejudices^  faV.  5^^ 

la  bataille  d'Arbclles  Alexandre  le  Grand  montc  fur  un  anc  ;  & 
la  femme  de  Darius  buvant  avcc  dcs  gougeats  dans  un  cabaret.' 

Yxom  the  foregoing  fpecimens,  our  Readers  may  judge  for 
themfelves  of  the  merit  of  the  work  before  us.  It  appears  to 
us  in  the  higheft  degree  entertaining,  and  fuperior  to  many  of 
the  other  productions  of  its  Author. 

A  R  T.     IV. 
EJfcii  fur  Us  Prejuges^  ifc.    An  Eflay  concerning  Prejudices,  or, 
the  Influence  of  Opinions  upon  the  Manners  and  Happinefs 
of  Mankind.     12010.     Paris.      1770. 

/TT^H  E  late  truly  ingenious  M.  du  Marfais  is  generally  fup- 
1  pofcd  to  be  the  Author  of  this  ciVay.  It  is  written  in  a 
lively  and  fpirited  manner,  and  contains  many  noble  fenti- 
nients,  exprefled  with  great  encr^*y.  The  Author's  prejudices 
againft  religion,  indeed,  are  apparent  in  almod  every  page  of 
his  work ;  but  while  we  lament  this,  juftice  obliges  us  to  ap«« 
plaud  that  love  of  truth  and  virtue,  that  abiiorrcnce  of  prieil- 
craft,  and  of  every  fpccies  of  civil  and  ccclefiaftical  tyranny,  which 
arc  fo  ftrongly  marked  through  the  whole  of  his  performance. 

The  principal  points  which  he  is  defirous  of  eftablifhing  are, 
that  ignorance,  error,  and  prejudice  are  the  grand  fourccs  of 
all  the  evils  and  calamities  to  whi'.  h  mankind  arc  fubjcdt,  and 
that  truth  and  philolbphy  are  the  only  remedies  ibr  thete  evils. 
He  (hews  the  great  advantage  of  philofophy,  bjtii  in  regard  to 
morals  and  politics  ;  and  points  out,  in  a  variety  of  initances, 
the  unhappy  influence  of  religious  and  political  prejudices  oa 
the  minds  both  of  princes  and  fubjed^s.  In  treating  thefe  feve- 
ral  points,  the  fame  ideas  often  recur,  and  the  Author's  man- 
ner is  too  difFufive  and  declamato:y.  Every  friend  to  truth,  vir- 
tue, and  humanity,  however,  while  he  pities  the  Author's  un- 
happy prejudices  on  religious  fubjefts,  will,  by  an  attentive 
perufal  of  his  performance,  iind  his  love  of  mankind,  and  his 
deteflation  of  tyranny,  in  all  its  various  Oiapcs  and  modifica- 
tions, ftrcngthcned  and  conlirmcd. 

In  regard  to  religion,  thofc  who  arc  converfant  with  French 
literature  need  not  be  told,  that  intidelity  is,  at  prefent,  the  Son 
ton  in  France.  There  is  fcnrcc  a  book  publiflicd  that  has  not 
evident  marks  of  it.  'I'iie  tr<;nps  ihat  have  enlifted  in  this 
goceliy  v/AxVd\i:^  though  njithtr  itroug  nor  formidable,  are  yet 
very  numerous.  At  the  head  of  them  is  Monf.  Voltaire,  who, 
though  a  veteran  in  infidelity,  and  very  bri(k  and  alert  in  his 
tua^iajuvres^  has  given  few,  if  any,  proofs  of  generaltbip.  Hq  ,  . 
is  very  fond  of  fkirmiflics,  but  carefully  avoids  coming  to 
a  pitched  baitlc.  At  tin:e-',  indeed,  he  talks  very  big;  is  iq  § 
mighty  fighting  humour  j  and  mcatvons  ^oui  Li'jCYLt^^^XtHi*^ 
6  ^^sn% 


^j^  An  EJfay  conciming  Prejudices^  i^ci 

TOSS,  Bacons,  and  Clarices  in  very  contemptuous  drains; 
he  never  ventures,  however,  on  a  regular  attack,  and  takes 
ipecial  care  not  to  encounter  them  face  to  face. 

The  fame  condu£l  is  obfcrved  by  all  his  officers,  who  f«rell, 
and  flrut,  and  look  mighty  fierce  ;  but,  in  the  day  of  adion, 
have  nothing  of  the  (leadinefs,  weight,  and  firmncfs  cf  regular 
and  well  difciplined  troops.  The  juftnefs  of  this  charaAer  wil! 
not  be  called  in  quedion  by  thofe  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
writings  of  D'Jlembert^  MarmonUl^  du  Mar/aisy  &c.  &c.  But 
to  the  prefcnt  performance : 

We  (hall  give  our  Readers  part  of  what  the  Author  fays  con- 
cerning the  character  of  a  real  philofopher,  and  the  great  cni 
which  he  ought  to  have  in  view- 

*  There  is  no  prejudice  more  common  than  that  of  confound- 
ing Angularity  and  the  love  of  diiUncuon,  with  philofopbj. 
Nor  is  this  at  all  furprifing.  The  vulgar,  who  never  carry 
their  thoughts  beyond  appearances,  arc  always  ftruck  with  a 
ihan  who  deviates  from  the  common  path,  who  purfuesafyf- 
teiTtof  conduft  dircftly  oppofiic  to  that  of  the  generality  of 
mankind,  who  dcfpifcs  what  others  covct»  who  renouncei 
riches,  grandeur,  and  all  the  fweers  and  allurements  of  life. 
The  whimfical  fingularity  of  his  condudl,  after  dazzling  the 
eyes  of  the  vui^iar,  fomctinics  creates  a  prejudice  in  favour  of 
his  opinions  ;  nay  it  happs^ns,  not  unfrcquemJy,  that  from  being 
an  objcdl  oi  piiy  or  of  ridicule,  he  obtains  appl a ufe  and  admi- 
ration. 

But  let  us  diftin^uiiji  phllofophy  from  what  has  only  the  jq)- 
pearance  of  ic  ;  let  us  coniidcr  the  man  who  profelies  it  without 
prejudice  ;  and  let  us  no:  proftitute  the  name  of  wifdom  to  priJc 
or  pcevKhneli;.  Under  the  Cynic's  mantle,  or  that  of  the  ctoic; 
under  the  appearance  of  diiintrrcftcdntfs,  and  a  contempt  cf 
honours,  fame,  and  plcafurc,  ic  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  fi; J 
perfons  abfoUite'y  enflavcd  by  envy,  fpleen,  and  ambition. 

If  phllofophy  is  the  fearch  after  truth,  fincerlty  mu ft  be  the 
firft  and  the  nnft  efiential  quality  of  a  philolbpher.  Grca: 
talents  and  the  art  of  iMiikia^j;  arc  not  cwciufive  privileges 
granted  to  pcrlons  of  cool,  difpaiTionate,  and  virtuous  difpofi- 
tions.  The  man  who  tiiinlcs,  i.i  not  always  a  philofopher;  be 
may  have  a  wretclied  temper,  be  tormented  with  fpleen,  ani 
a  flave  to  paflion  ;  he  may  be  envious,  haughty,  deceitful,  dif- 
iatisScd  with  others  and  wit!i  himfelf.  When  this  is  the  cafe, 
be  is  Incapable  of  malcintr  jj;l  obfcrvations  ;  his  reafonings  be- 
come fufpicious  ;  he  can  fcar^e  f;  e  hinifclf  in  his  gcnuin-,  na- 
tive colours  ;  or  if  lie  doe.s  lie  {Irivtri  to  conceal  from  himfelf 
the  oSlic^uity  and  iirepula: ity  of  his  lcmp;;r  and  difpoiiti.n: 
1^  ph\\ofo]^V\v  ^  ox  \A\.V\-.^  tUc  motley  fvUcais  of  bis  brain,  arc 

1  '  faa 


An  E£hy  cmammg  Prtjudices^  &€,  53^ 

I  luH  of  confufion  }  there  is  no  conncftion  in  his  principles  j  all 
is  fophiftry  and  contradi£ljon  ;  infmccruy,  pnile,  envy*  ca- 
price^  nriit'anthropy  appear  throughout  ;  and  if  the  vulgar^ 
dazzled  with  bis  talents  and  the  novelty  of  his  principles^  look 
upon  htm  ^  a  profound  and  fublime  philofapheri  pttioi^t  cf  ■ 
nicer  difccrnment  fee  nothing  hut  fpleen^  difcontented  vajuly^ 
and  fomctimes  malignity  under  the  guife  of  virtue. 

The    philofophcr  has   no  right   to  eftecm  or  value   himfclf    ^ 
but  when  be  cpniributcs  to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow  creature  j*    ■ 
fhcapplaufes  of  his  confcience  are  then  only  lawful  ynd  necef- 
fary  when  he  knows  he  dcfcrvcs  them.     In  a  world  blinded  by 
prejudice,  and   fo  often   ungrateful,    this  ideal  rccompencc  »$, 
ulm  f  almoft  the  only  one  that  is  left  to  virtue.     Let  the  phi- 
lofopher,  therefore,  cftecm   himfelf  when   he  has  done  good  ; 
let  hifn  con eratu late   himfelf  upon  being  free  from   thole  vain     fl 
^^efires,  thole  vices,    iholc  flumeful   paffion^s    thofe  irnc^ginary     " 
^^pants  with  which  others  arc  tormented  ;  but  let  him  not  com«- 
^^Barc  himfelf  with  his  fellow- creatures  In  fuch  a  manner  2$  to 
^Hhock  their  felf-love*     If  he  thinks  himfelf  happier  than  they^ 
^■et  him  not  infult  their  wretchcdncfs  ;    above  all,  let  him  not 
Hiplunge  them  in  dcfpair*     The  friend  of  wifdom  ought  to  be  the 
f      friend  of  men  ;  he  oug^ht  never   to  defpife  them  ;  he  ought  to 
I      fympathizc  with  them  in  their  a0li£tfons  ;  he  ought  to  comfort     ^ 
«nd  encourage  them,     A  love  of  mankind,  an  cnthuriafm  hoc     ■ 
public^ good,    fcnfibility.    humanity,— ^thcfe  arc  the  motives     I 
which  ought  to  animaie  the  man  of  vifCuc  ;    thefe  the  motives     fl 
which  he  may  acknowledge  without  2  blufli. — Without  this, 
hilofophy  is  only  an  idle  and  ufelefs  declamation  agarnJl  the 
uman  fpccies,  which  proves  nothing  but  the  pride  or  peeviik- 
icfs  of  the  decUimer,  ?iid  %pnvinces  nobody. 

What  title,  indeed,  has    the  philofophcr  ia  defpife  or  lei- 
ult  his  fellow-crcsturcs  f   Is  it  bccaufc  he  ir^      ■  it?. 

ior  knowledge.     Hut  his  knowledge  is  ufclr  ves 

o  advantage  from  it.  Why  (bould  he  hate  hiF  ipecieSy  or 
bat  ^lory  can  arife  from  mifAnthropy  ?  True  and  folid  £»lary 
an  only  be  founded  upon  humanity,  the  love  of  mankind,  fen- 
biltty  and  ;2fntlcnefs  of  manntrs. — Are  men  ignorant  and  full 
f  preiudiccs  ?  Alas  f  eclucalion,  ex.implc,  habit^  and  autho- 
rity obl'ge  ihem  to  be  fo.  Arc  they  (laves  ro  vice,  p;i(fion,  and  M 
"rivalou'i  Hefircs  ?     Thofe  who  re^ruljite   their  dcfiiny,  the  im-    ™ 

flors  who  fcdiicc  them,  the  models  which  they' have  befotc 

heir  cyrs,    prodncc  in  their  hearts  all  the  vices  that  torment 

I  hem,     1  o  hate  or  defpife  men  for  their  errors  yityd  follies,  ts 

,0  infalt  thofe  whom  we  oiiphi  to  pity,  -and  to  reproach  them 

ith  neceifary  and  uriavoidable  infirmities. 

Let  us  comfort  m.in,  therefore,  but  let  us  never  iwGilt  ^^ 

lc(pifchi/»;  on  the  coiitfjrr,    let  us  luTpVic  >fC\av  yv^^«>vJR.- 


ijjS  An  EJfay  concerning  Prejuduesj  l^c* 

dence  ;  let  us  teach  him  to  fct  a  juft  value  upon  himfeir,  and  to 
feel  his  own  dignity  and  importance  ;  let  us  exalt  his  views,  and 
give  him,  if  poflible,  that  vigour  and  force,  which  foiriany 
caufes  combine  to  break  and  dcftroy.  True  wifdom  \s  bold 
and  manly  ;  it  never  afl'umes  the  haughty  and  imperious  air 
of  fuperftition,  which  feems  to  have  nothing  elfe  in  view  but 
to  debate  and  annihilate  the  human  mind,  if  the  philofophcr 
has  warmth  and  energy  in  his  foul,  if  he  is  fufceptibleof  2 
deep  and  ftrong  indignation,  let  him  roufe  and  exert  himfeif 
againft  thofe  falfehoods  and  impoftures  of  which  his  fpecies  has 
been  fo  long  the  vidim  ;  let  him  boldly  attack  thofe  prcjudicci 
which  are  the  real  fources  of  all  human  calamities  ;  let  him  de- 
ftroy,  in  the  opinion  of  his  brethren,  the  empire  of  thofe  priefts 
-and  tyrants  who  abufe  their  ignorance  and  their  credulity;  let 
him  wage  elernal  warfare  with  fuperftition,  which  has  fo  often 
deluged  the  earth  with  blood  ;  let  him  vow  irreconcilable  en- 
mity to  that  horrid  defpoiifm,  which,  for  fo  many  ages,  has 
fixed  its  throne  in  the  midft  of  wretched  nations.  If  he  thinb 
himfeif  poflTefled  of  fuperior  knowledge,  let- him  communicate 
it  to  others  ;  if  he  is  more  intrepid,  let  him  lend  them  an  help- 
ing hand ;  if  he  is  free,  let  him  point  out  to  others  the  mcjr.s 
of  aflcrtinf;  their  freedom  ;  let  him  endeavour  to  cure  them  of 
their  ferviie  and  debafing  prejudices,  and  the  Ihacicles  which 
opinion  has  forged  will  foon  fall  from  oft'  their  hands.  To  infuk 
the  wretched  is  the  height  of  barbarity  ;  to  refufe  to  lead  the 
blind  is  the  height  of  cruelty  ;  to  reproach  them  bitterly  lor 
having  fallen  into  thedirch,  is  both  folly  and  inhumanity.*' 

Our  Author  has  a  great  deal  more  to  the  fame  purpofc,  which 
it  would  give  us  pleafure  to  infert ;  but  the  narrow  limits  10 
"which  the  prefcnt  article  is  confined,  oblige  us  to  refer  our 
Readers  to  the  work  itfcif :  we  fliall  therefore  conclude  wiU 
the  following  reflection  : 

From  what  our  Author,  and  the  generality  of  modern  French 
writers  fay  on  the  fubjcfl  of  religion,  it  appears  pretty  evident 
that  they  have  , formed  their  ideas  of  it  from  that  corrupt  and 
abfurd  fyftem  in  which  they  have  been  educated,  and  have  never 
inquired,  with  that  accuracy  and  attention  which  the  importance 
of  the  fubjedt  demands,  into  the  fundamental  principles  of  na- 
tural religion,  and  the  evidences  of  Chriftianitv.  Jt  is  not  at 
all  to  be  wondered  at,  that  perfuns  of  a  iiberal  and  phiiofcphi- 
cal  turn  of  mind,  in  France,  Spain,  and  Italy,  fhoulJ  cntoitaiii 
prejudices  againft  Chriftianity  ;  the  candid  Reader,  therefcrv-, 
will  make  favourable  allowances  for  fuch  writers,  and,  inftcad 
of  infulting,  will  be  difpofcd  to  pity  them. 

Art.  V. 


C    537    ] 

A    R    T.       V. 

tli^otre  de  P  Acadtmte  Roy  ale  de  Sciences^  kfc, — The  Hiilory  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Belles  Lettres  at  Berlin, 
for  the  Year  1766.  Vol.  xxii.  410.  Berlin,  printed  for 
Haude  and  Spener.     1768. 

Experimental  Philosophy. 
Memoir  I.  On  a  vegetable  Oil,  proper  tofupply  the  Place  of  the  Oil 
'  of  Olives^  in  thofe  Countries  where  the  Olive^Tree  cannot  be  culti-^ 
vated.    By  M.  De  Francheville. 

fTTl  H  E  Author  of  this  Memoir  evinces  the  praflicability, 
X  "and  recommends  the  practice,  of  eXtrading  a  pure  and 
well-tafted  oil,  not  at  all  inferior  to  the  beft  oil  of  olives,  from 
the  fruit  of  a  common  and  well- known  tree,  which  grows  with- 
out any  particular  care  in  countries  too  cold  for  the  cultivation 
of  the  olive-tree.  This  tree  is  the  Beech,  the  Fagus  o(  the  La- 
tins, or  focyog  of  the  Greeks,  undoubtedly  fo  called  (wrro  th 
^ftj/fiv)  on  account  of  the  nutrimental  quality  of  its  fruit,  the 
Beech  maft ;  which,  and  not  the  acorn,  was  probably  the  prin- 
cipal vegetable  nourifbment  of  the  fird  men. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  Author  firft  faw  and  tafted  the  oil 
extracted  from  this  fruit  in  France  j  which  country  furnifiies  fo 
great  a  quantity  of  the  oil  of  olives,  both  for  home  confump- 
tion  and  exportation.  fJe  obfcrves,  that  he  firft  met  with  it  at 
Villers  Coterez  in  the  SoifToncis;  where,  as  well  as  throughout 
Burgundy,  Champaigne,  Ficardy,  and  feveral  other  of  the  in- 
land provinces,  this  oil  is  ufed  at  table,  even  in  the  beft 
houfes :  many  of  the  inhabitants  preferring  it,  principally  indeed 
onr  account  of  its  cheapnefs,  to  olive  oil  j  with  which,  however, 
the  greateft  part  of  them  he  affirms  arc  even  unacquainted.  He 
relates  the  different  circumftances  and  precautions  to  be  obferv- 
cd  in  the  gathering  ihc  beech  maft,  atter  it  falls  from  the  tree, 
and  in  the  peeling  of  ir,  both  which  are  the  work  of  children; 
and  mentions  the  proper  time  and  manner  of  expreiiing  the  oil 
from  it  afterwards.  I'he  fubflance  (Marc)  remaining  after  the 
exprcftion  of  the  oil,  is  faid  to  be  thereby  not  only  rendered  more 
agreeable  to  the  tafte,  but  llkewiCe  of  a  more  nutritive  quality 
than  before,  and  accordingly  more  proper  for  fattening  fowh, 
hogs,  and  cattle:  but,  what  will  appear  more  remarkable,  he 
affirms,  that  after  being  dried  and  ground,  it  makes  a  well-tafled 
and  wholefome  bread,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  flour.  Nay, 
towards  the  end  of  this  Memoir,  M.  de  Francheville  almoft 
makes  our  mouths  water  with  his  account  of  the  fromage^  ga^^ 
teau's^  ^nd  other  regales,  which  the  Burgundian  houfewivcs 
prepare  with  it,  with  the  addition  of  milk  and  eggs.  If  the 
helpmates  of  the  firft  men  undprftood  and  pradifcd  thefe  arts, 
App.  Rev,  vol.  xliv,  N  n  the 


538  The  Hljiory  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  ZcUnces 

the  bread-corn  afterwards  introduced  amongft  them  by  Cera 
and  her  Eltve  and  Sifliftant  Triptolcmus,  was  a  mere  hvn  d'ttirjre. 
— Serioufly,  however,  if  M.  de  Franchcvillc  does  notovcr-raic 
the  qualities  and  ufes  of  this  fpontaneous  produdlion,  tbe  fubjcS 
of  this  article  appears  highly  worthy  of  attention,  not  oaiy  on 
account  of  the  oil  expreffible  frrm  it,  but  of  the  ufes  10  which 
the  refiduum  may  be  applied,  in  ruftical  ceconomy,  and  as  a 
ready  rcfourcc,  in  fomc  countries  at  Icaft,  in  times  of  fcarcity. 
Memoir  II.  Analyfis  ofpTru  Expniments  on  the  Magnet.  By  M, 

Lambert. 
Memoir  III.  On  the  Curvature  of  the  magnettcal  Currents.    By 

the  fame. 

It  is  impoflible,  without  the  affiftancc  of  diagrams,  to  enter 
into  any  very  particular  detail  of  M.  Lambert's  experiments. 
We  fhall  however  attempt  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  drift  of 
them,  and  of  the  principles  on  which  they  are  conduced. 

The  numerous  experiments  which  have  been  made  with  i 
view  to  difcover  the  principles  of  magnetifm,  and  panicularly 
the  force  with  which  a  magnet  atirafts  at  different  diHances,  and 
in  different  pofitions,  have  hitherto  been  produ<5live  of  theories 
exceedingly  various.  The  caufes  of  this  variety  arc  not  difficult 
to  be  afligncd.  For,  though  the  laws  of  magnetical  attraflion 
are  in  all  probability  very  fimple;  yet  no  method  has  yet  been 
difcovered^  of  reducing  the  experiments  inftituted  with  a  view  of 
difcovering  them,  to  a  proper  degree  of  (implicity,  or  to  diveft 
them  of  the  influence  of  every  circumftance  foreign  to  the  parti- 
cular fubjeft  of  enquiry.  To  mention  only  one  or  two  of  the 
difficulties  attending  this  fubjedl :  every  magnet,  while  it  pof- 
fefl'es  an  attradive  power  in  one  of  its  poles,  is  endued  with  a 
repellent  power  in  the  other,  whofe  ratio  to  the  former  is  un^ 
known.  In  the  experiments  which  have  been  made,  a  fmall 
needle  has  been  placed  in  various  fituations,  and  at  different 
diftances  from  a  magnet;  but,  while  the  needle  is  expofedto 
the  aitracftive  [wwer  of  one  of  its  poles,  it  is  at  the  fame  dfloe 
affefted  by  the  contrary  and  rq^ellent  power  of  the  other  pole: 
for  although  we  can  give  a  magnet  feveral  poles,  no  one  has 
yet  been  able  to  produce  a  loadttone,  or  artificial  magnetic  biTi 
pofTeffcd  only  of  one.  And  though,  with  fuch  a  magnet,  one 
fource  of  uncertainty  would  be  removed,  another  would  remain, 
aridiig  from  this  circumftance,  that  the  attractive  power  refides 
not  in  the  pole  alone,  but  is  diffufed,  in  an  unknown  degree, 
through  the  fubftance  of  the  ftone  :  fo  that  the  whole  aftraaive 
power  of  fuch  a  magnet  is  not  the  fimple  efFedl  of  one  precife 
point  of  it,  but  the  accumulated  and  complicated  rcfult  of  the 
mixed  adion  of  all  its  parts.  For  thefe,  and  other  reafons,  the 
determinations  oi  uutut^l  ^KlloCojiihers  have  been  fo  various: 
fomc  affirm  ng^   xiv^x.  x\v^  -axw^cXxN^  v^^^\  v^  v5vh^\W?^  w  tbc 


end  Bil/fs  Liitfes  at  'Berlin^  fir  the  Ytor  i ;  66-  539 

^iquarcs  of  the  diftanccSj  while  others  affirm  it  to  be  in  the  \n^ 

fe  ratio  of  the  cubes,  or  a  mean  proporiional  between  both. 


Djvre  I 


ith  regard  to  the  nature  and  pofition  of  the  innumerable 
curves  formed  by  the  currents  of  magnctical  matter,  which  arc 
fuppofed  to  circulate  between  the  pules  of  the  earth  ;  the  per- 
I  ft3.  knowledge  of  which  would  be  fo  ufeful  in  geography  and 
I  navigation  ;  it  is  evident  that  thefc  cannot  be  determined^ 
priori^  without  a  perfedl  acquaintance  with  the  laws  of  magne- 
tifm,  and  a  knowtkdge  of  the  magnltirdc,  figure,  pofition,  and 
powers  of  the  central  magnet  or  magnets,  ^^hich  are  fupptifcd 
io  produce  thtie  curves,  and  give  the  needle  its  particular  direc- 
tioh.  By  aitual  obiervations  Indeed  the  direct  ion  of  the  mag- 
ical curves  has  been  afccrtaiiKd  in  various  parts  of  the  earth  : 
thcfe  obfervations  have  not  been  fufncit  ntly  numerous  or 
rate,  nor  made  at  the  fame  point  of  time.  It  feems  how- 
at  firft  fight  eafy  to  imitate  Nature  on  a  fmallei;fcale,  by 
ituting  an  artificial  magnet,  of  a  determinate  fizc,  figure, 
power,  in  the  room  of  the  central  or  tenellrial  magnet  or 
cts  [for  greater  cleiirners  we  will  fuppofc  but  one^  ]  and 
rcfenting  to  it  fuccefiivcrl}',  in  different  fituutionfy  a  mag- 
ical ncedJc,  and  noticing  its  ditfcrent  pofition s  in  the  tan- 
_  ts  of  the  various  curves  d^fcribed  by  the  magnetical  currents, 
ill  their  circulation  round  this  artificial  fubfiitute,  m  the  iame 
manner  a$  they  are  fuppofed  to  move  found  the  terrefirial  mag- 
net. 

One  feemingly  infuperable  difficulty  occurs,  however,  in  ihe 
execution  of  this  projefl.  It  appears  neceffary,  during  this  pro- 
pofed  courfe  of  experiments,  to  annihilate  the  aclion  ut  the  ter- 
jeftrial  magnet,  which,  when  the  needle  is  drawn  out  of  i\%  mc- 
ixtdian  direction,  muft  ncccfl'arily  interfere  with,  and  |j;rcatljf 
diffurb,  the  rcfuits.  The  Author  gets  over  this  difficulty,* 
ieeniingly  with  great  eafe,  not  ccrtainJy  by  annihilating  the  cen* 
jtral  magnet,  which  is  impoIHble,  but  by  conducing  the  expe- 
riments in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  dtftroy  its  SJlurhirg  pow^r^ 
^Ve  (ball  endeavour  to  give  fuch  an  idea  pf  his  mtihnd,  as  can 
l>c  conveyed  in  a  few  v^^ords,  and  without  the  ai&flancc  of  fi- 
|gures. 

A  fmall  magnetical  needle  is  fijfcd  in  the  centre  of  a.  large 
[graduated  circle,  while  the  centre  (or  middle  of  the  axi:>)  of  an 
Sirtificidl  magnetical  bur,  placed  on  a  long  ruler  which  turns  en 
the  fame  point,  is  fuccefiivcly  moved  through  different  degrees 
pf  its  circumference,  in  fuch  a  manner  that,  at  every  ftation,  the 
■leedle  is  ftill  made  to  continue  in  the  magnetical  meridian,  in 
^onfequence  of  the  bar's  being  occafionally  turned  upon  ns  owa 
centre, -fo  as  to  prefent  its  attra^ftiiig  and  tepeWvC^^^O^^^  ^.^  v^ ^^ 
different  dtuztlons.  To  explain  this^  it  ma^  b^i^xo^^^  v^  ^- 
^  N  n  a 


fev^^i 


540  The  Hijlory  of  the  Royal  Acadimj  ef  Sciencis 

ferve,  that,  as  it  is  evident  that  the  needle  will  continue  in  its 
natural  pofition,  if  the  bar,  for  inftance,  be  placed  in  the  mag- 
netical  meridian  of  the  needle,  or  in  the  fame  right  line  wi:h  it; 
and  that  ihe  fame  efFe6l  will  follow,  if  the  centre  of  the  birbeplaced 
^t  90  degrees,  or  due  cad  or  weft,  from  that  of  the  needle,  pre* 
Vided  its  axis  be  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  meridian,  and  its  two 
poles  be  of  equal  power:  fo  in  every  other  intermediate  pofition 
between  thefc  two  ficuations,  the  needle  will  maintain  its  natu- 
ral dire£^ion,  if  the  magnetical  bar  be  inclined  to  the  meridian 
with  certain  degrees  of  obliquity.  For  as  each  of  the  two  poles 
of  the  bar  and  needle  attract  or  repel  each  other,  with  a  force 
Inodificd  by  the  diftances  and  different  angles  of  incidence;  it  is 
evident  that  the  bar  may  be  turned  on  its  centre  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  thefe  four  forces  (hall  exa£lly  counterbalance  each 
other,  and  the  needle  continue  in  the  meridian  equally  undif- 
turbed  as  If  no  magnet  had  been  prefented  to  it.  Now,  altbo' 
the  needle  is,  in  all  thefe  cafes,  undoubtedly  adw-d  upon  b/  the 
terrefirial  as  well  as  the  artificial  magnet ;  yet,  as  it  \s  always 
kept  in  the  meridian,  the  infl:!ence  of  the  former  does  not  inter- 
fere with  ordifturb  the  attra«5!ing  and  repelling  powers  of  the 
latter:  while  the  precife  meafure  of  thefe  powers  is  obtained  by 
obferving  the  angle  which  the  axis  of  the  bar  makes  wirb  tbc 
needle,  or  magnetical  meridian;  the  quantity  of  which  angle  is 
known  by  means  of  a  fmall  graduated  femicircle,  on  the  centre 
of  which  the  bar  revolves. 

