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THE 

MONTHLY  REVIEWj 

OR. 

LITERARY    JOURNAL, 

ENLARGED: 

From  Mat  to  August,  inclufim^ 

M,DCC,XCIII. 

With    an    APPENDIX. 


**  Be  Biggardt  of  advice  on  no  pretmce, 

**  For  the  worft  ivarice  is  that  of  Senfe. 

^  Widi  mean  comphu^ence  ne^er  betny  your  tniB'^ 

"  Nor  be  fo  civil  at  to  prove  unjuft. 

««  Fear  not  the  anger  ot  the  Wile  to  raife; 

<«  They  beft  can  bear  reproof,  who  merit  prai/e.**     PoFi« 


VOLUME     XI. 


LONDON! 
Printed  for  R.  Griffiths; 

J^lIP    lOLD    BT    T.   BBCKKT,     IN    PALL    MAiU 
MDCCXCIII. 


*  ■  ■     r  r     --      *  *• 


240104 


•  •  •    • 


B      L      £ 


OF    THE 

Titles,  Authors*  Names,  &c.  of  the  Publi- 
cations  reviewed  in  this  Volume. 

N.  B«    For  itiMARKABU  PaisagsSi  in  the  Critid/ms  ami 
Extra&s^  fee  the  INDEX,  at  the  End  of  the  Volume, 

O  For  the  NuBet»  lUb,  of  thofe  letrned  Forqnien  who  are  ttm 
Aocbon  of  oew  Diiertttioiii»  or  other  corioat  Fapcn,  pfUiltofl 
in  the  Memoirs  and  TaAirtACTioNt  of  the  Royal  and  other 
Scieotific  Acadbmibs  on  the  Continent,  and  alfo  for  the  Tklei 
of  thofe  Diifer|aiaont«  &c.  of  which  Accounts  are  eiven  in  the 
Reviewy^fee  the  Indtx,  printed  at  the  End  of  thii  Vdome.      " 


ABdUZWi  Fad  Sermon,  236 
'^^  Ahirdrntr  oo  the  Small  Pox, 

333 

Jbriilgmeni^  general,  of  Cafes  in 
Equity,  457 

Accomtt  of  the  Nand  Archite^nre 
Society,  463 

Ad4ms*%  Geometrical  and  Gra- 
phical Eflays, .  33 

JmtricM.    SetDm»iar.  SeeMV». 

Aiukrjim  on  the  Coal  Duty,    214 
Atmalts  de  Chimie^  51^ 

Anfvjir  to  Atheifb,  227 

AmtigaUicmm^  339- 

Apptndix  to  a  Tour  thro'  France, 

flix 
Arabia.     See  Htnn. 
Arabian  Tales ,  153 

Arificile.     Sec  Twining. 
ArJus  flain,  &c.  169 


Arrtft,  Laws  of.  Hints  on,  210 
A/!atic  Refearches,  Vol.  II.  544 
A/s  and  the  Sick  Lion,  339 

Aficiation  at  the  Crown  and  An* 
chor.  Remarks  on,  341 

Athtifts.    See  Ai^'wtr. 
Aikins  on  the  Sun  and  Moon,  264 

£ 
^o/^/ac^'s  Addrefs  to  Crofs,  1 17 
Bamfter*%  Tranflation  of  Pindar, 

449 

Barbanl£%  (Mrs.)  Sins  of  Go«* 

vemment.  Sins  of  the  Nation, 

237 

Bark^  Willow.     See  Jamtt. 

BArendi*%  DiflerUtion  (hewing 
that  the  Heart  has  no  Nenres, 

Berlin.     See  Memoirs* 
Bible.     Sec  Geddes. 
BicJjcno*5  Signs  of  the  Times,  350 
Bingham^  F^iil  Sermon,  236 

A  2         Bkulojii 


:•- 111:15 


CONTENTS/ 

^r^hcSyn-    t.;.'>  Charge    to  the  Grand 
.  3i&  Pubis,        .U:>.  358 

•••  -7«.  ^.'::^.t«r/,  120.  240.  357.  360* 

..1/  479 — 4^^' 

T'^'^   '      99    C.v/^^'^Jfaft  Sermon,  479 

Ctrjentry  Aft,  a  Coinedy»        349 
,^ --ends  of    CrtMt'  See  Inquiry. 
"     '  109    CrtecJb's  Edinb,  Fugitive  Pieces, 

..:,  of  the  2»5 

1 10  Cncbton'i  Tranflation  of  Blumcn* 

.,  'f  ^'-lons,  ^*^**  ^"  Generaixon,           459 

"    '  '220  Cumherland^s  (Richard)  Songs  in 

234  the  Armorer*                       345 

*  *,.         211     — 's    (George)    Ancc- 

;  '^. '.:  -cafitr  *^tes  of  Bonafoni»               406 

"  "  '"   -80  ^ 

V  cf^hc  DalzePs  edition  oiDryfdalt's  Scr- 

,^j  mons,                                    n 

"^tr    *- ■  Chevalier     on 

"^*.x^.   45S  the  Plain  of  Troy,                96 

'       '      '    -"i.  Diimvfn*s  Botanic  Garden,  Part 

V^,l    267    ^'  ^^^'  ^  ^^  Lever  of  Roonhu- 

'**"    '  233       *""•  575 

Z)/j  Carrieres  's  Inft .  of  French ,  46  5 

Dialogues  on  the  Rights  of  Britons, 

220 

sSo    Direm\  Narrative  of  the  Cam- 

..  i  Friend,        pa^gn »« ^ndia,  439 

'  475    ^^C^'^'  Spafm.     See  Worthingten. 

, *p     Dramattftt  a  Comedy,  16c 

«ci    /^r^u»f<^  Pcrfona.     Sec  Fan  Ma • 

,/  aV?/^0        ^'""' 

Dry/dale* a  Sermons,  II 

irJi^^-    J^"^^^!"  on  the  Conflitutions  of 

•  ■ "     '    "  America,  501 

II J  DjtW/zj's  Speech,  20; 

*  *    »  —i.  104  Dunsford\  Memoirs  of  Tiverton, 

.ViiivDi-  ^  476 

*   "*  "        ^51  /)«r/&«w,Bi(hopof,hisCharge,ii7 

"515  E 

frov.QO     Edinburgh  Fugitive  Pieces,      225 

'23C     Education,     SeePlntarcb^  Burton ^ 

trimmer, 

Ed<wards'%  Edition  of  Plutarch, 

^43  ,  *57 

'U  ib^  **®**'     "   '         '*  Difcourfe  on  Free  Jn- 

101         quiry,  352 

Eleilricitj^ 


,.t  JA 


rO^ONTE  NTS. 

Frf/lm^t  Dtfemirfe  on  l4iw« 

Qmrdimr% 


i^"> 


Gardinkii.    Sec;  terfr. 


.  fiffWt  '  V  anBo 

txMSima  of  a  RevolatioB  coa^ 

337 
AaiffrDadlUb    •'*^   '^^  |47 

F#rra^«  OB  MonD  and  PoHucal 

&ieo€e»  164.366 

Ffrgmfim  on  Scotch  Refonn*  34a 
^.lyvMV^  Med(&a  Hiftortet ,  378 
/a6|r's  Praaice  of  WcUh  SdBtoss, 
■'■•"■  20^ 

AAr*$  Travels  in  Saara,  5  j9 
F^kr^tSf^ef^  103 

/#f«^*s  Tranflation  of  Van  Wo- 

tmM  00  MeicDry  in  the  Small 

P«f.  459 

fajr*5  {William}  Thoughts  on  the 

Death  of  the- King  of  France, 

211 

»  '  ■  '  »  ■  Difcourfe  on  Na- 
tional Fa(ls»  237 

-r«w.  (&r.  Hon.  Cfairkl} -Letter 
confidered,  338 

^  ■         ■  -»»it  ■■■     Speech. 

Reinarkt  on,  340 

Franci.  See  Giffofd^  Momrt^  Frieft^ 
lefp  Flaffmr,  Affemdix. 

Frmuis*^  Letter  to  Lord  North, 

461 

■  ,.  »/i  Speech  ia  reply  to  Dan^ 
das,  ihi 

Fr49cJtIymU  Qttb  Laitr»  470 

//sMrittv  of  Homan  Afiion,      94 

■  >*        See  Htami.    Sec  Metr^ 

Frtivb  Affjurs,  TraSs  relative  to, 

no.  114. 17^.  211, 212. 21B, 

^«I9.  219,230.  330,331.339, 
.^j»%^64.472,i^5. 


.  ...  ir.'a..f 

FaJtSennpnj        4j|n 
CMwwr/  on  Hauowfi|Mi  Waacai^ 

GcdUki's  Bible,  .  9^ 

Gtmnnim^    St%Crktimu"  ,».; 
Gttrvw.    Sec  Fsaa.  ..._ 

Qi/iatiw.     See  TunMl.         7/ 
G^^Sr^s  Hiftoiy  of  France/ V<4 
-  ill-  3|a 

GiltauVt  Fad  Sernxnit  a|f 

Ci^iv  on  Pidnrelqoe.^ea^,  ^ 
QWmi's  Addreft  to  thft>pacntq>^ 

Qimtfter,  Biihop  o^,  hia'PaftSca^ 
'   snon,  aft 

(^fA»*t  Iphigeniaia,7avnv^(i|i 
Gm/.  Seejions.  beei^/^.^. 
Grant •     SttMartim.  ■  "' 

Griffith's  Cafe  of   Kq>iodoaiflaK 

oi  l)\t  SpbinSer  Jbut  ^  '•  33a. 
Ctt/ri&'s  Edition  of  Wood's  Hiftorjr 

of  Oxford,  ^    j[8jr 

H 

^«/^s  (John)  Addre^  at  Rotter^ 

dam,  39a' 

■■  (Robert)  on  the F^cdoni 

.  of  the  Prefs,  ,     3S9 

HamsitifnU  Stridures  on  Knoadefi 

Sec.  55 

Harleian    Mifcellanj^     Sele£tiba 

from,  3^1^ 

Harro^vgate  Water.    See  Gamnu 
Htarm  on  thf^^Rife,  &c.  ot  Free* 

dom,  38 

Hearts    See  Behnrnds,  * 
Heertn  on  the  Policy,  &c.  of  Aa- 

tient  Nations, .  crc 

Ar^.    SttHohlmJe.  ^ 

Hiron*%  Tranflation  of  Arabitii> 

Talcs,  .  '51 

'—'■'■■.■'"   Niebuhri 

Travels,  42J 

— ~  (Mrs.)  Conflia,  a  Tala^ 

Hivilitf%  Sermons^  Vo\.  U.  -j"^ 


fii^< 


Hlflory  of  Ifaac  Jenkins,  %iS 

HMoii/e  on  Herefy,  206 

H§Jies*s  Travels  in  India,  131 

UDdfon\  Fad  Sermon,  232 

fitJJofVs  Law  of  Cofts,  207 

Hmou^s  Fall  Sermon,  355 

JfLtrnting/crd^s^  Faft  Sermon,  3  54 

7iM/x  on  the  Willow  Bark,     104 

Jimns  on  the  Gout,  10 j 

Jmlaf*s  Emigrants,  a  Novel,  468 

Imdia^  Britifh,  Hiftorical  Views  of 

Plans  for  the  Government  of, 

306 

,.        -.     See  Dirom. 

fmditst  Eaft.   See  RenntlU  Hodges^ 

•.    LetterstDundas^PrinfeptRi^tlU 

SU fort  St  Francis, 

Jmmury   into  Whig    Differences, 

116 
_  into  the  Derangement  of 

Credit,  340 

J§bnjbn^%  Guide  for  Gentlemen 
ftadying  Medicine,  333 

■^  Dr.     See  Murphy. 

Jmm*%  Sermon  at  fiirmtngham, 

Ifbigana  m  Taans,  5 1 

IrtUmd*     See  Ledwicb, 
Jr^fmam  in  London,  107 

^aMictt  Political.     SotGcdwim. 
^-  K 

JSmrm's  Familiar  Epifile,       34) 
l^/'s  juvenile  Poems,  176 

£y *s  Houfc  at  Windiefter,  467 
tOmwUs.     See  Hamihsn, 
Kmj^i  (Dr.)  Ferfooal  NobiRty, 

394 

,..: (William,  «i.)  Friendly 

Mire^%»  471 

J[|i*s  Edit,  of  Comyns*s  Dxgeff, 

206 
L 
lmiatiT*s  Phy  fiogBomy  abridged, 

226 
X«w,  Prance  of,  103 

%tJ^>jI<o*%  Anoquides  of  Ireland 
30.  197 
igmair^Eltge  it  L^tds  X^h  11  \ 
Ifttfr  to  tW  Ri^bt  iko.  W. 
-'  ^KTiadham,  .  a  10 


CONTENTS. 


Letter  to  Lord  Creniine,     iit 

to  Mr.  Pitt,  ai9 

Leftgrs,  three*  to  a  Friend  1a  IA- 
dia,  204 

London,  Environs  of»  384 

Zmt^'s  Roles  for  Cafino,  35 1 
Lovilafii'%   Tinder's  Safegoaofd* 

210 
VifosWi  EiivirOAf  ofLondoo,  384 

Macklin^l  Mao  of  the  Wodd*aiid 
Love  i  U  Mode,  413 

MacUUni*%  Fall  Sermon,  23 1 
Maclnd's  Cafits  FrtMcifu,  254 
M'Rtadjf^i  Irilhman  m  London, 

107 
MadaiC%   Conlecratioa   Seniio«» 

jlfur.     See  Zms* 
Mannirs,L2dy,htrfotmM9    3I9 
il/ar/M  Terms,  Dift.of,        563 
Martim*%    AcoottBi  of  Graim** 

Trial,  20S 

Matter.    See  F««^. 
M«v^*s  Faft  SemMO,  354 

Meermmm  OQ  Civil  Fraadoai»  506 
Mtsmirs  of  tke  Mofical  Soditty, 

Vol.  IIL  272 

■  of'thc  BerSn  Acidesy, 

481 

of  the  Doke  dtMiMum, 

S^ 
MiUimry  Mifcenaiij,  351 

ilr&rr*sFuncraI  Ontioii  far  Loms 

XVI.  2to 

Mifiellamiu  m  ProTe  and  Vcm, 

108 
Momiisry  Addids  to  Gr.  BfitaiB, 

«S 
Moort'i  Jooraal  in  France,      179 
Morels   Remarks    oa    Di^mu's 
Speech,  lit 

3irrrii's  FalieCoIoQn,  410 

Mztiws  and  Coofeqaeiicca  of  the 
War,  3^2 

ATxr/hji^i  Lift  of  JohBloD*     361 

N 

A«rrj*s  MaQ*s  hdSL  Right,     xi6 

Nazism,  aocieiu.     Sec  Heanmk 

JVWarti/  i^tn%  mew  Sfica  af» 

Yob.  IL  ai^lU.  342 

10  Kaimrmi 


CONTENTS. 


HmfJAittauQatt.  SetJeemiMt. 
JKMM^Diai^^Mi  Htt.  (^ 
Mmfimm^mi.  '4^itm*tK- 

<;|i9ffai<r,  M  J|^,  *c.  ,       47« 

IW,  »  Faroe,  348 

A«fi*klVawb|,Vtit.in.  44 
/WM**  PMfpetew  «•  W«r*  335 
«>•-'•  Cifirof  Bxcife  Oficen^ 

-*-^-  •■    •'^ 

JwrMT*  S10.334: 

fmiijm*%  Faft  Smioii»  479 

J)wwrfonCit>ralH»  333 

tmn^t  Hardbrd  Bridee»      346 

——'•  Midnight  WaAdmrt^  i^. 

.jnMvyfai  on  Cwrtn*  33s 

fWf  OQ  Mmer*  394 

ftdAmm  on  Free  Ports,         109 

Ttrjktuiam.    See  Rtinrt/im. 

FhUiuuhnfy  rtpeUk^  Delafimi» 

fkfl^Ukml  TunfcaioDf ,  1^ 
U.fer^79»»  77 

I  t  ,  Part  L 

ibr€7M#  4>9 


?.'&., 


Piw^MT  on  Eftate^  f o« 

Pntil^*%  Letten  to  tlie  PiiilofiH 

phertofFmice,  3ii9 

«^— '«  Faft  Sermoii,         ^36 , 
Primfeft  Letter   to   £aft  In^' 

Propiieton*  ^<i% 

Pftfrnttt  a  Mofical  Romance,  aaf 

R 
ittf/  on  tiie  Elearicity  of  tlin 

Etrth,  v^ 

ArcMf't  Hiflory  of  ti^  iMi  oC 

Shipping,  ^  ^^  ^  45/ 
— ^f  — .—  of  .  Newfoon#^ 

hud,  '  4St 

Ri/mrm,  Report  of  the  DcBatf 

<»*  4l^ 
I  ,  Petition  for,  47} 
•  See  Kmoxp  £ifpffiti^$B^ 

JLimtarh  on  Erikine^i  Defencd  of 
Paine,  %\% 

■  ■  ■■  ■    on  Foz't  Speech,      34Q 

——«- on  the  Crown  and  Andior 
Affodation,  34a 

TtimuWt  Memoir  of  a  Map  of  Jn« 
dia,  '  6\ 


fUUi*$  Letter  to  a  Foreign  No- 
hh«ii^  aia 

KAw^^Bcaaqr*    SeeGil/m. 
fma  of  antiait  popnlar'PM^, 

7a 

i*iiM— ,  Peter*  hit  Epifle  todie 

fM^nrnf^Scotdtk  Poems,  17a 
Ml^Sin^ 'a  Better  Prpfpeas»  219 
•-A— — *a  French  PoUtics^     319 

Hfirfi lA        grr  ftiammr\^i 

>4iMv«   SeePidbrfw^  JGr/,  D^r- 

■    fWMf ,  iPfMWr,  MMMttti^  JnFtfUg 

AMQr,  Anoent*  oeeJriMCf* 
lyj&tff  PfogrdiorBntafai,  115 
/<Mr  Laws.  SeeCo^. 
f^a  two  Siennptts  at  Hatknqr, 


Retorts,  three,  on  the  Eaft  Im 
Trade,  3J# 

RivJutioM  in  1668,  ihort  Sketch 
of,  319 

J^mi^'s  Dramadfi,  aComedj» 

•— -'s  Notoiiety,  347 

— ■       's  How  to  grow  Ri^^ltf 
RicMiiu,  Duke  a^,  his  Mem.  ^ 
JUehieron'theCMXMmSk, 
Right  in  the  Weft  India 
chants  to  a  double  MonO|i»ij|^» 

Rderts*$  ClMgt  u  Manchefler# 

Rabertfon  on  Pex(ecudbn,  l^ 
iuiit^'s  (Mrs.)  Po«ns,  461 
Reelin^t  Dia.  of  Marine  Tennn^ 

56) 
IStmeKhsm.    Set  JMr  ^iw.    '^ ' 
XswiSnr  on  the  Ooot,  %2A 

i^ATsHifionF  of  the  Eaft  Iri^i 
Company, 

.  S 


^fll 


CONTENTS. 


tsvery^s  Fall  Sermon,  232 

SMeftr  on  the  Fnidu  of  Latir, 

103 
5f#sr's  (T.)  Paft  Scnnon,  233 
--(J.)  do.  234 

S€nftures.     Sec  Brydnt. 
iemimetas  on  2  War  with  France, 

tirmomfCcSkC&Yt,  SttTatbami 

—     ■">  Single.  119.  209.353— 

J57-  478-  479- 
SlimfiU  Too  learned  by  half,  icS 
Bbifpim.     See  Rwueu 
Kmf/m  on  CoM  Bathing,        332 
£aii  on  the  Nature  and  Conftitu- 

tioo  of  Man,  tgi 

ihnmi^M  Tranilation  of  Sanchez 

oa  the  Yen.  Dif.  221 

Slaverj,  Eihj  on  the  Abolition 

df»  «23 

•—— — ••     See  Monitory  Adinfs, 
Zmkh*%  Sermon  on  Aiton,       1 19 

'a  (Mrs.)  Old  Manor Houfe> 

150 
ZphinaerAni,     See  Griffitb. 
Stifle  on  Gardening,  343 

Mtiscoiohium.     See  Cbamberlaine, 
Stomhn£f,  a  Poem,  344 

St  urge  s\  Confecration  Serra.  355 
Sum  and  Moon.     See  At  kirn  * 
St»aiHfton'%  Thoughts, 
SipKhondrofis  OJfium  Putts. 

Heuland. 

T 
^mhanC%  Bampton  Left. 
Tmkr^%   Inflrodlions    for 

Mariners, 
T^machus  tranflated, 
n«v^//on  Failures, 
lathes  indefeniible, 
Tnrertofti  Memoirs  of, 
Tofham'%  Faft  Sermon, 
Tof^rnfibremi  MifeellanieSj 
fof(/Y'laTvy, 
T#  the  Great  and  Learned^  &c. 

fWAwVi Sermon  on  Watfeo,  357 
fMT  through  the  Sooth  of  Eng- 
land, 399 
Trmvris.  See  Pi^s^  Wmkms^ 
■'  JVk^v/,  Tmtr,  Btrwm,  FoOk* 
fri^J&m^  TVeatife  oq»-            S09 


334 
See 


I.  322 

young 

212 

105 

334 

47^ 
235 
290 

2H 


Trimmir  (Mrs.}  dn  the  EdacatioO 

of  Chanty  ChildieB,  345 

Tr^  to  Hdyhcttd,  3^9 

TVvf .  See  Cbevmlitr. 
Truth.  See  Tmhem. 
Truth  and  Realbo,  114 

rjcnv^K/Ts  Cafe  Of  eatra-aterioe 

Gefiatioo>  331 

Timuh^U  Arifbde,  241 

Tjtier'%  Traoflacion  of  Calfina. 

chus  itg 

V 
Van  Manm  on  the  Recovery  of 

dixmrned  Perfimt,  573 

Van  fToeu/ii.     See  f^U. 
/'i^'s  Reports,  207 

FilUige  .Aflbdation,  537 

Fimr*s  Abridgment  of  Iaw  and 

Equity,  456 

W 
Wallace,  Lady,  on  the  CondaS 

of  the  King  of  Proffia  and  Gen. 

Dumourier,  47a 

War.     See  Bowks,   Sattiiaents^ 

Paim,  Moth/es. 
Wart*%  Tranflation  of  Wenzel  on 

theCatarafit,  ^  332 

on  the  Epiphora,  IJw 

Watm*t  Faft  Sermon,  234 

Watkins's  (Tho.)  Travels,.     121 
— ,  (Charles)  on  the  Law 

of  Defcentf,  210 

Watts*s  Philofophical  E&ys,  464 
Wh^s.     See  Inquhy. 
WhitfihTs  Fart  Sermon,         2jc 
Wincbefter\  Oration  on  the  Di^ 

covery  of  America,  350 

Winter^s  Faft  Sermon,  23^ 

Withering* s  Bounical  Arrange- 
ment, Vol.  III.  2f4 
Woi/ijhH^s  two  Sermonsj  47S 
Wood.  Stc  Gutch. 
WoodhriJp*%  Pad,  a  Farce,  349 
WmlP^  King's  Houfe    at  Win.- 

chefter,  467 

^M/f£j«^s  Vi£tat]on  Srrm.  353^ 
Wortbii^oM  onthe  Dorfei  Spattu 

Wremcb's  SennOD,  ttk 

Y  - 

Tmtde's  T^emachqs,  loj 

/iwy*^  Example   of  Fhttioe  «* 

Warning  to  BiittiDt  iir 


THE 

MONTHLY    kEVIEW, 

For     MAY,     1793.^ 


-^.- 


w 


Ar.t.  r.  The  Chart  and  Scale'  cf  Truths  ly  i^hUh  to  fnd  thc^  Cauai 
cf  Errcr.  Leilurcs  read  before  the  Univcrfity  of  Oxford,  at  the 
Lc^iurc  founded  by  the  Rev.  John  Bampton,  M.  A.  By  Edward 
Tatham,  D.  D.     8vo.     2  vols.     113.  boaids.     Rivingtons/ 

That  is  truth  ?  and  by  what  means  may  it  be  certainly 
diftinguilhed  from  error  ?  are  queftions  which  every  re- 
ileAing  mind  muft  be  difpofcd  to  afk,  but  to  which  alt  tho 
wifdom  of  philofophcrs  has  never  yet  been  able  to  afford  a 
pcrfectiy  fatisfaftory  anfwer.  The  hiftory  of  ancient  philo- 
fophy  afFords  us  little  encouragement  to  have  recourfe  to  the 
fchool  of  Greece  for  the  foluiion  of  this  difficulty.  The 
opinions  of  the  philofophers,  on  the  fubjedl  of  truth,  were  al- 
moft  as  various  as  their  k&s.  If  we  confult  Plato,  we 
are  infiru£led  that  knowlegc  is  only  to  be  found  by  exer* 
ciFrng  the  intelleft  in  the  abftracl contemplation  of  intelligible 
forms^  or  iJeas^  which  alone  are  permanent  and  immutable; 
and  that  the  mod  diligent  ftudy  of  the  pcrpetu:iily  fluctuating 
yifible  world  can  yield  nothing  better  tiian  opinion.  If  the 
idias  of  Plato  appear  fomcwhat  myfierious,  and  \vv?  have  re- 
courfe to  his  fucccffors  in  the  middle  accidemyy  we  arc  tckl  that, 
though  in  the  nature  of  things  there  be  real  certainty,  yet 
every  thing  is  uncertain  to  the  human  unJcrflanding.  If  we 
defccnd  to  a  form  lower  in  the  fame  fchool, — inftead  of  ap* 
proaching,  as  might  be  hoped  afier  farther  invcftigation, 
hearer  to  fatisfaflion,  we  learn  that  we  muft  not  rely  either  on 
thcfcnfe,  the  imagination,  or  the  underftanding  ;  and  that  our 
mofl-  pcrfeft  knowlcge  rifes  no  higher  than  bare  probability. 
If,  from  the  academy,  we  flep  over  to  the  Ijceum^  though  the 
Sugyritc  will  meet  us  with  a  grand  apparatus  of  c;jtcgorie5, 
fyllogifms,  and  topics,  we  muft  not  be  fanguine  in  our  e;c- 
pcilations  ;  for  we  (hall  find  that  Ariftotlc  was  net  able,  with 
alt  his  tools,  to  build  any  fyftem  either  of  phyfics,  or  rr.eta'* 
Vol..  XI.  Ji        .  phyfics. 


9  Tathim'/  CBarfiniScaU  of  Truth. 

phyfics,  which  has  conveycd.tapofterity  the  clear  illumim* 
tion  and  full  convidion  otti^h.  If  we  take  a  turn  in  the 
pw'ch^  we  hear  of  pr^<HKceptions,  or  univerfal  principles, 
which  are  to  be  emol^y^^^  as  meafirres  of  judgment,  but  we 
meet  with  noone,iyKQ;is  able  to  inform  us  how  to  diftingui(b 
true  preconcepti9^3f*from  prejudices*  Nor  do  we  fare  better 
in  the  Italic  th«x|*ki  the  Ionic  fchool ;  as  we  may  without  he* 
Station  conctpde,  from  the  endiefs  diverfity  of  opinions  which^ 
after  all.  *^e/^ebates  of  the(e  fchools,  ftill  remained.  Had 
*ny  of.  tb^S'  wife  men  been  poficflcd  of  the  mafter-key  to  the 
templct>^*knowlege,  it  would  have  been  in  their  power  to 
op^n»t|)e  door  to  all  pofterity. 
.  %>^<^^  learned  author  of  the  work  now  before  us^  though  he 
Iftifi  a  refpedful  attention  to  the  ancients,  and  well  knows 
now  to  profit  by  what  is  valuable  in  their  works,  is  by  no> 
means  inclined  to  yield  implicit  fubjedion  to  their  authority. 
In  an  univerfity,  in  which  the  name  of  Ariftotle  has  been  for 
ages  revered,  and  where  his  logic  is  ftill  tavght,  Dr.Tatham 
has  the  rare  merit  of  oppoGng  eftablifhed  forms,  and  of  re- 
commending a  radical  improvement  in  the  public  difcipline  of 
ihefcbooL  With  rtfpe£^  to  Ariftotle,  he  feems  indeed  to  be 
of  opinion  that  he  himfclf  had  accefs  to  the  temple  of  know- 
lege,  but  he  confeftes  that  he  locked  it  up,  and  threw  away  the 
key ;  which,  in  the  abfurd  and  fuperftitious  veneration  for 
kis  authority,  was  loft  for  many  ages.  The  topical  part  of  the 
Orcranon  of  Ariftotle,  which  undertakes  to  cftabKlh  die  prin- 
ciples of  all  tlie  parts  of  learning  eitcepdng  die  demooftrative, 
md  to  enact  the  laws  of  all  probable  reafoniag,  is,  in  Dr.  T.*s 
•pinion,  weak  in  its  foundation,  and  coDfequently  infirm  in 
all  its  parts.  In  Ihort,  he  thinks  that  the  logic  of  Ariftode, 
inftead  cA  being  the  inilrument  of  all  troth  and  learning,  has, 
Wk  the  whole,  been  the  inftrument  of  ignorance  and  etror,  by 
which  the  Sta^vrite  his  manacled  the  ^lofephy  of  focceeding 
tiQcs.  This  charge  Mr,  T.  fully  fubftantiates,  by  an  appeal 
to  fkdk%  in  iht  hiftory  of  fchoSaftic  learning  ;  whence  it  ap- 
pears that,  from  are  to  age,  this  weak  and  antiquated  difcipline 
bis  lexaried,  jnftead  of  advancing,  the  improvement  of 
tzknce*  The  c&id  of  this  pcgndice  in  fwrour  of  Ariftode  is 
duis  forciUj  reprdeaced : 

<  Tkis  m-as  i  prijaiicr.  w'5£di»  however  \9e1k  and  i«sp3cm$»  took 
nnd  kcp:  polTcfrr^-  of  ibc  nfods  of  skd  ix  miny  ji^es  ;  ju>d  wludi^ 
jrpou-hig  jwo  A  ror.fcrard  snd  izrreicjjue  bif^otry,  pnyhitMted  farther 
itfcardie^  esder  the  pmcnoe  of  svcdfing  hoidiil  iMKyrmuoni.  Hie 
ceMDOC  lore  af  trort,  nJuA  feod^  bora  wh  41  6rc  ind  ardent 
Ismr,  was  fiaadKrtsd  bf  diis  prottoicm.  «ad  ihe  cmcHe  of  the 
mu^arfaaniittg  m  m  fatimt  hmrkM  and  conined..     IV  meik  of 

Iht 


Ttthm'i  Cbatt  and  S^ab  ef  Truth.  3 

the  tndlent  was  made  toconfift  not  in  advancing  knowledge  hj  add- 
ing to  its  ftoctc,  or  in  reifying  and  correcting  what  was  falfe  and 
inperfed;  bat  in  remembering  and  preferving  what  was  ab-eadf 
OQqr  fiippofed  to  be  known,  and  confirmed  by  an  implicit  and  igno« 
YtBt  confent :  slid  learned  men,  inftead  of  roaming  at  large  throagii 
tiieMd  of  knowledge  in  the  qaeft  and  acqoifition  of  trnth  from 
every  ooarter,  were  like  a  flock  of  (heep  mnning  after  each  other 
In  dK  lane  beaten  tracft  of  i^gnorance  and  error. 

*  Under  the  dond  of  this  prejudice  and  intolerant  bigotry  the 
public  difcipline  of  the  fchools  was  ereded  upon  the  model  of  Arif- 
tiode»  and  fandioned  by  his  authority,  which  was  made  abfolnte  and 
vnchangeable,  in  a  dark  and  fuperftitioas  age,  long  before  the  birth 
of  our  ^nglifli  philofopher  and  reformer  or  fcience.  Andj  thoagh 
both  oor  nniverndes  were  invited  by  that  great  le^,  political,  and 
literary  chvader,  in  terms  of  the  poreft  friendfhip  and  co.ndefcen- 
fion,  to  change  and  to  improve  their  difcipline,  and  to  purfue  a  me- 
thod of  ftody lefs  contrafted  and  more  liberal,  lefs  verbofe  and  con- 
tentioas,  and  more  rational.and  philofophical ;  it  is  a  trndi  we  have 
at  this  day  to  lament,  that  this  falfe  and  feeble  plan  of  ftudy  and  edn- 
cadon  has  not  been  publicly  expelled,  and  fupplanted  by  a  better: 
diat  Ariftotle,  who  exploded  all  the  jphilofophers  before  him,  is  not 
made  to  fubmit,  in  his  turn,  to  the  viciffitude  of  times  and  things, 
and  removed  from  the  high  feat  of  penal  authority  which  he  has  fo 
long  and  fo  unjuftly  held  in  our  univerfities, 

'  Abfurd  and  imperfect  as  it  is,  tlie  ancient  difcipline  has  flill  its 
advocates.  To  remove  prejudices  which  have  been  early  imbibed, 
and  to  difjx)irefs  inveterate  prepofTeffions,  has  always  been  found  H 
taik'Of  difficulty:  and  fome  think,  that  to  change  a  conftitntion 
literary  as  well  as  civil,  may  be  a  work  of  danger.  The  greateft 
impediment  to  a  reform  is,  however,  that  they,  who  are  convinced 
of  its  propriety,  are  not  willing  to  advance,  and  that,  what  fhould  be  ' 
the  work  of  all,  is  the  bufinefs  of  none.  Hence,  in  the  midfl  of  an 
enlightened  and  improving  age,  this  dark  difcipline  remains  in  ufe, 
revered  by  fome,  contemned  by  many,  and  negledted  by.  all :  and  the 
nielefs  and  unwieldy  fabric  is  left  to  (land  an  antiquated  pile,  dif- 
honoared  and  difgraced ;  over  which,  as  over  a  venerable  ruin,  it 
becomes  us  rather  to  lament  than  triumph,  and  to  conceal  its  particu- 
lar defcds  by  removing  it  out  of  the  way,  rather"  than  to  expofe 
them  to  public  view.' 

A  laudable  zeal  for  academical  reformation^  and  for  the  gene* 
ral  advancement  of  knowlege,  appears  to  have  been  the 
ground-work  of  the  prefent  publication  ;  the  leading  objeA  of 
which  is  to  afHft  the  philofophical  inquirer  in  diftinguifhing 
what  he  can  know,  from  what  he  cannot  know;  and,  by 
marking  the  modes  and  degrees  of  human  knowlege,  to  fur- 
niih  a  general  fcalc,  or  common  meafure,  by  which  we  may 
afcertainthe  particular  nature  and  relative  force  of  every  kind 
of  truth.  We  (hall  endeavour  to  give  our  readers  a  general 
idea  of  the  manner  in  which  the  plan  js  executed. 

B  a  ThjC 


4  Tatham's  Chart  and  Scale  of  Truth. 

The  human  mind  being,  after  Ariftotle,  contemplated  as 
thtoreticy  praSJic^  and  poetic^  (that  is,  as  pofleffing  the  powers 
of  intellect,  will,  and  imagination,]  truth  is  conGdered  as  di- 
vided into  three  branches  correfponding  to  thefc  faculties. 
The  fcveral  kinds  of  truth  arc  deduced  from  certain  principles, 
which  are  primary,  the  evidence  of  fenfe,  confcioufnefs,  and 
memory  ;  or  fecondary,  axioms,  or  univcrfal  propofitions 
derived  from  thefe  evidences.  A  comprehenfive  view  is  taken 
of  the  exercife  of  reafon,  as  it  is  employed  in  the  direS  invef- 
ligation  of  truth,  afccnding  by  induction  from  particulars  to 
generals,  and  descending  by  fyllogifm  from  generals  to  parti- 
culars, and,  in  the  indiredl  method,  by  fimilitudeor  analogy. 

This  preliminary  point  being  difcuflcd  with  great  logical 
accuracy,  it  is  propofed,  as  the  general  plan  of  thefe  ledurcs^ 
1.  To  trac^  the  diftinft  and  proper  principles  of  knowlege,  to 
point  out  the  right  method  of  reafoning,  and  to  mark  that 
juft  aflcnt,  which  appertains  to  the  dift'erent  kinds  of  truth  j 
a.  To  fliew  how  all  the  other  kinds  of  truth  are  fubfervient  to 
theological  ;  and  3,  To  difcover  in  the  different  modes  of 
abufe  of  the  feveral  kinds  of  truth,  the  caufes  of  heretical  and 
fyftematical  errors.  The  firft  part  of  this  plan  is  executed  in 
the  firll  volume. 

A  logical  tftimate,  in  the  firft  place,  is  taken  of  mathema- 
tical fcicnce.  Its  primary  and  fecondary  principles  arc  invcf- 
tigated,  and  its  method  of  leafoning  and  the  grounds  of  its 
certainty  arc  explained,  with  great  perfpicuity.  The  logieof 
phyfics  is  next  unfolded  ;  and  the  procefs  by  which  general 
truths  are  gained  in  this  branch  of  fcience,  is  clearly  defcribtd. 
The  comparifon,  which  the  author  draws  between  the  ufc  of 
fjlloglfms  and  of  mathematics  in  natural  philofophv,  will  at 
once  afford  our  readers  a  proof  of  the  ingenuity  with  which 
he  proiecutcs  his  invcAtgation,  and  of  the. freedom  with  which 
he  occafionally  ventures  to  depart  from  the  ancient  mailers  : 

*  When  the  S  i  c  o  N  n  A  R  Y  F  r  1  n  c  i  p  l  e  s«  which  coultiture  the 
/«i<;tv  et  phviic:.  arc  thus  indudively  and  analogically  eilabaihcd» 
the  proper  utt  cf  S\  :.  1.0;;  ism,  in  iubjccb  of  natural  pbilofophy,  b 
very  iixplc,  and  co-^.niuvl  v.  iihin  a  aarA>\v  circuit.  This  is  only  to  re- 
duce the  t^r.:,Jur  /i*,  :.  *:* '..r  that  cccur  urder  the^crwrtf/ /rr/c  r.v.T/, 
for  the  truth  of  which  they  will  account  by  ccmmanicatir^  their 
c\vn,  and  prc;>t!t  us  at  crcr  >*ith  new  and  ofeful  inrcnSocs*  : 
All  which  15,  indeed ,  properly  and  c£ed«al!y  done  by  a  mere 
yi^-:>wV?iV«  of  the  prLnciple,  or  by  the  appltcatioa  cf  the  general 
law  :o  the  particular  indaxkces  to  which  it  beloe^  ;  and  that  without 

«  ^  Axiinnau  rede  invcnai  toca  agmiza  ope?vm  lecucn  trakirat : 
atqttc  orcia  coa  ipariiin  led  ooBtbttiffl  exhi^ciic.    Bjicccas  de  Augm. 


Tathtm'i  Chart  and  Scak  $f  Truth,  5 

Ae  fbrmafit]r  oft  fingk  fyllogirm»  which«  in  the  opinion  of  the  hther 
of  philofophertf,  is  not  only  ufelefs  but  injurious  in  fubjeds  of  phl- 
lofophical  difquifition*. 

*  After  the  gimral fropofitions  are  confirudled,  men  who  are  bom 
with  difimitiais  in  their  mouths«  and  bred  up  in   the  formalities  of 
mUi  ^Mfigurif  may^  indeed^   entertain  themfelves  and  others  by 
playing  at  fifbi/ms  and  J^Uogifms,  as  children  do  at  hiJe  ^Xidi/eek  : 
hau  as  firom  the  latter  we  do  not  expe^  much  ufeful  work,  fo  from 
the  former  we  may  defpair  of  receiving  either  additional  principles  or 
new  inventions.     Tlus  idle  game  has  been  ufelefsly  played  for  manjr 
ages  f.     Their  mafier  of  the  lycsum  fyllogized  before  them  to  little* 
porpofe,  befides  that  of  promoting  perpetual  difpntation  t»  and  that 
of  checking  all  ufeful  and  experimental  enquiry,  arrogating  an  im- 
plicit obedience  to  a  faife  philofophy  by  a  fpecies  of  tyranny  hithecto 
unexampled  in  the  annals  of  mankind.     And,  if  it  would  not  fpoil 
their  diversion  by  (hocking  their  devotion  to  the  logic  of  that  gratui- 
tous and  hypothetical  realoner^  I  would  beg  leave  to  lay  before  them 
what  a  true  philofopher  and  logician  thought  of  their  employment. 
*'  Let  men  know  this  as  a  certain  truth,  that  all  fubtlety  of  difputa« 
tion  and  difconrfe  of  reafon,  if  it  be  only  applied  after  axioms  are  in* 
vented,  is  too  late  and  indeed  prepofterous;  and  that  the  true  and 
proper  time  for  fubtlety,  or  at  lead  the  principal  time,  is  that  which 
IS  employed  in  making  experiments,    and   from  them  in  forming  - 
axioms.     For  that  other  fubtlety  only  mocks  and  catches  at  nature^ 
bat  can  never  fcize  or  lay  hold  of  it  ||."     When  they  difpute  how- 
ever 

*  •  Nos  dcmonftrationem  per  fyllogifmum  rejicimus,  quod  confufius 
agat  et  naturam  emittit  e  roanibus.  Tametfi  enim  nemini  dubium 
eJe  poffit,  quin,  qux  in  medio  termino  conveniunt,  ea  et  inter  fe 
conveniant ;  (quod  ed  mathematicae  cujufdam  certitudinis :)  nihilo- 
minus  hoc  fubeft  fraudis,  quod  fyllogifmus  ex  propofitionibus  conflet»  • 
propoiitiones  ex  verbis,  verba  autem  notionem  teflene  et  figna  iint. 
Itaque,  fi  notiones  ipfae  mentis  (quas  verborum  quafi  anima  funt  et 
totius  hujufmodi  (brudturx  ac  fabricae  bafis)  male  ac  temere  a  rebus 
abftra^tse  et  vagx,  nee  fatis  definitae  et  circumfcripta:,  denique  mul- 
ti^  modis  vitiofs  fuerint,  omnia  ruunt.  fiaconus  De  Augm.  Sc. 
Pra:f.'  ,       .     ^ 

'  t  Si  quis  in  omnem  illam  librorum  varietatem,  qua  artes  et 
ftientlz  exultant,  diligentius  introfpiciat,  ubique  inveniet  ejufdem  rei 
rspetitiones  infinitas,  tradlandi  modis  diverfas,  inventione  prsoccu- 
patas ;  ut  omnia  primo  intuitu  numerofa,  fa^o  examine,  pauca  re- 
periantur.    De  Augm.  Sc.  Prxf.' 

'  X  Et  dentilitate  aperte  dicendum  eft ;  fapientinm  idam,  quam  a 
Graecis  potiflimum  haufimus,  pueritiam  quandam  fcientiae  videri,  at- 
Qoe  habere  quod  proprium  e(l  pucrorum  ;  ut  ad  garriendum  prompta, 
ad  generandum  invaJida  et  immatura  fit.  Controverfiiarum  enim  fe- 
rax,  operum  efFceta  efl.     Ibid,  in  eodum  loco.' 

'  II  Hoc  vero  fciant  homines  pro  certo,  omnem  fubtilicatem  difpu- 
tationum  et  difcurfuum  mentis,  fi  aJhibeatur  tantum  pofl  axiomata. 
inrenu,  fcram  eiTe  et  pra^pofteram  ;  et  fubtilitatis  tempus  verum  ac 

B  3  '  proprium» 


6  Tatham'i  Chart  and  Scale  of  Truth. 

erer  from  principles  which  are  better  founded  than  the  dreams  and 
hypothefes  of  Anftotle,  logicians  would  do  well  to  rccoUed  that  in 
phyfical  fyllogifms  the  minor  propofitions  arc  not  general  hut  particu^ 
lar,  a  drcumflance  which,  philoTophically  weighed,  might  put  a  ihort 
period  to  theirdifputations,  however  tenacious  men  attached  to  forms 
and  difcipiines  may  be  of  their  ancient  privileges,  and  however 
willing  to  vvrefl  every  thing  to  them  and  them  to  every  thing,  and 
to  confider  their  ufe  and  applicauon  as  univerfal. 

'  But,  though  the  common  fyllogiftic  logic  can  lend  no  ofefb]  af- 
fiftance  to  phvfical  learning,  either  in  its  advancement  or  communica- 
doD  ;  as  there  is,  perhaps,  nothing  in  nature  unthont  rnle  and  mea- 
fare,  if  philofophers  can  find  them  out,  mathematics  is  its  moft 
ufeful  friend  and  handmaid. 

'  The  fu^jed  of  pmre  mathematics  are  the  ideal  forms  of  quantity 
ieparated  from  body  by  an  a£l  of  mind.  The  fubjed  of  phyfics  are 
the  fMolifuj,  eau/is,  and  affedittu  of  things  as  they  cxift  in  body» 
and  produce,  by  that  exiftence,  various  ph^cwanata  and  effeSs.  To 
account  for  thefe  phznomena  and  effeds,  as  a  fdence,  by  reducing 
diem  onderthe  general  laws  of  nature,  phyfics  from  experiments  by 
indodion  derives  its  generalybnKi,  and  from  them  ereds  philofophical 
aximms  :  and  it  is  in  £e  application  of  the  fcrms  of  quantity  to  the 
firwu  of  quality,  wherever  they  are  capable  of  accurate  menfuration, 
that  mathematical  fo  advantageoufly  applies  to  the  elucidation  and 
promotion  of  phyfical  learning.  In  all  thcfe  cafes  it  is  of  mod  ef- 
leatial  ufe  both  in  the  ad  of  deriving  the  general  U=zl's  and  primcifks 
of  phyfics  from  experiments  and  phznomcna ;  and  alio,  at'ter  they 
areedabli&cd,  it  is  equally  ofefiil  in  calculating  all  their  parucular 
9f€ra:i:ns  and  eJfrJs,  w*mch  are  the  other  phznomena,  and  in  adapt- 
ing thf  m,  with  the  utmofl  addrefs  and  ingenmty,  to  the  ufe  as  well 
aselogar.cc  of  civil,  focial,  and  domcfticlifc. 

«  Motion  is  a  ^ncral  ^crm  of  great  influence  and  extent  in  the 
wonderful  mcchanirm  ani  occonomy  of  nature,  to  which  the  Jbrms 
of  number  and  figure  applv,  as  an  affcdion  of  various  fubjeds,  and 
capable  of  various  mcnfuration.  They  begin  wth  the  moving 
po«^r  confidcrcd  as  a  /ecrmd  cA^k»  (for  which  the  firft  ftnpendous 
caufe,  natural  philoibphy,  has  no  dired  concern  ;)  or,  if  the  phyfical 
caufe  ca!mot  be  properly  ascertained  from  experiment  and  obferva- 
tion,  uhich  tvxt  ot'tcn  happens,  they  take  a  general  phznomenon* 
efhiblilhed  on  their  authority,  which  will  tutficicntly  fiip|:^y  its  place. 
Upon  this  experimental  foundanon,  they  calculated  die  force,  or  the 


proprium,  aut  faltcm  prjecipuum^  veriari  inpct^fiunda  experiantia, 
ct  inde  coni^itucndis  avicroatibus  :  Nam  ilia  altera  fubtilitas  natoram 
preniat  et  captat,  icd  nunquam  apprthci^dit  aut  capit*  Nov.  Org. 
lib.  i.   ApH.  i2t/ 

«  •  N.turx  vires  le^foue  virium  fimpliciorcs  ex  feledis  qmbofdam 
fh^rrazix::  per  analytm  dcducui>t»  rx  quibus  deiode  per  Synthefin 
reliqoonia  con^tuuoacm  uadunt.  Cotcfii  frxf*  in  Newtonii 
Priacip.* 

fmataitj 


T^AMttkU  Chart  midS^alt  if  Tnak  f 

^wtMtitf  •fumiim  produced* ;  they  account  for  the  different  irau/j  of 
that  motkm ;  they  flusw  how  they  are  mixed  and  ampoumied^^  what 
SnSim  and  n^Ucih  they  will  consequently  have ;  and  they  jdemoor 
flrate  the  tiwmi  MMferkdt  in  which  they  are  refpedively  performed. 

*  From  this  application  of  geonetry  and  numbers  to  the  motion  of 
bodies  oo  the  furtace  of  the  earth,  we  derive  the  philofophy  of  «r« 
€h^ct :  by  their  application  to  the  motion  <if  the  heavenly  bodies  we 
rife  to  the  phibrophy  of  jt/trenomy^  and  to  their  application  to  the 
motion  of  varions  Rmnds,  we  are  indebted  for  the  fundamental  pare 
of  the  philofophy  of  mu^  f— All  which  ufeful  and  liberal  depart- 
ments ockamingy  with  fome  others*  fo  far  as  che/inir/ of  quanlSiy 
are  concerned,  mzj  be  allowed  to  pactake  of  the  nature  aadprecifion 
of  mathematical  foence  !•' 

Tbefe  remarks  are  fiicceeded  by  a  veiy  accyrarte  tnveftigatioii 
of  the  means  by  which  Newton  was  enabled  \o  make  fuch  won-* 
derful  advances  in  "the  philofophy  of  nature. 

The  next  fuiye^t  mi  which  tt^  leAurer  treats,  is  the  logic  of 
faAs^  concerning  which,  as  in  the  former  cafe,  he-traces  ita 
firft  principles  to  the  external  fenfe ;  explains  its  indired  mode 
of  reafbntne  from  ^analogy ;  and  remarks  that  the  fpeciet 
«f  truth,  which  refultsfrom  it,  is  infirudive  and  felf- evident. 
To  this  he  adds  the  logic  of  hiftory,  and  examines  the  grounds 
of  hiftorical  reafoning  from  teAimony,  and  the  nature  and 
value  of  hiflorical  (ruth. 

Leaving  the  theoretic  divifion  of  the  fuhje^  he  proceeds  to 
pradical  truth,  refpeding  the  will ;  and,  under  this  head, 
treats  of  the  logic  aS  ethics.  The  firll  principle  of  this 
fcience  is  maintained  to  be  that  internal  or  moral  fenfci  which 
u  the  fpring  of  moral  adion,  and  whence  is  derived  our 
knowlege  of  a  moral  law  and  a  moral  governor.  The  gene- 
ral office  of  reafon  ia  the  province  of  morality  isfliewu  to  be 
the  formation  of  general  axioms,  or  fecondary  principles,  in 
the  method  of    indudiqn ;  and   it  is  very  fatisfadorily  efta- 

*  •  Mechamcm  raiinudis  erit  icientia  motuom  qua:  ex  viribas  qoibuf- 
comqoe  lefnltant,  et  viriam  quae  ad  motus  quofcunque  requiruntur, 
accurate  propofita«  et  demonflrata.     Newtom  Pnef.  in  Princip.  * 

Ta  ahM/^nxa  v^o;  ti^AfAiftuiiH  *«*  ta  ^eufo[Mpa  tt^o^  ctr^oXoyiid/y.      AriHot. 

Analyt.  Poft.  lib.  i.  cap.  13/ 

'  t  Mixu  habet  pro  fubje6b  axiomata  et  portiones  phyficas : 
qoantitatem  autem  confiderat»  quatcnus  eft  ad  ea  eluddanday  et  de- 
oionftranda^  et  adaanda,  auxiliaris.  Multae  iiquidem  natura:  partes, 
nee  iatis  fubtiliter  comprehendi,*  nee  fads  perfpicue  demonftrari*  nee 
fatis  dextere  et  certo  ad  nfum  accommodari  poffint,  fine  ope  et  inter- 
vcnttt  mathematics.  Cujus  generis  £}fint  perfpefliva,  mufica,  a(!ro* 
nomia,  cofmographia,  architdihira*  machinaria,  et  nonnullx  ali«. 
fiacooos  de  Aiigm.  Sc.  lib.  iii.  cap.  6.' 

B  4  blifhed^ 


8  Tatham*j  Chart  and  ScaUof  Truth. 

bliflied,  that  ethical  condufions,  though  not  capable  of  de- 
monftration,  are  always  accompanied  with  a  clear  and  ftrong 
convidiion. 

The  laft  fubjc£l  of  difcufiion  in  this  volume  is  poetical 
truth,  or  that  truth  which  refpeds  the  imagination  ;  compre- 
hending, under  the  term  poetry,  ail  the  elegant  arts.  Here, 
as  before,  the  author  inquires  after  the  poetic  principle,  and 
finds  it  to  be  that  internal  feeling  called  fcnfibility.  The  of- 
fice of  reafon,  refpcSing  this  branch  of  truth,  is  {hewn  to  be, 
to  inveftigate  the  caufes  of  imprefBons  produced  on  the  internal 
feelings,  and  to  afiift  the  artiftin  applying  them,  in  the  different 
modes  of  imitation.  From  this  part  of  the  work,  we  fhall 
feled  the  following  elegant  remarks  on  reafoning,  as  applied 
to  the  fubjcft  of  peetu  truth  : 

'  The  truth  of  hoxh/a/?s  ar.d  t.y^cry  refults  from  the  apprehenfion 
or  invefligation  of  parficuiars,  independently  of  their  caufes; 
whereas  that  of  fOitry  fprings  from  the  application  of  cav/ej,  and 
thcCc gfjiera!  ^  ones.  The  firft  ad  of  reafoning  is,  therefore,  from 
a  number  of  particulars,  by  collateral  judgments  of  effcds  produced 
by  ihem  upon  the  internal  feeling,  to  colleft  thefc  general  caufes; 
and  thefccond,  to  apply  them,  by  the  different  modes  of  imitation* 
in  crdor  to  produce  the  poetical  elfcA.  Hcncj  pccir}'  is  faid  to  be 
more  philoiophicalf .  ExfrrStncc  is  the  foundation,  iizJuSiUn  is  the 
firll,  Vk.T'A  zjuji.'-cu:-  c^l-luiUicK  cf  gcrt'rrJs^  is  the  fecond,  afl.  And 
if  thefo  generals  arc  well  formed  in  the  tirll  place,  and  well  applied 
in  the  fecond,  the  poeiicwl  tiuth  will  difcover  itfclf  in  the  efl*e^  by 
a  proportionable  operation  on  the  lenlibility  of  all  according  to  its 
powers. 

*  Thus  POETRY  ftar^Js  high  in  the  eye  of  philofophy.  It  is 
founded  ia  tibjira^llcn  \\\\w\\  \^  the  fublimeft  operation  of  the  mind, 
by  which  its  ideas  are  not  on'y  gcr.eraiized,  but  corre^ed  and  im- 
proved by  an  act  of  intelleO.  and  rendered  more  perfed  and  com- 
plete than  the  archetype^  themlrUe?*  Thcfe  arc  the  materials  with 
which  the  imagination  wcik<,  ar.d  which  it  moulds  into  forms  of 
beaut\'  fupeiior  to  any  that  appear  in  the  face  cf  nature.  And 
hence  it  i.^,  that  the  imitative  arts  derive  that  excellence  and  fupe- 
riority  in  which  tl.oy  rjv^ry.  As  by  this  power  of  abftra^tion  the 
mathematician  conccixcs  ih<»  idc;:  of  a  pcrfecl  circle  or  a  perfc^ 
fpherc,  which  in  naiun*  ha*  nv^  cxiiKncc  ;  and  the  moralill  that  of  a 
fauUlelN  charav^er :  K>  tiom  archrivros  that  exift  in  nature,  the  artift 
deiivt>  iJc.iN  K)  ^oiiocUd  and  luoliriicd,  ti.kt  they  become  tranfctnd^ 
tuft  that  is. ,■;■.'«•#•,  thvHip,h  v.-.*  »vr/'«'T  to,  nature. 


c     • 


yVriihM.  NK'ioph.  lib.  i.  cap.  i.' 

•     I    \i'    ».M  y'.'N.  ■    'a;.^-«  *  ■'  ,--r.*.t .- .-..;?,. *i  J  c::irr.;  Tr:.*.'*;  ir.'».      'fi  fitf 

ym(  .T.I  vi;  ,m.vv\,»  i.i  »..;»•  vs,  i;  ^  Ij-a^-a  T*  «*^'  •x^pci  xiya,    Ibtd.de 

Poet.  u\p.  9/ 

'Parocnlart 


T«tl»«D'i  Chan  and  Scah  $f  Truths  .  ^ 

«  Partictiltn  mod  iodividaals,  with  all  their  dpformitiet  and  im- 
perfections, are,  indeed,  often  ap|>lied  by  imiution  to  the  prodadHon 
of  poetical  tSdSi :  but,  to  arrive  at  the  fummit  of  his  proteffion,  the 
artift  ihould  employ  none  but  general  ideas*  with  all  the'advanuge* 
which  arrangement,  difpofitioo,  and  iitaation  can  give  them ;  as  did 
the  intelligent  ftatoary,  to  whofe  jx)etical  genius  the  world  has  beea 
indebted  for  the  Venus  de  Medias,  or  the  Apollo  Belvidere.    - 

*  But  the  imitation,  by  which  thefe  poetical  ideas  are  employed  ia 
art,  according  to  good  tafte  (which  i^  only  another  word  for  judg* 
ment,)  is  of  different  kinds,  andthe  juil  dillintUon  of  them  is  an  ad 
of  a  A  T I  o  N  A  L  and  j  udiciotts  criticifm. 

*  All  imitation  is  re/imblance,  which  ^differs  according  to  the  na- 
tore  of  the  art:  arid  the  nature  of  the  art  depends  upon  lYktmattr: 
ritJs  and  infiruntent  employed.  Imitation,  is  cither  Mnff  or  proper, 
faimdire3  and  improper:  and  to  difcriroinate  its  nature  and  extent  in 
each  of  the  elegant  arts,  as  well  as  in  the  different  provinces  of  th^ 
iame,  is  a  piece  of  the  moft  refined  philofophy . 

'  In  fiulptuTi  and  in  painting  the  imitation,  from  the  nature  of  thQ 
neans  and  materials  they  employ,  is  dtreH  ^nd  proper,  and  the  re<^ 
icmblance  between  the  (latue  or  pi£lpre  and  what  they  reprefent,  is 
both  immediate  and  obvious  •_  JVords .  are  the  means  or  materials  of 
foetry  :  but  words,  though  as  fountit  they  may  fometimes  direSlj  r^ 
feoible  founds,  are  not  the  natural  reprefentatives  of  islei^s,  in  whici^ 
poetry  confiffs;  they  are  only  their  arbitrary  ilgnSi  and  do  tK>t» 
therefore,  admit  of  any  imitation  fo  proper  and  iiired,  Tl>at  part  of 
poetry,  in  which  the  poet  perTonates  another,  and  employs  his  very 
words  and  fpeeches,  is,  fo  far  as  that  peribnification  ^oes,  JireSfy 
lAitative.  But,  with  regard  to  the  effed  which  it  produces,  poetir 
cal  imicatton  is  indireSi  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree.  The  fimpleil 
and  Uaft  indireS  mode  of  this  imitation,  is  that  reprefentadon  of  Jtn^ 
fihU  objects,  which  is  called  poetical  dcfcription.  From  this  poetry 
advances  to  a  fnbliroer  operation  in  the  reprefentation  of  mental  ob- 
jeds,  of  all  the  paflions,  emotions,  movements,  and  fenfations  of 
the  mind*  \  which  it  performs  two  different  ways — either  by   repre* 

fenting 

'  *  Porro  at  vehementioribus  anima:  affedibus  origincm  fuam  debet 
poefis,  iu  in  affe£libus  exprimendis  vim  fuam  prsecipue  exerit,  et  af- 
fedus  concitando  finem  fuum  optimc  confcquicur. 

'  Imiutione  condare  dicitur  poeiis :  quicquid  humana  mens  cogita** 
tione  compleditur,  id  omne  imitatur  ;  res,  loca,  imagines  vel  naturx 
vel  artis,  adiooes,  mores,  affedus :  et  cum  omni  imitatione  mag- 
nopere  dcledatur  mens  humana,  fieri  vix  poteff,  ouin  illam  et  de- 
ledet  maxime  et  percellet  ea  imitatio,  quae  ei  fuam  ipiius  imaginenv 
exbibet,  omnefque  eos  impulfns,  ffcxiones,  perturbationes,  motuf* 
que  fecrctos  exprimit,  quos  in  fe  agnofcit  fcntitque.  Commendat 
imprimis  banc  imitationem  ipiius  rei  fubtilitas  et  difHcultas :  habet 
magnam  admirationem,  cum  cernimus  id  effedum  dari,  quod  omnina 
vix  eifici  poiFe  judicamus.  Cncterarum  rerum  defcriptioncs  accu- 
raias  cfle  et  naturx  congruerc,  memorix  fubfidio  ac  veluti  per  medi« 
PJnquoddam,  mens  tardlus  intcIHgit :  cum  cxprimitur  affcdus  ali- 

quis. 


-^,.   .^.m  uramattc  poetry,  into  which  every  other  ff 
iced. 

And  to  thefc  is  to  be  added  another  kind  of  imitatic 
-eiU  which  conveys  the  thoughts  and  ideas  of  the  mii 
external  objeds  of  fenfe  :  this  is  parahorical  and  alluff^, 
But,  although  the  imitations  ^^ poetry  be  lefs  dire£i2Xi^ 
I  of  the  other  arts^  they  furpafs  them  greatly  in  their 
ation  upon  the  mind.      Poetry^  which  from  this  fupe. 
opriated  the  general  name,  ii  the  mirrour  of  all  truth 
y  part  of  nature^  corporeal  and  mental,  is  refledted  and 
phyiics,  fadts,    adtions,  and   bljlorj  feip'ned  at  pleafi 
efented,  by  the  different  modes  of  its  unitation,  in  a 
d  above  the  common  ufe,  and  which  is  peculiarly  ap] 
tfclf  II .     And,  whilft  it  exhibits  a  beautiful  pidure  of  i 


rem  ipfamquafi  nude  intuetur  ;  ipfa  per  fe  confcia  el 
m  motuum*  nee  rem  perfpicit  folum,  fed  et  vel  idem  ' 
lam  Aamin  patitur.  Hinc  fit,  quod  ea  fublimitatis  fpec 
hementi  aficctuum  impulfu  eorumque  imitatione  orit 
im  humanum  multo  maximam  vim  habet :  quicquid  ei 
chibetur,  ntcunque  ?rande  et  magnificum,  minus  eui 
nmovet,  quam  quod  intus  percipit,  cujus  magnitudine 

ct  vehcmentiam  ipfe  apud  fe  perfentit. 
tque  imitatio  affedluum  poefeos  perfe^flimum  eft  opuj 
lum  concitationem  maxime  ad  nnem  fuum  et  effe6lum 

Lowth  Poet.  Pracl.  xvii.* 

,   5  TO  mayxuToff  i  ro;^a^iT«»  i  voir^tc*  •»o/a«'»-'  ' — 


ThfBMs  Sirm0m»  ii 

«s  of  tnidi.  it  Ibftens  the  labour  whidi  attends  their  acquifition  by 
afodini^the  mind  that  refined  and  elegant  recreation,  which  the  moft 
rigid  pmlofopher  need  not  bloih  to  take*.* 

Dr.  Tatham  has  ^certainly  rendered  an  important  fernce  to 
philofepby,  by  giving  afyftematic  view  of  the  feveral  kinds  of 
tnitby  and  of  the  principles  of  each,  and  the  method  of  rea* 
fiuiing  by  which  each  is  inveftigated.  Had  he  been  able  to  af- 
certain  the  fecondary  principles  or  axioms  belonging  to  each 
department,  we  might  have  hoped  to  have  been  furniihed  with 
aninftrument  for  drawing  up  truth  from  the  bottom  of  the 
wdl  in  which  it  was  left  by  the  ancients. 

Thcfecond  volume  of  this  work,  in  which  the  author  pro(e- 
coles  his  plan  with  a  more  immediate  reference  to  the  purpofi: 
of  the  Bampton  Icdure,  will  be  noticed  in  a  future  article. 


AsT.  II.  Sermams.  By  the  late  Reverend  John  Dryfdale,  Jy.!}.- 
F.  R.  S.  Edinburgh,  one  of  the  Minifters  of  Edinburgh,  one  of  his 
Majeliy's  ChapUint,  and  Principal  Clerk  to  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land. To  whtfch  ia  prefixed,  an  Account  of  the  Author's  Life  and 
Charader.  By  Andrew  Dalzel,  M.  A.  F^  R.  S.  Edinburgh, 
Frofeflbr  of  Greek,  and  Secretary  and  Librarian  in  the  Univerfity 
of  Edinburgh,  and  Principal  Clerk  to  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
2  Vds.     8vo.     pp.900.     J 25.   Boards.     Cadell.     1793. 

ALTHOUGH  the  literary  world  icnew  little  of  the  author  of 
•**  this  poilhumous  publication  during  his  life- time,  the  fer- 
mons  here  publiflied  prove  that  he  was  endowed  with  rare  ta- 
lents ;  and  the  narrative  prefixed  to  them  (hews  that  he  pof- 
fefled  merit  which  entitles  him  to  an  honourable  memorial. 
As  we  always  have  plcafuro  in  contributing  our  part  toward 
tranfroitting  the  names  of  valuable  men  to  poAerity,  we  fhall, 
according  to  our  ufual  method,  preface  this  article  with  an  ab- 
ftrad  of  the  well-written  account  here  given  of  the  Dodor's 
life  and  charadier : 

^Da.JoHN  Drtsoali  was  bom  at  Kirkaldy,  in  the  county  of 
Fife,  on  the  29th  day  of  April  1718 ;  being  the  third  fon  of  the  Rev. 
Mr.  John  Dryfdale,  miniibr  of^  Kirkaldy,  and  of  Anne  Fergufon, 

*  Ea  eft  omnis  poefeos  indoles  at  a  vulgari  fermonis  ufu  maxime 
abhorreat,  ataue  verbomm  non  folum  deledu,  fed  et  conftrudiono 
proprium  quoadam  et  exquifitins  dicendi  genus  afFe6tet.  Lowth  Poet. 
fnA.  iv.' 

'  *  Eqoidem  praeclare  nobis  confuluifTe  videtur  natura,  qux  com 
nos  ad  veri  cognitionem  longe  a  nobis  remotam,  nee  fine  magnis  la« 
boribus  aifequeiuian),  vehementer  impelleret,  hsec  nobis  invenitet 
ptravit  oble^lamenta,  ut  haberet  mens  noflra,  quo  defatigata  iden- 
tidem  confugeret ;  ubi  conquicfcere,  omnenique  ilium  languorum  et 
i^lfftiam  deponeret.    Lowth  Poet.  Prxl.  1/ 

daughter 


12  Dryfhlc's  Sirmmiu 

daughter  of  WDliam  Ferguibn,  Efq.  provofl  or  diicf  magiftntte  of 
the  lame  town.  He  received  the  elements  of  daifical  learning  at  the 
parifh  ichooU  under  David  Miller^  a  man  who  had  alfo  the  honour  of 
inftmding  the  celebrated  Adam  Smithy  and  Jamei  Ofwald  of  Duni- 
ketr»  perions  who  have  rcfLcBxd  fo  much  Inflre  on  their  country,  the 
<me  as  a  philofopber  and  man  of  letters,  and  the  other  at  an  eminent 
Aatefman.  Under  the  fame  mailer,  were  alfo  educated  Dr.  John  Of- 
wald,  Bifhop  of  Raphoe,  in  Ireland,  and  Dr.  Qeorge  Kay,  one  of  the 
vuniiiers  of  Edinburgh,  men  likewife  of  confiderable  talents  and  ac- 
compliihments.  So  that^Iiller  had  reafon  to  boaft  ^t  few  indivi- 
dual mailers  of  the  moil  opulent  and  celebrated  fcbools,  had  fent  from 
their  tuition  a  greater  number  of  eminent  men,  than  had  been  fent  by 
kim  from  the  obfcure  fchool  of  Kirkaldy. 

•  While  at  fchool,  John  Dryfdale  greatly  difHnguilhed  himfelf  as  a 
cTafiical  fcholar ;  and  there  he  contrafted  that  ftrift  friendlhip  with  the 
iDoft  eminent  of  his  fchool  fdlows,  particularly  Mr.  OlWaJd  and  Mr. 
Smith,  which  continued  unimpaired  through  life.  When  he  was 
thought  to  be  fuificiently  prepared  for  the  Univenlty,  to  which  young 
men  go  at  a  much  earlier  period  in  this  country  than  in  England, 
Be  was  fent  to  college  at  Edinburgh,  in  the  year  1732.  He  there 
prosecuted  his  fludies  with  great  fuccefs,  and  foon  attracleJ  the  notice 
of  the  profefTors,  by  the  rapid  proj;rers  he  made  in  the  acquifition  of 
luiowiedge.  After  pai&ng  chrough  the  ordinary  ccurfcs  of  languages 
and  philofophy,  he  engaged  in  the  fludy  of  divinity,  the  ultimate 
€)bje&  of  his  repairing  to  the  univerfity  ;  and  having  profecoted  this 
dte  ufual  lime,  he  was  admitted  to  trials,  according  to  the  forms  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  before  the  prelbytcry  of  Kirkaldy;  and  by 
them  licenfcd  to  preach  the  gofpel,  in  the  year  1740.' 

Having,  for  feveral  years,  been  employed  as  affliiant  mini- 
fter  in  the  college  church  at  Edinburgh, 

•  He,  in  the  year  1748,  obtained  a  crown -prefcntarion  to  the  church 
of  KirklLlon  in  Weft  Lothian,  by  the  ir.tcrell  of  the  late  John  Earl  of 
Hopetoun,  to  whom  he  had  been  recommended  by  William  Adam» 
Efq.  of  Maryburgh,  architeftj  whofe  third  daughter  he  afterwards 
Biarried. 

•  In  entering  upon  this  charge,  he  met  with  fome  flight  oppofi- 
tion,  owing  to  an  opinion  indallrioufly  propagated,  that  the  ftyle  and 
siethod  oi  his  preaching  were  not  fufliciently  popular,  and  that  his 
difcourfes  contained  too  great  a  proportion  of  thedo^incs  of  morality. 
But  this  objeclion  was  foon  obviated,  after  the  people  of  tlie  parifh 
became  better  acquainted  with  hi»n ;  among  whom  he  had  not  re- 
mained long,  till  he  became  the  ohjedof  a  very  general  regard  and 
efteem,  not  only  by  the  kindnefs  of  his  difpofition  and  his  unwearied 
beneficence,  but  from  the  intercftin^  and  animated  manner  in  which 
be  inculcated  the  great  truths  of  religion  and  morality  in  his  fcrmons.* 
—••Even  the  loweft  of  the  pLX)ple  rd'oecledand  revered  his  chara«^er; 
fuch  was  the  fuccefs  with  which  his  inllrufiions  were  attended,  that  it 
was  obferved  of  the  morals  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  village  in  par- 
ticular, which  had  been  formerly  noted  for  irregularity  and  vice,  that 
they  ondcni'ent  a  furprifing  chaigc  for  the  bctkjr,  during  the  time  of 

Mr. 


Dqrfiialef  J  SScnwinrr. :  i  j 

Mr.  Dryflale^s  imiaihj ;— m  ftrong  proof  of  the  great  ttdlicjr  of  ivdl 
qualified  teachers  of  pure  and  undenled  religion  in  any  ftate ! 

*  Thus  he  lived  ror  fifteen  years,  difcharging,  with  fidelity,  the 
findions  of  a  conncry  dergyman,  enjoying  the  domeftic  fociety  of 
his  own  family*  and  the  converfation  of  many  literary  and  clerical 
firimds,  who  occafionallyTifited  him. 

*  At  length,  in  the  year  1763,  his  fincere  and  ftedfaft  friend  Mr, 
Ofwald,  found  an  opportunity  of  ferving  him,  by  prevailing  with 
die  late  Earl  of  Bate,  to  ufe  his  influence  with  the  town-coancil  of 
Edinbngh.  that  Mr.  Dryfdalef  might  be  admitted  one  of  the  miniAeri 
of  thatdty.' 

Bang  appointed  minifier  of  Lady  Yefter's, '  the  fermons  which  he 
preachM  in  that  church,  attradted  always  a  great  concoarfe  of  bear- 
ers, whom  he  never  failed  to  delight  :md  inllra^,  by  an  eloquence 
of  the  mod  nervous  and  interelling  kind.  Both  his  train  of  thought^ 
and  his  manner  of  expre^n,  were  evidently  fuch  as  flrongly  indi- 
cated a  vigorous  underftanding,  an  original  genius,  and  a  profound 
knowledge  of  the  human  heart. 

*  His  reputation  as  a  preacher  afterwards  rofe  fo  high,  that  on  oc- 
cafion  of  an  excurfion  which  he  mads  to  London,  to  viiit  his  friends 
and  •relations  there,  the  late  Mr.Strahan  eamciily  requefted,  that  he 
would  fumifii  him  with  a  volume  of  fermons  for  publication.  Hit 
friends  prefled  him  much  to  embrace  this  propofal ;  and  he  feemed 
at  length  difpofed  to  comply  with  their  wiihes.  For,  on  his  return 
to  Scotland,  he  began  to  revife  his  fermons,  with  a  view  to  make  a 
fekction  for  publication;  but  he  bad  not  proceeded  far,  till  his  dif- 
£dence  induced  him  to  procraflinate,  and  at  lalt  to  relinquiih,  every 
refolution  of  that  fort. 

'  The  fame  native  diffidence  and  mndefly  were  Hkewife  the  caufe 
of  his  declining  to  appear  as  a  fpeaker  in  the  judicatories  of  the 
charch.  While  he  remained  in  the  country,  he  Teemed  rather  to 
avoid  taking  mach  concern  in  the  management  of  church  affairs; 
but  on  his  coming  to  Edinburgh,  he  found  himfelf  fo  much  connected 
with  Dr.  RobertTon,  to  whom-  he  was  always  greatly  attached  as  a 
friend,  and  to  whom  he  confidered  himfelf  as  under  ^reat  obligations^ 
particularly  for  the  earned  anrl  cfredual  manner  in  which  he  had 
efpoufed  his  intereft,  in  his  tranflation  to  town,  that  he  refolved  to 
give  that  eminent  leader  every  afC (lance  in  his  power,  in  fupport  of 
what  was  called  tht  moderAte  party  in  the  church.' — 

*  Without  any  folicitation  on  his  part,  and  even  without  his  know- 
ledge, the  Manfchal  College  of  Aberdeen  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  DoAor  in  Divinity,  by  Diploma  bearing  date  the  15th  of 
April  1765  :  and  the  following  year,  the  death  of  the  Reverend  Dr. 
lohn  Jardine  having  produced  a  vacancy  in  the  Tron  Church,  which 
11  collegiate.  Dr.  Dryfdale  was  tranflaied  thither,  from  Lady  Yeft«r'$, 
which  u  a  finglc  charge.  He  there  had  the  good  fortune  to  have 
for  his  coflcague  the  Reverend  Dr.  George  Wilbart,  principal  clerk 
to  the  church,  for  whom  he  had  Ion?  entertained  the  higheft  cftecm 
and  refpcft  ;  and  Dr.Wifhart,  in  his  turn,  having  a  mod  fluccre 
afecli9n  for  him,  they  found  the  grentelt  comfort  in  being  now  fo 
acariy  coarcdcd.     Never  did  ivvi>  coJlcagucs  live  togetlier  in  more 

I  cordial 


and  nnintcrruptcd  habit*  of  friend fhip ;  their  conftant  ^Qdf 
lo  oblige  each  other,  by  a  perpcnni  fcrics  of  good  ofliccs. 

the  death  of  Dr.  Jardine  likewlfc,  Dr,  Dryfdale  now  obuined 
I  m  the  fc*  clericai  ofHces,  which  the  Crown  hs^s  to  bellow  on 
rgy  in  Scotland.  By  royal  warrant  he  was  appointed  one  of 
Ijcffty's  chaplains,  with  one  third  of  the  emoluments  of  the 
f  the  chapel  royat.  The  late  Marquis  of  Rockingham  , 
prime  niinil!cr;  and  he  was  determined  in  his  choice  of 
lyrdalc,  folely  by  the  recommendation  of  Pr/Robertfon, 

\\h  ufHce  much  improved  Dr.Dryfdale's  pecuniary  clrcumftan- 
If^jruilhcd  him  with  ihc  means  of  indulging  his  inclination  for 
ic  hofpiulity,  lo  a  much  greater  extent  than  he  had  hitherta 
1  His  houie  was  open  at  all  timea  to  his  numerous  friends  and 
f tance ;  and  it  was  their  frequent  place  of  refort.  There,  in 
Rarp  many  of  the  younger  clergy,  and  other  young  men,  enjoy- 

Ivantage  of  his  agreeable  converfation,  and  never  were  hap- 

an  when  in  his  company*     There  was  fomething  fo  cheerful, 

fj mi ng,  fo  benign,  atid,  at  the  fame  time,  fo  upright  and  de- 

ia  h'n  manner,  that  he  gained  the  cfleem  and  good^will  of  all 

atiy  connection  with  him,  without  ever  exciting  the  leaft  de- 

etwy .  Even  fuch  as  were  of  dilFerem  fcntiments  In  charch 
Icfteemcd  the  ni.in  ;  and  with  fcvcral  of  thefe  he  maintained  a 
licndly  intcrcouric.  As  his  turn  of  thinking  on  all  fubjc^t 
|ar,  acme,  and  judicious,  he  Was  very  expert  in  the  method  of 
;  a  flairs*  He  had  a  peculiar  facility  and  elegance  of  ex- 
the  numerous  letters  he  had  occafion  to  write,  in  a  moil 


DryfiUeTi  Sirmmtu  15 

kace,  and  fiMa- wakened  him  b  much,  that  he  could  no  longer  riie 
Irom  hu  bed.  He  ftill,  however*  reumed  Us  wont^  endearing  man- 
ner to  his  family^— only  lefs  animated,  but  affedBng  in  the  otmoft 
degree*  Thns  he  continoed  to  grow  weaker  and  weaker,  until  b^ 
coofittndoa  at  laft  feemed  to  be  quite  Worn  out ;  and  in  him  the 
chorch  of  Scotland  bft  one  of  her  greateft  ornaments,  on  the  i6th  of 
Jane  1788. 

<  Such  was  the  condnfion  of  th>  well-ipent  life  of  this  excellent 
perfim;  iriiofe  integrity  was  infleadble,  whofe^  amiable  converfation 
and  raamers  were  expreffive  of  the  extreme  worth  aqd  benevdenc^ 
of  his  heart,  whoTe  refpeOable  chara^ler  adorned  his  {acred  profef* 
fion,  and  who  was  the  delight  of  his  friends,  and  of  his  family* 
Thoagh  gentle,  nnfufpidous,  and  candid,  in  an  extraordinary  de- 
gree, yet,  as  his  ibul  was  infpired  with  that  noble  elevation  which 
arifes  from  confdoos  virtue,  ioA  freedom  from  all  deceit,  bu  indig. 
nauoQ  was  excited,  whenever  he  detedcd  in  others  any  duplicity  m 
coudsfi,  or  any  deviation  from  the  road  of  honoyir.  As,  in  hu  public 
appearances,  the  energy  and  animation  with  which  he  delivered  and 
eatbrced  his  inftru6Hons,  carried  a  convi£don  that  they  flowed  directly 
from  the  heart;  h  it  was  univerfally  allowed  by  all  thofe  who  were 
arqnaimcd  with  hb  private  life,  that  never  any  man  more  fuccefsfully 
Hhftrated  what  he  taught,  by  his  own  condudl  and  manners.' 

Fron  the  preceding  biographical  fketch,  which,  though 
^wn  up  by  a  friend,  appears  (^entitled  to  the  fulleft  credit, 
the  reader  will  be  prepared  to  give  Dr.  Dryfdale's  fermons  a 
favourable  reception  ;  and  we  will  venture  to  aflure  thofe  who 
eftiaiate  the  merit  of  fermons  by  their  utility,  that  they  will 
find  thefe  volumes  a  very  valuable  addition  to  the  public  flock 
of  inftnidion.  Though  not  ftudioufly  ornamented  with  the 
fighter  decorations  of  rhetoric,  they  excel  in  manly  fimplicity 
and  energy  of  ftyle:— but  tbeir  greateft  praife  is,  that  they 
abound  with  good  fenfe,  and  breathe  a  warm  fpirit  of  piety 
and  virtue.  Many  general  topics  of  prafiical  religion  are  dif* 
cufled,  with  a  variety  of  matter  which  difcovers  a  mind  in* 
nured  to  reflexion  and  obfervation,  and  frequently  with  a  de- 
gree of  animation  which  leaves  the  reader  imprefled  at  the 
fame  time  that  he  is  infiruded.  Preferving  a  happy  medium  be* 
Iween  iniipid  tritenefs,  and  fcholaftic  refinement,  they  will  af« 
ford  young  preachers  a  good  pattern  for  popular  addrefs* 
Though,  in  dodrinal  points,  the  fyftem  of  the  church  of 
Scotland  is  followed,  even  controverted  fubje^is  are  treated 
praQicatly.  The  method  is  every  where  clear,  the  arrange- 
ment is  accurate,  and  a  unity  of  dcfign  is  commonly  prefeiVed, 
In  the  words  of  Mr.  Moodie,  one  of  the  minifters  of  Edin- 
burgh, in  a  charaAer  of  thefe  fermons  prefixed  to  the  volumes, 
which  we  could  without  much  fcruple  have  adopted,  we  add, 
^  Thefe  feroions  fcem  admirably  calculated  to  inrpPre  the  mind 


1 6  Dry fdalc^i  Skrmans. 

with  high  fentiments  of  piety  to  God,  truft  in  Providence,  in - 
f  dependence  on  the  world,  admiration  of  virtue,  fteady  and  re* 
folute  attachment  to  duty,  and  contempt  of  every  thing  that  i$ 
bafe  and  di (honourable," — As  a  fpecimcn,  wc  tranfcribc  a 
paflage  from  the  fcrmon  on  afpiring  after  perfe^ion  ;  in  which 
the  influence  of  habit  in  forming  a  virtuous  charadler  is  well 

:rcprefented : 

*  The  ground-work  of  this  improvement  is  laid  in  the  conftitution 
of  our  foals,  which  have  a  power  of  ibrming  habits  in  any  thing  to 

■which  they  apply  themfclves.  Hence  the  faying,  "  That  ufe  or 
habit  becomes  a  fecond  nature."  The  difpofitions  that  are  acquired 
by  repeated  exercife,  grow  as  conflant  2nd  powerful,  and  as  readily 
exert  themfelves,  as  thofe  that  are  originally  implanted  within  us. 

•We  find,  by  accuftoming  ourfelves  even  to  things,  to  which  at  firft  wc 
bad  an  averfion,  that  we  contrad  fuch  an  inclination  and  bias  toward 
them,  as  would  cod  labour  and  pains  to  overcome.     Thus,  amongft 

-the  various  talles  and  purfuits  of  mankind,  each  man  has,  by  reiterat- 
ed application,  got  a  certain  bent  to  his  own  courfe  of  life,  {o  ftrong, 
that  ihould  any  obftacle  prefent  itfelf  to  (lop  or  divert  its  current,  it 
would,  like  a  rapid  river,  furmount  all,  and  regain  its  former  channel ; 
and  the  farther  it  runs  it  becomes  more  rapid  and  irrefiiliblc.     A  vi- 

:cious  man,  by  long  indulgence  of  bis  favourite  paflions,  is  at  length  fo 
•ndavcd  to  them,  that  notwithflanding  the  frequent  and  fharp 
rcmonftranccs  of  his  own  mind,  and  the  frcfh  dilappointmcnts  he 
meets  with,  he  cannot  extricate  himfelf  from  his  bondage,  nor  (hake 

jOfF  the  chains  with  which  he  is  fettered.  In  the  fame  manner  the 
righteous  man,  by  the  uniform  pradice  of  virtue,  gains  fo  fixed  an  at- 
tachment to  it,  that  death  is  far  lefs  the  objeft  of  his  averfion,  than 
wickednefb.  There  is  this  remarkable  difFerfence,  however,  betwixt 
the  good  and  bad  man ;  that  the  latter,  in  turning  afide  to  vice,  does 
^riolence  to  himfelf,  and  mull  often  do  fo  through  the  courfe  of  his 

•life;  whereas  the  good  man,  if  from  the  beginning  he  has  not  devi- 
ated from  virtue,  but  held  on  ilrait  in  its  path,  has  never  fuffered  any 
violence;  but  with  pleafurc,  and  the  confcnting  approbation  of  his 
own  mind,  has  followed  the  tendency  of  his  nature.  lU  indeed,  he 
has  been  fo  unhappy  as  at  any  lime  to  have  indulged  vicious  difpo- 
fitions,  it  will  coll  him  pains  to  break  them  off;  but  the  difficulty  is 
great  only  in  the  beginning,  daily  grows  lefs  and  lefs,  and  at  laft 
vani(hes  altogether.  We  hrft  try  the  exercife  of  virtue,  we  then 
taile  its  pleafure,  lake  a  nearer  view  of  its  beauty,  diicern  its  fuperior 
excellency,  and  grow  fond  of  it;  and  at  laft  wc  cannot  abftain  from 

.exercifing  it.  Cy  a  conllant  attention  to  righteoufnefs,  and  by  add- 
ing one  right  adion  to  another,  the  difpodiion  lo  do  good  grows 
unconquerable,  and  the  pradicc  is  made  ea(>',  uniformj(.and  delight- 

-  ful.  Thus  has  God  lai^  the  foundation  of  improvement  in  our  na- 
ture, b)  givir.j;  Ui  the  poNvcr  of  forming  habits  of  virtue,  whereby  we 
grow  to  pcrfcciion.  To  be  perfect,  is  to  poffefs  invincible  habits  in 
every  virtue ;  r.rd  the  way  to  form  habits  of  virtue,  is  to  pra^ifc  it. 
It  is  practice  alone  uhich  gives  a  mailerly  hand  in  any  thing.     It  is 

not 


Gtljiia*!  S^  $n  PiauTiffue  BuMtjj  fstt.  f  7 

Uk  theory*  i^oUtion*  or  revolvini^  anjr  trt  in  cor  thooghts,  thae 
%ffl  flttke  as  ready  and  able  performers  in  it;  nothing  but  long  trial 
asi  cxercife  can  ptodoce  this.  The.  fame  holds  trae  witK  refiMd  to 
yirtae*  which  may  juftly  be  called » the  arc  of  life.  CoAitemplation  of 
its  natm-e*  furveying  its  beauty,  even  pleafiire  in  beholding  it»  will  not  , 
render  m  virtuous.  To  acquire  this  charafler^  and  to  be  able  to  per* 
form  aright  the  d.Qties  of  life*  we  muft  unweariedly  continue  in  the 
praftice  of  righteoufnefs.  Virtue  coniifts  in  adion.  lu  real  exiftence 
can  be  afcercainecl  and  fecured  by  aflion  only.  By  one  kind  bene*- 
fioent  adioo  wt  receive  high  (atisfa^on  of  foul ;  this  pleafure  l^ads 
M  to  repeat  what  caafed  it;  this  repetition  heightens  the  felf-com* 
flaccnqr*  and  ftreagthens  oor  eagemefs  to  be  kind  and  ufefal ;  and 
»  are  contra^  the  habit  of  doing  good.  In  the  fame  manner*  by 
pode  overcofflii^  any  unreafenaUe  or  unnatural  paflion»  we  difcover 
ics  real  weaknefs  and  deceitt  are  made  fenfibie  of  the  power  of  the 
aund,  and  are  highly  pleafed  with  vidory ;  and  the  confcioufnefs  of 
liaving  aded  a  noble  and  worthy  part,  ftrengthens  us  againft  any 
after  aflinlts.^  Thus,  by  one  a£l  of  fubmifllon  to  God»  and  the  order 
he  has  eftablibsd  in  the  world,  the  foul»  which  is  naturally  made  to 
coDform  to  its  Makv  and  his  determinations,  feels  the  moll  agreea- 
ble felf-congratulation  from  acqniefcing  in  his  will ;  and  this  invigo- 
ittes  oar  reMution  to  confent  with  dieerfulnefs,  and  yield  with  aa 
cqoal  mind,  to  all  the  deftinations  of  oar  Supreme  Father.  In  like 
manner  aJfo,  we  acquire  habits  in  every  other  virtue.  Begin*  then, 
my  brother ;  try  how  fatisfying  righteoufnefs  is  to  thy  foul.  Tafle 
the  ftveetneft  of  temperance,  and  patience,  and  brotherly  kindnefs, 
tod  charity.  Perfevere  in  the  pradice  of  thefe ;  and  foon  they  will 
appear  lovely  and  mod  excellent  in  thine  eyes.  Thou  wilt  prefer 
them  to  cby  choiceH  joys  in  the  world»  and  fix  them  ilill  deeper 
in  thy  miad,  that  their  abode  there  may  be  eveHailing.' 

The  fuhjefls  of  thefe  difcourfes  are  principally  as  fol* 
Iowa:  charity  \  iducaiion  \  early  piety  i  keeping  the  heart  \  thi 
tffrttched  condition  of  wicked  men  ;  the  nature  of  repentance  ;  the 
miferaHe  confequences  of  fenfuql  pleafure  \  our  unfitnefs  to  judge  of 
our  cffudition  in  lifei  the  dtjiin^ion  of  ranks ;  ajbiring  after  per- 
fcQion  \  fdlf  examination  \  the  real  nature  of  human  iife\  im^ 
nortality  of  the  foul  j  a  future  judgment  j  the  hope  of  heaven^ 
i^c.  ife. 


AtT.  III.  Three  Effayt  :  'on  PiSturefque  Beautv  ;  of:  Piauref^ue Trawl '^ 

M Sketching  Lan^fcape:  To  which  is  added  a  Poem,  on  Landfcape 
I         Painting.     By  William  Gilpin,    M.A.  Prebendary  of  Salifbury; 

and  Vicar  of   Boldrc  in   New   Forell,    near'  Lyroingtoix.     8vo. 

los.  6d.     boards.     Blamire.     179a. 

At  the  prefent  time,  when  we  hear  and  read  fo  much  con- 
'^  cerning  piGurefque  beauty,  many  readers  may  wifli  M 
be  informed  in  what  it  confifts  :  the  public  are,  therefove,  mu-^ 
4er  obligations  to  Mr.  Gilpin  for  h\%  very  ingenious  ^ff&^s  oa 

Rev.  May  //pj*  C  tiu% 


1 8  Gilpin'i  Effays  on  Piaunfyue  Beauty^  bfe. 

this  fubjeS.  He  tells  us,  that,  by  objcds  of  pidurefque  beauty^ 
he  means  ^  fuch  beautiful  obje^s  as  are  fuited  to  the  pencil/ 
This  is  clear,  and  accurately  defined  ;  and  we  hope  that  the  de- 
finition will  receive  attention  from  thofe  travellers,  who,  jour- 
neying with  their  pencils  in  their  hands,  have  fcratcbed  down 
every  fcene,  however  uninterefting,  and  have  obtruded  their 
works  on  the  public  under  the  name,  as  they  chufe  to  call  them, 
of  pinurefque  tours.  We  hope,  alfo,  as  the  meaning  of  this 
newly- manufaAured  word,  this  nefcimus  quern  digrege  noviti'* 
orurrif  ^s  thus  afcertained,  and  limited  in  its  application,  that 
future  writers  who  may  adopt  it  will  be  exad  in  their  ufe  of  it ; 
and  we  truft  that  Mr.  Gilpin  himfelf  will  not  call  us  cavillers 
if  we  afk  him,  what  he  would  have  us  underftand  by  <  a  pictu- 
refque  eye  ;*  and  whether,  by  calling  himfelf  and  his  friend,  *  we 
pidurefque  people,*  he  intends  us  to  imagine  that  they  are  ob* 
jffls  proper  to  be  rcprefcnted  on  the  canvafs  ?— If  fo,  we  cer- 
tainly have  no  authority  to  deny  that  the  gentlemen,  to  whom 
we  mean  no  offence,  2Lit  plSiurefque^  for  we  have  not  the  hap- 
pifit  fs  of  knowing  the  perfon  of  either. 

( )\\  the  fubjc£t  of  this  fpecies  of  beauty,  Mr.  Gilpin  thus 
delivers  his  fentiments,  in  an  addrefs  to  William  Lock*,  £fq. 

•  A  publi(hcd  work  is  certainly  a  fair  objeft  of  criticirm  :  bat  I 
think,  my  dear  fir,  we  pifturcfque  people  arc  a  little  mifunderftood 
with  regard  to  our  general  intention,  I  have  fcvcral  times  been  far- 
prized  at  finding  us  reprefented>  as  fuppofing,  all  beauty  to  confiit  in 
fidur:]fque  beauty  -  and  the  face  of  nature  to  be  examined  only  by  the 
rules  of  painting.  Whereas,  in  faft,  we  always  fpeak  a  different 
language.  Wc  fpeak  of  the  grand  fcenes  of  nature,  though  uninte* 
rclling  in  ^  pi iiure/que  light ,  as  having  a  Urong  effed  on  the  imagi- 
nation—often a  ftrongcr,  than  when  they  are  properly  difpofcd  lor 
the  pencil.  We  every  where  make  a  dilUndion  between  fcencs  that 
arc  b€autifiil  and  amufmg  ;  and  fcenes  that  are  piclurc/quc.  We  exa- 
mine, and  admire  both.  Even  artificial  objefts  we  admire,  whether 
in  a  grand,  or  in  a  humble  liile,  though  unconneded  with  pi£lure(que 
beauty  —  the  palace  and  the  cotuge— the  improved  garden  fcene,  and 
the  neat  homeftall.  Works  of  tillage  alfo  afford  us  equal  delight-— 
the  plough,  the  mower,  the  reaper,  the  hay-field,  and  the  harVeft- 
wnnc.  Jn  a  word,  we  reverence,  and  admire  the  works  of  God  ; 
and  look  with  bencvnlencc,  and  pleafure,  on  the  works  of  men. 

«  In  uhat  then  do  we  oft'cnd  ?  At  the  cxpcnce  of  no  other  fpe- 
cies of  beauty,  we  merely  endeavour  to  iiluilrate,  and  recommend 
#jrr  fpecies  more  ;  which,  though  among  the  moft  interefting,  hath 
never  yet,  lb  far  as  I  know,  been  made  the  fet  objctk  of  inveftiga- 
tion.  From  fcene*  indeed  of  i^c  piciurejque  kind  we  exclude  the  ap- 
perdajjes  of  tillage,  and  in  gcr.cra!  ihcwoiksof  men;  which  too 
often  introduce  precif^r.-fs  ani    formality.     But  excluding  artitadil 

•  Of  Nofbury  Park,  Surrey. 

objeds 


OilpinV ^fiijs 9M PiamriffHiBfatity^  (fe.  19 

«bJeftsTroai<Nierpectes  of  beauty*  is  not  degradiog  them  from  alL 
We  leave  then  the  general  admirer  of  the  beauties  of  nature  to  his 
01m  pnrfnits  ;  nay  vm  ^aire  them  with  him :  all  we  defire>  is>  that 
he  wou!d  leave  ns  as  qdeity  in  the  pofleEion  of  our  amufements.'    . 

Having  premifed  this,  the  ituchor  proceeda  in  his  firfteflay  to 
mark  th^  diftinguiOiing  charaderiftic  of  pidurefque  beauty. 
lo  the;  fecond^  he  points  out  *  the  mode  of  amufement,  that 
may  arife  from  viewing  the  fcenes  of  nature  in  a  pidurefque 
light/  From  this  cfHiy,  we  (hall  feled  fuch  a  part  as  may  en- 
able our  readers,  who  are  not  initiated  into  the  myfterieS  of  the 
^urefqui^  to  judge  of  the  employment  of  its  admirers  : 

'  From  the  •lytds  of  pi£Uirefque  travel*  we  eonfiier  its  fimas  9f 
Mmmfimemi'^w  in  what  way  the  mind  is  gratitaed  by  thefe  object. 

*  We  might  begin  in  moral  (liJe ;  and  confider  the  objtrds  of  na*>. 
tve  in  a  higher  light*  than  merely  as  amufcment.  Wc  might  ob« 
Imre*  that  afearch  after  beauty  (hould  naturally  lead  the  mind  to  the 
|reat  origin  of  all  beauty ;  to  the '  ^ 

— — — -  firft  eood,  firft  perfed»  and  firft  fair. 
Bat  though  in  theory  £is  feems  a  natural  dimix,  we  infid  the  lefs 
■poo  itf  as  in  fa£l  we  have  fcarce  ground  to  hope,  chat  every  ad* 
mrtrof  fiSurf/jM  btautyf  is  an  admirer  alfo  of  the  icautj  tf^irttui 
and  that  tx^f  lover  of  nature  reHe<5ts»  that 
Nature  is  but  a  name  for  an  cffeil^ 

WlM)fer«i^is  God. '• 

If  however  the  admirer  of  nature  can  turn  his  araufements  to  a  higher 
Mrpofe;  if  its  great  fcenes  can  infpire  him  with  religious  awe;  or 
itt  tranqnil  fcenes  with  that  complacency  of  mind>  which  is  fo  nearly 
sllied  to  benevolence,  it  is  certainly  the  better.  Jpponat  lucro.  it 
isib  much  into  the  bargain  :  for  we  dare  noi  promife  him  more  from 
pidurcfque  traveU  than  a  rational,  and  agreeable  amufemcnt.  Yet 
cten  this  may  be  of  foms  ufe  in  an  age  teeming  with  licentious  plea- 
fare;  and  may  in  this- light  at  leall  be  confidered  as  having  a  moral 
tendency. 

*  The  iiril  fourccof  amufement  to  the  piflurefque  traveller,  is  the 
ptrfuit  of  his  objedl-^the  expedation  of  new  fcenes  continually 
upening,  and  arifing  to  his  view.  Wc  fuppofe  the  country  to  have 
been  unexplored.  Under  tliis  circumAance  the  mind  is  kept  conSant- 
ly  in  an  aereeable  fufpence.  The  love  of  novelty  is  the  foundation 
of  thii  pfeafure.  Every  diftant  horizon  promifes  lomcthing  new; 
and  with  thu  pleaiing  expectation  we  follow  nature  through  all  her, 
walks.  We  purfu*  Her  from  hill  to  dale  ;  and  hunt  after  thofc  va- 
rioas  beantiest  with  which  (he  every  where  abounds. 

'  The  pleafares  of  the  chafe  are  univcrfal.  A  hare  flartcd  before 
flogs  isenongh  to  fct  a  whole  country  in  an  uproar.  The  plough  and 
the  fpade  are  defertcd.  Care  is  left  behind  ;  and  tvtry  human  fa* 
^Ity  is  dilat?d  with  joy. 

*  And  (hall  wc  fuppcfe  it  a  greater  pleafurc  to  the  fportrman  to  pur- 
foe  a  triiHal  animal,  than  it  is  to  the  man  of  tallc  to  purfae  the 
beauties  of  nature?  to  follow  her  tli  rough  all  her  rcccfi^s  ?  to  obtain 
tfudden  glance»  as  ihe  flits  pad  him  in  fome  airy  ihape  ?  to  trace  her 

C  2  tliroujh 


10  Gilpin'x  EJfays  on  Piefurefqui  Beauty^  fgc. 

throQgh  the  mazes  of  the  cover  ?  to  wind  after  her  along  the  vale  ? 
or  along  the  reaches  of  the  river  ? 

'  After  the  purfoit  we  are  gratified  with  the  attaiftment  of  the 
objc^.  Our  anriufement^  on  this  head,  arifes  from  the  employment 
of  the  mind  in  examining  the  beautiful  fcenes  we  have  found.  Some- 
times we  examine  them  under  the  idea  of  Rnviffik:  we  admire  the 
compofition,  the  colouring,  and  the  light,  in  one  comprehenfi've  vieiv. 
When  we  arc  fortunate  enough  to  fall  in  with  fcenes  of  this  kind, 
we  are  highly  delighted.  But  as  we  have  lefs  frequent  opportunities 
of  being  thus  gratified,  we  are  more  commonly  employed  in  analiz- 
ing  the  parts  rf  fcenes ;  which  may  be  exquifitely  beautiful,  though 
unable  to  produce  a  whole.  We  examine  what  would  amend  the  com- 
pofition  ;  how  little  is  wanting  to  reduce  it  to  the  rules  of  our  art ; 
what  a  trifling  circumilance  foraetimes  forms  the  limit  between  beaary 
and  deformity.  Or  we  compare  the  objedb  before  us  with  other  ob- 
jedls  of  the  i'ame  kind  : — or  perhaps  we  compare  them  with  the  imi- 
tations of  art.  From  all  thefe  operations  of  the  mind  refults  great 
a.^afemcnt. 

'  But  it  is  not  from  this /dcHttfical  employment  that  we  derive  our 
chief  pleafurr.  We  are  mofl  delighted,  when  fome  grand  fcene, 
though  perhaps  of  incorredl  compofition,  rifing  before  the  eye,  ftrikes 
us  beyond  the  power  of  thought — when  the  <uox  faucihus  baret ;  and 
every  mental  operation  is  fufpended.  In  this  paufe  of  intelle^,  this 
deliquium  of  the  foul,  an  enthufiallic  fenfationof  pleaiiire  overfpreads 
it,  previous  to  any  examination  by  the  rules  of  art.  The  general 
idea  of  the  fcenes  makes  an  impreffion,  before  any  appeal  is  made 
to  the  judgment.     We  rather/irf/,  than yi^r^^  it. 

*  This  high  delight  is  generally  indeed  produced  by  the  fcenes  of 
nature  ;  yet  fometimes  by  artificial  objeds.     Here  and  there  a  capital 

^  picture  will  raife  thefe  emotions ;  but  ofte«ier  the  rough  flcctch  of  a 
capital  mafter.  This  has  fometimes  an  allonifhing  effect  on  the 
mind  ;  giving  the  imagination  an  dpeniag  into  all  thofe  glowiag 
ideas  which  infpired  the  artift ;  and  which  the  imagination  only  can 
tranilate.  In  general  however  the  works  of  art  afi:e£t  us  coolly*  and 
allow  the  eye  to  criticize  at  Icifure. 

*  Having  gained  by  a  mimite  examination  of  incidents  a  complete 
idea  of  an  objed,  our  next  amul'cment  arifes  from  enlarging,  and  < 
correfiing  our  general  Hock  of  ideas.  The  variety  of  nature  it  ji 
fach,  that  ne^  objeSs,  and  new  combinations  of  them,  are  continually  ^ 
adding  fomething  to  our  fund,  and  enlarging  our  colledlion  :  While  the  ^ 

fame  kind  of.  ohjed  occurring  frequently,  is  feen  under  various  (hapes  ;  L 
and  makes  us,  if  I  may  fo  fpeak,  more  learned  in  nature.  We  get  ^ 
it  more  by  heart.  He  who  has  feen  only  one  oak  tree,  has  no  con-  r 
plete  idea  of  an  oak  in  general :  but  he  who  has  examined  thopfandt  vf 
of  oak-trees,  mud  have  feen  that  beautiful  plant  in  all  its  varieties  |  ^ 
and  obtains  a  full  and  complete  idea  of  it.  'li 

*  From  this  correft  knowledge  of  objedls  arifes  another  aroufementf  M 
that  of  reprefenting,  by  a  few  llrokes  b  a  fketch,  thofe  ideas,  which  ^ 
have  made  the  mol  impreiiion  upon  us.  A  few  fcratches,  like  a  ihort*  t^ 
handfcrawl  of  our  own,  legible  at  leaft  to  ourfelves,  will  ferve  to  i; 
Taife  in  our  nunds  the  remembrance  of  the  beauties  they  humblf  % 

reprefent ; 


Qiipin'i  EJfujson  Pi^hiufqui  Beauty j  bfc.  21 

reprefent;  and  recall  to  our  memory  even  tbe  fpleodid  colouring,  and 
ibrce  of  figbt*  vKjiich  exifted  in  the  real  fcene.  Some  naturaliAs  fup- 
poTe,  the  z6i  of  ruminating,  in  animals^  to  be  attended  with  more 
pleafure>  than  the  adi  of  grofTer  roafticadon.  It  may  be  Co  in  tra- 
velling adib.  There  may  be  more  pleafure  in  recollectjng,  and  re- 
cording* from  a  few  traniicnt  Hnes>  the  fcenes  We  have  admired, 
than  in  the  prefent  enjoyment  of  them.  If  the  fcenes  indeed  have 
fiodiar  grtatm/s^  this  fecondary  pleafure  cannot  be  attended  with 
thoie  CDthu&aitic  feelings,  which  accompanied  the  real  exhibition. 
Bat»  in  general,  though  it  may  be.  a  calmer  fpecies  of  rieafure,  it  is 
more  oniform,  and  uninterrupted,  it  flatters  us  too  with  the  idea 
of  a  fort  of  creation  of  our  own ;  and  it  is  unallyed  with  that  fatigue, 
which  is  often  a  confiderable  abatement  to  the  pleafures  of  tra- 
verfing  the  wild  ana  favage  parts  of  nature.— After  we  have  amufed 
mrfil'ves  with  our  Iketches,  if  we  can,  in  any  degree^  contribute  to 
the  amofement  of  others  alfo,  the  pleafure  is  furely  fo  much  en* 
hanccd. 

«  There  is  ftill  another  amufement  arifing  from  the  correal  know- 
ledge of  objedts  ;  and  that  is  the  power  of  creating,  and  reprefenting 
Jcems  rf  fancy  j  which  is  ftill  more  a  work  of  creation,  than  copying 
from  nature.  The  imagination  becomcsx  a  camera  oblcura,  only 
with  this  difference,  that  the  camera  rcprefcnfs  objcds  as  they  really 
are ;  while  the  imagination,  imprelTeJ  with  the  moft  beautiful 
fcenes,  and  chaftened  by  rules  of  art,  forms  its  nidlures,  not  only  from 
Ae  mofl  admirable  parts  of  nature  ;  but  in  the  bed  tnfte.* — 
■  *  We  are,  in  feme  degree,  alfo  amufed  by  the  very  vifion'  of 
fancy  itfelf.  Often,  when  (lumber  has  half-clofed  the-  eye,  and  ihut 
out  all  the  objects  of  fcnfc,  efpecially  after  the  enjoyment  of  fome 
fplendid  fcene ;  the  imagination,  adtive,  and  alert,  collecls  its  fcat- 
tcred  ideas,  tranfpofes,  combines,  and  (hifts  them  into  a  thoufind 
forms,  producing  fuch  cxquifite  fcenes,  fuch  fublime  arrangements, 
fuch  glow,  and  harmony  of  colouring,  fuch  brilliant  lights,  fuch 
depth,  and  clearncfs  of  (hadow,  as  equally  foil  defcription,  and 
every  attempt  of  artificial  colouring.* 

After  having  thus  pointed  out  the  fources  from  which  the 
*  pi£lurefque  traveller,'  as  be  is  called,  derives  his  amufe- 
ments,  Mr.  Gilpio,  in  his  third  eflay,  inveftigates  the  art  of 
fetching  landscape  after  nature.  VVe  here  meet  with  many 
judicious  and  ufeful  rules,  which  deferve  the  attention  of  thofe 
who  wifh  to  attain  this  elegant  and  pleafmg  art.     .^ 

Concerning  tbe  Didadic  poem  annexed  to  thefe  eilays,  Mr. 
Gripin  thus  good -humou redly  writes  : 

•  Several  years  ago,  I  amufed  myfclf  with  writing  a  few  lines  in 

vcrfe  on   landfcape- painting ;    and   afterwards  fent  them,  as  a  frag. 

*  mcnt,    (for  they  were  not  finifhed,)  to  amufe  a  friend*.     I  had  no 

other  pnrpofe.     My  friend  told  me,  he   could  not  fay  much  for  my 

pcitry ;  but  as  my  rules,  he   thought,  were  good,  he   wifhed  me  to 

•  Edward  Forller,  Efq.  of  Walthamftow. 


Gil  pi  u* J  EJfays  m  PtHurifqui  Biautf^  &£, 

\iy  fragment ;  and  if  I   flioaM   not  like  it  as  a  /£/7.7,  I  tnight 
linioan  r^y  in prefe, — ^As  tlib  was  ovAy  what  1  expeftcd,  I  was 
app^fiiited  ;  though  not  enc^yraged  to  proceed.     So  I  iroubkcl 
id  no  farther  with  my  verfef, 

I? time  after,  another  friend*,  finding  faalt  wiih  my  mode 

Lnbing  the  lakes,  and  mountains  of  Cumberland,  and  Weil- 

Ind,  astro  poetical,    I   told  him  the  fate   of  my  fragment; 

liTigth^  hvrdfhipof  my  cafe— when  I  wrote  verfe,  one  friead 

it   profc ;    and  when    1  v\  mte  profe,  another  friend  called  it 

In    his   next  letter  he  de fired  to  fee  my  verff s ;  and  being 

with  the   fubjetl,    he  o.Tered,   if  I  would    fini^   my  poem, 

■/i*r  carclcfsly  as   to  n^v-tricai  cx'ad\ nefs,)  he  would  adjuft  the 

jtion.     Biic  he  found,  he  h:i'J  efi^^^ed  in  a  more  arduotis  af* 

lan  he  expefled.     My  rules  and  technical  t?rm?i  were  ftubborn^ 

lufd  notcafily  ^lide  into  verfc  ;  and  I  was  as   ftubborn  as  thry, 

lould    noc   rdinquifh  the    fcicntific  part   for  the  poetry.     My 

good-nattirc  therefore  gcrie rally  gave  way*  and  fufft^red  many 

(ianJ^    ar.d  many  alterations  to   be  made,  which   }m    own 

illc  could  not  approve.     1  am  afraid  thE-rcfore  I  mult  appear  to 

r!d,  as  having  fpoiled  a  good  poem ;  and  muft  (hdcer  myfelf 

I  under  thofe  karnedrcafon^  which  have  been  given  for  putting 

h  qti£g  marihiis  and  jis  m  pr^fcnti^  into  verfe.* 

Itli  refpci^t  to  the  nicTils  of  the  potfnifi  the   opinions  of 

Jic  will  probably  be  (luiilar  to  thofc  of  Mr,  Former  and 


AdMBt'x  GHmarioil  imt^  GrapNcaJ  Effajt.  %% 

Mr«  Mafon :  thpfe  readers,  who  perufe  it  for  the  rules  which 
it  contains^  wUl  poffibly.wiOi  that  it  had  been  written  in  profc ; 
.while  others  who  view  it  as  a  piece  of  poetry,  will  lament 
that  the  mure  fometimes  moves  rather  ungracefully  amid  the 
fougbnefles  of  technical  terms-and  didaSic  ftumbling  blocks. 

The  wafiied  prints,  or  acqttM  tintasj  with  which  this  work  is 
embdiilhed,  are  well  adapted  to  iiluftrate  itb  rules  and  prin- 
ciples. 


Aar.  IV.  Geometrical  mid  Grafhicai  EJk^Sp  containing  s  Defcnp- 
don  of  theMatliematical  Inlbramenu  ufed  in  Geoiiietry.  Civil  and 
Military  Surveyinp^,  Levelling  and  Pcrfpedive^  with  many  new 
Problcois  illaftr^tive  of  each  firaQch.  Bv  George  Adams^  Ma- 
thematical InftruineDt  Maker  to  His  Majetty,  and  Optician  to  His 
Royal  Highnefs  the  Prince  of  Wales.  8vo.  pp.  500,  and  33 
PLues.     f  3s.    boards.     Sold  by  the  Author,  FIeet-&-<lct. 

]k>f R.  Adams  very  juftly  obferves,  that  *  thofe  who  have  had 
^^  much  occafion  to  ufe  the  mathematical  inftruments, 
tonftru£l«d  to  flicilitate  the  arts  of  drawing,  Airveying,  &c. 
have  long  complained  that  a  treatife  was  wanting  to  explain 
their  ufe,  defcribe  their  adjuftments,  and  give  fuch  an  idea  of 
their  confirudlion,  as  might  enable  them  to  feled  thofe  which 
are  beft  adapted  to  their  refpedive  purpofes.'  M.  Bion's  trea- 
tife, which  was  tranflated  into  £ngli(h  by  the  late  Mr.  Stone, 
and  publKhed  in  172  ^,  is  the  only  one  that  has  been  written  on 
the  fubjecl  *  ^  and  the  numerous  improvements  which  have 
been  made  in  inftruments,  (ince  that  time,  have  rendered  that 
publication  of  little  ufe  at  prefent.  The  objeA  of  Mr. 
Adams,  in  the  work  before  us,  is  to  obviate  this  complaint ; 
and  we  think  that  he  has  done  it  with  confiderable  effect. 

Mr.  Adams  begins,  very  properly,  by  defining  the  terms 
which  he  muft  neceflarily  ufe.  He  then  ftates  a  few  of  the 
primary  principles  on  which  his  work  depends  ;  and  afterward 
proceeds  to  defcribe  the  mathematical  inllruments  which  are 
ufed  in  drawing.  Among;  thefe,  we  find  an  account  of  an 
improved  pair  of  triangular  compafles,  a  fmall  pair  of  beanx 
compares  with  a  micrometer,  four  new  parallel- rulers,  and 
feveral  other  inllruments   which  had   not   been    hitherto  lic- 

That  to  thy  tafte  and  fcicnce  nothing  new 
Prcfents,  yet  humbly  hopes  from  thee  to  gain 
The  plaadit,  which>  if  nature  firft  approve. 
Then,  and  then  only,  thoawilt  deign  to  yield.* 
♦  Mr.  Robcrtibn's  book,   printed  in  1747,  and  again,  with  fome 
additions,  in  1757*  is  confined  wholly  to  luch  ijndruxuents  as  are  put 
iotoa  cafe,  and  called  drawing  ipftrunicnts..  .     ^    . 

C  4  fcu^tiA* 


Adams' J  Gf&mitrkdi  and  Gr^phkal  EJfdyu 

Thefe  licfcfipttons  are  followed  by  a  large  collection 
letricai  problems,  Tome  of  which  appear  lo  be  new  % 
pre  ulefuU  inafmuch  as  they  confribute  toldlen  labour^ 
pmatc  accuracy. 

luthor  next  defcribcs  the  methods  which  were  ufed  by 

Jralityof  inihum'^nt- makers  in  dividing  qjja<irants,  and 

Ige  ailronomicaj  inflrumcnts,  before  Mr,  Bird  publifhed 

lod  of  dividing,    in  1767,  at  the  ialtance  of  the  board 

jde.     Then  follows    Mr.  Bird's   method,    extracted 

own  publi cations,   and   Mr,  Lud lam's  remarks   on 

jblifhed  by  Mr.  Aubertin  17H7, 

Lddms  will  no  doubt  excufc  us  forobferving  that  he  has 

1  two  remarks  on  Mr.  Bird's  method  of  dividing  ;  one 

Mr,  Smeaton's  **  Obfervations  on  the  Graduation 

gnomical   Inrtruments,"  in  the  Philofophical    I'ranf* 

I  vol.  LXXVL  p,  15  and  16,  and  the  other  from  Mr* 

"  Remarks  on    Mr,  Bird's  Method  q(  Dividing,** 

which,  notwithftandJng  they  came  from  the  pen<iof 

great  men,  had^  in  our  opinion,   been  much  bciier 

The  pafia^e  which  Mr.  Adams  has  extracted  from  Mr, 

fbews  clearly  that  the  latter  did  not  comprehend  Mr, 

in  the  inftructlons  which  he  hai=  given  for  dividing 

^1  inflrumcnr<^.      The   vtrry  circumftances  to  which 


Adams'i  Giometricd  and  Graplncat  Effaju  %  f 

fcrned  alibis  divifiont  by  bifectioDt ;  that  is, by  faint  fcratchef 
ftruck  with  the  beam-compafles,  from  thq  two  ends  of  the  arch 
which  he  was  bifecting.  If  thefe  ftrokes  coincided,  nothing 
can  be  more  eafy  than  to  fee  whether  the  line  formed  by  them 
bifects  the  original  point,  or  not :  and  if  they  happen  not  to 
coincide,  it  is  equally  eafy  to  difcover  whether  they  fall  equally 
diftant  from  it.  In  (hort,  Mr.  Smeaton  has  been  fo  eager  to 
find  faults  in  Mr.  Bird's  method  of  dividing,  that  he  feems  te 
have  been  led  into  fomething  very  like  a  contradiction  of  him- 
feif.  He  firft  allows  that  the  bifections  may  fall  into  the  ori* 
ginal  points,  without  fenfibU  error^  becaufe  they  communicate 
with,  and  take  their  departure  from,  thofe  points :  but  adds,  !m« 
mediately  afterward,  that  thefe  original  points  are  of  an  here* 
rogeneous  nature  to  the  bifections,  inafmuch  as  they  are  not  de» 
rived  from  the  fame  fource  with  them,  but  from  the  property  of 
the  chord  of  6o^  being  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  circle  ;  and^ 
ibcrefore,  improper  to  be  mixed  with  them.  If  the  bifections 
ommunicate  with,  and  take  their  departure  from,  the  original 
ponts,  thefe  points  cannot  be  heterogeneous ;  if  they  do  not 
uks  their  departure  from  thefe  points,  the  points  and  bifections 
ire  rral  checks  on  each  other ;  and  this  la(l  is  the  cafe ;  the 
buecti%>ns  uking  their  departure  only  from  o,  and  the  point  of 
85^  20',  which  is  laid  down  in  a  different  manner  from  the 
reft,  thoBgh  it  be  derived  from  them. 

Let  it  not  be  fuppofed  that  we  mean,  by  what  we  have  hers 
faid,  to  detract  from  the  merit  of  Mr.  Smeaton.  We  knew 
Mr.  Smeaton  well ;  and  we  know  that  the  induftry,  fkill,  and 
refolution  which  he  exerted  in  rebuilding  the  light- houfeoa 
tne  Eddy-ftone  ;  the  prodigious  improvement  that  he  made  in 
milUwork,  and,  indeed,  in  engines  of  every  kind  ;  and  the 
siany  mafterly  performances  which  he  has  left  behind  him  in 
hydraulics  and  inland  navigations  ;  (bed  a  luftre  round  his  name, 
from  which  we  are  as  unable  as  unwilling  to  detract:  but  it 
is  neverthelefs  true,  at  leaft  in  our  opinion,  that  the  great  ve* 
ncration  which  he  entertained  for  every  thing  that  came  from 
Mr.  Hindley,  a  veneration  which  was  not,  altogether,  without 
reafon,  has  led  him  to  think  better  of  his  method  of  dividing 
than  it  deferved,  and  worfe  of  Mr.  Bird's  than  he  ought  to 
have  done. 

The  animadverfion  which  is  copied  from  Mr.  Ludlam,  is 
this:  <*  It  appears,  alfo,  that  Mr.  Bird,  notwitbftanding  all  his 
objections  to,  and  declamations  againft,  the  practice  oi  ftep^ 
fing^  fometimes  ufed  it  himfelf."  Before  we  give  our  reafoiif 
[or  difTenting  from  this  remark,  wemufi  be  allowed  to  fay  that 
it  appears  in  a  much  more  exceptionabJe  point  of  view  in  Mt» 

Adams's 


A  dams' J  Gesmttrical  and  Graphka!  Effa^f* 

s  book  than  ic  Joes  in  Mr,  Lydlam'swork  j  becaufe  Mr- 
has  left  us  to  ftrtd   out  how  it  appears   thai  Mr>  Bird 
iH  alkw  in  others  what  ht  pr&^rfid  himfe!f\  while  Mu 
by  referring  10  the   page  in  iVlnBud'a  publication^ 
ItKe  paiTagc  in  quefiton  occurs,  has  enabled  us  to  Ihew 
\  has  not  done  thitof  which  he  \%  here  aecufed* 

I  Bird 5  in  page  rl  of  his  "Method  of  dividing  Aftrono- 
inftrumenis,"  informs  u?,  that,  in  order  to  layoff  an  cx- 

153,6  inches,  which  he  wanted  in  conftru£ling  his  fcale 

lal  p.rtts,  he  tonk5i,2  inches,  the  longeft  dilUnce  ad- 

of  conlhiuaT  hiTeClion,  that  hecouTd  take,  from  iuch  a 

he  had  before  him,  and  laid  it  off^threetimn  \  and  then 

I  each  of  thefe  three  lengths  by  continual  bifedion, — the 

II  which  he  always  ufcd,  and  every  where  recommend^* 
lirti|Kif?ible  to  obferve,  witho  Jt  Tome  degree  of  furpri7-e, 
1  eminent  a  mechanic  as  the  late  Mr.  {.udlam  fliould  not 
luifh  between   a  matter  of    neceffiry,  and    a  matter  of 

between  the  afl  of  fctfingoft'a  ccitain  length  which 
{planted,  and  the  a^  of  dividing    that    length   into   equal 
I  after  it  was  fct  off.     Mr,  Bird  might,  with  equal  pro- 
be a  ecu  fed    6i  Jfippingi  on  account  of   his   manner  of 
off  the  total    aich  on  the  Itmh  of  a    quadrant:   but  wc 
fcflfirm    that    Mr.  Bird,    ns  frtr  as    nnneirs  fKnii  a^>v  thing 


Aduii*!  Gmmarii^l  ami  GrapiUal  EJifs.^  %j 

ftot*,  tbeieruit)  wbofirft  publifbcd  itia  161I9  int  treatile 
on  the  coflttructioD  of  a  dialing  inftrument.  l  As  this  treatiie 
of  Ckviuf,  atlctft  of  the  date  which -Ailr.  Adams  affigns  to 
it,  is  not  within  our  reach  at  prefent,-.  we  cannot  concroveit 
what  he  has  adranced,  nor  have  .we  any  inclination  to  queftion 
die  accuracy  of  his  tranfl^tion  f.  The  conftrufition  which 
Mr.  Adams  has  given  is  certainly  on  the  fame  principle 
on  which  Vernier's  method  of  divifipn  is  founded;  acid 
the  {Miblio^tion  was  prior  to  that  of  Vernier  hy  twenty  years : 
•-but,  granting  all  this,  it  by  no  means  proves  that  Peter  Vernier 
was  notthefirn  man  who  applied  this  mode  of  fub-divifion  to 
inftninenus  much  lefs  is  it  a  proof  that  it  was.  done  by  No- 
vas, and  that  the  device  ought  to  be  called  by  his  name:  for^ 
in  the  firft  pbce,  as  far  as  appears  from  what  is  given  by  &fr.  ^ 
Adams,  Clavius  has  only  fliewn  how  fome.  cejuin  arc  of  a 
cirdeaiay  be  divided  into  any  number  of  equal  parts  by  tke 
compal&s:  he  has  not  (jbewn  how  to  effc£l  this  on  the  limb  of 
an  inftniment  by  the  application  pf  a  feparate  piece,  w:hich, 
being  attached  to  the  alidade,  or  index,  of  the  inftru- 
flwoc,  may  be.  brought  to  a  coincidence  wi^  any  part  of  the 
KmW  where  the  fub-diviCon  may  be  required  to  be  made  ;  which 
is  the  thing  eftedled  by  Vernier,  and  to  whkh  invention  the 
flBodem  aftronomers  have  ventured  to  give  bis  name.  It  muft 
neverthelefs  be  aclcnowlegcd  that,  if  this  conftru^ion  of  Cla* 
vitts  were  known  to  Vernier,  as  it  moft  likely  was,  it  takes 
from  him  much  of  the  honour  of  difcover^ ;  leaving  him 
only  that  of  having  applied  to  an  ufeful  pra<Slical  purpofe  the 
fpeculative  invention  of  another  perfon  :— •but,  we  may  afk^ 
10  Che  fecond  place,    what  concern  this  has  with  Nonius  r 

*  Cllvins  was  born  at  Hamberg;,  in  Francooiay  in  the  year  1537  ; 
aiddied»  atilome,  in  1612.  He  was  a  moil  indefatigable  mame- 
aatidan  ;  and  is  faid  to  ha-ve  been  remarkable  for  his  great  piety» 
jpndeiy»  and  humility. 

f  It  may  not*  however,  be  foreign  to  the  piirpofe,  if  we  remark- 
diat  Clavius  Had  given  the  conflrufUon  and  nfe  of  a  dialing  inftniment 
ia  1586,  and  had  there  alfo  thown  how  to  divide  the  arch  of  a  circle 
into  any  number  of  equal  parts :  but  the  method  given  there  is  very 
different  from  that  given  by  Mr.  Adams ;  being,  literally,  Cartins^ 
'nelhodj  by  concentiic  circles ;  which  wai  an  improvement  on  that 
invented  by  Nonius.  It  may  be  added,  that  Clavius  has  given,  in 
die  lame  traid,  a  variation  from  the  method  of  Curtius ;  where  he 
nopofea  that  the  fcveral  concentric  arcs  (hall  each  of  them  be  divided 
BIO  lag  equal  pares,  inftead  of  6o,  as  Curtius  had  direded,  for  the 
.erprefs  parpofe  of  forming  all  the  divifions  by  the  fimple  method  of 
contbnal  bifedions  only  :  the  mode  now  nniverfally  allowed  to  be  the 
heft;  and,  iodesd,  the  oni/  one  that  cm  bt  cjcecQtedwkhctiXaAXitY. 

^\iax 


Adams 'i  Ofameirical  and  Graphicai  Efiyu 

tight  it  gives  any  perron  to  call  the  device  by  his  name? 

the  world  that  "  whoever  has  paid  any  attention  to 

[life  will  ftnd  as  much  affcdationamoiig  afimnomcis,  as 

:  amotig  fops  and  beaux  \  anJ  as  much  mihufiafri^  i&mMmd 

\gQtryj  amon^  philofophsrs,  a^  in  the  fedarian  fpirit  of  i 

Mcher  *,"  becaufe  they  have  left  off  calling  a  device  hy 

le^  which  thej  hxve  di ("covered  w^s  not  known  lifl  long 

was  ilcflilj  and  have  called  it  by  the  name  of  Fernur^ 

for  any  thing  which  is  yet  fliewfi  to  the  contraryj   he 

pcrfon  who  firft  brought  it  into  uk, 

FLiiiig  the  order  in  which   Mr.  Adams   has  arrti^ged  his 

wc  next  meet  with  the  dcrcription  of  a  very  curtous 

irnt  for  dcfcribing  arcs   of  circles   of   any  radius  what* 

I  which  is  followed  by  Dr,  Hook's  defcriptioii  of  a  fimilar 

lent  invented  by  him  for  the  fame  pit rpofe  ^  and  alfo  Dr. 

i  method  of  making  it  dcfcribe  circles,  the  centres  csf 

I  (ball  be  in   any  point,  provided    that  point  be  vifible, 

it  may  not  be  acce/Eble*     Next   follows  a  very  inge- 

VT^y  on  the  feveral  *  meihods  of  defcribin^  arcs  of  cir- 

It  large  magnitude/  by  Jofeph  Prieilley,  Eiq*  of  Brad« 

I  in    Yorkfliirc  5    and    then    a    dekription    of    Su4xrdP% 

ic  pen  /   which,  on  account  oF  the  great  number  of 

It  it  will  defcribe,  is  undoubtedly  a  nvoft  cunous  in* 


AAunt'i  Gmmitrical  mi  Graphicat  SJayt.  19 

the  tune  of  tbe  Urdi  of  Dr.  Blair.  We  remeoiber  to  bave 
feen  im  uiftDioient,  made  by  Mr.  Bird,  about  tbe  year  1758  or 
jj9»  with  sTpriog  under  tbe  bead  of  tbe  fcrew  that  binds  in  tbe 
centre  pin,  tp  prevent  that  fcrew  from  being  fcrewed  up  too 
tight  I  and,  on  ioquiruig  of  Mr.  Bird  ^  reaibn  of  it,  we 
were  toU  tbat  the  late  Admiral  Campbell  had  difcovered, 
■*  loQg  ago,*'  tbat  if  tbe  centre  work  was  not  perfeAly  free^ 
tbe  index  would  bend  in  the  direfiion  of  the  plan^  of  the  qua- 
drant, notwithftanding  the  index  of  his  quadrant  was  of  braft^ 
and  nearly  two  inches  broad : — but  this  is  not  all ;  we  have 
fcen  it  noticed  by  feveral  writers  on  the  filled  of  Hadley's 
quadrant^  and  remedies  offered  for  obviating  it  |  fome  of  which 
are  of  nearly  twenty  years  ftanding. 

Another  remark,  from  Mr.  Nicbolfon's  Navigation,  it, 
that  obfervers  at  fea  generally  chufe  to  ftand  in  the  ftipS  waift, 
when  they  take  altitudes,  becaufethe  height  of  the  eye  above 
tbe  water  is  not  fo  much  altered  by  the  motion  of  the  ibip. 
Tbe  iprriter  of  this  article  has  been  at  fea  fbr  many  years,  both 
in  king's  (hips'  and  merchantmen,  and  he  declares  that  the 
remark  is  new  to  him.  We  ought  to  have  premifed  that  this 
obfervation  occurs  under  the  article  of  Aftronomical  Ob* 
fervactons  at  Jand  With  the  Hadley*s  O^nt  and  Sextant; 
which  follow  furveying,  and  include,  alfo,  tbe  methods  of 
making  obfervations  a^  Tea  with  that  infirument,  for  finding 
tbe  latitude  and  longitude  of  the  fhip,  the  variation  of  tbe 
compafs,  and  feveral  other  articles,  neceilary  to  be  underftood 
by  every  mariner. 

We  are  next  prefentcd  with  ^  A  Courfe  of  Pradical  Geo« 
neiry  00  the  Ground,'  by  Ifaac  Landman,  Profeflbr  of  Fortifi* 
cation  and  Artillery  to  tbe  Royal  Military  Academy  at  WooU 
wich  :  of  which,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  compliments  paid  to 
the  author  of  it  in  the  preface,  Mr.  Adams  thijnks  very  dif« 
fereptly  from  us. 

.  The  volume  concludes  with  *  AnEflayonPerfpeftive,  and  a 
Pefcription  of  foate  InSrument  for  facilitating  that  ufeful  Art ;' 
and  here  Mr.  Adams  has  laid  down  a  great  number  of  element^* 
iry  principles,  in  a  manner  which,  wd  conceive,  will  be  very 
Vieful  to.many  p«rfons.  On  the  whole,  though  wediiient  from 
^  opiqion  of  Mr.  Adams  in  fome  points,  we  can  neverthelefs 
give  it  as  our  unbtafled  judgment  that  his  work  has  unqueftion* 
sUc  merit,  and  will  be  found  of  great  ufe  in  a  very  confiderable 
Ytfiecy.  of  rdpcds. 


Kikt^ 


{    30    ),   . 

AiLT.V.  Anitquities  of  Ireland :\  By  Edward  Ledwich,  LL.R 
'M.  R.  I*  A.  and  F.  A.  S.  of  London  and  Scotla/id.  4to.  pp« 
484.     2I.  2s.  boards.     Dublin,  Grueber ;  London,  DUIy. 

WHEN  wc  meet  with  a  profcflTcd  antiquary,  who  is,  at  the 
fame  time,  a  man  of  general  learning,  cultivated  taftcr, 
liberality  of  fentiment,  and  a  correft  and  elegant  writer,  (in- 
ftances  of  which,  in  fuch  happy  union,  are  not  very  common,} 
we  accompany  him  in  his  literary  and  fcientific  excurfions^ 
with  rare  and  peculiar  fatisfaflion.  Such  amnn,  fuch  a  writer, 
isMr.  Ledwich, — whofe  entertaining  and  inflrudlive  perform- 
ance wc  now,  without  farther  preamble  or  ceremony,  but  with  ' 
fincere  pleafure,  introduce  to  the  acquaintance  of  our  readers* 
—His  valuable  work  ought  to  have  been  fooner  noticed  in  our 
Review:  but  interruptions,  with  the  unpleafant  detail  of  which 
we  (hall  not  trouble  our  readers,  or  ourfelves,  have  retarded  its 
appearance. 

Mr.  Ledwich  is  very  fenfible  that  he  has  powerful  prejudices 
and  grtat  names  to  combat :  he  knows  that  it  would  have  been 
a  more  eafy  and  more  popular  talk,  had  he  applied  to  a  con« 
iirmation  and  elucidation  of  the  Irifh  mythologic  hiftory: 
•  but  then,  (he  adds,)  I  fliould  have  proclaimed  my  ignorance 
of  its  fiflitious  origin,  of  the  low  eftimation  in  which  it  is  held 
by  the  learned  and  inquifitivc  of  every  country  ;  and  what 
would  have  been  infinitely  more  blameable,  I  (hould  have 
written  againft  the  convidion  of  my  own  mind.'  He  there- 
fore courageoufly  oppofes,  and  not  unfrequently  cenfures  and 
ridicules,  the  ftrange  afTertions  and  puerile  abfurdities  which 
have  been  advanced  and  maintained  on  the  fubje<Sl. 

Mr.  Ledwich's  work  is  divided  into  nineteen  eflays ;  perhaps 
the  moft  proper  method  of  reviewing  it  may  be,  to  offer  a 
fliort  account  of  each. 

The  colonization  of  the  country  in  early  agesy  is  naturally 
the  firft  topic  which  falls  under  Mr.  Ledwich's  view.  What 
will  our  old  friend  Mr.  O'Halloran  ♦  fay  to  the  utter  and  con- 
temptuous rejeflion,  not  only  of  the  tale  of  Noah's  grand- 
daughter and  Partholanus,  but  alfo  of  the  Milefian  colony,  on 
which  that  gentleman  defcants  with  fo  much  enthufiafm  and 
confidence,  and,  as  it  muft  be  allowed,  with  confiderable  in- 
genuity f— To  a  mind,  zealous  like  his  for  the  glory  of  his 
country,  and  enamoured  with  its  ancient  honours,  how  un- 
grateful muft  be  thefe  humiliating  accounts  I — Of  the  four 
grand  clafles  by  whom  ancient  Europe  was  pofiefled,  Mr.  Led«*' 
wich  fixes  on  the  firft,  the  Celtciy  who  extended  themfelves 
from  the  Bofphorus  Cimmerius  on  the  Euxine  to  the  Cimbric 

•  See  M.  Rev.  for  Jan.  1779,  vol.  Ix.  p.  4. 

5  Cherfoncfc 


Jj^mcVs  JiiiifmUiiS  rf  Irtlatidi  31 

QierfbiMele  of  Denmark^  difperfing  tbeoifelTes  over  WeSern 
Europe  ud  her  ifles.  This  tribe,  having  colonized  Eoglaod 
and  Scotland,  pafied  from  the  latter  country  into  Irelsuid. 
Tbefewcre  difturbed  by  the  Firhigs^  a  branch  of  the  fecood 
daft,  or  great  Scythian  fwarm,  which,  iiliiing  from  Perfia^ 
difpcffed  into  every  part  of  £urope.  Under  the  name  of  Bei- 
gae,  ttey  oone  from  the  northern  coafts  of  Gaut,  and  are  faid 
10  hsire  Oc^cupied  no  Inconfiderable  portion  of  Brtuin  and 
of  Ireland,  long  before  the  arrival  of  the  Romans :  but  the 
age  in  which  they  thus  fettled  is  alike  uncertain  with  that  of 
their  predeceffi>rs  the  Celtes.  The  Pids  and  Scots  from  Scan* 
dinavia,  and  with  them  the  Saxons,  claiming  the  fame  Scythian 
origin,  are  apprehended  to  have  made  their  incurfions,  and  to 
have  find  their  abode  in  fome  part  of  the  Ifland,  about,  and 
after  the  time  of,  the  Chriftian  sera.  Thefe-  diflferent  emi- 
grants,- as  they  arrived,  intermixed  with  the  Celtes  ;  and  their 
tntmfions,  under  various  names,  feem  not  to  have  ceafed  till 
about  the  12th  century.*— This  is  an  outline,  and  a  very  brief 
one,  of  Mr.  Ledwicb's  fyftem  of  colonization  ;  not  founded, 
faebys,  on  nypothefis  and  etymology,  but  on  the  furer  bafe  of 
written  authorities,  compared  with  and  illuftrating  each  other  s 
and  which,  while  it  difpels  obfcurities,  cafts  a  fteady  and 
bright  light  on  every  branch  of  Irifh  antiquities. 

The  fucceeding  chapter  contains  Thi  Hj/lory  and  Jntiquhin 
€f  GbntUhcb^  in  the  County  9f  IVicHoiv  :  I'his  place  fecms  to 
have  been  a  favourite  feat  o^  fupcrftition  from  the  earlieft  ages  ; 
and  Chriftian  mlffionaries,  remarks  this  writer,  werefirced  to 
adopt  the  high  pretenfions  and  conjuring  tricks  of  their  heathen 
predeceilbrs,  *  They  found  it  indifpenfably  neceflary  to  pro* 
cure  fome  faints  under  whofe  protedion  the  inhabitants  might 
hve  fecure  trom  temporal  and  Tpirituai  evils.  At  a  lofs  for  a 
patron,  they  adopted  a  pradiice  common  throughout  Europe 
in  the  dark  ages,  that  of  perfonifying  rivers,  mountains,  and 
places.  This  cuftom  had  reached  Ireland :  and  now  the 
mountain  Kevn  atGlendaloch,  was  to  be  metamorphofed  into 
Saint  Kevn.  Kevn  is  the  name  of  mapy  mountains  in  Wales, 
noticed  by  Camden.  This  is  an  original  Celtic  word,  for 
which  the  Irifli  in  after  ages  fubftituted  the  Teutonic  drunu 
introduced  by  the  Belgic  colonies/ — Glendaloch  was  once  a 
city,  with  feveral  churches,  the  remains  of  which  arc  here 
defcribed  ;  and  though  Mr.  Ledwich  acknpwleges  it  '  a  pofi« 
tive  fa^  that  few  of  the  faints,  who  adorn  the  legends  of  this 
country,  ever  had  exiftence,'  yet,  left  his  work  (bould  be 
reckoned  defedive,  he  proceeds  to  detail  fome  of  the  monkifii 
tales  concerning  St.  Kevn,  alias,  St.  Coenigcnc :  but  he  re- 
counts chiefly  to  c.xpofc. 

Tbt 


Lc<!wich'  /  Jtntiquhm  if  trthmi, 

hiflnry  ofthi  Irijh  Cuideei  forms  tfi  inftru^live  and  en-> 
ling  cflaj-  :  the  name  Culda^  which  has  given  rife  to  fan- 
(orije^ftures^    is  Jerived,   no  doubtj  UomC^U  Dimm^    fig- 
that  ihey  were  worihippcrs  and   fcrvants  ot    the  uut 
This  tuoiiaflic  order  commenced  in  ihis  remote  part  of 
bid,   in  the  6ih  ccniury.     Cojumba   is  known  lo  have 
Its  founder  :  he  wasemintfit,    and  fo  were  his  followers, 
Imore  rational  piety,  and  ufefiil  know  lege,  ahhrKigh  rioc 
free    from   fuperftition,      *  J)iftingm(lied     {hys   this 
i)    for  letters   and  an  inviolable  attachment  to  rdigioa, 
Idvcrfaries,   devtited    to  the  RomiOi   fee,  have  configned 
lame  and  tenets  to  oblivion  ;  while  othuts  of  infsrrior  me- 
pompouHy  brought   fotward,  and  extolled  for  virtues 
they  never  poikfltd,  and  for  aflions  which  they   ocver 
led/     Very  frw  writers    have   done  juflice  to  ihc  CnU 
I  hey  were  too  much  attLiched  to  fimpk  truth  and  pure 
llanity,  to  find  f^ivour  with  thofc  who  aimed  at  wealth  and 
and  enjoyed  the  itmporary  benefit  of  human  fmpofuions 
:! vailing   ignorance,      tven  Bede,  venerable  as   he  was, 
he  allots  tntm  great  and  jufl  commendation,  cannot 
[>afnng  forne  cenruie   on  ihem^  and  feems  to    have    re- 
[them  as  fchiffrutics,  in  the  word  fcnfe  of  ihat  word.** 
lore  them    to  deltfrved  refpe^t   is  the  obje£t  of  this  dif* 
-Hy,   Hu,  orionn,   (*o  called  from  its  oval  or  eg^- 
ape,)    one  of   the  Hebfiiits^  has  been  rendttecj   famous 


LcdwichV  JHtiquities  of  Ireland.  33 

It  was  natural,  in  thisfhort  hiftory,  to  take  notice  of  two 
celebrated  monks  Aijdan  and  Finan,  who,  on  application  to 
the  king  of  the  Pi£ls  or  Scots,  were  fent  from  the  little  Irifli 
fratcrni;y  at  Hy,  to  re-eftablifli  fome  chriAian  churches  in 
England.  ■  This  has  been  confldercd  as  a  fa£l  militating  againft 
Englifli  epjfcopacy,  or  unfavourable  to  that  hierarchical  fuc- 
cefHon,  of  which  fome  pcrfons  have  been  difpofed  to  boaft. 
iMr.  Ledwich  does  not  view  the  fad  as  hoftile  to  the  claims  of 
kithops,  but  he  exprefles  himfelf  briefly  and  rather  obfcurely 
on  the  fubjcfSt. 

This  eliky  concludes  with  an  account  of  Mondincha  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  and  its  antiquities.  In  this  ifland  flood 
i  Culdean  abbey  and  church,  where  feveral  of  the  order  re- 
fided  ;  and  it  appears,  that  in  1 1 85  they  *  had  not  conformed  to 
the  reigning  ft-perftition  :  they  devoutly  ferved  God,  (fays  our 
hiftorian,)  in  this  wild  and  dreary  retreat,  facrificing  all  the 
Bartering  profpcfls  of  the  world  for  their  ancient  doftrine  and 
difcipline.*— We  have  fome  entertaining  particulars  relative  to 
this  ifland,  accompanied  with  fenfible  remarks  concerning  Co- 
lumba,  and  the  particular  office  (of  late  years)  appointed  for 
celebrating  his  feftival :  for  it  appears  that  he  was  not  fuppH- 
calcd  in  Ireland  as  a  patron-faint  before  the  year  1741.  Our 
author,  for  the  fake  of  the  more  enlightened  Roman  catholics. 
cxpofcs  fome  wilful  miftakes  committed  by  the  compiler  of  this 
office. — •  The  dete<51ion,  (fays  he,)  of  thefe  errors,  and  many 
more  that  will  be  brought  forward  in  the  courfe  of  this  work, 
cannot  but  have  a  happy  influence  in  opening  the  eyes  of  every 
rational  man,  who  muft  fee  with  concern,  the  unjuflinablc  at- 
tempts that  have  been  made  to  enthral  the  underflanuing  by  bold 
fidions,  and  grofs  untruths.' 

The  chapter  which  next  occurs,  is  ingenious  and  learned: 
it  treats  of  the  Ogham  chara6Urs^  and  alphabetic  elements  of  the 
h'ljh  language.  The  famous  infcripiion  on  Callan  mountain, 
an  account  of  which  was  prefentcd  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, a  few  years  ago,  by  Colonel  Vallanccy  ♦,  here  finds 
its  overthrow;  at  leafl  the  imaginations  about  it  are  attributed 
tocredulitv,  or  to  a  de fire  of  advancing  fomcthiiig  furprizing 
and  marveilcus.  Concerning  the  Ogham  cHara<fler«,  we  can 
only  reir^rk  that  they  appear  to  be  Runic  (fecret)  marks, 
borrowed  from  the  Roman  notes  ufed  in  divinations,  &c.  and 
afterward  employed  to  magical  and  deceitful  purpofes  by  the 
chiefs  and  prirfts  of  the  barbarians. — With  refpect  to  the  al- 
phabetic elements  of  the  ancient  Irifh,  itisprobilic  that  they 
were  received   from    the   Britons  and  Saxons,  who,    in    their 

•  Sec  Arciiaeologia,  vc.l.  v:i.  p.  276.  and  iVI.  Rov.  vol.Ixxiv.  p. 269. 
'    Rev.  May  1793.  I)  turn. 


Ledwicb*!  AntlquUlii  &f  InlamL 

lerived  them  from  the  Rotnans,^^For  the  ilttiliritioii  uid 
I  of  this  conje£lyrc,  ihe  reader  mud  at  his  kifufc  conrult 

[impend ious  efUy. 

ineded  with  ihc  foregoing  fubjefl  is  the  dflTertatioR  oa 

Irijh  coins.  Here,  as  in  other  inftanees,  this  fenfihle  and 
Lte  writer  lowers  the  towering  ambition  and  mortifies  the 
bf  fevera!  of  his  coiintrymen  : 

date  (fays  he)  of  the  earlieil  Grecian  coins  is  about  Sco 

^fore  fhe  iticarnatioiit  and  that  of  the  Roman  five  cemurics 
I  we  mull  then  be  at  a  lofs  to  difcover  by  what  rules  Irifh  and* 

condudi  their  ]n(|iiiries  concerning  ]ri{h  money,  for  they  are 
Itly  not  thofe  of  learning  atid  good  fenfe^  as  then  they  would 
Iroduced  foniething  rational  and  fobcr  on  the  fiibjcfl;  whereas 
1  nothing  but  the  wildell  whimfies,  and  all  the  exorbitance  of 
kicanJ  lice  ndou  5  afler  don  .—Oar  writers,  with  unblufbing  con- 
L  afluTe  u^,  gold  was  found  and  reilined  here  a  thoufand  years 
I  Chril! ;  and  mints  ere»5ledp  and  fUvcr  coined  five  h  mid  red 
be  fore!  the  fame  event :— 'but  In  vain  we  inquire  for  the  coins  of 
mints/ 

!  barbatifm  of  the  natives,  to  a  late  period,  furnifhes  fuf* 

reafoti  to  coiifider  the:  above  as  idle  dreams,  Diodorus 
(»s,  Strabo,  Solinus,  kz.  agree  in   ihis  defcrrption  ;  nor 

appear  that  any  difterrnt  inference  is  lobe  drawn  from 
eertain  and  obfcurepafiage  in  Tacitui,  which  has  fome- 
cn  oppofed  to  the  former,  and  which  is  here  carefully 


hbiinchU  Jntifmties  if  linknii  3| 

di  CQttfels  to  be  a  fi^tidous  king  of  SoodaDd,  minted  |dd  and 
fivcr»  A.  D.  I99«  A  ftory  rejefted  with  jnft  contempt  by  the  anti- 
^aaries  of  that  Aungdom. 

*  Edward  II L  in  the  5^1  )fear  of  his  reign,  diredled  a  new  coinag<} 
far  Irriand,  as  he  did  for  England ;  but  zi  there  are  no  fpecimeni 
of  the  fcrmer*  it  is  likely  his  intentions  were  never  carried  into  eir* 
fcadgo.  That  the  Iriih  did  not  ado]>t  money  as  a  ftandard  foi'  efti* 
aadng  the  vahie  of  things  about  70  years  after,  we  have  evidence  in 
Uac  Marrogh  the  prince  of  Lcinfter's  horfe  being  rated  at  469 


Having  farther  remarked,  that  an  account  of  th^  priory  of 
Adaaflcly  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  is  attached  to  this  ^aN 
tide,  it  is  more  than  time  that  we  proceed  to^ 

OkfiryaiioMS  9n  the  AQm-ro^fed  Cbapgls  of  thi  Undent  Irijh: 

*  IfVitrovios*  Strabo,  Pliny»  Tacitus,  Dion  Caflius,  and  HeroU 
dian,  who  profeffedly  or  incidentally  treat  of  the  domeftication  of  the 
Irilh  in  their  feveral  ages,  record  nothing  but  traits  of  barbarifm,  in* 
civility,  and  a  total  want  of  architedure«  where  could  the  Iriih  ac« 
qidre  ideas  of  the  Egyptian  and  Grecian  ftyles  of  building  ?  Ther^ 
anft  be  either  a  ftrange  confpiracy  among  ancient  writers  to  mifrepre* 
fast  the  truth,  and  deceive  mankind,  or  what  is  delivered  by  Stukely 
and  Irifli  antiquaries  of  the  wonderful  proficiency  of  the  Druids  in 
the  aru  and  feiences,  is  dcftitute  of  reality.  The  lattel-  had  abfurd 
fyftems  to  fupport,  the  former  ftated  matters  of  fad  and  notoriety^ 
laipartiality  and  truth  are  ever  found  among  thofe  who  hare  no  in* 
ducement  to  fwerve  from  them. 

•  yix  e^uidem  credar  fed  cum  fint  pramia  falfi 

Nulla  t  rat  am  teftis  debet  habere  Jidem, 
'  Mr.  0*Conor  grants  our  buildings  in  the  6th  ceiitury  Urefe  ixiedn, 
sad  yet  he  fpeaks  of  magnificent  ones   many  ages  before,    without 
condefcending  to  explain  the  occult  caufes  of  this  degradatioui  and 
at  length  final  exdndion  of  architedlare  among  us.'— 

•  From  t\txy  evidence  fupplied  by  antiquity,  it  is  certain,  the 
Irifli  had  neither  domeftic  edifices  or  religious  flrudtures  of  lime  and 
tone,  antecedent  to  the  great  northern  invafion  in  the  9th  century.^ 

The  Oftmcn  who  came  orer  at  that  time  then  alfo  embraced 
Chriftianity ;  and  they  did  thts^  in  agreement  with  the  tenets 
and  forms  eA  their  countrymen  in  England.  The  fifft  ftruc- 
turat  ^  the  Oftmen,  and  the  firft  buildings  with  mortar  in 
Ireland,  were ^^iiz-f^^^ chapels  for  reliques* — Ihis  account 
onr  author  endeavours  to  fupport^  and  accompanies  it  with  H 
defcription  of  fome  of  thefe  chapels ;  the  largeft  and  beft  oT^ 
which  feems  to  be  Cormac's  chapel  at  Caffael. 
*i'ij  R£%riew  of  the  MJh  Literature  in  the  tniddle  Jgii.'^t/lri 
Ledwich,  white  he  reje«5ls  the  tales  of  craft  and  fuperftitiod^ 
irich  the  pretenfions  of  folly,  is  not  indifferent  to  the  honour 
tt  his  country,  fo  far  as  it  can  be  fupportcd  by  rcafon  and 
tntth  3—* 

j>  J  *  ko 


Lcdwicb'j  Antlquttiis  &f  Inland* 

I  confine  my rdfibkly  (he  fays,)  to  tbe  Hate  of  learning  m 
[in  die  middle  and  dark  ages,  1  am  the  better  able  to  pay. an 
|lcd    attention  to  this  interelling   fubjedl,   yet,    mthoiic   pre* 

to  tliinlc  I  have  exhaufted  or  even  exhibited  jn  the  ejftent,  or  , 
lie  erudition  that  others  mi|;ht  have  done.  The  live^  and  mi- 
pf  r^iiats,  iDOnalUc  rule*,  and  aJl  the  fuppoftuuom  and  apocryphal 
pat  crowd  the  pannes  of  Ware '5  writer"*  and -Haxris' j  addUions*  I 
Jto  the  credulity  and  illaftration  of  others,  dwelling  only  om 
Lifts  of  folid  karaing  worthy. of  rational  inquiry,  and  vvhidi 
life  only  troe  grounds  of  national  fame  and  honour.* 
Ihc  fifth  century,  at  which  he  begins  his  inquirieSi  hecan 
no  other  adequate  cauTe  of  the  quick  at^vances  inade 
J-aturc,  but  the  emigration  of  the  Britiiii  clergy  :  they 
lorn  the   irjvafions  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.     The  fame  ac- 

is  given  of  the  fixtb  age  j  and  of  the  feventh  it  isfaid, 
■he  religious  eflalvliihrncncs  in  this  and  the  pre  ceding  century^ 
lie  fecurity  that  letters  enjoyed  in  our  lile  from  the  convulfiona 
Toundirg  nations,  made  her  the  fchool  of  learning  to  the  W^ft- 
iHd.  But  a  caiifc,  hitherto  unobterved  and  equally  powerful  in 
pration,  tended  la  fill  Ireland  with  learned  men,  and  that  wai 
VQh^rcrtTytent  nf  Ihiraturc  hy  tht  R^mnn  pcniiffx^     Hence  the  Iibe«. 

inpifniou*  were  neceflasily  driven  to  this  Hie  to  acquire  the  ru- 

of  kitotvlc^e,  as  papal  injun^lLOns  had  no  force  here.     And 

Ithe  fuperiontv  of  the  Britifli  and  Irifh  clergy  in  all  their  difpiitei 

ancagntitils  about  bapiil'm,  Kartcr,  the  tonfurc^  and  other 


Ledwicb'i  Antipaties  of  Inland.  ^7 

tatioo»  though  flic  could  not  efcape  the  contagion  and  inrelicity. 
of  the  limes : 

•  We  fee  (oar  htftorian  remarks,)  the  viciffitudes  of  human  affairs 
had  DOC,  for  many  ages,  obfcured  oar  literacure,  or  drawn  over'  this 
£ivoared  iile  the  dark  veil  of  ignorance  or  illiceracy.  Bucwhat  nei- 
ther domeftic  convuliions,  the  cruel  ravages  of  barbarians,'* or  all- 
derouring  time,  could  effeft,  was  quickly  accomp!i(bed  by  the  efla- 
blifliinenc  of  a  corrupt  religion.  We  no  foooer  embraced  that  oC 
Rome  than  we  loil  our  genius  and  fuperiority.  Rien  de  plus  futufte 
fttr  U  frogres  de  Vefprit  bumaint  que  la  religion  maUentendue^  <^ 
f9mffee  jufqa*  a  lafupcrftition^  aufanati/me,  et  a  la  tyrannic  *•' 

Moihetm,  to  whom  we  have  referred  above,  fpeaks  fa- 
ifourably  in  this  refpeft  alfo  of  the  Irifii,  *^  known  in  the  eighth 
century  by  the  name  of  Scots,  as  the  only  divines  who  refufed 
to  diflionour  their  rea.fon  by  fubmitting  it  implicitly  to  the  dic- 
tates of  authority.  They  viewed,  with  contempt,  the  pitiful 
compendiums  of  theology,  extracted  from  the  fatberST'ali'd 
which  the  unlearned  ecclcfiaftics  of  other  countries  accepted  as 
oracles." 

Jatiquitiis  of  Devenijh^  in  the  County  of  Fermanagh^  arc  very 
briefly  noticed  at  the  end  of  this  eiFay :  our  antiquary  feems 
principally  to  intend  a  correction  of  fome  miilake  which  hat 
Dcen  made  concerning  it:  he  informs  us,  that  it  was  ^  origi- 
nally a  Culdean  elUbli(hmenr,  where  the  difciples  of  Saint 
Columba  continued  to  exercife  their  piety  and  virtue,  till 
overborne  by  fuperftition  and  an  intolerant  religion.' 

Antitnt  Forts  and  Caftlei  conftitute  another  informing  arti- 
cle: the  aniicnt  Irilh,  or  Celtcs,  had  no  callles;  their  woods 
fervcd  them  for  camps,  and  their  marftcs  for  ditches.  The 
Firbolgs  feem  to  have  introduced  the  rath^  or  hill,  other  wife 
/jw,  the  court,  or  mote,  all  fignifying  a  place  where  they  af- 
fembled  :  the  dun,  or  din,  the  fame  as  tne  WeKh  dinas,  w^s 
alfo  a  kirul  of  fort  introduced  by  thefe  {K*oplc:  but  Turgetius 
and  his  Oftmen  are  fuppofed  to  have  formed  the  great  number 
of  earthen  forts  and  catties  made  of  lime  and  flone,  the"  re- 
mains of  which  are  fo  numerous.  More  regular  ih-udfaresof 
this  kind  were  raifed  by  tlie  Engliih  under  Edward  1.  and 
Henry  i\.  when  they  conquered  the  country.  In  aficr- 
timcs, 

•  Thefe  cafllcs  multiplied  prodigiouil;/ ;  there  were  more  in  this 
ifland  than  peri»aps  on  an  equal  furfacc  in  any  other  part  of  the 
worid.— AH  ih'jfe  are  exilling  monuments  q^  the  Infelicity  of  former 
ages,  when  cruel  and  domcitic  wars  convuITcd  and  dcfolattd  .the 
JUAiid,  leaving  little  more  than  one  million  0/  vvretciicJ  miicrabic  b(/. 
ingsto  occupy  this  beautiful  and  fertile  country.     The  final  llttlemcqt 


BiclfclJ— /'//W/V.  comp.  torn.  iii.  p.  334.' 

D  3  of 


Hcarn'j  fl^ri  Fitw  ofthi  Rip  and  Pngfifs 

Ikingdoifi  &t  the  rcvoladmii  and  the  cHeritlimg  care  of  the  H^ 
Is  h<iufe  of  Brunr^tck,  gave  us  a  regular  government,  otkA  juft 
lial  lawsf  emancipated  tis  from  commercial  ri^ramis,  ai>d  pro- 
la  fpirit  of  indadry.  Four  miUioasof  foals  now  gratefully  tc* 
Idge  fucK  f|gna.l  bkHingSj  an<^  devoutly  pray  for  a  condnuance 

for  the  prefcnt*  i»e  lake  our  leave  of  Mr,  Lcdwich  s 
l^cmarking,  that^  at  the  end  of  this  cflay,  he  aclcinair*^ 
I  his  obligation  to  Colonel  Hayes  of  Avondalc,  for  hit 
bus  countenance  of  this  work,  and  far  fon^e  views  hrie 
Id.  In  the  preface,  he  alfo  confeiTes  himfeff  largely  in-» 
to  the  Reverend  Dean  Coote,  whofe  public  fpirited 
bn«  on  feveral  accounts  appear  to  entUIe  hioi  to  llie. 
pti  praifcg 

\T§  hi  f^Mtimuid.  ] 


I  VI>  J  Jhn  Ftc^  ef  iht  Rifi  e/id  Pr^grefs  ef  Freedsm  i»  M&f 
I  Eufspfy  a£  connedled  with  the  Caufes  which  led  to  the  French 
loludon.  Towbich  b  added j  a  Refutation  of  certain  erroneous 
inHaitiniatory  Doflrines  newly  propagated,  for  the  dangeroua 
pofcs  of  mlfleading  the  People,  and  fub verting  the  ertabliftiei 
[er  of  Society.  AddreCcd  to  the  Afibciated  Friends  of  tho 
li{h  GonflitJtion,     By  Thomas  Hearn,  M.D.  late  Fhyfician  to 


cf  Freedom  in  Modern  Europe.  jg 

plans  of  political  reformation  and  improvement  ought  to  follow 
the  ftate  of  public  information. 

'^  May  it  noi,  (Dr.  H.  afks,)  with  pe rfeA  confidence,  be  aiTerted,  that 
in  inftrattcd  and  enKghtened  nation  are  incapable  of  fabmitting  to  the 
gf«6  opprefions  of  an  arbitrary  government,  and  that  when-this  neafure 
M  pabfic  knowledge  has  been  once  attained,  the  government  muft  either 
becone  more  moderate,  jail,  and  conformable  to  the  impreffions  made 
•Q  the  mind  of  the  community,  or  a  revolution  muft  unavoidably  en- 
fae;  and  chat  the  deeree  of  information  of  the  whole  people  mud  be 
ever  oonfidered  as  the  miiverfal  (landard,  by  which  tne  moderation,' 
er  feverity»  of  the  government  mud  be  regulated ;  this  is  the  leadinjgf 
fctturet  riie  great  criterion,  by  which  the  operations  of  the  ruling 
powers  muft  be  always  determined ;  without  it,  all  is  confa£k)n,  all  is 
cnor,  and  moft  tend  to  diibrder  and  anarchy. 

By  this  rule,  the  author  examines  the  governments  of  £u« 
lope,  and  fliews  that  the  eflential  and  radical  error,  which  has 
pervaded  almoft  all  of  them,  has  been  *  a  neglc£l  of  the  moft  im- 
portant of  all  confiderations  in  the  formation  of  a  governmentV 
Btmely,  the  ftrong  and  irrefiftible  influence  which  popular 
opinion,  comprehending  in  the  idea  the  general  ftate  of  in- 
fomiation  of  the  community  at  large,  muft  have  upon  the 
leadinefs,  energy,  and  duration  of  fuch  government.'  Having 
enumerated  feveral  unfuccef^ful  eflForts  for  freedom  in  the  days 
of  ignorance,  he  mentions,  with  exultation,  its  glorious  triumph 
in  the  Netherlands  over  Spanifli  pride  and  tyranny : 

'  Feeblenefs  and  degeneracv  are  ever  the  charaderiftics  of  flave«; ; 
ia  dus  degraded  ftate  of  man  his  faculties  became  fufpcnded  and  ener- 
vated: that^nergy  of  mind,  that  foul-infpiring  enthufiafm  which  iircs 
thebreaft  onbe  patriot,  and  urges  him  on  to  aSs  of  public  beneHcencei 
caoDot  be  felt  by  the  wretch  who  is  a  tyrant's  toel,  and  groans  in 
imitttde. 

'  However,  for  the  honour  of  human  nature,  we  muft  not  omit  to 
oiention  the  noble,  the  immortal  ftruggle  of  the  Netherlands.  The 
haaghty,  the  imptrrious  Philip  was  forced  to  fwallow  the  bitter  draught, 
a&d  was  uoght  to  know,  that  neither  the  armed  hods  of  extenilve 
empire,  nor  the  united  treafures  of  two  hemifpherc;:,  could  i'ubdue  the 
kaidy  minds  and  undaunted  valour  of  what  may  be  called  a  few  naked 
fiihermen :  aOiamcd  and  abalhed,  he  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the 
bglorious  conteft,  and  left  to  pofterit^  this  great,  this  awful  Icflbn, 
dut  whilft  conquerors  and  tyrants  pen(h  and  pafs  away  from  the  re- 
cords of  dme,  the  public  foul  of  freedom  is  invincible  and  immortal.' 

This  brief  biftorical  fketch  is  dofed  with  the  following  judi- 
cious remark : 

*  Thus  it  is  that  civil  and  political  eftabliflimcnts  muft  always  keep 
pace  with  the  illumination  of  the  public  mind,  and  change  according 
10  die  variations  of  the  ftate  of  man.  Power  has  been  conftanily  con- 
ferred by,  and  wrcfted  from,  the  people,  and  as  conftantiy  abufed, 
Uncontronled  authority  feems  to  have  a  baneful  influence  on  the  hu- 
Ban  heart,  and  few  are  the  examples  of  permanent  virtue,  or  Ariel 

D  4  moderation. 


Hcarn'j  fi^rt  View  cfthi  Rtp  and  Proyr^fs 

Ywm  p  in  that  dan ge ro u«  ftirioti .     T he  ht Jio ry  of  m inkifld , '  an d 

rriencc  ofage^j  itrongly  enforce  a  b; lief  that  the  n^ylLUude  ^rc 

ilc  of  gov  turning  dismfiilvcap  and  Ucacc  are  reductul  to  the  fw;- 

If  conhding  lliaL  icaporunt  iruil,  which  cannut  l>e  cxercifei  b/ 

,  to  ihe  virtue  of  onej  or  of  a  few  i  this  (klcg^'-ion  caaAOtp  or, 

■uaicty  for  ni^tnkindj  has  noi  hiiherio  biicn  cai>fcrreiip  wiibottt 

lap  at  the  fumt^  time  ftich  a  proporiioii  of  power  a^  precludes  2 

ly  of  revoking  the  grant;  ilioull  the  dekgato  btcjmc  coiriipt 

pary,  be  h  akcadv  pofrciri:J  of  the  means  of  fuppurting  hit 

Jty  by  durpation  j  for  authority  malnuincd  agatnit  the  confcEt 

Iwjiule  body  of  the  people  is  virtually  ulurpa^o^ii  and  against 

ikt  v^'iicn  cllabJillied  by  military  force*  there  u  no  remedy,  oo 

other  than  isifurre^tion* 
diough  the  truih  of  this  propofition  cannot  be  demcd^  and  tha| 
people  have  a  right  to  oppofe  a  fimllar  Itite  of  tyriinny,  it  mail   J 
'ciled  that  the  expetiment  has  been  tcmcumed  fatal,  u  always    ' 
Ions,  and  moft  frecjuently  unfecccf^fal. 

Vch  nearly  has  been  the  itate  of  all  the  nations  on  tbe  Conttnent, 
I w  excepted  ;  the  people  had  noii  from  almoil  time  imnscnioriaig 
Id-nitted  to  that  rank  and  importance  which  their  gr<;ai  pre- 
|aijcc  entitled  them  to  in  the  fcale  of  public  atfairs  i  delpifed  and  I 
cdtd  by  that  power,  which  they  themftlves  had  arfticd  for 
fa'.cc  and  fccurity,  they  were  aLiaadoacd  10  ail  the  lofult^  of 
Ing  pride  and  the  depredations  cl  infutiable  fqUinUcreri ;  bu^ 
Imatiiral  perverfion  of  the  oidL-r  of  things  muft  hive  its  limits, 
rctiibution  v-as  to  ccmcp  wbcL  the  irrciillible  advaticcmeni 


€fFreidom  in  Modem  Europi.  41 

!  which  was  fo  indifpenfably  necefDiry  to  the  exidance  and  ex. 
crcife  of  defpodc  po>ver,  when  the  diiFuiion  of  knowledge  became 
more  univerfal.  and  extended  to  all  ranks  of  the  community,  th^ 
ioldier  himfcif  perceived  that  it  was  no  longer  his  intcrcil  to  form  paic 
of  a  body  whicn  militated  againd  public  freedom,  and  had  beea 
hitherto  found  inimical  to  the  rights  of  the  people;  at  length  he  be«> 
came  fenHble  that  his  military  appointment  was  neither  irreconcileabie 
with  the  prior  claims  of  fecial  duty,  nor  oppofite  to  iiis  obligations  as 
a  citizen;  and  confidcrcd  the  trade  of  war,  as  it  had  been  carried  on, 
to  be  no  other  than  an  artful  fydem,  ef^ablifhed  on  the  ruins  of  feodal 
barbarity,  formed  for  the  purpofes  of  ambition,  the  iupport  of  tyrants, 
and  thcdeftrudion  of  his  iellow-creatures. 

*  Hence  it  is  evident,  that  governments  muft  become  more  equitable 
and  milJ,  according  to  the  progrefs  of  knoA^lcdgc  and  a  more  en« 
liglitAicd  fiate  of  civil  fociety-  An  ignorant  and  unK^ttcred  people 
cun  pdtienily  fubmit  to  the  moil  outraf^eous  ads  of  violence  and  op* 
prcffion,  and  fljcp  over  their  chains  with  an  indirference  bordering  on 
brutal  (lupidity ;  the  moll  fcrtib  and  favoured  regions  of  the  earth, 
where  freedom,  joined  hand  in  hand  with  liberal  knoArlcdge,  had  once 
brought  forth,  nurtured,  and  matured,  the  faculties  of  man,  where 
genius  fmilcd,  and  civil  life  had  gained  its  ultimate  perfedion,  where 
polilhcd  Greece  had  reared  the  empire  of  refinement  and  of  reafon, 
have  for  ages  languifhcd  in  decay  and  hopelef^  fervitude,  and  bend 
beneath  the  iron  fway  of  haughty  Ottoman ;  the  plains,  where  Tyre 
aiid  Cartilage  liood,  are  now  the  prev  of  rude  barbarians,  and  the 
fport  of  ru^an  power;  the  peaceful  Hindoo  has,  from  ine  remotcfl 
time,  fubmitted  calmly  to  the  yoke  of  fucccffivc  tyrants,  and  lecms  to 
have  taken  no  intered  in  the  fccncs  of  rapine  and  (laughter  that  con- 
iianciy  furrounded  him :  the  inducnce  of  a  mild  climate,  an  abundant 
foil,  his  habits  of  life,  religion,  and  rigid  temperance,  together  with 
his  contented  ignorance,  all  contribute  to  enervate  his  mind,  and 
render  him  incapable  of  refidauce;  yet  it  would  not  fccm  unreafonable 
to  believe,  that  all  theie  phyfical  and  moral  caufes  would  not  alone  be 
fufiicient  to  retain  him  in  that  date  of  ihameful  humiliation,  were  his 
mind  enlightened ;  were  the  art  of  rcafoning  known  in  his  country ; 
were  feminaries,  colleges,  univcrfiiiei,  academies  of  fcience  and  belles 
Ictires,  libraries,  and  a  public  education  ellablilbed,  it  may  be  pre- 
fumed  that  even  the  Hindoo  himfelf  would  be  routed  from  his  Icihar- 
gic  inacVion,  and  ftand  forth  in  bold  vindication  of  the  rights  of 
humanity/ 

After  thcfc  general  obfcrvations.  Dr.  H.  proceeds  to  the 
confideration  of  the  prefenc  liate  of  politics  in  Europe.  The 
caufc  of  the  downfall  of  the  rrench  iiionarchy,  in  his  opinion, 
was,  that  the  government  did  not  lcc;rn,  tn;in  the  barbarous 
policy  of  otMcr  defpotic  governments,  that,  in  order  to  fccurc 
permanency  to  ufurpdtion,  and  uncontrouicu  dominivin  over 
the  perfons  and  property  of  the  people,  it  w.is  neLeli.ify  to  prc- 
fcrvc  the  fame  arbitrary  influence  over  their  inteiUcis. 

With  refpedt  to  the  general  principles  ni  government, 
though  Dr.  H.  ftrcnuoufly  oppofes  the  method  of  rciormmrz  go- 

vcriimcnt 


41  Heztn^sjb&ri  View  tfibi  Rifi  and  Progrefs 

vernment  by  referring  all  redrefs  of  grievances  to  elemcnlarjp 
aflemblies  of  the  whole  mafs  of  the  people;  and  is  of  opinion 
that  Mr.  Paine 's  republican  fyftem  (many  parts  of  which  hf 
diftindlly  examines,)  cannot  be  fuccefsfully  carried  into  effed, 
except  where  the  mafs  of  the  people  pofTefs  extraordinary  de* 

Srees  of  wifdom  and  virtue;  yet  he  admits  that  men  are,  or 
lould  be,  politically  equal,  and  are  entitled  to  the  protediion 
and  participated  advantages  of  that  fociety  of  which  they  are 
members. 

Concerning  privileged  orders,  his  opinion  is  thus  exprefled : 

«  Though  I  find  myfelf  obliged  todilFer  with  Mr.  P— c  in  fome  poiiiU» 
I  maftconreTs  that  his  ideas  concerning  the  hereditary  nobility,  luchas 
it  is  in  many  countries  in  Europe,  and  the  influence  fo  inevitably  con. 
ne^ed  therewith,  appear  to  roe  to  mcric  the  particular  attention  of 
wife  governments;  the  entailing  the  honours  conferred  on  adeferving 
and  diflinguilhed  citizen,  on  his  undefcrving  and  profligate  pofterity, 
ukes  oflFthat  (Hmulus  which  excites  to  public  virtue  and  adts  of  heraifm^ 
and  probably  has  a  tendency  to  debilitate  and  enervate  the  hnnuui 
mind— the  privileges  annexed  to  that  high  rank  may  become  dangerous 
in  fome  forms  of  government ;  and,  in  all,  ariftocratical  afcendancy 
Ihould  be  guarded  againft  by  fome  powerful  counterpoife.' 

On  the  fubjeA  of  reform,  Dr.  B.  is  an  enemy  to  precipitate 
and  violent  innovations,  and  thinks  it  unreafonable  that  the 
prcfent  race  (hould  be  facrificed  for  the  convenience  of  pofterity ; 
but  he  acknowleges  that  modern  governments  abound  with  ab* 
furdities  and  abufes,  and  that  the  growth  of  general  knowlege 
and  rational  inquiry  has  been  fuch,  as  will  oblige  the  ruUng 
pewers  to  lower  their  tone,  and  to  relax  their  feveriiy.  At 
the  fame  time  that  he  ftrongly  expreflcs  his  difapprobation  of 
the  method  in  which  political  renovation  has  of  late  been 
attempted  in  France,  he  has  the  candour  to  own  that  it  would 
not  be  inconfiftent  with  the  dignity  df  the  Englifb  government, 
to  borrow  from  the  French  y^^zi  may  be  applied  to  public  uti- 
lity, and  to  learn  wifdom  from  their  extravagance : 

<  If  to  remove  thoie  baneful  dillinAions  which  embitter  all  the 
fweets  of  fociciy,  and  to  unite  the  fubjeds  of  a  great  empire  under  the 
^mmon  banner  of  Chriftian  love  and  indifcriminate  protedion--if  to 
blot  o^t  for  ever  the  memory  of  tbofe  unhappy  feuds,  which  have 
divided  them  into  fadions,  and  were  the  caufe  why  men  of  the  moft 
iberal  principles  were  almoft  obliged  to  coniider  each  other  with  an 
eye  of  difcontent  and  jealoufy — if  to  grant  an  equal  participation  of 
the  advantages  of  an  unrivalled  and  envied  conftitution  to  all  defcrip- 
tions  of  men  4  who  difcharge  the  duties  of  good  ciiizens  and  loyal  fub« 
jeas,  and  who  look  up  with  an  eye  of  confidence  to  the  liberality  of 
the  times  and  the  generofity  of  their  rulers— if  to  make  it  the  iatereft 
as  well  as  duty  of  cytrf  individual  to  refped,  rtsttc,  and  defend  a 
oonititntion  from  the  advanugcs  he  may  obtain  by  its  protedion  and 
jufticcji  and  not  umpt  him  co  curfc  it  as  a  parnal,  depraved,  and 

id)fnrd 


9f  Fruiam  in  JHodnm  Ettropg.  4} 

abfiiid  fyAnn  of  intrigue  and  monopoly— >if  to  enconra^e  all  denomU 
latioos  of  Chriftians*  without  diftindion  of  fed,  to  join  an  the  (ame 
cmfe  of  cultivating  philanthropy  and  focial  afFe£Uon,  and  of  thanks 
and  gratitnde  to  that  enlightened  ^untry^  which  united  all  the  rights 
of  conicience  with  the  only  true  rights  of  man — if,  I  fay.  Tome  luck 
wife.  Come  fuch  prudent  plan  of  conciliation  be  not  adopted,  no  im- 
provemcnt  can  be  attempted. 

'  This  Ihonld  be  the  firft  preliminary  ftep  towards  reform*  as 
without  it  no  reform  can  be  efFt^ual,  juft,  or  permanent;  the  nation, 
which  is  difunited  by  religious  animoiity,  is  ever  expofed  to  fadion, 
as  containing  mthin  itfelf  the  feeds  of  ducontent  and  political  hatred, 
la  a  country  thus  circumftanced,  it  would  be  imprudent,  it  would  be 
madne(s»  to  agitate  the  already  unorganized  mafs  of  the  people  by 
anorattoos  or  reforms.  Where  men  cannot  poflibly  be  brought  to 
agree  about  their  common  interefts— where  the  advantages  of  one 
party  neoeflkrily  include  the  oppreffioo  of  others,  the  eovemment 
camioc,  without  danger*  relax  thofe  fprings  ^  ncceflary  for  the  pre« 
CBnradoa  of  public  peace  and  civil  order. 

'  Unhappy  the  people  who  are  divided  amongft  themfelves,  and 
tSl  more  unhappy  the  government  which  is  reduced  tq  the  neceffity  of 
fenenttng  domeOic  broils,  in  order  to  preferve  its  influence-=-where 
the  cau&s  of  acrimony  and  difcontent  are  fnffcred  to  cxifl  in  the  ftate, 
it  becomes  the  fport  of  e^rery  wind ;  the  fmalleft  fpark  excited  by  ac« 
Cidental  difgufl  is  fufficient  to  blow  up  the  torch  of  fedition,  and  roufe 
a  flame  which  can  be  extinguiihed  only  by  fhedding  the  blood  of  thott« 
fiinds.' 

Abounding  as  this  pamphlet  certainly  does  with  fentiments 
of  freedom^  we  were  furprized  to  find  in  it  an  aflertion,  that 
the  promulgation  of  an  opinion,  acknowleged  to  be  perfeAly 
indifferent  in  itielf,  (namely,  ^*  that  the  fucceffion  to  thrones 
and  empires  does  not  fo  much  depend  on  old*fa(hioned  ftatutest 
the  jargon  of  the  law,  or  the  aflumed  authority  of  precedent,  as 
upon  the  fovereign  voice  of  the  elementary  aflemblies  of  the 
nation  convened,  and  conftituting  the  perfonal  focial  com* 
pad,")  (bould,  in  a  juft,  moderate,  and  well* regulated  go* 
vernment,  be  confidered  as  wanton,  inflammatory,  and  fedi* 
tious.  Such  dodrines  arc  certainly  contrary  to  the  general 
fpirit  of  this  liberal  pamphlet,  and  even  to  its  exprefs  ]an« 
guage.  l*he  confent  and  approbation  of  the  people  the  author 
aSerts  to  be  the  moft  eflentiai  point,  the  indifpenfable  condition, 
on  which  the  Kings  of  England  have  held  their  high  office  ; 
and  again,  *  In  the  tenure  and  hereditary  fucceflion  of  the  crown 
of  England,  muft  be  ever  comprehended  the  idea  of  the  confent 
and  appiobation  of  the  community,  which,  though  not  formally^ 
yet  virtually  implies  the  eledion  of  the  people.'  Can  it,  then, 
ever  be  tedittous  for  free  citizens  to  aflert  thofe  principles,  to 
which  the  Britifli  conftitution  itfelf  owes  its  cxiftence  ? 

Art. 


-       (    4+    ) 

Art.  VII.     Travels   round  the  Worlds  in  the   Years    1767, 

1771.  By  M.  de  Pages^  Captain  in  the  French  Navy,  &c.  &c. 
Tranflatcd  from  the  French,  Vol. IJ I.  8vo.  pp.303.  5s. Boards. 
Murray.     1792. 

TN  reviewing  the  firft  two  volumes  of  thefc  travels  ♦,  we  gave 
^  feme  account  of  the  author,  and  ofFcred  our  reafoiis  for  re- 
commending his  publication  as  authentic.  The  volume  now 
before  us  concludes  the  work.  It  contains  an  account  of  two 
voyages;  the  firft,  toward  the  South  Pole,  in  ihc  years  17731 
and  1774 ;  (for  the  title  page  is  incorrcdlf  J  ihc  fecond,  to- 
ward the  North  Pole  in  1776. 

The  firft  voyage  ivas  undertaken  by  order  of  the  French 
government,  for  the  purpofe  of  making  difcoveries  in  the  South 
beas.  In  this  expedition,  M.  de  Pages  had  no  coaimiffion  oa 
board  the  fliip,  but  was  invefled  with  the  charge  of  whatever 
fervice  on  Qiore  the  circumftances  of  the  difooverers  might  re* 
quire.  His  motive  for  accepting  this  charge  was  the  hope  of 
viewing  human  nature  in  ^  a  itaic  hitherto  undifclofcd  to  the 
eyes,  and  unpcrvcried  by  the  notions,  of  civilized  nations.'  Ac- 
cordingly, on  the  arrival  of  the  (lu^  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope^ 
he  prepared  to  make  an  excurfion  into  the  country  of  the  Hot* 
tentots,  but  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  plan,  for  the  following 
reafons : 

•  The  perfons,  to  whom  I  applied  for  fuch  previous  information  as 
was  nccciTary  10  my  entering  on  the  expcdiiion,  feemed  to  look 
through -a  magniiicr  at  every  obllade  in  my  way;  the  ordinary  mc« 
thod  of  contidcring  undcruklngs  that  deviate  from  tiie  beaten  track 
of  common  experience.  Btfiides,  liic  Captain  of  ilie  (hip  urged  many 
rcafoiiS  to  diiluadj  me  iT\:it^  the  cAccuiion  of  my  plan,  — rcafon&  ne- 
Vcrthelefs,  which  went  upon  t!ie  fuppofitioa  of* fuch  a  llr^nge  and  im- 
probable coincidence  of  circumilances  as  might  militate  a^ainft  any 
human  prcjccl  whatever.  1  chofe  therefore  to  facrifice  to  my  duty  all 
that  interciling  knowledge  which  1  have  no  doubt  might  have  been 
obtained  on  this  occafion  without  the  fma!lc:l  inconvenience  to  the 
main  objcd  of  our  voyage.  l«rom  this  moment  every  flattering  prof* 
pcd  with  which  I  had  fet  out  on  this  fervice  in  a  great  meature  va« 
riirheJ ;  and  1  faw  vvith  Hocere  concern  hovv  IlLtic  1  could  count  on 
thufe  intclledlual  aitainment!»  1  hcncd  10  h.ive  derived  from  my  hav- 
ing a  (hare  in  the  expedition.* 

After  this  honcft  and  mortifying  confeflion  on  the  part  of 
M.  de  Pages,  no  candid  reader  will  expect  fiom  him  fuch  va- 
riety of  amufing  incidents  and  inJlructive  obfcrvaiions  as  voy- 
ages of  difcovery  often  afiord  : — but  although  he  had  no  oppor- 
tunity of  vifiiing   the  country  of  the  Hottentots,  he  gives  the 

•  See  the  Review  for  May  1791,  .irt.  3: 

f  The  date,  page  2,  i»  alio  an  en  or  of  the  prefs. 

bed 


M..  de  Pages'  Travils  rwnd  the  Worlds  Yd.  IIL         45 

bdl  account  of  their  manners  that  he  could  obtsrin  from  report ; 
and  particularly  with  refpeft  to  their  language,  (which  he  heard 
daily  at  the  Cape,)  he  makes  the  following  curious  retnaric : 

'  The  language  of  the  Hottentots  is  the  mofl  fingular  I  have  .ever 
met  with.  Befides  innumerable  gutturals,  it  cfrntains  milny  founds 
formed  by  preiTtng  the  tongue  in  a  bent  ftatc  againft  the  palate.  It 
would  perhaps  be  difficult  to  render  what  1  mean  better  underflood 
than  by  the  word  clop^  or  cl<?p ;  a  found  which  feems  to  precede  the 
nain  exprcflion«.  and^is  repeated  once  or  twice,  according  as  the  ob- 
jecl  to  which  it  is  applied  is  more  or  lefs  important.  I  thought,  how- 
ever. I  could  perceive  that  this  initial  flap  of  the  tongue  was  only  in« 
troduftory  to  a  primitive  or  original  word.  This  uncouth  found,  J 
Obfer^'ed,  preceded  likewife  their  numerals,  i,  2,  3,  &t.* 

There  is  more  of  fancy  than  of  convidlion  in  the  latter  part 
of  this  obfervation  ;  it  being  fcarcely  credible  that  a  man,  in 
merely  hearing  a  language,  without  underftanding  it,  (hould 
diftinguiOi  radical  from  derivative  words,  or  fo  cxadily  difcovcr 
the  ufe  of  a  particle  of  found.  It  ferves,  however,  to  fliew  the 
author's  laudable  attention  to  whatever  he  thought  worthy  of 
notice. 

Wc  hope  our  readers  will  not  blame  us  for  inferting  the  fol- 
lowing extradt,  bccaufe  it  relates  a  fad,  unconneded  indeed 
with  the  voyage,  but  which  ought,  for  the  honour  of  human 
nature,  to  be  made  as  public  as  poflible,  and  to  which  the  au- 
thor fays 

'  I  Ihould  have  found  it  di«Ticuh  to  give  credit,  had  it  not  happened 
at  this  place  the  evening  before  my  arrival ;  and  if,  befides  the  publiq 
notoriety  of  the  fad\,  I  nad  not  been  an  eye-witnefs  of  thofe  vehement 
emotions  of  fympathy,  blended  with  admiration,  which  it  had  juflly 
excited  in  tlic  mind  of  every  individual  at  the  Cape. 

•  A  violent  gale  of  wind  fetting  in  from  north  north  weft,  avefTel  in 
llic  road  dragged  her  anchors,  was  forced  upon  the  rocl:s  and  hulged; 
and  while  the  greater  part  of  the  crew  fell  an  immediate  facrifice  to 
the  waves,  the  remainder  were  fcen  from  the  (hore  ftruggling  for 
their  lives  by  dinging  to  diiT<;rent  pieces  of  the  wreck.  Tne  fea  ran 
dreadfully  high,  and  broke  over  the  failors  with  fuch  amazing  fury, 
that  no  bolt  whatever  wnuld  venture  oft*  to  their  affiilance.  Mean- 
while  a  planter,  confiderably  advanced  in  life,  had  come  from  his 
farm  to  be  a  fpedlator  of  the  (hipwreck  ;  his  heart  was  me!ted  at  the 
fight  of  the  unhappy  reair.en ;  but  knowing  the  bold  and  cntcrprizing 
rpirit  of  his  horfe,  and  his  particular  excellence  as  a  fwimmer,  he  in- 
ftandy  determined  to  mak?  a  defperate  ciTort  for  their  deliverance. 
He  alighted  and  blew  a  little  brandv  into  his  hdrfe's  noflrils,  when 
ajjr.in  Icatinjt  himffif  firm  in  his  fadJle,  he  Inllaiitly  rufhcd  into  the 
miJll  of  the  brc:'.ker';.  At  firft  both  difappearcd  ;  but  it  v/as  not  long 
bi'fore  they  fl'vatfd  on  the  fiirface,  nr.J  r.v:im  to  the  wreck;  when 
taking  with  Kini  t«vo  men,  e:uh  c'f  w'.v»n  lu-M  hy  one  of  his  boots, 
be  br.iught  them  fafc  to  fho'.v.  1  his  p^M  i'ous  experiment  he  repeated 
no  IcIJouwr  than  fcvcn  tlin^s  anJ  lavcJ  fjuitecn  lives  IQ  l\\c  pu^2^\c^ 


m 


M.  cfe  Pages'  Travels  ntmtd  thi  W^crld^  VoL  IIL 

hi*  return  the  eighth  time,  his  horfe  bemg  much  fattguei, 
Jretinf  %  molt  formidable  wave,  ha  loft  his  baUricc*  and  was  ^ 
Idmed  in  a   momem.     The  horfe  fivam  fafe  to  tand»   but  hb 
I  rider,  al^Sj  was  no  more.'     pp<  32,  and  Teq. 

cannot  but  lament  that  M.  dc  Pages  has  omitted  to  In* 
le  name  of  the  perfon  who  performed  this  aftoniJliing  ai£l 
loifm-  How  few  have  merited  fo  well  as  this  man  the 
Itionf  v/ra  imrmriaii  f 

the  nth  of  Jtily,  the  fhrp  left  the  Cape,  an<J*  on  the 
If  Aygurt,  arrived  at  the  ifle  of  France  %  where,  and  in 
Vnd  of  Bourbon,  two  months  were  employed  in  taking  in 
JjroviJjons,  and  in  repairing  fome  damage  which  the  ihip 
IfFcrcd  in  a  violent  Horm. 

Hng  his  flay  in  ihefe  parts,  M.  de  Pages  obferved, 
Lt  both  population  and  the  produflions  of  the  foil  in  the  i^e  of 
are,  in  a  fyr prifing  degree,  fupcrior  to  thofc  of  the  irte  of 
An  appearance  fo  little  expeded  induced  me  to  make  fom« 

tnta  its  caafu  \  and  after  informing  myfelf  refpc£ling  the  fuc- 
|fforded  to  both  fettlemcnts  by  the  mother  country,  1  confidcr- 

fad  as  a  frefh  proof  of  one  of  my  old  maxims,  that  fimplicit/ 
Inerstand  the  diligent  cultivation  of  the  foil^  form  the  od^  foljd 

a  iouri!hiiig  popalation.  Thcfc  are  the  only  arts  knowts  la 
f  py  B^urbgnnois  :  whercai  the  prevalence  of  vanity  and  inirigue 
I  fie  of  France  has  damped  its  profperity,  and  greatly  retarded 
kdvaiHagcs  c.^pcdsd  to  flow  from  this  iiknd  to  oar  pofli;irions 


U.ic?zgU  Travels  round  the  WMd^y^  in.         4^ 

.  With  refpcA  to  tbe  plan  for  the  voyage  now  under  confider* 
atioo,  the  author  fays, 

*  We  refolved  to  proceed  Eaft  until  we  (houM  reach  thelaritade  of 
18^  or  40^-  with  the  longitude  of  35^  or  57^.  in  fearch  of  fome 
nod  foMofed  to  have  been  vifitcd  by  M.  de  Gonneville.  But  in  the 
event  of  niakiog  no  fuch  difcovery,  we  meant  to  proceed  to  latitude 
50^  and  as  nearly  as  poffible  to  the  place  where  the  Eagle  and  Mary 
qaiited  tlus  parallel,  and  then  to  purfue  the  track  of  thofe  (hips  ea^ 
ward.' 

This  |dan  was  accordingly  purfued  until  the  i4th  of  Decem- 
ber, when  land  was  difcovered,  confifting  of  two  large  and 
fome  fmaller  iflands ;  one  of  the  former  was  named  I/le  de  Rg^ 
iui/#/f,  and  the  other  IJle  de  Cray.  From  the  1 4th  of  December, 
the  fliips  continued  to  cruize  about  the  feveral  coafts  of  thefe 
iflands,  until  the  6th  of  January  1774,  when  a  party  landed  on 
Xhc  Iflede  Reunien^  and  took  pofleffion  of  it  as  a  new  difcovery. 
This  ifland  lies  in  lat.  48**  21'^  S.  and  66'' 47^^  Eaft  long. 
from  Paris:  the  variation  of  the  needle  being  30^  always 
toward  the  South  Weft*  This  ifland  contains  a  fmall  port 
fronting  the  ^)Outh  Eafl-,  and  a  rivulet  of  very  good  water ; 
the  foil  produces  grafs  fcemingly  of  a  rich  quality,  but  no  trees ; 
nor  were  there  any  veftiges  of  a  human  habitation. 

*  On  the  18th  of  January  (fays  our  author,)  we  quitted  our  cruize, 
which,  from  the  extreme  caution  of  the  commander,  we  had  continued 
wichoQC  any  voluntary  deviation  for  the  fpacc  of  thirty  days  ;  and  now 
iei  fail  for  the  ifland  of  Madagafcar/ 

It  is  not  furprizing  that  a  man,  fo  ardent  in  enterprize,  and 
fo  fpirited  in  exertion,  as  our  author  feems  to  be,  and  who 
wiflbed  to  dofo  much,  fliould  be  difcontented  at  feeing  fp  little 
done  :  but  candor  forbids  us  to  acquiefce  in  the  oblique  cenfure 
of  the  commander,  which  is  contained  in  the  laft  citation,  un« 
lefs  we  were  more  fully  acquainted  with  his  inftru£!ions.  If 
be  duly  purfued  thefe  with  refpecSl  to  the  time  and  ftation  of  his 
cruize,  he  did  his  duty  ;  and  he  would  have  been  blameablc,  as 
a  profeiBonal  man,  if  he  had  even  fuccefsfully  exceeded  his  or* 
ders.  After  all,  this  expedition  ought  not  to  be  confidered 
as  ufelefs  or  unimportant;  for,  on  examining  the  charts  of  other 
voyages,  we  do  not  find  the  tx^St  courfe  of  thefe  French  (hips 
laid  down  in  any  of  them.  A  certain  part  of  the  ocean  hitherto 
unknown  has  therefore  been  carefully  explored  ;  and  to  have 
diiiBovered  and  afcertained  the  pofition  of  a  fingle  ifland,  af- 
fording a  fafe  harbour  and   frcih  water  in  thofe  unfrequented 

ages  performed  by  the  Engiiih  under  the  prefent  reign,  they  will  find 
a  dear  and  compendious  account  of  it  in  the  introdudion  to  Cooke's 
icecmd  voyage  publilhed  in  1 7  77. 


M*  de  Pages*  Trm^ih  rsnndfhe  W&fM^  Vd.  IIL 
lay  prevent  the  IqO>  of  remedy  ihe  diftrcfs,  of  future  £ii<- 

llheir  arrival  at  Madagafcar^  the  author  favH 
ly  chief  objcift  was  to  l!ady  thcmanncn  and  principles  of  aflJon 
I  people*  whole  great  population  and  original  fiiUlemc^t^  pro- 
J-Mremely  ancient,  feenncd  to  iRilitatc  with  the  rouon  oC  find* 
liplidty  of  chn^radter  in  their  prefcrjt  Circa:nftancci,  Some  faint 
1  of  religioo,  much  fajierrtition,  no  public  mode  of  rdigiom 
"p,  gkam*  uf  gi^dnefsi  aliernai^  examples  cf  cavvnrdice  and 
|e,  a  lire  n  I  prbjr^enfit/  to  fiTfpkion,  the  ufttEl  inftfk.fiftreachery : 
]itifhor£  in  ^M  contradvQion  to  ft^ery  thinrj  IJltf  Jcliocy  of 
inland  good  morali  among  other  men>  are  particulars  vvhich> 
,  ^vell  tl€f'rv':*rorTie  mvciligatioB,' 

this  purpofe,  M,  de  P^ges  left  the  ftip,  and  tvcnt  to  re- 
a  village  2t  fome  diflance  fiooi  the  pott,  and  entirely 
lom  tiie  com  piny  of  turopeans.  Here,  principally,  he 
led  the  matcnaU  of  the  account  which  he  gives  of  the 
I  and  which,  though  cotnpendious,  cannot  but  he  cu- 
find  fatisf^dlory^  becaufe  it  is  given  by  a  man  who  rclatel 
he  actually  (]i^^  and  whofe  mind  was  habituated  to  ob* 
ind  to  TcfledL 

pafTage  from  Madagafcar  to  Breft  affording  no  rem  ark - 
Iccurrenccs,  we  fhall  now  proceed  to  the  confide  ration  of 
Jthor's  voyage  toward   the    North  Pole  j  the   objcwis  of 
mny  be  britHy  (Utcd  in  hi^own  words; 


It.  de  Pages'  Tnmb  rowiJ  the  World,Vd.  III.        49 

codd  find  DO  better  method  of  performing  it  than  by  taking 
hiipftfligQ  on  board  a  Dutch  veflel  bound  to  Spiczbergen.  Oa 
ibe  16th  of  April  1776*  the  (hip  failed  from  the  Texel,  and  on 
the  t6ih  of  May  was  a  little  way  North  of  81  ^,  the  higheft  la« 
tkade  which  llie  reached : 

'  Being  hoir  (fays  the  author,)  lefs  than  an  hundred  and  eighty 
kagoes  from  the  pole,  the  idea  of  fo  fmall  a  didance  ferved  effectually 
tD  awaken  my  corioficy.  Had  I  been  able  to  infpire  my  fellow*voyr 
agerj  with  fentiments  fimilar  to  my  own,  the  winds  and  currents 
whidi  at  this  moment  carried  us  fall  cowards  the  pole,  a  region  hi- 
therto deemed  inacceffiole  to  the  eye  of  mortals,  would  have  been  fa- 
kted  with  acclamations  of  joy.  This  quarter  however  is  not  the 
Aoft  eligible  for  fach  an  cntcrprize  ;  here  the  fea  lying  in  the  vicinity 
of  thole  banks  of  ice,  fo  frequent  a  licile  further  to  the  weft,  is 
moch  too  confined.  Neverthelefs,  when  I  confider  the  very  change- 
able oatore  of  the  (hoals  under  whatever  form,  even  in  their  mod 
crowded  and  compadt  flate;  their  conftant  changes  and  conculfions 
which  break  and  detach  them  from  one  another,  and  the  various  ex- 
pedients that  may  be  employed  for  freeing  the  (hip  from  confinement, 
ai  well  as  for  obviating  impending  danger,  1  am  far  from  viewing  a 
fojage  to  the  pole  as  a  chimerical  idea.' 

From  this  paflkge,  it  appears  that  the  mafter  of  the  Dutch 
▼eflel  was  determined  to  mind  his  own  bufinefs  only,  and  by  no 
means  to  adopt  any  of  our  author's  ardor  for  difcovery.  The 
remainder  of  the  book,  therefore,  contains  little  more  than 
the  ufual  occurrences  of  a  whaling  voyage  in  the  North  feas :— - 
but  whoever  has  not  perufcd  a  recital  of  ihefc  occurrences  in 
Gmdo  other  work,  will  find  them  here  related  in  a  manner 
equally  clear  and  interefting. 

We  (hall  conclude  this  article  by  apprizing  our  readers  of 
feme  philofophical  and  nautical  topics,  on  which  M.  de  Pages, 
ia  different  parts  of  this  volume,  has  given  his  obfervations 
and  opinion.  The  moft  material  of  thefe  will  be  found  in  the 
following  extracts  : 

*  I  had  been  anxious  to  afcertain  by  comparifon,  whether  fea  water 
contains  fait  in  greater  quantity  under  the  torrid  than  under  the  other 
xones ;  and  my  experiments  on  this  fubje^  ferved  to  (hew,  contrary 
to  i^ac  I  exposed,  that  fea  water  is  impregnated  with  fait  iu  lefs 
foandty  within  than  without  the  tropics.' 

Thefe  experiments  were  made  on  a  hundred  pounds  of  fea 
wafer^  taken  at  the  depth  of  ten  fathoms,  and  weighed  in 
Water  fcales. 

M  de  Pag6s  has  given  a  table  of  thefe  experiment*?,  from 
which  it  appears  that  looib.  of  fea  water  jn  46^  11.'*  S.  lat. 
gave  4i lb.  of  fall,  and  in  i*^  16"  only3ilb.;  and  that  in  74.*^ 
N.  laf.  it  gave  4|lb».  and  in  4*^  22 '  only  3!lb.  tfiefc  being 
the  higheft  and  lowefllatftudes  in  which  the  experiments  were 
made,  and  alfo  the  greateft  and  leaft  quantities  of  fait. 
Rev.  May  1793.  E  Wv\Xk 


o 


M.  de  PagcsVrr-?t;Ji  round  thi  Wwld,  Fd.  UL 

■  ith  refpefl  lo  afcfsriaimiig  the  longitude,  the  author  ftyi^ 
"un-rifing  ive  Taw  the  table  of  the  Cape  ;  anJ  1  found  from 
earing  of  the  land  that  oar  long! tudc,  as  obfcrved  by  tbe^ 
ametefj  erred  only  about  two  leagues  j  vsfhilc  the  error  of 
[hip's  reckoning  was  no  !efs  thiin  fifty-one  leagues  £ait.) 

obfervations  with  the  mcgatnetcr  were  murh  more  accu- 
than  tbofe  taken  with  the  fextant/  p.  7,     On  their  arrival^ 
e  Ifle  of  France^  *  the  error  of  the  ihip's  reckooiug  with  rc- 
.  to  longitude  was  thirty- four  leagues  and  a  half  weflward, 
ft  lba|  of  the  timekeeper  (BerihaudS)  was  next  to  nothing, 
n    our  examination  of  bur  timekeeper  here  and  at  Falfc* 

we  found   it  had  gained  only  one  minute  twenty- four  fe- 
ll in  the  fpacc  of  an  hundred  and  one  days/ 
In  the   I  uh  of  Auguft    1773»  in  34^'  48^'  S.  laL  and  56? 
E»  long,  from  Paris,  *  a  comet  was  fecn  from  the  Oi^p^t 
part  fix  in  the  evening,    in  the  Weft  North  Well,    z\ 
tic va  lion  of  4^*     Tbc  t<iil  wiiS  towards   the  zenirb,  anA 
rqucntly  in  oppofiticn  to  the  fun,  which  was  three  quarters 
1  hour  be!ov/  ihe  hori:£Oii/     The  infrequent  appearance  of 
t\%  being  the  ptincipa!  rcafon  of  our  knowing  fo  little  of 

nature,  mottoni  and  magnitude,  wc   think  it  may  be  of 
>rtancc  to  fcicnce  to  make  the  appearance  of  any  oi  thef« 
:s,  in  aivy  psirt  of  the  world,  as  generally  known  as  poiSble* 
^cknow^  not  \i  the  following  hypoihelis  relative  to  the  cli- 

Gocthc'x  Iphigenia^  in  Tauris.     A  tragedy.  51 

Bn  to  appear  between  the  banks.'  *  Ever  fince  vvc  entered  regions 
%  occapnrd  by  the  ice,  ancJ  confequently  expoAng  a  greater  furuce 
of  urateTt  the  harometer,  even  i»i  our  longed  intervals  of  £ne  weather, 
ncTerioic  fb  high  as  whese  the  ice  was  more  anxverfal,  though'  ac- 
companied with  weather,  much  Icfs  ferene  ;  an  appearance  which  I 
regard  as  almod  condufive  of  the  fpeciiic  atmofphere  of  the  ice.' 
p.  264. 

Ifthislall  publication  contain  neither  fuch  novelty  of  matter, 
nor  fuch  variety  of  incident,  as  the  two  former  volumes  ;  yet 
it  is  more  fcientific,  and  is  by  no  means  an  unamufing 
work. 

The  tranflation  is  fufficiently  faithful,  and  the  language  is 
cafy,  clear,  and  generally  corred^. 

ty  Afscond  edition  of  the  Firft  and  Second  volumes  of  this 
irmiflation  of  the  Travels  of  M.  Je  Pages  has  juft  made  its  ap'^ 
fearance.  The  title  page  ajfures  us  that^  in  this  edition^  the  wort 
It  *  corre^ed  and  enlarged,  * 


Art.  VIII.  Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  A  Tragedy,  written  originally  in 
German  by  J.  W.  von  Goethe.  8vo.  pp.  126.  4s.  fewed. 
Printed  at  Norwich  ;  fuld  by  Johnfon,  London.  1793* 
A  sin  religion,  fo  in  writing,  it  frequently  happens  that  men 
admire  that  which  they  do  not  chufe  to  imitate.  The  dig- 
nified fim  pi  i  city  of  the  ancient  Greek  tragedians  is,  in  modern 
times,  much  more  frequently  applauded  by  critics  th.^n  imi- 
tated by  poets.  If  it  be  admitted,  as  fome  apology  for  this  in^ 
confiflency,  that  ihele  writers  carried  their  fondncfs  for  fim- 
plicity  fo  far  as  in  fome  meafure  to  deftroy  the  interelting  ef- 
fc3  of  their  drama;  it  muft  be  owned,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
the  modern  practice  of  accumulating  incidents,  fentimcnts, 
and  characters,  and  of  loading  every  part  of  a  tragedy  wiih  or- 
namented di6)ion,  deviates  as  widely,  in  the  contrary  extreme, 
from  the  true  principles  of  tafte.  The  due  medium  would 
perhaps  be  beft  attained,  not  by  abandoning  altogether  thef« 
ancient  models,  but  by  keeping  them  before  us  as  fuccefsful  at- 
tempts on  which  it  is  our  bufinefs  to  improve,  rather  thin  as 
finiihed  produ(^ions  of  which  we  are  only  to  be  fcrvile 
copyifts. 

This  appears  to  have  been  the  light  in  which  the  German 
poet  Goethe  confidcrs  the  writings  of  the  anc:ents ;  at  leaft, 
this  is  the  ufe  that  he  has  made  of' the  (ireek  tragedians  in  the 
<iramatic  performance,  an  £ngli(h  tranflation  of  which  is  now 
prcfented  to  the  public.  The  piece  appears  to  be  an  attempt  to 
improve  on  thcfe  great  mafters,  without  departing,  farther 
than  was  deemed  neceiTary,  from  the  general  plan  and  charac- 

£  2.  tcr 


52  Gocihc'i  Iphtgenta  In  Tauris.     A  Tragiij. 

ter  of  thef  f  reek  tragedies  ;  and,  in  the  tranflation,  the  aii«- 
thor's  meanini  and  fpirit  are  rcfle£!ed  with  fuch  clcamefs  and 
fttengrh,  that  the  hngUfti  reader  will  be  at  no  lofs  tojudge  of 
the  (fegr'-e  of  fuccefs  w-th  which  Goc:he  has  executed  his  de- 
fign.  I>iC  trai.fl  .tor  has  not  given  any  preface,  nor  any  guide 
by  wh-rh  we  mi.'h*even  guefs  at  his  name. 

In  or'!cr  to  afFo'd  onr  readers  an  eafy  opportunity  of  com- 
paring the  plot  of  this  play  with  that  of  Luripides,  which  bears 
the  fame  title,  iir.d  is  founded  on  the  fame  ftory,  we  Oiall  begin 
with  ^ivin^  a  brief  fummnry  of  each, 

l|hic>fni^,  h,;vin;^  Veen  refnjed  by  the  power  of  Diana  from 
thcf^cr'fici.i!  khifc,  to  which  (he  had  been  doomed  by  her  father 
in   Aulis,  brcame  the   prtcflefs  of  her  temple  in    I  auris,  and 
had  the  charge  of  the  inhuman  rites  by  wtiich  thofe  (Irangers, 
vho  wc/c  fcizttl  on  the  coaft,  were  facrificed    to  this   goddefs. 
Orcltcr,  her  brother,  whf),  after  he  had  killed  his  mother,  was 
haunted  by  the  Furies,  was  comn  anded  by  Ap>'llo,2san  atone* 
incnt  for  his  ciidic,  to  vifit  the  fhrinc  of  Diana  in  'I'auris,  to 
hear  away  from   the  terrple  the  ftatuc  of  the  goddefs,  and  to 
coovcy  it   to  Athens.     At  the  commencement  of  the  play  of 
Kuri|)idc<i,  Orcftcs,  with  his   rrie.^d  Pylades,  land   inlauris; 
and,   while  Iphijcnia  is  rcL.ting  to  her  attendants  the  ftory  of 
her  griefs,  fhe  is    infcrmed  by  a  herdfman  of  the    arrival  and 
feizure  of  the  Cirtcian  (hangers.     The  prifoners  being  brought 
to  the  ten. pic,    Oreiles,    at  the   requeft  of  Iphigenia,  relates 
the  fatcot 'J'roy,  and  of  the  Grecian  chiefs,  hut   conceals  his 
own  f^ory.      Iphigci.ia  propoles  to  Oreltes,  as  the  condition  of 
his  efcape,  that  he  fhould  bear  a  letter  for  her  to  Greece,  while 
Pylades  fiiould    remain  to    pay    the   debt   of  piety  to   Diana. 
After  a    ftru:r^le    of    fricndihip,    Oreftes    accepts  this    fatal 
charge.      Ip'rii'^enia,  in  communicating  the  letter  to   P\lades, 
difcovers  htrir.f ;    and   a  pathetic  converfaiion   paflls  between 
her  and  Orcl^es.       I  o  tree  her  brother  irom  his  toils,  Iphigenii 
undertakes  to  ainf^  him  in  executing  the  command  of  Apollo. 
In  orJer  to  delay  the  facrifice,  (he  advifes  Oreftes  to  fay  that 
he  fled  from  Argos  aficr  having  murdered    his  mother,  that  it 
might  become  neccfi'ary  for  ihe  polluted  vidtim  to  pafs  through 
fundry  preparatory  luftrations.      This  pretext    is   admitted   by 
'I'hoas  the  king;  and  Iphigenia,  under  pretence  of  performing 
an  ablution  on  tne  irra^e,  carries  it  to  the  fea-fiJe.      Here^  the 
Greeks  are   prepared   to  receive  her  ;  and,  after    an   alarming 
dehy,    cic-fi'.ntd  by  adverfc    winds,     they   bear  away    their 
prize  ;  while,  in  fc   n^ean   time,  Minerva  appears  to  ThoiS, 
to  reconcile  h.m  to  his  lol^'.— Sucbis  the  outline  of  the  Iphige- 
ni.^i  in   i^aur.s  ot  Lurip.dc^. 

Ill 


G^Stht^s  Ipiigitiia  in  Tauriu     jf  Tragedy.  53 

In  tlietnigedy.of'GoechCt  the  paiTion  of  love  is  introduced 
dy  rqwdenting  Thoas  as  diTpofcd  to  make  iphigehia  the  partner 
of  bii  throne;  and  the  plot  opens  with  a  converfation  between 
ArkMB^  a  Taufian  chief,  and  iphfgenia,  in  which  the  latter  is 
entreated  to  liften  to  the  king's  propofal.  In  an  interview 
witi^ Thoas,  fphigenia  difcovers  to  him  her  defcent,  and  relates 
the  hiftory  of  her  family,  but  refufes  to  become  his  queen* 
Thoas  then  commands  the  renewal  of  the  ancient  bloody  rites 
on  two  ftrangers  juft  found  on  the  coaft.  The  two  ftrangcrs, 
Pylades  and  Orenes,  are  come  to  Tauris  to  execute  the  man- 
date of  the  oracle,  whofe  anfwer  was, 

"  When  thy  piotfs  hand  from  Tauris 

^*  the  unwilling  inmate  brings* 

*^  of  the  ancient  fanSuary, 

•*  and  the  (ifter  of  my  care 

**  to  the  Grecian  fhore  conveys, 

"  then  thy  curfc  (hall  terminate." 
Iphigenia,  being  informed  of  the  capture,  viflts  the  grove 
where  the  prifoners  are  confined,  and  learns  from  Pyiades,  as 
an  unknown  Greek,  the  hiftory  of  the  Grecian  chiefs,  but 
receives  a  iiditious  tale  concerning  himfelf  and  his  companion. 
In  a  fubfequent  interview  with  Oreftes,  they  mutually  difcover 
their  true  ftory.  Oreftes  abandons  himfelf  to  defpair  and  mad- 
neb,  till,  recalled  to  reafon  by  his  friend  and  his  fifter,  he  finds 
the  burthen  of  his  curfe  removed,  and  triumphs  in  his  deliver- 
ance. The  deftined  facrifice  having  been  by  thefe  circum- 
ftances  delayed,  Arkas,  in  the  name  of  the  king,  urges  the 
immediate  celebration  of  the  rites  : — but  Iphigenia  demands  a 
farther  delay,  while  (he  bears  the  ftatue  of  the  Goddefs  to  the 
ibore,  to  purify  it  by  luftration,  from  the  profanation  which 
the  vifit  of  the  guilty  ftrangers  had  occafioned.  Pyiades  en- 
treats her  to  feizethis  opportunity  of  aflifting  him  to  fulfil  the 
oracle,  by  conveying  away  the  ftatue  of  the  Goddefs.  She 
confents,  and  refolves :  but  fcruples  of  honour  and  gratitude 
rife  in  her  mind  ;  and,  on  an  interview  with  Thoas,  after  a 
violent  ftruggle  between  apprehenfion  and  virtue,  (be  deter- 
mines to  abandon  the  plan  of  deceit,  and,  difclofing  the  whole 
truth,  cafts  herfelf  and  her  friends  on  the  king's  generofity  and 
humanity.  The  noble  defign  fucceeds.  Oreftes  and  his  com- 
panions, who  were  approaching  to  feize  the  ftatue,  are  par- 
doned, and  permitted  to  fulfil  the  oracle,  by  bearing  away,  not 
the  ftatue  of  Diana,  but  her  prieftefs,  ^  the  unwilling  inmate  of 
the  ancient  fandiuary.' 