By  means  of  experiments  made  with   the  artificial  magnet, 
thus  fucccfTively  placed  at  every  tenth  degree  of  the  large  circle, 
at  different  diftai.ces  from  the  needle,  and  turned  up.-^n  its  own 
centre,  fo  as  to  prefcrve  the  needle  in  its  natural  diredion,  the 
Author  obtains  ^^f^,  from  whence,  as  well   as  by  fubfequcat 
procefTcs  and  calculations,  he  endeavours  to  difcover  the  nature, 
and  to  trace  the  true  figures  of  the  magnetifcal  curves,  and  de- 
duce from  thence  the  laws  and  properties  of  the   magnetical 
matter.     PVom  the  whole  of  his  experiments,  calculations,  and 
dcduciions,  v/ccoiiccl,  that  the  efFecl  of  the  aclion  of  a  magnet 
upon   a  HLcJIe  is  id  the  direct  fimple  ratio  of  the  fine  of  inci- 
dence, that  is,  the  Ane  of  the  particular  angle  at   which  eacb 
particle  of  the  magnet  a(Sls  upon  it,  and  not  in   the  ratio  of  the 
fquare  of  that  fine,  as  is  the  cafc,  he  obferves,  in  the  percuffion 
of  fluids.     M.  f^ambert  accordingly  is  inclined  to  confjder  the 
action  of  the  m?gnctical  matter  rather  as  a  fimple  prcllurc,  than 
the  percuflion  of  a  fluid.     With  regard  to  the  force  of  magneti- 
cal attra£>ion  or   rcpulfion  at  different  diftances,  he  determines 
that  the  power  of  each  particle  of  tbc  magnet  on  each  particle  of 
the  neecfic,  is  proportional  to  the  abfolute  force  of  thefe  particles, 
rnd  is  in  lh«:  hwuife  t?\\o  o^  \.Vv^  <Q^2ires  of  the  diflances.     As  to 
the  difcovtry  of  Oci^  ib^oVvxXa  Ioic^\vq>«^n%\_^\  ^wi^  T^-«ck.U  of  a 


and  Belles  Leitres  at  Berlin^  for  the  Year  1766.  541 

.  inagnetic  bar,  and  of  the  proportion  in  which  it  increafes  or 
diminiOies,  according  to  its  vicinity  to,  or  diftance  from  the 
poles,  he  leaves  it  undetermined ;  but  propofes  a  method  of  ir^- 
vcftigation  by  the  integral  calculus,  and  gives  a  fpecimen  of  that 
method,  on  the  aflumed  bypoihcfis,  that  the  force  of  each  par- 
ticle is  in  the  dire£(  iimple  ratio  of  its  diftance  from  the  middle 
of  the  magnet  j  but  he  acknowledges  the  cfifficulty  and  forn)i- 
dable  prolixity  of  this  mode  of  inveftigation. 
Memoir  IV.  Enquiries  on  the  Extenfion  which  Strings  undergo^ 

before  they  break.     By  M.  Jean  Bernoulli. 
Memoir  V.  On  the  Cohefton  of  Bodies:    containing  Problems  on 

the  Force  and  Curvature  of  Springs.     Second  Memoir.     By  the 

fame. 
Memoir  VI.  On  the  fame  SubjeSf :  containing  Problems  on  thf 
Strength  of  Beams.     By  the  fame. 

We  give  only  the  titles  of  thefe  and  of  fome  of  the  following 
Memoirs,  which  are  of  fuch  a  nature  as  to  preclude  all  attempts 
to  abridge  them.  We  (hould  obferve  too,  that  we  have  not  yet 
noticed  the  firft  article  of  this  clafs,  which  contains  only  the 
botanical  charadiers  of  a  plant,  named  Zietcnia,  by  Mr.  Gle<- 
dicfcb. 

Mathematics. 
Memoir  I.  On  the  Conjiru^ion  of  compound  ObjeSf  Glajfes^  which 

produce  no  Confujion^  either  in  Confluence  of  their  Figure^  or  of 

the  different  Refrangibility  of  the  Rays  of  Light :  with  ti?e  mojl 

advantageous  Method  of  conjlru^ling  TeUfcopes  with  them.     By 

M.  L.  Euler. 

Although  M.  Euler  has  already  frequently  and  largely  difcufT- 
cd  this  curious  and  intcrefting  fubjcft,  he  here  a?.ain  returns  to 
it  with  redoubled  zeal ;  incited,  and  even  impelled,  he  acknow* 
ledges,  to  the  further  inveftigation  of  it,  by  the  furprifing  difco- 
veries  which  have  been  lately  made,  relative  to  the  very  Angular 
properties  of  different  kinds  of  glafs,  manifefted  by  their  pecu- 
liar action  on  the  rays  of  light.  He  does  not  blu(h  to  own  in- 
genuoufly,  that,  when  he  was  firft  informed  of  thefe  novelties, 
he  received  them  with  great  diffidence  and  fufpicion,  as  judging 
them  contrary  to  the  beft  cftabliflicd  principles  of  optics  ;  for, 
that  there  (hould  be  two  fpecies  of  glafs,  in  both  of  which  the 
rcfraftion  of  ihe  mean  rays  fhould  be  nearly  the  fame,  while  that 
of  the  extreme  rays  (hould  be  enormoufly  different,  appeared  to 
him  a  propofition  grofsly  repugnant,  as  he  exprefies  hinifclf,  to 
the  principles  of  common  lenie.  That  full  convidlion,  how-t 
ever,  of  this  truth,  whiph  the  account  that  he  received  of  Mr. 
lioilond's  experiments  could  not  perfectly  produce  in  the  mind  of 
our  Author,  has  b«en  completely  effedlcd  by  thofe  lately  made 
by  M.  Zejhcr  o/"  Peter/burgh,  who  has  diicovcte^  ^  ^otcv'^c^^v- 
fipp,  the  eff'tds  of  which  in  the   difperfion  o5  0[X«.  xv^^^  ^'v^'^ 


542  The  Hift9rj  of  the  Royal  Acaitmj  cf  Sdemut 

now  commonly  called,  are  fo  remarkable^  that  they  have  pro* 
duced  M.  tuler's  compleat  convcrfion,  and  have  induced  him 
to  adopt,  wit.iout  rcferve,  this  new  and  important  principle, 
that  the  rfft  aSlive  power  of  two  ptinffannt  fubfiances  maj  be  marlj 
equal  with  rrgard  to  ike  mean,  and  yet  be  extremely  differad  with 
refpifl  to  the  extreme  rays.  The  calculations  into  which  he  here 
enters,  with  a  view  of  applying  this  difcovery  to  pradice,  arc 
not  fufceptiblc  of  abridgment  ^  but,  as  we  have  already,  more 
than  once,  had  occafion  to  mention  the  fubftance  difcovered  bj 
M,  Zeiher  ♦,  without  being  then  able  to  g've  any  informatioa 
concerning  its  particular  nature  or  compoution,  we  here  wil- 
lingly embi  ace  the  opportunity,  with  which  we  arc  furnitted 
by  I  his  Memoir,  of  gratifying  that  curioiity  which  we  thereby 
may  pofUbly  have  excited  m  I'onie  o^  our  philoibphical  Readen 
conccruini:  it,  by  collecting  a  few  particulars  relative  to  this  cu- 
'rious  fabjert. 

It  appta*'^  th'-n  that  lead,  or  rather  the  calces  of  that  metal, 
added  to  g'ulV,  iivf-nrt  to  it  this  fingular  property  of  difperjing  the 
extreme  rays  ;  at  tli.  '  .re  time  that  they  increafe  in  fome,  though 
a  much  fmalkr,  dc<>(t  :l.e  refradlion  of  the  mean  rays.  From 
a  table  here  given  Oi  ihv,  refi :.«:  1 ; :i _;  powers  of  fix  d'ffercnt  iunJr 
of  glafs  made  of  flints  and  mi'iiWi-%  ^^^  r<"<'  lead,  in  various  pro- 
portions, we  colle<Sl,  that  in  a'compcjfiti  ii  cr.  TuiinT;  of  equal 
parts  of  thefe  two  fubftances,  the  mean  rc*'^*;  ii  n  of  a  ray  paf- 
fmgfrom  air  through  this  medium,  is  as  1787  to  ic  ;  where- 
as the  raripofits  power  ofdifperfing  the  rays  is  to  that  of  com- 
mon crown  glafs  as  3259  to  Ipoo:  but  in  a  glafb  made  of 
three  parts  of  minium  Xo  one  of  flints,  the  effedis  of  this  metallic 
addition  are  (lill  more  flriking;  the  mean  refraction  being  as 
2028  to  1000,  while  its  refra£live  power  with  regard  to  the 
pxtrcme  rays,  compared  with  that  of  crown  glafs,  is  as  4800  to 
1000,  that  is  nearly  as  5  to  i,  an  effedl  which  muft  appearjfcry 
confidcrable,  when  we  reflecl  that  no  tranfparent  body  was  be- 
fore known,  whofe  refradive  power  exceeded  the  ratio  of  2  to  I. 
From  the  rt-fuUs  contained  in  thi:.  table,  a  certain  proportion  is 
evidently  obfcrvallc  between  the  mean  refradlive  and  the  dif- 
perfive  powers  of  thefc  difFerent  compounds  ;  the  confideration 
of  which,  in  the  Author's  opinion,  may  poffibly  conduce  to  ex- 
plain thefc  Angular  eflcds,  and  to  reconcile  them  to  knowa 
principles. 

But  wj  mufl  not  omit  to  mention  another  difcovery  of  M. 
Zcihcr's,  on  this  fubjecl,  not  Icfs  lingular  than  the  former,  and 
which  renders  the  explanation  of  thefe  phenomena  ftill  more 
difficult.    The  fix  pieces  of  metallic  glafs  abovementioned  were 

^  See  MoniW^  ¥Jtv\c^,  Nc\,  y\;,^>wa\i^,  -^^  i^^^  md  the 
Appendix  to  \  o\.  x\u.  ^-  ^ob. 


and  Belles'  Leitres  at  Berlin^  for  the  Tear  1766.  543 

compounded  only  of  flints  and  minium.  M.  Zeiher  having  af- 
terwards added  Tome  fixed  alcali  to  this  compofition,  merely 
with  a  view  to  give  his  glafs  a  degree  of  confiftcnce  that  might 
make  it  more  proper  for  dioptrical  ufes,  found  to  his  great  lur- 
prize  that,  although  this  ariJirion  fcarce  produced  any  change 
with  regard  to  the  difperfion,  it  caufed  a  very  confiderable  di- 
minution of  the  me;m  rcfradion.  After  various  iriala  he  at 
laft  hit  on  a  parties lar  compfjfition  much  fuptrior,  for  the  con- 
ftruftion  of  telefcopcs,  to  the  flint  glafs  of  Mr.  Dollond,  as  It 
produces  a  difpcrfion  three  times  greater  than  that  of  crown 
glafs,  whle  the  mean  refraction  is  r.njy  as  i.bf  to  i. 

The  great  advanta.-'cs  to  be  drawn  from  thefc  properties,  in 
the  conftrudlion  of  t'lcfcopes,  induce   M.  Euler   to  apply  to 
them  various   calculations   founded   on  different  hypothcfes  of 
con(lru6^ion.     Among  the  diftercnt  combinations  here  offered, 
v/e  obferve  one  in  which  an  achromatic  telefcope  of  5 J  feet  in 
length   is    propofed,    which    ought   to   exceed    in   magnifying 
power  a  common  refractor  of  120  feet,  and  be  confiderably  fu- 
perior   in   every  refpedt  to   a    reflecting  telefcope,  of  a  greater 
length  than   its  own;  particularly  in  the  quantity  of  light  and 
diftindlnefs,  and  above  all  in  the  largenefs  of  the  field,   the  di- 
ameter of  whioh  will  be  fix  times  greater  than  that  of  the  rc- 
fle<Stor.     Some  conftruflions   arc  likewife  given,  in  which   a 
magnifying  power  of  100  time:  is  propofed  to  be  produced  in  i 
telefcope  of  this  kind,  onlv  13!  inches  in  length. 
Memoir  II.  On  compound ObjcSf-GlaJfes  conflru£iedfo  as  to  dejiroy 
all  pojjible  Confufion  in  Telefcopes,     By  the  fame. 
In  this  Memoir  M.  Eulcr's  principal  intention  is  to  (hew  in 
wJiat  manner  a  compound  objeft-glafs  may  be  conftrufted,  fo 
as  not  only  to  produce  no  aberration  itfelf,  but  likewife  fo  as 
pcrfcflly  to  deftroy  all  confufion  caufed  by  the  other  glafles 
Combined  with  it.     To  convey,  in  a  few  words,  a  popular  idea 
of  his  dcfign,  in  the  latter  of  the  two  cafes;  the:  objeft-glafs  is 
fo  formed  as  really  to  caufc  a  certain  degree  of  confufion;  but 
which  !at  the  fame  time  fhall  be  equal  and  contrary  to,  and 
confequently  dcftru6livc  of,  that  known  to  be  produced  by  the 
other  glafTcs. 

Memoih  III.  RefleBions  on  the  heft  Manner  of  examining  and  af 
certainin^  the  refra£iive  Power  of  different  Kinds  of  Glafs^  bf 
Means  of  Prifms,     By  the  fame. 

We  have  formerly  infifted,  after  M.  D'Alembcrtf)  on  the 
abfolute  neceflity  of  avoiding  even  the  fmalleft  errors  in  the 
meafure  of  the  refradtivc  powers  of  the  diflFerent  fpecies  of  glafs; 
as  the  fucccfs  of  the  artift^,  in  real ifing  all  the  great  expeSa- 
tions  raifcd  by  the  calculations  of  the  fpeculative  optician,  de- 

f  $ec  the  Appendix  to  our  jzd  volume,  P?^^'^  ^o^*  . 


544  ^^  Hijlorj  of  the  Rojal  Acadimj  of  Sdmcif 

pends  To  greatly  on  the  accurate  determination  of  the  refra^r^ 
and  difperfive  powers  of  the  two  different  media  employed  by 
him.     M.  Zeiher  having  fcnt  to  the  Academy  a  fpeciroen  of 
his  new  glafs,  fufficiently  large  for  the  conftrudionof  a  few 
prifms,  M\  Euler,  not  content  with  the  method  of  afcertaining 
this  very  nice  element,  by  the  help  of  thefe  inftruments,  wbkh 
was  ufed  by  Newton  and  former  inquirers,  enters  intoadeuU 
of  all  the  precautions  to  be  taken  in  the  choice  and  conduftof    | 
the  experiments  to  be  made  with  them,   in  order  to  afcertaia     | 
precifely  a  datum  fo  very  elTential  in  the  calculation.     He  infills     ' 
particularly  on  the  neccility  of  making  the  refra£ling  angle  of 
the  propofcd  prifm  as  large  as  poiTible,  in  order  to  render  the 
conclufions,  drawn  from  the  experiments,  as  little  doubtful  as 
poijible  ;  and  propofes  that  this  new  compofition  (hould  undergo 
a  fevere  trial  of  this  kind,  in  order  to  eftabliih  inconteftably 
the  very  Angular  properties  above  afcribed  to  it. 
Memoir  IV.   SomeCorreSlions  necejfary  to  be  applied  U  theTbfsrj 
of  the  yarlation  of  the  magnctUal  Needle^  propofed  in  the  \yb 
volume  of  thefe  Mtmotrs.     Hy  the  fame. 

According  to  Dr.  Halley's  celebrated  theory  of  the  roagne- 
tical  variation,  the  earth  is  fuppofed  to  be  pcflcfled  of  four  mag- 
netical  poles  j  two  of  which  are  placed  in  the  northern,  anJ 
the  other  two  in  the  foutlicrn  hcmifphere.  In  the  volume  of 
thefe  Memoirs  mentioned  in  the  title  of  this  article,  M.  Euler 
undertook  to  fliew  that  the  lines  defcribed  in  Dr.  Halley's  map 
of  the  variations,  might  mora  naturally  and  confiftently  be  de- 
duced from  the  more  funple  fuppofition  of  the  exiftence  of  only 
one  magnetic  pole  in  each  hemifphere.  Not  having  however, 
in  his  former  calculations,  attended  to  the  very  obfervablc  dip 
of  the  needle  in  many  parts  of  the  earth,  he  here  endeavours 
^o  rectify  the  errors  rcfulting  fiom  the  omiflion  of  that  element; 
and  after  fojving  feveral  curious  problems  relative  to  this  very 
difncuU  fubJL'Cc,  he  puts  his  hypothefis  to  the  tcft  by  applying 
it  to  what  he  calls  the  magnetical  (late  of  the  earth,  in  trie 
year  i  756,  ns  given  in  a  large  table  of  actual  obfervations  of  the 
variation,  publiilicd  in  the  5Cih  volume  of  the  Philofophicil 
Tranfaclions,  Unfortunately  his  calculations  are  at  variance 
with  thefe  obfervations.  He  is  not  difpofed  however  to  give  up 
bis  theory,  and  accordingly  attributes  this  difference  to  a  f^il'e 
fuppofition  which  he.  had  allumed,  merely  with  a  view  to  leilcn 
the  labour  of  calculation ;  viz.  that  the  mngnetlcal  centre  (one 
%;ii  the  elements  of  his  cnlculus)  h  in  the  middle  of  the  magncti- 
cal  axis,  or  line  connecting  the  two  poles;  whereas  he  is  now 
convinced,  for  feveral  rcafons,  that  it  is  at  a  confiderabie  oif- 
t^nce  from  the  middle  of  the  axis.  lie  recommends  therefore 
the  undcvuV\n£  v.  ivi>N  Uu^^  <^i  s.c^.^\i\^\\.v>^^^  \^\xtv^^\  ^^\dv(- 


and  Bellis  Lettns  at  Berlin^  for  the  Tear  I766«         54^ 

ferent  hypothefes  with  regard  to  the  place  of  this  magnetical 

Ci^ntre. 

Memoir  V.  jln  Account  of  the  hejl  Manner  of  conducing  certain 

Experiments  to  be  made  with  the  View  of  afcertaining  the  refpec'^ 

iive  Advantages  or  Aferits  of  different  Stoves  j  particularly  with 

regard  to  the  Saving  of  Fuel.     By  M.  J.  Albert  Euler. 

The  utility  of  the  inquiry  which  is  profecuted  in  this  Me- 
moir would  induce  us  to  extract  the  fubftance  of  it,  were  not 
the  experiments  here  given,  of  fo  complicated  a  nature  that  an 
abridgment  is  i  m  practicable  ^  nor  can  anything  fatisfa£tory  be 
colledted  from  them. 
Memoir  VI.  On  the  Tranfit  of  Venus  in  the  Tear  1769.     By  M« 

de  La  Grange. 
Memoir  VII.  Reftc^fions  on  the  Variation  9f  the  Moon.     By  M, 

J.  Albert  Euler. 
Memoir  VIII.  On  fome  elementary  Propofitions  in  Geometry  anJl 

Trigonometry y  detnonjlrated  in  a  new  Manner.     By  M«  de  Caf* 

tilion. 

Speculative  Philosophy. 
Memoir  I.  Jn  Attempt  to  reconcile  the  Metaphyfm  of  Leihnit% 

with  the  phyfical  Principles  of  Newton  \  from  whence  refults  an 

Explanation  cf  the  moji  general  and  inter ejiing  Phenomena  of 

Nature,     By  M.  Beguelin. 

This  whimllcal  attempt  may  poffibly  tend  to  reconcile  the 
Leibnitzian  to  the  do£t(ine  of  attraction  \  but  we  doubt  whether 
it  will  induce  a  fingle  Newtonian  to  meet  him  half  way,  or  to 
ftir  even  a  fingle  ftep  towards  fuch  a  reconciliation.  M.  Be- 
guelin undertakes,  to  bring  the  parties  together  on  the  two  fol- 
lowing fubjefts  ;  the  nature  of  body,  on  which  however  he 
f^ys  very  little  ;  and  the  gravitation  of  matter.  The  latter  muft 
cither  be  an  eflential  property  of  bodies,  or  depend  on  fome  ^ 
caufe  extrinfjcal  to  them.  The  Newtonians,  according  to  the 
Author,  confidcr  attraftion  cither  as  a  vis  inftta  in  every  par- 
ticle of  matter,  or  as  an  efFedl  of  the  immediate  will  and  un- 
ceafing  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being*:  while  others,  amongft 
whom  the  Author  might  likewife  have  clafl'ed  many  of 
the  Newtonians,  and  occafionally  even  the  great  founder 
of  that  fyftem  himfclf,  have  confidcred  the  phenomena  of 
gravitation,  as  the  efiefls  of  a  mechanical  caufe,  and  parti- 
cularly as  being  produced  by  the  impulfe  or  prefllire  of  a  fub- 
tile  fluid,  endued  with  certain  properties  and  motions.  Not- 
withRanding,  however,  all  the  pains  which  have  been  taken 
by  Bernoulli  in  refitting  the  Vortices  of  Des  Cartes  for  this  bu- 
finefs,  and  by  Hu;j;gen5,   Bulfinger,  Leibnitz,   and  others,   in 

•  On  this  lart  account  L^ibaitz,  in   his  TheodicUy  calls  atu^LjSAa^ 
a  pfr^efuai  miracle.     See  the  coUeftion  of  ^ap«T%  cotv\?lvcC\ts^V\%  ^^x~ 
refpondcacc  wi;h  Dr,  Clarke,  Appendix,  ^^ge  ii^\^  ^  aViU*        ^ 


546  The  mjl^ry  cfihe  R9yat  Ataietny  rfSdttKet 

applying  a  fubtile  medium  to  the  produdion  of  the  phrnomens 
of  gravity,  their  hypothefes  all  labour  under  infuperable  diffi- 
culties. In  particular,  it  has  never  yet  been  fatisfadorily  ex- 
plained in  what  manner  the  defcent  of  heavy  bodies,  which  \s 
knovtrn  to  be  proportional  to  their  folid  mailes  and  not  to  their 
furfaces,  can  be  produced  by  the  trufion  or  prcflure  of  aBuid, 
■not  impelling  their  external  furfaces,  but  freely  and  imimiKlj 
penetrating  their  folid  and  minuteft  particles. 

Mr.  Beguelin*s  conciliatory  fcheme,  which,  how  well  focvcr 
k  may  be  relifhed  by  a  Leibnitzian,  will  moll  probably  fcanda- 
lize  and  fhock  his  antagonift,  is  founded,  firft,  on  this  very 
admiffible  pofition,  that  all  the  fubftanccs  of  which  the  uni- 
verfe  confifts,  form  an  harmonical  fcale  or  gradation  of  be- 
ings, from  the  moid  fpiritual,  down  to  the  moft  inert  matter; 
and  on  this  general  and  fundamental,  but  more  contravertible 
proportion,  that  every  being,  that  has  fentiment  or  perception, 
tends  to  approach  and  unite  itfelf  with  every  other  being.  This 
tendency,  under  fome  reftriclions,  the  Author  exemplifies  in 
the  cafe  of  men,  who  naturally  unite  in  focieties  ;  and  of  brutss, 
who  (hew  a  fimilar  difpofition  to  aflbciate  together.  And  as 
Leibnitz  maintained  that  the  ultimate  elements  of  bod;C5  are 
not  corporeal  or  extended,  but  are  monadcs  or  fimple  beings  in- 
dued with  a  more  or  lefs  obfcure  perception  of  themfelves  and 
of  the  univerfe  5  they  too,  and  confequently  the  bodies  com- 
pofed  of  them,  muft  be  poffeffed  of  a  fimilar  appetite  efunisn: 
in  confequence  of  which  are  produced  all  the  phenomena  of 
gravitation  and  attraftion.  He  gives  examples  of  the  nature 
and  force  of  this  fociai  appetite  of  the  monades  which  conftitute 
body,  in  particular  cafes ;  fuch  as  the  union  of  two  drops  of 
water  or  globules  of  mercury  into  one ;  the  chryftallization  of 
falts;  cohefion  ;  the  defcent  of  heavy  bodies,  and  the  revolu- 
tions of  the  planets  :  and  fliews  how  the  known  laws  which  re- 
gulate the  laft-mentioned  motions,  in  particular,  naturally  fol- 
low from  the  perceptions  of  the  monades^  which  are  more  or  lefs 
ftrong  and  clear,  in  proportion  to  their  vicinity  to,  or  diftancc 
from,  the  central  body ;  and  which  accordingly  produce  a 
ftronger  or  weaker  degree  of  tendency  towards  it,  and  that  in 
the  inverfe  proportion  of  the  fquares  of  the  diftances  :  as  is  the 
cafe,  with  regard  to  the  ftrength  or  clearnefs  of  the  imprcf- 
fions,  in  the  various  objefts  of  our  fenfations.  In  this  manner 
M.  Beguelin  deduces,  from  the  perceptivity  and  inclinaiisn  oV 
the  monades  which  conftitute  bodies,  that  primary  law  which 
governs  all  the  motions  of  the  planetary  fyftem  ;  and  endea- 
vours to  prcfent  attraction  to  his  propofed  Leibnitzian  convert, 
perfedly  acc^uiucd  o^  iVv^  cW^x^e.  oC  belcv^  miraculous.  He  docs 
not,  however,  i^tc  ^xc^  ^i\tv^  xo  xt^^tvc\^ \\\%^^^\sswasw ^v*.- 
chumcn  to  the  uMxXftuAt^coix«\vx^ti\^\\^wJ^^^\^ 


MdBilUs  Littrts  at  Berlin^  fhr  tht  Ytar  1766.         547 

erf  fcntlo^nt^  volitrion^   and  fpontancous  motion,  which 

to  us  appears  a  much  oiorc  iieccilary  and  difficult  ta(k  th^n  the 

fnrmgr 

K  We  fliall  here  take  our  leave  of  M.  Oeguelin,  though  not  of 
Tne  fubjcct;   being  tempted  to  join  company  for  a  moment  with 
one  of  the  moft  lively  and  profound  met^iphvficians  we  have  yet 
ttict  withj  who  has  lately,  Jn  his  L  ifurt  purftted\^  al- 

moft  propheiicaily  announced  the  j  icion  of  fomc  fuch 

whimficaJ  Aftem  as  the  prefent.  Mr,  Scitrch  will  pardon  us 
for  making  a  flight  verbal  aUcratiun  in  copying  his  prophecy^ 
and  for  a  fmall  addition  or  two. 

f  As  no  bounds  can  be  fet   (fays  this  acute  and  pleafant  mc- 

tapbyficidn)  to  the  imaginiition  of  man,  and  new  fancies  arife 

in  proportion  as  old  ones  arc  exploded,   it  may  come  into  fome* 

^ody*s  heiid,  one  time  or  other^  to  improve  upon  the  Hyhz^ijii^ 

Bud  afcfibe  a  compleat  ptrcfptim  and  v&Uthn  to  the'  monadei. 