On  comparing  thefe  two  plots,  it  will  appear  that  they  are 
very  difterent  from  each  other,  and  that  the  latter  is,  in  feveral 
material  refpeds,    fuperior  to  the  formert     The  alterations 

£  3  made 


GoeEbeV  Ipbigmta  in  Taurh*     A  Tragedy* 


H 


in  theineidcnis  contribute  much  toward  the  imprnvemenl 
fcc  charaflerSi      The  Iphigcnia  gf  Goethe  is  certain]/  w, 

Ih  more  amisible  and    meritorious  chari£%er   th^n  that   cf 
Ipides*     Wiih  all  the  domcftic  afFe£ticns  of  the  latter^  f!ic 
^L^es^  inflead  of  cratt  and  cunning,  a  generous  diidm  of 
a    pyrity  of   principle^  an   articnt  love  of  honour  and 
PT,  and  a  deep  fcnfe  of  gratitude,  which   prompt  her  to  ha- 
cvcry  thing  rather  than  fubmit  to  the  meannefs  of   falfe- 
1  he  fccrct  contrivances  of  the  pby  are,  with  great 
bricty,  thrown  into  the  hands  of  Pyladcs  ;  whoj  through- 
Uhe  piece,  appears,  likeUlyflis,  calm,  caiitious^   and  cun- 
It  the  ftfuggle'  of  friend  (hip  between  Oreftts  and  Py- 
which  is  one  of  the  moft  pleaGng  fctncs  in  the  Ureek 
ledy,  be  wanting,  the  defeat  is  in  fome  meafure  fupplied  by 
[iiHercrtrng  narrative'Converfaiion   between  ibefe  friends | 
tht*  ch;iiadter  of  Oreftes,  which  is  diftinguiflied  by  fiacerity 
latdor,  h  wonderfully  h  ightcncd>  as  well  as  rendered  more 
Ifonantio  his  previous  condition  and  ftatcof  mind,  byfnak' 
1  thedifcovery  of  Iphigenia  lead  him  into  phrcnsLy  and  mad- 
rather  than  into  ihti  ordinary  expicfEon^i  of  tcndcrncfs, 
tfhall  extract  a  part  of  this   aniiTiated  and  highly- linilhed 


Iph^  -  Ye  godf ,  rtmOYt  ilkfion  from  his  eye, 
z:%%  this  bright  itilUiMC  of  the  utiuotl  joy 


and  yet  the  dag^ger  pierc'd  her.-^Mother,  come, 

^d  place  a  troop  of  furlei  round  thy  chifircn  : 

lhey*l)  have  a  welcome  iight  to  fmile  apon, 

the  lift,  moft  hnrrible,  th:^t  fhall  bcfpJI  us. 

Nor  hatCr  not  gnm  revenge  liaih  whet  tjie  poignard  ; 

but  a  fond  filler"  fliall  be  forc'd  ta  ufe  it. — 

Weep  not*  thou  haft  no  crimes  cpon  thy  fouL 

From  infancy  I  have  not  known  fuch  Jove 

as  I  Ci>uld  feel  for  thef.     BtJt,  fpare  me  not, 

Hft,  lifi  the  g Uttering  'kel,  in  kindnefs  make 

an  outlet  for  the  boilhig  ftreams  within. 

*  [fnUf  exharfieJ  k/o/t  thigmtMd* 
'  Iph^ — Alone  I  cannot  bear  this  blifs  and  woe. 
Where  an  thou,  Pyladej,  to  lend  me  help  I 

*  [Retires  in /ear cb  0/ him* 
•  Orelles,  rifingfrom  his/ivoon. 
*  Another— grant  me  yet  from  Lethe's  wave 
one  more  reviving  cup  of  cool  refreOiment— 
foon  (hall  thefe  dregs  of  life  be  rinc'd*  away 
by  calm  oblivion's  flood. ,  To  you,  ye  (hades, 
to  your  eternal  miils>  eternal  fHUnefs, 
a  perfecuted  wretch  would  fly  for  refuge. 
I  hear  the  whifpering  of.  your  twilight  groves  : 
round  their  new  gueft  your  cloudy  forms  aflemble. 
What  lofty  band  in  fweet  communion  met, 
like  a  collefled  family  of  princes, 
come  gliding  hither,  every  fex  and  age, 
yet  all  of  godlike  port  in  peaceful  union. 
'Tis  they,  'tis  they !  my  anceftors — With  Atrcus 
Thyedes  walks  in  confidential  converfe, 
the  children  fmiling  hang  upon  their  fleps. 
And  does  not  enmity  pervade  your  dwellings- 
does  vengeance  wither  with  the  light  of  day- 
then  I  am  welcome,  and  may  hope  to  join 
your  folemn  train,  may  bid  you,  hail  I  my  fathers, 
Oreftes — of  your  race  the  laft — arrives; 
He  reap'd  the  harveft  that  ye  fow'd  of  curfes. 
But  here  all  burdens  arc  more  light  to  bear. 
Admit  him  of  your  circle.     Thee,  Thyeftes, 
thee,  Atreus,  I  refpcft  :  here  hate  expires. 
Show  me  my  father,  whom  I  faw  on  earth 
but  once — Does  he  accompany  my  mother, 
and  link  his  arm  in  her's  who  plann'd  his  death  ? 
and  may  not  I  approach  her — fay,  behold 
thy  fon,  behold  your  fon — and  they  will  greet  mc. 
On  earth  a  falutation  foreran  murder 
among  the  fons  of  ancient  Tantalus; 
after  the  night  of  death  their  joys  begin. 
Ye  welcome  mc,  receive  mc  in  your  band, 
now  guide  me  to  the  venerable  form 
of  him,  who  fat  iu  council  with  the  goSs. 

E  4  Ye 


G  oithc V  fphigima  in  Tattris,     J  Tragidfy^ 

\t  ffsni  to  &  udder  ftnd  avert  yoar  looks.  j^ 

/hi:  1  have  the  mighiy  faftcrnM  cruel  torment  >. 

\lin  brazen  feitcrs  to  the  hero's  brcafl  ? 

Liti  arf  ye  come  alreadv  ?  Wclcoinc,  fiiler, 
[ome  ^od  of  mercy  fend  our  only  remnaaij 
tlcfira,  hJL^ier  with  a  gentle  arrow  \  '* 

1  plry  thee,  my  friend  -  ray  haplcfs  friend,  '  "• 

tome,  come  wkh  me  to  Plato^s  throne — ^*tis  fitting  ' 

l,jt  Lbe  new  gutlU  fJute  tbeir gloomy  hoft* 
'  Iphigenia^  Onfiti^  and  Pyladts^ 
/pj&.— Twb'bornof  Jove,  who  thro'  chc  Jkiey  vaft 
Dpdijct  the  lovely  lights  of  A^y  and  nightj 
lie  folacc  of  mankiritl,  forbid  lo  dune  •  » 

the  dep-ined,  by  yotjr  mutual  fondnefs 
pok  on  a  brother^s  and  a  iiller*!  woe, 
pou  lov'ft  thy  gentle  brother,  O  Diana, 

pre  than  all  tilings  above,  on  earth,  below, 
nd  ever  turn* A  in  fifent  contemplation 
Ur  virgin  face  to  his  eternal  light- 
\*i  not  my  on'y,  late- found,  dear  Ore ilcs 
I  the  dark  ivJIdernefs  of  madnc^fs  rove  ; 
Lit  if  thy  will,  whi^fi  ihoadidll  hide  me  here, 
;  no^v  falfiird  ;  if  thou,  thro*  him  to  me, 
firo'  me  to  him,  miendef!  bounteous  aid  ; 

loofe  him  from  the  fetters  of  the  curie. 


p 


Gocf  be'i  Ifht^inia  in  Taurii^     A  Tragedy. 


and  clofe  behbd  them  the  far- thundering  doors 
of  Tanaruf.     The  car  h  ii^ams  welcome  fragrance, 
inviting  me  OpOfi  its  fjiiiiUng  bf'rrn 
to  chac  t;  I  he  joy  s  of  ii  fe  a  n  (f  m  eed  s  0  r  v*f  r cue , ' , 
The  reader  will  perceive  that  the  ftrong  feelings,  both  of  th« 
violent  and  of  the  lender  kind,  which  beJong  toihis  fcene,  are 
eKprefied  with  fuitAblc  energy^  and  often  m  thifc  *'  w  ndi  of 
fire"  which  prove  that  both  the  author  arid  the  tranfljior  aae  jn 
no  mconfidcrable  degree  pofltifcd  of  the  true  fpirir,  and  maf- 
tersof  the  appropriate  languai^e,  af  poetry*     In  juftific^tion  of 
this  opinion   we  refer  panicuUrly  to   the  lines,    CkHdiip  and 
gutkUfty  &c.  to  Iphigenia's  beautiful  apoftrophe  to  Apollo  and 
Diana  ;  Twin-horn^  &c.  and  to   that  p^ifTa^e,  fo  fubhmely  ex- 
preEve  oi   a  terrific  image:  I  kar  th  pft  Eummidii^  he, — 
Wc  add  the    following  piiiure    of   ho/iur  in   the  mind  of 
Ofcftcs : 

*  Orefi,  tQ  //j&%, — Would  I  could  tell  thee  alfo  of  hh  ieash  i 
How  from  his  mother**  gapmg  wounds  arofe 

her  haughty  fpirit,  a^^d  vvith  an^ry  yell 

lkriek.'d  lo  ihc  ati^^icni  u«uguicr»ui  luc  night  "  ~^ 

"  Seize  on  this  parricide,  this  fon  of  guilr» 

*'  and  with  implacable  revenge  purfuc  him." 

They  heard  her  voice ;  they  roll'd  their  hollow  eyc«, 

like  famifht  eagles,  on  their  deflin'd  prey  ; 

in  their  dark  dens  they  (lir'd ;  their  fad  companions 

Doabtand.Remorfe  from  filent  corners  (lole 

with  knitted  hands  to  earth  front  their  loofe  locks 

difpcrfing  pitchy  damps  of  Acheron. — 

Now  cetfeiefs  contemplation  of  the  paft 

rolls  in  black  gyres  aroand  his  haunted  brow.— 

The  fiends  long-baniQit  from  the  beauteous  earth 

renew  their  all -deforming  range  with  him, 

parfue  his  rovings,  hang  upon  his  ilep, 

and  only  flop  to  add  redoubled  horror 

to  the  black  hour  they  overtake  his  flight/ 

It  would  not  be  difficult  to  quote  many  other  paflages,  ta 
which  poetical  images  and  figures  are  ufed  with  peculiarly  bappj 
tSc£t :  we  feled  the  following  detached  lines. 

*  Onft*-^  thou,  my  friend^ 

my  firft  companion*  like  a  butterfly 

round  a  dark  flower,  wouldft  play  and  fport  aboat  me^         ^ 

transfufe  thy  cheerfulnefs  into  my  bofom* 

make  me  forget  the  forrows  of  my  foul, 

and  bafk  with  thee  in  youth's  delightful  funfhine/    ■   ■ 

*  Ifbn ^They  live  !  Lend  me,  thoa  golden  fun, 

thy  fairefl  beams  to  lay  in  gratitude 

before  Jove's  rhrone-*ibr  I  am  poor  and  mute/— — - 

'  Ifh. 


58  GocthcV  Iphigenia  in  Tauris,     A  Tragedy. 

•  Iph, — Uncertainty,  with  many  folded  wing, 
hides  in  ill-boding  gloom  my  anxious  head.' 

After  the  manner  of  the  ancient  tragedians,  moral  refiec* 
tions  and  fentiments  are  frequently  and  pertinently  introduced : 
for  example ; 

*  Ifb. — Merely  to  breathe  in  freedom  is  not  life. 
Is  it  to  live — arour.d  this  holy  fpot 

like  ghofts  around  their  graves,  to  wander  wailing  ? 

Is  it  a  life  of  confcious  happinefs, 

when  all  our  hours  are  dream 'd  away  in  vain, 

and  only  bring  us  nearer  thofe  dim  days, 

which  on  the  dull  oblivious  fhore  of  Lethe 

the  band  of  the  departed  moan  away. 

A  ufeleisiifc  is  but  an  early  death.' 

'  I^Jb. —  FailhooJ,  hew  1  loathe  thee! 

A  lie  lets  not  the  foul  at  li  ^jrty, 
nor  comforts  Hkc  a  truely  fiioken  word, 
but  i:  torments  the  breaft  that  forges  it, 
returning,  like  the  dart  which  gods  tivcrt 
to  wound  tlic  archer.' 

We  muft  farther  remark,  as  a  material  circumftance  in 
which  this  play  excels  the  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  of  Kuripidcs, 
that,  by  changing  the  rcfpcnle  of  the  oracle  from  a  diredl  and 
explicit  intoanan-bi^uous  order,  the  poet  has  enabled  himfelf 
to  render  the  caiafirophe  more  pleafing,  and  to  improve  the 
moral  eftedi  of  the  piece.  Inflcadof  exiiibiiing  an  example  of 
fraud  and  plunder  committed  under  the  fanilion  of  one  God, 
and  juflified  by  the  exprefs  authority  of  another,  it  prefents  a 
pattern  of  firm  and  rcfolute  honefty,  by  which  the  reader  is 
taught  thefuperioiity  of  opennefs  and  gencrofity  over  craft  and 
meannefs. 

The  author  has  not  imitated  the  Greek  chorus,  but,  in  its 
{lead,  has  put  into  the  mouth  of  Iphigenia,  hymns,  arifing 
out  of  the  incidents,  and  written  in  an  elevated  drain  of 
poetry.  One  of  thefe,  an  ancient  houfehold  fong,  prophetic 
of  the  fate  of  the  family,  fung  by  the  Parcag  when  Tantalus 
was  hurled  from  his  throne,  is  particularly  excellent  :  but  for 
this  we  muft  refer  to  the  poem  itfelf.  The  tranflator  has  ren- 
dered thefe  hymns  in  melodious  numbers,  without  the  incon- 
gruous incumbrance  of  rhyme. 

On  the  whole,  we  do  not  hefitate  to  'give  it  as  our  opi- 
nion, that  Goethe's  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  is  fuperior  to  that 
cf  Euripides.  Gcc:he,  indeed,  appears  to  have  made  So- 
phocles, rather  than  Euripides,  his  model ;  and,  among  all  the 
moderns,  perhaps  no  one  has  more  fucccfsfuUy  imitated  that 
treat  mafter. 

Wc 


I 


Hamilton'^  StrWures  upon  Knciwles,  life.  59 

We  muft  not  omit  to  mention  the  happy  facih'ty  with 
which  the  tranflator  paffes  from  the  higher  didion  of  poetry  co 
the  more  eafy  and  familiar  language  of  dialogue.— In  a  few  in- 
fiances  this  has  led  him  into  a  ncgledl  of  melody  in  the  vcrfifi^ 
caiicn,  as  in  the  following  paflagc  : 

•  Has  not  Diana 

heard  thy  mild  prayers y  fo  that  Jhe  forgoes 
without  a  fign  of  wrath  the  ancient  offering  ?* 

We  obferve  alfo  fome novelty  in  the  ufeof  words;  as  iathe. 
following  inftances : 

*  When  on  my  haplefs  bough  the  curfc  of  fate 
blading  tf//V;* 

and 

'  So  nuont  to  murder  in  the  houfe  of  Pelops.* 

In  one  inftance,  either  the  author  or  the  tranflator  appears  td 
have  fallen  into  fome  degree  of  unintelligibility : 

*  nor  obfcure  the  obvious  traces 

of  our  forefathers*  earthly  drudgery  ; 

but  chafe  their  Jhado^-wsy  ixjhich  like  gods  adorn 
a  mountain  fummit  on  a  golden  cloud,  ^ 
Thcfe  trifling  blemifhes  are  fcarcely  worth  notice  in  s 
work  that  abounds  with  excellencies,  which  reflect  much  ho- 
nour x>n  the  genius  and  judgment  both  of  the  author  and  the 
tranflator  ;  and  which,  we  think,  the  more  they  are  examined^ 
will  be  the  more  admired. 

The  tranflation  is  illuflrated  by  many  pertinent  reference!  to 
Gmilar  pafiagcs  in  the  Greek  tragedians  ^  for  which  the  reader 
is  indebted  to  the  tranflator. 

It  is  a  peculiarity  in  the  manner  of  printing  this  tragedy^ 
which  may  deferve  to  be  mentioned,  that  the  editor  has  not  fol- 
lowed the  ufual  pra<Elice  of  beginning  every  line  with  a  capital, 
but  has  ufed  capitals  only,  as  in  profe,  for  proper  names  and  at 
the  beginning  of  fentences. 


AiT.  IX.     StriQures  upon  "  Primiti've  Chriftietnity^  by  the  Rev  %  Dr. 

Knvwlesy  Prebendary  of  Ely  i*^  as  alfo,  upon  the  Theological  and 
.  Polemical  Writings  of  the  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  BiQiop  of  St. 

David's,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Prieftlcy,  and  the  late  Rev.  Mr.  Badcock. 

By  James  Edward  Hamilton,  Efq.     8vo.     2  Vols,     pp.373,  ail4 

524.     13s.  Boards.    'Johnfon, 

pAaTicuLARLY  to  notice  the  novelties  contained  in  thele 
^  very  Angular  ftriflurcs,  would  carry  us  to  a  length  altoge- 
ther incompatible  with  our  numerous  engagements.  Mr« 
Hamilton's  religion  is  abundantly  ndore  ouiri  than  bis  politics; 
(ice  bis  Obfervation3  on  Mr.  Burke's  Kefledions^  with  an  ac- 


6o  Hamilton  V  StriHures  upon  Knowlcs,  t^c. 

count  of  them,  M.  R.  New  Series,  vol.  v.  p.  327.)  his  faith  wc 
believe  to  be  perfedly  unique  \  nor  has  any  writer,  with  whom 
WC  arc  acquainted,  more  rigoroufly  obfcrved  the  maxim,  ««/- 
Ifus  jurare  in  verba  magijlri.  Refpec^ed  authorities  he  rejedt 
with  contempt ;  he  annihilates,  at  pleafure,  apoftles  and  primi- 
tive fathers  ;  and  he  ridicules  the  belief  of  the  moderns  in  their 
exiftencc.  According  to  him,  the  Bifhop  of  St  David's,  Dr. 
Knowles,  Dr.  Prieftley,  Mr.  Gibbon,  and  Mr.  Badcock,  are 
very  fuperficial  writers  5  thofe  books,  which  pafs  for  the  works 
of  the  fathers  of  the  two  firft  centuries,  are  unqueftionabljr 
Ipurious;  and  the  writings  of  the  learned  of  the  prefcnt  century, 
which  undertake  to  exhibit  ^n  account  of  the  herefies  of  the 
primitive  church,  arc  replete  with  the  moft  egregious  blunders. 
Yet,  notwithftanding  the  grande  fupercilium  with  which  be 
treats  OTtf^<frw  Chriftian  divines*,  he  gracioufly  condefcends  to 
acknowlege  that  *  Lardner  has  fairly  laid  before  the  reader  the 
fentiments  of  tlw  ancients:'  but  this  compliment,  contained  in 
the  firft  volume,  he  entirely  deftroys  in  the  fecond,  contemptu- 
Oufly  calling  Lardner's  colledlions,  '  hearfays,^   (Vol.ii.  p.igi.) 

Our  author  not  only  modeftly  retrains  from  arrogating  to 
bimfelf  more  learning  than  is  pofTcflcJ  by  the  generality  of 
learned  men,  but  alfo  acknovvlegcs  himfelf  to  be  but  impcrfefi- 
ly  acquainted  with  the  writings  of  the  fathers :  how,  on  this 
ground,  he  can  juftify  the  pofitivenefs  as  well  as  the  novelty  of 
bis  aflertions,  we  fhail  not  flay  to  inquire. 

Mr.  Hamilton  is  of  r.o  modern  fed.  He  profefles  himfelf  an 
Ebionite^  and  prefaces  his  Hri^tures  with  informing  us,  that 
•  the  obje<3  of  his  prefent  publication,  as  alfo  of  an  Harmony  f 
of  the  Evangclirts,  which  he  is  preparing  to  lay  before  the 
public,  is  to  fhew  that  Jefus  was  not  the  Mefllah  or  Chrift, 
and  that  thofe  writings  which  go  under  the  appellation  of  the 
NewTeftament  are  all  fpurious  or  adulterated,  and  have  no 
pretenfions  whatever  to  be  entitled  the  word  of  God^  and  that 
Chriftianity  in  every  form,  as  being  founded  upon  ihcfe  writ- 
ings, is  a  fophillication  of  the  religion  taught  by  Jefus  and  hi& 
inefler.gers.* 

Strongly  as  all  this  favours  of  Deifm,  Mr.  Hamilton  would 
be  much  offended  by  the  imputatirn;  for  know,  gentle  reader! 

*  •  But  wherefore  reafon  with  Chriltian  divines?  It  is  true,  Mr. 
Gibbon  predicates  rationality  of  fome  of  them.  1  think  after  this  he 
ihould  not  be  deemed  a  fceptic'     Striiflures,  vol.  ii.  p.  iqo. 

«  Tnis  fhews  that  the  rabble  in  thofe  days  were  better  judges  of 
found  divinity  than  the  moil  learned  of  the  moderns.*     VoJ.ii.  p.  138. 

f  Harmony  is  the  fenfe  of  lucus  a  non  lucendo.  In  this  propofed 
Harmj.iy,  the  Evangelills,  we  conclude,  are  to^o  to  hgtrerheads  for 
the  amufemcnt  of  Mr.  Ilamilron  and  infidels.  * 

he 


Hamilton*!  Stri£lure$  upon  Knowles,  tie.  61 

lie  mftinuins  *  that  both  Mefes  and  Jefus  were  perfons  extra- 
ordinarily commiffioned  by  the  Deity  to  declare  his  will,  the 
firft  to  the  Hebrews,  and  the  latter  by  his  apoftles  to  the  Gen- 
tSes/  If,  however^  the  Angular  author  fucceeds  in  the  grand. 
itjeift  of  the  prefent  publication,  can  it  be  to  us,  at  this  diftant 
period,  a  matter  of  any  confequence  whether  Jefus  were  divtneif 
commiffioned  or  not?  for  if  not  only  the  writings  of  thepri- 
mmve  fathers  of  the  church,  but  alfq  thofe  books  which  are 
noiverfally  received  as  containing,  the  pure  dodrine  of  Jefat 
aod  his  apoftles,  be  undoubtedly  fpurious,  what  utility  can  re- 
Ut  to  lis  from  proving,  or  rather  from  afiertin^i  the  divine 
ii»fion  and  infpiration  of  Jefus  ?  If  the  ancients  were  fuch 
tgiegious  liars  and  forgers  of  lie^,  their  evidence  on  any  fide 
of  the  quefiion  ought  not  to  be  taken ;  and  Mr.  Hamilton  may 
be  as  much  miftaken  about  his  favourite  Ebionites,  as  Dr« 
Horfley  and  Dr.  Prieftley  about  other  feds. 

It  n^uft  be  obferved  that,  when  our  author  makes  bis  con« 
fefiofi-of  faith  in  page  i.  of  the  preliminary  difquiiition,  vtz« 

*  that  he  is  an  Ebionite  ;  that  is,  one  who  believes  in  thi  diving 
mffiwn  of  Jejus-^ih^x  he  was  only  a  mere  man — that  he  was  not 
at  all  the  Corijl  or  MeJJiah^  or  the  Anointed  foretold  by  the  Jewijb 
frophetSj  under  whofe  government  the  Jews  were  to  enjoy  that  tem-^ 
feral  projperity  defcribed  by  them --znd  that  he  rejeSis^  or  makes 
Kttli  account  of^  the  books  of  the  New  Tejlament ;'  he  makes  an 
exception  in  favour  of  the  gofpel  of  St,  Mark :  yet,  when  he  pro- 
ceeds to  notice  this  go  "pel  of  St.  Mark,  we  are  told  that  ^  it 
abounds  with  a  number  of  groundlefs  interpolations/  Al- 
lowing this  to  be  the  cafe,  we  may  furely  be  permitted  to  a(k 
this  gentleman,  who,  at  this  diftance  of  time,  can  winnow  the 
chaff  from  the  wheat,  or  feparate  the  drofs  from  the  pure  evan- 
gelical ore? 

Jerom  fays,  **  Marcus  breve  fcripftt  evangelium\^^  on  which 
Mr.  H.  remarks,  •  though  Mark's  gofpel  is  the  (horteft,  ftill 
the  true  gofpel  of  Mark  was  much  fhorter,'  Ihis  (hort  go- 
fpel, he  farther  fays,  ought  to  have  been  called  the  Gofpel  of 
Peter,  who  was  the  author  of  it,  while  Mark  was  only  the 
amanuenfis  or  fcribe.  It  had  alfo  another  title,  according  to 
Mr.  H.  viz.  the  Gofpel  according  to  the  Hebrews^  and  was  the 
only  bock  of  the  New  Teftament  which  the  Ebionites  ufcd : 
but  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  this  Gofpel  according  to  the 
Hebrews^  which  the  Ebionites  ufed,  was  the  gofpel  of  Mark ; 
on  the  contrary,  according  to  Iraeneus,  it  was  that  of  Matthew • 

•  Solo  autem  eo^  quod  efl  fecundum  Matthaum  roangelis  utuntur* 
trsen.  I.  i.  c.  26.  Mr.  ti.  however,  perfeveres  in  his  opinion, 
that  the  Gofpel  of  Peter,  the  Gofpel  according  to  the  Hebrews, 
and  the  Gofpel  of  Mark,  were  originally  one  and  the  fame 


Ham  ikon 'j  Stri^ns  upm  Knowlcs,  CsV;                       ,1 

as  if  there  had  been  no  oppofing  tcfli many 5  which  h    ' 
ing  to  us,  as  Lardncr  has  qcioted  tlie  above  pa/Tage  frofn 
IS,   (fee  Lardnei's  Works,  vol,  ii.  p.  358.  new  edition,) 
akcs  it  sp^cai  that  the  gofps!  ufed  i>y  the  Ebfonite*,  and 
the  Gofpel  of  Matihew^  and  accordihg  to  the  Hebrews,    i 
not  have  been  thai  ;;fcribed  ^0  M;irk|  but  muft  hive  been  j 
ion  from  the  four  gofpels*                                                      ■ 
at  cuTtailmcms   the  Gofpcl  of  Mark   is  to  undergo  m 
.'s  Harmony,  in  order  to  reduce  it  to  the  original  hriv£ 
Hum^  }i  b  impaffible  for  us  to  dtvinf :  bur»  in  its  prefect'  ', 
it  certainly  does  not  juftify  him  in  denying  ih^  exiilencc 
ff  the  Evan^dijl  ant!  jshn  the  Baptlfi,     Nordotherea-    '1 
hich  Mr«  H.  urgeii  for  ann(h!]-^u^>g  Matthew  and  Ltike,    , 
fen  Mark  too,  appear  at  alt  fatisfiiiflr^ry ;  they  reminded     , 
he  fuperfictal  objei^lions  advanced  by  Voltaire  agiind  the     | 
licity  uf  the  five  books  of  Mofes^  from  their  modern    , 

tiiles,                                                                                      \ 
tey  arc  the  only  Jews,  mhovH  J  have  met  with,  who  were  %\\m    { 
Matthew  15  a  n^imc  ec^aalfy  urvknowcj  among  the  Jcws> — as  for     \ 
md  Luke,  th?y  rire  cndeii t!y  Roman  and  Gr^ck  naTnes,  totally     | 
/n  -iriKJng  the  (cws;  nnd  wjirn  it  is  corifidcrecl  that  the  af>ollfei     , 
■  the  iowell  ciaf^  of  the  pw^lt,  among  whom  the  comm^    ' 
arc  moll  ufuji!*  it  mull  apperjr  ftranf^e  indttrd,  tiiat  the  Jom- 
^lilts  Ihoukl  be  diiiinguiiheci  by  nariKS  fcarcely  kno^vn  amoug 

Haoiilton^f  SuriMuns  upon  Knowles,  fie  ( j 

Hebrew;  tiid  the  political  ftate  of  the  Jews,  at  the  commehce- 
menc  of  and  fubfcquent  to  the  Chriftian  era,  when  confidered, 
will  tend  to  abate  our  furprize  at  finding  the  names  of  Mark  and 
Luke  at  the  head  of  two  of  the  gofpels. 

We  ihall  take  no  ^notice  of  what  Mr.  H.  advances  againft 
PauPs  epiftles  and  thofc  of  John,  and  alfo  againft  the  Ads,  from 
the  ufe  of  the  word  hirefy. 

In  the  Preliminary  Disquisition,  prefixed  to*  the  Stric« 
tures,  an  account  is  given  of  the  principal  herefies  which  fprang 
up  among  Chriftians  during  the  firft  three  centuries  after  Chriftz 
but  if  the  works  attributed  to  the  mod  early  Fathers  be  all 
(jpuricu^,  the  fubje6^  is  indeed  wrapped  in  more  than  Egyptian 
darknefs :  in  darknefs  which  no  modern  ingenuity  can  diifi- 
pite. 

Mr.  H,  affirms  TertulHan  to  be  the  mofl:  ancient  of  the  fa- 
thers :  but,  as  he  proceeds,  this  father  finks  with  the  reft  int<r 
difrepute. 

Hoir,  indeed,  any  writing,  whether  genuine  or  fpurious,  Oaa 
be  of  ufe  in  afcertaining  the  divinity  of  this  religion  of  Jefus,  on 
Mr,H«'s  pofition,  we  .arc  utterly  at  a  lofs  to  conceive.  *  Hu« 
man  tefiimony,'  he  fays,  *  is  an  inadequate  proof  of  a  divine 
interference.' 

Could  this  be  proved,  it  muft  at  once  annihilate  gofpels^ 
Cithers,  and  all,  and  fupercede  the  neceffity  of  any  inquiry  either 
into  the  dodrines  or  herefies  of  the  primitive  church. 

We  muft  pafs  on,  however,  to  the  *  Stiiflures;'  in  which, 

it  muft  be  confefled,  Mr.  Hamilton  difcovers  fome  learning 

and  ability,  and  offers  remarks  and  obfer  vat  ions  to  which  the 

living  polemical  writers  mentioned  in  the  title  ought  to  attend. 

\     With  bis  novelties,  the  author  blends  fome  good  criticifm. 

He  begins  his  letter  to  Dr.  KnowleF,  with  very  properly  no* 
ticihg  an  infinuatei  cenfure  contained  in  the  ^*  Primitive 
Chriltianity,"  on  the  honeft  as  well  as  learned  Lardner,  as  if^ 
in  his  copious  colleSion  of  materials  from  the  fathers,  he  had 
artfully  omitted  whatever  would  militate  againft  his  favourite 
opinions.  On  the  contrary,  Mr.  H.  /hews,  that  as  ftrong 
paflages  in  favour  of  Chrift's  divinity  are  adduced  by  Lardner, 
IS  are  to  be  found  in  the  ^'  Primitive  Chriiiianity."  After  thus 
vindicating  Lardner,  he  proceeds  to  lay  before  his  readers  an  ob- 
fervacion,  which  he  believes  to  be  peculiar  to  himfelf,  rcfpeding 
the  origin  or  the  reafon  of  the  denomination  of  ChriJiUms  being 
given  to  the  followers  of  Jefus ;  for  as  he  denies  Jeius  to  be  the 
Chrift,  or  Co  have  been  acknowleged  as  fuch  by  the  believing 
Jews,  be  is  forced  to  feek  for  a  differeni;  derivation  from  that 
which  is  commonly  offered. 


Hamjlton'j  Stn^unx  upm  IvnowIe^>  i^c* 

I  appear!  t^jat  jelus  wa»  uptm  hi^  ukl  callt-d  Chrtfl^  m. 

Vat,  according  to  Chnilians,  lo  M^ffiah,  or  the  Anoitiicd  ;  bitt 

Iry  improbable  b  it  %\a.l   he  Hiould  be  thus  iiomitrMy  ilillm* 

by  thoic  whf>  htid  lum  m  abhorrence/     Has  thc^re  ifvcr  bc^O 

[inee  of  a  nkk-niimi  [why  mi: ft  it  br  a  nkk-n^m£i'  v^hy  noc 

name  by  which  his  dlfdplc*  and  followers  caJkd  lam?]  i 

\fijVJhy  enemies,  imfljiag  honour?  and  that  tJrjis  r^mc  ira- 

jV.uur,  h  evident  from  iis  bcmg  derived  ftQm  a  Greek  leim 

lag  to  arMnit  \}l  impHcd  honour  when  ufcd  by  his  diiciplc'Sj  but 

\i\  uftdinfuhiBgly  by  enemies,]  ai  if  Jefus  was  anointed  by  the 

I  oil:  add  to  th^s,  ih^t  the  Jews  ijcrti?  mihing  a/ tin  H^if  Uh^g 

■re  they  could   nut  ^ivi:  bim  this  name  ujKm  this    accountt 

l^c  ngt  therefore  feclc  feme  other  origm  ht  the  oamel    Bring 

>y  enemies,  ^  dijh^fiQkrahk  origin  Hiaold  b^  foa^ht,  thU  being 

\\c  to  human  nature.     May  1  not  therefore  fuppofc,  that  thij 

Ls  it*  root  tiom  the  Greek  word  xr^**  whkli,  figuifies  to  fr^* 

lod  that  the  words  rvowalmo(l  univcrfally  fouriJ  written  Chrijlhf 

figinally  vvfitxen  Chf0li  or  ChtljUr^  Lt^  Proph*-cicr;  to  u fetch 

bans  gnvc  thtnrown  termination,  writing  Chrijhix  Chriflijinii 

|f/ff,  I,  f*  followers  of  the  prophecier,  and  that  therefore  the 

;  of  Matt.  xxtv.  63.  which  runs  thus,  "  Trophtiy  ttr*£o  us  thou 

who  IS  he  that  fmote  thee  I"  lj  equivdcnt  to  faymg^  Pro- 

Lito  Its  thou  propheckr,  &c**  • 

give  Mr.  H,  credit  for  his  ioscnuityj  but  it  was  ncvcf 
tri fortunately  exerted.  He  obje£is  to  the  p'>(Tibility  of  the 
"ivin*^  fcius  the  name  of  ChrijJ^  as  h  is  derived  troai  the 


I 


Hamiitoii*!  SiriiSura  upon  Knowles,  tfc.  6$ 

corJant  opinions  which  prevailed  on  this  fubjeA  during  four 
ccncories  from  the  birth  of  Chrift: 

'  There  were  four  fcAs  who  admitted  the  divine  milliort  of  Jefos, 
■amely,  the  Ebionites,  who  thought  Jefus  to  be  a  divine  meifenger* 
though  not  the  Chrift  or  Meiliah;— the  Gnoftics,  who  thouc^ht  Chiiit 
to  be  totally  Deity;— the  Humanift,  who  held  Jefus  to  be  tne  Chrift, 
though  m  man  without  any  Deity ; — and  the  Orthodox,  who  efteemed 
him  to  be  both  man  and  God  in  union.'     P.ai. 

The  prevalence  of  the  orthodox  opinion,  Mr.  H.  attributes 
to  the  perfecution  of  the  other  feds )  and,  after  taking  notice 
that  not  a.fingle  produSion,  prior  to  the  cotmcil  of  Nice,  of 
the  Ebionites,  of  the  Sabellians,  of  the  Humanifts,  nor  of  the 
Goofticf,  has  defcended  to  us,  he  upbraids  Orthodoxy  with 
having  been,  like  Mohammedifm,  more  indebted  to  the  fwofd 
and  to  violence  for  its  propagation,  than  to  argument. 

l^he  BiOiop  of  St.  David's,  as  a  controverfial  writer,  does 
not  meet  with  the  approbation  of  Mr.  H.  who  has  retorted  on  him 
the  word^  tricis^yiratagems^  management,  andiaJeartSy  of  which, 
our  author  favs,  his  Lord(hip  is  16  liberal.  He  certainly  con- 
vids  the  Bifliop  of  fome  inaccuracies  and  inattentions;  as 
triuflating  the  word  Nazareni,  fometimes  by  Nazaraansy  and 
at  other  times  by  Nazarenes,  (p.  94;)  and,  in  the  paflage  quoted 
from  Ori^en,  p.  126,  of  rendering  the  words  m^ivaa^v  im  tw 
livaf>,  believing  in  Chriji  inftead  of  believing  on  Jefus:  but  we 
cannot  allow  that  this  latter  inflance  was  a  tricky  as  the  Bi(hop 
could  not  fuppofc  that  he  (hould  have  an  Ebionite  to  contend 
with  him. 

On  the  fubjcfl  of  ancient  herefies,  Mr.  H.  does  not  hefitate 
to  accufe  the  Bifbop  of  great  ignorance ;  and  particularly  of 
inconfiftency  in  his  account  of  the  Ebionites  or  Nazarenes  ; 
p.  121.  He  fays  of  his  Lordfhip,  that  he  appears  to  have  no 
accurate  knowlege  on  the  points  in  queftion  between  himfelf 
and  Dr.  Priefiley;  that  he  is  always  led  away  by  preconceived 
and  groundlefs  notions;  and  that  his  entire  performance  is 
filled  with  aflertions  without  proofs;  efpecially  he  difapproves 
of  the  Bifbop's  making  a  dijlin^ion  between  the  Ebionites  and 
Nazarenes. 

While,  however,  he  thus  attacks  the  Bifliop,  he  does  not  in* 
voke  the  ailiftance  of  Dr.  Prieftley.  To  this  Unitarian  alfo, 
or  Humanlji,  as  he  would  call  him,  [and  perhaps  this  is  the 
better  name,]  he  extends  the  charge  of  ignorance;  and  he 
wonders  that  the  fads,  brought  together  by  him  in  his  hiftory^ 
or,  as  it  may  more  properly  be  called,  colleSiion,  of  early  opinions^ 
did  not  make  him  fufped  the  age  of  the  fathers,  and  inclrnc 
him  to  believe  that  none  of  them  flouriflied  before  the  third 
century,  and  fome  of  them  even  later. 
Rt  V.  May  1793.  F  Mr.  H, 


66  Hamilcon'i  Striauus  upon  Knowles,  f^c. 

Mr.  H.  confines  his  remarks,  relative  to  Dr.  Pricftley'i 
>vritings,  to  three  heads ;  namely,  to  what  the  DoSor  has  faid 
rcfpedling  Marcellus — concerning  his  aflertion  that  ihr  do£lrine 
of  :he  Arians,  that  Jefus  Chrift  had  no  intelligent  human  foul^ 
was  a  novelty — and  refpeding  the  Neftorian  hcrefy. 

On  thofc  paflages  which  arc  produced  by  Dr.  P.  to  cftablifli 
his  pofition  that  the  Fathers,  till  the  time  of  Arius,  held  the 
doftrine  that  Chrift  had  an  intelligent  human  foul  united  to  the 
Logos,  Mr.  H.  remarks  that  the  words  -^irx/i  and  anima  arc 
ufed,  by  which  the  Greeks  and  Latins  meaned  the  living  prin- 
ciple or  carnal  foul,  whofe  union  with  the  body  made  it  a  living 
body,  and  not  vx^  and  animus^  which  were  the  terms  by  which 
they  exprcflcd  the  intclleSfual  principle  or  rational  foul,  which 
was  held  to  be  diftind  from  the  vivifying  principle;  fo  that 
Dr.  P.,  by  his  quotations,  has  not  eftablifhed  his  pofition. 

Though,  however,  our  author  oppofes  Dr.  P.  on  this  and 
other  points,  he  aflifts  him  in  maintaining  the  juftice  of  his 
cenfure  on  the  Bifhop  of  St.  David's,  for  tranflating,  in  a 
paflage  cited  by  him  from  Tertullian,  idicta  by  idiots  \  and  he 
affirms,  that  *  for  any  writer  (efpecially  a  perfon  of  his  Lord- 
fliip's  abilities  and  information,)  to  contend  for  idiots  being  the 
true  rendering  of  idiota^  in  the  paiTage  in  queftion,  difplays  an 
hardinefs  of  aiTurance  unparalleled,  he  believes,  in  the  annals  of 
controverfy.'  Part  of  what  Mr.  H.  has  advanced  on  this 
topic,  we  ihall  exhibit  in  his  own  words : 

*  That  the  common  reader  may  be  perfedly  mafter  of  the  queftion, 
I  (hall  firil  lay  before  him  what  the  itarneJ  Calepini  fays  upon  the 
word  idiotay  firll  premifirig,  that  my  edition  (for  there  are  various 
ones)  is  of  PaJua,  1722,  and  entitled  Sepum  Linguarum,  *'  Idiota 
feuldiotes — [Ital.] /.V/c/tf,  ignoranu,  Gcr.  tiujctUcLe  perjcn.  Gal.  idiots 
Hifp.  v^/fv/j,  »^-'>  [Gr.]  propric  noiat  homincm  privatum,  feu  nollo 
munere  publico  fungentcm;  fed  quia  qui  e  vulgo  lunt  fere  imperiti, 
indodlique  cfle  confuevcrunt,  accipitur  fere  a  Latinis  pro  iUiterato, 
indocioy  impcrito,  ab  i^.:c  privatum,  proprius  Cic.  7.  Ver.  Quae  non 
roodo  ilium  homincm  ir.geniofum  ntque  intelligentem,  verum  etiam 
quemvis  noflnim,  quos  ilie  idiotas  appellat,  deledtare  poflent.  Id.  pro 
Sext.  31.  Rem  patcmam  ab  idiotarum  divitiis  ad  philotbphorum  re- 
gulam  perduxit."  «•  Idiota  properly  denotes  a  private  man,  or  a 
perfon  in  no  public  employment;  but,  becaufe  the  vulgar  arc  ac- 


^.        .         ,  ingenious,  and  intelligent 

man,  but  a!fo  fome  of  .^r.  whom  he  calls  .-.iVf/rf-."  Every  one  can 
reaJ.i]y  perccivo.  ihai  the  ...;,/.r  in  thi^  r^^^-^C*.  were  not  perfons  de- 
void of  undtTlLindinij,  biu  on!y  of  r.i.V;  winch  may,  with  truth,  be 
afferted  of  manLii.d  iu  ^uneral :  hut  :«•';.-*/  means  prions,  who  cannot 
iJraw  conclufion*  tVcm  prcuulc>»  or  luai  arc  iricr.pablc  of  arguing, 

from 


Hamilton 'j  StrlSluns  updn  Knowfes,  tit.  "$7 

worn  being  devoid  of  commoii  fenfe :  perfons  very  different  from  the 
idioue  mentiuned  by  Cicero.  One  would  think,  however,  that  bU 
Lordihlp,  by  adducing  the  terms  lourdaut^  fit,  ignorant,  fool,  idiots 
would  have  it  underflood  that  thcfe  terms  were  the  proper  rendering 
of  th<r  Latin  idiota,  if  this  was  his  Lordfhip's  view,  I  would  not 
fcraple  to  affirm,  that  he  intended  to  impofi  upon  ignorant,  or  beedlcfs 
reader*  :  for,  as  Calcpini  obferves,  idiota  properly  fignifies  a  thoh  in  a 
prii'ate  capacity  i  and  1  will  venture  to  affirm  ne^er  an  ideot,  in  th« 
legal  iignification  of  this  term  in  Englifti,  in  any  Latin  author,  for 
livo  centuries  after  Ciirift.  His  Lorditiip,  indeed,  acknowledges  that 
he  did  not  ufc  it  in  this  fenfe :  but  I  can  by  no  means  grant  to  his 
Lordlbip  that  he  is  juilidable  in  expounding  his  author,  except  with 
the  ftriciej}  conformity  10  the  original ;  a  liberty  which  he  frequently 
iiii-'ulgcs  bimfclf  in ;  for  the  cxpofition  is  generally  fo  contrived,  as  to 
efface  in  or.iinary  readers  the  imprcflion  which  the  original  paiTage 
Ihould  naturally  produce.' 

The  JimpVues  enim  quique^  ns  dixerlm  tmprudentis  et  tdiotaj 
qua:  major  femper  creder,:':um  pan  eft^  of  Tertullian,  Mr.  H. 
renders  **  tor  lome  open  [unguarded]  people,  I  would  not  call 
them  imprudent^  and  pcrions  not  employed  in  the  fervice  of  the 
church,  who  are  always  the  majority  of  believers;**  and  obferves 
on  it,  that  the  BiftopV  funplkeSy  or  fimple  people,  nevtr  yet 
conftituted  the  mdjori'y  of  any  fociety.  This  is  obvious.  The 
ma^or  femper  credentiufn  pars  determines  the  word  idiota  to  mean 
ferfons  in  a  private  capacity. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  fecond  volume,  we  are  informed 
thM  not  one  of  ihe  moderns  (except  Johannes  Garneriui*,  the 
learned  edit<»r  of  Marius  Mercator,  and,  perhaps,  Montfaucon,) 
aopcars  to  undc:rftar:d  the  prccifc  theological  import  of  the  terms 
Ejfentia^  Sub/iaKtia,  &c.  which  are  employed  in  the  Trinitarian 
controvcrfy.  To  elucidate  ihefe  terms,  Mr.  H.  dcfires  the 
reader  to  fuppofe  a  dead  fn ail  to  be  put  before  him.  On  this 
dead  fnail,  he  thus  ledtures  : 

•  This  is  a  fubfjitncc^  &c.  Let  him  afterwards  fuppofe  it  to  be 
endued  with  a  rcalonaule  foul ;  it  will  then  be  both  a  fubjijluice  and  a 
f*f*'n.  Let  him  then  fuppofe  the  Deity  to  be  comprehended  under 
Lie  figure  of  this  animated  fnail.  Sabellius  held,  that  the  Deity 
made  himfelf  known  to  the  Jews  in  the  time  of  Mofes  as  the  father; 
and  in  the  time  of  Jcfus  ChriU  by  means  of  a  prctenfian  (which  may 
be  well  conceived  as  resembling  the  hnrn  of  a  fnail,  when  it  puts  it 
forth,)  which  pofLlIcd  the  man  jcfu.^  Ciirift  ;  and  that  the  Holy  Spirit 
was  Oftethtr  proten/ion,  finiiiar  to  that  which  poileflcd  jefus  Chrill,  but 
'^hich  took  I'Ofl'cffion  of  iht  apolilcs  at  the  fcall  cf  Pcnticuft  fucceed- 
ing  the  crucihxion.' 

li  will,  doubtlefs,  be  thought  unneceffitry  for  us  to  offer  any 
ccminciu  K>i\  this  fumiliar  illuftraiion.  How  unfortunate  is  it 
that  divines,  after  torturing  their  brains  during  nearly  i8cO 
y«irs  fcr  fimilcs,  fhculd  never  have  thought  of  a  fnail  I 

F  2  Mr.  H. 


Himilcan*!  StrtBunt  npm  Knowles,  l^c. 

H.  aecufcs  Dr.  Pneftley  of  not  knowing*  in  hU  aecooni 
Isntloi,  where  th^ja  of  the  queftion  Uy  between  him  and 
jjiitroycrfialifts,  and  explains  this  hcrefy  to  have  confifted 
ling  one  God,  and  in  devifing  fubterfuges  by  which 
?uld  ^ppsnntly  predicate  the  fame  of  the  Son  and  Holy 
In  fupporc  of  thiti  interpreiaiioni  he  quotes  Sacratesy 
ifn,  and  Theodoret- 

Ic  account  here  given  of  the  Ncftorian  hcrefy  is  at  variance 
]with    Dr.  Pricftley  and   Mr.  Gibbon.     Indeed,  Mr.  H. 
jhat  the  former  writer's  Hiftnry  of  Early  Opinlonf  con- 
more  errors  than  pages,  at  leaft  where  the  herefies  are  the 

muft  leave  it  to  Dr.  Prieflley  to  notice,  if  he  thinks 
r,  the  (Iriclures  here  offered  to  the  public,  and  to  vindi'* 
limfcir  again  ft  a  writer  who  accufes  bim  of  not  having  an 
yte  idea  of  the  term  natur£.  Though  Mr.  H.  does  it 
lily,  yet,  in  fome  places,  he  points  out  inaccuracies  both 
.  F,  and  Mr.  Gibbon^ 

author  having  declared  war  againft  Chriftianitj,  h« 
v^ours  to  remove  every  evidence  on  which  it  reft$^  and  this  | 
cs  in   a  very  expt-ditious  manner,  viz.  by  denying  the 
\act  of  its  ancient  advocates,  and  the  genuinenefs  of  ihofi 
which  bear  their  names.      He   fwet^ps  from   the  cata- ^ 


Bnodl*!  Ainmr  •fa  Map  tfthi  PmnJUa  ^la&u    6^ 

Hit  oUenrationi  on  the  Hebrew  Bible  are  fir  frombeioy 
tccuriiei  and  hit  notioQ  that  ^  the  ancient  prophedet  havo 
been  interpolated  by  Jews  to  amufe  themielvet  al  the  expenoe.of 
Chriflian  credulity,'  U  abfurd  in  the  extreme. 

We  have  waited  in  hope  of  feeing  Mr.  H,  arrive  at  dm 
end  of  his  labours,  but  hitherto  in  vain,  as  he  purpofas  in  a 
third  volunie  to  enter  on  a  feries  of  new  adventures. 

The  two  volumes,  now  under  our  notice,  are  written  with 
no  attention  to  method  and  arrangement:  the  author  peflet 
from  c»ne  fubjedl  to  another  with  httle  ceremony,  and,  by.  the 
vifible  confuhon  in  the  work,  has.  unneceflarily  increaied  ita 
length.  We  do  not  denv  to  Mr.  H«  the  merit  of  learning  and 
application :  but  we  Aiuft  own  that  to  us  he  makes  a  very  lamt 
attempt  to  prove  his  favorite  pofition,  via.  that  *  Chriftianity 
is  a  Human  impofture  moulded  on  the  objedof  Jefus's  miffion.* 
Though  we  have  no  objection  to  be  enlightened,  we  cannot, 
admire  new  opinions  merely  becaufe  they  are  new,  nor  fwallow- 
ercry  crude  hypothefls.— Neither,  on  the  other  hund,  would  we 
l((  thought  to  take  fright  at  the  appearance  of  a  new  do&rine  m, 
au$Hni  §f  its  novelty^  for  that  would  tend  to  the  rgedion  of  all 
ioiprovement,  and  the  prevention  of  every  valuable  difcovery* 
We  have  ever  regarded,  with  reverence,  the  honeft  advice  of. 
one  of  our  poets,  who  fays, 

*•  Fly  no  opinion.  Friend,  becaufe  'tis  new: 
•'  Rcjcd  if  fs^fe,  embrace  it  if  'tis  true.** 


Aar.  X.  Mgmoir  of  a  Map  rf  th$  Penin/uU  of  India ;  from  the  lateft 
Authorities :  exhibiting  its  natural  and  political  Divifiont :  the  lat* 
ter,  conformable  to  the  Treaty  of  Serin^apatam,  in  March  1792* 
WithobfervatioDsoD  the  political  and  military  Advantages  that  may 
be  derived  from  the  new  ccffions :  And  an  Account  of  the  Site  and 
Rematna  of  the  ancient  City  of  Becjanuggur.  By  Major  RenneU. 
4to.    pp.  51.   with  a  large  folio  Sheet  Map;  7s.  6d.    Nicol* 

'T'Ha  geographical  materials,  lately  brought  to  light,  which 
**  may  be  numbered  among  the  lead  equivocal  advantages  of 
the  recent  war  with  Tippoo,  are  confiderable  enough  to  war- 
rant an  entirely  new  cooftruAion  of  the  map  of  the  Peninfula 
of  India.  This  has  therefore  taken  place;  and  the  prefent 
memoir  accompjuiies  a  new  and  elegant  map  of  the  country, 
from  the  Kiftnah  river  to  Cape  Comorin,  exhibiting  a  difiin^ 
view  of  the  Table  land,  of  Tippoo  Sultan's  boundaries,  and 
thofe  of  the  allied  powers. 

The  Memoir  is  divided  into  four  fedions ;  the  firft  gives  an 
account  of  the   conftrudion  of  the  map ;  the  fecond  explains 

F  3  fcveral 


IcjinclPj  Memmrnfa  Map  of  the  TtmnJuU  ef  India* 

important  par li cub ri^  hitherto  link  known^  rdatmg  to 
Itural  and  political  divilion  of  the  pcninfula  ;  ihe  third 
Ins  fume  obfervations  on  the  advantages  tli^c  may  be  de^ 
Vram  the  ceffions  made  by  Ttppuo  to  Great  Britain  and 
fies;  and  the  fourth  ticfcri  best  he  Tcitc  and  remains  of  the 
It  city  of  Be^jinuggur,  once  the  capital  and  refiderrce  of 
tndoD  kings  of  the  country  known  aifo  by  the  name  of  the 
ptiggar^  comprehending  z\\    that  p.trt   of  the    peninfub 

lies  fouth  of  the  river  Kiftnah,  From  this  valuable  me-» 
IweOiall  fe]e<ft  the  foUowmg  obfervation^  on  the  diflri^ls 
I  to  the  Britifti  conquerors  : 

1  remains  that  we  fhould  pariiciilanze  ihp  di(ln£^s  ceded  ta  the 
chofe  to  the  Mahrattas  and  Nizam  being  already  mentioned 
Lourfe  of  the  Memoir,  The  Brhilh  ac<]uifnions  are  io  three 
hi  iraQsor  pareeli;  but  are,  in  etf<fd^  joined,  by  the  intcrveu- 
J  the  tcrritorits  of  our  allies,  the  N^biib  of  Arcot,  and  the  Ra- 
llravancotc.  It  would,  no  doubt,  have  bci;n  more  conweriU 
us,   to  have  pnJTcnbdf  in  additii^n  to  the   didrids  a£luaj]y 

a!l  the  country  of  Coimbettore  ;  fo  as  not  only  t<i  prefer ve  a 
pmmu  meat  ion  acrof*  the  pcninfula,  but  alfo  to  deprive  Tip* 

a  gratiiiry,  Jind  of  refourcet.  But  it  mull  b^  confidcred  that 
l^aftsff  the  preiiminafj  ir€itf_)\  We  cotild  take  no  more  than  we 

Ve  were  limited  to  a  ccnaln  fum  of  revenue;  and  we  eould 
Ike  fuch   a  qiirtntity  of  land,  as  produced  that  iimount*     The 

con- 


Rennell'i  Menuir  of  a  Map  of  the  Peninfula  of  India*     fl 

fatart  quarrels  with  the  Myforean  :  for,  not  to  mention,  that  in  the 
£r/l  inllance  a  dcl'enfive  war  on  our  part  rouii  inevitably  ruin  us;  it 
may  be  fsdd  tha:  a  defence  that  reds  too  much  on  the  fortifying  of 
certain  paflVs,  mud  be  nugatory  :  wc  may  impede,  but  we  cannot 
frevoiit  the  irruption  of  a  powerful  and  adive  enemy  ;  fo  that  the  ufe 
of  confining  an  enemy  to  a  certain  pafs,  is  to  know  for  certain  where 
to  find  him.  On  the  principle  that  Tippoo  always  has  made,  and  if 
permitted,  ever  will  make,  war  on  us  ;  tliat  is  to  fay>  by  defolating 
oar  country  ;  and  whild  he  evades  an  attack,  haralTcs  and  wears  out 
our  troops  and  rcfources;  we  mud  lofc  ground  in  the  contcd.  The 
late  glorious  fuccefles  of  cur  arms,  fliew  what  the  plans  of  our  cam- 
paigns ought  to  be,  ftiould  Tippoo  again  feel  his  drcngth  :  we  mud 
at  all  events  carry  the  war  into  his  country,  by  attacking  his  capital, 
and  other  principal  fortreffes;  to  accomplidi  the  double  purpofes  of 
keeping  him  at  home,  and  reducing  his  power,  at  the  iame  time, 
la  the  event  of  a  war,  therefore,  we  diould  find  a  more  direfl  and 
eafy  accefs  to  the  enemy's  country  by  the  centre  of  the  Barra* 
Mahal,  than  by  any  route  we  have  hitherto  taken  :  and  have  our  con- 
voys dfo  fecured  by  a  chain  of  pods.  We  diall  alio  fet  off  from  a- 
point,  ^ve  marches  nearer  to  Scringapatam,  than  in  our  lad  exp.di- 
tion :  and  may  arrive  at  it,  in  8  or  9  from  the  head  of  the  pafs,  by  the 
way  of  Ouflbre. 

•  The  immediate  fecurity  of  our  own  pofTcffions,  and  that  of  the 
Coorgs  and  Nayres,  being  provided  for,  the  remaining  objcd  of 
confideration  was  to  poflefs  the  next  ufeful  piece  of  territory  to  our- 
fdvcs  ;  or  what  would  render  the  enemy's  frontier  lefs  fecure  to  him. 
Dindigul  mud  have  immediately  occurred  ;  as  beine;  the  key  of  Coim- 
bcttorc,  on  the  fide  of  Tritchinopoly  :  and  as  havmg  apperuining  to 
it,  a  territory  that  projedled  far  into  the  heart  of  the  fouthern  pro- 
vinces :  by  the  pofleffion  of  which,  we  of  courfe  diortcned  our  line  of 
defence.  It  is  an  undoubted  {iH^t  that  the  po>ver  which  prefents  a 
ftrong  frontier,  is  madcr  of  the  open  country  of  liis  adjoining  neigh- 
boar,  unlcfs  an  adequate  force  be  dationcd  in  it :  fo  that,  comhiningthe 
advantages  refulting  from  the  pofTeflion  of  both  Paiic4ud  and  Dindigul, 
wc  may  confider  the  Coimbettore  and  Daraporam  countries  as  at  our 
mercy,  onlefs  the  enemy  divides  his  force;  a  meafure  that  wouM  give 
«  dill  greater  advantages.  I  could  have  wifiied  however,  tnat  we 
had  a  more  dired  communication  with  Palicaud,  and  the  wedem 
coad,  than  we  now  have  :  for  it  mud  be  remembered,  that  although 
the  didridts  on  the  Malabar  coad  are  fubjed  to  Bombay,  yet  they 
will,  from  fituation,  always  call  for  fudden  aid  on  Madras  :  and  tnere- 
fore,  perhaps,  diould  be  placed  under  that  prefidency  in  the  fird  in- 
ftaoce.' 

For  a  more  particular  defcription  of  thefe  countries,  vire  re- 
fer to  the  work,  which  cannot  be  completely  unt'?^/ flood 
without  frequently  confulting  the  map.  Tippoo's  cei'ions  to 
the  Briti(h  exceed,  according  to  Major  Rennell,  fiftec-a  thou- 
fand  fquarc  miles,  of  which  the  revenues  are  computed  at 
4iiy450l«  1  he  Nizam  has  acquired  a  track  of  12,750  i'quare 
miles ;  and  the  Mahrattas  only  7962,  of  which  the  revenues 

F  4  aii^ 


yf  Pieces  of  Ancient  Popular  Poetry.    •  • 

are  taken  at  41 1,4501*  each  fquare  mile  producing.  $%\.pir 
ann.  to  the  ftate.  The  land  tax  of  England  and  Wales  is 
computed  at  33K  per  fquare  mile  :•— but  in  England,  the  land 
tax  is  lefs  than  one  eighth  of  the  whole  revenue  ;  whereas  in 
India,  the  tax  in  land  reprefents  the  revenue  in  genera). 

The  ruins  of  Beejanuggur  lie  on  the  fouthern  bank  of 
Toombuddra  river.  Lieutenant  Emmit,  who  vifited  them  in 
November  laft,  traced  feveral  ftreets  from  30  to  45  yards  wide  ; 
one  of  which  is  nearly  entire,  having  collonades  of  ftone  on 
each  fide,  and  a  very  large  pagoda  at  one  extremity.  Caefar 
Frederick,  who  vifitcd  Beejanuggur  in  I56s>  gives  it  a  cir- 
cuit of  a4  miles.  Major  R.  conceives  that  the  rcafon  for 
Tippoo's  wiihing  to  retain  the  circar  of  Annagoondy,  inftead 
of  ceding  it  with  the  reft  of  the  Dooab  to  the  Mahratta?,  was 
his  anxiety  for  the  fafety  of  the  defcendants  of  the  ancient 
kings  of  Beejanuggur,  who  refide  in  the  above  circar,  fubfift* 
ing  on  a  territorial  income  of  25,000!. ;  inclufively  of  the  re- 
galities of  a  mint  at  AnnagoonJy,  which  they  are  fuffered  to 
enjoy  through  the  compafHonate  bounty  or  policy  of  the  My- 
ibrcan  kirg.  It  is  plcaflng  to  find,  at  the  conclufion  of  a 
peace  with  Uppoo,  that  he  is  not  fo  totally  deftitute  of  every 
virtue,  as  report  bad  hitherto  rcprcientcd  him. 


Art.  XI.  Pitsit  rf  AKcient  Pppuhir  Poetry:  from  authentic  MSS* 
and  old  printed  Copies.  Adorned  with  Cuu.  Crown  8vo.  pp. 
x^i,     4«.     Ho;;rds.     Egertons. 

It  is  vriy  convenient  to  the  indolence  of  a  critic,  when  an 
^  aiit!u^r  iupplics  in  his  picf^ice  the  point  of  view  whence  his 
woik  IhouKl  be  furvc>-ed.     We  tranfcribe, 

•  The  J* cuius  which  hr.5  been  luccelVfolly  exerted  in  contribating  to 
\\c  \\\^\\\iX\\ML\  or  AmuUnicM  of  Society,  in  eren  the  rudeil  tiroes,  feems 
10  h.wc  (vMue  cUim  up^w  it5  grAtitinie  for  prote&ion  in  more  enlight* 
rnctl  ope>.  U  u  a  foprrAnnu^ted  dv^ineiic»  whclc  pAli'ed  Icrviccs  eo- 
liile  :u.\  i\id  Aj;c  to  a  ivrnforiAble  pnwiiion  and  retreat ;  or,  rather,  in* 
dc«'iK  a  humUo  tncnd»  whole  atiackn-.ent  in  adverie  circumftances 
donuiuix  u\o  warm  ana  |»ralvMuI  ackivwlecgcments  of  profpciity* 
'I  ;\c  \eiu-!AWo  (hou{:\  v.amclcij  baro*  uhvon  the  gereroii;y  of  the 

IHiMic  i*  ivw  court*\l  u^  rrjcwe  !^^  m  obl;\ion  and  obfcurity,  have 
svn  iV„'  fa\o»n;o5,';  ihc  jvoXx-  for  Ape<,  and  could  once  boaft  a 
«>oi;'  v.;  n>*  ivuk  ^oiu  v»t  aprxiOvi;;  g  adwircri  than  i^e  mofl  celebra- 
rv.ol  0.1.  -voJ.rA  jwtJ.  Th.*:r  vV.'apv>:';;5or.5.  i:  may  be  true,  will 
1.1  vo  rx\  ,>»»••>>  V.  jhr  vv;  c.'.;  r\c  o?  a  ccit-iAted  ^ge*;  but  it  (hould 
V.A  ;. »  !v  .s".v.  r-X !NN-,  x:-..*..,  x*;:;-.\-:  i>cS  vfAv:*^  htr^bV  as  they  arc, 
\\  ..»/:.«.  ♦  it'*  'N-:  *K0/.\:  r^*- <\.:\  a-ibarbjLr.fai  ar.d'icno- 
i.u..  .\,M..,*  h  v 'o*  A,"  .«'..  ..., -.x-r*;-,*^,  :>ii:ueanrirdcbcedftr 
*  '•\.  x^  u%S  «  ;i, :?  ^*  .V  ■ ,  A-,;  vi-*vr^,  c^r  ochers  iliU  mofeob* 
KttAv»  i;ui  WY  OAV  U«  .^'.uraUx:  oraK^»  ct  o&r  ihisicd  S^wjtffwrr; 


:*- 


Piidprf  Anaint  Popular  Puiry.  75 

Hilt  all  the  beft  of  Arthar's  knights 
Did  him  much  pleafare  (how. 

*  As  good  Sir  Lancelot  of  the  hakt. 

Sir  Triftram,  and  Sir  Guy ; 
Yet  none  coroparM  with  brave  Tom  Thmnb 
For  knightly  chivalry. .  * 

'  In  honour  of  which  noble  jay » 

And  for  his  ladies  fake» 
A  challenge  in  king  Arthur's  court 

Tom  Thumbe  did  bravely  make. 

*  Gainfl  whom  thefe  nc.ble  knights  did  nm 

Sir  Chinon,and  the  rell» 
Yet  ftill  Tom  Thumbe  with  matchles  might 

Did  bcare  away  the  beft. 
'  At  lad  Sir  Lancelot  of  the  Lake 

In  manly  fort  came  in, 
And  with  this  (lout  and  hardy  knight 

A  battle  did  begirt. 

*  Which  made  the  courtiers  all  agaftt 

For  there  that  valiant  man 
Through  Lancelot's  fteed,  before  them  all^ 
In  nimble  manner  ran. 

'  Yea  horie  and  all*  widi  fpeare  and  fhield. 

As  hardly  he  was  feene. 
But  onely  fay  king  Arthur's  felfe 

And  his  admired  queene> 

^  Who  from  her  finger  tooke  a  ring, 

Throueh  which  Tom  lliumbe  made  way. 
Not  touching  it,  in  nimble  fort. 

As  it  was  done  in  play. 

'  He  likewife  cleft  the  fmalleft  haire 

From  his  ^dre  ladies  head. 
Not  hurting  her  whofe  even  hand 

Him  laiting  honors  bred. 

*  Such  were  his  deeds  and  noble  a£ls 

In  Arthur's  court  there  Ihpwne, 
M  like  in  all  the  world  befide 
Was  hardly  feene  or  knowne. 

*  Now  at  thefe  fports  he  toyl'd  himfelfe 

That  he  a  ficknefle  tooke. 
Through  which  all  manly  exerdie 
He  carelefsly  fbrlboke. 

'  Where  lying  on  his  bed  ibre  ficke. 

King  Arthur's  dodor  came. 
With  conning  (kill,  by  phyfick's  art> 

To  eafe  and  cure  the  fame. 


Plan  of  Ancient  P&pidar  PMirfm 

I «  Hi5  body  being  (q  Hcndcr  fnull* 

Thb  cunning  do^or  togkc 
I  ik  ^01?  prorpedlive  ghtTCf  wiih  wlucli 

H£  did  in  iecret  tooke 

*  Into  hb  fickened  body  dovme^ 

And  therein  faw  that  death 
Scood  ready  in  his  walled  guts 
To  Ceafe  bis  vitall  bceatb^ 

*  His  arm es  md  Irggs  coTLium^d  m  (mdt 
As  was  ii  fpiders  web, 

I  Through  which  his  dying  hourc  grew  oOp 
For  all  his  Iknb^s  grew  dcajd, 

I  *  His  face  no  bigger  thaff  att  ant's. 

Which  hardly  could  be  kcoe  ; 
I  The  IciTi;  ot  which  renott^ncd  knight 

Much  griev'd  ihc  king  aad  quecnc* 

I  *  And  h  with  peace  and  ciuicLaeiTe 
He  left  this  earth  b^l&w  ; 
And  vp  into  the  Fayry  land 
His  gholl  did  fading  gue, 

*  Whereas  the  Fayjry  qucerjc  rcceiv'd^ 

WiLh  heauy  mourning  checre* 
I  Thfi  btidy  of  thi*  valiant  knight^ 
Whcm  ihcetketnd  fo  derrc. 


miradte  fice  f  Wie  know  thtt  the  ntme  Oberoii  i0ccmt  firil 
in  die  romince  of  Sir  Htion,  tranflated  by  L6rd  or  Lady  Ber* 
oen  in  the  time  of  Henry  the  Eighth  :-*-but  whence  the  namet 
Mab,  and  Titania?  How  is  it  that  Puck  is  fofnetimea  a  ' 
giant,  who  threfliet  com  as  faft  as  ten  men,  and  (bmetimes  « 
dwarf,  as  in  Shakfpeare.  Does  Wdfli  ftiperftitidn  furniA  a 
fNMt,  and  Danifli  fuperflition  anothef  part,  of  the  received 
fyftem  ?  Does  King  Offa*s  dyke  circle  the  EtyGum  of  the 
c,lves  any  where  but  in  Rowley's  poems  i 

Tbekvir^s  fuarrtl  concludes  this  fmali  voltime,  which  is 
ufhered  into  the  world  with  much  typographical  elegance,  and 
enriched  with  introdudtoiis  which  betray  no  common  hand* 
It  may  be  truly  faid  of  them  in  the  words  of  ^e  motto:  T$ 
makifuAe  irifeh  it  afltethfomi  counnjng. 

k\T.  XII.     Phihfifbical  Traitfaaiimt  if  tht  Knpd Soditj  of  L$mJw 

for  the  Year  1792.     Part  11. 

[Article  ctneluded frvm  the  Rrvwwfor  Aprils  p*  4  5 1  •  ] 

PHILOSOPHICAL  Oul  ASTRONOMICAL  PAPERS,  tfr. 

iccnmt  ^fthi  nmatkabU  Ejffeffs  $fa  Shipwreck  on  the  Mariners ; 
with  Experiments  and  Obfervattons  on  the  Influence  of  Immerfien 
in  Frejh  and  Salt  Water ^  hoi  and  cold;"  on  the  Powtrs  of  ibi 
living  Body,     hj  James  Currie,  of  Liverpool,  M.  D« 

'IpHB  (hipwreck,  to  which  the  author  of  this  paper  refers, 
'^  happened  on  the  13th  of  December  1790,  on  afand-bank 
in  the  opening  of  the  river  Merfey  into  the  Irifli  channel.  The 
number  of  (^rfons  on  board  was  fourteen  ;  of  whom  three 
<lied,  and  eleven  efcaped  and  recovered,  after  having  remained 
in  the  wreck  during  23  hours.  The  two  perfons,  who  firft 
died  during  this  period,  were  in  the  flower  of  life,  early  in* 
ared  to  cold  and  hardihips,  and  vigorous  both  in  body  and ' 
mind.  The  other  was  of  a  much  more  feeble  conftitution, 
and  yet  lived  till  within  a  few  hours  of  the  refcue  of  his  (hip- 
mates.  Several  of  the  furvivorshad  been  accuftomed  to  warm 
climates ;  and  he  who  feemed  to  have  fufFered  leaft  was  a  ne« 
groe.  In  order  to  account  for  the  extraordinary  circumftances 
that  occur  in  this  narrative,  it  was  fuggefted  that  the  two  per* 
ions,  who  iirft  died,  had  eaten  freely  of  cherries  that  had  been 
ftceped  in  brandy,  and  that  their  death  had  been  precipitated  by 
intoxication.  1  his  fad  was  at  firft  generally  admitted  ;  and 
k  was  thought  to  confirm  a  do<9rine,  which  had  been  ably 
Supported  by  Dr.  Aiken  and  others,  that  fpirituous  liquor% 
though  they  may  fortify  the  body  againft  the  efFeds  of  heat 
coffibiaed  with  jnoiflure,  and  probably'  fullain  it  for  a  (hort 

9  tirrc 


jg  Pbihfipbkd  Trmifaai9HS^  Pari  IL  f§r  1 79^. 

time  under  great  fatigue,  are  uoifonnly  hurtful  when  taken  xau 
der  fevere  and  continued  cold.  In  this  folution  Dr.  Currie  was 
inclined  to  acquiefce  :  but,  with  the  true  fpirit  of  philofophy, 
he  determined  to  examine  the  various  circumftances  of  this  me- 
lancholy event  more  accurately.  One  of  the  furvivor^,  who 
was  the  mate  of  the  vefiel, — an  intelligent  young  man,  in- 
formed him  of  every  particular  which  he  wiflied  to  know.  He 
iaid,  that  the  keg  conuining  the  cherry  brandy  was  ftaved,  and 
that  all  the  cherries  bad  been  wajhed  into  the  fea  ;  that  there  was 
no  liquor  of  any  kind  faved,  nor  any  fort  of  food ;  and  that  the 
whole  crew  were  in  every  refpe»2  alike  circumftanccd,  except 
that  fome  were  deeper  in  the  water  than  others,  and  that  his 
two  deceafed  companions  had  the  advanuge,  by  fitting  on  the 
only  part  of  the  wreck  that  was  out  of  the  lea,  while  the  poor 
negroe,  who  efcaped  almoft  unhurt,  was  perhaps  deeper  in  the 
lea  than  any  other  perfon  :  the  part  of  the  wreck,  on  which 
they  were  laQied,  was  held  by  the  anchor,  and  floiited  in  the 
water  ;  fo  that  a  fmall  portion  of  the  after-part  of  the  quarter 
deck  was  above  the  furface.  On  this  part,  the  two  perfons^ 
whofe  more  fudden  death  is  corfidcred  as  lingular,  were  fitu- 
ated  \  and  they  were  therefore  generally  out  of  the  fea,  but 
frequently  overwhelmed  by  the  f urge,  and  at  other,  times  ex- 
pofed  to  heavy  fhowers  of  fleet  and  fnow,  and  to  a  high  and 
piercing  wind.  The  temperature  of  the  air  was  conjedlured 
to  be  from  30®  to  33**  of  Fahrenheit,  and  that  of  the  fea  from 
38**  to  40^.  Next  to  the  two  perfons  whofe  fituation  has  been 
already  mentioned,  was  the  mate;  and  as  the  flope  of  the  deck- 
was  confiderable,  he  was  generally  up  to  the  middle  in  the 
water.  The  others  were  more  deeply  immerfed,  and  fome  of  j 
them  were  fo  low  that  the  water  rofe  to  their  fhoulders. 

The  firft  perfon  who  died  was  the  mafier  of  the  vefleL 
The  mate  was  firft  alarmed  by  hearing  him  talk  incoherently^ 
like  one  in  the  delirium  of  a  fever :  but  his  voice  gradually 
funk  into  a  mutter,  and  his  hearing  feemed  to  fail.  At  length, 
he  raifed  himfelf  up  in  a  fort  of  convulfive  motion,  in  which 
he  continued  a  few  feconds,  and  then  fell  back  dead  on  the 
deck.  This  happened  about  eight  in  the  evening,  four  hours 
after  the  (hip  went  aground.  About  eleven  at  night,  his  com- 
panion died  with  fimilar  fymptoms,  but  after  longer  ftruggling. 
The  third  perfon  died  in  the  forenoon  of  the  fuccceding  day. 
All  the  reft,  after  fufFering  feverely  both  from  cold  and  hunger, 
furvived  till  they  were  taken  up  about  three  in  the  afternoon. 
The  mate  informed  Dr.  C.  that  his  hands  and  feet  were 
fwelled  and  numb,  though  not  abfoJutely  (enfelefs :  he  felt  a 
tightnefs  at  the  pit  of  his  ftomach ;  and  his  mouth  and  lips 
were  parched :  but  he  was  moft  diftrefled  by  cramps  in  the 

mufcles 


PhUafophUal  TranfaSilofUy  PariW.  for  l^q%•  79 

I  ttufcks  of  bis  (idrs  and  hi|>$,  which  were  drawn  into  knots. 
Though  innncrfed  in  the  lea,  they  were  all  verychiifty;  and 
though  expofcd  to  fuch  fcvcrc  cold,  they  were  not  drowiy,  nor 
did  deep  precede  death  in  thofc  that  died. 

;         It  is  very  natural  to  infer  from  the   preceding  recital,  that 

ithe  death  of  the  fit  ft  two  viclims  was  owing  to  their  peculiar 
pofitaon  on  tl^e  wre.  k  : 

'  Expofed  to  heavy  (bowers  of  fleet  and  fnow,  they  might  fuffer 
from  being  wet  with  frclh  rather  than  fait  water :  they  might  alio 
fuffcr  from  being  expofsd  to  the  cold  of  the  atmofpbere,  probabljr 
7*  or  8®  greater  tiian  that  of  the  fca.  The  chilling  ciFcds  of  evapo- 
I  ration  might  operate  againfl  them>  promoted  as  thefe  mud  have  been 
[  by  the  h!gh  wind  :  or  they  might  receive  injury  from  their  frequent 
iainerfiors  in  the  fea^  producing  an  alternation  in  the  media  fur- 
rounding.* 

The  fundamental  power  of  animation  feems  to  be  the  ca- 
pacity which  the  living  body  pofTefl'es  of  preferving  the  fame 
heat  in  various  dv^rees  of  temperature  of  the  fame  medium, 
ind  in  media  of  different  denfity  and  preffurc.  To  feamen,  it 
is  well  known  that,  in  the  fame  temperature,  pure  water  is 
much  more  injurious  to  the  body  than  water  in  which  fait  is 
di6blved.  The  faline  impregnation,  Dr.  Currie  fuggefts,  may 
ftionulate  the  veflels  of  the  fkin  in  fome  way  that  counteracts 
the  fedative  or  debilitating  ad^ion  of  the  cold.  With  a  view 
of  throwing  fome  light  on  this  curious  fubjeft,  he  purfued  a 
fcrics  of  experiments  which  afforded  an  opportunity  of  obfenr- 
ing  the  e/FeiSls  of  immerfion  in  frefh  and  fait  water,  of  equal 
temperature,  in  the  animal  heat.  We  can  only  fclcQ  a  few, 
am)  mention  fome  of  the  leading  circumftanccs. 

Dr.  C.  having  filled  a  vclFel,  containing  170  gallons  of  fait 
water,  impregnated  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  24,  and  placing 
it  in  the  open  air,  obferved  the  temperature  of  the  air  and  of 
the  water  to  be  44".  The  fubjcd  of  his  experiment  was  a 
healthy  man  about  28  years  of  age.  Before  he  began  to  un- 
drefs  himfcif,  his  heat  was  98%  and  his  pulfe  100  in  a  minute, 
in  the  room  where  he  was  undrcfTed,  the  mercury  was  at 
56*:  but  when  the  man  had  ftocd  naked  for  fome  time  before 
the  fire,  his  heat  and  pulfe  were  found  to  be  as  before.  After 
having  been  expofed  for  a  minute  in  an  open  court  to  a  (harp 
North- Eaft  wind,  he  was  plunged  fuddenly  into  the  water  up 
to  the  (houldcrs.  A  thermometer,  which  had  been  kept  in  a 
jug  of  warm  water  at  the  heat  of  ico**  was  introduced  into 
his  mouth  with  the  bulb  under  his  tongue,  as  foon  as  the  ef- 
fc«3  of  the  (hoc  k  fubfidcd  ;  it  was  found  that  the  mercury 
funk  rapidly  ;  and,  in  i  ^' minute  after  immerfion,  it  ftood  at 
87V  While  he  continued  motionlcfs  in  the  water,  the  mercury 

2  gradually 


Phthfi^hkal  Tranfaaism^  Part  II.  pr  ijqi, 

i1ly  rofe,  and»  at  the  end  of  12  minutes,  it  flood  at  gji*- 
^ing  on  the  power  that  mud  be  employed  fo  prcferve  the 
heiit  in  a  medium  fo  dcnfe  as  wafer,  and  fuppofing  that 
)wer  might  contintic   its  operation   fome  time  after   the 
rdinary  ftimulus  or  the  prefllire  of  the  water  was  removed i 
.  expected  to  fee  the  mercury  rife  by  the  accumulalion  of 
aton  chan^^ing  the  medium  of  water  for  air;  and  there- 
:ept  him  expofed,  naked,  to  the  wind  two  minutes  after 
i  taken  out  of  the  bath  :— but  the  mercyry  fell   rapidly, 
h^  in  the  mean  while,  his  attendants  were   rubbing  him 
ilh  towels.     When   he  was   put  into  a   warm  bed,  his 
when  examined  under  the  tongue,  was  87^,  and  at  the 
89"^.     Frii£lions   were    yfcd,    and   brandy  mixed    with 
was  adminiflered  :  but  it  was  found,  on  this  a<t  well  asoji 
occafionSj  that  the  bell  mode  of  countef asking  the  cold 

0  apply  a  bbdder  with  hot  water  to  the  pk  of  theftomacfa. 
iihis  was  done,  his  ihiverings,  Vhich  were  before  fevere, 
cafed*  Three  hours  afterward  he  had  not  recovered  his  for- 
eat  :  but,  before  eight  at  night,  the  procefs  now  recited 
g  commenced   at  four  in  the  afternoon,  he  was  in  all 
H  as  ufual.     On  the  next  day,  this  experiment    was   re- 

1  with  fimilar  reluks.—  In  another  experiment,  Dr.  Cur  tie 
cd  to  try  the  methods  of  heating  as  well  as  of  cooling  the 

With  this  view,  the  fame  peif^jn  was  immerfed  on  the 

PUhfipUcal TranJaatiftSy  Partll./crijgi.  2i 

The  wind  was  North  Eaft  and  briflc.  In  one  minute  after 
hnmeriton  the  heat  was  90^,  and  it  rofe  during  30  nlinutes  to 
54^,  having  at  three  different  periods  been  at  944®, 
Puring  this  procefs,  the  man,  on  being  plunged  into  the  water. 
Mi  an  extreme  cold,  which  he  afcribed  partly  to  his  being  be- 
fore expofed,  naked,  to  the  wind.  In  a  little  while,  however, 
be  felt  himfelf  comforuble  :-^but,  after  fome  time,  the  fenfe 
of  coldnefs  returned,  though  in  a  lefs  degree  than  at  firft ;  and 
it diminiflied  again,  but  in  a  lefs  degree.  At  length  his  fenfa- 
rions  became  permanent.  In  this  ftate,  while  the  water  was  at 
left,  he  (hould  not  have  known  by  his  feelings,  from  the  upper 

Grt  of  his  cheft  to  the  pubes,  that  he  was  in  water  at  all. 
is  feet  and  legs  were  very  cold  ;  and  fo  were  his  hands  and 
arms,  the  penis  and  fcrotum.     Helikewife  occafionally  felt  a 
cold  circle  round  the  upper  part  of   his   body,   which  was 
greateft  at  firft,  and  extended  over  the  fpace  which,  from  the 
aodulations  occafioned  by  immerfion  into  the  water,  was  alter- 
aatdy  above  and  under  the  furface  of  the  water.     When  the 
bith  fettled,  this  fenfation  was  little  felt,  but  might  be  eafily 
reproduced  by  agitating   the  fluid. -»This   circumftance  ac- 
counts for  the  cramps  which  were  feverely  felt  by  the  m:ite  of 
Ae  wrecked  (hip  in  the  mufcles  of  his  hips  and  fides,  which, 
from  his  fltuation  on  the  wreck,  muft  have  been  alternately 
•bote   and  under  the  furge.— >When   the  man  was  expofed 
naked  to  the  wind,  the  mercury  funk  as  ufual  five  or  fix  de- 
grees, and  his  Ihiverings  were  great.     In  order  to  reftore  his 
beat  as  fpeedily  as  poflible,  the  hot  bath  was  incautioufly  heated 
to  104^:  but,  after  he  had  been  in  it  for  half  a  minute,  he 
laeamed  out  with  pain,  efpecially  in  the  extremities  and  about 
the  fcrotum.     When  taken  out,  his  fhivcrings   were  almoft 
eoovulfive.     The  beat  of  the  bath  was  lowered  to  88%  and 
the  man  replaced  in  it ;    and  its  temperature  was  then,  with  a 
pcttty  rapid  progrefs,  raifed   to   100%      His  fbivering,  how- 
ever,   continued,    and  his  heat  remained  about  90^ :    but  a 
bladder  of  very  hot  water  being  applied,  under  the  fur.  ace  of  the 
bith,  to  his    ftomach,   it  inftantaneoufly  produced  beneficial 
efeds;  fo  that  hisfhivering  ceafed,  and  his  heat  mounted  ra- 
pidly to  98%     This  experiment  was  again  repeated'  on  the 
fame  fubje£l,  and  on  a  different  perfon,  with  fome  little  varia- 
tion both  as  to  the  temperature  of  the  baths  and  the  duration 
of  the  procefs,  but  with  little  difference  as  to  the  general  re- 
fute,    in  one  cafe,  however,  the  mercury  funk  very  rapidly  in 
a  cold  falt-water  bath,  the  temperature  of  which  was  40%  from 
1)4**  (the  heat  at  immerfion,)  to  about  83%  and  then  rofe  by 
inegular    gradations,    till,    at   the   end   of   13'   it    flood    at 
92\     Here  it  remained  for  19^  with  little  variation;  it  then 
Rev.  May  1793.  ^  began 


PhlhfiphUal  Tran/ailmSf  PmilL  fir  1752* 

to  fall  rapidly,  and,  in  3',  funk  to  85^  Attheemclof 
khe   man  was  hurried  into  a  warm  bath  heated  to  0% 

he  Iliivered  much«  The  bath  wai  gradually  heated  to 
I  and  in  this  beat  he  recovered  his  proper  temperature  in 
I  23'>  When  he  was  removed  into  a  warm  bed,  he  per" 
Jpfofufely  and  regained  hi$  ufual  healchp 
le  natural  pulfe  of  one  pf  the  iubjei^s  of  thcfe  eirperiments 
l>om  yo  In  a  njinnte ;  but,  on   account  of  the  agitation 

preceded  the  experiment*,  it  was  never  flower  than  85 

immerfEon,  and  generally  more.  It  invariably  ftink  to 
|r  from  that  to  68^  in  the  water,  and  became  Arm*  regit- 
|nd  fmall.     After  long  continuance  in  the  bach,  it  could 

be  felt  at  the  wrift,  but  the  heart  beat  with  great  fleadi- 
nd  due  force.     In  the  experiment  which  we  have  laft  re- 

when  the  heat  funk  rapidly,  the  fubje^of  It  complained 
le  felt  a  coldncfs  and  faintnefs  at  his  ftomach,  which  he 
lot  perceived  before,  and  the  motion  of  his  heart  was 
]  and  languid.  In  other  trials  of  the  cflre495  of  immerfioji 
Ifli  water,  the  fame  coldoefs  at  the  flomach  preceded  ft 
(fall  of  the  mercury  ;  and  hence,  as  well  as  from  other 
iftances.  Dr.  Currie  infers,  that  there  is  fomc  peculiar 
lition  of  the  ftomach,  or  of  the  diaphragm,  or  of  both, 
|the  procefs  of  animal  heat : 

efe   experiments   (he  f^ys,)   far ni(h  irrefragable  proofs  of  the 


J^bilofiphtcal  Tran/a^hnSj  PartU.  f9r  179^;  83 

ftriking:,  and  not  fufficiently  explained  by  any  of  the  commoa 
iiippofitions.  Tbe  lofs  of  heat,  by  a  change  of  media,  appears 
to  depend  very  much  on  the  rapidity  of  the  change ;  for  the 
plaftic  powers  of  Ufe^  in  varying  the  procefs  of  animal  heat  fo 
as  to  accommodate  it  to  the  external  changes,  a^  for  a  timt 
with  great  celerity,  though  this  celerity  feems  to  diminifh  with 
the  ftrength.  The  influence  of  the  application  of  cold  water 
to  tbe  furfaceof  the  body  on  the  heat,  is,  in  fome  refpeds,  rc«* 
filiated  by  the  animal  vigour ;  as  the  author  has  evinced  by  a 
particular  experiment :  and  he  obferves  that,  in  fevers,  where 
the  heat  is  generally  increafed  from  2  to  6  degrees  above  the 
fiandard  of  health,  pouring  a  bucket  of  cold  water  on  the  head 
^srays  reduces  the  pulfe  in  frequency,  and  codamonly  lowers 
the  beat  from  2  to  4  pr  5  degrees.  This  falutary  praAice  he 
propo(es  to  difcufs  at  large  on  fome  future  occafion.  He  alfo 
adds,  that  the  power  of  the  body,  in  prefcrving  its  heat  under 
the  impreffions  of  cold,  and  the  changes  of  temperature  and 
of  media,  feems  to  be  in  fome  meafure  regulated  by  the  con« 
idition  of  the  mind ;  and  there  are  alfo  particular  ftates  of  the 
atmofphere  not  perfedly  underfiood,  that  feem  to  havb  an  in* 
^ueoce  in  depriving  us  more  fpcedily  of  an  animal  heat,  thaa 
others  where  the  cold  is  greater. 

l*he  only  experiment  which  th^  author  relates  with  regard  to 
theeffeds  of  immerfipn  in  freOi  water  in  the  animal  poweri^^ 
and  particularly  in  the  heat,  is  the  following  :  The  fubjed  of 
the  preceding  experiments  was  immerfed  at  the  fame  hour  of 
Jtbe  day  in  the  fame  vefiel  containing  an  equal  bulk  of  fre(h 
.water*  His  previous  heat  was  98^,  and  his  pulfe  beat  92  ia 
die  minute.  The  heat  of  the  air  was  41!%  and  that  of  the 
irater  40^  The  wind  was  wefterly  ;  and,  in  the  court  where 
the  veflel  ftood,  a  perfect  calm  prevailed.  As  Dr.  C.  was 
fearful  of  theifliie  of  this  experiment,  inftead  of  expofing  the 
man  naked  to  the  wind  before  immeifion,  he  was  fecured  from 
the  air  by  a  flannel  drefs,  till  the  inflant  of  his  defcending 
into  the  water ;  and  he  was  fulFered  to  fink  himfelf  flowly  into 
jt,  with  the  bulb  of  the  thermometer  under  his  tongue,  l^he 
rcfult  of  the  experiment  is  exhibited  in  a  table;  whence  it  ap* 
pears  that  his  heat,  which,  on  immerfion,  was  98%  gradually 
declined  with  fome  fmall  irregularity,  till,  at  the  end  of  34%  it 
ftood  at  9li^.  The  man  was  removed  flowly  into  the  air, 
and  flood  in  it  for  three  minutes,  the  wind  not  blowing  on  him. 
•He  loft  one  degree  of  heat  at  firft,  which  he  recovered.  He 
was  then  put  into  a  warm  bath  at  90^,  which  at  firft  htfdt 
warm,  and  his  feet  and  hands  were  in  pain  ;  but,  in  2\  a  vio- 
lent Ibivering  commenced,  and  his  beat  fell  two  degrees.  The 
.bath  was  then  healed  to  05^  and  06^,  but  he  fliil  felt  cold. 

G  2  U 


\PhlkfiphUal  TranfaUhns^  PartXh  f&r  179!* 

eated  Co  99^,  in  which   he  continued  5^,  and  his  hesf 

The  heat  was  graduiUy  raifcd  to  106**,  when  the 

Jcoldnefs,  of  which  he  had  complained  ai  the  pit  of  the 

I,  gradually  went  oC     After  heing  half  an  hour  in  chii 

;  own  heat  was  ftill  93^.     He  now  became  lick  and 

^uid ;  a  cold  fwcat  covered  his  face,  and  his  pulfe  was 

nd    feeble.       He   was    removed   into    bed,    palled    a 

ight,  and,  on  the  next  day,  had  wandering  pttns  over 

L  with  great  debility,  refcmbling  the  incipient  0age  of 

By  cordials  and  reft,  the  fy mptoms  went  off. 
lexperlment  confirms  the  notion  that  it  is  more  danger-^ 
wet  with  frefh  than  with  fait  water  :  but  It  is  too  ha- 
llo be  rafiily  repeated.  The  author  propofes  to  make 
(rials  on  the  brute  creatloni  when  he  is  provided  with 
Ihermometers. 

pe  fubjed  which  led  the  author  to  this  courfe  of  ctiri- 

well -conduced  experiments,  he  fubjoins  the  following 

As  it  is  more  deflrable  to  be   wet  with  fait  water 

1,  it  is  recommended  to   failors,  who  are  eirpofed  10 

liowers  of  rain,  hail,   or  fnow,  to  wring  their  clothes 

i\l  water.     This   pra£lice  was  fuccefs fully  adopted  by 

lant  BHgh  and  his  crew.     In  all  cafes,  where^  by  Ilitp- 

Ir  otherwife,  men  are  reduced  to  the  neceffity  of  either 

Tg  their  limbs  in  the  fcaj  or  of  expoflng  them  to    the 


Pbikfophiail  Tranfaalonsy  Part  11.  for  l^^l•  8 J 

thirfty  yet  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  was  an  alleviation,  and  that 
it  thus  contributed  to  the  prefervation  of  life. 

Dr.  Currie  remarks  thattbe  moft  accurate  method  of  efti* 
mating  heat  by  introducing  the  bulb  of  the  thermometer  into 
the  mouth,  is  to  place  it  under  the  tongue  with  the  lips  (hut* 
In  this  wav,  the  cooling  efFed  of  refpiration  will  be  in  a  very 
coofiderable  degree  prevented.  Thermometers,  that  are  beft 
adapted  for  this  purpofe,  are  curved  at  the  end  to  which  the 
bulb  is  aflboed  y  and  the  buib  is  introduced  a(  the  corner  of  the 
anouth* 

OhfervattMS  on  thi  Atmofpbires  of  Venus  and  tbi  Afoon^  their  rt^ 

Jpe^ive  DenftieSy  perpendicuutr  Heights^  and  the  Twilight  ocr 

cafamd  hy  them,     fiy  John  Jerome  Schroeter,  Efq.  of  Li- 

lienthal,  Bremen.     Tranflated  from  the  German. 

We  had  occafion  not  long  ago  ( App.  tovol.  vii.  N.  S.  p.  481,) 

to  fpeak  with  refped  of  the  indefatigable  aifiduity,  with  which 

the  ingenious  author  of  this  paper  purfues  his  celeftial  obferva- 

tjons.     Whether  they  will  warrant  all  the  conclufions  which  he 

deduces  from  them,  we  fliall  not  prefume  to  determine.  They 

will  at  leaftferve  the  important  and  ufeful  purpofe  of  leading 

•thers,  who  have  opportunity,  and  who  are  furniflied  with  the 

neceflary  inftruments,  either  to  verify  them,  or  to  difcover  the 

deiedsand  errors  that  attend  them.     As  far  as  we  canjudge^ 

they  feem  to  have  been  conducted  with  attention  and  accuracy  ^ 

and  they  are  reported  To  much  in  detail,   that  no  material  cir- 

cumftance  is  omitted. 

Our  aftronomical  readers  will  recoiled  that  the  tranfits  of 
Venus  in  the  years  1761  and  1765  exhibited  feme  phenomena, 
which  feemed  to  favour  the  hypothefis  of  an  atmofphere  be- 
longing to  this  planet.  They  were,  however,  of  fuch  a  na- 
ture, and  were  particularly  noticed  by  fo  few  of  the  numerous 
•blervers  on  thofe  occafions,  that  they  afforded  no  fatisfadory 
evidence  for  afceruining  the  validity  of  fuch  an  atmofphere. 
One  of  the  obfervers,  indeed,  intimated  his  appreheniion, 
that,  to  be  able  to  difcern  an  atmofphere  about  a  planet  at  fo 
great  a  diftance  as  Venus,  might  be  regarded  as  chimerical.- 
The  aretiment  from  analogy,  which  fome  have  urged,  will  be 
generally  deemed  infufficient  without  the  concurrence  of  adual 
ebfervations ;  and  thefe  have  been  fo  few  and  fo  inconclufive, 
that  feveral  of  the  mod  celebrated  aftronomers  have  thought  • 
tbemfelves  authorized  to  doubt  the  exiftence  of  the  atmofphere* 
of  this  planet.  M.  Schroeter  is  of  a  very  different  opinion  % 
and  he  is  not  only  convinced  that  it  has  an  atmofphere  of  con* 
fiderable  extent,  but  that  he  has  been  able  to  point  ouf  many 
infereoces  concerning  its  nature  and  properties,  which  are  new 
sod  inurefiing.    About  la  years  ago,  he  began  to  obicrve 


Phikfiphical  Tranfa^km^  PartU,  fir  lj(}tm 

with  a  good  three -feet  achromttic  telcfcope  ;  uni  he 
?red  a  ftriking  diminution  of  light  on  the  pbnet  in  its 
phafcs,  from  its  exterior  limb  toward  the  interior 
I  of  its  illuminated  furfAce^  and  efpeciilly  ne^r  thefl 
This  appearanre  induced  him  to  purfue  his  ofe^*™ 
Ions  ^  and  he  found  that  the  phenomenon  recurred  as 
he  looked  at  the  planet  mth  an  Herschelian  faut 
ven  feet  refledlor,  armed  with  the  higher  magnifying 
This  diminution  of  light  naturally  Ihews  itfelf  be- 
ihe  greater  eadern  and  weRern  elongations  and  the  in- 
Iconjtin^ion,  when  Venus  appears  about  half  full,  or  fal- 
and  flil]  of  fufHcient  breadth  :  but  it  1$  not  equaltv  fen-* 
in  all  the  phafes  of  the  planet,  and  varies  at  different 
Its  appearances  depend  on  the  favourable  flatc  of  our 
Lherc,  the  proper  €onAru(5lion  of  the  tele fcope,  and  the 
lui  difpofition  of  the  eye  of  the  fpe«3ator.  After  ac- 
Ing  for  fomc  peculiar  tircumftances  that  attend  this  phe- 
ponj  when  ohfervedat  the  farther  extremities  of  the  cufps 
I  more  falcated  phafes  of  the  planet,  and  illullrating  the4i| 
Tires,  the  author  remarks  that^ 

[a  clear  and  calm  atjuofpherc,  and  with  a  high  magnifying 

i^trudy  plcafing  to  fee,  after  the  eye  is  accullomed  to  it^ 

whole  of  the  terminating  bt^rdcr,  even  to  tlie  fLjrther  «ytre- 


BbU§f9phi€al  Tranfaaionu  Part  U.fir  ijgil'  8y 

diaation;  and  though  approaching  to  its  inferior  conjundion  oa.' 
the  xSch  of  March,  was  fo  far  above  the  horizon,  that  it  mighc 
be  fecn  with  great  advantage.  On  the  9th,  the  fouthern  cufp 
did  not  appear  precifely  of  its  ufua]  circular  form,  but  fome# 
what  infleded  in  the  (hape  of  a  hook,  beyond  the  luminous  fe- 
micirde,  into  the  dark  hemifphere  of  the  planet.  This  appear* 
aoce  was  not  new :  but  another  phenomenon,  which  the  au« 
thor  bad  never  feen  before,  excited  his  particular  attention. 
The  northern  cufp  terminated  in  the  fame  narrow  tapering 
mannerwith  the  fouthern,  but  did  not  extend  its  bright  lumi- 
nous appearance  iato  the  dark  hemifphere.  From  its  pointy, 
however,  the  light  of  which,  though  gradually  fading,  was  yet 
of  fufficient  brightnefs,  a  flreak  of  glimmering  bluifli  light- 
proceeded  into  the  dark  hemifphere  ;  which,  though  intermit- 
tent as  to  its  intenfity,  was  permanent  in  its  duration,  and, 
though  very  faint,  could  be  plainly  feen  with  the  above^^men- 
tioned  magnifying  powers : 

'  Like  the  luminous  Hoe  then  feen  in  Saturn,  its  light  feemed  to 
twinkle  in  various  detached  points,  and  appeared  throughout  not  only 
very  faint,  when  compared  with  the  light  at  the  point  of  the  cufp,  but 
alfo  of  a  very  peculiar  kind  of  faintnefs,  verging  towards  a  pale  greeniih 
hue.  The  limb  of  the  planet  at  this  fmall  part  of  its  dark  moiety  ap* 
peared  with  as  faint  a  light,  and,  compared  with  the  extremity  of  the 
louthern  cufp,  as  pale  as  the  dark  limb  of  the  moon  three  days  before 
and  after  the  new  moon,  when  it  is  faintly  iliaminated  by  the 
refleded  rays  from  the  earth :  and  it  appeared  to  me,  that  to* 
wards  the  farther  extremity,  where  it  was  actually  inHedted,  according 
to  the  circular  limb  of  the  dark  hemifphere,  its  light  vanifhed  into  a 
pale  blnifh  tint,  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  more  vivid  light  of  the  lu-i 
minous  hemifphere  dwindles  away  towards  the  terminating  bord# 
ud  the  extremities  of  the  cufps.' 

This  appearance  the  author  has  endeavoured  to  exhibit  in' 
a  figure.     The  apparent  diamettr  of  Venus  at  this  time  mea« 
fured  59^"":  but  the  greateft  breadth  of  the  illuminated  part  did 
not  exceed  2".6. 

On  the  following  evening,  the  obfervation  was  repeated  with 
the  four-feet  inftrument,  and  with  powers  magnifying  134.  and 
70  times. 

'  The  fouthern  cufp  had  its  luminous  prolongation,  but  not  quite  Co 
diiHndl  as  the  preceding  night :  but  what  was  more  remarkable,. each 
cofp,  but  chiefly  the  northern  one,  had  now  moil  evidently  a  faint  ta- 
pering prolongation  of  a  blui(}i  grey  ca(l,  which,  gradually  fadings 
extended  along  the  dark  hemifphere,  fo  that  the  luminous  part  of  the 
limb  was  con  fide  rably  more  than  a  femi-circle.' 

On  the  next  night,  being  the  i  ith  of  March,  M.  Schroeter, 

with  his  feven-feet  refleder,  and  a  power  magnifying  95  times, 

iomd  Venus  before  fun-fet.     He  faw  diftinAly  the  fouthern 

G  4  point 


Pkihfiphkal  TranfaMimSy  Pari  W,  f§r  1792* 

I  terminating  in  a  lumfnous  flreak,  which  now,  as  in  the 
Tig  of  tht  9th,  was  longer  and  narrower  than  the  bright 
kation  of  the  northern  cufp.  The  apparent  diameter  of 
was  60^' J  and  the  greateft  breadth  of  the  ii laminated 
Iwhich  could  not  be  exa£lly  afcertafncd  on  account  of 
Lindulanons  in  the  air,  was  thought  not  to  exceed  2''.  On 
tcafion,  the  author  obfervtd  very  diftin^ly,  and  for  a  con- 
\At  time,  the  faint  blui^  luminous  0 resile,  fenfibly  extend* 

an  infle^cd  direction  beyond  the  bright  ftmi-circic,  Uci 
lening  of  the  iith^  the  platitt  was  again  oblcrvcd  with  the 

ciefcopCj  magnifying  95  and  74  times, 

appeared  (fays  the  author,)  very  dilHnft,  and  lafcertained,  ba- 

lie  poiUbilky  of  doybt,  that  the  fouthefn  cufp  projeded  fome^ 

rtto  the  dark  hemifphere  j  and  thac  from  the  point  of  the  nor^ 

E,  the  very  faint  narrow  llreak  of  pale  bluith  light,  intermit* 

ii7tcnfity  on  account  of  its  fatDtncfg,  but  yei  pertnancnt  as  m 

bn,  exterded  fcverd  degrees  along  the  limb  of  the  d^rk  htrtuif* 

[if  the  planet..     J  Jlraioed  all  in y  vifud  powera,  but  could  afltj- 

this  appcaranee  only  at  the  north crn  point.     As  the  planet 

Idcci  towards  the  honzonj  the  light  of  the  very  fharp  fouihern, 

as  that  of  the  bright  part  of  the  northern  point,  began  to  glim* 

lith  gradual  diminution,  ihe  htter  more  faintly  than  the  fortner; 

the  lentil  appearance  of  a  pale  bluifti  prolongation  could  be 

the  foinhein  cuip/ 


PbihfQphUalTranfuiiionSj  Part  II.  for  I791.  89 

tioot,  which  it  is  not  poffible  for  us  to  explain  without  the  dia« 
grams,  and  without  far  exceeding  the  fimits  of  this  article,  the 
author  concludes  that  the  perpendicular  height  of  the  inferior 
and  moredenfe  part  of  the  atmofphereof  Venus,  which  has  the* 
power  of  refleding  the  folar  light  to  fuch  a  degree  as,  under 
favourable  circumftances,  to  be  vifible  on  our  globe,  where, 
with  a  good  telefcope,  it  aflumes  the  appearance  of  a  faint  a(h- 
coloured  light,  meafures  2526toifes,or  15, 156  Paris  feet;  that, 
at  this  height,  it  is  fo  denfe  as  to  reflefl  fuch  a  light  on  a  zone 
extending  67  geographical  miles  into  the  dark  hemifphere,  that 
we,  at  a  diftance  of  only  12"^  47'  45^'  from  the  fun,  and  when 
this  luminary  is  only  from  3  to  4  degrees  below  the  horizon^ 
can  fee  it  fodiftindly  as  to  be  able  to  compare  it  with  our  com- 
non  twilight,  meafuring6^  23'/;  and  that,  therefore,  the  twi- 
light  of  Venus  extends,  at  leait  in  a  confiderable  proportion,  as 
far  as  ours;  that  its  atmofphere  rifes,  like  ours,  far  above  the 
higheft  mountains  ;  and  chat,  though  we  afcribe  to  it  the  greateft 
poffible  tranfparency,  it  muft  be  more  opake  than  that  of  the 
moon, 

<  The  fimple  faft,  that  Venus  in  its  different  phafes,  and  efpecially 
at  the  times  of  ics  greated  clongacions,  fhews  a  much  greater  diminu* 
tion  of  light  at  its  terminating  border  than  the  moon,  is,  no  doubt,  fuf-* 
ficient  to  point  out  a  much  denfer  atmofphere  than  that  of  this  fatel- 
lite.  And  this  is,  moreover,  fully  evinced  by  the  obfervation  on  its 
twilight.  The  circumllance  alfo,  that  there  are  feen  on  this  planet 
none  of  the  flat  fpherical  forms  which  are  confpicuous  on  Jupiter  and 
Saturn,  none  of  the  flripes  or  longitudinal  fpots  parallel  to  the  equator 
which  are  feen  on  thefe  planets  and  the  fun,  aud  which  point  out  a 
certain  (Iretch  of  atmofphere,  gives  roo.Ti  to  infer,  that  the  globe  of 
Venus,  with  reference  to  its  diameter,  and  other  circum  fiances  of  phy- 
fical  arrangement  in  its  ^nllrudion,  performs  its-  rotation  round  its 
axis  in  a  much  longer  fpace  of  time  than  thofe  planets,  or  the  nearly 
£milar  ones  of  our  earth  and  Mars ;  and  this  is  actually  confirmed  by 
ny  obfervacions  on  the  diurnal  period  of  Venus.' 

By  fimilar  obfervations  on  the  moon,  the  author  conceives, 
that  he  has  confirmed,  beyond  reafonable  contradidion,  tKe  ar- 
guments adduced  by  him  in  his  Seienotopographic  Fiag- 
ments,  in  proof  of  the  real  exiftence  of  a  lunar  atmofphere. 
Thefe  obfervations  are  recited  in  the  fequel  of  this  paper. 
We  have  alfo  the  procefs  by  which  the  height  of  the  moon's 
atmofphere  is  afcertained  ;  aod  the  refult  of  the  whole  i^',  that 
the  lower  and  more  denfe  part  of  it,  or  that  part  which  has  the 

fower  of  reflefling  a  bright  crepufcular  light,  is  only  1356 
aris  feet  in  height.  Hence  the  author  takes  occafion  to  fug« 
geft  that,  according  to  the  different  librations  ot  the  moon, 
ridges  of  mountains,  even  of  a  moderate  height,  fituated  at  or 
pear   the  terminating   border,   may   partially,   or   fometinnes 

wholly 


PbihfiphkalTrmfiilhm't  Part  IL/ar  1791- 

Utvetit  this  crepufcular  light,  either  at  one  or  the  ofber 

hd  DC  ca  Hon  ally  at  bottle      The  lunar  acmofpherci  ae- 

to  M,  Schroetcr's  principles  and  calculations^  i$  fuffi- 

kenfe  to  reflect  a  twilight  over  a  zone  of  the  dark  he* 

^*?  3+'  ^^  1^1  geographical  miles  in  breadth^  which  is 

lenfe  than  the  light  rcAeflcd  an  the  dark  hemtfphere  by 

J>il  wholly  ilium inated  diflc  of  our  earth  ;  and  allowlog 

Icnfepart  an  attitude  of  1356  feet,  the  more  rarefied  pan 

at  teaiV,  above  the  bighed  mounlains  in  (he  moon* 

lofphere  of  the  moon,  though  confide rably  denie,  ii 

rare  than  that  of  our  earth  i  and,  as  we  have  already 

than  that  of  Venus*     Hence  it  is  inferred  that  the  in* 

I  of  light  produced  by  tt  cannot  be  very  great,  agreeably 

lomputacion  of  M»  du  Sejour,  who  Oiates  the  inflexion 

jlar  rays  which  touch  the  moon^  at  no  more  than  4^^* 

Jthor  cftimates  the  duration  of  the  brightcil  twilight  of 

In,  when  it  is  in  the  nodes,  at  5''  3' ;    and  obferves  that 

pe  longer  in  other  parts  of  the  orhk,  according  to  the 

of  the  nodes. 
Ider  to  account  for  the  fudden  cccultations  of  the  fixed 
lihdr  approach  to  the  moon,  which  admit  of  a  dimiiiu-* 
I'plendour,  at  the  moil,  only  for  a  few  feconds,  and^  in  a 
by  the  author  from  his  own  obfervation,  only  of 
jofcs  the  breadth  of  the  lunar  twilight  as  far  as  the 


PhUcfipbtcalTranfaSficns^  Pari  11.  firi79^.  91 

Op  thi  ChU  Tear  0/  the  Hindoos  and  its  Divifignt.     Tf^th  am 
\4u§9mi  0/  Thru  Hind§o  Almanacs  belonging  to  Charles  fVil^ 
kimh  £fy-     %  Henrv  Cavendiffa,  Eiq.  F.  R.  S. 
This  is  a   curious  paper,  and  contains   information   that 
nay  be  of  confiderable  ufe  to  thofe  who  wi(b  to  acquaint  them* 
ftlves  with  the  method  of  computing  time  in  the  different  parts 
of  India,     in  order  to  clear  up  the  difficulties  th^t  involve  this 
fubjed,  Mr.  C.  had  recourfe  to  foitie  of  the  principal  patras^  or 
almanacs,  publiQied  by  the  Hindoos  ;  and,  availing  himfelf  of 
the  alfiftance  which  they  afforded  him,  he  has  explained  the 
mode  of  regulating  the  civil  year  by  the  aftronomical  in  different 
provinces,  and   of   eftimating    its  fubordinate  divifions  into 
months  and  days*     The  almanacs  in  common  ufe  are  com- 
puted at  Benares,  Tirhut,  and  Nadeea,  the  three  principal 
ftminaries  of   Hindoo  learning  in  the  company's  provinces ; 
and   hence  they  are  annually  difperfed  through  the  adjacent 
country.    Every  Brahmin  who  has  the  charge  of  a  temple,  and 
who  announces  the  time  for  obferving  religious  ceremonies,  is 
furniflied  with  one  of  thefe  almanacs ;  and,  if  he  be  an  aftro** 
Domer,  he  introduces  thofc  corre<9ioos  which '  a  difference  of 
latitude  and  longitude  may  require.     The  Benares  almanac  is 
ufed  in  the  upper  p^irt  of  India  :  that  computed  at  Nadeea,  in 
Bengal ;  and  the  Tirhut,  in  Bahar. 

To  thefe  almanacs  the  Hindoos  are  obliged  to  recur,  in  or- 
der to  know  what  day  of  the  month  it  is ;  becaufe  the  feveral 
months,  both  folar  and  lunar,  confiil  neither  of  a  determinate 
number  of  days,  nor  are  regulated  by  any  cycle,  but  depend  folely 
on  the  motions  of  the  fun  and  moon  ;  and  their  months  fome- 
times  begin  on  different  days  in  various  places,  on  account  of 
the  difference  of  latitude  and  longitude,  as  well  as  of  the  differ- 
ence which  arifes  from  error  in  computation.     The  civil  dajr 
in  all  parts  of  India  begins  at  fun  rile^  and  is  divided  into  60 
parts,    called  dandas,    which  are  fub-divided  into  60  palas. 
Wherever  the  Benares  patra  is  uled,  the  civil  year  is  lunifolar, 
confiding  of  12  lunar  months,  with  an  intercalary  month  occa- 
fionally  introduced.     It  begins  at  the  day  after  the  new  moon 
next  before  the  beginning  of  the  folar  year.   The  lunar  month 
is  divided  into  30  parts  called  teethees,  each  of  which  is  equal 
to  the  time  in  which  the  true  motion  of  the  moon  from  the  fun 
is  12^.     The  method  of  computing  the  days  by  thefe  teethees^ 
and  alio  of  counting  their  months,  is  extremely  intricate.     Mr. 
C.  has  beftowed  great  pains  on  the  explanation  of  it;  and  to 
his  paper  we  muft  refer.-^Thc  Nadeea  almanac  begins  with 
the  day  after  that  on  which  the  agronomical  year  commences  ;• 
this  is  called  the  firfl  of  the  months  the  next  day  is  denomina- 
ted 


FhlkfophkdTrmfiBhm^  Part  II.  far  179a- 

feconc),  and  fo  on  to  the  end  ;  and  therefore  the  number 

the  month  varies  from  29  fo  32,     The  names  <rf 

are  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the  Junar  months  in  the 

Tianac  :  but  the  lunar  months  begin,  not  as  thofe  do  ^1 

ull,  but  at  the  new  moon,  and  ire  called  by  ihe  name  ofi^ 

month  which  ends  during  the  courfe  of  then.     Froai 

mt^nccnient  of  the  Nideca  almanac,  and  frofn  its  giving 

of  the  fobr  month,  which  that  of  Benares  Ao^  nor»  Mr» 

ed  to  infer  that  it  is  cuftomary^  in  thofe  parts  of  India 

the  Nadeea  almanac  i&  ufed,  to  date  by  the  folar  monib^ 

begin  the  year  on  the  next  day  to  the  aftronomtcal  year. 

purpofe,  he  is  informed,  theH(ndof>sof  Bengal,  in  all  their 

n  tranf^^tionF;,  date  according  to  folar  time,  atid  ufe  what 

Imonly  called  the  Bengal  era  :  but,  in  the  correspondence  of. 

hmins,  in  dating  books,  and  in  regulating  featls  and  fattsp 

neraliy  note  the  tcethec.     Of  the  Tirhut  almanac,  Mr, 

obcdintd  no  information  :  but  there  is  reafon  to  conjee* 

at  it  agrees  with  that  of  Nadeca  more  than  with  that  of 

IS. 

Ir^fjw  ofihi  Earthquali  felt  In  Limohjbire^  and  iht  migk- 

ing  C'JUfJiies,  m  ibg  i^th  ef  Fehuarj  J 792.      ha  LtttiT 

Edmuna  Turner^  Efq.    F- R,  S.  to  Sirjofeph  Banks^ 


PUbfifphtcal  TranfaSfhnSj  Part  IL  fir  ij<)2»  93 

city  of  the  atmofphere,  which  he  has  brought  to  fo  great  a  de- 
[rree  of  perfe6lion,  that  he  is  enabled  to  colletSt  the  eledric 
fluid  in  fufficient  quantity  .for  afcertaining  the  kind  which  pre- 
doininaCes  in  the  atmofphere,  even  in  its  weakeft  ftate.  Of  his 
attention  and  accuracy  in  the  ufe  of  it,  the  journal  afFords  ample 
evidence. 

«  From  repeated  obfervations  and  long  experience,  (fays  Mr.  Read,) 
I  am  perfedly  fatisfied  that  the  aqueous  vapoura,  fnfpended  in  the 
ur,  are  conilantly  dedrified  ;  requiring  only  the.  aid  of  a  proper  col. 
kStoTm  to.  render  the  effc^s  of  their  eledndty  at  all  times  feofible. 
And  ror  thisreafon»  there  may  be  jufUy  faid  to  be  an  eledtrical  atmoC- 
pkeie  within  our  aerial  atmofphere.  Durinjg;  a  courfe  of  moderate 
Kreacfaer,  the  eledricity  of  the  atmofphere  is  m variably  pofitive ;  and 
exMlnts  a  flux  and  reHux,  which  generally  caufes  it  to  encreafe  and 
decreaie  twice  in  every  24  hours.  The  moments  of  its  greaced  force 
are  about  2  or  3  hours  after  the  riiing,  and  fome  time  before  ^nd  after 
the  fetting  of  the  fun :  thofe  when  it  is  weaked  are  from  mid-day  to 
■boot  4  o'clock.  The  periodical  eledricity  of  the  atmofphere  feems 
10  be  oiaDifeftly  influenced  by  Jbeat  and  col^.  Hence  it  plainly  ap. 
pears,  why  we  always  And  warm  fmall  rain  to  be  but  weakly  ele^lri. 
fied :  when  cold  rain,  which  ^Is  in  large  drops,  is  the  moil  intenfely 
ekdnfied  of  any.' 

AhftraR  of  a  Regifter  of  the  Barometer^  Thermometir^  and  Rairf^ 
at  Lyndon  in  Rutland,  ^y  l^homas  Barker,  Efq.  IFith  thi 
Rain  in  Surrey  and  Hampfljire.     For  the  Tear  1 79 1. 

•To  this  twenty-firft  annual  regifter,  communicated  by 
Mr.  Barker  to  the  Royal  Society,  he  has  added,'  befide  his  cuf- 
tomary  account  of  the  feafons,  obfervations  on  the  practice  of 
milking  ewes,  which  formerly  prevailed  in  England,  but  which 
is  now  generally,  if  not  altogether,  difcoDtinued.  In  fome 
parts  of  the  ifland,  the  pradice,  we  believe,  is  ftill  preferved. 

Obfervations  on  the  remarkable  Failure  of  Haddocks^  on  the  Coajls 
of  Nortbumberlandy  Durham^  and  Yorkfhire,  In  Two  Letters^ 
from  the  Rev.  Cooper  Abbs,  to  Dr.  Blagden,  Sec.  R.  S. 

The  ftioal  of  haddocks,  which  vifited  thefe  feas,  generally 
Uy  about  a  league  from  the  (hore.  It  was  about  three 
miles  in  breadth,  and  extended  along  the  whole  coaft,  and  the 
ftcceflton  was  uninterrupted  for  three  months.  The  poor 
Were  thus  regularly  fupplled  for  many  years  with  the  means  of 
employnient  and  fubfiftence  : — but,  during  the  feafons  of  1789, 
1790,  and  1 79 1,  the  failure  was  fo  confiderabie,  that,  by  a  mo- 
saic eftimate,  there  was  not  a  ten-thoufandth  part  of  the 
ttfual  quantity  taken.  The  caufe  of  this  failure  has  been  va- 
rioufly  affigncd. 

It  is  certain  that  an  aftonifhing  number  weredeftroyed  in  the 
fcmmer  of  1789-     Sonrje  failors,  on  their  return  from  Archan- 


Ibfcrved,  near  the  North  Cape,  a  prgdigious  multitude  ly* 

the  farface  of  the  ocean      Of  tbefe  fpme  were  dead,  and 

in  fo  feeble  a  ftat«  as  to  be  unable  lo  ftnk  in  the  water* 

iL  of  them  were  examined^  and  iht  found  was  found  to  be 

inflated.     Mr.  Abbs  pbferves  that,  about  this  time,  an 

Ion  happened  in   Mount  Hech|  and  he  conje£lufes  that 

iic  matter  of  a  noxious  quality  might  have  bur  A  out  in  the 

|id  have  occafioned  the  deftiudtioo^  to  which  the  tubfequent 

was  owingt 
le  volume  concludes  wttb  the  ufual  lift  of  prefefUs*  zsA 
Idex* 


Xnr,     Thf  FmJom  &/ Human  A3kn  explmJitd ami ^indUafiiu 
vbich  the  Opinion*  of  Dr.Pricillcy  on  the  Subjed  are  parlicu- 
conildered.     Svo«    pp.  148.     4.3.    Boards.    Nicol, 

author,  who  has  here  revived  cur  attention  to  the  per* 

»kxtng  debate  concerning  liberty  and  neceiSty,  under- 

J  what  he  calls  a  mw  eiFort  on  the  fide  of  liberty,  in  which 

|s  a  con6dence  that  moil  of  his  readers  will  wiih  him  fuc* 

for  he  obferves^  that  *  we  have  fomething  within  111 

would  rejoice  to  fee  the  decifion  in  favour  of  liberty/ 

epoflellion,  however,  in  favour  of  freedom  muft  not  be 

argument.     Philofophv  rejects  prejudice,  and  appeals 


Tthi  Frtedim  of  Human  A^ion  exphumJ*  9  j 

motWe  of  the  number  which  may  exift  in  a  cafe  of  ddiberatioa 
and  choice;  or,  in  other  words,  that  the  will  is  encTowed 
with  a  property  of  fo  varying  and  fixing  its  volitions,  as  entitles 
ic  to  be  deemed  ftriSly  free. 

Prop*  IV.  That  whether  the  will  be  free,  or  not  free,  a  de- 
finite volition  will  always  be  formed  in  definite  circumftances  ; 
or,  that,  from  the  truth  of  a  definite  volition  being  formed  in 
definite  circumftances,  no  proof  can  be  drawn  either  that  the 
will  is  free  or  necefiary. 

Thefe  propofitions  do  not  hang  well  together,  efpecially  the 
3d  and  4tb  ;  and  the  reafoning  and  explanations  fubjoined  leave 
the  great  quefiion  far  from  being  decided.  The  author  confi* 
ders  the  mind  as  having  what  he  calls  a  ftlf^powtr^^  wherebj 
notive-influence  is  not  incompatible  with  free  volition  ;  fo  thaC 
a  fiiceffary  caufe  may  have  zfree  efFed.  On  this  the  theory 
refit ;  and  he  owns-  that,  to  a  philofopher  who  thinks  that  no 
caufe  can  have  a  free  eSe£^,  his  reafoning  will  feem  imper* 
linent. 

Sometimes,  this  advocate  for  freedom  writes  like  a  neceffi- 
ttrian :  indeed,  in  his  reafoning  on  the  prefcience  of  the  Deity^ 
the  do6)rine  of  neceffity  is  requifite  to  his  argument. 

Page  Toand  71,  he  fays  :  *  With  us,  on  account  of  our  many 
imperfeAions,  what  is  called  moral  certainty  will  ever  have  in  it 
feme  degree  of  contingency ;  but  with  the  Deity,  who  fees  the 
minuteft  particular  which  can  influence  the  will  in  its  determi- 
nations, this  certainty  is  no  longer  of  a  moral  but  of  an  abfolute 
kind.' 

For  caMf  in  this  extraft,  the  reafoning  of  the  writer  requires 
the  fubftitution  of  mufli  otherwife,  he  makes  a  diftindtion 
without  a  difi-erence  between  human  moral  certainty  and  divine 
abfolute  certainty*.  When  the  advocates  for  freedom  argue 
after  this  manner,  we  are  not  fuprized  at  their  allowing,  as  our 
author  does,  farther  on,  that  ^  human  liberty  muft  be  placed 
near  the  confines  of  neceffity ;'  he  might  have  added,  on  the 
ftrength  of  his  own  theory,  and  thin  partitions  do  their  bounds 
Jividfm 

We  do  not  undertake  to  ofier  any  thing  dccifive  in  the  de- 
bate between  the  champions  for  liberty  and  for  neceffity,  but 
only  to  deted  that  reafiming,  on  botli  fides,  which  appears  to 
us  weak  and  inconclufive. 

We  (hall  no  doubt  be  required  to  notice  other  efforts  by 
writers  both  for  and  againft  human  freedom ;  and  when  we  pcr- 
"ceiveeach  party  loading  the  tenets, which  they  oppofe,  with  per- 
nicious confequcnces,  and  contending  for  the  moral  tendency  of 

•  The  neceiTitarian  may  aflc  this  wriccr,  whahcr  that  which  is  abfo- 
Utely  contingent  can  become  a  Qiatter  of  ablolute  certainty  ? 

their 


hz^Vi  7ranp,  ff/Chevalier'j  D^fcrtpilm&fthi  Plain  c/Tr^, 

}wn   doflrines  ;    when  wc  find  Dr,  Pricflley  aflcrling, 

liirvg  pndeftinathn^  *'  that   if  any  fy ftcm  of  fpcculadve 

lies  can  operate  as  an  axe  to  the  root  of  all  virtue  and 

Ifs,  it  is  this,"  ajid  afHrmingbf  the  doftrinc  of  philofophi- 

Jreflity,  *'  that  it  is  fingularly  propitious  to  virtue^  as,  in 

I  ft  proper  fenfc  of  the  word,  every  man  is  the  m^ker  of 

|n  fortune  ^'*  and  (in<I«  on  the  other  hacd,  this  writer  de- 

his  inability  to  perceive  the  coiine£tion  of  ma^ty  with 

I,  and  arguing  for  the  freedom  of  the  will  as  trie  fotil  of 

1  the  great  principle  of  lifc^  and  the  bafis  of  confcience ; 

\y  fairly  conclude  that  they  mifundcrltand  each  other  j 

lere  is  a  greater  ^milarity  of  fentiment  than  their  langyagc 

^ ;  and  that,  however  the  queHion  may  be  decided,  mo- 

las  nothing  to  apprehend* 


IXIV,  Dtfiripthn  ff  thi  Plam  §f  ^rcyi  with  a  ^fap  of  thit 
Ion,  delint^ated  from  an  actual  Survey.  Read  id  Fr^jnch  before 
Koyal  Socitfty  of  Edinburgh  in  1791,  by  the  Author,  M*  Ghe* 
r.  Fellow  of  that  Society,  and  of  the  Academies  of  Metz, 
I'l,  and  Rome*  TranllAtcd  frotn  the  Original  not  yet  publtJh- 
a.  Ad  the  Vcrfion  accompanied  with  Notes  and  lilu  ft  ratio  ns,  by 
\qw  Dalael*  M*  A,  F- R- S,  Edinburgh,  Profeabr  of  Greek 
Principal  Librarian  in  the  Unlverfity  of  Edinburgh,  4^* 
103,  6d.  Boards.     CadclK 


Dahsd'i  TranJI.  ^Chevalicr'i  Defcrlption  oftht  Plain  ofTroy.  97 

diajt  Mr.  Popc*s  own  map,  (he  having  been  ill  fcrvcd  by  his 
engraver,  which  fometimes  happens  to  authors,)  by  no  means 
corirefponds  whh  the  text. 

*  With  rcfpeft  to  the  tomb  of  lias,  ^fays  M.  Chevalier,)  Pope 
lias  evidently  interpreted  Homer's  meaning  too  llridly,  when  he 
places  it  half  way  betwixt  the  Camp  of  the  Greeks  and  the  city  of  , 
Troy.  That  was  not  the  fpot  which  Homer  meant  to  point  out,  when 
he  cells  as  that  the  tomb  of  Ilus  was  in  the  middle  of  the  plain,  Strabo 
explains  his  meaning,  by  telling  as,  that  Ilus  was  buried  in  the 
mddU  of  tin  pldin^  becaufe  he  was  the  firfl  who  had  ventured  to  in* 
habit  it. 

•  As  to  the  reft»  his  notion  is  perfeftly  right  refpedling  the  iitua* 
^on  of  the  Grecian  camp  betwixt  the  two  promontories,  the  con« 
flaence  of  the  two  rivers  at  no  great  diflance  from  the  (hips,  the  ge-> 
Hfral  (hape  of  the  plain,  the  courfe  of  the  Simois  of  greater  extent 
than  that  of  the  Scamander,  the  diftance  of  the  city  from  the  fea, 
and  the  two  fources  of  the  Scamander  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
dty.  But  what  could  be  his  motive  for  placmg  thefe  lad  on 
die  ude  oppofite  to  that  where  they  are  found  in  reality  ?  1  bedowed 
a  good  dead  of  reflection  on  this  circumftance,  and  with  the  greater 
anxiety  that,  among  all  thofe  who  have  written  any  thing  on  the  fub- 
jed  of  the  Troad*,  few  are  fo  interefting  as  Pope, 

'  Might  not  we  fuppofe  that  this  eminent  author,  having  remarked 
femewhere  ih  the  Iliad,  that  the  fources  of  the  Scamander  were  to  the 
weft;  and  accuftomcd,  moreover,  to  confider  tlie  lefc  fide  of  the  map 
as  the  weft,  as  is  ufually  the  cafe,  did  thus  adjuft  every  other  Jituation, 
fuch  as  that  of  Sigeum,  that  of  the  Simois,  ^c,  fo  as  to  agree  with 
tbb  fondamental  principle  ?  It  is  thus  (if  I  may  be  allowed  to  fuppofe 
an  eminent  poet  to  be  but  an  indifferent  geograplicr)  that  the 
errors  of  the  map  in  queftion  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for,  which^ 
however,  with  all  its  ii^perfe^ions,  muft  have  coft  Pope  an  infinite 
deal  of  pains,  aYid  required  on  his  part  an  uncommon  power  of  ar« 
rangem\(nt.  This  at  leaft  is  the  moft  fatisfadtory  way  I  can  difcovcr 
of  explaining  how  the  fame  pcrfon  might  produce  an  erroneous  map, 
and  a  moft  complete  and  accurate  EJky  on  Hcmer*s  Battles,* 

Mr.  Pope's  efTay,  and  M,  Chevalier's  map,  ouglit  therefore 
to  go  togerhvr,  con^pofing  between  them  an  accur:;te  and 
agreeable  account  of  the  1  rpade. 

The  city  of  Troy,  according  to  the  prefent  writer,  ftood  oa 
the  prefent  fcite  of  the  modern  village  of  Bounarb.-ichi,  diftant 
four  leagues  from  the  fea,  and  which  is  the  refiuencc  of  an 
Agas  ruling  with  abfolute  fway  the  inhabitants  of  the  Trojan 
phiti,  and  the  inferior  Agas,  to  whom  they  are  immediately 
fiibjeA.  Bounarbachi  is  fituated  on  the  fide  of  an  eminence, 
ttpofed  Co  every  wind,  at  the  termination  of  a  fpacious  plain, 
die  foil  of  which  is  rich  and  of  a  blackifli  colour.  Clofe  to  the 
village  is  to  be  feen  a  marfh,  covered  with  tall  reeds ;  and  the 
ittuacion  is  impregnable  on  all  fides,  except  at  £rm  (Homer's 
uiviO$)  the  hill  9f  wild  fg  treesj  which  extended  between  the 
Icaean  gate,  and  the  fources  of  the  Sc^^^nder.     1  hefe  cir<* 

K£V.  May  1793.  H  cumftauct^i^ 


lalzel'j  Tranfl.  ^Cbevalier'j  D/fcrtptim  ofthi  Plain  ^fTrcf^ 

lances,  agreeing  with  Homer's  defcrrptioiis,  ftrongly 
Ft  M,  Chevalier's  opinion  concerning  the  fituation  of 
which  he  thinks  proper  to  confirm  by  what  he  calls  the 
[ing  ftrict  mathemsttical  ctemonflration  : 
I  lie  Scxan  or  \^efleni  gate  *,  was  that  which  faced  the  plain* 
Ithii  gate  the  Trojans  liTued  forth,  in  order  to  engage  on  that 
'  ;  near  this  gate  Heftor  ftood,  wiien  Priam  and  Hecuba  wanted 

mdi;  him  from  crttcring  the  Uih  with  Achillea  1 5  and^  hJJilf% 
IfVom  the  top  of  this  gate  thifct  thefe  unfortunate  parents  hcbcld 
pn  penih  near  the  fourcesof  the  ScamanderK- — The  fources  of 
Lmander  then  lay  in  front  and  in  view  of  the  Scran  gate,.  Tiiis 
Jas  therefore  on  the  we  E  of  the  city.  When  it  13  once  granted  ihat 

ri^ih  vvith  rclpcfl  to  the  pofition  of  the  (burccs  of  the  ScamandeTt 
H  be  allowed  that  I  rim  right  as  to  the  fituation  of  the  city  of 
That  this  is  to  the  cafl  of  tlie  fourcesj  tj  Aridly  and  no* 
Inably  dcmonil rated/ 

kry  interefling  part  of  this  work,  is  the  account  of  the 
M  mounds,  or  barrows,  feveral  of  them  100  feet  in  diame- 

the  bife  ;  and  which  the  author  maintains  to  be  the  iden<* 
tombs  raifed  over  the  aOies  of  the  heroes  of  the  Trojan 

fome  of  them   he  deems  more  ancient.     He  dcfcribes 

jlarly  the  tombs  of  Efyetes,  llus,  Ajax»  Hector,  Achillea, 
blus,  and  Antilochus-  We  will  extraft,  as  a  fpecimen, 
(fervations  concernfng  the  tomb  of  Achilles; 

curious  mafi  of  earth,  raifed  by  the  hands  of  the  GreelLS* 
Ie   i-^:   not  now  furrouriderd  wirh   elms*  as  it   once   was* 


'tttfiifif  of  the  Boroughs  of  Gnat  Britaiit. .  99 

.  *  Pull  of  this  idea,  and  induced  moreover  by  tlie  magnitude  of  td^ 
VifeT0^9  which  is  the  neareft  to  the  fea^  as  well  as  by  the  fingular  ' 
ii4nie  of  DioS'TafSp  thcJivine  Tomhi  ftill  given  to  it  by  the  Greek  in- 
habitants of  the  Sigean  promontory,  I  previoufly  pitched  upon  this  as 
the  moft  proper  fubjed  for  the  operation  of  digging  which  I  advifed. 

'  After  my  departure  from  Conflantinople,  means  were  found,  by 
the  help  of  fome  prei'ents  made  to  the  commanding  officers  of  the 
neighbouring  .fort,  to  accomplifh  this  undertaking,  in  fpite  of  the 
vigilance  of  the  Turks.  Towards  the  centre  of  the  monument,  two 
large  flones  were  found  leaning  at  an  angle  the  one  againfl  the  other, 
and  forming  a  fort  of  tent,  under  whicli  was  prefcntly  difcovered  a 
fmall  flatae  of  Minerva,  feated  in  a  chariot  with  four  horfcs ;  and  ^n 
orn  of  metal  6]1ed  with  afhes,  charcoil,  and  human  bones.  This  urn* 
wUch  is  now  in  the  pofrcflion  of  the  Comte  de  Choifeul,  is  encircled 
in  (culpture  with  a  vine  branch,  from  which  are  fufpehd^^d  bunches  Of 
grapes  dotie  with  exquifite  art. 

•  Whether  thefe  arc  the  afhes  of  Achilles,  I  pretend  not  to  fay; 
hot  moil  certainly  they  are  the  relics  of  fomc  ncrfonage  who  paid  a 
particular  veneration  to  Minerva,  fince  they  are  accompanied  with  a 
ftatue  of  that  goddefs.  Bcfidcs,  he  mud  have  died  in  an  age  of  tb^ 
world  when  it  was  the  pradice  to  burn  dead  bodies,  fince  here  are  to 
be  (cen  afhes,  charcoal,  and  bones,  ftill  very  diftinguKhable.  Whcit 
therefore  I  behold  the  urn  of  metal  adorned  with  vine  branches,  I  own 
I  find  it  very  difficult  to  prevent  myfelf  from  thinking  of  that  famous 
nm,  the  gift  of  Bacchus,  and  the  workmanfhip  of  Vulcan,  which 
Thetis  gave  to  her  fon,  and  in  which  the  Greeks  dcpofited  the  afties 
of  their  hero. 

•  But  how,  it  will  be  alked,  have  thefe  afhes  been  fo long  preferved? 
how  have  they  refifted  the  inclemency  of  the  feafons  for  more  than  three 
thoufand  years  }  It  may  be  anfwered,  becaufe  they  were  not  expofed 
to  the  influence  of  the  v/cathcr.  The  vault  under  which  they  were 
feond,  was  covered  with  an  imraenfe  ftratum  of  find  fand,  upon  which 
there  was  fpread  another  (lill  thicker  of  clay,  and  over  all  a  high  hill 
was  reared.  By  thefe  means,  the  urn  was  fecured  againft  all  humidity 
and  contadwith  the  air,  which  are  the  two  great  caufesofdifTolution.' 

We  have  only  to  add,  that  ProfefTor  Dalzcl  fccms  to  have 
done  great  juflice  to  his  orig^al,  which  he  has  enriched  with 
many  learned  annotations. 

Aar.  XV.  jin  entire  and  complete  Hijioryt  political  and  perfon^l,  of 
the  Boroughs  of  Great  Britain ;  to  which  is  prefixed,  an  original 
Sketch  of  Conftitutional  Rights,  from  the  earlieft  Period  until  the 
pvefeot   Time;  and  the  Principles  of  our  ancient  Reprefentation 

■  trac«d\/rom  the  moft  aathentic  Records^  fupported  by  undeniable 
Teftimonies,  and  illudrated  by  a  Variety  of  Notes  and  References; 
colleded  from  iht  moft  reipcdlable,  legal,  political,  and  hiftori- 
cal  Authorities.  8vo.  3  Vols.  pp.  550  in  each.  il.  is.  Boards. 
Riley,  &c.     1792. 

THE  objeA  of  this  important  undertaking  is  to  collect,  into 
one  view,  the  abufes  that  exifl  in  the  prefent  flate  repre- 
H  2  fen^tion. 


Hsjiffr}  sf  thi  Eormghi  cf  Gnat  Brttmn* 

and  tbercby  to  awaken  the  public  to  a  juft  fenfc  of 

magnitude*      Tne   author   has  arranged,   under  diftrnA 

lal'  that  relate  to  each  borough,     i.  Political  chara^len 

:ienE  ftate  and  ref^referrtation.    3,  Corporation.    4*  Right 

ioQ.      5<  Number  of  voters.      6.  Returning    olEcer. 

rroHt     He  thus  explains  more  fully  what  he  means  ta 

Jixe  under  thcfc  litlcs: 

lie  firll  head  contains  thole  ctrcumftances  of  independence  or 
loa  which  characterizes  every  borougbp  from  its  being  prefcrip- 
corporatr,  tree,  or  dependent  on  aritlocracy,  or  having  its 
franc  hi  fes  limited  to  a  few,  or  extended  to  the  com^lunit)^ 
he  fecond  coiitains  the  original  ilate  and  lituation  of  the  countf  p. 
|r  town,  and  iho fc  ancient  circumftances  that  may  fervc  to  ac- 
lor  its  prefcnt  political  eftablifhment.  To  this  is  added j  the  time 
Irft  fending  metobers  to  parliinient,  after  citie^p  hz*  were  funi- 

I  by  Edward  L  and  thus  reflored  a  reprefcntation  which  had  been, 
inic  few  exception  St  fufpended  from  the  conqneA  until  the  2}d 

pbove  king. 

jie  third  contains  the  date  and  con^tntioa  of  every  charter,  h% 
[every  corporate  city  and  borough  were  vefted  with  thcfc  ex* 
1  privileges.     The  municipal  ofEcers  are  pardcutarifcd^  and  any 

hentary  deciiton  ilated,  that  m^itenally  relates  to  the  privileges 

ie  eilahli.liment  in  any  of  the  faid  cities  or  boroughs. 

^;e  fourth  containi  all  the  rcfolutions,  and  the  moft  im  port  ant 

I I  at  have  paflVd  the  houfe,  or  committees,  relative  to  the  right 
Where  no  refclution  has  pafTed  the  houfr  refpei,!''ting  elec- 


Monthly  Catalooub,  Law.  loi 

peers,  he  has  thought  it  proper  to  include  county  reprerenta* 
iSon  in  his  work. 

Prefixed  to  this  hiftory,  we  find  a  very  elaborate  difcuflion  of 
conftitutional  rights,  in  which  the  following  pofitions  are  af- 
ferted  and  enforced :  - '  / ' . 

*  Firft.«— That,  as  our  conftitution  wasyfrom  the  earlied  periods, 
founded  on  liberty,  it  (hould  not  be  deflroytd/^s  if  it  were  the  go- 
vernment of  defpotifm.  •  .  * '. 

•  Secondly. — That,  as  all  our  political  evils  arife  fronj-the  abufc'  of 
the  pradice,  and  not  from  defcft  of  principle,  the  orj^nal  purity  qf 
Its  ^irit  may  be  reftored  without  violence  to  the  body.  - . /  .'  '- 

•  Thirdly.— That,  as  the  corrupt  ftate  of  reprefenution  crigmatcs 
with  ail  parties,  its  ancient  purity  is  only  to  be  revived  by^tbe  9^-- 
animoQS  and  difinterefted  efforts  of  every  rank  and  degree  iii'tlte/' 

Jkingdom. 

*  Fourthly. — That,  as  nothing  but  a  patriotic  and  diiinterelied  re- 
Iblutioa,  in  all,  to  recur  to  the  firft  principles  of  our  conflitution  can 
reftore  us  to  the  entire  poiFeilion  of  our  ancient  liberties,  it  is  not  the 
fipil  of  one  party,  or  the  rife  of  another^  that  (hould  be  thex>bjed  of 
public  purfuit.     And, 

'  Fifthly. — That,  as  the  refloration  of  our  liberties  is  equally  due 
to  all,  no  difference  of  opinion,  (ituation,  or  circumilaoces,  mould 
prevent  every  individual  peaceably  uniting  in  the  attainment  of  this 
Aovaluable  blefling.' 

This  diilertation  concludes  with  Mr. Granville  Sharpens  plan 
for  reforming  the  reprefentation. 


MONTHLY      CATALOGUE, 

For    MAY,     1793* 

LAW. 
Art.  16.  Decifions  of  the  Court  of  King^s  Bench  ^  upon  the  Laws  re- 
lating to  the  Poor.  Originally  publiftied  by  Edmund  Bott,  Efo. 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  Barriiler  at  Law.  Now  revifed,  correded, 
and  coniiderably  enlarged ;  with  Tables  of  the  Ca(es ;  and  a  com- 
plete  Digefl  of  the  principal  Matters;  the  third  Edition  ;  in  which 
the  Statutes ;  the  reported  Decifions,  from  the  Reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  Michaelmas  Term  the  Thirty-third  of  George  the 
Third;  and  many  Cafes  never  before  publiihed  upon  this  Subjed, 
arc  properly  arranged ;  and  the  whole  Syftem  of  the  Poor  Laws 
placed  in  a  clear  and  perfpicuous  Point  of  View;  by  Francis  Conll, 
kfq.  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Barriflcr  at  Law.  8vo.  2  Vols. 
About  900  Pages  in  each.      il.  5s.  Boards.     Butterworth.    1793* 

THIS  edition  of  the  late  Mr.  Bott's  Poor  Laws  has  bng  been  ex- 
peded  with  anxiety  by  the  profeffion.  Mr.  Conft  might  have 
falfillcd  the  duties  of  an  editor  by  adding  the  new  deciltons  to  thofe 
before  publiihed,  but,  findingthat  many  of  them  could  not  be  included 
under  the  former  arrangement,  he  has  been  at  the  labour  of  re-com- 

H  3  Y^\vtv^ 


Monthly  CataJiOgue^  Law* 

ithc  work.     The  ext<*ot  of^ij'tis** iQidc rtaking  may  be  in  fome 
^judged  from  the  fiallavvipg  accoum: 
lie  CJ.fcs  have  been  COfliPiPed  with  the  original  reporU»  whrte 
Ipons  are  piibli0ie4v^^'^c  cfrors,  where  an/  errors  occurred, 

Le  afls  of  p^4^£i^%nr  have  alfo  been  tolbted*  n'lth  the  Statutes; 
ph  the  ^\%  'f  rfHJon,  by  Afr.  Strjcant  Rumtti:^^fs^  has  been  rc^ 
to,  ais  w^l^^thc  former  one,  by  Mf.Rifffhttid. 
lie  g^erartitlr>  of  the  former  edhion  arc  iViU  preferved;  bat 
\f^\  4»vifions  of  the  chapters  hive  been  changed^  and  mtny 
LffpEtfs  added  :  ifs  howev^er,  any  cafe  fJiould,  on  infpe^on, 
rtQ  be  mifplacedi  the  editor  trulls  chat  the  diifiCk-ftv  of  arrarging 
[multiplicity  ei  cafes,  frequently  confiired  and  fometimes  can- 
pry,  will  be  reconciled, 
obviate  any  dithtulty  which  might  mnfe  rcfptding  rt^f^^rentei 

former  edition,  a  labls  is  prefixed  tg  each  volumt',  fiiewing 
J  the  cafes  b^^fore  publiflved  are  tc*  be  feund  in  this  work,  and 
Ig  out  the  fevejal  tranfpofitioris  which  the  editor  has  made.  By 
tblcs  It  will  be  perceived  that  fome  of  the  old  c.ife^  are  omitted; 
I  a  reference  to  the  body  of  the  w^>rk,  it  will  b-*  feen  that  they 

application  to  the  fuhjetl  i  that  the  point  in  quefljon  was  kft 
ied  J  or  that  cafes  of  better  rkuthority  fupply  their  place • 
I  though  in  this  edition  thcfc  are  nearlv  one  thoufand  cafes  more 
Icrt'  bt'i'orc  y(ublif]it?d,  yet  ihcrL-  are  frme  tij  be  fbund  in  the 
'  cc^rrccVncrs  a>nd  authenticirv. 


Monthly  Catalogue^  Ireland^  l^c.         103 

abound,  have  been  deemed  fufficient  to  deter  young  men  from  enter- 
iogon  the  purfuit,  and  from  profecuting  their  dudies  with  cheerfulnefs. 
To  thcfc  Mr.Prefton's  advice  is,  in  the  words  of  Virgil,  **  Ne  ced$ 
mudu,  ^contra  audentior  itoJ** 

Art.  18.  An  Explanation  of  the  Prafiice  ofLanv:  containing  the  £le« 
ments  of  Special  Pleading,  reduced  to  the  Compreheniion  of  every 
one.  AUb,  Elements  of  a  Plan  for  a  Reform :  ihewing  that  the 
Plaintiff's  Cods  in  a  Common  Adiqn,  which  at  prefent  amount  tq^ 
£rom  25].  to  35I.  need  not  exceed  lol.;  and. thofe  of  the  Defendant, 
which  are  now  from  12I.  to  20I.  need  not  exceed  61.  fiy  John 
Frederic  Schiefer,  Efq.  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  8vo.  pp.  340.  6s. 
Boards.  Pheney.  1792. 
This  gentleman  points  out,  in  a  lively  manner,  many  abufes  exift- 

ing  in  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  propofes  a  plan  to  lefTen  the  heavy 

expences  now  attendant  on  legal  proceedings. 

IRELAND. 

Art.  19.  An  accurate  Report  of  the  Speech  dell'vered  hy  the  Right  Hon, 
John  Fofter^  Speaker  of  the  Houfe  of  Qommons  of  Ireland,  Feb. 
27th,  1793,  in  a  Committee  of  the  whole  Houfe,  on  the  Bill  for 
allowing  Roman  Catholics  to  vote  at  the  Elections  of  Members  of 
Parliament  in  that  Kingdom,  to  prove  that  this  Bill  has  a  direct 
Tendency  to  fubvert  the  Proteftant  Eftabliftiment  in  Ireland,  and 
to  feparate  that  Kingdom  for  ever  from  Great  Britain.  8vo. 
pp.  52.     IS.  6d.     Debrett. 

The  application  of  the  Trifli  Roman  Catholics  to  Government,  for 
the  redrefs  of  their  grievances,  and  for  the  enlargement  of  their 
franchifes,  having  fo  happily  terminated  in  their  favour,  it  is  wholly 
nnneceiTary  for  us  to  take  farther  notice  of  this  fpccch  againft  the 
bill,  than  merely  to  announce  its  publication. 

MEDICAL. 
Art.  20.     Treatife  on  the  Gout,  wherein  is  delivered  a  new  Idea  of  its 
proximate  Caufe,  and  confequent  Means  of  Relief;  written  with  a 
View  to  excite  further  Rcfearches  into  the  Nature,  and  to  leflea 
prefent  Referve  in  the  Treatment,  of  that  Difeafe.     By  Thomas 
Jeans,  M.  D.     8vo.     pp.  108.     2s.     Cadell.     1 792. 
*  The  pre-difpofition  to  gout,'  in  the  author's  own  words,  'coniifls 
in  a  general  debility,  with  an  cxcefs  of  this  debility  prevalent  in  the 
alimentary  canal,  from  the  (iomach  to  the  anus,  and  a  predominant 
Sympathy  orconfent  betwixt  this  great  ofHcinalorganof  the  body  and 
the  joints.* — If  our  readers  be  farther  defirous  of  knowing  why  dif- 
ferent joints  are  afFedltd  with  gout,  they  are  to  be  informed  that  this 
arifcs  from  different  pa:-:s  of  the   intellinal  tube  being  alFeded  :  that 
the  large  inteiVines  fympathize  with  the  litde  j  :ints,  and  the  lefs  in- 
teilines  with  the  greater  joints  :    that  gout  mounts  regularly  from 
joint  to  joint,  and  from  gut  to  gut ;  that  ihejphin^er  ani  i^  inteftinum 
re3um,  being  conllridcd,  avenge  themfelves  on  the  great  toes  ;  while 
the  colon  and  coscum  naturally  look  to  the  ankle  ;  and  fo  on,  till  the 
ilomach  directs  its  attack  againft  the  trunk  itfelf — With  refpe^i  to  th^ 
[  new  idea  of  the  proximate  caufe,'  we  are  told  that  '  the  proximate 

H  4  CA.MV^> 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Midkal,* 

L*peiit!tngr  on  the  nervous  fyftem,  pux^lei  us  wiiK  all  iftai 

fubtiky  of  thr.t  inexplicable   pari   of  the  macliine,  indi 

K  it  will,  at  the  end  of  all  refcsarch,  be  found  a  phafm,  not 

man  to  embrace  and  retain  j' — and  then,    as  to  the  ne^ 

relief  confcqucnt  on  this  new  idea  of  the  proximate  caulef 

I  as  far  abi   regaris  us,  arc  tvaftijcoft  fuhiihm  u^d  plq^m^ 

|c  have  neither  imhractd^  tmt  rtfmtad. 

J  praBical  Tnatifi  ^n  ihi  Efimcy  tf  Stizokii/mt  or  CmAJ^ 

I  (the  Dffik^os  prurieru  of  Linnicti^,)  interna liv  adminidcrcd,  in 

ls  orcarion(fd  by  Worms,     To  which  arc  added  ObfcrrvatioRS 

Icr  Anthelmintic- of  the  Wefl  Indies*     By  William  Chamber- 

]byrgcon<     5111  edit,     Svo,  pp.  92.     Printed  for  the  Author, 

L'fficacy  of  this  medicine,  (covvhagej)  and  the  fafety  of  ad- 
Jf^itj  arc  here  affertcd  on  the  faith  of  fevcral  cafes,  %^hkh 
lur  occurred  in  Mr.  Chamberlainc's  pradice,  or  have  l>ecn 
Jicattd  to  him  by  others. — The  medicinei  next  in  point  of 
as  a  vermifuge,  is  faid  to  be  a  (Irong  decoflion  of  the  bark 
all.ird  cabbage  tree,  dcfcribed  by  Mr^Robiiis,  of  St, Mary *s. 
It  under  the  name  Geqffira,  Imrmis. 

An  Addr^fi  tu  thi  FaaJr/t  and  the  Puif/k,  en  the  E^pfdkncy 
nldifohig  a  Fund  fir  iht  Benefit  sf  injmjtjs  and  Orp/ja/u  f/"  Me^ 
'^?*7/,  in  the  Cou>ities  of  Darham  and  NQrihumbr.'rbnd,  and 
[own  of  Ncwcaftle  upon  Tyne      Ey  Frederick  Glenton,  Sm- 

BvQ,     pp.  0.     Hall  and  Elliot,  NewcalUe.    179J. 
[iu:hor  of  rMi,  little  addreft  writes  with  a  degree  of  tarneftncfs 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Poetry  and  Dramatic.      XiOS 

•  The  proper  idea  to  be  formed  of  the  dileafe  which  I  have  de- 
fended, and  have  eudeavoured  to  treat,  is  that  it  originates  and  con- 
fix xnKfuddm,  2,firoHg^  an  I  extenfi'vefpafn.  Tha»,  from  the  whole 
of  its  phenomena^  ai'd  from  the  anatov;ic-s  and  fads  to  which  I  have 
mppealci' ,  there  is  rra 'on  to  apprencnd  the  fpafm  to  be  conne£led 
with  a  goucy  diathefis :  that  a  combination  of  debility  and  irritation^ 
mccompanied  by  an  inflammatory  temperament,  maybe  \t$  proximate 
tmuft:  that  cy  tne  pr-,.  v  akncc  of  one  or  the  other  of  thefe  tendencies^ 
the  employment  of  bleeding  is  to  be  cautioufly  reeuJated:  and 
lafily»  that  as  we  have  fufficient  ground  for  prefuming,  that  the 
entptiem  is  falutary  and  cridcaU  it  muft  be  proper  to  encourage  it»  in 
the  cond'jd  of  a  rational  praAice. ' 

P  O  £  T  E  Y    and    DRAMATIC. 
Art.  25.     The  Jd'uenturts  of  TtUmachus,    In  Blank  Verfc,  from  the 
French    cf  M.    Fenelon,     Archbifliop  of  Cambray.     By  J.  Y. 
A,  M.  and  formerly  FcHow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambiidge. 
i2mo.  3   Vols,     pp.1047.     I  OS.  6d.— boards.     5ael. 
Though  Fenclon's  Adventures  of  Telemachus  be  written  in  profe, 
the  work  is  univerfally  allowed  to  have  no  fmall  (hare   of  poetical 
merit.    It  may  not  perhaps,  in  (Iri^  propriety  of  language,  deferve 
the  i-.ame  of  an  epic  poem  :  but  it  pofTclTes  fo  many  of  the  leading 
charaders  of  the  epic,  and  is  fo  rich  in  the  higher  excellencies  of  fine 
writing,  invention,  imagery,  and  fentiment,  that  the  want  of  nume* 
roui  melody  is  fcarcdy  to  be  regretted.     At  Icaft  it  may  be  confi- 
dently prcfumed,  that   no  attempt  to  reduce  it  to  the  meafure  of 
verfe^  whether  in  its  original  or  in  any  other  language,  will  ever  be 
an  improvement  on  this  jufUy-admiredprodudlion. 

With  reipedt  to  the  prefent  trandation,  the  author  qf  which  if  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Youde,  we  readily  allow  it  coniiderable  merit  for  its  clofe- 
nefs  of  adherence  to  the  meaning  of  the  original ;  and  much  ingenuity 
is  manifefted  by  Mr.  Y.  in  bringmg  fo  exa^  a  tranlUtion  under  the  re- 
ftridion  of  numbers  :— >but,  after  all  the  pains  which  this  performance 
maft  have  cod,  we  cannot  think  the  general  efi^edl  more  pleafmg  than 
that  of  a  profe  tranflation.     The  verfes  have  not  a  fulBcient  portion 
of  poetical  di^ion,  to  compenfate  for  the  want  of  the  eafe  and  free* 
dooi  of  profe  ;  and  the  reader,  in  prrufing  the  work,  is  perpetually 
ienfible  of  the  artincial  ftifnefs,  while  he  is  fcldom  gratided  by  the  • 
peculiar  graces,  of  poetry.     In  juftification  of  this  general  criticifm, 
we  (hall  tranfcribe  a  part  of  Mentor's  inflrudtions  to  Idomcneu.^,  con« 
ceroing  the  encouragement  of  agriculture. 
*  Almoftall  men  to  marriaee  are  inclin'd ; 
There's  nothing  hinders  it  but  poverty. 
If  you  opprefs  them  not  with  taxes,  they 
Their  wives  and  children  will  with  eafe  maintain ; 
Forftill  the  earth,  the  ever-grateful  earth, 
Oo  thoie  who  cultivate  her  with  due  care. 
Largely  bellows  her  fruits :  to  ihofe  alone. 
Who  grudge  their  labour,  (he  makes  no  return. 
Bat  the  laborious  and  induHrious  parr. 
Still,  the  more  numerous  their  children ^re, 
The  wealthier  are,  provided  that  the  prince 

1  Itn^^m^ 


)6       MoHTRLY  Catalo^VE^  P&itjj  and  Dromotk^ 

Inipoverifli  them  not.     Fmm  earlicil  ye^s                              ■ 
Their  licde  ones  begm  to  be  a  h^lp,                                         m 
The  yotitigeil  take  ihe  flieep  to  paaure  ;  thofe                *A^| 
Further  advanced  ia  year?,  have  now  the  care                  ^^H 
Of  num'roai  flocks ;  tliQ  eidell  in  tjic  ddd                      ^^H 
AfTiil  tbeir  faiber  in  hi<j  work.     MeaD-wbilc                  ^^H 
The  mother,  with  ihe  family  at  home,                           "J^^l 
For  her  dear  duldreti^  who  muJl  needs  retum                 W^l 
Fatigued  wltb  toilj  and  for  her  fpoufc,  prepares             ^^H 
A  plain  repail.     Her '5  ii  the  care  to  milk                         j^H 
The  cows  and  fheep  ;  a  ad  milk  in  pJcnteous  itrcajaj               9 
la  feen  to  fio*v.     She  makes  a  cheerful  fire,                           J 
Round  which  the  family  each  evening  chant,                           M 
Well  pleas 'd,  the  fongi  of  innocence  andpeace^                     ■ 
Till  funiroon^d  by  the  gemle  call  of  fleep.                              1 
Cheefe,  chefnuiSj  flic  prepares,  and  frmts  prefcr?*d,.            M 
All  freih  as  if  juft  gather M  from  the  tree.                              ■ 
*  The  fhepherd  with  bis  pipe  returns,  and  cbtuti^             1 
To  tb*  affembled  family,  the  fongs 
He  from  the  ncigbb'ring  vjllage-fwains  hath  learnt* 
The  ploughman  homeward  with  his  plough  returns. 
His  weary 'd  OJfen,  with  their  necks  bow'd  down, 
Move  fiowly  on,  regardlefs  of  the  goad- 
Widi  the  dAy*s  work  all  toil  and  trouble  end^* 
Sleep,  wiih  his  poppies »  which  ai  Heaven's  command 

■ 

Monthly  Catalogue,  Poetry  and  Dramatic.      lot 

Art.  26.       The  Irifiman  in  Lcndcn  ;   or.    The   Happy  African.     A 
Farce  m  two  AcU,  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Covent  Gar- 
den.    By  William  NJacready.     8vo.  is.    Longman.     1793. 
When   a  n:an  profeflcdly  writes  a   farce  and  calls  it  a  farce,  wc 
know  what  wc  have  t6  cxpeft ;  and  wc  neither  feel  the  difappoint- 
mcnt  nor  the  difgoft  of  reading  comedy  in  the  title  page,  and  finding 
farce  in  the  piece.     Thofe  who,  in  their  boyifli  days,  have  been  di- 
verted at  Bartholomew  fair,  and  who  have  perufed  this  farce,  will 
recoiled  in  it  incidents  which  formerly  excited  their  laughter.     If  they 
can   laugh  again,  changing  the  fcene  from  a  booth  to  the  dignified 
boards  of  a  Theatre  Royal,  or  even  if  they  find  the  majority  of  their 
neighbours  laughing  around  them,  fo  be  it ;  let  the  laugh  be  inno* 
cent,  and  we  have  no  v\l(h  to  fee  it  interrupted. 

An  Irilhman  is  almoft  as  dear  to  the  Engliih  ftage  as  Harlequin  is 
to  the  Italian;  and  we  do  not  find  that  the  Jrifhman  in  this  farce  is  de- 
ficient in  family  features.  ^  As  9  fpecimen,  which  will  probably  make 
oar  readers  fmile,  we  will  infcrt  what  the  author  himfelf  calls  (with- 
out inquiring  what  he  means,  for  his  meaning  is  beyond  us,)  a  hit  ^ 
aplanxty, 

«  Song.     Murtock. 
«  If  you'd  travel  the  wide  world  all  over. 

And  fail  acrofs  quite  round  the  globe. 
You  mud  fetout  on  horfeback  from  Dover, 

And  fail  unto  fwcet  Balinrobe. 
'Tis  there  youHl  fee  Ireland  fo  famous. 

That  was  built  before  Adam  was  breeqh'd, 
Wholiv'd  in  the  reign  of  king  Shamus, 
Ere  he  was  at  theBoyne  over-reachM. 
Chorus. 
With  my  whack,  falderal,  &c.  &c.  &c; 
Oh  the  land  of  Shillelah  for  me. 

«  There  you'll  fee  Ulfter,  and  Monftcr,  and  Leinftcr, 

Connaught,  and  fweet  Kilkenny  likewife. 
That  city  where  firft,  as  a  fpinfler, 

I  open'd  thefe  pair  of  black  eyes. 
In  this  town  there  is  fire  without  fmoaking. 

For  a  penny  you'll  buy  fifty  eggs. 
And  then  there's  fuch  wit,  without  joking. 

And  rabbits  without  any  legs. 

V/ith  my  whack,  &c. 
*  TTiere  you'll  fee  my  anceftors  glorious. 

The  fons  of  the  brave  O's  and  Macs, 
Who  died  whene'er  they  were  victorious. 

And  after  that  ne'er  turn'd  their  backst 
Oar  heads  are  ftout  and  full  of  valour. 

Our  hearts  are  wife  and  full  of  brains, 
|q  love  we  ne'er  blu(h  nor  change  colour. 

And  the  ladies  reward  all  our  pains. 

With  my  whack,  5(Ct 
«  Saint  Patrick  is  ftiU  our  prote^r. 

He  made  lu  an  iilan4  ol  faint^^ 


MoKTHiY  Catalogue,  Poetry  md  DramatU* 

)rove  out  fnakcs  and  toads  Eke  an  Hedlor, 

And  ne'er  fliut  his  eyes  m  complaicti* 
Then  if  you  woald  live,  and  be  friiky. 

And  never  die  whjJn  you're  in  bed, 
^ome  to  Ireland,  and  Upple  the  wldfltcy. 
And  drink  ten  years  after  you're  dead. 

With  my  wback  fa!  dc  raJ,  kc.  Sec,  &c* 
The  land  of  ShUlclah  for  me/ 

7,    Tm  LfarmJij  Hal/;  or.  The  PhilofopherOntwIued.^i" 
lirce  of  <Jne  Ad.     ByJ,Sharpe,     12 mo*     6i,     Robir\fr?c3. 
nay  b^  no  more  than  a  mere  act  of  jullicc  to  the  friends  of  Mr* 
e,  to  bt^Uevre  thai  their  reqaell  had  no  concefn  in  thi$  publica*- 
I  unlets  pcfhaps  m  unavaijiog  endeavours  to  iviihhold  k  from  th£ 


Is*     Ml/itlkaUs   in  Prwfi  mid  Virfe,     Cfown   8vo.     pp.  %\fk 

fewed.     PrLnted  at  Etimburgh,     London,  Richard  for** 
ongthe  niulotude  ofUttle  poems  which  compofcthU  miicellaitT, 
the  followhig,  entitled, 

*  An  Epitaph. 
'  Mute  here  a  merry  poet  lies; 

He  cnly  made  pretence 
To  fimplc,  limping,  iaitghing  lines. 
Which  never  gave  ofience, 

Himfeif  was  peaceful,  like  his  mut. 


MoHTHLT  Catalooue,  Political  and  Commircial.     109 

*  For  aUnoft  nobody  has  taile  or  time 

To  feel  or  caltivatc  the  fweets  of  rhime,*— — 
*  conplets  which  would  difgrace  the  poet's  corner  of  a  newfpaper. 
id  wc  not  feen  the  word  Edinburgh  in  the  title,  we  ihould  have 
jpeded  the  author  to  have  been  a  North  Briton  from  his  makiag 
KTJiVrhiine  to  band  \  and  from  his  almoft  nolc^fy,'* 
In  this  mifccllany  are  to  be  found  (hort  Remarks  on  Englifh  Plays 
d  Farces,  tranfcribed,  we  are  told  in  the  preface,  from  the  library 

a  country  gentleman.  They  fcarcely  merit  publication.  That 
mirable  farce  "  The  Citizen/*  written  by  Mr.  Murphy,  is  thus 
fly  and  ill-nituredly  criticised :  «  When  our  moderns  try  to  write 
tne  ilyle  of  natural  chara^ler  and  converfation,  they  fall  into  araed- 
r  of  infipicUty  and  affcfts-tion.  They  can  bear  no  compatifon  to 
&  M  poets,  Shakefpcare,  Johnfon,  and  Fletcher,  whom  they  iqean 
imitate.'     p.  l83.      ^.v  uno  dijce  omnes. 

POLITICAL  and  commercial. 
It.  29.     CcnJUirations  on  the  Advantage  of  Free  Forts ^  a«dpr  certain 
Regulations  to  the  Navigation  and  Commerce  of  this  Country. 
By  Rcbert  Peckham,  £(q.  Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  1784.     ^.to. 
pp.  30.     2s.    NicoL    1792. 

The  author  of  this  pamphlet  recoihmends  the  expediting  commer- 
il  tranfa6tions,  and  fhortening  the  delays  of  cuflom-houfe  forms,  by 
lowing  the  produfts  of  all  countries  brought  hither  agreeably  to  our 
ivigarion  laws,  to  be  landed  free ;  to  be  entered  and  depofited  vci 
•oper  warehoufes ;  and  transferable  warrants  to  be  granted  to  the 
uponers ;  that  fuch  as  are  admiffible  for  home  confumption  may  be 
iken  out  on  payment  of  duties  ;  and  fuch  as  arc  for  exportation,  hft 
slhippedon  payment  of  the  charges  ofdepofit.  This  is,  in  fomc 
«afure,  the  mode  of  managing  the  imports  of  oar  Eall  India  Com- 
any  ;  and  the  writer  is  very  fanguinc  in  the  tendency  of  its  general 
ctenfion,  to  render  this  ifland  (favoured  by  its  immediate  fituadon 
etween  the  northern  and  fbuthcrn  countries  of  Europe,)  the  general 
r/«r  (to  adopt  a  modilh  term,)  for  the  produAioiis  of  all  other  coun- 
les.  it  may  be  obferved,  in  general,  that  trade  is  more  befriended 
y  releafin^  it,  as  prudence  may  didtatc,  from  exifting  reftridUons, 
an  by  ftriTing  to  bend  its  operations  to  the  views  of  legiflators. 

Irt.  30.  A  /hort  Anfwtr  to  the  Declaration  of  the  Ferjons  calling 
thtmfel'ves  the  Friends  of  the  Liberty  of  the  Frefs,  By  John  Bowles» 
E(q.  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Barriller  at  Law.     8vo.     6d.  Downes. 

*793- 

It  rc%ds  no  difcredit  on  the  Friends  of  the  Liberty  of  the-  Frcfs^ 

hat  tliey  have  an  antagonid  in  an  ingenious  and  learned  advocate  for 

\itaficiations ;  fince  all  his  ingenuity  aiid  learning  have  only  enabled 

tim,'  in  reply  to  their  declarr.tion,  to  aflertthc  right  of  individuals  to 

Mofecute  for  public  as  well  as  private  offence^ ;  to  extol  the  impar- 

iility  of  Britiih  juries  ;  and  to  accufe  the  frijnds  of  the  liberty  of 

ht  prefs  of  having  affembled  in  direfl  and  infolent  defiance  of  the 

loneft  verdi^  of  twelve  jurors,  and  in  fupport  of  the  licentious,  and 

HCOiJlltauoaal  fre'eJom  of  the  prefs.    Perronal  invedlive,  and  ge-> 

neral 


toNTMLY  CatalocuEj  pQlifk&i  md  C&mmirdcL 

Eld  irrcle%"antaflKfruons^  can  never  injure  a  caafe  which  rrtboU 
tbafis  as  that  of  the  right  of  Bricgns  to  the  free  ufe  of  thtf 
i^iihour  fear  of  being  punifhcd  for  any  excrcife  of  tlus  fi-eedoM 
iatij  prohibited  by  the  law  of  thekud. 

.     ^'he  vral  Gr&ujidj  ^f  tht  pfifint  ^war  ivifk  France*  By  John 

l)wics,  Eiq.     Bvo.    pp-  74*     is.  6d.     Debreit,     1793- 

Vdcr  tojulUfy  the  prcfent  war  wkh  France,  Mr.  Bowles,  zfxtf 

pi  view  of  the  principles  and  fpirit  which  at  prefent  govern  the 

I  of  that   nation.  Compares    the  decree   of  fraternity,  of  No- 

|r   ig,    ^792,    Wnith  the   explanation    afterward  given    cf  it 

FrctKh  miniilcfj    which  can  fined  its  operation   to    the  fole 

I  vvliicli  the  general  will  of  a  nation,  clearly  and  unequivocally 

il,  fltould  call  the  French  nation  to  its  afllllance  and  fraternity  j 

concludes  that  the   dignity,  the  welfare,  and  the  independ- 

>f  this  country  J  rendered  it  impoirible  to  accept  an  ejcp!  a  nation, 

iUll  maintains  a  right  of  France  to  interfere  in  the  internal  af- 

other  countries.     Mr,  B*  next  quote*  fevcral  articles  of  the 

^.  December  15th,  which  lays  down  a  plan  by  which  the  ope- 

of  bellowing  liberty  wa^  to  be  performed  ;  and  he  then  makes 

jxtra^s  from  addrejTea  prefented  to  the  convetiliotx  from  Eng- 

Id  Irilb  fubjciTts :  he  alfo   quotes  fome  French  doctimetiEs,  to 

Jhcexitlence  of  feditioo  in  this  country,  and  that  it  has  heea 

led  by  in  embers  of  the  French  convention*     On  th  cfe  groan  dj, 

\\um\^  chat,  for  the  faftfty  as  well  a^  the  dignity  of  Great  Bri- 

Iwar  With  France  was  become  necefTary  5  atid,  on  a  general  re* 

If  the  whole  caie,  he  concludes  that  it  i^  mach  more  di0cuk  to 

the  k^ngthcncd  mode  ratio  tv,  than  the  tardy  energy,  of  the 

L-rnnicnt.- The    necflTity   of    the     war,    after    all  Mr. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Political  and  CommirdaL     in 

ibe  will  of  the  majority  of  the  members  of  any  nation  is  the  law> 
and  with  reprefenting  it  as  an  erroneous  and  dangerous  pofidon>  that 
BO  laws  have  any  efficacy  nor  obligation,  nor  government  a  juft  or  le- 
^al  duration,  after  the  ipajority  of  the  goveraed  have  chofen  to 
withdraw  their  confent  and  aJlegiance,  or  to  fuperfede  them  by  other 
inftitutions.  The  majority  may,  it  is  true,  judge  weakly,  and  may 
aft  fooliihiy  or  anjuftly  :  but  if  there  be  any  fudi  thing  as  a  polidcal 
axiom,  it  is  furelv  this,  that  all  power  and  law  mu(l  originate  in  the 
will  of  the  majority.  If  the  power  of  a  Hate  is  to  be  delegated^  who 
Ihall  determine  to  whom,  and  in  what  manner,  it  fhall  be  delegated? 
farety,  the  majority.  This  writer  takes  much  pains  to  prove,  that  the 
prefcnt  heavy  burthen  of  taxes  could  not  be  relieved  by  any  change 
of  government ;  and  that  even,  if  the  taxes  were  reduced,  the  bur- 
thens of  the  lower  claiTes  of  fociety  would  not  be  diminiihed.  The 
people  are  even  told  that,  in  taxes,  what  is  taken  from  them  returns 
again  on  them  like  the  dew  in  (howers*  After  all  that  is  here  ad- 
vanced, it  is  not  quite  certain  that,  if,  without  any  violent  con- 
ciaflion,  but  by  the  mild  opcradon  of  a  reform,  the  expences  of  go- 
veroment  were  materially  lefFcned,  and  confequently  the  taxes  re- 
duced, the  landholder  and  manufadlurer  could  not  aiFord  to  give  the 
labourer  better  wages;  nor,  even  on  the  fuppofition  that  wages  re- 
Jnained  the  fame,  that  the  condition  of  the  lower  claiTes  of  the  people 
would  not  be  eiTentially  meliorated.  In  one  thing,  we  perfeflly 
agree  with  this  writer,  that  taxes  are  not  more  likely  to  be  diminiihed 
hyjMZT,  than  by  the  peaceable  operation  of  government ;  and  becaufe 
we  are  not  convinced  by  any  thing  here  advanced,  that  heavy 
taxes  are  beneficial  to  trade,  we  mud  deprecate  a  war  which  will  ne- 
ceflarily  incrcafe  them. 

It  would  beinjullice  to  the  writer  of  this  pamphlet,  to  overlook  the 
fingular  expreffions  of  piety  contained  in  the  following  paragraph. 
Speaking  of  Mr.  Paine,  he  fays, 

'  I  am  tempted  to  believe,  that  Providence  referved  the  calamities 
of  his  dodlrine  for  a  guiltier  people,  and  the  fcourge  was  averted 
from  our  backs  by  the  Supreme  interference  ;  and  furely,  if  we  be 
permitted  to  believe  that  any  nation  is  ilill  its  care,  or  any  fyilcm  en- 
dtled  to  its  protcdlion,  it  will  be  pardonable  to  fuppofe  that  it  may 
bechefreeil  people  and  the  fublimeil  conflitution. 

'  We  have  read  that  Hampden,  in  defpair  of  liberty,  had  once  em- 
barked for  America,  but  was  detained  by  an  order  of  council ;  and 
thus  was  the  foul  of  freedom  prevented  from  migrating  from  Britain, 
by  the  very  tyranny  it  was  deilined  to  deftroy.  Alas !  why  does  the 
corruption  of  our  manners  and  the  general  depravation  forbid  us  to 
bdieve,  that  the  fame  fuperintending  care  averted  Paine  from  our 
ttails,  which  would  not  fuifer  Hampden  to  leave  them  ?' 

We  are  furprized  to  find  fuch  a  tnbute  of  refpedl  to  the  memory 
of  Hamj^en,  in  a  work  which  breathes  fo  little  ef  Hampdea^s  free 
fpirit. 

Art.  33*     The  Example  ef  France »  a  Jf^'arning  to  Britain.     By  Ardiur 
Yoang,  Efq.  F.  R.  S.     8vo.  pp.  i^6.    as.  6d.  Richardfon*  I793- 

The  ground,  on  which  all  the  reaionin?  and  all  the  declamation  of 
Ais  pamphlet  arc  eredled,  is  the  paradoxical  opinion  of  the  late  Mr. 

Soame 


|MoNtHLY  CataIOCue,  P&ikkal  md  CffTimtrchL 

Jcfiyns ;    rliat,    *'  in  pQlkics,    all  priticiplej  tliat  are  fpcrt* 

ripht  ajT  pr^t'ticallv  wrong  "     AaciL-iii  do€trmc&t  which  hjv* 

|cct.4vcd  as  3X1  rns  by  all  the  advocates  for  Britiflti  rreedom,  Ibr 

ls3i]  a  ctfntury  pnllj  Mr.  Young  retutfS      -  *  no  muhi* 

l>y  one  daili  of  hin  p*n  ;   arid  he  lubftitQte?  in  their  roDm  t  uOf<3, 

m  his  hii.dSp    pcrfcrms   all  the  wotid^r*  of  poUticAl   isecfd- 

-^—fxfftfmrTftt      Appeal  ling   to  *he  Frecich  reifoluiion   ds  la 

|r;j/aw  n'urh  igiiinfl  popular  government,  he  decides  on  the  beH 

of  governing  men  with  a  tirgree  of  precipitation,  with  whicll 

LjIJ   pr^bihly  nevrr  have  thought  hifiilelK  wa^riantt^d  to  decide 

Ibeii  nieThid  of  tijkivadng  Iucltjc  or  nadder. 

,e  optuitig  of  this  work,  he  bn^ly  prfinoancci  rhar  the  appKci- 

I  theory  to  ma:t:":i  of  gj^er^^Tient  h  a  furprmng  imbecility  [h? 

ly  mean5  a  iMrpr'siir^g  fncfcf  laibccitity,]  m  the  hamao  mwA  i 

llic  kuw  afiiT  nfTifl^  us  to  account  for  th<.*  extravagance  of  thb 

h  hv  infnrrDr>T   us  that  he  has  a  conftitutional  abhorrence  of 

of  ftl!  triiil  in  abllnfY  reafoning,  and  confeqacndy  a  reliance 

I  on  exptTTencc.     Evperimcnts  are  ceruiitly  very  commmdi- 

■  igb^  providtd  thTt  they  be  obfLTved  accurately,  ar-d  that  only 

le^iiir.idtc  condufions  be  drjan  from  them.     Let  us  fee  wbil 

writer,  who  hus  been  fa  long  In' the  habit  of  escpcrlmcnliQi, 

lof  the  c>:pi?rinunt  m  which  he  has  fuch  entire  conBdence. 

|VoL;ng'ii  hr!l  attempt  h   to  give  a  view  of   the  real  dateeif 

,  under  the  fcvtrai  heads  of  government,  pcrfonal  liberty,  aiw! 

of  prrrperty*     UriJer  tbefe  heads,  he  ftates  fafts,  which  wc 

dirp^ftd  cither  lo  controvert,  or  to  palliate,  and  which  cer- 

^rove  that  gnvernmcnt  is  not  Il-Ltled  in  France,  that  law  is  not 

d  hy  the  J'.uiU:in  niob,  and  that,  under  the  plea  of  public  ne* 


«  Monthly  Catalog ve,  P^tUal andCmminial.'   113 

ufe  the  fa£^,  on  which  Mr.  Y.  lays  fo  much  ftrefs*  may  be  con- 
led  by  others,  in  which  the  dodrine  of  perfonal  reprefentation  has 
n  tried  with  fuccefs ;  particularly  by  the  grand  experiment  ia 
kerica ;  to  which  the  only  obje^on  that  our  author  is  able  to  ad- 
ce«  is  that  America  has  not,  what  it  ought  to  be  one  of  the  ^rf!t 
efts  of  all  governments  to  prevent,  a  numerous  and  indigent 
r  :^Yet»  on  thefe  (light  grounds,  does  the  author  proceed  to  raife 
'ftem  of  doArines,  which  goes  to  the  entire  annihilation  of  political 
fence  in  the  general  body  of  the  people ;  and  confequently  to  the 
ailed  eilablilhment  of  defpotifm. 

rhe  portions,  which  Mr.  Y.  aiTerts  with  an  air  of  confidence,  as  if 
f  were  deroonftrated  truths,  and  urges  with  a  degree  of  veUe« 
kce,  which  would  feem  to  imply  that  the  profperity  and  the  verjr 
leoce  of  his  country  depend  on  their  univerfal  reception,  are  fuch 
hefe  ;  that  ^o  fuppofe  that  the  Houfe  of  Commons  purports  to  be 
rcprefenutives  of  the  people  is  mere  theory,  and  to  call  them 

I  is  a  very  inaccurate  mode  of  expreflion  ; That  the  eledors  of 

Dbers  of  parliament  do  not  delegate  powers,  nor  entrnft  privileges* 
merely  exercife  a  privilege,  which  the  conflitution  has  given  to 

■«  of  chuiing  a  third  branch  of  the  legiflature; That  the  mem* 

!>  when  eledcd,  and  in  combination  with  the  other  branches  of  the 
flature,  aJ/Stme  and  pojfefs  and  give  tbemfel*ves  fuch  powers  and  pri* 

f  as  thole  did  not  poflcfs  who  fent  them ; That  the  profperity 

happinefs,  which  we  have  enjoyed  for  a  century,  is  owing  pre- 
y  to  the  Houfe  of  Commons  not  fpeaking  the  will  of  the  people; 
-That  if  parliament  aft  from  the  immediate  impulfe  of  the  people;^ 

wifdom  of  the  community  is  governed  by  the  folly  of  it ; That, 

he  pre(ent  circum (lances,  moderate  reform,  or  any  reform  at  all 
nmdpUf  would  be  a  fure  ftcp  to  all  that  followed  reform  in  France, 
icobinifm,  anarchy,  and  blood  ;  — Tha*  tliebeft  method  of  taming 
matty-headid  monfier,  would  be  by  a  militia  rank  and  file  of  property , 
illing  of  a  regiment  of  a  thoufand  cavalry  in  every  county  of  mo- 
te extent;—— -That  the  licmtioufnefs  of  the  prefs,  permitted  to 
wmeful  and  deftruStinje  a  length  as  ive  ba^ve  cf  late  years  experienced 
mgimmd,  ought  to  be  rellrained  ;  for  where  this  is  /;/  any  degree  al- 
4p  the  general  infiruJlion  of  the  lower  claflcs  muft  become  the  feed 
rvolt ; — in  fine,  that  the  friends  of  reform  arc  ftrenuous  for  Sunday 
cAsrityJchoclst  becaufe  they  prepare  the  people  for  revolt ;  and 
,  to  teach,  is  to  bewilder — to  enlighten,  is  to  dellroy. 
^e  trufl  that  our  beloved  country,  whcfe  genuine  conflitution, 
ded  on  the  good  old  principle  that  all  civil  power  mufl  ori- 
te  with  the  people,  we  have  always  revered,  is  not  yet  fo  far 
idoned  to  political  infatuation  as  to  adopt  the  maxims  of  this 
:•  We  dread  anarchy,  and  we  abhor  maflacre  and  plunder,  as 
b  as  Mr.  Young,  or  any  one  :  but  we  cannot  be  convinced,  by  all 
he  has  advanced  concerning  the  affairs  cf  France,  that,  in  order 
revent  thefe  evils,  it  is  neceflary  to  relinquifh  every  idea  of  re- 
mtative  government,  to  admit  the  defpotic  fway  q^  felf-ajjumid 
tr,  and  place  the  merit  of  a  legiflative  body  precifdy  in  not  (pealc- 
lie  will  of  the  people  whom  they  govern  ;  to  arm  the  rich  againd 
)00r ;  and  to  confi^n  the  lower  claffes  of  fociety  to  perpetual  ]g« 
Dce  and  (lavery.  We,  above  all,  enter  our  eamell  protefl  againft 
injaftice  of  conflruing  every  e^ort  toward  the  Tcformiuoti  o( 
IT.  Mat  I79J.  /  abuha^ 


lloifTHtt  CATAtoeuf,  P&JitkdlenJCsmmirdaL 

Ind  corfopiions.  Into  a  (^liberate  parpofe  to  overturn  the  ftate  j 
1  holding  up  the  charader  of  an  advocate  for  rcformatton  as 
\td  of  as  much  jealouff  and  dUhuit  as  that  of  a  piafeSel 


t  and  on  his  AH^^rtion  that  the  Monarchy  of  Great  Biitaiu  h 
ve.  8vo.  6d.  BelljOxford-ilreet*  V793* 
author  dec!  ^i  res  himfell  deHfous  of  moving  in  the  middle  path 
the  oppofite  parties  whfjfe  rage  and  intemperance  have  of 
oduccd  fuch  dh  iiioTt  inio  the  political  world.  He  profe^ci  W 
derate  man  :  but  we  fee  no  evidence  of  moderation  tn  hjm^ 
|t  be  in  his  abiliuesi  and  even  there  we  doubt  whether  he  be 
much  unJ^r  par  to  rank  with  middling  writers, 

Sfntimtnts   on  a  War  4xiith  Fran^r*     Bvo~     pp*  }&      I*» 

Flexncy.     i 793 . 

r  the  numerous  apologies  for  the  prcfcnt  war,  which  have  ap* 

this  v/nitr*s/efiimi»ts  have  not  fnfficient  novelty  to  reqidre 

liar  notice.     Some  readers  may  aflt  ivhy  he  did  not  hlmfelf  ob* 

at  fiiencc  on  political  fubjefts, '  svhieh  to  him  always  appeared 

of  individaali  in  a  repr^fctitative  government  ?' 

.  Trufh  ojid  Rcafon  egtunJI  Pha  arJ  Pcnjton.     Being  a  candid 

irtation  of  the  P re tuii lions  and  AITertions  of  the  Society  held 

|he  Crown  ar.i  Anchor,  and  of  fimilar  Aflbciations  in  varioUi^ 

the  Metropolis.     AdJrefTed  to  John  Reeves,  Efq.  ajid  hii 

C5.     f^vo.     6d.     Rijgway.      179J- 


MoKTHLT  Catalogue,  Mlfctllaneous,  andThiokgj^  ii*^ 

•vecodve  governmenc  in  its  (lead ;  they  aim  at  an  alteraticn,  doc 
•«)j  io  the  forms,  but  in  the  rationale  and  principle?  of  the  EpgUOi 
l««f.  And  tofum  up  all,  they  look  for  a  total  equality  with  re^eft 
to  cKe  rank,  order,  and  pretenfions  of  cvrry  individual,  except  whac 
arife»  from  property;  which  they  would  equalize  as  (^r  as  it  ia 
prtdicable,  by  aboliOiing  the  right  of  primogeni.ure.  It  is  io  « 
view  of  thefe  two  fubje£ts  or  one  of  them,  that  I  apprehend  the  dif. 
lercnce  of  opinion  is  fuppofed  to  cxift;  and  as  to  the  £r(l,  it  is  pro* 
bably  thought  by  fome,  that  many  of  the  alterations  axe  highly  de« 
firable,  (bnie  impradicable,  and  the  whole  dangerous,  as  it  fup- 
pofeta  degreeof  integrity  in  the  perfon*-  compoHng  (hegovernmeot^ 
woicb  the  truth  of  human  nature  will  not  ;K*rmic  us  to  exp«^.  By 
others,  it  is  probably  thought,  that  they  are  highly  cefiruble,  but 
chat  they  cannot  be  obtained  in  our  prefent  circumflances,  unlefa 
throogb  the  medium  of  a  revolution;  the  hazard  and  mifery  of 
which,  the  value  and  neceiGty  of  thefe  proje^led  improvements  will 
not  in  their  opinion  jullify .  Qtners,  perhaps,  may  think  that  they 
are  in  themfelves  fit  to  be  conftiered;  that  ch^y  are  both  wife  and 
pradicable,  at  leaft  in  a  degre-,  and  that  if  ohtiined  they  would 
tend  to  prevent  the  very  contideration  of  the  other  fct  of  alterations; 
which  I  believe,  there  are  none  who  really  belong  to  the  whig  party 
but  cocHder  as  lea-iing  to  immediate  anarchy,  and  as  caicolated 
only  to  leader  a  nation  like  th"  fand  of  the  fea-ihore,  when  it  is 
beat  about  by  (he  billows  of  a  rcmpelluous  ocean.' 

The  mifchiefs  apprehended  from  a  revolution ,  are  admitted  by 
the  author  in  their  full  extent;  and  the  mod  probable  c.eans  of  pre* 
venting  it  he  apprehends  to  be,  immediately  beginning  a  tempe- 
rate reform,  according  to  the  ffcond  plan 'mentioned  in  ihp  pre« 
ceding  extra^.  The  ultimate  drift  of  thi5  pamphlet  is  to  pcrfuide 
the  people  that  their  only  remedy  againll  ihre:>cening  anarchy  or 
defpotifm,  is  a  whig  admipillranon. 

MISCELLANFOUS. 

Art.  40.     j1  Congfatulatory  Aadri'fs  to  the  Rev-  "John  Cro/s,  Vicar  of 

Bradford,  on  me  Profpeci  of  his  Rcvovtriy  fruir  a  dangerous  Dif- 

cafe,   to  a  S:ate  of  Spiriiual  Health  .>nd  Su^arior..     To  which  it 

added,  A  Letter  co  the  Rev.  Jamrs  Wood,  •f  Leeds,  an  Elo^e  to  the 

Memory  cf  John  V/eHev,  and  an  Addrefs  to  the   InhoiMt^nt^  of 

Bradford;  with  diveriirg  inciJeht.s   Anecdotes,  Eons  Mots,  8cc* 

Hvo.  pp.  197.     25.  6d.  fewcd.     N'»  B  ok'eller's  Name.     i/gi. 

Will  the  heart  of  this  witty  and  formiJabic  anragonill  to  the  Vicar 

of  Bradford    never  relent!     Fop  goodnefs  fake,  friend  Trim  *,  as 

ycu  are  mighty,  be  merciful  1     As  you  have  goitrn  your  antagonitt 

ttikder,  do  not  thus  continue  to  pum:ii;]  cite  pv^or  man  while  he  isdownl 

For  our  brief  notices  of  the  former  publications  relative  to  this 

]i;erary  fquabble,  fee  Rev.  vol.lxxviii.  p.  3^4.  alio  New  Series,  vol.  i« 

p.  339;  vol.  iv.    p.  114;  and  vol.  v.   p  473- 

N.  il.   This  httle  article  has  been  for  j'ome  time  accidentally  m'Jlaid. 
THEOLOGY,    POLEMICS,   j;;^  ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 
Art-    '.  I .     A  Cbts^'j^e  deliiiered  to  the  Clergy    of  the  iJioccfe  cf  Durham^ 
a:  thj  Primary  \  ifiiationof  that  Diocclc,  in  the  Year  1792.     By 
S:iutc,  LcJiiiihopof  Oarhain    410.  pp.37,   is.  ^i-.     Payne.  1792, 

*  A  name  aiiumcd  oy  itic  Kev.  M.-.  ha  ward  Balcwyn. 


Monthly  CAXALOcuf,  Tlmh^^  &c* 

were  to  confidcr  this  charge  merely  as  a  licerar^f  produSdon^ 
Id  be  inclmed  to  afcribe  to  it  a  high  degree  of  mem,     ItU 
/  wriueti  with  great  accuracy  aiid  elegance,  aod  it  difcoTcit 
^cnuity  and  ability  :— but  it  chiefly  demands  attention  on  ac- 
'  its  political  principles  and   fpitic ;  and    on  this  groiiTw!  we 
lege  ourfelvcs  inctipnble  of  giviitg  it  oyr  entire  approbation. 
rht  reverrnd  author  is  of  opinion,  that  the  peaceful  and  prof- 
fcate  of  this  country  is  fuch  as  ought  to  preclude  all  difconte^t ; 
reprcfents  the  prefent  ipirit  of  reform  as  pfegBant  witli  an  in-p 
'  mifchief-      Mach  is  laid  on  the  danger  ol  feditioos  princU 
■d  on  the  neccifuy  of  the  interpofition  of  the  magiftratcs  in 
g  fedicioui  offences :  but  no  precife  explanation   h  given  of 
ciplea  themfelvcs,  nor  of  the  oifence*  which  arc  fuppofc^d  le 

from  them, 

ig  the  dangerous  innovations  which  are  deprecated ^  is  the  re^ 
the  natures,  cnadcd  for  protecting  the  fundamental  dodnna 
Kanity  from  bhfphemy  and  corruption,     Thefc  laws  arc  coo- 
ls necefiary  to  the  very  exiftenee  of  the  eUabHibment,  and  con- 
y  of  thcconlUtutinn;  and  it  is  feriouHy  urged*  in  vindjcatioii 
•■  laws  from  the  charge  of  pcrfecution,  that  they  '  retlraiitno 
private  fentj menu  ;  pretend  to  no  controul  over  the  mindi 
e  r.o  nther  limit  to  public  profcfiioni,  but  fuch  as  is  calculated       * 
nrcp-ace  and  charity  among  all  paftits;  fuch  as  was  due  m 
jnil  rcligiLin,  and  to  the  honour  of  God  and  bis  revdation, 
mntenancing  the  rancour  of  uncharitable  afperities,  by  for* 

the  indecency  of  fcandalous    inveflivca   againll  the  natioDal 

ind  the  outrages  of  in^tk-tity  and  bLifphcmy.' 
Inlnu^n^ttm^^^ami^^ 

MoNTiiiLY  CATALOoilfiy  SsngU  Sirmn.  ii^ 

kArme  of  fome  ancient  fods^  and  the  declared  opinioni  of  a 
a  fiplnova,  oraHammon,  in  modern  timei»  hare  feened  to 
hfc  qaeftioft  in  the  affirmative,  fttch  philofophtn  at'thefehav^. 
lanled  as  phenomena  in  the  moral  world  liltk  left  wonderM 
Dftan  m  the  natoral.  What  credit,  then>  can  be  given  to  tht 
that  die  dodrine  of  atheifm  is  on  a  foddtn  generally  pnK 
J  the  legtflative  body  of  a  great  natioa,  confifting  of  uik 
r  (even  ftondred jperfons  ?  We  have  too  mach  confideoce  m 
igth  and  cleame(s  of  the  evidence  on  which  the  iirft  principle 
im  is  foaaded*  not  to  conceive  it  in  the  higheft  degree  im* 
B  "diat  this  (hould  be  the  cafe ;  and  we  cannot  but  regret,  he 
e  of  the  canie  of  religion  as  well  as  that  of  B«edom,  that 
aoa  ihonld  have  been  taken  ap  by  the  ingeaious  aathoreA  of 
{Met  now  before  us,  on  groamls  which  can  fairly  bring 
ke  charge  of  atheifm  only  to  a  fingle  iadividual.  We  ftiil 
pvt,  that  a  writer  of  Mrs.  Mere's  talents  and  merit  (hoold 
m  tiK  prefent  cry  a^ainft  the  French  nation,  at  to  give  it  aa 
ioDy  that  atheifm  will  be  the  favoured  and  the  popular  teaet 
:e»  and  to  draw  a  condufion  from  this  fiiMoM  nd  agataft 
doei  of  the  prefs.  Can  it  be  neceflaxy,  after  afl  the  tstpm^ 
naft  ages,  to  repeat,  that  violent  reftridions  on  (he  fre^loM 
dation  are  as  injudicious  with  tefped  to  fodety,  as  they  art 
8  to  the  individual  ? 

toeet  with  feveral  jnft  remarks,  and  much  eieganoe  of  Iaa<*> 
to  this  pamphlet :  but  we  cannot  add  that  it  has  ferved  to  taiSt 
15  of  the  liberality  or  the  candour  of  the  writer. 
?  profits  of  this  publication  are  to  be  given  to  the  Freach  etttt- 

fcrgy.' 

SINGLE     SBRMOV. 

•  SileMt  SkBmiffioH  to  the  IVill  of  God.  Preached  at  Brentford^ 
17,  1793,  on  Account  of  the  Death  of  Mr.  William  Aiton,  his 
\§j*%  Principal  Gardener  at  Kew.  By  W.  Smith.  8vo.  pp  31* 
fold. 

lis  difcourfe,  the  pious  preacher  has  done  ample,  but  not  more 
ift,  juftice  to  the  chara£ler  and  memory  of  Mr.  Aiton ;  whofe 
nfe  was  that  which  he  derived  from  his  great  ikill  in  his  botanic 
feffion.  We,  who  knew  the  man,  have  good  reafon  to  believe 
e  tellimcmy  here  borne  to  his  worth — his  genuine  piety,  4dt 
ary  morality,  and  his  extenfive  benevolence,— is  no  more  than 
doe.  Real  merit  is  fometimes  exaggerated  in  funeral  pane* 
but  this  is  not  the  cafe  in  the  prefent  inilance. 
he  biographical  part  of  this  encomium  may  be  acceptable  to 
f  our  readers,  who  have  witnelTed  the  happy  effefts  of  Mr. 
( care  and  (kill  in  the  management  of  the  royal  bounic  gardea 
,  we  fhall  tranlcribe  the  following  particulars : 
r.  Aiton  was  a  native  of  Hamilton,  in  Scotland.  He  was  bora 
year  1731,  and  came  to  this  country  in  the  fummer  of  1754- 
ionifliment,  I  have  heard  him  relate  his  early  indullry  and  un« 
application  to  bufinefs. 

'  chcfe  means,  and  the  blefling  of  heaven  accoinpanyiiig  them, 
lities  and  ufefulncfs  were  foon  perceived,  acknowledged,  and 
ed.     In  the  year  1759,  he  Avas  pointed  out  to  the  PriihccCs 
;er  of  Wales,  and  his  prefent  Majefty^  as  a  man  the  baft  <\ud^x« 
ad  mofi  proper  to  arnnge  and  form  a  botanical  garden  at  ISxw* 
aar  fuccc£vc  protection  znd  encouragcmoiitf  he  fibadved  and 

UbouKd 


CoRR£spDitDeirc£. 


led  fortKefe  Uft  thiny^four  years;  coHcfting  from  every  cornef 

country >  and  procuring  from  the  remoteil  cUtnes^  ibe  moll  rzte 

kluible  produdions  of  the  vegetable  creaticm.     How  far  he  has 

kicd  in  this  arduous,  thia  ufe^uli  and  laudable  purfuiCj  the  present 

IK  that  place,  the  accurate  and  elegant  dcfcripuon,  iacelj  ptih* 

Dfhby  himfelf,  with  the  unammous  approbation  and  pndle€^ 

:?6cK^nts  m  the  fcience  of  botany,  arCf  and  I  trull  fhall  comtime 

es  to  be,  the  mofl  uadenkble  and  ample  teftimoniet. 

ft.  Alton's  chara^tfr  as  a  man,  confidmng  our  prefent  falloffl 

vas  honourable  for  human  nature*     Without  controverfy,  il    [ 

t>e  faid  of  him,  what  it  were  to  be  wilhed  could  be  faid  of  more,    1 

is  rifrng  in  the  world  went  hand  in  hand  with  the  good  will  and    j 

rtable  fubfiilcnce  of  al!  around  him.     To  the  meanefl  labourer   { 

Ihimj  he  behaved  with  affability  and  gemlenefs, 

K)  him  the  poor  man,  who  could,  and  would  work»  feldom  of 

mtd  for  bread  in  vain,     Mulutudcs  in  the  fame  line  of  buiinefit 

lpatrona^«?  and  recommendation,  are  now  comfortably  fettled  in    [ 

Vrld,  with  their  families— ^In  a  word,  as  he  had  for  a  confiderable 

his  life  been  placed  in  the  hl'^hell  fphere  of  his  profei^ooi  fa 

traded  the  notice  and  acquired  the  approbation  of  many*  from 

^efl  to  tlr?  very  hi^heft  rank :  for  I  am  permitted  to  fay^  That 

often  enjoyed  very  particular  marks  of  the  bounty  and  favour 

moft  nniij^blc  Savtr^ign.     Allow  me  to  add  fartherj   thai  not 

fas  our  friend  L^jiverfally  known  and  efteemed  in  his  own  conn- 

bis  name  and  fame  have  extended  to  diftant  kingdoms,  and 

quarter  of  the  *;lobe.     1  my  felf  have  found  them  paflporti 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     JUNE,    1793. 


AnT.  I.  fraveis  thr$ttgb  S-w^lanJ^  Itmlj^  Sicily t  the  Gnek  IJlands^ 
to  Co^aMiMpli  \  through  Part  of  Greece,  Ragufa,  and  the  Dal- 
fluttitn  Ifles;  in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  Pennoyre  Watkins,  Efquiret 
fton  Thomas  Watkins,  A.M.  In  the  Years  1787,  i788>  1789, 
Sto.     aVols.    pp.451.  365.     I2s.  Boards.     Cadell.     1792. 

TNURIVO  the  ages  of  ignorance,  tnd  while  the  intercourre 
'^  between  difFerent  countries  was  little  cultivated,  fo  man? 
ftsange  things  prefcnted  themfelves  to  the  view  of  the  carlieft 
travellers,  the  reaibn  of  which  they  could  not  comprehend, 
diat  every  objeA  aflumed,  under  their  pens,  a  wonderful 
appeirance.  Thefe  wonders,  however,  gradually  diminifli* 
(d  IS  favage  antipathies  wore  out,  and  as  pien  of  diftant  lands 
grew  nore  familiar  with  each  other ;  and  they  tt  length  funk 
Sown  to  ordinary  occurrences,  by  the  difcovery  that  the  fpecific 
charafiers  of  human  nature  are  the  fame  every  where ;  and  that 
obfenraUe  varieties  are  imprefled  chiefly  by  climate  and  local 
circumftances,  which  influence  education,  religious  notions, 
and  modes  of  government.  We  are  therefore  much  better 
pleaied«->at  leaft  for  the  fake  of  novelty—- in  attending  a  fcnfible 
obferver  from  ftage  to  ftage,  to  pick  up  thefe  varieties,  and  to 
trace  the  fources  of  them,  than  in  fuffering  our  attention  to  be 
wholly  employed,  at  the  moft  celebrated  places,  on  forms  of 
government,  defcriptions  of  courts,  palaces,  galleries  of  pic- 
tures, and  ftatues.  Thefe  fubje£ls  have  been  thoroughly  ex- 
kaofted;  while,  till  of  late  years,  the  people  have  been  in  a  great 
■leafiire  overlooked;  and  every  obje£^,  when  well  defcribed, 
is  anticipated,  and  circumfcribes  the  labours  of  thofe  travellers 
who  undertake  the  detail  of  new  tours. 

Mr.  Watkins  is  an  agreeable  companion ;  and  journeying 
vidi  him  on  paper  is  fo  eafy  a  mode  of  conveyance,  that  we 
regietted  the  parting  with  him  at  the  laft  ftage.  It  is  an  old 
ebfervation,  that  every  book  fliould  be  complete  in  itfelf,  with- 

Vol,.  XI.  K  out 


Watkms'j  Travth  through  SwlJJirland^  Italy ^  l^c* 

[ferring  to  other  works  -,  if  Mr.W,  therefore  gives  z  brief 
of  ihe  govcrnmeni  of  the  countries  through  which  he 
L  persons  of  confined  readling,  and  who  have  not  eafy  acccfl 
per  authoritie?,  will  fee  no  rcafon  to  complain  of  the  in- 
Ition.     A  few  f^iifcimens  will  bring  our  reafjeri  better  ac- 
Ited  with  Mr,  W.  than  any  thing  vvhich  we  can  add. 
le  have  the  following  letter  dated  from  Neufchatel: 
lad  we  found  between  Bafil  and  Bienne  a  coimtiy  abotmding  in 
rich  landfkip  as  we  have  Teen  on  the  greater  pari  of  oar  Swiff 
Ivvc  fhould  have  been  forfeited  with  dt^licacies;  but  fortunately 
let  with  Icencs,  which  from  their  variety  were  caJcolated  to  re- 
land  Jlrengthen,  not  cloy  oar  appeiiieSt  being  fimilar  to  dwfe 
|d  left  behind  us  in  the  defcent  of  Urferenj  iuch  as  moumainit 
precipices,  and  water- falls.     We  lay  the  firft  night  at  Mun- 
lace  100  fmall  for  a  town,  and  too  large  for  a  village,  and  die 
^lorning  arrived  at  Bienne,  ihe  capital  of  its  republic,  and  an 
the  cantons*     \Vc  foiiTid  it  well  built,  and  well  kept*  or,  in 
I  word  Si  as  clean  as  any  town  \vc  had  vifilcd  in  Swtflerland.    It 
Wd  at  the  foot  of  Mount  ^ra,  in  a  line  country,  rich  m  pafbrc, 
and  vines,  but  the  wine  is  not  much  efleemed.     Of  the  go- 
[ent  of  thcic  fnialkr  republics,  1  Ihall  not  enter  into  a  det^t,  n 
already  put  your  patience  to  a  fevere  tml,  in  writing  thofe  of 
,5-     Let  me  otdy  obftrve,  thai  this  of  Bienne  is  arillocraiic, 
iiig  of  a  great  and  leifLT  council;  the  latter  was  for  fome  time 
:iLjrG!ute,  aisd  e%'en  now  indct'd  enjoys  much  the  greater  fharc  of 


Watkins'i  Travels  through  SwiJirlanJ,  Italy ^  dfc.      ii 

enlly  filent^  thoughtfuU  and  melancholy.    He  was  for  fome  tin 
le  inhabitant  of  this  ifland,  which  belongs  to  the  Aatcs  of  Berne;  an 
ley  (to  their  difgrace  be  it  fpoken)  were  prevailed  uixm  by  the  go 
ernxnenc  of  Geneva  to  drive  him  from  an  afylum>  m  which  other* 
ife  he  probably  would  have  continued  to  his  death. 
•  We  crofTed  over  from  this  ifland  to  the  little  town  of  Neuville, 
here  we  lay  that  night,  and  the  next  morning  travelled  through  a 
duntry  of  vineyards  along  the  lake,  which  here  ukes  its  name  ^m 
teufctiatel,  where  we  arrived  in  a  few  hours  after  our  departure  from 
feuville.    This  town  is  mod  pleafantly  fituated  on  the  iide  of  a  fleep 
ill  that  rifes  from  the  water,  and  is  much  the  bed  built  of  any 
lat  we  have  hitherto  feen  in  SwifTerland.  Its  fituation,  together  with 
le  abundance,  the  excellence,  and  the  moderate  price  of  provifions^ 
take  it  a  place  of  great  refort  for  foreigners,  and  confequently  its  im* 
rovement  is  progreflivc.    We  faw  feveral  workmen  buiily  employed 
I  the  conflrudion  of  fome  handfome  dwellmg  houfesy  and  a  puolic 
lU;   which,  though  fmall,  being  proportioned  to  the  fize  of  the 
wily  diiblays  much  taile  in  architecture. 

'  Neotchatel  was  originallv  governed  by  its  own  Counts,  the  de- 
fendants of  Amo,  who  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  cen« 
Irjr*     After  the  extindUon  of  this  family  and  its  fucceflbrs,  the  lad  of 
hich  was  Mary  of  Orleans,  duchefs  of  Nemours,  who  died  in  1707* 
fcral  princes  laid  claim  to  the  fovereignty,  and  agreed  that  their 
ncnfions  (hould  be  decided  by  the  dates  ot  Neufchatel.    Thefe  ac- 
^dingly  aiTembled,  and  having  refolved  on  certain  preliminary  con- 
ons  of  government  for  the  maintenance  of  all  their  former  privi- 
es* rights,  and  immanities,  the  obfervation  of  which  was  fworn  to 
he  different  pretenders  before  the  determination  of  the  dates ;  they 
led  in  favour  of  the  king  of  Pruflia,  as  heir  to  the  Houfe  of 
Ions,  the  family  of  fome  of  their  former  Counts;  and  to  him 
\  allegiance,  after  having  adroinidered  the  proper  aiths.     He  is 
tented  by  a  governor,  who  under  his  diredlion  difpofes  of  the 
nd  military  employments,  the  principal  of  which  are  thofe  of  the 
Minfellors :  of  the  chancellor :  of  the  attorney  and  folicitur  gene- 
^  the  chief  commid*ary:  of  the  cadellans:  of  the  mayors  and 
It  of  the  court  of  judice :  neither  of  which  can,  according  to 
litution,  be  offered  to  any  but  a  burgher  or  fubje£l,  originally 
^atcl.     Indeed  the  only  public  charge^  that  can  be  given  to 
icr,  is  that  of  governor, 
conditution  is  compofcd  of  three  edates,  reprcfented  by 
embers,  four  nobles,  four  high  ofHccrs  called  cadellans,  and 
fellors  of  the  town.     In  them  and  the  governor  (whofe  con- 
effary  to  make  valid  every  law  and  refolution)  the  fupreme 
des.     The  mod  important  conditions  propofed  to  and  ac- 
thc  Houfc  of  Brandenburg  before  its  fucceflion  were,  that 
d  authority  of  the  date  can  exid  no  where  but  in  the  date, 
y  that  the  prince  in  his  abfence  can  only  fpea!:  to  the  people 
•mor  and  date  council :  that  no  fubjedl  can  be  judged 
an  in  the  principality,  and  by  the  conditutional  judges : 
reds  of  the  people  arc  feparatc  from  thofe  of  the  prince's 
unions :  or,  in  other  words,  that  Ncufchaicl  ftiould  i\ot 
K  2  ftW\«T 


Watkins'j  Travih  through  Smfftrland^  ttalf^  Wr* 

lito  any  of  the  king  of  Pruflia's  wars;  and  finally,  ihat  ihe  in* 
Tits  might  engage  in  any  foreign  fervkCi  Thui  ihij  liitle  ilate 
(onficlcrcd  as  independent  of  the  PruHjan  terrhories,  and  the  ally 
j^vvifs  cantons,  is  not  expefcd  to  the  incurfions  of  an  enen;y»  wKea 
Irince  i«  at  war  wiih  any  power  on  the  confmes  of  SwiiTerland, 

the  political  fit  nation  of  this  principality  is  fo  very  fingular, 

Jin    great   meafure  free,    though  fubjeft    to  a  princep    whofc 

|iiy  in  all  his  other  dominions  i^  abfolmev  I  fhall  beg  Irave  to 

little  longer  on  the  fubje^i;  and  here  let  me  obterve,  that 

lef  exped  nor  merit  yotir  praife  for  what  1  have  written  to  yoii 

]  government  of  the  cantons  and  their  allies,  as  1,  iik£  all  m&dcrm 

wt'i-ii  have  done  little  more  than  translate  from  tue  hi  (lories  of 

iuniry.     Do  not  fuppofe  that  in  a  f^w  weeks  any  perfony  how- 

lndullriou5j  has  lime,  or  even  inclination,  in  fuch  a  charming^ 

If  the  world  as  this  is,  to  afk  many  qucftions  on  government, 

1  u  would  in  every  relpe^  be  ill  judged,     Jn  the  firtl  place,  if 

much  unneccfiary  trouble  by  the  inquiry;  and  again,  in  pro- 

I  not  receiving  fuflicient  information.     What  foreigner  would 

jf  confulting  an  Englifti  gentleman  on  the  Hirtory  and  ConHi- 

3^  Great  Britain,  when  there  are  fo  many  excellent  books  en 

[>jefl }     J3tit  to  proceed : — The  inhabitants  of  Neufchaiel  cannot 

ed  for  any  crime  without  having  previous  intimation  of  theif 

all  puniihmcnt5  and  fines  are  determined  by  law:  and  in  ail 

lal  maUcrs  the  prince  hai  ihe  power  of  pardoning  the  culprit* 

lilnr  are  thoL*  to  fomc  tjf  the  moll  tiTtrtial  privileges  of  our 


WstbmV  Trmelt  thnugh  SwiJeHanJ,  Italy ^  tic.      115 

it.    Thdr  import!  are  condderable,  though  a  frugal  people,  they 
being  in  want  of  com*  iron>  and  fak ;  the  latter  article  they  draw  from 
France,  and  according  to  the  treaties  of  alliance  fubiifting  between 
the  two  OMintrieSy  they  receive  aimaally  a  certain  quantity  at  a  much 
more  reafanable  price  th^i;^  it  is  ever  fold  by  the  French  government 
ao  their  own  fobjeds.    Neverthelefs,  even  in  SwiiTerland  it  is  a  dear 
JUttcle,  beinjg;  retailed  by  the  officers  of  (late,  who  monopolize,  and 
draw  a  principal  part  of  the  public  revenues  from  its  fale.     The  total 
receipt  of  Berne  amounts  to  about  75,000/.  andof  Zurich  to  a  little  more 
Chan  one  half.  Exdufive  of  this  tax  on  fait,  the  revenue  is  made  op  by 
cuftomt  and  duties  on  merchandize,  the  profits  of  demefne  laTfds,  and 
the  tithes  of  the  general  produce  of  the  country  (the  clergy  being  paid 
by  government)  to  which  might  be  added  the  money  that  the  different 
cantons  receive  from  foreign  powers  for  the  hire  of  their  troops. 
T^is  is  a  cuilom  that  has  given  rife  to  a  difference  of  opinion  among 
the  Swifs,  selativc  to  its  advantage  or  ill  confequence.     They,  who 
oppofe  it,  maintain  that  the  officers  and  fbldiers  of  thefe  regiments, 
ncquire  the  vices  of  the  different 'countries  in  which  they  ferve, 
and  on  their   return  to   SwiiTerland,  by  fjpreadlng  them,   corrupt 
the  purer  morals  of  its  inhabitants.    In  anfwer  to  diis  it  is  aiTerted* 
that  as  the  revenues  of  the  cantons  are  inadequate  to  the  expentes  of 
government  and  the  fupport  of  a  fuffictent  army  for  the  national  de- 
fence, it  is  necefTary  to  purfue  this  fyftem  laid  down  by  their  ancef- 
tors,  as  it  gives  them  all  the  advantages  of  a  regular  army,  without 
the  cxpence  of  its  maintenance,  it  being  (Hpulated  in  their  treaties 
that  in  cafe  of  attack  from  a  foreign  enemy,  thefe  troops,  which  amount 
to  50,000,  fhould  be  at  liberty  to  return  home  and  a£l  in,  concert 
with  their  countrymen.     Both  of  thefe  arguments  are  plaufible;  but 
the  quefHon  is,  if  they  be  admitted  as  fadl,  whether  the  morality  of  a 
nation  fhould  be  facrinced  to  its  policy;  but  it  may  be  afTcrtcd  again, 
that  tme  policy  is  infeparable  from  good  morals,  and  ftill  further,  the 
Swifs  cannot  be  apprehenfive  of  the  encroachments  of  any  foreign 
flate,  as  long  as  they  perceive  that  the  general  aim  of  Europe  is  to 
preferve  an  equilibrium  of  power :  this  balance  is  their  beft  and  in- 
deed their  only  fafeguard ;  for  though  no  foldier,  I  think  I  might 
aflert  that  SwifTerland  with  all  its  force,  could  never  maintain  a  de^ 
fenfire  war  againfl  either  France  or  the  Emperor.     The  Swifs  and 
their  allies  are  fuppofed  to  amount  to  more  than  two  millions  of  fouls. 
Tlwir  manner  of  hving  is  much  more  fimple  than  that  of  their  neigh- 
bours, as  they  are  more  reftridted  by  their  refpedHve  governments  ; 
fmnptoary  laws  being  in  full  force  among  them,  and  no  amufement* 
fiich  as  games  of  hazard,  plays,  operas,  or  even  dancing,  except  at 
appcnntra  times,  being  permitted.     As  every  citizen  is  a  foldier  (the 
clergy  excepted)  they  on  Sundays  after  divine  fervice  go  through  the 
miliary  exercife ;  they  are  careful  of  the  education  of  their  youth,  at 
is  evident  from  their  public  feminaries  or  univerfities;  the  principal 
of  which  are  at  Bafil  and  Berne.— In  giving  you  a  fketch  of^  the  na- 
liooal  charader,  1  (hall  confine  myfelf  to  the  popmlar  governments,  at 
I  think  the  people  there  retain  the  temper  and  manner  of  the  ancient 
Swifs  more  than  the  other  cantons.     Of  them  I  think  very  favourably, 
provided  I  except  thofc  of  the  lower  dafs,  who  have  feen  other 

K  5  countricst 


Watkins'i  Trm)ih  through  Swif^rlandj  Itafy^  £/r.             ■ 

Is,  or  have  any  communication  with  travdicrsj  as  foch  aft 
r  in  this,  but  I  believe  in  every  country  of  the  world,  i^eceil* 
mercenary;  with  regard  to  the  general  itihabiunts  of  thefe 
they  feem   to  be  frugal  without  meannefs;    brave   without 
and  hofpitable  without  oftentation :    lo  ib  angers  they  are  M 
us  and  polite,  without  being  either  defigning  or  troublcfome.  % 
alue  but  little  thofe  diilinAion&  of  rank,  birth,  and  fortune, 
b  other  countries  of  Europe,  and  indeed  in  the  other  cantons  of 
ind;  are  fo  obfequioDily  cultivated,  as  they  meafure  the  dig-  ■ 
the  situation  by  the  merit  of  the  individuah     Every  man  here  " 
he  advantages  of  his  own  free  government;  and  as  he  alfo  knowj 
to  be  a  component  part  of  it,  is  from  intereil  as  well  as  prin- 
real  patriot.     Such  is  their  attachment  to  their  country,  that, 
Iwifs  regiments  in  foreign  fervice,  many  of  the  foldiers  after  a 
fence  pine  and  ficken  for  their  return*     Should  ihat  liberty  be 
ihem  (which  never  is  from  experience  of  the  ill  cotifeguence)    m 
itli  is  inevitable ;  as  neither  promotion  nor  emolument  can  dif-  ■ 
|TC  melancholy  that  preys  upon  them.     Home  iii  the  only  cure 
tingylar  malady,  which  is  called  the  Siai/f  fickne/j  «,  and  that 
k     In  domeftie  life  their  private  virtues  flow  from  tlieir  public 
ir ;  to  their  parents  they  are  gratefui  and  obedient ;  to  their 
:i}lc£tionate  and  attentive ;  inhcxiblc  in  friendlhip :  miM  vk 
,:.,  and  benevolent  as  men*' 

t  bic  occurrences  have  dircded  the  public  attention  to 
ail  J   Piedmont  j — our  readers  will  iind  thofe  countries 
characterized  in  the  following  pailage : 

WalkinsV  Travils  through  SwiJJirlandj  Italj^  bfc.      127 

ind  to  prevent  the  earth  from  giving  way,  break  the  dedivitv  of  the 
moootains  by  building  walls  on  the  iide  for  its  fupport»  which  frc^ 
quendy  aflame  the  appearance  of  ancient  fortification,  and  are  a  very 
pieafifijg^  deception  to  travellers.  The  Savoyards  carry  their  better 
fort  ofcheefe  into  Piedmont,  as  the  flavour  is  much  efteemed  there ; 
but  they  gain  more  by  their  ikins  of  bears,  chamois,  and  bouquetins 
(a  fpeciet  of  the  wild  goat)  or  by  the  fale  of  growfe  and  pheafanu, 
li^ich  they  carry  in  great  numbers  to  Turin. 