^  For  he  may   imagine  it  poflibU-,    that  the  mutual  action  of 

bodice  upon  one  another  may  arife  frjm  a  voluntary  exertion  of 

Kvvcr,  upon  r/ioliva  j'  that  when  they  move  towards  each  other, 
eir  motions  may  proceed  from  their  iovi  offidety\  *  that  whea 
they  cohere,  it  may  be  from  (omc  Jath/a^icn  felt  in  their  conti* 
ity  ;  and  when  they  nTill  or  repel,*  thefe  actions  may  pro- 
feed  *  from  fomc  umafintf^  brought  upon  them  by  the  impulfc, 
re  ' — In  fhort,  we  may  add,  that,  according  to  M.  Bcguelin's 
yftem,  when  a  tile  drops  or  paits  from  the  roof  of  an  old  houfe, 
ire  may  fuppole  that  the  percipient  monatUs  of  which  it  confiflt 
fcgrt>wn  heartily  weary  of  their  old  companions,  and  ars  feized 
with.a  fudden  fit  of  fondnefs  for  their  mother  earth ;  and  that 
lie  tree^9  earth,  (torses  and  metals  we  daily  behold  and  handle* 
^e  nothmg  more  m  renhty  but  cluOersof  thefe  fame  unextended, 
ipalpable  mcnades^  held  together  by  the  fuprgme  delight  that 
viy  taki  in  om  amthns  ccmpany^ 

\tUQlK  IL  On  the  comparative  Duration  afjd  Intenjity  of  PUa-^ 
fareafid  P'iin.  By  M.  Merian. 
The  two  qucltums  very  ingenioufly  difcufled  in  this  memoir 
arc,  whether  pleafure  or  pain  are  in  their  nature  more  lafting  ; 
and  which  of  the  two,  in  general,  cxcecda  the  other  in  intenfity. 
Neither  of  thefe  affections  of  the  mind  can  indeed  poflibly^ 
with  regard  cither  to  its  duration  or  jntenfity,  become  the  fub- 
je£i  of  arithmetical  calculation.  For  though,  with  our  baro« 
meters  and  thermometers,  we  can  weigh  air  and  meafure  heat ; 
no  inflrument  whatever,  no  Pathometer  (to  coin  a  new  term^  on 
this   new  occafion)    has   yet  been   invented,  to  determine  the 

+  Vol,  II    Part  I.  page  94,     The  Reader  will  find  an  account  of, 
and  large  quotations  from,  this  very  ori^iuaV  v<oik^  \cv  la^ix  ^v*^^^* 
Pg'  ^9*  H2i  tiiid  z^2i  and  in  our  ^zd  vo\i  f .  ^. 


\ 


54^  7%#  Hiflory  efihi  Royal  Acmiimy  rf  Saatea 

precife  weight  of  a  pain  or  an  afflidion,  or  to  mearure  the  joyi 
of  an  harmonic  meeting,  or  to  weigh  the  plcafures  felt  by  the 
participants,  at  a  turtle  feaft.  M.  Merian,  however,  under- 
takes to  eftimate,  in  a  general  manner,  the  comparanve  weights 
and  meafures  of  our  pleafant  and  painful  fenfations ;  and  to  de- 
tennine  on  which  fide  the  excefs  lies  :  and  forry  are  we  to 
declare,  that  it  appears  fVom  his  evaluation,  that  the  balance 
evidently  preponderates  on  the  fide  of  the  latter.  Without  con- 
fining ourfelves  to  any  precife  or  difFufe  quotations  from  his 
memoir,  we  fhall  endeavour  to  prefent  the  fubftaace  of  it; 
taking  the  liberty  of  occafionally  mixing  our  ideas  with  tbofeoif 
the  author. 

With  regard  to  durability  or  permanence,  M.  Mertan*s  de^ 
termination  will  appear  well  founded  from  this  conftdrratioo ; 
that  pain  is  a  mod  minute  and  nice  divider  of  time,  and  alurays 
enlarges  our  idea  of  duration  :  whereas  pleafure,  as  is  experi- 
mentally known  by  every  fon  of  Adam,  as  conilantly  contraSs 
it.  Th«  fleeting  inftants  of  pleafure,  [>ain  magniiks  into  ages. 
You,  lays  he,  are  highly  entertained;  I  am  in  pain.  The 
time  feems  (hort  to  you  :  it  appears  of  a  mortal  length  to  me. 
The  pointer  of  that  clock,  which  to  you  appears  to  have  flow 
lound  the  dial-plate,  feems  to  me  to  have  been  creeping  round 
it  with  the  moft  fluggifli  pace.  Independent  of  all  rcguhr 
meafures  of  time,  whether  natural  or  artificial,  you  declare  that 
jour  pleafure  has  been  of  very  (hort  duration  ;  and  I,  th*t  ray 
uneafincfs  has  lafted  an  age ;  and  we  are  both  in  theright.— 
In  (hort,  it  evidently  appears,  that  the  hap[>y  and  the  miferable 
meafure  time  by  pendulums  of  very  different  lengths,  and  that 
the  latter  employ  the  longeft. 

B»t  further :  pain  fcarce  ever  changes  its  completion,  and 
Bever  its  nature,  by  continuance ;  but  ftill  remains  pain,  to 
the  extremeft  bounds  of  fcnfibility  :  whereas  pleafures  of  any 
kind,  protracted  to  a  certain  length,  produce  fatiery,  vt^artnefs, 
anddifguft.  According  to  the  fenfible  metaphyfician,  whom  wc 
quoted  in  the  preceding  article,  in  the  arithmetic  of  pleafure, 
*r  two  and  two  do  not  always  make  four.*  Pleafure,  indeed, 
added  to  pleafure,  efpecially  if  of  the  fame  kind,  often  operates 
as  a  negative  quantity ;  and,  inftead  of  increafing,  evidently 
diminilbes,  the  fum  total  ;  and  at  laft  leads  the  fatiated  and 
jaded  participant  to  the  very  brink  of  pain.  A  few  (hort  hours 
will  infallibly  put  a  final  period  to  any  gratification,  how  plea- 
furabte  focver  ^  while  life  and  fenfibility  only  limit  the  duration 
of  pain. 

The  fecond  queftion,  concerning  the  different  powers  or  in- 
tenfities  of  pleafure  and  ^^im^  U  rcfolved  like  wife  by  M  Mc- 
rian  in  favovx?  of  t\i^  t\\^i\w  ^T\fc\«^  ^\  >^^  X-^xx^x.  ^K^^J.l<i 
yPM,  fays  hcv  AvCcqn^  iWxt  x^^^^^fiCci^  ^^>^^^^^  ^'''^'^''^^12^ 


Voppo 


^ 


i 


itjtd  BiUes  Liitns  at  BirUfff  for  the  Yi^r  vjfA.  549 

ppofttian  CO  each  other,  and  you  will  foon  fee  which  carries 
the  victory.  Under  violent  pain  of  body,  or  the  preffure  of  a 
heavy  affli^ion,  name  me  the  pleafurcs  that  can  relieve  you. 
They  have  all  lolt  their  charms,  are  become  infipid,  and  even 
odious  to  you.  But  on  the  other  hand,  where  is  the  pleafurc 
which  can  refid  the  attacks  of  violent  pain.  As  foon  as  that 
_  rcfents  itfelf,  it  takes  inure  potletBon,  aad  effaces  every  trace 
of  enjoyment.  I  defy  you  to  name  a  pleafurc,  fays  M.  Mertan* 
vrhich  will  conquer  the  pain  of  the  toothach  :  but  I  will  name 
a  thoufand  pains  that  have  power  to  deHroy  the  rood  exqirilitc 
enjoyments. 

But  the  univerfal  conduft  of  mankind,  M.  Merian  further 
obferve;,  furni/hes  innumerable  proofs  that  pain  makes  ftronger 
IcnpreOions  on  them   than  pleafure-     Laws  owe  their  principal 
force  to  penal  fanclions,  and  would  have  little  cfEcacy  if,  in- 
Jlead  of  pains  and  penalties,  they  held  forth  only  the  profpefis 
of  pleafurcs  and   rewards-     Further,  the  moft   defperate  lover 
would   feel  his  paiTion  cool,    on  a  propofal  of  being  indulged 
with  the  fuprcme  felicity  of  enjoying  his  miftrefs,   with  this 
condition  annexed  to  the  offer  j  that  he  fhould,  prevtoufly  to  his 
flappincfs,  only  for  a  minuie  or  two  undergo  the  torture  extraor- 
dinary, or  be  nrpped   with   hot  pincers.     Some  parts  indeed  of 
human  condu£t  may  appear,  at  iirft  ilght,  not  to  be  perfectly 
coofonant  to  this  doflrine.     The  toper  often  fits  down  to  a  de* 
bauch  under  an  abfolute  certainty  of  fuifering  for  his  two  or 
three  hours  enjoyment  of  his  bottle,  by  Hcknefs  and  headach 
for  a  much  longer  time  to-morrow.     But  if,  as  Father  Male- 
bra  nchc  obferves,  a  day's  headach  were  neceffarily  to  precede^ 
inflead  of  following,  a  propofed  drunken  bout,  our  toper  would 
become  a  pattern  of  fobriety.     Soire  part  of  the  Author's  rea- 
foning  on  this  fubjcct,  the  reader  will  perceive,  might  cafily  be 
^^turned  agjinll  him.     It  is  pretty  evidciit,  however,  that  whea 
^Wncn  incur  future  pain  and  uneaGnefs,  on  account  of  prcfent 
^Kgralification  i  it  is  not  that  they  deny  the  prcponderancy  of  pain  : 
Hbut  that  the  gratification  is  prcfent,  and  the  pain  is  only  in  fpc- 
'       culation,  or  at  a  diltancc. 

M£MO,ia  HL  Rifle £lhni  m  sur  yud^ment  er  Kmwlfdgi  c/fuiurt 
Evfnts^  cammmly  turned  Prefientiment.  By  M,  dc  Beaufobre^ 
In  this  memoir  M,  deBeaufobrediftinguifhes  thofc  forebodings, 
and  that  foreficht  to  which  forae  per fons  pretend,  and  which  are 
in  a  great  meafure  prodiKcd  by  hope  and  fear,  or  are  the  mere 
creatures  of  the  imagination  ;  from  that  rational  forefi^ht  by 
which  the  mind,  frequently  with  great  quicknefs,  and  fcarcc 
confcious  of  its  own  operations,  on  a  view  of  the  chain  o^  pad 
caufes  and  cffc6ls»  extends  the  links  into  futurity  j  or  contem- 
plates future  events  as  naiurally  atifing  out  of  the  prefent  ftate 
of  ihin^Sj  in  fpme  fuch  m.inner  as  it  vv^iVf^x^i^t  ^Tt(^iBX*\>x'5i^  ^'v 


550"         ^^  Hijtory  of  the  Royal  Acaientj  ofScienca^  fie. 

the  natural  fcquel  of  the  events  that  are  paft.  A  perfcft  know- 
ledge of  phyfical  and  moral  caufcs,  together  with  a  juft  evalua- 
tion  of  their  refpefttve  efficacies,  certainly  conftitutc  the  onlf 
juft  fbundations  of  all  hnman  prcfcience  : — a  fcieiice  confined 
within  very  narrow  limit??,  on  account  of  the  multiplicity  ancf 
contingent  nature  of  its  data, 

,  Bellfs    Lettres. 

MSMom  I.  On  the  IJIe  cfTharfu  ;  or  Reflenhns  on  the  CenfTrritf 

between  the  Cuftoms  of  the  Negroes  in  Guinea ^  and  thffe  of  thi 

Jews,     Third  Memoir.     By  M.  Dc  Francheville. 

M.  de  Francheville  recites,  in  this. memoir,  leveral  particu- 
lars relative  to  the  religion,  government,  manners  and  cuftomj 
of  the  people  of  Guinea,  from  the  relation  of  the  Chevalier  dc 
Marcfaais,  puWifhed  by  Father  Labat :  with  a  view  to  (hew  the 
Ihiking  conformity  between  the  civil  and  religious  cuftoms  of 
the  ancient  Jews,  and  the  Negroes  on  the  Gold  Coaft,  and 
fomc  other  parts  of  Guinea  ;  and  to  evince  the  probability,  that 
this  conformity  is  the  confcquence  of  the  communication  for- 
merly fubfifting  between  thefe  two  people,  in  the  time  of  Solo-; 
mon ;  who  fent  his  ftiips  once  in  three  years  to  Tharfis,  id 
bring  from  thence  gold  and  ivory ;  and  who  is  fuppofed  to  ha?c 
had  faftories  eftabliftied  on  the  Gold  Coaft.  The  Author  col- 
lets together  no  Icfs  than  45  points  of  refemblanc^  or  traccj 
of  a  former  communication  between  the  inhabitants  of  thif 
coaft  and  the  Jews.  Many  of  thefc  fuppofed  traces  of  Judaifm 
among  the  Negroes  are  however  very  faint :  feveral  of  the  ad- 
duced marks  of  refemblance  are  likcwife  common  to  many  pco^ 
pic;  while  fome  of  his  other  proofs  are  highly  ridiculous. 

Father  Labat,  for  inftance,  tells  us  that  the  Negroes  on  the 
coaft  pride  themfelves  in  a  long  beard.  M.  de  r'ranchevillc 
quotes  Leviticus  to  fliew  that  a  long  beard  was  likewife  honour- 
able amon^  ihe  Jews.  In  the  fame  page  the  father  informs  us 
that  the  Negroes  are  extremely  cleanly,  arid  wafli  themfclvcJ 
feveral  times  in  a  day  :— a  cuftom,  fays  M.  de  F.  which  they 
muft  undoubtedly  have  learnt  from  tnc  Jewifli  faftors  during 
their  rcfidencc  among  them.  But  his  next  quotation,  of 
rather  his  inference  from  ir,  is  ftill  more  ridiculous.  The  Ne- 
groes, fays  Labat,  never  break  wind  cither  upwards  or  down- 
wards in  company,  and  arc  exceedingly  fcandalized,  and  ex- 
prefs  even  a  degree  of  horror,  whenever  they  obfervc  the  Euro- 
peans guilty  of  fuch  an  incivility.  To  what  caufe,  fays  M.  dei 
F.  very  gravely,  can  we  attribute  this  abhorrence,  -in  a  people 
in  other  refpei^is  fo  uncivilized,  but  to  that  extreme  regard  to  pcr- 
fonal  purity,  fo  flrongly  inforced  upon  the  Jews  both  by  their  oraf 
and  their  writcen  law  ?  After  this  very  rifible  mode'of  account- 
ing for  the  NccTocs  2iV\V\o\\ewct  o^  {^\uv\^^  aad  the  ferious  ftilc 
iti  which  they  trcaii  2Ltv  ck^>^t  ol  \X^^\.V\w^^  ^>xi  tt.-^^^^^  >«^  ^^^ 


"     Jamard'i  Inquiry  inU  the  Thiory  &fMu/k^            551  I 

probably  be  difpofeJ  to  attend  with  becoming  gravity  to  the 

remauiing  forty- two  ftill  uv/^A//V  proofs,  which  are  produced  I 

by  the  Author.     \Vc  fliall  here,  therefore,  difinirs  Mi  de  Fraii-  I 

ch€ville*«  memoir,  which  would  certainly  have  defervcd  more  J 

attention,  had  th^  Author  fairly  dectmiited  his  n umerooa  com*  ^J 

pany  of  proofs,  before  he  prefented  them  to  the  public.  ^M 

M£MOl&  11.  and  IlL    On  (hi  ^(Jihny  whe(l)^r  thf  firjf  Autlnn  ^| 

in  ctny  NatiQU   have  written  tn    Vitjt   nr    in    Pj'9ff,     By  M.  ^M 

l^hiebault.  ■ 

The  Author  determines  this  queftioa  in  f;ivour  of  the  poets.  ^^ 

Preparatory  to   this  determination,    he  gives  a  hiit^ry  of  the  i 

manner  in  which  language  may  bt:  fupp«:>fetj  to  have  been  ftrft  ^M 

formed,  by  a  company  ot  human  bcing3  c<.iUcdcd  lugcther,  and  ^M 

of  its  natural   progrefii  and  declenfioii,    which  contains  many  ^M 

ingenious  reAedions  :    but  his  fcheme  is  too  vafl  and  difFufe,  as  ^M 

well  as  too  conneded,  to  admit  of  any  abridgment  or  extra<£i.  ^M 

The  remaining  articles  of  this  volume  arc,  A  Difcourfc  on  ^^ 

the  Talents  necciV^ry  to  conftitute  a  good  Writer,  by  M.  dc  , 

C^tt  ;    a  moral   Lcdure  on  the  advantages  of  Virtue,  by  M#  ^1 

Toudaint ;  and  two  academical  harangues*  ^M 

Art.    VK  -fl 

Richirchts  fur  laTbiorii^  &c  ; — An  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of  ^| 

Muiic.     By  M.  Jamard,  Regular  Canon  of  St.  Genevieve,  ^| 

&c.  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Rouen.     8vo,  ^| 

Paris.     1769*  H 

THE  theory  of  mufic,  notwithftanJing  the  Ubours  of  many  ^| 

profound  and   ingenious  inquirers,  is  far  from  having  at*  ^H 

laincd  perfe£lion.     The  be{l  fyflems  which  have  yet  been  pro*  ^| 

duced,  concerning  the  generation  or  production  of  muftcal  in-  ^| 

tervalSf  abound  with  anomalies  and  exceptions ;  and  their  au*  ^| 

ihors  have  not  been  a  little  embarrafTcd  by  various  fa^^s  or  ^| 

experiments,  which  appear  not  to  be  perfcdly  confonant  with  ^| 

their  principles  :  fo  that,  in  this  fcience^  as  formerly  in  that  of  1 

•aftronomy,  a  Copernicus  is  wanted,  to  found  a  juft  and  ftmple  ^j 

theory  on  one  luminous  principle,  anJ  to  fweep  away  the  com-  ^| 

plicated  tpiqcUs^  invented  to  patch  up  ihe  defet^ts  and  irregula-  ^| 

fitics  of  preceding  fyftems*    The  Author  of  the  prcfcnt  inquiry  ^| 

feems  defirous  of  being  conftdered  in  the  light  o^  a  mufical  Co-  ^| 

pcrnicus;  as  he  offers  to  the  public  a  theory  of  mufic,  founded,  ^| 

as  he  affirms,  on  nature  :  as  being  deduced  by  a  very  ftmplc  and  ^| 

niturat  proctfs  from  the  phenomena  of  the  monochord,  and  as  ^| 

being  perfectly  rcconcileable  with  every  experiment  that  has  yet  ^| 

been  made  upon   founds.     We  fhall  accorc!ingly  endeavour  to  ^H 
graiify  our  mufical  and  phttofophical  readers  with  fuch  a  fketch* 
as  our  limits  will  admit,  of  a  theory  \NVV\«Ak  \^^%  ^-iLx^cvVii Sk* 
fcfpQi^Mc  an  oriiiin* 


5S2  Jamard*!  Inquiry  inta  the  77jeory  of  Mu^. 

M.  Jainard's  fyftem,  the  grounds  of  which,  as  he  acknowlejge!^ 
are  partly  to  be  found  in  preceding  writers  %  though  tiot  extcDdcd 
and  applied  by  them  to  this  particular  purpofe,  is  founded  on 
a  regular  and  continued  divifion  of  the  monochord,  accord- 
iog  to  the  natural  feries  of  the  numbers  i,  2,  3,  4,  &c.  or 
rather,  he  produces  a  natural  fcale  of  mufic  from  the  number  I 
and  its  fradiions  U  4>  i»  &c*  proceeding   in   arithmetical  pio- 

freffion,  and  expreifing  the  ^vhole  length,  and  the  fucceffive 
ivifions,  of  the  monochord.  Thus  a  ftring  being  given,  diC 
intire  length  of  which  (bunds  I//,  or  C;  ^  of  the  ftring  will 
give  uU  or  C,  the  oflave  above  the  former;  },  the  found  S5/, 
or  (?,  which  is  the  twelfth,  or  o^lave  of  the  fifth  above  the 
fundamental;  *,  the  double  odavc;  |,  ^,  -f,  the  founds  J£, 
&/,  Sijiaty  that  is,  £,  G  again,  and  BJlat^  or  the  (harp  third, 
the  fifth,  and  flat  fcventh  of  this«odlave.  But  further,  conti- 
nuing the  divifion  according  to  this  arithmetical  progreffioo, 
the  parts  of  the  ftring,  exprefied  by  the  fubfequent  fradioos, 
jf  -J»  t'^>  tt»  ts»  t'  .  T5»  T%  ii\y  will  fucceflively,  and  in  art- 
gular  order,  give  the  founds  of  a  gamut,  or  fcale  of  mufic, 
according  to  him,  the  only  juft  and  natural  one,  and  nearly 
anfwcring  to  the  diatonic  Icale,  »/,  re^  ml^  fa^  jol^  lay  fipi^ 
fiy  ut^  or  as  we  exprefs  tiiefe  notes,  C,  Z>,  £,   Fy  G,  Jy  5  M 

By    C. 

From  this  (hort  expofition  of  M.  Jamard*s  fyftem,  it  appears 
that,  though  in  the  compafs  of  the  (econd  and  third  oSivcSy  a 
few  only  of  the  notes  of  a  mufical  fcale  are  produced  by  this 
arithmetical  mode  of  dividing  the  monochord  ;  yet  that  in  tlic 
fourth  oftave,  bcginninsj  with  g,  and  proceeding  to  its  otflavc 
fz*  a  regular,  and,  as  the  Author  terms  it,  natural  feries  or 
fcale  of  mufical  intervals  is  produced,  the  greateft  number  of 
which  are  nearly  of  the  fame  kind  with  thofc  in  the  diatonic 
fcale  ;  there  being  only  two  notes  which  differ  from  the  fcale 
now  in  common  ufe  among  muficians  ;  and  one  (B  Jiat)  which 
is  not  contained  in  the  diatonic  fcale. 

Thefe  two  notes  are  F  and  A\  the  firft  of  which,  in  the 
diatonic  fyftem,  is  expreflcd  by  the  fraction  ^^  or  -j-'^^  ;  where- 
as  the  F  in  M.  Jamard's  fcale  is  exprefiTcd  by  jV  or  Vr.  The 
latter,  or  Ay  in  the  diatonic  fcale  is  denoted  by  the  exprelBon 
-l^  or  ^^>  inftead  of  ^-^  or  ,7,  as  it  itands  in  M.  Jamard's  ga- 
mut": that  is,  the  firft  is  fomewhat,  (about  -[  of  a  tone)  lower, 
and  the  latter  higher,  in  the  common  gamut,  than  in  this  of 
the  Author;  who  afterwards  endeavours  to  account  for  thefe 
diflerences. 

•  Particularly  M.  Balliere's  Thecrie  ae  la  Viujtiuc ;  M.  Levens's 
Ahbregc  dti  regkt  dt  f  foarnwnie  *,  Vv^imn.^"^^  4:<;* 


Jamard*/  Inqutry  into  the  Theory  af  Mufic.  553 

As  thisdivifion  of  the  fourth  oclave,  from  J  to  tV  oftheftrtng, 
prodtces  M.  Jamiird*s  improved  J/Wow/r  fcalc ;  fo  the  divifioa 
of  the  fifth  odUvc,  according  10  the  fradlional  fcrics  of  the 
iiatur*.!  nymher?*,  from  jr,  to  -/»,  produces  a  Chromatic  fcale  ; 
as  (7  ,'^,  CJharp  V»  £*  A»  D  /harp -i\^  &c.  and  further,  the 
fixih  ditavcj  from  ^^  to  ^',  of  theftrlng,  produces  an  EvlnirmQ- 
nh  fcale,  or  fjftcm  of  quarter  tones,  in  the  fame  regular 
manner . 

In  further  proof  that  our  Author's  fourth  oflave  contains  the 
true  and  natural  fcalc  of  mufic,  and  that  muficians  ought  ta 
abandon  the  diatonic  fyllcm  and  adhere  to  this,  he  obfervcs, 
among  other  confidcrations,  that  this  fyftem  of  notes  is  natu- 
rally produced  by  an  unforced  blowing  of  the  French- horn 
and  other  inftruments  of  the  fame  kind  ;  as  had  indeed  been 
before  obfervcd  by  M,  Rameau  f .  On  the  whole,  hr  contenc^ 
ihttt  this  fraJe  has  all  the  charadt-'TS  of  a  fytlem  proiiured  imme- 
diately by  nature  ;  that  it  is  a:t  fimple  and  as  rcirular  «is  can  be 
defued  ;  that  there  aie  no  voids  in  the  feries  of  terms,  or  rather 
in  the  founds  exprcfi'cd  by  them,  nor  any  intervejiing  t«*rm  that 
dcftroys  the  regularity  of  it ;  and  further,  that  the  differences 
between  it  and  the  diatonic  fyftem  are  fuch  only  as  arc  abfo- 
lutcly  neccflary  to  render  the  latter  rct^ular ;  and  that  mufic 
might  be  enriched  with  various  new  cxprcflions^  if  its  profcllbrs 
weie  to  adopt  and  cultivate  it. 

The  theory  nf  M,  Rameau,  which  has  been  almofl  univer- 
fally  received  among  muficians,  and  which  has  been  fo  exceU 
lently  illuftratcd  by  AL  d'Alembert,  is  founded,  as  is  well 
known,  on  the  harmonUal fiunfh,  as  they  arc  commonly  called, 
which  are  heard  to  accompany  the  principal  found  of  z  ilring 
Qf  other  f  morous  body,  7  hefc  arc  the  twelfth  and  feventeenth^ 
or  the  Equifms  (if  we  n^ay  be  aIlow<rd  the  term)  of  the  fifth  and 
major  third.  After  exprcHing  the  greatfft  rcrpe£t  for  this  cele- 
brated artift,  and  admiration  of  his  comment^ator,  he  mentions 
fome  difHcukies  attending  this  theory,  and  the  fyftem  of  the 
fundamental  baftf,  and  ofRfrs  objedtions  to  the  folutions  pro- 
pofcd  in  defence  of  ir.  F'om  thefc  harmoni^Al  founds  the  Au* 
thor  dr^vws  an  argument  in  favour  uf  his  own  fyflcni.  His  rea- 
funing,  infubftince,  am'»unts  to  this : 

A  fonorous  body^  when  Oruck,  befides  the  princtpal  found 
and  a  repetition  of  its  oitavcs,  produ  e^  likcwifc  fcvcral  ether 
founds,  Suppofing  me  ignorant  of  the  (pccific  founds  thus  ac- 
companying the  principiil,  I  may  juftly  conclude,  a  priori^  that 
iTvy  propofed  fcale  really  cont;iTns  the  moU  niJtural  feries  of  mii- 
fical  founds,  if  I  find  that  a  ftring.  when  flruck,  adtually  gives 
thofe  founds  moft  p'Trfc«flly   and  di{lin4£tl\',    which   aie  ne^reft 

f  Stc  his  Gtrntrathn  iwrmcni^at^  ^.  tiv» 
A  PP.  Rev.  voL  xliir*  O  o 


%j» 


554  JamardV  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  df  Mufic. 

to  the  principal  found  in  that  fcale.  Calling  this  principal 
found  C  or  I,  (and  leaving  out  the  oAaves  and  other  duplicates, 
if  we  may  fo  call  them)  the  founds  neareft  to  it  in  the  propofcd 
fcale  are  4,  7,  -J,  i,  &c.  that  is  G,  Ey  B  flaty  Z>,  &c  Gy  as 
being  nearer  to  the  princtpal  found,  in  this  arithmetical  feries,. 
ought  to  be  more  diftiodly  heard  than  E  \  E  more  diftindly 
than  Bfiaty  &c.  and  in  faft  I  hear  G  or  «,  the  twelfth  of  the 
principal ;  afterwards  £  or  \^  the  major  feventeenth,  but  fotnc- 
what  more  weakly;  and  next  B  fiat^  or  4,  but  with  greater 
difficulty  :  and  though  I  have  not,  Father  Merfenne  ♦  affim* 
that  he  has  diftlnguifhed  even  Z),  or  ^.  And  although  the 
founds  of  the  notes  F  and  yf,  exprefled  by  the  two  fucceediog 
terms  of  this  progrcffion,  iV  and  Vj,  cannot  be  perceived,  and 
though  they  are  confidcred  by  muficians  as  falle,  and  accord- 
ingly have  never  yet  been  admitted  into  any  fyflem,  I  (houM 
rather  fuppofe  that  they  may  have  been  mif^aken,  than  that  a 
progreflion,  which  has  proceeded  thus  regularly  through  the 
firft  ten  terms,  (hould  fuddenly  flop,  or  become  irregular,  at 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  ;  and  may  very  juftly  conclude  that 
my  not  hearing  the.'e  and  other  ftill  more  diftant  intervals  in  my 
natural  fcale,  proceeds  fiom  the  bluntnefs  ordefedof  my  organs. 

Such  is  the  general  fubftance  of  this  part  of  M.  Jamarrf'i 
argument,  which  we  fhall  leave  to  the  confideration  of  our 
mufical  readers :  obferving  only  that  the  Author  afterwards  cm- 
ploys  the  third  founds^  difcovered  by  the  celebrated  Tartini,  as 
a  fupplcmcntal  proof  of  the  truth  of  his  fyftem. 