'  PiedmoDt  is  part  of  the  plains  of  Lombardy,  which  extending 
from  the  north-wefl  boundaries  of  Italy  to  the  Lagune  of  Venice, 
conftitute  one  of  the  moft  fertile  and  valuable  parts  of  Europe.  It 
aboonds  in  fruits  and  grain  of  almofl  every  kind  in  our  quarter  of  the 
world,  and  its  paftures  are  as  rich  as  thofe  of  Holland.  Novara  is 
celebrated  for  its  fine  rice,  miUefiori  for  his  majefty's  tobacco  planta* 
dons,  whilft  the  vineyards,  in  every  part  of  Piedmont,  produce  a 
iWeet  red  wine  of  an  excellent  quality.  But  what  the  owners  of  land 
moft  encourage  is  the  feeding  of  cattle,  and  culture  of  the  mulberry 
tree  for  Q\k  worms ;  of  the  former  they  (end  annually  to  foreign 
markets  from  ninety  to  a  hundred  thoufand  head,  befides  great  num« 
bers  of  hogs  and  mules.  The  lafl  of  thefe  animals  are  very  fine  19 
this  country,  as  I  have  before  obferved;  but  the  inhabitants  have 
other  beafts,  olf  rather  mongers,  which  diey  find  very  ferviceable, 
though  vicious  and  obfHnate.  Thefe  are  produced  by  a  cow  and  ah 
afs,  or  mare  and  bull,  and  called  Jumarres  or  Gimerri  * ;  I  cannolt 
fay  that  I  have  ever  fecn  any  of  them,  but  I  am  told  they  are  very 
common.  The  filk  worm  thrives  fo  well,  that  jnany  peafants  make 
above  f  loolbs.  of  filk  annually;  and  it  is  nor  only  abundant,  but 
nniverfally  known  to  be  ftronger  and  finer  than  any  in  Italy.  The 
land-owners  divide  the  profit  with  their  tenants.  The  duchy  of  Savoy 
and  principality  of  Piedmont  are,  I  find,  more  populous  than  I 
thought  they  were;  by  the  lad  returns,  the  number  is  found  to 
amount  to  2,695,727  fouls,  of  which  Turin  contains  about  77,000.' 

As  Mr.  W.  advances  into  Italy  and  Greece,  the  fight  of 
every  vcflige  of  whatever  was  famed  in  ancient  flory  gives  his 
imagination  a  clafScal  range,  and  brings  the  chief  heroes  of 
other  times  into  prefent  view.  His  defcriptions  are  animated, 
and  his  illuflrations  are  in  point : — but,  eager  as  he  alvirays  was 
after  obje£ls  of  curiofity,  how  were  we  furprized  at  his  in- 
attention in  the  following  inflance!  During  his  excurfion  to 
Calabria  and  Sicily,  and  while  on  the  former  coafl,  he  informs 
hit  readers,  that 

*  Tliefe  equivocal  animals  (if  we  may  fo  term  them)  are  fo 
generally  mentioned  by  travellers  in  thi«  part  of  Europe,  that  we  have 
DO  doubt  of  their  exillence ;  nor  of  their  being  found  hardy  and  fer- 
viceable, as  labourers,     Re*v. 

'  t  Each  pound  is  valued  in  Piedmont  at  18  (hillings.  The  little 
village  of  La  Tour,  in  the  valley  of  Lucerne,  makes  above  50,0001b. 
annually,  and  the  exports  every  year  to  the  fingle  city  of  Lyons  amount 
to  more  than  i6o,cool.' 

K  4  'On 


th«  Hi  mini  c  of  one  of  the  ticighbouring  hilb  that  cmnintiicls 

l^nfivc  fweep  of  profpcS  over  the  Mediterranean,  the  Adriatic i 

iw&  Calabriasp  tUtidi  an  hcrmiuge,  whofe  lonely  leiiaui  {u 

Dnks  report)  is  an  EngUlhman.  He  hai  refukd  tJicrc  nine 
J  and  fubliHed  on  the  aims  of  the  country  peoptc,  who  arc  «x- 
ly  partial  to  him  from  the  iiappy  fuppoiiuoii  that  he  h  a  f^int. 
IVieanzOj  the  guardimn  of  our  Utile  cmiveiitr  id!^  mc  that  he 
len  met  him^  and  that  OQce  in  a  deep  wood  below  the  hermitage 
Ind  him  weeping  over  a  mimatyrcj  which,  on  b^ing  fyrpHzt^d, 
L  hailLiy  into  his  bofona,  ind  retired.  He  fappok^  him  to  be 
[forty  yean  of  age,  and  fa^ s  hU  app^ars^nce  is  very  noble  and 
king,  VVe  have  becoi  a^  you  may  imagioei  very  detiroui  of 
Iwith  tikis  melancholy  man,  out  our  comtoual  e^xpedition  of  a 
lable  wind  baa  prevented  it/ 

\hijfg  ought  to  have  prevented  it.  How  could  he  and  his 
\nioiis  refrain  from  fearching  out  an  unhappy  countrymaii 
lingobr  and  remote  u  fcdufionf  when,  poifibfy,  the  light 
tm  might  have  foothed  a  wounded  heart,  and  eventually 
loccafLoned    more  plea  fin  g   reco11e£iions   to   tbemrclves, 

ny  other  occurrence  in  the  whole  tourl 

light  well  be  imagined  that  Herculaneum  and  Fompeii 

not  efcapc  our  author's  notice}  in  defcribing  the  king's 

at  Porticij  he  fays, 
Ihe  moft  intercfting  and  moll  valuable  room^  however,  is  tht 
fiorn  the  numf.Tuu&  manulcnpt  rolls  which  it  contains*    What 


Watkins'i  Travels  through  Swtffirland^  Italy^  tie.      119 

We  wifli  that  his  Sicilian  Majefty  could  be  Induced  (and  it 
may  be  worth  a  trial,}  to  confign  his  literary  charcoal  to  hi$ 
Britifli  Majefty,  that  Friar  Raggio,  if  living,  might  refume  his 
intercfting  labours. 

Mr.  W.  is  a  thorough  antiquary ;  of  which  the  following 
paflage,  in  his  account  of  the  antiquities  of  old  and  the  curiofities 
of  modern  Rome,  will  be  fufficient  evidence.  Of  the  relics  of 
antiquity  he  obfervcs,  with  true  clafTical  feeling, 

•  What  fubjefb  are  thcfe  for  rcfledion !  how  fully  do  they  engage 
the  attention,  and  warm  the  imagination  of  the  behdder !  To  me 
their  charms  are  To  irrei]ilible»  that  I  vific  them  daily,  and  ifhen 
there*  can  hardly  perfuadc  myfelf  to  leaj^e  them.  How  frequently 
have  1  difcovered  the  richell  ornaments  of  architedlare  in  the  ragged 
wails  of  a  vineyard !  and  broken  columns,  which  once  perhaps  fqp- 
ported  the  theatre  of  Scaaras,  afed  as  props  to  the  humnte  roof  of  a 
cotuge !  L  faw  them,  and  lamented  their  change.  £ut  the  modern 
palaces  abfolutely  excite  my  indignation,  as  I  know  their  materials  to 
be  the  ipmls  of  the  nobled  ruins  in  Rome.  You  read  that  this  city  has 
been  often  (acked  and  pillaged  by  the  Gotlis,  &c.  but,  believe  me» 
choTe  Goths  who  have  done  it  the  grcateli  injury,  were  its  popes  and 
cardinals.  Few  of  the  many  pontiffs,  who  have  refided  here,  are 
innocent  of  this  charge.  Alexander  the  Vlth,  a  fuperftitious  Spaniard, 
carried  this  outrage  ib  far,  as  to  deftroy  the  pyramid  of  Sapio,  for 
its  ftones  to  pave  the  flreets.  Would  that  bis  lite  for  this  offence  had 
depended  on  a  jury  of  antiquarians ! ' 

Really  our  indignation  is  not  raifed  high  enough  to  join  in 
fb  rafli  a  wifh.  What!  fubjedl  him  to  an  unjufi  tribunal  of 
enraged  accufers,  for  furrendering  up  an  ufelefs  objc£l  of  profane 
veneration,  to  fubferve  purpofes  of  public  utility  ?  Had  Scipio^ 
indeed,  been  one  of  the  primitive  Chriftian  faints,  this  fuperili* 
tion  might  have  changed  fides:— but  ferioufly,  if  the  citjr 
wanted  pavement,  and  a  pile  of  proper  ftone,  of  magnitude 
fufficient  to  become  an  objed  of  attention,  ftood  in  the  neigh* 
bourbood,  what  (hould  with- hold  the  citizens  from  confidering 
it  as  a  magazine  of  materials  by  good  luck  ready  at  their  doorsT 
The  antiquary  might  take  all  its  dimenfions,  make  his  drawings^ 
record  his  defcriptions,  and  then  the  ftone,  as  public  property^ 
is  due  to  any  ufcful  public  purpofe  that  called  for  it.  The 
builders  of  Old  Sarum,  or  of  fome  of  the  neighbouring  caftlca 
or  churches,  beft  knew  what  became  of  the  mifling  parts  of  the 
prefent  imperfeA  Stonehenge ;  and  fiiould  the  remainder  be 
wanted,  the  pleas  of  antiquaries  would  be  infufficient  Objec* 
tions  to  fo  convenient  a  provifion. 

Mr.  W.  prefents  us  with  the  following  general  view  of 
Sicily : 

*  I  (hall  dofc  this  tour  of  Sicily  with  fome  general  remarks  upoe 
the  country,  which  1  have  rcfervcd  for  this  letter.     Its  form  is  trian- 

gulart 


\hz  three  anglci  bdfig  the  promontories  of  Pdorom,  PK'^if- 
id  Lilybz^ymf  oris  ibcy  are  now  called «  che  Faro«  (-^spo  Pif- 
i)d  O3po  B^O*  lu  circuit  n  between  five  and  fi^  hundred 
When  it  tt  as  concurred  by  ike  SiraCfDS,  ihcy  divided  it  m 
\irts  or  valleys ;  nicnclf ,  the  Val  di  Demona,  Val  di  Nolo,  and 
VlaEzira.  From  ihe  earUefl  perii^di  of  antiquity,  ihai  it,  ai 
Iv  a&  we  have  any  written  mensorial  of  things,  it  was  remark « 
1  its  htuiliyt  aitd  thence  called  by  Homer  the  I(bnd  Tt^a-^^^M 

time  of  its  grcateft  prof  peri  ty  was  from  the  fiege  of  Syramfe 
lAthenians  to  the  Carthaginian  conqiieHs*  Then,  and  bag 
:  fupplied  wi^h  grain  m  years  of  fcardty  all  the  count riet  upon 
Iditcrrancan,  except  Egypt  and  the  coalU  of  Afia,  atid  Rome 
Tthage  cQntinually.  Even  now»  under  all  the  impediments  of 
lion  and  bad  government^  ic^  produdton^  are,  in  quantity  and 

the  belt  in  Europe.  Of  the  vegetable  are  grain,  winr^,  gil, 
lobacco,  mulberry  trees  for  the  jjtkwartn,  cotton,  medicinal 
pi  fugaj  canes.     The  hd  of  thcfe  Hourilli  near  Avoja  and 

They  are  of  an  inferior  quality  to  thofe  of  the  Weil  Indies^ 

fugar  IS  Tweeter  than  any  other*  The  an i mat  produ£lion  it 
lo  that  of  Italy,  but  the  horned  cattle  are  a  fmaller  breed*  The 
]}oand  with  filh,  particularly  with  tunttey  and  anchovies ;  the 
^f  which  forms  a  very  lucrative  branch  of  commerce*  There  are 

filler,  copper,  and  lead,  but  none  are  worked.  Near  Paloia 
Is  of  the  beft  fulphur:  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Giaretta  U 
I  yellow  amber,  preferable  to  that  of  the  Baltic  ;  and  in  every 
\hc  iJLtnd  quarries  of  marbles,  that  hive  furiiiflied   materiah 


Watkins'i  Travels  through  Swijferland^  Italy ^  bfc.      131 

kole  ammalsy  or  I  Ihoald  rather  fay  the  abufe  of  it,  U  produ6live  of 
^e  greateft  nuifance  in  Conftantinople  which  fwarms  with  dogs* 
Thde  aoioMtls  are  not  the  pro[>erty  of  individuals  but  nourifhed  by  all, 
aod  their  litters  are  never  deffaoyed.  1  remember  to  have  feen  a  mati 
at  fiafil  in  Swiiferland  whofe  only  occupation  was  to  feed  the  cats  t)f 
the  town,  a  considerable  income  being  left  by  a  charitable  old  lady  for 
that  parpofe.  Laft  week  as  I  ftood  on  a  wharf  of  Tophannah,  a  Turk 
came  op  to  an  Italian  failor  who  had  a  Canary  bird  in  a  cage  for  fale, 
and  having  confidered  it  attentively,  enquired  the  price.  The  Italian 
law  that  he  intended  an  ad  of  charity  and  in  confequence,  all  Italiana, 
made  a  moH  exorbitant  demand.  The  MufTuIman  was  indignant  and 
left  it,  but  he  had  not  proceeded  far  ere  he  flopped  and  refleded; 
tnmcd  fuddenly  aboat,  gave  the  failor  the  money  and  the  bird  its 
liberty. 

'  1  was  not  altogether  convinced  of  the  utter  barbarifm  of  this  peo- 
ple ontil  1  found  they  had  no  mufic  among  them.  That  fweet  fcience, 
which  bears  fuch  irrefiftible  dominion  over  the  paffions  of  moft  men, 
is  to  them  unknown.  They  abhor  Italian  harmony,  and  have  no 
other  inftruments  than  a  pipe  and  great  drum,  the  founds  of  which  are 
moft  difcordant  and  noify.  Painting  and  ilatuary  are  forbidden  by 
their  law,  and  you  will  fuppofe  how  little  poetry,  or  indeed  any  other 
literary  compotition  is  cultivated  among  a  nation  in  which  learning  is 
thoi^ht  of  io  little  confequence  that  the  Capoudan-Pa(ha  can  neither 
read  nor  write.  When  1  firft  beheld  the  Turks  fitting  at  their  doors 
inattentive  to  every  thing  but  their  coffee  and  pipe,  I  confidered  them 
an  indolent  people ;  but  Toon  found  that  in  employment  no  men  could 
be  more  idive.  They  arc  a  nation  of  good  horfemen,  but  not  fo  good 
as  the  Arabians,  who  teach  them  the  art  of  riding.  In  their  mock 
combats  between  two  on  horfcback  called  Jfr/il,  the  grcatcft  addrefs 
is  difplayed  in  wheeling  on  full  gallop,  retreating,  purfuing,  and  dart- 
ing tl^ir  (licks  at  each  other.  1  really  think  that  in  a  ikirmifli  of 
cavalry  they  would  vanquiih  any  troops  in  the  world.  Their  reli- 
gion, which  commands  them  to  abllain  from  wine,  and  to  wa(h  them« 
Iclvcs  before  prayers,  has  made  them  temperate  and  clean.  The  pre- 
defliiiarian  faith  it  inculcates  infpircs  them  with  contempt  of  danger, 
infomuch  that  the  true  MufTuIman  is  at  all  times  ready  to  ruHx  into 
battle,  or  to  carry  in  his  arms  one  infedled  with  the  plague,  believing 
that  an  hour  is  appointed,  before  which  his  exigence  cannot  terminate. 
Every  Turk  has  an  idea  that  fate  may  make  him  Vizier,  and  indeed 
when  you  recoiled  that  there  are  no  hereditary  honours  but  in  the 
Snlun  line,  and  that  miniflers  are  often  taken  from  the  lowed  clafTes, 
die  probability  of  the  event  makes  the  fuppofition  not  unrcafonablc. 
They  have  little  or  no  fociety  but  their  women.  Every  man  may  have 
as  many  wives  and  miflrefles  as  he  can  maintain.  I  was  much  far- 
prifed  at  the  appearance  of  their  females  who  fcem  fluffed  in  bags  of 
green  cloth.  To  conceal  their  faces  they  wear  two  wlriie  handker- 
chiefs, one  tied  round  their  heads  from  the  chin  to  the  eyes,  and  ano- 
dier  to  cover  their  foreheads  Sec.  When  they  pafs  a  Frank  they  often 
[nnch  and  call  him  ya-n/r.  Of  this  I  was  prcvioufly  advertifcd,  and 
cautioned  not  to  look  at  them.  The  other  day  however,  having  fo!- 
bved  a  poor  creature  in  the  plague  to  the  doors  of  the  hofpital,  i 

walked 


^^^ittkii*sV  Travth  th'augh  SwiJJirlandyhaly^  ^c* 

into  one  of  the  burying  grounds  (of  which  there  are  fo  luanjt 
Ic  environs  of  the  city  are  covered  with  tomb  dones],  Ai  I 
bcre  enjoying  tht  incomparable  profped,  two  Torkifli  womci 
kp  10  look  zi  nic^  and  having  gazed  fomc  timet  look  off  and  ex* 

my  hat.  One  of  them  was  yomig^  and  by  fccr  eyes  feensfd 
rul.  They  laiked  to  me,  b tit  I  made  figni  that  their  language 
lintclligiblej  and  fearful  of  my  fituation  from  thejealotify  of  ^c 

bowed  and  hallily  retired.  You  will  readity  believe  that  the 
lof  a  nation,  fo  unenlightened,  fo  bigoiied,  ai>d  fo  prcjtidkcd  >i 

rksj  are  loaded  w\i\v  ihofc  bad  qualities  which  debafe  human 

particularly    ^ridc,.  contempt  of  foreigners,  oppreiUonj  and 

;  the  Ull  ot*thi;fc  furprlftrd  me  more  than  any  other,  becaiife  I 
Ithe  people  opulent,  and  poiTefTed  of  Greek  iUves  lo  do  alt  their 

work  J  but  ft)  it  is,  that  every  one  of  them  from  the  hlghell  to 
vc{l  may  be  corrupted  by  money.  1  lament  thefe  cviii  the 
J  bccaufe  they  are  the  effedls  of  religion  ami  ignorance.  Were 
ILle  to  annihilate  their  tauhj  and  introduce  a  fpirit  of  enouiry 
love  of  learning  among  them,  they  would  beeome  as  great 
l>werful  in  thefe  enlightened  time&j  at  they  were  in  the  £ftecnth 
ly.  They  svould  new  model  their  government,  mijc  in  the  po* 
kf  Europe,  fend  ambaiJadors  to  foreign  courts,  and  give  dilciplW 
tr  ^eet^  and  armiesi,  indead  of  being  as  they  are  the  {laves  of  i 

and  his  minillcrs^  ignorant  of  all  tranradlions  but  their  own^ 
td  and  btt rayed  by  flran^ers,  and  vancjuilhed  by  their  cnemief, 
Jim  they  in  vain  oppofe  numbers  without  order»  and  valour  \]^ith- 
luilciicc/ 

this  chara(fler  of  the  Ottomans,  may  properly  be  added 


Hodges'i  Travels  in  India*  133 

with  them  on  the  fame  points,  but  may  be  affifled  with  new 
concepticms*  We  have  to  add  that  the  printer  has  not  done  his 
■uthor  proper  juftice,  as  the  work  is  typographically  incorreS  z' 
for  which  Mr.  W.  apologizes  by  declaring  that  his  neceilary 
rtfidencey  at  a  confiderable  diftance  from  London,  obliged  him 
ID  tnaft  ]to  the  correAion  of  an  ignorant  amanuenfis  :-»buC 
ought  fuch  a  perfon  to  have  been  thus  entrufted  i  Thefe  apo- 
logies are  too  frequently  made,  but  (hould  very  rarely,  if  ever, 
he  allowed. 


Aar.  If.  Trawls  in  India^  during  the  Years  1780,  1781,  1782, 
1783«  By  William  Hodges,  R.  A.  410.  pp.156.  14  Plates. 
iL  IS.     Boards.     J.  Edwards.     1793. 

WHEN  a  traveller  is  not  only  a  man  of  reflefiion  and  genius^ 
but  can  alfo  ufe  bis  pencil  with  fuccefs,  we  reap  the  full 
benefit  of  his  obfervations  ;  his  defcriptions  and  his  reprefenca- 
tioos  reciprocally  heighten  their  cffeds;  and  he  not  only  com- 
municates his  ideas  of  places  and  manners,  but  he  faithfully  ex- 
hibits their  appearances  to  the  eye.  Such  is  the  ingenious  artift 
whole  travels  are  now  before  us,  and  whofe  profeflional  abilities 
have  been  frequently  admired  by  the  difcerning  public*.  He 
now  appears  with  great  advantage  as  a  writer  ;  efpecially  as  he 
offers  this  work  to  the  public  with  that  modefty,  which,  though 
it  may  not  always  accompany  aclcnowleged  merit,  ever  becomes 
an  individual  in  a  public  addrefs,  and  difpofes  a  reader  to  give  it 
a  cordial  reception,  and  a  ready  allowance. 

Thefe  travels  have  a  clofe  connexion  with  Mr.  Hodges's 
former  elegant  work,  intitled,  Sele£l  Views  in  India^  mentioned 
in  the  note  below ;  they  being  members  of  one  body.  Mr.  H. 
renurlcs  in  his  preface — 

«  It  is  only  matter  of  furprife,  that,  of  a  country  fo  nearly  allied  to 
■s,  fo  little  ihould  be  known.  The  public  is,  indeed,  greatly  indebt- 
ed to  the  learned  labours  of  gentlemen,  who  have  refided  there,  for  the 
information  which  they  have  afforded  concerning  the  laws  and  the 
religion  of  the  Hindoo  tribes ;  as  well  as  for  corred  and  welldigeHed 
details  of  the  tranfadtions  of  the  Mogul  government.  Bat  of  the  face 
of  the  country,  of  its  arts,  and  natural  productions,  little  has  yet  been 
faid.  Gentlemen  who  have  refided  long  in  India  lofc  the  idea  of  the 
firft  impreffioB  which  that  very  curious  country  makes  upon  an  entire 

*  Mr.  Hodges  was  firfl  publicly  dilUngaiihed  as  an  artifl,  by  the 
many  excellent  drawings  which  he  made  in  his  voyage  round  the 
world,  with  Captain  Cook,  in  the  yeari.  1772  —  1775  ;  fee  Monthly 
Review,  vol.  $7 ;  and,  (ince,  by  his  VUims  taken  in  India,  which  he 
poblilhed  in  two  volumes  imperial  folio :  of  which  we  gave  fome  ae^ 
count  in  the  eightieth  volume  of  our  Review,  p.  t-ji. 

Ib^nger : 


HoJgc&V  ^raveb  in  In£^* 

?r  :  the  novelty  is  toon  effaced,  and  the  mind,  by  a  common  ixA 

operation,  foon  direfts  its  views  lo  more  abfl/adl  fpccdatton: 
ing  Qliumes  the  place  of  obfervanDni  and  the  traveller  b  lojl  in 
liilofophfr.' 

■eping  this  idea  in  view,  Mr.  H-  givt*  a  lively  reprefcnta* 
l>r  I  he  novelties  which  mull  flrikc  an  Englilh  fnind  on  the 
ler\  fird  arrival  on  the  coaft  of  India  : 
\mit  time  before  the  (bip  lurivea  at  her  anchoring  giiotind«  Ibe  ii 
1  by  the  boats  of  the  country  filled  with  people  of  bufinefs,  who 
In  crowds  on  board.  This  is  the  moment  in  which  an  European 
[he  gn-at  diiiii:n5!ion  bet^veen  Afia  and  his  own  country.  The 
Jg  of  Ei^c  linen,  and  the  general  hum  of  unufual  converfatioo# 
|t  to  hi^  auiid  for  a  moment  the  idea  of  an  afTembly  of  female?. 

hs  :ikcnd^  upon  the  dk^ck,  he  is  flruclc  witli  ihe  long  mu^ia 
and  black  faces  f  adorned  with  very  large  gold  ear*rtiigi 
Jute  turbans.     The  krti  falutation  he  receives  from  thcfe  itrin- 

by  bending  their  bodies  very  low*  touching  the  deck  with  the 
Jif  the  hand  and  the  forehead,  three  times^ 
[he  natives  firft  feen  in  India  by  an  European  voyager,  are  Hfn- 

the  original  inhabitants  of  the  peninfub.     In  thi*  part  of  India 
ddic^t cly  fr limed,  their  hands  §  in  particular  are  more  like 
tpf  tender  ft-'males ;  and  do  not  appear  to  be,  what  is  confidcred  a 

proportion  to  the  relt  of  the  perfon,  which  is  ufually  above 
liddlc  fizc.     Corrcfpondent  to  this  delicacy  of  appearance  arc 
ners.  mild,  Lrnnquil,  and  icduloully  attentive  :  in  this  Lifl  re- 
rem.irktiblf,  n?  thrv  never  interrupt   ary  per  fort 


Hodgcs'i  Travels  in  InJta.  135 

«  The  appearance  of  the  country  on  the  entrance  of  the  Ganges, 
or  Houghly  river,  (this  being  only  a  branch  of  the  great  Ganges,)  is 
rather  anpromifing ;  a  few  bufhcs  at  the  water's  edge,  forming  a  dark 
line,  juft  marking  the  diftindtion  between  fky  and  water,  arc  the  only 
objects  to  be  (een.  As  the  (hip  approaches  Calcutta,  the  rlvtr  nar- 
row»;  that  which  is  called  the  Garden  Reach,  preients  a  view  of 
haodfome  buildings  on  a  flat  furrounded  by  gardens  :  thefe  are  Villas 
belonging  to  the  opulent  inhabitants  of  Calcutta.  The  vcfTcl  has  na 
iboner  gained  one  other  reach  of  the  river,  than  the  whole  city  of 
Calcutta  burds  upon  the  eye.  This  capital  of  the  Britifh  dominions 
in  the  Eail  is  marked  by  a  confiderable  fortrefs  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
the  river,  which  is  allowed  to  be,  in  (Irength  and  corrednefs  of  de(igi», 
(bperior  to  any  in  India.  On  the  fore  ground  of  the  [xdure  is  the 
water  ga:e  ef  the  fort,  which  reflets  great  honour  on  the  talents  of 
the  engineer  the  ingenious  Colonel  Poller.  The  glacis  and  efplanade 
are  feen  in  perfpedive,  bounded  by  a  range  of  beautiful  and  regular 
buildings;  and  a  confiderable  reach  of  the  river,  with  vefTels  of  vari- 
ons  daflfes  and  Hzes,  from  the  largefl  Indiaman  to  the  fmallell  boat  of 
the  country,  clofes  the  fcene.  A  plate  rcprefenting  this  view,  from  a 
pidlure  taken  on  the  fpot,  and  admirably  engraved  by  Mr.  Byrne,  an 
ardil  whofe  repuution  is  not  be  raiied  by  any  eulogium  in  this  place, 
is  annexed.' 

We  will  now  juft  look  into  the  city ;  where,  Mr.  H.  remark?^ 
«  The  mixture  of  European  and  Afiatic  manners,  which  may  be  ob- 
(erved  in  Calcutta,  is  curious  :  coaches,  phaetons,  Angle  horfe  cbaiies, 
with  the  palankeens  and  hackeries  of  the  natives,  the  pa/fing  ceremo- 
nies of  the  Hindoos,  the  different  appearances  of  the  fakirs,  form  a 
fight  perhaps  more  novel  and  extraordinary  than  any  city  in  the  world 
can  prefent  to  a  rtranger.  Some  views  in  the  city  of  Calcutta,  publi/h* 
ed  by  Mr.  Daniel,  are  highly  to  be  commended  for  their  accuracy.* 

As  we  cannot  propofe  to  wander  far  into  this  remote  country, 
we  (ball  juft  cite  Air.  H.'s  general  view  of  the  prefent  ftate  of 
Bengal : 

*  From  the  apparent  (late  of  a  country,  a  juft  eftimate  may  getierally 
be  formed  of  the  happinefs  or  mifery  of  a  pe'ople.  Where  there  is 
neatnefs  in  the  cultivation  of  the  land,  and  that  land  tilled  to  the  ut^ 
mod  of  its  boundaries,  it  may  reafonably  be  fuppofed  tliat  the  govem- 
ment  is  the  protedlor  and  not  the  oppreflbr  of  the  people.  Through- 
out the  kingdom  of  Bengal,  it  appears  highly  flourifhing  in  tillage  of 
€vtry  kind,  and  abounding  in  cattle.  ^  The  villages  are  neat  and  dazn, 
and  filled  with  fwarms  of  people.'  p*  17. 

As  Mr.  H.'s  experience  is  but  a  corroboration  of  many  other 
unexceptionable  teftimonies  to  the  fame  pleafmg  cfFed,  we  muft 
rank  among  the  whimfical  occurrences  of  the  prefent  age,  the 
long,  folemn,and  laboured,  endeavours  to  convidi  a  man  of  ruin- 
ing this  very  country!  Indeed  the  wiiter  finds  feveral  occafions  to 
remark  the  good  ccndudt  and  popular!  ty  of  M  r.  Haftings,  through- 
out bis  journies.  Among  the  reft,  he  went  in  the  governor's  reti- 
nue in  his  progrefs  to  Benares,  at  the  liOiC  when  the  unhappy 

10  infurredtion 


Hodgcs'j  Tr&vih  in  India, 

Ei^lon  took  place  there,  which  has  fince  proved  the  fuhjcSt 
niich  fruitTd's  difquifition  ;  and  though  Mr.  Hodges^  witk 
prudence,  declines  entering  intopoliucal  inqyirtes,  hcde'< 
p  that  *  it  IS  merely  an  a6t  of  common  juf^icc  to  ftate,  th*l, 
r  my  whole  residence  in  India,  I  never  To  much  as  heard 
iltand  perfidy  of  Chevt  Sing  once  called  in  qucftron/ 
lares  is  parnciilarlv  diflhgutftied  as  the  feat  of  Bramin 
ng  ;  and,  in  examining  one  of  the  temples  there,  Mr,  H. 
urprifed  tu  oblerve  moft  of  the  ornamental  parts  of  the 
an  archi tenure  in  a  building  ereflcd  In  the  plains  of  Hln* 
i  !     He  gives  an  engraving  of  one  of  ihe  rich  colymn&t 
dds  an  ingenious  cfTay  on  the  diiTcrent  flyles  of  architec- 
in  which  he  tnces  the  chara£teriiiics  of  each,  back  to  the 
:ive  favage  dwellings  of  the  firft  inventors;  who,  in  all 
improvements,  ftill  adhtrtd  to  their  fifft  models,  the  ca- 
the  rock,  and  the  hut ;  obje£ls  continuaHy  brought  to 
by  the  vault,  the  cupolai  the  fpire,  the  column^  the  flat 
^,  and  the  pediment* 

,  H/s  travels  extended  to  the  city  of  Agra,  about  900 
N,  W.  from  Calcutta  ;  and  he  vifitcd,  in  the  way,  Cof- 
zar,   Moorfliedabad,  Batiglepoor,  Monghcir^  Patna,  Be- 
,  Bidjegur,  Allahabad,   Cawnpoor,  Lticknow,  Fy^abid, 
Ktaya,  Fyrozabad,   Eta  mad  poor,  and  the  ftrong  fortrcfs 
walior.     Befide  feveral   excellent  engravings,  the  auihor 

Hodges'j  Travels  in  India.  tyj 

iiierefore»  have  left  the  princes  of  India  at  more  liberty  to  indulge 
themrelves  in  this  elegant  art. 

*  In  fculpture  there  are  no  inflances  of  excellence  among  the  Moors^ 
^cept  in  the  Taje  Mahad*at  Agra,  upon  which  there  are  flowers 
carved  with  confidcrable  ability. 

'  .The  Hindoos  appear  to  me  to  rife  fuperior  to  the  Mahommedans 
in  the  ornamental  parts  of  arcbite^ure.  Some  of  the  fculptares  in 
their  buildings  are  very  highly  to  be  commended  for  the  beauty  of  the 
execution;  they  may,  indeed^  be  faidto  be  very  finely  drawn^  and  cut 
with  a  peculiar  fiiarpnefs.  The  inftance  which  is  produced  in  this 
work  of  a  column  from  the  ten^plc  of  Vb  Vifha,  at  Benares,  will 
prove  it,  although  cut  in  freeilone.  A  fimilar  inihnce  cut  in  black 
bafalt,  in  thz  colledion  of  Charles  Townley,  £fq.  (oti  which  are  or-, 
naments  fimilar  to  thofe  which  is  referred  to  above,)  is  a  (Iriking  proof 
of  their  power  in  this  art.  This  column  was  brought  from  Gour,  an 
aodent  city»  (now  totally  demolilhed,)  fituated  on  the  eailern  (hore  of 
the  Ganges,  nearly  oppofite  to  Rajemahel.  I  have  feen  many  inftan« 
ces  of  cad  metal  flatues,  relative  to  Hindoo  mythology,  that  prove 
their  perfeA  knowledge  in  the  art  of  calling.  Thefe  works,  as  they 
apply  to  the  religion  of  Bramah,  are  both  curious  and  valuable ;  but, 
as  they  are  purely  mythological,  the  artifts  have  only  confidcrcd  the 
/ymbolical  charader,  without  the  proper  attention,  and  perhaps  with- 
OQt  a  power,  of  giving  a  perfed  beautiful  form,  fach  as  we  lee  in  the 
Grecian  flatues. 

•  The  paintings  of  the  Hindoos,  as  they  arc,  like  their  fculpture^ 
chiefly  applied  to  reprefcnt  the  objeds  of  their  religious  worfliip,  are 
certainly*  not  fo  perfcdl  as  the  Moorifli  pidlurcs,  which  are  all  por- 
traits. A  conftant  fludy  offimple  nature,  it  is  well  knowni  will  pro- 
duce a  refemblance  which  is  A^metimes  a(loni(hing,  and  which  the 
painter  of  ideal  objedls  never  can  arrive  at.' 

This  advantage  Mr.  tt.  has  enjoyed  to  an  extent  beyond 
moft,  if  not  all,  other  gentlemen  of  the  pencil.  It  is  ufual  for 
painters  to  ftudy  the  works  of  the  beft  maftcrs  of  the  Italian 
fchool,  as  the  laft  ftage  of  their  education  :  but  is  not  this  ftudy- 
ing  nature  at  fecond  hand^  under  the  peculiarities  of  manner  ? 
After  a  ftudent  is  well  grounded  in  the  principles  of  defign, 
and  in  the  management  of  colours,  would  he  not  be  more  origi-^ 
nal  in  fludying  nature  herfelf,  in  the  line  beft  fuitcd  to  his  ge- 
nius, than  in  imitating  copies,  however  excellent  ? 

Painters  arc  moreover  too  ready  to  adopt  the  liceniiotis  exam- 
ple of  poets,  in  making  truth  at  all  times  yield  to  grace  and  em- 
belli(hment :  but  this  is  the  indulgence  of  a  vicious  imagination, 
tending  to  th.- perverfion  of  the  art.  The  concluding  fentence 
of  the  work  before  us  is  dccifive  on  the  fubjcS,  as  being  the 
judgment  of  a  diftinguiflied  profeflor : 

♦  A  beautiful  monument  ercded  by  the  Emperor  Shah  Jehan  to 
the  memory  of  his  favourite  wife,  by  whofe  name  the  building  is  dif- 
linguifhed.     Rrj,  f 

Rsv.  June  1793.  L  '  Pi^urt « 


I 

•1 

T)  tier's  I'ranjlailm  nftht  ff^arh  sf  Callimachus. 

:.Lire5  arc  col!c£l«l  from  itelr  valae  as  fpecimens  of  human  ejf- 
and  genius  e.xertifed  in  a  fine  arti  and  ju  Illy  axe  they  fo;  hoc 
t  help  thir.kiug  that  they  would  rife  1^1  higher  in  ciliiDation, 
ey  connected  with  the  hillory  of  the  various  countrietj  and  did 
djal/y  reprff^n:  the  manntTs  o/aaankuixi.* 
Cj  however,    is  room  for  Tome  doubt^  If  wc  tnay  borrow 
^^ds  of  the  poctj  and,  applying  them  to  the  prcfent  fub- 

*  Fen  cenfure  wrong,  for  one  who  paint*  amifa»* 

III.       TJhe    SFcrh    cf   C&Himachast    tr  an  Hated    into    EngJifli 
L\     Ttie  Hymns  and  Epigrams  trom    ! he  Greek  ;    with  the 
a  Etrrenkes  from    the  Latin  of  Catullus,     With  the  oHginat 
t,  and    Notts  carefully  fdcfted  tVom  former  Commentaiors, 
additional   Obfcrvctions,  by    H.   W.  Tytlcr,    M,  D.      4(0, 
26S<     155.  boards,     Dilly,     1793- 

LL1MACHU3  vvas  onc  of  the   brighter  ornaments  of  an 
!ge  that  was  illufifious  in   arts  and  arms;  and  of  which 
M  monuments  that   remain    have   incrcafed   in  value,  in 
tion  as  they  havcdiminiOied  in  quantity.   The  dellru^ive 
>f  time  has   proved  peculiarly  fatal    to  (he   glory  of  the 
lies  i  and  the  fnends  of  literature  and    the  arts  cannot 
h   chcrini  thofc    fcanly  remains,    which   ftill  perpetuate 

Tjdcr'i  Tranflatiw  $f  the  JF$rh  {/"Calliaachus.      IJ9 

drefs^  nor  that  dignity  and  fimplknty  abated  which  belongs  to  the 
aees  of  antiquity,  when  the  poet  was  not  didradled  by  the  multitude 
of  figures  coQndSied  with  artificial  refinements. 

*  With  a  view  to  prepare  himfelf  for  the  tranflation  of  Callima- 
chos.  Dr.  Tytler  compared  every  line  of  the  Iliad  with  Mr.  Pope's 
tranflation,  whereby  he  put  himfelf  in  a  congi^nial  train  for  under- 
taking to  do  juftice  to  Callimachus,  and  meditating  a  tranflation  of 
Lucretius ;  he  meant  to  have  done  the  fame  by  Uie  Georgics  of 
Virgil  and  Mr.  Dryden. 

*  Whatever  may  be  faid  upon  thefe  fubjeds,  it  is  evident  to  every 
perfon  of  learning  and  Uile»  that  the  ftyle  of  ancient*  is  greatly  fu* 
perior  to  that  of  modern,  poetry ;  and  that  thofe  who  can  enable  the 
unlearned  to  tafte  of  the  beauties  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  poets  of 
eminence  in  modem  languages*  are  entitled  cp  no  vulgar  pratfe. 

<  With  refpedl  to  Callimachus  himfelf*  ty^ry  man  of  learning 
knows*  that  he  was  one  of  the  keepers  o^  the  Alexandrian  library* 
and  a  favourite  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  King  of  Egypt*  whofe 
praifes  he  celebrates  in  a  beautiful  hymn  which  almoft  infinitely  de- 
grades our  modern  "  Joys  to  great  Casfar  ;"  not  on  account  of  its  fu- 
perior  veracity*  but  the  beauty  and  fimplicity  of  its  confbadion*  de* 
▼oid  of  that  cumberfome  and  aaufeous  machinery  of  extravagant  en- 
comium ;  which  a  modern  man  of  tafte  cannot  help  wifliing  to  fall 
dewn  and  bury  the  laureates  and  the  laurelled  in  obfcurity.' 

To  the  foregoing  obfcrvations,  we  (ball  only  add  a  kw 
fpecimens  from  the  work,  in  order  to  illuflrate  the  fubftantial 
juftice  of  his  lordfliip's  criticifm.  The  firft  excerpt  (hall  be 
taken  from  the  Hymn  to  Diana,  containing  the  viiit  of  the 
Goddefs  and  her  Nymphs  to  the  cave  of  the  Cyclops : 

'  Thence  to  Meligunis'  ifle  in  hallc 

(Now  Lipara)  thefylvan  Goddefs  pafs'd. 

Her  nymphs  attending,  and  with  wondering  eyes 

Saw  the  brown  Cyclops  of  enormous  fize. 

Deep  in  their  darkfome  dwelling  under  grouted* 

On  Vulcan's  mightv  anvil  turning  round 

A  mafs  of  metal  hiffing  from  the  flame  : 

The  fca-god  urges,  and  for  him  they  frame 

A  wond'rous  vafe,   the  liquor  to  contain 

That  fills  his  courfers  on  the  llormy  main. 

•  With  horror  chill'd,  the  tim'rous  virgins  eye. 

Stupendous  giants  rear  their  heads  on  high* 

Like  c'oud-capt  Offa  rifing  o'er  the  field  ; 

One  eye,  that  blaz'd  like  fome  refulgent  fhield« 

*    AtJ5t^.    Kl^\^TCX<i  ^ITf.-.taS.  •   Ttf;  f«>  tTfTjtAf 

I'V't'urjf  T.rrjf^To  llo7:i}xuft  aoTir^.i- 
Aitv-jkytt  6'  i)^itr»9  oTw^  i^-9  ulvx  e-f'W^a* 

L  2  From 


Tycler'/  Tranjtailm  &fthi  Wnrh  ^Callimachijt.r 

Irom  each  fti;rn  forehead  glar'd  pcrniciooa  firc» 
Ighift  they  gaze,  when  now  the  monjlcn  dire 
Tn\\  ilabborn  Ilrokes  thake  the  rcfoanding  Ihore^ 
Intl  the  hug^e  bellows  thro'  the  caverns  roar, 

It  when  from  fiercer  flames  the  metal  gloivs, 

nd  the  fi\*d  anvil  rings  with  heavier  blows, 
J^hen  pondVous  hammers  break  the  lortur'd  mafs, 
litem :;tc  tlvtindVing  on  the  burning  brafs, 
the  nymphs  no  more  endure  the  dreadful  iight, 
■heir  cars  grov^  d^^U  their  dim  eyes  lofc  the  light ; 

dt;epcr  groan  ihrough  laboring  j^tna  runs, 
Jppah  the  hearts  of  old  Sicania*^  fons, 
ledoubles  from  Hcfpcria*s  coaft  around, 
Ind  diltani  Cyrnus  thunder^  back  the  foundr 
\q  wondet  that  Diana's  tender maidf  t 

[>uld  finlc  with  terror  in  thefe  gloomy  ftiades  ; 

>r  when  the  daughters  of  th'  immortal  gods 

l^ith  infant  clamours  Bll  the  bleil  abodes j 
;  or  Steropes  the  mother  calls 

Two  Cyclops  gtim)  from  their  infernal  haJls 
feize  the  fro  ward  child  j  no  Cyclops  come^ 

It,  loudly  threatn*ing,  from  fomc  inner  room 
ilcqiimus  llcrmrs  fwift  before  her  tlands, 
Jiih  blackctnVi  f;ice,  and  with  e:t£iended  hands : 
jhe  frighted  infant,  thus  composed  to  reft, 
VgcLi  its  cries,  and  finks  upon  herbrcaft,' 


Tytler*i  Tranjlation  of  the  IVorks  •/Callimachqs.       141 

*  To  Ceres  •. 
-*  The  bafket  fwift-defccnding  from  the  (kics,  f 
Thus,  thus,  yc  matrons,  let  your  voices  rife: 
«*  HaU  !  Ceres,  hail  1  by  thee,  from  fertile  ground 
Swift  fprings  the  corn,  and  plenty  flows  around.*' 
Ye  crouds,  yet  uninftrufted,  ftand  aloof. 
Nor  view  the  pageant  from  the  lofty  roof. 
But  on  the  ground  below ;  nor  matrons  fair. 
Nor  youth,  nor  virgins,  with  dilhevelPd  hair. 
Dare  here  approach  :  nor  let  the  moifture  flow 
From  fading  mouths  to  (lain  the  my  (lie  (how. 
But  radiant  Hefper,  from  the  ftarry  fkies, 
Beholui  the  facred  ba&et  as  it  flics  : 
Erir^lit  Hefper  J  only  could  perfuade  thepow'r 
To  quench  her  thirft,  in  that  unhappy  hour. 

When 

*  •  Among  the  religious  folemnities  tranfported  from  Greece  to 
Alexandria,  Ptolemy  could  not  fail  to  introduce  the  famous  Eleufmian 
felHval,  celebrated  with  fuch  pomp  at  Athens,  in  honour  of  Ceres ; 
the  great  benefadlrefs  of  tliat  city  ;  and  through  it,  aslfocratcs  relates, 
of  itjc  other  republics  of  Greece,  and  of  all  the  rcll  of  mankind. 
**  When  Ceres  wandered  over  Greece  in  queft  of  her  daughter  Pro- 
ferpine,  (he  received  in  Attica  the  moft  hofpitable  treatment,  and 
thofe  particular  good  offices  which  it  is  lawful  to  make  known  only  to 
the  initiated.  I'he  goddefs  was  not  ungrateful  for  thofe  favours, 
but,  in  return,  conferred  on  our  ancef.ors,  the  two  moll  valuable  pie- 
fcnts  which  mankind  can  receive  or  even  Heaven  can  bellow  : — the 
art  of  agriculture,  v\  Iiich  delivered  us  from  the  fierce  and  precarious 
manner  of  life  common  to  us  with  wild  animals  ;  and  the  knowledge 
of  thofe  facred  myfteries  which  fortify  the  initiated  again  ft  the  tTirors 
of  death,  and  infpire  them  with  the  pleafing  hopes  of  an  happy  im- 
mortality. Our  ancellors  difcovcred  as  much  benevolence  in  dii- 
fufing  thcfe  advantages  as  piety  in  obtaining  them — Their  humanity  . 
communicated  what  their  virtue  had  acquired.  The  mylleries  were 
annually  unveiled  to  all  defiri>us  and  worthy  of  receiving  them  :  and 
the  pradice,  the  means,  and  advantages  of  agriculture  were  fpeedily 
extended  overall  Greece/'  Ifocrates,  in  panegyric  Athen,  Gillies' 
tranflation.  Such  is  the  Athenian  legend  :  and  if  Ceres,  as  is  gene 
rally  fuppofed,  denote  the  fertilizing  power  of  nature,  her  worfhip 
muft  have  been  one  of  the  moft  ancient.  For  Ariftctle  in  his  Ethicks 
(ad  Nicomach.  Vlll.  9.)  tells  us  that  the  ancient  facrifices  and  re- 
ligious fi>!emnities  appear  to  have  taken  place  after  the  gathering  in 
of  the  grain,  and  confifted  in  a  fort  of  firft- fruit-offerings  to  th« 
gods  ;  iiiCn  having  moft  leifureat  that  feafon.' 

*  t  The  procellion  of  the  bafket,  a  proper  emblem  of  Ceres,  was 
on  the  fourth  day  of  the  feftival.  This  holy  bafket,  or  «a>.>f.'«&i,  was 
carried  on  a  confecrated  vehicle,  crouds  of  people  fhouting  as  it  went 
^ong  y'-i»t£  i^r^Ar.T.,,  Hail  Ceres.* 

*  I  Bright  Hefper  only  would  pcrfuade  the  power  to  quench  her 
thirft.]     This  pafTage  has  given  rife  to  innumerable  conjectures ;  of 

L  3  >n\^cVw 


Icn  full  of  gnef,  fhe  roain'd  from  place  to  plaar* 

■  ravifhMdALigiiEerH  kteni  ftcpi  to  trace. 
|,v  couM  thy  ten.  ^r  ^^^tg  Ogoiddcls,  bcM 

■  painfut  journey  lo  ihe  weftrro  Iphere  ? 

V  CQuld:!  iiiiu  irrad  bbck  ^thiop*s  burniog  cUmrs  % 
I  that  l^:r  fi:  lit  \i\  ihcie  ciitlri^Uiul  timely 

?re,  en  t:ic  :r£:^,  the  gotten  apple  beam«, 
ir  cat,  rsof  drwn:,   aor  bj^ihc  in  vocllng  llreams? 
J  Thrice  Ach^lL  us  flood  her  flepi  dii'ket 
li  ev^ry  tircim  thitrol's  a  ceslclcfs  tide* 

ICC  umes  il^e  prcis'd  tbr  ceoter  of  that  i^c  •, 
Jifr€?  Eiini\^  iloivVy  fields  with  beauty  imile. 
Iree  nnvj^f  by  d.irk  Challr chorus ^  0i^  fate. 
Id  culPd  the  yawning  golph  to  mjiirEi  her  fate  : 
Ijrc,  faint  with  htjng^T,  laid  her  wen ry'd  lifubs^ 
Ir  car,  nor  drank,  rvor  bathM  in  cu;rmg  fij^^ams^- 

Buice^ife,  my  mnit ,  in  thelc  unh^illow'd  itramsj 

fing  of  Ccrea*  wocsj  and  Ceres*  painaf  ; 


lie  nrMllprobj-bk-  is^  that  this  i^  only  a  poetical  mode  of  f^y- 
lit  Ccrt.^  was  fo  eagtr  to  dilt:over  her  daughter,  that  ftie 
luching  all  day,  nor  quenched  her  thirll  till  the  fifing  of  tfae 

Ennawas  called  the  umbilicus  Sicili:?/ 


Tytlcr'i  Tranfiation  of  the  JForks  ^Calllmachus,        143 

Far  nobler  to  refo'jnd  her  facrcd  la-vs  *, 

That  blefs'd  mankind,  andgainM  their  loud  applaufe. 

'  •  Far  nobler  to  rcfound  her  facrcd  laws]  fo  Virgil. 
Madbant  ledas  de  more  bidentes 
Ugiferae  Cereri. 
Laws  are  moft  naturally  afcribed  to  Ceres,  the  inventrefs  of  agri- 
culture, fince  agriculture  occafioned  the  divifion  or  appropriation  of 
lands,  and  the  appropriation  of  land  produced  the  neceflityof  laws. 
The  fellival  of  Ceres  called  ^io-fiopo^Kc  denotes  this  charafteriftic  of 
the  goddcfs,  meaning  the  feftival  in  honour  of  the  eftablifhment  of 
laws.  Spanheim  obferves  that  the  feaft  of  penticoft,  or  of  wheat 
barved,  has  exa^ly  the  fame  appellation  in  Hebrew,  in  memory  of 
the  law-giver  from  mount  Sinai ;  and  that  laws  engraven  on  tables  of 
brafs  were  hung  up  in  the  temples  of  Ceres  in  Greece ;  the  inllitution 
of  the  Gentile  nations  thus  concurring  with  the  evidence  of  facred 
Icripture  in  referring  the  benefits  of  legiflation  to  a  divine  ori- 
ginal. He  might  have  added  that  before  thefe -written  laws  of  Ceres, 
there  exilled  others,  not  lefs  facred,  the  xphoi  fifd^ji,  the  laws  of  Sa- 
turn, and  particularly  the  fi»|!A»ri«  5»o?  the  laws  of  Jupiter,  fo  named 
from  Sifu',  his  minifter  or  mefTenger,  a  moft  important  perfonage  in 
the  polity  as  well  as  in  the  religion  of  antiquity,  being  nothing  lefs 
than  a  perfonification  of  diftributive  jullice.  In  all  ages  and  na- 
tions, and  under  every  form  of  fociety,  9sfxir»  or  juftice,  is  equally 
worthy  of  veneration,  the  great  bon  and  center  of  attradion,  or,  as 
it  were,  the  key  floneof  the  arch  that  fupports  the  fabrick  of  focial 
life,  and  diftingui(hes  a  (late  of  civilization,  that  is,  froperly,  a  ftate 
of  fubjeftion  to  juft  government,  from  a  ilate  of  favagenefs,  that  is 
a  ftate  of  fubjedion  to  rude  violence  and  brutal  force.  That  thefe 
fiifrurt,  0.0?  formed  during  the  heroic  ages  the  nature,  the  principle, 
the  v(iTy  eflence  of  government,  is  fully  proved  in  the  hiftory  of  an- 
cient Greece,  vol.  1.  c.  2.  It  appears  that  kings  were  nothing  more 
than  mere  inftruments  in  the  hands  of  Jupiter,  and  that  nudcr  the 
name  of  royalty,  the  government  was  really  theocratic.  While 
they  difpenfed  faithfully  the  9.,aira.,  they  were  to  be  refpefted  and 
obeyed,  but  when  they  perverted  or  infringed  thefe  lacred  laws,  they 
at  the  fame  moment  difgraced  and  depofed  themfelves ;  and  the  fccp- 
tre,  the  external  badge  of  their  authority,  dropped  from  their  hands. 
See  the  Iliad  and  Odyffey  pailim — particularly  Odylf.  ii.  68 — 69. 
11.  IX.  98,  99.  11.  XII.  310,  and  feq.  Kings  were  called  ji^irc- 
roXoi,  the  minifters  or  fervantsof  the  &.;*»-:  j,  which  they  were  to  de- 
fend,  and  as  Ariftotle  tells  us  in  his  Politicks,  the  form  of  the  oath 
confifted  in  ftretching  forth  the  fceptre.  Ariftot  Polit.  L.  iii. 
c.  XIV.  See  alfo  Dyonyf.  Halicarn.  Ant.  Rom.  L.ii.  and  L.  v. 
p.  337.  ex  Edit.  Sylburgii.  The  only  pcrfonagcs  in  thofe  davi 
who  difregardcd  the  6ifura<  were  the  Cyclopes  :  they  indeed  were, 
each  in  his  own  family,  arbitrary  princes,  and  made  their  will 
law— 

L  4  Far 


'y tTer*j  Trmjlatim  efih  Wsrks  cf  Callifnacbuip 

I  nobler  to  declare  how  firfl  {he  bound 
laGrcd  fheathcSt  and  cut  the  com  aroand, 
'  firft  the  grain  bcTveaih  the  fleer  (he  laid, 
taught  Triptolemus  the  rural  trade.' 

'ytlcft  we  think}  has  bren  very  happy  in  transfurmg 
Iglifli  the  fimplicity  of  the  Greek  epigram.  Wc  quoto 
l>wing  examples; 

*  Epigram  VTL 

A  pious  youth  approachmg  where 
His  ftepdame's  body  by, 
)fficious  crownM  her  ilatue  there 
With  flow  Vets  freih  and  gay. 

Nor  thought  hia  father's  wife,  when  deayd, 
Her  malice  could  retain  j 
The  lUtue  thundered  on  bb  heaj 
And  £x'd  him  to  the  plain . 

Ye  foAer-fons  avoid  his  doom 
Nor  hang  a  ilow'ry  wreath 
Ground  an  envious  ftepdame's  tomb. 
Left  ye  too  ftnk  in  death,' 

Epig.  X. 


(     145     ) 

Ap.  T.  IV.      A  jl\rt  U-jJory  rf  the    Ptrftcution  rf  C,  JinnSj   h    'Jc^.vs^ 
Ikaihtnsj  and  Chrijtio.ns,     ' io  which  arc  added,  an  Account  of  the 
prefent  State  of  Religion,  in   the  United  States  of  America,  and 
fome  Obfervations  on  Civil  Edablifhments  of  Religion.     By  A, 
Robinfon.     8vo.     pp.  150.     2s.     Johnfon. 
A    Brief  (ketch  is  here  drawn  of  the  hiftoryof  perfecutiont 
^*  from  the  commencement   of  chriftianity  to  ihe  prefent 
time.     1  he  author  fhews,  en  the  unqueftionable  authority  of 
bA,  that,  throughout  this  long  period,  perfecution  has  never 
ceafed,  firft  on  the  part  oi  the  he:^thensagain(l  chriftians,  and, 
after  the  union  of  the  civil   power  with  the  authority  of  the 
church,  among  chriflians    themfelves.     The   fa6^s   are  judi- 
cioufly  fele£)ed,  and  are  reprefcnted  in  colours   which  are  well 
adapted  to  produce  in  the  mind  of  the  reader  the  deepeft  con- 
virion  of  the  folly  of  the  principle,  and  of  the  madnefs  of  the 
pra^ice,  which  have  brought  fuch  an  accumulation  of  mifcries 
on  mankind.     The   whole  is  interfperfed    with  impoitant  ob- 
fervations, exprcfled  with  great  energy.     The   following  ex- 
trad  may  be  fufHcient  to  give  an  idea  of   the  fpirited  manner  in 
'Vrhich  this  writer  treats    his  fubjedl : — it  relates    the   perfecu- 
fions  in  France  and  England,    in  the   latter  part  of  the  laft 
century : 

*  The  duke  of  Savoy,  A.  D.  1655,  banilhcd  the  proteftants  from 
Piedmont  with  the  greateft  cruelly.  In  their  diftrefs  they  applied  to 
Cromwell  (ProteAor  of  England)  for  relief,  and  he  immediately  pro- 
cured their  refloration  to  their  juft  rights, — the  duke  trembling  at  the 
tbonder  of  his  name.  The  Englilb  nation,  with  great  generofity, 
fnbfcribed  for  the  relief  of  thefe  worthy  protcil;;nts,  near  forty  thou- 
6ad  pounds.     The  celebrated   aft  of  unifci  mity  was   pafTcd  in  the 

Sear  1 66 1,  by  which,  all  who  did  not  conform  to  the  liturgy  by  St. 
lartholcmcw's  day  following,  Augull  1662,  were  to  be  deprived  of 
their  benefices.  In  coiifequ^nce  oi  this  two  thoufand  clergymen  were 
^rived."— Many  were  obliged  to  give  up  their  livings,  bccaufe  they 
ivould  aot  fwcar  to  what  they  had  not  ft  en.  About  this  time,  the  re- 
^>edable  people  called  Qaaker^,  petitioned  parliament  for  a  tolera- 
y  lioo,  inflead  of  which,  an  aft  was  paifed,  which,  after  dtfcrlblng  that 
►  Viiy,  enafted,  *•  if  any  fuch  perfon  sefufe  to  take  an  oath  when 
'  te&dered  to  him,  after  the  24th  of  March,  or  perfuade  others  to  do 

>,  or  maintain  the  unlawfulnefs  of  taking  an  oath,  or  if  they  (hall 
.  Collide  for  worfhip  to  the  number  of  five  or  more,    of  the   age  of 

tteen,  they  fliall  forfeit  for  the  firft  offence,  live  pounds,  for  the  fc- 
■  <«id,  ten  pounds,  and  for  the  third,  Ihall  abjure  the  realm,  or  be 

Wported  to  the  plantations."* — Three  thoufand  and  fixty-eight, 

fays 

*  *  The  excellent  Dr.  Wendeborn  laments  the  decreafe  of  the 
QNttriin  England,  and  confiders  it  as  the  decreafe  of  decency,  or- 
^1  tod  the  moft  valuable  virtues.     In  this  I  cordially  join  with  this 

uuIy 


Robinfon'j  Htfl§ry  &f  tbi  Perficuthn  ofChrifiianu 

foXj  had   been   ampHfoned  fince  the  rtftLtatba  of  Ch^rlfslI* 
]  ftatemcnts  make  the  imprffoned  ftVll  more  numerous »  man^  dic4 
tl,  and  ibvir  places  of  worfiiip  were  broken  open  and  violence 
1  tn  them. 

J  66K,  the  fanroisi  quake r  l^llUam  Fenn  wrote  a  eonfutat^ 

duiilrine  of  the  Athanafian  trinityt  ^^d  the  atonement  of 

and  had  the  honour  of  beitig,  for  this  wotk^  imprifoncd  fevei 

|i5  in  the  to'ver.     In    1 670,  Penn  was  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey, 

with  Mr,  Mead,  for  preaching  to  art  aHeiubiy  of  Quakeri,  it 

church- iireci,  London,  after  the  pairing  of  the  convenndr 
I  They  were  indtfied  for  preaching  to  an  unlawful  and  tomott* 
jtCTt'mbly*  The  jury  brought  in  their  verdiiLl  gaiify  tffptakii^  m 
Vcburcb-^reif ;  but  Mead  they  acquitted  of  even  this  guilt— 
pry  were  treated  with  the  moll  w^inton  and  tyrannical  infdf, 
vere  urged  to  condemn  the  prifoncrs.  They  manfully  rt fijfed 
I  threJtened  into  injuflice,  and  after 'muCh  falling  and  infiDke 

brought  in  a  final  ver^Ad—nQf  guihy.* 
[  the  reign  of  Charlea  IL  the  following  penal  pcrfeoiting  ratutfi 
|>afred  —  1 .  ait  of  uniformity, —  2.  Corporation  ad,  -  5.  Confeu* 

h-^4.  Oxford atl, — 5 . Tell a£t.*— Thefeafks  compofe  a  coiiifikce 
I  of  perlecuiion,  fo  that  had  they  been  all  unirer Tally  enforced, 
rftin  but  thole  of  the  church  could  have  efcapedruin,   banjlb- 

or  death.  Cbirles  was  a  prophanc  libertine,  of  the  mdt 
:^Enior.il5,  and  treated  all  religion  with  contempt,  yet  becauf^rf 

rfecuting  m^afures,  he  was  praifed  by  the  high  church  clergy 


Robtnfon'j  Hiftory  of  tbi  Pirfecution  9f  Cbrijttans.       147 

*  All  the  procelbnt  clergy  were  iiril  baniihed ;  and  their  people 
who  discovered  a  wi(h  to  follow  them,  were  condemned  to  the  gal- 
lies,  the  women  were  forced  into  the  nunneries.  All  who  remained 
io  the  kingdom,  of  the  proteftant  faith,  were  prohibited  the  exercife 
af  their  religious  worftiip,  either  public  or  private,  on  pain  of  death.  » 
Tlic  children  of  protcflants  were  taken  fto?n  their  parent s^  and  given 
to  their  catholic  relations,  or  to  otheis,  whom  the  judges  chofe  to 
charge  with  thc;ir  education.  A  twentieth  part  of  the  whole  body 
of  the  Proteftants  were  foon  put  to  death,  and  a  price  fet  on  th^s 
Wads  of  the  reft,  who  were  hunted  like  wild  bealU  of  the  foreft.  Thus 
Prance,  (notwithflanding  the  prohibition  to  leave  the  kingdom,) 
pie(ently  loR  fix  hundred  ti^ufand  valuable  citizens,  who  iupplied 
Wilium  III.  with  courageous  foldiers,  and  England,  Holland,  and 
Germany  with  ufcful  manufadurers  *. 

•  Voltaire  fays,  fifty  thoufand  families,  la  the  firft  three  years, 
were  baniihed,  who  carried  with  them  a  prodigious  quantity  of  mo- 
Bey,  and  their  arts  and  manufactures  enriched  the  enemies  of  their 
crnel  country  f.  This  perfccution,  fays  the  fame  author,  rather  in^ 
creafcd  than  diminilhed  the  fedl  it  was  intended  to  dcdroy,  and 
France  derived  not  from  it  even  an  ideal  advantage.  The  prie(!s  ce- 
lebrated the  praife  of  Lewis,  who  cxpe«51ed  from  tnem  the  kingdom 
of  heaven,  for  fuch  an  example  of  ho!y  zeal. 

«  When  William  111.  came  to  the  throne  of  England,  he  ftiewed 
Umfeir  the  warm  friend  of  the  rights  of  confcience,  and  in  his  reigrf 
was  pafTed  the  toleration  a£t,  under  the  influence  and  protedion  of 
which,  ie^ries  of  every  kind  have  for  one  hundred  years,  flept  fe- 
ewe  under  their  own  fig  tree.  The  toleration  a61,  however,  did  not 
iBclttdc  in  its  favour,  thofe  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity, 
ted  about  fifty  years  after  the  reign  of  William  111.  a  profecutiun 
vat  commenced  againil  Mr.  hlhvall,  who  had  written  on  that  fubjedl. 
He  was  tried  at  the  affizes  at  Stafford,  befcre  judge  Denton,  for  he- 
lefy  and  blafphemy,  and  was  acquitted,  thouffh  he  pleaded  guilty  to 
^e  indidment. —  Ihe  judge  conformed  to  the  fpirit  of  the  times, 
father  than  to  the  fpirit  of  the  laws,  and  gave  honourable  liberty  to  a 
•hui  whofeoi  ly  crime  was  heiefy.  This  is  the  lail  legal  proftfcution 
jfar  herefy,  in  England ;  but  laws  (till  againil  hfTctics  remain  unre« 
pealed,  though  many  attempts  have  lately  been  made  to  procure  their 
repeal.  The  bifhops  ftrenuoully  oppofed  their  repeal,  on  the  motion 
m  Earl  Stanhope,  and  it  may  fairly  be  fuppofed  they  will  continue  fo 
l»do,  till  the  voice  of  the  nation  become  irrcfiflible.  Though  no 
Igtf^  profecution  for  herefy  hath  been  entered  upon  fince  that  of  Ell« 
nil,  the  fpirit  of  perfccution  is  not  yet  evaporated,  but  hiith  re- 
peatedly difcovered  itfelf  fince,  efpecially  in  the  infamous  and  dif- 
Eeful  riots  in  London,  in  the  year  1780,  and  thofe  of  Birming« 
,  in  the  year  1791  (. 

•*Raffcrs  Hiaory  of  Modern  Furope.' 
•t  L'Hiftoire  Generale,  vol.  VI II.' 

•  t  Thefe  riots  nlTord  another  proof  of  the  necelTify  of  'nUiUwUng 
iletmmw people  lAthe  principles  pi  religious  liber.).' 


Robinfon'j  Hiflery  sf  thi  Perficuthn  sf  Chrtfiiam^ 

he  reader  will  h^re  remark,   that  the  charge  of  perfectidon  is 
iroaghthomc,  episify  m  the  PapiH,  the  Protefiant  EpifcGpaliaOt 
it  Prefbyterian. — He  ivill  draw  this  wife  and  fair  conduftcin,  ihn 
vcr  dogmatical  fe^i*  cftabliflied  by  law,  that  fed  will  aiteenpc 
llrpatjon  of  all  other  fe^s.     He  will  fmilc  wheu  he  obfcn^Ci  tic    i 
lant  perfecaicd  by  the  ps^piftt  and  then  allcgiog  that  to  pcrfc 
>  the  property  of  a  lalfe,  hut  /^  ^^  pttfirMid  is  the  chara£t<!r  of 
church,  and   then  fees    ihc   pr^jteitant    perfccme    the  paplfi, 
ie  p:tpirt  rejoicing  in  fiifFering   for  the   truth.     He   will  imh 
he  hcar^^  I  he  KpikopiJian  defend  the  perfection  of  the  Pre%- 
;   and  the  P re fbyttfian  defend  the  perfecutiori  of  the  Epifeopt- 
lewiilrtotthi  .k  perfecution  the  teft  ofa  true  church,  either  to 
ivho  iuifer,  or  in  thofe  who  mfii^it,  but  he  will  confider  n  as  a 
prcK^f  of  one  fitct, — That   hi   ^vh^ /iif/n   h  mi  efiaifiijhfJt  ^ 
»o  inJiiJIs  pftjhffto/t  h  &f   the   cJiMjbtd  chmnh^    <mh&te<vtt^  it 
ivr  (hat  ihitrch  Ar .' 

the  account  of  the  prefcnt  ftate  of  rehgion   in  the  United 
i  of  Americj,  an  adi  of  the  aiTeoibiy  of  Virginia,  efta- 
ng  uriiverfal  freedom  in  rdigion,  is  inferred.     In  the  k* 
the  author  r<*plie;ta  Mr,  Paiey's  argument  for  an  cxclu- 
ifabhfhmcntof  religion,  and  concludes  with  enumerating 
y\  important  advantigcs,  which  are  to  be  expe£ted  from 
Tg   religion  to  be  fupported  by  its  own  evidence  and  au*    1 
y,  among  an  enlightened  people:                                            j 

Robinfon' J  Htftory  of  thi  Perfccutton  of  Chrlflians.       149 

intereft  to  refpedlcach  other^by  fympatiiy  they  thus  refpe^  (hemfelvcs. 
America  (hews  this  to  be  true,  and  Dr.  Adam  Smith  has  ihcvvn  this 
to  be  the  natural  unvarying  confequence  of  Tmall  independent  feds. 

''  It  would  aid  the  converfation  of  good  morals ;  for  fmall  fedb 
oaturally  watch  their  members  clofcly,  and  every  man  thus  reli- 
gionfly  conneded,  fitids  he  has  a  chara6lcr  to  loie.  But  eilabliflied 
churches  produce  no  conncdtion  amongfl  their  members,  and  confe*^ 
qoently  no  ohfcure  per/on  feels  his  religious  and  moral  charader  to  be 
of  any  importance.  This  holds  efpecially  and  univerfally  good,  in 
large  towns,  and  when  a  man  changes  the  place  of  his  abode.  The 
foperior  moral  charafler  of  the  difTeotcrs,  in  every  country,  may  be 
&irly  appealed  to,  in  proof  of  this  fadl. 

'It  would  (hew  religion  to  be,  what  it  really  is,  fomething  fape- 
rior  to  the  world,  and  diFcrent  from  its  policy.  Whoever  embraced 
fdigion,  would  be  fuppofed  todo  itfrom  convi6tion>  and  this  would 
excite  enquiry,  and  lead  to  the  hearty  reception  of  its  precepts. 
The  cafe  at  prefent  is  quite  otherwife,  both  in  England  and  on  the 
continent.  A  general  diftrud  and  neglect  prevail,  and  none  are  fup- 
pofed to  profefs  religion  from  a  higher  principle  than  faihion  or  po- 
licy. If  eilablifliments  long  exift,  infidelity  will  be  general,  it  is 
gaining  ground  apace,  and  mod  rapidly  in  thofe  countries,  where 
cflablifhments  are  mod  wealthy  and  pompous. 

*  It  would  favour  the  general  liberties  of  mankind ;  for  priefts 
have  always  been  the  inftruments  of  tyranii/  in  the  hands  of  govern- 
sent,  and  have  preached  to  the  people  pailive  ol>cdience  and  non-re- 
fillaace^  promifing  to  the  roan  who  was  willing  to  be  dijiave,  2i  future 
fate  of  felicity,  for  a  prefent  (late  of  wretchedncfs.     Their  craft  has 

been  fupported  by  princes,  and  perhaps  the  hillcry  of  the  American 
leroluticn  is  the  only  one  which  exhibits  the  clergy,  ^friends  to  the 
ftefUt  zndi  to  liberty.  The  reafon  is  obvious,  the  .American  church 
depended  more  upon  the  people,  than  upon  government,  they  had, 
tiierefore,  a  common  intereft,  and  a  common  caufe  to  defend. 

•  It  would  favour  the  difFu(ion  of  kno.vledge.  The  clergy, 
I  dablifhed  in  their  greateft  pomp,  taught  the  people  that  ignorance  \% 
"  Ike  mother  of  demotion*     They  prevented  the  bible  from  being  read, 

and  endeavoured  by  every  podible  means  to  tonfine  knowledge  to 
^emjel*ues.  This  is  a  true  corporation  fpirit,  and  what  will  always 
be  favoured  by  thofe,  who  fct  up  to  be  the  mailers  of  mankind. 
AH  knowledge  has  a  natural  connection,  and  thus  religious  knowledge 
leads  to  the  cultivation  of  general  fcicnce.  Religious  knowledge 
ddicr  is,  or  is  not  of  itfelf,  of  real  value  and  importance.  If  it  be 
Mt,  then  no  clergy  can  be  of  any  ufe  at  all;  if  it  be*,  then  an  uneila- 
VRlhed  clergy  are  of  mod  value  ;  for  it  is  of  the  nature  of  fmall  fcdls, 
IDpromote  examination,  and  general  enquiry,  which  ifTue  in  the  ac- 
^nfition  of  religious  knowlege.  The  ignora\Kcof  the  lowed  orders 
rf  the  people,  of  religious  matters,  is  fo  notorious  in  this  kiiV:;dom, 
wkere  two  millions  a  year  are  paid  for  their  indruclion,  that  noae  will 
contend,  that  the  propofedenJ  (if  that  end  be  iiillrudion)  of  an  eda- 
Ufhment  is  anfwered  in  them.  The  pivaching  meclianics,  called 
liethodids,  have,  in  the  hd  fifty  years  inflruf^cd  mc?r.?  of  tliclowcr 
•iders  of  the  people,  in  the  obligations  of  chridian'ty,  a*.  J.  'av?  called 

5  more 


ma^rt  from  prdt  vioe  to  p^nf  9mA  wirt^,  ilsa  tte  cteitfc 

Imtcd  p^«  fn  tiM  ftfiod.  bf  ife  llicr J  §omi  hisodrcd  snUI 
lifig,  iviji!i  c^c  aefhodifts  law  let  caA  goftmirrT  cxie  | 
l>;.:b&ve  bera  Cftased  ivilli  ioMt  Mad  cowteapl,  bf  boiltbjl 

Xbif  {HibliettioQ  if  a  feafimabk  incidote  sgaiuft  ^ 
tempt  to  fcviic  pcrrccitiiOD,  wbctlicr  on  ifee  grounii  of  i 
cr  civil  opinions*  ' 


1  jmo.     4  voli.     14&.  fc^^ed.     Bdl,  Oxford- Ibect.     i 

M&s,  Smlih's  talents  for  oavd- writ  log  are  ali^ 
known  to  the  public ;  an4  ire  have  liad  rrpc2|j 
lif?n«  to  actnowlegc  ber  iperit  in  1  fprctes  of  coitlj 
which,  when  txccutpd  with  judgment  and  abiHtj^  ini 
viewj  is  ufefuli  as  well  as  pleafant  to  ihofe  wha  read' 
amufement  :  it  i%  therefore  ihe  ief^  ncctSixy  for  u&  tu 
take  2n  elabortne  examir.:ition  of  the  pre^nt  work  :  hut 
not  difmifs  k  without  giving  a  brief  outJijie.of  its  plan. 
The  principal  fcenc  of  the  tale  is  one  of  thofe  fpaci 
tieni  Halls^  or  manor  houfes,  which  fill  the  warm  iriit| 
with  romanitc  ideas,  and  which  at  once  invite  and  fil 
venture.     The  polTeflor  of  the  manfvon  is   an   ancient 


Afrf.  Smith*i  Old  Manor  Houfe :  A  Novtl.  15  c 

This  novel  particularly  contains  many  very  fuccefsful  icnita* 
ions  of  the  ordinary  language  of  people  in  diHcrent  clafles  of 
he  inferior  ranks,  which  may  in  feme  inftances  remind  the 
eader  of  that  great  painter  of  manners,  Henry  Fielding.  Se- 
rerat  humourous  fcenes  in  higher  life  are  alfo  reprefented  ;  and 
rom  thefe  we  fliall  fele<3  a  part  of  the  account  of  a  public 
linner  at  Rayland  Hull : 

*  The  whole  houfe  was  in  a  buille— -and  Mrs.  Rnyland  not  only  in 
lanfuai  health,  but  as  anxious  for  the  fpiendour  and  excellence  of 
Mr  entertainment,  as  if  ihe  had  a  d;;eper  deiign  than  merely  to  out- 
hine  the  newer  elegancies  of  Carloraine  caille.  All  the  opcradons 
rf*  Mrs.  Leonard  and  her  attendants  fuccecdcd  happily.  By  half 
iftcr  two  all  the  gucfls  were  afTembl-jd  :  by  half  after  three  all  the 
ables  groaned  under  the  weight  of  vcnifon  and  beef.  About  feventy 
pcop'ewere  afTemblcd  in  the  hall.  In  the  dining- parlour  the  party 
Donfifted  of  General  Tracy,  who  was  placed  at  Mrs.  Lennard's 
right  hand  ;  on  her  left  Mrs.  Holly  bourn,  the  wife  of  the  arch* 
deacon  of  that  diflri^,  a  laJy  of  a  moil  precifc,  and  indeed  formi- 
Uble  demeanour :  oppofite  to  her,  and  next  to  Mrs.  Somerive,  fat 
the  dodor  hisnfelf,  a  digni6cd  clergyman,  of  profound  erudition, 
rery  fcvere  morals,  and  very  formal  manners;  who  was  the  moll 
Mthodox  of  men,  never  fpoke  but  in  fcntences  equally  learned  and 
indifputable,  and  held  almoft  all  the  reft  of  the  world  in  as  low  eHi- 
matton  as  heconfidered  highly  his  own  family,  and  above  all  himfelf. 

*  Between  her  mother  and  Mr.  Somerive,  on  the  other  ilde,  was 
placed  their  only  daughter  and  iicirefs,  Mifs  Ann-J.ine-Eliza  Holly- 
boom,  who,  equally  refcmbling  her  father  and  her  mother,  was  the 
Bride  and  delight  of  both  :  pofleiTrng  fomething  of  each  of  their  pcr- 
feoal  perfections,  (he  was  coniidered  by  them  a  model  of  lovelincfs  ; 
and  her  mind  was  adorned  with  all  that  money  could  purchafe.  I'he 
vainfeot  complexion  of  her  mamma  was  frt  ofF  by  the  yellow  eye- 
brows and  hair  of  the  dodlor.  His  little  pug  nofe,  di veiled  of  its 
mulberry  hue,  which>  on  the  countenance  of  his  daughter>  was  pro- 
noonced  to  he le  petit  mx  retroujjt,  united  with  the  thin  lips  drawn  up 
ID  make  a  little  mouth,  which  were  peculiar  to  "  his  better  half," 
as  he  facetiouily  called  his  wife.  The  worthy  archd^  aeon's  (hurt  legi 
dctraded  lefs  from  the  height  of  his  amiable  daughter,  as  flie  had 
the  long  wniil  of  her  mother,  fine  fugar-loa.'  iliouluers  that  were 

Enounced  to  be  extremely  genteeU  and  a  head  uhich  looked  as  if  the 
k  of  it  had  by  fome  accident  been  flattened,  fmcc  it  formed  a 
perpendicular  line  with  her  back.  To  dignify  with  mental  acquire- 
menu  this  epitome  of  human  lovelincfs,  all  that  education  could  do 
had  been  lavilhed ;  maftcrs  for  drawing,  painting,  mufic,  French, 
aad  dancing,  had  been  anfembled  around  her  as  loon  as  ihe  could' 
Jjpeak ;  ihe  learned  Latin  from  her  father  at  a  very  early  period,  and 
coald  read  any  Cal'y  fcntencc  in  Greek  ;  was  learned  in  alirrnomv. 
knew  (bmethiug  of  the  mathematics,  and,  in  relief  of  thefe  m(»re 
abfbafe  Hudic^,  read  lulian  and  Spinifh.  il;^ving  novtr  hKard  ;v:y 
Aittg  but  her  cwn  praifes,  flic  really  believed  iicrlelf  a  miracle  of 
knowledge  a'-d  accompUlhmcnts;  and  it  n;i;::  be  owi.-.c',  that  an 
4  audicr.co 


Ite  kfi  psrnrl  th^Q  ihofe  before  whom  fbc  gsaerallf  perfanrt* 
hiVL*  a'lo'ved  that  flje  perfomifd  very  long  concertos,  and 
vuhoyt    c  At  with   infinite   correctncfs,  ari4   much  execution. 
Ifbe  mirJe  noil  mvet,'ratc  likeneffes  of  njany  of  her  acquiint- 
]  and  painted  Iindf^apcs,  where  very  green  trees  were  re  flexed 
Itltie  ¥^*;ter,     Htt   French  ^vas  moll  gramniatically  corred, 
I  the  accent  was  fomewbic  defedlve ;  and  (he  knew  all  manner 
Dry — CO  III  d  tell  the  dates  of  the  moft  execrable  afllons  of  the 
.  crabic  of  hyman  beings — ^a^id  never  had  occafion  to  coafaltp 
tpv  was  her  memory,  Tru3,T's  Chronology.     Aj  it  was  be* 
fty  k  was  aiicrtcd    by  tie  doctor  and  his  wife,    that    tHcif 
Iter  wis  the  mn^X  fcccomplilhi^d  woman  of  her  age  and  coontry; 
mOil  of  their  acquaintance  it  was  taken  (or  granted.     The 
Imenj  however,  whom  all  thefe   elegancies  were  probably  dc- 
1  to  attrailj  feemed   by  no  rncans   firuck  with  them  :  fome  of 
I  vvho  had  approached  h^r  on   the  fu^gellion  of  hef  being  as 
L  had  declared  that  her  fortune  made  no  iimends  for  her  watiC  of 
and  o^^hcrs  had  be^^^n  alarmed  by  the  acqui lotions  which  wtat 
[:h  bs:yond  thoic  they  had  made  themlclvc?^     Thus,  at  fix-aod- 
(though  ihe  lady  and  her  parents,  for  fome  reafons  of  theirowiip 
IhernumQrcrthan  twenty -two,)  IVlifi  Holly  bo  urn  was  yet  iinn)arji« 
lr*of  ihcfclovers  who  had  offered ,  fome  had  been  rejededbytbe 
,  and  ll>me  by  herfelf.     She  a(fe£ted  a  great  indifference,  and 
of  the  pleafures  of  purfuing  knowledge   in  an  elcg'ant  retire- 
But  it  was  ohft^rvci^,  that  wht'never  any  young  men  of  pre* 
jrtune,  or  future  expcftatii^n,  were  in  the  country.   Dr.  Hslly- 
lily  returned  tiie  vifit-iof  the  ladies  to  whom  thcfc  <TentIc- 


Amhian  Tales.  15) 

iiti  Rtyland.  The  Dodor,  while  he  dU  jaftice  to  the  ex* 
Abes  before  him»  fauinched  out  in  very  fincere  praife  of  the 
lAkh  produced  thc!m :  the  beautifal  park  which,  he  averred^ 
f^ery  beft  venKon  in  the  country ;  the  woods  lUwunding  in 
€  extenfive  pondi^  whdfe  living  fireams  conujncd  all  man- 
li;  die  rich  meadows  below,  that  fatted  fachexqnifitebeef; 
Jeep-walks  on  the  downs  above,  which  fent  to  table  mutton 
Uld  the  Welch  mutton  itfelf !— then,  (bch  gardens  for  fruit ! 
nVement  poultry  yards ! — ^Mrs.  RayUnd,  who  loved  to  hear 
Mpraifed,  could  have  liftened  to  fuch  eulc^ums  for  ever; 
■ei  totallv  to  have  forgotten  that,  according^  to  the  courfe  of 
fte.ihonld  be  miib^  of  thefe  good  things  but  a  very  little  timd 
.ttd  that»  when  a  little  fpace  in  the  chancel  of  the  adjcnninj 
woold  be  all  ihe  could  occupy,  they  mnft  pais  into  the. pol^ 
if  another.' 

r  leader  is  not  to  infer,  from  this  fpecimen^tfaat  the  noTcl 
ndy*  nor  chiefly,  of  the  humorous  kind.  In  many  parts  it 
mental }  fometimes,  though  not  frequently,  it  becomes  pa* 
\  and  once  or  twice,  but  very  fparingly,  political  ideas 
oaions  are  introduced,  and  the  author  takes  occafion  to 
I  that  generous  fpirit  of  freedom,  which  is  difplayed 
t  Urge  in  her  **  Dtfmond.**  In  fine,  though  we  cannot 
It  we  think  the  prcfenC  novel  fupmor  to  thofe  which 
»•  has  formerly  produced,  yet  it  difcovers,  in  a  confi« 
:  degree,  facility  of  invention,  knowlege  of  life,  and 
md  of  language. 


VI.  Jrmhiam  Tales  \  or,  a  Continuation  of  the  Arabian  Nights 
rtainmenu.  ConfifUng  of  Stories  related  by  the  Sultana 
he  Indies,  to  divert  her  Hufband  from  the  Performance  of 
h  Vow ;  exhibiting  a  moft  intere(Hng  View  of  the  Religion, 
I,  Manners,  Culloms,  Arts,  and  Literature,  of  the  Nations  of 
Saft;  and  afBrding  a  rich  Fund  of  the  moft  pleafing  Amiife- 
;,  which  fidHtious  Writings  can  fupply.  Ncwl^  tranflated 
.  the  original  Arabic  into  French,  by  Dom  Chavis,  a  Nativd 
u  and  M.Cazotte,  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Dijon.  And 
bted  from  the  French  into  Engliih,  by  Robert  Heron,  i  amo. 
!••  los.  fewed.  Bell  and  Bradfutc,  5:c.  Edinburgh ;  Robin- 
London.     1792. 

MUG  the  queftions  which  are  moft  interefting  to  the  pro- 
icfs  of  morals  and  the  caufe  of  truth,  is  the  utility  of  that 
of  fidion  which  is  fupported  by  fupernatural  aid  ;  and,  if 
\  been,  or  may  hereafter  be,  ufeful,  what  ought  to  be  its 
}  That  fables  or  tales  of  this  kind  feize,  hurry  forward, 
irapture,  the  undifciplined  imagination  of  youth,  there 
no  doubt;  and  that  they  therefore  tend  to  awaken  cu- 
,  which  otherwife  might  continue  dormant,  is  highly 
\  June  1793.  M  probable: 


^ 


Arabian  Tahm 

jle ; — but  it  is  no  left  certain  that  Aey  Hkewifc  hire  i 
icy  CO  accuftom  the  mind  rather  to  wonder  than  to  ii»* 
;  and  to  feek  a  folutton  of  difficulties  in  occult  citifes^  m* 
>f  ferioufly  rcfortmg  to  hBB.  I  he  true  anfwer  to  this  diffi- 
yellton  fccms  to  be,  that  in  the  progrcfs  of  mind,  ignoruice 
rontinudly  find  caufe  to  woiidcr  ;  and  will  therefore  be 
intly  impclted  to  utter  its  admiration,  and  to  rcbte  ill 
:onje3urcs.  To  blame  it  for  not  being  more  enlighten* 
*ou!d  perhaps  be  as  a b ford  as  to  reproach  an  iofant  fot 
ting  able  to  dem^inilrate  a  theorem  in  Euclid.  Such 
confequently,  mud  be  written,  and  will  be  read,  Betwcea 
loral  utility,  however,  of  fables  built  on  the  marvdlous» 
*f  thofc  which  originate  in  true  pidures  of  life  and  mm- 
there  can  be  no  comparifon*  It  is  indeed  fo  iitceflary  to 
e  refernblances  of  man  as  he  really  is,  in  every  fabuloiii 
live,  that  the  wildnefs  of  romance  has  only  become  attrac- 
Q  confequcnce  of  this  mixture*  Accuflomed  as  we  tre 
fifider  the  Arabians  frequently  as  a  wandering  and  wild, 
lut  fcldom  as  a  fchooled  and  fcieniific,  people,  we  receive 
tales  from  them  as  the  genuine  produce  of  the  partial  ad- 
-s  which  they  have  made  in  know  lege  :  though,  were  they 
♦orks  of  Europeans,  we  fhouid  regard  them  as  the  indolent 
rccs  of  authors,  who  were  either  unwilling,  or  unable,  to 
en  attention  and  excite  applaufe,  by  exhibiting  accurate 


Arabian  Talis*  1 55 

woman  of  pleafure  :  and  fomcthing  was  therefore  wanted  for  the  en* 
lerounroent  ofthofe,  who  chofe  to  withdraw  the  mind  occafionaUy  from 
tlte  realities  of  life,  yet  were  unwilling  to  debafe  imaginationf  b/ 
taming  it  to  dwell  on  the  brutal  groiTnefs  of  fenfual  indulgence. 

'  If  thofe  Eaftern  tales  were  prcfented  to  the  European  public,  at  a 
feafon  which  feems  to  have  been  peculiarly  favourable  for  their  recep- 
tkm ;  there  was»  however,  dill  more  in  their  charaAer  than  in  the 
oircumftances  of  the  time,  to  recommend  them  to  that  eager  and  ge* 
aerai  intereft  which  they  immediately  commanded  among  all  dafles  of 
leaders.  The  flyle  in  which  they  were  written,  and  the  artifice  by 
which  they  were  interwoven  together,  were,  if  not  abfolutely  new, 
YCt  firange  and  uncommon.  For  although  the  (lories  in  Ovid's 
Docks  of  Meumorphofes  be  connected  bv  means  which,  at  lead  in 
ffightnefs  and  infufficiency  for  the  purpofe  of  compading  parts  into  a 
whole,  bear  fome  refemblance  to  the  (lender  thread  by  which  the  nar- 
ratives of  the  Tboufand  and  One  Nights  are  feebly  and  awkwardly  held 
together ;  and  although  Chaucer's  Canterbury  tdes,  the  multiplicity 
ol  broken  adventures  ftrangely  jumbled  together  in  the  Orlando  Fu- 
riofo,  and,  almoft  equally,  the  half  Gothic,  half-dalBcal  fiibric  of 
Spencer's  Fairy  Queen,  betray  a  truly  oriental  un/kilfnlne/j  in  the  art 
of  arrangement :  yet,  with  thefe  works,  the  more  pa(rionate  readers  of 
the  ArMan  Nights  Entertainments  were,  for  the  moft  part,  little  ac- 
quainted ;  and,  where  there  was  fo  much  novelty  in  To  many  other 
rapefls,  a  fmall  diiference  in  (Irudure  was,  by  the  efFed  of  aifocia* 
lion,  naturally  increafed  greatly  above  its  real  magnitude. 

•  The  manners  and  cuftoms  exhibited  in  thofe  talcs,  were  at  the  fame 
time  much  more  (Irange  and  Angular,  than  the  artle(rners  of  their  con* 
nexion,  or  the  tedious  copioufnefs  ofnarrativc  which  didinguithed  them. 
Beauties,  cooped  up  together  by  fcores,  or  perhaps  hundreds,  in  a 
kvam,  all  for  the  amufement  of  one  man ;  and  he  often  indifferent, 
feeble,  old,  and  fitter  to  repofe  in  the  grave  or  the  hofpital,  than  to 
riot  on  the  nuptial  couch  :  fcftive  entertainments,  unenlivened'  by  the 
fprightly  gaieties  of  the  fair  fex,  or  the  cheering  influence  of  wine : 
wives  wearing  drawers  and  troufers  like  their  hu(bands,  and  men  ar- 
rayed in  loofe  robes  like  their  wives,  yet  at  the  f^ime  time  cherifhing^ 
as  ici  many  goats,  each  a  venerable  length  of  beard  :  paftry -cooks 
aiaking-fuch  a  figure  in  fociety,  as  if  the  perfc6iion  of  human  art  were 
difplayed  in  the  compoQtion  of  a  cream-tart  or  a  pye :  the  art  of 
writing  efteemed,  (ingly,  a  qualification  fitting  thofe  (killed  in  it  for 
the  nioll  dignified  offices  in  civil  lite,  as  if  the  fmalled  pofTible  portion 
•f  intelle^l  were  not  adequate  to  the  formation  of  the  letters  in  the  al- 
phabct,and  the  joining  of  thefe  into  words  and  lines:  ablutions  perform- 
ed, many  times  a  day,  and,  at  every  different  time,  as  fcrupuloufly  as 
Swift's  Strephtm  walhed  himfelf,  when  he  was  to  mount  the  bed  of  hit 
aogel*Chloe :  prayers  repeated  by  all  ranks,  with  fcrious  devotion, 
afanofl  as  often  in  the  day,  as  our  men  of  fafhion  call  upon  their 
Maker  in  contemptuous  fcorn,  or  in  idle  merriment :  the  code  of  reli- 
gion almoil  as  frequently  and  fondly  quoted,  as  our  profcH'ed  wits  in- 
trodnce  ilily  into  their  convcrfation/rf/Z'  repartees  from  Joe  Miller,  or 
triginal  anecdotes  from  the  TcU -tale :  judicial  aftrology  conftitutiiig  the 
Ircat  rule  of  human  life,  and  every  man  and  woman,  as  iurcly  as  they 

M  2  come 


ArMan  Tahu 

Into  the  world,  hiving  their  fortunes  fubjcfted  ta  the  capricioiil 

Ice  of  this  or  that  ilar : — all  thcfe  phaenotnena  are  fo  remote  fmia 

liloms  and  manners  of  Euro|>e,  thatt  when  exhibited  as  eittcnng 

le  ordinary  fyftem  of  human  aiFairs,  they  codd  not  fail  to  coo- 

our  eycsp  a  con  fide  rable  Ihare  of  am  u  five  novelty  oa  the  dia- 

and  events  with  which  they  arc  conneded. 

let,  it  is  probable  that  the  machmegy  coniribatcdj  more  than  any 

ipartictilar  in  their  charader,  to  obtain  to  the  Amhmn  Nighn 

yifftmenist  the  preference  over  mo  ft  of  the  other  works  of  imagina- 

liich  were  common  in  £  a  rope  at  the  time  of  their  iiril  appearance. 

ianij   Genies,   Fairies,  Laitipst  Ring^,  and  other  Tdifmans, 

I  in  fuch  proftjfion  through  thofc  volumesj  ai  could  not  but  m3.ke 

lidcr  wonder  and  iWe,  who  was  acquainted  only  with  witchci 

led  on  broomflicks^^and  with  little  viewlefs  elves^  dancbg  oc- 

il!y  by  moon -light,  in  fmall  circles  on  the  green,  or,  in  their 

fplendoar  and  fen:ivity,  only  lighting  npi  for  their  midnigbt 

,  the  deferted  hall  of  fome  ruinous  caflb.    It  has  been  obferved, 

;,  by  Dr.  Havvkefworth,  in  fome  one  of  the  firft  nntnbew  of  the 

[lUircr,  [No,  IV.]   that  thefe  tales  pleafc,  bccaufe,  even  their 

riery>  wild  and  wonderful  as  it  i.v^  has  its  laws^and  the  magicians 

hchanters  perform  nothing  but  what  wa$  to  be  naturally  expe^- 

fuch  beings,  after  we  had  once  granted  them  exi Hence,  and 

lied  them  with  power.     But,  I  0iould  radier  fuppofe  that  the 

lonirary  is  the  truth  of  the  fad.     It  ii  fureJy  the  Hrangenefsj  the 

I'lvn  nature,  the  anomalous  charader  of  the  fupematural  agents 

1  ployed  J  that  enables  them  to  operaie  fo  powerfully  on  our 

irs,  curiufi^y,  rympathiei,  and,  in  fhort,  on  all  the  feclingjof 


Arabian  Taltsi  157 

times,  t^en  amid  the  florid  verbofity  confpicaous  in  them,  as  in  other 
oriental  compofitions,  they  afford  pleaiing  defcriptions  of  the  fcenes 
of  external  natnre.  The  mod  agitated  workings  of  the  human  heart 
are  often  difplayed  in  them,  with  a  mafterly  hand.  Being  a  collec- 
don,  they  cont»n  a  medley  of  comic,  trajric,  and  heroic  adventures, 
the  very  number  and  variety  of  which  mu$  neceflarily  give  them  con- 
fiderable  power  to  pleafe.  And,  1  know  not  if  even  the  gold,  jewels, 
pearls,  rabies,  emeralds,  the  bales  of  rich  (luffs,  and  fuperb  pelHces, 
the  crouded  kans,  luxurious  gardens,  and  apartments  beyonii  de/cription 
fomftuoHSt  which  are  fo  liberally  laviihed  through  thofe  tales,  and  fo 
oftoiuuoufly  defcribed  wherever  they  occur,  have  not  infeniibly  a 
greater  influence  in  dazzling  and  amufing  the  mind  of  the  reader,  than 
perhaps  the  pupil  of  tade  will  be  willing  to  allow. — Such  are  the  tales 
which  I  remember  to  have  eagerly  preferred,  in  the  days  of  childifh 
credulity,  to  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  the  Adventures  of 
Jack  the  Giant-killer,  the  Story  of  the  Seven  Wife  Mailers,  and  even 
to  the  Hifiory  of  the  Nine  Worthies  :-*and  fuch  feem  to  be  the  more 
ftiiking  peculiarities  in  their  charader,  by  which  they  have  pleafed, 
and  (Hll  continue  to  pleafe,  almoft  all  ages,  all  ranks,  and  all  different 
capacities.' 

After  thefe  pertinent  and  generally  well-founded  remarks 
on  the  Arabian  tales,  the  tranflator  proceeds  to  examine  their 
authenticity  ;  and,  as  he  executes  his  talk  with  every  mark  of 
candour  and  fidelity,  we  cannot  do  better  than  cite  his  own 
words: 

«  Literary  impofition  has  been  frequently  attempted  with  great  fuc« 
ceCi ;  and  it  was  doubted  by  many,  for  fome  time  after  tl^e  publicationi 
of  the  Jrahiott  Nights  Entertainments ^  that,  although  rcprefcnted  as 
compofitions  of  the  £aft,  they  had  been  adtually  fabricated  in  Europe. 
Infiances  have  not  been  wanting,  to  juftify  this  fufpicion.  It  was 
ofual  among  the  claflical  fcholars  who  flourifhed  about  the  aera  of  the 
revival  of  letters,  to  try  their  proficiency,  by  producing  forgeries  in 
the  names  of  their  favourite  Greek  or  Roman  authors,  with  which 
they  now  and  then  adually  deceived  one  another.  It  had  been  ufual, 
too,  among  the  fophifls  of  antiquity,  to  compofe  declamations  and 
cpifUes  in  the  names  of  celebrated  perfonages,  the  incidents  of  whofe 
Eves  afforded  them  fuitable  materials :  and  it  is  well  known  what  cri- 
Qcal  hardinefs  and  acumen  the  doughty  Bentley  difplayed,  in  deted- 
ing  the  forgerv  of  the  epiftles  of  Phalaris.  The  letters  of  the  Turkiih 
S]^,  the  CafUe  of  Otranto,  the  poems  of  Rowley,  not  to  name  innu- 
merable other  works  of  the  fame  call,  areeood  proofs,  that  the  literati 
of  the  prefent  age,  have  not  loft  cither  the  fpirit  or  the  power  of  literary 
impofition.  But  the  character  of  the  Arabian  tales  is  fo  truly  Eaflem, 
they  bear  fb  many  marks  which  no  European  hand  could  have  im- 
prefled,  and  carry  in  them  fo  much  of  that  internal  evidence  which 
enforces  convidlion,  (HU  more  powerfully  than  the  flrongeft  external 
teftimony,  that  one  could  hardly  have  thought  it  poflible  for  men  of 
letming  to  remain  long  in  doubt  about  their  authenticity,  had  not  a 
writer  of  no  lefs  eminence  than  Dr.  Beattie,  even  within  thefe  laft 
eight  or  ten  years,  exprefTed  himfelf  uncertain  whether  they  were 

M  3  trandsLtedL 


^ahmn  Tain* 

«d  or  fibricated  hy  M.  Galknd.  However^  the  Di 
have  probably  been  ratisiitd  by  this  tmie  |  fofj  mdepeni 
King  of  France's  library,  i«  which  the  origmaii  have 
rpofit^il,  the  autheDLidty  of  thde  tales  ha^  beeo  fttUy  proved 
ODel  Capper  I  and  an  Arabic  copy  of  them  is  at  ihi&  vef^  Uhk* 
ve,  tn  the  hands  of  the  learned  Dr-Jofeph  White  of  Oxford, 
once  even  taike^Jj  that  the  Brhiih  pablk  nuglic  fooocr  dj'  later 
^yred  wilh  a  tranflation  of  them  from  che  original  language  hf 
jdor'spcn;  in  which  they  wodd  difplay  more  of  a  geuuififi 
al  c^l^  and  retiia  more  of  tlieir  nadve  gracei,  ihan  in  the  vex* 
Gallajid;  who,  as  is  cammon  with  his  coiantrymcn  upoo  fimir 
a£ons>  has  given  too  much  of  a  Frenchified  Mr  to  the  £^en| 
rs  and  mode i  of  addrefs.  But,  ai  Major  Davyhaa  returned 
Eali,  Mr*  Badcock  n  dead,  ^nd  Dr.  Parr  now  immerfcd  la 
t  and  preface-i^riting  |  there  is  feme  reafon  ^o  fear«  itiai  good 
hite,  thus  deprived  of  the  allUl."Lius  of  hi$  former  f^udieit  ^^ 
d  by  tlie  kboiioui  adivity  of  a  coUegc  Efc,  may  be  deccned 
Ccomplilhtng  To  arduous  a  tafk* 

he  following  volumes  come  indeed  m  a  qiicflionabk  fh.\pe. 
hyj  it  may  be  a/kt'd,  have  not  Dcm  Dennis  Chavi*  and  M, 
;e,  Aood  forward  perfonaUy  to  (i^tc  the  circum  fiances  of  their 
aking  ?  Why  has  it  been  left  to  namclefs  editors  to  aiJcrt  the 
ticity  of  theic  Tak5,  and  explain  their  connexion  with  the 
ndmd  Om  NighsP — But^  this  notwithftanding,  thefc  sddi- 
ales  are  ijndoubtediy  genuine.  I  have  not  btsen  informed  whe- 
.e)-^  make  a  part  of  Dr.  White's  copy  ;    but  I  believe  they  aft 

lAurn  In  h#f  in  ih^  Kinor  nf  Rrmnr^^s  Ithrarv.  as,  \&  r^nr#^Atn4  ui 


I 


jhtm  ifftimed  dhtndlcr imd  mitecr*  I  titre e?im remtik* 
cd^  iiifwhr  as  cha  diCQa»flaaoe  may  apfoar,  that  while  erery  thing 
ia  comMr  oriental  ia  the  text,  the  two  tranflators  hare  fometiaoes 
comantiea  errors  of  ignoraace  in  their  attempts  to  explain  £fficaltie$ 
9Btd  petfoSuides  in  the  notes.  Upon  Ae  whole,  were  1  to  hazard  t 
copjeftorey  I  flionld  fttR>ore  that  advanuge  may  hare  beeft  taken  of 
the  |iopohrity  of  the  JrakMi  Nights  Bntmmmmmtst  tod  thefe  new 
Idfiei  Mitefwoftp  into  the  fame  textnre,  in  order  to  give  them  the 
'ftoM  eovrency ;  bat  Eaft«m  they  ondonbtedly  are/ 

As  teviewtrSy  kbonrers  for  the  public,  it  is  here  our  duty  to 
ftate,  ia  fupport  of  the  tranflator*s  arguments,  that  we  have 
.  carefully  read  through  the  four  volumes,  purpofely  to  dtfcover 
irhnt  were  the  probabilities  concerning  their  being  original  o^ 
ibrged.  tales ;  and,  as  far  as  internal  evidence  can  amft  us^ 
wUdh  we  too  confider  in  reality  as  the  heft  of  evidence,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  that  they  are  authentic. 

Of  dieir  merit,  to  thofe  who  have  read  the  Arabian  Nighti' 
Entertainments,  we  need  only  fay  that  we  confider  them  as 
nearly,  if  not  as  wholly,  equal  to  that  work.  As  the  tranflator 
remarks,  *  they  are  a  medley  of  comic,  tragic,  and  heroic  tales.* 
The  flory  of  Habib,  in  particular,  poflefles  beauties  rarely  to  be 
found  in  this  kind  of  compofition  ;  it  charms  by  its  poetry,  ri J 
Tecs  attention  by  its  intereft,  and  elevates  by  its  morality.  The 
infancy  and  education  of  the  hero  are  admirably  conceived  for 
Che  purpofe  of  giving  probability  to  the  aftoni(hing  prowefs  of 
his  manhood :  but  the  charaderiftic  feature  in  him  which  moft 
delights  and  moft  inftruds  us,  is  his  fortitude  ;  a  virtue  of  fuch. 
high  imporunce  to  man,  that  it  never  (hould  be  forgotten,  nor 
heglefled  b^  the  writer  of  fidion,  who  intends  by  his  fables  to 
benefit  his  fpecies. 

The  tranflator,  a  writer  of  no  mean  talents,  apologizes  for 
errors,  by  pleading  the  impatience  of  bis  bookfellers,  who 
obliged  him  to  hurry  through  the  work.  He  has,  however, 
executed  his  talk  with  fpirit :  but  had  be  not  told  us  fo,  we 
fliould  have  difcovered  that  it  had  been  done  with  hafte.  It  is 
*  perhaps  a  duty  to  him,  and  to  our  readers,  to  point  out  fome  of 
the  pafliges  which  we  conceive  to  be  moft  ofienfive  to  the 
Englifli  idiom.  Anxious  as  we  are  to  be  juft,  yet  to  notice 
every  trip  made  in  a  work  of  four  volumes,  written  under  fuch 
ctrcumftanccs,  would  perhaps  be  invidious,  and  certainly  too 
fiitiguing  even  for  reviewers. 

Vol.  I.— (p  4.)  TcllmybcnefaaorthatIjfci//[will]oflfer, 
fcc.— (p.  74.)  Faffed  nearby  its  walls.— (p.  70.)  The  place 
which  is  nrtt  opnadup. — {^.%i.)  Happin youberi.'^^.%t.) 
The  •pening  up  of  the  adventure.---(p.84.)  That  Chebib  whdji 
tkample  teaches  generofity  and  [who]  i$    imodel.— (p.  86.) 

M  4  Flowers 


which  already  imkaim  the  apaitcntrnt. — ^(p.  880  Comff 

J  a  refrijbment.'-{p^  lOb*)  Never  y^a/  /y^  beautiful  eyes. 

llQi )  He  wai  already  married  and  Um  with  his  wife— 

.)  Received  him  Jji^open  and  affedionate  a  matiner  m 

^de  him  eafy. 

ir.— (p.  igg*}  Sinkarib's  officers  were  not  in  a  hafte. — 
)  Low  rabble  that  fas]  they  are,^(p.  265.)  /jf  sikik  I 
vvife  to  ar)  eiiiir,-^(p.  26SO  You  have  guclfed  thiwof  sf 
heaven. — A  mtimJIriJ^is  my  head^^^Your  Ton  Is  making 
'  progrefi* — ImproVid  by  a  rapid  prffgnfs, 
111*— (p.  165-)  To  take  the  urmod  pains  $f  her  cdu- 
-[p,  298.)  How  dearly  muft  it  coft  mjfii/lm^} — The 

t^w  th^l  pi£rc£s. 
fourth   volume,  which,  as  the  preface  mforms  us.  It 

led  by  another  hand,  his  one  peculiarly  offend ve  bkmilll 
which  is  frec|ucnt]y  repeated  ;  that  of  mingling  the 
perfons  Angular  and  plural  in  the  fame  fentence,  and 
indifcrjminaiely  thou,  or  you.  We  confider  this  prac- 
almoil  unpardonable  in  poetry :  but  In  profe  it  has 
cufe  :     it    is    a   degree   of  carelelTners  that  infults  the 

Ihave  before  allowed,  but|  in  order  to  leave  no  falfe  Imprer- 

\a  otir  readers'  minds,    we  repeat,   that  the   trannation, 

it  mail  be  faid  to  have  fauh&,  i^,  on  the  whokj  fpirltcd 

bfin: 


i 


TiejnoUs^s  Dramatifi:  a. Comedy.  i6x 

HDaginttion  of  the  illiterate,  that  is  of  the  majority,  is  much 
more  attentive  to  the  prefent  than  to  the  paft ;  and  that,  if  it  be 
patified  with  new  incidents,  each  in  itfelf  animating  and  di- 
perting,  it  feldom  has  the  ftrength  or  the  patience  to  inquire 
into  what  connection  any  or  all  of  them  may  or  ought  to  have 
with  preceding  or  future  events.  Confidered  as  a  whole,,  the 
comedy  of  the  Dramatift  is  little  better  than  a  farrago  of  incon- 
mitics :  bot  many  of  its  individual  fcenes  are  ipirited,  and 
nequently  diffJay  an  acute  degree  of  obfervation  on  life  and 
wuiners.  It  has  iikewife  one  (pecies  of  unity,  which  is  indeed 
its  chief  attradion ;  and  this  confifts  in  the  inceflant  propenficy 
•f  Vapid  to  render  every  word,  ad,  and  perfon,  fubfervient  to  his 
ftbeme  of  writing  comedies.  The  author  feems  luckily  to  have 
lecolleAed  his  own  fituation  ;  and  he  has  painted  it,  fome  few 
farcical  ftrokes  excepted,  with  confiderable  force  ai^d  accuracy* 
We  con&der  this  as  a  ftriking  example,  highly  worrhy  the  atten- 
&n  of  dramatic  writers,  of  the  effe^s  which  maybe  produced  by 
^  ftrong  conception  of,  and  unvaried  attention  to,  charader : 
Ibr  thefe  circumftances,  and  thefe  alone,  gave  popularity  to  this 
comedy  on  the  ftage;  although,  in  the  clofet,  it  will  much 
more  frequently  excite  difguft  than  produce  pleafure. 

1  he  following  fcene  is  one  of  thofe  which  moft  contributed 
to  make  the  play  fuccefsful ;  and  though  it  be  an  animated  difplay 
of  the  charader  of  Vapid,  yet  it  will  afFord  the  reader,  who  is 
pofleflcd  of  tafte  and  judgment,  fufEcient  proofs  of  the  farcical 
and  incongruous  fpiric  that  pervades  the  whole: 

'AAV.     Scene— Lfl^  Waitfor't'j  jipartment-^La^y  Waitfor't  ^H/^ 
co^vered  at  her  Toilette t  Lctty  nvaiting* 

*  Lady,  Mr.  X'apid  not  come  yet,  Letty ! 

*  Lftty.  No,  Ma'am  — but  the  fervant  who  found  him  at  the  tavern 
iaid  he  would  be  here  immediately. 

'  Lady,  I  proieft,  1  am  almoft  weary  of  them  all ;  (noi/e  njcithcut) 
fce  who's  there.  [^^tty  lijiens  and  returns, 

'  Letty.  Mr.  Vapid  at  laft ;  now,  pray  your  Ladyfliip,  infill  on  his 
CzpUining  every  thing  to  my  Lord. 

'Lady,  Yes;  but  vilely  as  he  has  treated  me,  I  mud  Hill  be  cainu 
'  [Vapid,  putth:g  his  had tn,'^ 

*  Ladf.  Walk  in.  Sir,  walk  in. 

'  Fapid*  No,  Ma'am— rd  rather  (lay  here. 

*  L^ufy.  I  beg  you'll  be  feated,  Mr.  Vapid— I  have  fomcthing  of 
CDdcqueoce  to  impart  to  you. 

*  [Vapid,  gently  coming  /».] 
'  Fapid.  I'd  never  have  ventured,  bat  in  hopes  of  ffccing  my  dear 
Marianne. 
'  Loify,  Indeed,  I  will  nQt  detain  you  a  moment. 

*  Fafid.  Very  well.  Ma'am,  if  that's  the  cafe — (Jlo\\;Iy /eating  bim^ 
t^')    lt*8  very  alarming,  '  \Ajide. 

*  Lady. 


Rtynoldt'i  Dramati/f:  &  C^mafy, 


^df.  httty^  leave  the  roonit  at^d  faflei]  tiic  door*^         ILtiijf&it. 
apid^  No — jio— don'i  do  that,  \  bcftcch  yoa. 
idy.    Yau^'re  very  much  frighc'ncd^  Mr«  Vapid^— I  liopc  yon 
iyppofe  t  have  an/  defign  again fl  yoii* 

•jjpiV*  I  don'i  know,  really.  Ma'am ^fach  things  arc  perfcflJ/ 

itic. 

«^,  Well,  but  to  rcleafe  you  from  your  feats,  V\\  icll  you  w^fiy 
s  given  you  ihu  trouble — ^my  bufiticfi*  Mr,  Va|?id,  wa*  to  C00» 
with  yoii  on  the  farcical  affair  that  happened  at  Ncviltc*! > 
tipid.  Farcical  1 

a^.  Yes,  Sir*  the  farcical  affair  that  happened  at  MrvNevilk*!. 
npid.  Farcical !  what,  my  epilogue.  Ma'am— •!  hope  yoa  dun^ 
to  rcfleil  on  that, 

^y.  No,  Sir — far  from  it— I  have  \m  doubt  but  il  li  A  very  de- 
sompofidon, 

Qpid.  Doubt  1  here  it  h  I — read  it !— the  very  firfl  produ<:1ioa  of 
;c  \  a  regular  climax  of  poetic  beauty  I — the  kll  line  eke  ne  plus 
3f  genius, 

tdy.  But  to  be  fcrious,  Mr.  Vapid. 

zpid^  Why,  I  am  feriou^— and  FU  tell  you,  LadyWaitlbr*!— *tisib 
e  of  an  epilogue,  and  the  hflfcene  of  a  comedy  t>.  at  always  di^a^J 
tis  the  reconciliation  of  lovers^thene's  the  difiiculty  ! — Yoi 
fo  in  real  life,  I  dare  fay, 

tdjf.  Yea — but,  Mr.  Vapid,  this  affair  concerns  us  ejicc^vtly* 
wifh  to  know  what  i^  to  b^  done* 

upid.  111  tell  you— write  a  play,  and  bad  ai  it  ntay  pofiiWy  hf, 
3  a  t ran fl alio n  from  the  French,  and  interweave  a  few  eompli- 


M*     I 


keynoldsV  Dramatijl:  a  Comtdy.  163 

*  Vafli.  Indeed^  Ma*ain«  I  am  not. 

*  Mariamu.  There  now — I  told  you  fo — upon  my  word  you  rely  to# 
asoch  on  your  time  of  life— yoo  do  indeed-<-you  think  becaufe  you're 
a  lictle  the  worfe  for  wear»  you  may  trull  yourfelf  any  where— but 
y(M|*re  miibken — you're  not  near  fo  bad  as  you  imagine  ~  nay,  I 
<bn't  flatter,  do  I,  Mr. Vapid? 

*  Vapid,  Indeed,  Ma'am,  you  do  not. 

*  Lady.  Look'jre,  Mifs — your  infolence  is  not  to  be  borne— *yoa 
bave  been  the  chief  caufe  of  all  my  perplexities. 

«  Mwrianm,  Nay,  aunt,  don't  fay  that. 

*  Lady.  No  matter— your  behaviour  is  (hamelefs,  and  it  is  high  time 
I  exerted  the  authority  of  a  relation-^you  are  a  difgrace  to  me— to 
yoarfelf,  and  your  friends— therefore  I  am  determined  to  put  into  ex-^ 
ccotion  a  fcheme  I  have  long  thought  of. 

*  MoiSMun.  What  is  it?  Something  pleafant,  I  hope. 

*  Lady.  No,  yon  ihall  retire  to  a  convent,  till  you  take  pofleiiion  of 
yoor  £)rtune. 

'  Marianne.  A  convent !  Oh  Lord !  I  can't  make  up  my  mind  to 
ity  DOW  doo't,  pray  don't  think  of  it — I  declare  it's  quite  (hocking. 

*  Lady.  It  is  a  far  better  place  than  you  deferve;  my  refolution  \% 
fixed,  and  we  fliall  fee  whether  a  life  of  folitude  and  aullerity  will  not 
awaken  fome  fenfe  of  (hame  in  you. 

'  Marianne.  Indeed,  I  can't  bear  the  thoughts  of  it. — Oh,  do  fpeak 
to  her,  Mr. Vapid — tell  her  about  the  nafty  monks,  now  do.  A  con^ 
vent!  mercy  I  what  a  check  to  the  paflions?     Oh!  I  can't  bear  it. 

[l^'^eepingi 

*  Fafid.  Gad,  here's  afudden  touch  of  tragedy-  pray.  Lady  Wait- 
for't,  refled— you  can't  fend  a  lady  to  a  convent  when  the  theatres 
arc  open— fee,  it  will  break  the  poor  girl's  heart— don't  weep  fo, 
Marianne. 

*  Marianne.  I  can't  help  it — it  will  be  the  death  of  me  !  Pray,  my 
dear  aunt. 

*  Ladj^.  Not  a  word— I  am  determined— to-morrow  you  (hall  leave 
this  country,  and  then  1  have  done  with  you  for  ever. 

*  Marianne,  Oh !  my  poor  heart ! 
«  f^tf/iV.    See!  She'il  faint! 
'Marianne.    Oh!  Oh!  Oh! 

*  Marianne  /aints  into  Lady  Waitfor't'/  arms. 

*  Lady.  Oh  \  I  have  gone  too  far,  what's  to  be  done  ! 

*  Vapid.  Some  relief  immediately,  or  fhe'll  expire— where  (hall  I 
iy,  — I'll  call  the  fervants. 

'  Lady.  No,  'twill  be  too  late — I  have  fome  drops  in  this  clofet  may 
recover  hex — hold  her  for  a  moment,  and  for  Heaven's  fake,  take 
care  of  her.  \Exit. 

*  Marianne  lays  in  Vapid 'j  arms, 

*  Vapid.  Here's  a  fituation  ! — Poor  girl !  how  1  pity  her !  I  really 
loved  her. 

*  Marianne.  Djd  you  really  love  me,  Mr. Vapid  ? 

*  Vapid.  Hey-day!  recovered!     here's  incident ! 

*  Marianne.  But  did  you  really  love  me,  Mr. Vapid? 
«  Vapid.  Yes,  1  did— here's  Ibge  effeft! 


Fergufon'j  Prln€iph$  ^f  M^al  md  Pdklcal  Scittm. 
hria/itti,   Aad  would  yoa  h^ve  reaU^  ran  away  with  mt^  Mr. 

\ptd.  Yes,  I  reairy  woaTd. 

rianrn.  Tlicn  come  along  this  moment- 

ff/-    Hath  [ — here's  the  old  lady  \  keep  dying  as  Ejefoft,  ifld 
I  if  e  £t  ihe  bu^adjj  — more  c<j  u  i  vo  q  ue  ! 

•  Rt-tmer  LaJy  Watrfor*t. 
Ify,  WeHf  Mr.  Vapid^  how  does  fh^  do  ?  Lord  I  ibc's  m  ftiDQg 

fi(/.  Yes,  Ma'am,  flie*s  dying,  where  are  the  drops  f 
l/y.  Here,  Sir. 
l/iW,   There  are  very  few— arc  there  any  mote  of  the  isms 

Yes,  plenty, 

.  Fetch  thcm^ — 'tis  chc  only  hope— if  yoo  have  any  hznUhom 
u\g  a  little  of  that— our  feelmga  all  need  it. 

Very  true,  Mr. Vapid*  1  declare  to  you  1  am  quite  Ihocked. 

rianne.   Well,  Mr.Vapidj  now  let's  ion  awvy-^come^why, 

yop  t hi 0 king  of^ 

^id.  My  la  I!  ad,  and  I  fear 

jriaime^  What  do  you  fear  ? 

IW,    That  ii  can't  he  managed — let  me  fee^ — we  cert^nly  nu 
l\v\d  ftic  returns — faith  1  I  mu ft  fee  her  return- 
|ar/i3/x^^..  No,  no,  pi  ay  let  m  be  gone,  think  of  this  another 


FcrguToD*!  PrinctpUs  of  Moral  and  PoGtical  Science.     1 65 

particular  day's  work.  His  notes  having  acquired  a  certaia 
exlent,  he  printed  them  under  different  titles;  and,  at  lafl-, 
vnder  that  of  InfiituUs  0/ Moral  PhiUfcphy*.  Since  his  heaUh 
•bilged  him  to  retire  from  the  fatigue  of  collegiate  inftruciion, 
be  employed  himfelf  in  recalling  labours  that  were  paft,  and  ia 
filling  tip  general  titles  already  inveftigated ;  fome  of  which, 
chough  neceilary  in  the  firft  introdudion  of  youth  to  the  fiudf 
of  ethics,  are  very  properly  omitted  ia  a  performance  which  is 
ifliendcd  for  public  infpedion. 

The  prefent  work  is  divided  into  two  parts;  the  firft  of 
whicfa  flates  hiftorically  ^  the  moft  general  appearances  in  the 
nature  and  date  of  man;*  the  fecond  deduces  from  thefe  ap- 
pearances the  fpecific  excellencies  of  whicfa  he  is  fufcepttbje^ 
and  tbe  laws  by  which  his  conduS,  both  as  an  individual,  aoi 
a  member  of  focxety,  ought  to  be  regulated* 

The  hiftorical  part  is  divided  into  three  chapters*  Tbe  firft 
tfcats  of  *  man's  place  and  defcription  in  the  fcale  of  being;' 
the  fecond  examines  the  *  chara^erifiics  of  his  intelligence/ 
and  the  third  traces  the  fteps  of  ^  this  progreffive  nature.' 

Having  laid  this  foundation  in  hiftory,  the  author  proceeds^ 
in  the  fecond  part  of  his  work,  (voK  2d.)  to  examine  the  <  fpe- 
cific good,  incident  to  human  nature;'  and  to  treat  of  moral 
hw,  or  the  diftin£)ion  of  good  and  evil,  and  its  fyftematic  ap- 
plication; which  he  explains  under  the  heads  of  ethics^  juri(^ 
prudence,  and  politics* 

In  difcufSng  queAions  which,  fmce  tW  age  of  Socrate?,  have 
formed  the  main  fubjed  of  philofophy,  the  author  dilclaims  all 
pretenfions  to  originality.  ^  There  is  not  perhaps  in  this  col- 
leAion,'  he  obferves,  *  any  leading  thoughts,  or  principle  o€ 
noment,  which  may  not  be  found  in  the  writings  of  others; 
and  if  the  author  knew  where^  he  might  have  been  as  well  em- 
ployed in  pointing  them  out,  as  in  compofing  his  hook :  the 
objed  is  not  novelty,  but  benefit  to  the  ftudent.'  This  con- 
feffion  was  not  neceflary  for  the  information  of  thofe  who  are 
acquainted  with  the  writings  of  the  Sioic  philofophcrs ;  which 
Dr.  F.  has  followed  throughout,  with  the  exception  that  i^^jcs 
honour  to  his  judgment,  of  reje^flting  or  foftening  their  para- 
doxes: but  the  ftoical  philofophy,  ftripped  of  its  paradoxcf, 
will  be  found  to  coincide  in  all  eflbntial  points,  refpcdling  the 
nature,  the  duties,  and  the  happin^fs,  of  man,  confidcrrcd  as  an 
individuai,  or  as  a  member  of  fociety,  with  the  doctrines  i'o 
dearly  explained,  and  To  powerfully  enforced,  in  Ariilotlc's 
Ethics  and  Politics.  Dr.  K.,  tlieretorc,  may  be  confidcrcd  a» 
aPeripitetic  with  a  ftrong  bias  toward  Stoicifm ;  and  it  mud: 

♦  S::2Hevicv.,  voj.  xiili.  p.  237. 


^ 


Fergwfoa'j  Prmtplts  ^/More!  and  Pstttkdl  Sdmte, 

^knowleged  that  he  Could  not  have  followed,  in  his  prr- 
.n!i,  any  fchool  belter  calculated  to  ctilirg^  the  views  and 
alt  ihe  fcntiaients  of  youth  j  to  hsfpire  ihtm  with  a  juft 
of  ibeir  duty,  and  to  animate  thccn  with  a  Arm  refoluiion 
rform  it. 

the  metaphyfical  part  of  this  work  (Tor  Mind^  which  is  the 
k  of  meiaphyfics,  forms  the  princip-il  bra  rich  of  the  hiflorjr 
m^)  Ur.  P*  declares  himfclf  an  ^ntmy  to  the  fccpiictfm  of 
rn  timcij  the  foundation  of  which,  he  thinks,  with  IJr, 
has  been  laid  in  the  doctrine  of  ideas  as  fnatntairted  by 
es,  Locke,  and  others.  Though  ihe  obfervationi  of  Dt^ 
jfon,  and  of  Dr»  Refd  himfelf,  perfc^ly  coincide  oti  ihtf 
^1  with  the  metaphyseal  do^^rincs  of  AriftotlCj  yci  ibo 
-jgs  ol  that  philofopher  arc  fo  mach  confined  to  the  fearned, 
he  revival  of  his  opinions,  in  oppoJinon  tothofe  of  Locke 
lerkleyj  has  in  foine  meafure  the  cfiVdt  of  novelty. 


a    fpecimen    of 
^hyfical    fubjeds. 


manner    in   which    Dr*  f*    treat! 
(hail  infert  the  follawing  pal%Q 


the 
luojecf^i    we 
e  fubjeft  ot  ideas  |  which,  we  think,  will  very  well  re« 
ihe  reader's  attention : 

Ian,  though  in  fome  iailancef  he  may  be  found  to  A€t  in  tl» 
T  of  a  mere  animal,  yet^  in  mol^  intlanctrs,  he  proceeds  apoftM 
oivledgff  of  an  end,  and  upon  his  rhcice  of  means  for  the  attafaJH 
>f  it:   He  fometimes  ad&  upon  the  conceptioii  of  ao  objcfl  thai 


FerguibnV  PrmcipUs  of  Moral  and  Political  Sdejui*     167 

.  '  Such  were.the  images,  or  little  models  of  thmgs,  which*  accord- 
iog  CO  DemocritiiSy  and  Epicarus*  were  continually  flying  off  from 
their  fubftances;  floating  in  fpace ;  entering  the  organs  of  animals; 
and«  hy  their  aflemblage  in  the  brain,  producing  all  the  fnodI£catioRt 
of  feniation,  thought,  and  volition: 

'  Ntmc  agtri  incipiam  tibi,  quod  'vehementtr  ad  has  ru 

jittimit,  effe  ea  aua  rtrtun  fimidacra  'vocamusp 

^M^  quafi  Mumorwt^  fummo  de  corf  ore  rerum 

DireptM  *voIiUiMt  uJtro  citroque  per  auras*     Luc.  lib.  3 .  ver.  ;5« 

*  And  Cicero,  in  fiating  this  Epicurean  hypothecs,  has  the  folioww 
iDg  words:  **  Imagines  quae  idola  nominant  quorum  incur/ione  noa 

'itMam  videamus,  fed  etiam  cogitemus."     Defimhus^  lih,  1.  r.  6. 

*  According  to  this  fyflem,  the  thoughts  and  conceptions,  of  whicb 
the  mind  is  confcious,  are  in  reality  a  mere  colle^ion  of  little  images, 
obtruded  upon  it  from  abroad. 

*  A  fimuar  language  has  been  adopted  in  modern  times,  and  re- 
peated without  fufficient  intimation  whether  it  be  meant  in  a  ^gurative 
or  literal  fenfe.  Thus,  Mr.  Hobbes,  fo  prone  to  matenalifm,  and  to 
the  ofe  of  corporeal  images,  has  led  the  way,  and  been  followed  with 
little  variation,  though  perhaps  with  more  refpedt  to  the  diflin£lion  be- 
tween mind  and  matter,  by  Des  Cartes,  Malebranche,  Locke,  and 
others. 

*  Thcfe  authors  differ  fomewhat  in  the  methods  thcv  have  pur- 
foed;  but  all  agree,  in  re(Ung  their  theories  on  the  fubllitution  of 
images,  or,  as  tney  term  them,  ideas,  for  the  iimple  apprehen/ion  of 
things. 

'  in  this  trsun  Hobbes  fets  out  with  the  following  affuroption, 
which  he  feems  to  think  fo  evident,  as  not  to  need  any  proof:  **  We 
moil  remember  and  acknowledge,"  fays  he,  '*  that  there  be  in  our 
minds  continually  certain  images  or  conceptions  of  things  without  us« 
Inibmuch  that,  if  a  man  could  be  alive,  and  all  the  reil  of  the  world 
aonihilaced,  he  fhould,  neverthelcfs  retain  the  image  thereof,  and  all 
thofe  which  he  had  before  feen  or  perceived  in  it.'* 

'  Upon  this  hypothecs,  the  phenomena  of  memory  and  imagina- 
don,  according  to  him,  are  fully  explicable ;  '*  for,  as  the  motion  of 
Che  water,"  he  fays,  **  continues  after  the  flone  (Iruck  in  it,  or  the 
wind  by  which  it  b  agitated,  has  ceafed ;  fo  thefe  images  continue 
m  the  mind,  after  the  external  caufe  is  removed,  and  are  termed 
Memory." 

*  So  far  there  appears  to  be  Uttle  difference  between  the  images  of 
Hobbes  and  the  idola  or  Jimulacra  of  Democritus  and  Epicurus* 
Others  have  esrchanged  the  term  image  for  that  of  idea,  a  term  bor« 
rowed  from  Plato,  but  in  which  he  expreffed  not  any  particular  per- 
ception or  appreheniion ;  but  the  flandard  model  or  conception  of 
genus  or  fpecies,  (the  one  in  many  * )  after  which  individuals  are  formed : 
Bat,  ander  the  term  Idea,  as  it  it  now  employed,  we  are  left  to  under- 
hand fome  type,  image,  or  reprefentation,  on  the  one  hand,  or  merf 
notion  and  mental  appreheniion  on  the  other,  as  bed  fuits  the  purpofe 
of  argument  on  die  fubjed. 

'  •  £*  «  rioAXc*^/ 

«  To 


Fergy  foil*!  Prindphs  &f  M^ral  and  Pdhkat  Bctintil 

\  common  language,  ouf  idea  of  a  fubjefl  is  the  fame  as  oaf 
□r  conc-^pibn  of  it:  But  Mr.  Locke  frequeDtfy  fcems  to  imend 
ling  tJiffercnt  from  this,  as,  when  he  ftatcs  that  we  caniiot  hairc 
dge,   where  we  have  not  ideas.     This  i*  nndoubtedly  true; 
idea  mean  the  fame  thing  4s  notion,  it  were  certainly  nugatory 
rv  c,  that  we  cannot  have  knowledge  of  a  fubjed,  if  we  have 
y  noiion  of  it, 

he  fublUcution  of  corporeal  for  mentnl  aEmfaotei,  with  m  view 
Iain  the  latter,  is  curioufly  exemplified  ii  the  following  pi/Tage 
ced  from  Malcbranchc:  "  We  arc  accuftomed*"  he  fays,  "  ra 
uifh  in  the  mind  two  facuhie*,  Underlbriding  and  WilL    Thefe 
111  es plain  in  the  outfeti  for,  it  docs  not  appear  that  our  notions 
IS  of  them  are  fufSdcndy  clear  and  diilindl ;   But,  becaafe  thefe 
Fire  abllraihl,  and  do  not  enter  into  the  imagination,  it  fccms 
■  to  exprefs  them  under  fome  image  of  the  propt rties  ihat  be* 
0  maUtr,  which  being  eafily  imagined,  will  render  the  mean- 
there  terms,  U:iderftandJng  and  Will,  more  diftinft,  and  even 
ramiliar,"*     After  fome  caution,  not  to  think  the  mental  and 
■eal  qualities  the  fame,  this  author  proceeds  to  obferve*  "  that, 
lies  aic  fufceptible  of  figure  and  motion,  fo  mind  is  fufcepdble 
as  and  difpofuions.    The  iirll,"  he  fays,  "  are  its  figure  i  the 
its  motion 5>'*  ^c,  hz. 

nefe  allegorlc^il  fublHtutbns  are  not  mentioned  with  a  view  to 

;  their  appiicitions,  or  to  take  uny  benefit  from  the  facility  they 

ppofed  to  give  in  the  (!udy  of  the  mind.     It  were,  indeed,  difli* 

conceive  what  benefit  the y  lliould  yield;  if,  on  the  prttencc  of 

Jrihsjlaln  and  ^ocinus  msrially  wmndid%  \  69 

lanted  to  denj  it  akogether  *.  And  hence  the  rcepticifm  of  uigenioui 
Wt^t  who,  MH  feeing  a  proper  accefs  to  knowledge,  through  the  me- 
diam  of  idetfl»  without  confidering  whether  the  road  they  had  been 
directed  to  tak6  #as  the  triie^  or  a  f&lfe  one,  denied  the  poflibility  of 
arriving  At  the  end. 

«  The  reality  of  knowledge,  nevcrthelcfs,  however  little  to  be  ex. 
pbuned  by  any  corporeal  analogy,  may  be  fafely  afltimed,  and  the 
fii£b  which  relate  to  the  attainment  of  it)  be  confidered  as  an  im- 
porunt  part  in  the  hiflory  of  mind. 

•  There  was  little  progrefs  of  knowledge,  fo  long  ^s  men  of  ingc- 
noity  fuppofcd  fciencc  to  confill  in  explaining  the  primary  fadls  of 
which  nature  has  given  us  the  ufe,  but  not  the  theory  :  Such,  in  (he 
laaterial  iy^m  o\  nature,  are  the  laws  of  gravitation  and  motion. 
It  was  vain  to  think  of  explaining  them ;  bur,  fo  foon  [as  foonj  as 
khey  were  confidered  as  fundamental  in  natilre»  to  be  confidered,  not 
in  refpeA  to  thei^  origin,  but  in  refped  to  their  applications  and  con- 
feqnences,  fcience  has  made  a  rapid  progrefs  in  explaining  the 
paenomena  of  ihatfyilem  in  which  tliey  prevail.' 
[  Tq  be  continued*  ] 

Art.  IX.     AriusJlaiH  and  Socihtis  mortal! f 'zvoundeti;  by  fcripturally 

£  roving  i  PlurAliiyof  Perfons  in  the  Godhead;  that  Jcfus  Chrill 
as  all  the  Divine  Names  applied  to  him  ;  and  that  lie  is  eflcntially 
Chrill,  the  Wifdom  and  the  Power  of  the  Godhead.  Addrefled  to 
Jofeph  Fricftley,  LL.D.  f.R.S.  By  An  Old  Seaman*  8vo. 
pp.242.     2s.  6d.  fewcd.     Jordan.     1792^ 

pROTlUS  wrote  divinity  for  the  Dutch  failors,— fatisfied,  no 
^  doubr^  that  it  would  be  acceptable  to  them:  but  we  had 
no  conception  that  this  was  in  any  refpecl  the  tafte  of  otir 
£ngli(h  tars,  nor  that  a  fingle  cabin  was  devoted  to  its  fludy. 
On  reading,  therefore,  the  fignature  of  this  work,  we  at  firfl 
lud  our  fufpicions  of  its  reality;  nor  was  the  profefTional  lah- 
goage,  with  which  the  preface  commences,  o^  Dr.  Prieflley's 
*  artillery  being  only  finglc-cafl,  and  honey- combed  with 
rnS/  fufficient  to  remove  them  :  but  when  che  author  afTurcs 
M  that  he  is  not  only  an  old  but  a  grey-headed  feaman,  and 
that  be  has  ufed  the  feas  for  forty  years,  we  are  bound  to  give 
kim  full  credit.  He  will  allow  us,  ncverthclefs,  to  obferve 
Aat  we  apprehend  there  is  fcarccly  a  fcaman  in  the  navy  who 
kasgiveii  fomuch  attention  to  the  fubjed  of  theolocry,  or  who 
b  fo  intimately  acquainted  with  the  Hebrew  and  Csreek  fcrip- 
tore;.  Great  has  been  the  pleafure  that  this  fludy  has  evi- 
deittlj  aflforded  him  ;  and  no  man,  we  are  perfuadcd,  can  be 
aore  confident  of  the  truth  of  the  fyflem  which  he  efpoufes ; 
Be  much  queftioni  however,  his  ability  to  carry  conviction 
Id  the  minds  of  his  readers.     As  he  purpofes  to  tread  on   new 

•  •  Sec  the  writings  of  Dr.  Berkley  and  Mr.  Hume.' 
Riv.  June  1793.  N  gtouui^ 


jfnm/fain  &nd  Socifiut  miiri^Ify  Wdundid^ 

id  J  and  m  convince  by  new  argumctils,  it  will  be  un- 
ary for  us  lo  take  any  notice  of  the  great  Ihcfs  which. he 
in  the  plural  termination  cjf  the  Hehrew  word  C^H/tt 
y  as  denoting  a  pluiaHty  in  the  fjivine  nature,  fjncc  molt 
ous  Trinitarian^^,  we  believe^  are  rettly  to  iibandon  thil 
id  I  we  fh.il]  therefore  proceed  to  notice  hh  ob^rvatlons 
e  Ckimhimy  which  the  Old  Seaman  conccrvcs  to  have 
*  hieroglyphic  emblems  of  the  divine  Trimtj^  with  the 
ood  con^prized/  An  entire  chapter  is  devoted  to  thil 
J^  in  which  he  mainuins  that  *  Ezekkl's  cherubim  con- 
ao  intelligibJe   reprefcntation  of  the  Trinity  j*  atid  after 

I  what  he  call:^  his  eji(plan;ino(i  of  this  intelligible  rtpte- 
lion,  he  ^M%^  *-  whoever  duly  confiders  what  ha£  beet) 
mlefs  he  wilfully  ftiuts  ihe  eyes  of  his  intelle£!ural  faeultiei 

II  truth  I  and  what  ought  m  be  deemed  dcmonfirauve 
lony,  inuftj  from  what  has  been  advanced,  be  coi- 
cd  to  acknowledge,  thiit  the  Cherubim  ltd  lo  a  clear  un* 
ocal  ide-T,  if  not  to  a  demon fl ration,  that  there  are  thrte 
ns  in  the  Godhead  :*  yet,  in  his  clear  demonfintion,  hff 
mrttcd  to  explain  how  t%i^o  Cherubim,  or  fi^ur  lace^»  cai 
kntikrii  perfons,  and  how  EzekiePs  deter iption,  wi^ ' 
citcr  would  find  great  difficulty  lo  exprcfs  on  ihc  cinVi 
onvev  to  the  reader  an   jJitellidMc  reorcfeotaiion,     "" 


Arius  Jluln  and  Smnus  mortally  wounded.  Iff, 

Jehovah !  I  have  gotten  n  perfon  of  the  Eflence  cxifHng !"  And  why 
this  ccHafy?  Decanfe  flie  ha'l  experienced  a  ftateof  holincfs,  and  had 
alfo  felt  i\ic  fitter  evil  and  baleful  confcqucncesof  fin.'  P.  62. 

Hutchinfoni^ns  and  Swedenborgiarrs  have  a  knark  at  dif- 
covering  important  d'xElrincs  in  almoft  every  text  of  fcrlpture. 
Thcfe  gentlemen  may  cfteem  themfelves  gifted :  but  it  is  an 
cndoM'ment  which  we  cannot  admire.  Jnhdels  mud  fmile  at 
fiich  folemn  trifling  :  it  is  certain  that  they  cart  never  be  con- 
verted to  the  faith  by  making  the  fcripture  a  nofe  of  wax.  The 
Old  Seaman's  comment  is  as  irtgeniousy  and  as  little  to  ihc  pur- 
pofe,  as  that  of  Emanuel  Swedcnborg  on  Gen.  i.  i.  In  the 
leglnning^  God  created  the  heavens  and  the  earthy  which  he  ex- 
pbins  to  figni^y,  "  In  the  beginning,  God  created  truth  and 
goodncr*/*  Infpiteof  the  good  intention  of  fuch  writers, 
wc  cannot  avoid  condemning  them  as  taking  unwarrantable 
liberties  with  the  facred  records. 

The  admirers  of  fuch  expofitions  will  be  delighted  with  the 
Old  Seaman,  who  abountU  in  them.  *  Exod.  iii.  I4.  God  fays 
1  AM  THAT  I  AM,  and,  John  xviii.  5,  Chriftfays,  I  am  THAT 
1am.*  Thus  he  demonftrates  that  Chrifl  is  Jehovah:  let 
iDV  perfon,  however,  (urn  to  the  pafTi^e  in  John,  and  read  to 
the 8th  yex(e^  he  will  find  the  text  to  contain  nothing  more 
than  Chriit's  acknowVgcment  of  his  being  Jefus  of  Na%areth^ 
WoA  that  he  docs  not  in  the  fmallcft  degree  refer  to  his  divinity. 
When  the  common  reading  will  not  anfwer  the  Seaman's 
»piirpofc,  or  he  is  apprehenfive  that  it  may  be  quoted  againft 
'lim,  he  boldly  undertakes  a  new  verfion  ;  thus,  in  chap.  ii. 
179.  he  tranflates  i  Cor.  i,  30.  *'  who  has  been  made  unto 
ihewifdom  of  G-jdy"  which  is  furely  a  very  ftrange  render- 
of  ^&;j»x  cTv,  eiv.  Colofl',  i.  15.  he  chufes  with  equal  bold- 
to  tranflare  ^^  The  frfi  caufe  of  the  %uhole  creation,'* 
In  a  poftfcript,  the  author  makes  an  apology  for  a  Seaman's 
iiing  on  a  fuhj?^£l  fo  foreign  from  the  line  of  his  prt^feflion; 
doing  which  he  favours  his  readers  with  farther  proofs  of  his 
ling,  in  comments  on  the  fcriptures  of  the  New  Teftamcnt, 
h  he  quotes  in  ihc  original  Greek:  at  the  fame  time  that 
ftjles  Jefus  Chrifl  our  High  yfdmiraly  in  plain  honcft  Eng- 
:«-bui  this  allufion  is  not  new: — we  meet  with  it  on  almod 
tooibfione  in  the  churchyards  at  Brighthelmftone,  Alar* 
&c.  &c.  ' 

^he  learned  among  our  orthodox  readers  will  coincide  with 
I  our  opinion  of  the  Old  Seaman,  who  had  been  much 
er  employed  on  the  quarter*deck,  ordering  his  men  to  haul 
tie  traces^  kc.  than  in  writing  fome  parts  of  this  book: 
*ough  he  is  entitled  to  the  praife  of  having  read,  ftudicd,  and 
^pains,  he  evidently  betjays  a  wan:  of  found  judgment. 
*^nce,  and  candour. 

Na  AiLT* 


t   ^17^    ) 

AitT.  ^C,      ScMtp  Pffim^t   rep  rioted  from   Icarcc  Editioai- 
Ifdt-d  by  John  Pbkcrton,  F.S.  A-Pcrth,  &c,     Svo.    3  Voij 
Boards.     Dilly*     1792. 
TI/iTH  laudable  zral  has   the  StofiOi  nation   lately  rej 
^^     from  oblivion  a  great  fiumberof  ihofe  poets  who  1 
t rated  the  dawn  of  their  literature.     Among  their  printers, 
JMorifotis  of  Penh  have  defcrved  well  of  the  public,  b j  eh 
pocitct  editions  of  Dunbar,  and  other  vcrliBer?^  irhofe  vi 
merited  prefervation  ;  and  among  their  editors  nor^e  more 
Mr.  Finkertoii  fecms  induftrioufly  to  have  fearched  and  « 
to  have  gleaned  among  their  remnants  of  antiquity.     Wc 
already  folio vved  him  through  three  fimilar  publications. 

l^he  prefent  col  lectio  n  is  dedicated  10  the  Earl  of  Buc 
in  a  letter  which  is  very  charai£lcri(lic  of  the  writer  j  ai 
uQierfd  in  by  thirty  pages  of  valuable  ^r^Z/WfliW/W ;  for  ft 
authur  quaintly  but  not  unit  ly  flyles  them.  In  thtfeprcl 
naries,  he  ccrfe(Sls  a  former  error  rtfpe^ting  Ladv  Culro-, 
another  concerning  the  sniiqutty  of  rhilotus  :  he  brings  to  I 
an  original  letter  of  Sir  l)avu\  Lmdfay,  written  at  Aniwer 
1531  'j  and  he  ealarge'3  on  the  firft  fpccimens  of  Scotifh  t; 
ij^ihy,  bcnring  the  date  of  1508,  from  which  fome  En| 


PinkertonV  SeltJItcn  ofScotffi  Potms.  173 

*  The  Nigromande  thais  /aw  f  cik  anone, 
Gf  Bcnytas,  Bongo,  and  Frier  Bacone, 
With  many  fubtill  point  of  jaglairie; 
Of  Flanders  piis  made  many  precious  (lone, 
Ane  greitlaid  fadill  of  a  fiching  bone. 
Of  ane  nucmug  thay  made  a  Monk  in  hy 
Ane  paroche  kirk  of  ane  penny  pye  : 
And  Benytas  of  an  mu/Tel  made  an  alp. 
With  many  other  fubtil  mow  and  jaip.' 
The  biftorv  of  Robin  Hood  is  well  known.     Thofe  of  Oil- 
bcrt  and  of  Benytas  arc,  wc  believe,  alfo  Englifli ;  as  well  as 
tbe-legendt  of  Friar  Bungay,  and  Friar  Bacon. 

'Squire  Meldrum  is  an  hiftorical  romance,  chiefly  interefting 
ia  Scotland.     The  morality  in  eight  interludes,  by  the  fame 
author,  is^  on  account  of  the  form  and  of  the  matter,  higRly 
curious :  it  is  a  fatirical  drama,  the  conftrudion  of  which  may 
fiirnifli  many  hints  to   fome  future  Ariilophanes.     We  (hall 
fubjoin  part  of  the  zGt  entitled  the  Parliament  of  Corre^lion  : 
*  Reformation. 
*  Syru  ftand  abak,  and  hald  yow  coy ; 
I  am  the  king  Corredion's  boy. 
Cum  heir  todrcifs  his  place. 
Se  that  ye  mak  obedience 
Unto  his  nobill  Excellence* 
Fra  time  ye  fe  hia  face. 
<  For  he  makkis  reformationnis 
Out  thrach  an  Criftin  nationis, 

Quhair  he  findis  greit  debaitis. 
And,  fa  far  as  I  undirftand. 
He  fall  reforme  into  this  land 
All  the  three  edaitis,'  &c. 

•         •        ♦. 
*  Di/Tait,  Flattry,  Falfet. 
Diiialt.     Bruder,  hard  ye  yon  proclamatioun  ? 
1  dreid  full  fair  for  refbrmatioun, 

Yone  meflage  makis  me  mangit. 
Quhat  15  your  counfale  to  me  tell  ? 
Remane  we  heir,  be  God  himfell. 
We  will  all  thre  be  hangic. 
•Flattry.     I  will  ga  tofpiritoalitie, 
*  And  preiche  out  thruche  his  dyocie, 

QiUiar  I  will  be  unknawin  ; 
Or  keip  me  cloife  into  fom  clofler. 
With  manie  peiions  patemoftcr. 
Till  all  the  boift  be  blawin. 
J    'Difl^t.     Iwiirbc^trettU  as  yekcn  ,! 

With  aJl  my  maifters  the  marchond  men 

Qhilk  can  mak  fmall  debait. 
Ye  ken  rycht  few  of  thame  that  thryvef. 
Or  can  bigyle  the  landwart  wyves, 

N  3  But 


Pinkcrton*!  SiUHun  sfS^cti^  Paims* 

fim  ms  ihair  man  DiiTiit. 
Mow  Fdlfat  <juhar  fall  be  thy  chift  ? 
fat.    Na  ctir  ihju  noi,  man,  for  my  thrift ; 
Trow  thau  ihat  I  be  daft  f 
Na,  I  wili  kif  a  lufty  lyfe 
Witthoijttyn  opy  fti^ri  or  ftryfe-, 
Amang  the  men  of  ccafi. 
Itry*  I  *^II  re  mane  ra  tti  ai  r  he  fy  J  c  VOWi 
I  counfal  j'ow  rkht  weil  ;o  gydc  yow^ 

B>*<J  fiocbt  wponn  CorrcAotin* 
FairWitl,  [  will  ra  langAr  ury  • 
J  pray  the  alrecl>e  Queue  of  Fary 
To  be  your  prtsiediotin.' 

•         #        # 

ieLr  fall  tbe  dire  Eiliities  ^oiupeir  to  tlie  P^rtiamcnt  i  and  the 
m  fay : 

'  My  prudent  lordis  of  the  thre  cftahh. 
It  b  our  will,  abojf  all  oy dir  thing j 
For  to  relbrnie  all  tbay  that  makkls  dcbaith  | 
Contrair  the  richt  qtihilfc  daily  d^ls  maliog, 
Aiid  thay  that  dob  the  commoun  weiB  doan  thritig 
With  help  aod  co  an  fall  of  king  CortTC4iti*>iui, 
It  is  our  will  for  to  mak  puniiT^iigi 
Ar*d  jjlane^  opprcfTonis  put  to  fubjc£iiotin, 
Igeoce*     All  mener  of  men  I  warne,  that  beae  oppreJI« 
Cum  mdcomplenej  and  thay  fall  be  red  re  ft  ; 
For  quhy  it  h  yone  nobiU  princis  willis 


PinkertonV  SsUHhn  §fScotlfi  Pdms.  175 

Behald  as  thefein  lorkis  even  lyk  a  thi^fF; 
Mony  wicht  workmen  ye  haifbrochc  tomifciueff, 
My  foverane  lord  Corredioun*  I  mak  yoW  foppEeatioun) 
Potthir  tryit  traitoaris  from  Chriftis  coneregadooiu 
iorre^oan.    As  ye  haif devyilt,  but  dowt  it  {aube  done. 

Cum  heir  anone,  my  feijandis^  and  do  yonr  det  Tone. 
Pnt  firil  the  thre  pilourics  into  the  prifon  Arang : 
Howbeid  ye  hang  thame  ha&lly  ye  do  thame  na  wrong.* 

Kr  David  Lindfay  publiflied  other  poems,  fome  of  which 
re  printed  at  Rouen. 

The  comedy  of  Philotus  is  contained  in  Mr.  Garrick's  coU 
Uon  of  old  plays  now  lodged  in  the  Britiih  Mufeum.  It  fp* 
m  to  have  been  written  fliortly  before  iu  firft  puUicattoa 
i6o3f  tnd  is  chiefly  compoTed  in  a  fttnza  fimilar  to  that 
iployed  by  Drayton  in  his  admirable  poem,  Nymfidfa.  The 
Mid  of  the  piece  is  cxprefled  in  the  motto  from  Ovid, 

Siquavilit  attt  nutere^  mAi  fori. 
le  mod  favourable  fpecimen  of  the  author's  talent  is  to  be 
ind  in  the  Oratioun  of  the  Yonker  Flavius  to  the  Madyn : 
t  the  whole  poem  is  written  with  eafe,  elegance,  and  fmoQch^. 
!•  The  coojuratk>n  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen : 

*  Firft  I  conjure  the  be  San6l  Marie, 
Be  alrifch  king  and  queue  of  Farie, 
And  be  the  Trinitie  to  tarie, 

Quhill  thow  the  treuth  have  taull : 
Be  Ciirift  and  his  apofUUes  twel]» 
Be  (an£ds  of  heaven  and  hewis  of  hell. 
Be  anid  Sand  •Taftian  himfelf. 

Be  Peter  and  be  Paull. 
<  Be  Matthew,  Mark,  be  Luik  and  Johne, 
Be  Lethe,  Styx,  and  Acherone, 
Be  hellifche  Furies  everie  one, 

Quhair  Pluto  is  the  prince : 
That  thoa  depart  and  dona  wonder, 
Belichtning*  quhirlewinde,  hayle  nor  thunder* 
Hiat  beaft  nor  bodie  get  na  blunder. 

Nor  harme  quhen  thow  gais  hence. 

*  Throw  power  I  charge  the  of  the  paip, 
Thow  neither  gime,  gowle,  g;lowme,  norgaip* 
Lyke  anker,  iaiddl,  uafe  or  aip, 

Lyke  owle  nor  aliifche  elfe : 
*^. 

^  Mr.  Pinkerton  miiUkenly  conjectures  Auftin  to  be  here  the  true 
■Ebg :  it  appears,  from  a  gothic  legend  of  Sabt  George,  verfioned 
f  Sandvig,  that  Tacian  was  a  heathen  who  fcoffed  at  this  pious 
q^t^  aiM  was  afterward  converted  by  his  miracles. 

N  4  Lykp 


Lykc  fyrie  dragon  full  of  frir 
Lykc  wartt'olff  lyor,  bull,  nor  bdr. 
But  paf^  you  ht^iice  a^  thow  CjDuic  bcir# 
111  ly kenes  of  ihyrdK;/ 
irm^    which    means   to   gobble,    and   perhaps    to  Hcatj 
l^r,  which  means  a  goat;  zndJhid^H^  which  moiinsanafsj 
Inoc  explained  in  the  gbflary  |  which  is  a  deficient^  butto^ 
ply  corrt-cV,  per  for  ma  nee. 

fhe  oKirical  romances ^  which  folloWf  are  i  valuable   pre- 

Many,  indeed,  are  exiant  in  the  ^utient  dialeft  of  Eng-? 

but  thofe  which  iiluflrate  the  achievemeius  of  Arthur  arc 

iHisrly   jnterefiing,    nat  only   becanfe  they    chronicle  the 

Idid  adventures  of  a.  native    ^^^E*  ^^^    becaafc  they  have 

le  fo  popular  in  every  European  language  {Sir  Lybius  be- 

id  to  cKiil  even  in  the  dialect  of  the  modern  Jews,)  b%  lo 

iircbend  a  greater  mafs  of  poetical  tradition  than  even  the 

of   ihc  early  crufaders,  which  furniflied    to    Ariofto    the 

f^ble,  ajid  to   TafTo   much  of  the  decoration,  of  thetf 

>rta]  pnems.      Robert  of  GlocLder  has  thrown  into  rhyme 

Geoffry  of  A']fjnmouth    rebtes  concerning  Arthur  j  and 

Iforms  us  that  Richard  Cucr  de  Lyon,  the  cocemporary  of 

Miicmornc,   inherited  the  famous  fword  Caiiburn*     The 

irrhurre.  Sir   Iivayne,    and    tiir  Launialc,  have  been 


Kett^i  JuvmU  Pams.  ly  j 

«  There  is  t  great  difference  between  the  adoal  pofll^on  6f  gouoSf 
Und  that  ardent  love  of  its  produ^ns,  which  is  apt  to  excite  readera 
ivho  have  any  deeree  of  leeiing^and'  fondncfs  for  iaiitation»  to  try  tbs 
power  of  yoathf ul  fancy  in  Qiort  poetical  exctirflons.  Th«  repautioii 
of  a  poet  ought  to  be  the  exclufive  honour  of  thofe  who  difplay  che  ef. 
loiionsof  afenrid  inuginatton  and  a  keep  fenfibility  expre/Tedin  ele- 
gant language*  and  correOed  by  i  delicate  and  refined  tafte,  Sucl| 
weak  efforts  as  the  folbwing  verfes  onght  of  coorfe  to  be  confidered 
rather  ts  the  homage*  which  their  admirer  pays  to  the  Moies,  .tjun  as 
pccfening  any  claina  to  pabKc  notice  as  their  fiivoarite.  They  were 
written  merely  t6  beguile  fome  lonely  hoar,  or  to  pleafe  foni^  abfent 
fiiend.  and  now  bring  to  remembrance  thofe  pains  and  thofe  pleafures^ 
wKch  can  return  no  more.  If  they  (hould  at  laft  have  the  good  for- 
[  cane  to  fumiih  a  few  readers  with  flight  amufement,  the  author  will 
enjoy  the  pleafure  of  not  baying  puUiftied  them  in  vain.' 

This  muft  difarm  criticifni,  if  inclined  to  feverity.— The 
poenns  ceruinly  difcover  marks  of  a  youthful  mind ;  and  ha4 
fhey  been  writteii  at  a  later  period  of  life,  would  no  doubt  faavt 

Eflefled  more  of  the  fire  which  Mr.  Kett  manifefls  in  hif 
impton  Ledures.  They  are,  however,  claffical,  aiid  intimate 
an  acquaintance  with  poets  of  the  rooft  correA  tafie,  as  chejr 
have  none  of  thofe  falfe  ornaments  which  abound  fo  n^ueh  ia 
the  produAions  of  the  poetafters  of  the  prefent  day.  We  give 
the  following  as  fpecimens  of  the  author's  vigour  of  fancy,  and 
dexterity  in  tranflation : 

Sonnet  L 

•  Tothe  RiwrWr^. 

*  O  WvB,  romantic  ftream  !  thy  winding  way 
Invites  my  lonely  deps,  what  time  the  night 
Smiles  with  the  radiance  of  the  moon's  ]Mile  light* 
That  loves  upon  thy  quivering  flood  to  play*. 

O'er  thy  fleep  banks  the  rocks  fanuftic  tower. 

And  fling  their  deepening  fliadow  crofs  the  flream; 
To  fancy's  eye  worn  battlements  they  feem* 
Which  on  fome  beetling  cliff  tremendous  lower. 

Hark  !  Echo  fpeaks*  and  from  her  mazy  cave 
Sportive  returns  the  (ailor's  freqnent  cry. 
Ah  !  how  unlike  thy  old  bard's  minflrelfy 
Warbled  in  wild  notes  to  the  haunted  wave  I 

ynlike  as  feems  the  hurricane's  rode  fweep. 
To  the  light  breeze  that  lulls  thy  placia  deep,' 

'Inscription. 
'  Fer  a  Coppice  near  Elsfiild. 

'Heedless  wanderer,  come  not  here 
With  clamorous  voice,  or  footflep  rude ;  • 

For  Harmony's  fwect  fake  forbear 
To  violate  this  folicudc. 

•For 


Kctt*/  Juvimli  Pumu 

For  ne'er  the  Nightingale  farDikes 

This  haunt,  where  bawthorn  UlafToins  fpriag-i 
V<;ird  in  the  ihade  of  lan^lfei  brakrs. 

She  calls  her*ieillii^5  lorcli  lo  fir-g^, 
liark  i  citch  )'oa  not  their  %'ifbTmg  wxH 

That  foftly  fiow»  ih<?  Ir^tves  afM>Hg  ? 
^ow  lowdly  ihrilU  naw  fweetly  niild> 

The  dtfcant  of  their  thrilling  fung^ 
The  cadiift  prirnrofc;  of  the  yc*ir 

Beneath  df lights  its  fiftwcrs  to  fpreid  j 
|Thf  cludenng  harebdl  OMgcii  near 

The  cow  nip's  dcw-bcfpaDglcd  bed* 

Artd  whik  the  wuftertj  gales  alhiy 

The  fervour  of  the  nooii- tide  heat, 
iTIiey  whifp^r  whtre,  rctifM  from  dsiy* 

The  violet  fccnt*  her  low  retreats 
I'  ZtCf  fparklhig  with  atrcraolaus  gleam | 
I     The  rivule!  roeaiidVing  flows  ; 
jWhiJe  on  the  furfaccof  the  ft  re  am. 

The  fiiver  lily  i^uivetifig  blows, 
«       *      «       #      # 
I*  But*  heedlefs  wanderer,  come  not  here* 

This  feaft  was  not  prepared  for  thee ; 
lUniefs  thy  heart  feds  nought  more  dear, 

Thiin  9( A T tr  n E  and  simplicity/ 

I  K.  remarks  that  there  is  a  fimi!ar  call  of  comr 


Moore'i  Journal  during  a  RefiJknu  in  France.         179 

Mr.  Kett  has  given  a  tranflation  of  Jortio's  fx>em  m  the  na^ 
tun  9/ tbf  fiulj  which  we  were  tempted  to  tranrcribe,  but  we 
find  ourfelves  too  much  narrowed  in  our  limits.  The  prefenC 
tranflator  modeflly  ^  wiflies,  by  this  imperfed  verfion^  to  give 
the  Knglifh  reader  Tome  idea  of  Jortin's  elegance  of  fancy^  and 
to  excite  the  fchohr  to  peruTe  the  original  verfes,  which  are  re- 
markable for  their  claffical  purity  of  ftyle/— We  are  always 
delighted  when  we  meet  with  any  proper  tribute  of  re/pedl  to 
the  memory  of  a  man  whom  we  well  knew,  and  could  not  too 
much  efleem. 


Art.  XII.  J  Journal  Juring  a  Rejidence  in  France,  from  the  Begin- 
ning of  Auguft  10  the  Middle  of  December  1792.  To  which  is 
added,  an  Account  of  the  moft  remarkable  Events  that  happened 
at  Paris  from  that  Time  to  the  Death  of  the  late  King  of  France. 
By  John  Moore,  M.  D.  In  2  Vols.  Vol.  I.  8vo.  pp.  502. 
7s.  Boards.     Robmfons.     1793. 

THe  works  of  Dr.  Moore  are  fo  well  and  fo  advantageoully 
known  to  the  public,  that  it  may,  perhaps,  be  deemed  fuf- 
ficient  information,  concerning  the  prefent  performance,  to  fay^ 
that  its  principal  features  refemble  thofe  of  his  preceding  pub- 
lications. In  ordinary  hands,  fuch  a  journal  of  the  proceedings 
in  France,  during  the  time  above  fpecified,  would  have  exhibit- 
ed little  better  than  the  occurrences  of  a  ftale  newfpaper :  but 
Dr.  Moore^s  narrative  gives  us  the  reflexions  of  his  own  mind, 
as  well  as  the  hiftory  of  the  tranfa£lions  that  were  paifing  under 
his  eye :  his  journal  forms  a  conneXed  feries  of  unexampled 
events,  terminating  in  one  dreadful  cataftrophe  ;  and,  from  the 
grotefque  chafaflers  of  many  of  the  aftors,  it  may  be  confidered 
as  a  fort  of  tragic-comedy,  in  which  the  incidents  are  defcribed 
with  ihrewd  obfervation  of  the  wickednefs  and  follies  of  men, 
alternately  imprefled  by  the  pathetic,  and  enlivened  and  feafoned 
by  the  humourous. 

In  his  road  to  Parfs,  Auguft  5th,  J  792,  Dr.  Moore  found  the 
inhabitants  of  Abbeville  as  gay  as  ever.  They  difcovered  no 
fear  of  the  Auftrians  and  Pruffians  \  nor  did  care  of  any  kind 
feem  to  diflurb  their  minds  : 

♦  I  thought  them  (fays  he,)  equally  chearful  and  rather  better  drefT- 
ed  than  I  ever  obfcrved  the  peafants  of  this  part  of  France  before ;  it 
is  Sunday,  and  of  courfe  they  are  all  in  their  bed  doaths.  In  the 
higher  ranks,  in  every  country,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  fee  people 
richly  dreiled  with  -stxy  forrowful  countenances.  I  do  not  recoiled 
to  have  ever  met  with  any  French  people  of  the  lower  order,  male 
or  female,  in  town  or  country,  with  a  forrowful  face,  when  they  ima- 
gined themfelves  well  drefTed.' 

*      Whch 


Moore'/  "Jaurnal  during  a  Repkna  in  FrMmu 

rrr  the  Doflor,  and  his  fdlow^ traveller,  Lord  Lauderdale, 
Ir  fupper,  ihc  landlord  of  the  Inn  read  to  them  part  of  a 
irhich  be  had  jult  received  from  Paris,  giving  an  accouM 
[tions  for  declaring  the  King's  forfeiture  to  the  crown. 
bxprelfcd  furprife  at  tbfs,  and  I  nfked  the  landiord  what  he 
It  of  \t. — M&ii — ma  fn^  Mcnfieur^  that  is.  Faith,  firj  fa  id 

letTiphafisaod  geAiculation^^atid  then  pa tifmg, be  turned 
iTwer  into  a  queflion,  faying,  "  What  would  you  have  mc 
jilt?"  This  was  the  amount  of  the  landlord's  opinion, 
Ihe  never  varied,  though  he  fpoke  feveral  times  afterwards 
Tame  fubjeii/  Dr.  Moore  could  not  have  better  defcribcd, 
jndrcd  pages,  the  irrefolution  which  pervaded  tbc  greater 
Ithe  French  nation. 

mod  commendable  trait  of  this  performance  is  that 
If  difcrimination,  which,  while  itiirraigns  and  abominates 
locuics  of  a  few  wicked  demagogues  artd  their  execrable 

icnts,  f^ill  compailionatcs  the  nation  at  brge^  and  even 

Js  the  fcniiments  by  which  it  was  animated.     The  fol- 

paflage,  which  we  infcrt  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  work,  will 

[ith  the  approbation  of  all  thofe,  whofe  approbation  is  to 

Iriton  defirable. 

VM  the  difcrdcra  and  fad  events  whicli  have  taken  place  in  thii 
of  LtcCj  \\  b  impoffiblc  not  to  admire  the  gcncroas  fpiric  which 

lU  m'LT  ihe  naiion  in  Jupport  of  its  independrncy.     Before  1 
i  hL-ard  of  a  lady  who  h;id  offered  to  tW  National  AfTcmbly, 


Moorc'i  Journal  during  a  Refidtnct  in  Frana.  iJi 

di(crimtnate  with  candour — he  will  envy  freedom  to  nQ  nation ;  he 
wiU  praife  that  public  I'pirit  in  another  people  which  warms  his  owft 
brcaA,  and  which  he  admires  in  his  own  countrymen  ;  he  will  not  ce- 
joice  in  the  calamities  of  France*  and  with  fo  many  millions  of  hitfol* 
low -creatures  to  be  again  forced  under  the  yoke  of  defpotifm,  merely 
bccaufc  France  hns  formerly  been  at  war  with  Great  Britain* 

'  But  France  may  be  at  war  with  Great  Britain  again. 

»  If  that  (hould  happen,  France  will  then  be  the  enemy  of  Great 
Britain,  and  every  true  Briiiih  fubjet^  will  be  the  enemy  of  France, 
and  do  all  in  his  fphere  to  fubdue  and  bring  her  to  reafon. 

'  But,  in  the  mean  time,  (hould  a  band  of  wicked  men  acquire  an- 
due  influence  with  the  people  of  France  by  zealous  pretenf ions  to  pa- 
criotifm,  or  fhuuld  the  expelled  National  AfTembly  itlelf,  through  folly, 
ambition,  or  barbarity,  or  by  a  combination  of  all  the  three,  blaR  the 
bopes  of  a  free  conlHtution,  and  ruin  the  happinefs  of  their  country, 
ilill  the  caufe  for  which  the  revolution  was  undertaken  remains  the 
bcft  in  which  men  can  engage ;  the  folly,  ambition,  and  barbarity  of 
individuals,  may  Cv^nO^n  their  own  names  to  the  execration  of  man- 
kind, but  cannot  diminiih  the  intrinfic  value  of  freedom. 

*  It  is,  however,  when  the  caufe  of  liberty  is  in  danger  of  being 
difhonoured  by  feme  who  pretend  to  be  its  fopportcrs,  that  t^ofe  who 
have  a  jull  fenle  of  the  bleilings  it  confers  will  avow  their  fentimencs, 
and  refufi  to  join  the  undifcerning  herd,  who  turn  that  indignation, 
which  is  due  to  the  wretclics  who  difgrace  the  caufe  of  freedom, 
againll  freedom  itfclf.  It  is  at  fuch  times  that  their  avowed  attach- 
ment is  of  moll  importance,  bccnufe  it  is  then  only  that,  in  a  free 
country,  the  interclled  votaries  of  power  dare  to  preach  their  llaviih 
doArines. 

'  There  was  no  need  to  inculcate  the  value  of  liberty  when  the  ty- 
ranny of  Louis  XI  \'.  was  dragooning  his  fubjccls  out  of  their  country, 
or  Ihutting  them  up  in  dungeons,  or  chaining  them  to  oars :  the  ex- 
ample of  fuch  atrocious  deeds  rendered  precept  fuperfluous.  But  when 
(hocking  crimes  are  perpetrated  under  the  banners  of  liberty,  by  the 
tools  of  dcfpotifm,  it  is  then  ncccffary  to  vindicate  the  purity  of  the 
one  from  the  guilt  of  the  other. 

*  Before  1  left  Paris,  1  heard  a  pcrfon  who  was  filled  with  indigna- 
tion at  the  recital  of  the  horrors  tlien  committing,  cry, .«*. D  -a 
liberty,  I  abhor  its  \cry  name!**— The  indignation  was  jull;  but 
furely  it  was  ill  dire^^lrd. 

'  If  he  had  been  hearing  a  rccital-of  the  cruelties  which  hivr  been 
«jcercifcd  on  various  occafions  under  the  pretext  of  ze-ril  for  the  Chrif- 
tian  religion,  wh'.^fe  effence  is  mercy  and  good-will  to  man,  he  migiii 
with  equal  jullice  and  difcernment  have  faid, '*  D-^nn- 1 lie  Chri ilia ii 
religion,  1  abhor  its  very  name  I"  •    .v.r: 

This  work,  we  are  told,  has  been  fo  murh*Jcf3rJed  by  un- 
cxpc<3cd  incidents,  that  the  fird  volume  only  could  be  publifhcJ 
at  prcfent.  The  fecond,  we  are  aflured,  will  appear  foon. 
When  it  docs,  it  (hall  meet  with  early  noiicc  j  arid  thcrefult  of 
both  volumes  flial!  be  l.iid  brforc  the  public. 

Art. 


f    i8»    > 


IITL  Tl^  B&ism€  CrrJf^  j  3i  Poeia,  in  Two  Parts.  PaftL 
ining  the  Ecfiwsm^  tf  /Vj^^/io^  Pan  IL  the  X^wx  e/*  r^ 
With  PLilcfophicAl  Nil. V  4I0.    jj   j%  Bo^rdi,  Johnfon* 

Ihave  with  pleafure  fcen  the  ecmp'cfr^n  (a*  wc  fuppafe,) 

Dr*Dsrwiri*5  p!an^Tcrj>c^irtg  eHi^  bi;2utiful  philoryphic 

^y  ihc  appearance  of  the  pxrfcnl  vtiliimcj*— which,  though 

the  fiffl  part,  wa^,  for  JCifons  a0igiied  In  the  prclimi- 

Ivertiremciit,  preceded  by  the  pubticaiion  of  the  fumdz 

\\\  wc  gave  fome  account  in  the  Ixxxih  voL  of  our  Kc- 

337- 
be  though t  thni  we  have  too  long  deferred  our  notice  of 

l^t  of  the  Botanic  Garden  now  before  U5,  we  have  only 

rve  that  this  fecming  delay  has  prQcecdfd  from  caufcs 

I  we  hope,  will  not  occur  m  fucure*     The  prDcraftina- 

:>wLVi;r^  has  not  been  fo  great  as  may  be  im?gincd  from 

-page;  for,  though  the  date  be  ijqi,  the  hook  was  net 

Eld  until  s  cotifider^ble  part  of  the  year  1792  hid  cbpfcJ: 

I  kept  back  J  as  we  arc  informed,  for  the  execution  of 

;he  engravings*. 

Ihavc  before  obfcrvcd  that  the  gimral  it{\^n  of  this  very 

produdUon  is  •  to  inlift  imagination  under  the  banner 

and  to  lead  her  votaries  from  the  loofer  analogies, 

ffi  out  I  he  ima^Tfiv  of  poetry^  to  the  flriiEtcr  oues  which 


I 


Darwin'^  SdUnic  Garim%  -a  Pwm.  4tft| 

we  have  already  given  our  general  opinion^  fupported  by  cxtrafis 
from  Dr.  D.'s  performance.  IF,  from  fo  much  bf  the  pSehi  as 
was  then  befoic  the  public,  the  ingenioas  author  obtained  no 
fmall  portion  of  applaufe,  he  will  fuffcr  no  diminution  of  it  hy 
this  fccond  proof  of  his  abilities.  The  verfiiication  is  ftill 
fplendid,  the  fubje£l  ftill  jnttrcfting.  The  prefent  volume,  in- 
deed, fcems  poflcflcd  of  all  the  poetic  qualities  by  which  the 
firft  part  is  diftinguiftied ;  and  nowhere  difcovers  any  abate* 
ment  of  thsit  furor  entheus  which  (bould  animate  every  true  foa 
of  the  Mufes. 

Before  we  proceed  to  our  intended  extracts  from  this  publi- 
cation, it  will  not,  we  apprehend,  be  altogether  improper  to 
take  ron:e  little  notice  of  a  circumftance  that  may  not  be 
wholly  unworthy  of  the  author's  attention. 

A  queflion  ha>  lately  been  ftarted,  whether  Dr.  D.'s  claim  to 
originality^  independently  of  poetic  merit,  in  refpe^J  of  his  Loves 
of  it)':  i^lants,  can  be  irrefragably  cRabliftied?  It  has  been  re- 
marked, that  M.  delaCruix's  beautiful  little  poem,  the  Connu- 
lia  Florumy  replete  with  limple  and  Virgjlian  Latinity,  made 
Its  appearance  in  France  "more  than  fixty  years  ago.  Though 
cfteemcd  by  thn?  bcft  judges  a  gem  of  the  firft  water,  this  per- 
formance was  in  dang«r  of  falling  into  obfcurity,  and,  pollibly, 
had  been  totally  loft,  but  for  the  good  tafte  of  Sir  Kichard 
Clayton,  who  has  given  a  new  edition  of  M.  de  la  Croix's 
poem,  accompanied  by  his  own  notes,  and  pertinent  obferva- 
tions  :  (fee  our  account  of  this  edition.  Rev.  for  Jan.  laft,  p.  22.) 
—  Now  it  has  been  confidered  as  fomewhat  fingular,  that  Dr. 
J),  could  pafs  over  in  filence  a  work  which  may,  not  impro- 
bably, have  furnift\ed  him  not  only  with  the  fubjedt,  but,  in  fome 
degree,  with  the  mode  of  treating  it !— We  muft  leave  the  ingeni- 
ous Bard  of  Botany  to  notice  theie  fuggeftions,  if  he  chutes  to 
give  fo  piuch  fatisfadion  to  the  candid  inquirer.  For  us,  we 
Ihall  only  remark  that  it  is  difficult  to  luppofc  that  D.-.  D, 
had  never  Cccn  nor  heard  of  La  Croix's  produdion.  Such 
ftriking  coincidences  of  imagination  may  be  ranked  among  the 
*  pcjfibies  *,'  but,  furely,  not  among  the  probabUs, — IVe  do  not 
mean,  in  the  leaft,  to  iniinuate  any  thing  like  a  charge  of  pla- 
giarifm  againft  the  author  of  the  Loves  of  the  Plants.  We 
have  no  doubt  tUat,  if  he  picafes  to  note  the  circumftance,  he 
can  obviate  every  idea  of  his  having  taken  freedoms  with  the 
Mufe  of  M.  de  ia  Croix,  not  ftri^tly  allowable  in  a  court  of 
criticifm. 

We  return  now  to  the  merits  of  the  Engiifli  poem  j  which 
we  Ibal)  endeavour  to  illullrate  by  an  extract  or  two: 

•   Sre  Rcv%  Jan.  p.  23, 

The 


c  A6die&  of  the  C^SNiOft  ef  ihc-  Pkcc  to  the  BoTi^ftil" 
i£ss  is  fcprefenteJ  i&  ttartimbor*^  bcCt  mannrr: 

he  kgion-fierMis  of  Glory,  or  ot  Gt>Id  1 

tay  !  whole  falic  lips  k-duda^c  fmiper*  part, 

'^kik  CunniDg  neflies  in  ihc  harlm-heart  I — 

or  joQ  no  Dryads  drci^  the  lofcate  bower, 

or  yon  no  Nymphs  their  fparklmg  Vitlcs  pour; 

ninarkM  by  you,  light  Grace*  fwim  the  green^ 

u<J  hovermg  Cupids  aim  fheir  ihafis,  unfceo* 

'*  But  Thou  1   whofe  mind  the  wdl-ftttcmpcr**!  f4y       ' 

i  Taftc  ^nd  Viniie  Itghu  with  parer  dayj 

fboie  HatT  ibnfe  erach  iok  i^lbiation  Qwai 

1th  IwccE  refponfivc  Jyaipaihy  of  loiicj  ; 

1  the  fair  Bqwct  exp.iodi  it**  luciJ  form 

o  meet  the  fun,  and  lliitu  k  to  the  (iovm  i-^' 

Df  thcc  iny  borders  nurfc  the  fragnuit  wrciitb, 

[y  fouTjuias  murmur,  and  my  v:cphy^*i  brcaihe  ; 

pw  Aides  the  painted  fiiiilf  the  gilded  fly 

ncmhs  his  line  down*  to  chnriii  thy  corioa^  €ytt 

n  twinklmg  tins  my  pearly  iiAiiotijt  ptiy# 

r  win  with  iinuoys  train  their  trackkG  vvay^- 

y  plumy  pain  in  g^y  embroidery  dref^*d 

srm.witb  itigcmoiss  bill  the  pen  file  nert* 

o  Lovc^i  fiveet  notes  attune  the  liHening  dell^ 

Rd  Eeho  founds  her  Toft  fymplioniolis  flivtK 


!  1    «.  J A  * 


Darwin*/  6^miif  Garden  i  a  Pdim.  ^  185 


Hence  in  daik  lieapf,  ye  gathering  donda*  sesafaEel 

DifpeHej  y«  lightningt  I  aod*  ye  Miib,  dtfUvr  *-  * . 

— Hither,  emerging  from  yon  orient  ikies,       . 

fioTARKic  GoDDgssl  bend  thy  radiant  eye^  . 

O'er  thefe  foft  fcenes  aiTame  thy  j^entle  reign. 

Pomona,  Ceres,  Flora  in  thy  train ; 

O'er  the  ftill  dawn  thy  placid  fmile  effiife. 

And  with  thy  (ilver  fandals  print  the  dews; 

In  Noon's  bright  blaze  thy  vermil  veil  unfold. 

And  wave  thy  emerald  banner  ihr'd  with  gold." 
The  introdu£lion  of  the   Roficrucian  idea  of  Sylphs  and 
Gnomes  is  well  imagined,  and  adds  confiderable  luftre  to  the 
poem*: 

*  And  mow  the  Goddess  with  attention  fwect 

Turns  to  the  Gnomes,  that  circle  round  her  feet; 

Orb  within  orb  approach  the  marfhal'd  trains. 

And  pigmy  legions  darken  all  the  plains; 

Thrice  ihout  with  filver  tones  the  applauding  bands. 

Bow,  ere  She  fpeaks,  and  clap  their  fairy  hands. 

So  the  uU  grafs,  when  noon-tide  zephyr  blows» 

Bends  it's  green  blades  in  undulating  rows ; 

Wide  o'er  the  fields  the  billowy  tumult  fpreads. 

And  ruftling  harvefts  bow  their  golden  heads.' 
The  poet's  indignant  animadverfion  on  the  well-known 
cruelties  of  the  Spaniards,  in  the  Weftern  World,  are  juft, 
priced,  and  philanthropical : 

*«^  Heavens !  on  my  fight  what  fanguine  colours  blaze ! 

Spain's  deathlefs  (hame!  the  crimes  of  modem  days! 

When  Avarice,  (hrouded  In  Religion's  robe, 

Sail'd  to  the  Weft,  and  flaughter'd  half  the  globe; 

While  fuperftition,  ftalking  by  his  fide, 

Mock'd  the  loud  groans,  and  lap'd  the  bloody  tide; 
■    ■■■        -■  1.  ■.<■■«■■■»»  I       ■       ^ 

•  We  think,  indeed,  that  the  poet  has  very  happily  availed  himfelf 
of  the  Roficrucian  do&rine  of  Gnomes,  Sylphs,  Nymphr,  and 
Salamanders ;  which  he  fuppofes  to  have  been  originally  the  names 
of  hieroglyphic  figures,  reprefcnting  the  four  elements ;  or  of  Genii 
prefiding  over  their  operations ;  and  which,  therefore,  may  be  con- 
fidered  as  machinery  well  adapted  to  a  poem  of  this  kind.  Thus« 
obedient  to  the  S  p  r  i  K  c , 

*  Pleafcd  Gnomes,  afccnding  from  their  earthy  beds. 

Play  round  her  graceful  footfteps,  as  (he  treads ; 

Gay  SvLFHS  attendant  beat  the  fragrant  air  ^ 

On  winnowing  wings,  and  watt  her  golden  hair; 

Bine  NrMPHs  emerging  leave  their  fparkling  ftreams. 

And  Fiery  Forms  alight  from  orient  beams; 

Mufk'd  in  the  rofe's  lap  frelh  dews  thoy  (hed. 

Or  breathe  celeftial  lultrcs  round  her  head  ' 
Riv.  JxjxE  1793.  O  For 


Darwia'j  SoianU  Garitn ;  a  P&m* 

facred  truths  announc*^  her  frenzied  dreamst 
Id  turnM  to  night  the  fun's  luendian  beams.— 
lur*  oh,  C R  I T A  N  ^*  I  %  1  potent  Queen  of  Ifles, 

whom  f^iir  An^  and  meek  Religion  fro  ties, 
Lv  /^F R 1  c^s  coaft  thy  craftier  fons  invade 
Ith  murder,  rapiiie,  theft, — and  call  it  Trade! 
Irhe  Slave,  m  chaim,  on  fyppHcating  knee, 
}eadi  hi?  wide  arnis,  and  lifts  his  eye*  to  Theei 
Ith  hunger  pdc,  with  wounds  and  toil  opprcfs'd, 

U  E  \V  £    NOT    BRETHREN?"    forfOW  choaki  ihc  TcH  ?-- 

itf.]  bear  to  hrriven  upon  thy  azure  flood 

ir  innoccTt  cries  \ — ^Ea  r  t  h  1  cover  not  their  blood  \* 

I  can  not  help  noting  that  the   la  ft  line  of  this    quota-* 

a  fyllable  too  much;  inmant  fhould  never  be  rcJuced 

)  1  able, ^- Were  we  inclined  to  the  minutia  of  criticifm, 

IM  point  out  other  ficcadiihei^  fuch  as  the  frequent  rc» 
of  the  uncharaflerifticepithetjffl^j  &c.— 5^Jz^^i^/-wr« 

the  very  abundant  mafa  of  entertaining  and  infiruflivc 
|ions,  by  which  this  poem  is  illuftrated,  and  the  volume 
much  praife  is  due.  It  will  readily  be  conceived 
:h  a  plan  as  the  learned  writer  has  formed,  will  very 
ly  bring  und^r  his  review  the  whole  fyllem  of  the  uni- 
"  Tc  great  phenomena  of  NATtJREj  the  moft  curious 
:>f  Art,  the  recent  difcoveries  in  Philosophy  and 


Goimn^s  Etifuiry  coHorning  Political  Jujlici.        rfj 

and  the  primary  planets  having  been  thrown  out  from  the.fua, 
the  moon  from  the  earth*,  and  all  the  fatetlites  from  their  pu« 
nary  planets,  in  a  femi- fluid  flate  of  lava,  by  the  force  of.  vol- 
canos ;  which,  in  circumftanccs  that  can  well  be  fuppofed  to 
have  exifted  at  an  early  and  remote  period,  may  have  been  of 
fufficient  force  to  projeA  them  to  their  prefent  diftances  ;  and 
the  velocity  of  the  primary,  which  they  would  in  courfe  carry 
with  them,  might  then  occafion  them  to  revolve  in  the  fame 
diredion  with  it.  Many  circumftances  are  enu;Tierated,  which 
render  this  idea  ptaufible ;  and  though  it  be  not  eafiJy  rfccoil- 
cilable  to  the  Newtonian  laws  of  gravitation,  it  is  certainly  far 
lefs  exceptionable  than  that  of  M.  de  Buftbn. 

We  forbear  to  multiply  extraAs  from  this  work,  as  many  of 
our  readers  have,  doubtlefs,  by  this  time,  had  the  pteafure 
of  perufing  the  original ;  and  as,  after  all  that  has  been  faid, 
and  already  extraded,  no  detached  paflages  can  poffibly  give 
in  adequate  idea  of  a  production  fo  uncommonly  diverfified  in 
its  fubjeQs. 


AUT.  XIV.      Mr.  Godwin'/     Enquiry  concerning   Political  Jujiice. 

[Jrt.  concluded  from  pagt  445,  Vol.  XJ] 

'T'  HE  title  which  this  Writer  has  given  to  his  fixth  book  is — 
*  *  Opinion  confiiend  as  a  Subje£i  of  Political  Inflituiion^  and 
its  heads  of  diviiton  are— The  general  efteds  of  the  political 
liiperintendence  of  opinion ;  of  religious  eftablifhments ;  of 
the  fuppreffion  of  erroneous  opinion,  in  religion  and  govern- 
ment; of  tefts;  of  oaths ;  of  libels;  of  conftitutions ;  of  na- 
tional education  ;  of  penfions  and  falaries ;  of  the  modes  of 
deciding  a  queftion  on  the  part  of  the  community. 

Here  again,  as  we  proceed,  we  frequently  find  the  author  in 
direA  oppofition  to  many  of  the  received  opinions  and  coni- 
mon  pra<^ices  of  mankind  ;  and,  however  his  readers  may  be 
led  to  doubt,  the  arguments  which  he  adduces  are  frequently 
advanced  with  fuch  appearance  of  cogency,  that  we  cannot  do 
better  than  bring  forward  fuch  pafTages  as  our  limits  will  ad- 
mit, and  earneftly  recommend  it,  as  a  labour  worthy  of  all 
inquiring  minds,  to  examine  the  work  itfelf ;  in  order  that  they 
may  Confute  thefe  new  dodrines,  if  in  oppofition  to  virtue  and 
truth  ;  or,  if  in  agreement  with  them,  that  they  m&y  farther 
elucidate,  ftrengthen,  and  expand  the  writer's  [Principles. 
Oppofing  the  right  of  foclety  to  interfere  with  any  man's  fpe- 
culative  opinions,  or   to  retain  men  in  one  common  opinion 

•  From  that  part  of  it  which  is  now  covered  by  the  Sooth  Sea. 

O  2  by 


Godwm^f  EnjUifj  tmarning  P^Rtrnt  Jufita* 

Kdarcs  of  authority,  Mr.  G»  has  ihc  following  tmong 
rgumcnts : 

[L  p-  S99-  '  To  thefc  coBiltlera^otis  it  flioiiM  be  aiitdt 
tt  u  right  under  certain  circutjirtanccs  to-day,  iHsy  by  an  at* 
in  thofc  circumllAnces  become  wrong  to-morrow.  Right  And 
Ire  the  refuJt  of  certain  relation**  and  thufe  rcktions  «rc 
in  the  refpetVive  qua li ties  of  the  beings  to  ^hom  they  belong, 
ihofe  qualkiesf  and  the  rcUtions  become  altogether  dilfer cut, 
itmenE  thai  1  am  bound  to  bellow  upon  any  one  defends 
f  capacity  and  his  clrcncn (lances.  Increase  the  lirU,  or  vary 
nd,  and  1  am  honnd  to  a  dijTerent  treatments  1  ^m  boand  it 
to  fabje^  an  individual  to  forcible  reliraint,  becaufc  t  am 
s  enough  by  reafon  alone  to  change  his  vicioas  propenfuiet* 
ilient  1  can  render  myrtif  wife  enough*  \  ought  to  confine 
d  the  latter  n^ode.  It  h  perhaps  right  tofufFer  the  tiegroes 
¥efl- Indies  to  continue  in  lla very j  itll  they  can  be  gradiiaDy 
\  for  a  fiate  of  liberty*  Univecf.:]!/  it  is  ^  fandamcnul 
I  m  found  political  fcience*  that  a  nation  is  bed  Jiaed  f\n  tbc 
cnt  of  its  ci^il  government  by  being  made  to  underJlmd  ii^ 
he  advantage  of  that  amendment,  and  the  moment  h  is  fo 
od  anddeftred  it  ought  to  be  introduced.  Bur,  if  there  be 
h  in  thefe  vitwj*  nothing  can  be  more  ^dverfc  to  reafon  or  in* 
t  with  the  nature  of  man,  than  pofitlvc  regubtlon$  tending  Co 
a  certain  mode  of  proceeding  when  its  utility  u  gone* 
^  would  be  ft  ill   more  completely  aware  of  the  pi?micioOi 


Godwin*!  Enquiry  concerning  Political  yufiici.         189 

In  the  next  chapter,  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  fame 
fmhjeffi  We  find  this  p.'.flage: 

'  It  is  a  miflake  to  fuppofe  that  fpeculative  differences  of  opinion 
threaten  materially  to  diftarb  the  peace  of  focicty.  It  is  only  when, 
they  are  enabled  to  arm  themfelves  with  the  authority  of  government* 
Co  form  parties  in  the  ftate,  and  to  ilruggle  for  that  political  afcendanc/ . 
which  is  too  frequently  exerted  in  fupport  of  or  in  oppofition  to  (bme 
particular  creed,  ,ihat  they  become  dangerous.  Wherever  govern*, 
ment  is  wife  enough  to  maintain  an  inflexible  neutrality,  thefe^'^mx^ 
fc6ls  are  always  found  to  live  together  with  fufficient  harmony.  The 
very  means  that  have  been  employed  for  the  prefervation  of  order, 
have  been  the  only  means  that  have  led  to  its  difturbance.  The 
moment  government  refolves  to  admit  of  no  regulations  oppreffive  to 
either  party,  controverfy  finds  its  level,  and  appeals  to  areument  and 
reafon,  inlk-ad  of  appealing  to  thefword  or  the  flake.  The  moment . 
government  defcends  to  wear  the  badge  of  l^fcdt,  religious  war  is 
commenced,  the  world  is  difgraced  with  inexpiable  broils  and  de^ 
luged  with  blood/ 

A  few  pages  farther,  Mr.  G.  thus  reafons  : 

<  Another  arjument,  though  it  has  often  been  dated  to  the 
world,  defcrves  to  be  mentioned  in  this  place.  Governments,  no 
more  than  indixiJuiil  men,  are  infallible.  The  cabinets  of  princes 
and  the  parliaments  of  kingdoms,  if  there  be  any  truth  in  coniidera- 
tions  already  Hated,  are  often  lefs  likely  to  be  right  in  their  condu* 
lions  than  the  theorifl  in  his  clofet.  But,  difmi^ing  the  eftimate  of 
greater  and  lefs,  it  was  to  be  prefumed  from  the  principles  of  h^man 
nr.turs,  and  is  found  true  in  fatf^,  that  cabinets  and  parliaments  are 
liable  to  va.'-y  from  each  other  in  opinion.  What  fyftem  of  religion 
or  government  has  not  in  its  turn  been  patronized  by  national  autho* 
rity  ?  The  confequencc  therefore  of  admitting  this  authority  is,  not 
merely  attributing  to  government  a  right  to  impofe  fome,  but  any  or 
aU  opinions  upon  the  community.  Are  Paganifm  and  Chriftianity, 
the  religions  of  Mahomet,  Zoroafter,  and  Confucius,  are  monarchy 
and  arillocracy  in  all  their  forms  equally  worthy  to  be  perpetuated' 
among  mankind  ?  Js  it  quite  certain  that  th^  greatefl  of  all  human 
caiamtties  is  change  ?  Mull  we  never  hope  for  any  advance,  any  im* 
provement  ?  Have  no  revolution  in  government,  and  no  reformation 
m  religion  been  produdivc  of  more  benefit  than  difadvantage  f 
There  is  no  fpecies  of  reafoning  in  defence  of  the  fuppreffion  of  he* 
refy  which  may  not  be  brought  back  to  this  monllrous  principle,  that 
the  knowledge  of  truth  and  the  introduction  of  right  principles  of 
policy ;,  are  circumllances  altogether  indifferent  to  the  welfare  of 
mankind. 

*  The  fame  reafonings  that  are  here  employed  againft  the  forcible 
fappreiiion  of  religious  herefy,  will  be  found  equally  valid  with '  re- 
fpeh  to  political.  The  fird  circamftance  that  will  not  fail  to  fugged 
itfelf  to  every  reAe£ting  mind,  is.  What  fort  of  conftitution  mufl  that 
be  which  mull  never  be  examined  ?  whofe  excellencies  moft  be  the 
conftant  topic  of  eulogium,  but  refpedting  which  we  mull  never  per- 
ait  9ur(elves  to  enquire  in  what  they  coniiil  ?     Can  it  be  the  in* 

O  3^  tered 


Godwin* J  Mnyutry  cmarning  Pdhical  yu/lic^», 

If  fociety  to  profcribc  all  inY«^nigationrcipe£imgthc  wifdom  of 

jibtiojTis  ?     Of  mull  otir  debates  be  occupied  witli  proviJiaris  of 

jiiry  convenience ;   and  are  we   forbid  to  aiUc,  whether  there 

lot  be  romeihing  fiindamcQEall/  wrong  in  t!vc  deiicfi  of  iht 

ReafoB  and  good  ferde  will  not  fail  to  augar  ill  of  that 

J  of  things  *liich  is  too  U^nti  to  be  Iookt:d  is  to  ;  and   to  faf- 

lat  there  01  uf!  be  Something  e0entiall/  v/enk  that  thus   Omnks 

Tie  eye  of  cariofuy.     Add    to  ivhich,  tbit,  lio^vever  wc  tnaf 

nf  the  importance  of    religioas   difptites,    iiothirsg  can  lefi 

b.'  cxpaf^d  to  queftion ihao  that  the  hs^pbefs  of  mankind 

cgiiiuded  with  the  insprovcnient  of  paliiical  fcience* — 

t)  the  duty  of  goveromeot  h  to  be  mild  and  ec^ultable.     Ar- 

It^  *ilooe  will  not  have  the  power,  unafljiled  by  the  fexiCc  or  the 

tlicnof  oppreffion  oj-  treachery ,  to  huriy  the  people  ioto  ejt* 

Excefles  are  ocver  the  oiFsprbg  of  reafoR,  arc  oevcr  thcoff- 

3f  miiVepreientatipo  only,  but  of  power  cntleavouring  to  Mfc 

land  ifiveife  the  common  fcnfe  of  mankiod.* 

Godwin  IS  an  enemy  to  all  profecuiioiu  for  liheJ&j  and 
lats  the  fubjeft  with  confiderable  atteniian.  Wc  luuft, 
|cr,  cox^tcni  ourfelvcSj  on  this  head,  v  hb  two  ihort  quota- 


IL  p.  6jS,  '  li  would  be  a  moli  tyrannical  fpecies  of  can* 
I  tell  me,  **  You  may  write  again ll  the  fyflem  we  patron ifc, 
bd  you  will  write  ia  an.  iixibecil  aud  itielFedual  manner ;  you  may 

and  iavcfligate  a*  much  as  you  plcafo,  prcvid<?d,  when  yoq 


Qodmn*!  Enquiry  cvnceming  Political  Juftici.         19* 

Again — (p.  649.)  *  The  modes  in  which  an  innocent  and  a  guilt/ 
<nan  might  repel  an  accufation  againfl  them  might  be  expelled  to  be 
bppofite  ;  but  the  law  of  Sbel  confounds  them.  He  that  was  con* 
fcious  of  his  re«^itude,  and  undcbauchcd  by  ill  fyftems  of  govern* 
oienty  would  fay  to  his  advcrfary,  *'  Publilh  what  you  pleafe  againft 
sne»  I  have  truth  on  my  fiJe,  and  will  confound  your  mifreprefent- 
ations."  His  fenfe  of  fitnefs  and  juflice  would  not  permit  him  to 
lay,  <'  I  will  have  recourfc  to  the  only  means  that  are  congenial 
with  guilt,  I  will  compel  you  to  be  filent,"  A  man,  urged  by  in- 
dignation and  impatience,  may  commence  a  profecution  againft  his 
accufer;  but  he  may  be  afTurcd,  the  world,  that  is  a  diiinterefted 
fpeAator,  feels  no  cordiality  for  his  proceedings.  The  language  of 
their  fentiments  upon  fuch  occafions  is,  "  What !  he  dares  not  even 
let  us  hear  what  can  be  faid  againdhim." — How  great  muil  be  the 
difference  between  him  who  anfwers  me  with  a  writ  of  fummons  or  a 
challenge,  and  him  who  employs  the  fword  and  the  (hield  of  truth 
alone  ?  He  knows  that  force  only  is  to  be  encountered  with  force, 
and  allegation  with  allegation  ;  and  he  fcorns  to  change  places  with 
the  offender  by  being  the  i\x^  to  break  the  peace.  He  dees  that 
which,  were  it  not  for  the  degenerate  habits  of  fociety,  would 
fcarcely  deferve  the  name  of  courage,  dares  to  meet  upon  equal 
ground,  with  the  facred  armour  of  truth,  an  adverfary  who  poffefTes 
only  the  perilbable  weapons  of  falfliood.  He  calls  upon  his  under- 
ftanding;  and  does  not  defpair  of  bafHing  the  (hallow  pretences  of 
calumny  ;  he  calls  up  his  firmnefs ;  and  knows  that  a  plain  ilory, 
every  word  of  which  is  marked  with  the  emphaiis  of  fmcerity,  will 
carry  conviction  to  every  hearer.* 

In  the  chapter  of  confiituiions^  is  the  following  paflage^ 
which  fccms  exceedingly  repugnant  to  theprefeni  favourite  fyf- 
Ccm  of  law  being  the  fole  governor : 

•  (Vol.  n.  p.  662.)  *  A  third  confequence  fufficiently  memorable 
from  the  fame  principle,  is  the  gradual  extindtio;!  of  law.  A  great 
afiembly,  colledled  from  the  different  provinces  of  ancxtcnfive  terri- 
tory,  and  conftituted  the  fole  legiflator  of  thofe  by  whom  the  territory 
is  inhabited,  immediately  conjures  up  to  itfelf  an  idea  of  tiie  vail 
multitude  of  laws  that  are  neceflary  for  regulating  the  concerns  of 
thofe  whom  it  reprefents.  A  large  dty,  impelled  by  the  principles  of 
commercial  jealoufy,  is  not  (low  to  digeil  the  volume  of  its  by-laws 
and  exclufive  privileges.  But  the  inhabitants  of  a  fmall  parifh,  liv- 
ing with  fomc  degree  of  that  fimplicity  which  bed  correfponds  with 
the  real  nature  and  wants  of  a  human  being,  would  foon  be  led  to 
fofpe^l  that  general  laws  were  unnecefl'ary,  and  would  adjudge  the 
caufes  that  came  before  them,  not  according  to  certain  axioms  pre- 
Tioaily  written,  but  according  to  the  circum fiances  and  demand  of 
each  particular  caufe. — It  was  proper  that  this  confequence  (hould  be 
mentioned  in  this  place.  The  benefits  that  will  arife  from  the 
abolition  of  law  will  come  to  be  confidered  in  detail  in  the  following 
book.' 

Mr.  Godwin  reafons  largely  on  this  topic,  and  adduces 
arguments  which  merit  confideration  :  but  we  can  only  point 
«ttt  the  fubje£t  to  inquirers. 

O4  01 


God  win *i  Enquiry  conaming  P&litUal  Jufiiu^ 

nstisnal  tducmkn  ibc  author  affirm s^{p»  66^.] 

he  Tn}une:>  that  refill r  from  ^  fy^ciii  of  miion^  cdiJcation  aJTj 
|firft  place,  that  all  public  eftaHiilimcnti  iticluie  in   ihejn  llic 
pcrmancMice.     They  endeavour  it  may  be  to  Cecorc  and  to 
whatevrr  of  advantageous   to  fociey  u  already  known i  Iwt 
brget  that  more  remains  to  be  knowii.     If  they  realised  the 
Ibtbntial  benefits  at  the  time  of  iheir  introdu£^bn,  xktj  m^SL 
Ibly  become  lels  and  lefs  ufeful  as  they  bcreafed  Iq  duraiioti, 
|dtfcribc  them  asyfdefs  isa  vcrjr  feeble  exprtfiioa  of  their  dc* 
Th^ya^ively  retrain  the  flights  ot  niind*  and  fix  it  in  tlie 
sf  exploded  errors.     It  has  cummnnly  been  obferved  of  uni- 
ts and  ejftc^^five  eftablilhinents  for  the  pLrpufc   of  educaiioDi 
le  kno>^'ledge  taught  there,  is  ii  century  bchipd  the  knowlege 
Icjfifls  among  ihe  nnihacklcd  and  unprejudiced  mcnvberf  of  the 
l^jliticri!  comcriUnTty.     The  moment  any  icherirc  of  proceeding 
permanent  eiUblifhment,  it  becomes  imprcfltd  as  gnc  of  \u 
leri<^tic  fi'.Uur^s  with    an    avcrfion  to  c hinge.     Some   Tiolrnt 
Tion  may  oblige  it^  condutlors  to  change  an  old  f)itcni  of  phi- 
fur  afyllcm  icf-i  obfok'te  ;  and  they  ari;  then  as  periij;acioy»l|' 
'\  10  this   iecond  dodrine  as  they  were  to  the  hrlL     Real  in- 
A  improvL-ment  demands  thst  mit;d  fi'iouli  as  fpeedily  as  pof- 
advincL-d  to  the  lieight  ot  kno^vledge  alreiid^  cxjlling  among 
ff' tiJi  t;d  riKinbcrs  of  rhe  commuijity,  and   lUrt   from  therxe 
fni.     I'  liuLlicr  accent fuions.     But  public  educ.ition  has  aT- 
^'|^eJ  ^tti  iL!*  energies  in  the  (oppori  of  prtjuJict ;  i:  tenichcs  itf 


Godwin'/  Enquiry  concerning  Political  Jujitce.  19  J 

Capable  of  this  falutary  exercife,  to  what  valuable  purpofe  can  he  be 
emploved  }  Hence  it  appears  tli'at  no  vice  can  be  more  dcftrndivd 
than  thikt  which -teaches  Mb  to  regard  ar.r  jodgmcnc  as  £na]»  and  noc 
4ipen  10  review.-^  It  has  bcren  alledgcd  that  *'  mcirt  re 'Ton  may  tcack 
vat  not  to  fbilce  my  neighbour ;  but  will  never  forbid  my  fending.  A 
lack  df  wool  from  England,  or  printing  the  French  coniiiuitioo  ia 
Spain.'*  This  objeAiun  leads  to  the  true  dilHndion  upon  the  fubje^ 
A<J  j%l]  crimes  are  capable  of  being  difcerned  without  the  ccachui^ 
of  bw.  All  fuppofed  crimes,  not  capable  of  being  fo  difcerned*  are 
trdy  jiAd  unalterably  innocent.  It  is  true  that  my  own  underiUnd- 
tag  would  never  have  told  me  that  the  exportation  of  wool  was  % 
Tice  y  'heifer  do  I  believe  it  is  a  vice  now  that  a  law  has  bee« 
made  affirming  it.  It  is  a  feeble  and  contemptible  remedy  for  ioU 
qQttotfs  buni(hments»  to  iignify  to  mankind  beforehand  that  you  in- 
tend toinflidthem.  Nay»  the  remedy  is  wotie  than  the  evil.:  de* 
(hroy  mc  if  you  pleafe  ;  but  do  not  endeavour  by  a  national  education 
to  deilroy  in  my  underllandiag  the  difccrnment  of  jullice  and  injuf- 
tice.  The  idea  of  fuch  an  education,  or  even  perhaps  of  the  necef  • 
fity  oir  a  written  law,  would  never  have  occurred,  if  government  an  A 
jurifprndcnce  had  never  attempted  the  arbitrary  converiion  of  inno- 
cence into  guilt.' 