One  of  the  advantages  ftrongly  infifled  upon  by  M.  Jamard, 
as  arifing  from  this  natural  fcale,  is  thedifcovery  of  feveral  new 
modes  in  mufic,  and  the  confequent  produdlion  of  nev^  powers, 
and  of  that  variety  which  is  fo  ciTential  a  requifite  in  all  human 
gratifications.  Hitherto,  he  obferves,  muficians  have  been  in 
poffeffion  only  of  two,  the  maj:>r  and  minor  modes,  or,  as  we 
commonly  term  them,  the  ftiarp  and  flat  keys.  He  endeavours 
tp  fiiew  that  from  this  natural  fcale  may  be  deduced  a  great 
variety,  nay  an  infinity,  of*  mufical  modes,  differing  from  each 
other,  and  from  the  two  in  prcfent  ufe,  as  much  as  the  two 
latter  differ  from  each  other.  The  fcale  above  given  (from  \ 
to  tV  of  the  firing)  furniihes  the  major  mode,  or  the  key  with 
the  Iharp  third.  By  beginning  a  new  fcale  at  £,  or  t'o  of  the 
ftfing,  and  proceeding,  according  to  the  regular  arithmetical 
prog  region  above  mentioned,  to  £-5^,  he  obtains  the  minor 
mode,  or  key  with  the  flat  third ;  differing  indeed,  like  the 
former,  from  the  diatonic  fcale :  but  thefe  differences,  accord- 
ing to  him,  are  to  its  advantage.  In  the  fame  manner,  he 
-  '^--nq.  tl.at  L>  ^,  -F  TT»  ^  TT,  &c.  and  every  other  note  in  his 


JamardV  Inqmry  into  the  T%£ory  of  MulU* 


555 


harmonic  fcalc,  confuicrcd  as  a  fundamental,  has  its  mode  pe- 
culiar to  itfelf,  and  different  from  all  the  reft  in  the  radios  of 
the  intcrvais»  and  confequcotly  in  thara£ler  and  cxprcllion* 
The  ferlcs  of  notes  in  feveral  of  ihcfc  new  modes  he  cxnrbtts  in 
a  Ihort  tabic,  confined  within  the  limits  of  his  fourth  odlave* 
He  does  not  fcem  inclined  to  extend  his  fyftem  any  farther  than  ^ 
the  fifth  J  but  very  judicioufly,  \vc  think,  jcavc^i  the  fullow- 
ing  higher  and  mujc  minutely  divided  odlavcs,  to  be  pradiied 
by  ihe  fongftcrs  of  the  feathered  choir* 

On  the  whole,  M,  Jamard  exults  in  the  fruitfulnefs  of  his 
natural  harmonic  fcaie,  »s  he  thereby  pretends  to  have  enriched 
mufic,  hitherto  in  pcffjTion  only  of  two  modes,  with  no  lefs 
than  twenty-eight  f  ;  three  of  which  are  produced  within  ths 
compafs  of  the  third  oflave,  eight  by  the  fourth,  andfixtcen  by 
the  fifth  ;  to  which  he  adds  the  fiifl  note  of  the  fixth  oclave.— 
Were  we  to  hazard  a  hafty  idea  on  a  fubjCiSl  fo  nev\*,  wc  (hould 
cxprefs  our  apprehenfions  that  ihefe  new  modes  will  fcarce  an- 
fwer  the  cxpcdations  which  the  Author  fecms  to  entertain  of 
them;  and  much  lefs  that  any  of  them  arc  likely* to  replace 
thofc  ancient  modes,  by  which  the  Grecian  muficians  arc  faid ^ 
to  have  produced  iuch  powetful  effedts  in  raifing  and  calming 
the  human  paflions.  Nay,  wc  vidlcntly  fufpcdt  (whatever  may 
be  thought  of  the  truth  and  excellence  of  the  Author's  funda- 
mental mode  of  C  1,  in  the  fourth  odave)  that  we  have  frc* 
queniiy  heard  fpecimens  of  his  other  new  mod^si,  in  palBges 
which  have  ftruck  our  cars  at  a  cotsntry  fair :  but  we  do  not  re- 
collect that  they  cjcctted  in  us  any  other  emotion,  than  a  violent 
temptation  to  break  the  head  of  the  performer,  for  playing  fo 
horribly  out  of  tunc*  If  we  arc  mift:ikcn,  we  beg  M.  Jamard's 
pardon  for  the  levity  of  this  obfervaiion  :  but  wc  have  not  room 
QV  leifure  to  cxpUtn  ourfelvcs  further  on  this  fubjeft,  or  to 
offer  fome  obfervaiions,  and  very  obvious  objefllons,  which 
occur  to  us  with  regard  to  his  fcheme. 

We  have  thought  this  performance  worthy  of  this  particular 
notice,  SIS  the  Author  is  evidently  a  pcrfon  of  Icarnin£  and  in* 


f  Wc  (hall  give  a  fpccimen  of  one  of  the  lead  exceptionable^  per- 
haps, of  ihcfc  new  modes.  It  is  that  of  G,  t\j  and  is  as  follows  t 
G  i\,  A,\,  Bfiat  ji,  B  Vt»  C^j,  CJh^rf  ^j,  D  ^\,  n Jharp  ^\, 
E  ^'c,  EJbarp  y'j,  ^i*i?  F parp  -^  ^  ^^  \j*  '1  Jie  Author  even  pro- 
duces 28  more  new  modes,  in  another,  or  cotitra-harmonical  fcaJc> 
formed  by  a  fimilar  arithmetical,  but  inverted  progreifion  of  founds, 
carried  on  ^eJ<yw  the  fundamental,  or  above  uiniy,  by  multiplying 
the  length  of  the  llring  by  the  numbers  a,  5,  4,  &c.  fucccilivcly, 
He  conkfll's  however,  tiiatiti^ill  be  verydiHicuJt  to  compofc  10  any 
of  the  modern  of  thi^  fcJc  :  though  he  UiCskWfii^;  UkX^»;^  ^i  vwc^^^^^v* 
iirv  of  intpiriaj:  i€nor,  dcfrair,  &c. 


■'i: 


556  Battcaux'i  Poetics  •fAriftaiU^  lie. 

genuity,  and  well  acquainted  with  his  fubjed;  and  it  Ui 
work  contains  fome  new  and  fingular,  though  many  of  theaii 
doubtlefs,  vifionary  ideas.  For  the  reafons  above  given,  we 
decline  the  tafk  of  inquiring  how  far  M.  Jaaiard's  natural  fj(- 
tem  is  juft  and  practicable  ;  or  how  far  the  ear,  the  fupmne 
arbiter  of  founds,  is  likely  to  be  gratified,  or  mufic  improred, 
and  its  powers  extendtd,  hy  realizing  the  whole  or  any  pan  of 
thefe  propofed  innovaiion^.  We  recommend  the  work,  how- 
ever, to  the  pcrufal  of  the  philofophical  mufician,  who  will 
probably  be  amufed  by  the  Author's  fpeculations,  if  he  fails 
of  being  inftrud^ed  by  them.  If  this  be  really  the  genuine  fyf- 
tem  of  nature*,  in  the  generation  of  mufical  founds,  we  fliottU 
congratulate  the  public  on  the  difcoyery,  and  willingly  pardoo 
the  difcoverer  hii  application  of  the  line  in  Virgil  to  it,  which 
is  prefixed  to  this  work  ; 

Hos  Natura  Modos  frimum  dediu 

Georg.  lib.  2.  lin.  20. 
Such  a  difcovery  may  well  plead  with   us,  in  extenuation  of 
the  otherwife  unpardonable  licence,  of  employing  the  pureft  aod 
cbafteft  of  the  p^ets,  in  the  fabrication  of  a  pun. 

Art.     VII. 
Les  ^tatre  Po't'tiqucs, — The  Poetics  of  Ariftotle,   Horace,  Vida» 
and   Boilcau,    with  Tranflations   and   Remarks.     By  Abbe 
Batteux,    of  the   French   Academy,    &c.      8vo.    a  Vols. 
Paris.     1771. 

OUR  ingenious  and  learned  Abbe  introduces  this  work 
with  the  poetics  of  Ariftotle,  i^n  the  preface  to  which  he 
obferves,  that  when  Ariltotle  undertook  to  write  an  Jrt  tf 
Poitry^  all  the  ideas  relative  to  poetry  were  prepared  (prepmies) ; 
that  there  were  models  in  great  plenty,  and  by  the  greateftmif- 
^  ters ;  that  Fabricius  mentions  an  hundred  and  eighty  tra^ 
vrriters,  the  greateft  part  of  whom  were  before  Ariftotle;  thit 
^fchylus  wrote  near  an  hundred  tragedies  ;  that  Sophocles 
compofed  upwards  of  an  hundred  and  feventy ;  and  Euripides 
about  an  hundred  and  twenty.  I  mention,  fays  he,  only  the 
moft  celebrated  authors ;  thofe  who  were  lefs  eminent  cannot 
be  fuppofed  to  have  compofed  fewer.  In  fuch  a  multiplicity  of 
works,  all  ihe  poflible  varieties  and  benuties  of  this  fpeciesof 
compofuion  muft  neceflarily  have  been  found.  It  will  be  faid, 
no  doubt,  that  there  would  be  more  faults  than  beauties; 
which  may  poflibly  have  been  the  cafe ;  but  when  an  Art  is  to 
be  formed,  that  is  to  fay,  when  artifts  are  to  be  told  whitthcv 
muft  do,  and  what  th^y  muft  avoid  in  order  to  be  fucceGful,  it 
is  as  ncccff2ir\  vo  ^o\i\\.  omx.  l^vXv^  ^.^  \i^^\4X\a^^  nay  more  fc— 
Poetry,   theieloie,  ix.  \^  o\il«.tN^^^  Vk\  tbo^^  ^\)SSbL^\^^VT^\cy^<«& 


\     in  inc  day 


BdXt^nx* s  Poeth  6/ ^rijiotk^  bfa 


557 


s 


in  ihc  days  of  Anftode  to  enable  him  to  cftablifli  its  true  prin- 
ciples,   and  to  enter  fully  and  particularly  into. the  lubjeft, 

tiefide,  all  Greece,  'tii»  faid,  had  long  been  paffionately  fond 

^X)f  poetry >  painting,  and    fciilpture,  and   its  fade  was  equally     ^h 

correct  and  delicate  ;  fu  that,  in  order  to  write  an  Ari  rf  Poetry ^     ^M 

little  more  was  wanting  than  to  coltcdl  its  opinions,  and  to  re-     ^| 

tr  them  to  the  principles  un  which  they  were.founded.  ^M 

Philofophy  too,  which,  at  this  period,  had  reached  its  higheft     H 

?rfc*Stion   in  Greece,  was  aburid-intly    (Sufficient,  efpecially  tn      ^ 

le  hands  of  Arilloilc,  who  was  called  the  Genius  of  Nature, 

analyze  the   principles  of  potftry,  to  combine  them,  and  to      h 
>rm  them  into  a  perfectly  regular  and  connected  fyltem  — The     ^| 
works  of  the  poets,  the  taftc  of  the  public,   the  obfcrvations  of     ^| 
philofophers,  the  genius  of  the  author,  everything,  in  a  word,,     ^M 
ambJned  to  make  Auliotlv's  jf if  of  Poetry  a  mafterpiecc*  ^^^ 

In  tranflating  Ariftoile's   poetics,    Monf  Bjttcux  tak:es  no     ^^ 
liberties  with  his  author,  but   adheres  ftridly   to    the  original, 
Jn  liis  remarks,  he  enters  into   no  dirculFion   of  the  different     ^M 
opinions  of  cjmmentators  upon  difficult  p.tirigesi    nor,  whea    '^l 
he  differs  from  others,  is   he   at  any  parns  to  lupport  hts  owa 
^_4ppinion. — Li  IfH^ur^    fays   he,  demandt  la  doilrinc  d*  Jrijhu  i    ^_ 
^Kir  me  Juu  horni  a  la  lui  preftnter^  aujft  exaHement  et  avec  U  moiKS    '^M 
^Kl!f  commentaire  qutlni'  a  etc  pc£ihte^  lui  laijfant  U  foin  de  la  juger 
^Bil  de  la  commeniir  a  fort  gre  et  jilof}  j€i  lumier^s, 

^B      In  a  Ihort  preface  to  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry y  M.  BattCUX  tells     ^1 
^Ris,  that  it  is   the  I'ode  of  re^fon   for  all  the  arts  in  general  \ —    ^1 
I       good  taftc  reduced  to  principles.     We  are  not  lo  imagine,  how* 
I       ever,  he  fays,  that  Horace's  defign  in  thiii  work  was  to  give  us     ^m 
a  complete  ireatife  upon  the  art  o^  poetry.     It  is  an  epiflle  ad*    ^^ 
drefled  to  Lucius  Pilo,  a  man  of  talle,  and  to  his  two  fons,  the 
eld  eft  of  whom  was  of  an  age  to  ihink   and   a£t  for  himfelf* 
I       The  poet's  bofuuTs,  thcrrefore,  w:is  not  to  enter  into  any  mi- 
I       jiutc  detail,  to  enquire  into  the  nature  of  poetry  in  general,  to 
I       diftinguift  the  fcveral  fpecies  of  ic,  to  fliew  the  manner  of  con- 
ilrudting  the  fable,  &c. — Pifo  and  his  fms  l^ood  in  no  need  of 
inflru(5tion5  u|^)on  fuch  poijitf,    whicn  were  cxpUmed  by  every 
xnafler,  and  in  all  the  fcveral  trcatifes  on    the  art  of  poetry,  of 
I       which  there  was  great   plenty  at  that   iimt.-^*' On  tUmandGtt  i 
^^fHoruci^  fays  he,  dei  vues  fines  et  d^un  fens  profond^  des  regies  d§ 
^^^hoix^    det  oltfervathns  de  genie^    des  jugernens  de  maitrey  en  un  mat 
€e  que  le  plu\  he  I  ejprit  du  pltts  beau  fee  U  de  Rome,  devoit  enfeigner^ 
iil  faifoit  tant  que  de  denrter  des  L^om  ;  et  ce  que  lei  plus  habites   ^H 
nmitres^   et  mcme  ies  meilleurs  livres^  n  enfdgmunt  pas*  ^^| 

According  to  this   idea,  it   is  evident,  we  are  told*  that  Hf>- 
race's  work  wis  not  to  be  a  fyffematic  tr;iin  of  precepts,  dif- 
pofcd  in  a  regular  order,   and  in  fcparate  aruc\«^  VitiX  '3w^tAW^  ^^ 
co)hdion  of  maxims  of  tafte,  of  dcucb^d  ^xvom^y  ^'w^v;?^^- 


55?  Batteux'i  PcetUs  of  AtiJldiU^  bfi: 

cable  to  its  objcA,  incJependent  of  what  goes  before  or  tfttf. 
AH  that  the  author  could  do  in  fuch  a  cate,  was  to  begio  whh 
general  views,  and  to  proceed  afterwards  to  particular  obferva- 
tions  ;  firft  to  lay  down  the  rules  of  the  art,  and  then  to  gire 
diredlions  to  artlds.  More  than  this  could  not  be  required, 
cfpecially  of  a  po^t,  who,  to  the  extenflve  privileges  of  poetry, 
had  added  thofe  of  the  cpifiolarj  kind,  the  firtt  of  which  is 
freedom. 

^  11  eft  done  Inutile y  fays  M.  Batteux,  dt  nous  fatipur^  ew 
Daniel  Hcinfmsy  pour  remettre  dans  r  art  peittique  etHeraay  u 
ordre  qui^fJon  iouie  apparcnce^  ny  fut  jamais.  Cet  ouvragteftk 
quint ejjcnce  extra ite  d^un  art^  cejl-a-dire^  eVune  cdle^lim  it  ^u- 
apta.  I!  a  Tcrdre  ct  les  liaifons  que  ^ doit  avoir  un  paretl  exirait i 
et  on  pcurroit  dire  en  eloge^  ce  que  "Jules  Scaliger  tn  a  dit  enk  cri" 
tiqudJit :    ^^e  ceji  un  art  enf eigne  Jam  art.'* 

It  does  not  appear  that  M.  Battcux  has  read  the  very  inge- 
nious Mr.  Kurd's  Commentary  and  Notes  on  the  Epiftle  tothe 
iPifos,  which  is  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  bcfl  pieces  of  criticiftn 
in  the  Kngli(h  language.  If  he  has  read  ir,  he  certainly  lu:s 
not  paid  that  attention  to  it  which  it  deferves,  otherwiicwc 
cannot  but  fuppofe  that  one  of  bis  tafle  and  difcernment  muft 
have  fcen  that  the  fole  purpofe  of  the  poet,  in  this  famous 
cpiftle,  was  to  criticize  the  Roman  Drama,  that  a  ftrid  me- 
thod and  unity  of  ucfign  are  obferved  in  it,  and  that  the  con- 
nexions, though  fine,  and  fometimes  fcarce  perceptible,  clofelf 
unite  each  part  together,  and  give  coherence,  uniformity,  and 
)}eauty  to  the  whole. 

It  would  be  an  cafy  matter  to  point  out  feveral  errors  in  M. 
patteux's  tranflation,  arifmg,  in  a  great  meai'ure,  frcm  his 
mifiaking  the  poet's  defign  j-  but  we  muft  refer  our  Readers  to 
the  woik  itfelf. 

1  )ie  tranflation  of  Vida*s  poetics  is  lefs  literal  than  that  of 
Ariftotle  and  Horace;  the  Latin  ijotes  of  P.  Oudin  the  jcfuit 
arc  fLihjcnned  to  it. 

The  Remarks,  which  are  added  to  Boileau*s  Art  of  Poetnr, 
are  chiefly  taken  from  Corncille's  DilTertations  on  Dranriitic 
P(  etry. — It  will  not  be  difpleafing  to  fuch  of  our  Readers  as 
are  unacquuintej  with  Boileau's  work  lo  fee  the  ingenious  Mr. 
V/artoiTs  opfnioii  *  concerning  it ; 

'  May  \  be  pardonci,  fays  he,  for  declaring  {t  as  my  opinion, 
that  Boileau's  is  the  beft  art  of  poetry  qxtant  ?  The  brevity  of 
his  precepts,  eiilivencd  by  proper  imagery,  the  juftnefs  of  bis 
K.ctcpl  c.\.i  the  harmony  of  his  numbers,  as  far  as  Alexandrine 
lints  v/ill  ado^it,    the  exaSnefs  of  his  method,  the  perfpicuity 


Sabbathicr*i  Manners^  Cuftoms^  bfc,  of  andtnt  Nations,     559 

of  his  remarks,  and  the  energy  of  his  ftyle,  all  duly  confidcred, 
may  render  this  opinion  not  unrcafonabic.  It  is  (carecty  to  be 
conceived,  how  much  is  comprehended  in  four  (hort  canton. 
He  rhat  has  well  digcfted  th^fe,  cannot  be  faid  to  be  ignorant 
of  any  important  rule  of  poetry.  The  tale  of  the  phyficran 
turning  architect,  in  the  fourth  canfd»  is  told  with  vail  plea- 
faiury.    It  i&  to  this  woik  Bollcau  o.vcs  bis  immortality:  which 

as  of  the  highcft  utility  to  his  nation,  in  diffufing  a  juft  way  of 
thinking  and  wrltin^^  banifliing  every  fpecies  of  falle  wit»  and 
introducing  a  general  tafte  for  the  munly  fimpllcity  of  the  an* 
cicnts,  on  whole  writings  this  poet  hai  ibrmed  his  taftc* 
Boileau's  fancy  was  not  the  predominant  faculty  of  his  mind  ; 
^  is  chief  talent  was  the  Didactic' 

•^*  Such  of  our  Readers  as  are  unacquainted  with  the 
writings  of  this  ingenious  Abbe,  are  referred  to  our  19th  vol. 
'or  an  account  of  his  AhtiiU  d*  Eficnr€\  to  our  23d   vul.  for 

is  PfindpLs  of  Tranjlatim  \  and  to  our  41ft  vol*  for  hii>  Wfiotn 
d  s  Caufei  premieres^  &c. 


I  Art.     Vllh 

'I^ii  Mceurs^  CGutumes  et  Ufnges  des  anaens  PeupUs- 


-The  Man- 


» 


1^ 


ners,  Cuftoms,  and  Ufa^^cs  of  anient  Natrons ;  By  M.  Sab- 
bathicr,  Profeflbr  in  the  College  of  Chalons,  &c.  i2mo* 
3  Vols,    Paris  1770. 

THE  work  before  us  contains  a  very  ample  collcillon  o^ 
fails  and  obfervatiojis  on  the  manners  and  hiflory  of  an- 
cient nations*  It  ii^,  on  this  account,  no  lefs  inflruiSlive  than 
ntertainingi  but  the  Author,  wc  muft  obferve,  would  have 
dded  confiderably  to  its  value,  if  he  had  been  careful  to  di- 
ftinguifli  the  degrees  of  credibility  which  are  due  to  the  ancient 
writers,  to  whole  teftimony  he  appeals  ;  and  if  he  had  given 
to  his  materials  a  more  precifc  and  cxa<£l  arrangement. 

The  follnwing:  articles,  which   he  has  extra<3ed  chiefly  from 
Tacitus  J  will  aftord  a  fufficient  fpecimen  of  his  compilation,  and 
ay  prove  acceptable  to  our  Readers  : 
The  Arjans, 
The  Arians  were  a  Germanic  tribe,  and  canRitutcd  a  part  of 
the  Lygans  \  a  nation  which  poflcfled  great  extent  of  territory, 
and  was  divided  into  feveral   communities.     Of  thefe,  that  of 
the  Arians  was  the  moll  po.verfuL     Befidc  this  fupeiiority,  the 
Arians  were  remarkabL-  in  otiicr  refpCiiis.  They  were  extremely 
ferocious,  and  they  added  to  the  natural  favagenefs  of  their  ap- 
pearance, by  art  and  iVratagem.     They  blackened  their  fhields, 
their  bodies,    and   their    countenances,  and   chofe  the    darkeft 
nights  in  which  to  engage  th:'ir  enemies.     Surprize,  the  horrors 
cf  darknefs,  and  their  almuft  infernal  aC^t^^  ^xm^Vl  ^  vtw^x 
into  tht  moik  foi-midable  opponents^  atii  m^i^^^xt  -^w^^  ^^'^'^ 

y  o  4 


U^VEk. 


560    Sabbtthier'i  Manmrs^  Cuftoms^  lie.  9/  anciint  Ntftiisf* 

from  their  bands.     For,  according  to  Tacitus,  it  is  the  eje,  in 

all  battles,  that  is  firft  conquered. 

The  Cherusci. 

This  people,  undifturbed  by  an  enemy,  were  enfeebled  by  a 
long  continuance  in  peace,  and  paid  dearly  for  thefweetsof 
their  rep  'fc.  They  conceived  not,  that  it  is  a  dangerous  tran- 
quillity that  is  enjoyed,  amidft  wailike  and  ambitious  neighbours; 
and  that,  when  recourfe  is  had  to  the  fword,  it  is  in  vain  to 
pleaJ  moderation  and  probity,  as  thefe  terms  are  perpetually 
applied  to  the  viSors.  Accordingly,  though  anciently  extolled 
for  their  candour  and  equity,  the  Cherufci  loft  this  charafter, 
when  vr.nquifhed  by  the  Catti,  and  were  ccnfurcd  as  cowards 
and  fools,  while  the  good-fortune  of  their  conquerors  was  bo- 
jioured  with  the  name  of  wifdom. 

The  Catti. 
The  Gatti  have  bodies  extremely  hardy  and  robuft,  an  air  of 
great  ferocity,  and  a  fuperior  firmnefs  of  mind.  For  Germans, 
they  have  much  fenfc  anti  capacity.  They  are  attentive  toeleS 
able  chiefs,  and  arc  obedient  to  them  ;  they  preferve  their  ranks, 
take  advantage  of  occafions,  have  a  proper  command  of  them- 
felves,  divide  the  day  into  portions,  to  be  employed  in  different 
offices,  entrench  thcmfclves  during  the  night,  leave  nothing  to 
chance;  and,  what  is  f.ngular,  and  implies  dffciplinc  and  re- 
flexion, they  rely  more  on  the  condu£l  of  their  general,  than 
on  the  ftrength  of  their  army.  Their  whole  force  confifts  of 
jnfantrv,  who  befide  their  arms,  carry  utcnfils  and  provifion?. 
The  other  tribes  of  Germany  equip  thcmfelvcs  for  a  battle  ;  ihc 
Catti,  for  the  operations  of  a  war.  They  venture  raic\j  on 
cxcurfions,  and  are  not  fond  of  cafual  encounters.  It  is  pecu- 
liar to  bodies  of  horfe,  to  conquer  or  to  fly  in  fudden  engage- 
ments :  bodies  of  foot  have  lefs  agility,  and  are  more  in- 
trepid. 

There  is  a  particular  cuftom  which  is  general  among  theCattij 
but  which,  among  the  other  ftates  of  Germany,  is  only  common 
to  a  fmali  number  of  bold  and  determined  warriors.      When  they 
have  attained  the  age  of  ntanhood,  and  are  able  to   bear  arms, 
they  allow  their   hair  and  beards  to  grow;  and    this  rite,  they 
confidcr  as  a  facrifice  to  valour.     Nor  till  thev  have  killed  an 
enemy,  are  they   permitted,  to  renounce  this   form  of  counte- 
nance.    Over  his  blood  and  fpoils  they  fmooth  their  faces,  and 
boaft,  that  they  have  now   paid  the  debt  which  they  had  con- 
tracted at  their  birth,   and  have   rendered  themfelves    worthy  of 
their   parents   and  country.      Cowards    neceflanly    retain  this 
fqualid  appearance,  as  they  want  the  couraiie  to  acquire  a  title 
to  lay  It  afvdi.  TV\o^e,  'wVo  2l\^  'ji.t^xvxcvm^  c/v  \!cv^  ^taifc  of  fupe- 
rior valour  {recjvicu\\^  t^tvc>w  \>d:\&  ^\i!5!L^^  \  ^^\  nj^-^^^^^^^ 


S;»bbatliler'j  Munrurs,  Cuflmt^  tic.  tfmcUnt  }^atiimi^      561 

iron  ring,  condemning  ihcmfelvcs,  in  a  manner,  to  fcrvitudc^ 
till  they  arc  freed  from  the  difgracc  of  it,  by  the  blood  of  an 
enemy.  Many  even  delight  to  car/y^  during  tlieir  lives,  Om  ter- 
rible afpe^;  and  when  grown  grey  with  aee,  thcv  become, 
thereby,  more  rcrpc(5lab!e  to  their  friends,  and  more  fornudable 
to hoftile  nations.  By  iheie,  in  all  engaaemenis,  the  adiuJt  is 
made  :  they  form  the  fir  ft  line  of  battle^  and  fliikc  terror  by 
the  fmgiilarity  and  horror  of  their  appearanee.  Jiven  during 
peace,  they  afte£t  not  to  appear  in  a  more  mild  and  agreeable 
faAion.  Without  any  fixed  habitations,  without  lands  to 
cultivate,  indifFetent  to  the  occupations  of  liicy  negligent  of 
their  own  wealth,  and  prodigal  of  that  of  others,  ihcfc  warriors 
are  maintained  at  the  cxpencc  of  thofe  whom  they  vifit,  and 
continue  in  the  practice  of  a  ferocious  valour,  till  they  are  de- 
bilitated by  the  wafte  and  the  encroachments  of  age. 

The  SuiON'Es. 
This  people  was  powerful  b^ith  by  fea  and  land.  Their  vef- 
fels  were  conflructed  in  a  more  convenient  frirm  than  thofe  of 
the  Romans,  as  they  had  prows  at  each  end,  and  could  be 
rowed  v^ithout  being  turned.  They  moved  not  by  fails;  and 
the  rowers  were  not  placed  on  benches,  7  he  oars  could  be 
removed  from  place  to  place,  in  the  way  that  was  fomctimes 
pra£lifcd  by  the  Romans  in  navigating  rivers. 

The  Suiones  paid  a  particular  refpcft  to  riches  ;  and,  by  this 
means,  they  came  in  time  tofubmit  to  the  untimited  dommton 
of  a  ruler.  The  ufc  of  arms  was  not  allowed  to  the  indivi- 
duals of  this  tribe,  as  in  the  other  German  communities.  Thefe 
Hjllieir  king  (hut  up  under  the  care  of  aperfon  in  whom  he  couid 
^"confide,  and  who  was  always  of  a  fcrvile  condition.  J^he  reafon 
of  this  policy  is  obvious.  Their  country  was  defended  by  the 
fea  againft  foreign  iavafions ;  and  foldiers,  with  arms  in  their 
hands,  might  eafily  bt:  iilJured  into  tumults  and  rebellion.  The 
fafcty  of  the  fovcrcign  might,  therefore,  have  been  endangered, 
if  the  charge  of  his  urfcnal  had  been  given  to  a  man  of  rank^  to 
a  citizeni  or  even  toafrcedman. 

The   SuEVi. 