Ia  the  chapter  of  penftons  and  falarUs^  to  which  Mr,  God- 
win is  an  enemy^  he  has  a  paragraph  dircAly  in  point  to  a 
^ucftion  at  prcfent  contefled :  viz.  *^  How  far  ought  poi'citf 
to  difqualify  a  man  from  voting  at  eledlions  ?'* 

(P.  681 . }«— '  If  we  have  nofalaries,  for  a  llill  ftronger  reafon  we  ought 
fo  \kvrt  no  pecnniary  qualifications,  or,  in  other  words,  no  rcgulatuMs 
leqoirtng  the  pofTef&on  of  a  certain  property,  as  a  condition  t9 
the  right  of  electing,  or  the  capacity  of  being  clcded.  It  is  an  un- 
common  ftrain  of  tyranny  to  call  upon  men  to  appoint  for  thcmfelvca 
a  delegate,  and  at  th^  fame  time  forbid  them  to  appoint  exadly  the  man 
whom  they  may  judge  fitteil  for  the  office.  Qualiiication  in  botk 
luodk  is  the  moft  flagrant  injuAice.  It  aiTerts  the  man  to  be  of  lefs  va- 
he  than  his  property.  It  fumiOies  to  the  candidate  a  new  Itimulus  td 
the^ccumulation  o\  wealth  ;  and  this  pafiion.  when  once  fet  in  mo- 
tion;is  not  eafily  allayed.  It  tells  him, ''  Your  intellectual  and  moral 
^nafifications  mav  be  of  the  higheft  order  ;  but  you  have  not  enougk 
pf  the  means  of  luxury  and  vice."  To  the  non-eledor  it  holds  the 
nod  deteftable  language.  It  fays,  «  You  are  poor ;  you  arc  unfor- 
tunates the  infiitutions  of  fociety  oblige  you  to  be  the  perpetual  wit* 
aeffr  of  ocher  nien's  fnperfluity  :  becaufe  you  are  funk  thus  low,  wi 
ftill  tFample  yon  yet  lower ;  you  fhall  not  even  be  reckoned  in  the  lids 
for'a  mbn;  yon  Aull  be  paiTed  by  as  one  of  whom  focictv  makes  no 
icd^t,  and  whpfe  welfare  and  moral  exiHence  ihe  diitiains  to  re- 
ciHed.'* 

Kip]^  yil.  treats  of  (,rm$i  tmi  funtflmtntt^  under  the  follow- 
ing Iliads—- Lini.itations  of  ibe  dodnne  of  punifbrncnt  which 
f^)c  from  the  principlea  qf  morality ;  general  difadvanragee  of 
Coctciooj  oflbip  pur|M>fcs  of  coercion  ^  ofthe  ap|)Ucationofco« 
'  •  "  •  .•.-■■,  crcism  t 


Go  J  win' J  £',7^-;.'iV/  cmcermn^  pGlitical  Jajiki* 

of  coercion  conficfcred  as  a  temporary  ex pcdlcotj  fcak 

■{cion  J  of  evidence;  of  law;  ofparduos, 

Ifonini^  at  l^rge  on  tiie  psniicious  cfFe£ls  of  fubCHsnUng 

Imenc  lor  inllrydion^  and  of  imprifoning^  fcourginc^  aa4 

men  to  dedth,  inlle^d  of  CDlig:htenk*g  and  rcfofming 

fnderitanding*;,  he  thus  rpeaks^-*(p,  698*) 

all  huinan  concerns  moraliry  u  the  moll  interelling.    It  is  ihe 

jr%l  aiTuciatc  of  01*  r  tranl'aituons  9  there  b  no  iituaEion  in  whicli 

J  be  ptacc  Jj  no  akernativc  ihat  can  be  prcfented  to  our  chokfj 

|ing  vvhich  duty  is  filcnt.     ^'  What  U  the  ftandard  of  morality 

*     jujtlcc.     Not  the  arbicrary  decrees  that  are  in  force  ia 

cular  cliinnLe  J  but  thjie  Ims  of  eternal  reafon  th^t  are  equally 

wiicrcver  m^n  is  to  be  found,     **  But  the  rules  of  juRke 

Ippear  tti  us  obfcur^j  doiibifuK  and  contradidory  ;  w^hatcrite* 

liil   be  applitrd  to  deliver  113  from  uncena;nty  V*     There  are 

Lo  criterion^  poiil'jle,  the  deacons  of  otlfer  msrn'ii  wirdom,  an^ 

]:ifions  of  our  own  undcriUndia^^,     Which  Df  iLefe  is  c^miitm' 

the  nature  of  man  ?     Cnn  vvc  fune,itJtT  our  own  und^rflaEuJ- 

Htjwcvcr  vveirny  ilrain  alter  implicit  faith,  will  not  confcicnce 

of  ciurfclves  uliilpcr  us,  **  *l  Ids  dcLree  U  equiiahle,  and  tluf 

\i  fiLindt'd  in  iniiUke  V*  Wid  there  not  be  iti  the  mriLds  of  liic 

|*s  of  itiperiliuonj  a  peipeiu.il  difiaiibfajtfion,  a  dcfire  to  belkvc 

Is  did.itcd  to  tbcmj  acoi^inanicJ  with  a  waiii  of  that  in  wMcli 

Icoiiiir^s,  cvj(.!fr,ce  and  comtdion  i      Jf  wi:  could  rurrcnder  oaf 

|^andin;".s  uhat  fortof  bdn^5  Ihould  we  become  }    By  the  termi 

.^ropcui'.ujn   ue   iliuuld   rso;  bi'  ratiLaj^l  ;  the  n^lcre  of  tliir-gi 


Godwui'/  Enquiry  concerning  Political  Jujlici»  195 

nfsfs  or  anfubftantialncfs  of  the  propofition.  The  diredl  tendency  of 
coercion  is  to  fct  our  underfl?.nding  and  our  fears,  our  duty  and  oar 
weaknefs  at  variance  with  each  other.  And  how  poor  fpiritcd  a  re- 
fiigc  does  coercion  afford  ?  If  what  you  require  of  me  is  duty,  arc 
there  no  reafo:is  that  v\iil  prove  it  to  be  luch  ?  If  you  under  (land 
more  of  eternal  juHIce  than  I,  and  are  thereby  fitted  to  inftru6l  me, 
cannot  you  convey  the  fuperior  knowledge  you  pofiefs  from  your  un- 
Aerftinding  into  mine  ?  Will  yowjhyour  wit  againll  one  who  is  in- 
triL^laally  achild.and  becacfe  you  arc  better  informed  than  I,  alTume, 
not  to  be  my  preceptor,  but  my  tyrant  f  Am  I  not  a  rational  being  ? 
Coald  I  refill  your  arguments,  if  they  were  demonflrative  ?  The  odi- 
OQi  i^'ftem  of  ccrci.jn,  firll  annihilates  the  underilanding  of  the  fub^ 
Jeft,  and  tb;.'n  of  hin  that  adopts  it.  Dreffed  in  the  mpine  preroga* 
lives  of  a  mailer,  he  is  cxcufcd  from  cultivating  the  faculties  of  amaa. 
What  would  not  man  have  been,  long  before  this,  if  the  proudcil  of 
ns  had  no  hopes  but  in  argumcrit,  if  he  knew  of  no  rcfort  beyond, 
ahd  if  he  were  obliged  t"  fharpen  his  faculties,  and  colledt  his  powers, 
isthe  only  means  of  eiTedling  his  purpofes  ?' 

Again,  (p.  702.)— 

•  We  fir.1  vir.dicate  political  coercion,  bccaufo  the  criminal  has  com- 
mitted 2  r.cfFincongair.fc  the  community  at  hirge,  and  then  pretend,  while 
we  bring  h^-n  to  mc  b:ir  of  the  community,  thcotfended  party,  that  we 
bring  him  to  the  bar  of  an  impartial  umpire.  Thus  in  England,  the 
king  by  his  attorney  is  the  profecutor,  and  the  king  by  his  reprefenta- 
Uvc  IS  th  J  judge.  How  long  (hull  fuch  odious  inconfiilcncies  impofe 
on  mankind  ?  The  purfuit  commenced  againll  the  fuppofed  offender  is 
the  fG//g  csMifMuSt  the  armed  fcrcc  of  the  wliole,  drawn  out  in  fuch  por» 
tions  as  may  be  judged  ncceiTury  ;  and  when  f'.ven  millions  of  men 
have  got  one  poor,  unafliilcd  individual  in  thtir  power,  they  are  then 
at  leifurc  to  torture  or  to  kill  him,  and  to  make  his  agonies  a  fpe6laclc 
to  glut  their  ferocity. — It  is  a  poor  .i-gument  of  my  fuperior  reafon, 
that  1  am  unable  to  make  jufticc  be  apprehended  and  felt  in  the  moft 
peccfTary  cal'cs,  v.ithout  the  intervention  of  blows.' 

The  argument  againft  punifhment,  from  the  uncertainty  of 
evidence,  has  frequently  been  repeated  :  but,  as  it  has  never  yet 
been  fatisfadlorily  anfwercd,  the  author  has  thought  it  a  necef* 
frry  part  of  his  fubjed: — 

(P.  724.)  *  One  more  argument  calculated  to  prove  the  abfurdity 
df  the  attempt  to  proportion  delinquency  and  fuffering  to  each  other 
may  be  derived  from  the  imperfedlion  of  evidence.  The  veracity  of 
vitnefTes  will  be  to  an  impartial  fpe6lator  a  fubje^  of  continual  doubt. 
Their  competence,  fo  far  as  relates  to  jull  obfervation  and  accuracy  of 
Mderfhinding,  will  be  itill  more  doubtful.  Abi'olute  impartiality  it 
would  be  abfurd  to  expedl  from  them.  How  much  will  every  word 
•nd  every  action  come  diilorted  by  the  medium  through  which  it  is 
^ranfmittcd  /  The  guilt  of  a  man,  to  fpcak  in  the  phrafeology  of 
hw,  may  be  proved  either  by  dirccl  or  circumflantial  evidence.  1  am 
|p|ind  near  to  the  body  of  a  man  newly  murdered,     I  come  out  of  his 

apartment 


Cjinlwifi'i  Enquiry  csncernhtg  Palhkal  ytt^in. 

atiii  \\\i\  a  bloody  knife  in  my  hand  or  with  blood  apon  my 
Is*     If,   u id^T  ibeiL-  circumiiiiicci  and   unrxpe^tedly  tAiri^d 

lirder,  \  r.iht'r  in  my  fpeech  or  betray  pcrnjrbation  id  mycouti- 
L,  tiiii  U  ia  uJ  Jiuonal  proof*  Whi>  doci  npt  kpo^v  ihAt  there 
|a  nati  m£n^!^;i)dr  iiovvever  blamelef^  a  Uf€  lie  may  lcad>whoi« 

ilut  he  ihtii  r.iit  end  ii  at  the  gal!oi.v^?' 

the  raii^fadiori  of  cur   readers,  and   in  order  to  enabk 

Ito  JLidi^e,  wc  have  thus  fir  made  copious  cxtfa£ls  from  this 

];  which,  be  \ts  principles  what  they  may,  treats  on  fuhje<5t 

Lit  interttllng  to  the  human  race.     Oar  limit*  will  ad  mil 

:>re  fo lections,  and  wc  mult  thLTcfore  fatisiy  oiirfelves  with 
ling  the  heads  of  the  eighth  bookj  the  fubjeS  of  which  is 
|/y,  and  then  conclude  :  they  ajc  as  folbw — *  Genuine 
li  of"  propiTty  dtlincdted  ;  benefits  arifingfrom  the  genuine 
of  propetEv  :  of  the  objection  to  this  htlcm  ffom  the  ad^ 
Ik  tOLclboi  luxur) — from  the  allurements  of  £oth  — from 

^po'hbility  oi  its  bcijig  rcndtred  pcrrDanctTt — from  the  in- 

lility  of  its  Telkictioas — from  the  principle  of  its  popub- 
oF  the  meani  of  introducing  the  geouinc  fy^lcAi  of  pro- 

IhfOijs  that  the  public  fhould  form  their  own  opinions,  on 
Its  coiiCL-rnnvg  which  the  wtirld  is  lb  much  dividtd^  wfi 
i^cnrratly  ab|Lii\ed  trcm  obtruding  our  feniimeins  on  this 
In    Ul4,    ihe    UnguUrity   sird   novcUy    of   many  of  its 


M' 


(    ^97    ) 

Art.  XV.    Antiqidties  of  Ireland \  by  Edward  LeJwich,  \mL.^, 

[  Article  Wintluded  from  /.  38.  ] 

[R.  Ledwich  offers,  in  his  preface,  fome  apology  for  the 
freedom  with  which  he  attacks  the  dangerous  abfurdities 
of  fuperftition,  or  the  oftentatious  pretenfions  of  minds  inHateJ* 
with  a  kind  of  patriotic  pride  and  vanity,  vie. 

'  Soxne  con£dcDce  an  the  caufe  I  was  engaged  in,  which  appeared 
to  me  that  of  truth,  ha«  probably  infpired  a  temerity  of  expreifion  arni 
of  cenfure,  which  on  any  otherVabjedl  had  bcitcr  been  reilrained.  £ 
confefs  1  have  taken  little  pains  to  correft  thi5  error,  if  it  be  fuch,  be- 
caufe  here  truths  were  to  be  delivered  in  (Irong  language ;  the  nu- 
merous defenders  of  our  bardic  fidions  and  kidorical  romances  bein^ 
ever  ob  the  watch,  and  ready  to  convert  guarded  exprcfiions  and 
iftodeft  diffidence  into  Arong  fymptoms  of  a  weak  caufe.  Nor  have  I! 
been  fpariug  of  ridicole ;  for  who  in  his  fenfes  would  ^  egregiouily 
wa(le  his  precious  moments,  as  to  enter  into  a  fcrious  difcuHion  and 
confutation  of  monftrous  afTertions,  and  puerile  abfurdities?' 

The  reader  of  this  volume  will  not  infrequently  find  occafion 
to  recolle^l  tbefe  remarks^  which  Mr.  Ledwich,  with  due  pro- 
priety, offers  In  his  own  vindtcation. 

The  diflertation,  which  falls  next  under  our  view,  ts  emitle^ 

Sueimitt  ffthe  Natural  Hljlory  of  Inland^  and  of  the  Manners  ef 

tii  Ir\fh  in  the  twelfth  Cetitury.      A  great  part  of  this  efl'ay  is 

formed  from  the  1  opography  of  Ireland,  written  by  Giraldus 

Cambrexifi5,  or  Giraid  Barry,  a  VVelfli  ecclefiafHc ;  a  man  of 

2eoiu.%  but  of  extreme  vanity,   which  urged  him  to  the  purfwit 

«f  literature,  and  to  fuch  a  fuperiority  in  its  various  depart rr.cn ts, 

at  would  leave  him  without  a  rival.     He  vifited  Ireland  twice: 

the  fecond  voyage  was  made  A.  D.  1185,  at  the  requeft  of 

Henry  II.  who  exhorted  him  to  examine  the  kingdom  minutely, 

ind  to  propofe  the  bed  methods  of  fecuring  and  improving  this 

newly-acquired  country.     Mr.  Ledwich  remarks,  and  not,  we 

apprehend,  without  reafon,  that  this  work  is  perhaps  as  curious 

a  literary  monument  as  is  any  where  to  be  found,  difplayinor 

tke  natural  biftory  and  philofophy  of  the  age  in  which  it  w.ls 

irrttften«< — Our  author  defires  to  appear  neither  the  apologift  nor 

the  panegyrift  of  Giraid,  but  he  defends  him  from  the  heavy 

ccnfycc  with  which  he  has  been  loaded  by  other  IriQi  antiqmrics. 

*  Oiu  manner  of  ploughing,  (it  is  faid,)  Cambrcnfis  does  not 

leicribei  it  was  certainly  by  the  tail,  which  continues  at  prefent 

obe^pniiSifed  in  fome  places.    Mr.  Harrington  fuppotes  it  w;is 

MibraccJ/or  want  of  proper  tackling:  but  the  Irifh  had  at  m\ 

laics  what  they  now  ufc,  thongs  or  llraps  of  raw  hides,  whfch 

crve  them  for  traces.     It  is  likely  the  cuftom  was  introdi.rcJ 

^tbe  I^dts,  for  it  prevails  in  the  northern  pa:ts  of  Scoil.nvj.* 

— *  in 


In  16125  ten  niilJings  were  levied  for  every  plotigb  fo 
rn  in  Ulilcr,  and  the  fum  amoimtcd  in  one  year  to  8;ol/-* 
1  is  the  obftinac^  of  man^  or  fuch  the  force  of  prrjydiceasd 
t! — It  appears  alfo,  that,  at  one  period,  the  Irifht  lifec  ihdf 
tircn  in  the  Hi-hlandsof  North  Brir^in,  *  burned,  pnd  did 
threfb  their  corn,  A  woman »  fiiUn^;  dawn»  look  an  hmd 
>f  corn  in  her  left  hand  hy  the  ftalki^  and  fee  the  eari  oft 
\  in  her  right  flic  held  si  filct»  with  which  Jhe  beat  effthe 
[1  a5  foon  lis  the  hufk  was  b«rnt  5  fo  that  corn  m?§ht  be 
edj  winnowed  J  ground,  and  baked  in  an  hour  after  it  wil 
ed/ — Rice  is  fa  id  Co  have  been  fown  in  this  country  iji 
5* — In  1590  tiicy  diftilled  a  fpirit  from  malt,  ar>d  imitacej 
ign  liqueun  by  adding  feeds  and  fpices.— The  nc^ar  of  lilt 
I  was  compofcd  nf  honey,  wine,  ginger,  fjepper^  and  d«l* 
on.  This  was  called  pimtnt.  The  French  paers  of  fM 
\  century  fpeak  of  u  with  rapture,  as  being  moft  ddiciotif, 
'he  diifertatjon,  on  the  mufic  &f  the  mcimt  Irijk^  as  €uiiweid 
^eir  Bards,  i s  w ri tte n  by  William  B e a u fo rd ,  A ,  M ,  It  it 
nious,  and  abounds  with  mfarmation,  InvsaalmafiC^^t* 
ling  to  this  account^  the  Irifli  appear  tu  have  excelled  ;  *  fof 
le  the  Scotch,  VVcIfh,  tngfifh,  and  even  the  ecriefisflicjl - 
Ic  kept  nearly  equ^l  time  in  all  their  pans,  the  Iriftitjfl 
in  the  i3'^h  century,  are  faid  to  have  ukd  great  laeitudH^I 


•f  the  pclitical  CGfiftitution  and  Idzvs  cf  tic  anctcrit  Ir'ijh  :  A 
«;,  but  diiii:ij!t  lubjcjt,  whicli  \\z  jnirlu*..')  wit'i  atrjntijri 
iiiJcnce-  iJc  pruperl;  obfervc-,  t>.;;r  an  ana!ou:y  in  tl^e 
al  ir.ltitulions  Oi  ail  rude  nations  is  obvii. us. —  Tlvj  Brch:,n 
aturally  pal's  unJcr  review,  as  far  as  any  clear  and  ceter- 
;  notions  can  be  tormcd  concerning  them.  The  high 
icy  to  which,  according  to  fome  writers,  they  have  pre- 
IS,  is  here  contefted,  and,  with  fatisfaftory  probability, 
certainty,  rcjciSled.  *  I  think,  (Mr.  L.  fays,)  that  as 
IS  the  Irifli  began  to  regulate  ecclefiaftical  affairs  by 
1^  political  laws  were  at  the  fame  time  edablifhed,  for 
lergy  and  laity  fat  together  on  fuch  occafions/ — •  It  ap« 
that  the  Brchons  (judges)  had  contrived  a  technical  lan- 
or  jargon,  and  contra<5tions,  in  imitation  of  the  Norman 
'S,  which  they  called  the  Peaunian  or  Pbenlan  language, 
led  from  Peann,  a  writing  pfn,  bccaufe  it  was  difFercnc 
he  Brehonic  oral  law.  From  thefc  and  other  anecdotes, 
may  be  relied  on,  we  fee  the  great  improbability  of 
ting  the  Brehon  laws  of  the  Seabright  collection,  and 
cater  difficulty  of  rendering  the  Peannian  commentary 
It  proper  glofl'aries  and  keys.' — Our  limits  will  not  allow 
^ive  a  more  diftincl  account  of  this  cfTay ;  which,  fays  the 
,  *  imperfcd^  as  it  is,  may  excite  farther  attention/ 
mJ  towersy  which  are  numerous  in  Ireland,  cannot  fail  of 
ing  the  attention  of  the  antiquary.  Several  conjedures 
leen  formed  concerning  them  :  our  author,  we  are  in- 
to believe,  gives  us  the  true  account,  when  he  pro- 
es  on  them  as  intended  for  flccpic-houres  or  belfries, 
rftuments  in  favour  of  this  fuppofuion  are  almoft  dccifive." 


2CO  Ledwich'i  Antiquities  of  Ireland* 

fometimts  found  in  Encrland :  but  the  round  toirers*  in  ScoN 
land,  (as  the  Dun  of  Dornadiila,  &c.}  though  probabl/  the 
work  of  the  Oanes,  appear  to  have  been,  fomc  at  leaft,  of 
a  different  kind  and  ufe.^-^The  prefent  judicious  anti«{uarf 
here  offers  many  fenfibie  and  learned  remarks;  and  he  adds 
feveral  Aridures  not  very  favourable,  though  fonxwhat  jocular^ 
lo  the  editor  of  ColUSlanca  de  reh.  Hib,  f 

Anttqutiies  of  New  Grange.  In  the  county  of  Afiotb.  TT)« 
tflay  is  introduced  by  fome  juft  and  fcientific  remarks  on  the 
neceffity  of  di(lingui(hing  between  Celtic  and  Scjtbic  or  Gotblc 
antiquities,  if  we  would  attain  real  and  ufeful  knowlcge  on  the 
l'ubje£t.  A  negled  in  this  refpeck  has  occafioned  great  coofufioii. 
*  Let  who  will  (it  is  faid,)  be  the  leaders  of  the  Scythic  or 
Gothic  tribe  into  Europe,  or  let  the  period  of  their  arrival  be 
whatNt  may,  the  northern  chronicles  preferve  abundant  proofs 
of  the  introduction  of  a  new  fuperftition  fome  years  before  the 
Incarnation.'  This  new  northern  fuperftition  is  applied  to 
jlludrate  the  ftone  monuments,  &c.  of  New  Grange}  and  it  is 
on  the  whole  inferred,  that  this  was  the  work  of  femi-chriflian 
Odmen  in  the  ninth  century.— In  the  courfe  of  thefe  inqutrieSt 
Stone  henge  falls  briefly  under  notice.  Mr.  Ledwrch  is  of  opi* 
luou,  with  Keyflsr,  &c.  that  the  Anglo-Saxons ;(  were  tbeaa* 
thors  of  that  wonderful  work. 

The  antlcnt  Irljh  drefs  is  a  curious  topic,  concerning  which 
very  little  that  is  worthy  of  reliance  has  occurred  to  this  ac- 
curate inquirer,  antecedently  to  the  8th  century.  The  tnoft 
ancient  garb  of  which  we  have  any  certain  account,  was  bareh 
a  (kin  mantle,  afterward  changed  for  one  of  wcx)lien,  the  rni  I 
of  the  body  being  naked.  Cambrenfis  fpeaks  of  the  Iri(b,  ia 
the  1 2th  century,  as  but  lightly  clad  in  -.voollen  garments,  bar-, 
baroudy  (haped,  and  for  the  moft  part  black,  becaufe  the  ihecp 
of  the  country  are  black. — On  this  paflage  it  is  remarked: 

•  Naturalilb  tell  us,  and  with  great  truth,  that  the  colours  of  aoi* 
inals  arc  often  tneir  j;r.iitell  fccurity  from  dcilruiUon*  Thof  thtlap 
fmailcr  evade  the  l.irger  rnUcls,  and  thui  hares  ailbming  a  whitecoloBr  ^ 
in  winter  wlicrc  fr.uw  abounds ,  dude  their  fharp-iighted  enemies!  ^ 
What  nature  thus  kindly  docs  far  animals,  reflcfUon  docs  for  msBf 

•  Sec  M.  Rev.  vol.  L\ii.  p.  *73-   vol.  L\iv.  p.  114.  New  Serieii 
vol.ii.  p.  II. 

+  Col.  Vallnncey. 

t  Tht*  prefent  name,  Stone-hcr.c;?,  \\c  traces  up  to  Heag^s  Stmul  ^ 
fuppofing:  ti^ir  oredion  to  have*  bctfn  t!ic  ivcrk  of  the  Saxon  ariny  aadct  ■■ 
P.-ince  Hen^ill,  in  commw*n:orition  of  r.  iignal  vi^iy  (aincd  ^M 
tlicm  ovLT  the  i^ritons :  — but  "  wheikrecanie  the  ilones»  andhowwcKM 
fuch  im.nenfe  nnf!c^  conveyed  tothatfpot?"  arc  ftiil  fOfCioQS  tiiit''^ 
pu>.zlj  every  antiquary.  ^^ 


Ledwich'i  AntiquUies  of  Ireland.  20r 

Tho ^^^ders» formerly  exercifed  In  perpetual  rapine>  thebetter  to 
ccw[flMfl  t&mfdres,  pive  to  their  do'thes  s  heatYrtiiiCTbftv'^'fMie  black 
d^SSagisi  tbe  Irilh  wat  for  the  iame  pnrpofi^,  beia^  tto^blour  of 
^ttir  bdj^,  their  conftant  rctrctt.'  4.  « 

' '  ^b  tKe  mantlet  they  bad  flow  added  the  hood,  faVmdt  into  « 

^  conical  cap,  and  together  with  it  wore  a  jacket- an4  tr6iN^ers« 

' '  r  Toward  the  condufion  of  this  effay,  after  fevera)  ¥fvy  fen* 

,    fibk  obfervationty  it  is  added,  ^4 

I.     ^  The.fappreffion  of  monafteries,  and  the  reformatSon'  '6f  religion  is 

^  jdM  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Elizabedi,  had  more  po*.veftul  opera- 

lam  in  reclaiming  the'Irifh  from  barbarifm  end  evil  moralt-lhan  the 

^jltiixtik  laws.    The  fcttlement  of  Engliih  colbniibio  dtffisrent  parts 

^^thte  kingdom,  their  domelUc  and  pcrfonal  .neatneis»  the^r  afiive  in- 

''^atry^fiipplying  them  with  all  the  conveniencies  and' conforts  of  life. 

!'  ^Chcir  rational  rekgion^  looking  for  happinefs  froni  their  own  exertions, 

ts«|itfnd  of  blindly  and  indolently  repofiog  on  the  mcri(s  of  insaginanr 

ii(ijnts»  all  confpired  to  awaken  *io  the  minds  of  the  natives',  a  lively 

\.  \  taok  of  their  own  wretchednefs^  groaning  beneath  the  o{>pfe(non  of 

^..tcnporal  and  fpiritual  tyranny,  from  which  however  thby'Were  not 

^    WApIetely  emancipated,  bat  by  the  abolttbn  of  the  Brehon  law,  in 

^,  die  nxth  year  of  the  elder  James.' 

The  four  fuceceding  diflertations  are  devoted  to  anftjuittes  of 
^:#Ar  Irifl}  church  i  a  copious  topic,  reduced  by  our  aotht>r  into  a 

moderate  compafs;  treated  with  precifion  and  perfpfcuity,  as 
^fisr  as  the  fubjeA  will  admit,  and  with  that  Juft  abhorrence  of 
^  liiperftition,  and  of  delulion,  prieftly  and  political,  which  will 
,.  ^be  approved  by  intelligent  and  ingenuous  minds.— We  ' 
.  MtWiU  not  enter  into  an  inquiry,  whether  BiOiop  Stillingfleet  has 
^4  made  it  mare  than  probable  that  St.  Paul  laid  the  foundation  of 
..■\  %  Cbriftian  church  in  Britain  ;'  nor  how  far  an  ancient  MS.  is 

worthy  of  confidence,  which  (as  the  ftid  biftiopobfcrvcs,)  in- 
.    fM*iDS  us,  *  that  St.  John  the  evangclift  firft  fang  the  Gallican 

ifice,  then  the  blefled  Polycarp  his  difciple,  and  after  him  Ire- 
c  naeus,  bifliop  of  Lyons.'— Fading  this  part  of  the  trea'tife,  we 
>H  proceed  to  take  fome  notice  of  Archbiflfop  Uihcr,  a  name 
.  always  mentioned  with  regard.  Thi<»  induftrious  primate  ex- 
r .  .kMiftcd  great  part  of  his  life  on  the '  fubjcil  of  ecclefiaftical 
■  *^4rffiurs  in  Ireland ;  and,  when  he  reviewed  his  coropilatioa,  *  was 

ebitged  (fays  this  writer,)  to  anticipate  a  remark,  -which  he 

kkiewevery  man  of  fenfe,  letters,  and  penetration,  mull  make, 

flMrt  ft  contained  fome  things  frivolous,  many  doubtful,  and  not 
^^4jkwfilfe.**-lt  is,  however,  to  be  renrtembcrcd,  that  his  inten- 
\JS^  wm  not  that  of  writing  a  hiftory,  but  chiefiy  to  colledl 
uJdprriito  which  might  be  employed  by  others  to  that  purpofe, 
mjitko  it  free  from  huoHin  frailty  and  error  ?*»AIthough  Ufher 
""iMli^liighly  eftimable  on  feveral'accounts,  yet  there  is  tQO  much 

virion  to  believe  that  he  entertained  fome  unjuftifigble  preju- 
Hev.Juns  i793«  P  diccs^ 


Lcd.vichV  Jniiquitiis  sf/rflmd, 

that  he  was  under  fome  rcftraint,  rtfpeSt'mg  eftabliftj- 

and  fucii  nuthoriries  as  frcf|uently  pi  event  f^ir  difcyiliorr^ 

lithful  exhibiiion  of  the  truth.     When  Dr.  Ryvcs,  after 

|1  fnveftiEatioiT,  exprefiird  to  Uflier  and  Camden,  in  ihr 

1 8,  his  druibrs  concerDing  the  miracles  recorded  of  St. 

nekhcr  ihe  primate,  nor  hi^  friend,  appears^  from  this 

Icount,  to  have  adted  with  all  that  impartiality  and  can- 

Ir  iridetd  th.it  llntt  veracityj  which  are  always  to  be  de- 

j\d  might  naturally  have  been  cxpe£^ed,— Mr.  Ledwich 

Is  flf ong  arguments  to  prove  that  this  famous   apoflk 

hd  was  an  ideal  perfonagc,  *  dubbed  the  patron* faint/ 

linth  century,  whitrh  was  famous  for  reviving  and  in- 

iing  Pagan  practices  with  the  Chrtftian  rituaK— It  is 

lie  to  read  without  amazement  the  fraudulent  .:rts  which, 

rent  departments,  have  been  employed  to  cheat  and  gull 

The  wickednefs  and  wr^pudenee  of  thofe,  who,  by 

L^ans,  triumphed   over   ihc   ignorance  and  credulity  of 

I l!ow- creatures,    might  feem   incredible:  but  fa£l  fup- 

Ic  aircrticn  ! — One  of  thefc  lying  and  abandoned  mof)lc% 

g  told  that  there  were  no  materials  to  affift  him  for  the 

patron -fa  I  lit,  which  he  was  dc  fired  to  write,  replkd, — 

lould  execute  the  work  juft  as  cafily  without  them,  and 

them  a  inoft  excellent  legend,  after  the  manner  of 

' or  what  ha9 


Ledwich'j  Antiquities  cf  Irc!a*jd.  203 

•  The  Romm  Catholics  of  Ireland  are  a  liberal  and  enlightened  peo- 
p!e,norisit  pofTible  they  tvill  be  Iong':r.imii!od  with  fiftitious  legends, 
crpiy  thcirad^ntion  to  ideal  pcrfonagcs.  The  ni;^ht  of  ignorance  and 
lupcrttition  is  paffed,  and  wit!i  it  the  nifllc  and  undifcerning  piety  of 
dark  apes.  A  fcriptural,  rational,  and  manly  religion  is  alone  calcii-  ' 
lated  for  ihcir  prefcnt  improvements  in  fcicnce  and  manners:  this 
alone  vi'ill  eftablilh  an  empire  in  the  heart  of  every  thinking  and  well 
cifpof-d  man,  which  no  rovolution  will  be  able  to  lliake.' 

The  volume  finiflies  with  mifcellafieous  antiquities  ;  by  which 
may  be  underftood  matters  of  curio:': ly  rather  than  of  import- 
ance ;  unufual  appcndajics  to  works  of  this  natuie,  claiming 
ihc  greater  attention  in  the  prefcnt  cnfc,  as  they  {orvt  to  corro- 
borate the  idea  purfued  through  this  work  of  a  northern  coloni- 
zation.— The  Celtcp,  a  rude  race  of  hunters,  have  left  be- 
hind them  comparatively  but  few  memorials  j  (lone  hatchets, 
and  arrows  headed  with  fione,  are  the  chief;  which  were  pro- 
bably at  once  military  weapons  and  domeftic  implements : — but 
how  fhail  we  account  for  Celts  of  brafs^  and  other  more  curious 
metallic  works,  which  Irifh  bogs  have  fometimes  furnifbed  ? 
Thefe  have  called  forth  many  an  enthufiaft  to  celebrate  with 
rapture  the  ancient  honours  of  his  country:  — but  the  Fir- 
bolgs^  and  their  fucceiTors,  well  acquainted  with  metallurgy, 
fupply  an  eafy  anfwer  to  the  queftion,  and  lay  thefe  high  and 
fanciful  prctenfions  in  the  duft.— Here  Col.Vallancey  receives 
fome  farther  fliafts  from  the  quiver  of  ridicule  and  fatire.— Mr. 
Webb's  analyfis  of  the  hidory  and  antiquities  of  Ireland*,  which 
appeared  juit  before  Mr.  Ledwich  had  accompiifhcd  his  work, 
alfo  comes  under  a  critical  examination  and  cenfure  in  this 
elTiy, 

'rhus  have  we  endeavoured  to  give  our  readers  a  view  of 
this  performance,  in  which  we  find  much  to  cojiimend,  and 
little  to  difapprove.  If,  in  an  inftance  or  two,  we  might  hcfi- 
tate,  or  be  inclined  to  objed,  our  intention  is  overcome  by  the 
good  fcnfe,  the  learning,  the  judgment,  the  diligence,  the  ac- 
curacy,  and  the  liberality,  which  pervisde  the  whole.  Wr  con- 
fidcrthe  public  as  indebted  to  this  author  for  fo  inflruflive  and 
ufefiil  a  produiSlion  ;  which,  we  truii,  will  have  its  efrlcl,  in 
coiKurrence  with  other  aids,  toward  the  deftrujJlion  of  bigotry, 
fuperftiiion,  and  falfe  fcience,  with  all  their  idle  fancies  and 
chiMiQi  chinueras  ;  and  thus  contribute  to  the  advancement  of 
folid  learning,  rational  religion,  and  virtue.  7'he  value  of  the 
volume  ii  iliD  greatly  enhanced  by  the  engravings,  e.xacl  and 
beautiful,  with  which  it  is  attended  :  ihty  are  about  forty  \i\ 
number. 


•  This  work  is  now  under  review,  a;:d  our  account  of  it  will 
fpfcdily  appear. 

P  2  MOliTU\-x 


N  T  H  L 

For 


C     30+     ) 

Y      C  ATA  I. 

JUNE,     1793. 


O  G 


EAST   and  AV  E  S  T    I  K  D  I  £  S. 

Three  Lffiiers  addr^Jfed  U  a  Frknd  in  India ^  hy  a  Proprietor, 
tipally  on  the  Sabje^  of  importitig  Bengal  Sugars  into  Engbtid*  J 
pp.  S3«     z$,  6d.  DcbrctL     1795*  ^ 

writer  maint:iins  that  the  eqiialistation  of  duties  between  die 

I  it  and  Wetl  Indies  J  i^  *  both  unRece0kry«  and  impdiiic  m  tiie 

dcgrtt^^tinnectffkf^j  becaufe  the  £aft  India  Company  can 
lugari  to   market  with  a  profit  fubjeft  to  the   prefcnt  high 

as  long  as  it  can  be  for  the  general  inicrcft  of  the  natiott 
le/  fhould  do  fo ;  and  impoliiiCf  becaufe  the  Eaft  Ind^i  Com- 
>onld  total  ty  ruin  the  Weil  India  J  fiends,  if  they  can  iin- 

^2xs  ts  any  wxitnt  Jhr  ^*biS  a  demand  ean  h  found  J     An  ac- 

I I  fa  gars  imported  from  Bengal  is  annexed,  which  *  Ihews  a 
Iff  iijoir  105.  on  an  invoice  of  46631*  1 6s.  This  fu rely  is  a 
litndfonie  advantage^  it  exceeds  27  per  cent,  and  if  the  Eaft 

.'oinpany  gained  as  much  upon  tlicir  trade  in  general,  they 

I  at  this  day  h.ive  a  very  different  ftatement  of  cheir  afi^irs  to 

I  to  the  public.'     He  treats  the  current  opinion,  that  Bcngd  ii 

of  lupplying  :ill  Europe  with  fugar,  as  a  rafh  and  chimerical 

enters  into  a  detail  of  circum fiances  to  prove  it  to  be  fo. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Eaft  and  Weft  Indus.      205 

fuffered  under  their  hands,  and  done  them  more  mifcMef  than  good 
in  one  capacity  or  other.'  This  obfervation,  if  well  founded,  bodes 
very  ill  to  their  future  profperity ;  and  correfponds  but  too  clofcly 
with  an  authority  not  eafily  difpoted.  '  Mr.  Anderfon,  the  Accomp* 
tant  to  the  Board  of  Controul,  has  lately  declared  to  the  public,  that 
the  India  Company  have  not  been  able  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  India 
to  a  profit  for  feme  years  pafl.*  Territorial  fovercigns  and  traders 
appear  to  be  too  heterogeneous  a  mixture  of  characters,  to  unite  in  the 
fame  perfons;  it  might  be  well,  therefore,  if  this  united  company 
would  feparate  again,  fo  as  that  the  princes  and  merchants  might 
form  difhnd  bodies ;  or  that  they  would  rciinquifh  the  trade  altoge- 
ther, and  leave  it  to  be  managed  in  a  more  prudent  manner  by  others. 
This  writer  would  have  the  trade  in  fugar  thrown  open. 

Art.  17.  The  Right  in  the  IVefl  India  Merchants  to  a  double  Momteiy  of 
the  Sugar  Market  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  Expediency  of  all  MoncfO' 
lies,  examined,  8vo.  pp*  83.  25.  Debrett,  &c. 
When  important  queftions  engage  the  public  attention,  the  variety 
of  pamphlets  exhibit  the  ilrength  of  arguments  on  each  fide;  and  in 
reading  one,  we  frequently  recollect  reafons  or  fadls  dated  in  others, 
which  either  refute  or  are  refuted :  —  but  as  we  mention  each  feparate- 
ly,  it  will  fcarcely  be  expcfted  that  we  (hould  compare  all,  and  decide 
on  the  fubjefl  of  them  fummarily.  This  would,  in  many  cafes,  not  only 
be  deemed  extra-judicial,  but  would  prove  a  labour  of  too  great  magni- 
tude. It  may  therefore  fuffice  to  obfcrve,  that  the  publication  before  us 
argues  well,  on  liberal  principles,  againfl  favouring  monopolies  of 
any  kind ,  and,  from  a  com  pari  fon  between  the  circumdantes  of  the 
Wed  India  iflands,  and  our  Eaftern  pofFefllons,  relatively  to  Britain, 
with  the  natural  and  political  claim  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  country 
to  be  fupplied  with  commodities  at  the  cheapell  rates,  (hews  the  pro- 
priety of  allowing  a  free  competition  between  the  Eaflem  and  Weftcm 
importers  of  fugar. 

Art.  18.  Heads  of  the  Speech  of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Dundas,  in  the 
Houfe  of  Commons,  February  25,  1793.  on  dating  the  Affairs  of 
the  Ead  India  Company.  8vo.  pp.  47.  With  an  Appendix  of 
Edimates,  &c.  pp.  26.     3s.     Debrett. 

Parliamentary  fpeeches  being  immediately  retailed  in  the  public 
papers,  at  lead  as  to  the  leading  points,  the  bare  mention  ot  their 
appearance  in  a  feparate  form,  and,  as  may  be  fuppofed,  on  better 
authority  and  with  more  attention  to  correftnefs,  will  in  general  be  fufH- 
cicnt.  It  is  already  well  known  that  the  affairs  of  the  Company  were 
reprefented  by  the  miniderial  orator  in  the  mod  favourable  point  of 
view. 

Art.  19,  A  Letter  to  the  Proprietors  of  Eaft  India  Stock,  on  the  prefent 
Crifis  of  the  Company's  Affairs.  By  John  Prinfep,  Efq.  8vo. 
pp.28.     IS.     Debrett. 

The  renewal  of  the  Company's  charter  gives  rife  to  many  newr 
confiderations  founded  on  the  new  diftindion  of  a  commercial  com- 
pany becoming  territorial  fovercigns.  Here  the  fuprerac  power,  which 
confers  exidence  on  thcf'e  commercial  princes,  dcps  in,  and  cries, 
**  Halves  1"     Power,  wherever  it  refides,  is  infaiiablc  i  and,  where 

P  3  diffeicni 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  J[smi\ 

kpw  CIS  inter  ft  ri',  hy  dircaHing  ttic  ma.CUT  among  ^hcm^llir^'f 
l^lteach  other  J  whtJi  the  Cev^rA  pTcunficn^  are  adi'uflcJt  »•« 
li.llnidlrd  by  ihc  cveuE,     The  prcfent  agt  teems  witlv  gr;ind 

nts*     Wc  hnvc  no  tcmptaiiot)  to  enter  into  tht  intrkicks  of 

Lll-ilrcec  pou::ics, 

LAW. 

y/  ZJ/iv'?  ^/  the  Laivi  ^f  En^larfJ^  by  the  Right  Hon*  Sir 

Jornyns*  Kmi^ht,   late  Lord  CUitf  Baron  of  his  Majrlly'i 

let  Exchequer.     The  third  EJiiion*  confidcrnbly  enl*irged, 

limntjcd  down  lo the  preierit limr,  by  Stewait  Kyd*  BarrLl^^r 

Iv  of  ihe  Middle  Temple,    Efq,     8vo,     6  Vols.     5).  i^i, 

Longman*  !kc.      1792. 

Irll   edition   of   this   very    ufefd    and   comprdiCTiiive  ivovk 

J i (lied   in   the  ycnr  1762;^ in   17761    a  cotmniiarior*  by    a 

hand  appeared  J  in  17^1  a  new  cdluotit  in  which  thi  CiSntl- 

]  1  ri  nl  p  hab  w'  ti :  ill  1  y  in  fe  r  ted ,  w  a  s  fo  u  n  d  n  cceifa  ry  *     T  he  p  ro  - 

live  ihus  givtfTi  an  unequivocal  t?flirnony  to  the  merit  of  liie 

■ivr  form  ante,  by  fo  frequcDtly  requiring  edicicns  of  fo  large 

•:\\\c  a  p 'J bli c a non .  —  M r , Kyd  11  n J ertook  a  v c ry  Ir^boncu* 

11  he  engaged  to  brin^  the  work  down  to  the  prefeni  lime^ 

ves  conddcrahfc  praife  for  his  refolutJan  in  the  atfempi,  and 

iiiligencc  manifelted  in  the  CAccution  ol  JbvvrJ  oi  its  parts, 

h[>rvcvt'r,  forry  to  gbifrve,  that  he  has  rclnixcd  in  his  atten- 

lie  tidii:s  of  i:r/';.^'i3/wf>j/ and  mrrchufstii  whrch^  on  account  of 

pcrtance,  caiJcd  tor  an  equal  meaf^ire  of  iiucfligation  ;  ar.d 

Itfion  might  Ldf\ly  have  been  given  by  Mr.  Kyd,  as  he  hsd 


MoKTRLT  Catalogue,  Laiib.  S07 

Eiil^  who  differed  in  their  fentiments  on  reli^ous  topics  from  the 
w  makersj  —  and  points  out,  in  a  (brong  and  convincing  manner,  the 
gtofs  inpropriety  of  inHitoting  a  tribunil  for  the  examination  and 
punilhment.of  0//W9». — With  the  juftncfs  of  the  following  pailage  we 
were  much  pleafed :  '  The  eccleAaftical  court  has  not  only  a  cog- 
nizaoccy  pro  fidute  amimte,  over  religious  tenets,  but  likewife  ovet" 
immoratitiel  unconnedled  with  injuries.  How  is  it  that  the  seal  of  chb 
conrt  for  promoting  man's  falvation,  has  ever  been  more  ftrongly 
dilplayed  in  extirpating  error,  rather  than  vice?*  Mr.'^H;  very 
feversly  fuggefts  the  natural  canfe  for  fuch  conda^,  when  he  adds, 
^  It  app^rs  as  if  pride  of  un'derftanding  was  more  predominant  in  the 
breaft  of  an  ecclefiaftic,  than  tlie  love  of  virtue/ 

-Art.  23..  Ktports  of  Cafes  relating  to  the  Duty  and  Office  of  a  JuJlUg  of 
P^ace;  from  Michaelmas  Term  1791,  to  the  End  of  Trinity  T<rm 
1792.  By  Michael  Nolan,  Efq.  of  Lincdln^s  Inn,  Barriiler  at 
Law.  8vo.  4s.  Boards.  Butterworth.  I793- 
"'    * "    /ofumeof] 


figned  chiefly  for  the  ufe  of  thofe  gentlemen  who  attend  the  felons* 
To  them  it  may  prove  particularly  ferviceable.  but  to  the  general 
lawyer  it  will  be  unneccuary,  as  he  will  End  thefe  ca(es  contained  in 


the  Term  Reports  of  the  fame  period.— This  work  is  valuable  00  ac« 
count  of  its  fidelity  and  perfpicuity. 

Art.  24.  The  PraSlice  of  the  Court  of  Great  Sejfftonsfor  thefe^uerai  Cosmtki 
ifCarmartheHi  Pembroke  ^  and  Cardigan ;  tht  County  of  the  Borough  of 
Carmarthen ;  and  the  To^mu  and  County  ofHa^uerforiwefi,  By  Rk&ud 
Foley,  Secondary  of  the  Circuit.  8vo.  pp.  144.  5s,  Boaifds. 
Williams.  1792. 
This  volume  contains  an  accoant  of  thofe  particulars  in  whidi  the 

pradice  of  the  Wel(h  Courts  differs  from  that  of  Weftminiler-hall;  and 

will  be  ufeful  to  gendemen  on  that  circuit. 

Art.  25.  The  Lanv  ofCofts.  By  John  Hullock,  of  Gray's  Inn.  8vo. 
pp.626.  9s.  Boards.  Nicol.  1792. 
Mr.  Hullock  has  here  (hewn  great  induftry  in  colle^tmg  all  the 
cafes,  antient  and  modern,  on  the  fubjed  of  cofts,  and  in  arranging 
them  under  their  proper  heads. — It  appears  to  ns  a  fuller  and  more 
comprehenfive  treadfe  than  any  which  has  hitherto  been  publiihed  on 
thb  ofeful  title  of  the  law. 

Art.  26.     Reports  of  Cafes  argued  and  determined  in  the  High  Cousf  tf 

Chancery t  beginning  in  the  Sitting;}  after  Hilary  Term  29  Geo.  |ir. 

A.  D.    1789,  and  ending   in   the   Sittings  after  Trinity  Term 

3a  Geo  HI.  A.  D.  1 792.    ^y  Francis  Vefey,  jun.  Efq.  of  Lincoln's 

inn^BarrilleratLaw.  Folio.  pp«567.  il.  169.  bound.  Dilly.  1793. 

Thefe  reports  are  contemporary  with  thofe  given  by  Mr.  BraMm  at 

the  end  of  each  term  in  which  they  are  decided,  and  therefore  will 

be  found  lefs  neceffary  to  the  profellion,  on  accoant  of  the  fame  ground 

being  pre-occupicd  by  another.— On  their  comparative  merit  we  (hall 

pot  decide. 

Art.  27.     A  Charge  to  the  Grand  Jury  of  the  Court  hcet  for  the  Motor 
of  JAanckcjUry  containing  an  Account  of  the  'interna]  Government 

P  4  ^^ 


\Vown ;  and  of  the  Nature,  Jurifdi£licMn,  and  Duties  of  Coara 
lu  general.  Delivered  ai  the  Micliaelmas  Court,  O^.  l ^§ 
">y  Winiam  Roberts,  Efq.  of  the  Middle  Tcuiflep  BarrUler 

8vo,     js.     Btitterworth.     I793. 

Ibcrts,  to  whom  the  ptiblic  are  iDuch  Indebted  for  this  rcry 

pefligation  of  the  eonlliiution  and  power  of  coyrt^  kxt,  fuc- 

r,  Geo,  Lloy^d  as  fie  ward  of  the  court  kct  for  the  manor  af 

r»      Afttr  conciiely  cniitrerattng   the    principal    offencei 

under  the  cf^gnisance  of  this  court,  Mr.  R.  piroccctl*  to 
rcfpedlablc  ofiiccs  wbicli  rebte  to  the  police  of  Mancheftert 
force  the  neceflity  of  appoitmng  perfijos  ^vho^  froDl  their 

and  rerpcflabllkj',  derive  the  bcH  title  to  pre  fide  over  the 

concludes  vvhh  an  admoniiiosi  to  rejecl  ali  ccnfideratiosis 
Irti  party  or  i eligious  prejudices.  He  obfcrvcs  ihat 
L^giflature,  even  in  the  midft  of  the  2e:il  that  produced  the 
Jn  and  Tell  A^i,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IL  by  the  fatter 
jc  is  cnaded,  tjiat  all  officers,  civil  and  military,  ihculd  re- 
"pacranicnt  of  the  Lord's  Supper  according  to  the  ufn.ge  of 

of  Englajid — in  the  mtdft  of  thai  zeal,  \  fay,  the  Parlia- 
\t6,  that  this  fhould  not  i-xtend  10  ConHalsL^s*  Head- 
lor  Tything-men,  who  miy  enter  iiito  thtfe  offices,  and 
Inu  without  that  qualification  As  thcfe  ofHccrs  wctt  thm 
Ixceptcd,  it  is  rtot  cafy  to  conceive,  that  in  this  age  you 
li^euccd  by  a  fpirit  which  the  Let^iflature  formally  rejefledj 
lime  when  the  rage  againll  nou  confoimifi*  rofe  to  ciithu- 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Law.  209 

mond  B-Jildiogs»  SohOa  Solicitor  for  the  Prifoner.     8vo.     2s.  6d. 

Johnfon.     1791. 

The  defence  fct  up  by  the  prifoner  was  i/jat  he  ivas  no  foldUry  and 
not  amenable  to  the  jurifdidion  of  a  court  martial. — His  judges, 
bowcver,  declared  him  to  be  a  foldier;  and  found  him  guilty  of  the 
dfience  laid  to  his  charge.  Mr.  Martin  complains  heavily  in  the 
pamphlet  before  us,  but  with  what  foundation  we  cnnnot  determine, 
that,  in  the  courfe  of  the  proceeding?,  the  judges  rejefte d /r^//fr  and 
admitted  improper  evidence;  and,  throughout  the  bufinefs,  mani'cilcd 
a  great  prejudice  againll  the  prilcncr. — in  laft  Trinity  Term,  a  rule 
nras  granted  by  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  to  Ihew  caufe  why  a  pro- 
hibition fhould  not  go  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the  fentencc  pa/fcd 
again il  the  prifmcr;  when  the  court,  after  the  cafe  had  beefi  ably 
argued,  and  fully  difcuffcd,  difcharged  the  rule,  but  prcviouflv  de- 
termined the  following  point,  on  wiiich  the  motion  for  the  prohibition 
refted ;  that  the  receiving  pay  as  a  JlUitr,  fubjeded  the  receiver  to 
mliiary  juri/Jiclion.  An  excellent  report  of  this  cafe  is  given  in  Mr. 
H.  BbckHonc's  Reports,  vol.ii.  p.  69. 

Art.  29.     ^  Treati/e  upon  the  Latu  ami  Proceetlings  in  Cafes  of  High 

Treafon,  ice.     By  a  Barriller  at  Law.     8vo.     pp.  154.     2^^.  6d. 

Boards.     Butterworth.     179^. 

This  performance  is  ufhered  into  the  world  by  a  declamatory  and 
political  preface,  part  of  which  we  underftand,  but  cannot  approve; 
the  remainder  we  cannot  cenfure,  becaufe  we  do  not  comprehend  it* 
Our  readers  may  perhaps  be  more  fortunate,  and  may  poflibly  be  able 
to  explain  fatisfadlorily  to  themfelves  the  meaning  of  the  following 
poedcal  rhapfody:  *  All  Europe  is  in  arms,  and  the  happinefs  of 
Bullions  depends  on  the  event.  This  is  not  a  war  of  conqueft,  ambi- 
tion,  or  aggrandizement ;  not  a  war  of  commerce,  or  for  territorial 
acooifitioo:  but  it  is  fingularly  confpicuous  for  implicating  the  queftion. 
Whether  the  elements  of  civil  fociety  are  to  be  diforganiicd,  and  re- 
duced to  a  chaos?  It  is  a  war  undcrt:il;cn,  becaufe  the  balance  of 
the  world  trembles  on  its  beam.'  Thus  far  is  intelligible  :c  us,  but 
BOW  comes  the  flight  which  leaves  us  at  adillance  :  'Under  thcle  cir- 
Comflances,  the  Britiih  nation  awakes  at  the  early  call  of  danger; 
while  vifions  of  immortal  glory,  and  dreams  of  vidorious  rapiuie 
fcim  before  the  warrior's  eyes.'  [We  fincerely  wiih  that  they  may 
BOt  continue  in  the  (late  of  *viJions  and  iireams,]  *  Like  an  eagle  fhe 
noes  her  mighty  youth,  and  foaring  aloft,  kindles  her  undazzled 
ty«,  at  the  full  mid-day  beam-^whilfl  the  inferior  birds  of  prey, 
rioiicd  with  rapine,  and  foul  with  blood,  arc  feared  at  the  flight,  and 
By  difvordant  and  dreadful  notes  prognollicaie  their  future  fail.' 

To  return,  however,  to  the  work,  for  it  had  nearly  efcaped  us  that 
wc  were  reviewing  a  lanjo  eJJ'ay^  wc  mull  allow  that  the  publication  is 
neeH^timed^  and  that  it  will  be  ufeful  to  thofe  gentlemen  who  have  not 
already  in  their  poffeflion  the  larger  treatifcs  of  the  Pleas  of  the  Crown, 
friHn  which  it  is  chiefly  compiled. 

Art.  30.  A  Di/cour/e  on  Lanus,  intended  to  (hew  that  legal  Infticutions 
arc  ncccflary,  not  only  to  the  Happinefs,  but  to  the  very  Exiilence 
of  Man.  By  the  Rev.  A.  Frcllon,  A.M.  4to.  pp.22,  is. 
Deigh:on.     1792. 

This 


s  if  a  plain  3.fid  ffnfible  difcourtc  rrom  t^w  fi  > ' 
IV  was  givca  by  Mofes,  but  grA!-«   .ind  t       . 
.*•  Jobn,  i.  Jy.^-buc  tht  a  tidier  has  prgr^ifcii 
ilian  the  public  vvtii  tliftover  to  b(?  perftjrtnctl  m  . 

I,  J  tcfUr  ffl  i;^#  ^^^f  Hm*  U UlntJtt  U'lnM^m^  ^laniKr  for 
vvich#   upon  Une  prefent  Ekflion  Jwdicaltire*,    Siti»     pp.  li^ 

Dcbrctt,     1793*  I 

3  autbor  cf  Uib  pamphlet  com  plaid  »f  m^^^  warmili,  niwi  iihi 
,  yf  ihc  extreme  id  usance  of  ihu   Member:^  of  i\w  )dmiz  of 
lOfSt  10  be  chofen  on  a  Commtitre  to  try  the  cirfiii^ 
ftrci  ihe  mode  of  trying  ihafr.  pctitimis  finc£  Mr.  Gi  >  1 

Juptcc!;  ar^d  be  propfifr^  m>a:h^r#  %bich*  in  hb  opir  : 

hafj:;  inconvenience  which  now  prevail,     Hr  wriici  . 

rpim,  and  candimr, 

I  a.  Summary  Hiuts  ^ir  rrmi'Jyin^  tMri^nt  Dffi^t  tm  fht  L^rv^f  ^ 
tjl  and  ImprifinmtHtf^i' Dihi.     8vo,     pp.  29.     la.     Ridgwij* 

t  great  hard  (hip  of  the  laws  of  impnfoTimctit  for  debt  Haa  bee* 
^and  juRly  a  fy bjcd  of  complaint ,  that  ptTrl'iafiient  have  al  ki'^lh 
ed  10  the  gricvnncr,    arid  a  bill  is  row  before   ihc  Hotlc  of 

for  tkic  purpofe  of  remedying  the  evil.  The  wnfcr  of  the  prr- 
amphlct  confirnii  the  old  adagc^  that  **  it  is  eaftirr  to  ccwiuff 
o  amend  ;"  for  hi.^  lUttmerjt  of  the  many  »ind  cnni plicated  mU 

attending  die  pre  lent  fyftem  ia  corrcftl/  given,  bat  hii  pkn  tiST 
rm  appears  to  us  fupcrildal  and  incxpcdteivt :  i^c  mud,  hOw'Ci'tf, 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Franet.  aii 

Art-  3;.  Ji  ur-M  Jtri^gmtnt  tf  Cafes  in  Equity 9  and  of  fucK 
Cafes  at  Law  as  relate  to  Equitable  Subjects,  from  1735,  ^" 
the  prefeot  1  ime.  By  Jofiah  Oro^vn,  £fq,  Barrifter  at  Law»  and 
Editor  of  the  Cafes  in  Parliament.  Vol- 1.  410.  pp.535,  il.  5s. 
.•boards.     Pheney.     1793. 

As  IK)  manufcript  cafes  are  admitted  into  this  coliedlion,  the  reader 
will  fiiiJ  only  fach  crifcs  as  have  previoufly  been  reported  by  different 
auihcrs.  The  abridgment  is  executed  with  accuracy  and  judgment, 
and  will  be  ufeful  to  thofe  who  arc  unwilling  to  purchafe  the  works 
from  which  it  is  compiled. 

FRANCE. 

Art.  36.     Thoughts  on  the  Death  of  the  King  of  France,     By  William 

Vox,     8vo.     3d,     Gurncy. 

The  public  commifcration  and  horror  excited  by  the  cataf- 
rrophe  of  the  king  of  France  being  by  this  time  fomewhat  exhaullcd, 
Mr.  W.  Fox  very  properly  calls  on  us  to  view  the  event,  together 
»ith  its  probable  confequences,  in  the  light  of  reafon  and  political 
wifdom.  The  abfurdity  of  going  to  war  with  the  French  nation,  on 
account  of  any  internal  violation  of  right,  is  forcibly  argued ;  and 
it  is  even  maintained  that,  in  not  interpofmg  our  friendly  offices  at 
the  critical  moment  when  the  national  affembly  invited  our  interfer- 
ence, and  hereby  not  preventing  that  invafion  of  France  which  was  the 
immediate  occafion  of  the  horrors  that  have  followed,  we  have  been 
oirrfelvcs  in  fome  fort  acccfTary  to  the  king's  death.  The  author 
writes  with  his  ufaal  fagacity  and  freedom. 

Art.  37.     An  Appendix  to  a  Tour  through  Part  of  France,     8vo.   2S. 
Cadell.     1793. 

The  work,  to  which  this  appendix  relates,  was  reviewed  in  the 
^d  volume  of  our  New  Series,  p.  138*. — The  writer  was,  then,  in 
common  with  every  friend  to  human  freedom  and  focial  happinefs,  a 
wdl^wifher  to  the  French  Revolution,  at  the  time  of  its  laudable 
commencement :  but,  Jince^  in  common  with  every  friend  to  juft  go- 
yrmment  and  public  order,  he  has  conceived  fuch  an  abhorrence  of 
maoy  of  the  proceedings  in  France,  that  he  is  become  a  warm  ap« 
lirover  of  the  conduft  of  their  opponents.  For  this  change  of  fenti- 
ment  he  now  affigns  his  motives  and  reafons ;  and  this  he  has  done  in 
liidi  a  fair  and  manly  difcuflion  of  the  fubjed,  as  refledts  honour  on 
bis  principles  and  abilities,  both  as  a  politician  and  as  a  writer.  It 
Aiews  that  candid  turn  of  mind,  ever  open  to  convidlion,  which  is 
'Oic  of  the  molt  honoarable  traits  of  the  human  chara^er.  The  re- 
view here  taken  of  the  condud  of  the  National  Convention,  and  of 
the  parties  which  are  now  defolating  France  by  their  horrid  meafures* 
is  replete  iviih  jufl  and  ftriking  remarks  and  conclufions;  which  can- 
not fail  of  meeting  with  the  approbation  of  every  judicious  and  dif- 
paflioaatc  r<:ader. 
Art.  38.     Etcge  Funehre  de  Louis  Seize,  Roi  de  France  et  de  Na*varre  : 

PrcK&n^c   a  Lsndres,  en  Prejence  de  plufieurs  Compagnies  refpedahUi, 

•  That  work  is  now  rcpubliftcd,  with  the  addition  of  this  Appendix, 
prlc(  6s.  boards. 

h 


MoKTHLY   CATAtOGOEj  Nmngmhw^  fiC, 


ur   d^  Langui   (t 

ling  oil  a  former  occasion  borne  our  ^cftimooy  to  tlie  merit  of 
iBoir  a  a  a  compiler  [fee  our  acco^ni  of  L4  Prttn^m  dt  rOrmtMr 
nsf  Rev.  0«5t*  i7^>«*]  wc  now  add  aur  flckoowlcgem<rm  of  hit 
I  as  an  orator.  Wh:%tever  m^y  hu%'c  hctn  the  rritih  cancer  mo^ 
3J^d  of  this  EJoge^  which  it  touJl  be  tbr/if/^ie  r^iTi:  of  tJic  » 
f  liillQfkji  to  determine^  the  ^uihor  muil  be  allmved  ihc  mem  of 
J  written  a  pathetic  ha  r,tiiguc. 

N  A  V  I  G  A  T  1  O  Np 

ig.  InflrnSkns  fir  Tmmg  M&nuirt  ,  refptflin^  die  M*r.Jgl* 
It  of  5hips  at  Itngle  Anchor.  By  Htnry  Tjiylori  of  JSofxi 
r!df,  Bvo*  pp»  30.  6d.  Phillips,  *79^' 
if  (hen  atid  ufeful  msinaat  cotitains  fcvcril  praOkal  c^iitlj:%'t| 
i  as  the  refiik  of  twenty  years*  experience  in  the  coal  and  ft*!* 
des**^Wc  have  juil  fetn  a  2d  edition  of  thcfc  v^uabk  h/rm* 

to  which  13  prefixed  the  fblWingadvcrtiferasDt : 
he  Ownt-rs  of  abo^st  2co  Jiil  of   fhip5,   refidcm  m  NotTH 
tea  and  its  environs,  did  at  their  Annual  AfTociated  Meetisgii 

Firll  Month  tygi*  come  to  the  following  rdolutiort  ; 

hat  it  ii  the  opinion  of  this  Mectiiigi  that  matty  of  the  lo^ 

happen  at  fesj  ure  ©wing  to  the  caufei  m en tio.ned  in  the  ^- 
O  HiHty  Tayhr* s    IlJST  R  UCT  JOK»    TO    VOU  N  «  M^  111  «f  ft*  t 

Ik &T  n  u  c  r  1 0 N 5  we  approve,  ar-d  i ecommcrtd  to  the  mtoidoa 
ery  defcriptbn  of  feamen  :    and  that  a   number  of  f aid  I ir. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Political  and  CommerciaL    21  j 

Who  would  believe  it  !  thus  circumftanccd,  this  man  not  only  al- 
ows  hiaifelf  the  moll  fcandalous  declamations  againft  the  great  and 
he  rich,  but  has  alfo  quitted  England,  and  is  gone  to  Paris,  where 
le  is  become  an  cMiaU  of  the  Jacobins,  and  has  cnlilled  himfelf 
Loder  their  ftandard.'  We  regret,  with  M.  Pidet,  the  mifcondud 
uid  ingratitude  of  Swifs  governors,  and  the  lamentable  iimplicity 
rf"  their  generous  Englifli  employers :  but  we  apprehend  that  few 
pcffons,  except  the  Genevefc,  have  ever  heard  that  fuch  men  as  he 
defcrlbes,  or  even  Geneva  itfclf,  had  any  confidcrable  fharc  in  pro- 
dacing  the  French  revolution,  and  the  prefent  crifis  of  Europe.  It 
inll  not  be  cafy  for  an  impartial  poliiic.il  critic  to  agree  entirely  with 
the  fentimcnt:;  of  any  partiTucn,  of  any  denomination  :  but  we 
heartily  approve  the  following  obicrvaiions,  and  thiuL  them  fcafoa- 
lUe  at  the  prefcnt  jundure  : 

•  I  will  not  f.)y,  that  the  attempt  to  fubjugate  a  nation,  whoTe  in- 
habitants arc  all  in  arms,  and  ready  to  fhod  their  blood  for  its  de* 
feDce,  is  a  chimcrk:il  and  impraclicablc  enterprifc  !  I  Hull  not  inAil 
on  the  mod  prop:r  time  and  the  nccefTary  precautions  to  be  taken ; 
OB  the  almoil  invincibls  difficulty  of  prcferving  union,  cither  between 
the  di5crent  commanders  of  the  armies,  or  between  the  cabina? 
from  which  they  receive  iheir  orders  :  but  I  ihail  go  much  farther  ; 
I  'lhall  fay,  what,  perhaps,  your  Excellency  may  confider  as  a  pa- 
nd'jx,  that  even  with  a  certainty  of  triumphing  over  all  difficulties, 
and  of  accompliihiiig  the  great  purpofe  of  the  war,  it  would  be  a 
much  wifcr  and  faLr  policy,  to  \^cc^  the  Frcrich  cLi'ely  hemmed 
within  the  limits  of  their  own  tcrritcry. 

*  And  indeed  your  Excellency  uill  obferve,  that  it  cannot  and 
osght  not  to  be  the  ohjjftof  the  combined  powers  to  gain  new  con- 

2uefts,  which  would  c\'porc  them  to  cndlcfs  dilferjiicfs  :  bi:t  let  mc 
ibmit  it  to  your  coiifiJeraiicn,  that  the  great  iniercll  which  they 
ought  to  have  in  view,  i*;,  noc  merely  to  put  a  ?lop  to  t!i:s  epidemical 
e*il,  but  to  ^iv'e  an  i.illrudkive  Icdbn  to  iheir  own  fubjecls,  on  the 
dangerous  tendency  crti'iiins-'w  philofophy,  and  of  the  French  mar- 
ims.  For  let  us  fuppofe  the  campaign  of  the  Dulce  of  Brunfwicic 
had  happily  terminiicd  ;  tliat,  after  furmounting  every  obllacle,  he 
liad  rendered  him  Tel  f  mailer  of  Paris,  had  given  new  Inw<,  and  efta- 
Uifhed  a  founder  conftitution  ;  that  the  terror  of  his  arms,  and  the 
dread  of  his  vengeance,  had  forced  the  French  to  unconditional  fub- 
miflion  ;  yet,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  this  momentary  imprefGon, 
far  from  producing  a  lafling  obedience,  would  have  irr.bittcred  the 
Tcnom  of  difcontent  ever  rankling  at  their  heart ;  and  is  it  not  evi- 
dent, that  Europe.'  would  have  been  foon  deluged  with  a  multitude 
of  books  and  pamphlets,  tending  to  encourage  the  p'lMic  fermenta- 
tion, and  to  create  new  partizans  to  the  fovcrcigr.ty  cf  ihc  people, 
and  to  democratic  piinciplcs  ?  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  alHed 
powers  had  deftined  an  army  of  So, coo  men  to  the  defence  of  the 
Low  Countries,  if  two  armies  of  60,000  men  each  had  prote^i^ed  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Rhine ;  if  the  King  cf  Sardinia  had  been  joined  by 
thirty  or  forty  thoufand  men,  defli-i-d  to  coVwT  the  frontiers  of  Italy  ; 
if  thefc  feveral  troops,  cantoned  at  fiiort  diftances,  could,  on  the  fiift 
orders^  have  i:r. mediately  aiL-mblcd;  if,  on  the  full  appearance  of 

diiturba:ic:i. 


MoNTHiY  CataIOGUE,  P^fifhal und  C^mfnimah 

l.iir>c^*5,    i!i<v  cot: id   Lavo  atrack^d    tW    French    in   the  opfl 

lwnr*iM:  v«?r.ijri'^  on  a  %vj.f  ol  pofts  In  which  the  bitcr  in'l 

irj  2  ^jrr,::  fj^^Tbriij  ;  i*   h   rut   rviJ^rrC    ihat:    f uch  ftrtei 

L»w  ^*^<K^cA  .-v.'ry  mu^erftienc  *,f  Ui€  f  rcncbt  nsid  kept  them  in 

vr*.l  ^i^vL  '      If  b.ic    allirw   courts  liad   declared,    41  ihe    iaiT>c 

that  *'  *i.ry  trek  yp  uniis   wiih  no   other  view  thjin  to  repel 

il  -i"2'^'*  ^'^ '  '•   ■*'^^^  Iccing  Fr;iwc£  become  a  prey  to  a  rooft  d?- 

|r  fiiUK^v  ;  I'laugH  ic  h.ii  btcn  ihiir  chii^f  bat  ufiavaiUsig  willi 

ItKat  v:nh;pj'y 'iiris^J^m  rLtkrcJ  to  iomf^  form  of  governroeTttf 

:  they  iir.J  :^rt  o:r.  to  nu^rfcr^:  in  its  inlcr-id  affairf,  anditai 

:W  \\yX  tiJI  litL*  public  traKquillity  wa-i  pcrmaacndy  rct1x>rc^i 

*:\i\z  t<*^  it    ini;rrrtb  uioulj    occLJpv  their   aitcntbn  j  and  thtt 

In  iliry  stciiiki  lc\>k  i^poti  the  dccbradon  of  war,  rts  thr  diffpe- 

stur;?  oi  a  u:tuin."     WoulJ  r.c>c  this  condud  hive  evrlendr 

•  r.GbJt*  .I'lci  g^n^rou^-*     Wo  lM  note  very  man*  who  knew  alt 

It^  tH;i  h^ivt'  h.tfi  phicLfffi  trj  tiKtft  n  dimocracyi  founded  Ofi 

lertfi^iity  «tI'  l1:w  people,  .ii>J  i^ho  had   pcnctr-iHon  enough  Ui 

bL-iti  c^ui-t]k;er.cc5,  hive  bren  flruck  with  the  conviiflion,  that 

French  h-td   l'f.*o  abioJt'iiKd    to  themfdveSj  they  mull  foott 

elt  all  the  '  ern  k>  of  (heir  pcrilcus  JuuatioiT/ 

Iridic,  *isv,c  l^jrr:  f. rni  hi 5  wjrk,  i^  a  ni^n  in  very  advaacei 

|^_|^^;t  K'i  pi:  hTiTTinvV  :    \i.rittt*n  with   die  fire  of  ynuEh;  ar»df 

I  work  *jf  ^  ror:fif^rt*r,  i^  iiu'i.nL:iiiih*:-d  by  the  corrcdncG  of  hij 

li>c,  :ij  v\\r!l  .1^  by  the  ania-aticu  pf  his  Jtyle, 

G/m' f.j.'  : -.7  f:  ^v  iv'JA'i  r'   the  Crrti  Diity  u^cti  the  umcii 
,h:y  i^iCfUd  C.aji     /^  Smui.i^    tendings  to   (lieu,  th:it  if  ic 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoUtki:l  iin.i  (! .v. ;.../.     ;  i  - 

;:  .! -i.!:'.-'!.  f  n  til' all- of  ihc  :.r;!.  !l,  ili.iua.  ..  1;.!..:'l    :.)    ;..j    :    . 

•-•■'■.  ly-"'\  .... 

*  Irr  n'C(M-.vi'iiitnces  to  which  the  iiih-ib-Miu.-.  arc  AiIm -ci. .]  o:i  ..^  - 
Count  ut'  ihi>  liuty,  are  thus  juiUy  il.ntt\l  Ly  the  lame  coni.niiurc  : 
**  The  labour  of  the  inhabitants  of  thofe  parts  where  the  fiftitries 
VQold  be  bell  carried  on,  being  employed  for  the  grcatcll  part  cf 
thefummer  in  proriding  fuel  for  themfv-lves  or  others,  it  appears  to 
your  committee,  that  a  remiflion  of  the  diity  on  co;vl  carried  coafi- 
«ifc,  would  enable  the  people  to  purchafe  coiiI  at  a  modtrate  price ; 
wonld  reiTiovc  one  of  the  great  (.hihclcs  to  their  collecting  tlicm- 
fdves  tu«j2thcr  in  towns  and  villager,  ar;d  allow  them  to  employ  the 
Hunmer  in  profecuting  the  fillieries,  and  other  branches  of  induiiry.'* 
[Ibid.], 

•  It  did  not  fall  within  the  object  of  their   inquiry,  to   afccrtain 
die  amount  of  this  tax  in  different  parts  of  England,  or  in  Wales, 
wbofe  circumftances  nearly  refemble  thofe  of  Scotland,  and  where  I 
can  have  no  drubt  this  tux  will  be  equally  unproductive  and  oppre/f- 
ive;  but  1  trull,  that  v.hen  an  inveftigation  of  this  kind  (hall  be  at- 
tempted by  an  cnliglu.Ticd  miniiler,  he  will  perceive  the  very  great 
detriment  that  accrue^  to  the  nation  at  large,  from  the  operation  of 
ihiscrue!,  i!r.p(/litic,  and   unproductive  trA';    and   fume   others   that 
operate  in  th.-  fame  manner  ;  and  the  proJigi'ius  djfalcatiun  of  re- 
venue itU^s  long  occ.'ifioncd  :  and  will  of  courf^r,   at  oijCo,   abolifh  ic 
in  all  place  j,    whcievcr   fituatcd,    where  it    Ih^ll  appear,   from  the 
fcantinefs   of    the   r-v.-nue  aff.;:d?d   by  it,    :h::t  it    has    there  ope- 
ntcdaa  a  bar  to  the  ioJuflry  of  the   peoplv,    and  by    that  means 
hi  been  a  caufe   of  general   poverty  among   them.     It   i.s    by  at- 
tentions of  this  fort,  to  the  rci!  i:::erefts   of  the  lower  claflls  of  lie 
people  intrullcd   to   hii   care,    that  a  rninifter    fhould   lay  the    fur;: 
fottndations  of  a  InlV.ng  fame  ;  and  not  by  aiming  at   that  kind  of 
tcir.porary  power  vvl.ich  ib   to   be  Gln.-ii^id  by  aii^^inentip'^r  tlu-  influ- 
ence of  rich  and   luxurious  monopolizc-s  f'r   by   crjriiliing  wc»ilthy 
comaianities  and  corporations,   which  llrive  to  reprjfb  the  iiuiurtry  of 
diftant  parts  of  the  country,  that  they  thcmklves  miy  be  tiie  greater 
|ainer$  by  that  fupcriority  which  t»iey  have  already  (o  decidedly  ob- 
t^ned.' 

In  rectifying  political  irregularitie?,  one  alteration  gcnenilly  ren- 
fc$  others  neccllary;  accordingly,  our  author  p.ints  oet  a  corre- 
sponding regulation,  wliich,  accompanying  the  t::king  off  this  op- 
preffi?ecoaiti:igduty  on  cojIs,  might  render  i:  fealibie  : 

'  Thofe  who  inhabit  the  ^eft  coall  of  Britain  have  Hill  farther  rea- 
fcn  to  complain  that  they  have  been  treated  with  nngular  fcverity  in 
rtgard  to  this  article  ;  for  while  the  pcoplj  of  Ireland  have  been 
permitted  to  import  as  many  coals  as  theypleafed,  from  Britain,  at 
Ae  low  doty  of  gjd  /^r  ton,  they  themftlves  have  been  debarred 
from  obtaicing  this  ncceffary  of  life,  unlcfs  under  a  duty  of  ner.rly 
'IVE  times  that  amount.  What  was  the  policy  wl*i:h  could  induce 
die  firitiOl  parliament  toeflablifh  fuch  an  unnatural  diflincrion,  it  is 
hrdtofay;  but  certainly  it  could  not  be  a  defirc  to  augment  thi 
fwenuc  cf  Briuin ;  for  by  allowing  the  I:ilh  rock  fait  Irom  Liver- 
6  poof. 


|Mjs-thly  Catalogue^  PsMcdl  snd  C&mminlc^! 

|:i;  on  t  iii  \\>\v  d  jr y,  tfl-  Jrijh  arc  trniibkd  uj  manyiiidiire  fiiki 
cMfj-  t*  r-iiS  as  toluve  eli^^^tiliLlicd  a  CQntrabani  trade  an  i^at 
\\,  :.^  2^1  th::  W;:llcni  coa»l5  itf  IlriUiiD>  wiuch  no  tuaian  pc^wcr, 
^i- c:rcL:,rj:Uncws»  t'i^r  criti  pr^vjiat,  tg  iiidi  4n  extent  th a 
.nuo  cf  Er:t:im  has  been  Jlminifhcd  LHcrcby  to  the  amoi^nc 
i.t    A  H  L  ^  [* K  E n  T  Hou 'J  A  s  D  F ou  K  i>s    A  year ;  whkb  the 

llj  Tj.  r  apdLitiih.-s  to  iubilaaiUte,  if,  ever  he  ftiall  be  fi^ftAj 

Ih'.  A,  fct  Ir-  to  hi?  immcdkte  fubjf£t,  he  f^atlicr  acrd- 
!  \^e  appuhccJi)   takes  iome  p::ir*s  ta  convince   hb  .rcadcri 

1x5  are  motl  pradinElivc  iii  the  mo(l  flqtirlfiiing  pATtj  of  the 
;  in  order  to  ni^ke  a  conclullon,  fuiHcientl)*  obvioa*,  thac 
tax  prtidiiccs  the  Ic^ll,  there  it  bc*irs  the  hardefi  on  the  fub- 
iL  We  u\^y  aifo  add  tint  his  wide  range  of  fjcifrrd  p<?Ii- 
L^xe  long  noU's,  if  nut  uUolly  fort:ign  to  his  Immediate  fab- 

■n]    Eiiri  the  rifh:  of  nat  bi/ing  :iltogcthcr  agreeable  lo  fonre 

V  u  an  might  Lnhcrvvife  be   cordially  dijpofed  to  aHem  to  Ms 

|njT  on  the  caal  ducy. 

,W/.''j  kjj  Ri^hti  a  folizmn  Appeal  in  the  Name  of  Rdi- 

By  the   Revr,    R.  Narrs,    A.  M,    Chaplain  to    His  Royal 

[hncfs  the  Duke  oi  York,  hte  Student  of  C brill  C hatch iChcoQi 

pp.  4S*     IS,     S^ockdale.     ^793- 

?lvk:  a  lon^  account  of  Mr,  Naies's  former  tra£t  on  the  Prin- 

Gover;inicnt,   (fee  Rev.    fur  Qtrtob-r  hiil,  pages   i;^5,'&c>) 

w^  th^n  oblervcd,  cbc  author  exhibited  iotiie  pjoofi  of 


Monthly  CATAtocxyE,  PoVtttcat  and  Comnnrciat.    217 

Mr.  Hares  be  grolsly  decrived  by  his  own  prejudices,  he  muft  iwr^ 
and  feeing*  unlefs  he  be  defirous  to  deceive  his  readers*  be  muft  ac« 
knowledge — that  there  is  nothing  here  faid  by  Mr.  Mackintofli*  bat 
what  is  ihiftly  applicable  to  Jefus  Chrift  himfelf;  who  mod  unquef- 
tionably  wis  a  friend  to  humanity,  *<  fuperior  to  the  creed  of  any 
feA*  and  indifferent  to  the  dogmas  of  any  popular  faith ;''  and  there 
is  as  little  doubt  that,  in  the  true  meaning  of  the  word,  in  the 
mining  in  which  it  is  ufed  by  Mr.  Mackmtofli,  Mmi  was  alfo  a 
philofopher,  i.e.  a  lover  of  wifdom  and  truth.  wDl  Mr.  Nares 
therefore  come  and  tell  as  that  Jefus  was  '  without  religion  V 

Th«  only  part  of  this  pamphlet  which  wears  the  appearance  of 
difpaffionate  argument,  is  the  fmall  portion  of  it  in  which  Mr.  Narea 
attempts  to  give  an  anfwer  to  the  queftion,  what  is  a  right  ?  '  to  the 
primary  intention  of  which  word,  or  to  the  general  nature  of  the 
thing,'  he  fays  *  no  one  has  fufficiently  adverted'  before  himfelf. 
Whatever  others  may  have  done,  we  are  of  opinion  that  Mr.  Nares 
himfelf  has  adverted  to  the  meaning  of  this  word  but  little,  or 
to  little  pnrpofe :  for  we  cannot  but  confider  him  as  very  unfortu- 
nate in  his  explanation  of  it.  According  to  him :  "  I  have  a  right 
to  do  this,"  means  the  fame  as,  *<  it  is  right  that  I  (hould  do  it.'* 
Now  Mr.  Nares  himfelf,  in  page  27,  ob^rves,  and  all  hiftory  will 
^Oflfirm  the  obfervation,  that  the  « fuperfUtion  of  former  ages  had 
heaped  exceflive  gifts  upon  the  clergy.'  Here  then  arifes  a  di* 
lenmu.  Mr.  Nares,  we  trud,  is  too  good  a  friend  to  the  church  and 
its  pofleffions,  to  fay  that  credulous  and  fuperflitious  individuals  Id 
ibrnier  times  had  no  right  thus  to  difpofe  of  their  property;  and  yet 
we  kope  be  is  too  gM>d  a  friend  to  reafon  to  fay  that  credulity  and 
foperftition  are  right,  or  that  our  anceftors  Jid  right  when  they  thus 
CDomoufly  enriched  the  priefl,  at  theexpenceof  truth,  reafon,  and 
virtue  ;  and  to  the  great  detriment  of  their  contemporaries,  as  well 
at  of  pofterity.  Many  other  cafes  might  be  put,  to  fliew  that  it  is 
one  thing  **  to  have  a  right  to  do  this"  and  another  ''  to  be  right  in 
doing  it."  In  a  word,  when  we  fay  that  a  man  '*  has  a  right  to  do 
b  and(b,"  we  {pczk  ^liticaliy.  We  condder  only  the  relation  fub* 
Ming  between  man  and  man  as  focial  Beings;  and  we  inquire  how 
hr  any  one  man  may  or  may  not  control  or  interfere  poliiically  with 
the  condufl  of  any  other  man.  On  the  contrary,  when  we  fay  that 
"it  is  right  to  do  this  or  that  thing,"  we  fpeak  morally.  We  con« 
fider  the  relation  between  God  and  m:in,  and  we  determine  that  a 
pardcular  adtion  is  conformable  to  the  laws  of  morality  or  to  the  will 
of  God. 

Ike  above-mentioned  flight  attempt  at  argument  excepted,  the 
prefent  pamphlet  is  all  declamation.  The  promoters  of  the  revoln- 
tioB  in  France,  in  all  ilages  of  it,  are  indifcriminately  confounded 
with  the  worft  of  thofe  who  have  Intely  gained  an  afcendancy  in  that 
country  ;  and  the  friends  of  liberty  in  England  are  all  included  in  the 
lame  ctaf?,  and  defcribed  as  men  whofe  wilh  it  is  to  make  the  people 
of  this  idand  'not  a  great,  a  rich,  a  happy  or  a  free  people,  but  a 
nuilfaJ  pcojjle.'  They  are  faid  to  be  *  evil  counfellors  whp  would 
wean  the  hmrt  from  God,  and,  in  the  place  of  God,  would  fet  up 
the  will  of  the  people  and  mike  them  worlhip  it  however  corrupt 

Rsv.  June,  1793.  Q^  aad 


i 


f?Ufh*^   Whm  cauf^c^nbc  fervcd,  gr  w)ilt  ro^dcfi  m{v  to  bt 

J  (ptclmcn  more  of  th^  !itile  artificer  to  «vhitK  Mr*  tI;||C4^  in 
nemnwortliy  of  birpi?lf>  W'^  arcfwy  taC)^ii»-t)<v»c<^?)^ti^3N^- 
lilX^p   lor  the   piirpofe  of  gambg  prcifclyx^  kv? 

'  Ht?  rays  ttw;  prcfenC  wari$  •  3i  nov  phcHonu;  .ici 

:^,  liCCcfLary  wnr  for  felf-di^rcsjcc?  it  is  a  'ivtit  y  ^rfnit^k-rr^ 
>  aiTcrE  our  right  lo  Jo  our  imy  and  obry  iii«'  ^vifl  gf  G^/ 

a^pcity  advantage  is  here  taken  of  ttic   air.t  v-o^s! 

ar  tf prhtcffk  !     A  new  phcnofnet>on  !^     H   ..  -^  WQ^i 

itc  ihat  all  farmer  wan  have  bcrn  tuipiindplctl  tvar? ,  pcrl^^ 
jfa!l(i  would  find  few  exceptions  lo  urge  ag,iuift  hb  aJTcmmi: 

he  niean  to  f^y  that  the  prclcm  vvar  U  Icli  uimrliKifkd  diJit 
iimcr,  the  fame  moralill  would  poi!ibly  hi^^''  'tii-It  ta  iiwciigtuc 
'  hecauM  arrive  at  any  thina  whkh  ivou'i  .4f,  N*f^ifi 

\g  fych  a  llatjemetit.  The  only  obvious  fcuL  m.  wuidi*  ai  ti  j^ 
to  Ud,  ic  cm  be  called  a  war  (if  principle^  b  ihi^ip  \\z^  tjiat  iti» 
under take^i  to  propagatrf  pitr  own  political  prW'ipka  iii.apiKKli* 
rchepoliucal  principles  of  a^iother  nation  -  a  war  N^  thr  purpgrc 
iting  Our  enemies  till  ihcy  embnict,  or  at  leaft  atow,  tcncU*  m\ 

a  form  of  goveriment,  which  we  chur*^  to  tcl!  them  i>  bcitei 
era  than  any  othen  Now  before  k  cart  be  conctuded  ihk  i 
undertaken  on  this  groutiri,  is  mcrrc  iulU^ijblc  than  any  pre- 
J  war ? ,  w h k h  i 3  what  M r ,  Na rt s  w ould  in) p ! y  by  c al ! i n £  iv  • 
^euomenfiti  as  a  war  of  principk,  ic  muft  be  determin^^cTvvhf* 
lie  cutuog  of  Diir  neighbour*^  throat,  becaufe  he  thi 
Iv  from  us  on  the  fabici^  of  civil  Lmvcriimtent^  f*t?  mnr 


MOVTW.T  Cataloqus,  PJUicslatulCmmirM.    219 

Art.  44*    Leiitr%  9xfflicM9ry  and  Exfoftuitawyt   to    the  Rt.  Hon. 

W.  Fitt,   M.  P.   on  the  prefent  war  with  France^    SvO.    6d, 

■Ridgway/  •"»" 
:.  '-Tkoagh  this  writer  profcfles  himfelf,  and  appears  in  ffifl  to  bc> 
.  al6yal  and  faithful  JTobjed*  he  ventores  to  fpeak  to  theminifter  plain 
Itech  ill  a  plam  way.  He  calls  on  him  to  remember  his  obligations 
tathe  paUic.  and  to  refcuc  his  country  from  preil-nt  burthens,  and 
600  impending  ca}amnies>  by  fpccdily  terminating  a  war,  the  very 
fiKOefs  of  which  can  only  give  a  dangerous  accemon  of  ftrength  to 
rtie^efpottc  powders  of  Europe. 

Afit  49*     J  Sailcv's  Addre/t  to  hh  Countrymen  %  or,  an   Adventure  of 

.Sar^Tmeman  andhis  Mefihiate.     8vo.    ^d.  Murray.     1793* 

'  Ah  itaitaripn  of  Jack. Tar  humour ;  tolerably  hit  off,  in  fome  re- 

^c£U» ^though,  here  and  there.  Jack  forgets  his  profeflionai  lin^^ 

m  -adoptv  the  ftyle  of  an  orator  in  St.  Stephen's  chapei.«*l*he 

mdinmiun  relates  ^  bow  two  honed  Englifh  failors  came  along- fidi  of 

ih  kte-hoiife  club  of  yOur  Frenchified  liberty  rafcals,  and  how  they 

Afihited  with  the  levelling  fcoundrtls  till  they  quarrelled ;  when  the 

bnrre  Jacks  gave   'em  a  broad-fide  of  oalc-ftick  arguments,  and 

tilde  *em  glad  to  iheer  off  .--—all  for  the  honour  of  Old  England. 

•'IKttxa !  Kin£  and  Conflitntion  for  evert'  and  damn  all  the  motm* 

^Jkfh'9  Tom  Paine,  and  the  Rights  of  Man,— for  ever  and  ever  1 

Qhzfia !  Huzza !  Huzza  ! 

Alt*  46*  Bitter  FrofpeBs  to  tbt  Merchants  and  Mannfaaurers  of  Great 
'  Mritium.  l^y  A  illiam  Playfair.  Dedicated  to  the  Members  of  the 
.  Hoofe  of  Commons.     8vo.  pp.  40.     is.    6d.     Stockdale.  1793. 

Mr.  Playfair  is  vzry  defirous  to  perfuade  the  public  that  thei 
dpckj  which  credit  has  undergone,  has  not  been  owing  to  the  pre- 
sent war;  and  yet  he  afiigns>  as  the  principal  reafons  of  the  prefent 
cjrtraordinary  embarraiTment,  that  the  French  have  drawn  the  gold 
out  of  this  country  with  their  paper,  and  chat  the  general  confufion  of 
Europe  has  flopped  the  ordmary  demand  of  our  merchandize,  and 
har  rendered  the  people  fearful  of  future  events.  If  the  general 
confufion  be  one  caufe  of  the  failure  of  credit,  and  if  the  war  has  in- 
dreafed  die  confufion,  it  is  pretty  plain  that  the  failure  of  credit  has 
been  in  part  at  leaft  owing  to  the  war.  The  truth*  is,  as  Mr.  P.  r&- 
Vif/jp  cxpreffes  it,  •  49^e  are  like  in  a  fog  at  prefent : '  but  we  do  not  ex- 
KCt  that  the  fpeculations  and  calculations  in  this  pamphlet  will  afford 
'tsiniich  tffifhince  in  getting  out  of  it. 
Art.  4^.     Jfiert  Sketch  of  the  Revolution  in  i68S  ;  with  Qbfervadons 

bn  tKat£vent.     By  Lselius.    The  Second  Edition,  much  enlarged 

aiod  fflttfrated*.    8vo.     pp.48.      1793*      No  Bookfellerj— nor 

Price. 

The  writer  bf  this  pamphlet  has  the  confidence  to  utter  political  he* 
refies  refj^ecting  the  revolution  in  1688,  and  to  maintain^  [with  Mrs. 
Ilac9ti!ay>1  ^at  the  advantages  gained  by  that  event  were  lefs  im- 
portant tJiif)  is  commonly  fuppofecT.     The  era  of  the  revolution  was, 
•  '^'   f'j*'  ■       '  ■*  ■ — ■ 

•  •  Tfce  liffl  edition  pafftd  oflF  in  a  few  days  without  the  ufual  fot- 
aaalidef -of  public advcrtifemfuts.' 

'  Q^a  he 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PnUtimJ and  CcmrntrdalJ 

hfefrcf,  i II finitely  to  be  prefi^rred  to  that  flfhtch  k  immediatetf 
ied  :  buf ,  from  want  of  fuiHciciit  care  to  fecctrt  the  rigbtaofitiir 
to  dlmmilb  thii'  exorbitant  power  of  the  cro\%n,  and  to  Settle 
lual  n.nd  indcpeiideot  re  j>7t.  fen  cation  of  th^  people,  ihe  co*^i* 
li$,  in  his  opinion  J  left  imperfecCt  and  ftil!  requires  GorrecoDn 
Iprovcment,  The  Offigk^  progrefs,  and  iTsfrbigcmcnt  of  Hri- 
leedom,  throngh  the  whole  period  of  the  Englifh  htftory,  ire 
^-^ced  ;  md  it  la  conclude 4  thatj  at  the  revolution,  the  prero* 
of  Williani  and  Mary  was  in  evcn*^  eflVntial  circamftancc  u 
tve,  i^hen  they  afccnded  the  throne,  as  that  of  the  StiiartJ  had 
In  .itiy  period  of  their  reigns  ;  or  at  Icail  that  they  poffel&i 
Int  power  to  exert  themfelvica  a^  arbitrarUv.  In  fine,  it  is 
lined  tlijtt  the  only  effectual  remedy  for  public  grieranoes  h 
I  reform  in  the  couftitution,  as  Hinll  enable  the  iiaitoa  at  Wgc  n> 
Ik  unanimtty,  vigour,  and  peHeverance. 

D^alegufj  0fj  thi  Righ^is  cf  Brkvui^  between  st  Farmer  i 
■or,  and  a  Manufawlurer,  3  Pans.  Svo.  pp,  ^3.  3J, 
Igmsn.      1793P 

InoueR  fsirmcr,  whom,  from  his  ingenuity  in  dref^ng  out  hit 
lent*  to  the  bell  advantnge^  we  might  h.ive  mifljken  for  1^ 
or  divine,  here  kindly  underrakea  to  inform  an  ignoradl 
and  to  rorrf cl  the  milUicesof  a  conceited  manuf^£lurtr,  on 
lojfiifi  of  pfvfiiic5.  The  dsnlngucs  are  levelled  again fl  the 
Ts  cif  r^tr,  S^ainet  whkh  are  reprefcntcd  as  a  mifs  of  tgnOTinCf^ 

,inH  malicf.      The   chief  topics  on  which  the  firmer  ha- 


,   are  nitf  evidence  2nd  evcc 


iJence  or  thelJMMih  cc 


Mqnxkt  Caxalxksue,  Medical  dnd  ChmUal.        22 1 

MEDICAL  tfffi/  C  a  C  MIC  A  L. 
Art.  50.  ^m  Hiftorieal  Inwfiigasion  into  the  firft  Appearance  of  the 
Vtfureal  Difeafi  in  Eurpj»e.  With  Remarks  on  its  particular  Natiire. 
To  which  are  added  Obfervations  on  the  Non-ncceffity  of  Quarantines 
bein^  obferved  againft  the  Plague,  by  the  Vcffels  arriving  from  the 
Mediterranean  at  Britifii,  French,  and  other  Ports.  By  M.  Sanchez^ 
Dr.  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  at  Parts.  Tranflated  from  the 
French^  by  Jofeph  Skinner,  Surgeon.  Svo,  pp.  84,  as,  John- 
-fon. 

'  The  principal  arguments,  which  are  advanced  in  this  pamphlet,  are 
diOB  recapitulated  by  the  author : 

*  The  venerea!  difeafe  was  known  and  examined  in  Italy,  by  Pintor 
mad  Delphini,  under  the  character  and  titi?  of  a  pe^lcntid  fever,  in 
die  month  of  March  14.93  ;  as  is  confirmed  by  the  dcfcripdons  of  the 
above  Pintor,  of  Helius,  Caprcoli,  and  Fracaftorius.  This  difeafe  did 
tfH  attack  all  alike  in  the  parts  of  generation.  Ic  was  of  fo  pellilen- 
tial  a  nature,  that  it  killed  in  a  very  ihort  fpace  of  time  :  and  its  ex- 
ceraal  fymptoms  confilled  mod  generally  of  puftules  in  the  faice,  and 
lepers  and  fcabs  covering  the  whole  body. 

'  .After  Charles  the  Eighth  had  entered  Italy  with  his  army,  daring 
ike  wmter  of  1494*  this  difeafe  was  named,  both  by  phyficians  and 
U&orianSy  Jilorius  Gallic  us, 

f  In  peruilng  the  works  of  medical  authors,  we  find,  as  far  back  as 
t&efe  (raditions  carry  us,  a  mention  of  fcveral  fymptoms  of  the  vene- 
real 4ife^.  We  ought  not,  however,  to  conclude,  from  this  circum- 
fla^iGC^.that  fuch  fymptoms  were  pofitively  fo  many  effefls  produced, 
by  iheluet  <venerea^  kown  in  £urupe  fince  the  years  1493  and  1494. 
•..^If  we. can  repofe  any  confidence  in  the  afiertions of  Pintor  and 
X)filjpliuu>  ic  is  clear  that  the  Spaniards  communicated  the  venereal 
dffcafe  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  American  iflcs  called  Antilles,  which 
iwuude  in  their  number  St.  Domingo.  It  alfo  appears  equally  cer- 
ttio,  from  the  relations  of  thcfe  authors,  that  the  French  foldiery  were 
mfe^ed  by  it,  when  they  traverfed  Italy  as  far  as  Naples,  where  they 
fisond  this  difeafe  making  devaftations  (imilar  to  thofc  it  caufed  amongft 
themfclves. 

•^  The  firft  American  navigators,  in  their  journals  and  relations, 
i^h  are  vtty  numerous,  make  no  mention  of  having  obferved  this 
tteafe  amongft  the  nations  of  Indians  they  difcovered. 

'  Notwithifanding  the  ports  of  America,  Africa,  and  the  £afl  Indies, 
km  been  conflantly  frequented  by  Europeans,  the  epidemic  and  en- 
fanc  difeafes  of  thofe  countries  have  not  been  hitheno  communicated 
Id  n.  Ought  we  not  thence  to  conclude,  if  any  belief  can  be  placed 
%  kCory,  that  the  venereal  difeafe  was  not  brought  from  America  b^ 
the  contagion  or  infedion  of  the  Spaniards  ;  and  that  this  opinion  is 
nAj  ctumerical  and  deftitute  of  foundation.' 
.'.^dq»e£ting  the  ufe  or  abufe  of  quarantines,  we  get  little  informa- 
4db  from  M.  Sanchez :  we  are  furprifed,  however,  after  reading  in 
one  pagie  that  the  venereal  difeafe  was  carried  to  the  American  iflands 
C|Ucd  AatiHesy  by  the  iSpaniards,  to  find  in  the  next,  that  *  neither 
the  plague,  nor  any  6ther  contagious  difeafe  can  be  brought  by  fea  or 
bad  from  Afia  into  Africa,  or  from  America  Into  Europe.' 

C^3  Art. 


Monthly  C  at  a  loc  u  i ,  Medical  mti  Chmk^h 

i.^  j  Trmttfi  m  the  rmtlar,  frrf^s^Iar^  a:^m€'^  snd  fiyh^  Gwft 
uiTiing  many  new  Refleftions  on  ki  C     '  '    '  "  '     *^       \^ 

T  various  Circumi^ance!^  and  CohMll;  .[J 

EiFe£ls  of  the  Muriatie  Acid  b  the  Ktii^f  pf  that  Pi^xr^Jj! 
William  Kowk)'^  M»D.  8vo.  yp^  $1*  at^  6d*  Ncwbcfj 
I, 

ftiall  pafs  over  Dr*  Roivky*3  ■  titw  refle^^qn*^'  In  ordi^  » 
his  account  of  the  ufe  of  muriatic  add  in  rdimJsg  goufy  pim 
\t  tells  us,  i*  the  remtdy  which  Kai  bcrji  ufed  vtith  c]itr^u>rd|P&ry 

at  Pirn*  and  which  was  ihere  kept  a  fee  ret. 
or  dg;ht  drachms  of  muriatic  ^dd  arc  to  be  added  to  ca^h  gal* 

warm  water;  of  which  a  fuffidertt  <njandty  is  ip  be  ufcd  fill' 
rpofc  of  making  a  bath  fcr  the  fet-t  in  J  kgf ;  when  ihcfe  trt 

in  ihr  ba:h*thc  thighs  and  the  top  of  ihe  pa«  (bt^uM  be  CQvcrci 
annd, 

^le  bathiTif  IS  to  be  continued  longer  or  IKdrteri  accOTdinf  to 
lowing  CI  re  urn  (lances  % 

If  the  puKc  become  quicker,  wHich  tnay  h&  eaGly  tfcertiinfl 
ccoiids  watch,  an  univerfal  or  partial  pcrfpir«tion  may  been- 
*  and  while  this  be  moderate,  k  ihauld  be  encou raged j  dwini 
lole  time  of  bathing. 

If  diL'  infsnfibi;^  perfpiratioo  fhotld  be  atjgmcntrd,  xisditf 
5c  called  fiiJ€r\  vr  fweati  (botild  tifue  in  larger  or  fmallcr  dropi 

furface  of  the  fi^in,  panicolaily  oo  the  face*  then  the  feet  arew 
en  out  I  for  though  a  gentle  pcrfpiTation  will  be  cenainly  bcr-e- 
yet  profufe  fweat  ^\\\  leate  the  patient  more  relaxed  tbanwoald 


J^O|fT»j,Y,  ^Af ALOGUJE,  fitfT^  Slavery^ .        223 

« If  thefc  particles  fliould  not  traiifudf,^  nor  be  di^ol v£d  or  attrafted 
in  the  batfi^  yitt  tlie'^cWaridYcct'flfo  i)e".tH*6rdugfiIy  \v^cd  witti  ^' 
cldcb  and'  l^tly  riibti^dj^^  itiii^  be  as  much  Viberate'd  frtim 

obftrudidh'asjpoffible.  ^a^to  ^ftbckihgs  of  the/«-fy  h^efy  flioald'be 
tKen  put  tm,  auid' th^'j^atienC  (hotild  be  cbnveyed  to  a  warrii  tJid ;  "^by 
wKich  means  a  mlti^tioA  of  pain,  reih  and  infenfible  pcfiprration  are 
often  procured.  If  thefe  happy  effeds  (bould  not  happen  in  the  firft 
few  bathings ;  yet  by  a  i^petition^  they  frequently  arc  obtained. 

'*'If  the  bathing  (hoald  be  repeated  in  the  momtng»  the  patient' 
ihoold  be  put  to  bed  for  an  hour  or  t>vo»  and  after  that,  if  difpofed  to'rffs 
uidficiipy  he  ihottldfuffer  theperfpiration  tofubfide,  and  the  warmth  "^b 
gfjl^iully  coot :  bat  all  thefe  circumftance:^  fbouId»  in  fome  meafare. 
Depend  on  the  individual  conllitution  of  the  patient,  the  nature - 
Qt  the  gouty  fit,  the  temperature  of  the  air,  the  fcafons  of- the' 
yeak-.  Sec.  Sec.  all  which  may  be  confidercd  by  the  medical  prafHtioiicr, 
or,  dciermined  by  the  good  fenfe  and  experience  of  the  a%dttd' 
patienr. 

*  During  bathing,  patients  may  ufe  thofe  drinks,  that  their  Ilomaclis 
liavc  been  moU  accuflomed  to  ;  but  moderation  is  recommended  in  all. 

*  '"fn  fome  inftanccs  of  bathing,  the  baths,  in  a  few  days,  h^ve  pHo- 
iuced  a  favourable  crifis;  copious  difcharges  of  earthy  particles  have 
ittdt  deposited  in -the  urine,  the  At  has  foon  terminated,  and  this  moil- 
iy;ni  iitnanirtiatory  cafes  and  robud  conflitutions.  In  the  flying  and* 
a/arric  goii:,  eafc  has  been  procured  immediately,  in  fome  patients,  in 
jdi'eri/nat  j  but,  in  general,  the  fits  have  been  greatly  abridged  ;  by 
Nrhkh  thk  dxgellive  and  other  powers  necefTary  to  life  h^ve  not  re- 
ceived fuch  iievcre  (liocks,  as  when  the  diforder  has  been  left  to  na- 
ture, 6r  treated  by  any  other  method;  the  mind  has  been  more  tran- 
qi^V  X?^  M>?  Arength  of  patients  has  been  rellored  fooner  than  other- 
wrfe  is  generally  experieRvcd. 

.^' The  number  of  times  the  bath  fliould  be  repeated  depends  on  cir- 
tbhi^nces ;.  the  fooner  the  fit  terminates,  the  fooner  the  baths  may 
l^fdAiittedj;  but  after  the  pains  of  the  fit  have  ceafed,  the  batlis  (hould 
b^^et^ated  Aree  or  four  times. 

^fo  the,  intervals  of  fits,  the  baths  may  be  ufed  once  or  twice  in  4 
Bfmtii ;  they  win  contribute  to  foften  and  remove  callous  fuhflances 
a^t  the  feet ;  open  the  pores  without  relaxing,  and  render  the  ex- 
tremities \C(%  liable  to  attacks. 

/  During  the  fits  of  the  gout,  when  the  parts  have  been  bathed  in 
OC'mt^rV^,'  the  (kin  will  make  lefs  refinance  to  the  inflammation, 
(tcf  fwelljiogs  of  the  feet  will  be  attended  with  Icfb  pain  ;  there  will  be  a 
teltet  (^natnty  o£ihz  gout  forming  in  the  extremities,  and  lefs  pro- 
pfliiEty  of"  its  attacking  the  head,  cheft,  llomach,  or  other  important 
iBtepial p^rts,  that  commonly  endanger  the  patient^s  life.* 
^^roni'  iihis.e.)ctri6l,  our  medical  readers  will  fee  the  theory  on  which 
l^rdimd^d  t{ie  application  of  the  acid; 

N£ORO    SL(A,V5IIY. 

A(ti..{2f(:  yhi^fiv,^^^  JholiiioHf  /toioufy  cfthf  African  Slave 9rw^r' 
^  of  SLvtrj  in   tke  Britijb  Weft  IwiUu^  .  ^vo,      is.  .  Bccket. 
1792. 

Q.4  We 


herald  think  h  luspofiibb  tbot  s  ir^^&i^  tnUeitiai^  b«cA  pfoe^on- 
iift  and  iskumtn  by  Ehe^en«ni  voi^^£|liBftfttiqa>iaD<l  whkh 
t  of  the  Icginature^iiAliefiuiy  4#ifefAiiie4«Ottb«3li^i|  ilieeld  be 
:smbufd>  Thofe  wiio  are  ietiPTVllcd  id  tiie,tfli«eiraide  miv^ 
r,  be  more  eaATy  perfuadka  to  deM  lfOai:ti»rdt^%lscef^  op- 
I  la  1  meafijre  difUted  ^y  the  iitik  pt\e^tpkm^  momBiyt  tf  thry 
persuaded  that  the  Weil  Indi^  iHandi  tw^f  be  c-^luvAurd  ntcie 
ageoy%  t^an  at  pre^Dr,  by  ii«grQ<«  bmi  frcii^  ikepftlmc 
and  gradkj^ly  cmai^Ip^ied  from  thm  fate  of  (Uvcrjr*.  TbU 
iccf  or  the  pf  efcni  pamphleE  nt^er take^  w  prove^  HU  ofiftioni 
ind  hfl  oilers  many  fen&bk  reii}2xk»  lo  lapport  tbcm^^tiiMif 
|fc«5  were  humanely  treaied,  and  eQC€ara^4  to  rxpc^af©* 
fQttk  ilaveiy  after  a  ceru'jn  dme  of  faithful  iervice»  f  hr  tmpom- 
'  lla/cs  would  be  wholly  ur^nece^kry,  artd  the  KhoJ<  (}^kJD  of 
'  wauid  by  dcgreei  be  Anii;htiated  &ot  osly  ivitbo^it;  hazard « Itut 
rcac  advantage  to  the  praprietor.  The  hitm  fagg^^linl  m  tkt 
let  arc  J  in  our  appreheniiDD,  both  judidou^  atid  humane. 

POETRY     and    DRAMATIC. 
[|,    Tff/j^  Tur'vj*      With  Anecdotes  and  Obfervatkns  ilLi;P:ri< 

of  leading  Cii  a  rubers  in  the  prefent  Govertuneot  of  Fraacr* 
the  Editor  of  Silmagandi  *,  ivo.  pp.56.  2s,  6d«  fcwe<j« 
irrfon.     J793- 

leffcd  be  the  man  (faid  SaEcho)  that  invented  Jleep  ;'*— iwc  fift 
Bed  be  the  man  who  invented  layghing;"  for  much  j^rc  we  m* 
1  in  the  progrefii  of  our  labours  to  this  hean-Hghtening  itivca. 

li  we  be  not  altogether  without  our  attachments,  yet  we  cm 


Monthly  Catalogvc,  MifiiBmiiom.  225 

And:  gfciea  imccher  pur  oog 'cis  dmfefs'd  :- 
Tlwy  wereiairn  from  liieirf  riftiae  pecfiediDii :    -  ' 
^  '  >.  T&aifarveytiBft>(iittiiiicrt 411(1  bane, 
i.  (    .'^.n.Nflf!  difpute  di&  perfeftioiv  wc  chim-< 

:^W]iariKil'tlurpnaMiivepair,  :«: 

UtflJrCllMVIftBD  WITH   BREBCKBSOR  fHXUB*' 

Thefe  humottroin  and  fpnchtly  lines  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen'of 
lilk«  poH#y;  wIkcIi  ikimts  praile  on  the  whole,  but  to  which  the  tutHor 
kas  noc  beM  to  bnifo/m]/  attentive  as  to  the  wit  and  iatire  of  which 
his  tk€  vehicle.  '  Some  of  the -lines  hobble,  and  of  his  rhtmes  he  ii 
oow  «nd  then  earckTs.  Ahjtffiman  rhiming  to  «*/*»  is  intolerable?  -^ 
•  1^  joftify  the"  charaAer^  given  of  the  leading  members,  of  the 
FrcDCk  gdvernment,  the  author  has  introduced'many  lonf;  notes>  bat, 
inrrevtewing  this  poemj  it  will  not  be  cxpeded  chat  we  fnould  befuch 
dull  mttifer^^faS  men  as  to  dcfcend  to  examine  authoriti<*s.  There 
may  poflibly  be  ibme  invention  in  the  profe  as  well  as  caricature  In  the 
verfe.  Suppofing  it  to  be  fo  ;  what  docs  it  prove?— only  thi9;H£at 
the  profe  and  the  verfe  are  good  company  for  each  other. 

Art.  54.     An  EpiJIk^/upp^fiJ  to  be  luriften  Ij  Lord  fflUiam  RyJH  ia 

Lord  William  Ca'uendijh^  from  the   Prifon  of  Newgate,  Juji/  20, 

l683«  the  Evening  before  the  Exeeucion  of  that  virtuous  arid  p::- 

triotic  Nobleman,  under  the  falfe  Pretext  of  his  btring  concerned  in, 

the  pretended  Rye-houfe  Plot.     4to.     is.  6d.    Weftlev.     1793. 

A  new  impreilion  of  an  old  publication.     We  commended  it  to  the 

notice  of  our  readers,  in  the  year  1763,  on  its  firft  appearance  :  fee 

Rev.  vol.  xxix.  p.  401.     Its  author  was  Mr.  George  Canning,  an  in- 

genxO'JS  Templar.     It  is  alfo  infer  ted  in  Pearch's  collcdlion. 

Art.  5;.     ThtPrifimrx  a  Mufical  Romance,  in  Three  Afls.     Per- 
formed at  the  Theatre  Royal,  &c.     Odobcr    1792.     8vo.     15« 
Lowndes. 
Something  to  fee,  and  to  hear,  at  the  Theatre  ;'«-nothing  to  read, 

anywhere. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Art.  56.     Edinburgh  Fugitvje  Pieces »     By  William  Creech.     8vo. 
pp.299.    3^- ^d*    Soards.    Creech,  Edinburgh;  Cadell,  London. 

This  work  contains  a  feledlion  of  papers  from  the  Edinburgh  Cou- 
rant,  Caledonian  Mercury,  and  Edinburgh  Gazette.  Th^  obje^  of 
the  ingenious  editor  is  futficiently  explained  in  the  following  fliovt 
preface  : 

•  There  has  hitherto  been  no  afylum  for  fugitive  pieces,  or  occa- 
iional  tf[2Lyi,  in  Scotland,  although  many  fuch  have  been  made  in 
England.  It  is  thought  that  a  collection  nHght  be  furniQied  from  this 
country,  which  would  prove  both  entertaining  andufefu!;  and  chc 
editor,  imprefTcd  with  this  idea,  has  ventured  to  give  the  plan  a  bo« 
ginning.  The  periodical  p\jbIicatio'.is  give  a  tranficr.r  exigence  to 
many  papers  that  often  dcfervc  a  butter  fate  ;  and  a  collcflion  of  the 
prcfent  nature,  while  it  prefeivc?^.  in  part,  a  vi^w  of  rhe  marmtrs, opi- 
nions, ^nd  ta(k  of  the  times  as  they  rife;  ^may  atfo  fcrve^  to  encourage 

many 


MoMTtiLT  CAwmjmmm^  MpiHmmm$» 


\  mfm  occaiMKkjl  papert^  utto  ve  ataO¥  lOo  iiKidknt  or  mi 
ii»  la  Jippear  ic^cpdiy  tLi  Aj»UiOfft* 

£  miltor,  by  rbi^  colkdiot^f  ixsai  to  prefer  re  ik^  prodiK* 
iber  in  prok  or  veric»  ju  piay  <i0C«i«fv^l>  ippcar  ami  d^fetvc 
ifid  w^kb  do  fiot  bc^long  lo  ^ny  othi^r  rcf  uUf  collcdinii }  sindt 
^t  ivklt  encDttr^tjKicmf  k  iwUl  be  a^nti^*^^  Ifom  tiau  ^  nose 

r-  Ti*c y  ftot  tn^i y  €ot> uitwi*  it>  ihr  | ^ refer ^^  a iio -  i  ^  ii lui 

E|g  pipers  whkU  niull  otiier^tJ€  ibon  pcfilli,  l>  .ctU^^K 

||Bgi(*»  recaurre  lu  ik^nk  a^  occaUor^  may  r?^4i4fc«  ^Fogitt^e 
Uiiiii  kifHi  fLTvc  to  mark  iJir  m:inacrig  ilie  itebip  of  tKitiicliigi 
^m\r  faJlMonSf  pri^jiidiccst  ^n^p  on  tUc  mbok%  tbc  wcfii]  cll«> 
>f  a  people »  durtng  ihe  pmi>l  in  f%hkh  ilicy  a^j^v^M^wd  tre 
e  of  4*fe  in  AfcfTiain^ng  tj^  progrrrs  Qr  de^Iiuc  ai  viriac#tijl^, 
>wlrg^«  It  ^vill  i>cjt  be  cxpcitted  cit  ds  to  gii'e  any  r  x^^^^  ''^"m 
pUajitHios  a  work*  where  v.q  paper  cin  be  a  fpr .  i  id< 

c  onceive  our  duty  {O  the  catcar  anJ  tbe  public  v...,  ^^^  lii^ 
by  obr«rvlng  iHat  ine  papers  irc  ft  led  i-^  with  d  view  to  thfl, 
ftn<>f  rirfue  in  the  Norihern  part  of  our  i*Uiid»  ;in*i  Ehut  liiati; 
\  fignaiure  BcelKtbijb,  on  mp^era  iJttmf*cf^,  may  be  intmbtred. 
^boifc  whicb  have  ikits  aioft  J&erii  ^  th^y  abounci  with  mucii  ple^ 

rScoMtctfins  occur  in  this  workj  whkli  will  not  be  pic^Uai  K>. 
flifli  reader.     They  raighi  ha^c  bten  eaiiJy  cotix^ded  \\m  aq 

pCJK 


1 


■letfif  ta  b6'ftdiAkled  ai'a  pfotff  of  f MrW  proTpcrky,  for  there  the 
conditioa  of  a  vail  majority  of  the  people  will  he  found  the  reverie  of 

Erperotu/«i^Mankind»  he'  farther 'obTcfrvei*  do  not  feem  to  hare 
ii  InfeHfiblli  to  the  innporuiMl^  of  inoral  coltivation,  but  they  have 
cakvlated  tile  'ineaks  en' wrong  iiata,  foreign  to  human  nature.--* 
Cbildretiv  fafys  hei  *  have»  for  ages,  been  forced  to  learn  precepts, 
creeds,  and  catechifms,  which  are  unfuitable  to  their  capacities,  and 
come  iM  heme  to  their  boforoi/  Many  good  books*  he  allows,  have 
bMA  coMpO^^d  for  their  afe>but  the  writers,  he  lays,  have  chiefly  hdl 
mitjierj  and  mffij  in  view.  The  fame  good  office*  he  concludes,  ^  re* 
fliaiiit  to  be  diono  for  poor  children,  and,  iMeed,  for  the  grown  poor; 
naltitttdes  of  whom  have  never  had  a  Angle  moral  idea  pot  properlf 
imo  their  beads/ 

The  ftory  of  Ifaac  Jenkins,  &c.  is  profefiedly  intended  as  a  (peci* 
veil  of  compoticions  for  this  laudable  purpofe ;  and  it  is  with  pleafuro 
that  we  learn,  fU>tn  the  author's  prefatory  advertifement,  that  *  feveral 
^diifand  copies  have  been  diftributed  amon^  the  poor,  in  different  parti 
of  England  ;'  and  that  *  they  have  found  the  performance  at  letft 
intcUigtble,  andinterefting/  In  truth  *we  have  found  it  highly  intereft- 
ing*  iMth  from  the  circumflances  of  the  narrative,  and  from  the  well- 
adapted,  natural,  and  familiar,  yet  energetic  and  forcible  turn  of  the 
language.  A  poor,  dillreiTed,  and  even  perifhing  family,  compleattf 
relieved  from  almoft  the  extremity  of  difeafe  and  want,  and  a  wfetch^ 
cd  father,  who,  by  his  rottiflinefs  and  neglieence,  had  been  the  primary 
caafe  of  thofe  dillrcfles,  reclaimed  from  the  error  of  his  ways,  and  re* 
flored,  on  rational  conviAion,  to  fobriety  and  virtue,  are  the  maid 
obje6k»  which  here  claim  the  reader's  attention  ;— and  all  this  good 
if  prodoced,  without  the  lead  air  of  romance,  or  any  appearance  of 
fidion,  by  the  wifdom  and  benevolence  of  one  good  man,  who  is  ch^« 
raAerized  under  the  name  of  Mr.Langford,  late  an  apothecary  of 
Ludlow,  in  Shropfliire. 

On  the  whole,  we  confefs  that  we  have  been  fo  much  llrnck  by  the 
exemplary  hiftory  now  before  us  of  a  drunkard  reformed,  that  we 
cannot  but  earneflly  advife  thofe  who  pin  afford  it,  to  difliibute  thia 
Ettle  tra^  among  the  lower  clafTes  of  people;  and  if,  by  thcfe  means^ 
only  one  Ifaoc  Jenkins  in  a  thoufand,  (aiul  many^many  choufands  of 
them,  we  fear,  might  be  found ! )  be  refcued  from  ruin,  the  good  con* 
icquences  would  far  exceed  all  that  ever  was  effedted  by  moil  of  the 
IFtc/e  Duties,  Family  Imjlriuiont  Pious  Breathings t  Beatttics  of  Holinefs^ 
•—and  CuiJest  and  Helps,  and  Divout  Manuals,  &c.  &c  &c.  under 
which  th^  prefTts  have  been  groaning,  from  the  time  of  their  inven- 
tion, to  the  time  prefent. 

THEOLOGY,   POLEMICS,   &C. 
^n.  59*     ^*t  Jnfu,er,  jm  their  own  Principles,   to  direSi  and  eonfim 

iuential  Atheijis.  8vo.  pp.  124.  3s,  Boards.  Ridgway.  1791. 
fj  at  tht?  commencement  of  our  pernfal  of  this  performance,  we 
regretted  that  it  remained  fo  long  neg1e6led  on  the  table,  our  re« 
gret  diininifhed  as  we  advanced.  Laudable  as  the  intention  of  the 
wri:cr  mull  have  been,  we  can  be  (low  no  great  praife  on  this  work. 
He  has  tafted  without  drinking  deef  of  the  metaphyfical  fpring ;  and 
chofe  who  are  profoundly  read  b  the  fubje^s  difcuired  in  this  efTay, 

v/iU 


MoNTHLv' Catalogue,  fliskgj^Si^^ 

mtn  ihc  reafoabg  q(  thh  aaonymoui  writer,  ia  federal 

rEciiil  as  he  prociouiicei  ikut  of  Dt^  BeEttie  to  be* 
Kt  tile  Nature  and  Immuubliitv  of  Tru^h.  Wc  u-ould 
rd  to  mfiaaaie  thatJic  hii  itU.wktd  Dr.  Bcattie  uniairJf  } 

7»  ^e  tbbk  thaE  hh  ft  rictuses  oa  ibe  CoiDiii'e>£k  S^nh  Oo^to 
fptindcd;  and  that  it  is  abfurd>  tu  in  arw-umcnt  nddrefTt'd  t9 
U$  to  lay  down   tht  lung  ^f  a  GW  oa  ,  yplf^ 

wmttid  our  author  for   avaidi^g   tW  ,i  Dr^ 

!  aiid  others  have  been  betrayed,  in  their  opputiliou.  id  Athc> 
li€Ories»  and  for  beiflg  defirooj  of  meeutjg  Mr,  Hutne  uid 
linies  of  religion  in  Ihe  dcid  of  calm  and  temperate  di^uffian  s 
i apprehend  that  few  Theiih  will  entirely  approie  th«  raaiiiier 
:h  he  fuilainsthc  combat.  He  undertakes  to  argue  igainU  di* 
ltd  c^nfif^ciffiid  Atheift^ ;  that  is,  agajnJt  thofc  who  daiy  the 
cc  of  Deity,  and  a  gain  11  thofe  who*  admitting  the  entity  and 
f  the  nitribates  of  the    Supreme  Bt'ing,  nef^ertheleTii  iT|c€t 

or  do  not  allow  th«?in  lo  be  infinite  ;  andi  yet  our  author  bim- 
ercs  that  *  the  Deity  has  oo!y  a  gt^neral  knowledge,  and  that  if 

fbreteefl  the  depravity  of  h^man  natare>  his  goodncr^  would 
thibkcd  the  creation  of  man/    With  this,  however*    anoiher 

pofitions  fee  til  s  to  be  a  lark  at  vanaoce,  when  he  fays  thit 
llevil  or  pain  to  fuck  a  creature  as  man  h  abfobtely  necciTaryi 
Lt  power  and  goodnefs  infinite  could  not  have  excluded  morii 

aQthor  contends  alfo  for  the  freedom  of  haman  actlot^s  agatull 
ctrine  of  neceffity  :  but  he  doei  not  appear  to  difcern  th«  true 
p  nf  nhflnfriAhical   necc^fitv  :    ttitr  the.    nau/^r   #if  aA^na-  a*  <%Mt 


MoirriiLT  Cataloooe,  nabgyf  &c.  2Zg 

ite6.  *ir  all  acknowlege  the  divine  brneirolence.  we  do  not.per- 
eel^«  hoil^  the  mere  profeffion  of  it  can  be  a  diftinguijbing  tcneti 
The  diflinction  of  the  Gemral  Baptifts  fix)m  other  Bapcifts,  if  not 
fffom  fome  ttther  Chriftian  fccts;  mnft  confift  in  the  manner  by  which 
they  ^nce  their  belief  in  the  univerfality  of  divine  love  :  this,  how- 
ever, Mr.  £•  has  not  faffidently  ftated. 

The  addrefs  is  ferious,  and  is  not  written  with  any  party  fpirit. 
Vac  with  the  evident  deAgn  of  promodng  real  virtue,  manly  piety. 
and  chritHan  chanty. 

Art".  6'I.     Letters  to  the  Pbilofoflers  and  PoUtktans  tf  France^  on  the 

Sfiitjca  of  Religion.     By  Jofeph  Pricillcy,  LL.D.   F.  R.  6.   &€,► 

'8vo.     IS.     Johnfon.     1793- 

When  we  firit  took  up  thb  pamphlet,  we  conld  not  help  thinking  of 
^k^c  would  occur  to  the  perfons  to  whom  it  is  addreiTed ;  and  it 
ft'rtfdc  us  that,  as  (bon  as  they  read  the  title,  they  wonld  feel  difpofed 
to  reply  in  the  words  of  the  wife  man  "  there  is  a  time  for  every 
thing  under  the  fun — a  time  to  be  fdenc  and  a  time  to  fpeak," — a  time 
top  (they  may  add,)  to  read  fermons — but  this  is  not  with  us  the  feafon* 
IiiYaS,  when  a  nation  is  occupied,  at  borne  in  forming  a  confUtution  and 
in  >e-organizing  the  whole  inftltutions  of  civil  fociety,  and  abroad  in 
fofi^aing  a  war  againfl  all  Europe,  to  call  its  attention  to  theological 
inquiries  was  certainly  adling  out  of  feafon,  and  could  not  in  the 
prefent  cafe  have  happened  to  Dr.  Prieflley,  but  from  the  weaknefs, 
incident  to  the  greatell  men,  of  magnifying  their  own  objedb  of 
poxfuit,  and  of  iroaginin?  that  they  will  have  an  equal  importance  in 
the  eyes  of  the  refl  of  the  world,  however  they  may  be  otherwife 
occnpied. 

We  offer  thefe  remarks,  becaufe  we  think  it  was  doing  injniy  to 
die  caufe  for  which  the  Dodor  pleads,  to  bring  it  forward  at  tha 
time  when  this  publication  took  place.  The  only  point  on  which  it 
was  proper,  in  our  apprehenfion,  to  have  touched,  was  the  entire  fe- 
pftration  of  religion  from  the  date  ;  and  even  tbat  it  was  fcareely  ne- 
ceflkry  to  notice,  becanie  the  mod  enlightened  (latefmcn  of  France 
are  well  convinced  of  the  propriety  of  this  meafure,  and  probably 
will  foon  *  put  it  in  execution :  ^  but  when  we  iaw  the  author  ad- 
Areifing  his  readers  on  the  Being  and  attributes  of  the  Deity,-— on  the 
evidence  of  Jewifh  and  Chrillian  miracles,— and  advifmg  them  ta 
penife  his.  Inftitutes  of  Natural  attd  Reuealed  Religion^  2  vol.  fivo» 
Letters  to  a  Pbilo/ofiical  Unbeliever,  Hijhry  of  tie  Corrmptions  of 
Chrtftianity,  2  vol.  8vo.  Hiftory  of  tbe  Cburcb,  2  vol,  8vo, 
and  of  Early  Opinions  concerning  Jefus  Chrifi,  4  vol.  8vo.  &C.  we  could 
Mt  but  fmile  at  the  ne-w  labours  which  he  prc^fes,  at  fuch  a  pe* 
nod,  to  the  French  Philofophers  and  Politiaans.  We  fancy  that 
we  fee  the  National  Convention  turned  into  an  ecclefiaftical  counci! 
^--Condorcet  reading  a  report  on  the  Athanafian  creed,  and  the 
Committees  of  Conititution,  War,  Marine,  and  Finances,  changed 
into  Committees  of  Revelation,  Herefy,  Trinitarianifm,  and  Ma- 
teri^difm. 

*  This  article  was  compofed  above  three  months  ago,  but  it  had 
the  misfortune  to  be  thrud  afide,  among  the  croud  of  materials  that 
prcfled  for  admiOion,  and  have  been  obliged  to  wait. 

We 


MeNTMLY  CATAtoCtTfi,  Slngk  Sirmmt* 

havf  ebjefted  m  the  time  In  whidi  Dr*  Fncftlev  h^t  tlx^m 
Ircfs  the  French  nui^n  on  the  fubjetl  of  reSigioii ;  but 
IS  obje^  alfo  to  the  manner  in  which  tbe  jiddrcf^  ii  vi^riufn 
men  who,  as  he  hinifelf  owni,  the  very  term  religion  wi!l  1 

five  difgoft,  it  was  fiwely  neceilaiy  to  haie  wriitcn  wiiii  rtk 
care  and  preciiton — with  the  lirongcll  force  of  srgtimenit  3| 
r  eloquence,      Inllead  of  this,    wc   hiiix  Here   tml>  ik  (m£ 
ikt»  baHlly  If  twi  luperEcbUy  i^fiueni  contiiimng  Iktic  ihii  j 
ind  what,  wc  thmk,  15  not  wrt il  adapted  ta  m-ake  chc  needful  in 
n  on   men  indLlpofed    to  nttead    ir>^    or    ilrougiy  prcjvuiictfl 
I,  the  fubjcd-     It  ha."s  been  a  remark  often  made,  and  which  i 
ecn  truc»  that  the  books  tn  /nvtiut  of  religion  were  mxxre  £t 
ICC  riioic  who  were  already  bdlcrers  than  to  cj overt  the  hxx$ 
*     We  are  forry  to  add  this  pi^rformrmce  to  the  1:  amber.     ^% 
^ays  bappy  to  render  jultlce  to   the  em  men  t  talcnis  0/ 
iy,  bui  wc  have  more    thiin  once  already  had  re^faii  to  /egr$£ 
tif  not  more  goardedinhis  ipplieatioa  of  them.     He  begigfC^ 
todeilly  obfirving  that  3  conrcioarnefs  of  bij  t\Qi  poJlcffing  tit* 
o  diicharge  the  duiies  of  a  m ember  of  the  Conircaitiait  iu* 
liim  to  decline  th.tl  p^oS'e^(^d  honour,  but  th;it  he  gratcftiUy  «* 
that  of  ciTizewsHir  for  himfulF  and  his  (on  \  and,  willing 
iMtzy  tbiftg:  in  bis  power  for  a   country  that  had  fo  geitcroa% 
d  hinif  he  had  addreiTed  tbeni  on  a  fubjed:»  which  he  concctw 
of  infinite  impor I apce  to  ;ill  mnnkimU  though  it  appeared  to  be 
Oirer*iooked,  or  greatly  mifuoderacod,  by  the  French   nation, 
immend  the  motive^  but  we  blame  the  choi:;e  of  ihe  ftibicfi* 


MoWTHLY  Catalogv.i,  F«Ji-IXaf  Sirm$HSi  Jp.  19.    131 

exaggenucd^  in  a  moment,  of  irrcfiUijl^  feelings  and  laudable  r^i^mt- 

iBenu 

iVrt.  63.     Ri'ligicny    a   Prr/srvmthft.  agaiaft  Barharijm  and  JaarcJ^, 

From  JcTemiah,  xiii.  16.    i^reachc^'  at  the  Ha;;uc»  February  13. 

1793,  on  the  Day  of   the  General  Fail.     By  A.  Madaine,  D.  D. 

4to.     pp.  30.     IS.  6d.     Cadoll. 

A  vein  of  good  fcnfe  and  manly  eloquence  runs  through  ihU  dif- 
courfc,  which  renders  it  not  unu-^rihy  of  the  pen  ol'  Dr.  ^iacIainc. 
The  caufe  of  religion  h  pleaded  vviiti  a  Jcirrcc  of  energy  wlU:h  dif- 
cover? a  mind ilrongly  tinctured  with  its  fpirit«  and  der^^v  scmlWeof 
SIS  value  both  to  individoals  and  to  focicty.  Tlie  prefenc  Jhitc  of 
Hollard-,  with  refpcct  to  religion  and  morals,  is  dcfcribed  in  a  manner 
«faich  ihcwj  that  the  writer,  thougri  no:  a  r.ailve  of  tiie  country »  hat 
bscn  an  attentive  obfen  cr  of  its  character »  and  feds  hi;nfelf  much  la- 
tere Aed  in  Its  jprofperity. 

The  depravity  of  manners  which  the  Doctor  deplores,  he  afcribei, 
ID  Tcryftrong  terms,  to  the  example  of  the  French  nation;  whick^ 
lor  A  century  paft,  he  alTcrcst  has  been  the  corrupter  of  Europe.  Bm 
Hylcs  the  phiiofophy  of  France  a  pettilenual  philofophy,  and  makes  it 
die  parent  of  three  plagues,  a  fpirit  of  irrdigion,  of  popoUr.  com- 
inution,  and  of  war. — Perhaps,  if  the  pedigree  of  the fe  plagues  were 
jfiurly  traced,  it  would  ho  found  that  they  are  the  legitimate  oftqpnBg 
'^  very  different  parents,— raiESTca apt  and  ojupotism. 

FAST     SERMONS,      APRIL    IQ. 
Art.  64.     Preached  before  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  in  the 

Abbc:y  Cluirch  of  St.  Peter,  Wellminlier.    By  ^ich^rd  LordBiflwp 

of  Glcuceller.     410.  if.     Walter. 

An  examination  into  the  true  Aateof  our  national  charafUr  with  re- 
(peSt  to  religion  and  morality,  and  exhoruiions  to  reformation  of  man- 
ners,  can  never  be  unfeafonablc.  This  is  commonly  underilood  to  be 
the  peculiar  bufinefs  and  duty  of  days  of  public  facing  and  humilia- 
tion,; and  as  far  as  the  fervices  of  thefe  days  are  confined  to  this'<d»- 
je&»  they  may  be  of  public  utility  :^but  fuch  fervices  have  been  fre- 
qoently  perverted  to  purpofes  which  are  foreign,  and  even  contrary, 
to  this  original  deftgn ;  and  have  been  formed  into  a  part  of  the  great 
machine  of  political  influence,  by  which  the  public  tnind  is  to  be 
^Ihioned  to  the  exigencies  of  (late.  Too  much  of  this  kind  of  manage- 
ment we  difcover  in  many  of  the  difconrfes  which  have  been  delivered 
on  the  lace  fad ;  and  in  none  more  than  in  that  which,  from  the  high 
diftinAton  bo:h  of  the  preacher  and  the  audience,  claims  our  firll  at- 
tention. If  this  prelate's  exhortations  to  repentance  be  adapted  to 
promote  humiliadon,  his  reprefentatlon  of  the  character  of  the  French 
nation,  and  of  the  light  in  which  we  arc  to  confider  ourfelvcs  with 
refped  to  them,  is  calculated  to  raife  very  different  feelings^  Our 
enemies  are h^ld  up  as  obji'd^s  of  contcmp:,  indignaiion,  and  horror; 
as  an  infatuated  and'  remoriVlefs  people,  dtf  Aitate  alike  of  wifdom  and 
humanity,  who  have  added  to  their  various  outer  cnorinities  the  impi- 
ous folly  of  difclaiming  the  belief  and  acknowlegcinent  of  a  God  who 
over- rules  the  world  :  while  we  oarfclvc?,  with  the  reft  of  the  confede- 
rate powers,-  are  encouraged  to  entertain  the  prefiimptuous  imsgina- 
lion,  that  We  are  intrulled  with  the  high  ccmmiflion  of  executing  the 

1   1  Ma>L'«V 


McsthlvCatalodue,  Fa/f^Daj  Srrmim^  ^*tg* 

»f  God  cm  th?ir  ih  lids*     it  nor  tElt»  ciir  tsOKiagC  I 

il  arrogance,  and  u.  ^  t>i»otry,  r^icr  thtii  of  CllCill 

J,     In  the  Chipd  nf  (!te  Afrtym  for  Femi]9  Ot^Khis^  befi 

frefidtnt :iTid  Goardianft  ofrhn;  CKsiritf.    By  Sc^imtifr HlMlliM^ 
J.  Rt'dor  of  Thraplluaj  Ch^plaiji  ot  tba  Afrfum,  &c.    Ivo 
CadclL 

ugh  Mr  Hodfor>  dccta'^ms  in  Urong  ttrnni  i^amff  war  iir  ge- 
10 d  thsnki  it  a  circumiUncc  wKich  forms  ihc  D^Qilitromuj  n^J 
crime  J  an<i  in  voice*  ihe  mcjl^  awful  nacloi^  judgosciit 
am  '*  Itave  not  yet  beat  their  fwordi  Imo  ploughftiar 
pear?!  into  pruning  hooks  ;'*  yet  he  finds  nieaos  to  cxc 

ntry  In  the  inllancc  of  the  prefcnt  war,  and  iq  fadtfy  fcl.^ 

?  Tiational  cofifcicnce  is  in  this  cafe  anpollpted.     In  proofi  bciPi 
at  we  have  been  forced  into  theprefent  conAifl  by  ihc  ccm^uftl 
rn^mies*  who  h.ivc  invaded  alt  private  property,  anil  fcjivc  com* 
1  a  war  of  plunder*     Farther  lo  foftcn  the  regret  which  QhH* 
ui\  feel  at  taking  up  arni*  even  on  the  grcaieil  provocttfon,  Ks  ] 
Rts  the  French  as  a  fet  of  wretchesf,  whofe  darihg  Infi^rlitfi  J 
ferotn^y,  and  frightful  enormities^  have  even  rcfealcil  m  from 
i  gat  ion  \jf  pity.     In  what  part  of  that  benevolent  eodep  tvhivli 
%  OS  to  love  our  enemies,  docs  this  Chrijllan  preacher  fipi!  the 
,on,  which  rcleafes  hinii  iff  c»j  caft^  from  the  obllgfttiati  of  coaS- 


5,     At  ific  Church  of  Si  Marjr  Magda!en,  Taunton. 


MeHtHJMrCATAUcmf ,  Fsft^Day ^grmons^  Ap.  i^.    233 

^bteoafii^.  llieK  aiaf  perhaps  be  much  reaibn  toqaeffioathe 
truth  of  the  pofition  contained  in  the  prcmifes :  but  the  conclufion* 
that  religion  is  the  only  fure  bafis  of  private  and  public  happinefSf  19 
ineomibwertible ;  apd  thb  condulion  is  ftroogly  enforced  at  the  clofe 
af  clib  ftoit»and  neatly  writien,  difcourfe. 

Art.  '68.     An  Eftimmte  of  the  religious  Chara^er  and  State  of  Great  Bri- 

i0im.  Preached  at  the  Lock  Chapel,  and  St.  Mildred's  Church/ 

Bread-Jlreet.    By  Thomas  Scott,  Chaplain  of  the  Lock  Hofpital, 

.and  Afternoon-Ledurer  at  the  faid  Church.     8vo.    6d.    Jordan, 

Tiie  charvfter  of  this  fermon  is  fufficiently  expreiTed  in  the  title« 

U  ddefiy  confifb  of  a  long  detail  of  impieties  and  immoralities,  of 

niSeh  the  firft  article  is  <  daring  infidelity  and  damnable  herefy.* 

SetirCely  any  thing  political  is  introduced  through  the  difcourfe^  ex- 

cete  a  prayer,  in  which  all  true  friends  to  their  country  will  heartily 

loa,  that  the  beft  methods  may  be  taken  to  preferve  peace,  to  promote 

rcSgion  at  homcji  and  to  extend  the  fame  bieflings  to  the  nations 

ihrcMul. 

Alt.  69.  Preached  at  Kidderminfler.  By  the  Rev.  G.  Butt,  A.  M. 
Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  his  Majefty,  Vicar  of  Kidderminflcf, 
and  Hedor  of  Sunford  in  Worcefterfhire.  8vo.  6d.  Downes. 
Mf*  Butt  .is  fo  pcrfe^y  fatisficd  with  the  prefent  flate  of  this  coun- 
tryf  that  he.  challenges  all  the  faflors  of  innovation  to  point  out  any 
general  evil  among  us,  which  may  not  be  traced  :o  the  mifcondudl  of 
individuals,  rather  than  to  the  conflitution  in  church  and  Hate.  In 
Prance,  on  the  contrary,  he  fees  *  all  that  is  ravenous  in  rapacity ; 
lU  that  is  infolent  in  var.ity  ;  all  that  is  blundering  in  ignorance  ;  all 
chat  iJ  fpiieful  in  envy ;  and  all  that  is  wicked  in  impiety,  let  loofe 
upon  the  world  in  all  their  worll  forms,  with  all  their  word  attendants, 
ud  with  all  their  mod  calamitous  elFefts.'  The  danger  of  attempting 
to  leave  mankii^d  without  the  controul  of  religion;  the  value  of  the 
Chrifiian  revelation ;  and  the  general  propenfity  of  the  age  toward 
inioety;  are  topics  very  propeily  introduced  in  this  difcourie,  but 
hey  are  treated  in  a  manner  which  difcorcrs  more  command  of 
langoage,  than  depth  of  thought,  or  regularity  of  mc:hod. 

An.  70.     The  Duties  rfMan,     By  W.  Gilbank,  M.  A.  Rcftor  of  St. 

£thelbnrga,  London  ;  Reader  and  Afternoon  Preacher  at  King- 

ilreet  Chapel,  St.Jam^s's,  Vv'-P.minller ;  and  Chaplain  to  the  Duke 

of  Gloucciler.     410.     is.     Robfon. 

DIverfity  of  ranks  in  focicty  is  unqueflionably  neccffary,  not  only 
to  its  profperity,  but  to  its  very  exjaencc.  It  is  therefore  right,  that 
thofe,  who  are  dedined  to  fill  up  :!^c  lowrr  ard  more  Liborious  ihnions, 
QKMild  beiu^u£l^d  in  the  nccciricy  (-f  raborji.iaiion,r.'id  exhorti'd  to  a 
peaceable  acquiefcencc  \\\  their  lo:.  The  general  arguments  upon 
tbis  fubjcd  arc  ^zx-^  properly  dated  in  this  fermon  ;  and  feveral  juft 
obfer\'ations  are  made,  on  the  vnlue  of  thofc  publ:c  bicifings  which 
are  enjoyed  under  the  Britidi  pov.Tnment.  Sornvtijing,  however, 
flionld  hive  been  added,  on  the  other  fide, — 00  the  o'j:y  of  the  rich 
to  render  the  fitu.itiTn  ot  the  poor  as  comfbr:able  as  ih-:  condiiion  of 
homan  nature  will  permit :  thr  v^Titer,  moreover,  fliould  vjot  have  been 
lb  enamoured  with  the  prefvnt  date  of  things,  as  to  oiirourage  all  at- 

RKV.JuafE  1793.  R  t:mpti; 


^loKTHLY.  Cataiogue,  F^Ji-DafSirmmf^  ^*tq* 

lowardimprovemcm^moid  to  J^prefcm  tht  fri^dt  of  rrfofma} 

|c*  are  aiming  at  con fu lion  zM  rapiner      *  *  .i>ij  -  n  ■  "  - 

e.  Preached  m  Greenwich  Chtltch .  Ey  Andrew  Bumahy, 
Archdeacotj  of  Leiccjlcr,  amd  Vicar  of  (i^reanwkh*  4to» 
|Payaep 

rhc  for  in  and  conflltution  of  our  gc^vemment  Is  gmhihiU'Vf  of 
ll  incDrnpsrable  wlfdom  and  excellence  j  that  France  prefentf 
^(i  drt-adful  fpcdade  to  th*;  worM.  which  muft  firike  horror tnd 
lihtncvervj  both  prefent  and /it^yr^,  generation  ;'  and  iKat  Jt 
|>L*  folty  to  nfk  fublUnttal  good  tor  imaginary  heiier  \  ^fttmmg 
linjj  fubjcflsof  ihb  difcourfe,  in  which  we  fee  nothing"  parti - 
I  forcible  in  the  rcafoning,  nor  elegant  in  the  cxprefSon, 

At    Firzroy   Chapel,    by     Robert    Anthony    BromleTt 
Mini  fie  r  of  that  Chape),  and  Rt-florof  St.  Mildrcd'i  in  the 
ftry.     4ta.      li.     Dilly* 

ir  as  we  are  able  to  difcover  the  drift  of  this  writer's  rcafonifl^,' 
bars  to  be  of  opinion  that  no  fuch  thinjj  at  natural  right  can  ntrH 
kte  of  f*»ciety  ;  and  that  where  any  form  of  governmerit  hn 
]: tiled  and  far^toned  by  many  ages,  however  abfurd  and  nSif- 
ts  it  may  have  proved,  it  muft  remain  for  ever,  TX^oewr 
e?!  ,to  demur  concerning  the  truth  of  \h\h  Jilf^tn^idtnt  ix'^!A»K 
nuthorS  eftimtEion,  either  unworthy  of  a  feriotis  reply,  or  tliCt- 
jnderfiinding  it.  We  fliall  not  ai tempt  to  argue  with  i 
ireati   with   fo   much    contempt  any  po'iticai  pririciplci 


Monmv  GAtAloo Vlf  Faft^Daj  Skfmsns^  Ap.  19.    235 

The  ible'^objcA  of  ibis^dtfooorfe  11  to  prove  that  we  oa^ht  tb'&ght 
id  CO  pray  agalnft  die  French.  The  pr^tchef,  in  fbewing  that  we 
iTe  not  beep  the  aTCrefTcirs  in  che-war,  introduces  a  handfome  coQi* 
liflieiit  10  the  Miro3e>»  as  mmftrmfy  a  friend  U  peatt.  He  calls  the 
ir  %n  tmplea/kmt  circumfiance^  but  tcoib  that  England  will  not  feel  it 
cabnity.  '  Has  the  writer  eyes'  to  fee,  or  ears  to  hear? 

it..7S.     In  the  Parifli  Church  of  Dariinetoti.     By  the  Rev.  Janes  . 
Topham.     8vo.     6d.     Printed  at  Darlington  .     .. 

la  this  inelegant  and  incorrect  difcourfe/ the  preacher  talks  of  the\ 
dmfiioa  of  France  learmlng  as  a  vtry  nfefal  leffon  \  of  a  conftitutioa 
» ^  ^MmMHprd  pwrpofis  the  envy  of  the  world ;  and  of  fentifDents.wtiich 
e  tiKHight  it  incumbent  •/  him  to  deliver. 

1 1.  76.  Before  the  Univerfitv  of  Oxford.  By  Ralph  Churton^ 
Mr  A.  -Fellow  of  Brazen  Nofe  College,  and  He^r  of  Middleton 
.Che^ey^  Northamptonihire.  4to.  is.  White. 
Thb  fermon  chiefly  contains  pious  exhortations  to  pcrfonal  repei>i- 
i»%  and  amendment.  Being  preached  in  the  univerfity  of  Oxfprd* 
kif  k  che  writer,  «  after  a  reiidence  of  twenty-one  years,  is  a))OUt  to 
4l<with  fentimcnts  of  di^cut  efteem  and  unalienable  attachment/  he 
liii^,  «mong  other  heads  of  felf*examination,  on  feveral  pankolars 
djth^  more  immediately  concern  academical  life.  He  includes  in 
is'  lift  of  college-vice s»  perhaps  fomewhat  too  rigoroufly,  the  wafte 
f  #be  academic  evenings  in  focial  converfation,  and  the  indulgence 
]^  finite  and  caricature.  As  the  beft  fecurity  againft  the  mifchiefs  of 
•ar^h^Ta  an  early  habit  of  fubmiflion  to  dilcipline  is  recommended. 
EVfUd,-  is  Something  Angular  in  the  manner  in  which  the  author  ac* 
iQiMts  fer  the  defeat  of  the  combined  armies  in  their  firft  attack  on 
Pomscr— '  He  who  dwelleth  in  heaven,  and  beholdeth  ail  the  inha- 
biqittbs  of  the  earth,  has  a  right  to  judge  not  only  of  the  merits  of  the 
Oliibb^^ut  of  the  demerits  of  the  penbns  concerned  in  it,  and  often 
fVH(hos»  £rft  of  all,  the  wickednels  of  thofe,  whom  finally  he  pro- 
yq^:  ip  employ  as  inllruments  of  his  vengeance  azainft  blacker  gaik 
sad  more  atrocious  enormities.' — The  preacher  here  fee ms  to  have 
kft  fight  of  his  textt  **  Suppofe  ye  that  thefe  Galileans  were  iinnert 
above  all  the  Galileans,  becaufe  they  fuffered  fuch  things?'* 

Art  77      Ac  St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury.   By  Henry  ^^^litfeld,D.D. 

F. RfS.  Reaor  of  tbftt  Parilh.  ^  410.    is.    Lei^h  and  Sotheby. 

Several  of  the  preachers  on  this  day  may  not  improperly  be  con* 
(Uned  ms  light  auxiliaries  to  the  grand  corps  of  aflbciators;  at  leaft 
lUs  is  the  cafe  with  Dr.Whitfeld,  who  flrenuoufly  afTcrts  the  juftice 
ad  neoeffity  of  the  prefent  war,  and  exhorts  his  hearers  to  Ihun  the 
ilenbliet  of  thofe  who  endeavour,  either  by  their  fpeeches  or  their 
rnitings,  to  make  them  diiTatisfied  with  the  ble flings  which  they  en« 
jqr  aader  our  prefent  happy  conftttution  both  in  church  and  (late;  and 
UlnsFe  the  management  of  ftate  affairs  to  thofe  whofe  knowlege  and 
abBBties  are  equal  to  the  taflt,  inftead  of  contriving  fucceffive  iyftems 
•f  ceneral  reform,  and  bufying  themfelves  about  other  fuch  matters 
•f  tag)i  concern.  With  the  political  part  of  the  fermon,  however, 
pod  pmdical  advice  is  united  on  the  fubjeA  of  perfonal  reformation. 

R  a  At\, 


MoxTfii^r  Catalogue,  F^Jf^Day  Sirrfbmf'j/p,  tti* 

I,    Da»i  la  Chmpelh  Hd'vitifm^    Smr  at  Pmr^kf^   **  Si  * 

RichjTrdfon. 

rry  temperate  and  pradent  dircflurfe,  in^vlcftting,  on  the  na- 
r  the  Helvetic  iUtes  refideot  in  lUh  €Q«ritr)r»  a  r^eftloui  liUcb- 
3  rdi glon,  uttamnoity  among  thffnselvcj,  and  duhful  tefpeS  la 
vernment  and  laws  under  which  ihry  Evc»  A  copy  of  iheif 
I  to  ]ih  i\Uj^ily  on  the  lift  of  March  1791,  li  a4ded  1  with  bij 
^'s  gr^ciaus  znAvcT^ 

g.  At  Gofport  By  Richard  Bing^ttn*  B.  A.  Mlmltcr  of 
port  CliapeJ,  apd  laEC  FeUow  of  New  College^  Oxford.    St9* 

Ca  Jell 
*  wri^tchcd  chamftcr  an<l  flate  of  the  Frerith  nationj  and  tiie  on- 
led  bkllings  etjjoyed  hy  Briton*  under  cur  happy  conftitadoni 
as  ufiid  on  this  occaJiori,  the  barthen  of  the  fqng  b  tiie  preitat 
(a  and  the  preacher  purfues  iht  defcription  th*^ygh  along 
of  diB'ufe  dcchmation,  in  which  he  fpares  no  paitis  to  exhibit, 
ilrorgcll  coloari,  tlie  corjlrafted  pictures.  In  one  thing,  how* 
he  diFcrs  from  the  gencRlity  of  hb  brethren  i  inllotd  of  hoM- 
(  the  French  as  devoted  abjefii  of  divine  vengeance,  and  oar- 
as  honoured  with  the  high  privilege  of  executing  it,  he  fays* 
retend  lo  iTtiagine  orafTerr,  thac  we  arc  lent  Eo  brandS(h  thefwprJ 
niffipn*  that  we  arc  dirc£^tcd  to  be  the  inftrumcBts  of  Alnught? 
Lnce  to  challize  the  crimes  of  a  wicked  and  tfcnding  ntt-oci 

certainly  be  the  hc^ight  of  arrogance  and  prcfumption/    la 


MoHtHLY  Catalooub,  Foft-Daj  SirmonSf  Ap.  19.    137 

the  Hoafe  of  Commons,  brought  a  charge  againd  the  injared  aathor 
of  this  fermon,  which  he  has  neither  the  ability  to  maintain,  nor  the 
virtue  to  rctradt. 

The  fcrmon  is  an  exhortation  to  pious  confidence  in  the  good  pro- 
Tidcnce  of  God,  founded  on  Pfalm  xlvi.  1 . 

Art.  82.     A  Dijcour/e  o»  Naiiona!  Fafts^  particularly  in  reference  to 

that  of  April  19,  l793t  on  occaiiou  of  the  prel'ent  War.     ^^  W, 

Fox.     8vo.     3d.     Gurney. 

Mr.W.  F0X9  already  known  to  the  world  as  a  (hrewd  observer  and 
a  down-right  fpeaker,  liere  gives  his  opinion  very  freely  againil  the 
pravUcc  of  national  falls.  Suet)  obfcrvauccs  are,  he  thinks,  contrary 
to  the  fimplicity  of  the  Chriliian  religion,  and  iuppofc  a  combination 
of  religion  with  nati0n.1l  contcfls,  which  is  totally  repugnant  to  the 
Chriftian  fpirit.  The  modes  of  falling,  at  prefenc  in  ufe  both  in  ca* 
tholic  and  reformed  churches,  he  treats  a*  fair  objeds  of  ridicule; 
and  the  ccnnedion  of  falling  with  war,  he  confidcrs  as  nothing  leli 
than  a  kind  of  impiety.  Wnen  we  are  required  to  pray  for  fucceiii 
|o  his  Majefty's  arms,  he  judges  that  it  cannot  be  deemed  prefump* 
tuoos  to  afk,  how  they  arc  to  be  employed^  and  what  confequencet 
are  likely  to  refult  from  their  fuccefii  ? 

'  Before  we  prcfumc,'  fays  he,  <  to  tell  God  the  war  is  jufl  and 
necefTary,  we  ought  to  have  fatisfaflion  as  to  the  fpccific  nature  of 
the  war,  and  that  fuch  is  its  proper  defcription.  For,  though  it  as 
alleged  to  be  fo  by  high  autiiorlty,  yet  that  authority  is  human,  and 
coniequently  fallibie.  Undtrr  fuch  ci  re  urn  (lances,  the  queftion  alTumet 
a  more  ferious  form  than  even  an  a^air  of  (late.  The  king  mufl  now 
be  conliJered,  not  as  being  hurUd  from  his  throne,  but  voluntarily 
defcsnding  from  it,  and  leading  his  fubjeds  into  a  prcfcnce  where  he 
and  the  meanefl  of  them  are  on  a  per  fed  level.  Under  fuch  circum* 
ftances,  furely,  we  may  be  permitted  to  pa  ufe  at  the  threfliold,  and 
reipedfully  afk  for  fomc  evidence  that  the  war  will  be  really  of  that 
delcription  which  we  are  required  to  affirm  it  to  be  in  the  prcfcnce  of 
JeJ^vab,  U,  on  inquiry,  it  appears  to  us  not  fo  to  he,  it  then  be- 
comes our  duty,  not  only  to  decline  aflirming  ic  liurfclvcs,  but  to  urge 
others  to  make  a  iinxilar  inquiry,  that  they  may  thereby  avoid  the 
guilt  of  afTerting  a  falfchood  to  God.' 

There  is  certainly  fomc  reafon  in  all  this,  as  well  as  in  what  is  added 
concerning  the  neceflity  of  reforming  thofe  crimes  which  arc  flri^ly 
and  properly  national.  Of  this  fubjedl  tlie  reader  will  hear  more  ia 
the  next  article. 

Arc.  83 .  Sins  of  Go'vernmentf  Sins  of  the  Nation  ;  or  a  Difcourfe  for 
the  Fall.  By  a  Volunteer.  8vo.  is.  Johnfon. 
Though  it  be  a  political  axiom,  not  to  be  controverted,  that  **  the 
king  can  do  no  wrong,"  it  will  perhaps  be  generally  admitted  that 
there  may  be  fins  of  government :  but  that  thcfe  fins  of  government 
are  atfo  fins  of  the  nation,  and  that  thefe  are  the  fins  which  ought  to 
be  the  fubject  of  humiliation  on  the  national  fall,  was  perhaps 
never  fo  clearly  made  out,  nor  fo  energetically  applied,  as  in  this 
excellent  difcourfe.     The  writer  •,  no  novice  either  in  the  fchool  of 


Mrs.  Barbauld,  according  tp  report. 


politics 


if owTHiY  Catalogue^  Faft'^Ds^  Sfrmmtf  jff,  19. 
or  that  of  lucraeyre,  with  a  force  of  sif^^im^m  only  eatalled 
[chance  Oi  language  m  whicl)it  b  crxprtfCcidi  tti  aii  C jcpl^l^ei  ^c 
ioea  on  which  the  difcourfc  U  foujidcd  : 

a£c  as  3  aationj  wben*  Uiroiigb  ihe  orgxn  c^fthc  IcpH^di*^ 
which  rpcaka  tl^c  will  of  ihe  naiion,  ai}4  by  moani  ef  the 
/c  power  which  does  the  wHl  of  ihe  mtiois,  we  eiia^  kwt^ 
InnctSf  mikcw^r  i^r  pea^e^  dtfpofcof  rhe  piiblk  inon^'y,  or 
>f  ihofe  thmgs  which  belong  la  ui  jrv  our  cdle^vc  Cdpicilv, 
nparttiveiy^  few  bdividii^s  have  any  immtniiite  fhsrc  in 
lidIic  ad;,  we  migbt  be  tempted  nj  forger  tbe  refportjibntfjf 
attaches  to  the  nation  at  large  wkh  reg^d  l&  Ehrm^dul  not  the 
and  piety  of  die  governing  powers,  by  rhii<«  calJbg  u»  togetller 
y  public  emergency,  recnifld  us  that  they  ar«  all  »^r  p^m  t^li ; 
I,  lor  every  viobtion  of  integrity,  juilke,  or  hufnanity  in  pttb^ 
rst  it  is  Ircumbent  upon  every  one  of  us,  to  ^umbic  himfeif 
lly  before  the  idbcnal  of  AJmighty  God. 
at  this  is  the  true  and  only  rauonal  interpretation  of  the  fnle<R« 
f  this  day,  ii  evident  from  hence,  that  wc  are  never  etFJoioed 
tit  the  fins  of  other  people;  but  our  o^vn  fins.  To  take  upon 
3  the  fault  $  of  othem,  favoarf  of  prefamption,  rather  ilian  ha* 

There  would  be  an  abfard  mockery  in  pretending  to  humble 
J»  bt"fore  God  for  mifdeedi  which  we  have  neither  commictfdt 
e  any  poi^er  to  amend*  Thole  evib  whti;rh  we  co^ld  oOt  hr1p« 
*vbich  we  have  h^d  no  fhire,  are  luhjcds  of  grief  indeed,  bit 
remorfe,  if  an  oppreffivc  law,  or  a  dciiruttive  war,  were  of 
ire  af  a  vnlcanoor  a  Uurricane»  proceeding  from  cagfe*  totally 
idenc  of  our  operattons,  ali  we  Ihoald  have  to  do,  would  be  m 


L- -L^^ 


MoWTHLY  Catalooite,  Fa/l-Doy  SimnHs^  Ap.  19.    13^ 

dimatf  {  and  wken  we^hank  God  for  it,  we  nnk  it  with  the  bleffings 
of  the  air  and  of  the  foil ;  whereas  we  ought  to  thank  God  for  the  nvif- 
dtm  and  vfT/atr  of  living  under  a  good  eovernment ;  for  a  good  go- 
verimmt  ia  the  firft  of  national  duties.  It  is  indeed  a  happinefs,  and  one 
vrhicJi  demands  our  ino(^  grateful  thanks,  to  be  born  under  one 
which  ^[Mures  oa  the  trouble  and  hazard  of  changing  it ;  but  a  people 
born  under  a  good  government,  will  probably  not  die  under  one,  if 
ttnty  coDceive  of  it  as  of  an  indolent  and  paflive  happinefs,  to  be  left 
fm*  iti  prdervati«n  to  fortunate  conjunAures,  and  the  floating  and  va- 
riable chaAces  of  Licalculable  evenu ;— our  fecond  duty  is  to  keep  it 
good. 

h  quiet  fubordination  under  lawful  authority  is  inculcated  on  the 
fiapit  principle,  that  the  will  of  the  minority  (hould  ever  yield  to  that 
of  the  majority ;  and  attention  to  this  principle  is  recommended  par* 
ticolari]^  to  public  fundtionariea  and  to  reformers.  Of  the  energy  and 
finrit  with  which  national  fins  are  here  reproved,  we  fliall  give  one 
ipcdflicii: 

'  Amongft  our  national  faults,  have  we  any  inftancesof  Vntf/// or 
tffr^im  to  repent  of?  Can  we  look  round  from  fea  to  fea,  and 
from  ea&  to  wefl,  and  fay,  that  our  hrther  hath  mot  aught  tigminft  us  f 
If  facb  inftances  do  not  exid  under  our  immediate  eye,  do  they  exift 
any.  where  under  oor  influence  and  jurirUidion  ?  There  are  fome, 
wbo^  lierves,  rather  than  whofe  principles,  cannot  bear  cruelty— 
lih^  Other  nuifuances,  they  would  not  choofcit  in  fight,  butthejr  can 
be. well  content  to  know  it  exifls,  and  that  they  are  indebted  for  it  to 
the  increafe  jof  their  income,  and  the  luxuries  of  their  table;  Are 
there  not  fome  darktr-cdoured  children  of  the  fame  family,  over  whom 
we  mfliime  a  hard  and  unjuft  controul  ?  And  have  not  thefe  our  bre- 
thren aught agaiuft  us?  Jf  we  /u^eS  they  have,  would  it  not  become 
ns  anxiouily  to  enquire  into  the  truth;  that  we  may  deliver  our  fouls; 
but  if  we  know  it,  and  cannot  help  knowing  it,  if  fuch  enormities 
hive  been  prefled  and  forced  upon  our  notice,  till  they  are  becooie  flat 
andftale  in  the  public  ear,  from  fulnefs  and  repetition,  and  fatiety  of 
proof;  and  if -they  are  ftill  fandioncd  by  our  legiflators,  defended 
by  our  princes — dc?p  indeed  la  the  colour  of  our  guilt.-^And  do  we 
appoint  falls,  and  make  pretences  to  religion  ?  Do  we  pretend  to  be 
ihocked  at  the  principles  or  the  pradUccs  of  neighbouring  nations,  and 
fttrt  with  afFc^kd  horror  at  the  name"  of  Atheift?  •  Arc  oiir  con- 
icicnces  £0  tender,  and  cur  hearts  fohard?  Is  it  poiUble  ,we  Ifhould 
meet  as  a  nation,  and  knowing  ourfelves  to  be  gi^Ityof  thefc^things, 
have  the  confideiKe  to  implore  the.  blefling  of-  God  upon  our  com- 
merce and  our  colonies :  preface  with  praycf  our  legiflative  meet- 
ing*, and  then  deliberate  hoiv  long  we  (ball  continue  Human  facrificts  ? 
Rather  let  us 

*  Never  pray  more,  abandon  all  rcmorfe."  '  •  -^ 
Let  us  lay  afide  the  grimace  of  hypocrify,  ftand  up  fWwhat  we  are, 
and  boldly  profcfs,  like  the  emperor  of  G4d,  tbat"rVery  thing  is  fweet 
from  which  money  is  extracted,  and  that '^e  know  better  than'to  de- 
prive ourfelves  of  again  for  the  fake  of  a  fdllo^-Creature;* 
•  The  violation  of  fincerity,  juftice,  and  ^ood-will,  tri  the  c^du£t  of 
this  nation  with  regard  to  other  flates,  is  forcioly  reprefented;  the 
true  features  of  war  are  painted  with  a  degree  of  (Irength  fuffi- 
7  cvttit 


C  O  ft  K  £  S  P  D  If  B  I  ir  C  B* 


0  excite  imivcifij  horror  j  tins  s  eh  to  us  ijaeAioOt  hm 
L vidua! J  arc  leally  snfwerable  for  ihc  guilt  of  the  ntdon*  ii  (tif* 

and  i^  is  remarked*  m  condufion,  tiiac  '  every  gocd  naui 
to  bis  country^  and  lo  hii  own  dsarftCltrr^  to  iifl  up  bii  wee 

&  rutnous  war,  sji  unequal  t»Xj  <^r  &n  rdi^  for  perfeciitioiii 
c^pofe  ihem  lenipeirately^  but  iir only »  by  aU  tli«  neaAt  k  liii 

either  the  ftrong  reaToningt  rtor  the  imprciHre  lin^igery*  nor 
»flic  feverity,  of  thi*  difcCHirk,  can  hrtd  acc«G  lo  the  uatfenJ 
r^f  m  keeper  (wlioever  he  b^»)  hat!  ekher  guarJeJ  it  with  tm- 
ible  locks  znd  bars,  or  has  ^'  lear^d  it  with  a  hot  iron.** 


Dr.  Ta [ham's  polite  letter  is  received*  and  is  tranfutitfeJ  to 
rmleman  to  whofe  cod  fide  ratio  [^  his  work  was  more  immcdbtd^ 
ed. 


I 


I-  From  the  tenor  of  Mr.  Butter  worth's  note,  djted  Jimeii,  it 
'ehcndcd  that  he  bad  not  fcen  oar  notice  of  hii  former  letter,  at 
d  of  the  Review  for  JpnL  Not  conceiving  that  ihey  have  in  any 
lif under  flood  or  mifreprcfcnted  Mr^B*'*  frndmcnts  the  Re- 
►«  muft  abide  by  their  co  nek  lion  that  it  is  utmeccifary,  and  their 
tion  thatlhty  have  not  roomi  to  ii;iVrt  his  letter;  which,  wcf« 
fe  otbcrwifej  ihey  would  print  with  the  greatcft  rcadinef^* 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     JUL  Y»    1793. 


Art.  I.     Mr.  Twining'/  Tranjlation  of  ArifttaU^s  Treatifi  ^n  Poetrj. 

[  Jrticlt  concluded  from  VoU  VlL  /.  1 3  3 .  ] 

npo  Mr.Twining's  valuable  labours  on  Ariftoile,  our  accotitit 
^  of  which  we  have  long  and  very  unwillingly  fufpended,  we 
return  with  pleafure,  and  not  without  hopes  of  being  able  to 
gratify  our  learned  readers,  by  laying  before  them  a  fummary  of 
his  criticifms  on  the  prefent  ftate  of  the  text  in  the  treatife  un- 
der our  confideration.  We  have  been  induced,  from  reverence 
Co  Ariftotle's  invaluable  work,  and  from  refpeiSl  to  Mr.Tvvin'* 
ing's  judgment,  not  to  content  ourfelves  with  fele£liom  from 
Che  new  readings,  which  he  has  adopted  or  propofed,  but  to 
give  our  readers  an  abridged  reprefentation  of  <7//that  he  has  done 
toward  reforming  the  text;  referring  them  to  his  book  for  a  fuller 
account  of  the  reafons  on  which  the  corrections  are  founded. 
Note  2.     Ka»    xp^H-^^^    *^    cyjifMCKTi    wo^^x    fufjumilai    TiHC 

*  I  have  followed  the  old  and  moil  authentic  reading,  ^.a  ry^  ^vni;; 
which,  though  not  unexceptionable,  has  been  rejedled,  1  think,  with« 
out  fufEcicnt  reafon.' — *  The  only  objection  to  the  reading,  ^\a  rr^ 
f^»r,.:,  i5  the  improbability  that  Arillotle  fhould»  without  any  apparent 
reafon,  envelop  the  whole  pafTage  in  embarranVnent  and  ambiguity* 
by  fuch  a  change  of  phrafe:— aia  ^a-^w^; — which  every  reader  is 
naturally  led  to  join,  not  with  the  dative,  ^Jf^ft/zai  ku%  ^x^hmcx^  but 
with  Jkl  A  Tt;t»»  ,  and  AT  A  <ri/Kr3.»*? :  but  the  word  ^oitn^  oppofirg  fuch  a 
conftruflion,  has  therefore,  probably,  been  changed  to  «|k^o»».— This 
"DbjtAion  has  not  been  folidly  anfwered,  [  think,  either  by  Vidorius, 
or  any  other  commentator;  nor  can  I  think  the  chan^j^e  of  phrafe  her« 
by  any  means  fufficicntly  accounted  for,  merely  by  alligning,  as  Vic- 
torius  docs,  a  pallage  ot  Lucian,  where  the  phrafe  itjelf\  (to  which  no 
one  objeds)  occurs.  [Sec  Mr.Wir.llanlcy'j)  note.]  I  am  much  inclined, 
thcrct(»re,  to  admit  tlie  reading  fald  by  Madius  to  have  been  found  in 
an  ancient  MS.  an  J  confirming  the  conje«^tiire  of  Robortclii, — iu-pp#  U 
TH;  4>n  -.H..    This  would  clearly  mark  the  bounds  of  the  paremhefis. 

Vol.  XX.  :>  and 


TwIniogV  Trsnjkiim  §f  Arifi^Uh  Trmftfi  m  P&drf.    ^^ 

f  the   connmdion;  w^t  ^-i^^ikEsri,  mm^  c^x^f*^*^*i  »6^»^  p^s«tVi 
)  i^mh  rnfiw^**                                                                                     jl 

-  4.    u*  T&i  ^^fX'^W-  '  There  ii  great  reafon  to  fufpca  tliii 
I*     ixh  gencr^iliy  rendered,  *•  $sm£  dancers  :**  but  Viftonus, 
idtriiands  it  b  th^  Tenfe,  fa^s— ^jifjej /aw/w  ^^riw?;  and  pro- 
10  autbont^r  for  fucK  a  phrafc,     Hciofius  propofed»  tl  OOAAOI 
m'vi  I*     The  learned  reader  may,  perhaps,  agree  with  me,  that 
..•  sfX"*?''^*^"'  would  be  preferable,  as  neaier  to  tlie  text*    it  b  not   ] 
*le,  that  the  degree  of  jmkativc  MU  here  defcribcd  was  poU 
>y  411  dancers,  or  even  by  "  ibt  gnater  fart^*  of  them,'  ^c.  kc*    i 

STN— '  There  is  furely  rcimethmg  defc^ve  in  this  paJTsgc;  all   j 
this  "  cr^maimgufisffime  Jtindafmiire^  ASiTitASOOKr*    1 
filij/*     And  this  indeed  feems  the  only  fenfc  that  can  be  given    i 
words  as  they  ftand.   But  tt  appears  10  me  that  the  original  can- 
y  any  fair  and  w/arraDtcd  eJliptscal  conftruftion,  be  made  to  hf 
*  1  am  not  alSIe  entirely  to  rcpe!  a  fyfpscion— 4br  1  give  it  as    j 
I  more— that  ihe  words,  lAi^n  Tr.i,  .1^,  may  belong  to  ihh  fentenccj 
;  whole  may  have  orig jnaliy  liood  thus : — iZt  /iiy»t«ra  lui  t^>XrM^t 

>H  yntt  ;^^»^*w  Tft?F  f«?tf*^  Vt»taiiiWfira.  M*jf^4  TAP  tsi^  iv*  »vhw  EX€* 
&c*  1-^.  "  For  ive  haofi  hitbfrt^  no  common  appclladon,**  &c. 
EC  10-     0«i  M^  ji«t  iro*»?7»)p -K-giesTfiiyfiffiJlfoCi     Mr- Twining 
the  conjecture  of  Heinfius,  who  contended,  that  01 »  ttsu 
;??Jr^v  Tpojayoffi/lfo^  fliQutd  be  read  interrogatively,  becaufe 
nfe  which  it  gives  to  the  pafTage  appears  to  him  to  be 
r, — He  alio  rejeiBs  ihe  rcailing  of  Vtflorius— OT  mi^\a 

1 

■ 

Twining*!  Tranflation  ofAriftotU^s  Tnatife  on  PoHry.     2+3 

SM  IKK  fAila^aXSoiJoj  u  vayUg  <if  frpaTloiflx^  ucu  tvipyouflaf  rovg  fxifAOU^ 
l^imtu  In  the  common  acceptation  of  this  paiTage,  the  words 
•7f  fuv  enrayyoy^iOy  n  i\tcoy  ti  yiyvoutvov,  are  fuppofed  to  exprefs 
the  mixture  of  mere  narration^  and  dramatic  imitation,  in 
the  Epic  fpecies ;  as  if  ils^oy  t<  yiy)fOufvov  were  oppofed  to 
airayyi»>cva.  Mr.  Twining  thinks  that  ilt^ov  ti  ytyvofjLsvov  is 
not  oppofed  to  afrxyyiyo^ilx^  but  to  di  rov  (tuluv  jcxi  fxita^z^XovIx  ; 
and  that  airxyyvjiovlx  is  oppofed  to  ircarloifloti.  He  therefore 
points  the  paflape  thus:  oTf  fxtv  AIlArrEAAONTA  (ti  irtfov  ti 
}ri^i ouf voy,  uV^vo *Oj(AV)£0$  noittj  v  ug  rov  aulov^  xat  /jlyi  /Aslx(iaMjoi\a^) 
n  'JTotPiOLg  tig  nP ATTONT A S  xai  evsoyouvlag  rojg  fxifM-jfAfnovg* 

In  a  note  to  this  paflage,  (p.  182.)  Mr.  Twining  fays,  *  I 
agree  perfeilly  with  Mr.  VVinftanlcy,  that  Cafaubon's  emenda- 
tions are  not  neceflary.'  We  were  furprized  at  the  remark^ 
becaufe,  in  his  tranflation,  Mr.  T.  has  given  the  fenfe  of  Ca- 
feubon's  corredion:  e.g.  Ariftotle  fays,  (as  the  text  (lands,)  ^ 
that  Sophocles  and  Ariftophanes  refemble  each  other  in  this, ' 
til  fAifjLouvlM  Sfarv7a^  that  is,  **  they  imitate  perfons  in  aeiien^^  in 
which  fenfe  i^tavlag  is,  as  its  grammatical  form  too  imports, 
the  fuhjeSf  of  the  fentence : — but  Mr.  Twining  tranflatcs  it, 
as  they  imitate  in  the  way  of  a^fion^  that  is,  dceov7c(,  agenies^ 
agendo.  In  this  fenfe  f^bfiitg  is,  as  Cafaubon  underftands  it,  the 
agent  of  the  fentence.  We  notice  this  apparent  inconfiflency, 
becaufe  we  conceive  the  fenfe  of  this  pafldge  to  be  intimately 
conneded  with  a  leading  principle  in  the  Poetics. 

Note  XXI.  0ufiijv  Tj  fMOf(pag  rtav  ATIMOTATHN.  The 
common  reading  is  ruv  ATPlHTATflN,  The  fenfe  and  pur- 
port of  the  paflage,  fays  Mr. Twining,  fcem  to  require  in- 
fiances  of  ;»/tf/7,  or  difgujiing^  (oLkxolxlujVy)  rather  than  of  //r- 
rilfle  (arficalcPim)  objects.  The  reading  adopted  by  Mr.  T.  is 
a)fo,  as  he  obferves,  fupported  by  the  authority  of  MSS.  and 
the  arguments  of  Vi^orius. 

Note  XXX XX.       0»  AEFOMENOT  avlrn;  flroitflflt*  fAftfionvoflat.      *  Tho 

text  is  probably  corrupt.  Cadelvetro  conjedured,  very  ingeniouflyy 
OAirOl  MEM  01  <rv%i  groiulai.  But  this  Greek,  oA»yoi  01  »o»i}iai,  is,  I 
fear,  what  the  critics  call  wompov  KOfAf^xlo;*  1  will  venture  to  mention 
another  conjedure  chat  has  occurred  to  me.  The  learned  reader  will 
difpofe  of  it  as  he  pleafes.    It  feems  not  improbable  that  Ariflotlo 

wrote  H^«  h  ffyrr.fMioi  Ti»«  atJ)»j?  i^-jwrr?  *OlA  AEFOMEN,  Oi*  avlr  ,  kc» 
i.e.  **  when  it  had  acquired  a  certain  form ,  fuch  asnue/ay,^*  alluding- 
to  what  he  had  faid  of  Homer's  fuggefling,  by  his  Margites,  the  true 
form,  OT  ideat  of  comedy.* 

Note  XLII.  *H  jAtv  ovv  E^OTOiia  rvi  T^ayu^ix  fJ^ex^^i  fioyoy 
fiil^ov  fJLilx  Xoyou  iuy.y\7iq  uvai  ruu  o'TTOuiaiuu  riHOXovS'riffev. 

'  Of  jthe  corruption  of  this  paffage  1  have  no  doubt.  It  has  been 
propofed  to  cjccl  the  words,  ps'ia  Xoyov.  My  fufpicion  rather  falls 
npoD  the  word  u^r.v;  which,  as  it  adds  nothiog  but  embarrafTinent  to 

S  2  x:si^ 


rwining'i  Trmfi^thn  &fAriJf§iU^t  Trtdilfi  sn  Poifry^ 

t,  (^ty^*  /fioch^  or  Hv^rdff  |>pifg  a  general  tcrtn»  ^nd  m- 
m^trf,  as  in  cli.  l .}  I  have  omitted  ' — *  On  the  whole*  h(ttm% 
lob^LIe,  diat  the  parage  originally  i!ood  in  To  me  fach  w^y  x$ 

L^f,  fj^iyi^Q^  iX0^^4  fi^^^Mi£*t^  X^J^y,  X«wfif  iujL^%if  rwv  niuif 

furpriilfvg,  that  fo  Grange  a  phrafe  as  nl-tT-^wiI* »— ^nw/^— 
I — (hoLild  have  paiTeJ  as  geuatne  wiih  any^  Greek  fchabr.  it 
lore  fot  ihic  the  obvious  of»pofuion  of  Ip^/iatio  «Ta77.>»#,  atiJ 
lefs  obi'ious  abfurdny  of  cppofing  narration  to  pity  anl  tcrrcfp 
1  •  yyiAi a<,  A  A  -\  A  i*'  tAi c f  Ktf  ♦  ^ojSc : ) — ftioul d  have  c fc a ptd  t h e 
If  any  comirienEfitor.  I  fhould  write  the  paflage  thus;  MX 
ling  it  as  i!T>pcrfc£t  :^;^tp^  i^^ifflsw  -rtfj  ttJ^r  tr  -ro*^  ^'p*oc    •   •  • 

Thos  the  word  Jpv*W  will  retain  its  proper  fenftr  a.nd  thr 
itation  of  the  drama,  which  Ariftoile  t^^ry  where  makes  ks 
\^\c  dilHndlJort,  as  oppofed  to  the  Epk^  wiU  be,  as  wc  mij;h5 
find  it,  in  ^firmai  and  fATiJv^  definition  of  tragedy,  diftinilJy 


tijiw.  *^i  fCf^ofi     Mr/Fwinirag  adopts  Viiflorius's  ciiicn- 


Twining'i  Tranflathn  ofAriftoth^s  Tnatifi  m  Poetry*    245 

by  common  fenfc.  He  tranflates  it  thus  :  *  The  manners  are, 
whatever  msinifefts  the  difpofttion  of  the  fpeaker.  There  are 
Speeches,  therefore,  which  are  without  manners,  or  charader^ 
as  not  containing  any  thing  by  which  tht  propenfities  or  aver^ 
Jions  of  the  perfon  who  delivers  them  can  be  known/  The 
common  reading,  which  we  have  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
this  note,  is  thus  rendered  by  Mr.  Harris :  ^*  Manners,  or 

CHARACTER,  U  that  which  difcovers  what  THE  DETERMINA- 
TION [of  a  fpeaker]  will  be*^  in  matters  where  IT  is  not  YET 
MANIFEST,  whether  he  chufes  to  do  a  things  or  to  avoid  it.** 

*  Now  if  this  were  true,  (fays  Mr.  Twining,)  I  do  not  fee  how 
there  could  be  any  •n^.<;  in  any  play,  after  the  firft  difcovery  of  the 
fpeaker 's  charafler.  In  the  Avarc  of  Molicre,  for  inftancc,  it  is 
fufficiently  manifeji  from  the  very  firft  fcene  in  which  Harpagon  ap- 
pears, what  his  avarice  will  lead  him  to  chufe  or  t9  anjoidy  in  any  cir- 
cumHance  of  the  drama.  Is  there,  for  that  reafon,  no  kSoc,  no  fenti- 
ments  that  mark  his  charader  in  any  thing  he  fays  during  the  rell  of 
che  play?— Nay,  more;  according  to  this  reading,  there  can  be  no 
r&9;  at  all  in  any  part  of  that  drama:  for  the  crpoat/uo-*  ,  or  propenfity 
€i{  the  Mi/er  is  completely  known  to  every  reader  or  fpcdlator  from  the 
vtry  title  of  the  piece. 

'  I  know,  inde:?d,  that  Le  BofTu,  and  others,  have  ^/^/•»  a  mean- 
ing to  this  pafTage,  by  making  Arillotlc  fay,  what  he  certainly  docs 
not  fay,  viz.  when  it  is  not  yal  manifeft  "  ex  indicio  dicentis,^^  what 
the  will,  or  choice  of  the  fpeaker  is.  But  if  the  common  reading 
were  right,  we  might  farely  cxpeft  to  find  the  words  <»  qU  ovk  teft  ^*>Ao», 
&c.  fubjoincd  in  other  places  where  he  defines  the  u^.c.  Yet  we- 
have  nothing  like  it  in  cap.xv.  initio;  nor  in  the  fecond  book  of  his 
Rhetoric,  where  he  fays  only,  >$>?  0  ty(t»vTi  ^oyct,  i-  00-01?  ^^Y,\r.  vi  irfOTti^ttrt^', 
nor  in  other  paflnges  of  the  fame  work,  relative  to  the  fame  fubjcft. 

*  Piccolomini's  tranflation  agrees  with  mine,  and  is  exprefled  with 
bis  ufuai  accuracy.—"  Ma  il  coltume  ncl  parlar'  c  quello,  il  quale 
moftra  fuora,  e  apparir  fa  il  volere,  et  I'elettion  di  chi  parla.  Pcroch(j 
alcuni  parlari  fi  truovano,  li^uali  non  hanno  collume;  come  ch'  in 
effi  non  appaia,  et  non  fi  m.inirefti,  qucllo,  chc  6  clegga,  6  fugga,  con 
la  fua  volonta,  chi  parla." 

Note  LXYJI.  OJyucTfiaw  yaf  frciuv^  ovk  iTromciv  iiravlx  lax 
ctulu  ffin'flSn'— AAA'  *A  tts^i  fxictv  wca^iv^  olav  ^^eyofASif  tvj  Oiua-^ 
ffiiavj  ZTNE2TH2AN.  *'  Non  cecinit  omn\ a-^fed  qua  circa 
unam  folam  adioncm,  qualcm  Odyjfeam  dicimus^  conjiiterunt** 
Viflorius  reads  aWoL^  and  <Tx.tt7,y\:iv.  Mr.  Twining  is  inclined 
to  follow  Vidiorius's  conjecture,  pointing  and  tranflating  it 
1. 1        -  — ■      — —      ■  ... 

*  •  rne  words  ij»  Tr.-'.»»fi:crn' '.  ■>.»  ..£-.«.,  are  not,  I  think,  render- 
ed with  Mr.  Harris's  ufual  accuracy,  —  "  what  the  determination  of  a 
fpe2kcr  ivill  St.**  ll^ocufta-tr,  here,  is  nox  particular  Hrt.Tmi nation,  but 
that  habitual  an  J  general  propenfuy,  which  is  the  cauje  of  particular  de- 
It^jminations.' 

S  3  th«is: 


rining'i  Tranjlmim  efJnJt»tli*i  Tnatifi  m  F^Hrj* 

%i  Tn^  l?vifltJiat,  **■  Sc(i  circa  unam  a^imem^  qu£iUm  dki» 

fiam  c&nftitmt  \  pariterqr/e  Iliadinu'  "  But  h^  planned 

cy.,  as  he  alio  did  his  lllad^  upon  an  a^lion^  ibat  ii 

lie  fcnfe  here  eKplarned/'     He  acknowlcges^  however, 

|<x,  befide  its  fuppoTt  frotn  MSS,  trvfwers  belter  to  I  he 

3£,  which  precedes:  ai/j?  i^oir^ik  »V;:t7a(  eVa  ai/l'^^i^vE,:!!— 

Jrft  /t^,  w.  kc*  but  he  thinks  that,  if  &>h'  tl  be  retained, 

Ige  fliould  fl and  thus:  a>x  £  in^i  ^ixv '^rpaiiv^  [fc^  i^\} 

TTiv  0^,<raEi3iv^  ITNE^THEEN,  which  reading,  on 

f,  he  thougjic  ic  right  to  follow. 

LXVill.  At:3!^j^£^3aj  «z(  ;«nKTSai  to  oAov*  Mr*  Twin- 
I  not  think  ^ix(tift^^at  right.  It  is  rendered  by  Goiil- 
'Iverfufn  reddaturi^  for  whtth  fenfe  of  the  word  Mr.T. 
lauihority,  at  lead  in  Ariftotle's  writings.  It  flif^uld 
J  d'tfiirpatur^  dlJlrakMur^  &c.  but  he  thin ks^  that  Ar iflotle 
A<l>8ElfEieAI,  ffcikd^  or  deftr^ytd.  So  in  bl%  Topics^ 
L0  AI  TO  O'AON/  vdK  I .  p,  258,     B.  ed,  Dwaai. 

^ft|t{rl(%i.    Mr,  Twining  conjedlures  that  for  si^^T^v  w« 
fad  dvi^Viit^v. 

Lxxxv.    Awo  jwfj^  oyy  teu  ^u^qu  ^i-n  llEPI  TATT A  t^\ 
7\U   *^  Cir^a  hac.^'    About  Ufifl/f     Vic- 


Twining*!  TroftflnicM  §fjfr!fi0tle*s  Tnatife  $n  Pntry.    147 

be  CMJefiures  •AILVOTHTOX.     For  his  learned  defence  of 
this  conje^ure,  we  refer  the  reader  to  his  notes. 

Note  CJtX.  To;  trapA  ra  c{  ay^ryim;  ccx^TiOu^ova'a;  ata^rmii 
r«  woiiQuiiu  Some  MSS.  have  ra  7ra:a  rof  i(  Ayaywifj  &c. 
which  Mr. Twining  prefers  as  heing^  on  the  whole,  thecleareft. 
It  is  alfo  the  reading  of  Vidoriu). 

Note  CXXII.  A!  it  {^avctyyufiatt^'l  tx  ire^ivStiar^  inrif  i  a 
roig  Niwifoiff,  /3ia1»kj.  Viflorius  underftands  ttc  vi^iiriluxg  adver- 
bially, ^^  cafu,  fortuito,  et  quia  ita  ceciditJ**  Heinfius,  taking  7rfp<* 
ir€ust  in  the  dramatic  fenfe,  tranflates,  ^^  quae  g  mutationibus  in 
€9ntrarium  oriuntur,^*  Mr.  Twining  allows  this  to  be  the  ob- 
vious meaning  of  the  expreflion,  if  not  underdood  adverbially  : 
but  he  thinks  it  cannot  be  Aridotle's  meaning,  becaufe  the  dif- 
covery  of  the  fear  of  Ulyfles  was  not  the  confequence  of  any  fuch 
vFiftwilux.  Mr.T.  though  with  fome  hefitation,  conjeflures  u 
nPOnETElAS. 

Note  CXXIII.  AsJIecoi^ty  al  vtirotriuivM  ivorou  Toorrot/,  ho  oiM 
altxyoi.    Mr.  Twining  reads  h\o  altxvoiy  without  the  negative. 

Note  CXXV.  EkHvog  h  [iix  ariuuwfj]  raula  oi/v  avlog  Xfysi,  a 
fiou?i(lcu  0  noittiriiy  um!  ou^  i  fjLuSo;.  Mr.  T.  allows  to  Dacier's 
conjedure,  iix  nx/xripico^  the  praife  of  ingenuity,  but  has 
adopted  hx  fffifxnuv  on  the  authority  of  a  MS.  mentioned  by 
Vidorius. 

Note  cxxxv.  *0  fAYi  i^oovlx  Tov  dixirtv  cXavS'^xyry.  Dacier  for 
^ts^lnv  propofes  nOIHTHN.  Caflelvctro  underftood  the  paffagc 
nearly  as  Dacier  does,  but  conjectured  0  /(a»  ifxvlxj  HI  tov  Bix^^ 
Ifpfy  iXavianv  AN.  Mr.  Twining  reads  the  paflage,  i  fin  opa^^x^ 
•m,  or  XlSnEP,  SicSryy  fAov&avey,  and  tranflates,  *  which 
efcaped  him  [i.  e.  Carciuus]  Jor  want  of  feeing  the  aSfion  as  a 
fpi£fator.* 

Note  cxxxvii.    UAxy(^^a\oi  yaf  avo  TH2  ATTHX  ^inrtoi^  ol 

'  Nothing,  (fays  Mr  .Twining,)  I  thtnk»  can  be  more  forced  and  im- 
probable, than  the  fenfc  given  to  the  words  aro  rr?  ailr.^  ^vciuu  by 
Vidorius,  and,  after  him,  by  Goulfton  and  Dacier  **  eorum  ^ui  pari 
uatura  ingenioque  praediti,"  &c.— De  deux  hommes,  qui  feront  d'un 
Jgal  genie f  tec,  U  the  text  be  right,  the  only  fcnfe  I  fee  is  that  given 
by  Heinfius: — **profterftmllitudinem  ejufdem  natur/r i^'^^i,  c.  ** from 
natural fympatbyy  But  I  am  much  difpofed  to  fufpedl,  that  we  (hould 
read,  anz'  mTTHS  THI  fwrift/v — «^  ipf"'  natura;  ipfa  natura  comparatum 
efly  ut,  &c.* 

Note  CXL.  Toin-tfk  yap  e<  fxtv  ttrjtKx^oiy  ol  3e  tft^dlticoi  uo'iv.  So 
Mr.Twinlng  reads,  with  a  MS.  of  Vi£)orius,inftead  of  liilaaltKot. 

Note  cx^l.  Tovi  TE  >.oyovi  Toug  ^CTroiuME'ouj— roi/j  AE  Aoy«/^, 
which,  according  to  Vidorius,  has  MS.  authority,  Mr.  T* 
thinks  would  be  a  preferable  reading, 

S  4  Note 


XLV.    Tmj  ^iJtf  O^m^am  i^ithpc;  I  h^y^  i^1*n  Mf*  Twf* 
MIKPOS  with  MS,  Med. 

Lit,  To  Ji  TiTa^lw,  Dtcv,  dPt  ^ofxjoff,  &c^  Mr.  T,  oii 
ity  of  rbe  enumeration  of  thefe  fpccies,  in  chap^  xxiv. 
-e  paflage^  to  Ji  TiTo^loifj  »7t^v^^  uo^v^  6ic» 

Mr.  Twining  obferves  that  the  ^actySftwTroi',  moral 
poetical  jullicc,  Sec*  was  the  tr^r^  chara£ieriflic  of 
fable,  (Jiir;^)?  «7yT7a.(rK)  and  that  the  mft antes  cited  by 
eem  to  accord  exa£lly  with  this  ii^ea*  In  Head,  there- 
of'AHAOIa)  TTpayiAatTi^  he  conjei5lures  iv  to*?  .linAQlS 

Jlviii,  Toif  Ji  ^i-jToif  Tflt  3iJo/ii>a,  &c,  Mf*T*  adopts 
tlure  of  MadiuF,  A:AOMENA  for  AIAOMIiXA,  which 
I'prifed  to  find  had  been  unnoticed  in  alt  the  fubfequenc 

anes  which  he  had  feen. 

Ilxii«  T*  yap  av  t\vi  tou  Mynvlo^  ipyo^  n  0x.&ilo  niixnxi 
l5vtJ> ;  Mr*  Twining  propofcs  to  read  HAH  far  HAEA^ 
Uiloflln  fc»  ToiffiSt* — that  is,  iXiiii^a,  Skttix,  &c^  ifthej^ap-* 

m  (o ;— in  themfdvis*  The  fame  conjeflure,  he  fays, 
[red  long  ago  to  Caiklvetro,  but  has  not  been  ooticed 

the  commejitators. 

rixxvifl,   CjVk  rja7roX>.OE  T&jv  MfVgXx^J^^v.    DacJcr  Con- 


Twining  V  Trrnijlatun  efArlfistli's  Treafift «»  Pniry.     249 

nidation  were  neccfliry,  that  15,  if  an  enigma  cannot  be  made 

the  mere  ^w>3cj'«c  c^oajburv,  be  would  preter  A.VAI1N'  to  KT- 

IN. 

Note  CCIII.  E7.Sfar.i:?  rsv  cnxxlai  ti;  to  lai^cw — literallf,   the 

rd  ieing  put  int9  the  metre ;  i.  e.  as  Vidorius  and  others  ex- 

in  it,  •*  taking  care,  that,  in  changing  the  words,  you  do  ir 

lih^  metrgy *  It  appears  to  me,   (fays   Mr.  Twining,} 

t  nothing  tolerable  can  be  made  of  the  p^rafc,  ck  to  m/!*o»» 
;en  in  this  fenfe.  If  it  mignt  be  *aicen,  as  iovn^  have  taken 
mixHrhially^  for  /u.^pi^'( — to  a  moderate  degree — all  would  be 
IL' — ^  1  incline  to  think  this  was  Arifloile's  meaning,  and 
t  he  probably  wxoie  «$  to  MET?I0N  ' 

Note  ccv.  ^x-^iiaoix  i!  ymj  cjl,kjl%  tc^iti  voSc;,  •  We  fliouTd 
d,  probably,  for  the  fake  of  the  metre,  either  OsrrsoxajL  >*% 
it  is  corre^td  in  the  Oxford  Euripide<,  or,  which  feems  iliU 
Iter,  ^aytiaofx  c^r,  which  is  Du  Pauw's  emendation.* 
Note  ccv  I.  ^uif  h  fx  sxv  o\tyoi  ts  xeu  oulJ^xic;^  mm  ajhkv;. 
'  Three  Medicean  MSS.  here  give  aE'ahI  fcr  3ik,kv  ;  and  (o  tiie 
JId.  and  the  vcrfion  of  /W/a,  This  reading  is  alfo  mentioned  by 
ftathius.  Perhaps,  then,  uuht;  might  be  the  reading  of  AiiSotlj's 
)y  (of  the  Odyfley)— the  precious  copy  <«  :a,-$it*«.,  of  which  we  he::r 
much ;  and  he  might  mean  to  exemplify  his  propoTcrd  ex  peri- 
i«  of  fubftituiing  common,  for  poetical,  expreSoD,  only  in  the  l«o 
P  words;  repeating  the  lall  af^V,;  merely  to  complete  his  rerfe.* 
Note  CCX.  Aio,  u/fffTf^  uTousv  Yi^if,  xai  raulr,  BtavtTiog  «»  (psoim 
fiifor,  &c.  Mr.  Twining  points  the  paflage  thus  :  Aio,  i^^ 
)  ffivour?,  nin  xxt  ratflr^  &c.  ^  Hiti  xoi  rxtUft^  eilreadyj^^even 
the  f.rft  operation  of  his  genius,  the  very  choice  of  his  fubjeft, 
d  formation  of  his  plan.* 

Note  CCX  I.  Ntfy  Jj,  iv  /t*fffoc  ajToXxSxVy  mt^ciiotf  MtXirTcu  AT- 
IN  7^o\yo^f• 

'  If  AriHoile  meant  the  other  parts  of  the  war,  egvUtw  muft,  furslr, 
wrong.* — '  Htinfius  conjcttured  .rrof  which  is  adopted  and  ex- 
ined  by  De  Boifu,  II.  5.  and  6.  -  But  a  learned  friend  has  fuggeil- 
to  me  a  conjedure  liill  more  probable,  thax  Arillotle  wrote  A  \.\iis. 

S;le6ling  one  part  only  of  the  war,  he  haa,  from  other  parts,  iouo- 
lA  many  cpilodcs." 

Note  CCXVI.  rifpiTlu  yof  xai  i  hifytifjieStMn  iiiyan^i^  nrj  eOy^-j, 
r.  Twining  corrects  the  paflage  thus  :  Trifirrii  yof,  not  TAT- 
cL,  ii  i^riynucQuoi  /xiptf»a-»?  twv  oxAw^— **  In  this  refpe£f  tJC»'* 
Note  CCXX.  hia^^?^  J*  iyo#XH«»  «»  ti»  uroroiia  to  airaX:;yc7. 
«.— Vid^orius  reads  and  points  the  paflage  diflcrently :  fjta}j.cv 
witxiicu  tv  rri  tvoiroitx  to  AAOrON,  J»*  0*  — Mr.Twining,  in  his 
mflatian,  has  followed  the  corred^ion  of  V^i^orius  :  but,  in  his 
nn,  he  oblerves  that  perhaps  he  would  have  done  better,  had 
t  omitted  the  doubtful  part  of  the  pailage-i^tbe  words,  to  ataXo. 


ildg*!  Trofifiaticn  BfAriftailis  Tnatifi  en  Poetry.  151 
fMP.      Km  y  a?  Tovio  yi  xxi  xeSa  fxelx^oiav,     Kau^ 

%M^  tiokv/cleu  xt<r(r.itpoto, 

Slli.  AJJoi  Kala^7\Ci>t(TafA€m  Mr.Twining  thinks  that 
MMlaao^taaufvoi  mud  be  allowed  the  praife  both  of  in* 
id  probability.  In  his  tranflation,  however,  he  hat 
!Knce  to  the  authority  of  all  the  MSS.  by  following 
nn  reading. 

\m'  TO  yai  wA^ahiyixoc  itt  iwip^x^tv.  fiatreux  propofes 
gement  of  the  paflage:  A?^>.a  leai  vfog  'o  ^sK'toy-  ro  yag 
»  ht  iirmx^iVj  ronilovf  fuvxi^  olm  Zfyfcc  eyfa^.  v      Mr. 

agrees  with  Mr.AVin(tanley  in  thinking  that  the 
idhvg  ftivai,  ohi  Z.  iyp.  (hould  be  tranlpofed  :  but  be 
be  that  any  alteration,  farther  than  mere  tranfpofi* 
cefiary.  He  would  read  —  A>>uz*:di  irso^  to  f?5toy,  [fc. 
;J  romlougi'mai  fc.  iei\  img  Ztvi:^  ty^aptv  ro  y%p  vol^ 
s  irtftx^tv, 

CLV.  n^o;  d  (paat  TaXoyx,  Mr. T.  points  the  paflage 
S  a  ^a7iy  ra  aXoya  [i'c.hi  axaynv :  J  and  fo  it  is  explain- 
inflated  by  Caftelvetro.      J  he  fenfe  of  the  pa(r>2e  he 

fo  be  *'  By  general  opinion  we  may  excufe,  not  only 
f  aowalov,  hut  even  fuch  things  as  are  manifef^ly  im* 
mi  abfurd.*'— As  if  Ariflotle  had  written  ^/.o$  a  fao'i^ 
Koya. 

CL7I.  Tay  i'^tmvlia  w;  rifufxrva.  Heinfius  corrcSed 
EKivlia  tipv/jL£va.  Mr.T.  propofes,  as  an  eafier  and  more 
imcndation,  ra  ^  'TIlENANTmS  e.f ti/xevx. 
^TIII  Crxv  [xn  avxyxr,;  ou(rrg  fxn^iv  x?^^^*  '»'w  ot\oy(ff 
twitm  Tj)  Atytnllov  ^rovufia,  wcr^c^  iv  OpsaT,  rou  Mtvt>aoum 
ting,  from  the  conjeSures  of  Robortelli  and  Goulfton, 
tie  paflage  thus :  o]av  fxri  ocvayxvi^  ouo^yi^  fin^ev  x^^^^^  '^^ 
ing  EupiTTiini  EN  tw  AlFEI-  H  TH  ^ovupipt,  (i(nreg  tv  T«p 
tr  MtJtKxov. 
CLXIV.  X2(  ya^  ouk  aio'S^evo/Afveov,  a?  juyi  aJlo^  vpoff^if^  sroX* 


Tmmng's  Tr^nfianlm  ^AnJ!$ili^$  Tn&tffi  9n  Psiirj* 

«  fAst^^ma  aufA$mi'n  ^9  ^Uif^%^T^z  for  ih^  omfiSoR,  bf 
I  will  leave  a  clear  and  complete  fcnfe  i  anJi  m<5reov«f»i 
in  which  the  only  meaning,  that  can  well  be  gifCo 
^rds  omirted)  fecn^s  in  fa£l  to  be  impticij.  An  ptm  pv»  n  ts 

ifav  JKTffj^  ^prTaj^U.  **  The  ftirpriiing  is  necefliry  in 
bat  the  epic  poem  admits  of  it  to  a  greafcr  degree, — b 
there,  the  adion  is  not  fern  '* 

te  ccxxvjii.  Ai^$i  n  mxi  ^x\jT7i2i^— Hemftus  read?^  Kl 
^ilti,  n  xai  ^Aaj/lfiur.  Vt^gfius  sind  Other  commenuio 
fe  If  fips  U)  be  under  flood*  Mr«T\  ^p^rmvcs  che  corre 
f  Hf  in  ft  lis,  b^Jt  thinks  it  might  be  improved  by  read  in 

H  KTPIA5  fj  iw«  yhuyrl^^. 

te  ccxxxi,    Oph  ai^'tr$rJ%  «^*  woiKftim^.     Av7hc  A  1 

,he  text  ikndfi,  it  is  put  as  if  Aniloile  had  faid— •*  then 
pto  fa^llt^  of  the  pmry  hfiif:  one,  of  ihe  psttfj  iifiift  an 
her^  trtcid^ntaV  Accordingly  l>jcier,  Battrux,  andilmo 
e  tpanfljitors,  negle£l  the  wofd  ai/lni.     Poffibly  k  ml%hf^ 
lally,  have  flood  thus  ;  oi/fi  m>K?,ri  Tt%'.w;,  xa*  sromTtKiji  «J^<«._ 

>te  CCXXXI  I.  Et  ^ff  ydf  ^TfijftXdo  /i^ijtiJtff^^rS-aJ  aJW^jj 
e  MSS.  iiiftead  of  1!  ^m^Caliclvctro  and  Heiofius  J 


Twinifig'i  Tran/aticn  BfArtftaiVt  Tnatifi  6n  Poetry.    151 
X909.      Em  ^*  ay  toUo  yi  xxi  xeZa  fjLzlx^oiav.     KaUf 

fate  CCLII.  A^Toi  McOa^vOt'TafAivoi      Mr.Twining  thinks  that 
us's  Kdioffofiffautvot  mud  be  allowed  the  praiie  both  of  in« 
ity  and  probabilicy.     In  his  tranflation,  however,  he  hat 
a  deference  to  the  authority  of  all  the  AiSS.  by  following 
il  cooimon  reading. 

T9  0t)^to9'  TO  yap  wAfahiyfAu  hi  i^jripex^tp.  Batreux  propofes 
arrangement  of  the  paflage:  A\Xa  x^t  ?rfc(  *o  ^sK'iov  ro  ya^ 
^nyfJM  ifi  i'^tptxsiv,  TOtiilouf  S^iivxij  oU;  Xiuit^  ey^a^.v  Mr. 
^ng  agrees  with  Mr..Win(hiiley  in  ihinkii»g  that  the 
lida,  roiHhif  J'ffivoi,  oiV;  Z.  f^/p.  (hould  be  tranfpored  :  but  be 
n  not  fee  that  any  alteration,  farther  than  mere  rranfpod* 
p»  is  neceffary.  He  would  read  —  A>>uz*:xi  9r?oc  to  f?5»oy,  [fc. 

Erfnr :}  TOrtloyf  ^'fivoi  fc.  J«J  o<«f  Zft/Jij  sy^aYtv  ro  yxp  sra- 
e  CCLV.  n^of  fit  (patri  TaXoyx.  Mr. T.  points  the  paflage 
M  I  TTfOi  a  ^a7iy  ra  aXcya  [ic.oii  avaytiv  :J  and  fo  it  is  explain* 
I  and  tranflated  by  Caftelvetro.  J  he  fenfe  of  the  pafr»2e  he 
pceiTes  to  be  ^^  fiy  general  opinion  we  may  excufe,  not  only 
l^jn&aiwy  aouyalov,  hut  even  fuch  things;  as  are  manifeiliy  im-* 
pfcable  and  abfurd.*' — As  if  Ariflotle  had  written  Vf.oi  i  ^atri^ 
UU  ta  ctTioya, 

i'Notc  CCL7I.  Tayi^Tivavlix  w;  fifufxcva.  Heinfius  corrcfled 
mjf  ii  y^trailia  tipnfAsva,  Mr.T.   propofes,  as  an  eaficr  and  more 
Nliable  emendation,  ra  J*  'TriENANTiaS  e.fTi/xfvx. 
«  Note  CCLTIII   C'Tjtv  fATfi  avxyxr.i  ou<rri  |ix>j&£»  xp*'^^«»  ^^^  aXorWf 
Ei/fixi^n;  T^  AiytnOov  ^rounfia,  wct^e^  ly  Op£0"7:  tov  Mcif' ao«/« 
wining,  from  the  conjeSures  of  Robortelli  and  C  jouillon, 
the  paflage  thus :  ojav  fMn  xvayKn^  ov(tv\^  lAnbtv  xp^J^'/o*   tm 
I,  ta9%t9  Ei/piwiJuj  EN  Tw  AlFEI"  H  TH  ^ovupiot,  i^TTZf  iv  ria 
TOV  MtJtKxou. 
Note  CCLXI V.  fii  yaf  ovk  aio'Sonv/ACVUv,  av  fxin  aJlo^  Trpo^S'n,  TnlX^ 
Mmiffip  Ktvouilai,  Mr.Toup  propofed  to  read — ay  (Ain  ATA03 
'ZH«,  i.  e.  the  imitators  have  recourfe  to  every  kind  of  mo- 
juft  as  if  the  audience  were  not  able  to  underftand  (0%  to 
J  them,  ••  without  the  addition  or  accompaniment  of  a  flute.** 
.Twining  cxpreiFes  his  deference  for  Mr.  Toup,  but  con- 
tbat  he  does  not  fee  how  any  proper  fenfe  can  be  made  of 
paflage  fo  correded. 
r  I  iioce  cCLXix.  Kai  iixSo^ia.    Some  commentators  render  the 
l^iMas  if  it  were  the  Ample  particle  aSovlay  others  underftand 
p^S  throughout.     Mr.T.  thinks  that  the  only  proper  and 
4  warrantable 


252     Twifring'j  Tranfiation  dfArtJloilii  Treatift  wr  P$ihjA 

warrantable  fenfe  of  the  word  iiahi^  is,  to  fing  dijjinantly:  bt 
thctt'fore  corrcdh  it  to  xSoHa^  and  gives  fome  plauiiUe  rcafooi 
for  the  change  from  arovjat  to  C'.xcovlji, 

Note  CCLXXI.  Kai  ih  cu  fxiH^ov  fASf^o^  riv  tAovcitaty  xxi  th?  «)• 
^Xf'i  ^''y'^  Ta»  ihifj^  £Ti^7a;7a»,  ^vazytaWa,  This  is  the  comUMNI 
reading  :  but  Rdr. Twining  coniiiicrs  the  reading  of  VidoriMi 
and  of  many  MSS.  as  much  better :  xxi  ETI,  ov  /ciixpcy  fufofim, 
lACV7iMr,v  Kou  Tr.v  o'j»y  f;c«,  dV  ng  Ai'  nAONAI  ITNIZTANTil 
£yap7fm7a, 

*  The  fair  and  Uferal  verfion  of  the  words,  ( Mr.Tiwning  iays,) 
be  this :  •*  By  means  of  which,  the  pka/tn-cs  zrt  formeJ,  nmfojedt  rti* 
firuiicd^  or  conftitmcdt  in  the  dearell  and  moil  vifibic  manner.*'  I  gW 
here  what  f  apprcliend  to  be  the  only  fair  fenfc  of  the  verb,  trvndke^ 
$jr» ;  biJt  it  fccms  to  be,  by  no  means,  the  proper  word  in  this|^ac(^- 
and  probably  is  not  the  word  which  Aridotle  wrote.' 

Mr.T.  propofes  riAPirrAN  rAI  as  a  preferable  term*  indi 
illustrates  it  by  a  pafTagc  from  /Elian.  He  thinks  that  cvEfyif*!, 
7ala,  the  reading  mentioned  by  Caftclvctro,  connefls  better  willli 
what  follows,  than  E)^Apysaialx  ;  he  has,  however,  followed  tie 
latter,  as  the  reading  of  all  the  manufcripts. 

Note  CCLXXli.  Etljc,  xai  to  mxpyt;  ^x-'*  ***  ^  rij avT/fvfOtii 
Mai  i-rn  t'jO'j  tcytv.  *  Nothing  can  be  more  evidently  nonfenficali 
(fays  Mr.T.)  than  this  aiifinclion— '*  3afA  in  the  difcweruh 
and  in  the  h:c:dcnts\**  as  if  a  difcovery  were  not  an  incident/  Hi 
follows  the  reading  of  Madius  [a\xyv(cffEi)  as  undoubtedly  right. 

We  have  now,  we  believe,  given  an  abftracl  of  all  Mr« 
Twinlng's  remarks  on  the  prefcnt  ftate  of  the  text  of  Ariftotk^ 
Treaiife  on  Poetry.  For  the  reafons,  with  which  he  has  fup- 
ported  his  remarks,  often  with  great  ingenuity  and  learning,  wC 
jefer  to  his  book.  We  muff,  however,  apprife  the  reader  dat 
Mr.T.  has  frequently  adopted  new  and  valuable  readings  in  hhf 
tranflation,  for  which  he  has  not  accounted  in  his  notes.  WI^ 
mention  this  circumftance,  that  the  redder  may  not,  in  difpuie(( 
paflai»es,  be  contented  with  merely  confulting  the  notes.  Th| 
following  are  fome  that  wc  have  ohfcrvcd  : 

P.  69.  *  So  that  Sophocles  is,  in  one  rcfpefl,  an  imitator  of 
X\\ii  fame  kind  with  Homer,  as  elevated  charadiers  are  the  A^ 
jtih  of  both  ;  in  another  refpcct,  of  the  fame  kind  with  Arifllh- 
phcniesy  as  both  imitaU  in  ihe^vay  of  aSlhn.*  'J 'he  original  of  tll0 
latter  words  in  italics  is,  oli  fjnucu/ui  o^u})lai:  i.e.  as  they  imitil^, 
42g€nts^  or  per/on s  in  a^ion,  **  'J  hey  imitate  ^^ry^n;  i;2  aQM 
is,  imitaniur  eos^  qui  agunt^  fxtuouvlxi  APHNTAI,  the  commoi 
reading  :  **  They  imitate  /;/  the  way  ofa^ion**  is,  we  apprchcni 
imitautur  ipf;  a^cntes^  agendo^  imi^qu^Im  Ar^^iN TEI,  which  il  fl 

P.7S' 


T wining'j  Tranjlattonof  Anfiotlfs  Treatife  on  Poetry,     25 j 

P,  75.  *  In  the  way,  not  o(  narration^  but  of  aflion.'     The 
jteininon  reading  is  01/  ii  tTrayyeXix;,     Mr. Twining  has  traaf- 
trted  the  reading  of  many  MSS.  ov  Si*  AnAFFEAIAI. 
!r  .  P.8o«  ^  For  numberlcfs  events  have  happened  to  one  man:* 
|»e.  Tu  7*£NI  ffutA^aivu.    The  common  reading  is  rcii  yivu  a. 
r'P,95.  *  As  Achilles  is  drawn  by  Agatho^  and  by  Homer/ 
le  common  reading  is  oioi^  toi/  AxxXAfa  ayx-jov  kjci  'O^otufoc. 
.Twining  has  followed  AFAQXIN  xai  'OfjLr,^oi :— but,  in  his 
thrts  and  correSiions^  he  retrafts  this  reading,  and  prefers 
common,  aya^ov* 
P.  103.  'Their  choral  fongs  have  no  more  tonneSf  ion  whh 
fubje£^,  than  with  that  of  any  other  tragedy  :'  OT  f4a}^>^v 
§M»Aou — ijli*  The  common  reading  is  fju»\Aok  rou  [mu^ou — i(/k 
irkhout  the  negative. 

P.  105.  *  i*or  G  R,  without  A,  is  not  a  fyllaWe  :'  i.  c.  km 
Wf  TO  r  P  avtu  A,  OTK  E37i  <ru}^xafin.  The  common  reading 
fi^eofZV  A,  fTuhha^ri, 

f  lb.  *  of  fuch  a  nature,  as,  out  offeveral  founds,  each  of  them 
||gnjficant,  to  form  one  fignificant  found:*  i.e.  rx7rX£;cv:tv^£> 
fmHQ9,  afi*jLaiItx(cv  3f,  Troieiv  Tnpvfiuia  fjuav  cr,fAailixr,y  (pxvrtv.  The 
jCOOimon  reading  \s-^vytfjuxvlinr,v  ie  Tromv  iri^vxuia  fuccv  ^u-jrv, 
•  P.  J  06.  *  Others  relate  to  aflion  or  pronunciation.*  i.  c.  ^  It^ 
malbt  ra  uvoHfiluuc.  The  common  reading  is  ifroHpOa.  I'he  new 
ing  is  introduced  into  the  note,  but  without  any  mention 
ic  differs  from  ihc  common. 
P.  128.  *  Thi*,  however,  may  alfo  be  defended  by  meta- 
Df  :*  i.  e.  ttr.  3'  xv  roJlo  xa*  hoU  tx{lA^o^x¥»  "^1  he  common 
ding  is  un  S'av  OT  toJIo. 

We  cannot  difmifs  Mr.Twining's  book  without  obfcrving 
t  his  readers  will  fcldom  have  to  objedt  to  him — that  he 
difficulties  becaufe  he  cannot  explain  them.    We  fhould 
do  him  juilice,  it  we  did  not  notice  his  great  fairnofs  in 
ng  fully  and  minutely  the  obfcuritiesof  his  author,  which  he 
often  at  lad  obliged  to  rc)inqui(h  to  the  evanefcent  hopes  of 
r  manufcripts,  or  the  more  fortunate  refearches  of  future 
ittts.     We  recon^mend  to  our  readers,  as  proofs  of  our  re- 
:,  and  as  fpecimcns  on  which  they  may  try  their  ingenuity, 
following  notes:     10.  29.  79.  138.  147.  150.  154.  1C6. 
.  191.  201.  223.  233.   242.  243.  251.  253.  255.   257. 
i^*  271. : — but,  for  the  elucidation  of  thefe  and  many  other 
ictllties,  we  wait  impatiently  for  the  new  edition  of  Arifto- 
'»  treatife,  with  Mr. Tyrwhiti*?  corre^Hed  text,  new  Latin 
ation,  and  notes;  with  collations  of  the  Venice,  Paris, 
-yden,  and   Wolfenbottle  MSS.    which  has  been  printing  at 
(ford,  and,  as  we  undcrfland,  is  foon  to  be  publifhed. 

Art. 


(     254    ) 

,  IL    Cijfus  FrhiifHi  or*  an  ElTay  mward*  a  tfifiory  of  4c 

ndpoUiy  of  Scatbud :  with  (omt  Acccium  of  the  Ap|i*]iigc  »i 
nours  anncjced  to  the  fecjr*d  ?fU\tt  of  Scolbnd.  %y  Hijjll 
d«od,  S.S-T.P.  Pfofdror  of  Hiibry  in  the  Uttivtffef  <f 
ifgow«    4^0.    pp.aoi.     ios«  6d.  Bu4rdi.     Nkol. 

E  obie^  of  the  author  of  this  publicatinn  will  be  bell  ti^ 

pbrncd  by  the  accaunc  which  he  has  given  of  it  in  his  lo^ 
(Hi  on: 

['he  dcfign  of  the  following  paijcf  is,  to  endeavour  to  tlirsf 
upC^n  a  part  of  cur  iiationa.!  hi  (lory  and  con{litEitioiT»  ihlt  \M 
bui  little  attended  to,  aod  !»>  gencrtiJIy  fpeftkaig»  til  un^erjlooi 
there  was  formerly  a  Prmcc  of  Scmbnd,  muil  oc  knowu  to^» 
thai  lin^  Frmce  iiad  a  Pnocipality,  with  certain  powen»  rielitii 
irivifeges,  dllUnd  trnm^  and  in  dependent  £)fp  iJte  efl«ieof  tb 
I,  appears  to  be  knoivn  but  to  few.  Awd^  ^\\l  fewer  :i^-  "'* 
led  with  the  origin  ^  nature,  and  cJticflt  of  the  rdate*  t\ 
privileges,  of  the  Prinee  and  Stewart  of  Scotland  ;  Dtp  »i'ii  uir 
n  and  repeated  ads  of  the  legislature,  b)^  whiih  thefc  fW« 
a  on  him,  and  bdienably  DTinexed  and  fccurcd  to  hioi, 
\  man  may  read  all  the  writers  on  the  hillory  and  law  of  Sect* 
that  have  been  piiblifhcd  to  the  world ,  without  rtrccmng  muci 
nation  upon  this  ftibje^ ;  Ilrange  as  that  may  feefiip  and  iiB- 
m  as  the  fubjed  mull  be  admitted  to  be.  The  hisbfians,  in- 
,  tell  u?t  and  repeat  it^  one  after  aroihcr>  that  a  certain  PrijKf 
created  Duke  of  Rothefay;   and,  then*  add,  that  tbi^  was  ik 


3 
J 


Maclcod'j  Cafus  Principls.  1^5 

lueRioned,  <  whether  his  dukedom  be  a  real  dukedom,  his  earl- 
lom  ^  rcsl  earldom^  or  whether  thefe  and  his  various  other 
^Ooourf^  be  not  merely  nominal  and  mock  honours,  without 
ol  dignity  or  privilege:  in  (hort,  whether  the  perfonage,  who 
las  legally  fucceeded  to  the  principality  of  Scotland,  be  a 
lobleman,  or,  is  entitled  to  the  rank  and  rights  of  the  lowed: 
^tent-baron  who  goes  to  parliament  by  his  reprefentative/ 
Mir  author  conceived  *  that  a  concife  and  faithful  {late  of  the 
C^  cf  ibi  Princ€,  might  be  no  unacceptable  prefent  to  the 
public' 

1  This  work  is  divided  into  thirteen  feflions,  the  firft  of  which 
Rats  *  of  the  Prince  of  Scotland  till  the  death  of  Robert  F,'— 
tcA.  2-  *  Of  the  Prince  from  the  death  of  Robert  I.  to  the  eighth 
ffaw  of  Robert  III.'  Among  many  curious  and  intereHing  ob- 
ervations,  the  author  informs  us  that,  between  the  i6th  of  IVlarchi 
iod  the  26th  of  Of^ober  1 398,  and  in  the  eighth  year  of  the  reign 
if  Robert  ill.  the  title  ot  Duke  was  firft  introduced  into  ScoC- 
IUmI^  and  conferred  on  David  the  eldeft  fon  of  the  reigning 
iBMmarch. — About  this  period,  John  of  Gaunt,  who  is  ftyled 
lobn  Duke  of  Aquitaine  and  Lancafter,  uncle  to  the  King  of 
England,  and  David,  who  is  ftyled  Earl  of  Carrick,  eldeft  bn 
it  the  King  of  Scotland,  met  for  the  purpofe  of  fettling  the 
KNrders,  and  terminating  all  matters  in  difpute.  At  a  fubfe- 
pent  interview  between  the  fame  parties,  David  is  ftyled  Duke 
of  Rothefay.  *  This  innovation,  probably,  proceeded  on  an 
^jea,  to  which  the  interview  of  the  two  princes  might  naturally 
||hre  rife,  that  it  was  unfui table,  and  unworthy  of  the  Scottifh 
pational  dignity,  that  the  princes  of  England  fhould  enjoy  a 
Ihle  of  nobility,  which  was  efteemed  to  be  of  higher  rank  than 
that  poflcflcd  by  the  hereditary  Prince  of  Scotland/ 

Sc^.  3.  •  Uf  the  erediun  of  the  Principality  of  Scotland.* 
.'Owing  to  the  original  oc-cd  of  erection  being  loft,  four  d if- 
Jntnt  opinions  have  been  maintained  rcfpedling  the  time  of  the 
!&|plQt.  Sir  George  Mackenzie  places  it  in  the  year  1371,  in 
^fc  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Robert  the  lid.— Mr.  Camden, 
'•fco  received  his  information  regarding  Scotland  from  Sir 
Itobert  Sibbald,  conceived  the  principality  to  have  been  firft 
ended  in  the  year  1398.  This  is  the  opinion  moft  generally 
Idieved  on  the  fubject.  Sir  James  i^alfour,  ind  the  hiftorian 
^drawford,  confider  it  as  eRabliflied  in  the  year  1404;— and 
.Ifr. Chalmers,  a  late  writer,  differing  from  the  above  opi- 
wos,  dates  its  origin  from  the  year  J469. 

In  the  three  following  feftion*,  Tome  account  is  given  of  the 
Dntchy  of  Cornwall,  of  the  Dauphine  of  France,  and  of  the 
Priocipality  of  Walts,  with  an  idea  that  they  might  throw 
bast  light  on  the  fimilar  eftabiiihment  in  Scotland ;  it  being 

well 


Macleod'i  C^fu$  Primlpiu 

known  that  the  Utter  country  harrowed    many  hints  tn 

rsof  (egiflaiion  aiiJ  police  both  Uom  Frsifjcc  and  £fr^Untl. 
lavc  nt>c  room  to  cnumerale  the  fubjcdts  of  the  rciiuiuuig 

ifoughout  this  wi^rk,  the  author  pays  Ihtle  regard  f<r 
uthofJty  of  BucharMn  as  an  hi(}ori  .n  \  ;iiid,  m  I  he  ibl* 
g  piillage,  he  ctiijiircs  him  wilb  rcveriiy: 
'he  aiitffnpt  all u Jed  to  abjv^,  to  Jcrogaic  from,  or  rrcdcf 
ful,  the  appn^nngc  ard  birth-right  hcsnt>ur5  oi  the  l*nRce  cf 
Dd,  fo  cxpfcf^iy  fccurcd  a*>d  carefully  pfefcrvcd  to  him  bylaw, 
adenot  by  the  K.ing,  ihcParli^ifnent,  or  the  Fet^pk  of  ScotliniJ, 
y  the  lic^r.ticm^  p^a  of  GccTg';  BuchaRnaw,  G*?orgc  wax  i 
and  a  jaAty  ci-*icbr»*lcd  one: ;  ai:a  wUcn  he  applied  the  drrgs  of 
e  to  the  ^vriting  of  hillory  aiid  pditjcs,  he  jilkivwcd  himfclt  the 
ihcftki  of  crca^ti  Jiii  C3i;iggcrat:onp  ;iad  fubiluuUQn  of  one  thiii^ 
other,  to  which  he  had  been  fa  long  acf.albm<?d  m  hb  poetiai 
ifitions.  Too  itijv.lcut  to  cxamincp  ur  loo  pr^tki^i^i^  to  rc^Afd, 
-itbij  he  allowed  hb  fancy  to  guide  hia  pen  ;  <itid  v,  r gic  fthil- 
aell  faited  the  views  of  thofe  by  whom  he  wa*  e*Tip!4*ycd,  »nil 
y  paid  tor  fo  doing.      In  \\h  poetical  hillory,  Jimu^it  a  ihtroljiHl 

alllTUQiia  of  equal  authenticity,  EuchannAii  iiiiyrei  ui,  tiiat 
1  Mtryj  previoai  to  her  marnage  with  Lord  Dariiky»  beilo*wi 
^\  the  dignity  of  Duke  of  Rothefay.   VVhE^thtr  he  Liil  la  m  pv>U- 

of  his  op^n  deligtt  to  rob  the  royal  fatnily  of  ihdr  leg 
;if  honour,  and  of  thfir  Ic^aI  hcredlary  right  |  or,  wii-.    i 

it  merely  as  a  reproach  to  \n>  bouniifal  benetaillreii«  the  Qye^Q« 


'Edw»dp^PJutarcbi  di  Bdua^ioni  LihtHruni  LiUrV    2ST 

Duke  of  Rothefay^  which  wa&  contefied  on  a  lats  naemoraUt' 
otrcaflon,'  and  which  we  conceive  to  have  been  the  foundatioa 
of  this  efiay,  not  requiring  a  twentieth  part  of  the  inveftiga- 
tion  which  has  been  beflowed  on  it.— ••To  that  clafs  of  readers^ 
however,  who- are  p'^afed  with  the  antiquities  of  hiftory,  this 
work  will  give  much  fatisfaiSiion.  ^ 


Art.  Hi.  Plktarcbi  di  Educatione  Lihrorum  Liter ^  Greece  et  Lathts^ 
Fariorum  Kotos  adjtdtt  fuafqut  Ammath^erfeones  imMtJcuit,  Thomas 
Edivards,  LL,D.  in  ufum  fiudie/a  Juventtttism  8\ro.  pp.  1 90.  of 
which  60  are  Texc.     3s.  6d.  fewed.     CadelU  &c. 

THT8  uzSk  on  education,  attributed  to  Plutarch,  has  been 
feveral  times  publiOied  by  itfelf,  for  the  ufe  of  learners,  as 
wc  conjecture,  rather  than  for  the  purpofe  of  difplaying  the 
editor's  critical  talents.  The  ftyle,  though  not  very  elegant, 
is  commonly  cafy;  the  maxims  are  plain  and  obvious;  and  the 
text  feems  to  labour  wirh  fewfignal  corruptions*.  Whether  it 
be  the  genuine  work  of  Plutarch,  may  admit  of  a  doubt.  To 
us,  we  mud  own,  notwithlbnding  the  praifes  that  have  been 
given  to  it  by  rcfpeftable  writers,  it  appears  much  inferior  to 
Plutarch  in  force  of  reafoning,  in  fpirit  of  language,  and  in  the 
learning  of  the  allulions.  Muretus  f  therefore  has  fufpeflcd  it, 
and  M.  VVyttenbach ;]:  has  not  fcrupled  to  pronounce  it  fpuri- 
ous ;  which  we  think  Dr.  Edwards  would  have  done  right  to 
mention.  The  fenciments  of  fuch  men,  whether  they  can  be 
tefutcd  or  not,  (houid  never  be  fupprefled. 

Dr.  Edwards  acquaints  us,  in  his  preface,  that  he  had  medi« 
laied  an  edition  of  the  whole  fecond  folio  volume,  which  contains 
what  are  commonly  called  the  Moral  Works  of  Plutarch :  but 
being  difappointcd  in  his  hope  of  MS.  collations,  without  which 
nothing  worthy  of  the  approbation  of  the  learned  could  be  cx- 
pcded,  he  defilied  from  his  undertaking.  Not  to  be  wholly  iii* 
afiive,  however,  he  publiihed  this  treatife  fepirately  j  to  which 
he  has  added  Xylantler's  verfion,  and  fuch  ohfcrvations  of  other 
editors,  as  he  thought  moil  conducive  to  the  llluliration  of  the 
anthor.  In  his  own  note?,  he  profcfles  to  have  had  two  objects 
in  view;  firft,  to  fupply  the  dcfcdls  of  his  prcdcceflbrs;  and 

■  •  When  we  fay  thi^,  we  rather  fperik  of  the  ftatc  to  which  the  text 
^ht  be  brought,  by  a  proper  ufe  of  the  helps  wSich  M3S,  and 
trkkifm  ivould  afford,  than  of  the  Aaie  in  which  Dr.  £(i wards  nat 
iiArsd  it  to  remain. 

t  Var.  Ic^t.xiv.  i. 

I  BiWioth.  Crit.  part  iii.  p.  S9.  where  he  prcmifes  to  make  good  hts 
^faiioD  in  his  cdiuon  ot  Fluurch. 

Kfiv.JuLV,  i;93.  T  fccondly. 


tiw%fiS'~Pi$it^rchi  ii  BJucatmi  Llhir^rum  LUtri 


"4 


ly,  to  eKpbin  jud  defend  the  Uit  M.  Lennep's  fy&em 

f  Urii  thing  that  (Irikes  ys  in  the  notes,  is,  thit  fame  ^re 
gHfll  mn<j  fontc  in  Latim  This  is  a  |jra61tce  which  we 
icvcr  fail  to  reprehend*  When  an  editor  produces  anjr 
ations<^  which  merit  the  notice  o^  the  learned,  (and  everjT 
ought  Eo  believe  at  WrR  as  much^}  let  him  convrrfe  ill 
^mmon  language  uf  the  learned  :■ — but  when  an  author 
on  a  fabjcd  of  learning  chiefl)r  for  the  benefit  of  hit 
ry men,  let  him  compote  whoUy  in  his  mother* tongue*  Pei- 
Ur,  Edwards  was  rnduced  to  wnic  his  notes  in  this  pie- 
ind  patchwork  manner,  by  the  example  of  his  father*! 
:ntus  *  :^biit  it  is  a  faulf  which  we  neHh<rr  cm  nor  will 
5  in  any  of  the  fanjily.  Ff7ll:t  te  imauiem  pietas  laaf 
ithcr  can  we  fay  that  we  have  no  ohjedtions  to  the  mfttter 
;  notes,  from  the  two  oppofiie  circumftanccs  of  deficiency, 
edundancy.  The  fidt  care  of  an  editor  ought  to  be  to 
the  text,  fo  as  topreicrvea  due  medium  between  raihnefs 
inudiiy.  Dr.  Edwards  is  certainly  far  enough  removed 
the  former  of  thcfe  imputaiiona,  but  not  equally  fu  from 
her.  He  is  contented  with  approving  the  readings  of  tbf 
I  oc  eafy  and  probable  conjeifturcs  formed  on  their  iracei; 
bis  approbation  beisg  placed  in  the  notes,  young  readcn 
jldom  take  the  trouble  of  recurring  to  it,  till  they  arc  i:^ 


i 


I^ivnti^^Pbtfarchi  de  BdMcaiicm  Lihrmtm  Libit.    259 

mifapply  thefo  laws,  but  without  difowning  their  authority* 
No  critic  in  his  fenfes  ever  yet  declared  his  refolution  to  put 
into  the  text  what  he  at  the  time  thought  a  wrong  reading ; 
and  if  a  man,  after  perufing  the  works  of  hrs  author  perhaps  ten 
dmes  as  often  as  the  generality  of  readers,— after  diligently 
comparing  MSS.  and  editions,— -after  examining  what  others 
have  written  relative  to  him  profefledly  or  accidentally,— after- 
a  conftant  perufal  of  other  authors,  with  a  fpecial  view  to  the^ 
elucidation  of  his  own,-^if,  after  all  this,  he  muft  not  be  truftcd 
with  a  difcretionary  power  over  the  text,  he  never  could  be> 
qualified  to  be  an  editor  at  all.  VVhatever  editor  (one,  we  meto^* 
who  afpires  to  that  title,)  republiflies  a  book  from  an  old  edi**  ■ 
tion,  when  the  text  might  be  improved  from  fubfequent'dif- 
coveries,  while  he  hopes  to  (hew  his  modefty  and  religion^ 
only  expofes  his  indolence,  his  ignorance,  or  his  fuperftition*. 
Ht.  Edwards,  after  having,  in  his  note  on  p.  3,  approved  an 
emendation  by  Cafaubon,  {yTrtmivrii  for  firnfrcrrt;)  rejeda 
it  in  his  Addenda  with  this  grave  remark :  *  I  grow  daily 
more  feniible  of  the  great  caution  which  is  requifite  in  adopt- 
log  emendations.'  l*hi$  emendation  has  at  leaft  the  warrant  of 
a  MS.  Now,  if  iva'jcivT^  had  been  the  common  reading, 
which  makes  very  good  fenfe,  and  a  MS.  gave  yTruTovltfy  the 
fame  remark,  inverted,  would  be  equally  juft.  The  truth  is, 
fometimea  two  readings  have  fuch  equal  claims,  that  it  is  very 
difficult  to  give  a  decifive  preference  to  either.  In  this  cafe^ 
what  blame  can  an  editor  defervedly  incur,  who  inferts  one  in 
the  text,  if  he  faithfully  informs  us  of  the  other? 

We  (ball  give  a  fpecimen  or  two  where,  as  we  think.  Dr. 
Edwards  might  fafely  have  been  bolder,  without  incurring  the 
oeofure  of  raflinefs.  In  p.  8.  xm  yif  rd  i)9«c  in  frtiMfxgiviov* 
Hoe  all  the  editors,  from  Xylander  incluiively,  faw  that  the 
addition  of  idof  was  neceflary.  Dr.  Edwards  thus  ratifies  their 
opinion :  ^  Other  copies  have  ido^:  both  (fo  far)  right,  for  I 
would  recommend  Koi  yaf  to  iio;  lOof  irl  iroAtf^fowov.'  if  it  were 
too  much  to  give  the  additional  word  a  fettled  habitation  in  the 
tcxt^  it  might  have  been  allowed  to  creep  in  between  brackets. 

In  p.  II.  the  words  wyovfttai  ftill  keep  their  place,  to  the 
ttter  extindion  of  the  fenfe}  while  Dr.  E.  is  contented  with 
iMMwving  the  emendation  of  Schneider  and  Wefthufiua 
wminfM. 

P.  15.  Speaking  of  the  injudicious  conduft  of  parents,  the 
lilbor  fays,  'Ev/ort  ydf  tH^tt^^  ai^OAtf^oi;  /MilXXof  ctvroT^  toSto 

rmm^  MfETovo'i  twi  ircuidi.  Some  MSS.  have  alffiofAhtiv^ 
which,  as  Dr.  Edwards  approves  it,  he  might  more  pardonably 
We  adoritted  into  the  text,  than  have  left  nonfenfe  in  its 

T  a  place« 


^ 


One  MS.  gives  ^W%fi.E)^i  aKMy,  whence  Al.  Br^ncfe 
w^th  ihe  ^y^iht  ad<i»Lion  of  a  letter,  tl^cnu^  i  a^i^iJ^mi 
'This,  however,  hts  not  the  g'^'od  I'ick  to  plci*::  iJr.  E- 

k/  Brunckii  tmindath*^  i\\  fpuc  of  this  ccnfarc,  we  muil 
Itbat  wc  think  the  correal  ion  trye^  a$  f&r  as  ti  goes,  buT, 

p,s,  it  conveys  not  ihi  whale  truth.      I'hc  nght  reading 

^;2.  K£tirpt^s^,<i  might  have  be^n  reHored  wkhout  fciu{}!e 

fctfala,  and  a  note  might  have  be^n  added  containrnf 

I  account  of  the  word:    Tee  Valckenaer  on    HErodotuS,- 

I54.     n^Jppi^ouf   t»l§i^oii<riv.     The   author   is   fo   feMom 

1  of  indulging  himtelf  in  the  luxury  of  an  elegant  phrafej 

>r,  E.  ought  to  have  juftified  hiin  better  than  by  quoifng 

lider's  note,  with  one  example  from  the  ilypid  play  of 

ks  Fathm:  for  that  example  belongs  of  right  to  Euri- 

I  with  whom  the  ivriter  of  that  drama  has  made  very  free* 

fO*    ^fom   manifeftly  Cgnifics   the   fame  as   ^r/ia  ^tW. 

quotes  a  pailiige  from  Henry  Stephens ^s  Thcfautus,  in 

I  that  learned  man  entertains  fome  doubt  of  the  integrity 

text*     It  wotild  have  been  more  ufeful  to|tyros,  if  he 

tferred  them   to   SylburgiuSj  wh(>>   in   his   Appeiidix  to 

ni^s,    p.  QZ7,    produces    fome   pail  ages   from   his   author 


Edwards— P/if/jTf/;/  de  Educattom  Libirorutn  Liber.     261 

It  might  have  been  mentioned,  on  occaflon  of  the  faying  attri- 
buted to  Theocritus  the  Chian  Sophift,  p.  45.  that  the  fame 
vcrfe  of  Homer  was  applied  by  the  Emperor  Julian,  when  he 
was  invefted  with  the  purple. 

We  have  faid  that  we  thought  Dr.  E.  fometimes  redundant. 
Wc  (hall  reduce  our  cenfure  to  two  parts.  He  frequently 
quotes  Stephens,  Hoogeveen,  and  Viger,  to  explain  the  moft 
obvious  words  and  phrafes.  Who  would  have  thought  that  a 
note  tranflated  by  Girard,  from  the  Schoiiaft  on  AriftophaneS, 
was  neceflary  to  explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  fycopha^tt? 
We  are  fenfible,  however,  that  a  great  latitude  muft  be  alFowcd 
in  this  refpe£t ;  fince  that  which  is  clear  to  one,  may  be  ob- 
fcurc  to  another.  Some  may  therefore  perhaps  be  fo  far  from 
thinking  this  minutenefs  fuperfluous,  that  they  may  even  com- 
mend it  as  neceiTary. 

Wc  muft,  however,  confefs  that  we  arc  totally  unable  fo 
find  out  the  neceffity  or  propriety  of  illuftrating  Lennep*s  fyKlern 
of  tenfes  in  a  booic  defigned  to  teach  Greek  to  the  learners  of 
that  language.  Mere  learners  cannot  be  edified  by  being  told 
what  a  prodigious  number  of  Greek  roots  formerly  grew  in  the 
land,  when  they  are  informed  at  the  fame  time  that  none  are 
now  remaining.  Some  of  the  groflcft  of  the  miftakes,  which 
prevail  concerning  the  tenfes  in  our  common  grammars,  might 
occafionally  be  re^lificd:  but  to  proceed  any  farther  ought  to 
be  refervcd  for  thofe  who  have  made  the  philofophy  of  language 
their  ftudy.  It  can  only  perplex  young  underftandings,  who 
ought  to  know  that  a  thing  is,  before  they  inquire  why  it  is  fo. 
Such  remarks,  therefore,  ought  very  fparingly  to  be  introduced 
in  notes.  •  If  a  critic  fhould  chufe  to  favour  the  public  with  a 
dcfcription  of  this  nature,  let  it  be  unmixed  with  hafer  matter:  or  if 
he  has  not  materials  enough  to  make  ^  juflum  volumen,  he  might 
throw  them  into  the  form  of  an  appendix,  by  which  means  the 
conncftion  ot  the  parts  would  be  better  preferved.  Suppofe  a 
reai'er,  without  caring  much  about  Plutarch,  or  at  all  about  the 
notes,  (hould  neverthelefs  be  very  curious  to  underftand  Lennep's 
hypothefis  of  the  Greek  tenfes  illuftrated  by  Dr.  Edwards  ;— 
be  would  huvc  to  toil  through  a  hundred  and  thirty  pages  of 
mifcellaneous  matter,  and  to  pick  up  the  fcattcred  fragments  of 

which  he  was  in  fearch. 
Dr.  Edwards  will  perhaps  aflc.  What  great  harm  is  in  all 

this,  if  the  remarks  themfelves  be  true,  curious,  and  ufeful  ? 

Let  us  then  examine  fome  of  the  principles  which  he  has  laid 

<iown  on  the  fubjedh     The  only  genuine  tenfes  arc  faid  to  be 

fix  in  each  voice,  i»e, 

ry.  ^   C  prefcnt,         future,     perfefl,  *) 

^^  limpcrfed,     aorlft,     pluperfefl.    \ 

r  3  '^tv 


1 


be  aHjrc  vcKce^  cfarttfofe,  cbcfe  tcnfcs  if«  ihus  fupp&Ccd 
( brmcd : 

TG^itf,    Ta^Ts^lE,    Tl^TEfil. 
tr^'^Tl^*^    iTS^3T^^    I7>7£al^ 

the  piJive,  tbus ; 

Tt^ic^jufldj  r^.'S'iVahiffl,  T;a^f&j^« 
ITi^ig'plpf,   |T&4rEff«|&lv«   tT;.xijru^r« 

for  i!ic  reft  of  the  tcn^^,  the  iortft  and  feeond  future 

the  aorif^s  and   futiircs  commoalf  calkd   palE^rc,   he 

h  of  ibem  in  this  manner.     The  future  fecond  adivc  is  a 

iftcnccj  the  fecond  acrrj!!  afltvc  is  an  impcrfecl  frofn  in 

l^e  radix  \  the  aorif^s  commcinly  tailed  p^fiives  are  im-  J 

lis  from  verbs  in  ya^  whofc  prefcnt  tcnfes  have  abfcc^ndc^,  | 

le  ft; [tire  piiEves  are  lutares  from  the   fame  annqii^fcd 

Xhe  paulo^po^futuruin  b  only  the  future  paiEve  with 

plication^ 

Ihal)  take  the  Itberty  to  add  our  fentiments  oti  this  m<- 

s  h)"pothefis,  as  far  as  we  agree  with  it, 

it,  we  allow  that  the  fecond  luturc  idivc  has  no  exiflence, 

was  alfo  the  aflertion  of  Mr,  Djiwcs.     Secondly,  wc 

that  the  middle  voice  (if  by  the  middle  voice  be  meant 

fleclioos  diffciin^  by  a  native  and  inherent  force  from 

and  pallive  voice*,)  never  dtd  nor  cun  cxiil,  and  irsit 


I 


mod  we  Ideally  cannot  fine)  apy  other  reafon.  Aft^ftn//i  too»  we  are 
told,  comes  from  Afi^Ofco;.     Why  ?    Cani  refp^nfam     Similar 
to  this  is  another  fancy,  that  cVfs'iMt)  and  other  prelent  tenfes  of  the 
iame  form  are  not  derived  from  the  perfed  iVuita,  but  that  the 
perfefis  are  formed  from  them.     Thefe  two  pofitions  lefembSe 
each  the  other  fo  nearly,  that  we  (hall  venture  to  aik  the  fol- 
lowing |>arallel  queftiofts  :   If  lAci^Sirv,  i^xx^v^^  tC'vx6v>  ^uid 
,a  great  number  of  like  wor^)^  do  not  belong,  as  -tenfes,  to  the 
tr.iin  oi  KfLi'Hia^  raff^Uj  ^wyuj  ice.  by  what  means  came  they 
to  bear  fo  t'xa£t  a  relation  to  them  i   if  ir^imt  mufsird^  n^imMVf 
.jfnd  the  like,  be  not  formed  from  i'pMgt,  ice.  how  did  they 
.iobtiiin  their  refemblance  to  the  more  fimple  verbs. r»ai,,  M^a^cf, 
/Akauj  &c.     In  p.  i62i  we  are  told,  from  Scheidius,  thatTiitii^ 
is  contracted  from  nSif/Ai.   Then  it  would  be  riGgf^i ;  and  the 
coatradion  niriy^'i  would  be  circumflexed,  to  the  manifeft  detri* 
ment  of  that  imponarU  key. 

Since  there  muft  no  longer  be  any.fecond  aorift^  Dr.  Ed« 
wards  dire£^s  all  the  participles,  taken  for  partictplea  of  the 
fecond  aorift,  to  be  conflrued  as  of  the  prefent  tenfe.  If  any 
perfon  will  take  the  trouble  to  turn  to  the  two  pailages,  p.  it, 
and  p.  34,  he  will  find,  that  the  context,  not  only  permitfy 
but  demands,  a  preterit  fenfe. 

Dr.  Edwards  is  a  little  lefs  fanguine  here  than  10  general; 
for,  after  allowing  that  in  this  very  tra&  a  paflage  occurs  where 
.the  fecond  aoriit  is  manifeftly  contradiftinguikhed  from  the 
prefent,  he  fuppofes  that  at  firft  (1.  /»  before  we  can  tell  what 
they  did,}  they  ufcd  this  form  in  a  prefent  fenfe,  but  afterward 
applied  it  as  an  abriii,  for  the  fake  of  convenience. 
'  If  we  fuppnfe  the  accents  to  be  infallible  guides,  (and  in« 
fallible  we  muft  fuppofe  them,  unlefs  wp  mean  to  find  fault 
with  the  editor's  circumflex,)  the  participle  Xa/?eJr  cannot  be  a 
preftfnt,  becaufe  it  has  an  acute  tone.  It  is  to  no  purpofe  to 
anfwcr,  that  at  firft  it  was  a  paroxytone,  but  was  altered  for 
UKuenience\  becaufe  a  circumflex  might  be  placed  fir  con* 
rHuitfUi  over  a  fyllable  where  it  could  claim  no  right  from  % 
contradtion. 

Dr«  Edwards  has  now  and  then  given  us  an  ohfervatton  on 
other  authors.  CaJlimachus,  fays  he,  has  a  paflage  jn  his 
Hymn  on  Jupiter,  55,  which  has  in  vain  exercifed  the  win  of 
the  critics : 

This  difficulty  he  fo)ves  by  his  panacea,  of  an  old  verb  in 
|u,  T^'^f^i,  which  makes  fr^a^ff,  and  which  verb  he  proves 
to  have  exifted  from  T^^a^fk,  nuirtti  funt.  For  our  part,  we 
(hall  be  contented,  in   company  with   MeflTrs.  Lennep  and 

T  4  ftuhAken» 


AtkiflS'5  Tr/aii/i  &n  tbi  Hori%mt4tl  Sun  end  Maen, 

Jkenf  to  belkve  th^  the  vcrfe  is  fiHtrious.     in  Homer's 

|i  t a  Ceres,  21  r, 

Edwards  would  read,  inilead  of  mir^  htntr^  inrtt  twim. 

I.  e,    puris  manibus :'^h\il  where  duts   be  find   fuch  an 

Is  of  the  word  x^'-^^     VfjOius  in  Rti  ho  ken's  note  proprjfes 

[^■^(Sj?!  which  fecms   too   Itarncd.      We  believe  that  Mr* 

|.vhit£*s  corjcfturc,  as  it  is  the  moft  cafy,  is  moll  Iikciy  to  ^, 

It  he  foregoing  remaiks,  wc  have  given  our  opinton  without 
le,  bat,  we  hope,  without  inciviHey-  If  any  ap^ilogy  for 
Igree  of  freedom  which  we  have  ufed^  be  thought  nceeflary, 
lull  quote  the  following  paflage  from  Dr.  Kdw^ards^s  note* 

fliall  clofe  this  note  with  an  excellent  paffarje  from  Lerr- 
jin  which  he  juflly  cautions  us  again  I)  paying  an  impltdc 
Ljce  to  the  decifions  of  the  anricnt  or  the  modern  gX2m' 
Ins.^— /^  mmirum  femfer  unenditm  ift  in  hcc  Jiudi§rum  gi^ 
tparum^  dut  nihil  fen^  vidiffe  gramfmKms ;  i&m  vft^rHf 
Ir/f^wZ/Vf/ :  adisqui  nulla  m(ida  iurum  plaetth  ijft  fiandum  \ 
\m^  quanih  ix  if  fa  lingua  natura  pitita  effe  m  oppsrt^^ 

mim  €id  grammtHicarum  rtgulm  HnguiS  fuerant  C7nd:t^ ; 


Atkins*!  Treatife  vn  tht  Horizontal  Sun  and  Moon.     265 

principal  difcuffion,  which  is  the  incfeafed  apparent  magnitude 
of  the  horizontal  fun  and  moon,  has  engaged  the  attention  of 
philofophers  from  *thc  time  of  Ptolemy  to  the  prcfcnt  day. 
Ptolemy,  in  his  Almageft,  afcribes  this  phenomenon  to  the  re- 
fra<9ion  of  the  rays  by  vapours,  which  enlarge  the  angle  under 
which  the  luminaries  appear  rjuft  as  the  angle  is  enlarged,  by 
which  an  objeft  is  feen  when  under  water :— but  as  foon  as  it  was 
difcovered  that  this  angle  remained  the  fame,  this  folution  was 
rejedled.     In  another  place,  if  we  may  depend  on  the  informa- 
tion of  Montucla,  cited  by  Dr.Prieftlcy  in  his  Hiftory  of  Vifion, 
p.  16,  he  advances  a  much  more  rational  hypothcds.  The  mind, 
he  fays,  judges  of  the  fize  of  the  objeds  by  means  of  a  pre- 
conceived idea  of  their  diftance  from  us;  and  this  didance  Is 
imagined  to  be  greater  when  a  number  of  objeds  are  interpofed 
between  the  eye  and  the  body  that  we  are  viewing ;  which  is 
•the  cafe  when  we  fee  the  heavenly  bodies  near  the  horizon. 
Whether   this   explication  were  fuggefted    by  Ptolemy,   and 
whether  he  acquiefced  in  it,  (if  it  occurred  to  him,)  or  not ; 
we  are  certain,  that  Alhazen,  an  Arabian  author,  in  the  12th 
century,  ftates  and  explains  it  at  large,  and  recites  a  variety  of 
particulars,    of  which   later  writers  have  availed    themfclves. 
This  ingenious  author  obferves,  that  the  fight  judges  of  the 
magnitude  of  vifible  objects  by  comparing  the  vifual  angles, 
under  which  they  are  feen,  with  their  diftances ;    and  cod- 
cciving  the  furface  of  the  fky  to  be  flat,  it  judges  qf  the  ftars  as 
it  does  of  other  objefts  extended  over  a  wide  fpace.     Kcnce, 
of  thofe    objeds  that  are  obfcrvcd   under   equal   angles,  that 
which  is  the  mod  remote,  is  deemed  the  lead;  and  thus  a  ftar, 
which   is  feen  near  the  horizon,  being  referred   to  a  greater  * 
diftance  than  one  that   is  more  elevated,  is  concluded  to  be  ■ 
greater  5    and  the  fame  flar   in  different   parts  of  the  fky  is 
tftimated  to  be  of  a  different  magnitude.     'J'he  Arabian  philo- 
fopher  was  well  apprized,  that  this  phenomenon  could  not  be 
owing  to  any  real  augmentation  of  the  vifual  angle,  and  there- 
fore that  the  refraftion  of  the  air  could  not  be  the  true  caufe  of 
it.     In  this  folution  of  Alhaztn,  optical  writers  have  very  ge- 
nerally acquiefced.     Vitellio,    Kepler,    Archbifliop   Peckham, 
Roger  Bacon,    Dcs  Caries,    Hobbes,  James  Gregory,   Malc- 
branche,    Wallis,    Hygens,    &c.    &c.    have   adopted   and   il- 
luftrated  the  Tame  hypothefi?.         Hobbes,  indeed,  veryjirftiy 
accounts  for  the  flattened  form  of  the  arch,  which  the  fky  foems 
lo  affume,  by  our  being,  to  fenfe,  out  of  the  centre  of  that 
^fch;  and  he  adds,  that  this  deception  operates  graJuaily  from 
*lic  zenith  to  the  horizon  ;  infomuch  that,  if  the  apparent  arch 
^  the  fky  be  di\ided  into  any  number  of  equal  parts,   thofe 
kf  parts. 


I 


Atkins'j  Trial ifi  en  the  Hmix$ntiil  Sun  4md  Mmn* 

m  defccading  toward  the  hoiizoiH  woulJ  graduaUy  fu^* 

d<rcrc-*frng  atigle.     This  hypothtfis  ha%  htti\  very  fauf- 

My  expUiiied   by  Dr.  Smithy  mw  it  is  fuHicierit  to  rekf 

pdcr,  who  wither  to  ujiderftanij   the  tiuc  caufc  of  this 

lenan,  to  his  Uptics,   buok  i-  ch,  5*  art,  161,  &c.  and 

Irks,  book  I,  art.joi,  ^'^-  m 

1  the  few  who  have  been  dtflatiffied  with  this  hypothe(i*n( 
luve  afcfib^d  the  phcnamcnou  m  queUion  to  the  confuiej 
on  the  ret  if.  a,  wliich  is  big^^cr  thrio  the  d*th:Ct  pi£ty^ 
I  Hi  me  objeiSt  wuuM  be,  when  all  other  circumliiioccs  arc 
iric;  ai^ti,  on  this  principle,  an  obje£l|  fccn  through  a 
I  appears  larger  than  through  a  more  pure  »«d  dty  jiir: 
I  others  have  fuppoftd  that  the  fuo  and  oioori  in  tbc  hoiis^ilM 
t  faliitc:  than  wheji  they  are  ai  aiiy  con  fid<?r able  aUituJe,  ^ 
Ife  the  light  procreds  through  fbkkcr  vapours,  whrth  io- 
It  mar.y  of  xhtir  t^y^\  and  tluit  th£^  ptJp^'  will  be  cluaied, 
lifendus  irnai^irx^J,  in  obferving  them;  iijid,  confetiutndyi 
Iclore  Trn  the  retina  will  be  fci  umch  the  bigger. 

author^  whole  work  h  now  before  lis^  recurs  to  ib« 

of  rtfraiSionj  long   fioce  cxplcded  j    and,  tracing  the 

of  refriclton  on  rays  that  pais  with  different  degrees  uf 

Ity  thraugh  a  dtnk  an  J  fphericil  refratling  medium  t^ 

a  f  pi' d  J  tor  placed  within  it,  he  infer?,  ih^it  the  Uft 


burton*/  LiSlures  on  Fenude  Education  and  Manntrs.     267 

As  for  his  experiments,  he  candidly  acknowleges  that  thejr 
lead  to  refults  very  different  from  thofc  which  have  been  dated 
b}'  the  beft  optical  writers. 

We  profefs  that  we  have  been  difcouragcd  in  our  endeavours 
to  accompany  Mr.  Atkins  in  the  profecution  of  his  main  fub- 
jecl,  by  direcfting  our  attention  to  the  aftronomical  difEculties, 
which  he  has  propofed  at  the  clofe  of  this  pamphlet.  Our 
readers  will  probably  be  no  lefs  furprized  than  ourfelves,  when 
they  are  informed,  that  he  exprefles  doubts  concerning  the 
annual  and  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth.  Yet  that  this  is  the 
cafe,  will  fu&ciently  appear  from  the  following  extrads,  which 
we  felc£l  as  a  fpecimcn  of  the  dii&culties  that  have  occurred  to 
the  author : 

'  Modern  aftronomers  hold,  that  the  earth's  furface  at  the  eqaa* 
tor,  on  account  of  its  diurnal  rotation,  moves  according  to  a  rate  of 
£xteen  or  feventeen  miles  a  minute,  and  that  the  earth  itfelf  moves  in 
its  orbit  according  to  a  rate  of  a  thoufand  miles  a  minute.  Now, 
fince  the  floweil  ot  thefe  motions  is  perhaps  as  fwift  as  lightning,  and 
iince  the  earth  Teems  to  (land  quite  Hill,  I  cannot,  for  my  own  part, 
help  entertaining  doubts,  whether  the  earth's  furface,  or  the  earth 
itfelf,  have  fuch  motions.' 

In  another  place  he  obferves,  •  fince  what  are  called  the  fixed 
ftars  have  no  annual  motion,  they  render  it  likely,  that  the  fun 
ni'jves  in  an  orbit  round  the  earth,  and  that  the  earth  does  not 
move  in  an  orbit  round  the  fun.'  From  other  circumftances, 
which  the  author  recites,  he  fubmits,  •  how  far  we  have  room 
to  doubt  concerning  what  is  faid  to  be  the  fun's  fize,  and  the 
fun's  diftance.' 

Such  are  Mr.  Atkins's  difficulties.  We  leave  the  reader  to 
bis  own  reflections. 


Aax.  V.      LeSIures  on  Female  Education  and  Manners,     By  J.  Burton. 
!2mo.     2  Vols.     pp.  500.     6s.  fcwed.     Evans.     1793t» 

IT  has  long  been  a  fubjeft  of  complaint,  and  in  truth  not 
without  fomc  reafon,  that  boarding-fchools  for  young  ladies 
have  devoted  almoft  their  whole  attention  to  exterior  accom- 
plifliments,  and  have  paid  little  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
undtrftanding  and  the  heart.  The  author  of  thcfe  volumes 
has  contributed  very  efTentially  toward  the  correction  of  this 
fundamental  error,  not  only  by  giving  an  example  of  a  regular 
cciurfe  of  moral  inftruclion  at  the  fchool  where  they  were  firft 
read,  but  by  furnifliing  other  fchools  with  an  ufeful  help  in  this 
important  branch  of  education.  A  great  variety  of  fubjedls^ 
f'»mc  of  a  more  general  nature,  and  others  more  immediately 
belonging  to  the  female  charadler,  are  in  thefe  lc6lures  dif- 


I  Burton'j  LeJIures  m  Femah  Educathn  and  ifdtmen* 

with  plain  good  fcnfe,  and  Jn  the  fimple  ftylc  Bcft  fatted 

writer's  defign.     It  was  not  within  his  pKm  to  infift  on 

s  proper!  vMhtiological;    bui  he  has  taken  a  wider  fcope 

ral  and  pryikntial  topic?,  and  has  treated  them  all  wiih 

fbrm  air  of  i^rave  precept.     In  in{iru£tion  3&  well  as  m 

trtus  €jl  vUhtm  fu^erc}   and  We  c^Kem  it  no  fmall  excel- 

n  thele  ie(f:tyrcs3  that  the  reider  will  meet  with  nothing 

in  and  ob^Nous  trtiths^  /nJ  i.-jipoftnnt  leiT^itis  cf  pra^ikal 

;  and  will  lofe  no  time  in  lc^r,fipg  things,   which,  it 

m  a  t  u  re  j  ge  5  niu  ft  h  e  ujilenrned,     O  F  a  wo  f  Ic  o  f  th  i  s  ni- 

he  merit  docs  not  confift  in  ocCiirionsl  brilltanrics,  byt 

general  propriety  and  utility;  an  exiratt  would  theicforc 

)ute  little    tuWiird  guiding  the  reader's  judgment  con- 

g  (t^  except  fo  t'lr  as  it  m^iy  afford  ^  rpecimcn  of  theftyle, 

view  J  wc  tjuote  the  following  fliort  pafTagc  on  female 

diipofidon  to  cxpcncc  in  young  iinmarrbd  women  u  attctidel 
cocfequcncc  which  they  litilu  iLink  Qt\  To  drcfs-  to  appear 
ind  to  be  kt:ii  in  public  pLiceii,  ujll  undoubtedly  acLrasift  the  at- 
nf  yoyn^  itsl';i  ;  but  not  of  thofe,  wi:b  whom  a  connexion  tsr 
i;!J  b.-  ehgib::.  Dcl:rcu^  ns  tlitfe  might  be  of  an  lionourabie 
with  your  ftx,  yet  wKld  ihciy  difcover  a  nant  of  ctconomy, 
L'l^  U>  L'xtr:iva^4ncj,  even  in  litUc  ma:ti?r^,  in  your  own 


(    a69    ). 

A»T.  VI.  Thi  Cnrthufian  Friar  \  or  the  A^e  of  Chivalry.  A 
Tragedy,  id  five  A6b,  founded  on  real  Events.  Written  by  a 
Female  Refugee.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Owren.     179V 

A  TRAGEDY,  having  for  its  title  the  Age  of  Chlvalryy  found- 
^^  cd  on  real  events,  and  written  by  a  female  refugee,  excited 
rarious  expedlations.  The  age  of  chivalry  and  real  events, 
fccrncd  to  us  to  imply,  either  a  contradi(f^ion,  or,  a  hiftorical 
talc.  We  have  perufed  the  work,  ajxl  it  is  certainly  not  the 
latter.  Written  in  Knglifti,  too,  by  2l  female  refugee!  Turn- 
ing to  the  preface,  we  read  . 

•  The  following  tragedy,  or  dramatic  pcan,  (if  it  be  not  allowed 
the  former  title,)  was  written  long  previous  to  the  author'*  coming  to 
this  hofpitable  and  blcfled  country,  and  without  any  idea  of  committing 
it  to  the  prefs.  The  produdlion  of  a  female  pen,  at  the  early  agp  oT 
eighteen,  will  furely  meet  with  indulgence  from  the  generous  people 
it  is  now  prefented  to,  who  have  fo  lately  manifefted  their  univerfal 
and  unprejudiced  benevolence.  Add  to  this,  the  principal  incidents 
that  compofc  the  piece  are  drawn  from  real  occurrences,  which  are 
contained  in  the  annals  of  a  certain  noble  family  in  France,  with 
which  the  author  is  connected .  Inexperience  in  ftage-bufincfs^  in 
every  p:irt  of  the  world,  joined  to  the  abfolute  tranfgreflion  of  the 
unities  of  ih?  pcrfcdl  dm  ma,  have  deterred  her  from  hazarding  it  in 
a  reprcfentation;  but  (if  apology  be  rcquifitc  for  its  incorre(5lnefs  in 
this  point,)  fhe  has  fur;ly  the  faiK^ion  of  precedent;  and  the  difficulty 
of  combining  a  fuccciTion  of  circumllanccs  within  the  flridl  compafs 
allotted,  to  excufc  the  licence.' 

Having  gained  this  information,  we  faid,  a  female,  a  foreigner, 
and  only  eighteen  years  old,  muft  furely  write  her  tragedy  in 
profc.     We  wonder,  indeed,  that  flie  fhould  be  able  to  write  a 
tragedy  in  our  language:   but  trie  rhythmus  of  it  (he  certainly 
(      cannot  undcrftand.     We  turned  over  the  leaf,  and   found  it 
J       written  in  blank  verfe ;  and  the  meafure  fully  as  harmonious  as 
that  of  other  tragedies  of  no  greater  gener?*!  merit!     We  next 
inquired  concerning  the  idiom,  and   could  difcover  no  well- 
founded  proofs  that  it  was  not  entirely  Englifh  !    We  dare  not, 
from  this  internal  evidence,  and  we  have  no  other,  affirm  that 
Ac  aflcrtions  contained  in  the  tltie-page  and  preface  are  not 
literally  true :  but  we  dare  boldly  maintain  that,  if  true,  they 
»rc  extraordinary. 

The  tragedy  itfcif,  as  a  poem,  has  little  claim  to  admiration. 
Like  many  other  modern  tragedies,  it  has  too  much  the  air  of 
lH>Tcl  and  romance,  and  too  little  of  the  human  features,  paf-  . 
Sons,  and  actions.  Its  efforts  are  to  elevate  and  furprize,  and 
Jiotto  rivet  attention  by  reality.  Yet,  if  there  really  be  a  pcr- 
fcn  eighteen  years  old,  male  or  female,  French  or  Knglifh, 
%ho  has  written  this  tragedy,  imperfect  as  h  certainly  is,  we 
7  may 


The  Carthujian  Friar :  A  Tragedy* 

iiely  prophecy  that,  negligence  excepted,  m  ttn  years* 
will  be  in  that  pcrfon^s  power  to  write  what  critics  will 
:ind  the  world  appUod, 
J  confirm  thefe  remarks,  we  will  cite  a  few  lines  ;  and, 
le/  may  not  appear  to  be  unfairly  releiAcd,  wc  will  ukt 
ginnijig  ot  the  tragedy ► 

*  Act  I,     Scene  i, 
'  'The  Duki^s  QafiU  in  Pra'ueHcc,     A  Siil^n^ 
*  ijt*  CI  iir»  Raymotid,  matiag^ 
'  5".*.  Clair,  WlII,  Raymond,  hail  thou  aught  obtained? 
)C5  Vincent  llill  pcrfilt  to  quit  the  callle? 
^  Ra^m,  I  think  his  empcy  terrors  now  give  way 
\i\h  tiefirc  to  fcTve  our  youthful  lord ; 
eav'n  bkh  his  gracious  mien  1)  I  worsder  tjot 
;ac  ev*n  ihi^  headllrong  boy  already  loves  him. 
*  Si\  Clair,  He  therefore  {lays?— But  look  that  'tb  moil  freelrj 
vouid  not  have  reftraint  eniployM  to  hold  him; 
I  him  go  hence;  ii  early  he  engage 
curb  th'offenfive  licence  of  his  tongue, 
r:irthcr  fprcad  his  cowardly  (urmife, 
>r  cv*n  relate  what  he  has  here  obfervM. 
Raym,  I  much  infillcdi  Sir,  on  thcfe  conditions, 
d  he  has  promift'd  to  be  more  difqreet; 
in  nought  cm  change  \\h  firm  id  en, 
'tis  dcfed  of  reafon  in  her  Grace 


r 


V.?\tiizx*s  Poetical  kpiJlU  to  the' Pipe.     '         rjt 

Whether  this  be  or  be  not  Englifli,  In  its  rhythm,  con- 
ftruSion,  and  idiom,  we  leave  our  readers  to  judge  ;  to  them, 
too,  we  refer  the  queftion,  whether  it  be  or  be  not  written  by  a 
French  lady,  only  eighteen  years  of  age  ? 

Art.  VII.  J  poetical y  ferhus,  and  pofjihly  impertinent  Epiftle  f  the. 
Pope.  Alfo  a  Pair  of  Odes  to  his  Holincfs,  on  his  keeping  a  dif- 
crderly  Houfe ;  with  a  pretty  little  Ode  to  Inmocence.  By  Peter 
PinJar,  Efq.     4to.     pp.41.     23.  6d.     Evans.     179V 

/^LOYED  with  Royalty  and  Madam  Schw ,  the  Courtljr 

^  Bard  now  lookc^th  about  for  a  difli  of  ftill  higher  relifli,  on 
which  his  Mufe  may  fcaft  ; — lo!  nothing  Icfs  will  fatisfy  than 
his  Holinefs  of  Ro.T«e,  and  the  nice  tid-bits  under  h\s>  faard 
protefliun. — Fyc  on  it,  'Squire  Pindar! — Pofitively,  Sir,  this 
is  too  bad ;  and  if  you  go  on  at  this  rate,  we  Ihall  be  obliged 
to  cut  with  you. — **  David,  (faid  the  fage  Johnfon  to  Garrick,) 
I  will  come  no  more  behind  your  fccnes,  for  the  filk  ftockings 
and  white  bofoms  of  your  adreflcs  excite  my  amorous  propcn- 
fities." — Now,  ^notu  all  men^  and  women  in  particular,  bf 
thcfc  preferitSy  that  we  have  fomething  of  the  like  objeflion  to  urge 
againft  the  prefent  luarm  (we  believe  we  ought  to  i^iy  warming) 
exhibitions  of  Peter's  Mufe.  Had  he  only  attempted  to  im- 
prove our  acquaintance  with  the  celebrated  ladies  of  the  calen- 
dar ;  had  he  defcribed  them  ever  fo  minutely,  "  from  St.  Doll 
to  my  Lady  Lorctto ;"  we  could  have  perufed  his  eccentric  ef- 
tulioiis  with  the  philofophic  apathy  befitting  fedate  and  fober 
Reviewers: — but  when,  inftead  of  introducing  us  into  the  com- 
pany of  barmlefs  faints,  he  pops  us  into  his  Holinefs's  diforderly 
houfe : 

*  Where,  with  the  fpicy  neflar  waxing  warm. 
The  knave  gets  drunk  upon  the  pouting  charm ; 

Se'.zss  the  damfel  rouid  the  waill  fo  handy; 
And,  as  I've  faid  before,  gets  drunk,  the  beafl. 
Like  Aldermen,  the  guttlers,  at  a  feaft: 

For  ladies'  iips  are  cherries  llcep'd  in  brandy. 
The  flaxen  ringlets,  and  the  fwelling  breafl; 
Tnc  cheek  of  bloom  ;  the  lip,  delightful  nell 

Of  balmy  kifTes,  moift  with  rich  defires; 
The  burning  blulhci;  and  the  panting  heart; 
The  yielding  wilhcs  that  the  eyes  impart;' 
•Idas  we  arcy  for  ladies'  kve  unfits  we  feel  fomething  riotous  in 
our  blood  ;  we  look  as  unlike  grave  Reviewers  as  ever,  gentle 
^wdcr,  thou  fa  we  11  a  fet  of  old  fellows  in  all  thy  life;  and  we 
*fc  ready  to  curfe  Time,  his  hook,  fcythe,  hour-glafs,  and 
*ll»  for  cutting  us  off  fo  foon  from  the  jcys  of  our  dancing- da\  5. 

No  wonder  then  that  Peter  himfcH  is  ail  in  flames  in  cv)n- 
'f^'icnce  of  his  too  near  and  very  imprudent,  as  well  as  impetti- 


I  MimQirs  »fthe  Midtcal  Smity  sf  Lsnd^n*    Vd*  llT^^. 

Ipproach  lo  hU  FJolincfs's  b^y-houfc.  To  allay  the  migbCf 

Igration,  he  addreiTcs  hjmfcif  to  Innocence,   in  a  vcr]^ 

and  fcemingly  trinquiilizing  ode  :— but  all  will  not  do 

[ght  as  well  b^vc  played  a  fyringc  on  St.  Pctcr**^  were  if^i 

to  put  out  I  hi?  flamc!f. — Peter's  Mufc  ftands  him  in  na 

lilcad  againfl  the  bewitching  fedu^lions  of  pleafyrr,  ihan 

ing  Solomon^s  wifdomi— and  this  the  rogue  is  impudent 

to  confefS}  even  at  ihe  conclulion  of  this  his  prcttf 

Ms  to  Innocence! 

Thus  could  1  dwell  with  thee*  for  many  zvt  hour : 
I  Yet,  ihoyld  a  rural  V'kn  us  frurn  her  bow'r 

Step  forth  With  bofom  bare^  and  beaming  eyc^ 
And  flaxen  locks,  luxariant  rofe-clad  check, 
I  And  purptc  lip,  and  dimpled  chin  fo  fleck. 
And  archly  heave  the  love-fed  ucmg  iigh; 

I  And  cry,  **  Come  hkher*  Swain^^ be  not  afraid ; 

Embrace  ihe  ^iiild^  and  qait  ihtjimph  maid." 

I  eerily  believe  that  I  fhould  ^o r 
I  Yet,  parting  J  {hould  1  fay  to  thee,  *'  Farewell  * — * 

I  cannot  help  it ^Witcmcr aft's  in  her  cell— 

The  Pa5S»ons  like  to  be  where  tempers  blow—* 
Go,  gnl,  enjoy  thy  fi(h|  and  fties,  and  dovesj 
But  iuffer  me  to  giggle  with  the  Ls^ti/** 

'  Thus  fhould  1  ad:— exciifc  me,  charming  Saint: 
I  An  imp  im  J,  in  Vi  rtue's  caufe  fo  faint ; 
Like  David  in  bis  youth,  a  latvkri  tivain! 


i 


i 


Memnrs  rf  tht  MniUal  Sociily  cf  London.  Vol.  IIU     273 

not  to  aflertthat  we  meet  with  no  good  communications,  nor 
Bfen  that  the  number  of  fuch  is  few:  but  we  meet  alfo  with 
Oiuch  that  is  infignificant,  and  undeferving  of  the  room  which 
It  occupies  :  in  fad,  the  boolc  is  too  bulicy ;  and  if  the  fociety 
bad  podefled  the  judgment,  or  rather  perhaps  the  fortitude,  to 
ha?e  curtailed  it,  they  would  have  done  fervice  to  the  readers.  It 
is  not,  however,  always  eafy  to  make  a  feleAion  :  the  members 
ftem  to  have  been  deflrous  of  offering  what  information  they 
hid ;  and  no  man,  as  it  has  been  remarked,  chufes  to  have  his 
all,  however  little,  neglected. — It  may  be,  perhaps,  under  the 
*  influence  of  thefe  confiderations,  that  the  fociety  have  refolv- 
ed,'  as  we  are  told,  <  to  facilitate  the  future  communication  of 
Aeir  papers,  by  publifliing  their  volume  in  numbers,  four  of 
which  are  to  conftitate  a  volume.' — The  firft  part  of  the  fourth 
volume,  as  we  afterward  learn,  is  already  in  the  prefs. 

The  firft  article  in  the  prefent  volume  is  *  A  cafe  of  original 
iiofnefs^witb  the  appearances  on  dijffiSiion :  byj.  Haighton,  furgeon.' 
Thefole  caufe  of  this  deafnefs  was  found  in  the  labyrinth  of 
the  ear  ;  which,  though  perfeiSlly  formed,  inftead  of  containing 
water,  was  filled  with  a  folid  cafeous  fubftance. — To  this  cafe 
are  added  fome  remarks,  one  of  the  mod  ufeful  of  which  re- 
ift&s  the  obftrudiion  of  the  Euftachian  tube : 

*ltis  not  altogether  certain  that  anobftradled  Euftachian  tobe  will 
Reduce  total  deafnefs,  though  it  may  diminifli  that  ienfe  in  a  very 
ugh  degree,  in  proportion  as  the  freedom  of  vibration  of  the  mem<- 
knna  cympani  is  impeded. 

*  But  if  it  could  be  clearly  proved  that  a  total  deafnefs  arofe  from  this 
anfe ;  and  if  it  ^ere  likemie  poffible  to  afcertaia  this  in  a  living  fub- 
jed;  there  is  a  probability  of  obtaining  relief  from  an  operation.  The 
moft  natural  idea  in  fuch  a  cafe  would  be  to  reftore  the  natural 
opening  by  the  introduflion  of  inftruments  up  the  nofe.  But  the  dif* 
lantfituation  of  the  orifice  of  this  tube  from  the  entrance  of  the  noftril, 
together  with  its  being  out  of  ii^ht,  create  a  difficulty;  and  it 
ii  probable  that  our  attempts  in  this  way  might  be  in  vain.  Ther« 
msains}  however,  another  expedient.  It  is  well  known  that  the  ma- 
loid  procefs  of  the  temporal  bone  is  internally  compofed  of  large 
ttUs,  which  have  an  opening  of  communication  with  the  cavity  of  the 
tfaptnumina  manner  (imilar  to  that  of  the  Euftachian  tube  :  in  fuch 
t'caife  a  perforation  might  be  made  into  that  procefs,  and  the  com- 
Bbnication  between  the  external  and  internal  air  be  again  reftored.' 

That  it  was  well  known  to  Mr.  Haighton  that  the  maftoid 
procefs  of  the  temporal  bone  was  compofed  of  laree  cells,  &c. 
cannot  be  doubted  :  but  it  may  be  doubted  whether  he  had  fo 
£kr  reduced  his  knowlege  to  pra£lice,  as  to  make  a  perforation 
into  that  procefs,  in  order  to  reflore  the  communication  between 
Ibe  external  and  internal  air.  If  our  conjedlure  be  right,  he 
ippears  to  have  taken  this  hint  from  a  cgtnmunication  which 

K£y.  July,  1793.  U  was 


Mtmsirt  &/  the  ^iidkd  Smity  ^f  L^ndm*    VuL  JJL 

read  fome  little  time  previous  to  his  ow0  ;  and  which, 
;h  k  is  placed  in  the  appendix,  might  have  appeircd  with 
t  in  the  body  of  the  work.  As  we  ali^ays  viifb  to  *'  rcndrr 
Cirfar  the  ihings  ihat  are  Ca^far*^,"  we  (hall  hcrcextraS 
3 per  to  which  wc  allude.  It  is  a  IctttT  horn  Or.  Zmciir 
\  Sirm : 
Icn  deprived  of  the  ffTifr  of  hearing  lofe  a  ^reat^ical  of  tKcIi^ 

of  human  life;  and  therefore  afl  attempt  to  rellorc  thii  facul^ 
je  la'jdabk  ;  or  even  a  hint  on  fointcrelHng  a  fiibje^t  m^y  dt^ 
fiirthrr  invel!i  atbn. 

i  pemfing  the  Memoirs  of  the  Medical  Socieijf  of  LorrdoOt 
.  coot^iumg  fo  many  valuable  and  ui'tful  obf^^rvaitofitf  I  met 
.  treatife  on  deafaefs,  pubJifhed  by  you  ;  and  detaining  the  ci^m- 
ation  and  pro loolion  of  knowledge  the  chief  purpole  of  ihii  in* 
)n,  1  take  the  liberty  of  offering  an  obfervation  taken  from  the 
Ir,  Sclimucker'i  (a  famous  German  f^rgeonj  cdk^oti  of 
gkal  works  relative  to  thh  kind  of  difcafc* 

man  living  in  Sikfia  was  for  a  long  time  deaf  of  both  eari  t  all 
h$  applied  by  a  flLiiful  pKyfician  having  proved  incffc^ltiAjp  be  I 
tft  without  relief,  bearing  his  miiForiiine  philofaphically.  A^  \ 
matory  fwclHng  afterivards  rofc  at  the  mailoijarat  proccfFci  of 
emporal  boite  :  poukices  and  a  gum  plaifler  iv^re  appHed ;  Bwc- 
1  was  fek;  nnd,  after  opening,  a  good  pus  was  dilchargcd; 
lys  afterwards  the  paa  became  thin  and  i II- col o tired,  thcfurgroa 
sred  ivkh  the  probe  ihe  bone  naktd  and  rough  :  the  next  day  a     I 


Memotrs  of  the  Medic::!  Society  of  London,    Vol  IIL    1J$ 

incas;  notwith (landing  which,  the  dogs  retained  the  power  of  hear- 
ing  :  from  thence  he  infers,  that,  when  the  ftapes  remains  at  the  fora- 
Bien-ovale,  and  the  auditory  nerve  is  unhurt,  the  hearing  itfelf  can 
continue,  though  leflened ;  but  dellruttion  of  the  ftapes,  the  nerve, 
the  vcfljbulum,  cochlea,  and  canales  femicirculares,  is  attended  by  an 
irrecoverable  lofs  of  hearing.  Now  I  approach  nearer  to  the  caufc  of 
deafnefs  refulting  from  the  faults  of  the  euflachian  tube,  through 
which  the  currents  of  air,  occalloning  found,  get  into  the  cavum  tym- 
pani,  by  way  of  the  mouth  and  nofe.  The  fcvcral  affe£lions  of  this 
tube,  and  their  ori;>in,  are  very  well  explained  in  your  treatife,  and 
the  propofed  method  of  cure  found  fuccefsful  in  many  inllances,  by  ex- 
pelling the  air  through  the  tubes,  the  mouth  and  nofe  being  clofed, 
daims  a  right  of  further  experiment.  But  would  not  the  effort  of 
fach  a  kind  of  expiration  prove  many  times  dangerous  to  the  lungs 
and  brain  ?  I  at  leafl  obfcrved  in  fuch  a  trial  a  very  great  uneafinefs, 
nay 9  pain  in  the  brain. 

*  Mr.Wathen's  method  of  injeding  into  the  tube  by  the  way  of  the 
mouth  or  the  nofe,  can  certainly  be  very  feldom  applied,  becaufe  few 
patients  canfuiFer  the  tickling  of  the  nofe  in  getting  in  the  pipe  of  the 
fyripgc  ;  and  the  mod  (kilful  furgeon  will  mifs  very  often  the  open- 
iog  of  the  tube.  But  the  injeftlon  through  the  mafloidacal  cells  finds 
▼cry  cafily  the  way  to  the  cavum  tympini,  and  further  to  the  eufla- 
chian tabe,  attenuates  and  detaches  the  thickened  glutinous  humour, 
ad  alfo  the  internal  coats  may  be  Itrengthened,  even  fmall  cohefions 
mkj  be  fcparated  by  the  force  with  which  the  injcdion  is  thrown  in. 
In  the  difeafe,  called  fiHula  lacrymalis,  the  inje£lion  of  quickfilvcr  in 
the  obilrudted  nafal  canal  is  propofed  :  could  wc  not,  perhaps,  expert 
greater  fuccefs  from  its  injedion  into  the  obflrucled  ear  ?  But  I  am 
donbtfol  whether  the  undivided  mafs  of  the  quickfilver,  prevented 
from  the  pafTage  through  the  cohering  tube,  could  be  abforbed,  or  re- 
main as  a  heavy  and  hurtful  body  :  watery  medicated  fluids  are  doubt- 
IcTi  abforbed,  and  can  perhaps  be  of  ufe  even  in  the  affedtions  of  the 
other  and  more  noble  internal  parts  of  the  ear.' 

Art.  2.     j1  remarkable  infance  of  recovery  of  fight  by  the  dif 
L.  }nfkn  $f  a  cataraSfy  which  had  occafioncd  blindefs  in  one  eye 
for  eleven  years.     The  cafe  dcfcribed,  with  hints  grounded  on 
it  as  to  the  mode  of  cure  fh   fimilar  complaints.     By  James 
"Ware,  furgeon. 

This  complaint  was  removed  in  confequence  of  violent  in- 
lammation  attacking  both  eyes,  but  principally  that  which  was 
^ifeafed.  Mr. Ware  imagines,  from  the  circumflanccs  attend- 
ing the  cafe,  that  *  the  chryftalline  (cryftallinc)  humour  was 
^omjAticiy  dij/olved :*-- abforbed^  we  fuppofe.— In  z  fupplement 
to  this  paper,  two  cafes,  fomewhat  fimilar,  are  related  by  the 
bae  author  :  the  iirft  of  which  is  rather  curious.  A  wo« 
>|Ui,  who  had  a  catarad  for  a  confiderable  time,  received  a 

{violent  blow,  from  a  fplinter  of  wood,  on  the  upper  lid  of  the 
^    •  The  eye  was  almoft  immediately  made  fcnfible  of  an 
^locommon  and  an  unpleafant  bright  light ;  and  the  following 
U  2  t^^ 


Mimslrs  a/  thi  Medical  Smety  tf  LmJm*    f V-  tit* 

I  pupil  was  become  quite  dear/ —  It  fcemi  that  the  ci- 
:ould  not  haire  been  rennoved  here  by  abfarprion  in  CHA* 
ce  of  inRammaiion  \  it  muft  in  fatt  have  been  deptedM 
acddent,  as  in  the  operation  of  couching.    In  the  fecoiid 

lady  had  two  cataratEls,  one  of  which  was  rxtraded^  in4f 
fnd  of  Ecn  days,  flic  was  foiled  to  have  recovered  the  Oghi 
1  eyes.  It  is  likely,  however^  that  the  old  bdjr  was  fan- 
I  fuppofing,  as  ihe  afterward  did,  that  any  difTcrcnce  of 
Dok  place  before  the  operation  :  the  opacity  h\  ihiS  eye 
robably  removed   in    coufeciuencc   of  ihc   inflammation 

by  operating  on  the  othert — The  hints  toward  an  ii>- 

method  of  cure  in  this  complaint  confift  merely  m  i 
^n  to  the  focJety,  whether  it  might  be  expedient  to  em* 
rt  to  raifc  an  inflammation  in   the  eye:  and  by  wh*t 

this  might  bcft  be  accomplifhed.  The  author  has  not 
his  own   opinion  on  this  fubje^t  :  but  we  will   take  the 

to  ilate  ours  :  which  is,  that,  though  this  pra.£lice  might 
mes  be  followed  by  a  cure,  it  would  mofi  generally  fail?. 
at  the  benefit  would  be  obtained  at  more  trouble^  and  wHb 
ch  pain  J  as  would  attend  an  operation.*- Alihoijgh  fevcril 
:es3re  recorded  of  cata  rails  removed  after  iniammation^ 
boyld  be  remembered  that  no  record  is  kept  of  thefc  which 
remained  in  fpite  of  the    prefencc  of  fuch  inSammatioii- 


Mtmitrs  oftU  Medical  Society  dfLonion%    FoL  IIL    277 

tnd  in  the  duplicature  of  its  falciform  procefs,  nearly  midwa/ 
betw^n  the  os  frontis  and  occiput*  and  almoft  as  low  as  the 
corpus  calloAim,  two  hard  bony  fubftances  were  found  envelop* 
ed.  The  largeft  of  thefe,  which  was  about  the  fize  of  the  nail 
of  the  little  finger,  was  flattened  and  irregular  in  (hape,  and  had 
iharp  ferrated  or  jagged  edges  ;  its  weight  when  dry  was  four 
grains.  One  of  its  fides  was  nearly  fmooth,  having  only  one 
or  two  fmall  furrows  in  it,  fimilar  to  thofe  which  are  made  by 
the  preflure  of  the  veflels  of  the  dura  mater  on  the  infide  of  the 
cranium*  Its  other  fide  was  rough  and  uneven,  and  a  little 
marked  with  blood.  The  fmalleft  of  the  bony  fubftances  was 
Jong  and  ilender,  refembling  a  portion  of  a  fine  needle,  and  hav« 
ing  its  extremities  terminated  in  fharp  points.  In  the  ventri- 
cles the  quantity  of  water  was  greater  than  is  ufually  found. 
The  other  parts  of  the  brain  were  undifeafed.*  With  the  pra* 
bable  caufe  of  thefe  appearances,  the  writer  was  unacquainted^ 
till  after  the  difleSion ;  when  he  was  informed,  that  <  about 
twenty  years  ago  the  patient  had  a  violent  fall  ofF  horfebaclc, 
which,  it  was  then  fuppofed,  had  fra<Slured  the  (kull,  and  it  was 
ibme  months  before  be  was  reftored  to  health,  without  under« 
going  any  operation  on  the  cranium' 

AdJed  to  this  cafe,  we  have  an  elaborate  enumeration  of  au* 
thors  who  have  treated  of  injuries  of  the  brain,  &c.  and  who 
have  been  confulted  by  the  author. 

6.  A  cafi  of  an  extraordinary  irritable  fympathitic  tumour.  By 
C.  Biflct,  M.  D. 

This  was  a  fniall  fwelling  on  the  outfide  of  a  woman's  leg^ 
which,  during  the  periods  of  pregnancy,  Was  attended  with 
fevere  pains*  It  returned  after  being  extirpated  by  the  knife^ 
and  was  finally  removed,  though  apparently  not  very  (kilfuUy^ 
by  cauftic* 

y.  The  feventh  cafe  we  (hall  not  particularize,  as  it  is  not 
adapted  for  general  difcuiHon,  and  as  no  practical  dedudions 
are  made  from  it. 

8.  On  the  effeSfs  of  the  comprejjion  of  the  arteries  in  various  dif-^ 
eafet^  and  particularly  in  thofe  of  the  head  \  with  hints  towards  a 
new  method  of  treating  nervous  diforders.  By  Caleb  Hillier 
Parry,  M.D.  Bath. 

Dr.  Parry  was  firft  induced  to  try  the  eftcfls  of  comprefling 
the  carotid  artery  in  the  delirium  of  a  patient  afFedted  with 
nervous  complaints.  His  account  of  the  experiment  is  ai 
follows : 

•  I  had  remarked  that  the  fits  of  delirium  were  preceded  by  a  fen(e 
of  fuloefs  and  throbbing  pain  in  the  head,  (what  the  common  people  iqr 
tUs  country  call  opening  and  (hutting,)  accompanied  with  a  great  de« 

U  3  g^cc 


Mtm^fTS  of  thi  Midi€(d  Smiiy  sf  London*  FffL  III* 

heat  and  ilufhing  about  the  head  mid  neck,  and  a  fenfe  of 
;  In  the  throat  anl  upper  part  dF As  thcTat.     Thefe  f)  mpiom* 
eJ  TO   mc   evident  murks  of  tt?.>  great  a   quantity   of   blood 
^i  re  ugh  the  carctid  nrteries  Into  the  brain,  tt»d  lo  the  otstfidc 
Ibead.     It  followed  that  if  the  caufc  were  removed  the  irf^^ 
|cf  afe*     Under  the  prctcace  thcrcfofe  of  fading  the  pdfc  in  the 
took  the  opp^rramiy  of  the  firii  attick  of  the  dcUr^uitij  wbcn 
Iw  was  cantracled  into  an  immovciibir  frown,  %o  ptch  Ihonglf 
ly  thumb  on  the  rrght  carotid  artery  a  little  below  the  laryDX.. 
pi  remember  having  experienced  a  phllorophical  p1e;:ftircin  any 
I  comparable  to  that  ivhich  this  experitrietu  afForded  me»     No 
Iwai  the  prelTure  made  than  the  atillerity  of  the  countenance  dif- 
led,  and  the  patient  was  rcflored  lo  the  perfefl  i^fc  of  her  fenfrf 
Iviers  of  rcafoning*     At  the  fame  time  the  he.idach,  and  the 
1  fenlibitity  with  regard  to  Ught  and  found,  which  had  aln^ijfs 
Iplnce  in  the  interval  of  the  paroxyims,  were  altogether  want- 
Id  the  patient  declared  that  in  every  refpe£l  (lie  was  free  fron 
\inu     After  having  fully  faiispfi^d  myfclf  a*  to  the  cfiVft  odhb 
e,  I  gradually  ri moved  my  hand.     The  frown  in  an  ii-illant  rf* 
Ion  the  countenance*  and  every  mark  of  deliriym  immedjacely 
Bed.     In  the  courfe  of  many  fuhf<?qoent  months  I  waj  jibTc  tO 
bis  experiment  fome  hundreds  of  limes,  and  to  exhibit  tl  ti 
endanti  with  the  uimofl  certainty  of  fuccefs.^ 

cc  this  difcovery*  Dr.  Parry  has  tried  the  cffc£l  of  comprciT- 
aner ic!s  in  v.uious  tiircjfcs  aririn*^^  ai  he  fuppofcs,  from 
fermin^tinn  of  blood  to  the  braJn  :     and  ha?^  founJ 


Mim&irs  ofthi  Medical  Sociity  of  London.    Fbl  III.     279 

12.  Of  tetanus^  and  of  convulftvi  diforders.     By  James  Cur-  ^ 
ric,  M.  D. 

Some  cafes  are  here  given  to  (hew  the  utihty  of  cold  bathing 
in  tetanus  and  other  convulflve  diforders. 

1 3 .  Cafe  of  extra-  uterine  gejiation^  of  the  ventral  kind ;  i  n cl  ud  - 
ing  the  fymptoms  of  the  patient  from  the  earlieft  period  ofpreg^ 
nancy  to  the  time  of  death  (fifteen  months] ;  with  the  appear- 
ances on  diffrd^ion.     By  W.'I  urnbull,  M.  A   furgeon. 

We  have  elfewbere  noticed  this  cafe,  which  has  been  fepa- 
ratcly  publi(hcd  by  Mr.TurnbuU,  See  the  Catalogue  for  this 
month. 

14.  On  the  fuhmerfion  of  animals ;  its  efFefls  on  the  vital  or- 
gans ;  with  the  moft  probable  method  of  removing  them.  By 
Charles  Kite,  furgeon. 

For  the  contents  of  this  very  ample  paper,  we  muft  refer  our 
readers  to  the  volume  at  large.  The  article  will  noteafily  admit 
of  abridgement,  and  it  would  be  unfatisfadory  to  give  the  con- 
duflons,  which  Mr.  Kite  has  eftabliihcd,  without  noticing  the 
experiments  and  reafoning  on  which  they  are  founded. 

14.*  A  defcription  of  four  cafes  of gutta  ferena^  cured  by  elec- 
tricity. To  which  are  added,  two  cafes  of  the  like  nature,  in 
which  the  chief  means  of  cure  was  a  mercurial  fnuff.  With 
incidental  remarks  annexed  to  the  cafes.  By  James  Ware^ 
furgeon. 

Jn  the  remarks  accompanying  thefe  cafes,  Mr. Ware  tells  us, 
that  he  fufpe3s  there  is  a  caufe  of  gutta  ferena  which  has  escaped 
the  notice  of  anatomifts  :  ^  The  caufe  1  mean,  (fays  he,}  is  a 
dilatation  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  circulus  arteriofus  ;— - 
which,  I  think  highly  probable,  has  been  the  caufe  of  the  gutta 
ferena  in  not  a  few  of  the  inftances  of  which  no  particular  ac- 
count has  been  given,  and  efpecially  in  thofe  cafes  where  the 
bVindnefs  has  been  accompanied  with  an  inability  of  moving 
the  upper  eye-lid.'— In  another  place,  he  adds, 

*  Befides  the  blood-veflels  of  which  I  have  been  fpeaking,  there  is 
another  not  yet  noticed,  the  dilatation  of  which  may  alfo  eflentially 
ifeft  the  iJght.     I  mean  that  vefTcl,  the  courfe  of  which  lies  direftly 
through  the  centre  of  the  optic  nerve  to  the  retina ;— a  branch  of 
wbich  alfo  pafTes  through  the  vitreous  humor,  till  it  reaches  the  cap- 
fttk  of  the  cryftalline  lens.     The  dilatation  of  this  veiTel  I  have  often 
Wpeftcd  might  be  the  caufe  of  bilndnefs  in  fqch  inftances  where  it 
las  come  on  fuddcnly,  and  in  which,  though  all  objedls  placed  direct- 
ly before  the  eye  were  totally  invifible,  there  has  neverthelefs  remain- 
ed Ibmc  fmall  feme  of  light,  fo  as  to  give  a  confufed  perception  of 
objedls  (ide\yays.     In  fuch  cafes,  it  is  to  be  noticed,  that  the  pupils  are 
Wdom  much  dilated ;  notwith (landing  which,  they  admit  of  v«ry  littla 
»ariauon  of  fize  in  different  degrees  of  light,* 

U  4  For 


fimnn  &f  thi  Midhal  Sniify  &/  Lsnderu    Vd,  til;, 

the  cure  of  thefe  complaints,   Mr, Ware  recomcncndit 

other  retncdieSj  the  ufe  of  a  fnuff  tompouadcd  of  itn. 
I  of  turbeth  mineral »  well  mixed  with  about  a  drachm  of 

\vii  fitrnutiit&riui* 

OhfirvMUms  m  artam  kerpetk  affiUhnif  attcjideU  with 
irritaiion,     By  J,  C,  Lettlom,  M.  O. 

Rimarki  en  thi  angina  and  fear Ut  fivcr  §f  1778-  Bjf 
I  Johnftone,  M.  D. 

Of  tb€  Lepra  Grac&rum.  By  W,  Falconer^  M.D- 
IS. 

Falconer  imagines  the  caufe  of  this  direafc  to  cKrR  fn  the 

application  of  cold  ta  the  body  when  in  a  heated  (late, 
|e  cure,  he  depends  on  the  Baih  waters,  ufed  both  inter- 

ind  externally.  He  mentions  a  variety  of  otbtr  remc- 
jfually  aJminiflered  in  this  difeafe,  from  which  he  has 
Ifeen  any  decidtd  advantage  gained  We  think  writh  Dr. 
r>er  in  this  refpe^t ;  and  indeed  we  arc  firmly  perfuajcd 
this  difeafe^  and  in  many  other*!,  more  mifchicf  artfes 
I  the  medicines    which  are  taken,  than  from  the  difordcf 


Cafi  of  ipiiepfy  fuutfsfuHy  UrmimteJL     By  J.  C-  Lett- 

^hiscafe,  the  princina]  medicines  were  white  vitrroKbafh 


Mmoirs  of  tht  Medical  Society  of  London.    Vol  III.    281 

tad  the  pulfe  natural^  when  the  effafion  of  the  diJolved  blood  beneath 
Che  fkin  made  the  mad  frightful  (how.  Further,  the  debility,  when 
It  had  begun,  went  on  augmenting,  nor  was  its  progrefs  Aopped  by 
Ibod  or  medicine,  of  which  (he  took  fcarceJy  any  ;  yet  in  this  very 
feiir  condition  the  hemorrhage  ceafed,  and  a  re-abforption  of  the  ex- 
travafated  blood  took  place.  After  it  had  appeared  by  thefe  tokens 
that  the  blood  had  in  part  recovered  its  healthy  ftate^  the  fymptoros 
of  debility  went  off  with  furprifing  rapidity,  and  the  fon&ions  were  all 
pideiitly  reilored  ro  their  natural  vigour.  It  is,  I  imagine,  inconceiv- 
able that  a  perfon  walking  about,  and  performing  all  the  ufual  afiions 
of  life,  (hould  at  the  fame  time  labour  under  fuch  a  debility  of  the  ex« 
tremities  of  the  fanguiferous  velTels,  as  that  they  fhould  be  inca- 
pable of  retaining  their  contents,  efpecially  when  none  of  the  excre- 
tory organs  were  pretematurally  relaxed.  On  the  other  hand,  we 
hare  daily  examples  of  the  utmoil  degree  of  debility  in  the  animal 
and  vital  fundtions,  without  any  tendency  to  the  extra vafadon  of  blood* 
or  the  unufual  difcharge  of  any  other  humour.' 

21*  Cafe  ofaneurifm^  with  the  diJiOion.  By  W.  Luxmore^ 
Ibrgeon. 

22.  Two  cafes  of  hydrocephalus.  By  Mr.  T.  Jamefon^ 
furgeon. 

The  patients  were  two  children  of  the  fame  family.  In  both 
cafes,  the  dlfeafe  proved,  very  fpeedily,  fatal. 

22-  •  Experiments  made  on  the  laryngeal  and  recurrent  branches 
afshe  eighth  pair  of  nerves^  with  a  view  to  determine  the  effects 
of  the  divifion  of  thofc  nerves  on  the  voice.     By  J.  Haighton. 

The  circum (lances,  which  the  writer  of  this  paper  endeavours 
to  prove,  are,  that  the  recurrent  branches  of  the  eighth  pair  of 
nerves  are  the  true  vocal  nerves ;  and  that  the  voice,  when 
taken  away  by  the  divifion  of  nerves,  may  be  reftored.  Thefe 
points  are  pretty  clearly  afcertained  by  means  of  experiments, 
the  cruelty  of  which  makes  us  lament  that  we  have  gained  this 
trifling  addition  of  knowlege.  AnatomiAs,  who  talk  fo  coolly 
00  the  neceffity  of  frequently  operating  on  living  fubjeds, 
ihould  be  careful  to  eftablifli  better  knowlege  and  more  certain* 
tj  frooi  their  bloody  work. 

23»  A  cafe  of  a  wsund  in  the  thorax  \  with  fome  remarks.  By 
W.  Norris,  (urgeon  to  the  Charter  Houfe  and  General  Dif- 
pcnfary. 

The  intelligence  contained  in  this  paper  is  of  no  great  im« 
portance :  the  heft  obfervation  is  that  which  controverts  the 
opinion,  chat  wounds  penetrating  both  cavities  of  the  thorax 
aie  fata),  in  confequence  of  the  lungs  collapftng  from  the  ad« 
miffiopof  air. 

^14.  Cafes  of  hydrophobia.      By  J.  Shad  well,  M.  D. 

Thefe  cafes  are  brought  forward  in  fupport  of  a  mode  of 
pradice  recommended  by  Dr.  James  Sims^  on  the  faith  of  an 


Mtmsirs  ff/iht  MiSeal  SttcUij  iff  Lmi^n^    Fd.  III. 

1  cek  manurcrrr.U  wntirn,  as  wt  remember^  **  with  Hipph^ 
crrncifcnc!?,'*  though  it  certainly  could  ihjI  bo*:ft  Hippo-    1 
for  its  anthor  •.     This  praflice  con  fill*  i*f  the  liberHl  \xk  '  f 
iiitcnially,  and  alfo  cj^tcrnally  by  means  oF  rri<Elion,   With 
[  to  ihpuEilicyof  this  ptaOice,  wc  decTarcd^  sr  ibe  lime  of 
Ing  fifft  recommended,   ihat  we  were  unbc!icvcrs  :  our 
ai  piefent,  is  nui  much  incrcafcd.     Two  cafe?,  irr  which 
^  aJmiaifiered,  are  relaicd  :  the  event  of  the  fir  ft  wa 

in  ihe  fccond,  the  patient  recovered.     In  tbr  firft  cafe, 
aJnefs  of  the  dog  was  afcertainird  by  the  circumftijnce  of 
>thcr  dog?,  who  were  biuen  by  him,  hiving  gone  irad. 
had  well   tells  us   dfo,   with   an  appearance  of  crcduliiy 

we  do  r^ot  commend  hi  a  relator  of  #j£ts,  of  a  pig  hittcn 
*5  fame  animalj  which,  nine  days  alter  ward »  a^arined  the 
\  hy  dvfplaying  uniifaal  agility,  and  by  fprrnging  repe.ircd- 
Uii*  ground  to  the  height  of  a  dozen  feet. — As  the  dog's 
tfs  ttr&j  cerUrn,  there  is  no  rcafoii  to  doubt  thst  the  hydro- 
li   in   the  patient  arofe  from  the  bite  of  the  mad  animal, 
K  wc  are  not  informed  at  what  period  of  time  after  the 
ne   fy mptoms  appeared  :  fome  confide rable  fpace,  how- 
muft  have  intervened,  as  we  find  that  the  Ormflcirk  mt- 
!,  iiijd  f^-a-bathing,  had  been  tried.   '  In  other  refpecis,  the 
urns  marked  the  difeafc,  except  that  *  the  wound  on  the 

1 

■ 

Memoirs  of  the  Medical  Society  of  London.    VoL  III.     aSj 

29th  of    December  :    when   it    is  well  known  to  be  a  very 
leading  fymptom  of  the  difeafc  that  the  patient  cannot  bear  ex- 
pofure  even  to  the  air  of  a  common  room.  When  roufcd  from 
this  (late,  he  ruflied  violently  into  his  houfe,  feized  bis  mother^ 
and  bit  her  head,  and   afterward  continued  raving  without  an 
interval  of  reafon   till  the   next  morniqg.     Now  thefc  are  all   ' 
ftronger  marks  of  mental  irritation,  than  of  the  peculiar  difeafe 
arifingfrom  the  bite  of  a  mad  animal ;  yet  this  is  called  the  con • 
vuliivc  paroxyfm,  which  is  faid  to  have  recurred  on  the  follow- 
ing evening.     On  the  next  morning,  (Friday,  Dec.  31.)  there 
was  a  rigidity  about  the  mufcles  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  he  rejected 
liquids  zt\6  folids  with  horror,  and  was  vifibly  affeded  with  the 
cold  air:    he  now  was  rubbed  with  oil,  and  fome  was  poured 
down  his  throat :  on  the  next  day,  he  was  quiet,  except  whea 
drink  was  offered,  or  dogs  mentioned  ;  on  this  day  he  drank  a 
little  quantity  of  water:  on  the  next  (Sunday)  he  called  for 
drink,  rcjcAed  broth,  but  fwallowcd   fome  water  :  on  Mon- 
day, he  was  pcrfe<5tly  compofed  :  on  Tuefday  he  was  remark- 
ably affcfied  by  noife  and  cold  air  :  Wedncfday  and  Thurfday 
afforded  no  particular  alteration  ;  and  on  Friday  he  took  fufte* 
nance   without   fear.     During  the  whole  of  his  confinement^ 
his  pulfe  continued  at  forty- five  ;  and  he  was  perfedily  uncon« 
fcious  o\  any  occurrence  during  hisillnefs.     Such  is  thehiftory 
of  this  aifeafe,  which  differed  from  the  true  hydrophobia  in  its 
firft  attack,  as  well  as  in  its  fubfequent  fymptoms:  which  does 
not  fee m  to  have  aitedled  refpiration;  which  was  accompanied 
with  no  appearance  of  fufFocation,  nor  firangulation  ;  in  which 
we  hear  of  no  alteration  of  the  faliva  either  in  quantity,  or  qua- 
lity ;     no  violent  efforts  to  difengage  from  the  mouth  any  thick 
and  glutinous  fecretion  ;  no  change  of  voice,  &c.  &c.  and. 
vhxh,   in  its  termination,  was  fo  unlike  that  dreadful  diforder 
hitherto  fuppofed  incurable,  that  it  was  renioved  in  a  week  by 
rubbing  the  body  with  oil,   and  by  taking  the  fmall  quantity  of 
four  ounces  of  this  fluid  into  the  flomach  *. 

On  the  whole,  we  have  no  pofitive  certainty  that  the  dog  was 
nad :  there  are  many  reafons  to  fuppofe  that  the  man  had  not 
the  true  hydrophobia  ;  and  we  think  we  have  every  reafon  to 
fay,  that,  whatever  difeafe  he  had,  the  oil  may  have  had  little 
tffed  in  curing  him  f. 

•  *  Between  three  and  four  ounces  were  exhibited  internally,  the 
4rfe  being  incrcafed  with  the  facility  of  adminiftering  it.' 

t  Let  us  not  be  confidered  as  dciirous  to  prevent  future  trials  of  this 
'Q^y :  we  wiih,  on  the  contrary,  to  hear  of  them,  and  of  their  re. 
iaki. 

25.  Of 


OfthrpsTMattiJh,     By  James  Sims,  M,  D»  Pf eftilent  of  j 

I'jiiTcal  Society- 

Sims  oFcrs  obje^Hons  to  the  comition  moit  of  pcrforni-^ 

:  operation,  called  tappings  and  fpciiks  of  irs  danger  andf 

refs,  in  rcrms  which  do  noi  appear  to  us  to  be  juiliiied  bf 

splice  which  we  have  fcea.     In  m  ftead,  he  recommends 

1  ruling  in  a  comtnon  lancet  at  the  umbilicus,  until  the 

I  iffues/ 

C^f€  of  laharhui  farturkhn^  taith  the  canff^umitf.   By  M» 
InfoEi,  furgeon, 

7jS#  hi^^rj  fif  tw&  cajts  4f  hrmihuh*    By,  J.  C-  htlU 

[he  fir  ft  of  thcfc  cafes,  fays  Or.  Lett  (bm, 
]>rd€re()  a  pUiilcr,  of  four  pans  of  foap  cerate  and  one  pait  §f 
Df,  to  be  fpread  on  foti  leather,  and  applied  to  the  tumour^  and 
I  ^^^f  to  bathe  the  part  (taking  o IF  the  pUiilcr]  with  faponaceoiM 
Jit,  prepared  with  double  the  quantity  of  camphor-  The  tStik 
I  plan  waj  fo  extraordinary,  that  in  lefs  than  one  week  from  the 
Vhihition  of  it,  the  difeafe  totally  fabfided ;  and  after  the 
[f  fome  months,  I  hair j  been  h^fc  rtnedj  it  has  not  jhcwn  any 
i  recurrence' 

|he  fecond  cafe,   the  fiiccefs  from  the  fame  treatment  wai 
id. 


I 


Withering*!  B9Umcal  Jrrwgimini^  VcL  tIL        285 

whole  fliould  be  completed  *•  That  period  being  at  length 
arrived,  we  are  at  liberty  to  deliver  our  fentioients ;  and  we 
fliall  lay  them  accordingly  before  our  readers. — It  may,  how- 
ever, be  proper  iirft  Co  defcribe  the  work,  and  afterward  to 
fimte  our  opinion. 

The  firft  volume  opens  with  a  (hort  preface,  announcing  the 
advantages  of  the  prefent  edition  : — to  this  is  fubjoined  a  lift  of 
friends,  who  have  favoured  the  author  with  their  affiftance.  la 
this  lift,  fome  names  of  eminence  are  to  be  found,  fuch  as  Dr. 
Smitbj  proprietor  of  the  Linnean  mufcum,  and  Mr,  fFaodwarJ^ 
of  Bungay  in  Suffolk.  We  were  furprized  at  not  feeing  either 
the  name  of  Hudfon^  or  of  Curtis^  in  this  lift.  Surely  this  latter 
gentleman,  whoi'e  knowlege  is  founded  entirely  on  praSical  cul- 
tivation of  the  Engliih  plants,  would  have  been  a  faoft  in  him- 
fidf  ^  many  an  error  might  have  been  prevented  had  he  been 
confulted.     Diis  aliter  vifwn. 

Next  follows  a  treacife,  named  The  Defign ;  wherein  is  an- 
nounced the  plan  purfued  in  the  whole  workt  with  re4>e^  to  the 
^eral  points  of  natural  knowlege  that  are  introduced.  We  ar^ 
next  prefentcd  with  a  trad,  fty  led  Advertifinunt^  ty  tbeJutbcr  §fth& 
lief£r€nc€S  to  Figum^  refpcding  the  mode  of  his  introduciog  his 
le^rences,  and  the  ufes  of  them,  &c.  Lailly,  a  caulogue  of 
botanical  works  cited  in  this  edition,  by  the  autlipr  of  the  refer-^ 
eoces  t«  This  catalogue  abounds  with  ihort  remarks  on  the 
feverai  authors,  and  on  the  merit  of  their  compolitions. 

We  are  now  arrived  at  the  main  objed  of  the  work,  tht  ar^ 
rmgimtnt  of  the  Britijh  plants  after  the  Linnian  ttuthod^  in  cUtffis^ 
wrdirsy  genera^  and  f pedes. '^Iho  firft  volume  carries  us  to  the 
eqd  of  the  clafs  Decandaia, — the  fecond  volume  continues 
the  arrangement  to  the  end  of  the  23d  clafs,  Polygamia. 

Soon  after  thefe  two  volumes  were  publifhed,  we  heard,  with 
great  regret,  that  a  divifion  had  taken  place  between  the  two 
oflenfible  authors  of  this  arrangement.  Dr.  Withering  and  Dr. 
Stokes;  and  the  fubfequent  publications  too  fully  confirmed  the 
report.  In  the  firft  place,  the  printing  of  the  laft  volume  was 
Tmmoderately  delayed :  though,  to  keep  up  the  remembrance  and 
cxpeAation  of  the  public,  part  of  the  prolegomena  to  the  third 
Tc^ume  appeared,  in  a  thin  odavo  pamphlet,  in  the  next 
place,  when  the  laft  part  appeared  in  1792,  the  name  of  Dr. 
Stokes  was  found  in  very  few  of  thedefcriptions. 

To  proceed  to  our  analyfis  of  this  3d  volume:— *a  preface 
makes  a  flight  apology  for  the  delay  of  the  publication :  next 

illows  an  introdudtion,  explanatory  of  the  method  purfued  in 


^li 


♦  See  Rev.  vol.lxxix.  p.  461.  and  N.  S.  vol.  ii.  p.  101. 
-J-  Dr.  Stokes, 

9  the 


h  Cryptocamia^  particufarly  in  l)x^  fungi: — here  tlie 
"ngclafs  Cryptogamia  begins  with  an  account  of  Led- 
ifcoverics  of  the  frudtificarton  c>f  the  genera  of  this  clafs, 
rfecl  with  remarks  by  the  autht^r^ — and  a  few  addenda 
e  volume :  the  general  indices  were  given  in  the  little 
|let,  or  3d  part  J  tnentioned  abcve.  The  laft  \oIutne  is 
appropriiited  to  the  clafs  Cryptogamia,  Wc  find 
n  pUtes  fn  the  whole  work  i  the  laft  tlx  of  which  are 
Jarly  valuable^ 

uft  be  acknowleged  that  there  never  was  a  botanical 
11  our  languages  on  which  more  Jabour  was  bcftowed  j — 
ihere  is  much  morethananyneceflityof  the  cafe  required, 
times  quite  tedioui  to  examine  a  whoie  defcnption: 
ha  Msfckata »     A  pung  S  t  u  d  e  n  t,  a  n  x  i  oy  s  to  gain  com  - 
nowlege,  does  not  repine  at  the  quantity  of  informadoJi 
rough  t  together  for  his  ufe; — but  he  foon  fickens,  and 
to  receive  hfs  inflru£lion  in   a   more  fimplified  form, 
we  are  fir  ft  told  what  Linn  6,  what  Mr^Woodward^ 
name  appears  fo  frequently,  and  whofc  alliftaoce  is  fo 
geous,  that  he   fecms   almoft  to  be  the  author  of  the 
or  what  fome  other  friend,  has  faJd  |  then  what  Dr* 
ing  has  obrcrved,  or  what  Dr.  Siokes  has  thought  pro- 
add  to  the  v^^hole  compiltitjoii  of  defer iption.     A  true 
the  method  n^jrfued  m  this  work  may  be  fc 


Vfhheting^s  Botanical  jfrrafigemsvti    FoL  III.       2%J 

•  CarJutu  fpinojiffmus  latifclius  fpharccephalas  <vulgans.  Bauli* 
pin.  38;.  is  referred  to  by  Linnaeus,  and  may  be  the  plant,  but  the 
figure  cited  by  C  B.  from  Dod.  is  evidently  a  different  fpccics,  the 
C.  inclinans  of  the  Botanical  Arrangement.- f'C/z^fa.w  majus Jlngulari 
To^uU  magna,  Bauh.  pin.  377.  referred  to  in  R,  Syn.  is  dearly  a 
different  fpccies.)  St. 

*  Paftures  in  a  calcareous  foil.  Huds.  [and  road  iidcs  in  a  fandy  or 
pravelly  foil.   St.' 

All  this  is  excellent  mftruflion  to  a  young  botanifl,  and  muft 
give  him  wonderful  pleafure  in  invcftigating  the  plant :  but  be 
nrillibon  get  above  the  neceffity  of  fuch  laboured  and  repeated 
delcription. —  All  fcience  fhould  be  conveyed  to  us  in  apt  and 
concife  explanations. 

Wc  are  under  the  neceflity  of  obfervin^  another  and  more 
material  evil  arifing  from  this  multifarious  defcription.  It  hap- 
pens fometimes  that  the  feveral  authors,  who  are  quoted  for 
accounts  of  one  plant,  are  fpeaking  of  different  plants. — The 
Carduus  acanthoides  will  be  a  fufficient  example.  The  authors 
here  cited,  are  Linne^  Ray^  HudfoHy  Lightfoot^  Woodward^  and 
Dr.  ^/tf^rx:  — but  of  thefe,  Linm  fpealcs  of  tne  true  acanthcid^s^ 
the  C.  crifpus  of  Hudfon  ;  and  all  the  other  authors  fpcalc  of  Mr. 
Hudfin*^  acanthsidis^  z  plant  not  known  to  Li  fine.  A  young 
botanift  will  here  be  quite  baffled  by  the  quantity  and  contra«> 
rietjr  of  defcription.  This  contradidlion  does  not  occur  frc- 
iquently  :  but  it  is  neceflary  to  point  it  out,  in  order  that,  where 
any  thing  of  the  kind  is  found,  the  reader  may  be  aware  that, 
moft  probably,  the  different  authors  have  been  fpeaking  of 
different  plants,  which  they  may  have  been  feverally  led  to  con- 
fidcr  as  the  plant  they  were  defcribing. 

Wc  would  here  wifh  to  give  our  opinion,  firft,  of  the  ftrfl 
two  volumes. — It  mull  be  confefled  that  the  authors  con- 
jcemed  in  this  publication  deferve  the  highefl  praifc  for  their 
indufiry,  and  the  greateft  encouragement  for  undertaking  (o 
arduous  a  tafk  ;  and  we  mufl  add,  that,  for  certain  purpofes, 
and  to  a  certain  degree,  it  is  abfolutely  necefTary  that  every 
Englifli  botanift  of  every  defcription  fhould  have  the  work  in 
hit  hand  : — he  will  learn  much  botany  if  he  be  not  far  advanced; 
and  be  he  ever  fo  great  a  proficient,  he  will  find  many  a  curious 
fafi  retailed,  both  in  botany  and  entomology,  which,  perhaps, 
kbas  not  heard  before: — but  wc  would  not  deceive  our  rca- 
^,  and  lead  them  to  think  that  the  fubjedt  of  Englifh  botany 
itexhaufted, — very  far  from  it:— ift.  Many  plants  of  difficult 
difcrimination  are  left  as  obfcure  as  they  were  found  ;  witnefs 
Vtrmca  Jpicata  and  hybrida^  Poa  nemor'alis  and  anguftifolia^  iiCm 
hlt^j  are  wrongly  named ;  Erica  didyma,  for  vagans — Car^ 
dns  inclinans,  for  acamhoidis^^TrifJiumJlellatum^  for  mariti^ 

muotg 


Withering'^  Saamcaf  Arran^imint^  P$L  HL 

|5:c,      2d]y,  ^fany  wrong  accents  arc  givcn^  as  CufcuUy 

Xnaium^  Pamdui  *,  &c.  3^1^,  Strange  n^mcs  are  given 
|nts  t  \  N^mphnta  alba  is  known  perhaps  to  every  child 
I  the  name  ot  wkiic  waUr  Uly^  and  fo  it  is  called  by  ibcfc 
\%  in  thcfr  Beftgn^  bur,  in  the  body  ofihe  work,  tbcy  fiyte 

e  do  not  profefs  oiirfelves  enamoured  of  the  mode  of  acccntirig 

Jvi  in  chia  work.     Tiie  accent  is  written  in  tke  body  of  the  word: 

JLlie  term  \1;..c^^^^y,  or  accd/ttuSt  implies^  not  a,n  tircorferutioiTf  2»]t 

iitkji,  of  a  ni:;rk,  iiirediug  Ll\e  mulical  (oiitid  of  the  fyjlable  ro 

1  it  15  applied  ;  -  and  thh  additional  mark  has  been,  till  now,  m* 

ly  pliicrd  o\'t  r  the  ryllablt^.     To  our  cya,  the  new  niode  rs  n»  ' 

ilighily.     Wc  could  hav*e  wiftied  alio  chat  Ibmc  of  i]!feeoEE»* 

^vtjrds  had  be ^n  printed  with  two  accents,  to  mark  the  piouutid- 

A  i^McU  part  of  the  compQunderd  wordj  vi^.  Sa^imitdii,  for  £a^f* 

IVidi  rcfpecl  CO  the  naming  of  plants,  wc  agree  in  general  mik 
jirncd  authors  oi  ih'is  work;  —  but  there  are  fuuatioDS  in  whicii 
linge  ot  a  TiaLUC  may  noi  only  be  proper  but  neceifary.  Tttii 
i'Uyii  approved  MrXiiftis's  change  of  the  Linnean  name,  Of* 
'rS^iif  irAo  fJ^i'i'itiJ:j.  The  term  ff^da  mull  mi  Head,  for  the 
I  when  left  to  itklf,  ]&  pr€€:imhint.  All  names,  which  mtjlitt/r 
be  done  away,  Br  fide,  the  authors  of  partial  Fkra  have  no 
>  c^pe^L^  that  iiblduce  lubmiJlinn  to  their  nomenclatpre,  *vhkh 
rn:*  inort:'  nyblc  Ir-^tU'rs  of  the  icicnce. — A  name  \shkli  is 
I'.c.ible  ill  a  pnrdal  /Vc-.-:,  may  Icfc  nil  its  forc:^  when  ictrj- 


'Withering^  BdianUal  Arrrnigimmty  Vol  III.         i 

it-#hite  water  am^  &c.    4thly,  Strange  habitats  are  rpporte 
thus  the  maha  vertieiHaia^  evidently  a  foreign  plahr,  is  (aid 
grow  on  a  dnnghili  *,  on  the  fide  of  the  turnpike  road  from  Bi; 
mingham  to  Hales  Owen,  at  the  third  mile  ftontr.     Avena  fin 
g§fa^  a  foreigner  alfo,  (and  which,  of  courfe^  may  very  poffibi 
have  been  imported  at  feme  time  with  the  Common  oat,  or  orhc 
(beds)  is  faid  to  grow  among  oats,  barley,  and,  fometimcs,  rye« 
Laftly,  to  mention  no  more,  the  remaiks  on  the  authors  quoted 
in  this  work,  are  generally  in  a  very  dogniaiical  ftyle.     Wtf 
inftance   the  cafe    of     Mr.  Bohon,    p.  xlii. — The   winton 
attack  on  Mr.  Curtis,  whole  FL  Londinenji%^  the  firft  of  bota- 
nical public'itions,  is  given  in  fo  cxpenuve  a  manner,  that  no 
adequate  profit  cUn  be  made  from    it,    p.  xliv.— The   flight 
thrown  on  the  admirable  Leers,  p.  lii. —  I  hecenfureon  Miller^ 
p»  Iv.— -The  contempt  with  which  the  labours  of  Relchard  f  ^re 
treated,  p.  lix. — and  the  manner  in  which  the  great  name  of  Pro* 
feflor  Schreber,  and  his  immortal  work  on  giailes,  are  treated^ 
only  bccaufe  he  publifhed  his  work  in  his  own  language,  for  the 
anftrudion  of  his  own  countrymen.     Mud  we  call  this  mrvg$ 
mtra,^  or  the  eftcds  of  a  flippant  propenfity  ?     We  cannot  but 
think  the  cenfures  harftily  and  improperly  applied,  and,  in  con- 
fequence,  we  muft  appeal  from  them  to  the  judgment  of  the  im- 
partial public. 

*  We  are  really  furpriz'jd  at  luch  a  habitat  being  marked.  Are  we 
fuppofe  that  this  dungiiiil  i&  u  remain  at  chc  third  mile-flone»  frora 
ar  to  year  ? 

t  Three  dafhing  wordi  arc  thrown  out  to  chara£lcrize  this  pains* 

ing  author — *  A  jn:rc  ccmpihr'*  —  Although  Reicliard's  work  be,  from 

very  nature  of  ir,  a  compilation,  yet  this  exprcflion  docs  not  give  a 

idea  of  it.     VViien  we  hear  a  pcrfon  called  a  mere  compiler,  we 

3  a  contemptible  idea  uf  him,  and  are  apt  to  think  that  there  is  no 

it  in  his  work  which  may  ndt  be  foui.d  clfcwlicre,  or  anywhere. 

'all  it  a  compilaiion,  is  faying  the  trurh,  but  not  the  ivhsle  truth. 

thing  due  to  a  man,  who  h:ii  bellowed  fo  much  labour  on  collect* 

)  ma:iy  addition:il  rynonymi  lo  fomany  ihoufandsof  pi .::::,  .^ — The 

icid  Arrangement  itfclfmi^ht  bv^  called  a  compil.i::on  j  where  have 

)re  inftanc.-^  o^  uic  opinions  of  others  compiled  \  tjcj  the  article 

\ria  ojl.iuidiiy  or  almOil  ..ny  cihcr. 

might  be  juilihed  in  enlar;^rlnfr  v?rv  confiderably  on  this  fubjeft, 
•x^mple  here  lot  us  of  4/tfv.»:  vvou!d  be  thought  to  countenance 
ay  remark  of  the  kind.     VVc  never  deem  a  man  the  wifer  for 
iting  his  fcllow-labourcrs.     Such  gcnilcmen  ihould  coniider 
^AM  t enter t  in  nofmct  iijem  J'ancimus  iniquiim. 
tfli  it  to  be  under ilood  chat,  in  marking  pafl*ages  and  fub- 
our  remarks,  we  literally  only  opened  the  volumes,  and  found 
)nccj  not  Hudiouily  fclcding  chcm.  We  are  confcious  that  we 
e  pointed  out  maite.i  much  more  dircftly  to  our  purpqfc. 

July,  1793.  X  We 


Tipigr^Ml  Mifalknku 

have  be^n  fpciking  hitherto  of  the  fiifl  and  fecond  fo- 
— the  remaining  part,  like  the  Q)ip  of  SergcHus,  eom^ 
;  behind^  m^dint  diUUi  um.  Wc  have  fcarccly  any  more 
Stokes's  afHfl^^ancet  except  in  feme  of  the  f  lias  }  the 
f  detailing  the  dercription  is  confidcrably  alicfcd  |  and, 
t  famtUes,  qmu  on  the  compiling  fytlem.  By  ihe  pre- 
pub] i cation  of  the  ftrtk  part  of  the  3d  volume,  in  which 
ven  the  general  index,  which  referred  only  to  the  fiift 
^Jumes,  we  are  left  without  any  guide  to  the  concents 
clafs  Crvftocamia,  except  the  lytioptic  table  at  tlii 
■  the  cUfs. 

new  light  of  much  importance  is  thrown  on  the  clafs 
roGAMiA,  e3ccept  in  ih^funii*  Bolton  had  laboured 
'4$  I  Dillenius,  Hedwig*  and  Okkfon,  the  mu/a\  ^ni 
art  of  the  alg^  i  the  /uo,  cenfefv^^  and  uh^%  remain 
IS  they  were,  except  in  a  few  ir>ilar)ceSf  where  Mjjot 
has  given  feme  very  ci editable  adiftance  :— but,  in  thf 
great  attention  is  vifible  throughout.  Of  Mr.  Bolton's 
s  good  ufe  h  made  ;  and  m^l^y  things,  which  efdped 
nwlege,  are  corre£led«  We  do  not  mean  to  fiy  thst 
it  he  ring  if  himfelf  fauklefs;  fucceeding  authors  wUl 
\  throw  much  light  on  many  of  his  inaccuracies  :  (who,,  in 
r  on  Tuch  a  fubjeflj  can  poiBbly  avoid  falling  into  them  ?) 
be  is  entitled  to  the  warmeil  thanks  of  all  EngUfii  bo* 


\ 


^r»A^,^\A^ 


*^«,^r*  ^i..:«L  L.  !.-<>  — « 


Tcpograpbical  Mtfcellanhsl  2g  i 

the  whole;  and  they  receive  merely  a  temporary  arrangement, 
fince,  fiiould  they  obtain  encouragement,  '  the  addition  of 
immenre  quantities  of  nevr  articles  muft  totally  alter  the 
order/ 

Antiquarian  refearches  are  without  doubt  entertaining,  and 
inay  be  direSed  to  a  variety  of  real  improvement.  It  is  there- 
fore  defirabie  that  they  (hould  be  profecuted  by  thofe  who  pof- 
fefs  a  mind  which  guards  againft  fuperftition  and  fervility. 
It  is  curious  to  view  antique  buildings,  and  to  trace  antient 
cufioms  and  manners;  yet,  whatever  advantages  our  remote 
forefathers  might  in  fome  refpe£h  poflefs,  how  abfurd  would  be 
the  concludon,  that  the  ignorance,  the  flavery,  the  hoftiiities^ 
tbe  oppreiGons,  and  the  abje<5l  fubmif&ons  of  thofe  times,  are  pre- 
ferable to  the  knowlege,  eafe,  and  freedom,  of  more  enlighten- 
cd.days  ?  Intelligent  readers  have  been  often  difgufted  by  re- 
marking the  filly  bigotry,  meannefs,  adulation,  and  prejudices^ 
which  writers  on  thefe  topics  have  fometimes  difcovered.  It  is 
flainful  whenever  fenfible  and  ingenious  men  are  obferved  to  dif- 
grace  their  labours  by  any  tincture  of  this  kind. 

Our  author  obferves,  that, 

'  The  namber  of  ancient  feats  throughoat  the  kingdom  is  not 
great;  every  day,  (he  adds,)  fome  fooliOi  heir  facrifices  the  curious 
abode  of  his  forefathers  to  the  infipid  refinements  of  modern  tafle. 
In  turning  my  eyes  on  all  England,  I  cannot  at  this  moment  perceive 
more  than  two  or  three  inibmces  of  a  truly  ancient  baronial  caftL  dill 
continuing  to  be  afed«s  a  feat.  By  thefe,  I  mean,  fuch  as  were  the 
'hc^s  of  oaronics  or  earldoms  eflabliihed  at  or  foon  after  the  con- 
qtseft.  Of  the  greater  part  of  thefe  rude  buildings,  (landing  prin- 
cipally on  hills,  commanding  large  towns  and  villages,  fubjed  to 
them  (many  of  which  are  now  ufed  as  gaols)  the  ruins  are  iUll  re* 
maining,  and  engraved  in  Grofe's  colledion.  It  feems  a  circum-* 
fiance  not  a  little  fmgular,  that  the  male  line  of  our  original  poft- 
conqtiefl  Earls  foon  ended  in  females. — Of  the  principal  mak  line  of 
the  barons  of  that  date,  there  arc  fome,  though  but  few,  yet  enjoy- 
ing their  honours.— Of  thefe.  Earl  Berkeley  refides  in  his  ancient 
caille;  Clinton  (Duke  of  NewcaiUe)  has,  ages  iince,  loll  his  old  pof* 
feffioas ;  Nevile  retains  the  caftle  of  his  barony,  though  in.  ruins ; 
Courteney  and  Grey  flill  hold  fome  of  their  original  etlatcs,  and  all 
the  reft  have  long  ago  lofl  all  traces  of  their  old  lands/ 

This  writer  purfues  his  accounts  of  our  peerage  throughout 
different  periods  of  the  Englifli  hfftory,  to  the  inftitution  of 
Baronets  in  i6ii. 

«  A  large  portion  of  thefe,  (he  obferves,)  either  fince  elevated  to 
BDbitity»  or  enjoying  their  original  titles,  dill  flourifh,  and  the  ge- 
aealoffitt  will  regret  that  this  highed  hereditary  rank  of  commonerst 
hu>  m  the  prcfent  century,  fo  much  departed  from  its  dcfignation, 
and  been  conferred  almoll  exclufively  on  mercantile,  and  other  new- 
raifed  families,  at  the  expence  of  exciting  the  juil  difcontent  of  the 

X  2  axi<^tiX. 


Topcgmphkal  MlfcdknUsn 

try -gentry,  whom,  naturally  attached  %%  they  ^re  t©  an 

,  throne,  it  has  a  tendcT^cy  to  alienate  from  monilrchy/ 

this  prediIe£feion  for  jSedigrecs  of  peers  and  baronets, 

tr  clofes  his  preface  by  a  Ump&rary  lift,  as  it  is  tcrnied, 

|nt  manfions,      *  For^  {fays  he)  the  feldotncr  a  feat 

its  owners,  the  greater  probalility  there  is  of  its  pre- 

I  its   ancient   ornaments.      The   venerable   graces,    of 

In  old  family  is  prauiJ,  (more  efpecially  when  ralfcJ  by 

pi  or  J )  difgud  a  purchafcr,  who  loves  too  often  to  for- 

early  part  of  his  own  life.* — 1  his  lift  is  not  pretended 

|er[edt,  and  it  may  therefore  be  improved  by  others:  It 

of  cail)es,  abbeys,  and  antient  houfes,    commencing 

refgn  of  Henry  II.  and  acquainting  us  with  the  name^ 

itry,  former  owners,  prefcnt  ownerS)  and,  in  fome  in- 

the  architect. 

[volume  contains  colleQions  for  the  cottnlies  of  Sufler, 

Intj  alfo  for  Hsmpfhire,  Cambridgelhirc,  Oxfordfhire, 

Ire^  and  Derby fhi re:  thofe  from  Suflex  form  the  grcaiclt 

rrhc  contents  arc  not  generally  of  a  nature  to  furniOi 

fuitabje  to  our  convenience  and  brevity.     We  notice 

kge  of  Glynde^  in  butiex,  for  a  fimilar  reafon  to  that  which 

lor  ailigns  for  addini^  fomc  particulars; 

Itliis  parifli,  (];e  obfcrvest)  is  Glynd-^w/r;;,  fituatcJ  m  a  mofl 


Topoprophiecl  MiJcellanUu  293 

to  the  ftoiily  of  Albinu  and  was  afterward  giveii  to  tb^ 
iDonaJSftry  oif  SuAlban's  by  Higo^  rather  Ai^^flMigellos)  de 
'Aibioi.  At  the  diflblution,  it  was  fold  to  Sir  Chriftopher 
Hales,  Knight;  afterward  to  the  Culpeppers,  and  then  to 
Thomas  Hamon,  who  had  before  leafed  it  from  the  death  of 
his  father  in  the  year  1526;  and  his  father  *  had  been  tenant  of 
it  to  the  monaftery/  It  is  ftill  the  feat  of  the  Hammonds, 
^  and  it  mud  therefore  be  very  little  /hort  of  three  centuries  ftnce 
their  iirft  refidence  here :  nor  is  it  a  little  fingular,  that  the 
family  who  were  tenants  to  the  convent,  (hould  ftill  have  con« 
tinued  uointerrupredly  to  this  day  to  own  and  occupy  the 
place.' — To  the  above  we  add  a  few  lines  from  the  defcription  of 
the  Black  Friars^  Canterbury,  on  account  of  a  name  (Jacobines) 
which  at  this  time  of  day  refounds  pretty  much  through  Eu« 
rope:  '  They  were,  (obferves  this  editor,)  called  Dominicans 
from  their  founder,  St.  Dominic,  a  Spaniard ;  Black-frisLTS 
from  their  garments ;  and  in  France  Jacobiiles,  from  having 
tbcir  firft  houfe  in  St.yanies*s-&reet  at  Paris.' 

Some  of  the  biographical  accounts  in  this  volume  merit  the 
epithet  amufing;  as  particularly  under  the  articles  of  Catlage^ 
Cambridgefhire,  and  oi  fVroxtm^  Oxfordihire,  we  have  rela* 
tions  of  the  family  of  North  ^nd  Guildford,  a  principal  part  of 
which  is  taken  from  the  lives  of  Lord- keeper  Guildford,  Sir 
Dudley  North,  and  Dr.  John  North,  written  by  their  brother^ 
Roger,  b^rrifter,  and  king's  council,  *  three  of  the  moft  en- 
tertaining and  inftrudive  pieces  of  biography  in  the  Englifh 
language. *-^Under  another  article.  Burton-priory  in  Oxford- 
ihire, we  meet  with  a  long  account  of  that  eminent  man.  Sir 
Luci4J6  Cary,  afterward  Lord  Falkland ;  it  is  extraded  from 
Lord  Clarendon,  *  that  moft  delightful  of  all  hiftorians.'—-Tlie 
account  which  that  author  has  written  is  known  to  be  very  in- 
terefting.  In  Lord  Falkland,  we  feem  to  have  a  memorable 
inftance  of  the  great  difficulty  which  a  man  of  probity  and  virtue 
may  experience  in  the  determination  of  his  condud  in  conten- 
tious  and  violent  times. 

The  number  of  engravings  in  this  volume  is  thirteen:  if  they 
enhance  the  expence,  they  alfo  afford  great  ornament  and 
beauty.  They  are  as  follow :  WiImington<priory;  theGrange, 
feat  of  Lord  Hampton;  Parfonage-hall  at  Terring}  Michel- 
grove  I  Slindon,  reddence  of  the  l^arl  of  Newburgh ;— all  the(e 
are  in  Suflex.—* St.  Alban's  in  Nonington;  arches  over  the 
river  Stour ;  gate  of  the  Black-friars,  with  a  map  of  its  antient 
fite,  Canterbury;  Catlage,  Cambridgefhire;  Drayton  Bailettt 
Oxfordfliire;  tomb  of  Ralph,  laft  Lord  Bafiett;  and  Breadlball 
church  and  priory  in  the  county  of  Derby. 

X  3  AaT#^ 


C   294   ) 


*-   •^ 


IX r.  On  thf  PrGpatits  tf  Mahtr^  thi  Prmcipki  ff  ChtmiJlTTt 
\he  NnUtri  and  C^rtflraBhn  &f  Ainf^rm  Fluids^  @r  Qafi$^  Jn 
Ih  I  lie  Abfurdhies  of  ihc  Theories  hitherto  advanced^  and  ge- 
lly  received,  refpeding  thofe  Subje^dls,  are  fully  cxpoft;fd ;  ainl 
[an  E:^planation  of  them  given,  as  Reafon  naturally  points  oatj 
tM&xy  Obfcrvaiion  fully  confirms.  By  E.  Peart,  M-D,  5tc, 
pp.118,     25. 6J .  Boards.     Miller.     1792* 

have  already  *  given  a  fhort  fketch  of  fomc  of  the  leading 
ipriiiciples  of  this  gentleman's  philofophy,  leaving  every 
I  to  form  his  own  judgment  of  ihth  f&ilditjf.  Whatever  may 
jght  of  them  in  that  refperft,  it  muft  be  acknowleged  that 
Ithor  has  (hewn  no  fm all  (hare  of  ingenuity  in  contriving, 
lodi tying,  three  fimple  elementary  fubflances,  one  folid 
fo  fluid,  fo  as  to  account  for  all  known^  and  indeed  all 
rhenomena, 

folid  partirlcs  arc  ina^ive,  pofTefling  no  other  properties 
Impenetrability  and  gener^il  attraction,  but  yet  may  be 
I  red  as  the  primum  mobile  of  the  whole  fyftem  j  for  the 
iids,  called  arther  and  phlogifton,  are,  in  their  natural 
bnt  ftate,  ftill  mere  ina^Sive,  pnfleiTrng  no  attra<3ion  of 
Ind,  iind  are  txatid  into  adivity  by  hcing,  or  having 
lin    contact  with   the   foljd.      The   fxdtcd  fluid   attrafls 


Peart  §niii  Propirtus  df  Matter^  Ve.  195 

Thde  coirpound  principles,  in  which  the  folid  and  fluid  are 
infeparably  united,  ferve  as  crntrnl  points  to  other  atmofpheres 
of  the  fame  conftrufiicn  ;  and  difFerent  exchements  of  thefe  pro- 
duce the  magnetic,  elcftric,  aereal;  and  aeriform  ftatcs.  When 
two  atmofpheres,  attradir.g  one  another,  have  brought  their 
central  folids  into  union,  the  fluids  themfelvcf:,  united,  q jit  the 
folid,  and  form  (ire  or  light  according  to  their  excitenunt ;  and 
thus  difl^erent  degrees  of  ixciUmint  very  readily  account  for 
every  thing. 

In  combating  the  trroneous  opinions  and  abfurdities  of  philo* 
iophers,  this  gentleman  feems  to  be  fighting  againft  Ibadows. 
The  firft,  of  which  he  takes  notice,  is,  that  bodies  are  fup- 
pofetf  to  z,A  on  one  another  at  a  difiana^  or  without  contaff^  and 
to  have  immaterial  fpheres  of  attradtion  and  repulfion  around  or 
between  them.  It  is  not  our  prefent  bufinefs  to  enter  into 
this  fubje£l :  but  we  may  obferve  that  his  own  atmofpheres 
feem  to  remove  the  diflicutty  only  one  ftep  farther,  by  finding  a 
tortoife  to  fupport  the  elephant  that  fupports  the  earth  ;  for  we 
cannot  conceive  how  either  of  his  fluids  can  arrange  itfelf  into 
right  lines  in  gvery  direSfion^  unlefs  its  parts  either  be  previoufly 
in  eonta£f  in  tvcry  dired^ion,  (which  cannot  be  fuppofed,)  or  elfe 
attrad  one  another  without  contaSl ;  and  when  the  two  fluids 
are  mixed  together,  and  each  of  them  feparately  to  be  fo  ar- 
ranged, the  difliculty  is  doubled. 

Dr.  Peart  thinks  it  abfurd  to  fuppofe,  that  *  pure  air  is 
«ompofed  of  oxygen  with  caloric  or  fire,'  or  that  the  gafes  owe 
their  aeriform  ftate  to  the  union  of  fire  with  them;  becaufe  an 
atmofpheri  of  fire  about  the  other  matter  would  feel  hot  to  the 
fingers,  &c. ;  becaufe  the  aeriform  fluids  continue  aeriform 
though  they  feel  cold ;  and  becaufe  the  fame  fubflances  may 
feel  hot,  and  yet  not  be  aeriform.  He  mentions  many  particular 
infiances,  all  tending  to  fbew  that  the  aeriform  ftate  is  not 
produced  by  an  atmofpben  of  fire:  but  who  ever  thought  that 
it  was  ?  When  two  bodies  are  faid  to  be  chemically  united,  it 
is  never  imagined  that  either  of  them  aflfumes  the  form  of  an 
atmofphere.  When  the  Dodor  himfelf  fpeaks  of  two  central 
points  being  drawn  together  into  union,  and  of  an  acid  and  an 
alkali  forming  by  fuch  union  a  neutral  compound,  he  furely 
cannot  mean  that  one  indivijibli  atom  forms  an  atmofphere  all 
round  the  other. 

The  third  and  laft  of  the  errors  here  noticed,  is  the  afligning 
of  contrary  efiedts  to  the  fame  caufe.  *  Lavoifier  [we  are  told,j 
fays  that  mercury  is  a  fimple  fubftance;  that  pure  air  is  com- 
pofed  of  oxygen  and  caloric ;— that,  by  means  of  heat,  mer- 
cury will  attrad  the  oxygen  from  caloric  ;— and  that  likewife, 
by  means  of  heat^  caloilc  will  attia£i  oxygen  from  its  combina- 

X  4  tion 


lou<;h  fo  much  ftrcis  is  here  laid  on  two  oppnfiic  currefitSg. 

luiig^  ihc  experiments  auduced  feem  to  demf>nf!rate  their 

V^>   the  auslior  by  no  mc*ns  iuppofes  two  diflinS  ftuidf. 

ifidcrs  negaiivi  elefliiciry,  not  as  a  va^uum^  (for  onlji  mi- 

Iroportion  uf  ihe  natural  quantity  can  poi^Dly be  csrhaal^ed,) 

Icrely  as  a  quantity  Uf$  than  what  the  body  cantain9  in  In 

\l  undiflurbcd  ftate,   and  therefore  equally  rea),  and  of 

lai^ivity^  with  the  psfuive^  fo  as  to  urge  ill  way^  throiigji 

refilting  medium  to  meet  the  pofitive,     EIe<!tric  atm9» 

L  of  one  or  the  other  kind,  he  conliders  as  the  ekclndty 

Jiiiy  refidenC  in  the  humidity  or  vapours  fufpended  \r\  the  air 

Inding  the  electrified  bodies:  excitrd  glafs  repels  the  dec* 

id,  and  confequcntly,  bt^yond  a  cerfjin  diilinc^t  rendcn 

l-e  deafe  ;  while  excited  wax  has  the  contrary  adion. 

.Read  gives  a  defcription  and  phte  of  the  apparatus  \ff 

hts  experiments  and  ob^rvations  were  tnadc^  and  of « 

contiderabk  improvement  in  the  ele^rical  d&Mtr,    At 

3ubler  is  always  found  to  exhibit  marks  of  electricity,  it 

ben  fuppofed  to  retain  a  portion  of  the  ele^ric  fluid  which 

sen  communicated  to  it  at  the  )aft  time  of  ufing,  aivd 

has  been  reprobated  as  utterly  unfit  for  dete£ling  inf 

[quantity  of  new  eleflFicity,     Mr,  R.  however  flicws  that 

icneral  cledricity  of  this  inftrument  is  of  a  very  di^ent 

beins  no  other  than  ihat  which  it  receives  from  the 


Gtditi^sTranflaiion  tfibi  Hofy  BiUe.    Vol  I.       S99 

iSdeoufly  employed,  ahd  for  die  ippeannceof  which  his^^ 
ffg&us^^  and  other  preliminary  writings,  have  prepared  the 
public  mind,  and  have  excited,  in  the  lovers  of  facred  criticifm, 
great  cxpeAations. 

It  will  be  unneceflary  for  us,  in  this  place,  to  pay  any  com* 
pliments  to  Dr.G.'s  learning  and  abilities,  or  to  offer  any  re* 
marks,  after  what  he  himfelf  has  advanced  in  his  profptQus^  to 
ihew  that  he  is  fenfible  of  the  qualifications  which  are  necelTaryr 
to  conftitute  a  good  tranflator.  That  he  has  undertaken  the 
taik  with  a  mind  richly  ftored,  will  be  acknowleged,  whatever 
opinions  may  be  formed  of  the  merits  of  the  verfion. 

In  this  early  flage  of  the  work,  we  do  not  purpofe  to  enter 
into  a  critical  difcuifion  of  excellencies  and  defe^Ss,  but  to  poft- 
pone  that  part  of  our  duty  till  more  of  the  tranflacion  and  of  its 
promifed  accompaniments  (hall  come  before  us. 

The  want  of  a  new  tranflation  of  the  Bible,  together  with  a 
judicious  expofition,  has  frequently  been  lamented.     Commen- 
tators, inftead  of  boldly  exploding  errors,  have  fadly  mifapplied 
kaming  by  endeavouring  to  defend  them  ;  and,  by  embarrafC* 
lag  religious  faith  with  matters  which  belong  hot  to  the  pro- 
vince of  religion,  have  often  turned  the  philofophic  inquirer^ 
with  difguft,  from  the  facred  records.     Thus,  for  inftance,  by 
^rendering  the  Hebrew  word  in  Gen.  i.  i.  itnH  created^  and 
then  injudicioufly  explaining  it  to  mean,  U  produce  into  hang^  or 
ti  mahi  out  of  nothings  divines  have  provoked  and  entangled 
tbemfelves  in  a  difpute  with  philofophers  about  the  antiquity  of 
matter ;    whereas,  had  they  tranflated  VC\^fornud^  or  had  not 
infifted  that  to  creati^  in  this  paffage,  fignified  the  abfolute  pro* 
iuStion  of  matter,  their  labour  would  have  been  (hortcned,  a 
tfound  of  endlefs  difpute  would  have  been  avoided,  and  a  great 
ftumbJing*  block  removed  from  the  thre(hold  of  religious  inquiry. 
We  often  wonder  that  good  and  fenfible  men  fbould  wilh  to 
cncreafe  the  difficulties  of  faith,  and  to  load  religion  with  burthens 
which  it  IS  not  at  all  neceflary  that  (he  (hould  carry.    While  we 
sredefirous  of  (Irengthening  and  giving  effe£l  to  the  genuine 
pilnciples  of  religion,  we  wifli  to  detach  her  from  frivolous  dif- 
pites'and  unedifying  controverfy,  in  order  that  philofophers  and 
men  of  literature,  peceiving  the  reafonablenefs  of  her  demands, 
■iiy  be  induced  to  perufe  with  attention  the  books  of  the  Old 
and  New  Teftament ;  with  which,  many  perfons,  who  are 
eminent  for  fcience,  ace,  we  apprehend,  very  little  acquainted. 
The  Bible  is  indifputably  the  mod  curious  as  well  as   the 
ffloft  valuable  monument  of  antiquity  ;  arid  religion  and  fcience 
are  both  interefted  in  having  it  exhibited  with  all  poffible  in- 
'' 

*  See  vol.  i.  of  our  Ne^v  Scries,  p«5i. 

tegrity, 


G  eddtes  's  Tranpum  of  the  Hafy  Sikh,    KK  t 

jy^  and  ably  explained.     Even  fetttng  religion  our  of  tfitf 

|on»  to  the  phHo!ogcr,  the  antiquary,  the  hiftoriin,  the 
Ifophcr,  and  the  legiflator,  it  is  extremely  valuable*  Mudi 
Ih^s  ens  ployed  ihe  labours  of  the  learned,  fuli  juftjcey  ire  ip- 
Ind,  has  not  yci  been  rendered  to  it,  Fram  fuch  men  as  Dr. 
]le<i,  who  is  uniirfiuenccd  by  ihe  vulgar  prejudices  aod 
ifh  fears  of  ordinary  theologianf,  btbHcjl  critic ifm  mat 
jTc  fome  valuable  acceflions*  He  enters  on  his  undertaking 
Ian  opcnnef*;  and  rnAnHnefs  which   evince  that  he  has  no 

vtews  to  fervc ,  and   whatever   ms^y  be  his  nitBaket  or 
|ior>5,  his  bbour-^  arc  evidently  intended  to  fupport  that  rt- 

which  i^  founded  on  truth,  and  which  ibrinks  not  from 
tvereft  fcrutiny, 

]  this  volume,  Dr.Geddes  hafs  tranflated  the  pentatcuth^  or, 
ley  are  commonly  called,   thi  five  h§h  ^f  Mofes^  and  tk 

f  J^Jtua,  imroducin^  them  with  an  ingenious   preface^ 

contains  fome  general  remarks  on  ibefc  writings,     Tlie 

itordocs  not  here  enter  into  an  examination  of  the  qucf- 

|wht:ther  the  aiithor  gF  the  pentaceuch  was  inrpired,  but 

lifrs  amply  to  difcufs  it  in  his  general  preface  i  he  does  noc^ 

Ivcr,  leave  us  in  the  dark  refpeOing  hi**  fentTments  on  thil 

He  wifhesj  he  (^y^y  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  prefent 

the  Htbrew  writings,  as  he  would  to  nnv  other  antient 


Geddcs'i  TrmiJMoir9f  thi  Holy  Blhk.    Vdl  I.       301 

■inmn^  fpecch  of  Judah ;  the  moft  fablime  ode  of  Pindar«  with  either 
if  the  lonss  of  Mofes;  the  twelve  tables^  with  the  decalogue;  and 
:he  republics  of  Plato  or  Tully»  with  the  whole  Mofaicaljurirpru- 
knce  :  I  will  venture  to  fay,  that»  if  the  tafte  of  the  comparer  have 
lOt  been  pre^ouily  vitiated  by  modem  meretrecious  refinements»  he 
«ill  be  induced  to  give  to  the  former^  either  a  decided  preference,  or 
in  equal  praife.' 

Into  the  character  of  the  author  of  the  pentateuch,  as  an  hif* 
torian,  orator,  poet,  legtflator,  and  divine,  Dr.G.  in  this  ihorC 
preface,  docs  not  profefs  to  enter  ;  yet  he  cannot  let  this  occa- 
ioo  pafs  without  offering  fome  obfervations  on  his  hiftoric  and 
Icgiflative  capacity ;  which  thus  commence  : 

«  It  has  been  ufual  with  the  annalids  of  mod  nations,  to  begin  their 
biftories  with  fome  account  of  the  origin  of  the  world  :  fo  does  the  au- 
thor of  the  pentatench.  Hiscofmogony  is  a  brief  one,  it  is  true  1  being 
Doraprifed  in  one  fhort  chapter :  but  that  ihort  chapter  exhibits  a  grand 
Ill4  fingular  fcene.  The  writer  does  not  amufe  or  tire  his  reader  with 
Icng  metaphyHcal  difcpflxpn^,  about  the  nature  of  the  univerfe,  the 
Kneration  of  matter,  caufe  and  efred^  time  and  eternity,  and  other 
Eicli  fubtileand  infolvable  qucftions ;  but,  with  the  greateft  fimplicity, 
and  the  mbft  impofmg  air  of  donvlclion,  tells  us,  that  an  Almighty 
Being  made  thofe  heavens  which  wc  behold,  and  this  earth  which  we 
inhabit.  In  the  heginning  God  created  the  heofvens  and  the  earthy 
Gen.  i.  I  •  lliis  is  the  general  propofition.  But,  whether  it  refer  to 
\  pricjr  primordial  creation,  or  merely  to  one  pxnkular  link  in  the 

Eat  chain  of  mundane  revolutions,  we  can  only  guefs  from  circum-. 
Xt%  ;  and  are  Ut^  to  form  our  conjedurcs.  agreeably  to  the  mo- 
^t^  of  credibility  that  prefent  themf^lvcs  to  an  attentive  unprejudiced 
annd.  To  me  it  appears  highly  probable,  from  the  context,  and  from 
xher  paflages  of  Hebrew  fcripture,  that  the  propoiition  is  purely  pro- 
lepdc^  ;  and  that  by  the  creation  pf  the  heavens  and  of  die  earth  is  meant 
ID  more  than  producing  thofe  appearances  in  the  former,  and  that  change 
n  the  latter,  which  then  gradually  took  place,  and  which  are  fo  beau* 
ifUly  related  in  the  fubfcqucnt  paragraphs.  Thofe  who  deem  it  more 
probable  that  the  words  relate  to  a  primitive  and  abfolute  creation, 
ind  traoflate.  In  the  beginning  (or  originally)  God  had  created  the  hea^ 
V9mt  and  the  earth,  muft  flill  grant  that  the  earth  was,  at  the  period  of 
dw  fix  days  crention,in  adefoTate  uninhabitable  flate  :  and,  accordingly, 
ihcj  render  the  next  verfc,  Bui  the  earth  had  become  a  defolate  'wafte^ 
fcc.  It  is,  therefore,  of  little  moment  whichever  of  thefc  two  hypo* 
Aefis  be  admitted ;  although  the  latter  feems  to  be  lefs  natural,  lefs 
Coofitlent,  and  lefs  analogical. 

•  A  celebrated  writer  has  juflly  remarked,  that  if  the  autlior  of  this 
ttCnogony  had  been  an  inhabitant  of  any  other  planet,  i'uppofc  Sa* 
ianp  he  would  never  have  mentioned  this  earth  of  ours,  nor  any  other 
^ut  of  the  great  univerfe,  but  in  as  far  as  it  was  confpicuous  to  the 
lohabitants  of  Saturn.  Hence,  he  would  have  faid  :  In  the  heginning 
^cnat€dth<ife  heavens  and  this  Saturn.  Now,  fuch  a  creation  might 
(msinly  extend  no  farther  than  to  the  recovery  of  Saturn  from  a 
fantion  that  had  rendered  it  uniohabiuble ;  and  it  might  have  exiii- 

fd 


Gf  ddes'i  Trmrjkttm  cffit  ff&^  lV*fc'    Hi '/. 

\i}\3.z  aninhafcitablc   ftate  for  ages,  or  lijidergon?  a  varietj^  rf 
ft  according  to  the  pJcafuic  of  the  greit  Go^  eraur  of  tW  coi- 

So  miy  this,  murh  Icfs,  planetj  Called  Earthy  kave  rolled  in  io 
tbit  for  millions  and  mflfions  of  J'caf*;  and  have  undergODepfor 
pat  we  know  to  i lie  contrary ,  isillioDS  of  rerc^utions ;  before  it 
ide  the  habitation  of  mati.  Whether,  prioriy  to  thatafra»it 
■cr  been  inhabited,  or  lain  till  then,  mm  chaodc  ftatc,  ii  a  qocf* 
liich  k  would  be  raih  to  decide  ;  yet  many  terreftrid  phenome- 

us  to  foTpctl  tliat  it  h^d  been  peopled  with  animals  of  fotsi£ 
long  before  the  commencenient  of  oar  ear  lie  ft  chronologf/ 
1  thefc  remarks.  Dr.  Geddes  has  ef&flually  refcued  Mofcl 
Ihc  attack  of  modern  philofophers  |  and  however  he  m^^  ^ 
^ance  with  the  common  herd  of  modern  commemators,  bt 

that  he  has  the  fathers  of  the  church  on  his  fide;  and,  m 
in  which  fuch  high  refpect  is  paid  to  ajitient  autbontf 
Tage,  this  is  fomething. 

his  fubfcqueiit  obfervatlons  wear  the  fame  manlj  com* 
in.  He  fcruples  not  to  fay^  that  he  prefers  thcaUcgoncal 
I  adopted  by  Pbilo  and  Origen  in  explaining  the  fall«  to  tlitt 
considers  the  whole  as  an  accurate  hiftory  of  fafts. 
he  allegories,  (he  fays,)  may  be  reveries,  but  they  arc  pla- 
ices, and  preferable  to  literal  Jnconfiilcncies/ 
lo  opinion  to  which  Dr.G,  moft  inclines^  is  that  the  whdc 
Ingenious  piece  of  Hebrew  mythology,  or  an  imagined  tt* 

to  account  lor  known  phenomena. 


II 


I  ly^  confider  the  Jewiflit  or  ntfaer  the  HdMew^  \AU 
icipftrtf  oomoieiiciiig  till  the  birth  of  Abrabtin  §  m\a$k^ 
I  to  the  Hebrew  copicty  is  in  the  292x1  year  arter  the 
■L  'Mcordirig  to  the  Samaritui  cwt  and  the  71)  fcr^ 

Ui  epoch*  (coBiimies  Dr.G.)  it  is  carried  oil  ia  a  prethr 
^a^  and  written  in>  to  me*  a  moft  enchanting  ftylr.  I  wu 
■  10  fa/y  that  it  is  endrely  unmixed  with  the  levea  of  d^ 
u  to  require  this,  in  the  annals  of  fo  remote  a  period*  woaU 
nliie.  Let  the  father  of  the  Hebrew  hiftorjr  be  tried  bj 
pis  of  criticifiaa,  as  the  father  of  Greek  hiflory  *•  Let  the 
rlnboth  be  diftingailhed  from  what  is  not  (b;  the  natorri. 
nnatural ;  the  highly  probable  from  the  barely  poffible  s  and 
iriliall  iind»  tn  both*  neariy  the  fiune  genuine  marks  of  ve* 
IB-whole;  thoorh*  with  reljpedtofome  pardenlar  partt»  we 
bde  inclined  to  uiepticifm. 

fbr  example*  that  has  ever  read  the  pentateoth*  can  enter* 
%pl  Ahraham!s  coming  originally  from  Chaldca  into  Cha- 
w.fijpoiTiing  b  Egypt  and  Paleftinc*  and  of  his  being  the. 
ftic  i  of  l&ac's  being  the  father  of  Jacob ;  and  of  Jacob's 
Itther  of  Reuben*  and  eleven  other  ions  I  Who  can  doubt 
r jeent  down  to  Egypt  with  his  family;  that  his  pofterity 
imueed  into  a  (bte  of  fervltude*  and  thence  efcaped  under 
A  of  Moff  s  ?  Who  can  doubt  of  their  having  wandered 
'aln  the  wildernefs*  before  they  reached  the  land  of  Cha* 
^  their  having  received,  during  that  interval*  a  code  of' 
h  diev  believed  to  be  of  divine  ongin  '—Indeed*  thefe  lawt- 
lebrfy  interwoven  with  tbdr  hiftwy*  from  their  departure 
fpLf  that  it  would  be  the  wildeft  of  all  ftmcies  to  imagine' 
vorls  of  a  pofterior  forger.     No  one  in  his  fenfes  would  have- 
'.Tocb  a  forgery.    A  torger  would  not  have  adapted  his  lava. 
iHy  arifing  contingencies  and  drcumftances ;  Jbut  have  fid)- 
mmibnees  and  contingencies  to  his  preconceifted  laws.  Hia. 
a  have  been  more  fimple  and  fyftematic ;  but  it  would  not 
kfi>  perfnafive  an  air  of  genuineness.' 
>)Aor*s  examination  of  the ^eculathe  tbakgy  of  the' 
li  induces  him  to  think  that  the  moftantient  Hebrews 
1  anthropomorphites ;   and  that  to  this  circumftance' 
ere  to  afcribe  all  thofe  expreifions  concerning  the  Deity, 
iDtngly  degrade  the  Deity  ;  fuch  as,  bis  making  bis, or-- 
$i  witb  tbi  Uml  of  bis  iwrniis  :  (  Deut.  xjtxii.  42.)  but 
ier  he  promifes  to  difcufs  at  length  in  his  Gemral 

I  Hebrew  ritual  be  judicioufly  obferves  : 
1  ever*  at  firft  fight*  to  thooghtlefs  and  fuper6cial  readers^ 
shRcrgrown  mafs  of  trivial  or  unimportant  ceremonies;  but 
'^^  r  the  view  with  which*  the  time  when*  and  the  people 

•  Herodotus. 

Ibr 


Qtiit^'sTranfiationofihi  HolyBilli.    Volt.       305 

%  ujtjhuabprfparetbtopafs  over  the  Jordan.  %  OL.The  paffagi 
of  the  jorJan.  §  ^.  Rentwal  of  ctreumtifion^  &c.  %  4t  ^tho 
Jiigi  and  .taking  of  Jericho.  %  5.  IhefacriUge  of  Achar  and  its 
€onfequen€es.  §6.  The  fiege  and  taking  of  Hat ^  §7.  The  device 
of  the  Giheonites  tofave  them/elveSy  &c.  §  8.  ff^ar  with  the  confede- 
rate iings^  &c.  §  9.  Conqueft  of  the  northern  parts  of  Canaan^ 
&c.  §  10-  Recapitulation  of  the  conquejls  on  both  fides  of  the  Jor- 
dan. §  II.  Firji  partition  of  the  landy  &CC.  §  I2.  Tbefan^uary 
greliedat  Shilo^  and  an  altar  built  by  mount  EbaL  §  13.  Second 
partition  of  the  bnd^ScC.  amonf^  the  remaining  tribes,  §  1 4.  Cities 
af  refuge  appointed.  §  i  S«  Forty- eight  cities  ajfigned  to  the  Le- 
vites*  §  I  b.  The  Reuben itcs^  &c.  return  to  their  own  pojfejjions. 
-^17,  JoJhuaVsjirft  charge  to  the  people.  §  18.  The  lajl  charge 
and  death  of  Jojhuah.  1  hus  arc  ihc  hiftory  and  other  contents 
of  tbtfe  anticnt  writings  beautifully  recapitulated  and  abridged  ; 
and,  by  running  the  eye  over  them,  the  mind  will  be  aHIIlcd  in 
recolle^ing  the  fevcral  events  recorded,  and  their  order. 

Whoever  is  at  the  trouble  of  comparing;  this  tranflation  with 
the  (hort  fpecimens  of  it  given  in  Dr.  C?/s  propofals^  and  copied 
in  the  above  recited  place  in  our  Review,  p.  60.  will  perceive 
(bnie  trifling  variations,  l^hus  the  Hebrew  title  Berejhith  is 
prefixed,  together  with  the  Greek  one  of  Genefts^  to  the  firft 
book  of  the  pentateuch,  in  the^^f/W«  given  in  the  propofalsy  to- 
■  gather  with  the  chronology  [year  of  the  world  i . — year  before 
Cbrift  4C04  ]  :  but  the  only  title  to  this  tranflation  is  the  com- 
mon one,  ThebookofGeneJis.  The  rendering,  in  the  fpccimen, 
a  mighty  wind  blowingy  is  in  the  tranflation  a  vehement  tvindover- 
peeping.  Severed  the  lights  in  the  fpecimen  is  dijlinguijhed  (cer- 
tainly a  betier  word)  in  the  tranflation.  The  evening  camcj  and 
ihi morning  came,  one  day,  in  the  fpccimen,  is  altered  to  the  even- 
ing had  come,  and  the  morning  had  come,  one  day. 
•  Thefe  variations  from  himfelf  and  from  the  common  verfion 
•re  of  no  great  confequence.  We  do  not  perceive  the  utility  of 
any  great  departure  from  the  common  tranflation.  The  word 
rendered  firmament,  no  doubt,  ought  to  be  rendered,  as  Dr. 
Geddes  has  tranflated  it,  by  the  Englifli  word,  expanfe:  but  we 
fhiok  And  the  evening  and  the  morning  were  the  firjl  day  wants  not 
tobe  altered.  If  this  tranflation  were  adopted,  and  appointed  to  be 
tmi  in  churches,  the  word  which  Dr.G.  has  employed  in  Lev. 
xv.  I.  (^gonorrhoea)  might  produce  a  comical  cflTe^,  and  give  the 
audience  an  idea  that  the  learned  trandator  muft  certainly  be  a 
fiirgeon,  or  an  M.  D.  Perh;ips  Dr.Geddes  would  fay,  and  in 
this  be  would  fay  truly,  that  fuch  parts  of  the  Bible  ought  not 
to  be  publicly  read. 

Dr.  Geddes  apologizes  for  not  accompanying  the  volume 
%icb  the  Critical  Remarks  which  he  promifed.     He  waits,  he 

KfiV.  JuLY^  179J.  Y  fa^s^ 


5o6  ViiU)  of  fkm  for  ikt  Govirnment  ofBritiJh  Indkt^  &c. 

fays,  to  avail  himfelf  of  Dr,  Holmes's  collation  of  the  manm- 
fcripts  of  the  Scptuagint,  and  of  fome  valuable  works  lalelj 
puUiOicd  in  Germany  and  other  foreign  countries.  When 
thefe  Remarks  make  their  appearance,  we  fliall  take  i  mofc 
critical  notice  of  this  fplendid  tranflation  of  the  Scriptures. 

Art.  XIV.  HifiorUal  Fie^v  of  Plans  for  the  Govirmmnn  of  BHtiJb  Im- 
May  and  Regulation  of  Trade  to  the  Eaft  Indies  \  and  Outlines  of  a 
Plan  of  Foreien  Government  of  Commercial  CEconomy*  and  of 
DomelHc  Adminidration,  for  the  Afiatic  Interefb  of  Great  Britain. 
4to.     pp.632,     i!.  IS.     Boards.    Sewell, &c.  1793. 

1 F  fafety  may  be  faid  to  refult  from  the  multitude  of  counfeUors^ 
-^  no  apprehenfions  need  be  entertained  for  the  welfiire  of  the 
Eaft  India  Company,  nor  for  any  of  its  mukibrious  concerns  ; 
which  muft  certainly  at  laft  be  framed  and  fettled  on  the  wtfeft 
principles.  From  the  time  of  Lord  Clive,  whofe  enterprising 
genius  was  fortunately  exerted  in  eftablifliing  and  fecuring 
thofe  territorial  poilei&ons  which  gave  a  new  complexion  to  the 
United  Company  of  Merchants,  down  to  Mr.  Haftings,  whofe 
fuperior  talents  were  no  lefs  confpicuoufly  engaged  in  complet- 
ing and  extending  the  views  of  his  prcdeceflbr,  many  have  been 
the  regulations  framed,  and  the  plans  fuggefted,  for  rendering 
this  trading  company  equal  to  the  enlarged  fcale  of  its  atten- 
tions, and  to  provide  for  the  welfare  of  the  remote  countries  and 
inhabitants  thus  added  to  the  Britiih  empire  through  the  com- 
pany's vigorous  exertions. 

The  two  diftinguifhed  perfonages  above  mentioned  weft 
eminently  qualified,  by  their  abilities  and  adlual  experience,  to 
point  out  regulations  and  arrangements  fuited  to  exifting  cir- 
cumftances ;  and,  in  the  interval  between  them,  many  dear 
heads  have  been  exercifed  in  the  fame  neceflary  bufinefs.  Gen- 
tlemen in  the  dire£lion,  agents  under  them,  and  adive  proprie- 
tors of  India  {lock,  guided  by  the  competition  of  interefts,  and, 
laftly,  the  National  Senate,  have  all  co-operated  in  an  arduous 
taflc  without  the  afliftance  of  a  precedent. 

The  volume  before  us  Is  calculated  to  bring  this  intfportant 
9nd  delicate  fubjedl,  with  the  many  opinions  which  have  heen 
ftarted  concerning  it,  into  one  comprehenfive  viicw  ;  ah  "un- 
dertaking which  requ'ured  a  clear  conception,  and  called  Atf 
much  patient  indufiry.  The  following  fummary  of  ka  cte^ 
tents  is  given  in  the  preface : 

*  In  the  introda£lion,  the  leading  events  in  the  hiftory  ^HindOoAm 
and  of  the  Bail  India  Company  are  explained,  as  the  fearee-  firom 
which  the  fuccefCve  plans  upon  the  fubjed  of  Indian  affairs  ^aveflo- 
eeeded>  as  well  as  the  fyftem  upon  which  the  BntUh  imetefit  ja  the 
Bail  are  at  prefcnt  adminiHered. 

7  'la 


f^iw  rf  Plans  for  tb£  Government  df  Britijb  India^  tct.  307 

^  '  In  part  I.  a  digeft  of  the  plans  from  the  conquefls  of  the  company 

-  lUl  their  affairs  came  to  be  placed  under  the  controul  of  the  flate,  and 

from  that  period  to  the  prefent  times,  is  brought  under  reviev/,  that 

|he  political  and  commercial  principles,  which  mud  dire^  In  the  fu? 

ture  adminiilration  of  Indian  aiFairs,  might  be  fully  perceived. 

*  In  part  II.  the  outlines  of  a  plan  of  foreign  government,  of  com- 
mercial oeconomy,  and  of  domeflic  adminiflration  are  fubmitted  to  ex- 
amination. The  foreign  government  is  deduced  from  the  hillory  of 
India,  and  from  the  mixed  tenure  of  conquers  and  of  treaties  by 
which  Great  Britain  holds  its  pofreilions.  The  judicial,  financial,  ana 
military  powers  required  to  adniiniiler  this  government  with  eife^,  are 
^xplaintrd,  in  their  relation  to  both  of  thcfe  fources  of  information. 

*  The  connexion  of  the  Eaft  India  trade  with  the  revenues  of  the 
provinces,  and  with  the  revenues  of  the  nation,  is  next  examined  | 
and  fuggeAions  for  the  improvement  of  the  export  trade,  of  the  cir- 
cuitous trade  within  the  company's  limits,  and  of  the  import  trade,  are 
fubmitted  to  confideration.  A  fketch  of  the  conflitution  of  the  Courts 
of  Direflorsand  Proprietors,  and  of  the  Board  of  Commiflioners/or 
the  affairs  of  India,  concludes  this  review. 

'  The  authorities  upon  which  the  whole  of  this  detail  refts,  have 
been  obtained  either  from  the  records  of  the  company  and  from  the 
archives  of  the  Ibite,  or  from  the  commmunications  of  thofe  whofe 
official  and  local  knowledge  qualify  them  to  aid  their  country  upon 
this  important  occafion.' 

The  hiftory  of  the  Eaft  India  company,  fince  the  difaftrous 
American  war,  includes  an  interefting  period,  produ£)ive  oJF  im- 
portant events  and  confiderations  which  have  now  arrived  at  a 
crifis : 

*  The  pride  of  a  great  people  will  lead  them  to  wilh,  that  they 
could  drop  the  curtain  (and  for  ever)  over  tlie  events  of  this  fatal  war ; 
.for  the  fake  of  thcfe  natural  and  honourable  feelings,  we  (hall  fuppofe 
the  memory  of  it  to  be  obliterated,  and  rather  look  to  the  £all, 
where  Britain  was  ultimately  fuccefsful. 

*  Whether  we  ought  to  refer  the  prefervadon  of  our  Afiatic  empire 
to  accidents,  or  to  the  ulcnts  and  wifdom  of  the  fervants  of  the  Eafl 
India  company,  it  is  not  our  province  to  decide.  The  faft  admits  not, 
happily,  of  any  doubt.  If,  in  the  Weftern  world  we  had  provinces  to 
rclinquifh,  if  at  home,  we  had  debts  of  an  alarming  magnitude  to  dif- 
charge  ;  our  dominions  and  trade  in  the  Ball  Hill  remained  entire^ 
and  bad  even  been  encreafed.  The  nation,  therefore,  looked  to  the 
^aft  Indies,  as  the  moil  important  foreign  dependency  it  poflciFed  j 
by  its  trade  to  Afia  it  hoped  to  revive  its  arts,  difFufeits  manufactured 
productions,  rdlore  its  revenue,  and,  once  more,  to  give  fplcndor  to 
us  empire. 

*  India  had,  previous  to  and  during  the  war,  become  the  fubjeft  of 
public  attcnnon,  and  rhc  conduCl  of  the  company,  of  parliamentary 
diCcuflion.  'I  lie  lunifc  of  commons,  faiisficd  that  information  refpeft- 
ing  the  true  liatc-  (  f  the  firiiilh  dominions  in  the  Eall  was  wanting^ 
Jiad  appointed  fucc;  -li^c  coiiin»iitci*s  compofcd  of  members  of  acknow- 
lcdg:d  prohii)  .ii,.l  i..lci;:.,  \^h:?,  wxiti  great  impartiality  and  abllitv* 

V   3.  Xws^ 


\tm  tff  Plans  pr  thi  G&verftment  &f  Brtttfi  India ^  &c. 

en,  frotu  e%'idence,  reports  on  the  condutd  of  the  fcrvanti  of 
pany,  in  the  diffcreiit  wars  which  had  been  tarried  on  in  Hm- 
;  on  tlie  nature ^  value,  and  extent  pf  the  Britilh  domifiioRS  rtl 
nfula  of  Int^a  ;  on  the  revenues  which  thef  could  yield  ;  and 
xpences  rcqutfite  for  fuppontrrg  the  civil  and  luiliurycthi. 
!nl5  nece^iiry  for  their  prcferv^ton  and  profperity* 

refult  of  thefe  reports,  however,  fccm^p  upon  the  whole »  Eo 

n  the  formilton  of  a  general  opiinan,  that  the  inicrell^  of  the 
)%  and  of  the  nationi  had,  in  matiy  initances,  been  miidoder- 
nd,  in  fomc  cafes,  lorii  in  thofe  of  individud:i;  that  the  com- 
lough  qualificii,  from  their  di a ra^er^  and  purfuity,  to  be  mer- 
^vcce  not  competer^t,  (at  lead  on  difEcult  emcr^cndc^,}  to  be 
n5,  A  fyllemi  therefore,  wks  now  to  be  brought  forward, 
a  of  which,  in  the  fir  ft  place,  fhotiid  he  to  remedy  the  evili 
om  the  maUadminiftrittion  of  the  compBny*s  frrvants  abroad, 
ne  next  place,  to  render  India  iiTdf  a  produdii^e  brancii  of  the 

mpire* 

elbbliihment  of  thefe  general  opintom,  both  in  the  tnlnds  of 

m  and  of  the  Icgiflatnre,  produced  the  plans  of  affording  the 

Ion  of  the  laws  of  England  lo  the  natives  of  India,  who  are  fub- 

our  government ;  oftaking  mcafuresfor  rendering  the  fervanti 

ompany  a: broad  more  Dbudient  lo  the  orders  of  the  direfton 

and  of  fuhjcdling  the  dircftors  to  the  fuperintendance  atid 

the  fxccutivr  br:inch  of  governinert.     'llit^fe  fchemef. 


ViMu  tf  Plans  fir  the  Gcvemmeni  ofBrittJb  Indiq^  &c«  ^09 

*  It  becomcf^  however^  a  nice  political  quelUon,  by  wha^t  method 
can  dominions  thus  acquired,  and  thus  to  be  held>  be  rendered  j^feful 
to  the  BritiOi  empire  ?  When  we  come  to  fubmic  propo/icions  on  thii 
Wanch  of  Indian  afFairs>  this  fubjcA  wiQ  be  found  to  require  much 
political  difcuffion.  A  diflant  province  may  be  eailly  incorporated 
with  an  abfolute  government,  for  it  is  only  adding  to  its  power  and 
rcfourccs ;  but  to  ingraft  a  remote  dependency  upon  a  free  govern- 
ment like  Britain,  requires  a  delegation  of  power^  which  feems  to  be 
incompatible  with  its  fpirit,  and  which  uniformly  becomes  a  fouroe  of 
j<;aloufy  in  itfcif,  and  in  the  exercife  of  it.  The  more  alive  the  fub- 
jedb  of  a  free  government  are  to  the  value  of  the  conftitution  which 
they  themfelves  enjoy «  the  more  unguarded  do  they  become*  in  their 
fpeculation,  about  extending  the  privileges  of  it  to  the  diftant  depen^^ 
denciea  on  their  power.  The  political  charadterc  of  the  ccmer,  and  of 
the  extremities  of  an  empire*  are  different  and  ditlind  fnbjeds.  The 
privileges,  which  are  the  vitals  of  the  one*  would,  if  conveyed  to  the 
other,  neceflarily  cut  afunder  the  connexion.  Rome  retained  its  legif- 
lative  and  executive  powers,  and  only  gave  its  protedion  and  its  laws 
to  the  provinces.  Great  .Britain  has  acquired  provinces  in  the  penin» 
Tula  of  India,  and  its  fovcrcignty  in  them  can  only  be  prefervcd  by  ex- 
tending the  protedion,  and  ihe  laws  of  England  to  the  fubjects  of  the 
King  (including  the  Armenians  and  others  who  have  been  confidered 
as  Britifh  TubjeAs) — by  affording  to  the  natives  proteflion  ;  and  by 
introducing  fuch  improvements  upon  their  laws,  as  their  habits  of 
thinking,  and  of  tranfadUng  with  the  company,  will  allow. 

'  To  render  then  our  Indian  polTeffions  and  the  trade  connected 
with  them  an  iifeful  part  of  the  empire*  and  of  its  refources*  the  go- 
vernments abroad  mufl  be  veiled  in  officers,  with  full,  prompt*  and 
difcrctionary  powers.  With  fuch  powers,  their  adminillration  will  be 
anderllood  by  the  natives*  becaufe  reiembling  thofe  which  their  ancient 
Soubahdars  poflefTed  ;  in  exercifing  them,  an  eafy  and  open  commu- 
nication with  the  country  princes  and  dates,  on  political  or  commer- 
cial fubjeds,  may  be  maintained;  and  the  balance  of  power  in  India* 
remain  in  the  hands  of  the  company*  confidered  as  a  branch  of  the 
Mogul  empire. 

*  It  is,  perhaps,  a  (HII  more  difficult  political  arrangement  to  fix  the 
fourcc  of  this  power  in  Britain,  in  fuch  a  manner*  that  by  its  weight  it 
may  not  deftroy  the  equilibrium  ol  the  eflates  of  parliament.  The  in- 
fluence which  the  management  of  a  rich  domain  might  give  to  the  ex- 
ecutive or  legiflativc  powers*  fhould  not  exceed  the  proportion  which 
the  one  or  the  other  ought  to  hold*  by  the  fpirit  of  the  government; 
for  it  would  be  as  dangerous  an  extreme  to  give  the  whole  of  the  In- 
dian patronage  to  the  one*  as  it  would  be  unwife  to  affign  it*  without 
controul,  to  the  other. 

*  The  example  of  the  moft  free  nation  of  antiquity  is  followed  m 
the  fyftem  by  which  fndia,  at  prefent,  is  governed.  Rome  made  its 
proconfuls  abfolute  in  the  provinces,  but  refponfible  to  the  fenate  and 
people.  Britain,  in  like  manner,  has  made  its  governor-general  of 
India  as  abfolute,  apparently  to  the  natives,  as  the  ancient  Soubahdars 
were*  but  refponfible  to  the  dir.edors,  and  to  the  controuling  power, 
and  both  refponfible  to  parliament 

y  3  *  TVi^ 


lit/  dif  Plant  pr  thi  G&virnmMn/ Brltijk  hdla^  8tc. 

Ifyflem  then  to  be  adopted  for  the  future  government  of  oar 

dominions,  and   reguktlon  of  our  trade  to  the  Eafl  rndicfi 

lb  out  of  the  characters  antl  ufages  of  the  people.     It  mu/l  be 

1  hy  the  treaties,  which  the  Eaft  Iiidia  compariy  have  conclude 

[he  native  princes  and  Itates ;  and  while  we  are  to  delegate  k 

lat  is  prompt,  difcretionary,  and  fuited  to  the  cafe,  or  to  the 

f-ation  of  our  intcrens  in  India,  we  mufl  take  care,  thai  the  ex- 

that  power  thall  not  be  made  the  means  of  biafing  the  legif- 

nor,  of  conveying  to  the  execuuvc  government  any  degree  of 

beyond  that^  which  the  fpirit  of  the  Britifli  conilicutioa  hll 

It.* 

well  obferved,    that  the  bill  now  propofed  to  parlji* 
for  the  fettlement  of  thefc  great  national  concerns,  can- 
ine of  experiment,  but  muft  be  one  of  fyftem ;  and  the 
opinion,  that   the  pre  fen  t  fyilem,   wiih  modittcationi 
Iprovements  fuited  to  aftual  circum fiances,  ought  to  be 
led  J  is  fupported  with  found  reafoning  : 
In  a  fair  view  of  this  national  fuhjeftp  and  under  no  impreHionf 
of  fuggcrting  proptifuions  fur  the  general  intereft  and  honor 
Iritifh  tiade  and  ^mpirci  and  propofiuous  toa,  arifing  out  of 
l.uiler  of  the  n:itivcs,  our  fabjeifb  in  Indla^  and  out  of  the  cha- 
the  inhabitants  of  the  countries  to  which  our  Afiadc  eom- 
pxtL-ndj  in  conncvlion  wltli    thu  experience  of  the   Eafl  India 


View  of  Plans  for  ibi  Gowmment  ofBritiJh  Indla^  &c.  31 1 

carry  it  on,  they  are  unneceiTary  and  impolitic,  when  the  value  of  tha( 
trade  has  be<5ome  generally  undcrilood,  and  when  the  profits  from  it 
ooght  to  be  laid  open  to  the  public  at  large  :  that  the  Ealt  India  tradp 
lias  reached  this  point,  and  that  the  wealth  of  individual  merchants 
would  be  profitably  employed  to  themfclves  and  to  the  nation,  if  they 
were  permitted  a  liberal  competition  in  Afiatic  commerce.  In  this 
way  (they  will  fay)  not  only  the  general  export  of  Britiih  produce 
would  be  encouraged,  but  the  import  of  the  materials  upon  which  fo 
many  of  our  home  manufactures  depend,  would  become  a  new  fpring 
to  the  induftry  of  the  European  and  Afiatic  fubjeds  of  Great  Bntain. 
Before  we  compare  the  trade,  fuppofing  it  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
private  merchant,  or  in  thofe  of  the  company,  we  (hould  diilinguilh 
between  a  monopoly,  when  it  fignifies  an  exdufivc  title  in  its  poi&fTor 
to  bring  into,  or  to  withhold  from  the  market  any  commodity,  and  the 
exdafive  trade  of  the  Ead  India  company,  where  a  body  of  merchants 
engage  in  a  concern,  of  which  any  one  may  become  a  partaker,  by 
baying  a  greater  or  a  lefler  (hare  in  their  fbck,  and  where  the  fale  of 
the  imports  is  open  and  legally  auihonzed,  and  the  trade  fo  regulated 
by  the  legiflature  as  to  give  to  the  nation  a  fuperiority  over  foreign 
and  rival  companies.  In  the  hands  of  the  London  company,  the  In£a 
trade  might  perhaps  be  denominated  a  monopoly,  but  in  thofe  of  the 
United  Company,  it  mud  be.  coniidered  as  the  Britiih  nation  trading 
upon  a  large  capital  to  the  Eail  Indies. 

*  However  fpecious  thefe  opinions  in  commerce  may  be  in  their  ge- 
neral afpeds,  it  is  the  application  of  them  alone  that  can  determine 
their  value ;  and,  in  tlie  prefent  cafe,  a  few  leading  fadls  will  be  fuf- 
fident  to  point  out  the  impradicability  of  adopting  them. 

'The  trade  of  the  Eaft  India  company  differs  from  that  of  othef 
merchants  in  ,the  following  circumflances :  the  individual  merchant^ 
when  he  employs  a  fum  in  any  branch  of  trade,  confiders  what  intereft 
he  can  draw  from  his  money,  independently  of  the  ri&  of  trade,  dedudls 
this  from  what  he  has  realized  beyond  the  prime  cod  and  charges,  and 
then  (ets  down  the  remainder  as  his  profit ;  or  if  the  intereil  of  hi^ 
ffoney  would  have  exceeded  the  fum  fo  realized,  he  confiders  the  dif- 
ference as  a  lofs.  The  company  again  may  be  faid  to  trade  on  a  ca- 
pital partly  furnilhed  by  others,  fmce,  firft,  all  that  they  pay  intereft 
/or  is  their  capital  Aock  and  bond  debt,  and  (confidered  in  one  point 
of  view)  the  bills  of  exchange  from  India  and  China  :  their  outftand- 
iog  debts  to  individuals,  however,  bear  no  intereft,  and  the  amount  of 
them  is  very  confiderable,  as  well  as  the  profit  on  private  trade,  that 
}•,  the  duties  paid  by  the  private  trader  to  the  company.  The  com- 
pany thus  may  be  faid  to  trade  fo  far  on  a  capital  furniflied  by  others. 
Hence  the  difHculty  under  which  the  individual  merchant  would  en- 
gage in  the  competition  with  them  ;  and  hence  the  danger  of  any  at- 
teoipt  to  divert  from  the  Eail  India  company  into  any. other  channel,  a 
commerce  that  has  proved  fo  very  beneficial  to  the  intereil  of  Great 
Britain. 

•  Another  drcumilance  in  which  the  trade  in  the  hands  of  the  com- 
pany differs  from  that  of  the  private  merchant  is,  that  they  have  em- 
ployed large  fums  m  inveftmenu,  from  the  revenues  of  India.  The 
private  ipcjrchaQt  muil  fiup  a  quantity  of  goods  from  Great  Britain, 

y  4  %5)A, 


I^rttf  fff  PUnifor  thi  GivcrfWiifitcf  Briiijh  fndig^  &c, 

|rom  the  fat«  of  thenij  purcb;*f(c  produce  in  India;  and^  aff^ 

all  charges*  rtaize   a  certain   amount  In    BriraTn.     if  thd 

It  reuli^ed  fha!l  cxccl-J  ibc  intcrt^ft  of  the  moo?y  etrplayctJ,  t^it 

l^'Otild  be  profitable  on  the  whole;  but  if  It  fliould  not  ytrhl  the 

on  the  capital,  the  trade  h  a  lofingoti^p     The  homew;ifti  car- 

the  company,  again j  art-  farntlljcil  p^^rtly  hy  the  revenues  In 

I  pa  rely  by  bilh  t^rawp  on  Engl.md^  and  p*nly  by  thr  file  of  ex* 

The  profit  cr  lof^i  th^  r^forc,  with  them,  becomes  divided  Inw 

and  import  trad?  ;  and  in  the  proportion  that  the  one  or  fhfi  j 

M  burdentd  Avith  a  lar^t-r  or  leiFe?  degree  of  the  cbargci,  the  "« 

:5r  lofs  is  encrcrifed  on  either,     The  revenue;},  bmvever,  it  mut 

hembercd,  ureio  be  brought  home  through  trade,  anJ  ihrauglk 

im media tdy  under  the  pab!ic  cot^troul. 
I  third  circamftance  in  i^^hich  the  trade  of  the  private  merchat^t 
I  the  company  dillers  is  that  it  would  be  almoil  impradlicaMe  t^ 
Lc  advantage  of  bringing  home  the  revenues  through  the  private 
]  fo  as  to  allow  him  the  (:imz  advatit.iges  vvhich  ibe  company 
I  in  the  circuit  of  their  commerce.  The  rifks  to  be  run  by  the 
in  entruAir^g  porEit>ni  of  the  revenue  to  the  merchani,  who  wit 
:;nd  oh  the  pro  tits  of  an  uncertain  export  trade  to  and  impoit 
Irom  India;  on  the  profita  of  an  uncertam  trade  from  India  to 
1  allowing  the  proiitsfrom  China  to  betcrtainj  woi*Id  be  fo  great, 
(might  art-'i^t  the  national  objeft  of  realizing  the  revenue!  of  India 
\  Thai  thi*  m^'ure  ufentryfling  tiie  revenue  to  the  com- 
(<■  thfOi-ir-h  tl'cnr  tr:K!e 


I 


Viiw  §/ Plans  for  thi  Government  cfBritiJb  India^  &c:  jf  j 

now  exilling,  is  fuf&ciciu  to  clicck  as  in  the  experiment  of  opening  tho 
Cradcy  fioce  the  refult  might  be  more  dar.gt*rous  in  the  end  of  tho 
eighteenth*  th&n  it  was  in  the  end  of  the  feventeenth  century, 

*  In  the  fccond  place,  the  opinion  of  the  public,  as  well  as  the  de«- 
liberations  of  the  legiflaturc ,  have  to  meet  emborraflfmcnts  from  (lock- 
jfibbers,  and  party  men.  The  objed  of  the  one  dafs  will  be  to  profit 
from  the  flutluations  in  the  price  of  India  ilock,  &c. — that  of  the 
other,  to  acquire  political  Induonce,  in  confequcnce  of  their  furni(hing» 
from  time  to  time,  fpecious  views  of  Indian  affairs  to  the  public. 

*  It  won  Id  be  impra<ilicable,  and  indeed  ufelefs,  to  follow  either  of 
thcfe  clafTes  through  the  intricacy  of  their  ftatements,  or  to  examine 
the  motives  from  which  they  may  have  written  ;  it  will  be  fufficient  to 
point  out  the  general  objefls  with  which  they  did  write.  Thefe  ob- 
jeAs  were  to  bring  out  ftatements  of  Indian  accounts*  different  from 
tho/e  which  the  records  of  the  company  furnilh;  or  to  inftitute  a  traia 
of  arguments  to  prove,  that  the  particular  plan  they  recommended, 
woald  be  better  than  the  prefent  fyflem.  The  public,  however,  alwaya 
derive  pront  from  fuch  couiroverfics,  though  they  cannot  reft  upoa 
any  information,  with  conlidcnce,  hut  upon  that  of  authorized  accountf 
and  their  vouchers.  A  man  who  willies  to  miflead  the  public,  on  any 
quefiion,  will  reafon  ingenioufly  from  a  few  or  from  prefumed  fafts. 
He,  who  is  in  pofFefllon  of  the  real  fiifts  will  leave  them,  without  rea« 
(bnings^  to  have  their  eiFedl  on  the  good  fcnfe  and  judgment  of  the 
nation. 

*  Jn  the  third  place,  the  opinion  of  the  poblic,  as  well  as  the  deli- 
berations of  the  legidature,  will  have  to  meet  embarraffments  from 
fpeculators  in  our  manufatitures,  who  will  hold  out  the  plaufible  ar* 
guments,  that  if  the  trade  to  the  Ball  Indies  fhould  be  laid  open,  the 
demands  for  the  exports  of  Rritlfli  produce  would  be  increafed,  and 
the  import  of  raw  materials  become  fo  great,  as  to  give  a  new  fpnng 
to  the  firitiih  indullry ;  and  that  the  manufadlurer  would,  with  fuch 
advantages,  be  enabled  to  work  at  a  cheaper  rate*  and,  of  oourfe,  to 
fell  at  a  lower  price. 

*  In  all  cafes  where  the  fafts  He  removed  from  common  obferva- 
tion,  nothing  is  fo  eafy  as  to  offer  a  fpecious  opinion,  and  nothing  fo 
common  as  to  be  duped  by  it.  This  is  remarkably  the  cafe  in  the  pre- 
fent  inftance.  It  is  to  be  rccoUedled,  that  the  Britiffi  exports,  in  fo 
hr  as  they  regard  the  Ead  Indies,  may  be  divided  into  two  kinds  ^ 
Such  as  are  manufa^ured  from  materials  furnilhcd  in  Britain,  as 
hardware,  woollens,  kc.  and  fuch  as  arc  manufactured  from  materials 
chiefly  brought  from  the  Ead  Indies,  as  from  cotton  and  raw  iilk. 
Having  derived  great  profit  from  the  demands  of  the  £aff  India  com. 
pany  for  hardware,  &c.  the  manufa^urer  concludes  from  his  pafl 
gains  alone,  and  overlooks  the  injury  he  might  fullain  if  the  demand 
on  his  ingenuity  and  induffry  fhould  be  leffened.  In  this  ffage  of  his 
felf-deception,  he  looks  forward  to  the  profits  he  might  reap  if  this 
demand  could  be  encreafed.  He  thinks,  judging  from  his  pail  pro- 
fiu,  that  if  the  materials  which  are  brought  from  the  Eafl  Indies  could 
be  obtained  at  a  lower  price,  then  he  could  excrcife  his  (kill  and  in- 
duflry  with  a  double  profit  to  himfelf ;  for  he  dill  could  keep  up  the 
former  price  of  hismanufadured  produce,  and  thus  accumulate  wealth, 

15  with 


'^ini>  9/Plam/sr  the  Gcvernmeni  §f  Briti^  India j  &c. 

the  fame  facility  that  he  can  imagine  the  enjoyment  of  at*  if,  00 

le  hand,  it  would  be  improper  in  the  executive  govern mcnr,  m  1 

lercial  counrry,  to  overlook  or  to  check  thcfc  i^xpe^dans;  oa 

tier  hanJ,  it  vvoald  be  a.  breach  o(  duty  not  to  prevent  tbe  mio- 

Julgencc  of  them.     On  a  reference,  accordingly,  frdm  the  Gom- 

of  Privy  Council  for  trade  and  plantations,  to  the  Court  of  Di- 

for  information  on  the  fubjed  of  their  ejtport  trade » three  djf* 

jeports  were  prepared,  th*;  fubllance  of  which,  better  than  any 

ling»  will  meet  and  put  down  the  plaufible  fc hemes  of  fpecu- 

J\e  particulars  of  thefe  reports  arc  too  difTuUve  to  aHow  ui 
Iter  into  ihem  ;  but  there  is  one  circumftancc  relative  ta 
adc  to  China,  wktch  is,  by  inference,  a  flrong  arguineat 
k  throwing  open  the  intercourre  vvirb  fo  diftant  and  fope* 
a  people  to  the  difcretionary  connpetilion  of  private  ad* 
Ircrs.  On  the  idea  that  the  em  bally  intended  to  promote 
jtenfion  of  our  commercial  intercourfe  with  the  Chinele 
le  wfll  prove  fuccefsfu!,  the  author  well  obferves, 

Idmitting  the  probability  of  thii»  event,  it  would  be  a  ralh  met* 
vary  frum  the  prefeiit  line  of  condu^Jiling  the  China  trade  opoa 

lability  only,  more  particularly  when  the  facl  is  adverted  to,  thai 

Ihc  pallirjg  of  the  L'ummutauon  A£l,  the  BridlTi  imports  from 
have  been  doubled^  whik  the  trade  of  the  foreign  companies 

tanton  has  been  gradually  on  the  drcreafc  •*    Any  innovatioa. 


Ruifeir/  ShM  Hijiory  of  the  Edjl  India  Company.      315 

Enough  has  now  beeir  laid  before  the  reader  to  convey  a  ge^ 
jfeerai  idea  of  the  contents  and  complexion  of  this  daborate  work| 
Ibe  improvements  recommended  by  the  author  *  will  hence  ap« 

Cr  to  be  fubordinate  to  the  prefent  outline  of  oriental  auiinini« 
tion^  and  for  thefe  we  refer  to  the  volume. 


Art..  XV.     JJbortHiftcry  of  the  Eafi  India  Company.     Exhibiting  a 

State  of  their  AfFsdrs,  Abroad  and  at  Home«  Political  and  Commer- 

I    dal;  the  Nature  and  Magnitude  of  their  Commerce ;  and  its  re* 

htive  Connedtion  with  the  Government  and  Revenues  of  India. 

,    AHb  Remarks  on  the  Danger  and  Impolicy  of  Innovation^  and  the 

.   Pni£kical  Means  of  enforing  all  the  good  Effefis  of  a  Free  Trade 

^   ID  the  Manafadarers  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland^  by  Matter  of 

RegaUtion»  without  difiorbing  the  eitabliihed  Syflem.     4to.    pp. 

'    So.     3s.    Sewell.     1793* 

THIS  fliort  hiftory  affords  the  mod  concife  and  clear  view  of 
the  nature,  conftitution,  and  prefent  circumftances  of  the 
J£aft  India  company,  that  we  recoUedl  to  have  feen. 
.    The  author  thus  ingenioufly  explains  away  the  popular  ob* 
jcfiion  to  the  £aft  India  company,  as  being  a  monopoly: 

*  The  appellation  of  a  chartered  monopoly ^  given  on  various  occafions 

10  the  £aA  India  company's  exdufive  crade^  can  be  meant  only  to  ex- 

5dlt  popular  odium,  and  bring  it  into  general  difrepute.     We  have* 

^  a  former  chapter,  fhewn  the  origin  of  the  two  Eafl  Jndia  compa- 

^taet,  and  that  the  former.held  their  cxclufive  trade  by  the  voluntary 

''Hie  woollens,  camblets,  &c.  having  the  company's  marks  upon  them« 
4iey  accppt  of,  without  examining  the  bales.  Tin  in  pigs,  though  a 
lecent  export,  they  accept  of  without  weighing,  if  ihey  have  the  com- 

Cy's  ftamp  on  them,  a  proof  that  the  contivlcnce  is  habitual.    MetaU, 
Bght   by  individuals,    are   always  weighed.      The    fame  cond- 
fdepce  which  is  given  to  the  quality  of  the  Britifh  exports  is  not  ex- 
jpoienced  by  the  factories  of  the  other  European  companies.     The 
company  exported  in  1791,  930  tuns  of  tin,  which,  by  the  advices 
deceived  in  November  laft,  fold  for  16  tales  per  pecul.     The  exporters 
iDf  the  Cornwall  tin,  thus,  have  profited  from  this  confidence  which 
the  Ckinefe  have  in  the  company,  whether  we  judge  from  the  quan- 
"tity,  or  from  the  facility  with  which  the  article  is  fold,     if  the  trade 
"insopen  tothe  private  adventurer,  the  rilk  would  be  great,  and  the 
teHcet  might  be  (hut  againll  the  Engliih.     This  intereiting  circum- 
Hfcmce  can  be  bell  vxrifiwd  by  the  fupra-cargors  lately  returned  from 
China.* 

•  One  of  thcfe  is,  to  open,  through  the  company's  (hips,  at  reafon- 
•Ue  freight,  an  export  trade  to  private  merchants  and  manufa£lurers» 
uder  fpecified  conditions;  and  an  import  trade  of  returns  in  raw  ma* 
terials  for  our  home  manufadures^  or  to  grant  th:m  bills  at  thcu*  prc- 
fiendes,  for  the  ^soceeds  of  their  exports. 

grant 


RuiTeri  Sk^rt  HiJi&tJ  fi/  i^^  Bafl  India  drnpanp 

It  of  the  crown  t  foufided  foTely  an  iB  prprogjit'ive,  white  rhe  iMmtt 

Irercnt  com  pan  Vj  dmvc  tbdr  n^hu  by  aftiiaJ  purchafes  from  c^ 

ICr  ypon  lolesim  compifls  authorized  and   cotiJirmed  by  afb 

ament.     True  it  Uy  thnt  King  William  granted  a  charter  of" 

orj^ion  to  the  ptt^f^nt  company  ;  but  it  ivai  a  cbirier  conccTi 

ftry    terms  of  the  agreement  prffviaufly  niadc  with*  and 

by  parUaLnent,  and  can  therefort  hv  confidercd  m  no  other  h^Ltf 

ifj  Injlruminf  qf  tH%>€^ith*£,  ilTacd  under  the  guat  fcal  of  Git^ 

lilt  in  CO  nip  I  ^^  If  ct;  witb  the  Irti^r  of  the  a£lt  in  or^cr  to  pcrpcon 

Lbe  iigTCLTii(;nt,  by  iarclni«;Dt»  (sis  all  tlmrUrs  are«  thou|;li  dii  jf 

|ajw#A'/  are  not,]  upon  the  public  archives  of  the  kmgdofn^  keptJi 

[igh  Court  of  CliaiKery,  whereby  toeliablifti,  more  firmly,  if  Ift 

pofilLi**:,  the  ;emir  of  the  bargiiin,  the  origin  Cjf  the  inrerporiiwi, 

Extent  of  the  rtghi*i  rtnd  privj leges  meant  to  be  conveyed,,  and  tk 

tdlion^    wi'Lh  wiitch  ihcy    were  accompanied*    lo    thefe  impof* 

Irefpe^U^  tUd  thU  charter  differ  from  all  otber5«  that  u  wai  not  Oi< 

le  firll  ever  granted  by  limiUr  authority,  but  was  free  from  cfCTf 

1  c|ueition  u  hich  had  attached  on  oxhtt^^hicau^i ajfruttg/r^m sm  0 

■  Britfjh  piiriiamtiil f  and  ii/ax  madt  in  ^U  thffgs  /a  c^rr^jpiinj  ^t^'fthMi 

far  the  lenrntd  ♦  gentlemflti,  *ho,  in  i/ij,    made  fo  ligbt  of 

Iters,  and  of  this  charifr  in  farucobr,  by  defcribrrg  itaioTn 

value  or  virtue,  thrtn  fo  much  *'  parchment  with  a  bh  off^-nx  daflf' 

I  at  its  uih"  h?ij  informed  himrelfof  thefe  particultr*:,  or  wHetbff 

pally  confide' red  (as  from  the  vltv*  High  opinion  we  entertain  of  W» 

und  intigriiy,  wc'  hvpc,  and  btlieve  he  did,)   that  the  ch^rw 

Kin?  U  niLitn  had  hc^n  a  merf  t?ratuitaus  bufinef^»  fiov^inp,  liikr 


Rtifleiri  Shri  tTtprj  of  tht  Baft  India  Company.     317 

'  Though  the  fpiritof  our  laws,  at  all  *  periods*  declared  that 

nide  fhould  be  free*  and  forbad  all  monopolies ;  yet  fuch  was  the 

Iflocnce   cf   prerogative,    and   the    fubmilTion   of  the   people  to 

IB  early  times,  that  it  was  not  until  the  aid  James  I.  that  all  grants 

'  monopolies  by  the  crown,  were  declared  null  and  void  by  Aatute. 

•d  in  that  adl  Li  contained  a  f  provilion  that  it  (hould  not  extend  **  to 

snipanies  or  focieties  of  merchants  erc^cd  for  the  maintenance^  en- 

Cbongement,  or  ordering  of  any  trade  of  merchandize." 

«  What,  therefore,  conllitutcs  the  fpirit  and  eflcnceof  a  monopoly  is, 
Ae  having  the  (b!e  command  and  power  over  fome  neccfTary  article 
or  commodity,  in  the  mode  of  its  falc  and  difpofai,  whereby  to  en- 
kmce  the  value,  and  impofe  on  the  confjmers  an  arbitrary  price. 
Sorely  no  man  in  his  fenfes  can  pronounce  this  fort  of  monopoly  to 
■ppiv  to  the  trade  of  the  India  company,  either  in  theory  or  praflice: 
IbrK)  far  were  the  company  from  purchafing  from  th?  public,  and  the 
nUic  from  granting  or  legalizing  any  thing  approaching  to  it,  tlut  it 
Mtj  in  the  mod  poiitive  terms,  enjoined  pvery  fa!e  of  goods  by  the 
COBpAny  to  be  by  inch  of  candle  X^  or  public  auSIicHy  to  the  IkJI  b'uLlcr. 
Tke  pradHce  at  the  company's  falcs  has  ever  been  Ilridlly  confonant 
ID  eke  law;  and  fo  far  from  the  company,  or  any  of  the  individu:il 
flKmbers  of  it,  becoming  monopolizers  of  India  goods  to  their  own 
•ggrandizemenr,  that  upon  a  flridl  fcrutiny  of  tne  profit  divided 
MMngft  them  {mv  four/core  years  pajfy  it  will  be  found  that  their  Jhji- 
daubs  taken  for  die  average  of  any  reafi^nable  period,  have  been 
Csnetimes  lefi  than,  and  never  exceeded  the  legal  current  rr.ie  ofintcrejl 
■f  mamtyt  computed  by  the  value  or  market  price  of  their  ilock ;  a 
nA,  which  alone  affords  an  unequivocal  proof,  that  what  might  other- 
wife  have  conflituted  a  mercantile  profit  on  the  India  trade  (beyond 
the  common  interell  of  the  capital  employed)  in  the  ]iand:»  of  indivi- 
dualist has  been  funk  in  the  reduced  prices  of  AHatic  merchandize, 
and  become  a  faving  to  the  confumcr  ;  and  thus  have  the  public  reaped 
the  real  profits  of  the  India  commerce,  whilfl  all  the  rifk  has  laid  with 
the  company. 

'  There  is  alfo  fjme  advantage  derived  from  the  peculiar  nature 
€f  the  eomfiiiution  of  the  Hail  India  company,  beyond  what  would  re- 
fiilt  were  the  trade  in  the  hands  of  private  merchants.  The  book^ 
are  at  all  times  open  "  for  the  admifTion  of  every  defcription  of  per- 
fi»a  who  may  defire  to  become  members,  and  have  money  to  adven- 
tare/'  It  knows  no  diilinclton  of  prof^ffions,  religions,  or  even  fexes, 
aod  in  the  general  courts  there  is  the  moil  perfefl  equality  :  every. one 
yrefent  has  the  lame  right  with  another  to  fpeak  his  feniiments,  and 

'*  See  Statutes,  9  H.  3  ch.  30.  25  £.  3.  ch.  a.  2  R.  2.  ch.  i. 
ii  R.  2.  ch.  21.' 

«t  21  J-  1-  ch.  3.  f.  4.' 

•  I  Sec  the  charter,  and  alfo  a£li,  gSc  foW.  3,  ch.44..  (,6q, 
II  &  12  W.  3.  ch.  3.  f.  2.  18  G.  2.  ch.  26.  f.  X.  to  12.  and  other 
aas. 

«  The  charter  limits  the  lots  to  i,oool.  in  value,  (they  rarely  ex- 
ceed 300I. )  and  abundance  of  lou  are  made  very  fmall*  to  accommo- 
date individuab.* 

give 


RuiTcirr  Shri  Wpry  aftht  Maji  hdm  Ccmfm$f. 

UK  advice.     A  difference  is  made  orjly  in  votbg,  wMch^whcs  | 
by  the  ho!difi£^  up  of  hands,  requires  cooL  liockr  ^ik£  wbemb| 
f^ooo  llockj  for  a  finglc  ym^  \  j^oooL  fpf  two  vqic&i  6iODd.  < 
ree  irutes ;  and   lOjOOoL   for  four  votcj  ;  Mrhich  U  tbe  Ufgdl 
r  of  ruces  atiy  member   ii  allowed  to  poffefs ;  ivhiltl  Si^o^. 
lUAliire^  any  manber  to  become  a  ondidAie  for  the  office  of  A^ 

ur  chairman.  From  hence  k  happens,  that  any  pcrluti^  wtt^ 
ing  bre4  to  commerce,  who  his  monejr^^  aud  cbare>  to  adfc&taKf 
lis  trade,  has  the  power  of  ciomg  it* 
is  ^dm'uteJ,  dat  the  old  Edil  IrtdLi  company  might  pro^l^bf 
I  MQni^pd'ijh  I  -for  they  were  under  no  p^rhauuniurj  fcftnC^kfMt 

the  year  16^4,  their  Lr;ide  v\as  dcdaredi  upon  a  tri^  ivith  Mr. 
,  an  interloper  J  to  partake  of  an  unlawful  monopoly.  Butkii 
^al  to  oblerve,  how  widely  diii erect  the  ftate  of  that  tomp^mfx 
he  prefent*  They  held  their  exclufive  trade  folely  hy^grm^* 
nrtttr  from  the  crown.  The  prcfent  company  hold  it  by  pmrti^ 
he  fuMit.  The  trade  of  the  oUi  company  wai  iDaiuiged  b^i 
committee,  and  the  major  part  of  the  prohts  were  dtvidti 
jH  *  about  forty  pcrl'ans.  The  trade  is  now  managed  by  Itssh* 
r  directors,  atid  the  number  of  rcgiilered  proprieton*  p«rt*kii4| 

trading  capital,  is  upwards  of  iiAfs  th&jifaMdJht^e»  h^idnd^  ifln 
ivatc,  or  privileged  traders^  make  at  leail  tkm  fJ^n/^Mj  man,  br* 
hofe  who  trade  illicitly  or  dandeftinely,  and  w^hole  number  is 
onriderable,  but  whofe  conduct  is  not  often  fcrutinis&edj  bec&afe 
ht  difeoara|rc  the  export  trade,  whereof  illicit  ad  retitiirca  eh iefif 

;  fo  thtit  we  may  fairly  compute  Qn  fix  thmf^nd p^t^j  who  pat* 
if  the  direft  befiLSt  of  the  export,  and  Qfthtfafl  ntitrmt  of  tk 


.♦ 


C    3».9    ) 

AiLT.  XVI.    Poems.    By  Lady  Manners.    410.     il.  is.    Boards. 

Bdl.     1793. 

IT  is  with  plcafurc  that  wc  fo  frcqucnrty  find  the  lyre  of  the 
Mufes  in  the  hands  of  our  fair  countryivomen ;  who  touch 
it  with  a  grace,  an  energy,  and  an  expreffion,  which  confer 
honour  on  the  art.  Until  lately,  France  carried  away  the  palm  of 
merit  in  female  poetry  from  our  Britifli  dames,  in  the  perfon  of 
;  Madame  De(houIieres :  but  we  think  that  we  have  beheld  that 
ingenious  lady  more  than  once  eclipfed  by  the  infpircd  females 
of  England ;  more  efpecially  as  the  Idyll  of  Us  Moutons^  on 
which  (he  built  the  greateft  part  of  her  fame,  has  been  incon- 
teftably  proved  to  be  the  produdion  of  an  obfctire  poet, 
named  Coucel. 

In  the  poems  before  us.  Lady  Manners  has  ventured  forth  1 
candidate  for  a  feat  on  the  Britiih  Parnaflus,  and  (he  will  cer- 
tainly be  allowed  a  diftinguifiied  eminence  on  thefacred  moun- 
tain. A  vein  of  eafe,  elegance,  and  tafte,  pervades  moft  of 
.  this  lady's  compofitions ;  and,  which  has  no  fmall  weight 
with  vj,  her  Mufe  is  frequently  enlifled  under  the  banners  of 
Virtue.  The  lines  to  her  mother  in  Ireland  are  fimple,  in* 
terefting,  and  poetical  ^  breathing,  at  rhe  fame  time^  a  pleafing 
tfixil  of  filial  piety : 

*  Will  fhe,  whofe  kind  maternal  care 

Enlighten 'd  my  untutorM  mind. 
Who  all  her  joys  with  me  ^/W  Ihare, 

And  to  her  bread  each  grief  confin!d. 
Accept  thefe  rears  that  freely  flow- 
Accept  this  tributary  lay  ? 
'Tis  all  that  friendlhip  can  bellow^ 

Or  weeping  gratitude  repay. 
Whether  conllraint  my  footftcps  lead 

Amid  a  hated  world,  or  free 
I  wander  o*er  the  ruffct  mead. 

My  conilant  thoughts  are  fix'd  on  thee. 
On  Lchena's*  enchanting  fccnc 

I  mufc,  where  wc  delighted  ftray'd; 
The  floping  hill,  the  valley  green. 

The  lawn  in  brighteft  flow'rs  array 'd. 
Say,  doft  thou  in  thofe  meadows  rove. 

Where  Talle  with  Nature  is  combm'd? 
Or  doll  thou  haunt  that  fiient  grove. 

That  charm'd  To  oft  my  pcnfive  mind? 
O  may  thofe  fcenes  a  blifs  bedow 

Wbrch  rural  life  alone  can  boaft; 
And  thou,  dear  friend,  each  comfort  know 
Which  by  thine  abfencL*  1  have  loft ! 

*  •  'I'he  name  cf  tIi-j  writer's  native  place/ 

May 


L^y  Maancrs'  Pstmu 

May  fprtgbtly  Health  with  rof^  Up 

Breathe  rich  vermtlioo  o'er  thy  cheek  t 
Light  round  thy  paths  tnny  Pica fu re  uip. 

And  young  Conteni  with  aiped  mfrekl 
May  Science  gild  each  tedious  hour. 

And  fpread  her  ftorcs  before  ihine  eye  ; 
And  Friendftiip,  with  refill efs  power, 

Reprefs  each  fdd  intrading  figh ! 
May  Peace  aroond  ihine  honour'd  head 

Her  faireft  olive  wreathe  entwine; 
Soft  ilumbers  goard  thy  downy  bed* 

And  Hop;,  fond  charmer,  ftill  be  diinc ! 
May  truth  and  Jntioceticc  defccnd,  »     ^  -^^  |     • 

Their  purer  blefiings  to  impart, 
filelitags  that  on  thyietf  depend ^ 

Unknown  but  to  the  rlrtuous  heart  I 
Vetf  wht^n  thy  circling  friends  appear. 

And  greet  thee  on  Ierne*s  fhorc. 
Devote  one  fym pathetic  tear 

To  her  who  fees  thee  now  no  more ! ' 

|e  t^iis  are  not  without  tnerkj  though  fometiincs  of  a 

which  may  be  productive  oF  a  degree  of  latitude  in  the 

*     The  maxim,  ne  quid  mmn^  Qiauld  be  often  repeatedt 

|frequently  has  ihc  want  of  attention  to  it  been  fatal  to  the 

of  authors  ?     How  much  wifer  is  it  to  let  the  wofid 

[or  more,  than  to  cram  it  to  fjEJefy' 


^  Ve  towering  hi0$,  whoTe  fVont  (abfiiilie 

The  mid/  vapour  often  lhroud<^     . 
Whofe  fammiti,  bnHKng  eovjoiu  TJ^. 

Afpire  to  pierce  the  Vagraat  clouds  1         .» 
Ye  trees,  that  to  the  bakn/^aje^  : 

l<o«^  murmurinff^  bow  your  verdant  Acadi I 
Ye  laviih  flowers  that  (cent  the  y§le«    . 

Where  rofy  Health  delighted  tieadi ! 

Ye  ftreams  thiat  tfaroogbthe  mcadour  ftnf 

In  many  a  wild  £uitaftic  romd. 
Or,  fparkling,  urgeyoor  rapid  waf 

0*cr  rocks  with  hendiog  oficrs  crowaM  I 
Yc  whitening  cliffs,  that  o?er  the  mttn 

In  dreadful*  majefty  arife,  •  *  • 

Whofe  dangers  to  elude,  in  vsah 

Too  oft  die  ttiembling  failor  tries ! 
Each  yaried  fcene,*  Whofe  native  charms 

Excel  what  Fancy  ever  drew. 
Where,  (helter'd  in  Retireooi^nt's  arms, 

Contentmatt  fwietly  re{b^-«Hidieu  1  ' 

And  thou,  iDisantSc,  flraw-rtxyTd  cot,' 

Whofe  ^alls  arc  from  diftenfion  free. 
The  faOun  dfall  never  be  foroOt, 
'  The  happ^  honrs  I've  pafPd  m  thee ! 
Where  Hofpitality  prefides. 

And  pours  from  Plenty's  copious  horni 
*  Whete  ohaffeased  Worth  refides. 

And  feltivt  Mi^th  gilds  ev'ry  morn. 

Q  may  they  long  exert  their  power. 

Long  guard  from  ill  this  blefl  retreat. 
And  ever,  through  life's  chequer'd  hour» 
With  fmiles  of  peace  its  owners  greet  I 
And  may  no  blaft  e'er  fend  thefe  trees,  • 

Or  fpoil  this  garden's  gaudy  bloom. 
But  the  foft  (hower  and  gentle  breeze 

Preferve  its  colour  and  perfume  I 
Ah  me !  I  mud  no  more  delay. 

For  fee  the  fwelKng  fails  in  view; 
The  wind  propitious  chides  my  (lay. 
Romantic  cot,  again  adieu  f* 
There  may  be  hufbands  (we  have  heard  of  Tuch  firvages,} 
^'iM>fe  rugged  and  Sultan  difpoCtion  renders  them  averfe  from 
,lbe  literary  cmbellilhmcnt  of  female  minds :  but,  happiljr  for 
Lidj  Manners,  this  appears  not  to  bo  her .  unpleafam  utoa- 
tiiii:-*witnefs  the  concluding  lines  in  her  volume; 
-  '  '  To  thee,  dear  partner  of  my  fate. 

This  poetry  I  comecrate ; 
:  RiT.  July,  1793.  Z  Nor 


Tacliam^j  Chart  mi  Scale  &fTruth^  Yd.  IL        ^^fl 

Nor  will  thy  frletidly  heart  refufe                                 ^^^H 
The  tribute  of  an  artlefi  Mufe,                                      ^^^H 
Wbofe  llrains  could  never  condescend                           ^^^H 
On  Vice  or  Folly  to  atcend ;                                          ^^^| 
Coald  never  vanity  infiate>                                            ^^^H 
Nor  offer  iocenfe  to  the  Great ;                                          ^M 
In  which  no  line  did  e*cr  appear                                          H 
But  as  thy  candid  breafl  fmcere*                                          ^H 
tf  they  in  anght  have  merit  (hewn,                               |^^H 
That  merit  thon  may*ll  call  chine  own—                      ^^^H 
Since  thou  doil  oft  my  thoughts  engage                      ^^^H 
Attentive  o'er  the  claOic  ptsge,                                      ^^H 
While  liilenlng  to  the  magic  lay                                     ^^^H 
Whole  i^ys  unheeded  pafs  aivay  ;  ^                                     ^M 
Since  *c was  CO  pleafe  chy  partial  miQil                                 ^M 
My  pen  to  poetry  inclinM.                                                  ^M 
And  if  the  trifle  ^ould  have  power                                     ^M 
Thee  to  amufe  C!)e  vacant  hour«                                          ^M 
Let  others  to  loud  fame  afpire^                                            H 
Thy  pralfe  is  all  that  I  defire*'                                            S 
t  faftidious  critic  might  be  able  to  point  out,  in  tlic  poeo* 
idy  Mmners,    a  pleonafm,  an  expletive  epithet,  and  i 
c  line :  but  the  general  cbara^er  of  a  work  can  be  no 
afFefted  by  fuch  trivial  difcoveries,  than  could  a  piflure 
bens  or  Michael  Angclo  by  a  want  of  corrcaneff  in  the 
^g  of  a  finger. 

Tatbam'/  Ch4tn  and  ^cab  o/Trsai^  Fot.  Ih         323 

not  without  regret  that  we  find  ourfelves  obliged  to  intimate  a 
doubt,  whether  this  chart  will  be  an  equally  fafe  guide  through 
the  fcience  of  theology ;  a  region  which,  notwithftanding  all  the 
labours  of  former  travellers,  fiill  remains^  in  a  great  meafure^ 
ttrra  incognita. 

To  Dr.Tatham's  general  method  of  conftniding  his  chart 
of  theological  knowlege,  nothing  can  be  objeAed.  In  order  to 
arrive  at  truth  in  this  branch  of  fcience,  the  theological  prin« 
ciple  muft  undoubtedly  be  iirft  diftinguiihed,  and  its  proper 
mode  of  reafoning  muft  be  fettled.  With  refped  to  the  prin^ 
tiple  itfelf,  it  cannot  admit  a  doubt  that  the  Deity  is  the  foun- 
tain of  all  truth,  and  that  it  is  in  his  power  to  grant  to  his  crea« 
tures  certain  difcoverics  of  truth,  which  lie  beyond  the  reach  of 
their  natural  faculties,  and  to  afford  them  a  fatisfaSory  teftimo* 
ny  of  the  reality  of  thefe  divine  communications.  It  will  alfo 
be  readily  granted  that,  in  the  firftftage  of  this  fupernatural  com- 
Bunication,  the  perfon  who  is  its  immediate  objed  may  have 
the  fulleft  evidence  of  its  reality,  by  means  of  that  dire^  im« 
preffion  from  the  Deity,  called  infpiration  ;  and,  in  the  fub« 
(ieqiient  ftages,  fatisfadory  proofs  of  fuch  communications  may 
be  derived  from  human  teftimony.  Thus  far  the  grounds  of 
flieological  fcience  are  clearly  ftated  in  the  prefcnt  work.  The 
fequel  will  require  our  more  particular  attention. 

When  the  reality  of  a  divine  revelation  has  been  fully  efta- 

blifbed,  it  ftill  remains  to  be  inquired,  what  are  the  truths  which 

diat  revelation   teaches,    and    by  what  methods  are  we  to 

arrive  at  the  knowlege  of  thefe  truths  i    The  anfwer  to  this 

inquiry   Dr.  T»  next  attempts ;  and  he    fcts  out  with  feve- 

fal  pofitions  which  we  readily  admit.-— The  holy  fcriptures 

contain   the   whole  form  and   fubftance  of  theological  truth. 

In  making  ufe  of  thefe  oracles  of  God,  *  the  adl  of  reafoning 

becomes  an  z6t  oi  inierpretationj  in  the  condud  and  execution  of 

which,  the  dcepeft  learning,  the  matureft  judgment,  the  ableft 

^  criticifm,  the  moft  extenfive  information,  and  the  pureft  virtue, 

will  find  ample  fcope  for  the  exercife  of  their  powers.'  Syftems 

luA  hypothefes,  which  have  been  the  bane  of  natural  philofophy, 

>lant  been  equally  pernicious  in  theology. — What  the  author 

id?an€es  on  this  head  is  fo  juft,  and  leads  to  fuch  important 

'COBclufions   in   favour  of  his  grand  defign   of  dete<Sling  the 

^^Mrcet  of  error,  and  clearing  the  path  to  truth,  that  we  readily 

^.<0|»j  feme  of  his  remarks : 

*,  fefr*w  and  hypothefes  in  general,  framed  by  pliHofophers  out  of 
^owQ  ideas  divorced  by  an  a£l  of  imaginacion  from  the  truth  of 
&gt,  were  the  bane  of  natural  philofophy,  and  the  prolific  cauf*  of 
^tlkc  tntirt,  which  for  centuries  oppofed  the  advancement  of  phyfi- 
li  fcience.     Above  defccnding  to  the  drudgery  of  experiment,  and 

t<^|aiafttl  taik  of  accurate  enquiry  and  particular  obfervaiions,  for  the 
Z  2  ^nA6i^\«% 


Taihani'x  Ch^rt  and  Scale  cf  Truths  Vd,  IL 

hlei  of  ph^ Ileal  trathi  philafopbcra  were  pampering  theirg^tf 

Julgr-ig  ihziY  vanity  m  dreams  and  fpectiUibas  of  their  ownb- 

HcncL'i  iu  their  interpretation  of  naturCi  inficad  of  findbga 

>fld,  the  im:ig^  of  its  aatbor,  they  produced  anumberof  inis|i* 

Orttr^j  from  thi?  pregnant  womb  of  fancy ,  as  dtverfe  from  e^icli 

as  almoll  cquu^lly  unrelated  to  him.     And,  to  keep  pacewtdi 

erpreiera  of  nature,  tfteir  ingeriioos  br<?tHreii  the  fchool  dieolo- 

I  in  lie  ad  of  fcarchirg  the  fcrip  lures  by  a  grammjiijcaU  «^  ^^^^J 

llj  ivLich  1^  indt'cd  a  laborious »  cx'amiriation,  for  (he  truths  wbici 

Ivery  wlicre  contain,  were  as  i:ivcmively  but  more  mifchievoufljr 

^ed  i:^  ercdiii^^i  fniiitar  fchemei  of  faith  and  bypmheucal  fyftemi 

hnity,  aa  di^lcrcnt  from  each  other  Hi  abhorrent  from  the  didates 

J  ont-  int^nr^r  ofune  true  rrligion. 

lorrefponJcnt  to   th(;  genias  of  thefe  air-built  fyftems,  wasihe 

Lnitpbyed  abi^nt  them.     Logic,  in  thcfc  ingenious  age?,  Jifdainoi 

ip  to  i\\e^  oilicif  of  iinding  truth.     As  imagination  cooM  in wt 

invent,  thLiit  re;ifon  could  inveiligr-tCi  the  taflc  of  finding  triifll 

lIoEiud  to  iL-  furnier;  and  logic  had  only  to  forge  artificiaJ  wea* 

3 f  i ts  2 E tac k  :in d  i u  dc fence ,     It  f u rn i il; eid  b© t h  th e  ph tlofopbicil 

leological  champion  vviih  a  kind  of  magic  armour  of  fuch  dtx- 

consrivanci',  that  the  patrojiiiof  ditf^rent  tkeorifs  could  attack 

jfcptd,  vvith  fuch  equal  fucctts  as  never  to  injure  or  deRroy,  ihem, 

i^rnatlv  contcyd  about  diein,  with  an  t'qual  llicw  of  conqucflon 

fide.     i\nd  it  ^js  only  jol>,  th:it  fuch  cafy  and  ingenious  fyi^ 

llijyld  have   fuch   an  eafy  and  ingenious  logic.     Con  filling  of 


TatbiJn  V  Cbart  and  Scale  of  Truths  Vol  It.         325 

aovrlties  of  fvords,  and  oppofitions  of  fcience  falfdy  fo  called,*'  againft 
which  St.  Paul  has  cautioried  his  difciples  Timothf  and  Titus,  as  to 
warrant  the  affcrtion,  that  he  forefaw  the  folly,  and  foretold  the  con- 
duA,  of  the  learned  in  diflant  a^^es. 

*  And,  what  was  more.than  all  inaufpicious  to  the  ftudy  of  theology 
and  the  pure  interpretation  of  the  word  of  God,  from  the  prejudice  of 
^ucatlon  and  the  prevalence  of  habit  en  flamed  by  the  heat  of  party 
zeal,thefe  fafhionable  fyllems  and  difputations  warped,  by  an  infenli- 
Ue  contagion,  the  underllanding  of  men  of  fuperior  learning  and  found- 
er judgment  ;  infomuch,  that  in  their  tranflations,  interpretations,  and 
toiamentanes  of  the  holy  bible,  inftcad  of  reprefcnting  the  meaning 
of  the  original  faithfully,  critically,  and  candidly,  they  could  not 
avoid  ^ving  it  a  colour  of  their  own  to  favour  the  fed  or  dogma  to 
which  they  were  inclined. 

*  Thus  the  lludy  of  phyfics  and  divinity,  inflead  of  being  the  juft 
interpretation  of  nature  and  the  fcriptures,  which  are  the  works  0^ 
God,  became  the  invention  and  fupport  of  fyflems,  which  were  the 
fkbricaiions  of  men  :  and  the  honour  of  the  philofopher  and  divino 
Confifted  in  a  pertinacious  and  obtlinatc  adherence  to  the  fyflems  in 
iVhich  they  had  been  bred,  and  in  (landing  forward,  in  the  pride  and 
ibriiiality  of  a  contentious  logic,  invincible  champions  in  their  defence ; 
as  a  mercenary  foldier  is  bound  to  fight  and  to  die  Under  the  banner 
10  which  he  has  engaged.' 