The  Suevi  inhabited  a  confulefable  proportion  of  the  territory 
of  Germany.  They  did  not  conititute  a  fingle  nation  like  the 
Catti  and  Teuiieri,  but  were  divided  into  different  ftates,  known 
by  particular  appellations,  though  comprehended  under  a  gene- 
ral name, 

A  circuroftance,  which  marked  out  the  Suevi  from  the  other 
Germanic  communities,  and  which  with  them  fcrved  to  di- 
dinguifli  the  citizm  from  the  flave,  wa:j  the  habit  of  twith'ng 
their  hair,  and  binding  it  up  in  a  knot.  For  though  thn  fi- 
ibion  was  admkted  in  other  Gct[naniubci,UomlWu  ^oixwci^xtivs. 


^2    Sab1>athierV  Manners^  Cuftmis^  lie.  pf  andeni  Ndimm, 

vrkh  the  Suevi,  on  a  principle  of  imitation,  yet  in  thefe,  it  wu 
confined  to  young  men.  Among  the  Sueyi,  on  the  cootrarf, 
k  was  tontinued  to  an  extreme  old  age.  Xo  the  great  and  noUc 
it  was  an  obie<a  of  particular  care.  It  Teemed  indcoi,  the  only 
ornament  ot  which  they  were  ambitious  :  But  their  attention 
in  this  rcfpcfl  proceeded  not  from  any  criminal  defign.  They 
^id  not  adorn  themfelvcs  for  the  purpofes  of  lovie,  but  to  aid  to 
their  ftature,  and  to  appear  terrible  to  their  enemies. 

The  Semnones  account  thcmfdves  the  moftilluftrious  and  the 
flioft  ancient  community  of  the  Suevi ;  and  their  claim  toanii- 
<|uity  they  found  on  religion.  They  "have  a  wood,  confccrated 
by  their  anceftors,  which  they  behold  with  fuperftitious  reve- 
rence ;  and  ther^  at  ftated  times,  tjie  deputies  of  all  the  tribes 
-  defcended  from  the  fame  ftock,  aflcmblc  to  celebrate  the  fright- 
ful ceremonies  of  their  barbarous  worfhip.  Thefc  they  begin 
by  facrificing  a  human  viSim.  No  one  enters  this  wood,  but 
in  fetters  ;  and  if  any  one  chances  to  fall,  it  is  not  lawful  for 
him  to  rife.  He  muft  roll  along  the  earth.  The  tendency  of 
thefe  fuperftitious  rites  is  to  prove,  that,  fiom  this  place  the 
Suevi  drew  their  original,  that  there  the  Deity  refides  who 
reigns  over  thtm,  and  that  to  this  fpot  all  their  ftates  ought  to 
pay  attention  and  refpeft.  The  good  fortune  of  the  Semnones 
afliftcd  their  ambition  and  prcienfions.  They  pofTefled  an  hun- 
dred towns  ;  and  from  the  extent  of  their  territory,  and  their 
ftrength,  they  were  regarded  as  the  chief  community  of  the 
Suevi. 

The  Teucteri. 

The  Teuflcri,  according  to  Tacitus,  were  remarkable  for 
the  excellent  difcipline  of  their  cavalry.  The  (kill  and  addrefs, 
which  they  poflifled  in  this  branch  of  ihe  military  profeffion,  con- 
ftituted  their  proper  glory,  and  diftinguiflied  them  from  the  other 
Germanic  tribes.  This  advantage  they  had  derived  from  their 
anceftors,  and  they  ft^udied  to  tranfmit  it  to  their  pofterity.  The 
management  and  exercifing  of  horfes  was  the  fport  of  their  ir»- 
fancy,  the  emulation  of  their  youth,  and  the  employment  ef 
their  riper  age.  Horfcs  were  conveyed  among  their  family  pof- 
fei&ons ;  and  were  received  by  their  defcendants,  not  according 
to  their  fcniority,  but  according  to  the  figure  they  had  made 
in  war. 

Of  the  German  tribes  in  general,  our  Author  gives  the 
following  pidiire. 

They  were  all  fond  of  war,  and  loved  it  on  its  own  account. 
They  fought  not  for  riches,  becaufe  they  knew  not  the  ufe  of 
them;  nor  for  ample  poiFeflions,  becaufe  they  thought  it  glorious 
to  be  furroundcd  vjkVv  \^ft.  CoUtudes.  This,  they  fancied,  was 
a  mark  of  tVidi  iu^^tv^uvj  oN^\N}wtv\^^^^'t>|\iaS^^:^iy3,(roai 


I        Sabbatbicr'i  Manmrs^  Cujlamt^  tSc,  ofancitnt  Nations^     563 

them,  and  an  ufcful  precaution,  by  which  to  guard  againft  the 
fudden  incyrfions  of  their  hoftilc  neighbours.  War  ha^f  charms 
to  them  as  a  fccne  of  atSion,  and  as  the  road  to  glory. 

There  had  fubfifted  on  this  bead  an  early  emulation  between 
the  Gauls  and  Germans;  and  Caefar  has  obfcrvcd,  that  in  the 
moft  diftant  times,  the  former  had  the  advantage  ;  as  their  co- 
lonies had  forced  their  way  into  Germany,  and  had  conquered 
fevcral  countries,  of  which  they  retained  the  pofleOton.  It 
happened,  however,  in  after-times,  that  the  Gauls  having  be- 
come cffeminaie  in  confequence  of  their  commerce  with  the 
Romans,  and  of  jhe  riches  and  luxury  introduced  among 
them,  yielded  to  the  Germans,  whofe  power  and  laborious  way 
|of  hfe  foftered  their  ftrengih  of  body  and  of  mirtd*  Hence, 
-  the  German  conquefts  on  the  left  fide  of  the  Rhine  ;  but  the 
Roman  tmops  allowed  them  not  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of 
Gaul.  Tht-y  maintained,  however,  iheir  ground  on  the  bor- 
ders; and  the  country  from  Bafle  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine  , 
was  called  Germany,  and  divided  by  Auguftus  into  two  pro- 
vinces under  that  name. 

The  pai?ion  of  this  people  for  war  was  fo  violent,  that  when 
any  of  its  ftates  had  remained  for  a  cojifiderable  time  in  peace, 
the  youth,  impatiei^t  of  rcpofe,  and  eager  to  expofc  themfclves 
Co  dangers,  repaired  to  nations  thjt  were  at  varii^nce,  or  made 
incurfions  upon  their  neighbours.  For  the  depredations  ex- 
crcifed  beyond  the  confint-s  of  their  own  territories,  inflead  of 
being  accounted  blamcable,  were  confidered  as  honourable,  and 
as  furni thing  an  excellent  method  to  keep  their  youth  from 
inaflion  and  mdolcnce. 

This  fierce  people  valued  no  occupation,  but  that  of  arms. 
The  chacihdd  few  allLremenfs  for  them  ;  and  as  to  agriculture, 
tho>igh  they  acknowleJged  its  utility,  they  thought  it  an  ig- 
noble prole/rion.  They  fancied  it  mean  to  acquire  by  their 
fweat  i  nd  labour,  what  ihey  could  purchafe  with  their  blood. 
Accordingly  when  they  v/ere  not  engaged  in  war,  they  were 
totally  Idle;  and  to  cat,  drink,  and  flcep,  was  their  only  bu-^ 
finefs.  Their  family  concer r-{i  were  given  in  charge  to  the 
women  an  J  to  old  men.  The  more  valiant  and  robult  confider- 
ed it  as  below  them  to  have  any  thing  to  do.  So  inconfiftent 
were  this  people,  lays  Tacitus,  thai  they  were  enemies  to  peace, 
and  yet  lovers  of  idlenefi^. 

Thofe  who  are  fond  of  beholding  men  under  the  different 
forms  uf  barbarity  and  civilization  in  which  they  have  appeared 
in  fociety,  will  be  highly  delighted  with  the  prefent  publica- 
tion. 


K^-^^ 


C   564   3 

Art.   IX. 

Htjioire  de  la  Rivallte  de  la  Frame  CsT  d£  l^JngUtem^  par  M. 
Gailtardy  de  I'Jcademie  Fran^oife  iff  de  i* Acadtmie  des  Infcrip^ 
iions  £if  Belles  Lettres, — The  Hiftory  ot  the  RivaKhip  of  France 
and  England,  &c      i2mo.     3  Vols.     Paris.     1771. 

THIS  agreeable  Writer,  who  obliges  the  world  with  an 
Hillory  of  the  Rivalfliip  of  France  and  England,  appears 
to  unite  that  delicacy  of  language,  for  which  the  French  acadi* 
mman$  have  long  been  eminent,  with  fentiments  generally  juff, 
and  an  enlarged  benevolence  of  heart. 

**  Attention  to  others**  Teems  to  be  the  true  bafis  of  policenefs; 
and  we  Reviewers  Ihould  be  forry  to  give  occafion  to  Mr. 
Gaillard  to  conclude,  from  any  inattention  to  his  work,  that 
we  Engliihmen  have  no  title  to  pretend  to  rivallhip  with  the 
French  in  the  article  of  p.litenefs. — But,  to  be  ferious  : 

We  efteem  the  fubjcd  of  this  work  to  be  of  (o  much  im- 
portance to  all  our  Readers,  not  only  as  Engliflimen,  but  as 
men,  that  we  think  it  our  dity  to  give  fuch  a  fair  reprcfenu- 
tion  of  this  Hiftory,  as  may  enable  tbem  to  judge  whether 
any  French  aca-kmician  be  able  to  keep  prejudice  out  of  the  fa- 
cred  circle  of  their  academy. 

Mr.  Ci.  bcpjns  his  preface  (which  contains  above  40  pages) 
with  an  hanoiome  profeffion  that  '  although  he  is  a  Frenchman^ 
he  will  endeavour  ncvrr  to  forget,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  an  Hif- 
torian  to^  be  inipaniitl,  and  of  a  Man  to  be  j\Ji. — He  loves 
France,  and  ef»cems  1  ngland.  and  refpech  himfeir  too  much  to 
fiaUer  or  ahujc^  inftea  i   of  examining  and  judging*     He  adds, 

*  all  men,  however  diftant,  are  brethren,  and  eflcntially  f.iends. 
Jie  who  loves  war  is  the  only  enemy  of  mankind. — This  (fays 
he)  is  an  old  truth  always  new!  Europe  is  polite^  but  makes 
war,  and  therefore  is  ftili  barbarous*  speculative  truths  (as  he 
obfcrves)  muft  be  inculcated  long  before  they  become  proSlifid. 

*  Men  have  difcovered  (continues  Mr.  G.)  that  ambitious  con- 
querors are  unjujU  but  not  fufficiently,  that  they  are  foili^* 
War  appears  already  horrible^  but  1  will  (hew  it  to  be  ahfurdy 
and  ridiculous  too.'  He  i  roves  war  to  be  ridiculous  bccaufe  in- 
sfficacicus  to  the  end  propo fed. 

He  next  fliews,  that.true  or  juft  policy  means  to  conquer,  in 
order  to  prcferve  poiTeffion  of  conquefts  in  peace  ;  but  war 
cither  only  reduces  our  enemy  to  a  Jhameful  peace  till  he  caa 
contend  again  with  more  fuccefs,  or  entirely  ruins  him.  This 
deftruftion  of  him  naturally  caufes  the  deJlruSfiony  or  at  leaft 
the  weakening  of  OURSELVES,  by  the  jealoufy  of  our  neighbours, 
or  by  interior  vices. 

Mr.  G.  confirms  V\\\s  ^tiv^x^  uwvW>^  x^Cetrln^  to  the  hiftory 
.of  all  nations^  p^LiueuWVj  ^^  ^^tsv^*    V^^  V^>^  %i^vcvH^%  <so8. 


'^asA 


GaillardV  HiJIory  of  the  Rjvaljhtp  tf  France  and  England.  565 

this  muft  always  be  the  cafc^  which  phihj\p!/y  forefecs  and  hif- 
tory  relates.  Among  the  pariicular  caufes  concurtng  to  pro- 
duce this  great  cftcdl,  which  he  jnOly  enumerates^  we  arc 
efpecially  pleafed  with  two,  as  doing  honour  to  the  pen  of  a 
Frenchman,  vi^.  *  the  indtfFcrencc  of  members  of  ihe  conquer- 
ing nations  towards  tbcir  c  untry^  and  the  innate  love  of  the 
conquered  towards  their  country,  which  tyranny  Cafl  never 
ftifJe/ 

Mr.  G*  obferves,  that  the  dreams  of  u*:hf^fil  emptn  feem 
to  be  pretty  mach  at  an  end  in  Europe,  and  then,  after  expa- 
tiating on  the  enormities  of  modern  wars,  he  cries  out,  like  1 
good  man,  *  Bcfide  the  cxpencc  of  human  blnod,  which  is  in- 
valuahU^  he  who  calculates  what  it  has  cofl  Europe  to  detfrmme 
nothings  will  look  with  horror,*  &c.  He  adds,  in  the  fpirit  of 
juft  fatire,  that  when  philofophy  compares  two  prize- fighters 
ilafcing  each  other,  then  drinking  togeiber  like  friends,  with 
two  polifhed  heroes,  flic  fees  no  Jifference,  except  that  the  lat- 
ter gladiators  produce  more  terrible  confequences. 

Our  Author  doubts  whether  the  difcovery  of  a  new  world  has 
done  more  harm  or  fcrvice  to  mankind  ;  but  he  remarks,  that  it 
ba^  prod  need  as  much  difpute  about  the  fr/edom  and  exdufwtnefs 
of  fca  and  trade,  as  before  fubfifted  ahout  unfverfal  monarchy. 

And  here  Mr.  G,  takes  an  opportunity  of  givi nL''  an  agree^ 
able  view  of  the  government  of  Pennfy!vani;i,  whofe  cjp?tal 
takes  its  name  from  hroihiriy  ieve.  He  thinks  almoft  the  only 
fubjefl  of  envy  which  we  afford  the  French,  is  this  lirtlc  co* 
lony,  whofe  original  500  inhabitants  have,  in  a  little  time» 
produced  300,000.  Our  Author  judges  that  the  fmgularitief 
of  the  Quakers  occafioned  their  forming  this  colony,  and  owns 
that  they  pufti'-d  their  love  of  peace  to  excefs. 
^  Mr,  G.  infifts  again  on  his  favourite  topic,  viz.  fh^t  *  war 
^  >*  *n  infffe^tto/  rvQdns  to  ihc  end  propfifed,  viz.  the  Kiftng  en- 
joyment of  conquefts  ;*  and  to  the  general  reafons  abovt  ftf- 
iigned,  he  adds  particular  ones,  viz*  the  change  in  the  art  of 
war  by  Improvements  in  arliUcrv,  from  whence  ancient  cturage^ 
wliich  was  bolJntfi  founded  on  (kill,  is  changed  to  brutal  fib/fi- 
nacy^  and  war  is  becoitje  ftili  more  abfurd. 

Phis  Wri'er  admirably  obferves,  thai  th<?  ancient  conquerors 
came  from  countries  where  their  people  ft-»rvfd,  to  plentiful 
ones;  but  that  modern  conquerors  really  gain  noihing  by  their 
conqucfts. 

He  draws  a  juft  and  fine  plfture  of  the  prince  who  improves 
his  country  by  all  lJ»cial  arts  ;  and  concludes,  that  till  thee  are 
carried  to  thi  ir  heit:ht,  nn  colrnies  fhould  be  thought  of.  He 
aflcs,  *  How  the  right  of  nations  can  ^dmit  of  Wif  ?*  and   ob- 

tfervcs,  that  a  maUfictnt  pulicy  has  nxav'e  r\tXMk.ftAV^  vA  >^^T^^'i  x 
Siire  q{  wdr,  by  cricks  of  negoda^uoa^  t&c« 


I 


566  Gaillard'j  Hiftory  of  the  Rivaljbip  rf France  oniEnghmL 

Among  other  royal  cheats  Mr.  G.  places  Louts  XI.  of  France, 
with  Ferdinand  and  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  and  draws  fo  lively  a 
pidure  of  Ferdinand,  that  nothing  but  our  necefiary  brevity 
could  excufe  an  omiiHon  of  fome  traits  of  it. 

Mr.  G.  apprehends  that  Tacitus  has  contributed  to  make  men 
admire  cunning  rogues  with  crowns.  He  (hews  chat  there  is  no 
greatnefs  of  mind  in  continual  lying,  and  that  if  there  were 
greatnefs  in  it,  ihis  could  not  lon^  have  fucce/s* 

He  recommends  t6  all  princes  a  maxim  oppoGte  to  Ma« 
chiavelifm,  viz.  *'  Who  knows  not  how  to  be  juft  and  g^ 
knows  not  how  to  reign." 

May  this  motto  be  engraved  not  on  the  plate,  the  gold  and 
the  filvcr  of  kings,  but  on  their  hearts  ! 

He  obferves,  that  the  unhappy  efFedts  of  not  applying  to  fates 
what  is  allowed  true  of  individuals,  viz.  that  ^^  honefty  is  the 
beft  policy  ;'*  and  that  the  defign  of  this  work  is  to  convince 
France  and  England,  by  the  confcquences  of  their  anceftors' 
quarrels,  that  they  (hould  live  like  fifters.  He  undertakes  to 
fliew  the  Englifh,  that  their  tranfient  fucccfles  in  France  were 
owing  to  the  divifions  of  the  French,  and  the  definitive  fuccels 
of  the  French,  to  their  too  tranfient  virtues. 

He  affure§  his  readers  who  have  fuch  delicacy  as  to  be  dif- 
gufted  with  ihc  detail  of  war,  that  he  will  never  enter  into  it 
when  not  neceflary ;  that  he  will  rather  infift  on  its  caufis  than 
operations^  and  rtiis  only  with  a  defign  to  make  men  love  peace. 
He  promifes  to  have  great  regard  to  manners  and  arts,  &c.  He 
declares,  that  when  he  recommends  peace,  he  is  not  afiuatcd 
\iyfcar  for  France,  nor  by  compojpon  for  England,  (Engliflimen 
will  fraile)  but  writes  as  a  private  philofopher,  who. thinks  war 
not  the  trade  of  men,  but  of  lions  and  tygers  f 

This  fpirited  though  long  prefiice  <!cferved  our  fhort  account 
of  it,  that  the  liberal  Reader  may  judge,  in  general,  what  en* 
tertainment  is  prepared  for  him  in  this  capital  work* 

A  fliort  advertifement  informs  the  Reader,  that  Mr.  G.  chofe 
to  ex'bcute  his  plan  of  recprnmcnding  peace,  by  an  hiftory  of 
the  rivalfhip  of  two  nations,  the  moft  ancient,  the  moft  famous, 
and  moft  perfcvering ! 

He  has  prefixed,  to  his  main  work,  an  introducElIon  of  about 
180  pages,  in  which  he  (hews  the  two  nations  advancing  from 
obfcurity  to  a  ftate  of  ftiining  rivalfliip.  1  his  part  of  his  work 
be  has  divided  into  four  chapters.  In  the  firft  of  thefe  he  traces 
their  earlieft  fteps  towards  a  conftitution  ;  in  the  fecond,  the 
ravages  of  the  Danes  in  England,  and  the  Normans  in  France, 
vith  their  effects  on  manners,  &c.  in  the  third,  the  influence 
of  the  Dukes  of  Normandy  over  France;  and  in  the  laft  he 
difplays  the  events  pit^^x^w^  Vi  \^^  ^^wi^^^  ^^  tvvsjjaad^  by 
William  I. 


^a. 


I  G^iUardV  Hlfl^ry  cfthe  Rivaljhtp  &/ France  and  England,  567 

In  this  introduflion,  are  many  curious,  entertaining:,  and  in- 

tcrcfting  particulars,  well  fekcied  and  concifely  exprcircd  ;  but 

the   nectlJiry   limits   of  this   article  obliges  us    to   pals  thcia 

I     with  this  gmerol  mention^  as  we  muft   noti^ce  the  moil  ftriking 

inl^ances  df  rivalfhi^^  Tpecified  in  the  work  before  us. 

Mr.  G.  very  properly  makes  the  conqucft  of  England  by 
William  I.  the  xra  from  whence  he  djtes  the  commencement 
of  that  rivalihip  which  he  relates. 

He  juftiy  obfervcs  ihe  great  want  of  policy  in  the  regency  of 
t  France,  which  not  only  oppoftd  not  *,  but  even  atM  William'* 
j  invasion  of  this  ifland,  as  by  thefe  means  they  contributed  to 
I  aggrandize  a  vailal  of  th<it  crown».  already  formidable  enough^ 
*     cfpccially  in  a  mniority. 

His  defcriptiun  of  the  famous  battle  of  Haftings  is  concjfe^ 
juft,  and  lively. 
I  Philip  L  of  France,  become  of  age,  quickly  perceives  the  bad 

I     policy  by  which  ihc  regency,  in  his  minority,  had  aided  Wil- 
liam's conqucll  of  England,  and  therefore  readily  gives  aflillancc 
to  a  great  rebel   againft  William,  in  Bretagne,  viz*  Ralph  dt 
L     Guair^  and  makes  the  Conqueror  fly  before  him. 
^     On  the  fame  principle  of  reducing  William's  grcatnefs,  and 
^more  juflly,  Philip  fupports  his  itl-ufed  fon  Robert. 
^K    That  prince's  unhorfing  his  father  is  fo  well  defcribed,  as  td 
^^reate  furprize  in  any  Reader  who  is  not  acquainted  with  the 
ftory. 

Philip,  who  oppofcd  William  I.  on  principles  of  right  policy^ 
'  would  have  acted  an  abfurd  part  if  he  had  not,  on  the  fame 
principles,  continued  to  oppofe  William  U.  who  grofsly  injured 
I  iiis  brother  Robert,  the  true  heir  to  Normandy,  &c» 
^^  But  this  French  monrrch  proves  fo  indolent  as  10  fit  dowa 
^content  with  the  divifign  of  that  dutchy  between  the  two  bro- 
^  ihcrs,  judging  apparently  that  fuch  divifion  would  create  con- 
^^tinual  didurhancc  between  them. 

^B    Nay,  ourHif^orian  confclfcs,  that  Philip  w*a5  fo  weak  as  to 

^Kccepl  the  bribes  of   William,    to  connive   at  his    continued 

^Tnjuries  committed  on  Robert :  which  was   in  efFt:£l  to  receive 

hribes  agoirt/l  himjaf^  as  Robert  was  much  weaker,  and  fhould 

have  been,  both  in  juftice  and  policy,  fupported- 

Mr.  G.  now  delineates,  very  jufily,  all  the  caufes  which  con- 
tributed to  produce  thofe  abfurd  expeditions  uf  European  princes 
into  the  Huiy  Land,  which  took  oft*  tl*cir  attention  from  their 
own  aFairs,  and  buried  the  gold  and  blood  of  Chriftians  in  the 
laud  which  really  belonged  to  Inhdtls,     1  be  caufes  which  he 

♦  Mr.  G.  notices  (p.  zif\)  a  <?^eat  erior  of  Dr.  Sinollett,  who 
— '     -^—  T*i  :i:  _  jt^^Qvcnd  the  Fexj^  diuih^  William's  DaiivcivvVf  % 


fappo 

hue  WilJiam  waj  ^6  ycsits  older  tbaa  FhiUp^ 


^tivi^t^^vaX^^ 


568  GiAXzxSsKiftwjofthelRJvalJbiprfPrajUiwidBng^ 

enumerates  arc,  ift.  The  fplcndor  of  recovering  the  holy  fepu!« 
chre,  &c.  from  Infidels.  2.  The  exhortations  of  P/Z/r/ir-ffir- 
jMi/,  an  eloquent  and  fenjible  man.  3.  The  inftances  of  popes. 
4.  The  intrigues  of  monks.  5.  The  lure  of  novelty.  6.  The 
ardour  of  chivalry.  7.  The  fuperftition  of  kings  and  people. 
8.  The  defire  of  devout  rafcah  to  gain  at  once  fortune  and 
abfolution.     9.  Hope  of  extending  commerce,  &c. 

But  to  look  particularly  to  their  eiFe£ls  on  France  and  Eng- 
land, we  may  obferve,  that  Philip  (or  rather  his  (on  and  aflb- 
ciace,  Louis  the  Fat)  began  to  confider  our  William  II.  as  a  more 
formidable  rival,  when  he  faw  that  his  brother  Robert,  impa- 
tient to  be  equipped  for  the  holy  war,  had  mortgaged  to  him 
Normandy,  and  that  William  had  alfo  obtained,  on  mortgage, 
both  Aquitaine  and  Guienne.  However,  a  violent  death  quicJcly 
rcleafed  both  Philip  and  Louis  from  all  fears  of  William. 

Louis  the  Fat  had  fenfe  and  vigour  enough  to  endeavour  to 
prevent  the  joining  of  Normandy  to  England  under  Henry  I. 
Mr.  G.  afcrihes  his  difappointment  to  the  over-greatnefs  of  the 
vaflals  of  the  ciown,  who  were  unwilling  to  help  the  fovc- 
reign  to  deprefs  their  brethren.  There  was  certainly  fomc 
effe£t  from  this  caufe.  He  deems  the  greatncfs  of  tHefe  chfcf 
valFals  of  the  crown  an  vfurpaiion^  and  confequently  praiTes 
Louis  for  his  juft  policy  in  applying  himfelf  to  reduce  this 
feudal  tyranny  to  what  he  thinks  the  ancitnt  monarchical  pvertf 

There  wa«?  now,  after  a  courfe  of  friendfhip,  a  perfonaVand 
declared  rivalftiip  betwixt  Louis  and  Henry.  The  former  chal- 
lenges the  latter  to  fingle  combat,  and  on  his  declining  it,  but 
givinii:  a  general  battle,  beats  him,  and  takes  under  his  protec- 
tion IPtlliam  Cliton  (or  Criton)  fon  of  Dute  Robert. 

However,  if  Henry  had  the  difadvantage  in  this  a£b!on,  he 
gained  an  advantage,  at  lead  equal,  in  the  famous  rencounter 
of  Brenncville. 

Our  Henry  had  fecretly  ftlmulateJ  the  Emperor  Henry  V. 
to  march  a'^ainft  France.  That  Emperor  fcarce  made  his  ap- 
pearance on  the  borders,  and  fled. — Hereupon  Louis,  provoked 
by  King  Henry's  conduft,  propofes  to  lead  his  forces  againft 
Normandy  ;  but  the  great  vaflals  refufc  to  move. 

On  the  charadler  of  Henry's  dying  fon,  Mr.  G.  makes  fomc 
fevere  ftriftures  f. 

The  death  of  William  Cliton,  or  Criton  (who  had  been 
made  Count  of  Flanders)  which  now  happened,  is  a  great  lofs 

• 

t  "  Avoir  dit  plufieurs  fois  que  fi  regnoit  jamais,  il  attachcroit 
les  hommes  \^shommrs,  au  joug  coniir.c  Ics  bzeufi. — Des  hiiloriens  ont 
preict^dus  <\M'tti  c^uc  ccc-aSx^^v  \\Aci\\.  «i\x  y=-^^€  Hemri\  V  Eau  itoit 
puni  en  Vui  uu  v\ce  c\Wv  V  aLNcJw.  tvi  v^vtOuivs*  ^^\^  ^t  t^r   X  .•nj:^*^^'^ 

>8^ 


Gaillard'i  WJIirj  gfthe  WvaT/bip  of  Ftana  and  England.  56  J 

to  Louis»  both  on  account  of  his  talents,  and  the  fpecioufnefs 
of  a  defence  of  his  caiife. 

Henry,  who  had  always  his  eye  on  his  intereft^  now  marries 
his  daughter  Maude  (widow  to  the  Em|>eror)  to  GeofFry  Plan- 
tagenet,  in  order  to  join  Anjou  and  Maine  to  his  other  domi- 
nions in  France. — The  picture  of  this  tyrant's  domcfiic  fears  ia 
an  ufeful  one. 

On  Stephen's  afcending  the  throne,  Mr.  G.  explains,  with 

the  greateft  precidon  and  clearnefs,  bis  weak  title  to  the  crown* 

Louis  the  Fat,  who  would  have  i>roficed  by  the  troubles  o^ 

England  and  Noriiiandy,  died  fooh  after  the  commencement  of 

ibis  reign. 

Mr.  G.  juftly  remarks,  that  the  common  interefts  of  the 
great  vaiTals  of  the  crown,  that  fiefs  fliould  not  be  reunited  to 
it,  prevented  the  reunion  of  feveral  to  that  of  France.  His 
eulogy  of  Louis  the  Fat  is  excellent.  He  was  his  people's  y2r* 
thir^  though  a  b'tgst ! 