The  plan  which  Lord  Bacon  fo  fuccefsfully  propofed  for 
the  ftudy  and  interpretation  of  nature.  Dr.  T.  with  the  liberali- 
ty of  a  true  philofopher,  recommends  to  the  imitation  of  the^ 
^udent  in  theology.  He  applauds  the  conduA  of  thofe  divines, 
who,  having  magnanimoufly  embarked  in  the  caufe  of  truth, 
have  attempted,  in  defpite  of  the  ftatutablc  and  formal  difcipline, 
to  emancipate  reafon  from  the  bonds  of  fadlitiousfy Rem.  What 
has  been  fo  ably  begun  in  this  theological  reform,  he  declares  it 
incumbent  on  the  learned  to  purfue  and  iinifli : 

*  It  is  time  to  turn  our  backs  with  (hame  on  the  fabricated  fyflems 
and  abfurd  pofitions  of  artificial  and  hypothetical  divines,  who  ufurped 
or  infringed  the  prerogatives  of  fcripture,  and  to  explore  the  Bible 
itfclf,  that  pure  and  genuine  flore,  that  incxhauftiblc  fund  of  found 
theology  :  and,  if  fyflems  are  formed,  to  let  ihera  be  only  conllruftcd 
on  a  (criptural  foundation.  It  is  time,  in  ihort,  to  change,  to  (hut 
op«  or  to  pull  down,  the  fchools,  thofe  monuments  of  ignorance  for 
ages  pafl.  It  is  time  to  abandon  difputation  and  altercation,  which  at 
bed  are  ufelefs  and  unprofitable,  and,  inllead  of  contending  about  no- 
thing for  an  empty  bubble,  to  go  hand  in  hand  in  purfuit  of  the  ge- 
Bniiie  prize ;  advancing  with  modeily,  with  candour  and  difcretion ; 
and  following  truth  not  for  the  fake  of^  triumph,  but  with  an  eye  to  chari- 
ty. And,  under  the  diredion  of  fuch  a  leader  and  logician  as  our  own 
country  has  afforded,  we  need  not  be  afraid  of  pufhtng  on  our  enquiries 
in  the  volume  of  nature,  or  in  that  of  grace :  if  we  do  not  examine,  with 
too  bold  and  profane  an  eye,  into  the  deeper  myfleries  of  religion ; 
into  that  inner  fan^tuary,  in  which  the  Deity  alone  refides,  and  into 
which  he  has  forbidden  us  to  look.' 

Z  3  The 


Tathim*!  Chart  and  Scab  &/ Truth  VqIM. 

preclfe  tneamng  of  this  I  aft  exceptive  cUufc  we  do  not 

comprchcn<l«     We  take  it  for  granted^  however,  dm  it 

\miQni  that  wc  Oiould  not  ufe  our  beft  faculties  in  <ieter* 

whether  revelatiDn  has  smy  d<cp  mjfterieS|  and,  if  fg, 

ney  are. 

learned  authr^r  next  advances  a  portion,  on  which  he 

I  to  lay  conftdcrsble  ftrefs,  that  ^  the  holy  BiUe^  in  matter 

lanner,  is  a  book  locally  different  from  all  oiheri  that  ever 

pr  could  be  written.'     Here  we  own  ourfelves  condufled, 

3n  a  fudden/'  into  an  unknown  region.     If  the  Oo^or^ 

In  were  true,  it  would  be  evidently  impoffible  to  underftand 

efent  revelation  without  the  help  of  another^  containing  t 

il  key,  or  canons  of  interpretation-     Till  we  are  better  in- 

if  we  mud  take  it  for  granted  that  the  fcnpture«;»  hiving 

ifritten  by  men  in  human  language^  thaugh  doubilefi  with 

iivine  illumination  as  their  rcfpe^ive  labours  rcquiredi 

be  explained  according  to  the  ordinary  rules  of  intcrpreta* 

At  firft  fight,  this  feems  admitted  in  the  fe^ucl  j  where  the 

advtfes  the  theological  fludent  to  inditute  an  inquiry  in* 

dcfign  and  purport  of  the  written  word  ;  and  in  thit 

I  he  recommends  the  diligent  and  accurate  Itudy  of  the 

ive  languages  both  of  the  Old  and  New  Teftament,  and 

ally  ihc  latter  j  the  neglc^  of  the  grammaiical  and  critical 

which  he  laments   with  deep  cr>ncern^   as    an  evil 


Tatham V  Oiart  mi  Sc^k  rf  Trmh^  F$l  IT.         317 

hf  friiich  truth  is  communicated ;— he  thus  proceeds  to  explain 
the  analogical  ftyle  of  the  holy  fcriptures: 

'  Analogy  is  the  inftrumenc  of  the  UnderftandiDg*  and  forms  that 
fpecies  of  Logic*  which  is  peculiarly  appropriated  to  fubje^U  of  theo- 
logy, in  every  flagc  of  that  fuhlime  and  extenfive  fludy.  It  is  the 
aadupenfable  vehicle,  by  which  the  divine  truths  of  religion  are. con- 
Teyed  to  the  view  and  apprehenfion  of  tlie  human  intelled. 

'  In  this  dark  and  fublunary  (late,  wedded  to  fenfe,  immured  in 
body,  and  involved  in  matter,  of  beings  which  are  perfedly  immate- 
rial»  and  efpecially  of  God,  that  rooS  pure  and  immaterial  Spirit* 
saen  poflefs  no  faculties  of  body  or  foul,  by  which  they  can  form  any 
immeiiati  conception.  Between  the  vifible  and  invifible  worlds  an  im- 
paflable  gulph  is  fixed,  an  impenetrable  chafm,  through  which  one 
ny  of  celeitial  light  cannot  dinBhf  dart.  All  our  information  of 
dungs  that  are  di\cine  mud,  therefore,  be  conveyed  through  an  in* 
dkrtS  channel:  and,  as  we  have  feen  human  language  capable  of* 
bemg  transferred,  by  this  Analogy,  from  material  imprefions  to 
nental  fubjefls,  and  of  communicating  the  latter  with  certainty  and 
pvecifion;  fo,  by  a  fimilar,  but  higher,  transfer  from  things  which 
are  human*  material  or  mental,  to  thofe  which  are  divine,  it  is  con* 
verted  into  an  indireft,  bat  certain,  inftrument  of  this  celeftial  com* 
munication.  Through  the  medium  of  this  mceffary  expedient  alone* 
we  are  rendered  capable  of  receinng  the  myfteries  of  religion,  which* 
in  condefcenfion  to  the  apprehenfion  and  capacity  of  men,  the  Ddty 
hath  gracioufly  and  abundantly  employed. 

'  This  Divine  Analogy,  (o  neceflary  to  revelation,  is  founded* 
like  the  human,  upon  a  fimilitude  confiiling  in  a  penruintnt  rtjkmblanct^ 
and  €9rrefpoude»t  reality  between  the  terrellrial  things  and  ideas, 
which  are  the  dircd  objeds  of  the  human  intelled,  and  thofe  celefiial 
truths*  of  which  it  can  have  no  diredl  conception :  and  it  is  expreffed 
by  transferring  the  words  which  (land  for  the  terreftrial  things  and  the 
ideas  to  the  celeftial  truths ;  which  words  are  to  be  underAood  in  their 
plain  and  obvious,  not  figurative,  fenfe.  So  that  the  comparifon  is 
founded  on  fomething  real  as  well  as  fimilar;  from  which  real  fimi* 
larity,  as  a  principle,  reafon  deduces  a  juil  and  true  c(rrerpondence. 

*  ^y  means  of  this,  which  forms  the  Analogical  Sty  lb  of 
Scripture,  the  eternal  relations  of  the  glorious  inhabitants  of  heaven 
are  truly  and  faithfully  conveyed  to  us ;  thofe  oiFather^  Son,  and  Holy 
GhoAi  their  adiions  and  operations  of  Creator t  Redeemer ,  Mediator, 
via  Seuitiifier.  All  the  other  myfteries  of  our  religion  are,  by  this 
analogical  medium,  revealed  to  us,  as  far  as  the  revealer  thought 
neceflary,  by  their  correfpondent  names  and  terms,  as  begotten,  prO' 
eadingt  and  innumerable  others ;  to  inilance  which,  would  lead  me 
into  a  field  of  ample  and  intereding  difquifition. 

*  This  language  of  analogy,  thu*  real  and  permanent  in  its  ufe, 
which  forms  the  neceflfary  ftyle  of  holy  fciipture,  however  indirect 
is  clearly  to  be  underftood.  When  God  is  called  the  Father,  in  re* 
fpeft  of  Chrill  the  Son\  what  the  Father  is  to  the  Son  here  according 
to  the  law  of  nature,  that  God  is  to  Chrill  by  a  fupernatural  ecncra* 
lion.  The  word  Mediator,  in  its  familiar  ufe  with  men,  means  a 
perfba  who*  by  interpofing  his  friendly  offices,  reconciles  thole  who 

Z  j^  were 


Tatham'j  Cbm-i  and  Scali  ^/TmK  f^^-  if* 

I  varbnce  ;  and  it  i%  fttbllit^itcd  by  Aiulugy  to  rcprefcnl  CbriA 
Ing,  in  a  finnilar  way,  between  God  anil  mati.  AnJ^  thoo^ 
laLTof  his  prxEcinatiir:i1  generation  and  aJfo  of  Kis  medktomf 
liuon  be  inconceivable  by  ui*  and  perhnps  meffabjcj  vf r  tlie 
\n  fully  and  ckarly  informs  us  of  his  relaticm  t»  tbe  F-itlicrj 
\t  of  MeMatQf^  33  clearly  and  cenainJy  c^f^reJlef  this  com- 
irHvh  — thaip  as  one  man  reconciles  two  cnemie*,  ft>  men  are 
[cd  lo  GcmI  tiie  Father  by  the  ineftimablc  m^dmtkci  of  siie 

lead  of  giving  men  new  and  ffiiritaa!  licas  of  heavenly  thitigii 
\x  from  xtio\'^  tltcyhavc  by  nature,  ind  in  Head  of  ufing  a  fpirkual 
Vc  or  iTK^iJe  of  comrrtLiritcation  calculated  dircilly  to  exprcfi 
tvefilv  tfiJth'i,  (ivhich  would  be  to  change  ihcir  naE^ire  it  oncfi 
ImAke  them  dilftrent  bciiigs,  contrary  to  the  divine  ititermonlt 
l^logy  Estkes  men  as  they  arcj  and  only  transfcTs  their  woidi 
Il:ij  rrom  earthly  to  heavenly  fuhje^s  :  by  which  dtvir.e  and 
K\d  e.^fjetlientp  **  the  i^viftfcl^  lt^.Uig5  of  Ci'^od,'*  in  the  pointed 
Jron  of  St,  PjljI,  are  cUarij  fccn,  btlrig  *'  underilocd  by  the 
I  that  ar^  m.idc.*' 
|. der liar dir:^  bcth  iiJe.^  of  the  compatin^n,  which  are  cqtiAlIjr 

f'*cl'i  of  otir  fenfrs  or  re Hefllon,  in   huinin   arnfcgics,  vtc  can 

:)f  the  e\  ift  dt'^rcc  and  pr.'vpDnion  cf  the  iTfjulstcdr :  uhereaSj 

Iriivifie  AnnJo^y,  as  wt:  und^T!bn J  niilv  ctie,  ^hat  irJ,  the  earthly 

c  canriot  jtulj^e  &f  lh(^  ftnrsiliTLidc  at  n!!,     Wut  vvc  have  an  eqiii- 

Tv.QTn  than  tL.thcECtil  to  ^.'.lisvcr  iKI*i  dtf(itl,  in  the  'zerackj^i 

vhoiL'  !4tx>J'R-rN  h:i;h  vc^chftfrJ  wtv  the  ftjpcrr  jturd.!  conmnjoi- 
:jri  !  vvlirl",'  w;k!'iT^i  \\^^i\\   h^^-i-ij  Ji  tn  be  l\:!^:>.,i^^nt .      T^nn^i  th]| 


Mm,  fit  h  naiy  eufy  16  aoderftand  ia  what  ttaim^  lodl  widi 
pinCefi9  cbii  tMy  he  dQne>-rbiu  tben,  noihing  farther  ap«^> 
lii^fiDhe  aflbffted  thw  thai  certain  inteUigibk  propqfitioat, 
WSAing  (pnitual  aalure^  okay  be  ddivered* metaphorically;' 
p^  m>  our  vill  queftioo^    If  the  author,  howewer,  be  of 
Mmn  as  ^e  feenui  to  be»  that,  by  meins  of  the  aoalogical 
pmgt  c£  icripiure;  new  ideas  nbay  he  communicated,  and 
»ipropofittoiis  formed,,  the  meaning  of  which  would  other* 
ht:  bayt  romaioed  unknown  ^   and  thai;  theft  propofitions, 
ii  coiasiiiojcated  as  truths^  are  t»  be  received  aa  the  myfle^ . 
||^  aeligtofti  we  own  ourfelvcs  incapable  of  conceiving 
i^!>asy  fuch  pcocefa  can  poffibljr  take  place.     Where  tiw 
ifk  terms  of  a  propofition  cannot  be  diftinfily  underftoodV- 
rpropofilion  fbracidl  from  themt  cannot  be  intelligible,  and 
ifrquentiy  canoot*be  the  fubjed  of  beKef*    If,  for  example, 
tare  iafiruAed  that  God  is  the  father  of  Jefua  Chrift,  and  we 
krftand  that  the  term  father  is  here  ufcd  as. a  metaphor,  wc 
Mfado  that  Cod  is,  with  rdatioo  to  Cbrifi,  in  fome  refped, 
at  a  human  father  is  to  his  foo;— and,  in  aflanting  to  this  pro-  • 
ition,we  believe  that  as  a  Ton  derives  his  being  from  his  father^ 
CBrift,  fome  way  or  other,  derives  his  being  from  God: — 
{a  propofition  exprefied  thus  metaphorically  cannot  teach  us. 
what  manner  Chrift  is  derived  from  God ;  whether,  for  in- 
Dce,  by  creation  or  hy  emanation.     Before  we  can  believe 
rift  to  be,  in  either  of  thefe  ways,  the  Ton  of  God,  we  muft 
ierftand  what  the  terms  creation  and  emanation  denote,  and 
ift  be  aflured  that  the  term  fatherjs  uied  metaphorically  to' 
nils  one  of  thofe  modes  of  communicating  exiftence.   When, 
ciefore,  revelation  is  faid  to  teach  truths  by  means  of  a  pecu- 
•^uialogical  fiyle,  if  any  thing  farther  be  meant  than  that 
Dhngical  truths  are  taught  in  fcripture  metaphoricallv,  we 
liDevitably  led  beyond  the  limits  of  plain  fenfe  into  the  re- 
■aofoiyfticifm.     The  theological  ftudent  is  removed  from 

ibber  guidance  of  reafon,  and  is  put  under  the  dire£lion  of 
t  naoft  dangerous  of  all  preceptors,  imagination  ;  how 
mrous,  particularly  in  the  interpretation  of  fcripture,  the 
tiags  of  feveral  of  the  Chriftian  fathers,  and  of  many  modern 
kuCafts,  efpecially  the  Kutchinfonians  and  Swedenborgians, 
•ciently  manifeft. 

ji  the  remainder  of  this  volume.  Dr.  Tatham  lays  down 
9  for  the  tranflation  of  th^  fcriptiires ;  which  are,  in  the 
by  judicious,  though  fometimes  a  little  encumbered  by  his 
afliar  notion  concerning  the  analogical  ftyle  of  the  facred 
Aa.^  bm  then  declaims,  in  a  popular  wav,  on  the  moral  obli* 
ion  of  faith  ; — and  lays  open,  in  conclufion,  the  objeAs  of 
fmure  in<^uirie$,  in  which  h^  propo&s  to  app)y  this  chart  to 

•      ,  the 


MoNTMLT  CATAtodtlB,  EaJ!  India  jtffmrB^  tfc* 

lore  full  confirmation  of  the  Chriftian  fatcb,  and  to  tl 
kpement  of  ibc  caufefr  of  heretical  and  f^ftematical  error 

cannot  conclude  this  ariiclc  without  repeitmgt  in  the 

t;eft  terms,  our  general  approbation  of  what  Dr.  T,  ve 

rly  calls  his  nnv  l&gic^  in  which  he  endeavours  to 

luc  method  ofdifcovcring  found  princtplei,  and  of  arrivini^ 

|itimatc  conclufions,  in  the  feveral  branchet  of  fciencei 

v^hich  (to  ufe  hh  own  word^:,)  his  gre^t  obje£fc  h^  to  lead 

9  think  and  t&  judfi  fhr  thimfilvif^  and  nai  in  the  thpugki 

bjij/srtj  &/  &ihfri.     it  only  remains  to  be  wtCbed  that  mttt 

Al  encouragement  to  do  this,  by  being  permitted  to  ea* 

in  the  nobte  cootcft  for  truth  in  an  open  Heii^  and 

LL  GROUND. 

|B.    In  ciur  account  of  Dr,  Tathain's  firft  volume. 


J 


liiurd   an   overfight   m   faying   chat  the  fird   part  of 
's  pi  An  was  executed  in  that  volume ;  for  this  itrfl  parl^ 
ping    natural  and  theological  ftience,  occupi^  both  thfr^ 
^  voJum^fc.    The  fecood  and  third  parts  of  this  importiiit 
yet  remain  to  be  executed. 


NTHLY      CATALOGUE, 


IpiUllTrMtiicoi&dMD^feBoeorfiii^ft^   by  the  late  General 
-^^,    DcduBatdl  to  Genenl  Clerk.    lUuftrafied  vmh  a  Map  of 

ef«  Ihewiiiff  lU  former  Boundarics^i  aiid  the.Subdivi£oiis  wbiA 
Tary  tope  mde  io  that  Coantry  •  And  a  Chart  of  the  op- 
Mftt  of  Prance,  England,  Flanders,  and  a  Fifttof  HoUaixi. 

'pp.  187.  $i.  Boardf.  Stockdale.  1793* 
ilipffiter,  who  is  capable  of  coolly  prcjef&g  and  plaitninf  t&e 
i»  of  the  exterior  provinces  of  France,  and  of  applauding  it  as  as 
C  jaftice,'aDd  even  of  kindnefs  to  the  country  thus  violently  dif- 
kred»  may  have  fome  claim  to  attention  in  the  court  <^  a  RuP. 
^Pmflian  defpot:  but  in  a  country, which  values  iu  own  righu* 
l&efis  thofe  of  others,  he  can  only  exped  to  meet  with-  We 
^r  P.  to  finifli  the  fentcnce,  when  he  has  farthef  confidered  the 
Qrtf  MATioiiAL  m justice:  a  fubieft  to  which  the atteatioa 
e  «re  has,  of  late,  been  frequently  and  loudly  called ! 
m  &ond  |Murt  of  diis  vdume  has  been  already  noticed  in  our  Re« 
/  Mew  Series,  vol.ix.  p.  209. 

io.  ^TbeHiffofy  of  Fraate,  from  the  ear&ft  Times  to  the  pre* 
iC  important  Era.  From  the  French  of  Velly,  Villaret,  Garnier, 
Mtoay,  Daniel,  and  other  eminent  Hiftoiians;  with  Notes,  cri« 
il  and  explanatory;  by  John  Giffbcd,  Efq.  Vol.111.  410. 
•  65a.  14s.  6d.  Boards.  Lowndes,  Drury-lane. 
Ibfiine  the  reader  to  our  "account  of  the  two  former  volumes  of 
potIf  ^  our  general  opinioh  of  its  merit  ^,  we  have  only  to  in- 
filem  concerning  the  prefent,  that  it  includes  a  ytty  bufy  and 
sIHng  part  of  the  French  hi(lory,  from  the  year  1461  to  the  year 
,€omprehendingthe reigns ofLewisXl.  Charles Vllf.  LewisXIK 
31 1.  Henry  II.  Francis  11.  Charlei  iX.  and  Henry  HI.  Amon^ 
Xfjil  hiftorical  events  which  it  relates,  one  of  the  moft  memorable 
I  of  the  maflacre  of  the  Hugonots.  7'he  particulars  of  this  hor- 
•aoAlQion,  an  everlafUng  monpment  of  difgrace  to  tyrants  both 
IM  ecclefiallical,  form  a  curious  but  very  ihockiog  narrative: 
.u  the  duty  of  hiflory  to  cecord  what  humanity  muft  abhor. 
Ill  part  of  the  work  contajns  much  lefs  mifceUaneous  information 
QcEer  of  the  preceding  volumes.  —The  author  takes  great  paina 
lod  the  CalviniOs  with  the  reproach  of  fedition  and  rebellion; 
olds  up,  as  objcdls  of  admiration  and  appUufr,  that  body  which 
i.  known  to  have  for  ages  fupported  a  cruel  fyftem  of  injuftice 
pprrlGon,— the  French  nobility : — whence  may  be  pretty  dearly 
ra'tbe  /azt/;!^  of  this  hiflorian's  political  principles. 

M  X  D  I  C  A  L,   C  H  E  M  I  C  A  L,  &r. 

m  J  C^eofE^ra  Uterine  Qeftaticn^  of  the  fintral  KM:  in- 
Bog  the  Symptoms  of  the  Patient  from  the  earliell  Period  o( 
gBaocy  to  the  Time  of  Death  '  fi'teen  Months)  :  with  the  Ap- 
faiices  upon  QifTedjon.  By  WiJIiaqi  Turnbull,  A  M-  F.M.S. 
Mon.  Folio,  pp.  ^3,  and  4  Plates  12s.  Johnfon.  fgi.^ 
5  cafe  was  read  before  the  Medical  Society*  and  is  mferted  in 
Ifidvplumc  of  their  NJemoirs.  (See  p.  279  of  this  Review.)    lu 

telthe  Reviews  ioi  February-,  March,  and  April,  laft,  p.  lai. 
403. 

.    natate 


•1 


[MoKTtfi-y  CATAi-dGuE,  Mtdkah  Ch§mk^^  Wr* 

lis  ci^rious !  buir  for  particukrit  we  m^tk  tt(tt  to  die  W&mfw 
lihc  plaics  by  which  it  ii  illtiilrMed* 

FraHical  Oiffir^vaSktj*  ^n  d^iKfrsui  C^mflmmii  t    with  asi 

|>imt  of  fQme  D ilexes  which   luvc  been  confounded  ^th  the 

T*     Alfo  critkil  Renyirks  an  fo^iC  of  the  Optfrrftifm*  per- 

d  in  Cancerous  Cafes*     By  Jolm  Fe^ont  Ssrgenn  of  the 

Hofpir^I  and  Afylnm,  and  of  the  Pablk  Dtfpen(Aryi  Sec* 

pp,  132.     3s.  6d.     Johnfgn*      1 793* 

Is  a  juJicious  and  ufeful  pamphlet.     Mr.Vt^hfi  jufHy  pdnti 

!  nsce^ty  of  p^yifig  particular  attention  in  oi:der  to  difcrimiiuce 

In  £he  real  cancer  ai;d  oiher  refcmbling  dlfeafcs  \  a^nd  addt  Ee« 

Ibfervauons  to  cnabk  his  readers  to  fctm  an  accurate  jadgfncAi 

iniportant  point  of  pra£tice.     For  tl*efe.  and  for  the  trinafki 

opcraiions  performed  in   cancerous  cafes*  *e  refer  to  the 

Ikt,  whkh  U  well  worthy  of  perufal. 

Ij,  Ohftf^aikm  on  Cdd  Emhing.  B/  WilJians  Stmp^^  Suf- 
lon  at  Knarelborough*  Svo»  pp*4$  is-  JohQion*  ^Ci 
1  Simpfon  has  produced  tlicfi;  obfcrvadons  in  confeqaence  &f  be- 
llely  engaged  to  ereding  a  pabllc  bathing  houfe  at  JCimei* 
>h  :  they  contain  a  fummary  of  tire  mo  ft  popular  cpinkoi : 
|g  new  was  to  be  cxpe^ed  on  this  fubjed* 

Ol/ervatioMF  &n  ih  Bhxdnefi  ^^itfimid  ijf  Cafar^n  She** 
I  the  Pradic  ability  and  Superiority  of  a  Mode  oJ  Cure  ivirhom  m 
pration*    By  Henry  Barry  Peacock «    %¥o.   pp-36^  i£.  I^n<yca. 


•  MoMTmY  CataloguIi  JkUical^  Cbmital^  tie.     333 

anUeCeed  two  ouncei  ;—boiled  in  two  quarts  of  porter,  and  thickened 
with  linfeed  meal. 

Art.  27.     ^  Guide  for  Gentlemen  JtuJyiug  MedietHe  at  the  Univerfitv  of 
'    EdtMhurgb.   By  J .  Johnfon,  Efq.    8vo.  pp.74.    i«.  6d.  Robinfons. 

1792. 
'    If  the  (Indents  at  Edinburgh  be  really  in  want  of  a  guide  to  direfl 
their  fludies,  they  will  do  well  to  look  out  for  one  whofe  aifidance 
will  he  of  more  importance  than  that  which  is  offered  by  J.  Johnfon, 
Efq. 

Art.  28.  Oh/er^vathns  on  the  Small -pox  ^  and  Inoculation:  To  which  it 
prefixed,  a  Criticifmr  on  Dr.  Robert  Walker's  late  Publication  on 
the  Subjcft.  By  Alexander  .Aberdour,  Surgeon  in  Aloa.  8vo. 
pp.  03.  2s.  6d.  Elder,  Edinburgh  ;  Miller,  London. 
In  Mr.  Abcrdour's  criticifm  on  Dr.  Walker's  Treatife  on  the  Small- 
pox, are  fome  pertinent  obiervations :  but  as  we  have  already  fpoken 
fully  on  this  fubjeft  •,  wc  do  not  *^i(h  to  renew  it. 

In  the  Aibfcqaent  '  Obfcrvations  on  the  Small-pox,  and  Inocula- 
tion,* wc  find  nothing  to  which  we  can  particularly  objeft.  This  is 
indeed  negative  praife  :  but  we  cannot  fpcak  more  pofitively» 

Art.  29.    A  Treatife  on  the  CataraQ ;  with  Cafes  to  prove  the  Neccf- 

fity  of  dividing  the  Tr.mfparcnt  Cornea,  and  the  Capfule  of  the 

Cryftalline  Humour,  differently  in  the  different  Species  of  the  Dif- 

cafe;  by  M.  de  Wenzel,  jun.  Baron  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  &c. 

Tisanflatcd  from  the  French,  with  many  additional  Remarks,  by 

James  Ware,  Surgeon.     8vo.     pp.  290.     5s.  Boards.     Dilly. 

Thofe  who  recoiled  the  dexterity  of  the  late  Baron  de  Wcnzel,  and 

his  fuccefs  in  performing  the  operation  of  cxtrafling  the  caiaradt,  will 

be  pleafed  to  read  this  account  of  his  pradice,  as  delivered  by  his  fon. 

This  treatife?,  which  contains  many  valuable  obfervations,  is  rendered 

dore  ufeful  by  the  judicious  remarks  of  the  tranflator. 

Art.  30.     Chirurgical  Ohfcr'vaticns  relruive  to  the  Epiphora,  or  Watery 
Eye,  the  Scrophulous  and  Int'.Tmittent  Opthalmy,  the  Extradlion 
of  the  Cataradl,  and  the  Jntrodudion  of  the  Male  Catheter.     By 
James  Ware,  Surgeon.    8vo.    pp.78,     is.  6d.    Dilly.    1792. 
Mr.  Ware  relates,  in  this  traft,  his  facccfs  in  following  the  niodeof 
treatment  firft  adopted  by  M.  Anel  in  the  difeafe  of  the  eye,  called 
Epiphora.  This  method  confias  in  injefting  a  liquor.through  thcpun^a 
laclcrjmalia,  in  order  to  clear  away  any  obftrudion  to  the  pafTagc  of 
the  tears  to  the  nofe.     The  liquor,  which  Mr.  Ware  ufcs,  is  water; 
which  he  injedls  into  the  lower  pundum;  endeavouring,  at  the  fame 
time,  to  prevent  its  return  through  ttie  upper  pundum  by  covering  it 
with  the  point  of  his  finger;  while  he  occafionally  prcflcs  the  lachry- 
mal fac  in  order  to  give  the  water  an  inclination  downward. — Tbit 
praAice  he  has  found  to  be  attended  with  much  benefit. 

Mr.  Ware  next  treats  of  the  ufe  of  i'cruvian  bark  in  the  fcrophu- 
lous  and  intermittent  Oprhalmics :  in  the  former  of  tliefc  complaints 
he  agrees  in  the  genLT;Li  opinion  of  its  efficacy ;  in  the  latter,  ho  can* 

•  See  our  4th  vol.  New  Series,  p.  27;. 

not 


^ 


Mo?#TirLY  Cat  AtoGOt,  PeMial  md  Cmfmrdi 

[sk  favourably  of  its  e^e&,  bat  prcfcfs  the  exKi^tioa  of 
Viimte,  fi'jJra£}ruj  mtsriaiu^^)  of  wLich  he  givci  evcrjr  tugitt  a 
h  of  4  grain  diflalvwJ  io  h:iif  an  ounce  of  fpint  of  cmn;tmofi. 
J  d'  xt  meet  with  feme  obfervations  refpe^ng  the  mode  of  h.%* 
|e  eye  m  the  operation  of  cariraflbg  ihc  cat^rad ;  m  the  pf- 
Itc  C'f  which  opera-Cior^t  the  author  endeavoors  to  &ew  ihit  ao 
]  of  fltrJi  15  rei^mred  m  the  a^ltant. 

|Jy,  i*e  have  the  republkatioo  of  a  pper  *  on  the  iattododioit 
male  catheter/  which  wa*  ortgmilly  inierted  in  ilie  fecond 
of  i^e  Memoirs  of  ihe  Medical  Sodety»  and  which  has  alicadj 
lander  our  review, 

.  Thoiighfs^phyJid&gkalfath^hpmhimdpraBte^:  with  foi 
and  .Vnacotnico-prattiod  Obi'ervarions,    By  Allen  Swalniioo, 
.  at  York,     8vo.     pp.  a^o.     65 «  Boards.     Baldwio. 
^  thoughts  coDlid  of  ciarforjr  obfervations  on  a  variety  of  dif* 
Dr.  Swairflon's  opitiiooi  are^  fre^ae^tly  judicious,  but  tk/ 
I  ao  peculiar  imporiancc* 

POLITICAL  and  COMMERCIAL, 
Thf  Pair  his  m  Politic  &I,  Moral,  aiid  PhiloCbpHicil  Repo- 
■yj  confiding  of  Original  Pieces,  and  Sclerous  from  Wm^r* 

latent.      A  Work  cakulacsd  Co  diOeminate  thefe  Branches  of 
viegc  among  :i11  Ranks  of  People,  at  a  fmall  Expeocc.     B^  a 

lety  of  Gcntlerrif n*    Vol.  II-     12HI0,    Cotttainiog  13  Numbcrsi 
id-  Boards.     Robinfani-      *7^3- 

[recomni ended  the  plan  of  this  ^tork  in  otir  notice  of  the  ht 
See  Rev,  N.  S' Tu-s,  i^oi-ix,  p.  a^o.     We  have  noEhing  to 


MowTHLT  Catalogue,  PoUiUal  and  Cmnnrdd.    3j$ 

the  firft  refufals  to  difcoant  bills,  and  occafioned  the  confequent  dearth. 
0f  ready  money.  With  a  fecond,  it  is  the  fudden  abforption  of  capital 
for  the  public  fervice ;  in  which  cafe  a  commercial  nation  can  never 
break  tlie  peace  to  advantage,  anlefs  it  have  in  hand  a  great  furplus  of 
hard  treaiure.  With  a  third,  it  is  the  hafe  jealoufy  of  rival  traders^ 
«  cry  raifrd  by  thcfe  powerful  companies  whofe  paper-money  is 
valid»  to  overwhelm  the  upltart  banks,  which  were  planting  them- 
icives  in  every  market-town.  With  a  fourth,  credit  is  liable  to  pe- 
riodical difeafes,  and  this  is  one  of  them  |  timed  indeed  by  the  alarm, 
bat  not  refalting  from  it.  With  a  fifth,  multiplicity  of  affairs  being 
WBong  commercial  men  the  criterion  of  confequencc,  and  trade  being 
Biore  honourable  than  leifure,  many  of  our  merchants  and  manufac- 
cvrert  are  fuppofed  to  carry  it  on  with  a  regular  lofs,  and  the  confe- 
^nent  defalcation  of  property  is  occafionally  to  be  affefled  on  the  whole 
community  by  difiuiive  failures.  With  a  fixth«  it  is  no  extraordinary 
crifis,  but  a  fyroptom  of  profperity ;  and,  if  embarraffmena  be  in  1 795 
a  hundred  fold  more  numerous  than  heretofore,  it  only  proves  that 
mar  commerce  has  increafed  a  hundred  fold. 

The  writer  of  the  pamphlet  before  us,  with  views  more  acute 
and  comprehenfive,  analyzes  the  predifpoiing  caufes  in  our  commer- 
cial fitoation,  which  prepared  this  cataflrophc,  in  order  to  prove  that. 
if  the  war  had  not  arifen,  they  would  have  had  no  necefTary  tendency 
thos  to  operate. 

The  author  concludes  his  elegant  fpeculation,  by  recommencing  a 
fpeedy  peace  as  the  only  paUiative  which  our  ittuation  will  admit. 
The  attentive  readers  of  this  pamphlet  will  probably  agree  with  us  in 
daffing  the  writer  among  the  moft  ingenious  and  penetrating  of  oar 
political  pamphleteers ;  and  in  allowing  him  the  merit  of  applying  his 
talentf  to  objects  of  public  utility,  and  of  the  highefl  importance  to 
the  community. 

Art.  34.  Philanthropy  repelUng  Delufion:  or,  a  Retrofpeft  of  Society 
and  Government  fince  the  Fall;  deducing  from  Sacred  and  Pro- 
phane  Hiilory,  how  far  the  prefent  Syftcm  of  French  Politics  is 
coniiflcnt  with  Reafon,  Religion,  or  the  Benefit  of  Mankind,  and 
Chefe  Kingdoms  in  particular ;  with  a  comparative  View  of  the 
prefent  State  of  France  and  England.  By  an  impartial  Hand.  8vo. 
ro.76.     IS.     Evans.     1793. 

The  author  offers  this  pamphlet  to  the  public  as  '  a  liberal  and  ra- 
tional difcuflion  of  liberty  and  equality,  and  how  far  they  could  be 
beneficial  to  mankind,  and  thefe  kingdoms  in  particular;'  and  he  ex- 
prefles  an  intention  to  devote  the  profits  of  the  publication,  if  any 
accrue,  to  the  relief  of  diftreffcd  orphans.  We  are  afraid  that  his 
talents  for  national  difculTion,  and  for  elegant  writing,  are  not  likely  to 
Jfield  much  inflrudlion  to  the  public,  nor  any  great  benefit  to  a  charitable 
laftitotion :  but  fo  far  as  his  intentions  are  benevolent,  his  endeavours 
4e&rve  commendation. 

Art.  35.     Pro/peels  on  the  War  and  Papo-'Cirreney.      By  Thomas 
Paine.     8vo.     pp.68,     as.     Ridgew?y.     1793. 
'O5  MJee»o»  T««c  U7it  u  ifAAf,     An  anonymous  editor  prefcnts  us  with 
another  work  of  Mr.  Thomas  Paine,  written  in  17S7,  during  the  inter- 
ference of  Great  Britain  in  the  internal  aiFairs  of  Holland,  a.nd  intended 
7  to 


I  then  been  publiihe<3i  in  cafe  the  F/ench  had  sot  prtudendf  o¥t!t» 
tsriain  little  indigtiuies  offered  to  them  oo  thai  occmfiDn.  Tie 
las  two  leading  obji^cb.  Tht  hrd  h  to  (ki^w  tbic  aiiy  inistfmMt 
Uf  of  the  Tory* part V  in  Holknd  c^n  bcnf  na  i»]tainiGt.iuiiif  w 
Britain;  th^t  the  cucumilanccs  of  Holki^d  mutk  Ibr  «fi^|^ 
9  ta  her  public  condufl ;  and  that  true  policy  c<mfillt  to  aimifi| 
»ft  of  fach  natural  tendencies  which,  in  ihc  lofig-mn,  tlMwfi 
t  better  of  the  perfon^l  will  of  (Ut^fm^t^,  md  not  tA  l«bciiiiiii^ 
crfe  them,  Tim  iatcrfcrencc  received,  hoiV«VTfv  4*  «Oft^ 
I  fandioa  of  hoftilc  pjrtk.^*  By  tliis  time,  pe^H&piv  §mmm 
I  thit  he  did  not  rifi:  in  his  drength,  careleU  of  the  papiiif 
ions  of  national  vanity,  and  enter  a  proteA  in  bebalf  mf  the  ibgk 
^mmy  *m  the  name  of  ail  the  ioJepcnidciit  iliites  of  EttropCi  M 
eternal  inhere  (Is  of  mankind.  It  was  ibc  mocoait  to  iiavt  itf^ 
^  of  a  principle:^  in  the  vicLition  of  which,  in  ib%  Ctit  oC  9^ 
lid  of  France  J  the  pt^aple  of  Burope«  in  dircQ  oppofition  lO^Mif 
I  inter^ihs*  have  tamely  acq uie feed. 

I  fecotid  part  of  this  pamphlet  alms  a  barbed  arrow  ftC  the  fSfti* 
of  Engliln  profperity ,  and,  by  the  editor's  good  nuzia^ciafiatityi 
no  d^mbt  contemporary  with  ths  floop  of  the  bird,  and  fliy  CO** 
e  to  prolong  the  dep region  of  its  flight*  Th«  argonieiit  tf  tKi 
fpofci,  however,  on  the  falfe  ajTumptkin  that  pAper-rnrten^  if 
lus  wealth ;  that  Ban  leers  notes  are  the  bafelefs  fabric  of  ereddlityi 
It  fpecie  b  the  only  real  riches.  It  is  important  thai  thcnatcre 
;fe  blurred  fliredf  of  paper  be  aectiratclf  under  fVood  by  tk 
u  Be  it  obferved,  then,  that*  for  every  note  which  a  Btnlprr 
he  receives  a  depofu  in  hard  cafh.     This  cafh  he  lends  ml  w 


Monthly  Cataicgue,  Political  tmd  Commirdal.    337 

Df  tar  ihac  he  fixes  his  feathers:  but  the  tar  dries  ap,  and  th?  deli- 
Dcmcioo  remains.  It  is  thus  that  he  has  done  fo  much  to  banifh  from 
among  the  people  the  evil  fpirits  of  national  antipathy,  of  religious 
bigouy,  and  of  commercial  jealoufy. — We  (hall  conclude  with  a  ihorc 
tJBtmSt,  p.  «8. 

*  Freedom  in  the  fttbjc6i  is  not  a  diminution,  as  was  formerly  be<- 
ficved,  of  the  power  of  government,  but  an  increafe  of  it.  Yet 
the  progrefs  by  which  changes  of  this  kind  are  efFcded,  requires 
to  be  attended  to.  Were  governments  to  offer  freedom  to  the 
peO|^,  or  to  (hew  an  anxiety  for  that  purpofe,  the  offer  would,  mod 
probably,  be  reje^d.  The  purpofe  for  which  it  was  offered,  might 
be  miftruffed.  Therefore  the  defire  mu(t  originate  with,  and  pro- 
ceed from,  the  mafs  of  the  people;  and  when  the  impreflion  becomes 
aniTcrfal,  and  not  before,  is  the  important  moment  for  the  moil  ef- 
fe&oal  confolidation  of  national  flrength  and  greatnefs  that  can  take 
pbce. 

'  While  this  chaos  is  working,  there  will  appear  a  kind  of  chaos  in 
the  nation ;  but  the  creation  we  enjoy  arofe  out  of  a  chaos,  and  our 
greateft  bleffings  appear  to  have  a  confufed  beginning.' 

Art.  36.     The  Fillage  AJfociation^  or  tbt  Politics  ofEdley.    Containing 

the  Soldier's  Tale ;  the  Headborough's  Miffake ;  the  Sailor's  Tale ; 

the  Curate's  Quoutions ;  and  Old  Hubert's  Advice.    8vo.   pp.  62. 

IS.  6d.     Ridgway. 

The  converfations  related  in  this  pamphlet  are  fuppofed  to  have 
pafled  in  a  weekly  aifembly  of  Yorkihire  villagers,  under  a  large  oak 
dedicated  to  liberty  and  political  knowlege.  The  principal  topics  are» 
thebardlhipsof  the  Britiih  foldicrs,  feamen,  labourers,  and  mechanics, 
aad  jthe  neceffity  of  reform.  Paffages  are  read  from  various  writers, 
particularly  Locke,  Trenchard,  Tooke,  Rous,  •  Robinfon,  and  the 
quondam  Mr.  Burke. 

This  vzryfingular  ajfociavon  is  not  formed  with  a  view  of  keeping  the 
people  in  ignorance,  but  with  the  better  view  of  improving  their 
anderllandiogs. 

Art.  XJ,  FaJfihoodt  Paine,  and  Company,  difarmed  hy  Truth  and  Pa^ 
irioti/m,  and  a  Drcfling  to  the  AJureiFcr  of  the  "  AdJr;;fs  to  the 
AddrciTers  on  the  late  Proclamation.'*  Alto,  Friendly  Caution  to 
"  The  Friends  of  the  People."  Benevolent  Retriliatioii,  or  Good 
for  Evil;  a  Divifion  of  France  into  feveral  irje  States  rcc  )mmended, 
&c.  By  Timothy  Shaveclofe,  Efq.  an  Enemy  to  Biafphcmers, 
fcditious  Levellers,  and  ambitious  Hypocrites.  8vo.  pp.93,  as. 
Owen.     1793. 

From  the  title  of  this  work,  the  reader  will  cxoctSl  it  to  be  rather  of 
the  oratorical  than  of  the  argumentative  kind;  and  he  will  r.ot  be  dif- 
appoinicd,  provided  he  be  not  too  clafllcal  in  his  notions  of  oratory. 
The  author's  epithets  and  figures  arc  not,  pcrhapj;,  exaiflly  Tuch  as 
Cicero  would  have  ufed  ;  ncverthclcl's,  they  are  epithets  a:.d  figures, 
and  of  an  exprcfllve  kind.  Witnefs  the  variety  of  charaacrs  under 
which  the  a'jthor  of  the  Pvightr*  of  Man  is  dcpidcd;  French  Citizen 
Fame;  Butfy  Paine;  Frcj;'^Paine;  Goliah  Paine;  the  Sraymaker; 
llic  Poor  Coblcr;  'i'homas  Paine,  who  bedaubs  vvhity-brov/n  paper 
Rev.  July,  1793.  A  a  with 


IMonthly  Catalogue,  PdUkal  and  C&mmercUL 

I  blacking  brtifh,  and  wb®  has,  like  a  true  child  of  the  faiherof 
1  lowing! y  and  wjl fully  wrict^^n,  primed,  arKl   publiihE!i},  a  6h* 

TiJlVhood,  with  the  fame  intention  aa  thit  of  the  donl  when  kt 
\h\s  lies,  to  do  permanent  and  mdely-extcndcd  mil  chief, — ^Wit" 
Igitn,  the  iollo^vin^  an]ni:ilcd  prt^/of^pa^ia :  *  Ye  juiiiccs  of  the 
Tin  the  fercra!  counties  of  England  and  Wajei  J  arc  ye  not  aOiained 
I*  holdun  meetings  without  the  leave  of  Cidxen  Thomas  fainef 

Is  you  J  very  properly,  that  your  cortdudt  eaghi  i»  ^  nukedf 
;  honours  you  with  his  notice  accordingly  I    Take  care  of  jfoor-  | 

W i t n efs ,  mo t cover,  the  fol I o vv i n g  p re i ty  parsncm^^^a :  *  The 
Ind  the  ftiDg  of  a  gnat  are  y  n  plea  fan  t,  buc  a  mere  toach  annihtlatei 
>ub]efomc  infedtp  and  foon  puts  an  end  to  the^^im/  Highl^rai 
pignation  and  eonlempt  of  tins  v^rker  rife  againfl  Thomas  Paint 
Le  whole  body  of  rcpobltC3ti$i  he  profeffcs  himfdf  a  ^rodftt 
Incntary  reform  j  and  he  fays^  '  That  a  reform  in  the  reprt* 
Ive  fyftem  of  this  cotintry  is  highly  expedieni,  and  indeed  m- 

;  and  that  it  muH,  at  no  very  dillani  period ,  take  phce,  r^o 
}^irki  will  doabt  or  ^tny,  U'c  mayj  therefore,  rejoice  by  anri- 
In,  at  the  h:ippy  accomplilhmcnt  of  this  event/       He  ad^ft, 

proper  time  I  will  take  the  liberty  to  delineate  a  plar>t  cotirclf 
lorn  dangerous  confequencej^,  and  which  fhall  remove  the  abufc* 
li:  which  every  true  patriot  haj  jalHy  complained.' 

mud  own  that  the  writer's  pre  lent  performance  does  not  en- 
re  Ui  to  entertain  vt^iy  fanguine  ejcpedlaiions  concerning  Vis 
[plan  of  reform.      See  alio  Art.  4-3, 

riff    ikIh'criJ  to  ihe    Grand  ^itry    at   iht   Genrr^l 


MONTHLt  CATAtOGt;£t  Political  and  CommerciaL     339 

oF  the  prcfent  war»  and  in  defence  of  the  propriety  of  negcciating 
with  the  ruling  powers  of  France,  arc  dilHnctiy  examined.  It  is 
maintained,  that  the  cord u£l  of  the  French  was  fo  iufuhing  and 
threatening  to  this  country  as  to  render  a  war  neccfliary;  that  it 
woold  have  been  exceedingly  improper  for  the  Uritifh  government, 
after  the  recall  of  Lord  Govvcr,  to  have  i"i?nt  an  nmbafiador  to  France; 
and  that  every  thing  was  done  Ly  Adminiilraiion  wjiich  could  with 
propriety  be  done  to  prevent  a  war.  Nc-verthclcfs,  though  Mr.D. 
thinks  the  war  to  have  been  unavoidable,  he  reprobates  the  con- 
tinuance of  it,  longer  than  fliall  be  nec-fihry  to  compel  the  French 
government  to  abandon  their  romantic  projciftoFfratcrnizing aginations, 
and  CO  confine  themfelves  to  the  arrangement  of  their  internal  afrairs. 
•  This  country,  (fays  Mr.  D.)  would  be  to  blame  indeed,  if,  from 
the  vifionary  profpeft  of  conquering  France,  it  was  madly  to  engage 
■ot  to  iheath  the  fword  till' a  counter-revolution  was  eitedled,  and  to 
rejed,  or  not  cultivate  any  profpeft  of  an  honourable  p'lacc,  Ihould 
the  difpcfitions  of  the  French  councils  tend  to  that  po'nt.' 

A  brief  leview  is  here  taken  of  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  the  French 
revolution,  and  feveral  capital  eirors  in  the  conftitucpt  affembly  are 
pointed  out;  particularly  the  felf-denying  ordinance,  by  which  they 
precluded  themfelves  from  being  re-elecled;  and  their  not  making 
Ibme  intermediate  negative,  or  power  of  fufpenfion  at  leall,  betweva 
the  deliberative  and  executive  parts  of  government.  The  argumen- 
tative partof  thefe  remarks  would  not  have  appeared  with  lefs  weight, 
had  the  author  been  more  careful  to  refrain  from  inve^live. 

Art.  40.  The  Ajs  and  the  Sick  Lion\  or  the  cruel  and  infulting  Mercies 
of  Thomas  Paine,  the  Staymaker,  towards  the  late  King  of  France; 
exemplified  in  an  Analyfis  of  his  Rcafons  for  wifliing  to  preferve 
the  Life  of  Louis  Capet,  lately  publifhed.  By  Timothy  Shavc- 
clofe,  Efq.     8vo.     is.     Owen.     1793. 

We  can  difcover  no  other  purpofe  for  which  this  pamphlet  was 
publifhed,  than  to  give  the  writer  an  opportunity  of  venting  his  indig- 
nation againfl  the  author  of  the  Rights  of  Man,  for — voting  on  the 
fide  of  mercy,  againft  the  decree  which  fentenced  the  late  unfortunate 
King  of  France  to  death.  The  fpeech,  which  recommended  it  to  the 
Convention  to  permit  the  United  States  of  America  to  become  the 
ikfeguard  and  afylum  of  Louis  Capet,  is  trodden  under  foot  with  con- 
tempt as  *  the  Haymaker's  audacious  nonfcafc;'  and  is  execrated 
with  indignation  as  an  emanation  of  a  wicked  and  diflempered  mind: — 
the  author  is  called  a  vile  reptile,  who  has  polluted  by  his  breath 
the  air  of  England ;  and  Britons  are  required  to  blufh,  when  they 
recoiled  that  thii  Being  ivas  born  a  Briton, 

Art.  41.  The  Antigallican%  or,  Striftures  on  the  prefent  Form  of 
Government  eflabliihed  in  France.  8vo.  pp.  100.  is.  6d. 
Faulder.     1793. 

The  example  of  France  is  here  held  up  as  a  warning  to  Great  Bri- 
tain not  to  be  guilty  of  political  fuicidc.  The  exceiTes  and  mifchiefs 
which  have  been  produced  in  that  country,  without  any  allowance  for 
the  peculiar  character  and  external  circumftances  of  the  French  people, 
arc  wnpuicd  to  their  prefent  poliilcal  fyllcm ;  and  EnglKhmen  arc  en- 

A  A  2  ircitcd 


WoNTHLY  Catalogue,  P&lUkal  snd  C^mmitmL 

not  to  cocomcrncf  a  plan  of  polhical  reg<fneratioo*  wbkh  i»*A 
itc  in  the  df^ltryclLon  of  order  and  virtue.  M;ich  dcctam^tion 
oyed  in  cxpofing  the  rflifchievous  conlcquenccs  of  an  eijs^isa* 
property  i  and  fomc  pain&  are  taken  to  tXlctX  the  nece^ty  ctf 
:  properly  the  ground  of  the  right  of  cleCtioji  fof  memlxfi  of 
ecit. 

\.  Rmarh  m  a  Pamfhift,  prSUfi^J  as  Mr.Fttx*j  S/fn.-h  ii  ^t 
Vmg  of  Farliament,  including  iome  Obferirationsoft  '4i^  K  at  are 
Caufcs  of  the  prefcni  War*     Svo,     pp.  83.    is,  6d,    Fauyrr. 

fe  who  agree  with  us  m  thinking  that  the  fpccch  here  cri^ci^ed 
eminent  proof  of  Mr*  Fox's  wifdom  and  irttegnty,  will  tm, 
iginCp  lee  reafon  to  aher  their  opimon  from  any  thing  *Mb}ch 
ill  find  tn  this  pamphlet.  The  writer  goes  beyond  ihc  imrae- 
bjedl  of  hi  J  remarks,  m  a  comparifon  of  the  refourcei  of  Gr^t 
and  France  for  the  prefent  war.  Tables  are  given  of  ihe  re* 
nd  expenditure  of  France  from  1773  to  1793*  of  the  deprcdi- 
alli gnats,  of  the  rcfources  of  France,  and  of  its  national  debt* 

[.  Aft  Iftquiiy  into  ihe  Cau/fj  ef  thi  prefini  DifMn^imint  «f  PuMit 
ii  in  Qreai  kriiain,  Occafioned  by  Mr.  Pitt'a  Speech  tn  the 
fe  of  Commons,  on  the  27  th  of  March  lath  To  which  ;/  addcnli 
T  Hints  to  the  LegiJlaiufe  for  the  Formation  of  a  Plan  fi>r  the  ifli* 
late  Employment  of  the  numerous  deftitatc  Poor,    fivo,   pp.  49* 

Kobinfons»     iJ9l' 

fhock  lately  given  to  credit  has  been  attended  mth  fo  many 
caliunities,    and   threatens   fucU   alarming  confequences  ta 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Political  and  Cmmerdal.    341 

materials  coming  from  beyond  the  Tea,  mu(l»  by  the  dslay  which  war 
always  occaiions,  and  the  high  rateof  infurance,  be  greatly  increafed; 
whim,  by  the  lofs  of  the  foreign,  and  the  (lagnation  of  our  internal, 
trade,  the  manufa&urers  find  it  difficult  to  procure  .1  market  for  their 
^oods.  In  (hort,  the  whole  fyllcm  is  dillurbed  ;  it  is  thrown  out  of 
Its  courfe ;  and  the  confequences  yet  to  be  dreaded  require  the  wnion 
of  all  heads  and  all  hands,  if  by  any  poffibility  they  may  be  dimiiiifti- 
cd,  or  in  any  degree  avoided.' 

Thefc  obfervaiions  are  followed  by  a  more  particular  reprefenta- 
tion  of  the  inconveniences  now  fuffered,  and  lUlI  to  be  feared,  both  by 
the  merchant  and  the  manufadurer,  and,  in  their  more  remote  con- 
fequences, by  the  whole  community.  As  the  mofl  likely  means  of 
preventing  the  farther  extcnfion  of  thefe  calamities,  the  writer  recom- 
■lends  the  exercife  of  a  mutual  fpirit  of  forbearance  by  thofe  who 
liave  no  immediate  occa(ion  to  remove  their  property,  and  a  rigid 
determination  at  prefent  to  ifTue  neither  notes  of  hand,  nor  bills  of 
exchange,  in  any  cafe,  in  which  the  provifion  for  the  payment  is  de- 
pendent on  a  contingency.  Other  feafonable  hints,  of  an  ceconomical 
Liod,  are  fuggeiled,  among  which  is  that  of  employing  the  dillreiTed 
poor  in  public  works,  and  particularly  in  making  navigable  canals. 

Art.  44.  Remarks  on  the  Conduct  Principles ,  and  Publications,  of  the 
Ajfociation  at  the  Croivn  and  Anchor  in  the  Strand,  for  p  refer ving 
Liberty  and  Property  againll  Republicans  and  Levellers.  8vo.  is. 
T.Evans.     1793. 

If  it  were  not  certain  that,  in  a  free  country  like  Great  Britain, 
adbciations  of  private  individuals  for  the  purpofe  of  exhibiting  in- 
formations, or  inftituting  profecutions,  againll  their  fellow-citizens, 
for  what  they  may  deem  too  great  freedom  in  writing  or  in  fpcaking, 
can  be  nothing  elfe  than  Ephemeras,  produced  in  a  moment  of  political 

Ehrenzy,  only  to  expire  as  foon  as  the  phrenzy  is  over, — fuch  a  pub- 
cation  as  the  prefent  might  deferve  to  be  recommeiided  to  the  perufal 
of  every  Briton,  as  a  full  refutation  of  the  principles  on  which  fome 
late  afFociations  have  been  formed,  and  a  complete  cxpofure  of  their 
proceedings.  Referring  to  the  pamphlet  for  particulars,  we  (hall 
quoie  the  author's  general  conclufion : 

*  Upon  a  due  confideration  of  the  origin,  the  progrcfs,  and  the 
conduct  of  the  Crown  and  Anchor  Afibciation,  we  may  venture  to 
aflert,  that  it  is  a  fociety  which  can  deferve  no  countenance  or  fupport 
from  any  man,  who  is  a  lincere  and  enlightened  friend  to  the  liberties 
of  his  country.  Under  the  pretence  of  maintaining  and  preferving 
the  conllitution,  their  condud  and  publications  are  in  dired  oppod- 
tion  to  its  genuine  principles.  But  ic  cannot  be  fuppofed  that  the  de- 
ceptions, which  have  been  employed  to  induce  the  people  to  concur  in 
inch  aflbciations  can  much  longer  be  praftifcd  with  fuccefs.  The 
period  is  probibiy  not  fir  diltant,  when  even  the  lowefl  of  the  vulgar 
will  difcern,  that  depriving  men  of  the  freedom  of  t*ie  pTcW,  and  of 
the  freedom  of  fpeech,  is  not  maintaining  liberty  and  the  cor.ftitution. 
It  was  not  by  aflbciations  in  fupport  of  the  prerogative,  or  for  extend- 
ing its  influence,  that  the  rights  i;f  Engi'iimen  were  cllab  iflicd.  It 
was  not  by  an  implicit  faith  in  minilleis  of  ftat?-,  it  was  not  by  (Vrvility 
to  courtiers  or  to  kings,  that  England  has  been  rendered  relpectat.le 

Aa  3  and 


Month tY  Catalocub,  Natural  Hijicryy  tfu 

ingLiiilied  among  the  i^ations  of  Europe.  It  was  by  the  pre* 
ol  the  priacipka  of  pub  tic  lieerty,  ihai  ihis  <:oiitirry  *t- 
Ito  its  pixicnt  grt-itncfsi  andh  h  by  a:i  .idhcrencc  to  ihcic  prin* 
Lnlyi  thiS;  its  iplcudour  cr.d  its  proipcuty  can  be  contain acd/ 
tng  polnkal  principles  out  of  the-  quertiooj  this  trail  h  cifU 
I  the  wurk  of  a  iN-^n  of  fenfc,  a  ad  lucury  alHlitiei,— well  *c» 
Id  with  lilt  lUcc  cf  politico  ar.d  tbc  patty  altcTcaiiotw  of  th* 


1^ ,     Th  Moii'va  and  CfvfifMeacer  if  fhi  pru/ini  Wttf  iMf^riitdlf 

fei/i^fnJ^     Ei^o*     pp»67*     js~  6J,     Pnddcn. 
Ihis  vvcli-v^Nttcn  pamphlet,  the  author  andcnakc^  to  prove  thif 
efent  wzr  b,  on  the  part  of  Gfeai  Bntaifi,  fbunded  on  good 
on  juliictr,  and  nven  on  the  Dfceitiiy  of  I'elf-dc fence,    Tjic  ir- 
is employ \;d  bv  Adm>nilt radon  and  its  friends  are  here  rrdoce^ 
a  narrow  com p^ is,  atid  arc  iJius  advanced  ir^to  the  p>lltkal 
ivh  greater  effij:icy.     The  pamphlet  Is  incapable  of  abridge- 
All  p.irts  of  it  are  pqi  equally  coavincing:  bt3t  if  there  be  «  ' 
n  reconciling  the  public  niind  to  ihe  m^afures  of  GovernrrrefiE, 
teaching  m;inkind  to  bear  individual  foiFerings  for  the  fak«  rf 
kl  advantages^  this  pamphlet  poHeJIe^  luch  merit  in  a  ccc^^r* 
gree, 

f.    T/jff  prcpnfiJ  Rtfurm  ef  the  Rfpr^/inftiikn  nf  the  C^nttti  ^ 
\irJ  c&^tjukrci^     ^y  Robert  Ferrjullon,  Elq,  of  Lincoln's  J na, 
pp  52,     ^j       Uthrcit.      1793* 

rihkc  conili!'*  of  two  pans:  the  firil  corrnirimg  a  ftreJch  of 


Monthly  Catalogue,  N^vel^  lie.  343 

soologys  required  an  order  of  animals  which  we  have  not  been  able 
to  find  in  thcfe  volumes,  and  that  is,  the  numerous  family  of  rep- 
tiles ;  together  with  Tome  animals  of  amphibious  and  ambiguous  na- 
ture, not  here  to  be  feen.  The  tables  of  contents  prefixed  to  the 
volumes  prcfcrve  the  claflbs  in  iheir  prop-T  order :  but  a  general 
£ngli(h  index  is  wanting ;  and  it  had  been  well  if  the  popular  names 
hjui  been  given  to  the  infefls  reprefented  in  the  plates,  as  well  as  the 
generic  appellations.  Nevcrthelefs,  this  is,  on  the  whole,  a  com- 
pendious regular  work,  which  exhibits  the  natural  hiHory  of  animak* 
in  a  methodical  manner.  1 

Art.  48.     An  EJfay  upon  Gardeningy  containing  a  Catalogue  of  £x* 
otic  Plants  for  the  Stoves  and  Green-houfes  of  the  BritifK  Gardens : 
the  beft  Method  of  planting  the  Hot-houfe  Vine  ;  with  Direction*  ' 
for  obtaining  and  preparing  proper  Earths  and  Compoiitions,  to 
preferve  tender  Exotics;  Obfervations  on   the  Hiftory  of  Gar*  • 
dening ;  and  a  Contrail  of  the  ancient  with  the   modern  Talle. 
t      By  Richard  Steele,  late  of^lhirfic,    but  now  of  Sion-hill,  (near- 
Thirfk,)  in  the  County  of  York.     410.     pp.  261.     il.  5s.  boards. 
White,  Sec.   179^ 

Mr.  Steele  has  prepared  for  his  brethren  two  full  catalogues  of 
exotics,  the  one  of  abiding  plants,  the  other  of  annuals  and  pe* 
rennials,  all  marked  with  their  proper  dilHndions ;  and  thcfe  cata- 
logues are  accompanied  with  brief  correfponding  inllruflions  for  their 
propagation  and  culture  ;  which  may  qualify  the  volume  to  be  a  ufc- 
fui  remembrancer  to  young  gardeners,  on  undertaking  the  manage- 
ment of  a  (love  and  grccn-houfe,  or  to  gentlemen  who  amufe  them- 
felves  with  fuch  employment.  We  think,  however,  that  his  fubjeds 
might  have  been  more  cunne«5led ,  had  he  thrown  the  whole  matter 
into  the  form  of  a  didionary,  under  one  plphabet. 

The  publication  is  patronized  by  a  refpedable  lift  of  fubfcribers. 

NOVEL. 
Art.  49.     Tb;  Conf.iSl^    a  Sentimental  Tale,   in  a  Series  of  Letters. 

By  M.  Heron,  Newcaftle.     lamo.   2  Vols.     4s.  fewed.    Deigh- 

ton.     1793. 

A  few  ordinary  incidents,  which  difcover  little  invention  in  the 
contrivance  or  ingenuity  in  the  arrangement,  are  here  expanded 
through  two  fmall  volumes,  and  rcw^trtd jentimental  by  the  frequent 
infenion  of  violent  exclamations.  The  chief  merit  of  the  tale  is  its 
morality,  which  b  unexceptionable. 

EDUCATION. 

Art.  50.  RcflcBions  upcn  the  Education  cf  Children  in  Charity  Schools  ; 
vnih  the  Outlines  of  a  Plan  of  appropriate  Inftrudlion  for  the 
Children  of  the  Poor ;  fubmitted  to  the  Confideration  of  the  Pa- 
tron s  of  Schools  oi  every  Denomination,  fupportcd  by  Charity. 
By  Mrs.  Trimmer.  Svv^.  pp.58,  is.  Longm.m.  1702. 
To   thofe  who  are  employed  in  the  benevolent  defign  of  fuperin- 

tending   charity-fchools,  this    publication,  written  by  one  who  has 

much  practical  kno^'.Icgc  of  the  fubjcd,  will  be  exceedingly  ufeful. 

Jt  fuggelh  hints  concerning  inftltutions  of  this  kind,  and  particu- 

A  a  4  larly 


Mn*  T,  luj  pnmded  a  Jet  of  boekj^  tfv^ick  Ibrni  a  coBrfe 

lk>i3  parti  aibril'  deigfiod  lor  tbe  olc  of  ci»iIdjTtt  in  tike 

Itii  of  jccirif .    So3ie  accoodc  is  ttcrc  giveii  cj^  iKii  g€>«Hc» 

bUii  ^£  kam  diat  Xlri^TfiaigiiiT  doe«  not  cott&nie  ber  rti* 

ikln^diofis  ti)  ilie  rnotH  pvi  of  die  fcripcttres.     Shr  ificm^ 

uwo  cxpcrkncct  th.t  k  is  ^  prj^icibSc  to  ttnck  cHil4refi 

rym  <s{  c^iiiHan  doddfirj  fts  tlie  pjaincl  aor%]  prece|K  tf  itie 

Nrw  Tedamcfil ;  md  Ike  corrobonDes  ber  opiiioii  bjr  t^ 

of  Itilliop  Horikfn     Alter  all»  however^  ^e  muft  be  mI- 

^  ^nefiiOn  waeiher  tlicfc  jiblnsfe  df^rtnet  wttich  have  pcf* 

tbe    tznderilandings  Df  the  Icnirtied^    and  coclbfizvded  *'  ihc 

of  Uic  wiiCf* '  be  proper  fubjc&  ef  tuttm&iaci   io  citirit^r 


I"  O  £  T  R  V     tf  ir^    D  ft  A  M  A  T  I  C« 
SHnthittgi*    A  Poevn.    4ti>.    pp  io«     is.    Rol^Jbu.    1791* 
XfP,  infer ibcd  to  Edwird  Jfrnbghain,  Efq   i&  wrinen  witii 
liooihiiefs  m  hrrcnc  vcHc«     Sib»mc  utw  c^mbinaiiona  of  woidi 
u^  ai^  in  the  lines ! 
How»  and  frotn  (vhonij  tli' vji/f/^rj^ V  dome  arofe/ 

I'  And  i/r^r^i  tlie  clodd^Kid  turret  to  its  bafe.' 

I  • 

I*  Commixt  with  bards  who  xitM  the  jw/Mffi^ V lay.' 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  Poetry  and  Dramatic.      345 

Danes,  it  was  not  a  temple  in  which  the  elevation  of  the  miHetoe  was 
pradiredy  this  being  a  folemntty  of  the  Britifh  and  Gaulifh  religions. 
Probably^  however,  this  ring  of  huge  ftoncs  was  not  a  religious,  but 
apolitical  place  of  afTembly,  the  amphitheatre  in  which  the  Pcndragon, 
oreleftive  chief  of  the  Britons,  was  ckojen  by  the  collcfted  nation.  The 
whole  conftrudlion  is  remarkably  adapted  to  this  purpofe,  if  we  fup- 
pofe  that  each  candidate  ilationc)  himfelf  on  one  of  the  three  or  fix 
(for  it  is  difficult  to  afcertain  which)  horizontal  flone-s  which  fecm  to 
have  lain  as  lintels  on  the  three  or  iix  pairs  of  perpendicular  flones 
originally  furrounding  the  central  altar;  and  that  the  mode  of  voting 
was,  after  approaching  the  altar,  to  walk  under  the  porch  or  gate- 
way on  which  the  approved  can  iidate  Hood  confpicuous.  Two  men 
bel#w  might  conveniently  count  the  perfons  pafling  through  the  porch; 
and  the  exterior  wall  of  interftitial  (lones  was  well  fitted  to  keep  out 
a  difordcrly  multitude.  We  would  not,  however,  be  underflood  to 
infinuatc  that  poets,  and  all  thofe  who  cultivate  the  fine  arts,  are  abfo- 
larcly  bound  to  employ  them  only  in  imprefCng  opinions  to  whofe 
evidence  they  have,  on  inquiry,  affented  :  but  when  a  work  of  art  is 
not,  as  fuch,  of  any  value,  it  is  natural  to  feek  for. the  objed  of  the 
compofition  in  the  inftruclion  which  it  may  afford. 

Mr.  Kett  of  Oxford,  whofe  juvenile  poems  were  reviewed  in  our  laft 
number,  has  fome  elegant  lines  addrcfTed  to  Stonehenge,  which 
we  had  fome  intention  of  infcrting  in  our  critique,  but  the  prefTure 
of  other  mat:er  obliged  us  to  omit  them. 

Art.  52.  A  familiar  Epiflk,  on  the  Ju*vcmle  Exerci/es  cf  the  youn^ 
GentUmcn  In  Charter 'Hou/e.  To  which  is  added,  a  Token  d£ 
Refpeil  to  the  Memory  of  Mr.  Thomas  Sutton,  Munificent  En- 
dower  of  Charter- Houfe.  IVrote  on  ihc  anniverfiry  Commemora- 
tion, called  Founder's  Day,  December  12th,  1792.  Together 
with  a  Card  of  Refpe(fl  to  a  Lady,  and  her  Daughter,  on  their 
prcfcnti;ig  the  Author  with  an  elegant  Afknibbg.?  of  Flowers.  By 
James  Kenton,  P.  B.  of  Charter-Houie.  8vo.  4d.  Rifdcl. 
Jso.  13,  Crowji-lliect,  Soho.  1 793. 
The  efforts  of  the  juvenile  Mufe  lh'«u!d  not  be  flcrnly  repreffed  by 

the  frowns  of  criticifm.     The  vcrles  of  Mr.Kcntoti  contain  fome  good 

Orntiments,  and  good  advice  to  the  young  gentlemen,  but  not  many 

of  the  claflical  graces  of  poe:ry. 

Art.  53.  Caftno\  a  Meek  Heroic  Poem.  Dedicated  by  PermifHon 
to  her  Grace  the  Duchefs  of  Bolton.  To  which  is  added,  an  Ap- 
pendix; containing  the  Laws  of  the  Game  of  Cafino,  and  Rules 
and  Direcllons  for  playing  it.  410.  pp.  j2.  25.  6d.  Bell,  Ox- 
fo;d-flrcct. 

Thi^  fhort  poem  of  ei^ht  pages  celebrates  a  new  game  with  cards, 
our  total  ignorance  of  which  we  lec-l  no  kind  or  reluclunce  in  confef- 
iing.  The  poem  is  worthy  of  the  fubjcdi,  and  is  followed  by  the  laws 
of  the  g'lme  in  profe.  The  ;»utiior  informs  us  that  *  th<'  knovvIe;;e  of 
the  game  is  at  this  time  almoll  confined  to  the  circle.^  of  faftiion.* 
Wc  hope  it  will  remain  c(^r.<i:-.ed  th^-re;  ft)r  very  little  ever  ccwncs 
from  thole  circles,  which  the  uk  ful  chifies  of  mankind  can  learn  with- 
out  being  fomcwhat  titC  wuri'c  for  their  knowlege.     For  tui^  reafon» 

we 


MoNTHtY  Gatalocue,  Peitry  and  Dr^matif* 


Ljbjc^  to  tMs  puhVh 


I  for  < 


F  cieA:iipUon  tf  t}l^ 


10!  G&jca  to  cms  puiM(C4tioi\  for  coituming  i 
imllKir  enougli  to  iiiftrud  the  rgnorani  how  lo  i^hy  it, 

,  ^,      J  Mcriuty  jfJJrt/i  io  Grfaf  Brtfalf!  ;  a  PoL*m   la  Bx  Paitii 
Ivriich  is  aiided,  Briuin's  Rc-mcmbraivcf  r,  &c.     8vo*     f^p.  315 

ioii,     1793. 

author  of  this  addrefs  recmo  to  have  chofeti  the  poetlcil  for 
.*rpff£l  to  the  maxiiiii 

A  ^fr/i  ill  ay  catch  him  who  ft^^nwflU  flienf" 
'  i^erfc,  in  ord^r  to  mfw^r  the  end*  oui^httoHave in ii  rometkii^l 
[iptivatmg  than  a  Ctrmim  i  whkh  m*trfe  cf  preference  we  do « 
]c  in  thtf   prefrrt   p(?rform:niCf*,     It  lu  in  Irothi.  a.  Icrn^ 
rhmtfg  j^rmflHi  \\h€ttm  the  3gc  u  fclcmtily  rrproved  lor  iG 
but  v/knrui  any  cnliwniAg  {Urvkes  of  wii,  or  iwy  amiillog  \ 
lerita  of  fjincy, 

,    ^ai{/>ra'^Wfljfi'.'  Of  1  ihe  Skint  of  the*  Camp*    j^n  Optr^tw 

,  iti  two  Atli.     Perfornifd  -it  the  Thi*atfc  Roy*l,  Cotditl 

sTi.  VVriiten  by  Mr.  Pearcep    8vo.    la,    Longnrafi*     i;^^ 

Lporary  drcurnlLarKes,  tncidentfit  At)d  fcritesj  ft  re  a  common  ; 

I  :i  EBc  ^b !  e  re  (burce  of  t  he  IhigCj  e  fp  l*  d  a]  I  y  in  u  1 J  ig  Hter  pr  ixj  u^iont • 

jfummer  of  J 79^1  the  canipi  which  go^crnjnent  thought  prcjpef  ' 

]oini  were  the  nfort  of  the  indolent,  the  diflIpaceJ»  i4id  til* 

;  every  opportumcy  which  the  ijition  eodd  defire  of  expcfidbg 

ey  in  public  pleaEiire£,  and  in  private,  wrs  afforded.     The 

iliis  fnrcc  hti  pourtrayt-d  a  pare  of  this  temporary  freii3«yof 

l-iicliinjT^    znd    camp^vifitm;:.       We    think    the    fubicil   fkii 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Pottrj  and  Dramatic.      347 

Gige*,     The  fongs  were  before  mentioned,  page  4589  vol.x.  of  our 
ew  Series. 

Art.  57.  Sprigs  of  Laurel :  a  Comic  Opera,  in  two  Afts.  As  pcr- 
formcJ,  willi  univcrfal  Applaufc,  at  the  Theatre  koyal,  Covcnt 
Garden.      Written    by  John  O'Kecffe.      8vo.      ib.     Longman. 

i79v 

«  With  univerfal  applaufc  *  So  fay*  the  title-page.  Ridicule  has 
rendered  bombad  in  dt:cti«:utions  lefs  raHiionable  than  it  was  in  the  laft 
age  ;  wc  hope  its  influence  will  extend  to  prefaces  and  liile-pjgcs. 
Sprigs  of  Lu'Jrcl  is  a  fares  and  an  opera ;  that  is,  it  has  two  claims 
of  cudom  to  b'j  improbable  and  abl'urd,  whenever  it  is  convenient  to 
the  author.  It  contains,  however,  many  (Irokes  of  true  humour, 
fancy,  and  generous  fcntimcnt:  but  wc  are  forry  that  its  parts  are  fo 
disjointed,  that  it  is  wriucn  in  fo  flovenly  a  fpirit,  and  that  the  author 
has  fo  little  regard  for  accuracy  and  common  fenfe,  that  he  has 
akbcr  not  corrected  the  prefs,  or  has  been  fo  negligent  as  frequendy 
to  leave  the  text  all  but  unintelligible.  The  pernicious  fpirit  of  en- 
couraging national  prejudices,  and  of  teaching  vulgar  minds  ftill  to 
believe  that  the  epithets  French  and  Englifh  fuppofe  vice  and  virtue, 
if  fo  prevalent  in  this  piece  as  to  be  extremely  obnoxious.  The  po- 
Hdcs  too,  for  it  dabbles  in  politics^  are  evidently  not  written  from  the 
heart,  for  the  fentiments  contradid  each  other,  but  from  the  paultiy 
motive  of  oirching  applaui'e,  be  it  juil  or  urjuil,  moral  or  immoral. 

Art.  58.     The  Female  Duellift :  an  After-piece.     With  Songs  fet  to 
Mufic  by  Mr.Suett;  as  it  was  performed  at  the  King's  Theatre,  in 
the  Haymarket,    by  his  Maj.  fly's    Company  from  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Drury-lane.     8vo.     is      Owen  and  Baldwin.     1793. 
In  the  aJvertifement,  the  reader  is  informed  that,  '  for  the  leading 
charadler,  and  various  incidents  in  the  Female  Duellift ^  the  author  is 
much  indebted  to  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  comedy  of  Lcive*s  Cure^  or 
the  Martial  Maid, ^     The  manners  of  this  piece  are  fo  little  known  to 
the  Englifh  nation,  or  at  Icall  to  the  prefent  age,  that  its  effed  either 
in   the   clofct  or  on   the   ilage   cannot  be   great.     Spanifti   lovers, 
Spanilh  jealouty,  Spanifh    honour,    convenient  duennas,    frightened 
fervaots,  garden  v.'alls,  romantic  valour,   buffoon  cowardice,   extra- 
vagant revenge,  duch,  and  dii'guiles,  form  a  farrago  with  which  wo 
are  unacquainted,  and  in  which  we  therefore  can  take  but  little  in- 
hered.    There  is  a  jargon  likewife  in  the  language  of  this  after-piece  ^ 
which  the  author  perhaps  might  perfuade  himfelf  was  charaderillic, 
but  which  it  is  very  evident  was  the  ef^'cdt  of  indolence. 

Art.  59.  Nctcriety,  2l  Comedy.  As  it  is  performed  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Covcnt  Garden,  ^y  Frederick  Reynolds.  8vo.  is.  6d. 
J^ngman.     1793. 

•  *'  Speriam'  che'l  Sol  cadcntc  anco  rinafce: 
*'  11  cici,  quando  men'  luce, 
"  L'afpettato  Seren'  fpe/To  n'  adduce!'* 

GuARiN.  Past.  Fid. 
Who  does  not  hope  the  fetting  fun  may  rife, 
And  fudden  day  pervade  the  clouded  fkies  \ 

If 


Monthly  Catalocite,  Psetry  and  Dramatk* 

If  readers  will  turn  lo  page  1 60  of  the  prefent  volume,  the)'  w\tt 
):ridci(m  on  the  DramEtiHr  which  fuBidently  charadcri^ca  ill 
iufticms  of  this  author.  NtHorieiy/  hovvei^er,  we  are  (mry  to 
liiilerior  to  the  Dram^ufl.  The  disrtfkt'r  on  which  it  dependi 
t^rtp  NominaU  who  feeks  fame  by  rendering  himfelf  rvotori0m« 
lib  happily  chofen  as  th^  Dramitifl;  the  motives  which  induce 
1ad\  are  iiot  fo  jlfL>ng|  and  his  ecccntrichies  for  that  reaicin  are 
(bable.     Many  parts  of  the  play  are  abfurd  beyond  credibiJilr: 

grand  refource  of  the  author  b,  an  incctfant  vy^atcliruhefd  19 
Imfctf  and  hii^  audience  a^^ske.  If  he  can  but  excite  Att^ncioQp 
Is  no  fcruple  aa  to  the  abfupdity  of  the  means.  Could  he 
I  hi*  fables »  perfons*  and  fcntimerrts,  to  order  and  coBfidencT, 
\l  prcferve  the  fame  animation,  he  woa!d  be  a  very  foccefjful 

and  would  no  longer  continue  the  bufibon  of  the  vulgar,  the 

the  malLious,  and  the  pity  of  ihe  wife^ 

Hgia>  u  gre^w  Rich-  a  Comedy-     M  it  is  performed  at  the 
ue  Ri^yal,  Co  vent  Garden,     ^y  Frederick  Reynolds.     grOi 
]i,     Longman.      1793- 

iKeynoids  is  JlilUhc  fame  man.  We  have  only  to  f«y  tHif  «r 
jhe  prefent  piece  foperior  to  his  NiJtoriety,  but  not  e<|aa)  to  Ms 
Itift  ^  that  hi*  efforts  to  produce  charader  itre  much  greater  and 
llteftu^l  ihan  his  attempts  at  fable;  and  that  incongryity  b  tlko 
\\mm  he  has  yet  to  vanquiftti 

5en^/  and  Chonign  in  thi  c<mie  Opirm  &f  thi  Armorir*     A* 
[rrmed    at   the  Thciitre  Royalj    Covent  Garden,     8vo*    6d» 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  MifallaneQus.  349 

the  pad.  The  fubjc£l  itfelfis  flight,  and  the  effedl  produced  is  feeble: 
but  ch  J  fatire  and  thj  moral  arc  jud. 

Art.  61,  Tbe  Co<u{ntry  Acl :  a  Comedy,  in  three  Afts.  As  per- 
formed at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Norwich,  January  i6th,  1793.  8vo. 
IS.  6d.     Robinfons. 

Should  the  reader  of  this  comedy  cxpefl  ftrong  emotions,  of  any 
kind,  his  expedlations  wili  be  deceived.  It  is  light  fummer  reading, 
with  a  chin  mixture  of  pleafantry,  fentiment,  policcnefs,  learning, 
Ulle,  and  the  manners  of  well-bred  people.  The  author  feems  Co 
confider  himfelf  as  writing  to  a  polite  circle,  and  if  he  can  amufe  this 
afTemblage,  his  ambition  is  tolerably  well  futisficd.  Jf  this  be  the 
cafe«  it  IS  to  be  lamented;  for  were  his  ambition  a^ive  enough,  and 
better  direded,  \\c  think  it  might  produce  much  greater  effeds. 
The  tone  which  he  afTumes  is  of  a  pleaiing  kind,  but  it  is  by  no 
means  fufHciently  fonorous.  He  has  many  words  but  little  paifion; 
the  true  art  of  writing  inculcates  the  rcvrerfe. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
Art.  64.     A  SeleSiion  from  the  tJarlfian  Mi/celiany,  of  Tra6l$  which 

principally  regard  the  Englilh  Hillory  ;  of  which  many  are  referred 

to  by  Hume.     4to.     pp*  571.     il*  is*  Boards.    Kearfley.    1793. 

The  Harleian  Mifcellany,  confiding  of  curious  old  original  papers. 
has  been  for  many  years  in  the  poflefficn  of  the  public  ;  the  (ele&ion 
here  made  is  introduced  by  the  following  advertifement : 

«  The  fcarcity  and  high  price  of  the  Harleian  Mifcellany,  has  in- 
duced the  editor  of  the  following  work  to  offer  it  to  the  public.  It 
is  compofed  of  a  frlcdlion  of  thof;  pieces  which  regard  our  own  hif- 
lory,  and  which  have  been  chiefly  arranged  in  chronological  order. 
The  volume  contains  in  quantity  one  fixth  of  the  Mifcellany,  and 
the  price  of  it  is  a  guinea,  only  one  twelfth  of  what  the  original 
work  now  fells  for.' 

The  papers  now  reprinted  relate  to  different  interefting  periods  of 
our  hiftory  ;  from  the  rtigu  of  William  the  Conqueror,  down  to  the 
time  of  fiifhop  Atterbury. 

Art.  65.  A  Trip  to  Holy-biad  in  a  Mail  Coach  ivitb  a  Churchman  an  J 
a  Dijfenter,  in  the  l^ear  ij^yi,  8vo.  pp.  1 37.  2S.  Law. 
The  monopolizing  fyllem  of  policy,  however  convenient  it  may 
be  CO  thofc  who  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  monopoly,  is  inevitably  pro- 
dufUve  of  mifchief  to  the  ftate,  by  creating  and  perpetually  pre- 
fcrving  entire  bodies  of  opprefled  or  neglefted  citizens,  who  will 
dog  the  wheels  of  government  with  murmurs  and  complaints.  It  is 
fo  Ytry  evident  that  the  only  way  to  prv)duce  unanimity  among  the 
members  of  a  flate  is  to  remove  the  caufes  of  alienation,  by  fup* 
preding,  if  pollible,  all  theft;  diiliniStions  that,  iii  the  degree  in 
which  they  afford  tlevwiion  and  privilege  to  any  one  part  of  the 
community,  humble  nn  1  J^'graJe  the  relb ;  that  it  is  furprizii^g  to  fee 
enlightened  citizens  lliil  ;iJheri;ij>:  with  fo  much  pertinacity  to  the 
narrow  and  irr:ta::r.;j  ;:.Ia;i  of  exclulicn.  As  long  as  this  plan  u  held 
facred,  dillL'rr.ers  mull  oe  cxp(.ci».d  to  ninic,  forilir*  nioll  p^rt,  under 
the  reform In^i;  a;ij  aiitlmiiiilleriil  ii.inuiiid  :  but  it  Iccins  utircal'on- 
able,  and  injurious,  :o  ;i:fcr  :h.iC  ''j-.y  are,   as  a  l/oJy,  hoflile  to  the 

govern  men: 


1 


Monthly  CataloC0E,  MifegUmt^mu 

Inmcnt  cridsr  whicii  they  live.     The  f^ft  ceriainljf  ii,  t)iif« 

ler  fo!icitou9    to  obtatti  a  redrcfi  of  their  gricvancys,  Uacy  £f«| 
herhapiii  Tew  individital  cxcepuorif  ^  Heady  friends  to  the    Bn- 
LitlitaciDn,  and  to  tbtf  prefcDt  reigmng  family:  ifii»  it   jtfp'Wn 
I  the  prbgtpal  bufmefs  of  the  preieni  pamphtei  to  aftcrt  and  (o 
lib,     ]n  the  mode  of  faintliar  convcrfatiijn,  the  wrker  give^  an 
te  view  of  the  prirtciples  and  political   condu^  of  the  diitedfj 
le  ilares  the  grounds  on  which  thry  lequF^il  a  rcpea.1  t>f  the  tJB 
rporati^Jii  ads  ;  and  he   vindicates  them  from  the  thargc  af 
Ity.     By  fome  of  his  brethren »  he  nuy  perhaps  be  blumed  fcf^ 
ifidividual  cenfwne  where  praife  has  b^cn  due,  and   for  bdag 
ifh  yf  his  CGiicelliOTJs-     Sucb  a  tcmpenite  pamphlet  b,  how- 
very  feoi'oDabJe,  and  may  contribute  niaierially  toward  the  re^M 
of  popular  prcjadice*.  " 

J>6-     jin    Orathtt  on  d^e  Di/atimj   cf  .dmerka.      DcHvered  iil 

lid  on,  October  the  i2lh,  1792,  bting  three  hujvdrica  Ve*r> 
In  the  Day  on  uhkh  Gpkmbus  Uiidcd  iu  the  New  Wory  ;  witli 
lApptmiix,  contaitiiug  a  Defcriptton  of  the    City  of  W^&iit^* 

iij  the  D5nj-i£l  of  ColLwibia ;   illoAraied  uiih  an   engriviOf. 

jEIbahan  Winche!ler.     Svo.     PP'77-     is^  6i.  Parfor.*.  1791, 

Inu^h  we  cannot  b^flowonthis  oratLn  the  praif^  c*f  havm|  fuc- 

ly  fiv:jUed  fiihsLT  the  cdebrated   modch   of  panegyric  tntiU 

10  us  fmm  the  andents,  or  the  beautiful  Aogts  which  the  mrt- 
Ij.allic  fchool  ha5  produrcdj  yci  it  has  the  merit  of  bearing^n 

[ble  telHmony  to  a  ch.ira^cr  of  dillipguinKd  fame,  the  etc* 
\\'\\^-){i^  great  \\\ki>y:ry  U  ctriainly  much  more  cTiiiJed  (0 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Tbeohgy^kc.        351 

civil  and  ecclefiaflical.  It  is  not  a  difficult  talk  to  find  hlAorical 
events^  to  which  the  enigmatical  dcfcriptions  oF  this  book  may 
fccm  to  bear  a  rcfemblance :  but  to  prove  that  thefc  events  were  the 
real  fubjecl  of  the  prcdicliuns,  bcc  f^^us,  hie  labor  eft,  VVhcn  we  find 
that,  with  all  Mr.  Bicheno's  acutcucfs,  he  is  obliged  in  one  place  to 
underftand  by  thrte  days  and  a  half,  IC5  days,  and,  in  another  by  a 
ib^Jand  y^:\vsy  niftrfeen  yturs  ;  when,  Jigain,  we  find  it  Hill  doiibiful, 
whether  by  the  angel  f  curing  out  his  <viiil  upai  the  fun y  we  are  to  under- 
Hand  the  divine  viliiation  of  a  great  drought  or  cxccflivc  'uv/,  or  the 
dedruflion  of  the  Emperor,  or  of  the  king  of  Spain,  or  of  Louis  the 
Fourteenth,  who  took  the  fun  for  his  emblem,  or  (as  Mr  B.  thinks,) 
the  dellruftionof  defpotifm  in  general ; — wliat  encouragement  have 
wc  to  hope  for  the  developemcnt  of  tiiefe  myilerics  ? 

Art.  68.     I'he  Military  Magavune.     To  be  continued   every  three 
Months.  S.mallxzmo    p.  222.   5s.  fcwed.  Egertons,  &c.   1793. 
Light  yet  profitable  camp  amufc:ment  for  military  loungers. 

Art.  69.  ^hort  Rules  for  playing  tie  Game  of  Cafiuo  ;  by  Robert 
Long.  Lilliputian  I  zmo.  6d.  Owen,  Piccadilly,  &c. 
This  publication  is  a  rival  to  the  poem  on  this  fubjcft  *  in  the 
profaic  part  of  the  compofition,  as  a  report  of  the  llatutes  of  tiie 
game  ;  and  Mr.  Robert  Long  is  under  the  lafli  of  that  author's  criti- 
cifm  as  a  falfe  reporter.  Wc  do  not  attempt  to  interfere  in  a  fubje^l, 
which  is  confeHcJly  beyond  our  k^owh•^re :  but  we  all  underibnd 
truth  and  jullice,  and  we  cannot  pafs  over  an  ir.Ibnce  wherein  botii 
are  violated  to  the  prejudice  of  Mr.  Robjrt  Long.  Wc  underiland, 
from  each  of  thefe  authgr?,  that  the  fcore  of  the  game  is  eleven 
points;  the  poet  laurcat  of  tiic  game  declares  the  lurch  to  be  fiv-, 
and,  in  a  note,  charges  Mr.  R.  L.  with  afllTting  the  lurch  to  be  T:-:  : 
now  Mr.  R.  L.  knows  better  than  to  alnrm  any  uich  thing  ;  he  lays 
iiinply  *  fix  points  gained yi;^v  the  lurch  i*  which  mult  be  true,  and 
faves  his  credit. 

THEOLOGY,    POLEMICS,   ami  ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 

Art.  70.     A  Charge,  addiefTed  to  the  Clergy  of  any  Diocefe  in  th^ 

Kingdom.     8vo.     6J.     Rivingtons.      1791. 

This  is  a  ferious  call  on  th?  clergy  to  be  ciliijrnt  and  exemplary  in 
the  difcbarge  of  their  duty,  and  to  counteraift  the  influence  of  the 
doftgerous  dscJrinss  \y\\\z\\  arc  at  pre frr.:  fo  indu^.riouHy  circulated,  by 
ir.e  quiet  infufion  of  principles  whi'h  r.r2  calculated  to  render  their 
countrymen  fober,  orderly,  and  h:'}>py.  The  writer  itatcs  it,  as  t.he 
firft  duty  of  the  clergy,  to  prcmoie  among  the  people  a  {cvi(^  of 
fabordination  and  quiet  lubmiiTion  ;  and  he  fpeaksof  an  t?r.agct.f  I'l-jim 
mudfuri/j  which  ougl.t  to  be  reicrcTiccd  in  the  p'.rfon  of  the  mailer, 
the  parent,  and  the  magiilrate. — Aferifc  of  fuborJination  is  certainly 
vtry  ncccflary  to  the  peace  of  focicty  ;  yet,  in  the  name  of  all  that 
is  dear  to  mnn,  let  it  not  be  thit  i;',Porant  abjert  ferviiity  which 
crouches  under  every  burthen  :  buf,  riither,  that  enlightened  c^nivic- 
tion  of  the  neccJity  of  fuhmitting  to  1  \;nl  and  ev';ui:iible  authority, 
which  leaves  the  human  mind  in  full  pofT/liion  cf  its  native  energy. 

•  Seepage  345,  Art.  53. 

Art. 


Month tY  Catalogue,  Tht^ingy^  &c. 


V ,  Jn  Addnji  JcU*t'crkid  at  ii/f  Engiijh  Church  ^i  RHftrdsM^ 
\i^\A%  to  the  Thank fgiviTig  Servke,  m\  Wcdncl'day  E^cultig^ 
ii  loth,  1793 »  i^f  cJtc  loUl  KtfCrenc  of  the  French^  frofn  1^ 
:h  Icmtoiies-  By  John  MaJf.  ^vo,  i»*  Dilly, 
d^.*^r4ie  of  ^Ti  anivcrtai  PrfiviJeftce,  by  w/hkh  all  eTccls  %tt 
d  10  Etif  general  gooJi  i»  jAtioriAt  and  fubUmc  t  buE  to  uni* 
fpccial  iiiteTpoUiion  of  Dii^tnc  Pravidcncc,  in  stlevtnu  whldi 
I  iQ  pi  denote  tla^  p^rlan^l  tnu'rclb»  ct  in  ^cinclJi:  in  the  nar* 
ejtidR'(  «r  of  individu^^b*  ij  of  the  very  ciitsiiceof  ciitbufWin. 
\m'g  of  thii  furt  wv  rcmaik  in  the  prrlvi^c  iddfcf^.  The  au* 
i^t^r  drawing  a  drcacjful  ^:u'lajc  ot  the  ct>f>icqutGceiii'ych  were 
koprtfhrtiird  Irom  thr;  iucceh  of  the  French  in  thcii^  auack  on 
d.  (:)  pkiure  iti  vvhkU»  ;)mon^  Other  pankuUrsp  he  ccnoprc* 
lUeiotjland  irrevocable  aWliiioij  of  re HgioAjs  worlhip,)  coaii* 
le  dJivcriinct*  of  Holhfid,  arid  particularly  the  prelcrvatioti  of 
rriJim  of  Willi juiibiiT,  ai  fo  fittguhir  an  bUTpofiiiati  of  Di- 
n>viden€r»  chat  he  tt  nt  u  tofs  ^vh ether  to  call  ic  a  mbacLci  cr 
liractc.  He  add:»j  *  Neither  is  ihb  the  mity  one  vihkh  llicfe 
ces  h.ivc  Utely  csspcHenced,  1  he  prefent  oibbillhcd  govern- 
ms  been  twice  prtfcrvcd  from  deiirucliofi  in  a  very  fliorr  period 
c  ;  ftrll ,  by  the  fr^'vUmtml  ^Htrun<f  of  the  Pmj^afi  Annf^  wki 
;y  five  it,  :ind  now  by  the  pwilmititi  refrtui  of  ;i  Vrcoicll 
wjio  came  ta  delin>y  k.^-^May  we  not  be  allov^ed,  wkboot 
ng  ^\\y  charge  of  impiety,  to  Jilkt  ^ould  not  die  coDttarf 
,  h&d  Hicy  h^ippencdj  have  betu  ^^  pr&'uiJmii&i  m  iKofv*  t^hidl 
re  c.l-hfjtcd  i 

z.      ^  &  the  Great  ojtd  Learnctl  amak^   Chrrjitetmt  tki  Miodb 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Theology^  &e.  353 

partly  in  hopes  of  foftening  the  rancorous  fpirit,  which  too  fve^ 
qoently  breaks  forth  among  chriftians.  He  fixes  the  precife  limic 
betMfeen  chriflian  faith  and  infidelity,  in  the  belief  of  the  refurredlion 
of  Chrid.  At  this  limit,  thcprogrefs.of  oar  htt  inquiry,  fays  he, 
naft  terminate  ;  whatever  tends  to  undermine  this,  mud  be  regarded 
as  impious.  He  rejeds  the  infpiration  of  the  fcriptures,  and  con- 
feqnently  admits  that  they  are  not  exempt  from  defedt.  We  (hall 
nerer,  he  thinks,  be  able  to  inflitute  a  fatisfadtory  defence  of  the 
evidence  of  our  religion,  unlefs  we  not  only  interpret  the  fcriptures  by 
the  eflablifhed  canons  of  criticifm,  but  examine  their  contents  with 
the  mod  rigorous  fcruiiny,  carefully  didineuiihing  fuch  fadis  as  are 
certain  from  fuch  as  are  probable,  and  (uch  as  arc  probable  from 
roch  as  are  poilible ;  weighing  contradidlory  dodlrines  in  the  balance 
of  reafon  ;  and,  in  our  conteds  with  our  adverfaries,  knowing  when 
to  recede,  as  well  as  when  to  advance ;  what  to  doubt,  as  well  as 
what  to  believe ;  what  to  relinquifli,  as  well  as  what  to  maintain. 

Free  inquiry  Dr.  E.  judly  confiders  as  the  only  fure  means,  not 
merely  of  difcovering  truth,  but  of  reprefling  the  pcrfecuting  fpirit  of 
bigotry  ;  and  he  eamedly  exhorts  chridians  of  different  denomina- 
tions, to  regard  the  fupport  of  didinguidiing  tenets  as  of  little  mo- 
ment in  comparifon  with  the  mutual  exercife  of  forbearance  and 
chriftian  charity.  The  pamphlet  is  ably  written  ;  and  we  have  only 
to  remark,  that  chridianity  is  not  much  indebted  to  Dr.  E.  for  fup- 
podng  that  it  requires  a  certain  limit  to  be  fet  to  free  examination  ; 
lis  greateft  bo.id  furely  is,  that  it  can  bear  examination  on  every 
point,  and  without  limit. 

A  podfcript  is  added,  on  a  fubjeft  foreign  to  that  of  the  difcourfe, 
•^Greek  Accents :  in  which  Dr.  Edwards  controverts  a  pofition  on  the 
fttbjed  laid  down  by  Dr.  Bentley  in  his  Schediafma  Je  mttris  7>- 
retttiamis. 

Art.  74,  Two  Sermons,  preached  to  a  Congregation  of  Protcdant 
Diilenters,  at  Blackley,  in  the  County  of  Lancader.  i .  Shibbo- 
leth, a  Difcourfe  on  Bigotry.  2.  St.  Paul's  Farewel  to  the  Co- 
rinthians. By  John  Pope,  Tutor  in  the  Belles  Lettres  and  Claf- 
fical  Literature  in  the  New  College,  Hackney.  8vo.  is.  6d. 
White.     1792. 

The  doflrine  of  thefe  difcourfes  is  rational  and  liberal ;  and  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  inculcated  is  jcdicious  and  unafFedcd.  Intole- 
rance the  writer  maintains  to  be  in  no  cafe  whatever  warrantable. 
Mutual  candour  and  forbearance,  and  a  diligent  attention  to  the 
means  of  improvement  in  that  moral  merit  which  is  the  uhimate  end 
of  all  religious  fydems  and  inditutions,  are  the  duties  here,  enforced. 
The  fermons  bear  evident  marks  of  an  enlightened  mind  and  a  bene- 
volent heart. 

Art.  75.     Tithes  indefenjihle :    or,    Obfcrvations  on  the  Origin  and 

Effeds  of  Tithes.     AddrefTcd  to  Country  Gentlemen.     8vo.     pp. 

118.     2s.     Cadell,  &c.     1792. 

The  fenfible  traft  before  us  contains  a  difpaflionate  reprefentation 
of  this  invidious  drawback  from  the  labours  of  the  indudrious  culti- 
vator, by  the  bye-danding  clergyman,  who  attentively  watche**  all  his 
motions  with  a  keen  eye  to  the  produce  of  them.     The  fubJL-dl  is 

Rev.  July,  1793.  Bb  oUen 


agnt  by  way  t  f  ippcal  before  xhc  good  frnic  of  the  ptib* 
howevtfc  varioufly  the  TcfpeftJvc  writers  may  iiivelligatc  «■ 
t  h  Qnilarmly  the  (kme:  nor  have  the  moft  liibdlc  i4vocMci 
cbim  been  able  to  cilabltih  the  reafooablcuds  of  it  to  the 
on  of  any  befidc  ihe  receivers.  Thofe  traders,  to  whofn  the 
^  intiTeiling,  may  cocfult  our  ninth  I'oloiDt,  N.  S,  p.  114* 
rrcfponding  ilatcment  of  the  aftiial  amount  of  the  nominal 
y  -in  ingenioui  writer  who  has  ni^ide  agricykaral  fabje^s  hil 
i^udy.  We  refer  the  unavailing  theme  to  the  aCodadon  of 
hire  gentlemctii 

T  SERMONSj  April  19,     Caniinued:  Sie  Lift  in  yum* 

,     Preached   before  the  Honoura,ble  Houfe  of  Common i»  al 

horch  of  St.  Margaret,    Weftminllcr.      By   George  Ifaac, 

ttlngford,  S.  T.  P.  Warden  of  St.  Mary's  College,  Wiachef- 

410*     is.     Wilier, 
lis  long  been  the  cuilom   for  ivnr  and  political  preaching  10  go 
hi  hand;    and  hence  clergymen »  by  the  appointment  of  faft 
clkcm   tkcmfclvcs   inviicd  to  jullify  the   condu^   of  ralcrs- 
imes  this   h  3.  very  avvkward  talk,  and   it  was  never  more  w 
It  prcfent ;    we   mean,  as   far  as   religion  is  coocemed.     Tbe 
Id  Dr.  Hunting  ford,  with    foras  other  preachers,  on  this  occi- 
iraws  a  piilure  oi    French  irrciigion  and  athcifmf  and  ihenoc 
c&  a  defence  of  the  war  : — but  though   we  are  pcrfuaded  that 
J'i'ig  of  a  Ciod  and  the  exiilcnce  of  a  Providence  are  very  un- 
it truths,  coimL'i5^ed  with  the  happincf^  of  man;  and  though  i*e 
v.\ih  l)r,  H.  thit   to  weaken   the  principles  of  religion  is  a 


MovTVtT  Catalooui,  Singli  Simwm.    •     355 

dieir  ttiwrorthiiiefty  or  the  onreaToiiable  extent  to  which  they  mty 
carry  their  authcmtj.  .This  ferves  to  (how  the  high  daty  and  im- 
portance wkich^  SI  the  fight  of  God,  are  attached  to  loyalty  and 
liibanC0D»  even  when  aDegiance  and  protedlon  are  not — ^as  they 
••ghtto  be-<»reciprocal.'  Whatever  opinion  may  be  formed  of  the 
jperit  of  tUs  comment,  the  readers  of  the  iermon  muft  do  Dr. 
Ifavor  the  jofticeto  own,  that,  on  the  whole*  it  is  written  with  temper 
mi  good  fenfe.  After  lamenting  the  necefiity  of  introducing  poli- 
dcs  into  the  pulpit,  he  mildly  ftates  the  feveral  circumftances  which 
kave  contributed  to -draw  us  into  war  :  he  then,  like  a  true  chriflEuut^ 
prays  for  the  bleffing  of  good  government  for  our  enemies,  and  for 
peace  and  happinefs  to  his  couotryi 

Art.  78.     Preached  at  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Columb's» 

JDerry.     By  the  Rev.  John  Hume,  A.  M.  Dean  o£Dcrry.    8vo. 

pp.  a8.    Douglas,  Londonderry. 

Ajpinfk  the  Goliah  of  infidelity,  the  Dean  of  Derry  thinks  the 
^rittianmay  go  out  with  fword  and  with  fpear.  '  Of  all  the  provo- 
cations to  war  that  have,  fince  the  world  began,  drenched  the  hands 
«f  the  combatants  in  blood,  I  know  of  none  more  jufl  than  this  in 
iriiich  we  are  now  engaged,  under  this  very  appellation,  that  it  is  a 
WMg  of  0{anions.  We  fight  indefenfe  of  our  reaCbn,  and  what  more 
ratioaal  combat  ?  We  fight  in  .  defence  of  our  religion,  and  what 
inore  righteous  caufe  ?* 

So  Peter  might  have  faid  when  he  drew  his  fword  :  l^ut  one  who 
Icnew  the  fpiric  of  chridianity  better  than  Peter,  and  who  wiflied  that 
the  battles  of  truth  might  be  fought  only  with  her  own  weapons^ 
find  to  him— ^/KT/r  thy /word into  its/cahbard. 

j|rt.  79.  At  Whittlefea  St.  Mary's,  in  the  Ifle  of  Ely.  By  George 
Burgefs,  B.  A.     Svo.     66..     J.  Evans.  . 

This  fermon  is  of  a  very  different  complexion  from  the  foregoing 
difeoorfe,  and  from  moft  of  the  faft  (crmons.  The  preacher's  animated 
piAiire  and  condemnation  of  war  doqf  credit  to  his  head  and  heart. 
While  deprecating  its  miferie^,  he  does  not  vindicate  the  infliction  of 
-tibesi  on  the  French  by  pronouncing  them  atbeifis,  but  calls  on  hit 
coontrymen  to  forbear,  in  charity,  to  rank  witti  the  open  reviler  of 
Ood  the  great  body  of  the  French  people.  With  the  following 
prayer,  his  fermon  concludes  : 

«  For  ourfelves,  if  in  the  part  we  have  taken  in  this  war,  we  are 
afiing  upon  fair  and  honourable  principles,  and  have  no  other  end  in 
view  than  the  re-eftablifhment '  of  concord  among  a  diflraCled  and 
fnfering  people,  with  heart  and  foul  we  pray  thee,  that  thou 
^wooldeft  grant  fuccefs  unto  our  arms  !  But  if  our  motives  thereto  be 
ocherwife  than  honed,  and  we  have  neither  grace  to  perceive  nor 
Tiitoe  to  repent  of  our  iniquity,  in  the  fpirit  of  that  benevolent  leli- 
-  gion  vHiich  teaches  us  to  do  unto  others  as  we  would  have  others  do 
vato  OS,  we  implore  thee,  that  thou  wouldeft  abate  our  pride»  aj/itagt 
sur  malice,  and  confound  our  dtn)  ices . ' 

SINGLE    SERMONS,    ON   VARIOUS   OCCASIONS. 
Art.  80.    Preached  in  Lambeth  Chapel,  December  2,    1792.     At 
the  Cunfecration  of  the  Right  Reverend  William  Buller,  D.  D. 

B  b  2  Lord 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Singk  S^rmsns^ 

I  Btfhop  of  Exeter,     Printed  by  tbc  Command  of  the  Aicli* 

of  Cintcrburv-     Bv  John  Siurges,  LL,  D.  ChaoccUof  of 

locefe  of  VVintbedcr,  4fc»     410.      is.     Cad«M* 

nfvUlf  and  elegant  difcoLirf?  on  the  utility  of  rubardli^tioiit 

the  ncccfllty  of  dtfciptme  in  the  church*     The  latter  topic  is 

:rly  confidf  red  in  reference  to  the  refidencc  of  ibc  dcrgy; 

^tel  to  which  Dr.  Sturges  remirks  that  there  feems,  in  the 

Itimf  5,  to  be  a  want  of  fuJiicicnt  power  in  the  governors  of  tk« 

|tocontr^ul  ks  mid/lers,— It  affords  fome  encouragemenr  to 

ids  of  reformation  to  hope  thit  this  and  other  abuT^s,  m  tbe 

lieal  eilablilhmetit  of  ibii?  country,  will  in  lime  be  removed j 

ke  moil  judicious  and  rcfpeftable  of  its  clergy  have  the  taitdcar 

Dvtk-ge  til  em,  and  to  exprefs  a  wifn  for  their  corre£Lion«. 

Preached  in  Lambeth  Chapel  at  cjie  Con  fee  ration  of  the 
It  Revt:rend  Spencer  Madan*  D*  D-  Lord  Bifliop  of  BriAoL  oa 
liry  Sunday  J  June  3,  179^*      By  the  Rev^  Spencer  MaJan, 

Chaplain  iu  Ordinary  to  his  Majefly.     8vo.    is.     Faolder, 

general  topie  of  this  difcourfe  is  the  benefit  dcri^'cd  to  man- 
tiim  the  inlHiuuon  of  the  thrijfian  ihanh  i  a  tcrai  which  tlae 
■very  ingenioully  makes  fynonymotij  with  the  church  of  Eog- 
1  Aii^i  extolling  the  ^eal  of  the  church  for  the  efleniial  doc- 
Ud  mylUrics  of  religion,  he  pathetically  laments  the  unhappy 
fnce  of  Iciiirm  and  difaife^ion  : 

cn^niiot  but  obitrve,  (fays  he,)  with  the  ftrongeH  regret*  how 
hiHV  warmly  the  paiTiuns  of  mankind  are  engaged^  ihclr  ta- 
rd.   ai  d   I  he  if  lIudiL^s  ejirrLrlTedj  by  the  dijcufijonj  tbt 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Slngk  Sirmons.  357 

Wrench,  M.  A.   Chaplain  to  his  Lord  (hip.    410.     pp.  24.    No 

pabliiher*  nor  price,  mentioned  in  the  title-page. 

On  the  topic  of  the  falutary  influence  of  religion  on  fociety,  Mr.W. 
difcourfes  with  great  propriety  and  elegance.  Without  having  re- 
courfe  to  the  current  events  of  the  times  for  topics  of  declamation,  he 
advances  many  jull  and  important  confiderations,  to  (hew  the  necef- 
fity  of  eflabliihing  public  order  on  the  balis  of  religious  principle* 
^Wc  remark,  in  fome  pages  of  the  din:ourfe,  a  fmall  degree  of  oblcu- 
nty  :  but  this  is  partly  owing  to  negligence  in  the  pointing  ;  for  fe- 
deral fentences  are  broken  into  diilindl  periods,  which,  according  to 
grammatical  conftrudion,  (hould  have  been  prcferved  entire. 

Art.  83 .  The  Charailtr  and  Rnvard  of  the  Faithful  Servant ,  conjiderei 
und  improved.      Preached  at  Briugvvnter,    March   lo,   1793;   ^ 
Occafion  of  the  much-lameni.  d  Death  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Wat- 
fon.     By  joQiua  Toulmin,  A.  M.     8vo.     6d.     Johnfon. 
•  As  an  ho.iouraMc  tdlimony  to  the  memory  of  a  man,  who,  accord- 
ing to  the  ftiort  account  given  of  him  at  the  dofe  of  the  fermoo,  well 
deferved  it;  and  as  a  pradical  appli».ation  of  an  important  dodlrine 
of  religion,  exprciT:d  in  iimj^lc,  but  animated  language;  this  difcourfe 
SI  entitled  to  attrn:i«m.     Mr.  W.  wc  are  informed,  was  the  author  of 
m  valuable  work  on  a  Future  State :   fee  our  Review  for  February 
Iaft>  pass- 

Art.  84  The  Grnunds  and  Nature  of  the  Chriftian  Mintftry  in  the 
Church  of  England  Pleached  at  Tiverton,  May  9th,  1 792,  at  the 
Vifitation  t)f  the  Right  Rev.  the  Archdeacon  of  Exeter.  Together 
with  an  Appendix,  containing  Notes  addrefl"ed  to  both  Clergy  and 
Laity.  By  Williain  Wool  combe,  M.  A.  Prebendary  of  Exeter. 
4to.     pp.  32.     IS.  6d.     Rivingtons. 

This  apology  for  cftablifhed  forms  of  worfliip  in  general,  and  for  the 
church  of  England  in  particular,  4 s  written  with  temper  and  modera- 
tion. The  author  fees  little  occafion  for  ccclefialHcal  reform,  either 
in  the  dodrine  or  ceremonies  cf  the  church,  or  in  the  method  of  pro- 
viding for  the  clergy  :  but  he  difcourages  all  violent  mcafures  with  re- 
fpedto  the  diflenters,  and  all  attempts  to  encroach  on  the  facred  right 
of  private  judgment.  Several  notes  are  added,  chieHy  on  the  fubjed 
of  ecdeiiaftical  revenue. 

Art.   85.    The  Nature  and  Duties  of  the  Off,ce  of  a  Minifter  ofReligiwu 
Alfo,  the  Impiety,  Injuftice,  and  Abfurdity  of  Perfccution  conuder- 
ed,  in  a  Difcourfe  delivered  before  the  Congregation  of  the  Nevr 
and  Old  Meetings,  Birmingham.     Pub!i(hed  at  their  united  Re- 
queft.     By  David  Jones.     8vo.     is.     Johnfon.     1792. 
To  foften  the  animofities  which  intemperate  zeal  and  intolerant 
bigotry  have  lately  occafioned,  appears  to  be  the  objedt  of  this  bene- 
volent difcourfe.    Wiiile  the  writer  expreflfes,  in  flrong  language,  his 
abhorrence  of  that  perfecuting  fpirit,  which  gave  rife  to  the  cruel  de- 
predations committed  in  the  late  Hots  at  Birmingham,  he  earncftly  ad- 
vifes  all  Chridian  minillers,  and  people,  to  cultivate  mutual  forbear- 
ance  and  cordiality ;  to  poftpone  religious  controvcrfies  to  a  more 
convenient  fcafon  ;  and  to  make  a  facritice  of  their  private  interells 
and  piejudices  at  the  (brine  of  their  country's  welfare.     With  due 
1  allo.vance 


Ice  for  ths  curcumila.nces  which  g^vc  occanoa  to  chli 

pronounced  tcifipcrste  smd  caiidid ;  it  hkcwifc  dticoven 
le  energy  of  ihoughi  and  command  of  language. 


C  O  R  R  E  3  P  O  N  D  £  rt  C  £, 

•  T*  iht  Monthly  EEvt£W£i.$4 

;E.KTLf  Mt!C, 

tlttititiiidDg  f  lar  decWiliort  in  f^vomr  of  the  decoct poIidtM) 

lifi  as  cCtabtifhed  by  rbe  ingenumft  rsip^rimentiof  Mr.TcA* 

h^.  PcaHbn*,  fct  I  xm  Qanhdtni  fucb  is  your  c^iidor  mo^  im* 

ihi!  y^  u  viU  not  think  :i  page  or  two  of  four  cjtcellejit  work 

ij  bcttowed  hj  jdmitting  a  tew  cxperlmcui  and  obfcrTiriont 

Ifabje^,  fnide  fince  November  hit,  ?irit!  gncc  the  ippfannc:e  of 

IrlbQ^s  accaiiTit  in  the  Pliilofaphical  Tr4nf*diciti«*    lo  my  fir  ft 

1  IconBdrrtd  t  he  charcoal  found  by  he^ttng  phofphot  us  with  C4u(li<: 

coociaiUeagtinft  Cbe  decompofltiua  of  hxrA  Air;  in  my  ]aft^» 

1  fon  tbit  the  icid  of  bone&  hcaTed  with  lime  produced  a  fub- 

RmiUr  to  that  found  on  the  decoippoCitlon  of  phofphunii  «iiti 

Irte;  fhif  fubftancr  I  ha^e  fiiice  been  cofivinced  l^  truly  ehireoal, 

Iroduced  by  the  i  ft  ion  of  the  pbofphoric  acid  on  the  infmi)  cMr* 

l^he  boneii  whicht  w^th  the  charcoal  ohtamcd  immediarely  ^roift 

a?,  I  confidcred  a«  conciinrnt  proofs  of  the  ttrtitb  of  wf  poG- 

tht  cbircoal  found  in  MnTennant'^  cx^eiiment  ^^&  bad  from 

^fphoruf,  Add  not  from  the  fixed  air;  fince  which  I  have  (o\ud 

'  ritrioiic.acid  (and  probably  the  other  mineral  acid^,)  i^  capabit 

^Wing  a  foiall  portion  of  cliaicwiU  which,    on  faturation  with 

ctabie  or  foflit  fiKrd  alkalis,  is  depoti(cd  in  the  form  of  a  Hght 

;>cTf<n5ity  fimilar,  except  in  colniir,  to  that  found  m  the  othtr 

; — that  the  fmaU  portion  of  cb;*rci^aJ  held  in  fujgtion  by  the 


J 


CORRSSPOVDENCC*  35<^ 

dne  grain  and  eight-tenths  of  phofphoric  felenite  ;  which*  according  to 
Dr,  Pearfon,  confiftt  of  lime  nioe-tcnths,  vital  air  fix  tenths,  and  phof- 
phorus  three-tenths,  of  a  grain  ;  the  quantity  of  phofphorus  fMblimed 
was  equal  to  half  a  grain  ;  fo  that  the  quantity  of  phofphorus  deftroyed 
was  one  grain  and  two-tenths.  No  light  was  viOble-ia  the  tube  during 
this  or  the  two  following  experiments: 

*  Eight  grains  of  the  fame  alkali,  with  two  grains  of  phofphoru«,  (the 
.  intermediate  fp;)ce  in  the  tube  being  filled  with  dry  white  fand,)  were 

beared  as  in  the  former  experiment ;  a  bent  tiit>e,  luted  to  that  containing 
the  fubjedts  for  experiment,  conveyed  the  air  produced 4oto  an  inverted 
phial  of  quickfilvcr ;  the  following  is  the  refult : 

*  Fixed  air  contained  in  eight  giains  of  alkali  before       Cubic  inches* 
the  experiment^  -  -  -  4-4 

Cubic  inches, 

•  Air  expelled  by  heat,  -  -  3.3 

'  Fixed  air  remaining  in  the  alkali  after  being  heated>  o.a—-      3.5 

*  Deficientt  •  0.9 

•  One  cubic  inch  and  three-tenths  of  the  air  expelled  was  abforbed 
by  licne  water,  which  it  rendered  turbid;  the  other  two  cubic  inches, 
being  mixed  with  a  portion  of  vital  air,  exploded  on  the  application  of  a 
lifrhted  mitch  ;  the  charcoal  produced  was  nearly  as  much  as  in  the  hifk 
experiment. 

•  The  laft  experiment  repeated  produced  as  under: 

Cubic  inchcft 
'  Fixed  air  contained  in  eight  grains  of  the  alkali,         -  4.4 

•  Air  expelled  by  heat,  -  -  3.6 

*  Fixed  air  in  the  alkali  after  being  heated,  o.a —       3.8 

*  Deficient,  -  0.6 

*  One  cubic  inch  of  the  three  cubic  inches  and  fix-tenths  expelled  by 
heat  was  abforbed  by  lime-water,  and  appeared  clearly  to  be  fixed  air; 
an  equal  quantity  of  nitrou.*}  ga<t  added  to  the  remainder  reduced  it  half 
a  cubic  inch;  the  charcoal,  wafhed  and  dried,  weighed  as  nearly  as 
poflible  eight-tenths  of  a  gram. — The  quantity  of  phofphorus  fublimed 
IB  the  two  laft  experiment^,  b^ing  mixed  with  the  fand  in  the  tube,  I 
could  not  value,  but  it  wa<i  verv  fmall,  as  the  heat  wa^;  very  gradually 
applied:  but,  fuppofmg  that  in  each  of  thefe  experiments  half  a  grain  of 
phofphorus  was  fublimed,  an.1  the  other  grain  and  half  converted  into 
an  acid  by  fei/ing  the  vital  air  of  the  carbonic  acid,  I  conceive  it  would 
not  on?y  have  produced  a  very  coniidcrable  appearance  of  light,  which, 
Ilhould  imagine,  iH  the  conflant  effc^  of  the  combination  of  phofphorus 
with  vital  air:  but  it  would  have  produced  a  quintity  of  acid  fufficicnt 
(as  1  found  by  a  previou«»  experiment,)  to  have  converted  fix  grains  and 
nine-tenths  of  the  eight  grains  of  alkali  into  phofphorated  foda;  inflead 
of  which,  the  alkali,  after  the  experiment,  had  loft  only  a  ninth  part  of 
its  alkalefcence,  and  in  one  experiment  much  lefs.  When  I  confidered 
the  quantity  of  air  expelled,  the  fmall  produce  of  acid,  and  the  lofs  of 
phofphorus,  I  was  induced  to  think  that  the  decompofitionof  the  phof- 
phorus was  affefled  by  a  dirtdt  combination  with  the  alkali,  (fomewhat 
fimilar  to  the  union  of  fulphur  with  alkali,)  the  charcoal  heing  feparated 
io  the  procef*".  To  prove  whether  they  would  unite  in  the  humid  way,  I 
put  eight  grains  of  phofphorus  into  a  phial  with  foflil  alkaline  lixivium, 
fo  caultic  as  not  to  render  lime- water  tn^bid  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  heat 
foon  brought  on  the  appcrirancc  of  tffcrvcfccncc  in  the  phofphorus  ; 
phofphoric  explofive  gas  was  liberated,  and  the  bottom  of  the  phial  was 


lour*  Cfjvercd  wiih  charco-ih  As  pari  of  »be  phofphomt  was  dtf- 
[the  dftcrn  of  w^tcf  in  which  Ihc  iufcfted   phval  iwa«  pbcH  f^ 

;  Ihc  air,  I  cannot  accurately  cdimsite  rhe  qu^nti'yD*'  phofphiif«l 
luniiCt!,  but  Hx  cubic  inchtf?  and  fcvcn  trnth^  nf  phi»fphofJe  jrH 

ktfi^iJ,  ^Hil  nine. I cnl hi  of  a  ^rain  *>f  chaixo*!.  If  thr  phofjihntirt 
m  An  Of  en  phial  wiih  the  cauftic  lijchtuni,  th^  inffamir^^Ht 
|}fka  on  itB  furfacc,  and  !he  charcoal  become*  i^arly  «f  hU<:k 
1  Pear  fan's  experiment ;  if  mild  foCin  alkaline  liitnlitin  be  ufr*!,tBt 
JwiUbif  fcpar3icd  a^  abfi*c»  Hut  the  air  grner-ircd  burnt  qtiieflf 
|outh  of  the  phial  ;   which  fecmR  to  indicalc  thai   thr  cawttiei^T 

^c,  and  of  the  hwvlurtr,  arc  nccrffary  in  the  furfn-nion  of  Ihi 

^gai-  In  the  abofe  experiment i,  I  hjve  eiideavointd,  as  much 
lid,  to  exclude  the  pr^cncc  of  atmofphcric  atri  though  I  am 
Ithat  I  have  not  been  able  whoUf  to  el^td  it  ;  leajl  the  vital  ptrt 
lu!d  be  abforhed,  and  the  acid  farmed  therewith  be  Imputed  to 
1  air  of  the  c^tbomc  acid* 

ing  the  caurfe  of  thtfc  experimeTit^*  fevcral  others  faficfted 
JC9  lo  mci  which  might  po0»b1y  (hfow  f«irlher  light  c*n  the  Tab- 
|c  which  my  cnKapemeni*  at  thi^  time  wiJi  not  permit  mctopBr* 

nuft  thcrcfoie  leave  the  fubjcifl  for  ihc  prcfent. 

*  1  ain»  GeailcmeDi  your  very  hutxible  ferTann 

fi,  Nr*Tfollr»  '  B.W/ 

mtelligent  correfpOBdent  muft  be  fenfiblc  how  important  it  iit» 

i  the  identity  of  his  Hght^cGhurtd  powders  with  cKarcoal  \  as  0r* 

j  ackiiovvlegcs  that,  even  when  cauftic  alkali  wai  cmplovedi  k 

Id  powders  of  this  defcriptlon,  but  found  them  to  be  ditfcpcat 

"LC  Liacki  and  to  contain  only  a  /mail  quantity  of  rial  fharc^h 


T  H  £ 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For    AUGUST,     1793. 


Art.  I.  An  Efay  oM  the  Life  and  Getuui  of  Samuel  Johnfon,  LL. D* 
By  Arthur  Murphy,  Efq.  8vo.  pp.  187.  4s.  Boards.  Long* 
man,  CadelU  &c.     1792. 

IT  (hould  be  recorded  to  the  honour  of  literature,  that,  amid 
^  a  variety  of  important  political  difcuffions  and  tranfadions, 
Ihe  death  of  a  philofopher,  who  lived  in  an  obfcure  part  of 
the  metropolis,  has  long  atcracSted  the  public  attention,  and  has 
fo  ftimulated  curiofity  that  every  account  of  him  has  been  per- 
illed with  avidity.  Some  perfons,  with  a  peevi(h  ill-nature, 
have  remarked  that  Dr.  Johnfon  is  a  comet  with  the  hngefl  tail: 
but  the  admirers  of  wit  and  learning,  and  the  real  friends  of 
virtue,  will  rejoice  in  the  celebrity  which  he  has  acquired,  and 
will  confider  his  growing  fame  as  propitious  to  morality. 
Mr.  Malone  calls  him  the  brighteft  ornament  of  the  eighteenth 
century*  Of  fuch  a  man,  we  wifh  to  hear  much  5 — and  of 
fuch  a  man,  therefore,  we  muft  not  complain  that  much  has 
been  written. 

Mr.  Murphy  brings  up  the  rear  of  the  Johnfonian  biogra^ 
phers,  with  an  account  of  the  life  and  genius  of  his  illuftrious 
literary  friend,  compofed  with  eafe  aild  elegance;  in  which  he 
records,  with  much  fatisfadtion,  that  he  enjoyed  the  converfa- 
tion  and  friendftiip  of  Dr.  Johnfon  for  more  than  thirty  years; 
and  he  feelingly  expreflcs  the  regret,  which,  to  the  prefcnt  hour, 
the  lofs  of  fuch  a  friend  infii£ts  on  his  mind*  Writing  under 
fuch  avowed  imprenions,  he  is  aware  of  the  fufpicion  of  par- 
tiality ;  and,  with  the  view  of  obviating  it,  he  well  renrrarks 
that  *  regret,  he  knows,  has  fecret  bribes,  by  which  the  judg- 
tfient  may  be  influenced,  and  partial  affedion  may  be  carried 
beyond  the  bounds  of  truth.  In  the  prefent  cafe,  however, 
riothing  needs  to  be  difguifed,  and  exaggerated  praife  is  un- 
necefTary.  It  is  an  obrervation  of  the  younger  Pliny,  in  his 
epifthe  to  his  friend  of  Tacitus,  that  hiftory  ought  never  to 
magnify  matters  of  fa<!t,  becaufe  worthy  aftions  require  no- 
'  Vol.  XI,  C  c  \\\\tv^ 


362    Murphy'j  E[fay  on  the  Life  and  Genius  dfDr.  Johntbo* 

thing  but  the  truth.  Nam  nee  hijforia  debet  egredi  veritertem^  it 
honejh  faSl'n  Veritas  fuffictt.  This  rule  the  prefent  biographer 
promifes  fhall  guide  his  pen  throughout  the  following  narra- 
tive/ 

To  the  queftion,  why  another  account  of  Dr.  Johnfon's  life,  ill 
addition  to  thofe  already  written,  is  now  offered  to  the  notice 
of  the  public,  the  author  makes  the  following  iogenuoas  and 
fatisfa£tory  anfwer : 

*  The  proprietors  of  Johnfon*.';  works  thought  the  life  which  they 
prefixed  to  their  formcT  edition  •,  too  unwieldy  for  republication. 
The  prodigious  variety  of  foreign  matter,  introduced  into  that  per- 
formance, fecmed  to  overload  the  memory  of  Dr.  Iohn{ba»  and  in  the 
account  of  his  own  life  to  leave  him  hardly  vifible.  They  wiihed 
to  have  a  more  concife,  and»  for  that  reafon,  perhaps  a  more 
£icisfa6lory  account,  fuch  as  may  exhibit  a  jutl  pi(£lure  of  the  man; 
and  keep  him  the  principal  iigcre  in  the  fore -ground  of  his  own  pic- 
ture. To  comply  with  that  requeil  is  the  defign  of  this  EflTay,  which 
the  writer  undertakes  with  a  trembling  hand.  He  has  no  difcoveries^ 
no  fecret  anecdotes,  no  occafional  controverfy,  no  fudden  fla(hes  of 
wit  and  humour,  no  private  converfation>  and  no  new  fa6ls  to  em- 
bellifh  his  work.' 

Thus  modeftly  Mr.  Murphy  fpeaks  of  bis  performance:  but 
though  the  labourers,  who  have  pre-occupied  the  field,  have 
been  fo  induftrious  as  to  leave  him  fcarcely  any  thing  to  glean, 
yet  his  Eflay  is  not  altogether  without  novelty^  and  the  talk  which 
has  been  left  him,  of  giving  a  (hort  yet  full,  a  faithful  yet  tern* 
perate,  hiltory  of  Dr.  Johnfon,  has  been  ably  executed. 

In  the  biography  of  literature  and  fcicnce,  Summais  quid 
faciunt?  The  pedigree  of  a  phUofopher  can  neither  augment 
nor  diminifh  his  fame.  Socrates  and  Epidetus  require  no  an- 
ccftry  to  ennoble  them.  Concerning  the  family  of  Johnlbn,  it 
would  be  alike  i'upcrfiuous  and  unamufing  to  inquire;,  that  it 
was  obfcure,  is  well  known ;  and,  to  ufe  one  of  his  own  ob* 
fcrvations^  ^*  there  is  little  pleafure  in  the  anecdotes  of  beg- 
gary." Mr.  Murphy  therefore  does  not  wafte  his  time  in  en- 
dea*^ouri^g  to  trace  with  minutenefs  the  well-known  pedigree 
of  his  friend,  but  haflens  to  exhibit  him,  (landing  alone,  great 
and  illullrious  ;  independent  of  anceflry,  and  of  the  adventitious 
aid  of  wealth. 

The  dif&cuUies  with  which  Johnfon  long  contended,  bis 
flow  progrcfs  from  obfcurity  to  fame,  and  fronn  poverty  to  an 
cafy  competence,  are  well  defcribed.  His  prefent  biograpbef 
a(>o!ogizes  for  the  uniformity  of  his  narrative :  but  the  fmUica* 
tions  of  a  writer,  like  the  battles  and  fieges  of  a  geoera],  axe 
the  circumllances  which  mull  fix  the  feveral  eras  of  his  life. 

•  TheLifeoi'JohnfbabySirJohaHawkioK 


Miirphy^  Bjfaj  on  thi  Lift  and  Genius  of  Dr.  JofiDfonJ    3  63 

The  political  prejudices  which  exifled  in  Johnfon's  mind 
Were  ftrong ;  and  fome  little  ccnfure  is  i\\i^  to  him  for  his  eafy 
faith,  occafioned  by  his  prejudices,  in  the  forgeries  of  Lauder. 
That  he  ihould  have  appeared  before  the  public  in  company 
With  this  defamer  of  Milton,  is  to  be  lamented  ;  yet  his  renun- 
ciation of  all  connexion  with  Lauder,  when  his  forgeries  were 
deteded,  is  only  a  prdof  of  his  having  believed  [a  common 
weaicnefsof  worthy  minds!]  without  examination, — not  that  he 
was  an  accomplice  with  the  impoAor* 

Throughout  this  biographical  £flay,  the  prominent  features 
of  Johnfon's  charafier  are  delineated  with  a  mafterly  pencil, 
and  the  light  and  fliade  are  well  diftributed.  What  was  under- 
taken  is  performed. 

The  following  quotation  from  Horace  is  given  by  Mr.Mur* 
phy,  as  containing  Johnfon's  pidure  in  miniature : 
*'  Iracundior  eft  paufb,  minus  apt  us  acutis 
Naribus  borum  bominumt  rideri  poj/it,  eo  quod 
Rufticius  tonfo  toga  d^uit,  et  male  laxus 
In  pede  cakeus  baret.    At  eft  bonus  ^  ut  mclibr  'vif 
Non  alius  qui/quam  \  at  tibi  amicus  \  at  ingenium  ingens 
Inculto  latet  bocfub  corpore.^* 
Subjoined  to  the  account  of  this  celebrated  man,  is  a  fuccinA 
review  of  his  writings.     Here  Mr.  M.  difplays  his  own  learn- 
ing, judgment,  and  tade.     I'he  mention  of  the  RdmbUr  leads 
him  to  appreciate  the  refpe£live  merits  of  Addifon  and  Johnfon* 
His  comparifon  of  thefe  eminent  writers  is  a  fplendid  part  of  his 
Eflay,  and  is  of  too  much  value  to  be  withheld : 

'  The  Rambler  may  be  confidercd  as  Johnfon's  great  work.  It 
was  the  bafis  of  that  high  reputation  which  went  on  increaflng  to  the 
end  of  his  days.  The  circulation  of  thofe  periodical  eflays  was  not» 
at  hx^,  equal  to  their  merit.  They  had  not,  like  the  Spedlators,  the 
4rt  of  charming  by  variety ;  and  indeed  how  could  it  be  expelled  ? 
The  wits  of  Queen  Anne's  reign  fent  their  contributions  to  the  Spec- 
tator; and  Jo|^nfon  flood  alone.  A  ilage-coach,  fays  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  muft  go  forward  on  ftated  days,  whether  there  are  paflcngers 
Or  not.  So  ic  was  with  the  Rambler,  every  Tuefday  and  Saturday, 
for  two  years.  In  this  coUedion  Johnfon  is  the  great  moral  teacher 
of  his  countrymen;  his  eflay  s  form  a  body  of  ethics;  the  obfcrvations 
on  life  and  manners  are  acute  and  in(lru6live;  and  the  papers,  pro- 
fefledly  critical,  ferve  to  promote  the  caufe  of  literature.  It  mufl, 
however,  be  acknowledged,  that  a  fettled  gloom  hangs  over  the 
author's  mind;  and  all  the  eflays,  except  eight  or  ten,  coming  from 
the  fame  fountain-head,  no  wonder  that  they  have  the  racinefs  of  the 
fcnl  from  which  they  fprung.  Of  this  uniformity  Johnfon  was  fenfible. 
He  ufed  to  fay,  that  if  he  had  joined  a  friend  or  two,  who  would 
have  been  able  to  intermix  papers  of  a  fprightly  turn,  the  colleftion 
would  have  been  more  inifcellaneous,  and,  by  confequence,  more 
agreeable  to  the  generality  of  readers.     This  he  ufed  to  illullratc  by 

C  c  2  repeating 


364    Murphy*!  EJfaj  en  fU  Life  Mnd  Gtnius  of  Dr.JAvSi&al 

tepeating  two  betauful  ftanxas  from  his  own  Ode  to  Cave«  or  Sjhmm 
Urban: 

NoM  ulla  Mufis  pagi/ui  gratior, 

^uam  qu^  ffveris  ludicra  jungeu 
Ntrvit,  fatigatamqui  nugis 
Utilibus  recreare  meftttm* 

Texente  ttymfhis  ferta  Lycoridif 

Kofa  ruhortm  fie  *vhla  adjuvat 
Immifta^  fie  Iris  refulget 
jEt berets  'variatafueis. 
*  It  is  remarkable^  that  the  pomp  of  diction,  wUch  has  been  ob-* 
je6ied  to  John(bn>  was  firft  afTumed  in  the  Rambler.  His  Dt^onary^ 
was  going  on  at  the  iame  time,  and>  in  the  courfe  of  that  work,  at 
he  grew  familiar  with  technical  and  fcholaltic  words,  he  thoasht  that 
the  bulk  of  his  readers  were  eqtrally  learned ;  or  at  leaft  would  admir* 
the  fplendoor  and  dignity  of  the  ftyle.  And  yet  it  is  well  knowUf 
that  he  praii'cd  in  Cowley  the  eafe  and  unaffeded  ftru^lure  of  the 
fentences.  Cowley  may  be  placed  at  the  head  of  thofe  who  cultivated 
m  clear  and  natural  (lyle.  Dryden,  TiIlot(bn,  and  Sir  William 
Temple,  followed.  Addifon,  Swift,  and  Pope,  with  more  corrednefs, 
carried  our  language  we!l  nigh  to  perfection.  Of  Addifon,  Johnfon 
was  ufed  to  fay.  He  is  the  Raphael  of  Efay  ff^iters.  How  he  differed 
fo  widely  from  fuch  elegant  models  is  a  problem  not  to  be  folvedr 
vnlefs  it  be  true  that  he  took  an  early  tinftnre  from  the  writers  of  the 
laft  centory,  particularly  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  Hence  the  peculiaritiet 
•f  his  ftyle,  ne^v  combinations,  fentences  of  an  onufual  ftrudlure,  and 
words  derived  from  the  learned  languages.  His  own  account  of  the 
matter  is,  "  When  common  words  were  lefs  pleafing  to  the  ear,  of 
Icfs  dillindl  in  their  ftgnifi cation,  I  familiarized  the  terms  of  philofo- 
phy,  by  applying  them  to  popular  ideas."  But  he  forgot  the  obferva- 
tion  of  Drydcn  :  If  toe  navy  foreign  ivcrels  are  peureJ  im  upon  us,  it  locks 
as  if  thty  ivere  tkRgniA^  not  to  ajfiji  the  nati'ves,  but  to  ecnquer  them* 
There  is,  it  muft  be  admitted,  a  fwell  of  language,  often  out  of  all 
proportion  to  the  fcntiment;  but  there  is,  m  general,  a  fuUnefs  of 
mind,  and  the  thought  feems  to  expand  with  the  found  of  the  words. 
Determined  to  difcard  colloquial  barbarifms  and  licentious  idioms,  he 
forgrot  the  elegant  firaplicity  that  diftinguiOies  the  writings  of  Addi- 
Ibn.  He  had  what  Locke  calls  a  round-about  view  of  his  fubjefl; 
and,  though  he  was  never  tainted,  like  many  modern  wits,  with. the 
ambition  of  ihining  in  paradox,  he  may  be  fairly  called  an  Original 
Thinker.  His  reading  was  cxtcnfive.  He  treafured  in  his  mind 
whatever  was  worthy  of  notice,  but  he  added  to  it  from  his  own  me- 
ditation. He  collected,  qu^  rccsHdiret,  auciaque  promeret.  Addi(cff 
was  not  fo  profound  a  thicker.  He  was  bcrn  to  ivrite,  ecttver/e,  mad 
iiveaiitheafi  and  he  found  an  early  patron  in  Lord  Somers.  He  de- 
pended, however,  more  upon  a  fine  talle,  than  the  vigour  of  his  nuDd^ 
tiis  Latin  Poetry  (hews,  that  he  rcliihed,  with  a  jull  feledion,  all  the 
iciincd  and  delicate  beauties  of  the  Roman  daflics;  and  when  he  coir 
tivatcd  his  native  language,  no  wonder  that  he  formed  that  graceful 
ftylc^  which  hisbecn  lb  jjftly  admired;  fimple,  yet  elegant;  adorn- 
ed, yet  never  0 ver- wrought ;  rich  in  dluficn,  yet  pare  and  'perfpi- 

caoBi; 


Murphy 'j  Bjfay  m  ibi  Life  and  Genius  of  Dr.  Johnfon.    365 

cwoiis;  QovTe€t,  without  labour,  ^nd,  thougli  fometixnes  deficient  in 
ftrength,  yet  always  roufical.     His  efTays.  in  general,  are  on  the  fur.. 
/ace  of  life;  if  ever  original,  it  was  in  pieces  of  humour.     Sir  Roger 
dc  Coverly,  and  the  Tory  Fox-hunter,  need  not  to  be  mentioned. 
Johnfon  had  a  fund  of  humour,  but  he  did  not  know  it,  nor  was  he 
willing  to  defcend  to  the  familiar  idiom  and  the  variety  of  didUon 
which  that  mode  of  compofition  required.     The  letter,  in  the  Ram- 
bler, N<>12,  from  a  young  girl  that  wants  a  place,  will  illuilrate  thit 
obiervation/  Addifon  pofTefTed  an  unclouded  imagination,  alive  to  tho  ' 
firil  objeds  of  nature  and  of  art.    He  reaches  the  fublime  without  any 
apparent  effort.     When  he  tells  us,  *'  If  we  confider  the  fixed  itars  as 
(b  many  oceans  of  flame,  that  are  each  of  them  attended  with  a  dif- 
ferent fet  of  planets ;  if  we  dill  difcover  new  firmaments  and  hqw 
lights,  that  are  funk  further  in  thofe  unfathomable  depths  of  2ther« 
we  are  lodin  a  labyrinth  of  funs  and  worlds,  and  confounded  with  the 
magnificence  and  immenfity  of  nature;*'  the  eafe,  with  which  thit 
pailage  rifes  to  unafFe^ed  grandeur,  is  the  fecret  cYiifxn  that  cap. 
tivates  the  reader.     Johnfon  is  always  lofty ;  he  feems,  to  ufe  jyty* 
den's  phrafe,  to  be  o'er-inform'd  with  meaning,  and  his  words  do  not 
appear  to  hi mfelf  adequate  to  his  conception.    He  moves  in  ftate,  and 
lib  periods  are  always  harmonious.     His  Oriental  Tales  are  in  the 
true  ilyle  of  Eaftern  magnificence,  and  yet  none  of  them  are  fo  much 
admired  as  the  Vifions  of  Mirza.     In  matters  of  ci4cicifm,  Johnfon 
is  never  the  echo  of  preceding  writers.     He  thinks  and  decides  for 
himfelf.    If  we  except  the  Efikys  on  the  Pleafurcs  of  I  m  agination » 
Addifon  cannot  be  called  a  philofophical  critic.     His  moral  Eflays 
are  beautiful ;  but  in  that  province  nothing  can  exceed  the  Rambler* 
though  Johnfon  ufcd  to  fay,  that  the  Eflay  on  The  burthens  0/  mankind 
fin  the  Spcdkator,  N°558)  was  the  mod  cxquifite  he  had  ever  read. 
Talking  of  himfelf,  Johnfon  faid,   "  Topham  Bcauclerk  has  wit, 
and  ^Y€Ty  thing  comes  from  him  with  eafe;  but  when  I  fay  a  good 
thing,  I  fcem  to  labour."     When  we  compare  him  with  Addifon,  the 
contraft  is  ilill  (Wronger.     Addifon  lends  grace  and  ornament  te truth; 
Johnfon  gives  it  force  and  energy.     Addifon  makes  virtue  amiable; 
Johnfon  reprcfents  it  as  an  awful  duty.     Addifon  infinuates  himfelf 
with  an  air  of  modedy ;  Johnfon  commands  like  a  didator ;  but  a  die- 
Utor  in  his  fplcndid  robes,  not  labouring  at  the  plough.     Addifon  is 
the  Jupiter  of  Virgil,  with  placid  ferenity  talking  to  Venus : 

"  Vultu,  quo  CGclum  tempedatefque  ferentt." 
Johnfon  is  Jupiter  tonaks  :  he  darts  his  lightiung,  and  rolls  his 
thunder  in  the  caufe  of  virtue  and  piety.  The  language  feems  to  fall 
(hort  of  his  ideas ;  he  pours  along,  familiarizing  the  terms  of  phUofo* 
phy,  with  bold  inverfions,  and  fonorous  periods ;  but  we  may  apply 
to  him  what  Pope  has  faid  of  Homer:  *'  It  is  the  fentiment  that 
fwells  and  fills  out  the  didlion,  which  rifes  with  it,  and  forms  itfelf  about 
it ;  like  glafs  in  the  furnace,  which  grows  to  a  greater  magnitude,  as 
the  breath  within  is  more  powerful,  and  the  heat  more  intenfe.' 

Though  all  the  biographers  of  Johnfon  mention  his  defultory 

reading,  Mr.  Murphy,  we  apprehend,  has  gone  too  far  when 

be  &ys  that  ^  it  may  be  queftioned  whether,  excepting  the 

'  ^        C  c  3  BibW^' 


"cfgufonV  Primiplii  cf  Afsrsi  snd  Pdkiml  Smmei^ 

[Is  the  facred  volume  to  be  excepted  ?]  *  he  ever 
^y  book  entirely  through/ — To  take  no  noiicc  of  the 

^hich  Mr.  Bofwell  mentioned  to  have  been  eniirelyper^ 

Dr,  J,,  it  fbould  have  occurred  to  Mr.  M.  that  Jt  was 
Ibfe  for  his  hero  to  have  been  a  mzn  of  learning  without 
>ular  perufal  of  many  books.  How  could  z  know  lege  of 
^ceffion  of  hiftorical  events,   for  inflancei  be  attamed^ 

reading  hiftory  in  regular  detail?  This  cannot  be  ac- 
Ifhcd  hy  jnauhis* 

lament,  with  Mr.  M.  that  we  havo  in  this  country  no 
^y  of  polite  literature  j  and  we  fincerely  wifh  tbit  fome 

money  lavlfhed  in  the  deflru^ion  of  our  fpccies  had 
|l>proprtated  to  this  more  noble  and  more  ufeful  purpofe. 

a  dciailcd  account  of  Johnfon's  table-talk,  Mr.  Bof- 
lufl  be  con  fulled  ;  but  to  thofc  who  wilh  for  a  more  brief 
Ivc  of  the  incidents  of  this  philofopber's  life,  combined 

view  of  his  charatHer  and  writings,  we  recominend  this 
In  the  courfc,  alfij,  of  our  examination  of  Sir  John 
lini's  edition  of  John fon's  works,  (Rev.  vols,  Ixacvi.  and 
1)  a  concifc  yet  copious  account  ot  the  life  and  writings 
1  great  tnoralili  w:is  gtv^en  to  the  world* 


F«rgtifon*/  PrimipliS  rf  Moral  and  PiliticalScuMM    367 

Come  neafare  indifferent.  All  the  beft  or  the  word  affedions  or 
mi  of  the  human  mind*  are  to  be  found  indifferently  whererer 
and  are  placed.  As  the  adive  fcenes  of  life  may  be  fupported 
le  healthful  and  vigorous,  the  virtues  of  equanimity,  patience* 
'brdtude,  may  be  pradHfed  by  thofe  who  labour  under  all  the  in- 
det  of  difeafe  or  a  fickly  conftitution.  As  candour  and  humanity 
be  pradttfed  by  the  powerful,  towards  thofe  who  depend  on 
;  (o  may  the  correfponding  virtues  of  refpedl  and  gooa  wiU  be 
ifed  by  the  dependent  towards  their  fuperiors.  Although  the 
of  fortune  are  to  thofe  who  pofTefs  them  materials  of  beneficence, 
hey  are  not  the  fole  materials,  nor  is  this  afe  of  them  limited  to 
Deafure  or  degree  of  the  poireflion.  The  poor  man  who  kindly 
I  the  benighted  traveller  on  his  way,  may  have  done  an  office  of 
real  moment,  than  fortune  may  have  given  the  rich  occaiion  to 
rm  in  any  circum  (lance  of  his  fife.  The  greateft  bene&dlors  to 
and  have  been  poor ;  and  the  greateft  benefits  have  been  done  by 
holding,  not  by  lavifhing  the  communications  of  wealth.  So- 
I  and  Epaminondas,  even  in  times  when  povertv  was  frequent, 
dilUnguifhed  among  their  fellow-citizens,  by  this  difadvantage : 
lie  one,  by  his  fuperior  abilities,  not  only  faved  his  country  from 
i^  yoke,  but  rai fed  it  to  a  pitch  of  glory,  which  filled  the  mind 
atizens  with  fentiments  of  elevation  and  of  honour.  From  the 
orijginate  the  purfuits  of  moral  wifdom,  in  which  all  the  nations 
fpoke  the  language  of  his  country  became  fo  eminent ;  and  to 
perhaps,  we  owe  that  we  are  now  employed,  not  in  gratifying  a 
curiofity,  in  matters  over  which  we  have  not  any  controul ;  but 
lying  the  powers  of  our  own  nature,  the  province  in  which  they 
:  to  be  exerted. 

t  was  by  with-holding,  not  by  an  cafy  payment  of  a  trifling 
that  Hampden  laid  the  foundations  of  that  political  freedom 
I  his  country  now  enjoys :  And  we  may  conclude,  from  the  whole 
efe  obfervations  on  the  gifts  of  fortune,  that  they  are  valuable 
n  the  nfe  which  is  made  of  them ;  and  that  the  proper  ufe  is 
!y  valuable  in  whatever  meafure  thofe  gifts  are  beftowed  or  with- 
Providence,  in  our  apprehenfion,  has  indefinitely  varied  the 
ons  of  men :  But  to  an  obferver,  who  can  penetrate  through 
ft  appearance  of  things,  there  is  a  condition  common  to  all  man- 
that  is,  a  fit  fcene  in  which  they  are  to  adt,  and  a  felicity  to  be 
ked  by  proper  adtion.* 

om  this  extrad,  it  appears  that  Dr.  F.,  though  a  difciple 
e  Socratic  fchooL,  fometinies  prefers  the  virtuous  enthu« 
of  the  Stoics,  who  exaggerated,  to  the  fcience  of  the  Pe- 
tics,  who  methodized  and  confirmed,  the  doctrines  of 
common'  mafler.  Ariftotle  had  taught  that  external  ad- 
ges  and  accommodations  were  to  be  regarded  merely  as 
ments,  which,  without  increafing  or  diminifliing  the 
of  the  artift,  mi|ht  however  enable  him  more  or  lefs 
letely  to  accompUm  his  purpofes.  A  good  man  would  be- 
with  equal  propriety  under  every  condition  of  fortune : 
C  c  4  but 


3(8    Fergufon'i  Principle  df  Moral  ami  PoHikul  SAtnUk ' 

but  profperity  would  be  more  favourable  to  the  attainment  of  his' 

ends,  and  therefore  more  conducive  to  his  happinefs^. 

l^he  following  mod  important  obfervation  is  placed  in  a 
firong  light ; 

*  To  this  ground  of  diftindlion/  (of  things  in  our  power*  and 
thir.gs  not  in  our  power,)  *  which  is  laid  by  £pidetus»  we  may  fob- 
join  another,  relating  to  the  fame  fubjeds ;  but  taken  from  a  diflTerent 
confideration  of  them,  that  is,  from  the  confideration  of  their  value* 
whetiier  real  or  fuppofcd,  which  is  in  fome  inftances  ahfolute^  in  other 
inftances  merely  comparau*ve.  Among  things  of  abfolute  value,  are 
to  be  reckoned  chiefly  the  habits  of  a  'virtuous  life,  inttUigemce^  hew-- 
<volence,   temperance^    and  fortitude ;    cr,    in  Ihort,  the  gcod  qualitief 

vwhich  form  the  btfft  condition  of  human  nature;  and  which  they,  who 
poheis  ihem,  enjoy  the  more  that  others  partake  of  the  fame  bicffiags. 
Among  advantages  merely  comparati've,  on  the  contrary,  we  may 
reckon  pretedtt/tce,  'dT\6/upericritv,  whether  of  ric/^es  or  poiveri  and,  in 
a  word,  ail  the  circum fiances,  in  refpedl  to  which  the  eUvmiion  of  oue 
is  depreffton  to  another. 

'  In  a  former  fedion^  there  was  an  attempt  to  account  for  the 
origin  of  malice,  from  an  error  or  dcfeft  of  underilanding,  in  ad- 
milting  advantages  or  difadvaniages  which  are  merely  comparative^  aa 
principal  conflituents  of  iiappincl's  or  miftry.  Under  thi*  apprehen-, 
iion,  although  a  perfon  were  by  nature  difpofed  to  benevolence,  he 
is,  by  the  interference  of  iniercfts,  checked  in  the  cfFedl  of  this  dif- 
pofition.  And,  among  parties  fo  flated,  the  celebrity  of  one  being 
obfcurity  to  another,  or  the  precedence  and  preferment  of  one 
bei'ig  degradation  to  the  other,  they  are,  in  the  midfl  of  fuch  purfuiis* 
naturally  rivals  and  competitors,  and  have  more  frequent  occafions  of 
hatred  and  diftruft  than  of  confidence  or  good  will.  "  The  kingf*" 
fays  BaiTompierre,  "  after  he  had  given  the  command  of  his  army  ia 
Italy  to  his  brother,  bethought  him  how  much  the  glory  to  be  won  in 
that  fervice  would  obfcure  his  own ;  and,  fo  powerful  is  jcaloufy,  even 
among  relations,  that  he  took  this  fo  flrongly  into  his  head,  or  rather 
into  his  heart,  as  to  deprive  him  of  rell."  In  this  rage  for  compa- 
rative advantages,  the  fuccefs  of  one  is  difappointmcnt  to  another; 
and  the  inJuftry  of  one  to  better  himfelf  a  fcheme  of  hollUity  to  thofe 
who  mufl  fink  under  his  elevation. 

*  From  this  fource  are  derived,  jealoufy,  envy,  and  malice,  tho/9 
waters  of  bitternefs,  which  flow  fo  plentifully  in  human  life.  The 
wretch,  whcfe  principal  aim  is  to  furpafs  other  men,  joins  to  fu(pence« 
hindrance,  dlfappointmfnt,  mortification,  and  all  thee\ilsof  a  pre- 
carious fortune,  the  impoffibiliry  of  extricating  himfelf,  without  a  total 
rcverfe  of  all  his  imaginations  and  thoughts.  To  become  candid  aiK| 
humane,  he  muft  change  objefts  of  hatred  and  diftru/l  into  objedsof 
good  will  and  benevolence;  and  cuofider  his  feilcw-creatures  in  fo« 
ciety,  as  the  procurers  of  much  convenience  and  benefit  to  himfelf, 
'  '  '  '  111  ^^— ^ 

•  Vide  Ethic,  Nicbom,  /.  i.  e,  lo# 
^  t  Lewis  XIII.  and  XV.* 

Iiot 


erguFdii'i  PrivcipUs  rf  Moral  and  Falittcal  Sciencif    369 

\f  k$  rirals  and  competitors,  under  whofe  profperity  or  ekvst 
jik  he  is  doomed  to  fink^  or  incur  degradation, 
fy  the  mind  of  this  taint,  and  moil  of  the  evils  in  human 
re  done  away.  Defire  would  be  placed  cbieHy  on  thofp 
uch  are  of  abfoluce  value;  which  any  one  may  poHefs  in  the 
egree,  without  detriment  to  another;  or  rather,  which,  being 
meflion  of  one,  prove  an  aid  to  others  in  the  attainment  of 

ng«. 

reputation  of  virtue,  like  celebrity  in  any  other  way,  nay 
neu  in  competition  and  rivallhip;  but  virtue  itfelf  is  pro^ 

the  prevalence  of  virtue  in  the  world.  The  lamp  of  wiT* 
{hted  by  communication  with  the  wife;  and  benevolence  is 
n  the  fociety  of  the  benevolent.  Fortitude  and  temperance 
igth  by  example.  Whoever  can  reil  upon  thefe  qualities  of 
ralue,  as  the  conilituents  of  happinefs,  finds  no  occafion  oi| 
feel  the  unhappy  paffions  which  terminate  in  malice.  He  14 
in  the  welfare  of  other  men;  and  wiQies  for  their  elevation 
A  and  virtue,  as  he  wiibcs  for  the  rifing  of  the  fun  upon  tho 

a'common  benefit  to  all  who  partake  in  his  influence, 
minus  was  happy,  not  in  wearing  the  purple,  nor  in  pofleCt 
:hrone  of  Caei'ar ;  but  in  the  attainments  of  a  fteady  and  be« 
nind.  In  thcfe  he  was  no  man's  rival,  and  was  ready  tp 
try  blefling,  even  with  thofe  who  attempted  to  fupplant  hiai 
ipire*. 
err,  in  deriving  the  corruptions,  which  are  imputed  to  great 

courts,  from  the  love  of  pleafure,  and  from  the  profufion  of 
mh  which  the  love  of  pleafure  is  gratified.  The  mere 
y  is  innocent,  compared  to  thofe  who  are  deeply  infe^d 
hce,  envy,  and  pride ;  a  generation  of  evils  begot  upom 
I,  competition,  or  the  apprehenfion  of  comparative  ad* 
,  whether  precedence,  titles,  or  wealth.  Wherever  the 
fuch  evil  are  planted,  the  concourfe  and  aifemblage  of  men^ 
ch  we  (hould  otherwife  expert  the  pradice  and  improvement 

(bcial  diipofition,  but  renders  the  growth  of  malevolence 
ious  and  rank.  Competitors  for  the  luflre  of  equipage  and 
ght  have  flept  in  quiet,  or  enjoyed  tranquillity,  at  their  re- 
I  a  brilliant  aiTembly,  if  the  luftre  of  fome  other  perfon  had 
cd  an  eclipfe  to  theirs ;  or,  if  his  equipage  and  liveries  had 
ired  to  furpafs  their  own,  and  to  carry  away  from  them  tbc 
of  the  world.' 

rating  of  morals.  Dr.  F,  examines  the  fyftems  which 
rn  formed  to  account  for  moral  approbation  or  cenfurc} 
irlv  the  fyftems   of  Clarke,   Hume,   Hutchefon,  and 

Clarke  confidercd  virtue  as  the  fitnefs  of  man's  cha^ 
nd  pradice  to  his  own  frame,  and  to  his  place  in  thf_. 
f  nature;  and  as  reafon  was  competent  to  difcern  this 
be  regarded  the  intelle£lual  principle  as  the  arbiter  of 
d  wrong,  as  vv^ll  as  of  truth  and  falfehood:— but  this 

■ '  ■  % 

«  his  Recommendations  to  the  Senate  in  behalf  of  Caflius/ 

fjfiem 


370    FcrgufonV  Principles »/  Moral  and  PpJUUal  Sdincil 

fyftem  is  unfit  to  explain  the  phenomenon  of  moral  approbt* 
tion ;  which,  being  itfelf  an  afFediion  or  fentiment  of  the  mMi 
muft  be  fought  among  the  confiderations  that  influence  the 
will,  and   not  among  the  perceptions   of  mere  inteliieence. 
iNcithcr  Mr.  Hume*s  theory,  which  places  the  pririci|^  of 
moral  difcernment  in  utility ;   nor  that  of  Dr.  Smfth,  which 
places  it  in  fympathy;  will  bear  an  examination  by  the  rules  of 
philofophizing  laid  down  by  Sir  Ifaac  Newton.     In  the  con* 
neSion  of  caufe  and  eft'e£^,  in  contradiftin£lion  to  a  mere  fer*< 
tuitous  contiguity  of  circumftances,  there  is  a  continual  or  in* 
fcparable  accompanyment  of  one  with  the  other.    Wherever  the 
caufe  cxifts,  there  miift  the  cWc&  exift  alfo;  and  the  converfe:— 
but,  in  oppofition  to  this  maxim,  we  (hall  find  both  utility  and 
fympathy  where  there  is  no  moral  approbation ;  and  moral  appro* 
bation,  where  there  is  neither  utility  nor  fympathy.  As  to  utilttn 
this  is  too  obvious  to  require  illuftration ;  and  in  refped  to  aos 
of  uncommon  bravery,  we  admire  them  the  more  for  being  coo*^ 
fcious  thit  we  ourfelves  could  not  have  done  fo  much.  Although 
"we  are  confcious  that,  in  extreme  indigence,  we  ourfelves  nrail 
have  afked  for  relief,  yet  we  do  not  admire  a  beggar.  Although 
we  fympathize  very  feelingly  with  the  admirer  of  a  fine  woman, 
we  do  not  miftake  his  paiHon  for  virtue; — and  it  is  remarkaUe 
that  fympathy  fbould  be  then  only  equivalent  to  approbation, 
when  we  fympathize  with  the  didnterelled,  the  courageoui| 
and  the  iuft. 

Dr.  P .  agrees  with  Lord  Shaftefbury  and  Dr.  Hutcfaefon  ta 
regarding  moral  approbation  as  a  fpecific  fentiment,  incapable 
of  refolution  into  any  other  fentiment  or  principle.  As  nature,  ia 
the  cafe  of  difl^erent  animals,  has  fuperadded  to  the  other  prin* 
ciples  of  fenfitive  life  fome  pecdliar  faculty  of  feeing,  fmelling^ 
or  feeling ;  as  in  the  lynx's  eye,  the  hound's  noftril,  or  tfc 
fpider's  touch  ;  as  to  other  qualities  of  the  loadftone  ire  added 
the  magnetic  polarity  and  affinity  to  iron ;  fo  to  the  mind  of 
man,  over  and  above  the  powers  cognitive  and  adive,  tbc 
Creator  has  given  a  power  judicative,  refpefling  the  merit  and 
demerit  of  charadler,  difpofitions,  and  a6^ions^  This  dif- 
cernment of  right  and  wrong  is  an  ultimate  fa£)  in  the  conftitu* 
tion  of  our  nature,**a  fad  no  way  fufceptible  of  explanation  s 
and,  being  to  a  great  extent  uniform,  it  is  rather  a  law  than! 
phenomenon;  *  and,  as  fuch,  may  krve  as  a  principle  of 
fcicnce  to  account  for  appearances  that  refult  from  itfelf,  and 
to  dire£t  the  pradice  of  arts  throughout  the  departments  in 
which  it  prevails.' 

Such  is  the  theory  of  Dr.  F.,  agreeing  in  the  main  with 

tbat  of  Ilutchefon,  Rcid,  and  BufHer;  whofe  opinions,  if  care* 

fully  examined,  will  be  found,  all  of  them,  to  terminate  in  die 

4  Platonic 


Fergufon'i  Principles  of  A4cral  and  PcUtlcal  Science,     37 1 

Platonic  dovE^rine  of  ideas:  the  difFerence  ir^dccd  is  merely  ver- 
bal, Plato  referring  to  ideas  what  thefe   writers  refer  to  the 
original  conftitution  of  nature.      Their    philofophy  furely  is 
preferable  to  that  of  Clarke  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  Hume  and 
Smith  on  the  other ;  the  former  of  which  refolves  moral  ap* 
probation  into  reafon,  and  therefore  makes  virtue  a  matter  of 
Bicre  calculation,  independant  of  fentiment  and  affedion  ;  while 
the  two  latter,  holding  fentiment  to  be  the  fole  primary  fcurceof 
jll  moral  diftinAion,  refolves,  by  a  kind  of  logical  chemiftry 
daborated  by  fophifiry,  the  difcernment  of  right  and  wrong* 
into  the  pleafure  of  utility  and  the  charm  of  f}mpathy.     The 
Jkulty  explanations  of  a  faA  in  nature  do  not,  however,  war* 
rant  the  conclufion   that  the  h&,  is  inexplicable.      Bccaufe 
moral   difcernment  has   been   erroneoufly  analyzed   by  fome 
writers,  it  does  not  follow  that  this  faculty  is  incapable  of 
analyfis,  and  is  to  be  held  as  an  original  principle,  an  element 
]A  the  mental  frame.     Reafon  alone  will  not  account  for  it ; 
Jentiment  alone  will  not  account  for  it;  it  is  certainly  different 
ftom  any  fimple  recognized  power  in  our  nature,  whether  of 
perception,  fenfe,  or  judgment.     The  moral  fenfe,  however, 
cannot  belong  to  a  Being  who  is  not  fufceptible  of  fentiment; 
neither  can  that  be  a  moral  agent,  which  is  incapable  of  reafon* 
The  principle  of  moral  approbation,  therefore,  is  neither  rea^ 
Ion  nor  fentiment,  but  a  mixture  of  both:    both  combine  in 
cwry  virtuous  determination,  and   both  are  neceflary  to  de- 
nominate any  determination  vicious  :-— for  every  moral  deter* 
mination  implies  preference;  and  preference  implies  both  de- 
fire  and  intellect;  and  every  virtuous  preference  implies  that 
the  defire  be  right,  and  that  the  comparifon  be  jud.      1  he  pre- 
ference of  vice  to  virtue,  on  the  contrary,  implies  that  the 
IPOrk  of  moral  difcipline  is  imperfedt :  but  the  more  perfe£l 
that  difcipline  has  been,  and  the  more  complete  ftandard  of  vir- 
tue we  have  in  our  own  minds,  the  more  corredly  fhall  we 
^  appreciaite  the  conduS  of  others*.     Of  Ariftotle's  fra£lical 
morality,  his  divifions  and  definitions  of  the  virtues,  &c.  the 
ibperiority  is  univerfally  acknowleged :  his  theory^  if  carefully 
examined,  will  alfobe  found  of  all  fyftems  the  mod  unexcep* 
tiooable. 

In  treating  of  the  obligations  and  fanflions  of  moral  law, 
Dr.F.  obferves  that  fome  of  thofe  fandtions  may  be  embraced, 
whereas  others  muft  be  left  to  operate  on  the  free  will  of  the 
»gent.  Obligations  and  fandions,  which  may  be  enforced, 
form  the  fubje6l  of  jurifprudence ;  thofe,  which  cannot  be  en* 
forced,  form  the  fubjedl  of  cafuiftry*     In  examining  the  prin* 

f  Vidt  Ethic.  Nicbmi*  /.  vii.  c.  3.  tt  fnjpm. 

ciples 


371    Fergufbn V  Prindpks  of  Mral  ami  Political  Stlatt^^ 

ciplcs  of  jurifprudence,  comprehending  what  are  called  the  Uwt 
of  peace  and  war,  our  author  principaJljr  follows  Grotius;  ac- 
knowlcging  the  ]aw  of  defence  to  be  the  only  juft  foundadoa 
for  employing  force  or  ftratagem  in  the  cafe  of  independM 
jiations,  or  unconnected  individuals^  The  Doctor's  chapceia 
on  jurifprudence  and  cafuiflry  will  not  properly  admit  of 
abridgement,  being  themfelves  abridgements  of  more  copkw 
treatifes,  l^he  fame  remark  applies  to  his  chapter  on  poUticsi 
in  which  Montefquieu  and  Hume  feem  to  have  been  his  prio« 
cipal  guides:— but  his  fentiments  are  more  favourable  to  liberty 
than  thofe  of  the  laft  mentioned  writer.— In  proof  of  this  aflcf* 
tion,  and  as  a  farther  fpecimen  of  the  work,  we  inl'ert  the  kh 
lowing  excellent  pafiagc,  which  may  be  confidered  as  a  fum* 
snary  of  the  moft  important  chapters  in  thefe  volumes : 

'  Men  are  deftined  to  play  in  human  life  for  manifold  ftakes  oftm* 
equal  importance.  The  merchant  plays  for  profit,  and  is  cxpofed  to 
lots.  The  warrior  plays  for  vi^ory  or  conqaeft,  and  expofes  his  hfi, 
Every  one  who  would  better  his  fuuation  in  point  of  fortiine,  preftrT 
ineDt>  orhonoury  hangs  in  fufpence  between  the  oppofice  evenlisf 
fucccis  or  difappointment.  What  was  flaked  among  the  ancientf»  is 
their  national  quarrels,  was  of  greater  importance  than  is  rifted  ft 
war  by  the  officer  or  fbldier  in  any  modem  nation  of  Europe,  Whea 
captives  or  prifoners  of  war  were  retained  in  fervitude,  or  fent  to  th^ 
market  for  Haves,  the  foldier  expofed  not  only  his  life  but  his  per- 
Ibnal  freedom  alfo.  This  violation  of  natural  law  was  enforced  by  ik 
Romans  in  all  their  wars,  and  by  the  Greeks  put  in  pradice  in  thai 
contefts  not  only  with  barbarous  nations,  but  even  with  one  another* 
<<  During  the  Peloponefian  war,"  fays  an  eminent  writer,  *'  and  ibf 
many  years  after  its  concludon,  all  the  different  republics  of  Greecf  . 
were,  at  home,  almoll  always  dillradled  by  the  moft  furious  fa£bQBS| 
and  abroad  involved  in  the  mofl  fanguinary  wars,  in  which  each  (boghf 
not  merely  fupcriority  of  dominion,  but  either  compleatly  to  ex- 
tirpate all  its  enemies,  or  what  was  not  lefs  cruel,  to  reduce  them  into 
the  vilefl  of  all  flates,  that  of  domeftic  flavtry ;  and  to  fell  them, 
man,'  woman,  and  child,  like  fo  many  herds  of  cattle  to  the  bighel  < 
bidder  in  the  market."     ("  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments.")  , 

<  Iff  from  this  account  of  the  Greeks,  it  be  propofed  to  infer  tlul  * 
they  were  a  wretched  people,  there  is  reafon  to  quelHoa  the  trQth  of  { 
any  foch  inference.  The  fortunes  of  men  do  not  always  decide  of ; 
their  feelings.  Cervantes,  wc  are  told,  wrote  his  adventures  of  Doa 
Quixote  in  a  prifon ;  and,  from  fo  vigorous  an  exercife  of  all  hu 
faculties  in  that  fituation,  we  have  reafon  to  conclude  that  a  perlba 
may  be  in  jail  without  being  wretched.  The  human  mind  gave 
fimilar  proofs  of  felicity  no  where  more  confpicuous  than  in  Greece. 
And  if  human  life  be  compared  to  a  game,  it  was  played  among  as* 
cient  nations,  and  among  the  Greeks  in  particular,  upon  a  ftake  no  j 
h£i  indeed  than  is  flated  in  the  above  pafTage,  of  freedom  as  well  si  j 
life.  But  their  example  (hoold  lead  us  to  think  that  the  fpiriu  of  \ 
incn  are  not  greatly  damped  by  the  riiks  which  they  ase  made  to  run 

in 


Fergufon'i  PrintlpUs  •/  M$ral  and  P&HiUai  ScttHi*    373 

ike  fervice  of  their  countrf.  The  firft  citizens  in  tvtry  Gredcs 
■j^  wkk  this  profpefi  of  eventaal  flavery  before  themi  took  their 
i  with  alacrity  in  the  armies  that  were  formed  for  the  defence  or 
pHicenicnt  of  their  country :  And  in  no  quarter  of  the  world  was 
^.military  charadker  held  in  higher  edeem.     Thofe  nation9>  at  the 

0  time*  in  other  refpe^»  carried  marks  of  felicity  fuperior  to 
li,liai  ever  been  difplayed  in  any  other  quarter  of  the  world  or  age 
Wnkind.  In  their  very  language,  there  is  evidence  of  genius,  or  in- 
pfioal  ability,  fuperior  to  that  of  other  nations.  The  order  and 
■  of  their  expreflion  kept  pace  with  the  order  and  difcrimination 
Ujeds  to  be  expreffed,  with  all  the  poflible  varieties  of  relation^ 

1  with  all  the  fubtthties  of  thought  and  fentiment  beyond  what  i» 
■iplified  in  any  other  known  inllance.  They  led  the  way  alfo  ia 
li^  Ibrms  of  literary  compoiition  or  difcourfc,  under  which  the  hn- 
%  genius  is  difj^ayed.  Their  poeu,  hiftorians,  orators,  and 
itf  lib,  preceded  thofe  of  other  nations,  and  remain  unequalled  by 
fa  that  came,  after  them.  Their  fculptors,  painters,  and  archi- 
his  excelled  thofe  of  every  other  nation ;  and  the  fame  genius  which 
k*  towards  every  objed,  in  which  excellence  or  beauty  could  be 
ifaed  or  exhibited,  gave  alfo  the  moft  mailerly  examples  of  civil, 
Ificalf  or  military  virtues ;  and,  in  the  whole,  gave  the  mod  irre- 
|afale  evidence  of  minds  no  w*  y  funk  by  the  fenie  of  opprefiion,  or 
f^fieany  profpefi  of  hazards  impending  from  thclofs  of  liberty,  or 
r  mur  of  flavery  to  which  they  were  expofed.  The  eafe  and  alacrity 
ll  which  they  moved  on  the  higheft  flepsof  the  political,  the  morale 
IrJDtelledual  fcale,  abundantly  (hewed  how  much  they  enjoyed  that 
r.-and  freedom,  of  which  they  were  fo  worthy,  and  which  they  fo 
liif  ri&ed  in  the  fervice  of  their  country.  And  if  the  hazard  of 
nies  which  they  ftaked  in  every  public  conteft  had  at  all  any  effect 

'  tteir  minds,  their  example  may  ferve  to  prove,  that  men  are  not 
happy  in  proportion  to  the  ftake  for  which  they  contend ;  or,  per* 
fB9  what  is  verified  in  the  cafe  of  other  players  as  well  as  in  theirs^ 
Ik  pedbns  who  are  nfed  to  a  high  (lake  cannot  condefcend  to  play 
e  a  lower;  or  that  he  who  is  accudomed  to  contend  for  his  free- 
Mi  or  his  life  can  fcarcely  find  fcope  for  his  genius  in  matters  of  a 
aw  concern  • 

9  A  warden  of  the  Engliih  marcKes,  upon  a  vifit  to  the  court  of 
«duid,  before  the  acceffion  of  James  to  the  throne  of  Knglar.d, 
ii  he  could  not  but  wonder  how  sny  m»in  could  fubmit  to  fo  dull  a 
It  at  that  of  a  citizen  or  courtier  :  That,  for  his  own  part,  no  day 
^  paft  in  which  he  did  not  purfue  fomc  one  for  his  life,  ox  in  which 
Khuafelf  was  not  purfued  for  his  own.  It  is  the  degradation  of 
Mlt  the  guilt  of  injulUce  or  malice,  to  which  the  mind  of  man  never 
ii  he  reconciled ;  not  the  ri(ks  to  which  the  liberal  may  be  expofed' 
hiefending  his  country,  or  in  with  (landing  iniquity. 

•  We  are,  for  the  mod  part,  ill  qualified  to  decide  what  Is  happy 
P^ierable  in  the  condition  of  other  men  at  a  difhince.  The  incon- 
tftitmm,  which  we  fee,  may  be  compcnf^ted  in  a  way  which  we  do 
Npeiteive.  And  there  is  in  reality  nothing  but  vilencfs  and  malice 
iht-Caonot  be  compenfatcd  in  fomc  other  v/^y.  Even  thofe  we  calf 
him  9xt  amufed  in  the  performance  of  their  xzSk,  and,  when  it  ia 
9  <^cr. 


FcrgufonV  Prtmiphi  c/M^ral  and  Pdhhsi  Sckmt* 

•vefi  are  obferved  lo  be  pkyfome  and  chcarful  bf  )rond  other  i| 
Phey  arc  reHeved  of  any  anxiety  for  the  fa  tare,  and  devolve 
I  Are  on  Eht-ir  mailer 

VVc  ejlimate  the  felicity  of  ages  and  ntttons  by  die  feemmi 

futility  and  peace  tKey  enjoy ;  or  believe  them  to  be  wrecdl^ 

''%'c  agitations  and  troubles  which  fometimei^  mtend  the  pofTei 

Ibcrty  iifelf.     Under  this  apprehenfion^  the  forms  of  IcgiQai 

Lave  propofed  implying  numeroas  aOVmblieSi  whether  ctA\t\ 

leprefentative,  may  be  cenfured  as  exposing  men  to  all  the  be 

Vcoiencits  of  ftdtion  or  party  diviilon  ;  but*  if  theft  inconv^nico* 

Ire  to  be  dreaded ►  they  neverthekrs  may  be  fairly  hazarded,  for 

ike  of  the  end  to  be  obtained  in  hte  governments,  the  fa^y  of  i 

lef>plf  i  and  the  fcopc  which  is  given  to  all  ihtj  refpe^able  fac alti 

lie  human  mind 

If  we  have  not  millakcn  the  interelb  of  htiman  natttfe#  they 
tft  more  in  the  exercifcs  of  freedom,  and  in  the  purfuit^  of  alftj 
|nd  beneticent  foul,  than  in  thepolfe^ionof  mere  tranqtiilltty,  or  I 
termed  ejccmpiion  from  trouble.  The  trials  of  ability,  whidll 
:tyiually  afford  to  one  another  in  the  coilifions  of  fr*;e  fociety,  are 
eflbni  of  a  fchool  which  Providence  has  opened  for  raankind*  aoA 
Lcll  known  to  forvvard,  inftead  of  impeding  their  pro^rd*  m 
Jaluable  art,  whether  commercial,  elegant,  or  politicaL 

Under  the  lallof  thcfc  titles,  more  efpecially,  we  hadt?ccafioft 
Jbferve,  that  the  mofl  important  objt'Cli  of  human  concern,  awl  I 
noil  improving  exercifes  of  ability,  arc  furnifhed  to  the  memben 
free  Jbie ;    And  wc  may  now  aEfo  nlfumc  that  forms  of  governme 


Bryant  on' the  AuthtntuUj  ofthi  ScriptUns.  ^f 

dicfe  volumes  will,  doubtlcfs,  have  a  tendency  to  increafe  it,* 
As  much  of  his  philofophy  is  drawn  from  ancient  fources,  it  is 
to  be  regretted  that  he  is  fo  fparing  in  citing  his  authorities. 
His  predeceflbrs,  Grotius  and  Pui^ndorf,  over-loaded  their 
works  with  learning;— >Dr.F.  has  rather  fallen  into  the  op* 
pofite  extreme. 


A&T.  III.  A  ^reaiife  ttpon  the  Authenticity  of  the  Scriptures,  and  the 
-   Truth  cf  the  Cbrifiian   Religion.      8vo.      pp.  278.      5s.  Boards. 
Cadell.     1792. 

T&EATiSES  in  defence  of  revelation  may  be  clafled  under  two 
general  divifions,  popular  and  fcrentiiic.  Of  the  popular 
killd  there  have  been  great  abundance ;  and,  after  all  that  has 
teen  done  in  this  way  by  Grotius,  Clarke,  Squire,  Seeker, 
Beattie,  Prieflley,  and  innumerable  others,  little  room  feems  to 
be  ]eft  for  new  attempts.  Scientific  works  on  this  fubjed 
bive  been  lefs  frequent ;  and,  notwithftanding  the  many  exceU 
kfit  diflertations  and  fermons  in  the  Englifh  language,  on  de- 
tached parts  of  the  evidence  of  revelation,  we  (hould  be  at  fome 
kfs  to  what  Englifli  works,  except  Doddridge*s  LeSlures^  and 
&  Mmrtlij  9n  Man^  to  refer  a  ftudent  for  a  regular  and  fyfiematic. 
tmngement  of  the  arguments,  with  citations  and  references 
fiifficient  to  enable  him  to  take  a  candid  view  of  the  whole  Tub-* 
fcfi,  and,  without  any  implicit  confidence,  to  form  a  fatisfafiory 
.indgment  for  himfelf.  Such  a  work  as  this,  fairly  comprehend. 
ing  all  that  has  been  offered  on  each  fide  of  this  important  quef- 
tioo  by  different  writers,  would  be  of  ineftimable  value.  The 
exieonve  erudition  of  Mr. Bryant  (to  whom  we  owe  the  pre- 
faic  volume,)  and  his  fuperior  talents,  might  have  enabled  him  to 
necute  fuch  a  defign  with  great  credit  to  himfelf  and  advantage 
to  the  public.  He  has,  however,  chofen  to  take  the  more 
ihonble  charader  of  a  popular  defender  of  revelation  ;  and  he 
~  M  produced  a  treatife,  which,  though  it  contains  a  good  gene-> 
.ftl  viewof  the  leading  arguments  for  divine  revelation,  has  little 
'  tp  entitle  it  to  a  pre-eminence  over  other  works  of  the  fame 
'kind. 

\     lir.  B.  is  very  concife  in  his  explanation  of  the  grounds  of 

i^Mtvral  religion.     It  will  be  thought  by  many,  that  the  few 

p^^  which  he  has  devoted  to  this  part  of  his  fubjed  might 

knre  been  more  advantageoufly  employed  in  tracing,  in  a  re- 

|dtf  procefs,  the  proofs  of  the  attributes  and  of  the  providence 

f  God,  than  in  depreciating  the  knowledge  of  the  ancient  philo-r 

lifiers,  and  in  cenfuring  Mr. Pope  for  prefuming  to  fuppofe  that 

1^  fupreme  fountain  of  exigence  has  been  in  effedl,  though  with 

.    :4uich  mixture  of  fuperftition  and  abfurdity,  woribipped  by  the 

h  £iint^ 


Bryant  m  ihi  AuihiHtmty  &fthi  Script ufit* 

J  the  ravage,   and  the  fage,   under  the  fevcral   names  cf 
l^h,  Jove,  and   Lord,      In  like  manner,  it  will  perhaps 
[l,  that,  in  exhibiting  the  evidences  of  chrifiraniey,  lie. 
has  taken  more  pains  to  give  an  interest ng  reprcfenti- 
|f  The  life  and  dodrine  of  Chrill,  and  of  the  (uffcnng%  of 
llowcTS,  than  to  derermine,  with  precifion,  the  application 
ancient  prophecies,  or  to  give  a  corre<ft  and  well- (up-' 
!  view  of  the  circuinftances  which  authenticate  the  Jewifli 
thrift! an  fcriptures.     It  will  nt^t,  however,  be  denied,  thitj 
h  work,  fevcral  parts  of  the  pofitivc  argtiments  for  re  vela- 
are  treated  in  a  mafterly  manner;    and  that  feveral  inge- 
I  folution^  are  given  of  difficulties,  which  have  been  ftarreii 
le  opponents  uf  chriilianity,     Mr.  Hry^nt^s  view  of  the 
Jiony  of  Gentile  writers  In  favour  of  chrillianiiy,  and  hit 
larifon  of  the  Christian  and  Mohatnmedaa  religions,  ire^ 

m^in,  excel! en C, 
Inong  the  replies  to  obje£lions,  we  find  the  following  in< 
lus  remarks  on  the  difEculty  ariJlng  from  comparing  tbi 
Tiar  chara^^er?  of  the  negroe  raccj  with  the  fcripturat  derivi" 
|)f  the  tvhole  human  fpecies  from  one  common  flock: 
,  has  pk^ifej  God  to  give  to  all  families,  or  nations^  focne  pat' 
marks,  by  whicb  they  are  diliinguilhed  from  their  neighbours, 
differ  liiij   fanh'.-r  from  thofc  at  a  gfeat  dillance,  in  cook* 

ncfienLi*)   and  the  dimiCe 


Etyzht  M  tht  AuthiHttdty  tftbi  Smpiuttu  577 

aionllrationx  que  le  climat  feul  colorie  les  fubfttnees  lea  plas  iotimM 
do  corps  humaiQ.'* — For  his  opinion  he  gives  rery  good  reafons*  from 
the  fituadon  and  heat  experienced  by  the  different  nations  It  thefe 
pans. 

'  The  Egyptians  acknowledged  therafelves  to  be  of  the  race  of 
Mizraim  ;  and  from  that  perTon  their  country  was  denominated. 
Tliey  therefore  had  no  connexion  with  the  people  on  the  weilem 
coaft  of  Africa*  nor  bore  any  relation  to  them.  Now  we  are  to]d# 
tluit  the  natives  of  the  loiveft  part  of  £gypt  were  dark ;  and  tbofe 
higher  up,  and  nearer  the  fun>  aarker ;  but  thofe  of  the  apper  region 
approached  to  black  and  woolly  hair.  Hence  this  chara£^eriltic  was 
not  confined  to  any  one  race  of  men.  This  is  farther  proved  by 
nany  of  the  iilanders  vifited  by  our  late  voyagers,  abd. particularly 
from  the  obfervations  of  Capuin  Cook  add  Dr.  Forfter.  They 
fpeak  of  a  great  difference  in  refped  to  complexion,  (lature,  ami 
Mir,  amone  people^  of  the  fame  place  ;  which,  they-fay,  depended 
■poo  their  bein^  more  or  lefs  expofed,  and  the  particular  diet  which 
they  ufed.  This  was  obfervable  at  Otabeite.  The  ktter  writer  fays 
of  the  New  Caledonians,—"  They  are  all  of  a  fwarthy  colour ;  their 
hair  is  crifped,  but  not  very  woolly ;  their  faces  round,  with  thick 
lips,  and  wide  mouths.  The  inhabitants  of  Tanna  are  almoll  of  the 
lame  fwarthy  colour  as  the  former ;  only  a  few  had  a  clearer  com- 

«lexion,  and  in  thefe  the  tips  of  their  hair  were  of  a  yellow ifli  brown. 
lie  hair  and  beards  of  the  red  were  all  black  and  crifp,  and  in  feme 
wooUy*— The  natives  of  Mellicollo  border  the  n^arefl  upon  the  tribe 
•f  monkeys.  The  hair  is  in  the  greater  part  of  them  woolly  and 
finled,  their  complexion  is  footy,  their  features  harfii,  the  cheek 

booe  and  face  broad." Captain  Carteret  defcribes  the  natives  of 

Bgraont  i/land,  as  **  black  and  woolly  headed."  He  defcribes  an* 
Other  ifland,  where  "  the  people  were  black  and  woolly  headed » like 
the  negroes  of  Africa."— Many  more  inflances  might  be  produced; 
but  thefe  will  fufhce  to  iliew,  that  this  difference  of  hair  and  com- 
plexion,  and  the  other  anomalies  with  which  we  find  it  accompanied, 
are  not  confined  to  any  particular  race  of  men  ;  for  they  are  to  be 
Iband  among  people  that  never  had  any  connexion  with  the  coaft  of 
Goinea,  or  Ncgrolartd ;  on  the  contrary,  they  arc  as  far  removed 
from  it  as  any  people  upon  earth  can  be:  whole  continents  cooie 
between. 

*  The  variation,  therefore,  in  refped  to  complexion,  form,  and 
leatnre,  depends  in  great  meafure  upon  the  heat  and  cold  experienced, 
aod  the  way  of  life  to  which  people  a«cuilom  th^pnfelves.  And  there 
are  other  occult  caufes,  with  which  wc  arc  unacquainted,  and  by 
which  a  variation  in  the  fpecics  of  all  animals  ia  produced.  Hence 
it  happens,  that  people,  however  diftinfl,  become  in  time  like  the  na- 
tives among  whom  they  fettle,  however  feparate  they  may  keep  thcm- 
felves.  This  is  manifei^,  from  a  colony  of  Jews  at  Cochin  upon  the 
Coeft  of  Malabar ;  who  came  there,  according  to  Hanrilton,  as  early 
as  the  captivity  under  Nebuchadnezzar.  Thus  much  is  certain,  the 
sra  is  fo  far  back,  that  ihey  know  not  now  tiic  time  of  their  arrival. 
The  Jews  origiraliy  were  a  fair  people ;  but  ihofe  of  whcm  wc  are 
Ijpeaking,  are  become  in  all  refpcds  like  the  Indians  among  whom 

Rxv.  Aug.  1793.  Dd  they 


,  37  8        -  Ferriar  - 1  MeAcql  Kjlmis  mtd  RtJUfft§m. 

they  refide.  They  confided  formeriy  of  8o/x>o  (amifiet,  bot  are  oMf 
reduced  to  4000.  Mr.  Bate,  a  clex^yman,  who  had  a  fim  ia  d» 
Baft  Indies,  made  application  to  have  iome  particiilars  of  their  hiftor/. 
— **  I  wrote  over  to  the  coaft  of  Malabar,  to  know  what  tradidoo 
'  the  Jews  have  retained  as  to  the  time  of  their  fettlement  at  Codun, 
but  had  no  fadsfa^ry  anfwer.  Eaeekid,  the  rabbin  of  the  fyni* 
sogue,  did  indeed  fend  me  a  tranfcript  of  their  copper-pUte»  huig  op 
in  their  fynavogue.  'Tis  written  in  the  Malabar  language,  pdt  into 
common  Hebrew  chara&ers,  interlined  with  a  literal  yerfion  in  He- 
brew, with  an  Hebrew  paraphrafe  upon  that  literal  verfion.  Bat  I 
can  find  no  date  of  their  fettlement  there;  only  a  grant  from  a  Ma« 
labar  prince  called  Schirin  Perimal,  i.  e.  Prince  Schirin,  to  allow 
them  to  fettle  there,  with  certain  privileges/' — Of  thefe  Tews  he 
^u-ther  fays;  that  "  they  are  now  grown  as  black  as  the  other  Ma* 
^lid)arian5,  who  are  hardly  a  (hade  lighter  than  thofeof  Gamea,  BniOft 
or  Angola.**^-— And  he  wtry  truly  mfifts,  that  '«  this  is  a  difcovery, 
.wluch  clearly  proves,  that  the  dtfiarent  complexions  of  the  difieient 
fons  of  Noah  may  be  occafioned  by  difference  of  climate,  air,  footf» 
water,  or  other  natural  caufes."  It  is  fatd,  in  conformity  to  die  ac- 
count above,  that  the  Portugaefe,  who  have  been  fettled  opon  the 
Itoaft  of  Angola  for  three  centuries,  and  fomewhat  more,  are  become 
abfolute  negroes.  Of  this  we  are  affured  by  the  Abbe  de  Maoet* 
who  was  in  that  part  of  the  world  in  the  year  1 764,  and  baptifed  ie- 
veral  of  their  children.  He  is  quoted  by  M,  de  Pauw,  whagivesos 
this  farther  information. — "  Quant  aux  defcendants  des  premien 
.  Portugais>  qui  vinrent  fixer  leur  demeure  dans  cette  partie  du  monde 
vers  Tan  1450,,  ils  font  devenus  des  negres  tres-acheves  pour  le'adodf, 
la  laine  de  la  tete,  de  la  barbe,  &  les  traits  de  la  phyfionomie,  ouoi- 
qu'ils  ayent  d*ailleurs  retenu  les  points  plus  efTentiel  d'une  ChnBii- 
nifme  degenere,  et  conferve  la  langue  du  Portugal,  corrompue,  I  b 
verite,  par  diiferentes  diale6kes  Africains." 

'  The  like  is  mentioned  by  Moore,  in  his  account  of  the  river  Gam* 
bia.  He  takes  notice  of  feme  of  the  fame  nation,  who  have  refidcd 
for  above  three  centuries  near  the  Mundingoes,  and  differ  fo  little 
from  them,  as  to  be  called  negroes.  This  however  they  reto> 
though  they  are  not  cafily  to  be  diftinguiflied.* 

By  an  advertifement  the  public  are  informed,  that  the  whole 
of  the  profits  arifing  from  the  fale  of  this  treatife  will  be  givea 
to  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gofpeh 


Art.  IV.  Medical  Hiflories  andRefle3ioHS.  By  John  Fcrriar,  MJ>. 
Phyfician  to  the  Manchefler  Infirmary,  and  Lunatic  Uofpiod* 
8vo.    pp.  248.     4s.  Boards.    Cadell.     1^792. 

TTaving  introduced  the  work  by  a  judicious  preface,  Dft 
"■  Ferriar  proceeds  to  lay  before  his  reader  feveral  import" 
ant  hiflories  of  difeafes ;  among  which  are  forty  cafes  of 
dropfy.  A  comparifon  is  drawn  between  the  merits  of  tto 
three  principal  remedies  employed,  digitalis,  cream  of  tftrtaff  ■ 
aiiJ  Bachcr's  tonic  pills. 

f  Oa 


Ptrrhr^s  AAdtcal  tSfimes  and  RefltSitons.  379 

•  On  reviewing  thefc  obfervations,  (fays  the  Doftor,)  which  were 
made  withoat  choice,  and  with  no  prediledUon  for  any  remedy,  the 
avTult  appears  not  highly  in  favour  of  the  digitalis.  Yet  I  efteem  it  a 
valuable  medicine,  and  I  have  always  found  it  fafe,  by  attending  to 
Dr.  Withering's  caotions.  The  xnelampodium,  as  given  in  the  fofm 
of  tonic  pilk,  appears,  likewife,  to  pofTels  virtues  that  ought  not  to  be 
neglcdted.  I  have  employed  the  cream  of  tartar  in  comparatively  few 
caies;  but  when  their  nature  is  conHdered,  and  the  furprifrng  proportion 
of  fnccefs  allowed  for,  I  tliink  we  may  fairly  rank  this  medicine  in  the 
firft  clafs  of  hydragogues.  From  what  I  have  feen  of  its  effe^s,  I  ihall 
hereafter  give  it  a  preference  in  moft  cafes  of  dropfy,  to  bring  forward 
a  larger  tellimonial  of  its  real  merits.  Stronger  conclufions  may  b^ 
drawn  in  its  favour,  from  thefe  cafes,  becaufe  they  coincide  with  the 
eaq>erience  of  Dr.  Home.  Indeed,  if  cream  of  tartar  be  found  to  pofTek 
only  an  equal  (hare  of  merit  with  digitalis,  the  former  will  deferve 
the  preference,  as  poifcfling  no  deleterious  qualities,  and  being  eafily 
managed  by  pradtitioners  of  the  fmalleft  judgment.  In  treating  of 
this  remedy.  Dr.  Home  has  formed  a  jud  and  valuable  didinfiion, 
between  remedies  which  a£l  chiefly  as  diuretics,  and  thofe,  which  at 
the  fame  time,  diminilh  the  fluid  elFufed  indropfies.  I  have  been  led 
10  refer  to  this  diflindlion  more  than  once,  in  the  preceding  cafes; 
The  doftor*s  words  are  thefe.  **  We  have  found,  tliat  oxymel  qoU 
cfaiciy  baccx  juniperi,  &c.  arc  much  ftronger  diuretics,  but  much  weaker 
ancihydropics,  than  cremor  tartari.  We  have  feen,  that  it  often  neither 
increafes  urine  nor  (lool,  and  yet  that  it  cures."  If  this  difference 
were  more  obferved,  fome  mortifying  difappointments  in  pradice 
night  be  avoided." 

On  the  fubje6l  of  dropfy,  many  other  valuable  obfervations 
are  added. 

Dr.  Ferriar  has  paid  confiderable  attention  to  difeafes  of  the 
heart,  and  his  communication  on  this  fubjedl  is  important : 
but  for  its  contents  we  mull  refer  to  the  book. 

We  give  the  following  extradl  refpeAing  the  muriated  ba» 
rytes,  not  becaufe  our  opinion  is  unfavourable  to  the  medi- 
cine, but  becaufe,  in  afcertaining  the  value  of  a  new  remedy^ 
ail  evidence  (hould  be  beard  : 

*  The  high  character  with  which  this  medicine  was  ufliered  into 
pradice,  induced  me  to  order  it  in  fcveral  fcrophulous  cafes.  Jt  is 
needicfs  to  give  a  particular  account  of  my  obfervations,  for  I  have 
never  found  any  fenfible  effcdl  from  it,  even  in  dofcs  of  twenty  drops, 
given  twice  or  thrice  a-day ;  excepting  in  two  cafes.  There  could  be 
bo  doubt  refpefting  the  preparation  of  the  fpecimen  1  ufcd,  as  it 
was  a  faturated  folution,  made  by  Mr.  Cooper  and  Mr.  Watt ;  and 

•I  was  always  attentive  to  its  being  given  in  didilled  water.  In  the 
two  inftances  where  it  appeared  to  do  fcrvice,  the  good  efl'cdt  was  not 
very  remarkable.  I  cannot  help  fufpedUng,  that  the  only  benefit  to 
be  exped^cd  from  it  mull  arife  from  the  adlion  of  the  acid,  either 
BOt  completely  faturated,  or  not  dellroyed  as  a  tonic,  by  the  mineral. 
Several  patients,  whom  I  now  attend  for  fcrophulous  complaints,  are 
taking  the  acid  alone  with  apparent  benefit,  who  had  ufed  the  mu- 

D  d  2  riaicd 


38o  HallV  Apology  for  iht  Fruitm  §fibi  Prtfu 

riated  barytes,  without  experieilcing  the  fmaUeft  alteratkm  in  didr 
health.' 

The  Dodor^s  obfcrvations  on  infanity  irc  good^  at  ait 
thofe  alfo  on  hydrophobia.  In  his  inquiry  into  the  effeds  of 
digitalis  in  a^ivc  hsmorrhages,  he  mentions  four  cafes  in 
which  it  proved  of  fcrvicc. 

The  volume  clofes  with  an  eflayon  the  origin  of  contagious 
and  new  difeafes.  It  was  written  for  the  Literary  and  Philo* 
fophical  Society  of  Manchefter,  and  may  be  perufed  with  ad- 
vantage by  every  clafs  of  readers. 

Art.  V.  An  Jpologv  for  the  Frttdtm  rf  the  Prefs,  and  for  General 
Liberty.  To  which  are  prefixed  Remarks  on  Biihop  Horfley's 
Sermon,  preached  on  the  Thirtieth  of  January  laft.  fiy  Robert 
Hall,  A.M.     8vo.    pp.120.     2S.  6d.    Robmfons.     1793* 

XxViTH  the  brilliant  eloquence  and  the  high  fpirit  of  inde- 
^^  pendence,  which  diftinguifh  Mr.  Hall  as  a  writer,  the 
public  are  already  acquainted,  from  the  peroration  to  his  pam- 
phlet, **  Chriftianity  confiftent  with  Freedom  ♦."  He  now 
prefents  us  with  a  fpirited  *  Apology  for  the  Freedom  of  the 
Frefs/  which  is  branched  into  fix  diflertations — on  Pmblk  Dif' 
cujfton — on  Affociationi'^on  Parliamentary  Re/brm^-^on  Themti 
of  Rights— on  Dijfenteri — and  on  the  Caufes  of  the  preftnt  Dif- 
contt^nts.  To  thcfe  is  prefixed  an  attack  on  the  Bifhop  of 
St.  David's'  fermon  on  the  30th  of  January  1793^  before  the 
houfe  of  lords ;  and  which,  it  ordered  to  be  printed  by  their 
unanimous  vote,  and  withoot  any  fubfequent  proteft,  muft  be 
underftood  to  exprefs  the  opinions  of  one  of  the  conftitutrd  au- 
thorities* The  divine  right  of  the  chief  magiftrate,  and  the 
do£trine  of  paflive  obedience,  have  been,  for  nearly  two  cen- 
turies, an  unfailing  topic  of  difpute  in  this  country  between  rbe 
ef^ablifhed  and  fedtarian  fchools  of  religion ;  and  they  are  likely 
to  continue  fo,  till  a  repeal  of  the  slQ,  of  uniformity  (hall  have 
rendered  it  equally  the  iutereft  of  all  chriftian  minifters  to  in- 
culcate the  duty  of  habitual  but  not  unqualified  obedience. 
l*hen,  perhaps,  the  heretical  mayackrowlege,  notwitbfianding 
the  argumentative  fermon  of  Gordon  hnd  Trenchardt  that  the 
language  of  the  apoftles  advifes  non-refiftance  more  pointedlf 
than  the  friends  of  liberty  are  apt  to  wifli ;.  and  the  orthodox 
may  concede,  notwithftanding  the  unbroken  chain  of  epifcopal 
teftimony,  that  the  condud  of  Jefus  in  the  temple  demonftrates 
the  founder  of  chriftianity  to  have  entertained  the  bolder  opt* 
^ion.  The  preface,  which  is  occupied  by  this  difcuffion^  tef* 
minates  in  a  Ityle  of  great  animation. 

•  See  Rev.  New  Series,  vol.  vi.  p.isO. 


HallV  Apokgjfor  thi  Freedom  of  the  Prep.  381 

Mr..  Hall  then  proceeds  lo  (hew,  (hat,  to  render  the  magi- 
Urate  a  judge  of  truth,  and  to  engage  his  authority  in  the  fup- 
prei&on  of  opinions,  betrays  an  inattention  to  tlie  nature  and 
defign  of  political  fociety ;  that  when  a  nation  forms  a  govern- 
Oient,  it  is  not  wifdom  but  power  which  they  place  in  the  hands 
of  the  magiftrate }  whence  it  follows,  that  his  concern  is  only 
with  thofe  objedls  on  "which  pnver  can  operate.  He  maintain!:, 
that  free  inquiry  muft  iflbe  in  the  firmer  eftablifliment  of  truth ; 
fbat  government  is  the  creature  of  the  people,  and  that  which 
.they  have  created  they  have  furely  a  right  to  examine ;  that, 
if  It  be  a  crime  in  a  fubjedl  of  Britain  to  exprefs  his  difjppro- 
bation  of  ih^t  form  of  government  under  which  he  lives,  the  fame 
condudl  mud,  by  parity  of  reafoning,  be  condemned  in  the  in- 
babitant  of  any  other  country ;  which  would  be  to  bar  im- 
provement every  where ;  and,  faftly,  that  an  inquiry  concerning 
the  comparative  excellence  of  civil  conftitutions  has  no  ten- 
dency to  fedition  and  anarchy.  It  may  be  added,  that,  if  the 
people  be  prevented  from  taking  into  conflderation  a  Cdnjlitutional 
^form^  and  be  fuflPered  only  to  interfere  with  the  organization 
of  the  Houfe  of  Commonly  they  mud  adopt  principles  much  more 
democratic  to  fecure  a  due  weight  for  their  own  fcale  of  the 
conftitutlon,  than  rf  allowed  to  inveftigate  and  to  purfue  the 
means  of- diminifliing  the  counteraction  of  the  other  powers: 
fo  that  the  bolder  difcuifion  leads  to  the  more  temperate  innova- 
tion. This  would  have  been  a  convenient  place  for  fuggeiling 
fucb  farther  improvements  as  the  law  of  libel  may  require : 
for  inftance^  that  all  profecutions  for  libel  be  by  adtion  for  da- 
mages ;  that  if  an  7&\ox\  be  not  brought  within  twelve  months 
after  publication,  the  crime  (hall  have  prefcrihed ;  that  to  fub- 
ilantiate  the  truth  of  an  accufation,  (hall,  as  in  North  America, 
be  pleadable  in  mitigation  of  damages,  &c. 

The  chapter  on  AiTociations  is  written  with  great  vivacity, 
and  might  have  been  introduced  with  the  words  of  Tacitus : 
Utui  vetus  atas  vidit  quid  ultimum  in  libertate  tJfeU  ita  nos  quid 
m  fervitute ;  adempto  per  inq&ijitiones  bf  hquendi  audiendiquo 
ammorcio.  The  obfcvations  which  it  contains,  we  are  per- 
fuaded,  would  have  great  efFed  in  difperfing  thefib  holy  brother- 
hoods, if  any  thing  more  were  neccflary  :  but  the  war  being 
'  coii(idered  as  the  confequence  of  their  encouragement,  they  are 
-iiflblving  beneath  the  frowns  of  bankrupt  tradefmen,  and  the 
Burmurs  of  multiplying  indigence. 

1^  third  fedioo,  which  treats  of  Parliamentary  Reform, 
will  be  attentively  perufcd  by  every  friend  to  the  progretiive  im» 
Movement  of  the  conftitution.  Mr.  Hall  makes  manv  impor- 
tant theoretical  remarks,  and  declares  for  annual  parliaments. 

D  d  3  Next 


HalPi  jfpsbgyfkr  thi  Fradcm  efthe  Pnfi, 

<t  occur  obfervations  on  Theories  and  the  Rigbtt  of  Mtii; 

li  this  Itjbjed^  is  yet  far  from  being  clesir,  (the  more  lucid 
j  Rations  of  it  having  only  brought  us  nearer  to  the  ibeorf 
ibbes,)  it  may  be  well  lo  extrad  fome  of  the  beft  remarki 
Is  topic ; 

1$  government  implies  reilralnt^  It  h  pi  am  a  portion  of  out 
if  given  up  by  entering  into  k ;  ihe  only  qur Aioa  can  tbci 
pw  far  thk  refignation  extends,  whether  to  a  {^rt  or  lo  thw 
I?  Thi3  point  m^Yt  perhaps,  be  deter  mined  by  the  folkmiog 
|ons : 

The  advatitagcf  that  civil  power  can  procure  to  a  comnjatuty 
hial*  A  fmall  part,  in  cooiparifon  of  the  condition  of  man,  tan 
jthin  its  influence.  Allowing  it  to  be  a  rational  infltiution,  it 
have  that  end  in  view  which  a  rcaronable  man  would  propofe 
bointing  it ;  nor  can  it  imply  any  grc-vier  facrifice  than  it  iWtly 
fry  to  its  attainment.  But  on  what  accoum  is  it  requtiiie  m 
[in  political  fociety  ?  Plainly  to  guard  again  ft  the  injury  of 
for  wtre  there  no  injuAice  among  m^nKindj  no  prottAion 
I  be  needed,  no  ptdfk  prce  ncccUary  ;  every  man  mi^ht  be  kft 
|t  reftr.-iint  or  contmuK     The  attammenc  of  aU  poflibie  good 

mt  the  purpofc  of  bwsj  but  to  fccure  us  from  external  iniflry 
lolence ;  and  as  the  means  mufl  be  proportioned  to  th?  end,  it 

rd  to  ftjppofe,  by  fubmitting  to  civil  power*  with  a  vkw  to 

articuLr  bene/its,  we  ftiould  be  under/^ood  to  hold  all  our  ad* 
^L's  dL'pciident  upon  that  authority.     Civil  reftrainls   imply  no* 

fome  points,  in  ordcf  m 


Hair/  Ap^kifffir  tbi  Frndim  §f$bi  Prefs.  3^3 

prcSve,  ualefs  it  has  receded  from  its  ^vfk  form  and  models  Civil 
power  can  never  exceed  its  limits,  until  it  deviates  into  a  new  track. 
Fop  if  tvery  portion  of  natural  freedom  be  given  up  by  yielding  to 
ovil  authority,  we  can  never  claim  any  other  liberties  than  thofe  pre- 
cife  ones  which  were  afcertained  in  its  firil  formation.  The  vaiTaJs  of 
defpotifm  may  complain,  perhaps,  of  the  hardfhips  which  they  fuffer, 
but  onlefs  it  appear  they  are  of  a  ntw  kind,  no  injury  is  done  them* 
for  no  right  is  violated.  Rights  are  either  natural  or  artificial ;  the 
£rft  cannot  be  pleaded  after  they  are  relinquiflied,  and  the  fecond 
cannot  be  impaired  but  by  a  departure  Arom  ancient  precedents.  If 
a  nan  ihould  be  unfortunate  enough  to  live  under  the  dominion  of  a 
prince^  who,  like  the  monarchs  of  Periia,  could  murder  his  fnbjedb  at 
will»  be  may  be  unhappy,  but  cannot  complain ;  for,  on  Mr.  Hey's 
theory,  he  never  had  any  rights  but  what  were  created  by  fociety  ; 
and*  on  Mr.  Burke's,  he  has  for  ever  relini]|uifhed  them.  The  claims 
of  nature  being  fet  afide,  and  the  conllituQon  of  the  government  de« 
fpotic  from  the  beginning;,  his  mifery  involves  no  injulSce,  and  admits 
of  no  remedy.  It  requires  little  difcernment  to  fee  that  this  theory 
rivets  the  chains  of  defpotifm,  and  (huts  out  firom  the  political  world 
the  fmalleft  glimpfe  of  emancipation  or  improvement.  Its  language 
is,  he  that  is  a  (lave  let  him  be  a  (lave  (till. 

'  3.  It  is  incumbent  on  Mr.  Burke  and  his  followers,  to  afcertaia 
the  time  when  natural  rights  are  relinqui(hed.  Mr.  Hey  is  content 
with  tracing  their  exigence  to  fociety,  while  Mr.  Burke,  more  mode- 
rate of  the  two,  admitting  their  foundation  in  nature,  only  contends 
that  regular  government  abforbs  and  fwallows  them  up,  bedowing 
artificial  advantages  in  exchange.  But  at  what  period,  it  may  be 
enquired,  (hall  we  date  this  wonderful  revolution  in  the  (bcial  condi- 
tion of  man  ?  If  we  fay  it  was  as  early  as  the  firft  dawn  of  fodety, 
natural  liberty  had  never  any  exigence  at  all,  fince  there  are  no  traces, 
even  in  tradition,  of  a  period  when  men  were  utterly  unconnedled 
with  each  other.  If  we  fay  this  complete  furrender  took  place  with 
the  firft  rudiments  of  law  and  government  in  every  particular  commu- 
nity, on  what  principle  were  fubfequent  improvements  introduced  ? 
Mr.  Burke  is  fond  of  reding  our  liberties  on  Magna  Charta  and  the 
Bill  of  Rights  ;  but  he  ought  to  remember,  that  as  they  do  not  carry 
OS  to  the  commencement  of  our  government,  which  was  edablilhed 
ages  before,  our  forefathers  had  long  ago  refiened  their  natural  liberty. 
If  thofe  famous  ftipulations  only  recognized  iuch  privileges  as  were  in 
force  before,  they  have  no  claim  to  be  confidered  as  the  foundations 
of  our  conflittttion  ;  but  if  they  formed  an  ^ra  in  the  annals  of  free- 
dom, they  mud  have  been  ereded  on  the  bafis  of  thofe  natural  rights 
which  Mr.  Burke  ridicules  and  explodes.  When  our  ancedors  made 
thofe  demands,  it  is  evident  they  did  not  fuppofe  an  appeal  to  the  rights 
of  nature  precluded.  Every  (lep  a  civilized  nation  can  take  towards 
a  more  equal  adminifhation,  is  either  an  a(rertion  of  its  natural. liberty^ 
or  a  criminal  encroachment  on  juft  authority.  The  influence  of  go- 
vernment on  the  dock  of  natural  rights,  may  be  compared  to  that  of 
a  manufa<5torv  on  the  rude  produce;  it  adds  nothing  to.  its  quantity, 
but  only  qualifies  and  fits  it  for  ufe.  Political  arrangement  is  more 
or  lefs  perfedt  in  proportion  as  it  enables  us  to  exert  our  natural  li* 

D  d  4  berty 


I  the  greateft  advantage}  if  it U diverted  to  any  other  ptirpole* 
I  tiic  isfv^umem  of  graiifying  the  p^tlljCHii  of  a  few,  or  ifupak» 
Irrftraint  thajfi  ii^  obje£t  preFcribes,  it  dcgeneraiei  mt&  ijfiatifif 

feflbn  OA  Didcntcrs  is  compofcJ  with  vigour :   it  offcii 

[lot  novel  remarks  on  their  hiflory,  and  repeats  the  pro* 

:  arguments  againd  thefiibfiOing  alliance  between  church 

|ce. 

Hairs  work   termmates  with  a  dflTertatiofi    oti   ^  die 

of  the  prefent  DifconEenti  |'  which  has  the  cntrit  of 

[t rating  into  one  focus  federal  of  the  leading  topici  oi  <iif* 

lion  I    they  arc  fuch  only  as  arc  capable  of  redrrls  un^lef 

Hng  conftitution  of  the  country,  and  therefore  they  cm 

lufled  Without  any  danger  lo  public  tr^iqtiilliry. 

k-er^  f^A^Y  ^^  prolong  this  furnmary  view  of  the  pfefent 

llcri  by  copious  extruA^  and   mi(ctilar«cous^  commetiti; 

I  is  one  of  ihofe  publicaiioiis  which  mu(l  be  perufcd  by 

take  any  decided  intereft  in  the  patiuc«1   ^iiet  of  the 

ve  (halt  content  ourfelves  with  recommending  k  nu  leff, 

ihau  for  matter  \  its  SivcUnefs  will  intereft  \  although, 

ly^  fome  will  think  it  too  declamatory,  while  otheri  miy 

It  too  much  expanded. 


popolatioiiy  and  the'blo^raphy  connected  with  each  pariih  ;  are  the 
principal  objcds  of  the  following  work.' 

This  not  being  a  county  but  a  circumlocal  hiftory»  if  wc  may 
venture  fuch  a  coiiuge,  regarding  the  metropolis  as  a  central 
point,  it  will  have  a  natural  affinity  with  the  hiftory  of  London, 
the  centre  on  which  it  moves  \  and  as  all  the  places  defcribed 
are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  court,  many  anecdotes  of  pcr- 
fons  and  fa£ls  connected  with  Englifh  hillory  will  necefTariiy 
occur.  Thefe  indeed  will  naturally  intervene  in  a  defultory 
manner ;  and  a  fpccimtn  or  two  may  (hew  the  variety  which 
is  to  be  expeded. 