Our  Author  obierves,  that  Louis  the  Young  followed  a  maxint 
diredly  contrary  to  thatofx*/^/'f^d//r^,  which  would  have  taught 
him  to  aid  the  «;#tfirr,  whereas  he  always  joined  i\ie  Jlronger 
party.  Thus  he  at  firft  invefted  Plantagenet  with  the  dutchy 
of  Normandy,  and  afterwards  allied  himfelf  to  Stephen. 

Abbe  Sugtr  and  St.  Bernard  are  well  contrafted  by  our  Hifto* 
lian;  the  former  BS  a  good  politician,  the  latter  as  anenthufiaft^ 
who  over-ruled  Louis  to  join  in  the  Croifade^ — to  expiate  the 
burning  of  Fitry^  by  fpillihg  feas  of  blood  in  Paloftine  ! 

But  Louis  o'as  guilty  of  another  very  great  weaknefs.  Though 
he  knew  that-by  his  marriage  with  Lleanor  he  held  very  con- 
fiderable  fiefs,  he  ftrovc  not  to  render  himfelf  agreeable  to  her, 
but  even  got  his  marria'gediflblved  :  whereupon  our  Henry  mar* 
ried  her.— -Abbe  Suger  had  delayed  this  divorce. 

Yet  Mr.  G.  thinks  that  Henry's  accumulatioil  of  provinces 
in  France  was  the  occafion  of  lofing  that  kingdom  ;  and  points 
to  this  prince  as  a  proof  of  his  grand  thefi^?,  ^^  immoderate  in« 
creafe  of  power  is  the  harbinger  of  decay." 

However,  Henry  now  became  too  powerful  a  rival  for  Louis 
cfFcaually  to  oppofe :  ncverthclefs,  he  attempts  in  vain  to  fup- 
port  GeofFry,  Henry's  brother.  Some  inefFe(5lual  (kirmiflies  pafs 
betwixt  the  Kings  on  account  of  Thouloufe  and  the  y^xin  ; 
but  at  length  peace  is  reftored^  by  a  marriage  betwixt  Henry 'a 
fon  and  Louis  s  daughter. 

The  principal  remaining  affair  difcuffed  in  this  volume,  19 
the  famous  difpute  betwixt  our  fnonarch  Henry  and  Archbiihop 
Bccket,  in  which  the  K»ng  of  France  interpofed  much,  per- 
haps on  a  principle  of  religion,  perhaps  only  of  policy,  to  fup- 
port  that  prelate  and  his  friends  ?i^a.m&.  x\k^\x  Yfc^w'^^  '^'^^  v^ 
App.  Rev,  vol.  xliv.  ¥  5  ^^^"^^^ 


57^  Gtillard'i  Hijlorjoftbi  Rlvaljilp  ef  France  and  Burial 

create  great  perplexities  to  his  formidable  rival.     Louis  makts 
war  on  him  in  Normandy,  but  is  driven  thence. 

At  length  Henry  confents  to  give  his  provinces  in  France  to 
his  Tons,  and  (o  cit  off  all  matter  of  perfonal  rivalfliip betwiit 
him  and  Louis.  And  now  Louis  drives  Co  reconcile  the  King 
and  the  prelate. 

Our  Hiftorian  calls  Becicct  <  a  virtuous  prlift*  Perhapbe 
had  fome  virtues ;  yet  when  the  principle  on  which  he  excr« 
cifed  virtuous  ads  is  enquired  into,  icarce  any  will  flaad 
the  teft.  But,  by  a  virtuous  man,  we  mean  one  who  exerciib  all 
moral  virtues,  and  by  a  virtuous  Chriflian  prieft^  one  who  ezcr- 
cifes  all  Chrijiian  virtues.  Now,  are  not  humility^  mahiefs,  aod 
their  amiable  train,  Chriftian  virtues  ?  Had  Becket  tfade? 
Surely  Mr.  G.  will  not  fay  that  he  had  f 

To  an  Englifliman  it  may  juftly  feem  furprifing  that  Mr.G. 
(hould  not  make  one  fingle  remark  on  Lord  Ly  tteltoo*s  life  of 
Henry  II.  when  he  has  quoted  much  inferior  biftoriaos  in  al- 
moft  every  age. 

We  cannot  deem  this  omiffion  a  proof  that  lie  is  imparud. 
Surely  fome  tribute  was  due  to  fo  accompliflied  a  nobleman? 
But  Lord  Lyttelton  reprefents  Becket  as  utterly  undeferviig 
the  title  of  a  virtuous  prieft. 

Indeed,  Mr.  G.  feems  thoroughly  confcious  of  the  true  do- 
'  ra£)er  of  Becket,  when  he  quotes  a  pretty  long  pafllige  Arom 
Mr.  BofTuet  concerning  this  proud  prelate,-  and  obfertes  that 
Boflfuet  durft  fay  no  more  than  he  did,  againft  a  man  canonized 
by  the  church  ;  and  he  diAinguilhes,  by  iW/Vx,  the  pafiages  which 
covertly  (hew  his  real  fentiments  %.  How  dares  a  FrenA  Paf^ 
pretend  to  impartiality ! 

Henry  was  extremely  fenfible  how  many  enemies,  especially 
in  France,  the  aflailination  of  Becket  would  raiie  againft  him, 
and  cunningly  engaged  to  eftablifh  the  payment  of  Peter-pence 
in  Ireland,  given  to  him  by  the  Pope.  This  fcheme  diiarmed 
the  Pope's  fury,  and  Louis  durft  not  difturb  him.  *  Henry  how- 
ever, to  appeale  the  clergy  and  people,  fubmitted  to  a  fhameful 
penance  for  Beckfet's  death. 

But  Henry  gave  his  rival  Louis  another  great  adfantage 
againft  him.  By  his  matrimonial  infidelities,  elpecialiy  with 
fair  Rofamond,  he  provoked  Queen  Eleanor,  and  ihe  Ipirited 
up  her  fons  to  claim  the  real  po/pj/ion  of  the  crown  of  England, 
and  the  provinces  in  France,  whofe  titles  only  he  bad  given  to 
them. 

t  "  11  acheta  la  liberte  gloricufe  de  dire  la  verite,  c^mme  il  U 
eroyoit^'*  Sec.  *'  II  coinbattit  jufq'au  fang /Mr  les  mot ndres  droits  ^ 
^'  ^Jh'^%'  ^*  "  II  Mcndit  jujq*  aux  deters  de  cette  SaitUeCite^^'  &c. 


Gaillar4'i  Hljlorf  nfthi  Rivaljhlp  cf  France  and  England,  57 1 


Louis  fupports  not  only  his  fon-in-law,  young  Hcnnr,  in  his 
abfurd  demand,  but  Richard,  alfo.  In  his  cUim  of  Guiennc, 

and  Geoffry  in  his  of  Hretagnc. 

Hereupon  Henry  impriTons  his  Queen,  cfcaping  to  her  fonf* 
and  difciplines  the  firfl  Ihnding  army  of  foreign  mercenaries 
that  Europe  faw  i  for  Stephen's  was  an  undifcrplincd  body  of 
men.  Thcfe  troops  were  faithful  to  Henry  ♦  and  fucceftfj) ;  iind 
the  example  was  copied  (as  wc  fliall  fee)  by  Philip  Auguilus  of 
France,  Such  an  army  how^ever  is  7^^fiAy%  dan^erous^  atid  fre- 
quently ruinous,  to  Ubirtif.  Mezeray  allows  this  trbth,  and 
Monf.  G.  confirms  it» 

Louis  fotcmnly  fwore  not  to  lay  down  arms  till  he  had  de* 
pofed  Henry i  and  caufed  his  nobles  and  clcri^y,  and  even  Hz  •  ^  *^ 
fons,  to  fwear  the  fame!  He  trcachcroufly  burns  VerneuIL 
Yet  this  Louis  was  a  divetd  prince,  and  (as  Mr,  G,  obfervts) 
had  expiated  the  like  horrors  by  a  crufadc ! — But  Henry  malcesE 
iiim  fly,  and,  by  tbc  alTiftancc  of  bis  mercenary  troops,  ahvcys 
rtady^  quiets  all  Normandy,  Bretagne,  &c,  then  makes  nohle 
offers  to  his  fons,  which  Louis  perfuades  them  to  rcfufe.  The 
Scotch  and  IrtOi,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  join  lii'o  ag.iinit 
Henry,  He  faves,  by  expedition,  Rouen,  befipged  by  Louis, 
akes  a  carnage  of  fome  of  his  rear,  and  pufliefi  hii*  fon  Richard 
fo  vigoroufly,  that  at  length  a  general  peace  is  made.  iVIonU 
G.  mufl  own  that  England  has  the  fuperiority  here  over  her 
rival,  both  in  arms  and  virtue*  He  pronounces  indeed  the  pa- 
negyric of  our  generous  Henry,  and  the  condcmniiion  or  his 
mean  competitor. 

Henry  alfo  ibone  fuperio'  to  his  rival,  by  being  chof^n  arbi- 
itt  betwixt  the  kings  of  Caftile  and  Navarre. 
^—^  Monf.  G,  calls  Lours  a  prince  o(  few  vices  ;  but  he  who  ^o* 
^k^ents  the  unnatural  rebellion  of  Tons  a^aiufl  fuch  a  father  us 
^Blenry,  muft  h-ive  an  heart  thorcughly  bad  ! 
^f  Henry  reconciles  the  young  king  of  France,  Philip  IL  to  hit 
^mother,  and  his  own  fons  to  each  other,  and  lameiits  the 
death  of  the  young  and,  at  laft,  penitent  Henry.  Monf,  G» 
{>aints  the  manners  of  ibe  Henries  in  thisfcene,  jultly  and  fin€ly# 
But  Philip,  on  pretext  of  the  fortune  and  jamturof  of  hit 
fiftcr,  young  Henry's  queen,  makes  war  tin  the  king  of  tng- 
tand,  and  is  joined  by  the  unnatural  Richard,  whn  imitates  no; 
his  brother  Henry*s  repentance,  but  demands  lo  be  crowned, 

This  effort  of  nvallhip  v%as  however  quickly  over ;  for  Henrv 
winted  to  fettle  matters  in  Ireland,  where  his  f.m  John  had  hu'V 
the  Englifh  tntereft,  and  Philip  wiQied  to  reduce  fj    r  of  b!s 

The  infidelity  of  his  vafTabmadc  tbt-fe  troops  nee cflkry  IQ  i^ur^* 
Mr.  G/s  words  arc  Jdt  ah^  douain. 


Ml 


572  Qaillard'j  Hi/lory  of  the  RtwIJhlp  9/  Frmii4  mni  UltgUmL 

vaflals :  hence  they  made  a  kind  of  peace.  Yet  PhHip  was  quickly 
ready  again  to  fupport  GeoiFry  againft  his  father,  but  that  uo- 
grateful  prince  dies  by  .a  tournament,  <  bemoaned  by  Henry 
alone,  becaufe  he  was  his  father,'  fays  Mr.  G. 

Richard  now  attached  himfeif  entirely  to  Philip ;  xvA  this 
king  (flattered  with  the  title  of  tfi(f«5^^  was  fo  mean  as  to  en- 
deavour to  monifv  Henry  by  cutting  dovm  a  famous  elmtt 
(which  the  Engliili  were  fond  of)  under  which  they  hid  hdd 
conferences  ;  and  by  fufFering  Richard  to  do  hioi  homage  for  all 
provinces  m  France,  in  Henry's  prefencc*  Prince  John  alfo  joiocd 
this  party. 

Henry,  now  fickening)  yields  to  very  difadvantageons  terms 
of  peace,  and  dies  in  convulAons  of  delpair,  curfing  his  birth 
and  his  children  I 

This  Writer  excellently  defcribes  the  behaviour  of  Richard, 
ftruck  with  the  confcioufnefs  of  parricide,  when  bis  fatUrr's 
corpfe  bled  at  bis  approach  §,  and  gives  a  juft  character  of 
Henry. 

Philip  and  Richard  join  in  the  crufade,  but  quarrel  at  Mef- 
fina,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  on  account  of  a  letter  avcwed 
by  Tancred  king  of  Sicily  to  be  wrote  by  Philip  to  tempt  hm 
to  join  in  betraying  Richard ;  which  letter  Mr,  G.  judges  of 
doubtful  authority  ||.  However,  Richard  breaks  oiFhrs  engage- 
ment to  marry  Philip's  fifter,  and  efpoufes  another  princcfs. 

The  French  and  £ngli(h  hidorians  arc  oppofite  in  their  ac- 
counts of  Philip's  behaviour  towards  Richard  in  the^oly  Lan<); 
but  agree,  that,  at  parting  thence,  Philip  fworc  to  guard  Richard's 
dominions.  Mr.  G.  is  fo  liberal  as  to  own  ihat  it  would  be 
•  well  if  the  French  hiftofians  could  prove  that  Philip  kept  his 
oath  ♦. 

The  hiftorians  of  the  two  nations  difagree  on  another  point, 
viz.  Whether  Richard  or  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  Philip's  lieu- 
tenant,  refufed  to  proceed  to  the  fiege  of  Jerufalcm  ? 

The  faid  hiftorians  differ  about  a  third  point,  viz.  Richard's 
filling  or  giving  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus  (which  he  had  con- 
quered) to  Guy  of  Lufignan.     Mr.  G.  thinks  that  both  pv« 

X  The  word  a  fed  by  Mr.  G.  is  orxie.  Some  hiHoriaAs  caU  the 
tvtt  an  oak,  ^ 

§  Mr.  G.  accounts  for  the  faft  naturally,  viz.  from  his  dying  of 
'  an  apoplexy.  It  has  long  been  a  piece  of  vulgar  fuperftition,  that 
the  corpfe  of  the  murdered  bleeds  at  the  approach  of  the  murderer. 

II  We  coald  fliew  reafons  for  thinking  this  letter  authentic. 

•  Mr.  G.  muft  own  that  a  prince  capable  of  breaking  his  oath,  » 
capable  ol  v;uut\^  \Vvft  V^w^t  ^fa^x^nxondoned,  and  of  every  thing  that 
is  bad. 


^ 


GaiUartl V  Hiji^ryofthe  Rhaljl/ip  of  Frana  ondEngLnd.   573 

tics  go  too  far  in  their  adi^rtions  on  this  fubjeift;  and  he  is 
gcntTous  enough  lo  confcfs,  with  Mr.  FaJconct,  that  the  French 
calumniated  Richard  as  guilty  of  the  murder  of  the  marquis  of 
Montfcrrat  f* 

However,  he  judges  that  the  Englifli  appear  to  carry  their 
accufation  of  Philip  too  far,  when  they  fuppofe  him,  while  in 
Palffiine^  to  have  laid  his  plan  of  injuries  toward  Richard  \  and 
thinks  that  Philip  was  fcduced  into  the  fchemc  of  oppreffing 
Richard  by  Piinee  John  and  the  Bifhop  of  Ely,  But  how  can 
Mr.  G.  dffpute  the  truth  of  the  accufations  of  the  Englith 
merely  on  account  of  Philip*s  probity  ?  The  Pope,  however, 
forbad  Philip's  cncroachmcnis  on  Normandy.  One  advantage 
this  of  cru fades  ! 

Mrt  G,  juftly  obferves  on  queen  Eleanor's  letters,  occafioned 
by  RiGhard*s  imprrfonment,  that  *'  the  eloquence  of  grief  is 

t found  in  all  ages*'* 
r    The  princes  of   the  empire  ptrfuade  or  fim  the  emperor 
Henry  Vi.  who  had  bought  Richard  of  Leopold  duke  of  Auf* 
|ria  for  60^000  marks  of  gold,  to  ranfum  him  for  150,000,  and 
bis  fubjcdts  make  the  6rft  payment. 
Philip  had  ncgociated  with  this  infamous  emperor  to  y^// Ri- 
chard to  hJm,  or  keep  him  akuayi  a  prifoner ;  and,  at  length, 
^Kio  keep  him  one  year  longer  ;  and  Henry,  having  difmifled  him, 
^Ktrives  to  rct;)ke  hini  t* 

^^  It  is  forprifing  that  Mr,  G.  obferves  not  how  juRIy  tUefe  ca- 
^lamities  fell  on  Richard,  providentially,  for  his  pirricide,  and 
^■by  the  iiiflnimencality  of  his  adbciatc  Philip. 
^■^  This  fauhttfi  pnmc,  Philip,  marries  a  filler  of  the  king  of 
Denmark,  to  puih  his  fuccefs  agaJnft  England  ;  but  dlHikes  her 
hough  hn  idlome  and  virtuous,  and  thus  lofes  the  aiEflance  of 
at  crown  |. 

Richird  puflies  the  wAr  vigorouHy  in  France  againft  Philip, 
j^nd  beats,  him  terribly  at  the  famous  battle  of  I/retteval, 

\  We  think  with  Mr.  G.  and  Monf.  Falcowct,  that  fome  Englilh- 
[lan,  or  partisan  of  the  Englilh,  farged,  in  all  probability,  the  let- 
ter fiom  the  914  Man  ^f  tkt  mo**fitainu  to  exculpate  Richard  ;  yet  the 
Jaie  in  Rymer»  viz.  **  Attno  ah  Alexakdro  paf>a  qulnto,'^  feems 
[llainly  a  bluoder  of  the  original  date  in  Trevclth  (not  undcrlloodj 
iz.  1505  of  Alexander;  (hat  is,  the  a:ra  of  the  Selcucides,  which 
nfwers  to  i  if;3  of  our  jcta^  the  jull  date,  as  Mt.  G.  acknowledges. 
X  Philip  would  have  given  Henry  all  the  ranfom,  viz.  150,000 
marks  of  gold,  for  keeping  hixn  another  year,  and  Ht'nry  hoped  to 
get  the  double  raofom.  Bat  it  is  fuppofcd  Fhiiip*s  viiw  was  to  get 
Richard  taken  off  by  poifon,  or  fuch  hkc  means. 

t'  %  Thus  covered  with  crimes  was  this  prince,  whom  Mr  G,  frc- 

uently  deferids !  lie  called  Richard^  in  a  letter  to  JohO|  **  a  devil.*' 
m  was  he  himfelf  leb  diabolical } 
"•  Pp  5  TsSX^ 


574  Uiillard'i  Hijitnj  of  the  Rsva/Jlnf  •fFmt§  Mi  Ei^mL 

Philip  challenges  Richard  to  decide  all  tbeif  difpates'bjr  bt 
knights  on  each  fide.  Richard  confents,  on  coodition  tto 
themrdves  be  at  their  head.  Philip  approves  the  ooiuiitvn» 
but  France  does  not. 

Mr.  G.  wiihes*  that  all  national  difputes  could  be  thus 
ended,  but  (hews  the  impodibility  of  fuch  a  febeme;  and  re* 
marks,  that  Mezeray  was  fo  fond  of  war,  as  to  *'  ngra  tbe 
breakir.g  off  of  thii'^agreeable  party  f.'* 

The  Author  is  too  good  z  frund  to  m^raJs  not  to  note,  thit 
the  barbarous  Leopold,  duke,  of  Auftria,  died  a  vicSent  death  |. 

Philip  and  Richard  renew  tbe  war,  in  which  the  latter  ob- 
tains more  victories.  The  count  of  Flanders  declares  againft 
France,  ar.d,  in  the  difputes  betwixt  the  two  Emperors,  u 
Richard  fuppons  his  nephew  Qtho,  Philip  declares  for  his 
rival  Philip.  They  make  peace  however  with  a  marriage,  ai 
ufual,  and  Philip  acknowledges  the  Emperor  Qtho. 

Mr.  G.  ts  truly  ekquent  and  prccift  in  his  <^ara£ler  of  Ri- 
chard, whom  he  juflly  dcfcribes  as  a  lion^  whofe  name  be  bore. 
But  we  mull  own.  that  we  think  he  falls  into  the  prejudices  of 
his  countrymen,  when  he  would  blanch  Philip,  who  appears  to 
dcfcrve  no  better  comparifon  than  that  of  a  %votf  or  zfox. 

Some  modern  Englifli  author,  whom  Mr.  G.  names  not,  has 
blamed  Richard's  officer  for  his  barbarity  to  Gordon,  whoikw 
Richard  ;  and  a  Frenchman,  whom  alfo  he  names  not,  has  ac-. 
cufcd  that  Englifhman  of  a  dclence  oi  regUitie^  Mr.  G.  defeod^ 
Gordon,  and  To  do  we  J. 

Our  Author  choofcs  to  tcgin  his  review  of  John  in  compa- 
rifon, as  oi  2ijud^e  and  an  cjfttjjln  ;  whereas  truth  certainly  regards 
thcni  as  two  aifafiins,  one  of  which,  by  lucky  circumftances, 
fits  as  judge  on  the  other. 

Philip  intangled  himfelf  with  the  fee  of  Rome  on  more  thaa 
one  account,  and  particularly  about  his  Dani(h  queeny  whom 
he  uftd  fhockingly,  repudiated,  and  having  married  another, 
was  forced  to  cake  her  again  §.  He  then  made  war  on  Jobn^ 
»  ■  '  »    » 

•  The  famous  Erafmus  has  a  prooofal  of  this  kind. 

-|-  The  words  are,  •'  ainfi  une  ii-hcilt  pariiefut  romfmg.** 

II  By  a  tourn::nient. 

I  Sec  Gordon's  excellent  fpeech  to  the  dying  Richard>  in  pages  191 
Und  192,  of  Mr.  G.  Richard  had  the  noblenefs  of  heart  to  allow 
its  juiHcc,  pardoned  him,  and  gave  him  one  hundred  (hillings  ;  hut 
his  Jeieilable  olliceryAviVhim  alive! 

S  The  circumilanccs  of  his  taking  her  again  are  fo  much  in  the 
fimplicity  of  the  times  as  to  deferve  notice.  He  put  a  pilJioD,  we 
iray  Tuppofc,  en  his  nag,  and  fetched  her  behind  him  home.  •*  U 
eila  un  jour  prendre  l/unburge  cLiz  eiUy  t  emmeua  en  croupe  /mr  Jen 
(heiui.S^z  See  Ric^ord,  p.  3-,  Sec, — But  we  remember  that  oar 
cwii  tiizabciti  lodt  ^Yvvii^  towit  ol  \sai\^\^  \a  ^<t  -^^Vva.'ocx^efi'^. 

\S'?^^ 


I 


Gaillartl'i  HiJJory  efthc  Rtva^hip  of  France  and  England.    575 

ut,  ha>'ing  no  decifivc  advantage,  was  obliged  to  make  peace 
Vf'n\\  him,  and  ncglciSt  the  intercfts  of  Arthur  of  tJretagnc,  whofc 
protection  he  had  iolemnly  undcrtakea. 

Philip  now  receives  John  niagniticently  at  Paris,  and  Anjou 

is  adjudged  to  him*     How  mean  a  wretch  is  Philtp  ihc  Auguji  ! 

Mr*  G.  would   pcrfuade  us,  that  Philip  advifed  not  John  to 

kbhold   his  brothcr*s   legacy  from   ihc  emperor  Otho.     liut, 

urcly^  he  was  bad  enough  to  advifc  any  thing,  tu  create  family 

'liTcnfions  among  his  rnemies*. 

Both  the  royal  rivals  aid  the   crufadc,  but  not  in   perfon  j 
nd  Philip  gains  a  bfting  advantag,e  by  the  choice  of  Baldwin, 
ount  of  Flanders,  to  be  emperor  of  Conftantinoplc  ;    which 
ignky  turns  the  count^s  attention  from  his  country, 
John  raviQitd  from   the  count  of  Marche  his   lady  Ifdbella, 
and  is  Uid  to  hivc  done  (o  by  the  advice  of  Philip.     Mr.  G., 
;is  fo  partial  as  to  deny  that  Philip  was  capable  of  this  falfchood  : 
lit  we  have  feen  htm  capable  of  any  thing  ! 
Philip  now  mfifted  on  John^s  dividing   the  French  provinces 
twixt  himfelfund  nephew  j  but  was  bought  off  by  ihe  promife 
f  a  better  frontier  againft  Norniandv^  ^nA  diiceivcd  :  whcre- 
pon  he  aflifts  Arthur,  who  became  John's  priloner,  and  pro- 
lably  wa^  murdered  by  him  j. 
This  (uirricide  gives  Philip  a  fptmus  pretence  of  con R feat ing 
ohn's  provinces,  and  gaining  the  title  oi  Auguji ^  nowife  me- 
ted by  bim  ! 

Our  Author  loudly  and  juHly  condemns  pope  Innocent  I IL 
(fouiidfi  of  the  inquifittonj  lor  his  cruladc  againft  the  Alhi- 
genfes,  whom  however,  in  confequencc  of  prejudices,  Mr.  G« 
condemtts  for  their  numerous  herefies. 

John  and  the  Englifli  lavaured  the  Albigenfes  ;  Philip  perfe* 
cuied  them,  and  fent  his  fon  Louis,  as  general,  ^gainft  them  aii(l 
the  count  of  I'hoioufe. 

Our  Author  juftly  obferves  that  Philip,  in  good  policy,  fliould 
fcave  oppofcd  both  the  viquifiuon  and  the  crufadi\  and  adds, 
*  at,  in  common  policy,  he  ought  to  have  bought,  by  his  aflift* 
ance  in  this  crufade,  the  Pope  s  aid  to  recover  GuLenne,  to 
which  his  people  exhorted  him,  witli  promlfes  of  fteady  fervjcc* 
It  is  remarlcbble  that  Simon  Montturt,  general  of  ihefe  cru- 
faded,  is  faid   to  have  defeated    ioo,OCO  Albigenfes  with  looo 


Advice  to  John  to  refufe  to  pay  his  brother's  legacy  to  Otho, 
Iwas*  likely  to  have  thiseffed.    We  wonder  that  Mr.  G.   ihould  not 
fte  this  plain  object  of  PhiJip's  policy,  or  feeing  fhould  not  own 
it! 

f  John  was  bad  enough  to  do  ariy  thing :  but  the  clrcumftances 

tof  this  murder  arc  by  no  means  afcertaiat^d.     johii  was  condemned 
'  |?y  the  Court  of  Peers  for  noHHt}ftarstntt^ 
I  P  n   ^  «>xSa^«'V. 


P  V 


576  GaillardV  Hijtiry  pfthe  RivalJKp  ^fPrsmee  ml  EwgUnl. 

crufaders.    Mr.  G*  oppofes  not  this  ga/conaJij  which  MooL 
Voltaire  treats  as  it  dclervcs  %. 

John  and  the  Pope  quarrel  about  an  archbifliopof  Caoterbarf, 
Stephen  Langton  ;  and  England  is  put  under  an  interdtd.  John 
draws  on  himfelf  his  fubjeds'  hatred  by  his  arbitrary  taxations, 
&c.  He  pillages  the  monks,  forbidding  all*  applications  to  tbe 
fee  of  Rome,  while  himfelf  fervilefy  flatters  the  Pope  !— He 
•  puibes  the  barbarity  of  the  forcd  laws  to  exccfs^  corrupts  tbe 
jlream  of  judice,  &c.  I'he  Pope  abfolves  all  his  fubje^  from 
their  oath  of  allegiance,  and  publifbes  a  crufade  againft  him. 
His  enemies  in  England,  Ireland,  France,  Scotland,  and  Wales, 
are  roufcd. 

The  Pope  giv^s  the  crown  of  England  to  Louis  prince  of 
France,  although  Mr.  G.  ingenuoufljr  owns  that  Blanche,  prince 
Arthur's  fider,  the  emperor  Otho,  or  the  king  of  Callile,  bad 
a  better  right  to  it. 

Philip,  by  his  influence  over  Brctagne,  &c.  forms  a  fleet  of 
1700  veflels,  little  belter  than  flit-bottomed  boars,  for  invadir.^; 
England.  Of  this  fleet  the  Engl i(h  took  3C0,  funk  100  mcie, 
and  forced  Philip  to  burn  the  remainder. 

And  now  two  f«  rmiJabIc  leagues,  which  divided  Europe, 
'were  formed.  John  of  England,  the  emperor  Otho,  and  the 
counts  of  Flaniicrs  and  Boulogne  compofed  one ;  Phiiip  of 
France,  the  emperor  Frederic  II.  and  the  Pope  the  other. 

Philip,  with  5C,cco  men,  beats  the  emperor  Otko,  who  had 
150,000  at  Bouvines  in  Flanders.  Philip  behaved  with  great 
bravery,  ^hile  J. >hn  (hewed  none  againft  Louis,  about  the  fame 
time,  but  faved  himlcif  bv  flight, —  The  coun;..  of  F'anJers  and 
Boulogne  were  made  priloneis,  and  treated  by  Philip  \vi:h  grcit 
feverity. 

John,  having  Hiame^jliy  rcfiiincd  his  crown  to  the  pope,  that 
pcntifl*  rcprefents  to  Phiiip  the  impifty  of  oppofing  a  va^il  of 
the  holy  (cc,  anH  oppoi'is  the  Knglilli  nobility  and  clergy  with 
Langton,  archbiiriv  p  of  Canterbury  (whom  the  pope  had  ftp- 
ported ),  at  tneir  nead  :  who  now  demand  the  execution  of  the 
laws  of  Kd\va:d  the  Conftflbr,  and  the  zt^^t  charter  of  Hen- 
ry L 

John  reouires  Lnnjrton  to  excommunicate  the  barons,  but  he 
pcrfuades  John  to  difmlfb  al!  hS>  mercenary  troops.  John  tbm 
finds  hiir.rclf  obiicied  to  fij^n  the  ^^reat  charter,  and  the  charttf 
of  forcfls. 

Mr.  G.  calls  thefc  the /ou/jdjii:n  of  thc»Engli(h  liberty;  but 
we  n.uCk  t-ke  leave  to  contradict  him,  and  afTert,  thai  thel'e  wers 
only  the*  c^njcquevces  and  rcc^g'itt'ons  of  the  ofi^innl  Engl fi)  confii- 

•  J  In  h\s  'j>TO\cgOT»A^rv;i  \o  ^J^:sa\^i^  Yw\S..  ^C  ^^<cdcn. 


k 

I     - 


GaillardV  HiJIsry  of  th  Riual^!/  ofFrana  and  England*   57^ 

tutton«  He  acknowlcd^'es,  however,  that  ihc  viaorious  bt- 
runs  (hewed,  in  their  rcttlcmeivt  at  thrs  time,  a  fpirit  of  un- 
common moderation,  neither  dcfpoiling  the  CfOW*n  of  all  they 
oould,  nor  leaving  the  people  without  their  ihirc  of  liberty  *•— 
He  notes  juftly,  that  at  this  time,  in  England  the  king  ty ran* 
iwztiy  in  France  the  ijobility.  He  alfo  elegantly  compares  Johfi^ 
thus  reduced  v/ithin  due  bounds,  to  a  tyger  chaimd. 

The  known  corruption  of  John*s  iieart  made  twenty-five  con- 
fervators  of  thefe  rights  abfoluiely  neceflary,  and  that  corrup- 
tion rendered  all  the  efforts  of  the  barons  Ineffediual  ;  for  John^ 
finding  that  the  pope's  excommunication  of  the  barons  and  their 
adherents  had  no  efFc<ft,  retires  to  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  as  though 
he  g;ave  up  all  hopes  of  rc-e(tabliflimcnt,  and  by  his  emiiTarict 
collects  a  formidable  body  of  foreign  mercei»aries,  at  the  head 
«>f  whom  he  deiiroys  all  before  him,  like  ^  famtjhtd  tygit  hfokm 

The  barons,  now  offering  the  crown  of  England  to  prince 
Louis,  Philip  accepts  it  for  him,  and  fends  them  7000  au^tifta' 
Tits^  ^s  Mr*  G*  calls   ihcm  |    and,  notwithfl.mding  the  popc*« 
forbidding  him,  permits  Loui^   to  fail   with    yoo   veflels*     At     * 
London  he  receives  the  oatiis  of  ;he  barons,  kc. 

Mr,  G.  (hews  a  ftrong  partiality  for  his  country  indeed,  when 
lie  equuls  this  invafion  of  Louis  to  the  conquefts  cjf  Henry  V. 
Nor  does  he  advance  one  argument  to  prove  that  the  difcovery 
of  the  dying  count  of  Melun,  that  Louis  intended  to  deilroy  all 
the  barons  who  had  invited  him  over,  was  not  a  true  one. 
His  prttcnce,  that  this  report  mtj^ht  arifc  from  a  panic,  is  ridi- 
culous. 

When  our  Hiftorian^defcribes  John  as  the  vileft  king  of  the 
Norman  and  Angevin  race,  hejulHy  adds,  that  truth  authorifes 
him  \  and  w»f  beg  Mr.  G  to  allow  uS  to  add,  that  only  fo  vile 
a  rival  could  give  Philip  tlic  title  oi  jugujf^  which  he  fcems  to 
have  obtained  mcteiy  from  comparifon. 

Mr.  G.  fiiews  not  his  irnpurtiality,  when  he  alHrms,  only  on 
the  authority  of  a  modttn  author^  that  if  Louis  would  have  own* 
'fd  the  pQpe'5  fovercignty  over  England,  he  might  have  had  the 
crown  which  Henry  III,  got. 

Lobfs,  bficgcd  in  London,  after  the  <}efrat  of  the  fleet  fent 
to  \\\^  fuccour,  capitut.ites,  and,  as  many  hidorians  maintain, 
promiles,  when  he  cwne*  to  the  throne,  to  reflorc  the  provinces 
in  France  which  John  had  lofl  by  confifcation.  All  the  rea- 
fons  which  Mr.  G.  adduces  to  fhcw  that  Louis  never  mads  fuch 

I*  Mr.  G.  owns  that  the  French  wanted  fome  of  the  reforms  ef- 
fcfted  by  iliefc  charti^rs.  How  much  they  now  want  alm^fi  all  of 
them,  and  efpccislty  the  ri^hr  of  being  raxed  only  with  their  own 
mfeur,  aJl  frkad^  of  liberty  fee,  ^\k\\  a.  l\jjv\    - 


^8  GkitliLrd^i  Hi/!ory  9/ fie  Rivaljbtp  cfFraneg  and  EaglMU 

*  H  promifc,  have  not  the  leaft  forcte,  excqit  the  laft,  vhu  dot 
Henry  never  accufed  Louis  of  a  breach  of  this  promife. 
.  >Mr.  G.  owns,  that  the  title  of  augu/i  is  only  derived  firoia 
m^io^  and  blames  Pliilip  for  twice  deferting  bis  gretf  objed, 
^<  viz.  driving  the  £ngli(h  out  of  France/'  firft  by  hiscruiade 
againft  the  Aibigenfcs,  and,  fecondly,  by  his  fupponiug  his 
ibii's  idle  expedition  into  England. 

Louis  VIII.  become  king  by  his  father's  death,  wanted  not 
pretences  (poor  ones  indeed)  to  fall  upon  tiie  provinces  of  our 
minor  Henry  in  Fiance ;  and  profited  io  much  by  the  advantages 
which  the  tyfennical  Englifh  miniftry  gave  him,  as  to  defpotl 
him  of  all  of  them,  except  a  part  of  Guienne.  The  French 
biftorians  fand  among  them  Mr.  G.)  think  that  Louis  might 
have  driven  the  Engliih  quite  out  of  France,  had  he  not  luf- 
fered  himfelf  to  be  diverted  from  his  dired  courfe  of  fuccefs  by 
the  lure  of  conquefts  in  Languedoc,  which  Amaury  de  ^ont- 
fort  had  thrown  out  to  him,  on  condition  of  his  defending  them 
againft  the  Albigenfcs  and  the  count  of  Tholoufe.  Louis  took 
the  crofs,  got  the  dyfentery,  and  died. 

Blanche  of  Caftile,  the  queen-mother^  obtained  the  regency, 
during  the  minority  of  Louis  IX.  and  was  oppofed  by  all  the 
great  lords,  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  the  countefs  of  Flan- 
ders; but  BLnchc  had  ihe  courage  and  addrcfs  to  difconcert  all 
their  fchemes. 

Our  Henry  was  too  weak  to  profit  by  the  commotions  in 
France,  being  a  ilave  to  pleafure,  and  to  Hubert  de  Burgh. 
However,  he  was  pcrfuaded  by  the  duke  of  Bretagne  to  make  a 
defcent  upon  that  province,  but  it  was  fo  ill  fuftained,  that 
the  duke  Submitted  to  Louis. 

Eleanor,  Henry's  mother,  had  married  the  count  of  la 
Marche,  and  perfuaded  her  fon  to  make  another  invafion  of 
France.  But  Louis  having  gained  the  battles  of  I'ailleburg 
and  Saintes,  had  the  honour  of  pardoning  the  count  and  coun- 
tefs of  Marche,  and  of  prefenting  the  terms  of  peace  to  Henry 
at  Abbeville,  in  A.  D.  1259.  He  retained  the  provinces  whicK 
his  grandfather  had  confifcated  for  John's  crime,  and  refiored 
what  his  father  had  gained  of  the  minor  Henry. 

Mr.  G.  makes  a  hne  eulogium  on  Louis's  politics,  as  being 

founxled  on  equity,  and  a  love  of  peace:  in  fhort,  as  being  hti 

mm  \  and  boafis  of  their  happy  efFeSs  in  the  continuance  of 

•'peace^  during  the  remainder  of  this  reign,   ami  the  next,  ia 

France. 

Rapin  thinks  our  Henry  was  forced  to  this  treaty  of  Abbe- 
ville *,  and  he  certainly  was  fo.  All  that  Mr.  G.  has  10  op- 
pofe  to  this  honeji  confeffion  of  Rapin,  is,  that  Henry  could  not 

•  Toxn*  X.' 


Pafferius'x  Etriifcan  Paintingt^  tfu  5jpy 

ope  for  more  happinefs  in  his  faircfl  fituatiorr.  Bat  this  is  no 
iroof  of  Mr.  G/s  pofition,  that  Henry  willingly  acceded  to 
"  c  terms  wrhich  Louis  prefcribed. 

The  truth  of  the  cafe  feems  plainly  this.  Philip  the  Augujl^ 
and  his  dcfcendants,  cither  had  a  right  to  all  the  provinces  of 
the  Englift  in  France,  in  confequencc  of  John's  farteicure,  or 

n'ine  of  them* 

Though  the  poflcHipn  offome  of  thefc  was  obtained,  during 
Henry^s  minority,  by  Louis  VIII.  or  IX.  yet,  it  the  original 
confilcation  was  good,  Louis  IX.  had  a  right  to  them  all ;  if 
wrong,  to  none  of  ibem.  Hut  this  Louis  IX,  who  was  made 
a  faint  afterwards  (and  fccms  to  hive  wiflied  for  the  title),  pre- 
tended to  examine  the  matter  in  point  ni  confcience  f,  and  de^ 
termincd  with  that  fort  of  prejudice  which  moft  men  have  in 
their  own  cafes.  He  kept  what  he  could  have  no  right  to,  if 
he  had  not  a  right  to  the  whole,  and  made  a  merit  of  what  he 
jeftored,  Henry  was  in  a  had fituation^  ill-fa^ed^  and  Incapable 
of  ailing  with  firmnefs,  arid  therefore  was  weak  enough  to 
J<£m^  or  nally  t9  be^  p leafed  with  what  was  left  him^  and  witb 
appearance  of  gratitude  puid  his  homage  as  duke  of  Guienoe^ 
fenouncinii  the  dukedom  of  Normandy,  alfo  Anjou,  Mainc» 
Touraine  and  Poidtou, — In  fhort,  a  pnUniid  faint  prevailed 
over  a  wiok  debauchu.  He  is  called  a  bad poUtician  for  giving  up 
any  thin^,  by  one  fet  of  men,  and  a  faint  by  another  ! 

We  thought  it  our  duty  to  clufe  our  review  of  thefe  two 
volumes,  with  this  hcnrjl  flate  of  the  cafe  of  right  between  two 
princes  of  the  rival  nations,  that  our  Reader,  who  is  (we  hope) 
^  cofmapoliti^  may  judge  whether  Mr.  G*  does  not  Jomithms  ic- 
fliember  too  wilX  that  the  Author  of  this  hrftory  of  **  The 
Rivalfliip  of  England  and  France"  is  a  Fnmhman, 

[The  account  oftbi  yi  mlumi  i9  bi  given  in  anther  article.] 


A  R  T.  X. 
PiSiura  Etrufcorum  in  Vafculisy  nunc  primum  in  unum  colhil^  Ex* 
plicationibus^  it  Dijfertotionibus  iliujhata^  a  JoH.  Baptista 
Passerio,  Nab.  Pifaur,  Rigiarum  Academiarum  Londinmfn^ 
Olomuanfu^  l^d^c.^c.  Soda, — Paflrerius'sEtrufcan  Paintings* 
&c.  Vol.  L  and  II.  Romae  1767  &  1770.  Price  4L  io«. 
per  Vol.  half-bound. 

THIS  fplendid  publication  is  to  confift  of  four  volumes  in 
folio,   two  of  which  arc  before   us.     The   firft   volume 
contains  five  Difl'ertations,    viz*  L  PnUg^mma^     II.  Findicim 

1  ■   -  ■  ^  I—  -  -^ 

+  P.  Daniel  fays,  **  it  rot  dt  Framce  a'voit  toftjoun  da  /crupUi  fur 
ta  juftUt  di  la  i^vjifiatitn^  faitt  par  fin  uicu!^  dgs   domaintt  du  ptrt  de 


580  Paflerius*!  Etrmfam  Paintings^  ite. 

Eirwria.  III.  De  Larihus  Etrufcorum.  W.  Dt  Re  Fiftkm 
Etrmfcmrum.  V.  i)/  PUlwra  Etrufcorum:  together  with  one 
hundred  plates  of  Etrufcan  vafes,  with  the  paintings  upon  cbcai 
ccloured  after  the  originals  in  the  Vatican^  and  ibme  other  idu« 
feums  IB  Italy,  with  explanations  of  each  plate. 

The  fecond  volume  contains  one  DtiTertatton,  Dt  Anama 
Etrufcirum  Phikfophia^  and  another,  De  Mufica  Etrufc9rum  \  with 
the  umc  number  of  plates,  and  explanations  of  each  plate,  as 
in  the  former  volume. 

Since  Dempfter's  Etruria  Regali  was  publiffaed  in  1723,  the 
karned  have  been  prefented  with  many  volumes  of  Etrucfaii  an« 
tiquities,  tending  to  illuftrate  the  origin,  hiftory,  religion,  man- 
Bers,  and  arts,  of  that  once  great  and  flourifliing  people ;  but 
Bone  of  thefe  works  have  excited  the  public  attention  fo  much  as 
tbat  coUedioti  which  was  drawn  from  the  curious  and  choice 
cabinet  of  the  honourable  Mr.  Hamilton  at  Naples,  and  of 
whkh  we  have  given  ibme  accotmt  in  the  Appendix  to  the  42d 
volume  of  our  Review. 

In  tbat  work,  men  of  tafte,  and  artifts,  were  intcrefted  as  much 
as  the  antiquary  \  as  it  exhibited  the  forms  of  many  f.ne  vales, 
ornamented  with  curious  paintings;  and  fhewed  the  cffe(3$,  ia 
feme  meafure,  oi  a  fyicics  of  encau/iic  pairttimg^  eflenrully  dif- 
ferent from  modern  enamel  paintings  generally  allowed  to  have 
been  difcovered  by  John  Toutin,  a  French  goldfmirh,  in  tbtyear 
J632 ; — the  ancient  Etrufcan  encaujiic  paintings  being  of  the  na- 
ture of  terra  coit/i^  or  burnt  earthy  pcrfe£Uy  fmooth,  firm,  and 
durable,  but  without  any  glajjy  lujlre^  according  to  the  dcfciip- 
tton  of  thefe  encauftic  colours  by  the  leariied  Bonarcta:  Liut 
ferfe^efwt  hvlgatiy  non  tamen  in  its  vitrcus  ilU  niter  elucet ;  and 
the  French  enamel  painting  being  of  the  nature  of  glafsy  and  never 
cfteemcd  perfect  in  its  kind,  unlefs  all  the  colours  are  vitrified, 
%sAfhini  with  a  glaffy  fpUndor, 

The  manner  of  preparing  and  applying  the  old  encauftic  co- 
lours has,  it  feem^  been  lofl  for  ages.  Manf  D' Hancarvult 
fuppofes  this  art  bad  been  fo  totally  loft,  even  in  Pliny's  time, 
that  nobody  could  imitate  it ;  and  it  is  chiefly  with  a  view  to 
its  revival  that  Mr.  Hamilton's  book,  as  well  as  the  work  be- 
fore us,  have  been  publifhed  :  both  containi-n;^  ingenious  conjec- 
tures on  the  fubjeS,  which  may  furnifli  ufcful  hiiKs  to  the  prac- 
tical artift. 

Men  of  tafte  have  always  been  difgufled  with  the  unnattiral 
vtrnifh  of  paintings ;  and  wou^ld  rejoice  to  fee  any  method  of 
rendering  them  at  the  fame  time  chafte  and  durable.  The  an- 
cient CDcauftic  paintings  have  two  excellent  properties,  which 
unite  in  no  other  fpecics  of  painting — They  reprefcnt  objects 
with  iryth  and  jim^icity^  vixvVvovil  dazzling  the  eyes  with  faKc 
Jights»  and  the  ¥.Xxvxfcwv  \^V:^  ^^^^^  ^\^\^%iw^^v^\«.V\^f»raLUY 


PafleriusV  Etrufian  PcintingSj  ifc.  58 1 

^''^^■'^aripgrennius,  2s  they  have  furvived  almoft  all  thc^other 
monuments  of  that  nation. 

Had  the  ancients  happily  difcovercd  the  art  of  (hadowing  he* 
fore  they  loft  thatofcncauftic  painting  upon  earth  ;  or  had  they 
applied  this  art,  if  it  was  not  then  .*oft,  to  the  noble  afc  of  co« 
pying  the  piftures  of  ancient  Greece  ;  the  works  of  jtpelks^  and 
many  other  illuftrious  artifts  of  tkofe  remote  ages,  would  not 
now  have  been  loft  to  the  world. 

Imperfed,  however,  as  the  Etrufcan  paintings  arc,  withoat 
the  advantage  of  light  and  (hade,  they  have  neverfhelefs  prefer?v 
ed  to  us  the  outUni^  the  drawif^^  that  is  the  foul^  of  many  A 
beautiful  figure,  which  modern  painters  may  clothe  with  be* 
dies,  and,  by  the  affiftance  of  this  fine  art,  lately  revived  and 
brought  into  ufe  fn  our  $um  country  *f  reftore  and  render  fhea 
immortal. 

This  work  of  Paffirius  contains  many  good  forms  of  vafeH 
and  a  great  variety  of  curious  paintings  1  but  there  are  fewer 
beautiful  figures  in  this  coUeSion,  and  more  grotefque  oaei* 
than  in  M,;^  Hamilton's  :  nor  are  they  in  general  fo  accurttdf 
drawn,  or  fo  well-coloured, — though  the  work  is  muchf  mort 
methrdicai,  and  better  digefl|d,  each  plate  being  explained  in 
the  volume  to  which  it  belongs ;  and,  upon  the  whole,  it  manf 
be  cpnfidercd  as  a  valuable  acqiiifition  both  to  tafie  and  {ctence^ 
which  in  this,  and  in  onany  other  late  publications  of  this  kind^ 
are  happily  united. 

We  do  not  imagine  that  any  cxtradb  from  the  Diflertatioat 
would  be  entertaining  to  the  generality  of  our  Readers ;  and  we 
apprehend  that  the  learned  will  be  fufficiently  excited  by  this 
account,  to  apply  to  the  work  itfelf,  for  further  fatisfadioa  oft 
the  fubjeft. 


•  We  may,  farther,  venture  to  obferve,  and  to  prcdi^,  that  the 
revival  of  cncaullic  painting  is  an  xra  in  the  annals  of  genius  which 
will  be  of  great  confequcnce  ; — in  conne£tion  with  whjich,  the  names 
of  Wedgwood  and  Bentley  will  be  held  in  the  highell  eftccm  bf 
all  lovers  and  promoters  of  the  fine  arts,  not  only  m  this  countr)', 
but  in  every  other  civilized  natipn  in  Europe.  Nor,  in  faying  this^ 
fliall  we  be  charged  with  partiality  to  our  countrymen,  fince  we  hav« 
already  paid  the  juft  tribute  of  rclpedl  to  the  fair  fame  of  codnt  Cay^ 
lus,  and  other  ingenious  foreignersj  who  have  gone  bsTorc  them  in 
the  fame  delightful  path. 


Art. 


C  s8«   3 

Art.    XI. 
Ohfervatiom  Phyfiques^  iffc. — Phyfical  and  moral  ObrenrttiQiis 

on  the  Inftindt  of  Animals,  on  their  Induftry^  and  Manners. 

By  Hermann  Samuel  Reimar,    Profeflbr  of  Philofophy  at 
•^    Hamburgh^    and    Member    of    the    Imperial   Academy  of 

Sciences  at  Peterlburgh.     Tranflated   from  the  German,  by 

M.  R**  De  L***.      i2mo.      2  Vols.      Amfterdam  ana 

Paris.     1770. 

THE  Editor  of  the  prefent  Work,  which  has  already  quick- 
ly paflfed  through  two  editions  in  the  German,  was  in- 
duced  to  undertake  the  tranflation  of  it,  from  a  perfuafion  that 
no  one  had  yet  explained  the  nature  of  the  inftinds  of  brute  aoi- 
mab  fo  particularly,  and  with  fo  much  exadnefs,  as  M.Reimar; 
whofe  fyftem  on  this  intricate  fubjeft,  be  affirms,  is  much  more 
fatisfiSory  than  any  of  thofe  which  have  yet  been  offered  totho 
public.  In  a  (hort  advertifem^nt  prefixed  to  this  tranflation, 
M.  de  L.  reprefents  his  Author  as  overturning  and  deftroyingall 
the  fyftems,  both  of  the  ancients  and  moderns,  on  this  fubjcd; 
and,  though  furround^  by  the  ruins  of  thefe  goodly  edifices, 
difdaining  to  employ  any  of  the  materials;  but,  confhrudinga 
new  hypothefis,  founded  on  the  mod  exad  obfervations  ofthc 
ad^ions  and  habitudes  of  animals.  We  have  not  yet  had  fuffi- 
cient  time  to  attend  properly  to  this -prod  udion,  but  (hall  take 
an  early  opportunity  of  coniidering  and  communicating  to  our 
Readers  its  contents. 

Art.    XII. 
Lettns  ^/A/«/V«»^x.— -Athenian  Letters,  extra^d  from  the  Col- 
leflions   of  Alcibiadcs.      By  M.    Dc   Crebillon.      4  Vols, 
lamo.     Paris.     1771* 

THESE  Letters  treat  of  love,  and  their  Author  appears  to 
be  intimately  acquainted  with  his  fubjecS.  Loofe  and  in« 
modeft  ideas  drefled  up  in  the  chaftefl  language,  are  the  enter- 
tainment he  prefents  to  his  Readers.  It  is  with  real  regret,  that 
we  obferve  fo  much  tafte  and  ability  exercifed  in  giving  orna- 
ments to  vice. 


Art.  XIIL 
Les  Vrats  fakers  ;  ou^  Li$  Exhortations^  t^c. — The  true  Qua- 
kers ;  or.  The  Exhortations,  Harangues,  and  ProduAions  of 
the  true  Servants  of  the  Lord,  to  a  wicked  Brother  ;  particu- 
larly on  the  Subject  of  his  Maxims  on  Luxury,  and  his  Per- 
fecution  of  a  BtoxIW^t  \w  Y>\^\^\^  \  ^^^^>cvw^w^^  Work,  To 
iwhich  is  added*  K  cuuom^  ?^\-j\\€v  vil  vw^  ^^v^^^-w^sA^Kti^^ 


Letters,  and  fevcral  Pieces^  critical,  moral,  and  philofophi- 
cal,  untier  the  Title  of  a  Corrcfpondencc  between  aw  Uack 
and  his  Nephew,     8vo*     177 1. 

WE  mention  this  medley,  only  to  acquaint  our  Readers, 
^  that  it  is  not  worth  their  attention  ;  and  that  the  reafon 

^f  its  being  noticed  here  at  all  is its  having  been  imparted, 

'uikifmgiy  advirtif^iy  by  a  London  bookfcller. 


K 


A    R    T.      XIV, 

Poi^e  di  GiQfgh  Boffo^  Patrizio  yeneto, The  Poems 

George  Baftb,  a  Venetian  Nobleman.     8vo.     1771* 


of 


THERE  h;^ve  been  crimes  in  fociety  for  which  civil  jufllce 
could  find  no  adequate  punJfliment:  and  there  ha^c  been 
abufcs  in  letters  wliich  it  was  not  in  the  power  of  language  fuf- 
ficiently  to  chaiiife.  The  book  before  ys  ranks  with  the  latter. 
It  is  replete  With  the  raoft  unparallclled  obfceiiity^themoftfllock- 
ing  blafphemy  5  is  moft  abominably  beaftly,  and  moft  auda- 
ciouOy  profane.  How  it  fdund  its  paflage  from  the  regions  of 
unnatural  brutality  into  this  purer  climate^  can  be  known  only 
to  fome  member  of  the  Beef  i^eak  Club  or  the  Macaroni^  fomc 
(hamelefa  Peer,  moft  probably^  who,  loft  to  atl  the  decencies  of 
foclety,  brought  over  this  dirty  work*  to  Aim ul ate  the  languid 
prurience  of  himfelf  and  his  brethren.  It  is  fome  fati$fa<flion, 
however,  that  it  will  not  be  generally  underftood»  as  it  is  not 
written  in  the  Tufcan  dialed,  the  almoft  only  one  known  la 
the  Englifli  in  generaL 

•^*  Wc  (hould  not  have  mentioned  this  publication,  had  we 
cot  taken  it  for  granted  that  our  Readers  would  exped  from  ut 
fome  information  concerning  an  article  which  hath  been  im- 
ported hither,  and  fmgly  advtrtlfed  by  a  bookfcller,  who,  proba- 
bly, is  not  only  ignorant  of  its  contents,  but  of  the  language 
in  which  it  is  written  ;  and  wlio,  wc  hope,  will  think  himfelf 
obliged  to  Ml  for  fupprcfEng  his  name* 


E  R  R  A  T  A  in  this  Volume. 

114.  par.  3.  1.  2.  for  fecuiing^  re^AficMnd. 

1 88,  L  2.  read  *  This  he  had  promifed  to  Dr.  P.  in  om  rtfyiB\  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  but  thatiw  athcn  Dr.  F/s  accurate,  judi- 
cious,' &c. 

334,.  Art.  iL.'J.  u.  for  intJinatc'-y  enac luaTDted,  rcau  intimately 
mc^uaiAUd, 


\lSV\i^"i- 


I    N    D    EX 

To  the  Remarkable  Passages  in  thij 
Volume, 

N*  B%   To  find  any  partUular  Book,   #r  Pamphlet,  fit  th$ 
Table  of  Contents,,  prefixed  to  the  Volume^ 


A. 

5jrpNEAS  defended  againft  the 

J^JCj  imputation  of  an  unmanljr 
fear  of  death,  220. 

ActicuLTirRE}  account  of  a 
courfe  ofcxpcrtments  in,  162 — 
167.  Char,  of  various  writers 
011,231.  Experiments  in,  303, 
378,  44.9,  477. 

AiKiN,  Mr.  his  e/Tay  on  the  lijra* 
core  of  arteries,  2 1 9.  His  obf. 
on  the  external  ufe  of  prepara- 
tions oflcad,  4S5. 

Alexander  the  Great,  his  cha- 
racter, 7. 

Almida,  a  tragedy,  critique  on, 
150. 

America  difcovered  by  the  Green- 
landers,  183. 

Anclo-Saxons,  their  fpirit  of  li- 
berty, and  care  for  its  prcferva- 
tton  in  their  conftiiution  of  £0- 
veniment,  496. 

Animalcula,  produced  in  veget- 
able infufions,  curious  account 
of,  and  hypoihefes  concerningi 
207, 

Antony,  Marc, ' relation  rf  the 
remarkable  marvivet  of  bis  deaUu 


A^OLLONivs,  ht»  geoin^tfical  wri« 
tin^s  praifcd,  1 8.  His  trad  oa 
iHcUmatiaat^  reftitution  of,  bf 
Horfley,  criticifed,   19. 

Arabian  Authors.     See  Oai£x« 

TAL. 

Arians,  a  tribe  of,  the  ancient 
Germans,  their  ferocious  man^ 
ners  and  finguSar  culloms,  ^^9. 

Aristotle,  his  art  of  poetry,  in 
what  refpe£l$  a  rnaflcrpiece,  ^57. 

Auchtermuchty,  wife  of,  mo« 
dcmiz^fd,  45. 

Augustus,  Cacfar,  his  bad  d)a- 
racier,  526.  S?e  alfj  Octa- 
VI  us. 

Axis  of  the  earth,  fuppofed  alte- 
ration in  the  portion  oi^  diicvA 
fed,  203. 


B. 


B A  ILLY,  M.  his  memoir  oa 
the  motion  of  the  nodes,  and 
the  variation  in  the  inclioatioQ 
of  Jupiter*K  fattllites,  523. 
Baldwin^  Mr.  his  account  of  t^e 
cuhivaton  of  lucerne  criuci.ed| 
47JJ. 
Ba  N  N  ATYNB,  George,  his  pocient 


INDEX. 