Under  the  article  Batterfea,  we  are  informeJ,  that 
*  Above  thr^e  hundred  acres  of  land  in  the  parilh  of  Batterfca  are 
occupied  by  the  market- gardeners,  of  whom  there  are  ab:Kit  twenty 
v^ho  rent  from  five  or  fix,  to  near  fixty  acres  each.  Thefe  gardeners 
Anploy»  in  the  fummer  feafon,  a  confiderable  number  of  labourers, 
though  perhaps  not  fo  many  as  is  generally  fuppofed;  on  an  average* 
I  am  informed,  not  one  to  an  acre.  The  wages  of  the  men  are  from 
t^n  to  twelve,  of  the  women  from  five  to  feven,  fhillings  by  the  week* 
Moil  of  the  women  travel  on  foot  from  Shropfhire  and  North  Wales 
in  the  fpring;  and,  as  tliey  live  at  a  \try  cheap  rate  *,  many  of  them 
return  to  their  own  country  much  richer  than  when  they  left  it.  The 
foil  of  the  ground  occupied  by  the  gardeners  is  fandy,  and  reqiures  a 
great  deal  of  rain.  The  vegetables  which  they  raife,  are  in  general 
very  fine;  their  cabbages  and  afparagus,  particularly,  have  acquired 
celebrity.  Fuller,  who  wrote  in  the  year  1660,  fpeaking  of  the  gar- 
dens in  Surrey,  fays,  "  Gardening  was  firft  brought  into  England 
for  profit,  about  feventy  years  ago;  before  which  wc  fetehed  mofl  of 
our  cherries  from  Holland,  apples  from  France,  and  had  hardly  a 
mefs  of  rath  f  ripe  peas  but  from  Holland,  which  were  dainties  for 
ladies,  they  came  fo  far,  and  cofl  fo  dear.  Since,  gard::ning  hath 
crept  out  of  Holland,  to  Sand\^ich,  Kent,  and  thence  to  Surrey, 
where,  though  they  have  given  61.  an  acre  and  upwards,  they  have 
made  their  rent,  lived  comfortably,  and  fet  manv  people  on  work. 
Oh^  the  incredible  profit  by  digging  of  the  ground !  for  though  it  be 
confefifed,  that  the  plough  beats  the  fpade  out  of  diflance  for  fpeed, 
falmoll  as  much  as  the  prefs  beats  the  pen,)  yet  what  the  fpade  wants 
in  the  quantity  of  the  ground  it  manureth,  it  recompenceth  with  the 
plenty  of  the  focxi  it  yieldeth,  that  which  is  fet  multiplying  a  hundred 
fold  more  than  that  which  is  fown.  'Tis  incredible  how  many  poor 
people  in  London  live  thereon,  fo  that,  in  fbme  feafons,  the  gardens 
feea  more  people  than  the  field  X'*  1  hope  to  have  it  in  my  power, 
before  the  condufion  of  the  prefent  work,  to  give  a  general  view  of 

.<  *  I  am  credibly  informed,  that  many  of  them  live  upon  is.  6d. 

per  week.     To  account  for  which,  it  will  be  neccffary  to  obferve, 

that  their  diet  conlHls,  in  a  great  meafure,  of  the  produce  of  the  gar- 

flens,  which  they  have  gratis.' 

f  £arly.    Rath  is  Saxon.        «  |  Fuller's  Worthies,  partiii.  p  77.* 

the 


LyfonsV  Envlrdm  cf  Lm&n* 

rfVnt  fete  of  gardening  in  the  neighbourhood  of  LoTi<Joti>  afil 
f  rtfiin,  pretty  ntarly,  what  quantity  of  ground  b  occupied  for 
Urpofe-  The  rent  of  land  in  Fulkr's  umc  ap^^rs  to  have 
[xtremely  high.  The  gardens  at  Batterfea  pay  75*  6d»  an  acrt. 
lies  to  their  vicar.'  f.i/-  8 
le  wc  may  remark  that  we  have  no  intiinatiofi  tn  wbit^ 

this  work  may  be  cxpcifced  to  reach  ;  the  prcfcnt 
^cd  as  volume  L,  and  the  di{|rict  rem  ami  ng  to  be  de 
confjfts  of  the  whole  of  Mtdiiiefex,  with  poittons  morft, 
Is  of  Kent,  EfleXj  and  Hcrtfordflii/c ;  fo  that  two  more 
Ics  are  the  le^il  that  we  may  imagine  will  be  rcquidte. 
le  next  fpecimen  which  we  (hall  offer  to  our  r eiders,  iiof  1 
>nt  nature  from  the  pecedmg  extra^,  though  to  the  faroe 
Ife^  v'lZn  that  of  furnifhing  a  cnmparifon  between  dJl!iii£ 
1:3 nd  manners,.  In  treating  of  Dulwich,  Mr-  Lyfons  pro* 
I  many  anecdotes  of  the  Lite  of  Mr*  Alleyo,  founder  of  the 
|e  there,  whofe  theatrica]  profeiHon  is  well  known  :  but, 
alfo  joint- ^oprieior  of  a  bear-garden  on  the  Bankti^t^ 
Iwark,  he  purchafed  the  office  of  mafter  '  of  all  and  fingubr 
LjcQy's  games  of  bears  and  bulJs,  and  maflive  dog^»  and 
\t  bitches  ;*  which  office  is  thus  explained  : 
Is  the  naiLtre  of  this  ofEcc  ii  little  known,  it  wUl  peiKaps  h% 
my  rc2dtT5*  to  ^ive  a  fliort  account  of  it,  vtith  copies  of 
papers  relating  thereto.     Wliencver  it  wa^  the  king's  pka* 


Lyfons'i  Environs  of  Lwdon.  387 

%  certain  namber  of  maftiff  dogs  yearly ,  upon  condition  that  th^ 
commiflion  (hould  never  come  into  their  neighbourhood.  Among  AU 
ievn's  papers  is  an  engagement  figned  by  certain  perfons  of  the  town 
401  Manchefter»  wherein  they  promife  to  fend  up  yearly  <'  a  mall/ 
dogge  or  bytche  to  the  bear-garden^  between  Midfomer  and  Michael- 
mafTe."  The  mailer  of  the  bear-garden,  in  queen  Elizabeth's  time» 
was  allowed  to  have  public  baitings  on  Sundays  in  the  afternoon  *f 
Vrhich  liberty  was  taken  away  by  James  I.  Alleyn  complains  much  of 
this  in  a  petition  to  the  king;  in  which  he  alfo  prays  for  an  increafc 
of  falary.  The  whole  petition  is  curious,  and  throws  fo  much  light 
upon  the  nature  and  prevalence  of  this  diverdon,  that  I  Diall  make  no 
apology  for  inferting  it  at  length ;  and  with  it  fhall  clofe  this  digref- 
fion  upon  bear-baiting : 

•'  To  the  king's  mod  excellent  majefly,  the  humble  petition  of 
philip  Henflow,  and  Edward  Alleyn,  your  majefties  fervants. 

**  Whereas  it  pleafcd  your  moft  excellent  majcfty,  after  the  deat^ 
of  Sir  John  Dorriiigton,  to  grant  the  office  of  mafter  of  your  game  of 
bulls,  bears,  and  dogs,  with  the  fee  of  (ixteen  pence  per  diem,  unt^ 
Sir  William  Steward,  Knt.;  at  which  time  the  howfeand  beares,  bein^ 
ybur  majeily's  petitioners';  but  we  not  licenfed  to  bayte  them,  and 
Sir  William  Steward  refufing  to  take  them  at  our  hands  upon  any 
reaibnable  terms,  we  were  therefore  enforced  to  buy  of  him  the  faid 
office,  paftime,  and  fee,  at  a  very  high  rate;  and  whereas,  in  rcfpei^ 
of  the  great  charge  that  the  keeping  of  the  faid  game  continually  re- 
quires, and  alfo  the  fmallnefs  of  the  fee ;  in  the  late  queen's  lime,  fre^ 
liberty  was  permitted  without  reflraint  to  bay  t  them,  which  now  is  takei| 
away  from  us,  efpccially  on  the  Sundays  in  the  afternoon,  after  divine 
firrvice,  which  was  the  chiefell  means  and  benefit  to  the  place ;  and 
in  the  time  of  ficknefs,  we  have  been  reflrained  many  times  on  the 
working  days;  thefe  hindrances,  in  general,  with  the  lofs  of  divers  of 
thfe  bealles,  as  before  the  king  of  Denmark  we  loft  a  goodly  bcarc  of 
the  name  of  George  Stone  f  ;  and  at  another  bayting,  being  before 
your  majcllie,  were  killed  four  of  our  beft  bears,  which  in  your  king- 
dom are  not  the  like  to  be  had,  and  which  were  in  value  worth  30!. 
and  alfo  our  ordinary  charges  amount  yearly  to  2Col.  and  better; 

"  Thence  for  my  voice,  I  muft  (no  choice) 
Away  of  force,  like  porting  horfe. 
For  fundry  men  had  placards  then 
Such  child  to  take." 
'*  Commiffion  to  George  Buck  to  take  up  as  many  paynters,  em- 
broiderers, taylors,  &c.  as  he  fhall  think  neccflary  for  the  office  of  the 
jewels."  Pat.  i  Jac.  pi.  24.  June  23.    "  Commiffion  to  Andrew  Pit- 
cairn,  to  take  up  hawks  for  his  majefty's  recreation,  and  pigeons  and 
hens  for  the  keeping  of  them."   Pat.  c  Car.  1.  p.  1.  Oft.  30.' 

'  •  Plays  were  performed  on  Sundays,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Eli- 
zabeth.    Malone's  Hift.  of  thcStagc,  p.  126.* 

*  f  In  a  letter  to  Alleyne,  among  his  MSS.  mention  is  made  of. 
a  bear  called  "  Little  BcfTe  of  Bromley,"  who  fought  in  one  day 
the  notable  exploits  of  twenty-one  double  and  fingle  courfcs  with  the 
bcft  dogs  in  the  country,' 

thefip 


388  Lyfons'i  Environs  §/  London. 

thefc  lofles  and  charges  ire  fo  heavy  upon  your  petitioners,  that 
whereas  formerly  we  couW  have  Ictten  it  forth  for  lot^I.  a  year,  now 
none  will  take  it  gratis  to  bear  the  charge s»  which  ix  your  poor  fer- 
\ants  undoing,  unlcfs  your  majffhe,  of  your  .gracious  demencicy 
have  con fideration  upon  U5.  Thefe  caufes  do  enfoice  us  humbly  to 
become  fuitors  unto  your  ma-fftie,  that  in  refpe&of  the  oremiles,  and 
that  we  have,  ever  fince  your  gracious  entrance  into  this  kingdom, 
done  your  majeftie  fervice  with  all  duty  and  obfervance ;  it  would 
pleafe  your  majeftie  in  your  mod  royallc  bounty,  now  fo  to  relieve  us, 
as  we  may  be  able  to  continue -our  fervice  onto  your  majeftie  ai 
heretofore  we  have  done;  and  to  that  end,  to  giant  unto  us  free  li- 
berty, as  hath  been  granted  in  the  late  queen's  time;  and  alio  In 
Tt'lpetl  of  our  great  and  dayly  charge,  to  add  unto  our  faid  fee  is. 
und  Sd.  being  never  as  yet  ir.creafod  fincc  the  firil  foundation  of  the 
otnce.  And  whereas,  there  are  div«r»  vagrants  and  pcrfoos  of  locfe 
and  idle  life,  that  ufually  wandereth  through  the  country  with  bean 
and  bulls  without  any  licence,  and  for  ought  we  know  ferving  no 
man,  fpoyling  stnd  killing  dogs  for  that  game,  fo  that  your  mdj::f!ie 
car.not  be  fcrved  but  by  great  charges  to  us,  fetching  them  very  fir; 
which  is  di redly  contrary  to  a  flatute  in  that  behalf,  for  the  reftrain- 
ing  of  fuch:  your  majellic  would  be  pleafed,  in  your  moft  gradous 
fivour,  to  renevv  unto  your  petitioners  our  pallime;  and  to  grant 
OS,  and  our  deputies,  power  and  authoritie  to  apprehend  fuch  vagrants, 
and  to  convene  them  before  the  next  jullice  of  peace,  there  to  be 
l>ound  with  Sureties  to  forfeit  hh  faid  bears  and  bulls  to  your  roaje^s 
ufc,  if  he  fha!l  be  taken  to  go  about  with  any  fuch  game,  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  this  your  majellie's  realm ;  and  your  poor  fervants  itill 
dayly  praye  for  your  majefties  long  and  happy  reigne."     P.  92,   &c. 

Royal  fports  have  ufually  had  a  ftamp  of  favagenefs  on 
them;  and  though  our  court  may  have  reformed  in  the  inflance 
above  cited,  yet,  as  royal  faniSlion  gives  a  flrong  tindure  to 
the  manners  of  a  country,  we  have  fcarcely  yet  guuen  the 
)>ctter  of  old  brutal  cufloms.  l^ihs  and  tournaments  debaGed 
to  prize-fighting,  with  bear-baitings,  are  fcarcely  out  cf  me- 
mory; and^  if  we  miftake  jiot,  bull-running  formed  a  confpi* 
cuous  article  of  complaint  in  the  prefentment  of  a  grand  jur/, 
even  within  the  laft  twelve  months. 

In  this  work,  the  antiquary,  as  well  as  the  mircellaneous 
reader,  will  meet  with  much  intelligent  information,  refped- 
ing  manors,  churches,  families,  armorial  bearings,  monu- 
mental infcriptions,  intcrfperfed  with  perfonal  anecdotes  and 
local  particulars,  all  treated  in  a  frct^  liberal,  and  amufing 
manner.  The  volume  is  elegantly  piinted,  and  is  illMflrated 
with  twenty. feven  engravings  of  views,  remarkable  buildings, 
churches,  tombs,  portraits,  and  other  ohje£ls  of  curiofity ; 
though  we  muft  add  that  the  ftylc  of  the  enj^ravings  if  not  to  us 
of  the  moft  pleafing  kind: — but,  if  not  the  moft  pinwefque^  it 
is,  perhaps,  the  bcft  fuitcd  to  accuracy  ol  reprcfcntation. 

A»T. 


(    389    ) 

Art.  VI r.  TbeHiJlory  and  Anttqmtits  of  the  Uni*uerftty  of  Oxford, 
in  Two  Books:  By  Anthony  a  Wood,  M.  A.  of  Mcrton  Collegv, 
Now  Hrtl  publiihed  in  Enj^liih,  from  the  original  MS.  in  the  Bod* 
■leian  Library.  By  John  Gutch,  M.  A.  Chaplain  of  AH  Souls  and 
Corpus  ChriiH  Colleges.  Vol.1.  4to.  pp.667.  ''•  ***•  ^^ 
ia  Boards.     Printed  at  Oxford ;  fold  by  Nichols,  London. 

A  SUFFICIENT  account  of  the  nature  of  this  publication  wa« 
-"^  extracied  l)y  us  from  the  former  part  of  this  work,  which 
appeared  in  ijlid,  under  the  title  of  The  Hiftory  and  Antiqui<» 
ties  of  the  Colleges  and  Halls  in  the  Univerlity  of  Oxior6^ 
publiflied  under  the  care  of  the  editor  of  this  part  of  the  under- 
taking*.  The  unforefeen  and  extraordinary  labour  which  the 
patient  author  had  to  undergo  In  preparing  his  Engiifh  work 
for  the  Latin  vcrfion,  retjuired  by  the  Heads  of  the  univerfity, 
bjr  recovering  all  the  antient  charters,  bull?,  and  quotations, 
verbatim  and  at  large,  of  which  he  had  before  taken  the  abftra^ 
len(e,  is  pathetically  reprefented  in  the  author's  preface  before 
us.;  and  how  well  he  was  rewarded  for  his  fervices,  and  gra- 
tified in  the  liberties  taken  by  Dr.  Fell  the  tranflator,  have  al- 
ready been  hinted  in  the  article  above  cited.  The  faft  was, 
Anthony  performed  a  laborious  undertaking  for  his  own  fatif- 
faAion  ;  the  artful  purchafers  bought  it  ready  made  for  a  paltry 
cnnfideratton,  and  availed  themfelves  of  his  honed  zeal,  to 
ftipulate  for  its  being  accommodated  to  their  purpofes  ;  which 
he,  having  heedlcfsly  agreed  to  it,  thought  himfelf  bound  to 
execute,  however  he  might  regret  his  engagement.  Un- 
fortunately for  literary  men,  their  turn  of  mind,  added  to  their 
circumftances,  generally  unfit  them  for  making  bargains :  it  is 
only  in  fome  rare  inftance?,  where  woildly  policy  luckily 
unites  with  other  talents,  and  poverty  happens  to  be  at  a  due 
diftance,  that  they  obtain  recompence<i,  for  which  Prudence, 
as  a  difguife,  affumes  the  merit  of  (jcncrofity.  Before  we  quit 
this  fubjed,  it  may  be  added  that  the  art  of  money- getting  is 
an  art  fui  gtnerisy  and  i<i  more  often  found  alone  than  in  af- 
fociation  with  other  kinds  of  knowlege;  (virtues  being  out  of 
the  quedion  i )  and  if  we  attend  to  Wood's  character  of  the 
fons  of  alma  mater^  at  different  times,  his  dealings  with  the 
Heads  o(  the  univcrfity  in  this  tnftance  will  not  be  produced  as 
an  exception. 

Anthony  Wood  was  not,  in  proper  terms,  a  man  of  this 
world  ;  he  was  one  of  thofe  Beings  who  defert  the  times  in 
which  they  were  born,  to  live  and  travel  through  pafl  ages,  as 
far  back  as  they  can  grope  their  retrograde  way  through  ob- 
fcurity.  'B«-ing  thus  unhi  for  the  prefent  world,  they  defpiTc  their 

•  See  Rev.  vc!.Ux\i,  p.  287, 

cotemporaries. 


Gutch'i  TranJI.  o/WQod*s  Hiji.  efOxfird. 

orarics,  and  arc  in  turn  defpifed  by  them.     Devoting 
tention  to  men  and  things  no  longer  m  cx'iiiencc^  if  their 

be  at  35y  time  acknowlcgcd,  it  is  by  future  gcncra- 
whcn  they  themfelves  alfo  are  numbered  irilh  the  itud^ 

become  antiques* 
s   it  fared  with  honeft  Anthony,  who,   faecording  to 
prefixed  to  this  volume^  cbiefty  cxtraded  from  %  MS,  of 
earne,  £ind  which  is  as  barren  as  any  literary  Hfe  what- 
IS  defcribed  as 

IptHbn  who  delighted  to  converfe  more  with  the  dea*3  than  wuTi 
!g,  and  was,  as  it  were ^  dead  to  the  world,  and  utterly  unkiiOttQ 
n  to  the  generality  of  fcholari  in  Oxon*     He  was  fo  grrat  an 
of  a  folicary  aad  private  life,  that  he  frequented  no  alFemblses 
faid  nvkv^viw^^  had  no  companion  In  bed  or  at  board,  m  bit 
walks  J  or  journles,  nor  held  caminunicatioD  with  any,  \mWt 
me,  and  thole  lery^  few,  of  gcneroas  and  noble  fpiritsi  ai»d 
all  things  confidcred,  he  was  but  a  degree  different  from  ao 
as  fpendlng  all  or  moil  of  \\h  umtf  whether  by  day  c^i  nighii 
ingj  writing,  ;ind  contemplation/ — *  He  was  jKjually  regard- 
envy  or  fame,  out  of  hii  great  bve  to  truth,  and  thefefore 
10  wonder  he  took  fuch   a  liberty  of  fpeech,  as  tnofl  other 
p  out  of  prudence,  cunning,  or  dcfign*  have  ufoaWy  deelirked* 
lidced  as  to  his  language,  he  ufed  fuch  words  as  were  fmtable 
rofeflion.     Jt  i;^  impofiible  to  think  that  men  who  always  con- 
old  ;iuthors,  ihguld  not  learn  the  di:iiesfl:  of  their  nci]Un.m^ 


Gutch*!  TranJL  cf  Wood'i  Kift.  of  Oxford.  ^i 

reading,  as  appears  by  the  numerous  references  to  the  authori- 
ties for  them:  but  they  confift  of  matters  of  a  very  trivial 
nature,  chiefly  of  difputes,  brawls,  and  frays  among  the 
ftudents,  and  between  them  and  the  townfmen  of  Oxford; 
difgufting  to  the  reader,  of  little  credit  to  the  feminary^ 
acid  of  no  obvious  ufe,  unlefs  they  may  prove  of  fervice  in 
fettling  the  chronology  of  other  affairs  with  which  the  parties 
-iotroduced  may  happen  to  be  conneded.  On  the  whole,  cfab 
fa^  and  anecdotes  enable  us  to  form  a  very  low  opinion,  in- 
4leed,  of  the  learning  cultivated,  and  the  difcipline  maintained^ 
in  this  famous  univerfuy,  during  the  papal  ages. 

We  obferve,  throughout,  much  attention  bedowed  on  fe* 
curing  to  Oxford  the  priority  of  foundation  with  refpeA  to 
Cambridge,  to  which  Anthony  wiU  not  allow  the  rank  of  an 
vniverfity  before  the  year  1 31 7,  11  Edw.  IL* ;  and  he  lofes  n<^ 
opportunity  of  infinuating  its  inferiority  as  a  feminary  of  learn* 
n^l  a  fpirit  of  petty  rivalihip  which  may  be  pardoned,  but 
cannot  be  approved. 

Among  the  matters  bed  intitled  to  notice  in  this  volumet 
jnay  he  mentioned  Wood's  account  of  the  introdudion  of  the 
Audy  of  civil  law  into  the  Univerfuy  f ,  the  particulars  refpeA« 
ing  Roger  Bacon  X%  bis  anecdotes  and  chara£ier  of  John  Wjrc-- 
lim  the  reformer  H,  and  his  account  of  the  introdu<Elion  of 
the  arc  of  printing  §:  concerning  all  which  the  judiciotts 
reader,  after  owning  his  obligation  to  Anthony  for  the  fads, 
will  do  well  to  exercife  his  own  judgment. 

The  volume  clofes,  as  before  obferved,  with  the  year  1509, 
tbe  ift  of  Henry  VIII.  at  which  time  the  author  gives  a  very 
gloomy  account  of  the  declining  ftate  of  tbe  univerfity.  We 
are  ta  obtferve  that^  this  time  being  tbe  eve  of  the  reformatio* 
of  the  national  religion,  new  opinions,  even  at  Oxford,  were 
gradually  undermioing  the  good  old  dodrines  that  upheld  the 
Komifli  hierarchy,  for  which  Anthony's  ftudies  gave  him  a 
ftrong  predilefiion.  ^  Scholars,  (he  laments,)  were  inconftane 
and  wavering,  and  could  not  apply  themfelves  to  an  ordinary 
fearch  in  any  thing.  They  rather  made  choice  of,  than  em* 
braced,  th$fi  thingt  which  their  reafom  wen  capable  ^**;'—i ^a 
fad  falling  off  this,  from  ^  the  acute  readings  and  deputations' 
which  be  eUewhere  applauds! 

•  Page 393.  tlh««50.  J  lb. 332.  ||Ib.  5ii,&c.  What 
Anthony  thought  of  reformers  in  general,  is  plainly  exprelTeJ  kn 
pp.  158.  52a*  565,  3*c.         §  Ib.6*j.         ••  lb.  665. 

A»y^ 


C     39^    ) 


"11 T,  An  ^Ef^y  s»  ike  Natun  4iwd  Cmjfifuiwm  ^/  Mani  e«H11» 
tndmg  atf  Anfwer  to  the  /ollowmg  Q^t^mn,  prt»p!>fed  hf  z 
ei  Society:  *^  Are  chcre  any  Utbfidory  Prooft  t)f  tbc  rEW- 
:  liiy  of  the  Soil!  ?  If  fuck  Proof*  eiiH,  what  CoQckriOM  are 
formed  Bvin  tbem  witli  rcfpeft  to  tlie  Soit!^  D^rrnmn^  Sen^ 
»  and  Empfoymentj  in  ils  Suie  of  SepEtntim)  fmni  tlit  Bodyr* 
«C.  Sitns,  M.O.   Svo.   pp<79<   15^  few.d.    Fbiltipft.    1795* 

bave  wi  tee  (Ted  fo  man?  unrncccfsftjl  attempcs  to  explore 
|the  unknown  region  of  the  intelle^aal  worM,  th^t  ire 

t;ike  up  any  new  treat tfe  on  this  fubjeO  wilh  firi^ume 

itions  of  receiving  new  light  to  guide  our  future  re* 

|rf.     The  prefent  writer,  diflatisfied  with  the  philo&phy 

teaches  that  ibe  foul  of  man  is  the  refuk  of  the  pecutitr 

c3tion   of   the   brain   and    aerves,   is  iri   advoeite  for 

Ipular  do^riine^  that   man  confifls  of  a  body  and  foul 

and  he  maintains  that  it  is  an  indivifibTe  afid  imm^terlil 

\z^y  and  therefore  naca rally  immortal.     The  argumentt 

zh  he  grounds  his  opinion,  is  this: — ^That^  in  every  pcr* 

of  cTfternal  objedlSf  by  meani  of  the  fenfes^  and  in  the 

[il  operations  of  reafon  and  memory,  we  are  confciouf 

k  the  operations  performedj  and  of  an   internal  ageot 

perform*  them  ;  and,  as  confcioufnefs  is  certain  know- 

certainly  know,  without  reafoning,  that  this  agent  ti 

id  of  a  different  nature  from  the  mateiial  frame  of  the 


I 


I 


Hewlctt'j  5/n»#»x.   Vol.IL  393 

tnan*;  a  divine  monitor,  which  is  not  a  part  of  the  human  con- 
fiicution,  but  the  grace  or  free  gift  of  God,  given  to  each  in- 
dividual for  his  inftru£lor  or  guide  through  life. For  the 

teft  of  Dr.  Sims's  fpeculations,  We  muft  refer  the  reader  to  the 
work,  which,  whether  fatisfaAory  in  its  reafoniog,  or  not,  is 
clearly  and  correctly  written. 


Art.  IX.  Sermons  en  different  SuhjeSist  by  John  Hewlett,  of  Mag- 
dalene Corege,  C.imbridge;  and  Lcfturer  of  St.Vedaft's,  Foiler- 
lane.  Vol.il.  8vo.  pp.504.  6s.  Boards.  Rivingtons,  John- 
fon,  &'C. 

'HThe  perufal  of  this  volume  has,  in  the  main,  confirmed  the 
^  favourable  opinion  which  wc  formed  of  Mr.  Hewlett,  as  a 
writer  of  fcrmons,  when  his  firfl  volume  palled  under  our  in- 
fpciSlion.  [Sec  Rev.  vol.  Ixxvli.  p.  14.7.]  He  ftill  continues  to 
treat  chiefly  on  pradical  fubjeds,  of  general  utility ;  and,  in 
difcourfmg  on  them,  he  preferves  the  due  medium,  fo  fuitable 
to  popular  addrcfTes,  between  abflrufe  refinement  of  fpecula- 
tion  on  the  ooe  fide,  and  flat  and  infipid  tritenefs  on  the  other  ; 
his  fentiments,  if  not  new,  arc  commonly  juil  and  intereftingj 
the  arrangemtrnc  of  thoughts  is  regular  and  perfpicuous ;  bis 
language,  if  not  highly  ornamental,  has  the  more  eflential 
qualities  of  clafTical  purity  and  neatncfs  ;  and  he  fometimes,  by 
adopting  the  form  of  dire<St  addrefs^  rifes  to  a  confiderable  de- 
gree of  animation^ 

Of  the  fermons  contained  in  this  volume,  which  are  twenty* 
one  in  numl^,  thirteen  are  on  general .  topics  of  pra£^ical 
morality ;  namely.  The  Mifchiefs  arifmg  from  a  wavering  and 
unfettled  State  of  Mind  \  The  relative  Duties  of  the  Young  to 
the  Aged ;  The  relative  Duties  of  the  Aged  to  the  Young; 
The  Union  of  Godlinefs  with  Contentment;  Forbearance; 
Chriftian  Fortitude  \  Pride  ;  Beneficence ;  Godly  Sorrow  ; 
Duty  of  examining  our  fecret  Faults ;  Idlenefs ;  The  Duty  of 
praifing  God  ;  Sobriety.  Among  thefe,  the  difoourfes  on  the 
reciprocal  duties  of  the  young  and  the  aged  are  particularly 
pleafing,  as  containing  many  ufeful  refle£)ions ;  for  which  the 
author  has  been  more  indebted  to  his  obfervation  of  life,  than 
to  common-place  reading.  A  fimilar  remark  might  be  applied 
to  the  difcourfes  on  pride  and  on  fecret  faults. 

Mr.  H.  is  particularly  happy  in  illuflrating  fcripture  charac- 
ters, and  in  deducing  from  them  moral  inflru£lion.  The 
teader  will  find  three  very  pleafmg  difcourfes  of  this  kind  in  the 
prefent  volume;  on'the  charader  and  condudlof  Zaccheus,  of 
St.  Peter,  and  of  Pilate.  Perhaps,  in  the  lafl  of  thefe  difcourfes, 
the  condu£t  of  Pilate  is  treated  with  too  much  feverity,  when 
it  is  imputed  to  bafe  depravity  j  it  appears  rather  to  have  pro- 

ilEV.  Aug,  1793.  '      E  c  ceeded 


39f  fir  final  JJohiUiy. 

ceeded  from  pufillanimity.  It  feems  alfo  to  be  aflerted*,  witbonf 
Efficient  proof,  that  Pilate  afterward  put  an  end  to  his  life  froift 
the  flime  motive  which  aduated  Judas,  and  fought  a  refuge 
ftom  defpair  in  the  horrors  of  felf-deftnidion. 

Befide  the  difcourfes  already  mentioned,   there  are  a  (eir 
others  of  a  more  fpeculative  caft,  which  muft  be  diftindly 
mentioned.     In  a  fermon**on  the  probability  of  our  meeting 
and   recognizing  each  other  in  a  future  ftate,  Mr'.  H.  infers: 
this  probability  from  the  continued  confcioufneft  of  the  foul 
after  death,  from  the  identity  of  the  body  at  the  refurrefiion, 
and  from  the  communion  of  angefs*    In  a  difcourfe  on  the 
yoke  of  Chrid,.  obedience  to  the  Chriflian  law  is  flkewn  to  pro- 
duce a  fpirtt  of  moral  freedom.     The  fubjed  of  Superftiiioa  it 
diftin£lly  treated,  with  the  particular  view,  as  it  feems^^^  via* 
dicating  certain  forms  and  ceremonies,  admitted  into  religiout 
inflitutions  which  have  been  formed  not  for  phibfiphirs  but  for 
the  iody  of  the  fi^pl^  againft  the  cenfures  of  certain  *  jealous 
and  untraceable  fedtaries/    It  is  remarked,  as  an  inconnftency 
in  Diflenters,  that  they  commemorate  »  politieal  revolutioDy 
and  yet  objcd  to  the  obfcryation  of  a  religious  feftivaK — How 
hard  is  the  prefent  lot  of  Diflenters ;  who,  on  the  one  hand, 
are  blamed  for  a  fuppofed  want  ot  attachment  to  the  Britifli 
conflitutton  j  and,  on  the  other,,  are  accufed  of  political  fuper- 
ftition,  for  having  been  almoft  the  only  body  who  have  preach- 
ed and  publifhedfermons  on  the  centenary  of  the  revolution  f 
Mr.  H.  has  added  two  difcourfes  on  Inndelity,  in  which  hi 
affigns,  as  the-caufesof  its  prevalence^  indolence,  vanity,  in* 
patience  of  controul,  and  depravity  of  mannersf    We  lemark 
in  thefe  difcourfes  feveral  expreflions  of  that  vulgar  fpirit  of 
bigotry,  which  confines  all  religious  principle  within  the  pile 
of  the  Chrrftian  church*     If  a  modern  Drift  admits  the  being 
ef  God,   *  his  faith,    (fays  Mr.  H.)    may  be  truly  faid  to 
be  iead-i  for   generaHy,  I   believe,  it  has  little  more  to  do 
with  the  regulation  of  his  condud,  than  a  belief  in  the  ve- 
Ibcity  of  light,  or  the  infinite  exteniioci  of  fpace;'    Indifcri- 
minate  cenfures  on  the  principles  and-  motives  of  men  cannot, 
to  fay  the  leaft,  be  very  confiftent  with  the  candid  (picit  of 
Chriftianity  \  and  we  are  forry  to  find  any  fuch  indications  of 
illiberalitv  in  a  work  which  is,  on  the  whole,  entitled  to  mudr 
commendation* 

Art.  X.  Perfonal  KobiHty:  or,  Letters  to  a  Young  Nobleman,  on  the 
Conduft  of  his  Studies,  and  the  Dignity  of  the  Peerage,  lamo* 
pp.363.    4s.  Boards.    Dilly.     1793* 

THE  intrinfic  value  of  nohh  birth  has  lately  been  more  ac» 
curatcly  examined  than  at  any  former  period ;   and  the 

9-  confequence 


Perfonal  NohiRtyi  395 

Confeqaence  has  been  a  general  diminution  of  that  reverence 
for  titles,  which,  in  ages  of  ignorance  and  defpotifm,  was  found 
fo  convenient  to  the  great.  The  general  diiTufion  of  lyealth 
and  the  diflemination  of  knowlege  have  brought  the  higher  and 
lower  orders  of  fociety  fo  much  nearer  to  each  other,  that  the 
former  can  no  longer  command  the  homage  of  the  labourer  by 
the  mere  pageantry  of  rank,  without  perfonal  merit.  If,  from 
reafons  of  policy,  thefe  artificial  diftin£iions,  the  offspring  of 
a  military  fyftcm  of  government,  (hould  be  dill  continued,  they 
will  ceafe  to  be  refped^ed,  except  where  they  are  united  with 
thofe  qualities  which  are  in  themfelves  valuable.  In  the  ex* 
preifive  words  of  tht  author  of  thefe  letters,  *  the  ancient 
nobility,  in  order  to  preferve  any  fubftantial  fuperiority,  muft 
rebuild  the  honour  of  their  houfes  on  the  bafts  of  their  owa 
firfonal  tmrit,* 

I'hefe  are  truths,  which,  however  unpleafant  they  may  be,  it 
is  neceflary  that  the  rifmg  race  of  nobles  (hould  be  taught;  and 
tbey  are  urged  with  great  force  and  fpirit,  but  at  the  fame  time 
with  a  due  regard  to  decorum,  in  the  work  now  before  us.  The 
author,  no  mean  mafter  of  the  graces  of  language,  is  a  warm 
advocate  for  antient  learning,  and  is  of  opinion  that  the  honour 
of  the  privileged  orders  cannot  be  more  effectually  promoted^ 
than  by  a  return  to*  the  truly  claiBcal  mode  of  education  which 
prevailed  among  the  great  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Many  of 
the  letters  turn  on  the  fubjedl  of  claffical  ftudy,  and  contain 
excellent  advice  concerning  the  manner  in  which  it  Ihould  be 
purfued  by  a  young  nobleman*  The  following,  which  is 
wholly  of  the  preceptive  kind,  will  afford  a  good  fpecimen  of 
the  eafy  and  handfome  manner  in  which  ufelul  inllruclion  is 
here  prefented  to  young  perfons : 
'  My  Lord, 

'  Your  Lordfliip  exprcfled  a  wi(h  in  your  lad  letter^  that  I  would 
be  more  explicit  on  the  plan  which  I  advifed  you  to  purfue.  1  am 
happy  in  finding  you  defirous  of  informationi  and  wi(h  ic  may  be  iu 
ay  power  to  offer  fuch  as  yoa  may  experience  to  be  truly  ufeful. 

<  i  think  it  right,  my  Lord,  to  lay  the  foundation  of  your  future 
improvements,  in  that  kind  of  elegant  and  pleafmg  learning,  which 
the  French  call  Belies  Lettrei%  the  Englilh,  claffical  learning ;  and  the 
Ancients,  the  ftudies  of  humanity.  You  have  already  made  a  very 
conffdcrable  progrefs  in  this  department  under  your  tutor.  But  it 
muff  be  confefTed,  that  you  have  read  the  claffics  hitherto,  rather  for 
the  fake  of  acquiring  the  ancient  languages,  and  exemplifying  the 
rules  of  grammar,  than  of  refining  your  talte,  and  of  extending  your 
knowledge  of  life  and  manners. 

*  You  will  do  ri^ht  to  re-perufe  the  moft  Celebrated  of  the  c!a(fic« 
with  more  liberal  views.  Procare  the  bed  n/ariorum  cdliions  of  them 
«U,  for  the  (iikt  of  referring  to-them  whca  d'fEGultics  arii'e.  Begin  with 

E  e  a  Virgil# 


396*  Pirfinal  Nobility* 

Virgil,  and  read  him  in  the  edition  of  He  y  n  e.  Do  not  trouble  jt^ 
felf  at  firil  with  the  <varianies  leRionut  nor  with  all  thoie  diicourles 
which  the  ingenious  editor  entitles  txcurjtu ;  but  read  all  his  notes  at 
the  bottom  o?  the  pages.  They  will  give  you  a  juft  idea  of  Virgil's 
excellence,  in  many  pafTages  where  the  beauties  may  at  firll  not  ftrike 
your  tafle.  Finifh  all  the  works  of  Virgil»  before  you  enter  on  any 
other  claflic.  You  will  foon  read  him  with  intereft;  which  is  iehloai 
the  cafe  when  a  clafTic  is  read  chiefly  to  analyfe  the  conftrudHon,  in 
fhort  interrupted  portions,  as  at  fchool,  or  under  a  private  tutor. 

*  From  thus  fludying  and  relifhing  Virgil,  you  will  receive  an  im- 
provement in  your  talle,  which  will  enable  you  to  difcover  thofe  charms 
which  captivate  the  daflical  reader  in  all  the  celebrated  authors  of  the 
Auguftan  age. 

<  Let  Homer's  Iliad  be  read  immediately  after  Virgil's  JEjkvh 
Read  him  without  notes ;  for  no  author  writes  more  perfpicuouilyy 
and  notes  only  diftradt  attention  when  they  arc  not  nece^ary.  Reai! 
him  in  the  Oxford  edition,  without  a  Latin  tranflation;  having  at  tho 
fame  time,  in  a  feparate  volume,  a  Latin  tranflation  to  refer  to  oc- 
caflonally  and  to  fave  the  trouble  of  turning  over  a  lexicon.  After  a 
careful  reading  of  the  two  or  three  firfl  books,  you  will  find  little 
difiiculty  in  the  language.  The  few  that  may  arife,  will  be  eafily 
removed  by  the  tranflation.  I  wifli  you  could  proceed  entirely  with- 
out a  tranflation ;  but  as  this  is  more  perhaps  than  I  ought  reasonably 
to  expefl,  I  recommend  one,  merely  to  avoid  the  toil  of  turning  over 
the  lexicon.  Not  that  1  think  the  toil  ufelefs ;  but  I  fear  it  will  be 
more  troublefome  than  you  will  chufe  to  fubmit  to,  efpedally  as  edi- 
tions with  literal  tranflations  abound,  in  which  the  meaning  of  every 
word  is  accurately  difcovered  with  little  labour. 

'  By  an  attentive  perufal  of  Virgil  and  Homer,  you  will  not  ody 
have  acquired  a  perfedl  acquaintance  with  thofe  firfl-rate  writers,  bot 
at  the  fame  time  a  great  knowledge  of  mythology,  and  of  that  poetkal 
hiflory  which  tends  to  facilitate  the  fludy  of  the  claflics  of  all  ageiaod 
an  countries.  Other  authors  are  to  be  read  indeed  in  due  order,  bat 
Virgil  and  Homer  fliould  be  firfl  digefted.  They  will  fumifli  a  ibiii 
comer- ftonc  for  the  future  edifice,  however  mafly  or  magnificent  the 
dengn.  Not  to  weary  or  alarm  you  with  requiring  too  much  at  oaUt 
I  fliall  purfue  the  fubjc^  in  fubfequent  letters,  if,  amid  your  other  em- 
ployments, you  deem  what  I  have  already  propofed,  not  impra^tcable* 

'  But  led  you  fliould  think  that  I  have  lofl  fight  of  tlie  plan  of  which 
1  fpoke,  I  mufl  remind  you  that  the  Belles  Lettres  conflitute  the  firft 
part  of  it.  It  will  be  followed  by  logic,  ethics,  metaphyfics,  phyiics, 
mathematics,  hiflory,  philofophy,  and  general  literature.' 

In  feveral  fubfequent  letters,  the  author  purfues  the  fame 
fubjed,  with  a  particular  reference  to  the  defign  of  qualifying 
his  young  pupil  for  public  fpeaking.  Some  verv  judicious  in- 
ftrudions  are  given  for  the  formation  of  a  claflical  library. 
Without  adhering  to  the  preeife  formality  of  a  dida£lic  fjrftemt 
and,  we  muft  add,  without  oiFering  any  thing  farther  than  the 
moft  general  and  curfory  hints  oo  matters  of  fcience,  the 
Writer  goes  on  to  add  fome  dire^ions  vrith  refpcA  to  the  iludy 

of 


Pirfinal  NoHlily»  397 

•f  logic,  ethics,  metaphyfics,  phyfics,  mathematics,  hiftory, 
general  philofophy,  and  general  literature.  What  is  offered 
on  thefe  fubjefls  will  be  chiefly  ufeful  in  exciting  the  attention 
of  young  perfons  to  them ;  pra£iical  direSions  for  profecuting 
them  muft  be  fought  el fe where. 

From  the  letters  of  moral  and  prudential  council  contained 
in  this  volume,  we  fele<Sl  the  following  on  the  importance  of 
fupportiag  dignity  of  charader: 

«  An  ancient  manfion , or  an  old  oak,  uND£CArED,are  venerable: 
The  mind  approaches  them  with  a  kind  of  awe.  So  an  ancient  family* 
long  famous  for  its  virtues  and  profpcrity,  and  dill  flourifhing,  is 
naturally  produ/^ive  of  efleem.  But  if  the  old  mandon  is  reduced  to 
a  mere  heap  of  rnbbi(h»  and  the  old  oak  rotten,  we  pafs  them  an- 
noticed,  or  coniider  them  as  incumbrances  of  the  ground.  Apply 
thii  image  to  fallen,  corrupt  nobility. 

'  To  ufe  a  vulgar  phrafe,  you  muff  keep  it  uf^  my  Lord.  Send  a 
poor,  puny,  4egcnerate  lord,  defcended  from  die  Conqueror,  witli  no 
abilities  of  mind  and  body,  and  a  healthy,  virtuous,  and  able  plebeian, 
into  a  foreign  country,  among  perfe£l  Grangers,  without  any  diilinc- 
tion  of  dre(s ;  and  the  Grangers  will  foon  determine  which  is  the  no* 
bleman.  Nature  produces  gold,  the  king  (lamps  it,  and  it  paiTcs  cur- 
rent as  a  guinea;  but  if  the  guinea  has  been  dipt,  or  if  there  is  too 
hsuch  alloy  in  it,  it  will  be  rejected  at  the  exchange.  The  pure  gold. 
Without  any  llamp  at  the  im/'/r/,  will  always  retain  its  value  according 
to  its  weight.  Stamp  your  gold,  however,  with  virtuous  qualities, 
fuch  as  affability,  gentlenefs,  courage,  good  temper,  magnanimity, 
learning,  eloquence,  generofity,  and  it  will  never  fuficr  the  difgrace 
pf  being  cut  afiinder  by  the  (heers,  and  cail  into  the  crucible. 

*  I  am  far  from  disparaging  nobility.  The  times  are  rather  un- 
favourable to  it ;  and  I  am  endeavouring  to  render  it  really  venerable, 
by  founding  its  fancied  fuperiority  on  real  pre-eminence.  Noblemen 
may  indeed  value  themfelves  highly :  but  felf- value  does  not  increafe 
their  real  value.  Their  real  value  b  that  alone  at  which  they  are 
cfteenod  by  the  public.  It  is  not  the  feller,  but  the  buyer,  that 
determines  the  price  of  a  commodity. 

*  Convinced  as  I  am  that  you  have  early  imbibed  thefe  fentiments, 
I  ihonld  not  inculcate  them  again,  had  you  not  informed  me,  that  two 
or  three  young  lords,  with  whom  you  often  aiTociate,  had  endeavoured 
to  perfuade  you,  that  there  is  a  dignity  in  birth,  independent  of  per- 
fonal  merit,  or  beneficent  exertion.  They  fpend  their  time  chiefly  iu 
the  liable,  at  the  tavern,  and  at  the  gaming-houfe ;  they  fubllitute  a 
horfe-laugh  in  the  place  of  all  argument;  and  they  would  willingly 
reduce  you,  by  ridiculing  your  virtues,  to  a  level  with  their  own 
degenerate  flate.  But  what  fay  the  people  at  large,  on  whom  both 
you  and  they  mud  depend  for  a  continuance  of  your  honours  and  pri 
▼ileges?  They  bid  you  caft  your  eyes  over  the  Britifh  Channel,  and 
learn  in  time  a  Icifon  of  caution. 

*  Only  confider  the  ufelefs  life  of  thefe  young  noblemen,  whofc  for- 
tunes arc  princely,  and  whofe  titles,  m  founds  right  hcnourablr.  They  ril'r 
at  twelve,  they  drefs,  they  ride,  they  dine,  they  game,  they  go  to  lomo 

E  e  3  p«:b-!s- 


gfji  Perfinal  KoUStf. 

public  place,  tliey  fup»  they  drink  to  excefsj  and  then  retire  aguii>  ani 
renew  the  fame  contemptible  round  on  the  morrow.  Can  you  wonder 
that  the  people  view  their  civil  dillinfiions  with  an  evil  eye?  When 
fuch  an  one  is  on  his  departure,  let  him  take  a  retrofpedive  view  of 
his  life.  What  have  I  done?  may  ht:  aik :  my  life  has  been  ufelefs  to 
others,  and  to  myfelf  difhonourable.  Am  I  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
creation,  as  well  as  a  lord  in  civil  rank,  diilinguiQied  above  others  by 
my  country?  If  nature  had  made  me  a  tree,  or  an  animal  without 
reafon,  I  might  probably  have  been  more  ufeful  than  1  have  been» 
End  more  truly  c&imable. 

*  Never  let  the  falfe  wit  and  rude  converfation  of  fuch  degenerate 
nobles  ftop  you  in  your  honourable  career.  Treat  them  with  polite- 
nefs,  but  act  and  (peak  with  fpirit ;  and,  above  all,  pcrfevere  in  the 
path  of  honour  which  you  have  chofen,  and  mark  the  end  of  your 
choice.* 

The  fubjeft  of  religion  is  difcufled  in  fcveral  letters ;  and 
with  becoming  dignity,  l^he  conjtempt,  with  which  the  reli- 
gious obfervance  of  Sunday  is  treated  by  many  in  the  higher 
orders  of  fociciy,  is  very  properly  cenfured.  The  renewal  of 
fomething  like  the  antient  hofpitalicvy  in  the  country  manfiont 
of  nobles,  is  recommended  as  the  bed  means  of  meriting  and 
prefcrving  refpeft.  On  the  fubjcft  of  politics,  the  author  is  a 
prudent  but  (leady  friend  to  freedom.  He  inculcates  on  bis 
young  nobleman  the  exertion  of  his  influence  and  example  in 
preferving  peace,  good  order,  and  liberty  unfullied  by  licen- 
tioufnefs.  Dreading  the  horrors  of  fuddcn  convulfion,  he  re- 
commends thcfe  *  alteratives  which  will  reflore  health  in  time, 
without  the  pain  of  amputation  or  the  loathfomenefs  of  naufeous 
medicine* 

*  In  public  affairs  you  will,  I  conclude,  from  the  prlncip-es  yoo 
have  imbibed  in  the  fchooisof  antiquity,  ever  lean  to  the  fide  of  liber- 
ty and  ti.c  people.  Common  fenfc  didates,  and  common  humanity 
eagerly  adepts  the  idea,  that  the  few  were  made  for  the  mamju  »o* 
the  mary  for  the  few.  Your  greatnefs  of  mind  will  facriiice  every 
felfilh  view  to  the  public  bencht.  If  a  reform  fhould  be  requircdi 
which  may  render  it  neceiTary  that  you  fhould  give  up  your  inftueocc 
over  the  borough  of  •  •  *,  or  that  of  •  •  •,  or  that  of  •  •  •  •,  and  yottf 
power  in  the  county  ele^ion,  you  will  renounce  them  with  alacrity) 
you  will,  if  you  adl  confillently  wiih  thoi'e  ideas  of  jufti^e  and  honoitft 
which  I  know  you  entertain,  be  among  the  Eril  to  promote  fuch  ♦ 
REFORM,  whatever  it  may  coil  you. 

«  Human  afiTairs,  we  ail  know,  will  ever  (lop  at  a  point  far  belo^ 
perfedion;  but  it  is  the  bufmefs  of  man  in  fociety,  to  be  ever  urging 
the  flone  up  ;ht'  hill.  Time  caufes  tvcry  human  inilitution  to  recede 
from  its  original  purpofe.  No  wonder  that  the  conftitution  of  a  fenat^# 
eftabiifhtd  in  very  early  times,  ihould  at  length  want  renewal.  Wha.*^ 
good  and  I'ubilantial  reafon  can  be  aifigned,  why  the  prefent  generttioflS 
may  not  enjoy  the  benefit  of  Its  renewal,  as  well  as  fome  future  ?  No# 
only  liberty  and  the  Uue  fpirit  of.  the  cooftitutign  ^rc  intereftcd  in  a  re^ 

foro^ 


M  Tvur  through  fhe  "South  ^EngJani^  (fc.  in  IJ^J»     399 

ftrmoF  parlianienty  but  the  manners  op  the  people,  and  coii« 
jlcqaencly  their  happinefsy  the  ultimate  end  of  all  government.  Cor« 
caption  will  no  longer  pervade  all  ranks,  in  every  competition,  from  a 
•county  eledtion  to  the  choice  of  a  parUh  beadle.  Merit  will  dare  to 
emerge  from  her  (hade.  Truth,  no  longer  overborne,  will  advance^- 
with  all  her  native  confidence,  to  put  in  her  claim  to  juft  cAeem. 
Allraea  will  return  ft-om  her  exile.  Long  fervices,  or  great  talents 
and  acquirements,  emploved  for  the  public  good*  wall  meet  with  their 
reward.  The  prizes,  which  juf!ly  belong  to  merit, «rill  not  be  lavilhly 
•expended «n  purchafing  majorities  direaed  in  th^r  deciiions  by  oni 
H  A  K .  Young  adventurers*  in  all  the  profeffions,  will  afpire  at  excel* 
lence,  with  a  profpeA  of  honour  and  emolument  in  their  mature  age, 
•even  though  they  (hould  want  tbut  /ucceiianeum  for  every  ixcelUnce,  a 
.friend; — a  FRIEND  among  borough -mongers,  a  patrqn  among 
4hore  who  employ  the  advantages  of  birth  and  fortune^  in  influencing 
^otes,  where  votes  cannot  be  influenced  conifleatly  with  common 
lionefly. 

•  You,  my  Lord,  will  wor-ftiip  ^4th  me  in  the  temple  of  Liberty, 
Iniilt*  as  it  is  in  England,  on  the  mafly  arches  of  monarchy,  ariftocracy* 
and  democracy;  but  if  any  one  of  the  arches  is  decayed,  you  will  wifb 
with  me*  in  your  veneration  for  the  goddefs^  to  prcferve  her  temple 
^r(e^  in  all  its  parts,  and  to  employ  the  moft  ilcilftil  anafoas,  the  beft 
marble,  and  the  (Irongcft  cement  in  its  repair.  • 

*  Thus  a£  paj  r£  d,  enter  the  tenple  with  me,  my  Lord ;  and  let 
4ts  anite  our  voices  to  the  general  anthems  of  whole  nations,  bailing 
<he  fun  of  reafon  as  it  daily  burfts  through  the  clouds  of  prejudice— 
celebrating  the  Nobility  of  Nature  and  Virtne — and  doing  willing 
tomage  to  the  MAJESTY  OF  the  people.* 

Liberal  ^ntiments,  of  the  fame  kind  with  the  frecedingt 
will  be  found  in  feveral  other  parts  of  this  volume.  The  found 
fenfe  and  the  good  writing,  which  diftinguifli  this  publication^ 
lender  it  very  proper  to  be  put  into  the  hands  of  young  men  i« 
the  higher  ranks  of  foc^ety : — it  may  be  confidered  as  a  beauti- 
fill  comment  on  the  etghty-firfi  Satire  of  Juvenal—an  elegant 
kimosk  on  the  text, 

**  Tot  a  licet  veteres  efcwnent  undiquetier^ 
Atria^  Nohilitas  foladft  atque  unUa  VirSusP 
We  have  heard  this  work  attributed,  with  imicii  confideoeey 
Co  Dr.  Knox. 


Art,  XL  A  Tour  throjigh  the  •South  of  Inglantt^  Wales^  and  Part  of 
hrtlandt  made  during  the  Summer  of  1791.  8vo.  pp.  403. 
12  PHites.  Fine  Paper,  14s.  Common  ditto,  los.^d.  Boards. 
Il.£dwards.     1793. 

J%I.L  the  external  circumftances  obfervable  on  opening  thta 
^^  publication,  the  fine  paper,  the  plates  worked  in  fancy 
€QlourS|  and  the  looft  print,  together  with  the  eafy  familiar 

iLe4  ftyle 


400    A  Tour  tbnugh  th  SduA  9f'Bnglandi  l£c^  in  179V 

ftyle  of  the  Journal,  befpeak  the  production  of  a  gendcmai^ 
traveller.  He  has  publi(bed  a  ftunmer's  ramble,  without  re^ 
fieding  that  his  excurfion  was  fo  far  within  the  bounds  of  comr 
mon  knowlege,  as  to  require  uncommon  abilities,  or  a  pecu« 
liar  objcfl  of  attention  throughout^  to  render  it  generally  in« 
terefting.  Accounts  of  places  already  often  dcfcribcd,  and 
now  well  known,  amount  merely  to  what  particular  perfons 
think  of  them;  which  may  be  of  no  great  moment  to  fome. 
readers,-~The  motive  for  this  journey  is  thus  explained  : 

*  Tt  is  not  the  efFedl  of  a  particular  fpccies  of  diet,  nor  the  ini* 
prcflions  made  by  a  fickle  chmatc  upon  tlie  Jifpofuion  of  £ngli(h<- 
}iien,  that  caufe  thofe  phlegmatic  vapours,  and  that  deprcflion  of 
i'piricsy  which  are  fo  jallly  hecome  the  charaticriflic  of  a  whole  na- 
tion. From  what  fource  then  docs  this  evil  originate  ?  £videBtly 
from  a  relaxation  of  the  mental  powers,  indulged  to  an  exccfs.  Air, 
e.vercife,  and  even  literary  refources,  without  a  certain  degree  of 
novelty,  fail  in  their  cftedt.  A  variety  of  new  objcfts,  and  a  total 
change  in  the  fcenery  around  us,  operate  in  a  delightful  manner  upon 
the  fpirits  and  health.  The  faculties  of  the  mind,  when  abforbed  in 
the  fpeculation  of  the  future,  or  too  much  engrolTcd  in  the  contem* 
plation  of  the  paft,  become  a  prey  to  indolence  and  fplccn,  the  very 
parents  of  fuicidc.' 

Happily  for  the  generality  of  our  countrymen,  the  remarks 
contained  in  the  above  paragraph  apply  chiefly  to  thofe  whofe 
parents  (to  avail  ourfelves  of  a  vulgarifm,)  were  born  before 
them  ;  and  their  pafTage  through  life  being  made  eafy  by  he- 
reditary wealth,  they  exift  to  no  ferious  purpofe  whatever,  ex- 
cepting it  be  to  regulate  their  movements  according  to  prevail- 
ing modes.  Some  degree  of  education  may  have  taught  men 
of  this  clafs  how  to  think,  but  fortune  whifpers  in  their  eat* 
that  they  have  no  occafion  to  think  ;  ihou^ht^  therefore,  is,  in 
them,  involuntary;  the  ficknefs  of  (lagnant  faculties.  Such 
men  do  well  to  hurry  from  place  to  place,  to  change  the  fcenery 
around  them,  and,  if  poirible,  to  efcape  even  from  themfelves. 
The  great  mafs  of  mankind,  however,  to  whom  fortune  has 
not  been  fo  equivocally  kind  as  to  cxcufe  them  from  fornc 
mode  of  application,  either  of  mind  or  body,  generally  find 
variety  enough  in  the  courfc  of  their  employments  at  home, 
to  render  exiitence  tolerable,  and  to  fecure  them  from  becom- 
ing *  a  prey  to  indslencc  and  fpleen/ 

Paf?ing  from  his  motive  for  travelling,  to  the  journey  itfclf, 
we  find  the  writer  lively  enough  to  fill  up  his  pages,  footewhat 
in  the  Shandyan  manner,  with"  very  flender  materials  j  nor  docs 
he  wifh  to  encumber  himfelf  with  any  thing  that  wears  too 
grave  an  appearance.  In  brief,  he  is  more  able  than  willing; 
for,  in  an  early  ftajc  of  the  work,  he  condefcends  to  give  fome- 
thing  like  a  general  defcription  of  Portfmouth,  as  from  ajpaa 
8  oC 


A  %ur  through  ihi  South  ofEn^andy  lie.  in  1791.    401 

pf  obfervation ;  and,  as  if  he  Ijad  done  wrong,  he  apologizes 
for  it,  afterward,  in  a  ftylc  that  damped  our  csfpefiations  of 
meeting  with  any  more  of  the  like  kjad  of  topographical  en«r 

tcrtainment : 

* 

*  But,  gentle  reader,  whoever  thou  art,  whether  prelate  or  peer, 
(ailor  or  foldicr,  critic,  or  commiHioner  of  his  majelly's  dock-yards, 
refledl,  that  as  yet  we  have  travelled  together  but  a  (hort  fpace, — 
beam  not,  fo  early,  the  fullcn  clouds  of  diiconteqt  upon  thefe  traces  of 
my  pen — -coniider  me  as  one  employedyJA'/y  to  give  thee  amufement — 
view  thefe  pages  with  candour,  and  I  promife  thee,  as  we  fojourn  to- 
other in  future,  I  will  not  again  interlard  them  vvith  mully  defcrip- 
Cions  of  ravelins  and  counterfcarps^  nor  pillage  the  works  of  my  fore- 
^uhers,  for  delineations  of  double  parapets,  Hanked  with  bafttons  and 
cmtains.' 

What  then  docs  thi$  writer  mean  to  give  us  ?  Nothing  but 
^e  common  perfonal  adventtires  of  himfelf,  and  his  man  Jere* 
jnj,  on  the  road,  aqd  at  iqns  ?     Let  us  look  a  little  farther. 

<  The  naturalid  will  find,  in  Cornwall,  a  larger  field  for  philofo- 
phical  difquifition,  than  can  be  met  with  in  any  [other]  part  of  £ng* 
umd  or  Wales.  Here  he  may  indiil^e  him(eif  in  endleis  experiments, 
puriofities  of  every  kind,  numberlels  produdUons  both  of  nature  and 
of  art,  prefent  themfelves  in  abundance.  Here  he  has  an  opportunity 
[}f  penetrating  into  the  very  bowels  olTthe  earth,  of  exploring  her  in- 
vvard  recefTes,  and  fearchln^  into  her  fecrct  caverns.  It  would  far 
eirceed  the  limits  of  fuch  a  circumfcribed  work  as  this,  to  enter  upon 
I  detail  of  the  vail  variety  of  antiquities,  mincraH,  folltls,  foils,  plants, 
manufadtures,  lakes,  caverns,  with  a  long  et  ^litura^  in  addition  to  the 
Sft  of  curiofities  which  would  engage  the  attention  of  philofophers. 
I  can  only  lament  my  inability  to  be  more  minute.  /  pafs  lightly 
rutrfucb  topics,  and  prefs  forward  to  a  fcrics  of  new  objeds,  hoping 
io  cull  from  every  one  fome  fmall  Ihare  of  amufement  and  icformatioa 
Gar  my  readers.' 

What  readers  I  Profeffing  to  pafs  lightly  over  the  moft  in* 
Cerefting  local  topics,  what  fpecies  of  readers  does  the  author 
lim  to  amufe  and  inform  ?  If  his  limits  be  inadequate  to  the 
purpofe,  why  not  enlarge  them ;  why  write  at  all  in  a  mode  that 
excludes  the  chief  merit  of  vifiting  diftant  places? — but  all  tkis 
is  only  one  of  his  modes  of  flourifbing  ;  for,  in  contradidion 
to  his  own  profeffions,  he  will  every  now  and  then  condefcend 
to  ftop,  and  furnifh  a  little  information ;  and,  following  the 
ibove  extraA,  he  gives  us  an  agreeable,  if  not  a  grave,  account 
9f  the  Cornifh  mines  and  minerals. 

Still  he  is  not  pleafed  with  the  flyle  of  other  travellers,  and 
labours  at  foniething  fuperior  to  everyone  : 

*  Ledwithiel  contains  nothing  worth  a  traveller's  notice,  except  he 
Icems  the  fpirc  of  a  church  a  curiofity.  For  my  part,  I  admire  the 
nethods  by  which  modern  fcribblcrs  fwell  their  works  to  a  voluminous 
orpi.     One,  who  fliall  be  namclefs,  thinks  it  worth  mentioning,  that 

Lcftwithiel 


40X    A  Tour  tinagb  (hi  South  rfEngbmd^  &^.  im  1791; 

Leflwkhlel  '<  has  a  church  with  a  fpire,  the  only  one,  except  that  rf 
Hclflon,  in  the  whole  county."  And  yet  this  roan  has  pobliihed  hit 
two  volumes  quarto^who  wonders  at  it  ?  fieing  (o  minute*  he  migltt 
have  added,  that  weeds  are  found  to  flourim  prodinoufly  in  the 
church-yard^  the  only  one  in  Cornwall^  where  they  thrive  in  fiich 
abundance  1'     F«7S* 

Truly  fo  he  might,  and  with  great  propriety,  if  the  fadl  jof- 
tlfied  him.  Si>rely  there  is  more  information  in  a  remark,  that 
fplres  are  unufual  in  that  county,  than  in  merely  telling  us,  ia 
rather  a  petulant  ftyle,  that  Leftwithiel  church  has  afpire ! 

One  (pecimen  more  will  acquaint  our  readers  with  the  cha^ 
ra£ler  of  the  gentleman  with  whom  they  arc  invited  to  travel : 

*  Returning  frpm  Plymouth  on  foot,  I  contrived  to  lofe  both  my 
way  and  my  companion.  I  found  myfelf  afcending  the  fummit  of  a 
Heep  hill,  commanding  a  grand  exteniive  profped  of  the  fea«  Duke's 
ifland,  Stonehoufe,  Plyanonth,  and  Dock*  While  i  was  gaaiog  ahooc 
to, fee  what  courfe  I  ought  to  take,  I  obTerved,  upon  the  fide  of  the 
hill,  an  old  gentleman  in  a  mufing  pofture,  leaning  upon  his  cant, 
and  apparently  indulging  himfelf  in  the  contemplation  of  the  furroond* 
ing  fcenery.  Fortune  could  not»  thought  I,  have  thrown  a  better 
perfon  in  my  way,  to  extricate  me  from  this  dilemma.  *«  Sir,"  fiiid 
i,  approaching  him,  *^  be  kind  enough  to  telt  mc  the  neareft  way  to 
Dock.  I  came  from  Plymouth*  and  have  miiTcd  the  road."  "  I 
perceive  you  have,"  faid  he,  •*  and  if,  as  I  fii(pcft,  you  are  t 
lb-anger  to  this  place,  it  is  lucky  you  have  fo  done.  We  rectoa 
our  walks  around  this  fpot  the  fined  in  the  world,  and,  excepting  the 
views  from  mount  Edgecumbe,  this  is  the  beft  we  have.  Yoo  are 
now  upon  Stonehpufe  hill.  Commercial  fpeculations  confine  roe  dur- 
ing the  week  to  other  contemplations,  but  on  a  Sunday  I  conflandf 
viht  this  terrace,  to  enjoy  the  beauties  of  the  fcene  before  us.  When 
I  was  younger,  I  ufed  to  aicend  to  -that  point  above  us,  in  order  to 
extend  my  view.  You  appear  to  be  of  an  age  for  climbing,  and  if 
you  have  curiofity  enough  to  lead  you  to  the  top,  you  will  be  amplf 
repaid  for  your  trouble."  I  took  the  old  gentleman's  advice,  m 
feating  myielf  on  the  fummit  af  the  hiil,  found  how  necefiary  it  wpt 
for  a  traveller  now  and  then  to  lofe  his  way.  Thofe  who  day  by  daf 
purfue  the  beaten  track,  turning  neither  to  the  one  fide  nor  the 
other,  and  anxious  only  to  pciform  their  journeys  with  expcditiooi 
had  much  better  be  fcaced  in  a  chimney  corne>r  at  home.  They  nei- 
ther difcovcr  the  beauties  of  their  country,  nor  enjoy  them  wb« 
chance  throws  them  in  their  way.  The  charaders  of  human  life 
have  no  variety  for  them  ;  their  views  are  felfilh,  and  all  their  en- 
deavours tend  only  to  the  moil  convenient  methods  of  vegetation.' 

Why  was  the  fine  profpefl  from  Stonehoufe  hill  fufFered  to 
ftir  up  ill  humour  againit  thofe  travellers  who  have  not  leifure, 
enough  to  lofe  their  way ;  or  againft  thofe  who  fit  at  home  lA 
their  chimney  corners  minding  their  bufinefs?  Our  author 
feems  to  have  a  rooted  antipathy  to  (leadinefs  of  mind :  but,  as 
Chc  bufy  part  of  mankind  compofe  the  majority^  and  as  it  may 

be 


A  Tiur  tbrmgh  the  South  of  England^  (fc.  m  1791.    4^ 

fuppofed  that  he  would  have  no  objedion  to  their  amufing 
lir  leifure  hours  with  his  rambles,  might  they  not  as  well  be 
'illy  treated  ? 

Having  obferved  that  defcriptions  of  known  objeds  are  cri« 
i«  of  the  tafte  of  the  defcriber,  the  writer,  who  cenfurei 
lers  fo  freely,  can  have  no  objedion  to  the  cxpofure  of  his 
inions:  nor  needs  he;  for  he  is  generally  juft,  while  he  is 
ntent  to  tread  his  own  ground  without  interfering  With 
icrs, 

f  Bathj  (he  obfcrves,)  may  be  faid  to  afford  a  univerfal  (cope  for 
try  thing  that  is  definable.  The  man  of  pleafure  may  here  be  fa- 
:ed  with  amufement;  the  philofopher  may  analyze  its  falubrious 
iDgs;  the  antiquarian  may  puri'ue  his  refearches  till  he  wearies 
nfelf  with  conjcdure;  the  man  of  letters  will  find  ample  repofitories 
geniuj;  the  poet  endlefs  fubjeds  to  exercife  his  wit;  the  painter 
ly  delineate  the  features  of  beauty^  or  pourtray  the  luxuriant  variety 
landfcape;  and,  lad  of  all*  the  deje^ed  invalid  may  reftore  to  iu 
need  tenor  the  (battered  fydem  of  a  broken  conl^ituiion ;  and»  by 
ifing  his  debilitated  nerves  to  their  accuAomed  tone»  revive  hu 
iltlrand  renovate  his  fpiritt.' 

Were  we  to  add  to  this  fummary,  it  would  be  to  doubt 
letber  all  thefe  advantages  be  not  crouded  too  clofely  toge- 
er^  to  allow  all  of  them  to  operate  freely.  The  author's  ac« 
unt  of  Oxford  may  illuftrate  our  meaning : 
»  In  Oxford  there  feems,  what  may  be  ilyled,  a  dijeafi  tf  huild^ 
t.  The  traveller  is  prefented  with  a  profufion  of  edifices  jumbled 
nether  with  no  great  difplay  either  of  tafte  or  defign.  It  is  a  kind 
anarchy  in  flone  and  mortar»  where  every  thing  ts  confufcd;  and 
rbitedurc  in  a  high  fever,  feems  to  have  (luck  one  edifice  here,  and 
Other  there,  varying  the  non-conformity  of  her  work  tn  proportion 
her  delirium.  There  is  a  mau/oUum  for  a  library  ^  and  a  cock -pit 
'  fubUc  difputants.  There  is  a  JepuUbrt  of  manu/cripts,  and  a  long 
|Iery»  where  heroes  with  ugly  faces,  and  learned  griKiuates  in  fuU 
tcoaned  wigs,  are  copioudy  difplayed  upon  canvas.  What  (hall 
laid  of  Chriftchurch?  Where  neat  little  Ptchwaier  cements  the 
ty  puddle  and  the  leaden  Mercury  that  difgraccs  its  neighbouring 
adrangle — and  of  the  boaded  Theatre  f  with  its  wrong  fide  foremod^ 
It  tarns  its  back  upon  the  public,  and  hides  its  fine  front  in  a  corner— 
d  of  St.Mary^sF  with  a  low  Gothic  fpire,  but  of  fufficient  beauty 
r  every  one  to  wi(h  it  taller — and  of  the  profpedl  from  the  top  of 
Mifi's  empty  Library  ?  where  the  view  of  Ail  Seuls  alone  is  a  rc- 
npence  for  the  fatigue  of  ascending.' 

Wales  appears  to  be  the  country  mod  admired  by  this  tra<r 
Iler;  probably,  becaufe  the  wildnefs  of  its  landfcapos  fuited 
e  eccentricity  of  his  ideas :  but  even  here  his  mind  could  not 
:  properly  elevated  by  the  fublimity  before  him  ;  if  it  had, 
is  critic  on  other  travellers  would  not  have  difgufted  his 
id^rs  by  recording  his  fearcb  after  bis  mao  Jeremy,  when  he 

had 


^.p^    -^  Tiiir  Hrpttgh  the  South  efEngland^  Sfr.  in'ijt^i. 

bad  prudently  and  decently  retired  out  of  fight,  smong  the  ruiof 
pf  Narbath  caftle. 

Of  all  the  volume,  the  (bort  trip  to  Ireland  will  probably 
claim  the  greateft  notice,  at  leaft  among  the  inhabitants  of  that 
ifland.  The  author  thus  charatSlerizcs 'Dublin  and  its  in- 
habitants : 

*  Thp  firft  thing  that  ftruck  iis  upon  entering  Dublin,  was  the 
f^ngular  appearance  of  the  women  ;  w!io  arc  all  wiihout  either  hat  or 
bonnet  to  their  head.  Even  many  of  genteel  appearance  parade  the 
llrects  in  this  manner,  and  \i  is  as  rea^.irkr.blc  to  ice  a  \vouian  ia 
Dublin  with  a  hat  on,  as  to  fee  ur.e  \\\  Lor. Jon  w'uU  h^r  head  un- 
covered. 

*  At  our  hotel  we  cor.cdvcd  a  very  delpicablc  opinion  of  Iriflj 
cleanlincfs. — Upon  this  we  changed  our  llaiion,  and  moved  to  liarris'^ 
liotel  in  Cope-llreet.  This  is  clteemed  the  firft  lodging -houfe  ia 
Dublin,  and  yet  we  had  not  mended  the  matter.  It  was  only  jnnsp- 
ingout  of  the  frying-pan  into  the  fire;  for  it  isimpofliblc  to  Ao  julUce 
to  the  exquifite  filthinefs  of  this  place.  Every  thir^  wa>  cue  and 
dirty.  Our  beds  had  canopies  and  plumes,  with  ccuntcrpanis  aad 
flieets  of  a  moft  fable  hue.  1  afked  tlu^ni  if  they  ftaJ  applietl  to  go- 
vernment? The  waiters  fiared:  ••  Do,  for  Qod's  fake,  aiid  ibe 
love  of  your  country,  (faiJ  I,)  get  a  patent  for  having  difcovcred  how 
much  filth  it  is  pofliWc  to  com  :>rize  in  a  given  compais."  We  foon  found| 
that  this  apfxrarancc  was  not  confined  to  hotels  alone.  The  taverns 
are  the  fame.  The  ilrcets  arc  filled  will*  wretchcdnefs  and  graodeor, 
idlenefs  and  extravagance,  h  is  not  the  Jiabit  of  a  few;  it  i*  tlic 
characleriliic  of  the  nation ;  a  popular  concern  to  unite  at  once  evciy 
fpecies  of  tliflipation,  filthinefs,  and  extortion.  It  llruck  us  the  moiti 
forcibly,  as  we  found  all  this  wiiere  we  leall  expe£led  it;  we  came  pre- 
judiced in  favour  of  the  Irifh,  longed  to  be  among  th?ni,  and  iitd 
looked  forward  with  regret  to  that  period  which  was  deAined  for  one 
return.*— 

*  The  llrects  and  avenues  to  this  city  arc  crouded  with  the  mod 
miferable  objects,  whofe  importunate  clamours  for  charity  are  trouble- 
fome  in  the  highell  degree.  In  the  environs  we  faw numbers  of  dirtjf 
\\'retches,  whofe  fole  employn^ent  fcemcd  to  confill  in  divefttng  eaci 
Other  of  filth  and  vermin.  If  you  enter  a  fruit-ihop  or  taverOy  a 
croud  of  thofe  poor  creatures  infeft  the  door,  through  which  you  wA 
prefs  your  way,  and  deem  you rfelf  fortunate  if  you  efcape  the  detached 
parties  of  vermin,  &c.'     P.  3 1 2. 

<  In  one  of  my  walks  about  the  (Ireets,  I  met  the  old  veteran  ffbofe 
converfation  afFbrded  us  fo  much  amufement  when  becalmed  at  fes. 
**  Well,  my  good  Sir,  (faid  he,)  and  how  do  you  like  Dublin  f"^ 
«*  In  truth.  Sir,  not  much;  I  am  every  inch  of  me  an  EngliOunaos 
and,  I  fear,  behold  all  countries  but  my  own  with  an  eye  of  pre- 
judice."—" Well  faid.  John  Bull;  (exclaimed  my  old  friend  ;)  bot 
what  do  you  think  of  Dublin  in  particular?  fince  you  cannot  form  «» 
adequate  idea  of  a  whole  nation  from  a  ihort  vifit  to  the  metropolis."-^ 
«*  Sir,  (faid  I,)  in  vifiting  a  metropolis  I  behold  the  heart  of  a  nition; 
andj  if  I  diiicover  what  paH'cs  in  the  heart,  [  can  ellimate  prett/ 

ncarl/ 


A  Tour  thro&gb  the  Situtb  tfEngldnJ^  t^c.in  1791.     405 

iiearly  the  tenor  and  dirpofition  of  the  whole  body.  But  fince  I  find 
you  arc  yourfclf  an  IrKhman,  tell  me  what  is  your  opinion  of  this  place» 
before  1  venture  to  deliver  my  own."—*'  That  I  can  well  do,  (faid 
he/)  in  a  few  words :  1  have  vifitcd  many  countries,  and  made  many 
obfervationi  dp(Jri  them  ;  but  I  neVer  ^as  in  one  that  betrayed  filth  a 
mixture  of  loulircfs  and^larinefs,  mifcry  and  magnificence." 

•  I  felt  the  full  force  of  his  ohfervation,  fince,  from  my  own  fhort 
experience  amonr;  the  Irifli,  I  had  found  it  llri6tly  true.  Beggars  and 
prollkutes  fwarm  in  every  llreet,and  fill  the  air  with  their  importunate 
cries.  Kxtr.ivafrance  is  the  leading  trait  in  their  cherafter.  1  fre- 
quently f^.w  children  with  broad  laced  frills  to  their  (bins  who  had 
neither  f.ioci  nor  llockings  to  tiirir  feet.  An  inilance  of  this  may  be 
fcen  at  Drur)  '-^  MHiarJ-table  every  day,  where  there  are  two  markers 
of  this  defcription.  They  will  pawn  their  lall  rag  for  the  pleafurc  of 
feaming;  and  1  myfelf  faw  a  fellow,  oppofitc  the  cuftom-houfc  ia 
Effex-ftreet,  who  had  feated  himfclf  upon  the  ground,  and,  having 
ventured  every  penny  he  had  at  chuck-farthing,  was  howling  for  the 
lofs  of  it.  They  are,  in  general^  of  a  very  irritable  difpofition,  and 
will  quarrel  with  each  other  upon  the  moft  trifling  occafion.  On  the 
night  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  birth-day,  I  was  walking  in  Dame«> 
fircec*  when  a  fellow  genteelly  drelTed  met  a  boy  who  was  running 
aboat  with  his  companions.  Without  faying  a  word  he  raifed  a  loaded 
whip,  and  knocked  the  boy  down  :  a  mob  gathered:  the  fellow  made 
Dff,  and  the  poor  boy  was  carried,  with  a  broken  head,  to  the  apo* 
thecary's.  About  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  next  day,  1 
fiiw  a  vail  croud  gathering,  and>  inquiring  the  caufe,  was  told  that 
ibine  perfon  had  jud  killed  a  porter,  whom  they  were  conveying  to 
the  difpenfary,  and  that  his  murderer  was  to  go  to  Newgate,  in  the 
evening  a  boy  was  flogged,  fcr  fimc  crime  or  other ^  almoft  to  death  at 
die  cart's  tali ;  and  finding  that  he  could  not  bear  all  his  punifhment» 
they  removed  him  to  prifon  to  take  the  reft  at  another  opportunity. 
Not  a  night  pafTes  without  riot,  although  the  police  (land  armed  at 
the  corner  of  every  ftreet.  Duels,  without  end,  continually  furnifli 
fubje£l  for  Converfation,  and  not  unfrequcntly  topics  of  frefli  difpute; 
Of  all  the  people  I  ever  met,  whether  educated  in  the  army,  the 
navy,  ia  the  univerfities,  or  at  home,  the  Irifh  are  the  grcateft 
fwearers.  Not  a  word  paflcs  without  an  04th  vociferated  in  the  mod 
vehement  manner,  and  horrid  imprecations  are  familiarly  delivered 
tepon  the  mod  trivial  events.' 

If  the  latter  part  of  this  reprefentation  be  not  exaggerated^ 
the  author  has  adted  prudently  in  withholding  his  name  from 
the  public ;  for  if  Mr.  Twifs  incurred  the  refentment  of  fuch 
an  irritable  people  in  the  manner  commonly  related,  what  had 
the  writer  of  the  preceding  emphatic  charaflerirtics  to  expefl.^ 

As  our  author  does  not  tempt  us  over  to  Dublin,  it  were  to 
be  wiflied  that  he  had  brought  back  any  ufeful  knowlege  which 
he  had  picked  up  in  this  (hort  trip. 

*  Among  the  variety  of  commodities  which  a  ftyanger  meets  with 
iji  Dublin,  there  are  at  Icaft  two,  fuperior  to  any  of  the  kind  in  other 
countries :  ihefc  arc  potatoes  an4  butter.    They  have  a  method  of 

dreifirg 


^tS    Cumbertand*!  AmcioUs  ^fth^  tifi  ^ Julio  Bonifon!. 

dreffing  potatdr:s  which  renders  that  vegetable  far  more  palatable  tktt 
it  is  to  be  found  in  England.' 

Pray,  good  Sir,  what  is  that  method  ?  If  you  had  beftowed 
a  few  words  to  teach  our  countrymen  how  to  eat  potatoes  in 
greater  perfedtton  than  they  now  do,  wt^  wh6  are  fond  of  this 
excellent  root,  fcruple  not  to  add,  that  yirc^  an  article  of  in- 
formation would  have  added  a  poficive  merit  to  your  volume* 

Remarks  of  this  nature  may  all,  perhaps  be  flighted  by  fe 
fpirited  a  writer :  but  we  are  no  admirers  of  *  tbofe  hafty 
(ketches  which  the  reader  will  find  {o  loofely  thrown  together)' 
and  as  the  writer  intimates  an  intention  of  haftening  *  among 
the  wider  regions  of  continental  domain,  in  fearch  of  materials 
for  a  more  important  fuperflrudure,'  we  wifli  that,  as  he  then 
means  to  throw  afide  his  *  anonymous  pen,*  he  really  might 
*  afl'ume  a  more  refpedable  appearance ;'  for  which.  Nature 
does  not  feem  to  have  denied  him  fufficient  talents*  Be§^  he 
reveals  his  name,  however,  we  advife  him  to  make  huDfidf 
mailer  of  the  fmall  fword  and  piftol  (booting. 

We  cannot  conclude  without  remarking  that,  in  our  opi« 
nion,  much  of  the  blame  which  the  author  fo  liberally  beftows 
on  the  inhabitants  of  Haverfordweft,  refpeding  the  ftrange 
ilory  of  Mr.G — th,  may  be  retorted  on  himfelf  for  leaving  in 
confinement  an  object  fo  worthy  of  relief.  A  really  beoevoleDl 
man  would  not  have  quitted  Haverford  without  obtaining  Mr. 
G.'s  liberation,  if  the  means  were  in  his  power;  and  that  tb^ 
comparatively  fmall  fum  neceflary  for  this  purpofe  might  have 
been  commandrd  by  our  author,  we  have  every  right  to  fuppofe 
from  his  amufing  himfelf  with  fo  long  and  fo  expenfive  a  ramble. 
—        -  ■  - 

Art.  XII.  Zome  Amcdot^  of  the  Lift  of  Julio  Bonafomi,  a  BoIogneA 
Artiily  who  followed  the  Styles  of  the  befl  Schools  in  the  Six- 
teenth Century.  Accompanied  by  a  Catalogue  of  the  Eogravingif 
with  their  Meafures,  of  the  works  of  that  tafteful  Compofer ;  aod 
Remarks  on  the  general  Chara^er  of  his  rare  and  exquifite  Per- 
formances. To  which  is  prefixed,  a  Plan  for  the  Improvement  of 
the  Arts  in  England.  By  George  Cumberland  *•  Crown  8fO« 
pp.  xoo.    3s.    Boards.    Robinfons.    1793. 

N  the  *  Plan  for  improving  the  Arts  in  England,'  prefixed  to 
this  work,  Mr.  Cumberland,  like  a  good  patriot,  endeavours 
to  advance  the  interefts  of  his  country,  by  exciting  a  greater  at* 
Cention  to  the  antiqui  ;  and  we  do  not  think  that  his  fchenne  is 
a  bad  one,  though  we  ftrongly  doubt  its  adoption.  We  will 
give  the  general  Outline  of  the  propofal  in  the  author's  owa 
words : 


1 


•  Not  the  author  of  r^r  Ohjtrver,  Ifefi  Indian,  &c.  whofe  Chriffiaa 
fuune  is  Richard. 

«  That 


CumberlMicTi  AmedoUt  tfthi  Lift  of  JnTio  Bonafoni.    40(7 

•  That  a  fubfcription  be  commenced  (and  if  the  Dilettante  Society 
would  begin  it  out  of  their  funds,  it  would  be  conilflent  with  their 
•wn  generous  efforts  to  improve  the  arts)  in  order  to  raife  the  fum 
•f — ,  which  when  completed,  application  (hould  be  made  to  Par- 
Kanent  for  further  afTiftance ;  the  total  of  which  fums,  under  their 
lan^lion,  ihould  be  confolidated  into  a  perpetual  fund,  to  whiclr 
proper  truilees  may  be  nominated^  for  the  declared  purpofes,  out  of 
tfic  annual  intereil,  of  commencing /<iw  ^^/Zrriri,  and  filling  them» 
as  fkd  as  the  interefl  accrues,  with  plaifter  tafis  -  from  antique  ilatues, 
has-reliefs,  fragments  of  architecture,  fine  bronzes,.  &c.  colle6led 
tot  only  from  Italy,  but  from  all  parts  of  Europe, 

'  That  thefe  galleries  (hould  be  placed,  fo  as  to  enjoy  a  north  lights 
being  parallel  to  each  other,  and  confifl  of  flrong  buc  fimplc  forms; 
Toid  at  firfl  of  all  ornament,  and  folely  calculated  for  the  purpofe  of 
•ontaining,  in  a  good  point  of  view,  and  well  lighted,  the  fevcral 
^wdmens  of  art.  A  convenient  fpace  for  vifitors  to  pafs  in  view 
•f  them  below  and  between  the  objcdls  and  the  artifts,  who  (hould 
be  pofleiTed  of  a  raifed  flage,  under  a  continued  window,  contrived 
tb  as  to  illuminate  at  once  their  drawing  defk,  and  the  images  on  the 
•ppofite  wall. 

•  Thefe  galleries,  one  for  (latues  and  architeftural  models,  and  one 
fer  bas-reliefs,  (hould  be  each  commenced,  at  the  fame  time,  in  pa- 
nllel dirediions,  and  each  annually  extended  and  furniihed  with  cads^ 
■I  the  proportion  that  the  funds  would  admit.  They  (hculd  be  in- 
difcriminately  opened  to  all  (ludents  in  the  arts,  and  the  public,  un- 
4er  proper  regulations,  during  the  greatell  part  of  the  day  through- 
out the  year. 

•  All  fine  bas-reliefs,  &c.  (hould,  if  poflible,  be  fentto  England  \rt 
Siolds,  with  a  cad  in  them,  by  which  means  they  not  only  come  the 
fcfell  from  injury,  but  it  would  enable  the  managers  to  place  in  the 
gallery  two  cr  three  cads  of  fuch  as  bed  deferved  imitation  ;  and 
then  the  molds  might  be  fold  to  our  molders  in  plaider  of  paris,  by 
which  means  other  cities  would  be  enriched  with  many  Ene  obje^s  at 
a  reafonable  expence,  to  the  great  advantage  of  architcdts,  fchools^ 
and  the  public  in  general. 

•  There  are  not  wanting  people,  who  think,  that  fuch  obje(5ls,  by 
Being  cheaply  multiplied,  would  injure  the  progrefs  of  our  artids  z 
bat  experience  teaches  otherwife ;  for  thofe  nations  which  moft 
abound  in  fuch  things,  moft  abound  in  artids ;  and  the  more  any 
ihing  is  multiplied  by  ca(b  or  imprefHons,  the  more  is  the  original 
efteemed;  for  while  the  narrow-minded  amateur  hides  his  fine 
Cameo,  left  a  fulphur  ihould  be  obtained  fromric,  both  he  and  hia 
ring  are  forgoc ;  when,  on  the  other  hand,  the  liberal  collector, 
whof?  chief  pleafure  it  is  to  gratify  all  lovers  with  a  copy  of  the  fi:  e 
originals  he  poiTedes,  finds,  to  hi^  furprize,  the  fame  of  his  antique, 
■lid  the  credit  of  its  owner,  xncrcafed  in  the  fame  proportion;  and 
bence  we  may  x^^  aifured,  that  the  multiplication  of^ works  of  art  al- 
iraff  ends  in  a  multiplied  demand  for  the  labours  of  artids. 

«  The  cheapcefs  of  pade  has  by  no  means  dccreafed  the  edeem  of 
liaflionds  ^  and  man,  happily  for  the  multitude,  has  always  confidercd 
richnefs  and  ratenefs  of  materials  as  no  fmall  addition  to  the  merit  of 

workmaiilhip  ; 


4oS    Cumberland'!  Atuedotes  ofthi  Lift  ofJvMo  Boitalbti!. 

workmanfhip ;  evenpidures  have  been  painted «  by  ^ood  artifls,  on 
fi]ver>  to  enhance  their  value.  And  here  1  cannot  avoid  obferving  the 
utility  it  would  be  of  to  fculpture,  if  our  artifts  would,  a^  wu  done  by 
theablefl  of  both  Greece  and  Rome,  make  models  for  archilcilils  ia 
terra-cotta,  at  reafonable  prices ;  for  there  are  many  who  cannot  af- 
ford irtarble,  that  would  gladly  encolirage  them  in  this  effcn  in  mo- 
numents, friezes,  &c.  The  frequency  of  which  in  churches  would 
probably  increafe  the  ambition  of  the  wealthy  to  be  reprefcnted  in 
more  expenfivc  materials ;  and  thence  afford  the  artifts  more  nume- 
rous opportunities  of  difplaying  their  talents. 

<  To  return  from  this  dlgrefTion ;  as  each  bas-relief,  &c.  muft  of 
r.ccefli-y  be  placed  at  fome  diJlance  from  the  ground,  the  fpaceb:- 
low  I  Ihould  propofe  to  fill  with  the  concife  hiilory  bf  the  cafl^  fuch 
as  what  have  been  the  conjectures  of  antiquarians  as  to  its  hiitory, 
author,  &c..to  wliich  fhould  be  added,  the  time  and  place,  whenaod 
where  it  was  found,  and  the  name  of  die  country  and  (ituation  the 
original  at  prefent  ornaments. 

<^  The  pedeflal  of  each  flatuc  nught  contain  the  like  infcripckms,  in 
painted  letters,  the  more  eafily  to  correct  them  on  any  new  inform- 
ation. 

*  How  ufcful  fuch  infcriptions  would  be  to  travellersi  anti^arians, 
and  artifls,  I  need  not  point  out;  neither  need  I  add  the  utility  that 
would  arife  from  marking  with  a  line  on  each  object  the  diviilon  of 
the  redored  parts;  which  lines  might  be  made,  by  whatever  aniilwas 
employed  to  fend  home  the  molds,  on  the  fpot :  for  the  baneful  ef- 
{t^i  of  partial  ignorance,  which,  like  a  weed,  fprings  up  amoog 
the  bell  crops  of  human  learning,  are  feldom  more  manifeft  thin 
among  thofe  whofe  labours  arc  diredcd  to  the  elucidation  of  Bne  art 
in  antique  monuments. 

<  Such  galleries,  when  finifhed,  would  poiTefs  advantages  that  are 
wanting  in  numerous  mufeums ;  where  often^  to  gratify  the  love  of 
ornament  in  tho  architedl,  fine  bas-reliefs  are  placed  fo  hi^h,  as  to  be 
of  little  ufe  to  Audents,  and  as  traps  only  to  the  antiquaiian ;  of 
which,  having  with  younger  limbs,  and  younger  eyes,  often  fdlovFcd 
the  cnthuHailic  IVmkclman^  I  could  give  many  inilances. 

<  Here,  however,  all  would  be  brought  to  a  level,  and  to  light; 
all  the  rellorations  carefully  dilVmguifhed ;  and  fuch  men  of  learning, 
as,  without  great  detriment  to  their  affairs,  can  never  fee  Italy, 
would  hence  find  daily  opportunities  of  benefiting  and  crediting  the 
nation,  as  well  as  theml'clves,  by  their  erudite  remarks  on  moou- 
mcnts  that  relate  entirely  toclailic  ground. 

•  In  a  word,  well  prepared,  both  by  the  knowledge  and  ftudy  of 
thefe  cafts,  our  artills  would  be  lefs  confufed  on  their  arrival  in  Italy 
among  the  originals;  and  a  much  (horter  (lay  would  then  fufficc: 
laflly,  on  their  return,  thcfe  galleries  would  help  to  porpetuate  in  dieif 
memories  the  refult  of  their  lludies;  a  fund  of  employment  would 
be  afforded  to  young  artills  in  copying  thefe  antiques  for  foreigners, 
as  well  as  natives;  and  our  engravers  would  here  always  find  objeds 
from  whence  great  works  might  be  executed,  equally  in terefUng  to 
all  Europe,  and  much  more  correft,  as  well  as  lefs  cxpcnfive,  than 
any  that  have  hitherto  appeared  in  elucidation  of  antiquities/ 

All 


K^um)^xiAnd*s  Anicdaia  of  tkiLt/e  of  JuVioBonzhnu    4O9 

All  this  feems  rational,  and  of  eafy  accompliihnnent :  but 
uhere  is  munificence  to  execute  the  idea  ?  Mr.  Cum- 
berland's wifli  that  the  Cartons  of  the  immortal  Raphael  were 
more  open  to  public  infpedion,  will  not,  we  fear,  be  produc- 
tive of  much  e£Fed%*^The  difficulty  of  viewing  the  eafel  cbef 
itTttuvris  of  that  aftonifhing  painter  has  been  long  a  fubjedt  of 
complaint :  but  the  time  may  poffibly  arrive,  when  the  Royal 
Academy  miiy  be  thedepofitory  of  thofe  ineftimable  treafuresi 
and,  by  removing  every  difficulty  of  accefs,  improve  as  well  as 
Jiligbt  a  nation  fo  ffrenuous  in  its  progrefs  to  refinement,  and 
already  fo  refpedable  for  its  works  of  tafte,  elegance,  and 
grandeur. 

We  cannot  avoid  reprobating  an  unfairnefs  (not  to  ufe 
a  more  fevere  yet  juftifiable  cxpreffion,)  in  Mr.  C.'s  mentioa 
of  two  or  three  artifts  only,  as  worthy  of  the  public  attentiooy 
at  a  time  when  he  might  have  brought  forward  men  of  fupe<*> 
rior  abilities.  This  gentleman  [to  us  unknown^  and  new,  as 
%  writer,]  (hould  take  care  that,  while  he  wilhes  to  imprefs  the 
world  with  an  idea  of  his  liberality  in  elevating  two  or  three 
favntrite  charaAers,  he  does  not  create  a  contrary  fentiment 
Dj  a  partial  negleA  of  ethers. 

There  is  alfo  a  vein  of  fplenetic  afperity  in  the  following 
note,  which  we  think  ill  founded,  and  confequently  repre<^ 
henfible : 

<  There  are  men  in  London,  who,  fpecolatlng  in  the  labours  of 
artifts,  have  acquired  great  fortunes,  not  without  fpeculating  on  the 
credality  of  the  public  as  largely.  Thefe  people,  encouraged  by  the 
refpedl  that  wealth  infurcs  in  a  commercial  country,  and,  perhaps^ 
felf-perfuaded  by  the  vanity  that  attends  fuccefs,  are  now. taking  upon 
thcmfelves  the  importance  of  patriots  among  fcllow-citizens,  and 
(which  cannot  fmilingly  be  paflcd  over,  becaufe  prejudicial  to  the 
art  they  profefs  to  fcrve)  patronizers  of  art  itfelf.  But  if  the 
pablic  are  to  cftimate  the  progrefs  of  fine  art,  by  the  abortion  their 
ftrogglc9  for  profit  produce,  we  (hall  foon  arrive  at  a  period,  when 
the  errors  their  barbarous  impatience  and  rapacity  have  introduced> 
will,  by  excefs,  cure  themfelvcs ;  and  then  the  few,  who  have  pa- 
dently  purfued  the  diredl  path,  will  rife,  and  find  their  reward  in  the 
employment  and  approbation  of  the  dilabufed  public. ' 

Although  no  names  are  mentioned,  it  is  impoiTible  to  mif- 
take  the  illiberal  aliufion. — The  obje£)s  of  his  attack  have  ex- 
tended a  patronage  beyond  the  reach  of  Kings. 

I'he  anecdotes  of  the  celebrated  Italian  engraver,  Julio 
Bonafoni,  are  dry  and  uninterefting.  He  was  an  artift  of 
npte  in  bis  day  *,  almoft  unknown  in  the  prefent :  but  he  has 

*  He  is  fuppoicdto  have  flourilhed  during  the  greateft  part  of  the 
Sixteenth  century. 

Kev,  Aug.  1793.  Ff  met 


Kforrls'i  Falfi  Cahun:  a  CsmtJp 


M 


ith  a  champion  in  Mr»  C.  to  refcue  bim  fjrom  t})it 
ito  which  be  was  rapidly  defcejidlEig. 


XITL  FiaiJ^  Cdeutit  z  Comedy  io  five  A6h.  A*  perfoftaa!  *t 
On  g*s  Theatre  in  tile  Hay  market,  by  his  Mijefty's  C^>fltipAtf]r 
I  the  Theatre  Roy^l,  Dmry'LanCp  By  Ed^^'axd  Morr'u,  Fd- 
Df  Pctejiujore,  Cambridge,     avo*     is.6d,     C&*deli.     17^5^. 

the  difficulty  of  writing  comedy  with  faccefs,  few  iu» 
bors,  who  have  not  made  the  attempt^  are  aware* 
Atgt  fo  minute  and  voided,  judgment  fn  nrong  Mnd  ft]U 
ig,  imagination  fo  ardent,  and  humour,  wit,  and  poT- 
foinceilant^  arc  required,  that  few  indeed  arc  found  equil 
tafk.  To  fucceed  even  indifferently  is  a  proof  of  tilenti 
cannot  be  called  common.  In  this  prcdlciment  wc 
the  author  of  the  play  under  confide  rat  ion.  He  hai  ktn 
t  has  made  many  obfervations  on  men  and  manners,  iJid 
his  arranged  his  materials  with  effe<5l:  but,  on  the  whole, 
Ith  effe£l  enough.  Cbarafler  fhould  be  dtfplayed,  and 
cefles  of  the  heart  developed  ;  but.  In  order  tHar  emik 
T>ay  be  created,  we  mnR  have  it  dire^ed  toward  fonif 
n  potnr.  When  an  author  places  any  dependence  on  hh 
ihat  ftory  muff  be  progrcflive  ;  and  not  fcene  after  ictrt 
t  in  total  tte^!e£t  till  it  is  forgotten.     Wit  and  humour    . 


Morris'i  falfi  C§bwrt :  a  Cnrniy.  4x1 

ibe  fcience  icfelfy  it  equally  cenfurable.  We  are  liKewife  of 
opinion  that  cbara£tera,  which  have  their  Tource  in  the  miftaken 
babies  of  mind,  are  much  better  fitted,  for  the  purpofe  of  the 
poet,  than  thofe  which  originate  in  any  profeflion,  or  trade.  Of 
ibislaft  kind  is  the  chara3erofGrotefque,a  painter  of  caricature, 
ivbo  feems  to  be  himfelf  fo  truly  what  his  name  implies,  (that 
ia,  fo  extravagant,  improbable,  and  abfurd,)  that  we  fufpcd  the 
author  erroneoufly  fuppofed  that  he  was  at  liberty  to  depart  as 
oiuch  as  he  pleafed  from  truth  and  nature,  merely  becaufe  he 
kadffiven  his  charader  the  title  of  Grotefque:  but  we  (hould 
conmler  it  as  a  poor  apology,  or  rather  as  a  Vidiculous  fubter-^ 
fiige,  were  an  author  to  name  one  of  his  perfonages  Driveller, 
and  were  he  afterward  to  exhibit  an  a6iual  idiot«  There  may 
liowever  be  fpirit  and  effed  in  a  caricature}  of  which  the 
pidure  here  given,  though  extravagant,  is  not  deftitute.  As  a' 
proof,  we  (hall  quote  a  part  of  the  firft  and  principal  fcene  in 
wbicb  this  charader  appears : 

'  Act.  II.    Emer  Grotefqae  U  Lady  Panick. 

*  <Gfvf.  Your  ladyfbip's  mod  devoted-Mbmething  wanted  in  my 
iwf— may  flatter  royfclf  Grotefque  is  your  man,  from  the  broad 
high-road  of  caricature,  to  the  delicate  paths  of  modeft  mezzotint—* 
Has  your  ladyfhip  any  particular  friend  whom  one  conllantly  endea- 
vours  to  render  completely  ridiculous— Privilege  of  friend  (hip  chat, 
you  know— the  outline  will  do— fct  but  your  heads  to  work— a  bare 
hint,  ahd  we  have  him — pen  or  pencil — all  one  to  me— write  him 
down— or  do  him  up— never  known  to  flinch. 

«  La^  Paniek,  — —  What  have  you  brought  me  in  my  way  ? 
*-I  am  all  impatience. 

«  Grot.  Are  we  fnug  ?  Your  ladyfhip,  you  know,  in  the  true  pride 
of  gemus  ftrikes  at  univerfality—from  her  lofty  flights  to  her  taint 
ftetchcs— here  they  are — here  they  are  ;— the  fltJe.on  of  an  cpick 
poem<— fublimity  and  expanfion ;  -  fix  acrollics— quainc  and  pretty— 
a  fet  of  impromptus-rwritten  with  fuch  cxquifite  iudgment — and 
admirable  pliancy— that  they  may  be  thix>wn  in  aJ  liiiium'^zad  lad, 
not  lead,  the  comedy. 

*  LaJj  Paniek,  But,  are  we  furc  of  our  man?— He  will  not  peach  ? 
•-My  dear  Grotefque,  what  would  become  of  roe  if  he  was  to 
peach  ?— Indeed,  the  materials  were  mine — you  know — though  I 
arould  not  fubmit  to  the  drudgery  of  putting  them  together. 

*  Grt.  Peach  I  Why,  he  is  my  head -hack— To  Ly  the  truth,  the 
dog  is  troublefome  enough  at  times^-your  poet  is  an  ani.nal  wants  a 

-niaguy  deal  of  training,  before  he  is  fit  fur  work — I  was  obliged  to 
keep  him  on  drift  regimen,  and  (hort  allowance,  till  thefe  were  done 
^it  your  men  of  genius  were  not  troubled  with  the  phyfical  incum- 
braoces  of  hunger  and  third,  there  would  be  no  taming  them  to  an- 
iirer  the  fober  purpofes  of  life-  but  as  they  mud  eat— though  now 
and  then  a  little  redive— upon  the  whole,,  they  take  to  the  harnefs 
kindly  enough— this  is  a  prime  fellow— and  as  much  given  to  eatiog 
and  drinking  as  we. could  wiih  him. 


4»  Morrii^i  Falft  Colours  :  a  Cmneif*  ' 

*  Lady  Pmiiek.  Yes,  but  ut)luckily  his  wife  is  proUfit  ts  Uf  moSt  \ 
and  I  am  obliged  to  anfwer  {at  the  labours  of  both-^-really,  it  is  a  M 
blot  in  the  animal  ctconomy — ^fuch  offices  fliould  be  left  to  thofc  who 
are  fit  for  nothing  clfe— have  yoo  no  others  ? 

'  Grot,  A  dozen  in  full  pay,  befides  valets  and  kept  miftreiTes  to 
farnllh  materials.  They  are  the  channels  for  a  choice  hit  or  fecrec 
anecdote — not  a  houfe  in  tomi  but  by  the  help  of  my  correfpondencff 
I  could  tell  atale^moft  of  my  prafkice  lies  in  that  line,  though  I 
itiuil  own  our  bell  hits  flow  chiefly  from  themfelves.  You  are  never 
in  a  family-party  half  an  hour  before  you  hare  all  their  faulu  in  the 
choice- colouring  of  iheir  own  pencila»-who  vvouM  have  thought  his 
Grace  more  than  round -(houidercd — but  for  the  dutchefs's  intempe- 
rate  raillery  againft  humps-  the  baldnefs  of  Lord  Scratch  could  never 
iJe  fufpedlcd  but  for  his  lady's  phillippics  againil  wigs— and  ^ir  Jer- 
ry's gOAit  would  efcape  the  niceft  obfcrvcr,  but  for  the  good  wife's 
crufhing  the  afflidled  toe,  and  hoping  (he  trod  on  the  (bund  foot.  * 
«  Enter  Sir  Paol. 

«  Sir  Paul,  A  devilifh  (hrewd  obfervaiion  that,  Grotefque. 

«  Grot.  I  am  glad  you.likc  it,  Sir  Paul.  I  have  your  fliiking  trait 
•— fome  thoughts  of  hitching  yon  into  my  next  groupe. 

«  Sir  Paul,  Hitch  me  into  a  troupe  1 
.  *  Lady  Panick,  Indeed,  my  dear,  I  really  think  if  Grotefque  was 
to  manage  it  properly,  1  fhould  have  no  objection  ;  and  1  dare  ixj 
you  might  depend  on  him — Might  he  not,  Grotefque  ? 

«  Grot.  Certainly,  my  lady — the  bed  creature  breathing,  though 
i  fay  it.  T'other  day.  Pearl  the  dentift,  who  had  been  regulariy 
overturned,  plundered,  lircd  at  in  every  daily  paper,  quitted  the 
hackneyed  beaten  track,  applied  to  me,  and  1  caricatured  YkirnvRXohXi 
praftice  before  the  end  of  the  month— nothing  done  without  it— the 
fure  road  to  notoriety. 

'  ^/>  Paul.  Zounds,  firrah,  notoriety  !  it's  the  bufine(^  of  my  life 
to  avoid  it.' 

This  fcene  is  continued  in  the  fanne  fpirit  ta  double  the 
length,  by  the  entrance  of  Lord  Vifagc  :  but  we  have  done  the 
author  the  juftice  to  cite  the  moil  animated  part. 
'  The  prologue  is  written  by  Charles  Morris,  Efquire.  The 
national  prejudice  which  it  inculcates,  in  favour  of  Britons 
and  in  contempt  of  France,  is  highly  blamcable.  Neither  can  we 
imagine  that  the  recital  of  a  tragedy,  (the  death  of  Louis  XVL) 
is  a  fit  fubjeft  for  this  kind  of  poem.  The  fimile  of  the  (hip* 
wreck  at  the  clofc  of  it,  though  common  place,  is  happily 
managed.  The  epilogue  is  the  produdion  of  Mrv^  Colmtn, 
Jun.  and  contains  a  fault  of  narrow  national  jealoufy  of  the 
fame  kind,  though  not  carried  quite  fo  far.  He,  hoMreveK,'ts  no 
anti-phyfiognomift,  for  he  tells  us — 

•    <  Faces  are  books,  where  men  may  read  flrange  matters; 
Cf  the  mind's  movements  ev'ry  feature  fmattersj 
As  tlipu[chts  arile,  though  the  mute  tongue  conceal  them>.. 
Oar  eyes,  checks,  chin^i,  uid  uofesj  aU  reveal  then.' 

'Thi* 


MacUinV  Mm  oftbt  fTorU;  and  Levi  a  k  JIMi/   41^, 

This  epilogue  hat  many  lines  of  good  writing,  but  it  has  one 
capital  fault;  it  propofes  phvfiognomy  as  its  iubje£^,  and  im-. 
mediately  changes  that  fubjedl  for  another,  to  which  it  ftriftly 
adheres  ;  that  is,  a  library,  or  a  bookfelier's  fhop.  Mr.  Colmaa 
has  like  wife  condefcended  to  repeat  a  jolce  whicti  certainly  oocci 
was  good,  but  which  has  been  told^  rather  too  oUen«  We  aU 
Jude  to  the  foliowing  Knes : 

* More  than  half  •%  • 

Of  critics  now,  w|k>  fcorn  a  harmlefs  laugh,  I 

Aft  ilull  unUtUred lumber  bound  in  calf**  J 

He  has  committed  another  oftence :  an  epilogue,  which  hat 
infinitely  more  merit  than,  if  our  information  be  true,  man^ 
chat  have  excited  more  applaufe,  is  clofed  with  a  pun; 
'  Be  kind  then,  here  !  faces  no  more  I'll  read; 
Give  but  your  countenance,  and  wc  fucceed.* 


Art.  XIV.  The  Man  9/  the  World,  a  Comedy;  and  Lovt  a  U 
Modcf  a  Farce.  By  Mr.  Charles  Macklin.  As  performed  ait 
che  Theatres  Royal,  Drury  Lane  and  Covent  Garden.  Royal 
Quarto.  With  a  Portrait  of  the  Author  in  his  Ninety  "third  Year» 
engraved  by  Condc,  after  a  Painting  by  Opie.  Subfcription  price 
one  Guinea.     BcU.     1793* 

'TpHE  editor  of  thefe  two  pieces,  Mr.  Murphy,  informs  us^ 
^  in  an  advertifement  prefixed  to  tnis  edition,  that  *  he  firft 
advifed  Mr.  Macklin  to  publiih  by  fubfcription ;  being  conr 
vinced  that  a  generous  public  would  take  into  confideration  the 
cafe  of  a  veteran  adtor,  who  had  exerted  his  talents  during  a 
fcriesof  near  [nearly]  feventy  years,  to  promote  ufefid  mirth 
and  the  moral  inftrudion  of  the  (lage ;  that  the  reafon  of  thi« 
appeal  was  a  fudden  failure  of  memory,  with  which  Mr« 
Macklin  was  attacked  nearly  three  years  fince,  in  the  middle  of 
his  part  on  Covent  Garden  i^age ;  and  that,  after  living  in 
hopes  of  recovering  his  faculties,  he  now  feels  with  regret  that 
be  can  never  again  have  the  honour  of  prefcnting  himfelf  befoce 
a  Britifh  audience.' 

The  amount  of  the  fubfcription  was  1,582  !•  lis.  which  has 
been  difburfed  in  purchaling  two  annuities,  one  of  two  hun«- 
xlred  pounds,  for  Mr.  Mackim,  and  another  of  feventy- five 
pounds,  for  his  wife,  in  cafe  fhe  (hould  furvive,  and  in  othpr 
items,  a  remainder  of  27ol*  18 s.  excepted,  which  will  be 
applied  for  Mr.  Macklin's.  ufe  by  the  truftees,  who  are  Dr. 
Brocklefby,  John  Palmer,  Efq.  of  the  Poft  Office,  and 
Thomas  Longman,  Efq.  of  Paternofter-row. 

We  forbear  from  giving  a  more  minute  account,  becaufe  the 
adyextifementSj  which  contained  a  hidory  of  the  cafe^  are  rd- 

F  f  3  cent 


414    MacUin'i  Man  tftbt  W^rli-,  and  L^i  i  U  MUe. 

cent  in  the  public  miod.  The  perfons  who  planned,  coa« 
du£ted,  and  fupported,  the  undertaking,  have  no  need  of  our 
praife  :  the  faAs  fpeak  fo  forcibly  for  themfelvet,  that  anj  ac* 
tempt  to  ftrengthen  them  would  perhaps  produce  the  contrary 
effc&.  We  (hall  therefore  proceed  to  our  accuftomed  ofioe, 
as  reviewers. 

Tin  Man  9f  the  World  has  one  particular  feature,  which, 
though  flightfy  touched  in  almoft  every  theatrical  piece,  is  in 
none  of  them  to  be  found  fo  prominent,  bold,  and  mafterly ; 
we  mean  political  profligacy,  which  is  made  the  fubjcd  of  the 
piece ;  and  here  we  are  led  to  reflect  that  perhaps  no  more  cer« 
uin  teft,  or  marking  charaderiftic,  of  the  times  can  any  where 
be  found,  than  that  a  government,  having  the  power  of  fup- 
preffing  the  piece,  Ihould  permit  it  to  be  performed.  Great 
confidence,  indeed,  mud  have  been  placed  in  the  fluggiOi  fiate 
of  the  national  pulfe,  or  this  could  not  have  happened.  Sir 
Pertinax  Macfycophant  is  a  Scotchman  of  mean  origin,  who 
bas  ^  bowed'  himfelf  into  great  wealth  and  political  influence. 
He  is  the  parafite  of  the  great,  the  tyrant  of  his  family  and  de- 
pendents, and  the  indefatigable  promoter  of  his  own  ambition 
by  every  means  in  his  power,  however  vile.  He  has  difcarded 
his  eldeft  fon  for  being  a  man  of  principle  ;  and  wiihes  to  bar- 
gain away  his  youn.:etl  to  the  daughter,  or  rather  to  the  con- 
tingent ies,  of  Lord  Lumbercourt;  from  which  Lord  he  and  his 
defccndants  are  to  receive,  in  return,  ail  the  hereditary  eftates, 
together  with  three  boroughs,  the  members  of  which  he  hioifelf 
is  to  nominate. 

This  odious  chara<^er  is  contrafted  with  that  of  his  youngeft 
fon,  who  had  taken  the  name  of  Egerton,  and  whooppofa 
the  depravity  of  thefe  proje£ls.  One  chief  caufe  of  this  oppo- 
fition  is  his  love  for  CJonltantia ;  a  female  dependant,  educate<I 
bv  his  mother : — but,  as  the  fon  is  pofllefled  of  much  princi- 
ple, though  not  of  enough,  he  like  wife  affords  oppofition  from  a 
lefs  felfiOi  motive.  The  fubject  was  well  and  virtuoufly  ima- 
gined, and  is  in  many  inftances  finely  executed.  The  political 
profligate  is  expofed  to  much  of  the  odium  which  he  merits: 
we  fay  nmth^  for  ail  is  perhaps  beyond  the  power  of  poetry 
itfclf  to  pi^urtray.  T^he  roUowing  fccne  contains  fatire  which 
is  inimitable,  and  hiflory  which,  however  deteftable,  is  daily 
verified : 

•  Act.  II.    E»:rr  £.-./;  NLcfyccphart  :r  A/r.  Egerton. 

*  Lsjtt  Airfi-.  [«T^Tf^r  »■;«•*  T-vi  •« J  .1;  w/}]  Dear  chiij,  1  am  glad  to 
fee  yo J  :  \^ hy  did  you  not  coxce  ;o  tot\ n  yci^erday  to  attend  the  levee* 
your  u:h«.T  i$  inccni'^i  :o  the  cc^ennotl  at  ycur  no:  bring  there. 

•  hp- .  ['^'rc£t4^:  ^'^rx:r]  Madin^,  it  is  with  extreme  regret  I 
t^n  \ou.  tr.at  1  cii;  no  k)r.ger  be  a  tlivt:  :o  his  :emperj  his  pokiduy 
and  hi;^  Iclicmc  of  niirrying  me  to  this  wcmaQo- theieJbre  yoa  bad 

better 


better  confcnt  at  once  to  my  going  out  of  the  kiQgdora«  and  my  taking 
Conflantia  with  me»>  for  inthout  her  I  never  can  be  happy.  . 

'  «  Lady  Mac.  At  you  regard  my  peace,  or^oar  owii  charader*  I 

be;g  yoii  will  not  be  guilty  of  b  raih  a  ftep.— Yoa  promiTed  me  you 

q^ver  would  marry  her  without  my  confent.— I  will  open  it  to  your 

fi^er — Pray,  dear  Charles,  be  ruled.— let  me  prevail. 

*  Sir  Pertinax  [IFithout,  in  great  anger. ^ 

*  Sir  Per.  Sir,  wull  ye  do  as  ye  are  bid — and  haud  your  gab,  yott 
nical. — You  are  fo  {full  of  gab,  you  fcoundrel.->->Take  the  chefnut 
gelding,  I  fay,  and  return  to  town  dlredly,  and  fee  what  is  becoma 
of  my  Lord  Lumbercourt. 

'  Ladj  Mac:  Here  he  comes — I  will  get  out  of  his  way.— But  I  beg, 
Ofiirles,  while  he  is  in  this  ill  humour  that  you  will  not  oppofe  him* 
Un  him  fay  what  he  will — when  his  paffion  is  a  little  cool,  I  will  re* 
nnit  and  try  to  brine  him  to  reafon :  but  do  not  thwart  him. 

*  Eger.  Madam,  f  will  not.  [Exit  Lady  Mac. 

*  Sir  Per.  [If^itiont]  Here,  you  Tomlins,  where  is  my  fon 
Egenon  ? 

«  Tern.  [fTtthout]  In  the  library,  fir. 

*  ytr  Pel.  [If'ithout']  As  foon  as  the  lawyers  come,  be  fure  bring 
me  word.  {^Enters  imth  great  bauzhtine/sy  and  in  anger.  Egerten  h<nus 
iwo  9r  three  times  mofljkhmijpvely  low.^  Weel,  fir  1— vary  weel  !-— 
iirary  weel ! — are  nac  ye  a  fine  fpark  ?  are  nat  ye  a  fine  fpari^,  I  fay? 
—ah  !  you  are  a !  So  you  would  not  come  up  till  the  levee  ? 

*  E][er.  Sir,  I  beg  your  pardon — but — I  was  not  very  well  j  be- 
fidet  1  did  not  think  my  prcfencc  there  was  necefiTary. 

*  Sir  Per.  [Snapping  bim  up]  Sir,  it  was  ncceflary— I  tauld  you  it 
was  necefiary  —  and,  iir,  I  mud  now  tell  you,  that  the  whole  tenor 
of  your  condud  is  mod  ofFenfive. 

*  Eger.  I  am  forry  you  think  fo,  fir  ;  I  am  fure  I  do  not  intend  to 
offend  you. 

'  «  Sir  Per.  I  care  not  what  you  intend.— Sir,  I  tell  you,  you  do 
oBend.  What  is  the  meaning  of  this  condudl,  fir  ?  negled  the  le<^ 
ree  !  —  sMeath,  fir,  you —what  is  your  reafon,  1  fay,  for  thus  negled- 
blg  the  levee,  and  difobeying  my  commands  ? 

*  Eger.  [With  aftiftedy  filial  re/entment.']  Sir,  I  am  not  ufed  to  le- 
▼ces  ;  nor  do  I  know  how  to  difpofe  of  myfelf,  —nor  what  to  fay,  or 
do,  in  fuch  a  fituation. 

«  Sir  Per.  [With  a  proud,  angry  rejentment,]  Zounds  fir,  do  you 
nat  fee  what  others  do  ?  gentle  and  fimple,— temporal  and  fpiritual, 
-—lords,  members,  judges,  generals,  and  biihops,— -aw  crowding, 
buftling,  and  pufhtng  foremoll  intill  the  middle  of  the  circle,  and 
there  waiting,  watching,  and  driving  to  catch  a  look  or  a  fmilc  fra 
the  great  mon, — which  they  meet  wi'  an  amicable  rcefibility  of 
gfpedt — a  modeil  cadence  of  body,  and  a  conciliating  co-operation  of 
the  whole  mon* — which  exprcflcs  an  officious  promptitude  for  his 
fervice— and  indicates,  that  they  luock  upon  themfclves  as  the  fuppli- 
ant  appendages  of  his  power,  and  the  enlilled  Swifs  of  his  poleetical 
fortune  ; — this,  fir,  is  what  you  ought  to  do,— and  this,  fir,  is  what 
I  never  once  omitted  for  thele  five  and  thraty  years, — let  whp  would 
be  miniilcr. 

F  f  4  «  Eger. 


4x6    Macklin*x  Man  of  the  lVorIi\  and  Ltmi  a  h  Moi$m 

*  Egcr.  [J/^]  Contemptible  ! 

«  Sir  Per,  What  is  that  you  mutter,  fir  ? 

*  E^er.  Only  a  flight  rcfledlion>  fir,  not  relative  to  yoa. 

*  6tr  Per,  Sir,  your  abfenting  yourfelf  fra  the  Icvec  at  this  juii£lare 
Is  rufpeecious ;  it  b  looked  upon  as  a  kind  of  dirafre6Hon,--and  aw  your 
countrymen  are  highly  offended  at  your  condufl, — 'for,  fir,  they  do 
not  look  upon  you  as  a  friend  or  as  a  well-\«iiher  either  to  Scotlaod  or 
Scotchmen. 

*  E^cr.  [Tfitb  a  quick  ivarmth.']  Then,  fir,  they  wroz)g  me,  I 
aflure  ycu, — but  pray,  fir,  in  what  particular  pan  I  be  charged— 
cither  with  coldnefs  or  ofrence  to  my  country  ? 

«  Sir  Per,  Why,  fir,  ever  fince  your  mother's  uncle.  Sir  Stanly 
Egerton,  left  you  his  three  thoul'and  pounds  a  year,  and  that  yon  have, 
in  compliance  with  his  will,  taken  up  the  name  of  Egerton,  they 
think  you  arc  grown  proud  ; — rthat  you  have  elhanged  your  felf  fra 
the  Macfycopliants — iiavc  afibclated  with  your  mother's  family — with 
the  oppofeetion,  and  with  thofe  who  do  not  with  well  till  Scotlaod  ; 
befides,  fir,  the  other  day,  in  a  converfation  at  dinner  at  your  coafin 
Campbel  M'Kenzis's,  before  a  whole  rabie-full  of  your  aio  relatioiu, 
did  not  you  publicly  wilh  a  total  e.xtjnguilhmcnt  of  aw  parly,  and  of 
aw  national  dilHnftions  whatever,  relative  to  the  three  kingdoms  ?— 
[li'itb  gr^at  anger. '\  And  you  blockhead — was  that  a  prudent  wilh 
before  fo  many  of  your  ain  countrymen  ?— or  wai  it  a  filial  language 
to  hold  before  me  I 

*  E^cr,  Sir,  with  your  pardon  I  cannot  think  it  unfi'ial  or  impra- 
tlonc.  [.'/.•-.»  a  nc/i  patn-uc  ivarmth,^  I  own  1  do  wifh — moil  ar- 
dtT.:!y  wilh  for  a  tot.il  cxiiaclionof  rdi  party  :  particularly — thnttbofe 
of  Kr.glifh,  Iriih,  and  Scc:ch  mi?;Ii:  never  more  be  brought  ir.tocon- 
tcl:  or  C'.>:-.^;^e:i:ion,  unltl  .  ':.^e  loving  brothtrj,  in  generous  cmoll- 
lijn,  to:  one  conin'.on  cai'tc. 

*  »>..•  Fr\  il?w,  fir  1  doyourerfii?  what  I — would  youbaniftiaw 
p?.rty,  a-.i  «.v  Jillin.iVIjr.  betweon  Lngiiih,  Iriih,  and  your  ain  coua* 
try.T.-n  ? 

*  £;:^,  [f'':r'.-  g*-:.::  jvV •.•/•.■  c/  i):r:i.]   I  would,  fir. 

*  S:r  Ptr.  fhcn  da;nn  \ou,  fir, — yoa  are  rai  true  Scot — Ay,  fir, 
you  muv  look  as  j^.^Ty  us  you  wUI,  — but  agaia  1  fay — you  arc  nai 
tr^ie  Scot. 

*  r^.-.  Your  pnrdor,  f:r,  I  thirk  he  is  thj  true  Sect,  and  the  trofc 
ci'i:.*n,  who  \vi'.hc>  cqjal  jjfiii:c  to  the  meri:  and  demerit  of  every 
f.;!v:l  of  >.>:.-:  B:i:-1;:  j  among.;  v^hom  1  know  but  of  twodiflinc- 
tion?. 

*  .^^'  •  JVr.  W.*c!  f  r.  z::i  whn-  .vo  '±cC2  ?  wha:  are  thofe  ? 


r.r.   TS*  It--....  .-1  :h  '  Sr" 


criw.i  xr^M*4 


i'.::.:w  !   ::^.ec 


«  /?/..-.  Ani  h;\  v/.  ^  ::•  .k;-5  j-y  ctr.er— !.•:  hirr.  b?  of  the  North, 
oroi  ;/.e  S.-tS-o:'  :hc  ilr.!^  cr  cf  i.'ie  \Vc:t— in  rlicc,  or  cut  of 
pl^cc — 15  an  0".:.::: .  ::^  the  v*::v!:r,  aivi  :o  the  -. :rtje>  cf  humanity. 

•  C''.- /V-.  A\.  fir,  this  :s  yc-r  brother's  inapude:.:  dLCtrinc— ^<^' 
the  which,  i  :.-;e  :~  •  ■::::.^i  him  for  cv.-r  fra  my*  prcler.ce,  my  hcaitj 
arj  my  foriurc— Si:,  I  ^^ :!.  k.ive  r.^  (?n  of  mine,  btcaufe  truly  ^ 
h.:s  b:c:\  cc jc-;c\i  i::  in  iL::^Li-l;  uiiiiziry,  prcfumc,  anCcr  Uie  ^J^ft 


Macklin'i  Mm  o/lhi  HMd;  ami  Ltme  a  la  Mode.    417 

of  candour^  to  fpeak  againll  his  native  land,  or  againft  my  prin- 
cipled. 

'  E^er.  I  never  did,  nor  do  I  intend  it. 

*  Sir  Per.  Sir»  I  do  iwt  believe  you— I  do  not  believe  you. — But, 
fir»  1  know  your  connections  and  afibciates;  and  1  know  too,  yoa 
faave  a  faucy,  lurking  prejudice  againll  yonr  ain  country  :— you  liace 
it  i-^ycz,  your  mother,  her  family,  and  your  brother,  fir,  have  aw 
the  fame,  dark,  difatleflcd  rankling  ;  and,  by  that  and  their  politics 
together,-  they  will  be  the  ruin  of  you — ^thcmfelves — and  bf  ail  who 
conned  with  them.— However,  nai  mair  of  that  now; — I  will  talk  at 
large  to  you  about  that  anon.— Jn  the  mean  while,  fir-^notwith- 
fianding  your  contempt  of  my  advice,  and  your  difobedience  till  mj 
commands,  I  will  convince  you  of  my  paternal  attention  till^^ivr  weU 
hxe,  by  my  management  of  this  voluptuary— 'this  Lord  Lumber* 
coort, — whofe  daughter  you  are  to  marry.  You  ken,  fir,  that  the 
lelloiv  has  been  my  patron  above  thefe  five  and  thraty  years. 

*  Eger»  True,  fir. 

•  Sir  Per,  Vary  weel. — And  now,  fir,  you  fee,  by  his  prodigality,  he  is 
become  my  dependent ;  and  accordingly  I  have  made  my  bargain  with 
fcim  :— -the  devil  abaubee  he  has  iatne  world  but  what  comes  through 
thefe  clutches— for  his  whole  ellate,  which  has  three  implicit  ^:. 
rooghs  upon  it, — mark — is  now  in  my  cuftody  at  nurie  ; — the  which 
eftate^  on  my  paying  off  his  debts,  and  allowing  him  a  life  rent  of 
five  thoufand  pounds  per  annum,  is  to  be  made  over  till  me  for  my 
life,  and  at  my  death  is  to  defcend  till  ye  and  your  ifiue,— The 
peerage  of  Lumbercourt,  you  ken,  will  follow  of  courfe.«»So,  fir, 
yoQ  fee  there  are  three  impleecit  boroughs,  the  whole  patrimony  of 
Lambercourt,  and  a  peerage  at  one  flap.-  Why  it  is  a  flroke — a  hit 
—a  hit— Zounds  !  {ir,  a  mon  may  live  a  century  and  not  make  fie 
an  a  hit  again. 

•  Eger.  it  is  a  very  advantageous  bargain  indeed,  fir :— but  what 
will  my  lord's  family  fay  to  it  ? 

«  Sir  Per.  Why,  mon,  he  cares  Aot  if  his  family  were  aw  at  the 
devil  fo  his  luxury  is  but  gratified  :— only  let  him  have  his  race-horfe 
to  feed  his  vanity — his  harridan  to  drink  drams  with  him,  fcratch 
his  face,  and  born  his  periwig,  when  fhe  is  in  her  maudlin  hyfterics, 
--*and  three  or  four  difcontcntcd  patriotic  dependents  to  abufe  the 
oiinifiry,  and  fettle  the  affairs  of  the  nation,  when  they,  arc  aw  in- 
toxicated ;  and  then,  fir, — the  fellow  has  aw  his  wlihes  and  aw  his 
wants— in  this  world — and  the  next.' 

In  acl  111.  the  father  and  fon  have  another  fimilar  fcene;  in 
which  Sir  Pertinax,  to  excite  the  ambition  of  EgcrtOHf  gives 
him  the  hiflory  of  the  art  of  bowing,  as  pradifed  in  his  own 
perfon^  This  fcene  is  perhaps  fuperior  to  that  which  we  have 
above  quoted  ;  though  it  is  a  difficult  point  to  determine.  The 
fame  fpirit  pervades  a£l  IV.  where  corruption  is  exemplified 
and  made  a£)ive,  by  the  refufal  of  Counfellor  £itherfide  to 
lijffer  Lord  Lumbercourt,  his  client,  to  fign  the  deeds,  till  Siir 
Pertinax  has  bribed  him,  and  promifcd  to  bring  him  in  as  a 
ipcmbcf  for  one  of  the  boroughs. 

At 


n 


MackllnV  Man  o/ihi  W^rldi  ofid  Lm^  a  h  M^ii^ 

the  clofe  of  this  a£t.  Sir  Pertinax  has  an  admirable  folU 
when  driven  almoft  frantic^  by  the  firm  rcfufaJ  of  his 
marry  rhe  lady  and  proHitute  his  poHcical  prinfriptei, 
curl  Ding  and  charad^er  of  Sir  Pertinax  are  again  mafn- 
through  the  fifth  a£l.  With  him,  indeed,  the  graad 
>f  the  comedy  refts  ;  and  ft  wiU  be  no  exaggeration  to 
t,  fo  far  as  he  individually  is  concerned^  the  ilage  an- 
f  modern  contains  but  feir  portraits  equally  bold,  well 
,  andefTcdualJy  moraL  It  has  indeed  one  glaring  dc^ 
uo  which  we  iincerely  lament  that  the  author  fbould 
lien  i  it  \%  nationaT,  and  is  fedLilou^  to  caCl  a  heavy  cloy^i 
oquy  over  a  race  of  men  who,  though  often  greatly  vi* 
have  frequently  exhibt'cd  the  fublimeft  virtue  and  the 
|l  powers  of  mind,  It  ts  alfo  but  too  evident  that  Mr« 
lin  knew  better  how  to  defineate  vice  than  virtue,  Egtr* 
idney,  Lady  Rodolpha,  and  all  his  virtuous  charafi^r*, 
to  a  cowardly  defcrtlon  of  their  principles,  and  affirm 
s  foreign  to  their  hearts.  To  be  over  awed  by  the  defpoft 
rtinax,  was  unworthy  of  them :  but  Sydney,  who  is  the 
prieit  as  it  were  of  virtue^  in  the  family,  fays  yes  and  ao, 
St  contradiction  to  hif  principles,  to  the  very  chambcr- 
Thefe  are  blemifties  which  it  is  incumbent  an  us  to 
Iherc  are  tHhers  of  tcfs  moment  \  fuch  as  the  affumcd 
I,    fhe   verbofe  loquacii^^  of  Mrs. 


(    4«9    ) 

Akt.  XV.    FJUUfipiicMl  Trmifg^ioiu  rf  the  Rtyal  Society  tf  Lwdom. 
For .tke  Year  MDccxciu.  Parti.  4C0.    8s.  fewed.   ^mflcy. 

Natural  History,  &c. 
Dtfiripthm  $f  thi  DouUe^b^rmJ  Rbinoaros  of  Sumatra.      Bjr 

Mr.  Wtlliaai  fiell.  Surgeon  at  Bencoolen. 
ll^R.  B.  gives  a  particular  defcription,  illuftrated  by  three 
^^*  drawings,  of  the  Ihape,  fize,  and  parts  of  this  rhinoceros : 
f>F  bis  manners  the  writer  of  the  paper  feems  to  have  gathered 
no  intelligence.  It  appears  that  the  hide  is  not  fo  good  si 
fubftitute  for  defeniive  armour  in  this  as  in  the  other  fpecies. 
.Jiffcription  of  a  Species  efChdetoeUn^  called  by  the  Malays^  Ecan 
Bonna.    By  the  fame. 

The  (keleton  of  this  fi(h,  of  which  Mr.  B.  gives  a  figure, 
is  marked  by  one  wtxy  fingular  circumftance ;  many  of  the 
bones  have  tumors  which  are  not  exoftofes  from  difeafe,  but  are 
always  found  in  this  fifh.  The  purpofe  of  thefe  enlargements 
is  not  obvious.  They  are  fpongy,  foft,  and  full  of  oil. 
jfccount  of  fomo  Difcoveries  made  by  M,  Galvani  of  Bologna  \ 

with  Experiments  and  Obfervations  on  tbem^    in  two  Letters* 

from  M.Volta  to  Mr.Cfavallo. 

Dr.  Galvani's  treatife  on  the  power  of  eleifricity  to  excite 
nutfcukr  motion^  different  papers  in  the  Italian  journals,  and, 
fiiJi  more,  Dr.Valli's  letters,  as  they  fuccelfively  appeared  in 
the  Journal  de  Phyfiquey  drew  the  attention  of  philofophers  to 
an  order  of  fafls  apparently  altogether  new.  Ml.  Volta's  pur- 
pofe in  thefe  letters  is  to  give  a  fketch  of  this  difcovery,  as 
lar  as  it  had  been  carried  in  Italy,  at  the  time  of  their  date; 
and,  as  experiments  relating  to  the  fame  fubje<Sl  are  likely  to 
hXi  frequently  under  our  notice,  it  will  be  proper,  by  way  of 
introdudion  to  future  intelligence,  to  give  a  full  account  of  the 
prefent  communication. 

Dr.  Galvani,  having  prepared  a  frog  fo  that  the  legs  were 
connefied  with  the  lower  part  of  the  fpine  f  feparated  from  the 
reft  of  the  body,)  only  by  the  crural  nerves  laid  bare,  obferved 
that  very  lively  movements  were  excited  in  the  legs,  whenever' 
fparks  were  drawn  under  certain  circumilances  firom  the 
prime  condufior  of  an  ele£lrical  machine,  not  on  the  body  of 
the  animal,  but  on  any  other  fubftance.  The  necefTary  cir- 
cumftances  were,  that  the  prepared  frog  (bould  be  in  contad 
with,  or  placed  near  to,  fome  pretty  large  piece  of  metal  or  other 
good  condudor  of  eleAricity.  The  experiment  fucceeded  better 
when  the  animal  lay  between  two  conducing  fubftances,  one 
placed  near  the  legs,  and  the  other  near  the  difleded  nerves ; 

*  Thefe  letters  are  written  in  French. 

and 


^hihfophmi  Trafifaifimit  Pari  I*  fir  1793. 

7t%  advantageous  to  make  tbe  foroiPr  of  cK«^  fubflilKei 

Intcatc  with  the  floor.     Dr.  G.  wa5,  in  M.  Volti's  opi- 

lore  a11oDi0iErd  at  thU  pherkomeiion  than  he  ought  to 

teii.     M>  Volu  cafily  and  fausfadorijy  explimi  it  hum 

fration  of  clcdrical  aravofphcres ;  it  being  well  known 

elc£lrical  iiuid  of  conducting  lubdanceKt  w!ien  th^f 
Led  near  charged  bodies ^  is  fepclJed,  and  kept  tI»rpUceti| 

as  the  chirgc  continues.  Now  it  ts  the  repelled  ft  aid, 
jitturns  and  ttiiverfts  the  froj^^^  at  the  moment  when  the 
conduflor  is  discharged,  by  ukfng  from  it  a  fpirk  that 

thcfe  very  brifk  fiiutcular  movements.  No  one,  bow- 
as    i\t,  Volta  allows^   couW  have  cxpeacd   beforeb^d 

clc£liical  ilream,  fo  wealc  as  to  produce  «o  eiicct  on 

^ft  fcnfible  clefltometer,  ibould  fo  coovutfe  the  anitual 

If  the  pHf^e  condador  be  large,  and  highly  cbargtcff 

IIS  ditlance  from  ^Oivdu^ina  bodies,  laid  at  a  Ittile  inter* 

\m  ci!Ch  other  on  1  table,  be  not  con  fide  rable^  the  rt* 

Jfrrarn  will  become  evident  by  fparks  paffing  berwmi 
Sits  on  the  table;  and  a  irgg»  a  newt*  a  fparrow,  or  anf 
imma]^  wtl)  be  kvmd  with  convulliorif,  efpeciaJly  in  the 
the  returning  ftream  p^fe  along:  them.  M*  Volta 
Ith  ii  a  charge*  which  he  ellimaies  only  ar  '  ;^  or  *^l\  rf 
be  of  ill r. C 4 1.  aKo's  tfe^l^lrn meter,  priiductd  fi^ukukr  COn- 


fhikfopbicat  TrffiifiUhnsi  Part  I.  'fir  1 79^.         411 

t^(  a  diilcfied  frog,  and  then  brought  into  contad,  the  miDve- 
memt  are  feen  in  the  limb.  This  .M*Volta  imputes  to  a 
rmall  eledrical  diCcharge  whigh  takes  place  between  the  metals^ 
but  which  is  .  too  incoiifiderable  to  effcA  any  eledcometer. 
Of  the  truth  of  this  explanation,  no  perfbn,  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Bennet's  experiments,  will  be  inclined  to  doubt.— M. 
Volta  obferved  the  fame  movements  to  be  produced  by  pafting 
a  bit  of  tin-foil  on  the  back  of  an  entire  frog,  then  preifing  a 
piece  of  ftlver  gently  againft  the  helly,  ajid  making  it  Aide 
along  till  it  touched  the  tin-foil.  This  effcrdt  is  more  dif- 
tioiily  feen  if  the  head  of  the  frog  be  fird  cut  oiF,  and  a  pin  be 
plunged  into  the  fpinal  marrow ;  becaufe  then  thefe  movements 
are  not  liable  to  be  confounded  with  the  voluntary  movements 
of  the  living  animal. 

In  his  ^cond  letter,  M.  Volta  defcribes  experiments  on 
various  animals,  which  (hew  that  when  a  communication  is 
made  between  different  metals  applied  to  different  parts  of  the 
fimu  mufcle,  fpafmodic  movements  are  perceived.  Hence  he 
concludes  that  when  two  plates  of  metal,  applied  to  the  fame 
nerve  or  mufcle,  are  made  to  communicate  by  a  condudor  of 
ctedricity,  and  produce  convDlfiuns,  there  cannot  be  in  this 
cafe  any  refemblance  to  the  difcharge  of  a  LeyJen  phial.  Oa 
applying  a  piece  of  tin*foil  and  a  bit  of  filvcr  leaf  to  cor* 
rcfponding  parts  of  the  thighs  of  a  frog,  and  on  making  a.com- 
munication  between  the  metals,  con  trad  ions  take  place.  Now 
Leyden  jars  cannot  be  difcharged  by  eftablifhing  a  communica- 
tion between  their  homologous  furfaccs.— No  effedl  follows  the 
application  of  two  pieces  of  x\i^  fame  metal  to  two  mufclcs,  or 
two  different  parts  of  the  fame  mufcle,  and  making  a  commu* 
nication. — The  clafs  of  the  vermes  in  general,  and  fome  infefls 
in  their  caterpillar  ftate,  M.  Volta  found  incapable  of  being 
a£fe6ted  either  by  armour  of  different  metals,  or  by  moderate 
fparks  or  (hocks  of  artificial  eledUicity.— Infefls,  however,  in 
their  perfect  ftate,  are  very  fufceptible  of  this  influence:  for  if 
the  head  of  a  fly,  of  a  butterfly,  or  of  a  beetle,  be  cut  off,  and 
the  t^rJUt  flit  open,  and  then  a  bit  of  tin-foil  be  thruft  near  the 
lUeck  deep  into  the  flit,  and  a  bit  of  iilver  a  little  way  below,  and 
the  two  metals  be  brought  into  conta£l  within  the  body  of  the 
iDfe£l,  the  legs  will  begin  to  dance;  and  the  other  parts,  even 
the  trunk,  will  be  thrown  into  agitation.  The  chirping  of  the 
grafshopper  may  be  thus  excited.— The  voluntary  mufcles 
atone  are  fufceptible  of  being  adluated  by'two  different  metals  : 
but  thefe  are  fo  fufcept'ihie,  that  a  flice.of.  flefh,  cut  from  an 
animal  killed  an  hour  before,  if  not  quite  cold,  is  affc£led. 

Perhaps  there  is  fcarcely  one  of  our  readers  who-has  not  felt 
the  acid  ufte  produced  by  applying  two  metals,  efpecially  zinc 

and 


414  "'^^  HcronV  Trdnflkttm  9fVkhthr*s  Tmda 

be  ccnfidered  as  fe  many  fubarbs :  Th«)^  aiediffina  ddafe^^-Andcd 
by  the  Gulf  from  the  capita!.  Eju^  is  the  only  fobub  hfio«gia|  to 
k.  And  if  we  take  in  only  the  city  of  Conlhiimnopic,  «|id|lut  mb- 
inb»  it  is  confiderably  inferior  in  extent  to  cither  London  or  Paiii. 
I  doril  not  meafure  it  geometrically :  but,  coQntm^f  my  flept  as  I 
walked  round  it,  I  found  its  circumference  to  be  2600  paces. 

<  Ccnl!antinQp!e  appears  larger  than  it  really  is :  for,  as  the  hoalb 
life  upon  the  (ides  of  hills,  they  prefent  theiiiiclve&  in  tbe  form  of  aa 
amphitheatre,  and  thus  appear  to  fprcad  over  a  wide  extent  of  ground. 
Towards  the  Tea,  however,  tbe  city  confifts  of  new  hoofes,  and  b  re- 
ceiving continual  additionf.  Of  late,  they  have  evea  encitMched 
upon  the  harbour  and  filled  up  fome  part  of  it,  in  order  to  gun 
ground  for  new  buildings. 

«  It  would  be  hard  to  iix  the  number  of  the  inhabitants :  It  is 
always  i^^tcd  too  high,  from  a  miftake  incident  to  travcUers,  in  efti- 
mnting  the  popi^lation  of  the  cities  of  the  Eaft.  They  regard  thflfe 
cities  as  equally  populous,  in  proportion  to  their  extent,  with  thoie  of 
Europe.  But  the  houfes  in  the  Eail  are  low.  Peribes  10  eafy  diw 
cum  fiances,  chuf'e  to  have  a  large  area  behind  their  hoafes»  The 
palaces  of  the  great,  ^ith  their  gardens  and  i'eraglios,  occupy  anok 
ground. 

'  It  is  rot  Icfs  2  nrltakc  to  judge  of  iliC  population  of  thofe  dries, 
by  the  numbers  of  people  who  are  conftanily  bufy  in  the  llrect£.  Tiie 
jealoufy  oF  the  people  of  the  Eaft  renders  them  an  willing  to  receivt 
perfons  ^v^th  whom  they  have  bufincf?,  in  their  houfes.  On  this  ac- 
count, the  artir^r.s  work  wichout  doors,  and  "fpend  the  whole  davii 
oprn  placers.  The  Ilroetf  are  fu!l  of  joiners,  ironnongers,  goM- 
fmiths  jeweller'?,  v^c.  bufy  in  the  cxcrcil>  of  their  Several  trades^ 
Thoufands  of  workmen  come  in  the  niorr.ings,  work  all  the  day  in 
the  rtrects  of  Coi":.':ir.  lino  pie,  and  return  in  thecvenine  to  their  hoar«i 
in  the  country.  If  the  fame  mcdei  of  life  prevailed  m  Europe,  and 
the  grcatiT  numb  t  of  the  nrtifans  and  workmen  about  our  great 
citi?<  livid  in  the  country,  thcTe  wooid  then  appear  much  more  popu- 
lous than  at  profrnt. 

«  \\'h:i:cver  be  i:5  prpulatioTi,  Conftantinople  exhibits  a  delightfil 
pnTpfcl.^  It*  hr.rb.  rr.  one  of  the  finell  in  the  world,  is  always  faU 
cf  velFeN,  The  meiiley  of  t'uperb  mclques  and  palaces,  gardens  and 
trec.'i  of  all  fcrts,  v.hich  the  city  difplays,  appears  remarkably  ftrikiif 
to  a  drar.irer.  h.iz  %\ithii,  the  arrangement  and  appearance  of  tfcc 
cT?y  ccri.r-ond  n;  t  to  t:^  fplenJour  when  feen  from  a  diftance. 
'i'he  Ihccts  ar.'  iilmoil  .ul  narrow,  dirty,  and  irregular;  the  hoofcs 
arc  of  wor-d,  Tiij^hi,  and  ill  buiit,  .ir.d  appear  more* like  coops  6r 
Mids  ih.-^n  cwcy.\.-.i:^  fcr  nun.  Of  ii;e  palaces  builc  of  ftone,  nothine 
i?  :o  be  Ken  j;i:  i  w  h".j»h  vs- .:;!■?  t!^at  furround  them.  Jn  this  citv,  U 
)s  twiiial".;'  da-i^-criis  i.>  I'ne  in  frorc  and  in  wooden  hoofes.  In  the 
fi';ntr.  •••.«'  '\^  !:.u\e  to  I'i' l-jrLd  i:i  ruins  by  earthquakes  ;  in  the 
Liiu-.  t'.^  I  .'  nv:r-..,  bv  :^.e  br^pcinc:  out  of  a  tire  : — Theftf  two  fpc- 
cir<  . /  .'.vvfid  cvt  V.:.  I— ii-r  r»n-Mlly  tVeqi'ent  at  Conrtantinople. 

•  ihe  r^r.^r/io  ,'<*'  :>.j  (irinvi  oi^j-.ior  is  a  vail  but  very  irrrgabr 
edit'.:?.  1  ua-^  nr:  ri*nr.::rtd  to  apnrrach  farther  into  it  than  the 
ou^LT  ccjiu     i^j*.,  v!*.it  I  Uw  \v.*r  cough  to  give  mc  a  very  high 

9  ides 


Hcron^j  Tranfation  of  Nicbuhr'j  Travels.  415 

idea  of  the  reft.  I  could  Jcarn  nothing  concerning  this  gat6  (pona) 
of  the  feragUoy  that  might  ferve  to  account  for  the  origin  of  the 
If  cry  improper  denomination  of  OtUmnn  Porte  %  which  is  applied  ia 
Europe  to  the  Court  of  the  Grand  Signior.  A>/«,  in  the  lurlcilh 
language*  fignifics  both  a  gate  and  a  palace.  Bnt,  when  they  fpeak 
of  going  to  iX\z  Porte  at  Conftaiuinoplc,  the  palace  of' the  Grand 
ViAr  is  always  meant»  where  all  buuncfs  is  trrnlaAcd,  as  wc!l  uhat 
regards  the  internal  regulation  of  the  empire,  :i3  the  negociationt 
with  foreign  minifters. 

'  The  city  is  plentifully  lupplied  with  water,  from  three  Betus  at 
Tcfcrvoirs,  fituatcd  at  the  diftance  of  three  German  leagues.  A  Btut 
is  a  refervoir  in  a  valley,  into  which  water  is  condudlM  from  the 
higher  grounds  circumjacent^  and  there  confined  by  a  flrong  wall. 
The  water  cnlledled  in  this  manner  is  conveyed  into  (he  town  by 
aqacdudts,  which  have  been  conllru^ed'  at  a  vail  expcr.cc,  in  con* 
iequence  of  the  ground  being  fo  unequal.  It  is  not  to  the- Greek  em- 
perors that  the  Turks  owe  thefe  noble  works.  One  .of.  them  was 
jmifed  by  Sultan  I^abmoud;  and  another  upon  the  north  fi J e,  with  the 
branches  communicating  with  it,  was  but  lately  con.'lrudlcd  by  Suluu 
IMuilapha,  who  was  on  the  throne  uhen  I  was  at  Conflantinoplc. 
As  this  water  cannot  be  equally  difiribuied  through  the  whole  cit)', 
on  account  of  the  inequality  of  the  ground,  water  houfcs  arc  ella-- 
Uifhed  in  proper  places,  from  which  it  is  fervcd  out  to  every  perfon 
gratis,  Oppofite  to  the  outer  gate  of  the  feranjio,  is  a  houle  fplen- 
didly  decorated,  where  perfons  paid  by  the  public,  prefcnt  water  to 
the  paflengers,  in  veiTels  of  gilt  copper. 

•  This  capital  of  a  great  empire  is  almoil  deftitute  of  means  of  de- 
fence. A  double  wall,  and  a  ditch  nearly  AUrd  up,  arc  all  its  forti- 
fications.  The  Turks  trull  for  the  fecurity  of  the  city  to  four  cadles, 
built  upon  the  two  channels  which  terminate  in  the  i'ea  of  Marmora, 
and  communicating  one  of  them  with  the  Archipelago,  and  the  other 
with  the  Black  Sea.  Thofe  cailles,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Dar- 
danelles, are  but  of  little  moment.  Cut  the  channels  are  fo  narrow 
and  crooked,  that  a  fleet  which  were  to  attempt  to  fail  up  either, 
even  w^th  the  mod  favourable  wind,  could  hardly  efcape  being  funk 
by  the  difcharge  of  the  batteries.  The  bell  mode  of  attacking  Con- 
ftantinople  by  fta,  would  be  to  block  up  the  mocth  of  thc!  diiinncls, 
ftpd  thus  deprive  the  city  of  the  fupplics  of  provifions  whicli  it  receives 
From  the  Archipelago. 

•  Thc  city  of  Ga/ata,  furrounded  with  a  flrong  wall,  .ind  rifing 
Dpon  a  fteep  height  over  againft  Conllantinople,  u  cxtrcwr/ly  popu- 
kms.  All  the  European  traders,  and  many  of  thc  EaltcHi  Chniiians 
live  there.  Pera  is  a  fuburb  to  Galata.  Jn  it  relide  the  amba.iadom 
t>f  fuch  Chriftian  powers  as  fend  pubiic  minillcrs  :o  the  Pjrte.  1  he 
deputies  which  come  by  turns  from  Algitrrs,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and 
Ragufa,  lodge  at  Conllantinople.  But  the  Turks  conlldcr  not  thefc 
leputies  as  ambafladors ;  nor  yet  the  K.i/m  K.njnj,  who  manage  the 
Iftairs  of  the  princes  of  Wabchia,  rjid  Moldavia. 

•  The  Sultan  has  many  houles  c^f  '^•leafurc,  both  in  thc  ncigh!>ou:- 
iDod  of  the  capital,  and  on  t'.-.c  (horcs  on  thc  c'.i.mr.cl  of  ihi.'  iiinc!; 
Sea.     But  the  reigning  Suhan  goes  no  where  b-;',  10  A.^/vi  u^^rnitJj. 

Rrv.  Aug.  1793.  G  ;;  li.e 


bomy,  i  >iirary,  fiiuiuoti  of  which  fuiu  the  mcknchclj  cotfJ* 

of  h;^  miud^     He  is  ik^Vnng  the  others  to  iaU  imoruki: 

cautcd  le>feral  of  tkem  to  be  pulled  dowtk^  aod  t)ic  m^teniJi 

I zn  ployed  in  buUdrag  public  batbs  at  d  uioiques. 

\c  Greeks  hart  three  ana  twenty  churches  in  CoQltanilnopIe, 

Ari;ieEU^ii£  ikrce  ;  dclLilve  of  th0fe  w^ich  the   two   n3ttor\» 

&  the  fuburbs.     A   ckrgjiiiaiv  re&les  at  Per^r  oq  wbom  the 

Ionian  the  pompt^tK  tide  of  ArcKbifhop»  ptacicg  hlro  a^t  lb* 

2.  great  many  imaginary  Vifhopi.     By  the  !a\Me,  no  11  range 

Ifuft^red  to  bujid  hoofcs  of  ;piayer  m  the  C^ial.      Yet,  fevcral 

old  thcif  mcetingi  the  re »  within  iK  being  checked  by  Govern- 

\m  ConftinttHopte  the  trateUers  failci  to  Rhodes,  and 

to  Alexandria^    where  they   arrived  Scpt&fnber    26tb* 

are  few  remains  of  the  ancient  magniftceficc  of  thii 

led  city»  except  the   Obtlifit  rf  CUofmh^m^  the  PUhr  §f 

and  a  Af^fqtdet  which)  in  the  time  of  the  Greek  Em- 

fA%  a  church  ^jedicated  to  St.  Athanantia*     Of  thetrade^ 

frs^   and   felicity   of  the  Alexandrians   at  prefent,   the 

gives  no  very  favourable  account. 
fetta  WdS  the  next  place  to  whicb  they  fleered ;  and  i» 
|ty  they  remaijied  but  a  fliort  time  before  ihey  fet  fail  hs 
*  Carro^  where  they  arrived  in  November^ 

h  ii'ifon,  {(:iyi  :lie  author,)  when  the  country  is  all  vcrd-'ifir. 


fail  I 


A  number  of  v?] 


HcrqpV  Slrmfrflatic^  of  likhuhvU  Travitt*  427 

CrttiflatOTy    whO'  icfers  us  rco  that:*or  Mr.  Bi?uc^    as  more 
complete. 

Tht  hihMtzrtii  of  Balieirtf,  betwteA'Damietti  and  Ghaffa^ 
fays  our  author^ 

'  Being  poor  and  independent,  are  to  be  dreaded  equally  by  land 
and  by  water.     They  rob  all  tpvcflcrs,  without  dillinftion. 

'  Egypt  feems  at  prerent  quite,  a  dcfart  in  pomparilbn  wlth.^^at  it 
was  in  the  days  Qf.amiquity.— When,  ho.wever,  xyc  reflcft  oi|.  tlic  re- 
volutions which  this  country  has  undergone,  and  upon  the  length  of 
tjine  during  which  it  has  he:'n  under' the  dominion  of  fir^ngers  ;  we 
can  no  longer  be  Curprized  at  the  decline  of  its  wealth  and  population; 
Jt  has  been  fuccciTively  fubdued  by  the  Pcrfians,  ^hc  Grccksi  ihb 
Romans »  the  'Arabians,  and  the  Turks :— has  enjoyed  n6  interval  of 
tranquillity  and  freedom ;  but  has  conftantly  been  opprclTcd  hnd  pHlaged 
by  the  lieutenants  of  a  diRant  lord.  Thofe  ufurpcrs  aiid  tlleir  lervants 
having  no  other  views  but  ro  draw  as  large  a  revenue  as  pofTihle  from 
aa  opulent  province,  fcarce  left  the  people  bare  means  0/  iubfiltoncc. 
.Agriculture  was  ruined  by  the  miferics  of  the  hu(bandmen ;  apd  the 
dues  decayed  with  its  decline*  Even  at  prcfent,  the  population  is 
dccrealing ;  and  the  peafant,  although  in  a  fertile  country,  i;^  itiiferably 
poor ;  for  the  exa6lions  of  Government,  and  its  officers,  leave  him 
nothing  to  lay  out  in  the  improvement  and  culture  of  his  lands  ; 
while  the  cities  are  falling  into  ruins,  bccaufe  the  fame  unhappy  re- 
ftraints  render  it  impofiible  for  the  citizens  to  engage  in  aily  lucrative 
undertaking.* 

In  the  defcriptTon  of  the  city  of  Cairo,  we  have  an  account 
of  a  building  called  Mouritan^  which  *  is  a  large  hofpital  for  th^ 
fick  and  mad.  Thofe  of  the  former  claff;  arc  not  numerous,  con- 
fidering  the  extent  of  the  city.  The  fick  were  formerly  pro. 
vided  with  tvcry  thing  that  could  tend  to  foothe  their  dillrefi^ 
not  excepting  even  mufic.  From  the  infufficiency  pf  the 
funds  to  fupply  fo  great  an  expence,  the  niufic  ha&  been  re- 
trenched, but  has  been  fmce  rcflorcd  by  the  charity  of  a  pri- 
vate pterfon  :'-* perhaps,  on  a  (uppolltion  that  it  has  healing 
powers.  The  tmdicina  mujica  has  often  btch  iii  favour;  it  was 
the  grand  panacea  of  Alclepi:ides.  We'  haVe  Pfalrnddy  indeed 
in  mod  of  our  hofpitals  :  but«  in  Italy,  the  famous  tdfifcrva^ 
tories^  or  mufic-fchpols,  of  N-iples  i«nd  Venice  were  biiginally 
called  hofpitals;  We  mrmerly  extracted  from  the  Daniih  edi- 
tion of  this  work,  an  accou  it  of  th  mufic  9/  tht  Ea/i  ^,  in 
tvhich  it  appears  that  this  art  and  its  profcflion  are  trebled  with 
fuch  contem|;)t,  that  it  is  diffivilt  10  account  for  the  honour 
done  to  mufic  by  its  expenjive  admiHion  iuto  the  lyofpital  at 
Cairo. 

l^he  defcription  of  the  Mikkiai  or  Nliometcr  will  probably 
be  acceptable  to  our  readers,    in  addition^  to  Ihe  particulars 

•  Apper.dbc  :o  vol.  liii.  p.  5  So. 

G  g  2  whicSi 


Heron* J^  Trmfi^M  cf  Nicbrfir*i  Trtmelu 
fc'c  caitra^lttJ  from  Nordco,  in  the   J5tli  vd,  of  tk 

^cen  yi^f-tl'%vk  (or  oU  Ciiiti)  aad  Cef  fb^  in  tbe  tnltMlc  of 

13  tAc  i{lc  of  Rodda,  wkiclt  foroiedr  cofEimrniic^tnl  will 

dries  by  two  bn<igi$  of  bosts^  diiL  uo  loDgcr  fubflft     In 

i!!iix!g  davt  of  Foffit,  dae  iHicd  W3J  covered   n4fli  g^^rtlcf^ 

Bat  UDcc  Cairo  Im  become  tb«  capital  of  Egypt.  Mafr- 

Julak,  and  cvra  Birket-cUHaiigi,  etc  preferred  as  ^cmoom 

|fn5  and  villas. 

ifliflj  fhews,  at  prefeiat,  tioftlilng  retaarkablep  except,  thai  on 

cm  extremity,  fkois  a  wall,  «^h;cti  has  been  bmlt  to  break 

of  the  correct.     Upoo  thL  extremity  ftairdf  a! to  a  Tnofqa^t 

h  tbe  famous  Mikldas  oc  Nitom^ter.     TMs  h  well  knoira 

bafoci  having  a  commonicatioti  mth   ihc    Nilcj,    on  tlie 

bf  i^htdi  flaEHis  a  columi»  that  ferves  to  indicate  the  heiglir  d 

f  rs  of  the  rirer*     Nordea  has  given  a  draaght  of  it,  hex 

original,  which  is  mouldering  fail  awaj ;  for  the  Tatks  will 

lut  die  fmalleft  expence,  cfoi  upon  the  mofl  necc^ary  repiin, 

(ow  fiDt  ft'hether  any  perfoti  hii  yet  meafiired  the  bVeaddiof 

By  3  geometrical  operadont  I  found  it  to  be  2946  feet, 

knowing  this  me*ifure,  onc'  can  form  no  idea  of  the  afloniiH- 

|s  of  watei-  which  Uiis  river  carrier  dov^ti,  i%hei)  in  its  bH 

Kik',  it  IS  well  knovvD,  begins  t\^ry  year  to  rif;?  about  the 
Lf   \iiViQ^  and  coiitinucs  rifn;^  aboui  40  or  50  days  ;  it  diea 
^    ;rtcs,  till,  in   the  end   of  May,  next   year,  it  is  »i  the 


Hcron'i  TranJIation  of  Nicbuhr'i  Travebl  419 

height  at  which  the  canals  are  permitted  to  be  unlocked;  the  ufual 
tax  is  then  paid  for  the  waters,  to  the  Sultan»  and  a  good  year 
cxpefted. 

*  The  canal  at  Cairo  is  firH opened,  and  then,  fucceffively,  all  the  other 

frcat  canals  down  to  the  Tea.  The  inhabitants  of  no  particular  didridl 
are  draw  off  any  part  of  the  water  of  the  Nile,  although  it  has  rifen  to 
the  height  that  beib  fuits  the  inlands ;  for  this  would  injure  the  higher 
grounds :  and  therefore  eytry  body  xnuft  wait  till  the  public  order 
be  given  out.  Theie  are  laws  in  Egypt,  which  are  ftridly  obferved, 
and  which  determine  the  didribution  of  the  waters,  and  the  time 
when  the  large  and  fmall  canals  are  to  be  opened. 

*  Between  the  dyke  of  the  canal  of  Cairo,  and  the  Nile,  a  pillar 
of  earth  is  raided,  nearly  of  the  height  to  which  the  waters  of  the 
rivers  arc  cxpcdled  to  rife.  This  piUar  is  called  Anes^  or  the  bride, 
and  fervcs  as  a  fort  of  Nilometer,  for  the  ufe  of  the  common  people. 
When  the  waters  enter  the  canal,  this  bride  is  carried  away  by  the 
current.  A  like  cuftom,  which  prevailed  among  the  "ancient  Egypt- 
ians, has^  fubjedled  thtm  to  the  imputation  of  facrificing  zycry  year 
a  virgin  to  the  Nile.'  • 

The  prefent  government  of  Egypt,  as  far  as  the  author  was 
able  to  inveftigate  its  Arcana,  feems  at  once  defpotic  and  po- 
pular. A  governor  is  indeed  fent  from  Conftantinople,  but 
he  is  frequently  dcpofed  by  the  inhabitants.  The  Bcyj,  or 
Princes  of  different  diftrifls,  are  appointed  by  the  bultan'of 
the  Tuiks,  ^  but  the  Egyptians  propofe  the  candidates,  and 
he  dares  not  reje<5l  them  ;  his  nomination  is  therefore  mere 
ceremony.' 

•  The  prefent  Beys  have  been  almoft  aU  Haves,  bought  for  fifty 
or  not  more  than  a  hundred  fequins. — The  government  of  this  coun-' 
try  is  frequently  dillurbed  by  infurre£tions.  Cairo  is  eondaotly  con- 
vulfed  by  cruel  dineniions  ;  parties  are  continually  jarring ;  and  the 
Great  retain  troops  to  decide  their  differences  by  force  of  arms. 

•  The  mutual  jealoufies  of  the  chiefs  feem  to  be  the  only  caufes 
which  dill  prefervc  to  the  Porte  the  fhadow  of  authority  over  this 
countr)'. — 'I'he  members  of  the  ariftocracy  are  all  afraid  of  lofing 
their  influence  under  a  refiding  fovereign  ;  and  therefore  agree  in  op-. 
poiing  the  elevation  of  any  of  their  own  body  to  the  fuprcme  dignity.' 

In  the  author's  chapter  on  Egyptian  agriculture^  we  have  a 
melancholy  proof  of  the  degeneracy  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
courftry,  whence  Greece,  and  many  of  the  great  empires  of  an- 
tiquity, are  fuppofed  to  have  derived  the  chief  part  of  (heir 
Lnowlege  and  inventions. 

Irrigation^  or  the  art  of  watering  the  higher  grounds  to 
which  the  overflowing  of  the  Nile  docs  not  extend,  and  imubatian^ 
or  the  art  of  hatching  chickens  in  ovens,  by  artificial  heat, 
arc  the  chief  inventions  of  the  modern  Egyptians,  which  feem 
10  merit  the  attention  of  travellers. 

•  I  faw  no  wheeled  carriages  (fays  M.  Niebuhr)  in  Egypt ;  every 
tiling  is  conveyed  backward*  and  forwards  on  camels  or  aiTcs.     Wlit'n 

0^3  "^^ 


Kcroa'j  TrmJIatie^  e/  Nkbuhr'i  Travtiu 

of  Caiiro  was  to  be  cleanfedt'  ft  peafailt  bfoi^ht  mo  oxen 
[a  (on  of  open  tray  upon  the  dry  groutid^  ttxva  mhcnh  w^% 

them  with  il  tn  the  baiik.     Within  ibe    dty^  whctic  tJic 

If  the  caBal  was  not  dry,  tlit:  perfons  employed  m,deati(iBg 

dufl  frotij  the  fbcet  upon  the  mtre  in  the  canal,  and  then, 

hands,  into  paniers  tapon  alTes,  and  thus  removed  u  to  A 
lllafice,     Such  is  the  boa  iked  induilry  of  the  Egypttajns*. 
je  fcen  neither  wind  tior  waier-mill  hete»     A  fewtar^  mim 

whkh  arc  moved  by  oxen  tiirmng  a  poft  that  iurms  the 
I  of  a  large  wherL  Tne  poorer  people  have  only  haod  Biilh  ta 
|ir  corn  ;  and  thefe  they  ufe  alJo  in  breaking  tlic  beans  with 

aiTcs  arc  fed  ' 

author's  chapter  on  the  Tradi  Gf  Egypt  Is  curious  inA 
^e  J  as  are  the  ruHfecjucnt  ch^pttrs  on  the  Copts  and 
iLn^uagc  J  oa  the  .wi[4  Auhiaas,  or  Bedo^iAH  m 
uii  tiic  drefcj.  iJi^rrfiT^rK  jjames,  muGcf  dancing,  pub- 
3nd  marridges^  cbf  tric^  gypiuni  *  but  fiMOi  le^ral  of 
Aptcrs  we  havre  given  ejttratU  in  jatmer  vcjumcs  q!  the 
iln-ady  cited. 

lauthor's   rcflf^ion«i   on,    rather  than    dcfcriptions  ofp 
Antiquities  in  gmiial^  arc  valuable  ftir  their  intellj* 
U  good  talle* 

icbuhr  feems  to  fpcak  of  the  Hupendniis  PyramUi^ 
soJeration  and  Drobabilftv  ihati 


Heron V  TranfiatUn  of  NiebuhrV  TravJs^  42^ 

fbnr  handred  and  forty  feet.  T  was  furprxfed  to  find  the  refalt  of  my 
meafurement  fo  different  from  what  many  other  ti.;- -ilers  had  given 
oat  to  be  the  height  of  this  pyramid ;  and  was  for  Ib/ne  ti^^e  uneafy 
about  communicating  it  to  the  public.  Upon  my  return  to  Europe, 
I  found  in  the  DrfcrifiUn  rftbt  flams  rf  HdUpdis  and  Mimphis  hyMr. 
F%Mrmant^  the  following  paflage  :  "  Lord  Cnarlcmont,  who  arrived 
"  in  £gypif  while  I  was  there,  told  me,  that  he  had  meafured  the 
''  height  of  the  foremoft  pyramid*  and  aflured  me,  that  it  was  only 
"  four  hundred  and  forty-four  feet."  The  agreement  of  this  mea- 
furement with  my  ownt  reodered  me  lefs  doubt!  ul  ^f  the  corrcdnefs 
of  my  operation!. 

'  Tbofe  enormocs  mafts  are  built  of  foft  calcareous  ftone,  of  the 
6me  nature  as  the  rock  on  which  they  Hand.  Jt  is  prefumeable,  then, 
chat  all  the  poliflied .  ftone  has  been  taken  from  the  fame  place,  and 
wrought  at  a  (mall  cxpence.  The  fondnel's  for  the  marvellous,  there- 
fore, fo  common  to  travellers,  has  caufcd  them  to  magnify  the  ex^ 
pence  and  labour  which  thofe  mountains  of  hewn  ftonc  muft^have 
coft.  With  the  help  of  natural  philo(bphy  and  natural  hiftory,  won^- 
ders  of  all  kinds  are  reduced  to  their  true  value.  .     .        ,    . « 

'  To  enhance  the  high  ideas  which  they  hold  out,. of  the  j^jagnin. 
ficence  of  thofe  monuments,  various  writers  reprefenf  ihe  .pyrAmjds 
as  hs^ving  been  once  coated  upon  the  outiidc  wjthjinarble.'    fiiit,'*o'f 
diis,  I  could  not,  by  any  pains,  difcover  the  flighteft  veftige.   Befide 
die  third  pyramid,  indcM,  fome  pieces  of  grahitc  are  xo'^  feeii'f  . 
bat  thefe  arefieither  large,  nor  numeroiis  enough,  to  afford  reafctt 
far  fuppofing,  that  even  one  pyramid  could  be  covered  with  t&em.A 
Thofe  'mocks  might  perhaps  fenre  as  ornaments,  and  might  poflifoly  . 
bear**dio  infcnptions,  of  whacb  none  are,  at  prefent,  dkcerniUe-paV 
the  pyramids.  _:    .    :l^ 

f  I  eatered.die  foremoft  pyramid,  and  examined  the  larg'b  cham- 
ber, /wahth^cafferin  it,  of  which  all  travellers  fpeak^  'But  1  did 
not  fee  the  fecondf  chamber,  which  was  difcovered  imi^edtittely  a'ftier 
ei|r  departure,  by  Mr«  Davifon,  who  had  accompanied  Nfr.  M6nt;t- 
ne  bto  Egypt-  That  chamber  is  thirty  feet  above  the  firft,  knd  as 
^rge,  bat  not  fe>  lofty  i«  the  roof. 

f  The  funoof  Sphiax  is  finking  ftill  deeper  in  the  iand  x  aMd  a 
peat  part  of  the  body  it  already  buried.  It  feems  to 'be  formed  out 
of  the  rock  upon  which  the  pyramid  ftands ;  a  circumftance  which  con- 
firm* my  conjeflore  ccmcerning  the  place  from  which  the  Aones  for 
b«l4ing  the  pyramids  were  quarried.  I  found  the  chin'of  the  Sphinx 
10  mcalure  ten  lttx%%  inches  in  height ;  and  the  whde  length  of  the 
comtenaace  nearly  eighteen  feet.  '       ' 

*  The  memory  of  the  authors  of  thefe  ftuoendiikoos  and  fantaftic 
flMmomenU  has  been  loft  fome  thoufand  years  fince :  the  j>yramids 
are  vifibly  decaying,  and  muft  perifti  in  their  turn ;  although,  if  we 
asay  judge  of  the  future  by  the  paft,  fevend  thoufend  years  muft 
ebpfe  before  their  entire  decay.* 

The  author  terminates  his  account  of  Egypt  by  refl^ojis 
m^hier^fypbiai  thefe,  however,  though  ingenious  and  iri. 
KUIffciity  leatt  this  myfterious  fubjedJAthe  famei  ioixpli^ahit 

•  ^  G  g  4  qbfciiritjr 


riiy  in  which  it  has  fo  loog  rcos^incd^  and*  in  allptolu^ 

will  for  evc^r  remain.     'I  he  pain^  t;akcri>.by  iU- l^tebuhr 
lpvii»g   hieroj^lyphics   and  ancient  inicripizons  in  E^ypt 

furpifs  bcrlirf,  if  ihey  bad  not  be^a  c^gi^^cti  ia  litcGcr" 
jnd  French  editions  or  ihis  vrark.  ,   i  j.  -.,.•   ♦/.  ii    ..prql 
ftr  continuing  during  neaHy  two  years  in  Egypt,' t be  tfi* 
;  prepared  to  quU  Caifc>»  and  to  prncecd  m  Afjbja^  ih&rtiicf 

of  their  voyage  :  buE,  as  Chriftians  arc  pfphitiircS  iwm 

lling  ibither  by  land  with  ihe  caravans  for  Il^lecc*^  thitf 

^Tc^t  difmcuky  rormcd  a  fmaU  caravan  of  ihstr  own,  wuh 

I  private  mcrclianti  and  indivicluals,  and  fct  o^  hi  Suez, 

pSth,  1762- 

perpetu:il  fear  of  being  pluadered  by  wild  Ar^b*^  thejr 
lied  through  a  country  abfoluidy  dcfarL  j  wbcje,  *  tat  die 
lof  three- snd-twefiiy  k  agues,  neither  houfes^  wate?,.nar 
^alleft  fpor  of  vcfdure  was  to  be  fern/ 
17.  h  a  trn:*!!  city  wbtch  had  no  exigence  in  the  end  of  the 
\,ih  century.  It  ts  €tH  rtientioned  in  the  begioinng  of 
^tecnth  ctniury^  and  is  ihercturc  la  be  considered  a^i  a  ckf 
luitfrn  origin.     The  houfes  arc  mean^  and  the  inhabitams 

i  he  ground   Iving  around   it  is  all  one   bed  of  rockj 
tv  covered  with  fanJ,      Scarcely  a  pbnt  is  to  be  kzn  an/ 

m  the  neighbfTurhctjd,      ^Frces,  garde  nSj  meadows^  in  J 

arc  entirely  unknown  at  Sucx. 


FteronS  f^anjlatlon  of  Kicbuhr*j  Travih.  433 

ah!e  to  tranflate  the  inrcripcions  which  they  found,  it  is  not 
yet  fettled  in  what  language  they  have  been  engraved*. 

Oitober  icih,  the  triveMcrs,  after  many  difficulties  and  de- 
Jays,  quieted  Suez,  and  fee  fail  on  the  Red  bea  for  Jidda.  He^e, 
ijpealcing  of  the  cullom-houfe  dues,  the  author  informs  us  that 
^.the  En^j^IiHi  are  particularly  favoured,  even  more  than  ibe 
fuhje(3s  of  the  Sultan :  they  pay  only  8  per  cent,  while  oihcrs 
pay  12  or  15,  and  are  fufFered  to  difcharge  this  in  goods; 
whereas  all  others  muft  produce  money.'  Mr.  Bruce's  account 
«»f  the  town,  trade,  cuftoms,  and  manners  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Jidda,  is  fo  much  more  umple  and  amuiing  than  that  of  the  author 
before  us,  that  we  ihall  give  no  extraft  from  the  chapter  con- 
cerning that  place  :— but  of  Loheia  and  Mokha,  and  of  the  reft 
of  Arabia  in  general,  M.  Niebuhr's  accounts  are  fo  much  more 
fiiiis factory,  that  Mr.  Bruce  himfelf  frequently  refers  to  them. 

•  The  territnry  of  Loheia,  (fays  M.Niebuhr,)  is  arid  and  barren. 
The  Jiarbcuris  lb  indifFe rent,  that  even  the  fmallcll  veflels  arc  obliged 
to  anchor  at  a  great  dillance  from  the  city;  and>  when  the  tide  is  not 

ac  ebb,  ladta  boats  cannot  approach  near  it. Several  of  the  houfes 

oi  Loheia  are  b;»ilt  of  fton-* ;  but  the  greater  part  are  huts  conftrufted 
in  that  fathion  wiiich  is  common  among  the  Arabs.  'J  he  walls  are  of 
mud  mixed  vvitli  dung ;  and  the  roof  i»  thatched  with  a  fort  of  grafs 
which  is  very  comniun  here.  Around  the  walb*  within>  are  (is)  a 
range  of  beds  made  of  Itraw,  on  which,  notwithllanding  their  iim- 
piicity,  a  peri'un  may  either  fit  or  ly  (lie)  commodiouily  enough.'— 

Of  the  inhabitants  of  Loheia^  the  author  writes  thus: 
'  From  all  that  we  iaw,  and  from  all  that  befel  us  in  this  city,  we 
judged  the  inhabitants  to  be  curious,  intelligent,  and  polifhed  in  their 
manners.  All  were  eager  to  fee  the  Europeans,  and  the  wonders 
which  they  performed.  After  we  haJ  employed  a  porter,  thofe  who 
bad  no  other  pretext  upon  which  they  might  obtain  admiflion  to  us, 
pr.  tended  to  confult  pur  phyfician.  One  alksd  nim  to  feel  his  pulfe, 
and  to  tell  him  what  medicines  or  regimen  he  ilood  in  need  of;  while 
another  enquired,  how  it  cane  that  he  could  not  ileep  ? 

•  Wc  had  one  opportunity  of  learning  their  ideas  of  the  benefits 
to  be  derived  from  medicine.  Mr.  Cramer  (our  phyfician)  had  given 
a  fcribe  a  vomit,  which  opv-'^-ated  with  extreme  violence.  The  Arabt 
being  llruck  at  its  wonderful  ci^eds,  refolved  all  to  take  the  fame  ex- 
cellent remedy;  and  the  reputation  of  our  friend's  fkill  thus  became 
very  high  among  them.  'I'iie  Emir  bahr,  or  inf^>edor  of  the  port, 
fen:  one  d.iy  for  him;  and  as  he  did  not  go  immitiiately,  the  Emir 
foon  ai'ter  L'tit  .1  I'adule  horiw'  to  our  gate.  Mr.  Cramer,  fuppofmg  that 
this  horfL-  was  iitcnded  to  bear  him  to  the  Emir,  was  going  to  mount 
bim,  whv'n  h:  wa:s  told,  that  this  was  the  patient  he  was  to  cure. 
Wc  Iiukily  f.'Ui.d  out  another  phyfician  in  our  party.  Our  Swcdiili 
fcrv3!^t  hnfJ  fvT\  e'j  iiniong  the  huflar  troops  in  his  native  country^  and 
%t%  that  lc':vice  had  learned  {ozrvt  knowledge  of  the  difeafcs  of  horfes. 

•  See  Biiliop  Clayton's  conjeilure  on  this  fubjeft.  Rev.  vol.viii. 
June  1753.  p.4:7. 


434  Hcron*x  froHftaiion  rf  Nicbuhj'f ^r^wfr. 

He  ofFered  to  care  the  Emir'a  horrc,  and  fttcceed^.  The  cure  ren- 
dered  him  famoqs;  and  he  was  often  Tetit  for  afteriyards  io  houian  pa^ 
dents.  Tbc  Arabiaji  phyiicians  extend  their  care  equally  lo  noien  and 
horfesy  and  even  to  all  otiier  creatures. 

«  When  we  (Hewed  our  roicrofcopes  to  EmirFarhan  at  the  caftom* 
Boufe,  the  other  Arabs  were  all  ailonifhed  as  well  as  he,  xm  fee  the 
fize  of  the  infeAs  fo  much  magnified.  A  fervant,  who  faw  one  of 
thofe  roagni&ed  infe£ts,  faid  that  they  were  the  growth  of  Europe, 
and  that  thofe  of  Arabia,  were,  in  Goiiu)arifon,^  exceedingly  dimina- 
tive.  But,  nothing  furprifed  the  people  of  diAinftion  more*  thao 
when  they  faw  through  a  telefcope,  a  woman  walking;  they  couM 
not  conceive  how  it  happened,  that  although  (he  appearea  topfy-turvy, 
yet  her  under  nrments  did  not  turn  about  her  ears,  and  cxdaimed 
repeatedly,  jHab  Mhar,  God  is  Great. 

'  The  children,  obferving  that  we  gathered  infe£ls.  brought  great 
numbers  which  they  a(ked  us  to  buy.  Thofe  who  were  grown  op, 
Ihcwcd  alfo  many  indications  of  a  turn  for  induftry,  which,  if  pro- 
perly direAed  and  encouraged,  might  render  this  people  a  com- 
mercial nation. 

•  Two  Ar^bs  came,  one  day,  to  fee  us  cat.  The  one  was  a 
young  nobleman  of  Sana,  who  had  received  a  good  education ;  the 
other  a  man  of  fome  confequcnce,  from  the  pronncc  of  Hacbtan^ 
where  few  ilr.ingcrs  are  ever  feen,  and  the  greateft  fimplidty  of 
manners  liil)  prevails.  When  we  invited  them  to  dine  with  ns,  the 
latter  eirn:\^ly  replied,  *'  Go.l  preferve  me  from  eating  with  infidels 
<«  who  believe  not  in  God."  When  1  aikcd  him  fome  pardcfllan 
concerninp  his  country,  he  replied,  ««  What  is  my  country  to  yoa ? 
••  Do  you  w.int  to  co.iqjor  ii  ?"  He  wa>  aftonifhed  at  every  tUng 
he  {.\yK,  our  fpoons,  our  plates,  our  forks.  He  afked  feme  fimple 
quel^ion5  which  excited  laughter.  He  then  went  out  in  a  paMB, 
and  his  eosip.-inion  from  Sana  had  fome  difficulty  to  perfuadehim 
Kach.  Whca  he  caiic  baclc»  he  faw  whole  fowls  before  ns,  which 
larprifrJ  the  fober  Arab  not  a  little,  as  he  im^.gined  that  we  had . 
ctrcr.  :w\)  much  before.  When,  at  laft,  he  faw  Mr.Von  Hav.-n  about 
to  c^rvc  one  of  tSete  fjAh,  he  ileppeJ  forward,  and  feized  him  by 
the  arm,  fayin^j,  ui:h  a  peeviih  tone,  ••  What !  wilt  thou  eat  (till  f" 
He  :hcn  ^v:*,:  out  ia  a  rage,  ar.J  woi:!d  not  return.  The  young  man 
Inv^n  :m:u  ,;jv*!o^s^J  for  him,  and  begged  us  to  exxufe  the  fimplkity 
of  hi«  ccur:-M?ii:!. 

•  Mr,  ?iurcr.a^r:J  acd  I  f^nen.-nes  divert; i  curfelves  with  playioff 
oa  tar  \\-';-,  ^;i:ch  *eJ  fjch  as  hapf^?ned  to  overhear  ns,  to  thiw 
tt>  muu*.^".*,  A  rich  roerc'iAni  fcnt  fcr  i:s  tn  come  with  our  inftra- 
mjcntt  to  iis  hvxi.e.  Wc  r.- j.^i,  b^ciufe  the  Arabs  look  with  con- 
ttfiur:  V;N>n  a,-ftcu'>  S*  prore :«v>p.  The  merchant,  being  old,  and 
%.-«  al»*f  »  «a!«  K»  fd-.  mo«n:ed  an  ^fs,  a:?d  came  wtth  two  ferrtnii 
fi-,vrr>-  V:^,  ro  <^:r  »:.-;.<•,  i-i  order  o  grarlfV  his  curiofity,  by 
*s>f:  \c  4"^  ^<^-i:;;>c  a*.  H.*  wa?  vi^y  p^vltf,  :md  anvrcd  as.  that JM 
^aj  -x*  avr^^a  to  vThn  l.i-s  :  rer*  v.aT  a  direrfiiy  of  rtligiom  was  ; 
tv\,— a:oi  M  i^xvi.  :h^  sTrras*-  o:  s^.  Af;cr  Usie  conTcriatioiv,  be 
r\  -v  \v.  4  «k .  ^  ^^  V<  OCT  \  o  «.  :*i  Vi-  =«  pJiv  cpon  them.  We 
f  1^,-Ni  v;»c  :>Ae?*:i  ici«,  m-ci  ir."  :zjr*.»  uc  Utfc  of  Orientals. 

1  '     t]ib 


Htron^r'frwtflalm  9f  Niebubr'i  Tnwelim  435 

hzn  Qur  gayer  mi(fic.  He  Teemed  to  be  pleafed,  tpd  offered  each  of 
n  hair  a  c  own  2c  parting.  The  Arabs  refufe  no  prefents^  however 
nalU  and  he  was  not  a  liccTe  fttrprifed  when  we  declined  accepting  his 
poney  j^,qrpecially  as  he  cuuUl  not  conceive  what  indocements  any 
lerfon  fpuid  have  to  learn  mufic*  if  not  to  eain  by  it. 

«  Thi'^  merchant  was  one  of  thoTe  few  who  wear  tfaor  beards  dyed 
ed  ;  i^jpo)lom  which  feems  to  be  difapprovcd  by  the  more  judici6us 
^rabs^  ,  Hb  reafon  to  as  was,  that  a  red  beard  was  handfomer  than 
f  wrhi^e  (tfie ;  but  othj^rs  told  us,  that  he  had  the  weaknefs  to  think  to 
oncoif  his  age  by  this  filly  difguife.  He  told  as,  that  he  was  above 
bventjr  years  of  age  |  but  his  acquaintance  affirmed  that  he  was  not 
ader.Qinety.  We  had  obferved  of  the  Mufi'ulmans  in  general*  how- 
ver,  tliat  they  fcldom  know  their  own  age  exadly.  They  reckon 
IV  tkp  topi  remarkable  incidents  in  their  lives,  and  fay,  1  was  a 
aild  when  fuch  an  event  happened,  or  when  fach  a  one  was  governor 
if  the  'province  or  city. 

«  This  merchant  often  afterwards  invited  us  to  his  houfe,  and  be- 
anie at  length  fo  familiar,  a^  to  ente«-tain  us  with  a  detail  of  bis  ad* 
entures.  If  we  might  bdieve  his  llory,  he  had  enjoyed,  one  after 
nothefy  near  an  hu.  dred  young  and  beautiful  female  flaves,  all  of 
riiom  .he  had  fold,  given  in  marriage,  or  reftored  to  liberty,  after 
:cefnng  tii.cm  for  fume  time.  He  had  ftill  two  of  thefe  ;  and  he  would 
JC  cqDtent,  he  faid,  if  he  could  only  forget  the  frailty  (infirmities)  of 
Id  ziifx  .oow  and  then  in  their  company  ;  he  oifered  to  make  our 
fhyfipjM}  a  copfidcrabic  prcfent,  if  he  could  reflorc  him  fo  much  of 
he  Vigivur  of  youth,  as  might  qualify  him  for  this  enjoyment. 
iaot|ier  merchanjt.  who  was  fifty  years  of  age,  had  promifed  our 
4iy(i9iaf|  910.  hundred  crcwns,  if  he  would  give  him  fome  remedies 
n  fit^^iJB^  for. the  enjoyment  of  fome  young  and  beautiful  female 
lavef/'if^iiom  he  hai  in  a  houfe  at  Mecca.  But  he  was  fo  exhaufled 
!j  excf.|l^?rc'ind.ilgcnce,  that  neither  Mr.  Cramer's  prcfcription,  nor 
'ct  chofe  of'^hc  fi)  geons  of  fome  £ng1i(h  Ihip.^,  whom  he  had  before 
lonfaltcd,  could  re^ore  bis  genial  vigour. 

^  The  women  of  Loheia  wear  large  veils  in  the  Hreet,  which  cover 
bar  countenances  fo  enfirely,  that  only  one  of  their  eyes  can  be 
kUboyer'ed,  and  that  but  imperfe£Uy.  Yet  they  make  no  difficulty  of 
Aveil^bg  before  Grangers,  as  they  pafs,  efpecially  if  they  happen  to 
hink  themfelves  pretty,  and  are  furc  that  they  are  not  obferved  by 
ny  qf  their  counuymen.  Mr.  Baurcnfiend  made  a  drawing  of  one 
f  tbbfe  females.  Her  brq*;%  cheeks,  and  chin,  were  ornamented 
irith  black  fpots,  impreifed  into  the  (kin,  and  (he  had  alfo  her  eyes 
.rtificially  blackened.' 

We  find  frequent  complaints  of  exceflive  heat  in  the  author's 
UrrMivcr:  but  the  tranflator  gives  no  thermometrical  account 
if  its  degrees,  though  he  mentions  that  the  philofophers  were  in 
loflcffioffi  of  a  thermometer*  The  latitude  of  Loheia  is  15* 
|fa'.  of  Beit  el  Fakih,  14*  31'.  whence  M.  Niebuhr  fet  off  to 
'ifit  t^  coffee  ^inountMS :  of  which  he  gives  the  following 
^otint :  ' 

«  During  my  abfcnce,  Mr.  Porlkal  (the  bobinift)  had  not  been 
lie  upon  the  hills  where  the  coffee  is  produced*  whither  be  had  gone 


43^  licron*s^Tran/Iaiton  of  Nicbuhr'f  Traveb. 

to  profocutc  his  botanical  refcarches.  His  drfcriptioh  of  that  part  of 
the  counrry  ha  J  alr'jady  induct'd  Mcffrs.  Cmmcr  and  Barren  fiend  w 
follow  hi.n  :  1  air>  refolvrd  to  join  my  comrades,  that  I  might  bteufce 
cooler  ilir,  aiui  drink  better  water.  The  fpacc  f  had  to  trarel  was 
only  nKlf  a  day's  journey ;  and,  in  the  courfe  of  ihb,  I  met  with 
not!  ling  re  mark  ah  it.*. 

'  1  ibon  came  wirhin  fight  of  the  fmall  town  of  Hadte^  fitcate  npoa 
one  of  the  foremoft  emirences.  The  roads  arc  very  bad  !  A  casfe* 
>vny  was  indeed  formed  by  the  Turks ;  but  it  has  been  fuffertd  to 
fall  away»  without  receiving  any  repairs.  My  friends,  whom  I  had 
cxpeded  to  find  in  this  town,  were  in  the  gardens  upon  the  fax!I.  I 
came  up  with  thcni,  after  travelling  two  hours  longer,  near  Bulisfd^ 
one  of  thole  villages  wliofc  inhabitants  fubfiil  upon  the  profit  wnich 
their  crops  of  coffee  aftbrd.  Neither  aflfes  or  mules  can  be  ufcd  here: 
the  hills  arc  to  be  climbed  by  narrow  and  liecp  paths  :  Yet,  id  con- 
parifon  with  the  parched  plains  of  Tehama,  the  fcenery  feemed  to 
jnc  charming ;  as  it  was  covered  with  gardens  and  plantatioos  of 
coffee- trees. 

*  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Kahhmc  I  had  feen  only  one  finall  ha- 
fMtic  hill ;  but  here,  whole  mountains  were  compofed  chiefly  of tfofe 
columns.  Such  detached  rocks  formed  grand  objefts  in  the  land- 
fcape,  cfpccially  ulicre  cafcades  of  water  feemed  to  rulh  from  tbeir 
fummifj.  The  catcades,  in  tuch  inftances,  had  the  appearance  of 
being  fupportcd  by  rows  of  artificial  pillars.  Thefe  bafaltes  arc  ef 
great  utility  to  tlie  inhabitants:  the  columns,  which  are  caiilr  fqtt- 
ratcJ,  ferve  as  llcps  where  ihi:  afcent  is  moft  difncult ;  and  assatt- 
rials  for  walls  to  fLippcrt  the  plantations  of  coifee-trees,  upoo  cbt 
itwCp  declivities  of  the  mountains. 

*  The  tree  which  affords  the  coffee  is  well  known  in  Europe;  fe 
that  1  II. eJ  not  licre  dcfcribe  it  particularly .  Tlic  coffee-trees  wtit.  ' 
all  in  ilowcr  at  lial^rja^  and  exhaled  an  exquifitely  agreeable  perfuaCi 
Toey  are  planted  upon  terraces,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre. 
Molt  of  them  arc  only  watered  by  the  rains  that  fall ;  but  fome^  !■• 
deed,  from  large  rcfervoirs  upon  the  heights ;  in  which  fpring  water 
is  collected,  in  order  to  be  fprinklcd  upon  the  terraces ;  where  ll*' 
trees  grow  fo  thick  together,  that  the  rays  of  the  fun  can  hirdSf 
enter  among  their  branches.  We  were  told,  that  thofe  trees,  ihw 
ariificially  watered,  yielded  ripe  fruit  twice  in  the  year  :  but  the  fn* 
becomes  not  fully  ripe  the  fecond  time:  and  the  coffee  of  the  fccofli' 
crop  is  always  inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  the  firft. 

«  Stones  bcipg  more  common  in  this  part  of  the  country,  than  at 
Tehnr^a,  the  hjules,  ns  well  of  the  villages,  as  tliofe  which  are  fcit-' 
tcrcd  lolitirily  over  the  hills,  arc  bulk  of  this  matrrial.  Although 
not  to  be  com na red  with  the  houfes  in  Europe,  for  commodiotifner)  «" 
elegance,  yet  they  have  a  gor.d  apj^e.iranco  ;  efpecialiy  fuch  of  then 
as  ihi.d  upon  liie  I^ci^JJits,  with  beautiful  gardens,  and  trees,  at*- 
ranged  in  liu:  form  of  an  amphithca:rc,  aioand  them.     • 

*  li\er:  at  /^. /;'-/•.*•  wc  were  gr.-itlV' .'ilv>ve  the  level  of  the  plain. 
uh'.^'i  vve  had  aicop.ilcd  :  Yi-i,  icdrcely  had  wc  climbed  half  thcaf- 
ceiu  Ui  x\'/fiii\.  vvlii.Te  the  Dola  (Cj'jvcinorj  (^f  t^.i.-*  diltrla  uwciK  ep^^s" 
the  loftielt  yw];.  of  this  range  of  mountains.  Hnchanring  lardfcirsis 
ihtrc  meet  il.c  c  ye  ut  on  all  iidcs. 


Hcron'i  Tfanflatton  of  Nicbuhr  *i  Travih:  437 

•  Wc  pafTed  the  night  at  Balgofa.  Several  of  the  men  of  the  vil. 
(age  came  to  fee  us  ;  an^  after  they  retired »  we  had  a  vlfit  from 
Dur  hoUersy  with  fome  young  women  accom]>anying  her,  who  were 
ill  very  defirous  to  fee  tlie  Europeans.  They  fecmed  lefs  fhy  than 
j|e  women  in  the  cities  :  their  faces  were  unveiled  ;  and  they  talked 
freely  with  us.  As  the  air  is  freflier  ^nd  cooler  upon  thcfe  hills,  the 
vomen  have  here  a  finer  and  fairer  complexion  than  in  the  plain. 
Mr.  Baurcnficnd  drew  a  portrait  of  a  young  girl  who  was  going  t9 
{raw  water,  and  was  drcilcd  in  Ajhirf  (mift)  of  linen,  chequered  blue 
lad  white.  The  top  and  the  mit.idle  of. the ^/r/,  as  well  as  the  lower 
larC  oC  her  drawers,  were  embjcudercd  with  ncedlc-work  of  difier- 
sbc  colours. 

•  On  the  loth  of  March,  we  ret arned  downwards  as  far  as  Hai/ii ; 
1^ place  well  known  to  the  Europeans  ;,vvho  come  hither  from  Beit  el 
Pakih»  topafs  fome  time  occafionull):  ija  this  little  town,  where  the 
nr  is  cool>  and  the  water  frefn  and  pure.  .  It  is,  however,  but  ill- 
nult,  and  has  nothing  clfc  of  confequcnce,  except  its  trade  in  coffee, 
vhich  the  inhabitants  of  the  hills  bring  down  upon  certain  days  in  the 
pjcek.  After  the  duties  are  paid  to  tlie  Dola,  the  coffee  is  packed  up 
nd  conveyed  upon  camcU,  either  to  Beit  el  Fakih  or  diredlly  to 
iiodcida. 

•  Wc  enjoyed  a  fingular  and  beautiful  profpeft  from  the  houfe  of 
ht:  Sjib-Dola  at  Hadic,  and  rciorned  in  the  evening  to  Beit  el  Fakih, 
^  the  fame  way  by  which  w«  had  gone,  in  our  journey  up  the 
Bpontains.' 

<Iii-  the  travellers'  journejr  from  Loheia  to  Mokha,'  their 
SNlgnes  and  hardfhips  were  but  ill  repaid  by  difcoverics  of  any 
hand's  except  by  correfling  the  erroneous  ideas  which  they 
lAid  probably  formed  of  Jrahia  Felix  from  its  name :  for  in  a 
ifiurney  of  more  than  two  months,  neither  antiquities,  arts, 
Xiences,  agriculture,  nor  any  kind  of  cultivation,  except  the 
^glc  article  coiFee,  appeared  in  their  v.'holc  route.  So  ig- 
afirant  are  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  Yemen  refpeiSiug  the 
■iioft  common  knowlege  of  clowns  and  prafants  in  Europe,  that 
l|ey  have  yet  difcovered  no  better  method  of  felling  a  tree,  than 
^>  burning  the  roots. 

-  M-  Nicbuhr  has  given  a  detail  of  the  adventures  and  mif- 
^tunes  which  happened  to  him  and  his  companions  at  Mokha. 
tt  wa«  here  that  thcfe  philofophical  travellers  loft  the  firft  of  their 
etmipanions  who  died  during  the  voyage;  this  was  M.  Von 
Mavcn,  whofe  department  feems  to  have  been  Antiquities  and 
Oriental  literature. 

«  He  had  been  ill  (fays  M.  Niebuhr)  at  Brit  -1  Fakih,  and  became 
^«ch  worfe  ht:re  (at  Mokha).  After  walking  out  in  the  cool  of 
ike  eveDiDg,  he  was  tolerably  well  through  the  night ;  but  the  heats 
iC.  the  day  he  was  quite  unable  to  bear.  At  lail,  iie  ventured  to  ly 
bv:  feveral  nights  fucceffively  upon  the  roof  of  the  houfe  in  the  open 
^,  aiid  with  his  facs  uncovered.  On  the  night  of  the  Z4th  of  May, 
^  caught  cold,  and  was  fo  ill  in  the  n:c:ning,  that  it  v.as  ncccflarv 

6  for 


TO  fcTYinu  «o  cany  likii  dcwa  iom  iib  tmrtment*'    His  ftter 
leccmf  doubly  violeac^  ajid  he  wss  ddiritHi5  by  ciic  cveoin?^    Be 
|funk  ioio  a  deep  Icth;^rgy,  a«d  cx^^red  m  tlu:  nig  Jit. 
fc  liad  paid  more  aoeDnon  xhikn  any  otucr  of  u^,  to  orienul  li- 
are-     The  public  hive  loft*  by  blsdeACti,  fame  very  ititerelHaf 

The  cuft^m  of  interring  the  de^d  in  a  coSn,  u  unkncnvn  in  An* 

We  had  one  ruade,  however,  for  oiir  deceafed  frioid,  m  ordef 
■cfrrve  his  remaim  from  suijr  iccideat.  The  Ctptajn  of  an  Efl- 
iflijp  lent  us  fix  of  his  faibr«  to  be^r  die  body  lo  the  Earepe® 
log  place.  All  the  EnglKh  in  Mokha  au^ndcd  at  the  fancnl; 
[he  obfequies  u*erc  perfonned  »*^ith  more  decency,  aud  u^ch  J^ 
laption,  than  thofe  of  a  Coofiil  at  Cairo,  which  were  dirfmirf 
le  crowding  of  the  people  to  wirnef s  th*^  folemnity,  *id  br  the 
try  of  the  audactoui  Bcdoairrf .  On  this  occaiion/  the  A^abs  d 
pn  fhcwed  ihemfelvts  reafonable  and  bumajie.* 
tz  travellers^  quitting  Molcha  on  the  6th  of  June  1763, 
led  on  the  1 3tb  at  TacEs,  in  their  way  to  Siina,  tlw  capid 
Irabta  Felix,     This  is  a  confidcrabJc  city,  and  his  a  g^r- 

of  6co  men, 
[ohammedans  ha^rc  their  faints  as  welt  as  the  Chrifliani; 

The  faint  who  has  been  afTtimed  as  the  patron  of  the  ciEvef 
{hys  our  author,)  ii   the  famous  Ijhaei  MJk.  who^  accodirf 
tJirion,  wa^  cincf  king  of  this  country.     His  remains  sm  w3 


Dirom'i  ^mrtfi^  ^ih  Ompatgn  in  tn£a^  1 791*    4^9 

Th^y  now  returned  to  Mokha  by  a  different  route  from  that 
by  which  they  had  navelled  to  Saoa« 

•  On  our  way  (fays  M.  Nicbuhr)  we  met  a  wandering  family,  the 
firil  of  tnis  char  ^er  that  1  faw  in  Yemen.  They  had  no  tents,  hot 
lircd  under  trees  with  their  aiTes,  (heep,  dogs,  and  fowls.  I  forgot 
to  aft  the  name  of  this  horde.  But  their  mode  of  life  is  per^ol/ 
like  that  of  our  European  gypfies.  They  are  confined  to  no  place, 
biit  go  about  the  villages  begging  and  dealing ;  and  the  poor  peafants 
often  give  them  fomething  voluntarily,  to  remove  them  from  their 
neighbourhood.  A  young  girl  of  this  company  came  to  afk  alms 
from  us  :  Her  face  was  uncovered.' 

After  defcribing  the  city  of  Mokha,  which  is  built  on  a 
very  dry  and  barren  fituation,  and  is  ill  fortified,  we  have  a 
circumftantial  account  of  its  trade:  but  for  this  weniuft.refer 
.  10  the  end  of  the  firft  volume,  where  it  is  inferted. 
[T9  bi  contimmtd  in  9ur  mxt  Review.] 


Art.  XVII.  ji  Narrative  of  the  Campaign  in  India^  which  termi* 
nated  the  War  with  Tippoo  Sultan,  in  1792*  With  Maps  and 
Plans  illuHrativc;  of  tha  Subject,  and  a  View  of  Seringapaum.  By 
Major  Dirom,  Deputy  Adjutant  General  of  his  Majclly*s  Forces 
in  India.    410.    pp.  296.     il.  is.  Boards.     Faden,  &c.     1793. 

'T*HI9  volume  contains  a  very  diftin£t  and  amufing  detail  of  the 
''-    operations  which  clofed  the  late  Indian  war  \  and  the  prin- 
cipal events  of  which  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  pub* 
lie  prints,  and  muft  be  fre(h  in  the  memories  of  mod  readers. 
The  intelligent  author  informs  us  that  the  drawing  up  of  the 
narrative  occupied  his  leifure  during  the  voyage  home  from 
India ;  and  furdy  he  could  not  have  found  a  more  profitable 
nethod  of  beguiling  the  tedious  time  during  fuch  a  period  of 
inadive  confinement,  nor  a  (ituation  more  abftracled  from  in* 
terruption  than  in  the  feclufion  of  a  cabin.     It  was  an  intereft* 
ing  profeffional  undertaking  to  record   the  ciicuiinflances  at- 
tending tranfadUons  in  which  he  was  perfonally  engaged.     Se* 
i^eral  officers,  paflerigers   in  the  fame  (hip,  contributed   their 
Ihares  of  information  ;  and  his  labours  may  be  eminently  ufe- 
idl  to  officers  who  may  be  called  into  future  fervice  in  the  fame 
-climate  and  among  the  fame  people. 

'*  In  his'introdudtion,  the  Major  prefaces  bis  narrative  with  a 
fuccind  rctrofoed  of  the  two  prior  campaigns  of  the  war  with 
Tippno  Sultan  ;  and  though  the  events  of  the  third,  which 
ended  in  the  peace  concluded  under  the  walls  of  Seringapa- 
tain*  niay  be  too  recent  to  inter  eft  the  prefent. reader^  beyond 
ithat  themiicellaneous  circumilances  attending  them  may  af* 
fiord,  yet  many  of  thefe  fadts  have  a  novelty  in  th^in  which  the 
deuils  o;  £ur«^peaa  warfare  do  not  furnilLf   . 

The 


440     Dirom*!  Narrathi  rfth0  Can^^u,  m^bdraf  1 792. 

TJie  unwieldy  appendagies  to  an  ar^BX  a>^(^Wl'4:|9U&  eooagh 
any  where  :  but  in  the  £aft  thfey  u(<  ta^ia  if^T^^^^^itlir^."^^ Jf 
as  frightful  to  any  territory  which  chcy  viiit,  as  a  t yir^m  cirjo- 
cuds;  which  oiay  be  gathered  from  (he  failowiBg^vouBt:^,  '^ 

'  The  folloM/erfc  of  an  army  in  Indian  on  being  rcckoncdi  aij^qc 
/fjvfx  the  nitmhtr  of  fighting  men,  will  appear  to  be  a  modberaic  ciiir! 
mate,  on  confidcring  the  particular  circumftanccs  aod  cuAms  ^,^^ 
country .  ...  /     -t 

*  The  number  of  black  people  cjiplcyed  in  the  public  deptruaentf 
ia  ipiinejire>  particularly  in  charge  of  the  cattle  that  carry  the  fapplfef  fbjF 
the  army,  for  which  is  required  at  the  rate  of  mir  nun  for  etery  «i# 
or  three  bullocks.  This  article,  including  the  public  and  priMta 
cattle  of  the  confederate  armies,  and  of  their  brinjarrics,  ihe  wjiuh) 
probably  amounting  to  near  half  a  million  of  cattle*  may  be  reckoned 
to  bring  into  the  field  out  hundred  ihonfand  fhllwjirt^  The  elepiianU, 
of  which  there  were  fev^ral  hundred,  and  the  caoiels  feveral  tHoBT 
fand^  had  alfo  many  attendants  \  and  every  horfe  in  the  cavalry  and 
in  the  army,  bcfidc  tho  trooper  or  rider,  has  ti-jo  attendants*  one 
who  cleans  and  takes  care  of  him,  called  ihe  horfe  keeper,  and  the 
other  the  grafs  cutter,  who  p'rc)vtdt.'s  his  forag^;  and  a*Mrt>ber  of 
bullocks  with  drivers,  is,  beiidcs,  required  to  carry  grain  for  -flie 
horfcs.  The  palanquin  diid  dooly  (;>c.irtTs,  lor  the  conveyance  of  the 
iick,  are  alfo  a  numerous  clafs  of  fullowcrs. 

*  field  ofii  .ers,  including  the  pccpic  who  carry  qr  have  charge  of 
their  baggage,  cannot  h:ivc  Ids  than  foviy%  ciptains  iiventjt  jnt 
fubalterns  ft»  fl^rvants.  Thcfoldiers  havt»  a*«f^  their  attendants,  ptr. 
liculariy  a  cook  to  every  mcf? ;  and  thf*  Sepoys,  nir?ft  flf  whom  are 
married,  have  many  of  them,  as  well  as  of  the  fbllowers,  fkeirjih 
tailUs  with  them  in  camp.  •  4 

'  The  bazar  people,  or  merchar.ts,  and  their  ferrant?,  are  alfe 
very  numerous ;  nor  are  t'.c  advcntuijrs  fsw  i\ho  accom|$any  at 
army,  with  no  other  view  than  to  plunder  in  the  enemy'a  cotmiry^ 
and  even  they,  far  from  being  :i  r.uilar.cc,  ilarch  for  and  dig  up  ibt 
pits  of  grain  in  the  fields  an  J.  villages,  which  would  otherwife  re- 
main uncfifcovcred,  and  hrinjr  in  nn'nbcrsof  cattle  that  could  byn* 
other  means  be  colle^lcd  in  tho  coautry. 

*  Early  in  the  \v:ir,  many  of  the  Sepoys  were  prevailed  upon  W 
fond  bnck  their  families,  3nd  other  armnj^ments  were  made  for  re- 
ducing the  number  of  followers  ;  but  thol"-?  ineafures  tended  to  creaie 
defertion,  and  to  increai'e  dillrcfs.  In  Qiort,  no  man  will  Cuiry  bis 
ftmily  to  camp,  who  does  not  find  his  convenience  and  advantage  ia 
doing  fo ;  no  pcrfon  will  pay  for  fcrvar.ts  he  docs  noL  want«  nor  ttii| 
followers  attend  an  army  without  pay,  who  do  not  earn  a  Hvingt 
which  they  can  only  do  by  contributing  to  its  fupport.  There  arc  n* 
towns  to  be  dr*pcnded  upon  for  (upplics  ;  and  an  army  in  Indiii,  uot 
only  carries  with  it  moll  of  the  means  of  its  fubfiftcnce  for  fcvcral 
months,  but  alfo  a  vnriety  of  necefTarics,  which  are  expofed  daily  in 
the  bazars  like  merchants  in  a  fair:  a  fcene  altogether  refemblinj 
more  the  emigration  of  a  nation  guarded  by  its  troops,  than  the 
march  of  an  army,  fitted  out  merely  with  the  intention  to  fobdue  an 
enemy/ 

When 


Diroin*!  MnrMtiw  rftU  Campaign  in  India^  I792»    44t 

When  an  army,  increared  to  che  extent  of  this  innncinre 
modd,  ventaret  into  the  field,  it  is  fortunate  for  it  not  to  be 
oppofed  by  a  vigilant  enemy  aauated  by  the  udtics  of  General 
Ifloydl  Among  other  peculiarities  in  Indian  warfare,  we  have 
adopted  the  pradice  of  employing  the  ftrong  and  bulky  elephant, 
though  we  avail  ourfelves  of  his  powers  more  profiubly  than  is 
vruaHy  done  by  our  Oriental  enemies.  We  have  heard  much  of 
Che  great  number  of  bullocks  requifite  for  the  army,  to  draw  the 
artillery  \  we  now,  it  feems,  have  found  out  the  advantage  of 
fliorteiiing  the  line  of  draught,  bv  yoking  them  four  abreaft, 
inftead  of  two :  but  above  all,  the  ufe  of  the  fagacious  ele« 
phants.  (rarely  employed  by  us  in  former  wars,)  who|  march- 
ing behind  the  heavieft  cannon,  are  always  ready  to  ihove  them 
on,  and  help  them  over  every  difficulty,  has  proved  of  fuch 
evident  and  eflential  advantage,  that  they  will  in  future  becou'^ 
fidered  as  of  the  iirft  confequence  in  all  operations  that  require 
a  train  of  heavy  artillery, 

*  The  great  objection  to  elephants  being  employed  with  the  army* 
was  the  diificulty  of  their  fubuilencef  as  it  was  fuppofed  they  coDld 
not  live  without  a  ytty  large  daily  allowance  of  nee.  This  idea« 
which  their  keepers  are  intereHed  and  careful  to  inculcate,  neceffity 
aad  experience  have  fet  afide.     The  elephant  is  not  only  the  moft 

Ewerful  and  moft  ufeful,  but  one  of  the  moft  hardy  animals  that  can 
eatployed  with  an  army.    He  carries  a  load  equal  to  fixteen  bul* 
locks,  and  without  riik  of  lofs  or  damage  on  the  march.     He  fubfifts 

Ethe  leaves  or  fmall  branches  of  trees,  on  the  fugar  cane  or  the 
ain  tree :  in  ftiort  he  lives  upon  forage  which  horfes  and  bullocks 
«eat;  any  kind  of  grain  will  fupport  him,  and  he  will  work  as 
loog  without  grain  as  any  other  animal.  The  lofs  of  elephants,  al* 
though  they  had  their  full  ihare  of  hardfhip  and  fatigue,  was  incon- 
fiderable  in  proportion  to  that  of  cattle  ;  and  far  from  being  an  incum* 
braDCCv  or  an  expedient  of  neceffity  to  fupply  the  want  of  bullocks, 
Shey  will  hereafter  be  confidered  as  the  firft,  and  moft  ef&ntial  clafs  of 
cattle  that  ought  to  be  provided  for  the  carriage  of  an  Indian  army.' 
P.  113. 

Having  thus  exhibited  the  equipage  of  the  Britifh  army,  as 
deTcribed  by  an  officer  who  was  in  it,  we  will  juft  take  a  glance 
It  the  camp  of  its  auxiliaries : 

•  The  Mahratta  camp  was  at  the  diftance  of  about. fix  miles  frem 
enirSf  and  on  approaching  it,  had  the  appearance  of  a  large  irregular 
Mm ;  for  the  chiefs  pitch  their  ftandards,  and  take  up  their  ground 
around  their  general,  without  order;  and  their  tents  bring  of  all  fizes, 
and  of  many  different  colours,  at  a  diilance  rcfemhie  houfes  rather 
than  canvas.  The  ftreets  too,  of  their  camp,  eroding  and  winding  in 
^ytry  dire^ion,  difplay  a  variety  of  mrrchandize,  as  in  a  great  fair. 
There  are  fliroffs  [bankers],  jcweHers,  fmiths,  mrchanics,  and  people 
of  every  trade  and  defcriprion,  as  bufily  employed  in  their  occupa- 
tion^f  and  attending  as  minutely  to  their  interefts,  as  if  they  were  in 

Rsv.  Aug.  1793.  H  h  Poocah. 


441    Dirom'i  Narrative ^f  the  Campaign  in  InJRa^  I79*- 

PoQOahy  ;ind  at  peace.  The  Bombay  drtachmeht,  advanced  always 
at  Ibme  dillance  in  their  front,  ftrved  as  a  piquet  to  their  camp; 
and  they  had  fome  out^olls  of  their  own,  eihibliihed  more  with  a  view 
to  cover  the  fupplics  coming  into  their  army,  than  to  guacd  agadolla 
farprizc  from  the  enemy. 

*  The  park  of  artillery  where  all  tlieir  guns  arc  co11e£led,  made  an 
extraordinary  appeamnce.  The  gon  carriage-s,  in  which  they  tnifl  to 
the  folidity  of  the  timber,  and  ufe  but  little  iron  in  their  cpnftru£tioi!| 
are  clumfy  beyond  belief;  particularly  the  wheels,  which  arc  low,  and 
formed  of  large  folid  pieces  of  wood  united.  The  guns  are  of  all  foits 
and  dimenfions ;  and  having  the  names  of  their  gods  given  to  thto, 
are  painted  in  the  moll  fantaflic  manner;  and  many  or  them»  held  ifl 
cftecm  for  the  fer vices  they  are  faid  to  have  already  pcrfbrmed  for  the 
ftate,  cannot  now  be  difpcnfed  with,  although  in  every  refped  unfit 
for  ufe.  Were  the  guns  even  ferviceabie,  the  fmall  iupply  of  am* 
munition  with  which  they  are  provided  hai  always  effcAually  pfcvented 
the  idahratta  artillery  from  being  formidable  to  their  enemies. 

*  The  Mahratta  infantry,  which  formed  part  of  the  retinue  that 
attended  the  chiefs  at  the  conference,  ib  compofed  of  black  Chriftiam, 
and  defpicable  poor  wretches  of  the  lowed  cail,  uniform  in  nothing 
but  the  bad  (late  of  their  mufquets,  none  of  which  are  either  dean  ^ 
complete;  and  few  are  provided  with  either  ammunition  or  accoutrr- 
ments.  They  are  commanded  by  balf-caft*  people  of  Portng«e«e  and 
French  extraftion,  who  draw  off  the  attention  of  fpedators  from  the 
bad  clothing  of  their  men,  by  the  prof-jfion  of  antiquated  lace  bcftowed 
on  their  own  ;  and  if  there  happen  to  be  a  few  Europeans  among  the 
oHicers  and  men,  which  is  fonietimes  the  cafe,  they  execrate  the  fer- 
vice,  and  deplore  their  fate. 