B.vpTisMi  the  duty,  circumftances, 
and  benefits  of,  inveftigated, 
432.  Farther  obf.  on  the  Tub- 
jea,  499. 

Baron»  Richard,  his  zeal  for  the 
political  writiogs  of  Mikon,  3  34. 
Sketch  of  hiJ  charafter,  336. 

Battles,  military  obf.  on  feveral, 
in  modern  wars,  273. 

Beavsobre,  M.  de,  his  obf.  on 
forefight,  &c.  ^49. 

Becket,  Archbifhop,  his  worth- 
lefs  charadter,  569. 

Beech-mast  oil,  the  making  o^, 
rtcom  mended,  to  fupply  the 
place  of  oil  of  olives,  537, 

Beguelin,  M.  his  attempt  to  re- 
concile the  metaphyfjcs  of  Leib- 
nirz  with  the  phyiical  principles 
of  Newton,  545. 

Behmen,  Jacoby  fpeciroen  of  the 
nonfenfical  jargon  of  his  follow- 
ers, 8o. 

Belisarius,  his  military  exploits 
in  Italy,  97.  His  wretched  fob- 
jcftion  to  his  wife,  100.  Far- 
ther particulars  of  his  hiftory, 
101—103. 

Bernouillb,  M.  his  three  me- 
moirs in  the  Hid.  of  the  Acad, 
of  Sciences,.  541. 

Blythe's  book  of  hulbandry  cri- 
ticifed,  232. 

Boileau,  Mr.  his  art  of  poetry, 
the  bei^  extant,  558. 

Borda,  Chevalier,  his  invelliga- 
gation  of  a  famoas  problem  on 
the  motion  of  fluids,  5  ;o* 

Botany,  encomium  on  that  fci- 
ence,  131.  f 

Br  A  KEN  RIDGE,  Df.  remarks  on 
his  calculations  of  the  number 
of  inhabitants  in  London,  13S— 

BRifONS,  ancient,  their  manner 
of  l.fc,  &r.  405, — Their  lan- 
guage, 410. 

Erompield,  Mr.  his  method  of 
performing  the  ligatuies  of  ar- . 
tcriei,  219. 

Brown,  Dr.    his  curious  method 
cfdewding  a  thief,   ^31, 
Arr.  Rev.  voL  Ai:v* 


Brownrigo,  Mr.  his  account  of 
the  American  oilofj^round-nuts, 
206. 

BuTTfcRBiJRR,  its  medicinal  ufes^ 
415. 

C. 

C Abb  AGE-TURNIP,  fome  ac-. 
count  of  the  utility  and  cal« 
ture  of,  483. 
C^SAR,  advantageous  traits  of  his 
chara£tcr,  6.  His  conduf)  in 
connection  with  the  deaths  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,    112— 

I20» 

Camdeiv,  Lord,  oppofes  the  judg- 
ment of  Lord  Mansfield,  in  re- 
gard to  the  idea  of  the  credibi^ 
iity  of  witneiTes,  340. 

Can  TON,  Mr.  his  experiments  re- 
fpe^in^  the  luminous  appear- 
ance of  the  fea,  329. 

■  city  of,  deicribed,  401. 

Cato,  the  elder,  his  ungenerous 
treatment  of  his  fervants,  &c.  4. 

Catti,  a  tribe  of  ancient  Ger- 
mans, their  warlike  tuin  and 
ch arable",   560. 

Celta,  ancient,  their  manner  of 
life,  &c.  406,  Their  enthu- 
fiadic  love  of  freedom,  409. 
Their  language,  410. 

Chalieu,  Abbe  de,  his  veife*, 
bidding  adieu  to  Fontenay,  512. 
Eng'ifhcd,  ib. 

Chateauviceu^t,  M.  de,  his 
writings  on  hufbandry,  236. 

Ch  E  R  u  s  c I .  ancient  Germans,  their 
charH^er,  560. 

China,  number  of  inhabitants  in^   . 
403. 

Chinese  language,  fome  remarks 
en,  3  TS,  403.  Their  know- 
ledge in  (cieiices,  ib.  Thti^rc* 
1  gion,  ib. 

Clementina,  a  tragedy,  aitique 
on,  244. 

Cleopatra,  her  remaikable  ca« 
taitroph^  ciefcribed,  116. 

Cocc  0  s  iiuci/crtt,  d^^wVut.^^  -kf^* 


Q^'i 


C^^* 


INDEX. 


CoMMERciy  &c.  maxims  relattBg 

to,  17. 
Corn,  obf.  on  the  bounty  on>  140. 

CofcTONA.      SeePAF£R. 

CoNSERVA»  a  nataral  paprr  form- 
ed of  its  filaments,  zc6. 

Coxcomb,  Frendv.  genuine  pic- 
ture of  one,  67. 

CaAssuSy  his  chara£lert  6. 

CaoMWfiLL,Oiiv«c,aquack,  531. 


S. 

DAlston»  hsoAlf  of,  in  Cqjd- 
berland,  its  pedigree,  ^5i. 

DausLEy  M»  his.  new  naps  of 
Georgia,  Arraenia»  Babj^ionia, 
Ac  5.24. 

Dfi  Rb  RusTiCAy  that  publica- 
tion cenAired,  47 8« 

Dissenters,  their  right  to  a  full 
and  free  toleraiioa  maintaincdy 
190—194. 

DqC'Fish  deicribed,  398. 


E. 

ECkeberg,     his    voyage    to 
China,  404. 

Lllis,  Mr.  his  obC  on  a  particu- 
lar manner  of  increafe  in  theanU 
malcula  of  vegetable  infudon?^ 
207. 

■  the  farmer,  his  wiiiings, 

charafterized,  235. 

England  the  rival  of  France, 
from  what  aera^  567* 

English,  ancient  confthution  of, 

^  469. 

Enthusiasm,  poetic,  cfFe^  op- 
pofite  to  ihofe  of  religious  cn- 
thuHafro,  266,  Pope  dcHcient 
in  it,  ib. 

Ephemeris,  arironomlca],  for 
1772,  account  of,  214. 

Establishments,  of  religion, 
produdlive  of  bad  tfFefls,  193. 
Right  of,  to  require  fubf,  to  ar- 
ticle^ oi  Ca\>h,  cotiUON^ivt^» 
199. 


EvLEa.  M.  bis  owiooi  ditaioi 
of  the  confrqdioa  ofcottpcwad 
objtaghfles^  54U  543- 

F. 

FAiLE« the    WHditig  and 
Brcom^    227.— The  Mi/kbi 
•nd  Faffim'fi&txKr^  228. 
Faith,  its  n«biure  and  iofioeace, 

79. 
Fallow  I  NG»  of  gromid,  adfia* 

ugesof,  257. 
Farm,  proportional  one  de&ribed, 

54— 6cx 
Farming  affairs^  94,  162,  250^ 

^-^ily    303*    378»     3^8,   448, 

477. 
Fevkr-few,  f^^eet,  iu  ncdicmai 

virtues,  414, 
Fluids.     Sec  Borda. 
Foresight.      Ste      Fressentj- 

MENT. 

Ton  LA  IX,  Marquis,  extrad  from 
-  the  mem.  of,  48. 

Foster,  Rev.  Mr.  his  (eodmeotf 
on  religious  eftablifhneDU  con- 
craverted,   192, 

France  the  rival  of  England,  froik 
the  time  of  William  ihe  Coa- 
queror,  567* 

Francheville,  M.  de,  bis  ac- 
count of  a  vegetable  oil  to  fip> 
ply  ihe  place  of  oil  of  oIivqk 

537- 

■ — : his  obf.  on  Uw 

ifle  of  Thariis,  550. 
French,  modern,  remarkable  fer 
their  infidelity  in  regard  to  the 
Cluiftiao  religion,  53^ — 536* 


Gardening,  modern,,  conoos 
obfervotiODS  on,   346. 
Geoxietrv,  obf.  on,    22.    Pro- 

blems  in  ditto,  analyfis  of,  23. 
Germans,  ancient,  their  moaners, 
Uc.  ^vx%     Their  fpirittfiade- 


INDEX. 


rtfters  of  their  dUcreat  tribesi 

559- 

3L0SM[Tif.  Dr.  remarkable  in- 
accuricics  in  his  Vitc  o(  Lord 
Bplin^^brokitu  19* 
GaocH,  Mr,  hi*  account  of  a  re- 
markable rcparauon  of  the  fcarf 
ikin,  213. 

svouLARE),  M.  hb  doflrine  in  re- 
fped  to  the  faturaine  a p pi  ca- 
tions in  furgery,  &c.  com; (led, 
486, 

vRB^ics,  modem,  All]  refc-mb^e 
their  ancellors  in  their  great  love 
of  their  coantry,  ^05.  IniUnc.S 
of,  506,  leq.  Their  aJhercncc 
alfo  to  the  old  cullocni  of  their 
couocry,  g  1  ^.  Manners  of  cbeir 
ladies,  ib. 

jftouKDt  how  to  hy  out,  agree- 
ufyle  to  the  modern  calls  in  gar* 
dening,  546. 


H. 

HAfiZf  the  Per Jjan  pott,  fpc- 
cimcnof  his  works,  427. 
~  1a  MILTON  I  Mr,    his  account  of 
a  bte  eruption  of  Vefa  vius,  201* 
iARTE,  Mu  his  agricultural  wri- 
ting! extolled,  2^9. 
Keat,  general  effects  of)  CQUOie- 
fated,   155. 
Heberoen,  Dr,  his  obC  on  the 
number  of  inhabitants  if\  Ma- 
deira,  ;59,   140.     On  the  d  f- 
fcrcnt  quantities  of  rain  \«^hich 
appear  10  fall  at  different  heights 
on  the  fame  gruuiidi   351. 
Henoo's  ciuelry  in  the  flaughtcr 
of  the  infants,  critical  remarks 
on,  296* 
C&wsoK,  Mr»  his  account  of  the 
ly mphiitu:   f^Uem    in   £ih,  &c« 

212. 

HoiFMAK,  Dr.    hit  experiments 
on  the  large  fpeculum,  327. 

HoUace,  an  ode  of  his  compared 
with  the  Perfian  of  Hafiz»  428. 
his  art  of  poetry  the  tciff 


f/rmjca,  557, 


HowMAK,  Rev,  Mr.  his  obf*  on 

the  utility  of  the  drill  hulbttadry 

commended,  480. 
HuRDp  Mr.   his  commentary  ob 

Horace  praifedj   ^^iJ. 
HrpKosTATics,     fbme    curious 

phenomena  in,  518, 


I. 

ICELANDERS,  sndent,  their 
Urong  auachment  10  liheity^ 
177,  Their  regulations  of  go- 
vernment, ice.  ib. 

JfiBB,  Kev,  Mr.  his  apology  for 
hi«i  Ic^urcs,  82. 

Jews,  conformity  of  their  cufloms 
with  thoie  of  the  negroes,   qjq. 

lLLiNOt!i,  their  country  dcfcribcd, 
»o.     Government  cf,  11, 

Ikfidtlitit  abounds  in  Fmncf* 
533—556. 

Inoculation,  of  ihe  fmalUpox, 
a  groat  caufe  of  the  late  incresfe 
of  inhabitants  in  London,  &c. 

John,  King  of  England,  his  con- 
telh  with  Philip  of  France,  &c, 

575,  With  his  Engli^i  ba>oni, 

576,  With  the  Pope,  ib. 

his  bod  chara^cf,  577. 

JoHNsoKp  Dr.  Samuel,  attacks  Ju- 
nius, 330. 

JuNEs^  Wittiim,  Efq;  his  demon- 
flraiion  of  a  law  of  motion,  in 
the  cafe  of  a  body  defleded  by 
two  forces  tending  conftantly 
to  the  Umt  point,   1 3  $, 

jRor«.     See  Lane* 

Juries,  trials  by,  the  great  bul- 
wark of  the  Englilh  conlUtutioa, 

L, 

LAkes,  TiireTS)  &c,  how  todif- 
po^e  in  the  great  plant  of 
gardens,   350. 
Lambert,  M.  his  exptriment  on 
ihc  mngnett  5jS. 


CLq  z 


Vvft-ot., 


INDEX. 


Land  I,  M.de  la,  his  memoir  on 

the  theory  of  the  planet  Merca- 

ry;  521. 
Lane,  Mr.  his  account  of  the  To- 

lubility  of  iron  in  fimple  water, 

by  the  intervention  of  fixed  air, 

323. 
La  ws,  /« terrorem^  cruelty  and  in- 

juiliccof,  1 88, 
Lead,  preparations  of,  their  ufe 

in  furgery,  48^. 
Legar.0,  Sir  Di^by,  his  account 

oF  the  drill  hufbandry  criticifed, 

480. 
Leibnitz.     See  BEOtrELiN. 
Liberty,    llrong  auachment  of 

the  ancient   inhabitants  of  the 

north  of  Europe  to  it^  177, 
Lieuteaud,  his  fynopHs,  propo- 

fals   for  a    tranflation   of,   into 

Cnglifii,  496. 
Life,  the  expc^ation  of,    in  re- 

fpcdl   to  annuities,    calculated, 

136. 

Ligature  of  the  artery.  See 
Ajkin.     See  Brompield. 

Lightning,  methods  for  fecuring 
churches,  &c,  from  damage  by, 
320. 

LisLiy  Mr.  his  book  of  hufban- 
dry  animadverted  on,  234. 

Lifter,  Dr.  his  book  of  (hells 
improved  in  a  new  edition, 
484. 

Locke,  Mr.  his  philofophical  wri- 
tings extolled,  280, 

Logic,  obf.  on,  282. 

London,  calcnlations  of  the  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants,  137. 
Cri:ical  obf.on  the  public  build- 
ings of,  280. 

Louis,  the  Z*^,  rivalfhip between 
him  and  Henry  of  England, 
568. 

Louis,  the  T^ung^  (King  of 
France)  his  contelis  with  Henry 
King  of  England,  569.  Re« 
flexions  on  hrs  character,  570. 

Louis,  Prince,  fon  to  Philip,  King 
of  France,  his  expedition  to 
£ng\aud)  an^  dc&^ti  vl^u  >2ti^ 


crowoy  $77.    BefiegedioLBQ- 

don,  ib. 
Louis  VIII.  King  of  France,  \m 

qaarrel  with  the  Engliih,  57S. 
-—-  IX.  his  charado-.ib. 
Louis    XIV.    fiory  of  htm  ao^ 

Mad.  de  Mootefpan,  61  • 
Lymphatics.      See    Hewsok. 
•    SeeWATsOK* 
Lys^ns,    Dr.    his  account  of  aa 

extraordinary  cafe  of  a  girlwio 

had  fwallowed  three  pios,  210. 
Lucerne.     See  Baldwin. 

M. 

MAdox,  Dr.  Bifhop  of  Wor. 
his  fermoQ  on  iDOcoladoi 

commended,   i^. 
Magnets,  experiments  on,  538. 
Magnetical     currents,    corioa 

memoir   on    the  curvature  of, 

538. 
Mahomet,  a  quack,  531. 
Maintenon',  Madam,  accooctof 

her  theatrical  exhibiiioai  a:  St. 

Cyr,  62. 
Mansfield,  Lord, /r<f  expofta- 

lation   with,    3^.     His  fpihte^ 

fpeech  in  defence  of  toleratioa 

and  religious  liberty,  190.    See 

more  of  him  under  Camdeic. 
Manufacturers,  firitifli,  their 

diflblutenefs,   14. 
Manures,  lift  of,  t;8. 
Matthew,  St.  authenticity  of  the 

ift  and  ad  chapters  of  his  goA 

pel,  difputed,  293. 
Mayer,  Profieilbr,    his  ubles  of 

the  moon's  motions,  &c.  pub- 

lilhed  here  by  autlK>rity,  214* 

284 — 190. 
Merian,  M.  his  enquiry  into  the 

com)>irative  duration  and  inttf 

iity  of  pleafure  and  pain,  547. 
Milton,    his    political  wriuogs 

extolled,  335. 
Monaoes,    of  Leibnitz,   corioos 

account  of  the  nature  of,  446. 
Monk  b  y»  a  Angular  one  dcfcridcJ, 

\^SiYi>TWFass, 


INDEX. 


Montespak,    Mad.  de,  curioQs 

ftory  of  her  pariing  from  Louis 

XIV.  6i. 
Mo  OR -Park  dcfcribed,  ^46. 
MoRTAt,    recipe  for   making  it 

impfnetrablcy  479, 

oTiortTy  a  particular  law  of,  de- 

mondrated.     See  Jones. 
MoutT,  Mr,  bis  method  of  prc- 

psith%/alff  from  the  root  of  the 

orchis,   205. 
iuuniBR,  M.  ie,  his  new  method 

of  afcertaining  the  quantity  of 

the  horizontal  refraction,  523, 
Mountains,    produced    by   vol- 
L     cano>,  201. 

lu  5  -c,  ingenious  enquiry  into  the 

theory  of,  55  f. 


N. 


1 


Abi  EFFiNor,    a  Turkiih 
poet,    his   fcnfiblc  obf,  on 
poetry,    429. 


^ 


N 

poetry,  429.  Hh  excellent 
verfes  on  the  fpring,  430, 
ARSBTE5,  the  famous  eunuch 
and  warrior,  his  rife  at  coort, 
and  progreffs  in  the  armies  of  the 
Empcrnr  Jullinian^    105. 

KiEOHAM,  Mr,  his  curioos  fyf- 
teni  relating  to  micro fcopical 
anim-ilcules  in  vegetable  and 
animal  infufiony,  ?o8,  Hs 
conjectures  on  a  fuppofed  con- 
nexion bc^fvvcen  the  hierogly- 
phlcal  writing  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tianSy  and  the  char afleri flic  wri> 
ting  of  the  Chincfc,  318* 

Negroes,  their  culioms  compared 
with  thcfe  of  the  Jews,  550. 

Newton,  his  phyfical  principles 
reconciled  with  the  iiietaphy(ics 
of  Leibnitz,  (145* 
'OLLET,  Abbe,  his  account  of 
k>me  new  hydroHatical  pheno- 
mena, 918* 

NuMA,    his   ^Mockery  applaaded. 


O, 


OCtavius,    Cajfar,    his  cha^ 
raiter   vindicated    from   ihc 
charge  of  cowardice,    8,      Sec 

more  of  him  under  Aug  t/STt/^, 
Ode,  Pcifian,  iranllatcd,  427, 
Oil,  made  from  American  ground- 
nuts, fome  account  of,  206. 

from  beech* matt,  537. 

Optics,   runous  memoir  on,  by 

M,  L  Euler,  54 1. 
Orch  IS,  how  to  prepare  for  falep, 

Oriektal  writers,  fc veral  com- 
mended, 425.  Their  hiilorians» 
ib.  7  heir  poets,  4^6*  Their 
physicians,  ib. 

Or  NANCE  and  Julia,  ftory  of  4?, 

OsflerK,  Mr.  an  attentive  obfervcr 
in  his  travels,  397. 

Os  Humeri.     Sec  Whiti. 


PAtN  and   pleafurc  compared, 
with  refpid  to  their  diffcicnt 

intcniities,  Sec.  5^8, 
PArNTiKC,  fludents  in,  dfredlioni 

to,  with  regard  to  the  imitation 

of  the  ancients,  377, 
Papek,  a  natural  fort,    found  at 

Cortona,  206. 
Parables,  the  mode  of  inftroc* 

tion  by,  confidercd,  440. 
Penal  laws,  ftridlurcs  00  the  fc- 

verity  of  ihofe  which  aflTeA  the 

liics  of  criminals,  8y.     Princi- 
ples of,  invclUgatcd,  444, 
Persian  ode,  427, 
PiRsiANs,  modern,  fbme  account 

of  their  manners,  by  a  late  tra* 

veller,   159, 
Philip  L    King  of  France,    his 

bickerings  with  England,   567* 
H,    his  contefls  with  the 

King  of  Knglandj  570. 
Fhu.osophbr,  dialogue  between 

one  and  a  Whig,  39. 


I    N    I>   E'  X. 


Philogofher,  chara^er  of  a  real 
philofophery  594* 

Physicians,  chiefly  abound  in 
great  cities,  and  why»  530. 

P1NS9  extraordinary  cafe  of  tbru 
fwallowed  by  a  girl,  and  dil- 
charged  at  her  {houlder,  an. 

Plants,  elementary  Dourilhaient 
of,  256. 

Pleasure  compared  with  pain, 
in  refpe^t  of  duration  and  intcn* 
fity,  547. 

Plutarch,  his  character  as  a  phi- 
lofopher,  a.  His  amiable  be^ 
nevolence,  4. 

Poets,  eaftern,  not  dedltute  of 
tafte,  429. 

Pomp  BY,  bis  cbarafier,  y.  Ex- 
amination of,  8. 

Population;  remarks  on,  ig. 

Portugal,  account  of  the  fpecie 
remitted  from,  to  Eritjin,  from 
17^6,  to  1769  inclufive,  495* 

pREssENTiMENT,  enquiry  con- 
cerning, 549. 

Price,  Dr.  his  pbf.  on  ihe  ex- 
pedations  of  iivo,  ^c.   136. 

Problem.     SceGEOMtTKv, 

Punishments,  Icj^al,  by  death, 
reftcftionson,  85. 

• corporal,  ufeful  re- 
marks on,  445. 


OUackery,  curious  ohf,  on, 
530. 
i^AKbRs,    reflfrns    afljgncd    for 

men  t.Ient  meetings,  ^zo. 
Questions,  &c,  for  the  Encyclo- 
pcdh,  fuppofcd   to  be  ihc  work 
o^  Voitair^,  525. 


R. 

RAcine,  Mcnf.    flory  of  his 
writing  h'b  Eft  her  ^  for  Ma  J. 
Maintenon,  62. 
Rain,     ^ce  Hecerden. 


Rasps,  Mf.  liWrfiiTeitataMoi  Ai 
large  fisflii  bonea  foaod  ia  6a- 
•    many  %':>^, 

ReLISION.  Ser:<£iTAlLIIB* 

MENT. 

Richard  L  Kiogof  Efigkttl,li9 
unduufcl  behaviour  to  kik  £»> 
ther,  571.  Saperfticious  cir- 
cmnftaiicc  relating  to»  ac  his  £► 
thcr*s  death,  ibu 


S. 

SAlep,  how  to  prepare,  fron 
the  vegetable  roots    of   this 
country,  205. 
Sarum,  Old,    fome   account  of, 

SciPio,  Africanas,  his  quacke7, 

531- 

Sea,  the  luminous  appearance  of, 
accounted  for,  3a9, 

SENBCio>&rr«r/VjM,  the  great  in- 
gredient of  the  St^'ifs  arquebu- 
fade  water^  4i>- 

Shakespeare,  Johnfon** edit, of, 
remarkable  ftritflurc  c^n,  532. 

Short-hand,  remarks  en,  69. 

Signs  of  the  times,  as  ub.'errcd  by 
the  Biihop  of  Carlifle,  in  his  Ux^ 
mon  on  the  30th  of  January,  iti. 

Simplicity,  in  poetry,  oof.  on, 
429. 

Spartan?,  of  old,  their  firong 
atiachmenl  to  their  cooairy, 
507.  it/tq. 

Specuia.     Sec  Hoffmax. 

Sprint.,  bcautifulJ y  cclcbraced  by 
a  Turkifh  poet,  450.  The  fame 
imitated  by  a  Reviewer,  431. 

Stephenson,  Mr.  his  fantkftic 
manner  of  writing  on  hulhao- 
dry.  233. 

SiEUART,  Mrs.  Jean,  her  cha- 
racter for  pit:y,  &c.  315.  Her 
hUditati'Hs  ctrnfurcd  :or  ihtir 
fanaticifm,  314. 

Stillingflect,  Mr,  his  traces 
on  natural  hillory,  cvc.  extolled. 


t    N    D    E    X. 


SrllANGBy  Mr.  tifs  accbanc  of  a 

natural  paper  found  near  Cor- 

,  toaa,  2o;*     Of  certaio  infcri p« 

tions  and  has-reliefs  difcovcr^d 

in  Germaflty,  317. 

SuEvi,  a  tribe  of  the  ancient  Ger- 
mans, their  manner^  and  fup^v- 
ftitionsy  561. 

SuioNEs.  of  ancient  Germany, 
their  charafler,  ib, 

SwiNTON,  Mr.  his  elucidation  of 
two  Samaiie  coins,  3if  • 


T. 

TEviPLEs,    &c.    in    gardens, 
obf.  on,  353. 
Teucteri,    a   tribe  in    ancient 
Germany,  their  warlike  and  fe- 
rocious manners,  &c«  562. 
THAMts,  river,  requilittf  improve- 

ments  of,  280, 
Th ARSIS,  ifle  of.    See  Franche- 

VILLE. 

Thierault,  M.  his  determina- 
tion of  the  qufflion,  whether  the 
firil  authors  of  any  nation  have 
written  in  verfe  or  in  profe, 
551. 

Thief,  curious  method  of  detefl- 
ing  one,  530. 

Thundfr,  remarkable  effefts  of, 
on  the  tower  of  a  church  in  De- 
vonfhire,  320.  Method  of  pre- 
venting the  like,  ib« 

Time,  m  the  fcience  of  mufic, 
theory  of,   12 1. 

Tore  EN,  his  voyage  to  Snrat, 
404. 

Turkish  poets,  feveral  of  them 
commended,  429. 

Tvne-water,  analyfisof,  221. 


V 


V. 

Rsuvius,  fome  philoibphical 
particulars  relating  to  a  lute 
eruption  of,  201. 


Villa  as,  the  qoack,  cunoos 
anecdote  of,  530. 

ViNLAND,  originally  a  part  of  N. 
America,  181. 

Virgil  defended,  with  refpcd  ta 
the  charadcr  of  iEoeas,  220. 

ViSMfi,  Mr.  his  account  of  a 
very  Angular  kiqd  of  monkey, 
207. 

Voltaire,  M.  his  difcoveries  irt 
nat.  hill,  ridiculed,  ag.  Hia 
dialpgues  ia  the  foadts  with  So- 
crates,  Julian,  &c,  28,  His  dif- 
pute  with  the  Bilhop  of  Anneci, 
34.  His  mifreprefenutions  of 
the  fcripturcs  deteded,  460. 
His  remarkable  ilri^ures  on 
Johnfon's  edit,  of  Shakefpeare, 
532.   See  alfo  Qhestions,  &c* 

W. 

WAlls,  an  excellent  copirtg 
isXy  recommended,  479. 

War,  art  of,  remarks  on,  355. 
Want  of  a  fchoolfor,  lamented, 
356.     Partizan,  duty  of,  397. 

Water,  analyfis  of  that  of  the 
Tjne^  221.  Curious  hydrofta- 
tical  phenomena  of  water,  5 1 8. 
See  alfo  Lake. 

Waters,  chalybeate,  &c.  difco- 
veries tending  to  the  produdlion 
of  excellent  artificial  ones,  323— 
326. 

Watson,  Mr.  his  defcript.  of  the 
lymphatics  of  the  urethra  and 
neck  of  the  bladder,  2:3. 

Wesley,  Mr.  his  religious  zeal 
difcuiTed,  73. 

We  b  t  In  d  I  a  n,  a  comedy,  critique 
on,  142. 

Weston,  Mr.  his  trafts  on  huf- 
bandry  detailed,  299. 

Wheat,  experiments  in  the  cul- 
ture of.  303.  Comparifon  of 
profit  between  the  old  and  new 
hufbandry,  378. 


I    N    D    E    Xi 


Whitaker,  Rev.  Mr.  ibme  ac- 
count of  his  death,  82. 

White,  Mr.  his  account  of  a  re« 
mirkable  cafe  in  furgery,  21 1. 

Whitefield,  George,  his  reli- 
gions zeal  animadverted  on,  73. 

Women,  in  Perfia,  their  remark- 
able modefty,  1 6o.  Tlieir  equa- 
lity with  the  men,  in  the  ancient 
northern  nations  of  Europe,  184. 

Woods,  g'oves,  &c«  in  the  grand 
flyle  of  gardening,  how  to  de- 
fign>  34^- 


Y. 


Y Arrow,  its  mnSdhal  oAs, 

You  NO,  Dr.  anfortnnate  in  ha 
idea  of  the  foblime  in  lyric  po- 
etry, 490. 

Z. 

ZEiHiR,  M.  hisdifcoveryoFa 
curt'^s  compofiuon  for  ob- 
jed-glafies,  for  telefcopes  Si'i 
544- 


END    OF    VOL.    XUV. 


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