*  The  Mahrattas  do  not  appear  to  treat  their  infantry  with  more 
rcfpcft  than  they  dcfcn'e,  as  they  ride  through  them  withoat  any 
ceremony  on  the  march,  and  on  all  occafions  evidently  coniider  then 
as  forcicners,  and  a  very  inft^rior  clafs  of  people  and  troops,  ilndcd 
the  attention  of  the  Malirattas  is  diredleJ  entirely  to  their  horfcs  and 
bazars,  thofj  beii.g  the  only  ol>jei5ls  which  immediately  ^ffeA  their 
intcrell.  Oit  a  marching  day,  the  guns  and  the  infantry  move  of 
foon  after  day-li^hr,  but  rarely  together;  the  bazars  and  baggage 
move  nearly  about  the  fa-ne  time,  as  f(j<n  as  they  can  be  packed  op 
and  got  ready.  The  puns  and  tumbrels,  fufiicicntly  unweildy  without 
further  burden,  are  To  heaped  with  llores  and  baggage,  that  thers 
does  not  fecm  to  be  any  idea  of  irs  ever  being  necelfary  to  prepare  for 
adtion  on  the  marcii.  As  there  are  no  pioneers  attaclied  to  the  Mah- 
nitia  artillery  to  repair  the  roads,  thib  deficiency  is  compenfated  bf 
an  additional  number  of  cattle,  there  being  romecimes  a  hundred  or  a 
hundred  and  fifty  bullccks,  in  a  iHrig  of  pairs,  to  or.c  gun:  the 
drivers,  who  arc  Very  experi,  fit  on  the  yoke«t,  and  pafs  over  every 
impediment,  commonly  at  a  trot.  The  chief.^  rcmiiin  upon  the 
ground,  without  tents,  fmokiufr  iheir  ho..Kas  till  the  artitbr^'^and  bag- 
gage have  put  on  ionie  miles ;  they  ihi-n  follow,  each   purfuing  his 

^-  Half-c*rt,*a  niiwd  race,  between  Luropeani  and  natives  of  t*>* 
country. 


Diron'i  Nirrdtitm  ffiik  Campaign  in  India^  1792-     44} 

own  route*  attended  by  his  principal  people ;  while  the  inferion  dif- 
perfe,  to  forage  and  plunder  over  the  coantry/ 

A  review  of  the  Britifli  troops,  by  the  chiefs  of  the  native 
forces,  is  ftill  more  charaderiftic  of  each  :         * 

'  The  army  of  the  Soubah  or  Nizam^  having  encamped  with  the 
Mahratta5,  a  few  miles  in  the  rear  of  the  Englilh  army*  Lord  Corn- 
walHs  went  to  pay  a  vi(it  to  the  Prince*  and  invited  his  Highnefs^  and 
Hurry  Punt  *»  to  fee  the  firiti(h  troops  under  arms  on  the  following 
day. 

'  On  the  31(1  of  Janaary  the  line  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  out  at 
noon  for  the  reception  of  the  Eaftern  chiefs,  when  Lord  Cornwallis 
and  General  Medows  went  to  meet  them  on  the  right  of  the  encamp- 
inent. 

'  Great  pains  had  been  taken  to  explain  to  the  Pnncc  and  Chiefs 

the  necciEty  of  their  coming  at  the  time  appointed ;  and  in  order  to 

make  the  compliment  fatbfa^ory  to  them>  who  were  more  defirous  of 

,  |>eing  feen  b^  our  army  in  all  their  flatc,  than  of  feeing  the  troops  to 

advantage t  it  was  agreed  that  they  ihould  come  on  their  elephants. 

'  The  Chiefs,  notwithftanding  all  that  had  been  faid  to  them  on 
the  fubjc^  of  punctuality,  did  not  approach  the  right  of  the  line  tilt 
near  three  o'clock. 

'  The  camp  was  pitched  in  a  valley  clofe  to  Hooleadroo^,  and,  from 
the  nature  of  the  ground,  could  not  be  in  one  (Iraieht  hne,  but  was 
formed  on  three  fides  of  a  fquare,  with  a  confidcrable  interval  on  ac- 
count of  broken  ground  between  the  divifions,  which  were  thus  en- 
camped each  with  a  different  front. 

«  The  referve,  confifting  of  the  cavalry,  with  a  brigade  of  in- 
fantry in  the  centre,  formed  the  divifion  on  the  right  of  the  line,  and 
the  two  wings  of  the  infantry  formed  the  two  divi&ons  of  the  encamp- 
jaient ;  the  battering  train  being  in  the  centre  of  the  left  wing  front- 
ipg  Hooleadroog.  The  extent  of  the  line,  including  the  breaks 
between  ;he  divifions,  was  above  four  miles. 

'  The  Prince,  the  Minifter,  Hurry  Punt,  and  the  tributary  Nabobs 
of  Cuddapu  and  Canoul,  who  had  accompanied  Secunder  Jau  from 
Hyderabad,  were  on  elephants  richly  caparifoned,  attended  by  a 
numerous  fuit  of  their  beil  horfe,  and  preceded  by  their  Chubdars  f , 
who  call  out  their  titles;  furrounded,  in  ihort,  by  an  immenfe  noi(/ 
mohitude. 

•  The  Prince  was  in  front,  attended  by  Sir  John  Kennaway  on  a 
howdered  [canopied]  elephant,  near  enough  tdanfwer  fuch  quelUons  as 
might  be  siifked  by  his  Highncfs  refpefdng  the  troops.  On  his  reaching 
the  right  o£  the  line,  a  falute  of  2 1  2uas  was'fired  from  the  park,  while 
the  cavalry,  with  drawn  fwords  andtrampets  foanding,  received  him 
with  due  honours  as  he  paffed  their  frant.  He  returned  the  officer^* 
falute,  and  looked  attentively  at  the  troops.     The  19th  dragoons,  of 

^1  ^iii    ■       *■     I  1 1  ■  .1      ■       ■■■■■  1^  .  ■   II  ■  ■■  III  I        ■      Mil 

.   •    I'his  perfonage  h  a  Bramin  of  the  firft  order,  and  of  great  con^ 
Sequence  in  the  Mahratta  (late. 

t  Officers,  aitendant  on  a  Prince,  &c.  diftinguiihcd  by  carrying  a 

H  h  a  wl^th 


444    Dirom'i  Karrativi  rf  tbi  Campaign  im  IndiMf  1792* 

whfch  they  had  all  heard,  atcra£ted  their  ^iirttciilar  nodce  as  thcf 
paJTed  through  the  corps  of  the  referve. 

«  Having  feen  a  regiment  of  Earopeint^  befide  tke  dngoons  in 
the  firfl  divifion,  the  chiefs  were  not  a  httle  forprized  to  ind  a  brindft 
of  three  regiments  on  proceeding  a  little  farther  in  the  centre  of  die 
fecond  divilion.  They  had  paiTed  the  Sepoys  at  rather  t  quick  pace» 
but  went  very  (low  oppoiite  to  the  European  corps*  and  Teemed  mpdi 
ftruck  with  their  appearance.  The  troops,  all  in  new  cloathxnfi^,  tUdr 
arms  and  accoutrements  bright  and  glittering  in  the  fisny  and  diem- 
felves  as  well  dreiTed  as  they  could  have  been  for  a  review  in  tiiMof 
peace;  all  order  and  filence,  nothing  heard  or  feen  bat  the  vniibrni 
(band  and  motion  in  prefenting  their  arms,  accompanied  by  thcdrmpi 
and  roufic  of  the  corps,  chequered  and  feparated  by  the  Mrties  of 
artillery  extended  at  the  drag- ropes  of  their  gmis:  the  fight  «^ 
beautiful  even  tothofc  accultoimed  to  military  parade;  while  the  COB- 
trafl  was  no  lefs  ftriking  between  the  good  fenfe  of  oar  gienenls  on 
horfeback,  and  the  abfurd  (late  of  the  chiefs  looking  down  fron  thdr 
elephants,  than  between  the  filence  and  order  of  our  troopsj  and  die 
noife  and  irregularity  of  the  mob  that  accompanied  the  EzSban  Fft- 
tentates. 

'  After  pafling  the  right  wing,  the  road  leading  through  ibme 
wood  and  broken  ground,  the  Chiefs,  on  afcending  a  height>  were  mx 
a  little  ailoniihcd  to  difcover  a  Hill  (Ironger  line  than  tbe  two  they  (ad 
pa(red,  and  which,  in  this  fitoation,  they  could  fee  at  once  through 
Its  whole  extent.  But  for  the  battering  train,  which  occupied  a  oiue 
in  the  centre  of  this  divifion,  ac  which  thev  looked  witb  wonder;  hot 
for  the  difference  of  the  drefs  and  mufic  ot  the  Highland  regiments  in 
the  2d  European  brigade,  and  the  ftriking  difference  of  fize  and  drefi 
between  the  Bengal  Sepoys  on  the  right,  and  the  Coaft  Sepoys  wluch 
they  npw  faw  in  the  left  wing ;  but  for  thefe  diftinflions  which  tbe/ 
remarked,  fuch  was  the  extent  of  ground  which  the  army  covered, 
and  the  apparent  magnitude  of  its  numbers,  that  the  Chiefs  might 
have  imagined  a  part  of  the  fame  troops  were  only  (hewn  again  spoi 
other  ground ;  an  expedient  not  unufual  among  themfelves  whenever 
they  h.ive  it  in  view  to  impreOs  (bangers  widi  a  falfe  idea  of  tbe 
ftrength  of  their  forces. 

'  it  was  five  o'clock  before  the  Chiefs  reached  the  left  of  the  line, 
when  having  exprefTed  themfelves  highly  gratified  with  all  they  bad 
fccn,  tliey  accompanied  Lord  Cornwailis  to  his  tents.  After  a  (horc 
vifit,  and  fixing  the  time  and  order  of  their  march  for  the  following 
day,  they  returned,  about  funiet,  to  their  own  camps.' 

Oriental  pride,  we  imagine,  muft  have  felt  fome  degree  of 
mortificaiion  when  the  Chiefs  returned  to  their  own  troopi 
after  witneffing  the  military  order  of  the  Briti(h  camp.  Superi« 
ority  of  difciplinc  is  indeed  the  only  circumRance  which  has 
given  us  an  influence  among  the  Kaftern  power*  ;  and  the 
lofs  of  this  advantage  is  little  to  be  apprehended,  while  a  dif- 
cordanceof  intercfts  keens  them  difunited;  and  while  an  hcre^ 
diUry  fiipcfftitioMS  (tamp  of  barbarous  effeminacy  excludes  the 

improvements 


improvementt  of  reafoii  9nd  knowlege..    May  our  ufe  of  this 
inflitehce  juftify  theaoquifition  of  it!«— Major  Dirom  obfcfves: 

'  I(  ivai  under  the  operation  of  a  fyflem  fo  well  c&lculatcd  for  the 
mainteiMnce  of  diilant  provinces  in  times  of  dao^er>  that  the  forces 
of  oar  eftabliihnients  in  India  were  for  the  £ril  ume  called  forth  and 
led  on  by  the  Governor  General;  ably  feconded  by  the  exertions  of 
,  die  Governors  of  the  two  other  prefidencies,  and  fiipporced  by  dillin- 
gfuflied  zeal  and  merit  in  the  officers  and  troops  which  compoicd  thofe 
armies.  Thus  a  hope  was  realized,  which,  though  (broetimes  in« 
dulged,  was  coniidered  rather  as  chimerical  at  the  commencement  of 
ti|e  war;  namely,  that  the  three  Governors  would  meet  with  the 
forces  of  their  refpe^Uve  prefidencies  at  Seringapatam :  and  not  only 
ifid  this  event  take  place^  but  the  native  powers  on  the  peninfula  were 
biboght  forward  to  witnds  and  affift  in  the  fubjugation  of  the  com* 
mon  enemy.* 
,  The  refult  of  the  united  operations,  which  reduced  Tippoo  fo 
rdioquifli  half  his  dominions  to  the  powers  allied  againft  hinrt^ 
and  which  muft  circumfcribe  his  future  ability  to  injure  his 
neighbours,  is  univerfally  known ;  the  expeded  advantages  ate 
thus  briefly  epitomized : 

'  Finally^  this  war  has  vindicated  the  honour  of  the  nation ;  has 
given  the  additional  pofleffions  and  fecurity  to  the  fetdements  in  In- 
ma  which  they  required;  has  effedied  the  wifhed-for  balance  among 
the  native  ppwers  on  the  peninfula ;  has  beyond  all  former  example 
raifed  the  charadler  of  the  firitifli  arms  in  India;  and  has  afforded  an 
inftaoce  of  good  faith  in  alliance,  and  moderation  in  conqueft,  fo  emi- 
nentj  as  ought  to  conAitute  the  Englifh  the  arbiters  of  powers*  worthy 
of  holding  the  fword  and  fcsdes  ofjuftice  in  the  Had.' 

All  thii.  may  be  ycry  true  according  to  prefent  circum- 
ftaaces:  but  does  not  Major  Dirom  prefume  on  a  permanency 
cf  political  interefts  in  India,  which  is  rarely  to  be  found  even 
in  Europe? 

The  volume  clofes  with  a  copy  of  the  definitive  treaty  con- 
cluded with  Tippoo  in  March  1792;  and  fome^ther  curious 
ftate  papers.— >On  the  whole,  we  cannot  finiiB  this  article 
without  thanking  Major  Dirom  for  the  information  and  enter- 
tainment  which  his  very  refpedable  publication  has  afforded 
us. 

With  regard  to  the  engravings,  their  accuracy  muft,  hy  us^ 
be  taken  for  eranted.  They  certainly  are,  exclufivcly  of  their 
utility^  a  conuderable  embelliflimcnt  to  the  woik. 


Art.  XVIII.    Poems.    By  Lady  Burrell.     8vo.      2  Vols.     las. 
Boards.     Leigh  and  Sotheby.     1793- 

THB  Mufes  of  the  prefent  day  feem  too  much  inclined  to 
offer  found  for  fenfe,  to  adopt  the  tinfel  of  poetry  for  the 

H  h  3  gold. 


446  fMfyBumWU  PHm^. 

go1d»  and  to  (aerifice  to  OhfcKrity  as  cb?  great  parent  of 
Sublimity.  So  much,  indeed,  has  this  mode  of  comporition 
prevailed,  that*  had  we  not  been  fully  (atisfied  that  authois 
were  feriqiis,  we  (hould  have  viewed  their  rhiming  lucubrations 
as  intended  for  burlefqut.  Dirap|k>inted  have  we  top  often  been; 
and  we  have  confequently  exclaimed  from  our  Ariftardul 
chair,  "  Tr^gicms  boatMs!'»v$x  it  fnUnit  nihil,'*  We  do  not 
mean  to  involve  in  this  cenfure  the  poems  of  Lady  Burrell, 
which  are  poflcfled  of  perfptcuity,  cafe,  and  vivacity.  We 
confcfs  that  we  have  perufed  fome  of  them  feveral  times,  and 
are  pleafed  to  rec$lli£i  them ;  a  circumftance  which  confers 
fame,  if  the  aflibrtion  of  Monfieur  Malherbe  be  true,  fuek 
piern  di  toucbi  dis  biaux  vgrs  ei$ii  fuand  m  Us  appretmt  f» 
cctur* 

The  firfl  poem  in  this  colledion  is  *  EUen  Irvine,'  taken 
from  a  ftory  in  Mr.  Pennant's  Tour  through  ScotIan4i  wberf? 
in  he  fays,  '^  Her  tomb  and  her  lover's  is  now  in  Kirkconnd 
church-yard,  with  this  fimplc  infcription,  Hicjatei  JJam  fkm* 
ing^  and  a  crofs  and  fword  engraved  on  it." 

The  poem  is  fomnvhat  in  the  ScottiOi  dialed,  and  is  verfificd 
with  fimplicity  and  elegance.  We  ihall  fele£l  a  few  ftinsas 
from  the  beginning: 

*  The  morrowe  graJediJ  o'er  the  hills  appeere. 

The  lyttel  byrds  yfang  fra  everic  fpraye  : 
It  was  the  plefaant  feafoun  of  the  yce re. 

When  Nature  is  moil  beuiifull  and  gaie : 
It  was  when  Averill  clad  the  trees  wi  grene. 

And  (Iraw'd  her  primrofys  o'er  mead  and  dale. 
When  eke  the  daifie  'mong  the  graHTe  was  fcne. 

And  airly  herfdmcn  wander  tbro'  the  vale :  , 
It  was  when  everie  greve  was  fprc)'nt  wi  dcwe 

That  Edgar  left  hys  bedd,  and  faueht  the  wode| 
Edgar !  a  lor^inge,  chief  tnsong  the  (rwe 
Of  high  ellate,  yet  valourous  and  gude. 
ficfide  %e  Ktrtle's  flourie  banks  he  rov'd, 

Benethe  the  coven  of  the  fira^nitint  (bade»     4 
(For  moche  was  Edgar's  foul  wi  pleafure  movM, 

To  fee  the  workes  of  Nature's  hoqdc  difplaicd;) 
But  grones  deep  fetchM,  and  lab'ring  fra  the  hanei 

Big  wi'  the  founde  of  paiiie>  aifail'd  his  care; 
The  voice  he  followes,  ready  to  imparte 
His  generous  ayde,  inieniible  to  feerc  I 
Jufte  in  the  centre  of  a  lyttel  woode. 

Shrouded  by  Nature's  charitable  gloome. 
Conceal 'd  from  publick  obfervatione,  ftoode» 
Of  marbrcj  (unadoum'd  by  wordes,)  a  tooipbe* 


y 


La^  Burrdlfj  Petms.  447 

Atour  Its  bafe  the  deadiie  nighxAiade  fprang, 

-  And  there  the  melaDchol/  cyprefs  grewe» 

Upon  whofe  boughes  the  robin  redbreile  Tang, 

And  o'er  whole  heade  the  bodinge  raven  lewe. 
Athwart  the  toonit>e>  ixnpaeri«d  in  anguifli*  hung 

He,  fra  whofe  bufom  burfle  fic  heavie  figghes; 
He  fccm'd  a  comelie  fwa)mc»  baith  fatre  and  young» 

And  teeres  defcended  fi'a  hys  downcaft  eyes. 

/*  ?*Wc  ^y*  vedurp,  and  hys  flewjnge  hairc 

Fell  o'er  hys  ftioulders,  wi 'diftieveli'd  grace; 
^  Majellic  pryde  was  in  hys  manlie  aire, 

•■'  Bat  pale  defpayre  was  pointed  on  his  face. — 

*  •■        (Sik  have  I  iecne,  mcthinks,  a  biyghted  tree 
Some  feint  appearance  of  itfelf  retain ; 
The  ftcm  prefervinge  all  its  dignicie, 
•<  -  Thewitner'd  branches  droopinge  towVds  the  plaine.)' 

The  addrefs  to  Kenwood,  the  feat  of  the  late  Earl  of  Manf- 
fieldy  is  a  pretty  poetical  tribute  to  iriendfliip:  , 

*  Yc  happy  fcencs  1  by  taftc  improvM* 
By  all  the  friends  of  virtue  lov'd. 

Who  reverence  Mansfield's  name: 
Whild  wifdon),  learning,  worth,  receives 
1'hat  praife  the  mind  difcerning  gives. 
Thy  groves  will  merit  fame. 

For  oft  by  yon  pellacid  Hream, 
The  great  infpirer  of  my  theme 

Has  been  obferv'd  to  liray. 
There  pour'd  inftruction  on  the  ear. 
Or  moum'd  with  thofe  who  peniive  were. 

Or  laugh'd  among  the  gay. 
His  brow  was  never  feen  to  frown. 
Save  when  fuch  glaring  deeds  were  known. 

As  wore  a  fraudfal  dye. 
Then  did  the  wretch,  appal'd  with  fear. 
Behold  him  as  a  Judge- fevere. 

And  dread  bis  piercing  eye. 

He  tempered  dignity  with  cafe. 
Knew  hovv  to  awe,  and  how  to  pleafe. 

How  blend  refpe£t  with  love  ; 
He  cheer 'd  the  timid  with  a  fmile. 
The  fad  could  of  their  cares  beguile. 

The  guilty  wou'd  reprove. 

Again  he  fceks  yon  tranquil  fludes^^ 
Ah  hailcn,  ye  Aonian  maids  1 

And  lune  the  lyric  firing. 
With  founds  harmonious  footh  his  car;— 
Ye  flowers!  with  eayer  tints  appear, 

Yc  birds  more  (weedy  fing ! 

Hh^  Yei 


448  LadyJiund\*s  Ptmu. 

Yet  vain  u^^l  the  bloom  of  fprioji^  ^ ..... 
In  vain  the'chofal  warblers  iing    .  .^ 

To  thofe  with  ptin  oppreft.  .  .%       .. 
Hear  then,  oh!  hear  the  miife's  prajter! 
Hygeia !  hade  to  meet  him  there* 
And  lonf  remain  his  gueft.' 
The  cpifile  froin  Elvira  to  her  lover  is  tender  and  intereft- 
ing.    The  lady  reemt  to  have  l$§ked  at  Uvidy  as  well  as  at  Pope 
and  the  plaintive  Hammond }  the  latter  of  whom,  in  fpite  of 
the  illiberal  cenfure  of  the  late  Hr.  Johnibn,  will  be  quoted  as 
a  model  of  poetic  eafe  and  ftmplicicv.— Be  it  however  remem« 
bered,  that  we  do  not  allude  to  all  the  ftanzas  of  Hammond ; 
who,  in  his  imitations  of  Tibullus,  by  an  injudicious  intro* 
dudion  of  a  meafure  of  Roman  and  Briti(h  cuftoms,  has  de- 
flroved  the  intended  effeA. 

The  Field  Moufe,  in  the  fecond  volume,  may  be  given  a 
another  pleafing  fpecimen : 

<  A  Moufe,  the  fleekeft  of  the  train 

That  ever  ftole  the  farmer's  graiut 

Grew  tir'd  of  acor^^•  wheat,  and  pea6« 

And  longM  to  feed  on  favoury  cheefe. 

A  travell'd  fir,  a  moufe  of  fpirit. 

Endowed  with  wit,  but  little  merits 

In  evil  hour  a  vifit  paid. 

And  turnM  his  inexperienced  head 

\\'iih  ftories  of  I  know  not  what ! 

The  comlbru  of  the  Ihepherd's  cotj 

The  plenty  of  the  farmer's  bam. 

And  granaries  replete  with  com; 

But  noft  the  luxury  and  wafie 

Of  honfcs  own*d  by  men  of  taicy 

Where  a  man-cook  confomes  the  meat* 

Yet  leaves  euoogh  for  mici  to  cat. 

And  in  whofe  pantry,  cheele  and  ham 

Invite  a  colony  to  crun. 

The  longing  monfe  the  ilorv  hears. 

He  feels  alternate  hopes  and  fears, 

Ks  (ncnd*s  a  J  vice  he  dares  parfae,  ; 

AoJ  bids  his  rural  friends  adieu. 

When  ci^ht  her  table  curtaiB  fpread. 

And  aU  luu  c!ent  ai  the  dead, 

Ocr  hero  cref»t  along  the  way 

His  fne^i  hai  pcicted  oat  by  day. 

And  entertrg  at  the  ciHar  door, 

AKended  to  the  pactrr  dcor. 

Bdtoi  a  taKe  th^re  be  hes. 

And  th::i*cs  hici'dl  lecore  and  «ife  r 

At  K«r-,  a  flmteca*  iorae  appear?, 

Ea»"*'gh  »  KT\e  h:a  catv  vtar^i 


Banifter'i  TrimJIatUn  if  Pindar'i  (Msi J  449 

(The  rdiquei^<if  a  fumptoous  jinoer 

Are  tempting  ta'a^oang  beginner;) 

He  peeps,  and  thifik|t  he  may  come  ost 

To  tafte  a  Ut,  and  look  about; 

No  foe  appears,  and  bolder  grQivo» 

He  fwears  the  treafore  is  his  own; 

Then  fdhrtng  forth  in  open  daf  > 

Eats  all  that  comesinco  his  waf. 

Bat  ibofi  the  greafy  cook  is  feen-« 

The  moufe  looks  pitifbl  and  mean; 

Scouts  from' the  drefler  in  a  frighti 

Yet  does  not  Tcape  his  watchful  fight. 

The  gnawM  remain^  of  viands  rare 

Are  taken  from  the  (helf  with  care, 
"■  And  in  their  place  a  trap  is  fet. 

To  make  the  thief  repay  the  debt. 

The  moafc  at  evening  dares  to  peep* 

And  thinks  his  foe  is  fail  afleep. 

The  favoury  cheefe  his  fancy  draws 

Within  the  trap's  unfeeling  jaivs* 

He  finds  too  late  his  error  there. 

And  dies  upon  the  fatal  fnarc : 

(A  martyr  unto  bad  advice ; 

A  lefTon  to  imprudent  mice. 

Who,  difcontented  with  their  home. 

To  gayer  fcenes  delire  to  roam.j* 
Such  are  the  fpecimens  of  Lady  Burrell's  poetical  talents } 
liich,  we  will  venture  to  fay,  Ao  honour  ta  her  pen.  Some 
the  lines,  it  mud  be  confefled,  are  too  profaic  to  be  called 
etical :  but,  a^  they  are  pofiibly  attempts  at  (impiicity,  (for 
idy  B.  has,  in  a  number  of  places,  difcovered  powers  of 
ergy,)  what  critic  can  be  fo  faftidlous/ and  fo  deftitute  of 
(le,  as  not  to  forgive  the  failure  ?  Vbi  ptura  niunt^  non  tg9 
ucis  offendar  maculis^  is  a  maxim  with  Horace,  and  mufl  ever 
with  the  Monthly  Reviewers.  Lady  Burrell  has  alio  at- 
opted  the  ludicrous  and  the  fatirical^  not  ^tnthoiit  fuccefs ; 
d,  in  feveral  (ketclies  from  Nature,  (he  has  (hewn  herfelf  a 
etical  Tenters. 


IT.  XIX.  A  Tranjlai ion  of  al!  the  Pythian,  Kimean^  and  Iftbmian 
Odis  of  Pindar y  except  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Pychiaa  Odes,  and 
thofe  which  have  been  tranflated  by  the  late  Cjill}ert  Weft»  Efq.  By 
th«  Rev.  James  Banifler.   9vo.  pp-  244.  51.  Boards,  Wiikie,  &c. 

"^HB  merits  and  demerits  cf  the  old  Theban  Bard  have 
'  formed  a  frequent  fubji^ia:  of  literarv  contention.  iElian, 
th  much  folemnity,  informs  us  that  Pjndar,  when  a  child, 
ing  turned  out  of  doors  and  left  lo'ftarve  by  his  unnatural 
Ktfllij  a  fwarm  of  bees,  confcious  of  his  future  fweetnefs. 


459  Baaiftar'j  Tranfladon  rf  Piadar'f  ^^db. 

and  actuated  by  a  congeniality  of  difppficion^  Aipported  the  ia- 
fant  poet  with  their  honey. 

PhiIofl:ratu<i,  who  pretended  to  know  mor^  of  this  important 
matter  than  JVX\2Vi^  infills  that  the  child  vras  in  his  cradL  whea 
the  bees  alighte(f  on  bis  lips,  exhibiting  an  undoubted  prefage 
of  future  celebrity  in  fong;  a  prefage,  however,  not  confined 
to  Tindar  alone,  as  it  has  been  as  ftrongly  authenticated  that 
Plato  and  others  were  paid  the  very  identical  compliment. 

Some  moderns,  attempting  and  wifliing  to  tarnifli  his  poetical 
crown,  fufpeft  the  fad;  concluding  it'to  be  all  a  fable,  in- 
vented by  ibme  idle  enthufiad,  who  was  incapable  of  diftin- 
guifliing  between  fenfe  and  found,  noife  and  filblimity,  the 
bold  thunder  and  the  rumbling  wheel- barrow.  So  momentous 
a  queftion  is  not  at  prefent  to  be  decided  even  by  us  grey- 
beards; incompetent,' therefore,  tantas  cgmponn'd  Utfs^  we  waive 
the  difcuifion,  and  proceed  to  Mr.  Baniiier's  tr^nflation;  a 
work  which  we  think  he  has  executed  with  fidelity  and  ele* 
gance.  We  ihall  produce  an  example,  by  an  extract  from  ^ 
fccond  Pythian  Ode: — *  Strophe  I. 

•  Cities  of  Syracufc,  the  lovM  abode 
Of  ihundVing  Mars,  the  warrior's  god! 
The  fiuitful  nuric  of  generous  fteedi, 
And  youths,  whom  love  of  glory  warms. 
Whole  fouls  delight  in  feats-pf  arms. 
And  high  heroic  deeds! 

From  'Ihcbtrs  proud  walls,  to  you  I  bring 
The  fwectly-founding  lyric  ftring; 
'1  he  glorious  fubjed  of  my  fong. 
The  rapid  chariot,  borne  along 
By  courfer's  fwift,  beneath  whofe  bound. 
Groaning  heaves  the  trembling  ground^ 
And  Hiero,  fkilful  to  obtain 
The  vicior'b  prize  on  Pythia's  plain. 
Ortygia  glories  in  tl;e  crown. 
Which  on  her  irte  refulgent  beams 
The  fplendor  of  defervM  renown. 
For  chaile  Diana  in  thy  (beams 
Delights  to  bathe,  anJ  there  her  temple  (lands: 
Without  her  aid,  in  vain  with  (kilful  hands 
Would  men  attempt  th*  unmanagM  fleeds  to  train. 
And  guide  them  gracM  with  trappings  o'er  the  plain.' 
In  this  ftrophe,  Mr.  B.  has  an  uncouth  line,  by  means  <'' 
an  expletive  monofyllable,  which  might  be  altered  for  the  better* 
<  Delights  to  bathe,  and  there  her  temple  ftands.'— — 

*  Antistrophb  I. 

*  For  thoD,  bright  goddefs,  (kiJl'd  to  tmce 
The  viindings  of  the  woodland  chacr 


And  Hermes  who  o'er  games  preiiides^ 
Around  the  vidor  Ilur^s  head. 


Refulgeo 


Rcfdlgent  ^|I|8  pf  glory  (hedy 

When  to  the  chariot's  poiyh'd  ILde?,,  '  . 

Obedicnc  to  ifcc  rrin«»  be  joined  the  fixxe 

Of  the  fleet  aiid  gea^rovs  horfe. 

Invoking  of:  witn  ardent  praven^ 

The  god,  whofe  arm  the  trident  be^irs; 

The  awfbl  majefly  of  kings  to  raife* 

And  give  to  virtue  deathlefs  praife; 

Bards  of  eyer}'  «gc  and  dime. 

For  this  have  fr^im'd  the  vprfe  fabHme: 

In  ftrains  fonorons,  poets  vie   ■ 

Thy  fine«  O  Cynyras,  to  fbgj 

The  woo^  and:  echoing  vil^s  reply. 

Proad  to  applaud  Che  Cypritan  'King, 

His  fubje^  g^ry>  ^9^  W  ^^  apprpv'd* 

And  by  Apollo  dearly  lovM; 

Apolb,  graceful  with  his  golden  hair* 

The  favouiit^  too  of  Venus,  heavenly^  fair. 

*  SfODB  {• 

'  TmpeKM  I'y  tUs  by  heav'o-bom  gratitude. 

With  eyes  of  kindoefs  to  behold  the  good; 

Sweetly  Hiero  in  thy  cars^ 

f)ounds  the  Locrian  virgins'  voice* 

When  to  Heaven  ^ey  pour  their  prayers. 

And  in  thy  glofious  a^s  rejoice; 

Prefer vM  by  thee  from  dire  ahtrmsy 

from  the  fierce  vidor's  power,  and  dreadful  din  of  arms. 

Tis  faid,  that  \n  the  dark  abodes. 

Ixion,  whilft  with  horrid  found. 

Turns  the  giddy  wheel  around. 

Commanded  by  the  avenging  gods 

£xclaims-— Let  gratitude  infpire 

Each  worthy  breajft;  with  lioeral  hand  reward  .. 

Favours  receiv'd;  a^d  friend  (hip's  holy  Ajr^, 

Pure  from  the  uunt  of  vice  aqd  intereft  guard/ . 

'  SraoPHB  H. 
f  Thefe  awful  troths  Ixioo  now  relates. 
Chain 'd  down  for  ever  by  his  adverfe  fates; 
For  once  in  Heaven's  ferene  abodes. 
A  calm  and  ha^ppy  hfk  he  pafs'd, 
Receiv'd  by  Jove  among  the  gods; 
But  ah !  thefe  bleffings  could  not  laft. 
For  by  his  frantic  paffions  fir'd. 
To  Juno's  bed  the  daring  chief  afpit'd^ 
And  vainly  hop'd  the  joys  to  prove. 
The  joys  divme  referv'd  for  Jove: 
Such  crimes  by  Heaven  unponifli'd  did  npt  go» 
Deitia'd  to  pais  his  days  in  endlefs  woe. 
The  wretch  now  groans  in  agonising  pain. 
Laments,  and  ibeds  repentant  te^fa  in  v^. 

By 


Bmrtiftrr*!  Trmtjtation  nf  Pindar *jOAi« 

By  two  Mact  c rimes  to  dire  prrdition  driv'o,     .* 
Offended  Jnfticff  arms  the  hand  of  Heaven.   '    '  /. 
For  ^ft  t)t»  katidi  with  kindrrd  blood  he  fik\n*^ll 
Paid  lhu3  by  fraud  hij  farther**  we^th  det3ic*dt/, 
•    AKTtSTHOFIIB  II, 

*  And  next  b}r  wild  de^res  miiled^ 

He  drove  to  viokte  the  w^M  bed  ,^) 

Of  J  uno »  J  ore  *3  im  peri  al  bride  •  ,  ^  y/ 

Lcfft  to  the  fenfe  of  all  tliat'a  good  afKl  gre^  ,  ^  ^«  j.    j 

He  &w  not,  blinded  by  his  impioas  |yride» 

Tbe  toimefitt  wbkh  fach  horrid  crimes  aw«lt :  * 

Ab  vk^hai  c&lanutiej  do  mortaJs  prore  ,-      >  •  #%^  ti  irt!( 

Ftc«i  the  &d  impulfe  of  unlawful  Jove  !.  ^  >j  cif  rt;n  t^v^ 

For  vvitb  a  piinted  cloud  he  &U'd  his  vnu,      '  r,i  T?f^]U 

And  Thinly  thought  he  dafp'd  immortjd  charms^     ^1 1?^  > 

For  Jo^*«  had  dcdt'd  th«  cloud  with  every  grace*       v»o(*t^ 

ReCembling  JuBd,  io  her  air,  her  face^ 

And  wcU- proportion M  linibs ;  obedient  to  comsiaod 

Rofe  the  bghi  ibrm,  beneath  the  fltilful  band, 

DeccWM  by  Beauty's  lure,  Ixion  ruM  ^ 

To  cUip  thoic  charms t  by  wbkh  he  was  undoae. 

Kow  to  the  wheel  hit  hands  and  feet  are  bound, 

Aod  m  perpeiual  cirde»  whirPd  around. 

•  Ero»i  II- 
*  Art  ttould  cTen  its  u  mi  oft  powers  In  vain » 
Hi>  limb*  to  Jcxifeu  from  the  galling  chain ; 


My  MoTo  ^i^iigltti  Umic  woitk  to  fmSte, 
And  fcorni  to  creni  in'  Samre'«  thorny  wnyi. 
See  in  ArchOachof^  unhappy  bardt 
Of  envions  humour*  the  deferv'd  reward. 
Poor,  and  di((refs*d»  an  anxious  care  he  feedst 
And  pines  at  noble  Sind  fuccefsful  deeds; 
Great  is  the  power  of  riches,  when  conbin'd 
With  wifdom,  virtue,  and  a  generous  mind/ 
In  this  extrafi,  a  peccadillo  againft  gmmmar  occurs: 

'  Deceived  by  Beauty's  lure,  Ldon  rmr/ 
Run  it  not  the  praeterice  of  the  verb  to  run ;  fuch  violacioiil 
ughc  not  to  be  indulged  for  the  fake  of  a  rhime. 

Other  inftances  might  be  feleded^  in  which  Mr.  B.  hat  Gu 
rificed  grammar  to  rhime  or  metre:  but  we  wiU  only  add  ^hc 
allowing: 

'  To  him  of  Peleus,  fnquuu  Oie'^complainM,  . 
And  faid,  the  youth,  by  impious  pamon  led. 
Hud  flrove  by  force  to  violau  her  bed.'     (P.  12)..) 
We  iiall  now  exhibit  Mr.  Banifter't  powert  of  tiiuiflattoo^ 
)  an  extradi  from  die  fifth  Nemean  Ode. 
*  SrnopHB  I. 
«  UnfkiU'd  the  power  of  beauty  to  impait 
To  poliih  ftone,  or  dodile  braii, 
Ancf  with  a  fculptor's  imitative  art 
To  animate  the  glowing  mais; 
For  ftatues  labourM  by  the  ahleft  hand, 
Fix'd  to  their  bafe,  and  without  motion  fland: 
Not  fo  th'  infpiring  ibngs  of  bards  renown'^ 
Whofe  rapid  flight*  not  earth  iticlf  can  bound; 
Then  go  my  Mufe,  and  o'er  the  pathlefs  main 
in  fome  light  bark,  the  joyful  tidmgs  liear> 
And  to  i£gina's  happy  iile  repair,    • 
And  tell  that  Pytheas  on  the  Nemean  plain, 
Obuin'd  by  virtuoas  toiis  the  wreftler*s  crown* 
Tho'  yet  a  youth !  and  fcarce  the  tender  ^lown 
Blooms  on  his  cheeks;  as  firft  on  vines  appear 
The  budding  promife  of  a  frustfal  year. 

'  Antistrophc  L 
'  By  noble  a6ts  he  emulates  a  race 
Of  orave  progenitors  rever'd  of  <old« 
Who  from  Satnmian  Jove  their  lineage  trace. 
And  Nereus'  daughters  bright  with  waving  gold. 
And  brings  new  honours  to  his  native  town. 
Which  glories  in 'the  virtues  of  her  Ton; 
A  town  which  hofpitaUe  virtues  blef?*. 
Fond  to  relieve  the  ib-anger  in  diftrefs. 
For  arms,  for  arts,  and  naval  ftrengtb  irnown'*d; 
Peleus  and  Tebmon  the  city  plan'd. 
And  Phocns  join'd,  in  labour  and  avmmand. 
And  with  a  wall  the  wprk  ftupendous  crown'd. 


45f  9sHk^6f^i  Ti^i^Jbtk^  ^T^ir^f  OOh^ 

With  hands  uplifted  tb  th6  f ealms  skhif^p 
They  firH  impIorM  the  tnttjdky  6f  loft. 
To  blefs  their  toils,  and  fertMiic  thb  phiiid 
With  kindly  ftafoiis*  and  refreOubg  rains. 

'  EpoDr  I. 

•  The  azqtf  goddefs  Pfamathia  bore 
The  royal  Phocus,  on  the  rocky  (hore ; 
Horror  and  grief  at  once  unchain  my  tongue* 
While  the  dui*  courTe  of  ttiy  hiftoric  fbilfc 
Leads  me  to  ttil!  the  cauie  onfoHunate> 

Which  from  their  native  ifl^  the  brother  heroes  dro?c» 

What  ills,  alas>  unhappy  mortals  prove, 

Jrom  the  fad  demon  of  revenge  and  hate  t— 

Silent  I  (land,  unwilling  to  dSclofe 

Fa6ts,  which  niuil  wound  the  warm  aiid  feefing  brexll; 

A  narrative  of  anguifh,  toil,  and  woes. 

Is  by  the  modeft  poet  btti  fopprefl; 

The  wife,  by  iilence  cautidully  toiiceat   , 

"iTnikhs,  which  the  weak  imprudently  reveal. 

•   StROPrtB  II. 

•  But  their  aufpicVous  fortuhes  to  relate. 

Their  (Irength  of  arm,  their  courage  undifmay'd. 
In  all  the  iron  toils  of  war  difplay'd; 
My  Mufe  delighted  with  a  theme  fo  greats 
Her  utmoft  powers  employs  to  deck  the  fong; 
i^nd  as  the  adive  racer  with  a  bound. 
Leaps  o'er  each  fence  which  parts  th*  adjacent  ground. 
Thus  by  my  daring  genius  borne  along. 
Undaunted  I  purfue  my  rapid  flight  I 
Swift  as  the  eagle,  failing  from  the  height 
Of  Heaven,  his  pinions  llretches  bold  and  free. 
And  meafures  a  vaft  tra^  of  earth  and  fea; 
On  Pelion's  hill,  amid  the  woody  (hades. 
The  choir  of  Mufes,  heaven-defcended  maids. 
This  race  enobled  with  their  tuneful  tongue. 
And  whilft  their  high -heroic  deeds  they  lung, 
Plac'd  in  the  midft,  Apollo  (brxick  the  lyre; 
And  as  acrofs  his  carelefs  hand  he  flings. 
In  quick  vibrations  move  the  obedient  ilrings. 
And  fpeak  the  mafter's  fltill,  and  poet's  fire.' 
Eupbonia  gratia^  wewifli  an  alteration  in  the  following  line: 

•  Is  by  the  modeft  poet  hfi  fopprert.' 

From  the  above  fpccimcns,  the  reader  will,  probably,  not  en- 
tertain a  mean  idea  of  Mr.  Banifter's  vcrfion.  Eafc  and  pcr- 
fpicuity  pervade  it ;  ahd  if  the  tranflator  manifefts  any  deficiency, 
it  is  on  the  fide  of  finnplicity.  A  feeble  profaic  line  now  and 
then  limps  into  a  ftanza ;  which,  for  the  0©£,  requires  vi- 
gour and  inverfion. 

Mr.  B  expreflfe,  in  his  preface,  a  timidity  at  appearing  be- 
fore the  awful  tribunal  of  the  pu!>)icr)  after  Gilbert  Weft:  let 

hioi 


fianifter^i  TniiJIdSMH  of  Pindar'i  Odeu  455 

him  be  comforted ;  for  if  tiv  are  in  pofieffion  of  any  powers  of 

decifion  on  the  fubjeS,  Mn  B«  will  liiffer  liUIe  dimiiiutioa  of 
\  fame  by  a  comparifon. 

Before  we  conclude  this  article,  we  would  advife  Mr.  B.  to 
be  more  moderate  in  his  praife  of  a  favourite  author.  In  his 
note  on  the  (econd  Pythian  Ode,  is  the  following  e^reiHon  r 
•  Mr.Warburton,  who  had  the  happy  art  tii  illumining^  by 
the  irreiiAible  powers  of  bis  genius,  every  fubjed  on  which  he 
wrote.' 

This  is  far  from  a  faithful  portrait  of  Dr.  Warburton.  Anu^ 
kks  PlatOy  amicus  Socrates^  fed  niagis  arnica  Veritas,  That  he 
was  a  man  of  claflical  erudition,  will  not  be  denied ;  that  he 
pofTefled  feme  critical  acumtn^  mud  be  alfo  confeiled  :  but  that 
he  fometimes  darkened  inftead  of  illumining  the  text  of  an 
author,  will  be  as  eafily  granted  by  the  difcerning  and  the  im- 
partial. 

The  famous  Canons  of  Criticifm,  by  Edwards  of  LincoIn*« 
Inn,  (written  in  a  juftifiable  fplrit  of  revenge  for  the  aggreflbr's 
infolence,)  prove  what  little  dependance  is  to  be  placed  on  the 
Bifliop's  fkill  in  the  art  of  illuftration.  It  will  be  no  deviation 
from  truth  to  aflert,  that  his  tafte  was  generally  cold,  phleg- 
Inatic,  and  fometimes  vulgar ;  and  that  he  was  by  no  means 
qualified  for  being  the  Pitronius  of  literature.  That  he  was 
far  from  the  fird,  or  even  a  fix&^rate  fchol^r  of  the  day,  his 
dreaded  antagoniA,  the  late  learned  and  worthy  prelate,  Lowtb^ 
threatened  to  prsve:  but,  from  a  motive  of  candour,  though 
'  amply  juftified  by  his  opponent's  provoking  condud^,  he  defined. 
In  all  the  pride  of  authority,  Ur.  Warburton  deemed  himfetf 
nuUi  fccundus ;  a  few,  however,  knew  him  to  be  pluribus  im-- 
far.  Could  haughtinefs,  intolerance,  and  felf-fufficiency  have 
conferred  a  claim  to  univerfal  homage,  he  would  have  been 
the  deity  of  his  time,  l^he  conflitution  o^  letters  had  been 
voted  a  republic  until  the  appearance  of  this  Hyder  Ally  in 
literature;  who  f«cmed  imcAediately  refolved,  in  virtue  of  his 
own  arbitrary  claim,  to  ered  his  throne  \  and,  with  all  the 
overwhelming  fpirit  of  an  Eaflern  defpot,  he  wifhed  to  heftride 
the  world o^  opinion.  His  triumph  continued  for  a  time;  his 
ilavcs  admired,  feared,  and  crouched ;  until  one  or  two  daring 
little  Davids  coufageoufly  encountered,  and  brought  to  tho 
ground,  the  Giant  of  Gaihl  The  mighty  found  of  Divide 
Legation  is  lowered  by  the  interpofition  of  a  few  years  to 
the  mere  echo  of  an  echo. —  The  noife  which  he  made,  when 
in  the  zenith  of  his  powers,  aflonifbed  and  deceived  the  multi- 
tude; which  miftook  a  fudJen  guft  of  wind  for  the  majciiy  of 

A  5TORM. 

MONTHLY 


(    4S6    I 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    AUGUST,    ijgj. 

LAW. 
Art.  so.  TJ^  Juftict  •fthi  Peace  mi  Farijb  Offietr,  hf  Richtrd  Born, 
LL.  D.  late  Chancellor  of  the  Diocefe  of  OirlUfe^  contindcd  to  the 
prefent  Time  by  John  Bum,  fifq.  his  Son>  one  of  hit  Majeft]f's 
juftices  of  the  Peace  for  the  Counties  of  WeflmoreUnd  and  Cum* 
berland.     The  Senanteenth  EJitionM  inclading  the  Sutotes  of  the 
kHSeiiion  of  Parliament,  (jiGeo.Itl.).   To  which  is  added  a^ 
Appendix,  containing  the  A£i  refpeding  AIieDs»  and  fudi  Others 
as  have  pafTed  in  the  prefent  Seffion.   8vo.  4  Vols.   iL  8s.  Boards. 
Cadell.     1793. 
rpHE  merit  of  this  publication  is  fo  well  kno^n  to  the  profeffion,  ioni 
^    has  been  fo  long  and  fo  univeHally  acknowleged  by  diofe  kt 
whofe  ufe  and  benefit  it  was  compiled,  that  it  is  become  anneoefoy 
MOfw  to  iniift  on  it. — Mr.  Bum>  in  die  additions  made  to  the  preieot 
work,  treads  in  the  fteps  of  his  celebrated  predeceflbr;  and,  as  ke 
obferves  in  his  preface  to  the  flxtcench  edition,  **  the  many  and  very 
early  opportunities  given  him  by  his  father  to  obferve  the  method  he 
purlued  in  making  the  necefTiry  alterations  and  additions  to  every 
new  edition,  and  feledling  from  the  reports  fuch  adjudged  cafes  ts 
leemed'  b<f(l  to  explain  the  laws  on  which  the  determinatioos  of  die 
courts  were  founded,  and  his  more  particular  inftrudlions  to  him  to 
make  extrafls  from  the  newa^ls  of  parliament,  and  in  forming  other 
neceffary  culleftions  for  the  work,'*  have  in  an  efiential  degree  qnaB- 
fed  him  for  this  undertaking.— In  addition  to  the  improvefflcsts 
enumerated  in  the  title-page,  the  editor  has  inferted*,  under  thor 
proper  tides,  all  the  cafes  which  have  been  determined  in  the  cooru, 
applicable  to  the  fubjccl  of  the  work,  and  which  have  been  given  in 
the  Perm  Reports,  from  the  year  1788,  in  which  the  fixteenth  editton 
appeared,  to  Trinity  Term,  32  Geo.  III.  inclufively, — No  pains,  in- 
deed, fcem  to   have  been  fpared  to  render  the  prefent  edition  u 
valuable  as  the  nature  of  the  defign  would  admit. 

Art.  21.     A  General  Abridgment  of  Laiv  and  Equity t  alphabetically 
digelled  under  proper  litlcs;  with  Notes  and  References  to  the 
whole.     Bv  Charles  Viner,  Efq.  Founder  of  the  Vincrian  Le^tcrCi 
Oxford.    The  Second  Edition.    8vo.    24  Vols.     Robinfnns. 
The  difficulty  of  procuring  this  immenfe  body  of  law,  and  the  cer- 
tain expence  attending  the  purchafe  of  it,  have  induced  the  proprietors 
to  reprint  it  in  its  prefent  more  commoiious  and  lefs  cxpeniive  fonn. 
Two  volumes,  at  half  a  guinea  each,  to  fubfcribers,  are  delirerfd 
oot  at  the  beginning  of  every  term,  and  will  continue  fo  tobe  till  rhe 
whole  is  completed.     The  only  alteration  made  in  the  preiem  edition 
confiUs  in  an  enlargement  ol  the  Tabieb  of  Contents  and  of  the  fr- 
dices^  which,  in  a  work  of  this  nature,  require  particolar  atteotioii. 
Eighteen  volumes  of  this  edition  have  already  appeared* 

An, 


MoNTH|»Y  Cataiogue,  Law.  457 

AtU  Z2\  A  Mineral  Ah/i^gwfnt  of  Cajh  U  Equity 9  argued a»d iidjud^d 

•'■  in  the'ttigb  Cowt  ofCfAincery,  Sec.  with  i'tveral  Cafes  n^ver  brfo»'e 

publifhcd,  alphabetically  diijelled  under  proper  litles;  with  Notes 

and  References  to  the  whole;  and  three  Tables,  ttie  fi;!t  of  the 

Names  of  the  Cafes ;  tiic  fecond  of  the  feveral  Titles,  with  their 

Divifions  and  Subdivifions ;  and  the  third  of  the  IViaitcr  under 

'  "ffcncral  Hetds.     By  a  Gentleman  of  the  Middle  Temple.     Vol.  I. 

'   The  fifth  £dition)  with  Corrections  and  Additions.    Fol.    pp.4i7. 

*«  iL. 91.  bound.     Butterworth.     1793. 

.-.  The  firft  edicioit  of  this  valuable  work  was  publifhed  in  the  year 
1732,  and  Mr.  Pooley,  rrBarriitrr  of  great  eminence  in  Iiis  time,  was 
its  reputed  author.— The  profeffion  have  uniformly  coniidered  it  as  a 
publication  of  great  merit  and  utility,  fo  that  variou'^  editions  have 
been  found  neccfTary  at  different  periods.  >To  the  prefcnt,  which  is 
the  fifth,  the  editor  has  added  an  abridgment  of  nearly  two  hundred 
ntw  cafes;  he  has  alfu  illuftrated  the  tormer  cafes  with  pertinent 
jvferenccs;  and  he  has  enlarged  and  iiTiproved  the  index  of  principal 
jnattcra. 

Art.  23 .   jf  Uifiory  of  the  Lanv  cf  Shipping  and  Na*vigation.     By  John 
'    Reeves,  Efq.  Author  of"  T  he  Hiltory  of  the  Englilh  Law."    8vo. 

pp.947.     8s.  Boards.     Brooke.     1792. 
■  The  intention  of  the  author  in  the  prefcnt  publication  will  be  bcft 

colle^d  from  his  own  words  on  the  fubject : 

•  The  increafe  of  [hipping,  and  the  improvement  of  na  vibration, 
are  objeds  that  have  fiequeiitiy  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Lcgif- 
latnn^;  and  various  proviuons  have  been  made  from  time  to  timr,  by 
^tch  it  was  endeavoured  to  confine,  as  much  as  pcflible,  the  trade 
10  end  from  this  country,  the  employment  of  the  fiiheries,  and  the 
Conveyance  coallwifc,  to  the  (hipping  and  mariners  of  this  country 
atone.  The  Hiftory,  therefore,  of  Shipping  and  Navigation  includes 
init  the  hiftnry  of  the  different  branches  of  foreign  and  domeiHc  trade, 
and  of  the  fifheries  carried  on  either  upon  our  coafts  or  abroad  ;  and 
we  ihall  accordingly,  in  purfuing  this  inquiry,  be  led  fo  confider  the 
]aw8  that  have  been  made  for  better  regulating  thoie  various  obje£ls 
of  commercial  policy 

*  But  this,  underftnod  in  its  largeft  extent,  opens  to  us  a  field  of 
more  fpace  and  greater  variety  than  is  neceflary  for  our  prefcnt  pur- 
jpofe;  fome  limit  muft  therefore  be  fet  to  our  refearch  :  in  To  doing,  it 
19  meant  to  confine  ourfelves  merely  to  fuch  matters  as  belong  to 
fiiipping  and  navigation  in  the  ftritfter  fenfe  of  thofc  words,  or  at  Icall 
in  the  parliamentary  fenfe  which  they  have  acquired  from  the  ufe  and 
application  of  them  in  different  a^s  of  parliament.  Thus,  whatever 
relates  to  a /'/>,  and  its  qualifications  oi  cwnerjhipf  or  huiltf  the  maflcr 
who  commands,  and  the  feamen  who  navigate  it,  the  gcods  and  cow 
M^diiieSf  and  the  places  from  which  it  may  import  by  virtue  of  fuch 
qualifications ;  all  thefe  are  peculiarly  fubjefls  of  the  prefent  hiAory, 
^pd  will  of  tlicmfelvcs  bring  before  us  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the 
whole  world.  But  any  incidents  and  circumdances  relating  to  that 
trade  and  cummerce,  and  not  originating  from,  or  belonging  to,  the 
precife  nature  of  f&ch  qualifications  of  the  Jhip  and  its  navigation^  are 
extraneous  and  foreign.  Thus  ihc  whole  concern  of  «viiloi£i% ^\A ^vi^^^^ 

Rfv.  Au*j,i7P3.  li  Xivxv'^ 


44i  LadfJi^ruSl'sPwm. 

Yet  vain  b  ill  the  bloom  offpijig^^  ^,:^. 

In  vain  thei'cWal  warbfera  fing ,  ^  -V..'.  V.   *'/• 

To  thofe  with  pain  oppreft.  .  . /JV    [ 
Hear  then,  oh !  hear  the  maie'j  pra>^r  f . 
Hygeia!  hade  to  meet  him  there#    ,  ■ . 

And  long  remain  his  gueft.'  v  ^ 

The  epifile  from  Elvira  to  her  lover  is  fender  and  intereft« 
ing.  The  lady  Teems  to  have  lo§kiJ  at  Ovid,  as  well  as  at  Pope 
and  the  plaintive  Hammond ;  the  latter  of*  whom,:  in  fpite  of 
the  illiberal  cenfure  of  the  late  Dr.  Johniioin,  will  be  quoted  as 
a  model  of  poetic  eafe  and  fimplicitv. — Be  it  however  reroem« 
bered,  that  we  do  not  allude  to  all  the  ftanzas  of  Hammond  ; 
who,  in  his  imitations  of  Tibullus,  by  ah  injudicious  intro* 
du£tion  of  a  meafure  of  Roman  and  Britifli  cufioms,  has  de* 
ftroyed  the  intended  effeA. 

The  Field  Moufe,  in  the  fecond  volume,  may  be  given  as 
another  pleafing  fpecimen : 

^  A  Moufe,  the  fleekeft  of  the  tram 

That  ever  Role  the  farmer's  grain* 

Grew  tir'd  of  acorni*,  wheat,  and  pea(e. 

And  Ipng'd  to  feed  on  favoury  cheefe. 

A  traveird  fir,  a  moufe  of  fpu^ita 

Endow  M  with  wit,  hut  little  merits 

In  evil  hour  a  vifit  paid. 

And  turn'd  his  inexperienc'd  head 

With  flories  of  I  know  not  what ! 

The  comforts  of  the  ihepherd's  cot. 

The  i^enty  of  the  fanner's  barn. 

And  granaries  replete  with  com; 

But  mod  the  luxury  and  wafte 

Of  houfes  own'd  by  men  of  tafte, 

Wl^ere  a  man-cook  confames  the  meat. 

Yet  leaves  enough  for  mici  to  eat. 

And  in  whofe  pantry,  cheefe  and  ham 

Invite  a  colony  to  cram. 

The  longing  moufe  the  fbrv  hears. 

He  feels  alternate  hopes  and  fears. 

His  friend's  advice  he  dares  purfue,  ^ 

And  bids  his  rpral  friends  adieu. 

When  night  her  fable  curtain  fpread. 

And  all  was  fil^nt  as  the  dead/  \ 

Qur  hero  crept  along  the  way 

His  friend  had  pointed  out  by  day. 

And  entering  at  the  cellar  door, 

Afcended  to  the  pantry  floor. 

Behind ^a  table  there  he  lies,  [ 

And  thinjcs  himfelf  fecure  and  wife  r  '' 

At  morn  a  plenteous  fcene  appears,  "  ^ 

Enough  to  ferve  him  many  years  i 


MoNTHi*y  Cataiogue,  Law.  457 

JdrU  zt\  A  meral  Aiifi^guient  of  Cafes  ui  Equity ,  argued  a»d  sdjud^d 

-■•  in  the^Higb  Court  ofC^jkncery,  &c.  with  Ibveral  Cafes  never  befo»-e 

publiihcd,  alphabciically  digellcd  under  proper  Titles;  with  Notes 

and  References  "to  the  whole;  and  three  Tables,  the  fir  it  of  the 

Names  of  the  Cafes;  the  fecond  of  the  feveral  Titles,  with  their 

Divifions  and  Subdivifions ;  and  the  third  of  the  Matter  under 

^  "general  Heads.     By  a  (jcntlcman  of  the  Middle  Temple.     Vol.  f . 

'  The  fifth  Edition,  with  Corrections  and  Additions.    Fol.    pp.417. 

'.  iL.^i.  bound.     Butterworih.     1793. 

.'.  The  iirft  edition  of  this  valuable  work  was  publifhed  in  the  year 
€733,  and  Mr.  Pooley,  T-Barriftcr  of  C3:reat  eminence  in  Iiis  time,  was 
its  reputed  author.—- The  profeifion  have  uniformly  confidrred  it  as  a 
publication  of  great  merit  and  utility,  lb  that  various  eJitions  have 
been  found  neccflary  at  different  periods.  -To  the  prcfcnt,  which  is 
the  fifth,  the  editor  has  added  an  abridgment  of  nearly  two  hundred 
new  caies ;  he  has  alfo  illuftratcd  the  former  cafes  with  pertinent 
references;  and  he  has  enlarged  and  improved  the  index  of  principal 
jnaiters. 

Aft.  ^3 .   A  Hifvry  of  the  Law  of  Shipping  and  Navigation,     By  John 
'  Reeves,  Efq.  Author  of  "  The  liillory  of  the  Englifli  Law."    8vo. 

?p.  ^47.     8s.  Boards.     Brooke.     1792. 
'he  intention  of  the  author  in  the  prefent  publication  will  be  beft 
cdie^d  from  his  o%vn  werds  on  the  fubjetl : 

•  The  increafe  of  fhip)nng,  and  the  improvement  of  navigation, 
*re  objedbs  that  have  fi  equently  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Lcgif- 
laclM;  and  various  proviuons  have  been  made  from  time  to  tim<r,  by 
i^tch  it  was  endeavoured  to  confine,  as  much  as  pofiihie,  the  trade 
to  end  from  this  country,  the  employment  of  the  fiihrrics,  and  the 
Conveyance  coailwife,  to  the  (hipping  and  mariners  of  this  country 
atone.  The  Hitlory,  therefore,  of  Shipping  and  Navigation  includes 
ill'h  the  hiftory  of  the  different  branches  of  foreign  and  domelHc  trade, 
woA  of  the  fifheries  carried  on  either  upon  our  coa(!s  or  abroad  ;  and 
we  ihaU  accordingly,  in  purfuing  this  inquiry,  be  led  to  confider  the 
laws  chat  have  been  made  for  better  regulating  thoic  various  objefls 
of  commercial  policy 

•  But  this,  underftood  in  its  largeft  extent,  opens  to  us  a  field  of 
more  fpace  and  greater  variety  than  is  neccflary  for  our  prefc  nt  pur- 
pbfe;  fomc  limit  muft  therefore  be  fet  to  our  refcarch  :  in  lb  doing,  it 
IS  m^ant  to  confine  ourfelves  merely  to  fuch  matters  as  belong  to 

finpfimg  and  navipaticn  in  the  (IriiSler  fenfe  of  thofe  words,  or  at  lea  It 
in  the  parliamentary  fenfe  which  they  have  acquired  from  the  ufe  and 
application  of  them  in  different  a6lb  of  parliament.  Thus,  whatever 
relates  toa/'/^,  and  its  qualifications  of  cwwr/J/^,  or  huiltt  the  maflcr 
who  commands,  and  the  fcamen  who  navigate  it,  the  goods  and  com^ 
tn$diiies,  and  the  places  from  which  it  may  import  by  virtue  of  fuch 
qualifications ;  all  thefe  are  peculiarly  fubje£ls  of  the  prefent  hiflcry, 
api!  wilt  of  thcmfelves  bring  before  us  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the 
whole  world.  But  any  incidents  and  circumflances  relating  to  that 
trade  and  commerce,  and  not  originating  from,  or  belonging  to,  the 
prccife  nature  of  fuch  qualifications  ofihej7yip  and  its  navigation,  are 
extraneous  and  foreign.  Thus  the  whole  concern  of  €uft.OYft^ ^vi^ ^>a^\^^ 
Rev.  Avo".i7pj.  li  \ivxi^ 


45$  Monthly  Catalogue,  Law* 

brag  merely  regulations  of  revenue ;  the  detail  for  colleAing  and 
fecunng  fuch  revenue,  including  the  numerous  provifions  about  imugr 
gling;  with  an  infinitude  of  other  matters  lying  within  the  depart- 
ment of  the  cuilom-houfe,  are  all  excluded,  as  no  part  of  this  work. 
In  (hort>  it  is  intended  to  touch  upon  thofe  topics,  and  thofe  only, 
which  compofe  the  famous  Ad  of  Na^vigation  made  in  the  1 2th  year 
of  King  Charles  the  Second,  and  which  has  in  iu  title  the  fame  words 
in  the  fame  fcnfe  in  which  they  are  here  to  be  underflood :  Jtm  Jdfor 
the  Encouraging  and  Incrcafing  ySHiPPiNC  and  Navigation.' 

The  work  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  the  firft  contains  the  earlieft 
laws  enaded  on  the  fubjecl«  down  to  and  including  the  Ad  of  Naviga- 
tion palTed  in  i6c  i.  The  fecond  begins  with  the  famous  A£k  of  Na* 
vigation  paflTed  in  the  1 2th  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Charles  the 
Second »  and  contains  an  account  of  all  the  laws  from  that  period  to 
the  makin?  of  the  peace  in  1783.  The  third  commences  after  the 
peace,  and  dates  and  examines  the  laws  made  down  to  the  year  I792« 
— The  different  cafes  determined  in  the  courts  of  law,  on  the  fubjed 
of  {hipping  and  navigation,  are  corre£Uy  given,  and  ably  iUnftrated 
and  difcuiied ;  and  as  thofe  cafes  are  few  in  number,  not  exceeding 
ten,  the  opinions  of  various  law-officers  at  different  periods  are  here 
prefentcd  to  the  reader,  and  form  a  valuable  addition  to  the  work.-' 
So  much  information  is  contained  in  this  volume,  and  (b  much  ability 
and  diligence  are  flicwn  by  the  writer  in  the  courfe  of  \l,  that  we  can 
with  perfedt  confidence  recommend  it  to  public  notice. 

Art.  24.  Hijlory  of  the  Go<vemment  of  the  IJlanJ  of  NevifounJland.  With 
an  Appendix  containing  the  Ads  of  Parliament  made  refpeding 
the  Trade  and  Fifliery.  By  John  Reeves,  Efq.  Chief  Jufticc  of  the 
Ifland.  8vo.  pp*283.,  6s.  Boards.  Sewell.  1793. 
We  arc  here  prefented  with  a  fhort  and  comprehenfive  hidory  of 
Newfoundland,  from  the  time  of  granting  the  firft  charter  to  Sir 
Humphry  Gilbert  in  the  year  1578,  to  the  appointment  of  a  court  of 
judicature  in  the  yean 791. —The  volume  contains  an  account  of  the 
iajuries  committed  at  different  times  by  the  merchants  and  adventurers, 
on  ch'  natives  and  inhabitants  of  the  place,  and  of  the  various,  and, 
in  moft  cafes,  inefFedlual  expedients  adopted  by  the  latter  to  remedy 
and  prevent  them. — Admiral  Milbanke  eftabliihed  a  court  of  common 
picas  in  the  year  1789:  but  as  it  was  doubted,  by  the  law-ofHcers  m 
this  country,  whether  he  was  inveiled  with  fufficient  authority  as 
Governor  for  that  purpofe;  and  as  the  meafure  was  attended  with 
conliderable  advantage  in  redreffing  the  injured,  and  in  punifhing  the 
opprefTors ;  '  the  fubje^l  was  taken  up  by  the  Committee  of  Trade  in 
the  year  1791  ;  and  a  hill  was  prefented  to  parliament,  under  their* 
dircCiion,  for  inllituting  a  court  of  the  fort  they  had  recommended  in 
the  reprcfentation  made  in  1790.  This  bill  pafled  into  a  law;  and 
(K-ing  intended  as  an  experiment  of  a  new  judicature,  it  was  to  endure 
for  one  year  only.  The  refult  of  that  experiment  was  to  propob 
another  bill  in  the  fefTions  of  1792,  for  inilituting  a  court  (bmewhat 
dilFcrent  from  that  of  the  preceding  bill.  This  alfo  was  only  for  a 
>'*:ir.  It  is  now  for  \\\?  confiJcration  of  parliament  finally  to  deter- 
mine wh.it  courts  are  to  hz  cllabiilhed  in  the  iiland  for  the  adminii 
liration  of  juilice  in  Auurc.' 

The. 


Monthly  Cataloou£,  Atidical^  Chemhalj  &r.    459 

The  profits  of  this  work  arc  appropriated  •  to  the  relief  of  the 
faffering  clergy  of  France,  refugees  in  the  Britifh  dominions:'  but 
the  merit  of  this  volume  reds  not  on  its  ciiaricable  intention  alone,  as 
the  author  has  throughout  collected  and  arranged  much  entertaining 
and  ufeful  knowlege  on  the  fubjefl  of  the  hidory  of  Newfoundland. 

MEDICAL,   CHEMICAL,  &C. 
Art.  25.   An  EJjfay  on  Generation,    By  J.  F.  filumenbach,  M.D.  Aulic 

Counfellor  to  his  Britannic  Majeily,  and  FrofefFor  of  Phyfic  in  the 

Umverfity  of  Gottingen,  &c.     Tranflated  from  the  German  •• 

i2mo.     pp.84.     25.  fevved.     Cadell.     1792. 

He  who  wiQics  to  enter  into  fpeculations  on  this  curious  fubjedl, 
will  find  amufement  in  Profeffor  filumenbach's  effay :  he  will  fijid 
too  a  fuccefsful  refutation  of  the  favourite  dodtrine  of  the  evolution  of 
pre-exifHng  organic  germs.  Jf  he  ihould  expedt  to  make  farther 
progrefs,  and  to  obtain  a  perfe^  theory  of  the  matter,  he  will  be  dif- 
appointed :  he  will  find  the  *  formative  ni/ui*  of  the  Profeflbr,  like 
the  attempts  of  his  predeceiTors,  very  unfatisfa6lorv.  In  alleviation 
of  this  difappointment,  we  can  only  obferve,  that  the  knowlege  of  the 
moJus  operandi  is  perhaps  of  no  great  importance;  and  fo,  adopting 
the  advice  of  Julian,  we  can  only  fay  in  his  words, 

*£»6e»  C'apoc  ix<^^>  C'^'(>  ^bliuc  9^f»o$« 

Art.  26.  Nenjfj  Experiments  nvith  Mercury  in  the  Small-pox,  by  which 
is  demonftrated  its  fpecific  Virtue  in  that  Difeafe.  By  P.  Van 
Woenfel,  M.D.  tranaaced  from  the  French  by  W.Fowle,  M.D. 
ivo.     IS.     Crowder.     i793- 

The  author  of  this  little  pamphlet  informs  us,  that  the  advantage  of 
Mr.  Sutton's  method  of  preparing  his  patients  for  inoculation  ap- 
peared to  him  to  be  entirely  owing  to  the  fmall  dofes  of  mercury  which 
he  exhibited.     Such  an  hypothecs  will,  we  apprehend,  be  confider« 
cd  in  this, country  as  a  guide  by  no  means  likely  to  lead  to  any  dif« 
covery  of  importance.     Jt  induced  Dr.  Van  Woenfel,  however,  to 
give  two  thirds  of  two  grains  of  mercury  in  a  day,  and  fometimes  two 
entire  grains,  to  each  patient  whom  he  was  about  to  inoculate ;  this 
Coorfe  wais  begun  ten  days  before  the  operation,  and  was  continued  to 
the  commencement  of  the  eruptive  fymptoms.     The  effect  aftonifhed 
Dr.Van  Woenfel,  and  all  who  faw  his  patients;  *  at  a  time  when  the 
ivorft  fpecies  of  fmall-pox  raged  at  Peterfburgh,  aqd  when  the  heat  was 
«xceflive ....  not  one  of  iixty-five  patients  had  any  ficknefs^  confine* 
^nent  to  his  bed,  or  indifpofition,  in  any  (lage  of  the  difeafe.'— -So 
anuck  we  learn  from  the  firft  part.     We  fhould  have  been  glad  if  the 
aiuthor  had  given  us  fome  farther  information  concerning  his  pa« 
^lents,— for  iullance,  what  was  the  number  of  pudules,  the  numerical 
Sate  of  the  pulfe,  &c.     This  would  have  pleafcd  us  more  than  his 
^igreflive  declamation  againd  complicated  prefcriptions 

In  the  fecond  part,  Dr.Van W.  defcribes  the  evpcriments,  which 
i^e  undertook  with  a  view  to  afcertain  the  f^rrcfl  ;i^ior!  of  m  r^urv  oti 

•  The  tranllator's   preface  is   lubicribed,    A.  Cncnton,    o  auv^ 
^Sardcns. 

i  i  2  *  viLi\o\ovx^ 


45o     MoKTHtY  Catalogue,  Medical^  Chemical^  (fc, 

vtiiolous  matter.  In  three  children,  inoculated  in  both  arms  with 
this  matter,  intimately  mixed  with  ^  /mall  peri  ion  of  calomel,  no  infec- 
ticn  took  place.  The  event  was  the  fame  when  two  children  were 
inoculated  with  recent  pus,  expofed  for  two  minutes  to  the  fleam  of 
mercurv. 

Theie  two  children  afterward  received  the  difeafe  from  unmixed 
pus. — When  one  arm  was  inoculated  with  pus,  mixed  with  calomel, 
and  the  other  with  unmixed  pus^  the  incifion  in  the  latter  dried  up 
without  inflammation:  that  in  the  former  communicated  the  difeafe  ia 
the  ufual  manner.  Mercurial  plaifters  applied  to  the  incifion,  even 
when  evidently  inflamed,  and  furrounded  with  fmall  puflules,  caufed 
the  inflammation  to  fubfide,  and  prevented  infedlion ;  except  in  cafes 
where  the  incifion  in  the  other  arm  was  left  to  its  nat6ral  progrefs. 
The  infedion  was  not  communicated  by  lint  fleeped  in  variolous 
matter,  which  had  been  expofed  to  a  cold  of  20^  of  Reaumur's  fca]e> 
f.#.  about  13*  below  o  of  Fahrenheit's  fcale.  This  experiment  was 
only  once  made. 

The  author  concludes  by  pointing;  out  the  ufe  of  thefe  fads.  He 
thiuks  it  almod  impoffible  that  any  one  fhould  die  in  confequence  of 
inoculation,  if  the  plan  which  he  recommends  be  purfired.  He  ad- 
vifes  mercurial  applications  to  the  eyes,  in  order  to  prevent  the  injury 
which  they  fometimes  fudain  from  the  fmall-pox. 

We  may  add,  that  the  tranflation  appears  to  have  been  accurately 
made.  It  is,  as  the  tranilator  alfo  obferves,  a  remarkable,  and  indeed 
a  fufpicious  circumftance,  that  Dr.  Van  W.  (hoold  fpeak  of  a  flrong 
Jblution  of  cak)mel.  To  folve  the  difficulty,  he  fuppofes  Dr.VanW.'i 
calomel  to  have  approached  near  to  corrofive  fublimatc.  We  are  al- 
moft  difpofcd  to  believe,  fince  he  prefcribes  calomel  of  the  fevenih 
fublimation,  that  he  has  inaccurately  confounded  diffujionm}^foluti(m^ 
provided  we  may  afTume,  that  his  experiments  were  adually  attended 
with  the  refults  which  he  defcribes.  Should  they  receive  the  con- 
firmation which  they  require  before  they  can  obtsun  entire  credit, 
they  will  prove  that  n-crcury  has  more  power  over  the  variolous  than 
it  probably  has  over  the  fiphylitic  virus;  and  they  will  doubtlefs,  ii^ 
their  application  to  the  practice  of  medicine,  be  beneficial  to  man- 
kind. 

Art.  27.  A  Treat i/e  on  the  Mineral  Waters  cf  Harrogate.  Containing 
the  Hiftory  of  thcfe  Waters,  their  Chemical  Analyfis,  Medicinal 
Properties,  and  plain  Dirc£lions  for  their  Ufe.  By  Thomas  Gar- 
nctt,  M.D.  Phyfician  at  Harrogate,  &c.  8vo.  pp.  i68.  as.  6d. 
Johnfon.     1792. 

After  having  given  a  pleafmg  hiftory  of  the  Harrogate  waters, 
]^r.  Garnett  proceeds  to  their  analyfis;  and  here  he  confines  his  at- 
tention to  the  principal  fulphur  fpring,  called  The  Drinking  Well; 
and  to  two  chalybeate  fprings— the  Old  Spaw,  and  the  Tewit  wells: 
of  the  Crefcent  water,  in  which  both  thefe  ingredients  are  contained, 
he  has  given  a  fcparate  account  in  a  former  pamphlet.  The  analyfis  of 
thefe  waters,  according  to  the  xiomendatore  of  the  French  chemifb, 
ia  as  folJcw: : 

Awiac 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Eaji  India  Affairt.       461 

A  wine  gallon  of  the  fulphur  water  from  the  Drinking  Well  contains^ 

oz.  dwt.    gr. 
Of  muriat  of  foda,  or  common  fait,         - 
Muriat  of  lime, 
Muriat  of  magnefia, 
Carbonat  of  lime, 
Carbonat  of  magnefia, 
Sulphat  of  magnefia,  or  Epfom  fait, 

X  II     10 

Of  aeriform  fluids, 

cubic  inches. 
Carbonic  acid  gas,  or  fixed  air,  -  8 

Azotic  gas,  -  -  -  7 

Sulphurtted  hydrogen  gas,  ox  hepatic  air,  19 


1 

5 

*So 

0 

0 

«3 

0 

3 

'? 

0 

0 

i8,S 

0 

0 

5'S 

0 

0 

10,5 

A  wine  gallon  of  the  Old  Spaw  water  contiuns. 


34 


Of  carbonat  of  iron, 
Sulphat  of  foda, 
Sulphat  of  lime. 

grains. 
2 

3 

Of  aerial  fluids, 

cubic  indict. 
Carbonic  acid  gas,         -      15,75 
Azotic  gas,             •               4,25 

6,5 

zo 

A  wine  gallon  of  the  Te 
grains. 
Of  carbonat  of  iron,        -        2^ 
Sulphat  of  lime,        •          4 

wit  Well  water  contains. 
Of  aerial  fluids, 

cubic  inches. 
Carbonic  acid  gas,         -            16 
Azotic  gas,             .         .           5 

21 

The  medicinal  properties  of  thefe  waters  are  afterward  judicioufly 
explained,  and  the  neccfTary  dire^ions  and  cautions  are  given  fior 
their  ufe. 

CAST     INDIA     AFFAIRS. 

Art.  28.   Lei Ur  from  Mr,  Francis  to  Lord  North,  late  Earl  of  Guihffont, 

With  an  Appendix.     8vo.     pp.107.     2^-     Debrett.     1793. 

Art.  29.  Heads  tf  Mr, Francises  Speech  ia  reply  to  Mr.  Dundas,  on  the 
23d  of  April  1793,  in  a  Committee  of  the  whole  Houfe,  to  con- 
£der  of  the  Government  and  Trade  of  India.  Mr.  fieaufoy  in  the 
Chair.     8vo.     pp.19.     6d.     Debfctt. 

The  clofe  connexion  between  thefe  two  publications  induces  us  to 
dafs  them  together.  Mr.  Francis's  letter  to  Lord  North  i«  dated  from 
Calcutta,  Sept.  17,  1777;  and  is  now  publifhed  to  ihew  the  cor* 
refpondence  between  the  reafoning  in  his  late  fpeech  and  in  that  of  his 
former  letter.  His  idea  of  our  Eaftern  adminiftration,  at  the  time  of  his 
writing  this  letter,  is  implied  in  the  following  pafTage:  <  The  fame 
principle  of  government,  if  it  defer ves  that  name,  which  unites  the 
fovereign  and  the  merchant  in  the  fuppofed  perfon  of  the  company, 
natural^  extends  through  every  branch  of  their  commccc\aV  ^^rcCvck* 

1 1  3  &x^>I^u^ 


462       Monthly  Catalogue,  Eajl  India  Affaln. 

ibatiofif  and  commiuucates  (bme  poruon  of  their  own  arbitrary  pewer 
to  the  loweft  agent  or  fador  in  their  fervice.  The  abafes  that  foUow 
are  minute  in  vitit  operation,  and  fpare  nothing.  They  reach  to  per- 
Tons  and  property,  to  which  no  other  fyfiem  of  power  coold  defcend, 
but  which  cannot  efcape  the  penetrating  eyes  of  men  acquainted  with 
all  the  little  channels,  through  which  the  loweft  order  of  manufac- 
turers derive  their  fublidence.' 

In  this  letter,  Mr.  F.  propofed  to  hb  noble  correfpondent  a  variety 
of  objeds  of  inquiry  into  the  management  of  our  Eaftcm  lerritoriest 
and  into  the  tendency  of  meafures  purfued;  which,  we  may  fuppofe, 
by  the  diftance  of  time  fince  they  were  pointed  out,  and  the  flanon  o(f 
the  party  to  whom  they  were  addrcfled,  have  had  their  weight  ia 
fubfequent  regulations.  In  propoiing  thefe  obje^s  of  di(cnflion,  and 
in  his  reafoning  on  the  then  llate  of  aifair&  in  Bengal,  the  letter-writer 
deplores  on  one  fide*,  as  Mr.Haftings  has  repeatedly  done  on  the 
other,  the  divinons  in  the  council,  and  the  Huduation  of  meafures. 
It  U  much  to  be  lamented  that,  when  both  agreed  in  the  fa£l,  and  in 
its  injurious  tendency,  their  endeavours  did  not  unite  to  remove  an 
evil  fo  completely  within  th::ir  power  :  but  we  are  forry  to  add  that 
no  fqch  conciliating  fpirit  is  difcoverable  in  the  receiit  fpeech. 

Mr.  F.  in  his  reply  to  Mr.Oundas,  introduces  his  oblervatioiis 
with  a  *  general  preliminary  declaration,'  which  pofTefles  the  merit  of 
having  nothing  obfcure  or  equivocal  in  it.—'  Na.nely,  that  the  mea- 
fure  he  propol'es,  tne  principles  he  maintains,  the  fadls  he  aiTerts,  aod 
the  arcrumcnf;  vita  which  he  fupports  his  propofitions,  appear  to  me 
to  (land  in  dire<fl  oppofition  to  truth,  to  reafon,  to  policy,  to  experi- 
ence, and  to  j  jftice,  and  to  be  as  dangerous  in  their  application  and 
efFed  as  they  are  falfe  and  abfurJ  in  their  conception.  I  do  not  apply 
this  language  perfonally  to  the  right  honourable  gentleman,  but  to 
the  monitrous  fcheme  he  recommends,  and  the  aftonilhing  reafons  he 
affigns  for  it  As  to  himfelf,  I  am,  and  have  been  at  all  times,  ready 
to  do  him  juilice,  and  to  allow  him  the  degree  of  merit  that  belongs  to 
him.  I  wifli  he  woulJ  furnifh  me  with  more  frequent  opportunities  of 
commending  his  condu^.' 

This  fpeech,  in  common  with  others,  has  been  loofely  ab(lra£led  in 
the  ncwlpapers;  thofe  who  wiih  to  read  it  more  at  large,  and  on 
bttter  authority,  will  here  find  the  propofed  plan  for  renewing  the 
E^il  India  charter  controverted  with  much  aidrefs,  and  poflibly  here 
and  there  with  fome  truth:  but  it  behoves  us  to  accept  party  reprc- 
Arntations  with  a  degree  of  caution  and  diffidence,  proportioned  to  the 
boldncfs  of  affertion,  and  the  afperity  of  language. 

A-*  we  have  produced  part  of  the  exordium  of  this  fpeech,  we  (hall 
alfo  give  the  copcluuon  of  it,  which  is  equally  curious,  to  (hew  hotv 
much  fenatorial  elocution  is  enriched  by  the  rhetoric  of  a  well-known 
academy  fxtuated  more  to  the  calhvard;  truth  or  falfchood  out  of  the 
queftion ;  farther  than  an  old  obfcrvation  will  warrant,  which  infers 
ueakncfs  of  argument  from  angry  language : 

'  I  have  given  you  my  opinion  of  as  many  of  the  particulars  of  the 
honourable  gentleman's  propofitions,  as  I  have  been  able  to  recoHeft. 
Jf  the  plan  of  continuing  the  government  of  fo  great  a  territonr  in  the 
hands  of  a  trading  company  were  real  and  eSedlive,  if  it  ierioufly 

meaot 


MoiTTHLY  Catalogue,  Maritime  Affairs.       463 

meant  what  it  profefTedy  I  fhould  think  it  liable  to  the  mod  ferious 
and  folid  objedlions.  But,  when  J  know  that  direflly  the  revcrfe  is 
the  fad,  when  1  fee  the  name  of  the  Company  held  up  as  a  niafk  and  . 
a  (talking  horfe  to  fhelter  the  operation  of  a  real  power  which  (kulks 
behind  it,  that  this  power  engrolTes  every  thing,  while  it  pretends  to 
take  nothing,  I  Ihould  be  afraid  of  uAng  unparliamentary  language, 
if  I  permitted  myfelf  to  fay  what  \  think  of  the  whole  mcafure.  I 
mean  therefore  to  exprefs  myfelf  with  caution,  with  rcferve  and  mo- 
deration, when  I  fay,  that  it  is  a  dangerous  compoiicion  of  bad  prin- 
ciples with  worfe  practice,  of  abfurd  theories  carried  into  execution  in 
-the  mod  fufpicious  form  of  fallacy  and  deluiion  from  beginning  to  end. 
As  an  operation  pretending  to  genius  or  contrivance,  what  is  it  but  a 
poor,  flat,  pitiful  conclufion  from  premifes  that  announced  and  de- 
manded fome  grand  meafure,  fomc  capital  arrangement,  the  refult  of 
deep  inauiry  and  penetration,  conducted  with  induilry,  and  en- 
-  lightened  by  experience,  and  fit  to  be  propofed  by  a  flatefman,  to  the 
legiflature  of  a  great  kingdom,  for  the  better  government  of  another  ? 
I  cannot  believe  it  pollible  that  this  can  be  the  plan  which  the  right 
honourable  gentlemaq  has  hitherto  had  in  view.  If  it  be,  I  am  mre 
that  all  his  odenfible  labours  and  inquiries  about  Indian  affairs  have 
been  completely  thrown  away/ 

From  the  opening  and  the  clofe,  our  readers  may  guefs  the  com- 
pledion  of  all  that  occcrs  between,  to  form  the  connexion. 

MARITIME  AFFAIRS, 
Art.  30.  Some  Account  of  the  Infiitutioti,  Plan^  and  Preftnt  State  of  the 
Society  for  the  Improvement  of  Naval  ArchiieSlure  :  with  the  Prcmi- 
oms  offered.  Lift  of  Members,  and  the  Rules  and  Orders  of  the 
Society.  To  which  are  annexed  fome  Papers  on  the  Subjects  of 
Naval  Architedture,  received  by  the  Committee,  8vo.  pp.  81. 
IS.     Sewell.     1792. 

As  naval  architecture  is  a  national  concern  to  a  maritime  people,  it 
might  be  expe&ed  to  be  cultivated  in  a  royal  academy,  after  the  ex- 
ample of  the  late  government  of  France  :  but  becaufe  we  have  had  no 
prcMfefled  college  K)r  the  cultivation  of  the  principles  of  (hip  building. 
It  will  not  follow  that  we  are  ignorant  of  the  art :  for  however  we 
^  attained  the  knowlege,  it  is  certain  that  we  underiland  and  pradtife 
enoagh  of  it  to  rank  with  any  of  our  neighbours  either  in  commerce 
or  in  war.  The  truth  is,  the  firfl  rjjdiments  of  mechanical  arts  are 
acquired  by  pra£lice  and  experience  ;  and  then  fcientific  rules  are  ap- 
plied  to  the  fapply  of  defeds,  and  to  the  corredboh  of  principles. 
Certainly,  when  royal  profefforfhips  are  inftituted,  with  comfortable  , 
ialaries,  they  may  foon  be  filled ;  the  officers  will  endeavour  to  re- 
commend themfelves  by  the  parade  of  bufinefs,  and  will  be  of  fervice 
10  the  line  of  patronage  :  but  we  have  enough  of  fuch  minifterial 
conveniences  already.  Under  a  free  government,  as  we  imderftand 
this  to  be,  the  genius  of  a  people  exerts  itfelf  freely  in  all  fhapes,  at 
the  call  of  their  collective  or  individual  interefls ;  and  when  patrons  are 
wanted,  they  rife  up  in  public  fpirited  aflfociations.  Such  an  affo- 
ciation  was  formed  in  1 791 ,  for  the  improvement  of  naval  architeCbix^  \ 
and  the  lid  of  the  members  is  highly  encouraging  V>o\.'a  \w  t^^tc^^^t 
imd  refpe£Ubility,  with  the  Duke  of  Clarence  at  thtu  Vic^yi. 

Ji4  "CV^ 


4 6^  Monthly  Catalogue,  d^graphj^  fste. 

The  inftiturion  is  yet  too  young  to  cfFe6t  great  things  :  bat  fbe 
papers  that  are  now  communicated  relate  to  fome  important  points,  and 
a'^e  an  earneft  of  what  may  be  cxpc£led  when  the  fociety  has  arrived 
at  more  maturity. -^  See  our  f  rmcr  notices  of  the  inilitution  of  this 
Jaudahle  fociety,  and  of  fcveral  publications  to  which  it  has  gi?cii 
rife.  Rev.  Oftobcr  1791,  p.  191.  and  May  1792,  p.  96. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
Art.  31.    J  Gaxetteer  of  Frames  containing  every  City,  Town,  and 
Village  in  that  extcnfive  Country,  fliewing  the  Diilances  of  the 
Cities  and  great  Towns  from  Paria;  and  at  the  End  of  the  fmall 
Towns  and  Villages  noting  the  Pofi  Oifices  through  which  Letter*, 
&c.  are  conveyed  to  each.     With  a  defcriptive  Account  of  t^try 
Country;   Boundaries,  Extent,  and  Natural  Produce.     Including 
the  ciiief  Harbours,  Bays,  Rivers,  Canals,  Forelh,  Mines,  Hills, 
Vales,  and  Medicinal  Springs.     The  whole  including  above  Forty 
1'noufaud  Places,     llluftrated  with  a  Map,  divided  into  Depart- 
ment*.    i2mo.     3  Vols.     los.  6d.  Boards.     Robinfons.     1793- 
At  an  a:ra  when  the  eyes  of  all  Europe  are  diredled  toward  the  un« 
happy  convullions  of  France,  a  particular  Gazetteer  of  that  country 
will  frequently  be  wanted  by  tliofe  who  iniereft  thcmfelvcs  iiioft  in  its 
affairs.     Jn  this  work,  fituaiior.s  r.re  dcfcribed  according  to  tbeanticnt 
<liv  ifion  into  prcvince.^,  wiiile  the  map  conforms  to  the  aicdcrn  circles 
ana  uepartx^nts;  and  an  alphabetical  \\{\  of  the  prefent  departments, 
COT  rii'cc!  wita  the  provinces  and  dioccfes,  is  prefixed.    Recent  events 
have  rendered  fucii  additions  necelFary ;  and  it  will  be  no  dif-recom- 
mciid  ition  of  tijefe  volumes  to  inform  our  readers,  that  they  are  pro- 
feffcd  to  be  little  more  tlun  a  tranfladon  of  the  Didicnnairt  Getgra* 
pbi^ue  Poruitif  ie  la  France, 

PHILOSOPHY. 
Art.  ;^2.  Phihfofkical  Ejjayx  en  fariousSuSje:?!;  viz.  Space,  Sub- 
il;;nr",  Body,  Spirit,  the  OpcratloiTi  of  the  Soul  in  Union  with 
the  Bjdy,  Innate  Ideas,  Perpetual  Confcioufncfs,  Place  and  Mo» 
tion  of  Spirits,  the  Departing  Soul,  the  RcfurreAion  of  the  Body, 
Producliou  and  Oper  itions  of  Plants  and  Animals.  With  fomc 
Remarks  on  Mr.  Locke's  Eflay  on  the  Human  Under  (landing. 
To  which  is  fubjoincd  u  brief  Scheme  of  Ontology,  or  the  Science 
o^  Keine  in  general,  with  it-  Affedlions.  By  j;aac  Watts,  D.  D. 
The  fitth  Edition,  correcltd*.  bvo.  pp.  410.  js.  Boards, 
IVIurgatroyd.      1 793. 

A";  a  republication  of  a  valuable  old  work  is  a  matter  of  ufefiil  in- 
forn^.ation  to  the  literary  world,  wc  Ihall  not  depart  from  our  province 
in  announcin;»this  new  edition  of  one  of  the  philofophical  produ^ons 
of  a  writer,  concerning  whom  Dr.  Johnfon  julUy  (ays^  ••  his  miod 
was  capacious,  his  curi,.f;ty  excurfive,  and  his  induftry  coniintal." 
Jf.  in  his  mttaphyfical  writings.  Dr.  Watts  fomctimcs  fcncifully 
i:du^7ed  himfir  in  conjcdures,  and  took  up  opinions  on  flight 
grojH:!*,  they  have  always  futiicient  ingenuity  and  originality  to  ex- 
cit'-  t-e  liud    -t's  curiofity,  and  10  repay  his  attention.     One  trait  in 

'.  c  are  Mfure  \  that  this  edition  is  printed  verbatim  from  that 
U'hich  lafl  preceded  it. 

the 


Mom THLY  Catalogue,  .  EiucattM^  lie.         465 . 

the  character  of  Dr.  Watt9»  overlooked  by  Dr.  Johnfon*  and  not 
perhaps  fuficiencly  known,  we  ihall  particularly  mention ;  namely, 
that  his  mind  was  always  open  to  convi^ion,  and  that,  toward  the 
latter  end  of  his  life,  he  abandoned  many  of  the  prejudices  of  his 
younger  days.  When  he  wrote  his  Lyric  poem s,  he  found  it  necef- 
iary  to  invoke  the  **  Siller  of  Faith>  fair  Charity,*'  to  enable  him  to 
allow  the  heretical  .Mr.  Locke  a  place  in  heaven  :  but,  in  the  preface 
to  thefe  philofophical  efTays,  he  acknowleges  himfelf  indebted  to  this 
creat  man  for  the  enlargement  of  his  own  conceptions,  and  bears  the  . 
K>l]owing  grateful  tellimony  to  his  merit : 

*  Mr.  Locke  is  another  illuflrious  name.  He  has  proceeded  to 
break  our  philofophical  fetters,  and  to  give  us  further  reieafe  from 
the  bondage  of  ancient  authorities  and  maxims.  I  acknowledge  the  . 
light  and  fatisfaftion  which  I  have  derived  from  many  of  his  w6rks. 
liis  admirable  letter  of  toleration  led  me  as  it  were  into  a  new  region 
of  thought,  wherein  I  found  myfelf  furprifed  and  charmed  with 
truth.  There  was  no  room  to  doubt  in  the  midll  of  fun-beams* 
Thefe  leaves  triumphed  over  all  the  remnant  of  my  prejudices  on  the 
iidc  of  bigotry ;  and  taught  me  to  allow  all  men  the  fame  freedom  to 
chufe  their  religion,  as  1  claim  to  chufe  my  ov^n.  Bleffed  be  God 
that  this  do£lrine  has  now  taken  fuch  root  in  Great  Britain,  that  I 
truft  neither  the  powers  nor  the  frauds  of*  Rome,  nor  the  malice, 
pride,  and  darknefs  of  mankind,  nor  the  rage  of  hell  (hall  ever  pre- 
vail again ll  it.' 

We  (hall  be  forgiVcn  for  ftepping  a  little  out  of  our  way,  in  order  to 
pay  our  homage  to  the  great  name  of  Mr.  Locke— a  name  which 
wiir  always  be  dear  to  the  friends  of  fcience  and  of  freedom. 

EDUCATIOK. 

Art.  33.  Grammatical  Injiitutes  of  the  French  Language y  defi;:^ned  for 
the  Ufe  of  Schools.  By  Mr.  \^q%  Carrieres.  Part  the  Firll.  A 
Guide  to  the  French  Pronunciation,  iimo.  pp.  145.  is.  6d. 
Boards.     Elmllcy.     1793* 

The  rules  for  pronouncing  the  French  language  are  here  brought 
within  a  narrow  compafs,  and  illuflrated  by  a  variety  of  examples, 
didindlly  arranged.     A  fecond  and  a  third  part  are  promifed,  to  com- 
j>leie  the  author's  plan. 

POETRY     and    DRAMATIC. 
Art.  34.    Sights  The  Cavern  of  Prott  and  SoUtuJe.     Poems  by  Mrs, 

Mary  Robinfon,  Author  of  Poems ^  &c.  Jinfi  *ua  le  Mom/t,  a  Mo^ 

nody  to  the  Memory  of  Sir  Jojbua  Reynolds^    Fancenxa^    &c.    &c. 

4to.     pp*32.     2S.  6d.  fewed.     £  vans,  and  Becket.     1793. 

Having  recently  had  fevcral  opportunities  of  drawing  the  attentioa 
of  our  readers  to  this  ingenious  lady's  poetical  performances,  little 
remains  for  us  to  add,  with  refpc6l  to  this  publication. 

Of  the  three  poems,  above  mentioned,  in  the  title  page,  the  firfl  is 
addrefTed  to  John  Taylor,  Efq.  (Oculift)  in  compliment  to  his  pro. 
feflional  (kill. —  In  deploring  the  dreadful  misfortune  of  thofe  who 
have  to  lament  the  lofs  of  Sight,  that  chief  of  human  bleiHngs ! 
this  poem  manifeds  great  patho?:,  feeling,  and  tendemefs  in  the  fair 
wrilpr  i  with  fome  llrokes  of  fublimity,  which  flrongly  confirm  the 


466  •    MoHTHft'  Catalogue,  ft/fiy  mi  Dranuaic. 

o^on  that  we  entertained  of  her  genius^  on  the  perufal  of  fome  of 
^  her  earlieft  compofitions. 

The  Cavern  of  Woe  abounds  with  proofs  of  a  glowing  and  fruitful 
imagination.  Fortitude,  Melancholy^  Horror,  Envy,  &c.  &c.  are 
well  perfonified  and  charadlerized.  The  painter  will  here  meet  with 
imagery  and  forms,  which  the  pencil  might  (eize  with  advantage. 

Solitude  is  a  fubjed  which  feems  to  fuit  the  native  turn  of  this  lady's 
inind :  it  furnilhes  many  ideas  on  which  (he  dwells  with  rapture : 
bat,  forely,  they  are  all, — or  mod  of  them,— drawn  from  the  airy 
regions  of  romance ! 

The  following  refle£Hon,  which  concludes  the  laft  mentioned  poeoi, 
may  be  given  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  writer's  ^moralizing  and  peniive 
difpodtion : 

•  Ah  !  Who  can  tell  the  various  pangs  that  wait 

On  Splendid  Misery  ?  the  hidden  woes, 

Thar  thronging  round  the  canopy  of  gold. 

Pernicious,  moth -like,  f.ed  upon  the  wretch 

Who  groans  beneath  the  pageantry  of  state  ! 

Who  can  defcribe  the  agonizing  throbs. 

The  thirfty  fevers,  or  the  languid  hours. 

That  fated  Inxury  is  doom'd  to  own  ? 

Who  can  avert  the  ftrongly-poifon'd  (haft 

Of  Envy,  glancing  from  the  recreant  foul? 

Or  who  can  bear  the  flow-con  fuming  touch 

Of  unrequited  Love  ;  the  fubtle  fmile 

Of  infolent  Disdain  ;  or  the  fell  grafp 

Of  keen  Ingratitude,  "  the  Child  of  Hell !'» 

Or  who,  but  thofe,  the  worst  of  human  kind. 

Who  batten  on  the  miferics  of  Man, 

Would,  robbing  nature  of  her  ample  means. 

Crouch  the  bafe  knee,  or  prompt  the  fawning  tongue 

To  gain  applaufe  from  Ignorance  and  Pride  ? 

•        ••#•• 
Then,  welcome.  Solitude  !     The  fphere  is  t  h  i  n £« 
That  gives  the  pureft  paJions  ample  fcope  ! 
That  bids  the  foul  beam  with  exterior  grace 
Of  light  reflefted  from  the  fource  within  ! 
And  when  its  elTence  (hall  evaporate, 
Fann'd  by  the  defolating  wing  of  Time  ; 
When  this  dull  fcene  of  trar.fitory  life. 
And  all  its  sorrows,  all  its  joys,  are  oVr  ; 
One  fparkling  atom,  from  its  prifon  clay. 
Shall  foar,  to  mingle  with  its  native  Heav*n  !* 
Although  we  have  unrellraincdly,  however  briefly,  expreflTed  our 
favourable  opinion  of  the  general  merit  of  thefe  poems,  we  feel  our- 
felvcs  obliged,  by  that  reverence  for  truth,   to  which  all  other 
regards  mull  give  way,  to  confefs  that  we  do  not  think  them,  on  the 
whole,  fuperior,  if  equal,  to  fome  of  this  lady's  former  produflions. 

Art.  35.    A  Poetical  Epiftle  to  the  Hon.  Thomas  Erlkinc.     410.     is. 

Parfons. 
It  appears,  to  us,  that  Mr.  Erfkinc  has  incurred  the  penalty  of  this 
hnipoon»  by  his  having  aded  as  cQ>3Lt.^^i\  ^^t  'X.'^i\\\R.»  ^.^  his  late 


MoNTHXT  CatalocuK)  PoitTj  ^  Dramatic.     467 

trial.  Sec  M.  R.  for  January  laft,  p.  89.— Thcr«  is  in  this  perforiii« 
ance  lefs  poetry  than  virulence ; — in  brief,  we  fee  a  wren  of  Par^ 
*naflus  pecking  at  the  eagle. — Perfonal  abufe  is  the  tax  which,  in 
thefe  Billingfgate  days,  men  of  abilities  (efpecially  public  men)  pay 
for  being  eminent, — whether  they  rank  with  the  //z/  or  the  Outj, 

Art.  36.  Tbe  King's  Houfe  at  Winchefter.  A  Poem,  in  Two  Parts* 
By  the  Rev.  John  Wooll,  B.  A.  Fellow  of  New  College,  Oxon. 
4to.    pp.  34.     3$.    Robinfons.     1793. 

The  author  of  this  poem,  in  a  ftrain  of  decent  verification,  pays  a 
tribute  of  applaufe  to  the  united  committees  for  the  relief  of  the  French 
refugee  clergy ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  endeavours  to  preferve,  by 
the  balm  of  rhime,  the  remembrance  of  the  building  called  the  King's 
Houfe  at  Winchefter.  Thrice  lucky  houfe  !  for  what  )d\iXjong  is  com- 
petent to  thine  immortatity  ? 

Fixire  fortif  ante  Agamemnona 
Multi  :  fed  omnes  illacrymabiles 
Urgentur,  ignotique  longd 

Node,  carent  quia  Vate  sacroI  Hor. 

Yet  are  we  induced  to  prophefy  that  thou  wilt  outlive  the  prefenC 
panegyric.     The  reverend  author  will  pardon  us,  for  we  do  not  in- 
tend to  unfay  what  we  have  faid  in  c6mmendation  of  his  performancs ; 
we  only  mean  to  hint  that  authors  of  mediocrity  labour  for  oblivion. 
Let  the  poet,  however,  fpeak  for  himfelf : — 

<  On  that  {ame  fite,  where  once  the  caIHe  ftood« 
With  many  a  Gothic  arch  and  turret  proud. 
How  chang'd  *  the  fcene,  that  meets  the  exile's  eyes  ! 
How  proud  the  new  creation  feems  to  rife ! 
Thy  hand,  O  Wren  f  '•  pourtrays  the  vaft  deiign. 
And  its  flupendous  beauties  all  are  thine. 

*  Yet,  ah  !  in  vain  th'  ingenious  matter  plies 
His  happied  fkill,  and  each  glad  labour  tries  ; 
In  vain  tbe  eager  fculptor  boafts  his  art. 

And  proud  mechanicks,  ardent,  take  a  part. 
To  fweli  the  triumphs  of  the  royal  dome. 
Above  the  patterns  of  immortal  Rome, 
Death  t,  unrelenting,  breaks  tb'illufive  fpell. 
And  drags  the  Monarch  to  an  humbler  cell. 

*  Here  might  have  (hone,  in  each  returning  (port, 
.  The  gay  profufion  of  a  vicious  court, 

Minftrels  and  mufic,  poetry  and  play. 
The  ball  by  night,  and  coftly  feaft  by  day. 
The  fportive  mafk,  friend  to  the  hidden  (ire. 

And  aflignation,  fruit  of  fond  deiire ; 

■ .  .  .        I  ■    '  ■■  II     iiii. 

«  *  On  or  near  the  fite  of  the  original  cattle,  Charles  the  Second, 
ann.  Dom.  1683,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  magnificent  Royal  Palace, 
the  (hell  only  of  which  was  (iniihed,  and  which  ttill  retains  tbe  namo 
of  the  Eng*s  Houfe.' 

'  t  Sir  Chrittopher  Wren.* 

•  X  The  death  of  the  king,  Feb.  6.  1684- s>  prevented  the  progreft 
and  execution  of  this  moft  noble  plan.' 

4  \l%x^ 


^8  Monthly*  Catalogue,  MimA 

Here  from  the  cupola  *  the  wedded  dame, 

Whofc  roving  heart  had  felt  a  newer  flame. 

And,  from  a  maiden's  timid  caution  free. 

Had  yielded  to  fome  witling  debauchee, 

(WhUe  the  brave  hulband  dar'd  his  country's  fbc 

And  gathered  laurels  for  his  lucklefs  brow,) 

Fearful,  might  trace,  with  microfcopic  eye. 

Each  waving  fail,  each  flaming  beacon  high. 

With  joy  diffembled  the  mourn'd  moments  count. 

And,  Catharine  f*  watch  the  lightnings  of  thy  mount. 

*  So  when,  with  honours  crown'd  and  regal  fpoil. 
Rctum'd  Atridcs  from  a  ten  years  toil. 
From  kill  to  hill  the  blazing  comet  roU'd, 
And  Nauplia  lad  th'  approaching  triumph  told. 
While  at  Mycen«  the  adultrcfs  Queen  J, 
The  tale  of  growing  infamy  to  fkreeii. 
In  vain  reprefa'd  the  brow  of  confcious  fliame. 
And  ficken'd  at  the  oncc-lovM  vidor's  name.* 

NOVEL. 

Art.  37.  Thi  Emigrants 9  or  the  Hiftory  of  an  Expatriated  Fi* 
mily,  being  a  Delineation  of  Englifh  Manners,  drawn  from  real 
Charadlers.  Written  in  America,  by  G.  loilay,  Efq.  Author  of 
the  Topographical  Defcription  of  the  Weftern  rcrritory,  izmo. 
3  vols.     9s.  fewed.     Hamilton.     1793. 

In  a  novel  written  by  the  intelligent  and  lively  author  of  the  topn- 
graphical  defcription  of  the  wcllern  trrritory  of  America,  the  public 
will  naturally  look  for  fomething  more  than  a  fentimental  talc ;  and 
we  can  affurc  our  readers  that  they  will  find  in  thefe  volumes  many 
things  which  are  not  commonly  to  be  perceived  in  writings  of  this 
clafs.  Not  that  the  author  is  incapable  of  unfolding  the  tender 
paflion,  and  of  exprefTmg  its  enchanting  emotions.  He  frequently 
pours  forth  high  and  almoft  idolatrous  encomiums  on  the  fair  fex; 
and  he  dcfcribcs  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  love  with  all  the  ardour  of 
youthful  fenfibility  : — but  he  comprehends  within  the  plan  of  bis 
work  many  other  objects,  which  will  render  it  interelUng  to  the  phi- 
lofopher,  as  well  as  to  the  lover.  Several  lively  defcriptions  of  Ame- 
rican fcenes,  both  natural  and  artificial,  are  introduced.  The  cha- 
rade rs  of  the  piece  arc  fo  diftindly  marked,  and  fo  perfeflly  confo- 
nant  to  the  prefent  ilate  of  manners,  that  we  can  cafily  credit  the 
writer's  aflertion,  that  the  principal  part  of  his  (lory  is  founded  on 
fadls,  and  that,  in  every  inflance,  he  has  had  a  real  character  for  his 
model.  Reflexions  frequently  occur,  in  the  courfe  of  the  narrative, 
which  difcover  a  mind  inured  to  philofophical  fpeculation.  On  the 
general  fubjeft  of  politics,  Mr.  Imlay  expreflcs  himfelf  with  the  freedom 
of  an  enlightened  philofopher,  and  advances  fentiments  which  will  be 
generally  approved  by  thofe,  who  are  capable  of  diverting  themfelves 

*  •  A  cupola  was  defigned  thirty  feet  higher  than  the  roof,  which 
KOuld  have  been  fecn  at  fea.' 

'  t  The  beacon  on  the  top  of  St.Catharine's  Hill  in  the  Ifle  of  Wight.* 
'  X  Clytcmneftra.* 

of 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoUtlcal  and  CommereiaL    4^9 

of  the  powerful  prejudices  arliing  from  felf  intereft  :— but  the  princi- 
pal defign  of  the  work  appears  to  be  to  turn  the  puBlic  attention 
toward  the  prefent  ftate  of  fociety  with  regard  to  marriage.  It  is  an 
opinion,  which  this  writer  feeir.5  to  think  it  of  great  importance  to 
communicate  and  fupport,  that  the  female  world  is  at  prefent,  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  rigour  of  macrimonial  inditutions,  in  a  Hate  of  op- 
preflive  vafTalage  ;  and  that  it  would  greatly  increafe  the  happinefs  of 
fociety,  if  divorces  could  be  more  ealily  obtained.  Several  of  the 
characters* and  incidents  of  thefc  volumes  are  introduced  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  illuflratlng  and  confirming  this  obfervation  ;  and  the  qucftion, 
in  different  parts  of  the  work,  is  exprefsly  difcuffed. 

After  all,  however,  that  Mr.  I.  has  advanced  on  the  fubje£(,  it 
may,  we  apprehend,  be  maintained  that  the  inconveniencies,  which 
have  flowed  from  the  exilling  laws  refpcfting  marriage,  have  pro- 
ceeded more  from  the  depraved  manners  of  the  age,  than  from  the  nature 
of  the  inftituiions  the  mfelves  j  and  that  the  perpetuity  and  inviolability 
of  the  marriage  contract  contribute  eflentially  toward  the  virtue  and  the 
general  happinefs  of  fociety, -however  unfortunate  may  be  the  lot 
of  individuals,  many  indances  of  which,  it  is  confeifed,  we  have 
known,  without  being  able  to  afford  relief  to  the  guiltlefs  fufTerers  ;— 
and  can  there  be  a  more  difagreeabic  fituation  for  a  man  of  feeling, 
than  to  witnefs  the  difirefTcs  which  he  cannot  alleviate  ? 

POLITICAL  and  commercial. 

Art.  38.     The  Cafe  of  Officers  of  Excife\  with  Remarks  on  the  Qua- 
lifications of  Ofhcers ;  and  on  the  numerous  Evils  arifing  to  the 
Revenue,  from  the  Infutficiency  of  the  prefent  Salary.     Humbly 
-addrefTed  to  the  Eioo.  and  Right  Hon.  the  Members  of  both  Houfes 
of  Parliament.     By  Thomas  Paine,  Member  of  the  National  Con- 
vention of  France,  and  Author  of  the  Works  entitled   «'  Rights  of 
Man,"  "  Common  Senfc,"  &c.  &c.     8vo.     is.     Jordan.'  1793. 
We  are  forry  to  remark  that  this  title  page,  which  is  evidently 
manufadlurcd  by  the  •'  putter  forth"  of  the  work,  is  calculated  to  de- 
ceive ;  for  it  induces  the  reader  to  believe  that  it  is  a  pamphlet  re- 
cently written.     He  is  indeed  undeceived  by  turning  over  the  leaf, 
where,  in  the  preface,  he  is  informed  that 

«  This  little  piece,  which  is  totally  confined  to  the  fubjcft  men- 
tioned in  the  title,  appears  to  have  been  the  firft  literary  attempt  of 
Mr.  Paine,  and  to  have  been  publifhed  when  his  fituation  in  life  was 
obfcure,  and  his  means  of  information  very  fcanty :  yet,  under  all 
•the  difadvantages  attending  on  fuch  circumftances,  '*  his  virgin  ef- 
fort" difcovers  a  great  fhare  of  that  vigour  and  fubtlety  of  mind, 
which,  in  his  more  mature  works,  he  has  invariably  difplayed.  It 
made  its  appearance  when  an  application  to  parliament  in  behalf  of 
the  inferior  ofHcers  of  the  revenue  was  in  contemplation  ;  and,  if  we 
confider  the  very  able  manner  in  which  the  peculiar  difficulties  in  the 
fituation  of  that  ufeful  body  of  men  are  exhibited,  and  the  benefits 
which  would  accrue  to  the  revenue  by  granting  them  relief,  are  dif- 
played, we  mufl  conclude,  that  the  impreilion  it  made  on  the  public 
jDind  muft  have  been  very  confiderable. 

'  The  obfervations  contained  in  this  little  pamphlet*  are  remark* 
ably  flirewdaod  acute^  aad  the  ftyle  is  concifc  and  poicittd\  x2ba  >^q^ 

^^^^ 


470    MoHTHiT  Catalogue,  Political  and  CcmmirciaL 

tborpoflefies  in  a  high  degree  (wluch  is  the  gift  only  of  men  of  poweN 
fbl  ^nias)  the  happy  talent  of  llriking  oat  new  and  uncommon  r&< 
flediODSy  of  exhilMting  the  different  views  of  a  fubjed»  and  placing 
it  in  fudden  and  unexpeded  lights.  This  is  performed  in  a  furpri£ng 
manner  in  this  little  compofition.  Every  reader  of  judgment  will 
admire  that  invention  by  which  the  writer,  on  a  fubjed  fo  barren  and 
deititute  of  matter,  has  produced  fuch  new  and  flriking  obfervationst 
without  degenerating  into  triviality  or  common- place/ 

We  agree  with  the  author  of  the  preface  that  Mr.  Paine,  on  this 
fubjed,  though  in  iticif  infinitely  trifling  when  compared  to  thofe  on 
which  he  has  iince  treated,  difplays  the  tame  active,  energetic,  and 
dilcriminative  poweri,  which  have  raifed  him  to  the  notice  which  he 
has  recently  aitrafted.  The  arguments  employed  in  behalf  of  his 
brother  officers,  for  he  was  himltlf  at  that  time  in  the  excife,  arCi 
that  the  fcanty  pronfion  made  for  them,  which,  dedudions  in- 
cluded, amounted  only  to  one  (hilling  and  ninepence  farthing  per 
day,  was  a  Turn  not  equal  to  the  gain  of  many  of  the  lowed  mechanics ; 
that  the  office  was  an  office  of  truil ;  that  confequently  it  was  the  inte- 
reft  of  government  to  place  thofe  who  exercifed  it  above  temptation ; 
that  adual  corruption  did  widely  exid,  becaofe  of  the  parlimony  of 
government ;  that  negligence  of  duty  was  likewife  a  fource  of  Io(s  to 
the  revenue ;  and  that  men  capable  of  the  employment  would  either 
not  accept  it,  or,  having  accepted  it,  would  foon  find  it  their  intereft 
to  feek  a  better  profeffion. 

Art.  59.  Cluh  Law  ;  or  the  Confcquences  of  a  Reform  in  the  Re- 
prelcntation  of  the  Commons  of  Great  Britain,  exemplified  in  a 
ihort  Dci'cription  of  what  has  followed  a  Reform  in  the  Reprefent- 
aiion  of  the  Titrs  Etat,  or  Houfe  of  Commons,  in  France,     By  the 

Author    (  Fraiicklyn,  Efq.)  of   *'  ji  Candid  Inquiry  into  the 

Aa:ure  and  Origin  0/ Government,'^     8vo.     is.     Owen,  Piccadilly. 

K95' 

In  cur  Review  for  July  1792,  p.  3^0,  we  reported  the  *'  Candid 
Inquiry,  S:q,**  written  by  the  author  of  the  prefent  pamphlet.  What 
we  faid  refpe^ting  the  merits  of  that  work,  will,  in  a  great  meafure, 
apply,  charaderilHcally,  to  his  *•  Ciub  Law ;"  which  is,  for  the 
moil  part,  a  warm  declamation  againft  all  perfons,  focieties.  Sec.  that 
have  been  diflinguinied  as  advocates  for  a  reform  of  the  Britilh  Par- 
liament :  a  rocafurc  which  is  here  reprefented  as  pregnant,  in  its  na- 
ture, and  probable  confequences,  with  all  the  horrors  and  miferies  in 
which  our  neighbours  on  the  continent  have  recently  involved  their 
country,  by  their  unhappy  attempts  at  a  reformation  oftkir  govern- 
ment. — On  this  fmgular  fubjcft,  (fingular,  we  mc-n,  as  to  the  late 
revolution  in  France.)  we  have  not  yet  met  with  a  jull  and  true  pa« 
railel,  though  comparative  ftatements  and  deductions  have  been  often 
attempted  by  our  political  invciligators  :  fo  widely  diflimilar  are  the 
circumdances,  fituations,  and  views  of  the  two  narions  ! — Admitting, 
however,  the  principles  of  this  author,  and  making  every  candid  al- 
lowance for  his  ilrong  attachment  to  one  fide  of  the  queftion,  as  well 
as  f(jr  the  violence  of  his  manner,  he  muft,  certainly,  be  regarded  as 
polTclEng  confidcrable  literary  abilities, — fo  far,  aileall,  as  Kyle  and 
Jiwiion  are  concerned. 

Art. 


MoNtHLY  Catalogue,  Political  and  Cmmircial.    471 

^t.  40.  A  FriemUy  Addrefs  to  the  Members  rfthefimermi  CluAi,  in  ih 
pMrififofSt.JMM,  M^ftminftert  alTociated  for  the  Purpofe  of  ob- 
taining a  Reform  in  Parliament,  ^y  William  Knox^  £fq,  Sto. 
pp.  36.     IS.     White,  &c.     1793. 

The  argument^  or,  rather,  the  dodrine*  of  this  pamphlet  may  be 
sxprefled  in  algebraic  charaflers,  by  +a<— a ;  as  one  part  completely 
leftroys  the  other.  At  the  beginning,  it  is  maintained  that  the 
Houfe  of  Commons  is  not  a  Houfe  of  Reprefentatives,  nor  was  ever 
Tappofed  to  be  ;  yet,  at  the  end,  it  is  laid  down  that,  on  the  inherent 
Liidefea{ib!e  right  of  the  freeholders  of  England  to  fit  in  parliament* 
sither  themfelves,  or  by  knights  eleded  by  them,  as  their  reprefent- 
idves,  re(h  tlie  whole  fabric  of  our  conftitution.  Mr.  Knox  admits 
iut  the  conditution,  in  its  primitive  (late,  included  a  reprefenutioa 
>f  the  trading  or  mercantile  interefl,  as  well  as  of  the  landed  pro- 
perty :  to  recommend,  therefore,  a  more  particular  attention  to  this 
principle  in  the  formation  of  our  prefent  Commons  Houfe  cannot  be 
Eermed  innovation.  Indeed  Mr.  K.  does  not  fay  that  it  is ;  he  ap* 
proves  of  granting  to  certain  inhabitants  of  Birmingham,  Manchef- 
ter,  and  Sheffield,  and  the  opulent  inhabitants  of  other  towns  who 
have  the  fame  claim,  a  (hare  in  the  legiflature ;  but,  on  the  princi- 
ple of  the  reprefentation  of  mercantile  property,  thofe  places,  whence 
fuch  property  is  departed,  (hould  lofe  the  power  offending  burgefTes 
CO  parliament,  as  well  as  the  flouriOiing  towns  acquire  it.  Mr.  K. 
DDuft  admit  that  to  allow  thofe  places  to  fend  burgelfes  to  the  Com- 
nons  Houfe>  where  there  is  now  (though  it  were  otherwife  formerly^ 
ivhen  they  were  inveded  with  this  privilege,)  no  trading  nor  mercan- 
ile  intercft  to  reprefent,  does  not  accord  with  the  antient  fpirit  of  the 
:oiiftitutioa.  In  order  to  juftify  the  raih  attempt  to  tax  America, 
the  idea  of  reprefentation,  as  neceflary  to  the  legality  of  taxation, 
was  fcouted  :  but,  by  the  25  Charles  II.  which  is  an  a^  to  enable  the 
-rnaUy  tedatine  of  Durham  to  fend  knights  and  burgeffes  to  ftrve  in  par* 
'immiftt  (extracted  by  Mr.  K.)  the  inhabitants  being  equally  liable  to  all 
payments,  rates,  and  fubfidies,  with  other  counties,  is  urged  as  the 
reafon  why  they  ought  to  be  alfo  reprefented.  The  dodrine  of  repre- 
fenution  is  unquedionably  the  ba(is  of  our  conditution  : — how  far  it 
dught  to  extend,  is  a  point  on  which  politicians  are  much  divided. 

Art.  41 .  Authentic  Report  of  the  Debate  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons  on 
the  6th  and  7th  of  May  1793,  on  Mr.  Gray's  Motion  for  a  Re- 
form in  Parliament ;  containing  the  Speeches  of 


Mr.  Grey, 

The  Hon.  R.  B.  Jenkinfon, 

Mr.  Powys, 

Mr.  Windham, 

The  Hon.  T.  Erdcine, 

Mr.  Cliancellor  Pitt» 

Mr.  Stanley, 

Mr.  Buxton, 

Mr.  Duncombe, 


Sir  William  Young, 
Sir  William  Milner^ 
Mr.  Francis, 
The  Earl  of  Mornington, 
Mr.  Whitbread,  jun. 
Mr#  Anftruther, 
Mr.  Sheridan, 
Mr.  Adam,  and 
Mr.  Fox. 


To  which  is  added,  a  corrccl  Copy  of  the  Petition  of  the  Friends 
OF  THE  People.     8vo.     pp.150.     2s.6d.     Debrett.     1793. 
•  The  following  report,  excrailcd  from  the  Parliamentary  Regider, 


471     MoHTHlT  CaTALOGOE,  PoHitcal  and  C§mmfrcral, 

gives  the  foHcfi  and  moft  accarate  account  of  the  debate  above  men-  * 
Soned.  Tbe  editors  ot  that  work  have,  at  the  requeft  of  feveril 
iiob!eoien  and  gen:!emen,  been  induced  to  publifli  it  feparately,  in 
order  more  completely  to  gratify  the  coriofity  of  the  public,  trd 
enable  ^hem  lo  dcciue  o.i  the  merits  of  a  queflion  which,  from  itt 
greit  iinporurcr,  the  p:irt!cular  ciixuni (lances  under  which  it  ftii 
Six>aght  rorAarJ,  ar.d  the  dl.Hn^ailhei  talents  of  the  fcveral  (jpeik- 
crs,  has  exited  the  roofl  gencr  J  attention  ?' 

Advertisement  prei ixid. 
This  i£  a  very  val^ab!e  pablicatio.':. 

Art.  42.  Tci  Ccl/uJ^  of  /-Iv  King  of  Pruffia  and  Gemral  Dtumdmrier  ar- 
'uefligaud.  By  Lady  Waiiacc.  dvo.  pp.  156.  2s.  6d.  lewfd. 
Debreit.     179^- 

Difficult  as  ic  is  to  develope  the  motives  of  kings  and  fiatefmen, 
writers  «ill  be  ccr.tinualiy  atcempcing  the  taik.     Shrewd  gueiTes  may 
be  inade>  and  fomctimes  ihcy  guefs  righdy.     Lady  Wallace*  who  un- 
dertakes to  in%  eiiigatt  the  conducl  of  the  lung  of  Proffia  in  joioing  with 
the  Emperor  in  the  late  invafion  of  France,  attributes  what  Ihe  cilb 
that^iUB  campaign  to  a  deiire  of  diminifliirig  the  formidable  power  of 
the  Houi'e  of  Auibia,  of  correcting  tne  difcontent  and  bad  dilcipline 
that  had  crept  into  oi>  ov^t.  troops  during  thfir  idlenefs  at  bome>  aad 
of  concealing  bis  ambitious  fcnemes  on  Poland.     Neither  of  thele  rei- 
fbns  can  juftify  invafion>  nor  do  honour  to  the  I^ng  ot  PrufOa.    Lady 
Wallace  does  not  produce  them  for  any  fuch  purpofe.     It  is  evident 
that  ihe  thinks  meanly  of  him,  and  of  La  Fayette^  whom  ihe  pro* 
nounce:>  a  vidlim  to  the  tears  of  his  lovely  Queen:     bat  not  fo  of 
General  Dumourier.     'i'his^*  wonderful  little  hero,*  as  he  is  here 
called,  only  four  feet  ten  inches  high.  Lady  W.  highly  applauds,  and 
warmly  vindicates.     She  contends  that  he  was  uniformly  attached  to 
the  original  conflitution,  that  he  aUays  avowed  his  loyalty,  and  was 
always  an  en  my  to  republicanifm.     Lady  W.,  from  her  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  General,  may  be  fuppcfed  to  know  his  political 
creed  :  but  how  t:us  can  be  made  to  accord  with  feveral  of  his  letters 
during  his  camp^iian  in  the  Ne:herlands,  it  is  difticult  to  prove.    His 
female  advocate  al.'b  afTercs,  in  juilification  of  his  integrity,  that  lie 
has  not  appropriated  a  farthing  of  the  public-money,  with  which  he 
was  entruilcd,  to  his  own  ulc.     Again ll  this  aflcrtion,  the  clerks  of 
the  B.ifjk  may  find  reafon,  on  turning  over  their  books,  for  pbcinga     j 

-The  greatrfl  part  of  this  pamphlet  contains  an  amuiing  account  of 
Lady  W.  S  late  travels  on  the  continent,  during  which  (he  was  intro- 
duced to  Gen.  Dum/urlcr,  the  MifTes  Fernick,  young  Egalite,  Bap- 
tide,  &c.  She  bears  tcllimony  to  the  good  condud  of  the  French 
army  toward  the  inhabiranks  of  th'?  Netherlands,  and  afTcrts  that,  at 
tiie  battle  of  Jemmappe,  Dumoirrier  had  no  more  than  30,000  effefiivc 
men. 

This  pamphlet  alfo  names  many  perfons  to  whom  Dumourier  was 
introduced  during  his  late  fhort  iLiy  in  this  country.  It  is  a  haftf 
publication,  written  on  the  Tpur  of  the  occafion,  in  eight  days;  anci» 
in  this  view,  it  folicits  fome  indulgence.  Among  the  typographical 
errors,  we  find  the  ^ta  of  Rome,  for  the  Ztt  of  Romd. 

9  Art* 


Monthly  Cat ALOOUBy  P§Htical  and  CmmerciaL    473 

Art.  43*  JutJkntic  Copy  of  a  Fitititn  frayitig  for  a  Riform  ofPcrlia^ 
mentt  prefented  to  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  May^  1793*  Pub- 
Cflied  by  the  Society,  The  Friends  of  the  People,  a(R>aated  fbr  the 
Purpofe  of  obtaining  a  Parliamentary  Reform.  410*  pp*  15.  3d. 
Stuart. 

The  fate  of  this  petition  is  well  known.  ^ When  petitioners  come 
forward  with  their  officious  offers  to  demonllrate  a  firing  of  unpleafant 
truths,  what  can  they  expeft? — Without  doors  (and  here  the  cafe  Is 
altered,)  it  may  be  thought  to  be  drawn  up  with  much  ability,  to 
contain  matters  of  great  pith  and  moment  ^  and  to  merit  attention.  An 
odtavo  edition  is  publiihed  at  the  price  of  id. 

Art.  44.  A  Letter  from  John  Cartavright,  Efq.  to  a  Friend  at  Boflon, 
in  the  County  of  Lincoln ;  and  to  all  other  Commoners  who  have 
affociated  in  Support  of  the  Conftitution.  8vo.  pp.68.,  2s. 
Ridgway.     1793. 

Mr.  [late  MajorJ  Cartwright  is  fo  well  known  to  the  public  as  a 
zealous  advocate  for  the  reform  of  parliament,  that  the  defigp  and 
ijurit  of  his  letter  will  be  eaiily  imagined.  Having  been,  as  he  ap* 
prehcnds,  the  firil  who  made  the  defcdls  in  parliamentary  reprefenta- 
tion,  together  with  a  fy Hematic  and  conllitutional  reform,  the  fubjcd^ 
of  a  dilUnft  treatife,  he  exults  in  the  profpc6l  that  the  triumph  of  the 
caufe  in  which  he  is  embarked  is  not  far  diftant.  Though,  for  reafons 
afSgncd  in  this  pamphlet,  Mr.  Cartwright  declined  figning  the  de- 
claration of  the  AiTociation  at  fiodon,  he  declares  himfelf  a  fafl  friend 
to  the  conditution,  who  has  watched  over  it  for  years,  while  the  pre- 
fent  aiTociators  were  fleeping,  and  that  he  is  flill  as  zealoufly  as  ever 
its  defender.  On  what  grounds,  and  in  what  manner,  he  means  to 
defend  it,  will  bed  appear  from  an  extract : 

•  The  aflbciations  having  effedlually  chafed  away  the  phantom  re- 
publicanifm,  thofe  who  were  affrighted  at  that  fpeftre  may  now  reft  in 
peace.  As  the  interefts  of  the  cro^uun  and  the  nobility  are  therefore  in 
perfedl  fafety,  the  affociators  have  now  full  leifure  to  turn  their  atten- 
tion to  the  remaining  branch  of  the  conftitution.  Here,  there  is  reafon  to 
believe,  they  will  find,  not  merely,  (as  in  the  other  cafe)  a  phantom 
of  the  imagination,  but  a  difeafe  that  threatens  the  very  fprings  of 
life.  If  danger  to  the  other  branches  of  the  government  did  in  truth 
exift,  it  mail  have  been  in  mere  embryo;  and,  as  appears  to  me, 
within  their  own  unaided  means  to  have  averted.  No  man  will  fay 
that  incroachment  had  a^ually  been  made  upon  them ;  or  that  th^ 
(lighten  violation  of  the  lead  of  their  privileges  had  even  been  at- 
tempted. What  privilege  had  the  nibbles  loll?  What  prerogative  of 
the  crown  had  been  wrefted  from  h  ?  Or  were  any  of  their  rights 
undermined  by  unconflitutional  tlOls  of  parliament?  Or  were  any 
of  the  benefits  of  thofe  rights  defeated  by  any  impofition,  or  fraud, 
or  corruption  pradUfed  by  the  people  ?  No :  Nothing  of  all  this 
iiad  happened.  Not  one  tittle  of  the  long  catalogae  of  their 
honours,  their  rights,  their  privileges,  their  powers  or  preroga- 
tives had  been  touched.  They  were,  and  they  Hill  are,  in  the  pof- 
feflion  and  enjoyment  of  them  all.  In  their  refpedlive  ftations,  they 
have«  therefore,  the  full  benefit  of  the  conftitution.  To  tiiem,  it  is 
indeed  a  conftitution  deferving  of  all  praife.  They  have  no  compla'mt 
REv.AuG.I79^  Kk  ^ 


^^4    Monthly  CAt AidouEi  P^titical  mii  Cmnrntrad, 

to  make.  What  the  con(titution  intended  them  to  be,  ibat  tbejf  mu 
The  king  is,  in  his  own  perfon,  om  component  pdrt  of  the  ]egi(Utare^ 
with  undivided  majefty,  and  an  independent  will.  The  peers,  in  tike 
jnanner>  have  a  Jecond  Jhare  in  the  legiflature  %o  themfelves,  inde« 
pendent  and  uncontrolled.  None  can  partake  with  hi^  Majefty  in  his 
(hare  of  enaCling  laws.  That  power  he  exerdfes  either  in  perfon  or 
by  reprefentatives*  of  his  own  cbu/fng\  and  to  the  duration  of  thtik 
power  he  Jets  what  hounds  he  fees  fit.  Neither  can  the  power  of  the 
lords,  or  the  limitation  of  the  proxies  who  occafionally  reprefent  then, 
be  partaken  or  invaded.  //  is  not  pojfihlefor  the  commons  to  foifi  into  tie 
feats  of  the  nobles  a  ftngle'creaivre  of  their  own.  If  then,  (b  far  as  hit 
MajeJIy  and  the  nobles  are  concerned,  all  is  honefly  and  fair  dealio^: 
if,  reipe^ng  them,  the  letter  and  the  fpirit  of  the  conditticion  are  m 
perfect  harmony;  (hall  we  not  demand  that,  with  regard  to  the 
Commons,  the  fame  honeliy  and  fair  dealing,  the  fame  literal  inter- 
pretation, and  the  fame  fubllantial  enjoyment  ihall  take  place !— Here, 

my  worthy  friend,  let  us  paufe.-; The  enquiry  on  which  we  arc 

about  to  enter,  is  awful  and  momentous.  On  the  iflae  moft  depend 
the  falvation,  or  the  ruin  of  our  country. — Here  it  is,  that  will  bt 
(hewn  who  are  they  that  bcil  underiland  that  conftitudon,  which  is  tbe 
objed  of  our  folicitude;  and  who  are  they  that  truly  feek  to  eftaUilb 
a  government  by  king,  lords,  and  commons.  It  is  on  all  hands  ad* 
micted,  that  the  people  are  not  made  for  the  government,  but  the 
government  for  the  people.  It  mull  therefore  be  alfo  admitted,  that 
fuch  is  the  tranfcendc-nt  fuperiority  of  the  commons  or  people,  to  the 
other  two  branches  of  the  government,  that  it  is  merely  for  the  fake 
of  THE  PEOPLE  that  royalty  and  nobility  make  parts  of  the  conilito- 
tion  at  all.  If  this  be  true,  with  what  a  i'acred  regard  to  the  rights  of 
the  people,  ought  their  branch  of  the  legiflature  ever  to  have  been 
prefervedl  Its  purity  (hculd  be  as  fnow;  its  freedom,  and  its  inde- 
pendence unfufpcded,  Thefe  qualities  it  can  only  receive  by  emanat- 
ing fpontaneouHy  from  the  whole  people,  by  being  a  fair,  an  equal, 
and  a  complete  rcprefentation  of  them ;  and  renewable  at  their  plct- 
fure. — Here  then,  my  dear  Sir,  I  conjure  you  and  every  affodator, 
not  to  Ihrink  from  a  painful  duty;  but  to  have  the  courage  to  look 
into  the  ftate  of  the  rcprefentation  of  your  country ;  and  honeftly  ta 
examine  it  by  the  line  and  the  rule  of  tbe  conftitution.  If  it  would  fijuarc 
by  that  Hne  and  that  rule,  all  would  be  well ;  and  happy  would  it  be 
for  Britain.  But  if  it  (hall  be  found  out  of  all  ihape,  and  form,  and 
rule  ;  if,  at  the  fight  of  it,  your  fenfe  of  jufticc  fhall  recoil;  and  yoar 
regard  for  decency  be  (hocked ;  and  if  you  ihall  fee  in  it  the  latent, 
and  not  very  dliLint,  fubverfion  of  our  liberties,  unlefs  that  reprcfcnia* 
tion  be  reformed ;  then  am  1  confident  that  there  will  be  but  OQC 
fcntiment  amongft  us.  With  one  voice  wc  (hall  fay,  **  Render  unto 
Cajfar  the  things  that  be  Cx-far's;"  and  unto  t.he  people  ths 

THINGS  THAT    BELONG    TO  THE    PEOPLE.* 

In  the  fame  firijx  and  manly  tone,  the  author  proceeds,  through  the 
remainder  of  the  letter,  to  aflert  the  neccflity  of  a  parliamentary  in- 
form, and  to  maintain  that  the  prelenc  is  tbe  moll  proper  lime.  The 
i.ectflity  is  thus  forcibly  llated : 

•  liis  Comroiifioncrs  for  giving  afl'cnt  to  ai!ts  of  parliament.' 


Monthly  CATALOOUif  Political  and  Comnurcial.    475 

'  To  fay  that  t  reform  in  Great  Britain  ought  to  be  reft/led,  were 
ai  much  as  to  fay,  chat  fertous,  well-founded»  difcontents  ought  to  re« 
jnain ;  and  that,  how  fully  foever  the  king  and  the  lords  ought  to 
be  made  eafy  refpeding  their  rights  under  the  conftltution,  the  ^pU 
<>ught  CO  have  folid  ground  of  diiTatisfadion  and  complaint  remaining 
amongil  them.  But  this  will  not  be  the  language  of  any  confcientious 
aflbciator  who  has  undertaken  to  fupport  the  conlHtutlon,  and  who 
has  reprefented  it,  that  is,  in  theory,  as  a  model  of  political  perfec« 
tion,  worthy  of  the  people's  warneft  attachment.  No  :  between  the 
iingt  the  UrJs^  and  the  commonst  everv  upright  aiTociator  will  hold  a 
fteady,  even  balance ;  and  do  ilridt  juilice  to  each.  At  the  famo 
time  that  he,  heing  one  of  the  feople^  means  to  z6t  fairly  by  royalty  and 
m^ility,  he  cannot  mean  to  give  them  m^r/ and  the  people /^  than 
their  refpe<5live  (hares  in  the  government ;  and  he  will  fpurn  at  the 
chooght  of  being  himfelf  cajoled  into  a  dupe,  for  undermining  that 

Kof  the  conflitution  where  his  own  rights,  and  all  that  is  dear  to 
are  depofited.  While  he  fo  affectionately  fteps  forward  to  guard 
the  rights  of  the  cro-wu  from  even  the  very  apprehenfion  of  attack  ; 
Hfill  he  fhut  his  eyes  to  the  criminal  exidence  of  trea/ury  boroughs, 
and  to  the  violation  of  decency,  in  a  long  liil  of  members  of  the  peo- 
ple's Houfe  of  Parliament  holding  enormous  emoluments  under  the 
€mvn*  }  While  the  affociator  whoy  eu  or'*  of  the  people,  fo  honour- 
ably, and  fo  diiinterefledly  Intcrpofes  his  (hield  to  protect  the  un- 
ff fateful  peerage  from  the  darts  of  republicanifm,  can  he  without 
udignation  hear,  that  eighty-eight  feats  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons, 
»rc  become  mere  appendages  to  the  eilates  of  certain  noblemen,  while 
Jhfinty-t-wo  more,  by  means  of  influence,  are  notorioudy  at  their 
Icommand  ;  making  together  one  hundred  and  sixty  seats 
filled  by  che  creatures  of  the  lords  f  !  and  under  what  other  clafs 
than  that  of  the  arillocracy,  will  reafon  and  fa£t  permit  him  to  ar- 
range thofe  wealthy  borough-holding  commoners,  who  equally  com- 
jnand  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  seats  morbJ? 
While  you,  my  dear  fir,  of  the  aflbciations,  tell  us  how  perfect  and 
bow  excellent  our  conflitution  is,  are  you  aware  that  it  has  fuflained 
lb  alarming  a  violation — a  violation  which  in  effedl  deflroys  its  eifence 
and  defeats  its  end  ?     Will  you  by  your  language  invite  the  whole 

*  *  The  vote  in  the  lri(h  Houfe  of  Commons  for  a  committee  to 
squire  into  the  State  of  the  Repre(cntation,  has  been  accompanied 
With  leave  to  bring  in  a  Pt^ce  Bill,  a  Penfion  Bill,  and  a  Refponii- 
bility  Bill.' 

«  f  There  is  reafon  to  believe  that  this  account  is  feveral  ihort  of 
-  tbe  real  number.' 

*  J  —  "  Seeing  themfelves  already  approaching,  or  at  lead  in  a 
fittiation  of  being  one  day  incorporated  in  the  rank  of  nobility,  they 
oiuil  difcover  their  own  intercft  in  defending  its  rights."  See  Science 
»f  LegiJlatioHt  p.  157. 

«  If  to  the  word  **  rights,"  this  writer  added  "  and  ufurpations," 
perhaps  he  would  have  done  no  violence  to  truth.  Within  the  lad 
ten  years,  nine  of  fuch  borough-holding  commoners  have  been 
created  peers ;  and  thefe  nine  place  no  Icfs  than  t-wentyfour  members 
in  the  Houfe  of  Commons.     See  Report  on  Reprefentatiun^  ^.  ^9.^ 

K  k  2  ii;kX.'iiv:\Vf 


4^6  MOKTHLY  CaTALOGUB,  MifciUatUdUS. 

fraternity  of  the  boroagh-brokers  to  turn  you  into  ridicQle  ?  Will 
you  refufe  to  hear,  or  to  fee*  when  boroughs  are  hawked  abbotj  or  pat 
to  auction  ?  Or  will  you  connive  at  uie  golden  Tons  of  the  £aft» 
when  they  buy  up  feats  of  legiflation  in  parcels  ?  And  if  yoor  Hoafe 
of  Commons  have  been  by  its  forms  compelled  quietly  to  enter  upon 
its  very  joumals,  the  Petition  of  an  intrepid  man  *y  ftating  that  the 
feats  in  that  Houfe  *'  are  as  notorioufly  rented  and  bought  as  the 
ilandings  for  cattle  at  a  fairf;"  will  you,  I  a(k,  who  aflbdate  in 
fupport  of  our  excellent  conftitution,  think  it  a  time  to  let  foch  thiogt 
pafs  without  enquiry  ?  Thefe,  my  frie|pd,  are  the  flagitious  pradices, 
the  true  fcditions,  confpiracies  and  treafons  againft  the  conftitutioo, 
which  Mr.  Pitt  ought  to  have  proclaimed  through  the  land ;  and  which,  in 
moft  ferious  truth,  now  demand  the  vigilance  of  our  affociatioDs.' 

The  only  effedtual  remedy  for  pubhc  grievances,  in  this  author*i 
opinion,  is  that  the  people  Jhall  home  the  cbufing  of  their  otvfi  parHeamntp 
and  for  their  (TMn  time: — but,  for  what  he  advances  on  this  important 
political  topic,  we  refer  our  readers  to  the  pamphlet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Art.  45.     Hiftorical  Memoirs  of  the  Town  and  Parijb  of  Tiverton^  in 

the  County  of  Drvon^    coUedled  from  the  bcft   Authorities,  widi 

Notes  and  Obfervations ;  by  Martin  Dunsford,  Merchant.    410. 

pp.  466.     I2S.  6d.  Boards.     Marfh. 

This  volume,  publiflied  by  fubfcription,  is  dedicated  to  the  virtuns 
and  indufirious  poor  of  Tiverton  ;  becaufe  it  was  originally  andertalcea 
to  advance  their  intered.  A  diligent  inquiry  into  charitable  donauoos, 
at  the  fame  time  that  it  was  produdlive  of  utility  to  the  paxifh  and 
its  indigent  members,  farther  gave  rife  to  feveral  hiftorical  anecdotes, 
^hich  '  induced  the  author  to  extend  his  plan ;  to  collate,  arrange, 
and  publiih  them,  for  the  general  information  of  the  inhabitanu  of 
Tiverton,  and  thofe  in  any  manner  conneded  with  them,  intermixed 
with  as  many  general  obfervations  as  could  with  propriety  be  admit- 
ted.'— The  author  does  not  pretend  to  elegance  ot  compofition. 

The  volume  is  divided  into  fix  departments,  under  the  following 
heads — Concife  general  hidory; — Accounts  of  the  Lords  of  the 
hundred,  manor,  and  borough  of  Tiverton ;— Chronological  lift  of 
the  public  donations;— Remarkable  occurrences; — Dcfcription  of 
the  parifh  and  town,  antiquities,  public  buildings,  &c.  with  feme 
biographical  anecdotes ;— ^Copies  and  extradls  of  original  papers  and 
records. 

Under  each  of  thefe  heads  we  meet  with  particulars  worth  oar  no- 
tice.—The  public  benefactions  furprize  us  ;  as  the  writer  remarks,  Co 
extraordinary  a  liil  few  parifhes  of  equal  extent  and  population  in  the 
kingdom  can  boaft;— he  adds  that,  by  wife  and  virtuous  manage- 
ment, it  might  he  produdlive  of  great  advantages  to  the  community  »t 
large,  and  to  the  poor  inhabitants  .  in  particular  :— it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  fo  important  a  hint  will  be  received  with  attention. 

The  original  name  of  the  place  was  TivyforJ,  T^oford,  and  thence 
Twoford-/wr,  from  its  fituation  between  two  rivers.     It  appears  to 

•  •  Mr.  Home  Tooke.' 

'  t  Jovis  9  Die  Deccmbrb,  1790/ 

hare 


liave  been  a  village,  on  a  little  hillx  and  the  capital  of  the  handred 
which  bears  its  name*  in  the  reign  of  Alfred «  A.  D.  872  aiMi  899. 
About  the  year  1370>  the  woollen  manufadory  was  introduced/ which[ 
Was  fully  e/lablilhed  in  1 500,  and  became  very  profitable. 

The  hidory  of  manufadluring  places  will  generally  furnifh  an  ai^- 
gument  in  favour  of  libertyj.  civil  and  religious.  Defpotifm  and  op- 
preflion  weaken  and  injure^  while  rational  freedom  foflers  and  ad- 
vances it.— The  feudal  power,  with  refpifcd  to  Tiverton,  appears  to 
bave  ended  about  the  year  1756. — Whether  the  town  received  any 
felid  advantages  from  bein^  conflituted  a  borough  and  corporation^ 
we  prefume  not  to  determine.  In  the  reign  of  James  the  Fir  ft,  a 
charter  was  thought  to  be,  politically  or  really,  requiiite,  on  account 
of  fome  calamities'  which  the  town  had  fuftained ; — and  a  charter  was 
obtained,  which,  if  it  conveyed  any  benefit  of  another  kind,  was  af- 
furedly  limited  and  oppreilive  in  rerpe£l  to  the  rights  of  cleding  re- 
jj^refentative^  in  parliament.  On  fome  occafion,  this  charter  was  for* 
felted :  great  afliduity  was  employed  to  perfuade  the  inhabitants  to 
apply  for  a  renewal ;  and  it  was  infinaated  for  this  purpofe  that  what 
had  been  objeflionable  in  the  former  would  now  be  removed.  It  was 
at  length,  under  this  apprehenfion,  procured ;  and  endeavours  were 
iiicd  that  it  might  be  received  with  great  appearances  of  joy :  but  the 
people  foon  afterward  found  that  they  were  deluded,  particularly  as  to 
the  right  of  eledlion,  which  remained  on  the  fame  footing  as  before*.     # 

Mr.  Dunsford  writes  with  a  greater  degree  of  liberality  than  we 
^netimes  difcover  in  works  of  this  kind  :  he  feems  to  give  a  juil 
Recount  of  his  motives  and  views  when,  in  the  preface,  he  declares^ 
that  <  the  author  is  not  confcious  of  retaining  unjuflifiable  partialities: 
lie  has  not  written  a  paragraph  intentionally  to  ofKend,  nor  fupprcfled 
any  he  judged  important,  to  gratify  the  prejudices  of  any  perfons, 
fe^s,  or  parties.' — At  the  fame  time  that  he  diiclaims  felfiih  induce- 
aaents,  partial  reprefentation,  or  whatever  might  detrad  from  the  good- 
will which  he  profefTes  to  entertain  for  all  mankind—-'  he  expreHes  his 
hope  that  if  his  plan  fhould  not  be  fo  fatisfadorily  executed,  as  the  cu- 
rious reader  might  defire  or  expeft,  it  wjll  be  attributed  to  the 
fcarcity  of  materials,  and  the  few  fources  from  whence  amhentic  in- 
formation could  be  attained. ' 

*  fiefide  two  engraved  views  of  the  parifh  and  of  the  town  of  Tiverton, 
drawings  are  given  of — the  cadle,  or  rather  its  remains,  firil  eredcd  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  I. ;  — St.  Peter's,  the  parifti  church,  a  refpedtablc 
gothic  pile,  the  work  of  different  and  diftant  ages,  but  more  regular 
than  might,  from  that  circumflance,  liave  been  expe£led  ;— filundeH's 
free  grammar  fchool ;  a  handfome  building,  well  endowed,  and  pro- 
Endive  of  great  utility.  Peter  £lundell,  once  in  the  loweil  circum- 
Hances,  railed  himfelf  by  indudry  and  virtue  to  confiderable  fortune* 
of  which  he  made  a  benevolent  and  honourable  ufe ;  he  died  in  i6oi. 
<  We  do  not  find  in  this  work  any  account  of  Druidical,  Roman,  or 
Saxon  antiquities,  nor  have  we  obferved  many  remarks  of  the  agri- 
cultural or  botanical  kind,  &c. ;  yet  it  is,  on  the  whole^  an  acceptable 
and  entertaining  volume. 

•  A  petition  on  this  fubjeft,  very  nearly  unanimous,  was  prefented 
to  theHoufe  of  Commons  in  the  year  1 782,  but  it  does  not.  a.^'^c^x  \5^ 
have  produced  any  valuable  effc£l. 


Mdi^THLY  Catalogs V  7X^^jj7,  &c* 

THEOLOGY,   &C, 

Opuffuh,  ou  Efal^  5:c.— An  Eflay^  actetnpimg  to  nefbrm 

JUS  Prejudices,  and  to  produce  Men  ot  Virtue  »nd  UnderfUod* 

By  a  Friend  of  the  Human  Race.     1 21110..     pp,2S6.     ^u 

Fowler*  Covcnt  Garden, 

I  work  is  an  auack  on  the  autbority  of  holy  writs  and  on  the 

Ir  of  the  prieilhood.  Of  the  validity  of  the  author^s  reafomog, 

I  He  vice  or  virtue  of  his  incrcduUty,  we  muft  fnfFer  the  warjd 

It  is  our  bufmefs  to  annotince  beaks  and  opinio o^t  and,  od 

lof  liberal  critkirn],  to  ext^rcife  {iich  talents  as  we  pc^CeGi  for 

"if^ftiyri  of  thofc  who  think  our  judgment  worth  canfu2ting. 

^uiry  being  at  once  the  fource  and  leff  of  tru^h^  we  confidcr  ii 

Iduty  to  indulge  no  anger  nor  refentmcnt  againfl  opinjoni^ 

Ithey  fhould  be  oppofite  10  our  own  ;  and,  when  the  fpirit  of 

tfhs  evidently  w^armed  by  an  ardent  vvifh  to  bene£t  mankind « 

It  hii  miitakes  or  his  doflrlncs  may  bc^we  regard  bisinicndda 

liiptacency.  With  refpeft  to  the  prefeni  e/Iayif!,  wct^  wr  ^give 

Trafe  from  his  performance,  we  might  fubjed  ourfclves  to  thft 

lof  aiding*  however  unintentionally «  the  de^gn   of  an  inSdcI 

I  by  promoting  the  circulation  of  anti-fcripiural  notions.    Be* 

i  apfii-ehenfmn  ftruck  u^,  we  had  ailiially  proceeded  to  tranikte, 

of  fpecimcnj  part  of  his  fcvere  attack  on  the  charader  and 

lof  Mofe5,  both  ai  a  legiHacor  and  as  the  leader  and  comi^and- 

■5  people  V  but  the  fe verity  of  his  invc^ives  on  the  Hcbrcwr 

foon  Mhliged  us  to  clofe  the  book  ;  leaving  the  wricer  to  tbe 

loftr  otHce  and   Jaty  it  morL^  immfdiactly  is  to  guard  x\\t 


CoRRBSPoiiDcircx;  47^. 

horrid  feenes  dSfpIayed  by  fhem  before  our  eyes  may  be  coflfidered  at 
a  nuaming  ts  mankind ,  and  that  the  leiTon  which  we  (hould  Icam  from 
Chem  is,  to  htnuare  oftbetrr^s  of  our  neighbours , 

As  it  is  one  thing  to  (hew  kindnefsy  and  another  to  depart  from  the 
truth,  previoufly  to  pleading  the  caufe  of  the  French  clergy,  in  the 
fecond  fermon,  the  preacher  gives  a  concife  htflory  of  popery,  ex« 
pofes  its  errors,  and  jufUfies  the  protedant  faith.  His  seal  for  tratb» 
however,  does  not  abate  the  ardour  of  his  charity.  He  recommends 
the  French  clergy,  as  perfccuted  men,  to  the  compafCon  and  bene- 
▼elence  of  his  hearers  ;  and  he  concludes  with  hoping  .that  the  kind- 
nefs  of  protellants  may  induce  the  Roman  Catholic  clerj^y  attentivelf 
to  weigh  the  fubllantial  arguments  on  which  Proteilantimi  is  founded. 

Art.  48.     In  the  Parifh  Church  of  St.  Leonard,  in  Bridgnorth.     By 

William  Corfer,  A.B.     410.     is.     Rivingtons. 

'  Our  young  men,  (fays  Mr.C.)  are  called  on  to  go  and  fight 
againfl  the  enemies  of  their  country,  their  laws,  and  religion.  iVg 
nnijb  them  good  luck,  in  the  name  of  the  Lord:*'^h\it  though  he  deems 
the  war  a  juft  one,  he  thinks  it  at  the  fame  time  a  vifitation  for  out 
fins.  It  (hould  feem,  from  his  picture  of  the  French  nation,  that  thejr 
are  much  greater  finners  than  we  are;  which  accounts  for  their  having 
1)7  much  the  greateft  (hare  of  this  Jin-purging  vi(itation.  Mr.C.'s 
prayer,  with  which  this  fermon  concludes,  is  truly  a  Chrldian's  prayer. 

,Art.  49.  At  the  Chapel  in  StourbriHge.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Pattiibo^ 
A.M.  4to.  IS.  Rivingtons. 
Atheifis  cannot  be  faid  to  obey  the  precept  (1  Peter,  ii.  19.)  whick 
€(unmands  us  to  fear  God;  nor  can  r^icides  be  faid  to  honour  the  kingi 
nor  can  perfons,  to  whom  thefe  epithets  apply,  be  included  in  the 
brotherhood  to  whom  we  are  commanded  to  extend  our  love  :^  ergo 
Mod  excellent  demonilration ! 


CORRESPONOEMCB. 

•^*  We  have  received  a  letter  from  Colchclter,  (igncd  R.R.N. 
vtk  which  the  writer  refers  us.  to  an  extract,  given  in  our  Review  for 
April,  from  Mr.Trye's  pamphlet  on  the  fwelling  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremities, &c.  Mr.  Trye  there  propofes  a  copious  adminiflration  of 
bark  previoufly  to  the  opening  of  large  abfcefies,  and  adds,  that  he 
fears  he  is  the  frd  in  propofing  this  praflice.  To  difpcl  this  fear, 
our  correfpondent  fays  that  *  for  more  than  thefe  twenty  years  pa(l. 
Dr.  George  Fordyce  has  con(bntly  inculcated  this  dodrine  in  his  lec- 
tures.' In  proof,  he  quotes  the  following  fentence  from  a  manufcripc 
copy  of  the  Dodlor's  ledurcs,  taken  in  1773:  -**  And  therefore  we 
fliould  be  folicitous,  before  we  open  the  abfcefs,  to  ufe  bark  rery 
freely,  and  fuch  other  medicines  as  tend  to  promote  good  fuppuration, 
and  to  fupport  the  ilrength ;  and  this  muft  be  done  before  the  ulcer  is 
made,  as  afterwards  too  frequently  fymptoms  come  on  which  will 
D6t  allow  of  its  ufe." 

In  the  remaining  part  of  his  letter,  R.R.N.  obferveS,  that  we  are 
Ibmetimes  rather  dilatory  in  announcing  medical  and  chirurgical 
works;  and  he  mentions  two  books  of  this  dafi  which  we  have  flot 


4^  6oitkii)p«KbfeKcS# 

yet  nodced.  He  might  eaiily  hare  increafed  his  lift;  and  he  iiii^bl 
alio  have  obfirvedi  imong  the  namber»  many  which,  having  bcea» 
poblifhed  bei^re  thofe  thac  he  has  feleded,  had  a  prior  claim  to  oo^ 
wxicc>  which  they  have  by  no  means  forfeited  by  inferiority  or 
want  of  importance. — The  remark  quoted  by  hirti  from  one  of  th* 
pamphlets  in  queftion  may  be  jufl:  that  **  every  improvement  of  the 
aeaimg  art  ought  fpeedily  to  be  commanicated  to  the  public^  fince; 
by  its  praftice,  the  fnfferings  of  the  a/Rifted  may  be  relieved,  and 
Aeir  lives  prolonged  :**— but  this  refers  more  to  original  publica- 
6oTts,  than  to  oar  review  of  them ;  and  it  affords  an  excufe,  which 
ws  are  fr«quendy  inclined  to  admit,  for  inaccuracies  and  miftakeS 
which  ought  otherwife  to  have  been  avoided. 

In  fine,  we  wiih  to  remind  thofe  writers  who  are  urgent  for  the 
fpeedy  notice  of  their  works,  that  we  can  only  bring  them  forward  by 
fhrufting  others  back :  as  our  pages  are  always  full,  the  appearance 
of  any  one  work  mufl  caufe  another's  exclufion ;  and  as  in  the  court 
of  literature  there  is  no  proper  officer  appointed  for  the  purpofe,  we 
mud  be  allowed  to  make  out  for  ourfelves  a  table  and  order  of  pre^ 
cedence. 


+•4-  *  A  Conftant  Reader*  is  very  right.  We  do  not  approve  the 
ellipiis  which  he  has  cited :  but  fuch  incuri/t  will  fometimes  appear 
in  compoHtions  which  are  written  in  hafle ;  and  the  fentence  is  utel- 
ligibte. 

■fit  P-B.*s  information  is  received  :  but  we  do  not  apprehend  dut 
we  ihould  do  any  fervice  to  Mr.K.  by  communicating  it  to  our 
readers. 


ttt  ^^  ^^^  number  for  June,  when  reviewing  Dr.  Darwin's  Beiaidc 
Garden^  we  noticed  that  ingenious  gentleman's  bold  conjcfture  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  the  Earth,  Moon,  &c. — We  have  fince  re- 
ceived a  letter,  figncd  T.  B.,  the  writer  of  which  informs  us,  that  die 
fame  conjedlure  occurred  to  the  fate  Earl  of  Orford,  three  or  fonr 
years  ago;  and  that,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Annals  of  Agri- 
culture, publifhcd  in  that  colledlion  in  the  year  1789,  the  Earl  a<(-> 
vanced  the  fame  theory.  We  have  not  this  work  at  hand  to  confolt: 
but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  fimilar  ideas,  en  any  philofophical  fnbjed» 
(hould  occur  to  different  learned  men,  without  any  inter-communici* 
tion  of  fentiroents. 


•+•  We  can,  with  plcafure,  aflure  ^^w;V«/  that  meafures  are  taking 
to  anfwer  the  purpofe  for  which  he  is  fo  obligingly  folicitous.  In  a 
very  few  months,  he  will  probably  hear  more  on  this  fubjed;  andkc 
fvill  fee  that  his  friendly  hints  are  not  entirely  thrown  away. 

X*X  We  thank  *  A  Borderer*  for  his  obfervation  on  line  39.  p.  I7{« 
and  line  5.  p.  176.  of  the  Review  for  June,  that  to  ginu  is  a  metatbens 
in  common  vfc  among  the  Scots  for  to  grin ;  and  not  a  derivative  from 
the  A.  S.  girran^  to  mnke  a  noife  like  birds,  as  the  writer  of  thf$ 
ax  tide  appears  to  have  fuppofed. 


APPENDIX 

T  O     T  H  E 

ELEVENTH     VOLUME 

O  P     THB 

MONTHLY      REVIEW 
ENLARGED. 


r 


FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 

Art.  T.     Mnnolres  Je  V Academies  tyc,     Mcrroirs  of  the  Koyal  Aca- 

,  demy  of  Sci-nccs  a.nd  Belles- Lctrrcs  of  Berlin,  from  the  AocetTion 

of  Frederic  Willbm  II.  to  the  Throne,  in  Auguft  1786,  to  the 

End  of  the  Year  1787.     With  the*  Hiftory  of  the  Academy  during 

■'    this  Period".     410.     748  Pages.     Berlin.     1792. 

[N  the  hiflorical  part  of  this  volume,  we  find  very  little  that 

can  be  intcrcfting  to  our  readers ;  mod  of  whom  wouJd 

doubtlcfs  be  as  much  difgufted  as  we  were  with   the  fervile 

and  extravagant  adulation    of  the   kin^,    which   abounds   ia 

all   the  fpreches  of  the   academicians.       Under   the   govcrn- 

nfient  of  their  abfolutc  monarch?,  the  literati  of  France  have 

often  been  juHIy  reprehended  for  the  profufion  of  this  fuTfome 

incenfe,  which  they  offered  at  the  fhrinc  of  royalty  :  but  the 

Pruflians  fecm  refolved  to  excel  all  others  in  this  contemptible 

condu6).     Were  the  objecS  of  their  hyperbolical  admiration 

the  moft  perfeft  of  mortals,  yet  would  the  perpetual  repetition 

of  It  be  difguliing.     The  late  King  of  Pruffia  was  certainly  a 

man  of  talents  and  abilities,  which,  when  compared  with  thofe 

of  contemporary  monarchs,  vvere  fplcndid  and  refpedable  :  but 

with  many  great  qualities,  he  united  many  abfurd  prejudices ; 

.   and  his  condu<^  v/as  often  capricious,  and  very  far  from  being 

always  juft.     We  are  therefore  foriy  to  fee  that  M.  Bods  has 

'  been  fo  mean  and  injudicious,  as  to  feign  a  conftellation  rcipre« 

*(enting  the  fword  of  this  monarch.  This  piece  of  flattery  n\\ght 

•  have  pafled  unccnfured  amid  the  mythological  abfurdities  of  the 

'  ant:ents,  among  whom  the  little  knowlcge  which  tbev  pofleflcd 

App.  Rev.  VoL/xi.  LI  coa- 


482    MemBirs  9ftbiR§jatAcadmy  tfSeiittas^  tsFu  $/BirEn. 

coDcerniag  the  bemvenly  bodies  was  rubfenrient  to  the  purpoTes 
of  polidcil  ftipcrftiti^n  ^  but  that,  in  an  age  enlightened  by 
feiencet  aftrpnomy  Oiould  be  proftitutcd^io^. pamper  dir(jM> 
mraetite  of  indiTidual  vanity,  is  a  real  diflionour  to  mankind. 
We  hope  that  the  aftronoraers  of  other  countries  wiU  treat  M, 
BoDi's  curious  invention  with  the  fame  difregard,  with  which 
foreignera  of  fcieUce,  and  he  among  t6e  reft,  treated  Dr. 
HirfcbtFt  courtly  appellation  of  his  newly-difcovercd  plaMt. 
However,  for  the  praife  afcribed  to  Frederic  IL  fooie  excufe 
may  be  offered }  it  is  only  to  the  extravagmnce  of  it  that  we 
objed ;  we  are  forry  to  fee  the  bMirds  juftly  due  to  bim  debced 
by  the  creeping  weeds,  which  die  fervility  of  courtiers  would 
entwine  among  them :  but  what  has  the  prefent  King  of  Pniffa 
done  to  deferve  the  applaule^  of  which  thefe  geatlmen  are  fo 
very  profufe  ?  He  may  perhaps  have  all  the  virtues  that  can 
adcMTtt  the  human,  and  that  ought  to  decorate  the  regal,  cha- 
~  rai^'r ;  if,  as  we  hope,  this  be  the  cafe,  we  mufl  admire  bis 
^ibodefty  in  not  having  oftcntatioufly  difplayed  them  to  his  po- 
Vtical  condud  \  we  only  wifli  that  he  would  carry  this  modffty 
'  a  little  farther,  and  repms  the  fulfome  panegyrics  of  his  aca- 
'demicians. 

The  only  article  in  this  part  of  the  volume  which  d^ferveMo 
*lbe  mchtioned,  is  a  fpeeich  by  the  fecretary  ;  who  here  takes  a 
brief  view  of  the  revolutions  of  literary  uftc,  as  in^uwooAhy 
lafliion;  We  arc  told  that  the  celebrated  £tf  J3^/r#>  ufed  Jo 
frequent  the  (bop  of  a  bookfeUer,  named  MUhaUet^  where  he 
*  amufed  himfelf  with  reacting  the  new  pamphlets,  and  pljiying 
*^ith  tlie  bookfeller's  daughter,  an  engaging  child,  oi.mbom 
'hip^  was  very  fond.  One  day  taking  the  manufeript  o4«Lhis 
'Ciaraifirs  out  of  his  pocket,  he  offered  it  to  MUbaUit^  fity- 
*]ng^  /«  Will  you  print  this  ?  I  know  not  whether  you  wilt 
'gain  any  thing  by  it :  but,  fbouU  it  fucceed,  let  the  profi|s 
^tnake  the  dowry  of  my  little  friend  here.''  The  bookfellcrt 
^thoi^h  dpubtfui  with  refped  to  the  refult,  vemMrc^d  on  the 
^publication  1^  the'firft.tmpreffion  was  foon  fold  off,  fevcfal  edi- 
tions were  afterward  printed,  and  the  prgfiu.  of  tberjW^rk 
jmiounted  to  a  very  large  fum^^— and  with  this  fortune,  Mi(s 
MCtMUt  was  ifterward  verv  advantageoufly  married. 

In  diis  diTcoorfe  we  find  the  hh\£Ttrraffon'sS4ibqs  mtfir 
tioned  with  great  prtdfl^*  We  read.It  wiib  pleafure  ahqw 
Wenty  years  t^'^  and  we  remember  that  we  were  particu- 
kriy  firncl^  with  tilt  account  of  the  ibitiations,  as  l»^ng  ^ 
kstoch  moiepkalingllhlllradon'o^  tbefiith  book  of  the  JEneidi 
tten  that  bjr  Bilbbjp  MTarburtoAr 

The  inemdirs,  as  ufual,  sHre  diAribii^  into  four  dafles  ^  «f 
tach  ^  which  irt  OlDiiteibM  accowll;  . . 


EzpQRXMSNTAL  Philosophy. 
Memoir  L     Obftrvmthns  m  Barometers  and  HygremHirfm    Bj 

M.  ACHA&]>tf 

We  find,  from  bis  introduAion,  that  the  defign  of  thit  lca« 
demician  is  to  confute  what  he  conceives  to  be  vulgar  errors 
concerning  thefe  inftruments.  Nothing,  he  contends^  can  be 
■Bore  falfe  than  the  common  notion,  that  the  elevation. of  the 
■lercurjr  in  the  barometer  indicates  the  weight  of  the  atmo« 
fphere;  for  it  isthe  cffcd  of  two Vaufes  combined,  the  weight 
aod  the  expanfibility  of  the  air.  ^If  M.  Achard  means  oidj 
to  fay  that  the  mercury  in  thfie  barometer  is  affefied  by  the  tem-> 
jperature  of  the  air;  the  difcoveryls  certainly  not  new  :  but  he 
expre/les  htthfelf  with  fo  little  accuracy,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
/determine  what  his  defign  really  is  :  —  he.foon  after  tells  us  that 
the  rife  of  the  mercury  in  the  barometer  is  not  a  confequence 
of  the  gravity  of  the  air,  and  that  this  is  proved  bv  tnclofing 
the  lower  part  of  a  barometer  in  a  veflel  filled  with  common 
air,  and  hermetically  feakd  ;  in  which  cafe,  though  the  weigbt 
of  the  air  a£ling  on  the  mercury  be  always  the  fame,  tbt 
height  of  the  column  in  the  tube  will  ;be  liable  to  the  thiermo* 
inetrical  variations.  This  is  very  *true;,  but  it  is  nothing  to  the 
parpofe ;  becaufe  the  inftruihent;  thus  eohfined,  is  no  long^ 
-abMomeier,  but  becomes,  to  all  inteiiks  and  purpofes,  a  tfair* 
aometer,  ar  rather  a  manometer. 

Change  of  temperature  is  not,  fays  M.  Acha&d,  the  only 
ctiife  of  variation  in  the  el^fticity  of  the  air  %  this  fluid  being 
tife  afieded  by  its  combination  with  water,  ami  with  diiFereaC 
VoMle  fubftances,  which  ft  is  able  to  con^aiq  in  a  ({ate  of  fo« 
littion  ;  the  degree  of  elafticity  thus  occafibned  is  various,  ac* 
cording  to  the  nature  of  the  fevei'al  fu^ilaoce^  diflblved^  the 
degree  of  faturation  to  which  the  folutidn  is  cairtied,.  and  the 
temperature  to  which  it  is  expofed.  .  lik  order  to  prove  this^ 
M.  AcHAftu  confined  the  lower  pirt  bf  a  barometer  in  a  jar 
full  df  air,  which,  by  means  of  the  fixed  caaftic  alkali,  was 
Toodered  as  dry  as  poffible :  the  iar  was  doled  with  a  grovod 
ftoppcr,  to  which  was  fufpended  a  fmall  thin  glafs  bubble  full 
of  water,  and  hermetically  fealed.  J9e  then.  iDook  the  appa* 
fatus,  tin,  by  ftrikin^ajgainfl.its  fides,  the  glafs  bubble  wat 
'broken;  when  he  obfervtd  that,  while  the  water  thus  difperfed 
was  abibrbed  by  the  air,  the  mercury  rofe  in  the  barometer* 
flench  he  concludes  that,  atteris  parihms^  the  air  becomes  more 
^panfiblein  proportion  to  the  number  of  aqueous  particles  wi(h 
which  it  is  combined.  By  expofing  air  of  difFerent  degrees  of 
^rynefs  to  various  degrees  of  temperatme,  he  found  that  tbo 
dilatation  by  heat,  of  air  petfefily  dry,'Correfponded  exaAly  wUL 
that  of- mercury  to  Reaumur's  thermometer;  Wx^ax^^  ^x^ 

L  1   2  Y^iX^^^fiV^ 


484    Mimoirs  i/  tbi  Royal  Acaiimj  of  SeiinciSj  bfe.  df  BerUm 

panfion  of  air  impregntted  with  water  is  much  more  rapid  1q 
lis  progreff . 

All  this  may  be  very  true :  but  it  is  no  new  difcovery :  it 
has  long  been  known  that  all  folvcnts  are  increafed  in  bulk  by 
the  matter  which  they  huld  in  folution;  and,  that  a  given  quan* 
lity  of  air,  when  impregnated  with  aqueous  particles,  will  be 
augmented  in  volume,  none,  we  believe,  will  difputc.  The 
grand  qucdions  in  meteorology  arc  coticerning  the  proportion 
which  obtains  between  the  augmentation  of  volume  and  that 
of  mafs ;  or  in  other  words,  whether  air  becomes  fpecifically 
lighter  when  thus  impregnated,  and  whether  the  power  of  air,  as 
a  folvent  of  water,  be  increafed  by  its  denfity.  This  has  beea 
fuppofed,  and,  in  our  opinion,  wjth  great  probability  :  but  it 
has  n/Dt  yet  been  fatisf.K^orily  piovcJ  by  experiments:  for. 
jcould  this  he  dor.e^  wc  do  not  ihinic  that  any  valid  objedioa 
coiild  be  uilVred  iii^uinli  that  theory  of  evnporatioii,  which  Tup* 
pofes  a  chctiiical  folution  of  water  in  the  atmofphere.  The 
academician  adopts  this  theory,  but  attributes  the  variations  of 
ibis  folvent  power  of  the  air  folely  to  changes  of  temperature; 
which,  as  the  only  caufe,  does  not  appear  fufficient  to  explain, 
in  a  fatijfaifiory  manner,  the  phenomena  which  occur*  Be 
this  as  it  may,  it  is  very  certain  that  our  author's  obfervations 
are  not  new,  nor  do  they  prove  the  thefts  with  which  he  fet 
out :  becaufe  the  immediate  efFciSl  of  the  dilatation  of  the  con* 
fined  air  on  the  furface  of  the  mercury  muft  be  prefTurc;  and, 
with  refpeA  to  the  barometer  when  expofed  to  the  atmofphere, 
Jt  is  wtW  known  that  the  elatiicity  of  the  air  is  in  direct  propor* 
tion  to  its  denfity,  and  that,  by  its  expanfibility,  it  cannot  ad 
^n  the  mercury,  iinlefs  it  be  compreiied  by  the  weight  of  the 
Superincumbent  atmofphere. 

Equally  unimportant  are  M.  Achard's  obfervations  on  the 
hygrometer  ;  he  attempts  to  (hew,  what  has  long  been  known, 
•Ihat  it  is  afFedled  not  by  the  water  which  the  air  contains  in  a 
ftate  of  folution,  but  only  by  that  which  the  atmofphere  cannot 
diflblve,  and- which  is  feparat«d  fiom  it. 

Mem.  IT.   Ohfervatiom  cnTernJlrial EUclruity.     By  the  fame. 

ILiving  obferved  that  the  pith  balls  of  an  electrometer,  com- 
municating with  an  infulated  pointed  conduiSior,  difplaycd  figns 
of  elediriciiy  when  the  fky  was  |)erfcdly  fercne  and  without  a 
cloud,  and  that  their  eiedricity  feemed  to  increafe  when  he 
touched  the  outfidc  of  the  infulated  glafs,  in  whkh  they  were 
fufpendcd,  M.  AciiARD  very  fhrewdly' concludes  that  they 
derived  this  eJedriciiy,  not  by  means  of  the  pointed  conduflor 
from  tiie  air,  but  from  the  earth.  He  informs  us  that  this 
oblervatiuii  wojid  enable  him  to  ex^^I;tin  many  phenomena,  for 

which 


which  no  caufe  has  ever  hitherto  bveii  affigned :  but  that  want 
of  time,  (a  complaint  which  this  good  gentleman  niaiees  in  alt  ' 
his  memoirs,)  prevents  his  entering  on  a  fubjefl  fo  extenfive: 
he  therefore  confines,  for  the  pretent,  the  application  of  Mi 
curious  theory  of  terreflrial  elei^ricity  to  elucidate  the^ife  of 
vapour,  and  tht  fall  of  dew.  '  ■"'^  >    •  .\ 

M.  Ac  HARD  has  here  fallen  into  an  error,  not  uncommon 
among  thoCe  who  are  much  ftraitened  for^ime  ;  -he  has  made 
more  hafte  than  good  fpeed.  "  If,  inftead'of  hcing  in  fuch  a 
hurry  to  put  pen  to  paper,  he  had  beftowcd  a  few  minutes  Jn 
attending  to  the  circumftances  which  he  has  recordedi"^  he 
would  have  feen  that  his  hypothefis,  however  ingdnious,  hajl 
one  trifling  fault;  that  of  being  contrary  to  fa<9;  and  thus 
would  have  faved  himfelf  the  trouble  of  writing  this  memoir. 
He  fays  that,  when  the  balls  appeared  electric,  fparks  might 
be  drawn  from  the  wire,  by  which  they  were  connected  with 
the  conduSor  ;  and  that,  when  this  connexion  was  removed, 
they  were  not  at  all  affected  on  his  touching  the  glaifs  in  which 
they  hung.  Hence  it  is  plain  that  the  eledlricity  was  conveyed 
by  means  of  the  conduflor,  to  the  internal  furface  of  ihe^glaft-; 
but,  this  being  infulated,  the  charge  was  increafed  by  any  con- 
ducing fubflance  coming  in  contact  with  the  outfide. 

Mem.  III.  On  a  very  advantageous  Method  of  making  Cerufe. 
By  the  fame. 

The  method  here  recommended  is  to  triturate  litharge  with 
a  folution  of  common  fait.  Of  the  advantages  refulting  from 
'this  procefs  we  cannot  prefume  to  judge;  as  we  have  not  had 
an  opportunity  of  feeing  the  experiment  tried.  M.  Achard 
fays  that  it  faves  much  time,  labour,  and  expence :  but  we 
have  feen  fo  many  inftances  of  this  gentleman's  inaccuracy, 
that  we  cannot  yield  imjpllcit  faith  to  his  alFefpons, 

Mem.  IV.     On  Abforption.     By  M.  WalteE. 
In  our  Review  for  June  1787,  the  reader  will  And  an  ac- 
count of    Mr.  Cruikfhank's  Anatomy  of  the  Abforhing  Vtffels^ 
againft  which  this  memoir  is  levelled.     M.  Walter  combats 
the  opinion  that  all  the  parts  of  the  living  body  are  impervious, 
except  by  veflels,  and  that  tranfudation  takes  phce  only  after 
death*      He  contends  that,  though  the  lymphatics  be  really 
abforhing  veffels,  they  do  not  exercife  this  fundion  exciufively, 
except  in  the  ablbrption  of  the  milk  in  the  breads  of  women  ; 
that,  wherever  there  is  a  cellular  fubftance,  abforption  is  per- 
formed by  the  veins  and  lymphathics  jointly  :  but  that,  in  all 
.  other  parts  of  the  body,  whether  internal  or  external,  it  is  ef- 
.  fe6led  by  the  veins  alone. 

L  1  3  In 


4S6    MimmntfihiJbfa4€amaj9fSMmiiy  Ve.  0/BirBm 

Ia  tbc  courfe  of  this  aitmoir,  M.  Walter  infornM  us  of 
*  Us  having  had  an  opporiunity,  fimilar  to  chat  which  occurred 
to  JtagryU,  of  diflediog  the  body  mulims  ftatimtoft  coitum  in* 
%0ffltm.  The  appearances  were  (imilar  to  thofe  defcribed  by 
th«c  anatomift  \  invimi  imm  tuku  H  tnaria  fangulnt  iifiiHtu^  iU 
htwm'JimMrin  hmcjofliur  ampUxmiy^tt  tuhai  Jendnt  nuifcutin§ 
rtplitits. 

Mem/ V.  Om  the  JtMpOirrff  Bmikss  By  M.  Silberschlag. 
After  a  declamatory  defcrtption  of  the  dreadful  calamities 
oceafioned  by  thefc  accidenta,  this  academician  conriders  thoTe 
inundationa  of  the  Rhine^  arhich  have  been  caufed  by  the  ice 
aeeuoiulating  in  the  river  and  choaking  up.  the  channel. 
The  reoedy,  which  he  propofes,  is  to  make  embrafurcs,  or 
W^nings,  in  the  banks,  that  the  w<tter,  when  at  a  certain 
height,  may  be  drained  ofF  in  thofe  low  lands  where  it  will  do 
tbe  leaft  mifcbiefy  and  which  it  may  fertilize  by  the  mud  that 
itd^ofites. 

Mem.  Vr.  i#7Wy  ^  thi  IncHndtlon  and  DecUfuiti§n  §f  tin 
Jllbimiii  NnJlf.     By  M.  J.  E.  Silberschlag. 

This  memoir  is  written  in  Latin,  and  in  a  mod  pompous 
fiyle^  which  is  ill  fuited  to  the  modeft  inveftigator  of  the  fe- 
rrets of  nature.  M.  Silberschlag  fays  he  prefers  this  lan- 
guage, becaufe  his  philofophicat  terms  cannot,  without  ambi- 
guity, be  exprcfled  or  explained  in  any  other.  He  accounts 
for  the  phenomena  of  the  magnet  by  the  hypothefis  of  ceruin 
immaterial  elements,  or  priniordial  powers,  or  fubftances, 
which  have  an  undtrived  efficacy  in  tbem'felves.  Thefeafij^ 
QOt  by  mechanical  impulfe,  but  by  a  comfnunication  of  mfiu^ 
and  thus  are  the  caufes  of  all  changes  in  jthe  external  ftate  of 
the  adjacent  fubftances  :  for  the  viable  world  is  nothing  more 
than  tbe  mere  phenomena  of 'thefe  elements.  To  our  author 
ire  mull  fuppufe  that  ttj^fc  terms  are  of  Angular, utility  |  for  be 
is  contintfally  enlarging  with  rapture  on  the  important  difco- 
Teries  to  which  they  lead  him  :  but  we  muft  lament  that  the 
relation  of^  oMr  minds  to  fhe  univerfe  is  fuch,  that  to  us  they 
iilggeft  no  diftinA  idea,  that  his  dcmonfirations  leave  ua  un« 
^ioovinced^  and  that,  after  peruftng  all  which  he  has  written 
concerning  the  n!/us  m&remjus^  and  concerning  theaocerior, 
poflerjor,  and  intermediate  niius,  all  concurring  in  one  point, 
we  do  not  think  the  matter  felly  explained ;  nor  can  we  ex- 
claim with  him,  '  EnbabemusJiiUampolaremmagfiitisfxp^/kmHt 
fMoltm  kalnrs  iupimas.  * 

To  account  for  the  inclination  and  declination  of  the  needfet 
M.  SiLBEXSCHLAG  fuppofed  a  fpherical  magnet  within  die 

cartbi 


MiwAn  •f^^  RtjalAcaiimjtfBnincit^  fSc.  tfBnUn.  487 

earthy  and  told  us  that  we  muft  defce^  into  tt^e.abyft,  as 

^neas  did  into  Avernus.     He  did  no^.^tK  ani^;'^U8  \^i  ^' 
prepare  for  the  journey  ;  for  he  added,  NwflUjf^^'f^^y 


bamur  trgo  ad  inftros^  non  quidim  aurepijlo  rmi^'^aicdavii  iSrvt^. 
ftd^  virga  frigwonutrica  infiru^U'/gfiUmJ  ;^T{ni%,|T^rpc^ 
away,  we  followed  our  philofophicaj  fibyl  (we  Beg  our  autbc^r* 
piirdon  for  comparing  him  to  an  old  woman,)  to  the  — ~~~ 


fid^  virga  irlgmtmutrica  inflruQU 

*      ^    .  .-.       <    rerioni 

below  ;  and  we  found  that  the  diflatiCTil^  tht  North  poV  of 
this  fubterraneous  magnet  from  that  part  of  the  earth's  (\xfhi6c 
under  the  thirtieth  parallel  of  latitude,  where  the  inclinatb^tr  * 
65%  is  0,622  of  the  radius  of  our-ftlobe/    It  was  dreaiMfbll^' 
dark  in  thefe  infernal  regions.      M.  SiLBBRscHLAG-himfdtf  ^ 
feemed  difconcerted ;  he  faid  that,  if  our  farthing  candle 'weift-^ 
out,  he  knew  not  bow  he  (hould  get  a  finglefparkof  light;'^ 
and  complained  of  having  been  deceived  by  (ome  people,  wba  * 
bad  aflured  him  that  there  was  a  central  fun.  in  the  middle  of" 
the  earth*.     We  fuppofe,  however,  that  he  had  taken  care^to*' 
provide  himfelf  with  a  tinder-box ;  for»  wbeq  wc  expreffiidkoar 
anxiety  left  we  (hould  never  be  able  to  find  our  way  back  pgt 
our  garrets,  and  pleaded  the  well-known  authority  o/..Vir^il*s 
fibyl  as  an  excufe  for  our  apprehenfiops,  he  bad  us  diro^ifs  ouir- 
fears,  and  mind  our  bufinefs  i  faying,  N^is  juidem  ^f^iJkfcenJks , 
fuftri  Avimi^  neve  revoMh  pradis  ei  evoM^fofer^sM  auras , 
mH/tum  molefiia  facejfu  :  fed  vijere  glebum  ,tngfiUem  magngiiam^  \ 
^ufipnque  diametrum^  mftanttam^^  ethtum  emetiri^  i^  epu^^  bic, 
laUr  !  ,.We  were  therefore  obliged  to,  attend  bipi. dunqg  bis 
op!^ratLoqs;  the  reiult  of  which  we  ihall,coinmunica]te^U;LOi4C 
readers,  exprc/T^d  in  decimal  parts  of  the^irth's  radios;  but  ijli,   * 
j|  proper  prcvioy/ly  ,tD  pbferve  that^  though  the  QQntre  pf  gra«^^ 
vity^of  (his  .magnetic  (phere  muft  be  fuppoKi^  to  corr^lpond  with^, 
that  of  the  earth,  its  magnetic  centre  does  notj^  bencfi  the, 
magnetic  merjdian  and  equator  do  not  <;oincide  with,  tfaie  .cFr- 
cle's  of  (his  name  on  the  furface  of  the  globe. .  The  di(hmcc 
of  the  north  pole  of  this  fubterraneous  magnet  from  the  centre  * 
of  the  earth,  M.Silberschlao  found  to  be  0,50^,  the  length 
of  its  axis  0,924,  and  the  diftance  of  the  magnetic  centre  from, 
that  of  bur  earth  0,2056.     The  reader  may  be  aflured  that 
thefe  meafures  are  as  accurate  as  any  that  can  be  taUen  in  the 
dark.  ^ 

*  Lell  oor  readers  fhould  think  wc  exagjgerate  M.Silbbr* 
dCHLAc'a  fears,  we  will  give  them  hif  own  words  :  JXdemdi  ff» 
/eJio  fumuSi  quod  in  tanta  feralis  ahyffus  caligine  ^herranttt^  .mix  ^mam 
alteram*ve  dat^rum  pauciffimorumJctHtiUulam  e^ocoH  nobis  lifemti  ad'quam 
/Mm  fane  extimSam  iterum  accendere  pojfumut. ,  Heu  l^  que^fMwtwr^ 
qut^jn  medittdlio  ttrra  lumen  ceu  foUm  cenHaUm  nobis /j^fimderuntf  ubi 
nbx  inUmfffta  fer  totum  Enbum  deminatur. 

Ij  1   4  \IVKtCW% 


\If7n:irs  cfthi  R^d  Aiddemy  fff  Selena f^  ^i*  ^f  B^Cit* 

VI L      Chmial  Irtqurrhs  imi^ning  the   Adamantimi 

|Bt  M*  Klaproth, 

fiffl  fpecimcns  of  tfiis  fton?,  known   in  Europe,  were 

from  Chma   and  BfngAJ,  and    were   (Jifpofited    In  fh« 

m  of  Sir  Charles  Francis  GreviJle.      It  acquirfrf  its 

I  cm  Its  extreme  hardnef^* ;  on  whir!\  aetoont   tlic  Chi- 

'oarics  make  ufcof  it^  when  pulverized,  mf^ead  bf  dla* 

.-fl,     Accordifig   to  M.  Lf  Sff^e^  it   is    gratutc,  com. 

fch-fpiT,  bbck  fchorl,  a  lid  (^uartl  :  rhat  which  cumci 

;.  ^i!   if  whiter  ^nd  of  a  more  diftm'^  fparry  texivre 

:  Cblnef^j  which   is  gi"e)%  and  grn frail/  in  the  form  of 

Insl  priffns,  abcut  ao  inch  tn  lerglh,  and  three  qtjariers 

Vh  in  ihicknefs.     Its  fragments  arc  opalce^  except  when 

redaced  to  very  thiti  laniell^  ;  it  is  generally  furround- 

n  aat'ing  of  filvcr  mica,  the  particles  of  which  adhere 

:i^c\y  to  the  flone-,  and  are  intermixed  with  red  felt-fpar* 

Jains   iron  JIflemlnaied   tbroughouc  iis  fubl^ance  in  the 

crvftalllzcd  grains,  which,  when  the  fpar  is  reduced  to 

,  are  cafil]?  feparated   from   it  h\*  the  rnagnet.     Ifs  fpe- 

[avirv  was  hiund  to  be  371 0.     After  being  kept  an  hour 

heat,  it  hnd  loft  ,-' V  ol  irs  weight,  and  was  confider- 

'•ter   th^n  before.     On  sniilyzrng  30^   grains  of  this 

Klaproth   ob:aIne<I   60   i^ratn^i  of   iron,    and    141 

:\f  jlumire^  or  a! umi nnu?   earth  ;   the  rcmsrnder  ir^s  1 


Mimsirs  0/  the  Royal  Acadenq  •f  Satnai^  iic.  §f  BirUn.    489 

greeniib  hue.  This  kind  is  generally  difcpvered  in  CQiiipaA 
mafles,  lying  between  firata  of  a  micaceous  kYufk^  which  is 
found  to  be  decompounded.  In  the  internal  parts  of  this  ftonct 
it  is  not  uncommon  to  meet  with  veins  of  a  peculiar  yellow 
metallic  earth. 

The  Pechblend  is  foluble  in  the  nitric  and  in  the  nitro-mu« 
riatic  acids,  partially  fo  in  the  muriatic,  hut  not  at  all  ip  the 
fulphiiric.  From  thefe  folutions,  the  unfaturated  ferruginous 
prulTiat  of  pntafh,  or  phlogiflicated  alkali,  precipitates  ihh 
metallic  fubflance,  which  then  refembles  Kermes  mineraf  i'a 
colour.  This,  when  it  dors  not  unite  in  flakes,  but  is  uni- 
formly difFufed  in  the  folution,  may  be  confldered  as  one  of  tho 
mod  diftinguifliing  characters  of  the  Pechblend  ;  another  is, 
that  the  precipitates,  cfFc^.led  by  the  volatile  and  fixed  alkalies, 
are  yellow ;  the  fixed  cauflic  alkalies  giving  it  a  temon  colour, 
the  iterated  a  light  yellow.  This  yellow  oxyd,  or  calx,  cannot 
be  fufed  with  alkalies. 

As  this  foflil  cannot  be  clafled  either  among  the  zinc  or  iron 
ores,  and  is  very  different  from  tunvrfteiii,  M.  KlaprotH 
propofes  to  give  to  it  the  appellation  of  Uranium^  and  he  diflri- 
butes  it  into  the  following  fpecies  : 

1.  Uranium  fulphuratum.  {a)  Dark  gny,  often  exhibiting 
traces  of  Galena,     [b)  Black,  refembling  pit-coal. 

2.  Uranium  Ochraceum,  Brimilone  colour,  lemon  colour, 
deep  yellow,  reddifh  brown. 

3.  Uranium  Spathofum,  (a)  Tinged  with  green  by  copper. 
(b)   Yellow,     'rhis  is  the  green  mica  or  chalcolithe. 

Mem.  IX,  Extras 5  from  the  Meteorological  Journals  kept  a* 
Berlin^  during  the  Year  1787.     By  M.  De  Beguelin. 
Mathematics. 

Mem.  I,  On  Euclid's  Manner  of  demonflrating  the  Properties 
of  Parallel  Lines.     By  M.  De  CastilloN. 

This  memoir  may  be  confidered  as  a  panegyric  on  Euclid. 
The  author  feverely  reprehends  the  moderns  for  preferring  al- 
gebra to  geometry,  and  the  analytic  to  the  fynthetic  method. 
He  maintains  that  the  antients  had  alfo  their  analytic  method, 
which  they  applied  to  the  folution  of  problems  ;  the  only  cir- 
cumflance,  he  fays,  in  which  algebra  is  of  ufe.  In  fupport  of 
this  ailertion,  he  appeals  to  the  work  of  Apollonius,  di  Se^ione 
rationisy  and  to  Pappus  ;  particularly  to  the  preface  with  which 
this  writer  introduces  the  feventh  book  of  his  co1le£lions.  M. 
DeCastillon  then  enters  on  a  defence  of  Euclid's  definition 
*of  parallel  lines,  and  of  the  theorems  relative  to  them.  To 
the  majority  even  of  mathematicians,  this  fubjed  will  not  be 
very  intereAing ;  and  we  cannot  help  thinking  that,  by  undeB»- 


49^   Mmmt  BflheR^lAiademfofSaeneis^  f^e.  wfBirSm. 

valuing  a1gd>ri^' the  writer  ArUs  inta^m  extreme^  the  cjipofitt 
of  that  which  be  repreheitdt  ir  th)»  modems;:  Cbf though  we 
•How' that,  in  communicating  and  ^motiAratm-';  truths  1o 
ectiers,  the  fyatbeti^  m^hod  is  far  the  moftcligible|tyet:tthe 
analjtic  is  mucb  nuMre  convenient  and  advantageous  to  tkiiui. 
thematictaii  bimiiBlf,  in  his  purrutt  of  fardier  liifcoveries. 

Mem.  II.  Cmnrnirtjg  thyficuhrvariaiUn^  if'HerphiTs^^filA^  . 
mimfionti  hy  fbt'alft^n  cf  yvpitir  and  Saforn^  ^fi/etherittib jhi [ 
firioJiial  varimtUm  pf  its  tnQtion^  iependinf  tn  its  hellHisttrk* 
£fiaiia$p9mtbififUnets.     By  M.Uu  \  Ay  Lb  Ror.  ■* 

This  "paper  WIS  prefented  to  'the  academy  by  M.  Df'h 
Gr^i^  who  obferves  that  it  may  be  c6nficiered  as  a  fufpt^l  ' 
ment  to  his  memoirs,  publifhed  in  178I  and  178^,  which  con- 
tained an  apj^icadon  of  the  theory  of  the  fecuiar  artd  periocjjc]^ 
varbtions  to  the  principal  planets.     As  this  mernoir  confills 
alittoft  endrely  of  diflferential  equations,  it  Joe^  not  admit  c^, 
any  abftihaa.     We  {hall  only*  mention  that  the  auth'dr  adopts 
M.  De  La  Grange's  hypothefis,  that  the  denfit.eV  of  We 
phmets  are  reciprocally  las  their  diftances  from  the  fun.     Ac«\ 
cerdii*^/to  this  rule,  after  eftimating  the  diameter  of  the  new 
planet,  expfeffed  in  pans  of  that  of  our  globe,  id  be  4>43763, " 
he  aJtuIated  its  mafs  to  be  to  that  of  the'earth,  as'  4,57905  to 
unity.  ^  • 

Mem.  llL  Obfirvations  cm  tbi  Tranfu  o/Mercmsj  over  the 
Sunj  9Htii  ^b  if  May  1.784.     By  M.  Beitler. 

This  obfervation  was  made  at  the  Academical  Obfervacory 
at  Mittau  in  Courland,  the  difference  of  meridians  betwtea 
which  and  Paris  M.Beitlbr  determines  to  be  1^  25'  'i'i\^% 
and  the  latitude  56"  39'  6",5. 

Hence  the  longitude  of  the  defcending  node 
of  mercury  is  calculated  for  Paris  to  be      -    7'  IS*  48'  io",9 

In  M.  Vi  la  Landi*^  tables,  it  is  com- 
peted at  *  ^  -  7    15  48   3« 

Difference  19%! 

■.   "        ■  ■  ■      m 

Menri..  IV.  EJpiy  on  the  true  elliptic  and  paralo/ic  Horary  Aih 
tm  $ftbi  Planets  and  Comets.     By  the  fante. 

M..  BmiTLER  here  gives  a  particular  account  of  the  methoA 
by  w^icby  in  the  preceding  memoir,  he  had  calculated  the 
borary*motion  of  Mercury.  For  this  purpofe,  he  made  ufe  of 
the  general  theorem,  which  Euler  has  laid  down  in  his  hftit 
Hsboms  Caloili  DlffireniiaJis^  Parte  Po/leriori^  Caf.  IIL  It  it 
Jicre  iUuftrated  by  fcveral  eaumples. 

Mem. 


Mem.  V.  Gmeral  ObJirvaHms  9n  the  Si$tuitim  Mm/  Dlftrihu^ 
tlm  of  thi  OrUis  ofjfhejiversi  fUuuU  md  ttnuts^  kithiric  £fm 
aiwrtd  and  afctrtaimd.     By  M.  BoDE. 

The  objeS  of  this  memoir  is  to  point  out  the  ctrcumftancet 
of  luialogjr  between  the  orbits  of  the  comets  and  thofe  of  the 
planets :  the  obfervations  for  this  purpofe  are  deduced  from  tb« 
phenomena  of  the  feventy-two  cotiiets,  the  orbits  of  which 
have  been  afcertatned,  and  of  which  a  table  is  added  to  thit 
article* 

It  is  obfervedf  firft«  that  moft  of  the  cotnets  have  their  perU 
iielia  nearly  in  the  fame  region  of  the  heavens  with  thofe  of  tbo 
planets  :  thofe  of  the  latter  are  fituated  between  the  fecond  de« 

Sree  of  Pifces  and  the  feventeenth  of  Virgo :  of  the  comets  hi» 
lerto  difcdveredy  46  have  their  perihelia  nearly  within  the 
jGune'  lia)it8,  pr  between  Aquarius  and  .Virgo.  This  analogy 
induces  M.  Bode  to  think  that  the  greater  number  of  comets 
having  their  perihelia  in  the  northern  figns  is  not  a  fortuitous 
circumftance,  owing  to  our  accidental  advantages  for  oUerving 
Uiem«  It  is  remarkable,  he  tells  us,  that  near  each  pole  of  tjie 
Itiii  only  one  comet  has  its  perihelion ;  whereas  a  ncatec 
number  approach  neareft  to  this  luminary  in  the  figns  <m  Ge« 
mini  and  Scorpio,  which  are  oppofite  to  the  nodes  of  its  equa^ 
tor*  Hence  he  is  tempted  to  conclude  that  the  pofitioo  of  the 
folar  axis  has  fome  influence  with  refpeA  to  the  apprcvximMioa 
of  the  comets,  and  that  this  is  moft  frequently  made  in  a  per* 
pendicular  to  it.  We  leave  thefe  conjedures  to  the  judgTnent 
of  our  readers  ;  to  us  they  appear  highly  vague  and  uncertain  ; 
as,  of  the  comets  which  we  do  know,  26  form  an  except- 
ion to  the  former;  and,  if  the  latter  were  juft,  how  moft  we 
account  for  the  two  perihelia  which  are  near  the  poles  of  the 
fun  ?  befide,  on  looking  into  the  table,  we  find  that,  of  the 
feventy^two  perihelia,  15  fall  in  Leo  and  Aquarius,  and  are 
therefore  not  far  from  the  folar  axis,  7  in  Pifces  and  Virgo^ 
and,  though  there  be  15  in  Gemini  and  Scorpio,  there  are  hot 
lefs  than  16  in  Cancer  and  Capricorn :— but  how  can  we  pre* 
tend  to  form  general  conclufions from  a  very  fmall  mijority  of 
the  few  phenomena  which  we  know,  when  it  is  highly  proba* 
ble  that  there  are  comets  yet  undifcovered,  and  w'aich',.  like 
many  of  thofe  already  known,  ihay  invalidate  our  conjefiures  t 
» Another  circumftance  adduced,  is  the  diftanoe  of  the  eomets 
from  the  fun  in  their  perihelia.  Of  the  72  which  have  beea 
^bferved,.  15  pafs  between  the  Sun  and  Mercury,  32  between 
.  fht  orbits  of  Mercury  and  Venus,  13  between  Vcmus  and  the 
earth,  arid  12  at  a  ftill  greater  diffance.  That  thegreateft 
pi^b^  of  the  known  comets  fliould  have  been  feen  l^tweea 


492    Memmrt.rfiht  Royal.  Jcadmy  of  ScitnciS^  ^c.  ofBirUn. 

the  orbits  oLMercury  and  Venus,  M.  Bode  afcribes  to  their 
being  then  in  the  moft  favourable  afpefl  for  obfervation  ;  for 
he  fcems  inclined  to  adopt  M.Lambirt's  hypoiheiis,  ih.u  the 
nunnber  of  comets  increafes  as  the  fquares  of  the  diftanccs  cf 
their  perihelia  from  the  fun. 

A  third  obfervation  is  that  45  comets  have  their  afccnding 
nodes  between  the  nineteenth  degrees  of  Pifccs  and  Vir^o. 
Forty  comets  are  in  their  perihelia  nearer. to  their  afcenJing 
than  to  their  defcending  nodes:  two  pafs  the  fun  in  their 
nodes  ;  and  thirty  arc  nearer  to  their  defcending  nodes.  We 
are  alfo  reminded  that  the  orbits  of  mort  of  the  comets  form 
much  greater  angles,  than  thofe  of  the  planets,  with  the  eclip- 
tic.  Another  particular  mentioned  is,  that  the  motion  of  38 
comets  is  direft,  and  of  34  retrograde,  with  refpe£^  to  that  of  the 
planets  ;  this  variety,  our  author  obferves,  confutes  the  hypo- 
ihcfis  of  Defcartesy  by  whom  the  Sun  was  fuppofcd  to  be  in  the 
centre  of  a  vortex  of  jctherial  matter.  We  fhall  not  trouble 
our  readers  with  ihe  conje<5turcs  which  M.BoDE  founds  on  thefc 
premifes ;  becnufe,  in  moU  of  them,  he  has/ in  his  oilrn  tahlcf, 
nearly  as  many  phenomena  againib  him,  as  he  can  adduce  in 
his  favour. 

Mem.  V.  Examination   of  an  Analytical  Parcdcx,      By  M. 

TREMBLtY. 

Among  the  various  meihoJs  of  rcfoKing  differential  cqua- 
.iions  by  approximation,  that  cf  fucccllive  fubilituiion  ap|)cafS 
the  molt  obvious  :  but  it  has  ofccn  .been  obfervcd  that  this  me- 
thod introduces  arcs  of  a  circle  into  the  integral,  which  W 
ought  not  to  contain.  Hence  feveraj  mathematicians,  and  par- 
ticularly iM.  De  La  Grange  aiid  M.  De  La  Place  have  endea- 
voured to  re<Slify  this  mode,  which  they  tffciStcd  by  varying  the 
arbitrary  conftant  quantities.  M.  Trembley  thouyhl  il 
might  be  a  ufeful  inquiry  to  examine  the  apparently  faulty  me- 
thod more  clofely,  and  to  fee  whether  a  legitim^ite  foiution 
might  not  be  obtained  by  it.  Accordingly,  he  found  that  this 
method  appears  to  produce  circular  arcs,  becaufe  w  gives  the 
'  iines  and  cofines,  contained  in  the  integral,  under  the  form  0/ 
ferics;  and  indeed  this  form  ncceflarily  refults  fjom  the  method 
itfelf :  but^  as  thefe  fcries  arc  regular  and  may  be  fuinmed  up* 
they  lead  us  direclly  to  imaginary  exponentials,  and  thcrefbie 
to  the  true  integrals,  without  needing  any  re£iification.  I  his 
M«  1  REMBLEY  proves  by  the  foiution  of  feveral  problems* 
taken  from  the  memoirs  of  the  mathematicians  already  men- 
tioned. 

Mem.  VI.  Remarks  on  the  Method  of  Approximation  in  the  h' 
iegration  efdtiffrreJTtial  Equation.     By  theiame^^ 

Mcio* 


Memoirs  of  the  .Royal  Academy  of  Sciences^  i^c.  of  BerKn.    49  j 
Mem.  Vn.  Theory  of  Solids  bounded  by  Plane  Surfaces,     By 

M.  L'HUILLIER. 

Mem.  VIII.  An  elementary  and  dlreSf  Method  of  caUulaUnj[ 
Logarithms.     By  M.  Burja. 

M.  Burja  confiders  all  the  abfoliitc  numbers  as  powers  of 
the  bafc,  which,  in  Briggs's  tables,  is  ic,  and  each  logarithm 
as  an  exponent,  which  indicates  the  power  to  which  the  bafe 
mud  Jbc  raifej  in  order  to. give,  the  abfoluic  number  corref^iond- 
ing  with  it^ 

-    '  Epeculative=  Philosophy. 

Mom.  I.  Comtaratite  Reflexions  on  the  Phafures  and  Pains  of 
L[fey  with  refpcSt  to  their  Number^  their  Frequency^  and  their  Va- 
ritty,     rty  M.  J)e  Beguelim.  '• 

'  In  the  rrtcmoirs  of  this  academy  for  the  year  1766,  M.  Me- 
rian  puhlifhcd  an  eflay  on  the  comparative  duration  and  in- 
trtifily  of  p.'cature  and  pain*,  in  which,  he  made  the  balance 
preponderate  on  the  fide  of  pain  in  both  thefe  refpects.  This 
d^cifion  ^avf  occaiion  to  the  memoir  before  us  ;  which  M,  De 
BTECuifeLiM  introducfs  with  obfcrving  that  W.AIeriaa  ouj^hr 
to  hGv^''pniritc-d  out  in  what  manner  the  melancholy  rcfulc  of 
his  inqfiiry  c&n  be  reconciled  with  the  confolatory  pcrfuafion 
that  we  owe  our  exift?ncc  to  a  Being  of  infinite  goodncfs,  who 
Cercainly  coufd  n"t  intend  that  the  fum  of  evil  flioald  be  greater 
than  that  of  3;ood  to  his  creatures;  he  ought  to  have  {he  wn 
thnr,  notwithffanding  this  preponderance  of  pain,  Providence 
d&figns  for  us,  and,  wlifn  we  are  wife  enough  to  accept  of  i^ 
really  confers  on  us,  a  much  greater  fjm  of  good  than  of  evil^ 
of  agreeable  thnn  of  d^'agrceablc  fenfations. 

Ic  is  juftly  obfervcd  by  M.  De  Beguelin  that  neither  groat 
plcafur<!5,  nor  grcnt  pains,  cunftitatc  the  habitual  ftate  of  man, 
but  are  very  thinly  fown  in  the  path  of  human  life.  How 
many  individub'ls  arc-  there  who  have  ne-zcr  eScperienced  either  ! 
The  habitual  fijte  of  nrm  isthat  of  fimple  well-being;  which; 
when  a  little  heightened,  becomes  plcafurc,  and,"  when,  a 
little  abated,  is  nullity  of  fenfation,  or  the  ftiiddle  term  of  the 
Tcale^  of  which  pleafing  fenfations  occupy  the  ortfe,  and  painful 
kenfaiions  ihc"  oihor,  RJe.  By  nullity  of  fenfation,  however, 
the  academician  does  not  mean  a  (tate  of  pcrfe£l  indifference ; 
for  this  would  be  incompatible  with  the  nature  of  man.  Frorn 
'a  ftatc  of  priin,  whatever  be  its  degree,  ^11  wilh  to  be  delFvcrcd  s 
yet  it  is  obfeiv.thle  rhar,  among  a  hundred  thoufand  perfons, 
tcarcely  one  can  be  found  who  rufhcs  out  of  life  in  order  to 
^et  rid  of  his  fufferings ;  and,  in  this   cafe,  it  fs  generally 

-       -  -  -      ^      -     *- 
,.  •   Se^*  Review,  vol.  xliv,  page  54.7. 


494   MmmrfthiR9fdJkMdmj9fSdgHaHfsf€r9fBiirJbL 

doubted  whether  he  had  at  that  momeDt  ^  entirt  nfe  of  his 
reafon : — whence  M.  Ds  Begubuit  concludes  tfiat  even  the 
moft  punful  circumftancea  are  not  onaccompanted  with  Iobc 
perceptions  of  good. 

It  is  becaiife  well-being  is  the  habitual  ftate  of  man,  dM 
pleafures  appear  to  us  left  Uvel v  than  pains  of  equal  intenfily  | 
vand  that  the  durations  of  pkaiure,  and  of  pain,  though  equal 
with  refped  to  abfidute  time,  fecoi  very  unequal  whn  con- 
paied*  We  confider  as  plcafure^onlv  that  degree  of  gO|odifhich 


is  pcfuepiibhr  greater  than  esur  haMnwl  ftate  of  wdl-beii^  % 
whereas  we  indude  Under  <he  appellation  of  paifi«  crer^  ftaii^ 
in  which  our  habitual  well-being  lofes  any  thing  of  its  in* 
tenfity. 

After  AeTe  pre^irtiinary  oMenratibns,  the  ingeniop  author 
mentious  two  queftions  which,  though  diSddt  to  aufwer  with 
precifion,  are  hiahly  interefting.  In  the  conunou  courfe,  and 
umMg  the  feYeral  clafles,  of  Human  liie,  is  the  ntaaiherof  pauis 
|;reater  or  left  than  that  of  pleafuref^  fuppofing  the  iaeeifiqr  of 
each  to  be  neatly  equal  i  Of  the  clafs  of  pains,  and  tfaaiuf 
pleafures,  which  contains  the  greater  number  of  genera  and 
fpecies  ?  Without  prefuming  to  decide  on  thefe  quflKuus,  the 
author  believes  that^  if  they  couM  be  accurately  invuffigated, 
the  ifTue  of  both  would  be  on  (he  fide  of  pleafure  ;  elfKciaDf 
if  they  were  confined  to  thofe  pleafures  and  pains  which  we  dr« 
rive  from  nature.  In  fupport  of  this  opinion,  be  obferves 
4liat  the  former  are  friendly,  and  the  latter  inimical,  to  the 
fhyfical  conftitution  of  fentient  beings ;  and  this  leads  him,  (vc 
think,  Juftly,}  to  fuppofe  that  infinite  goodnefs  has  ftrewcd  ^ 
puth  of  life  with  a  much  greater  numb<:r  of  pleafures  than  ef 
pains,  and  has  given  us  a  much  greater  diverfity  of  the  former 
than  of  the  latter.  The  fupreoie  Being  has  made  us  fulcept* 
ible  of  feveral  dtfierent  fenfiitions  at  the  fame  timej  wEich,  by 
their  heterogeneity*  frequently  weaken  the  contihueiimprcffion 
of  pain.  Time  and  employment  are  known,  to  heal  the  deepeft 
wounds  of  afflidioo ;  and  even  the  moft  wretchol  find  relief 
from  converfing  on  the  circumftances  of  their  diftrefr.  b 
fliort,  it  is  u  OMiftant  law  of  nature^  which  is  nothing  more 
than  the  primitive  reguUtton  of  the  Creator,  diat  there  iliouM 
be  an  unremitting  tendency  to  (be  prefervatkm  of  beings  in  g^« 
oeral,  and  to  repair  whatever  injuries  they  may  rrceive  Iroo^ 
fereigMaufes  :  but  can  this  law  be  (aid  to  aS  withicfpect  t^ 
OMinkind,  if  the  number  of  their  pains  exceed  that  of  theii: 
fleafuiusf 

-  In  oidir  to  fet  this  argument  in  a^ftrongerjight^.  M.  p^ 
]|l9Vi|M«  takes  a  more  particular  view  of  tbbic  ^fiiig  fen:*' 

2  fiitioBS 


ASimoks  •/  the  Styal  Acainny  §/  Scitmts^  tie.  of  tirSn.    495 

fattons  which  enter  into  the  habitual  ftate  oF  moft  .nieii :  thefe 
arife  from  a  confcioufnefs  of  exificnce,— the  enjoyment,  if  not 
of  perfeA,  yet  of  tolerable,  health, — the  alternate  fuccelEoa  of 
aAioh  and  reft,— the  gratification  of  the  appetites  of  natures,-— 
curiofity, — the  attachments  prompted  by  intereft,— the  relations 
and^  alFedtions  of  focial  life,-— the  defire  of  acquiring  aii4  of 
communicating  knowIege« — a  variety  of  occupations  and  can- 
fififymentp,  whether  of  bufinefs  or  of.araufementt  whidi  C9fr- 
^rcife  iXiA'  ^mprove  the  faculties  both  of  body  and  nEiind^  to* 
gcther  wiA  a  confcioufners  of  di£5iculties  overcome,  and  of 
ll«tii;s  performed,'  Sind  laftly,  hope,  which  anticipates  futiue 
enjoyment.  All  thefe  fources  of  pleafure  are  iiuimately  coo- 
Jii^ed  with*  Our  nature,  and  are  common  to  the  greateft  |Mirt 
of  mankind  in  every. period  and, condition  of  life.  Qur  author 
has  not  tnentiooed  fadrcious  enjoyments,  becaufci  with  thcfe 
be  ihuA  have' cbn'tfift^  fa^Slitious  privations,  which  probaUjr 
^l^ceed  thejn  in  number  3  nor  would.it  be  fair  to  place  thai 
MfioA  or  that  evil,  which  derives  its  exiftehce  fdely  frotn  the 
irre^j^ufan^ty  6f  the  imagination,  in  the  fame  clafs  with  the  plea* 
i&rf^s  and'pains'allotted  to  us  by  the  condition  of  our  nature. 
"^^PerRafivit  may  be  a^ecf,  if  our  pleafures  be  realljrmore  nt|- 
Mero&s.'/th'an  Qur  pains,  why  are  there  fo  few  who  would  h% 
WOlim* to  recommence  the  caroer  of  iife  through  which  they 
btve  nready  pafled  ?  The  academician  anfwers  this  obje&ioiiy 
by  obfei^i/ig  'thak  thtf  a^ivity  of  the  human  mind  is  fuch  aa  to 
re<|uife  a  continual  fucceffipn  of  new  ideas ;  and  that  natura 
bas  implanted  in  us  a  conftant  tendency  to  new  ibites  of  beings 
each  offfkring  .from  the  preceding,  and  which  gradtuJIy  lifa4 
to  that  pc'rfea ton,  whicK  6nite  Beings  cannot  ^tuin  at.oaoc^ 
We  a^  formed,  not  for  a  ftationary  coh()ition,  not  ta  recom« 
ttieiioech^  cirtumftances  through  which  we  have  already  paflbd^ 
but  'fd  be  conflfantly  advancing  in  our  career  toward  oew  and 
higher  mbdes  of  exiftcnce.  Another  caufe  is,  that  the.€padi« 
fion  ftippbfed,  in  the  notion  of  recomoieojcing  our  life,  is  fibat 
dl  the  circumftancesg  through  which  we.muft  paft,  aie.alft 
ready  known  to  us.  Hence  neither  curlolity  is  iaterefied,  «ar 
bopc  excited :  no  new  objeAs  can  be  attained;  not.  have  we  (bif- 
ItUertj  of  preventing  or  of  avoiding  the  pains  througb  wbicb. 
we'know  that  we  muff  pafs :  hence  the  ocpcriencc,  the  knosr^r 
lege^  andthe  abilities,  which  we  have  acquired,  would-be  left 
dliW;'ahd  we  could  have  no  other  profpe^  than  that  of  jj^eing^ 
.ift  the'endf  of  our  fecond  exiftence,  exadly  at  tBe  fame  poiot  finn- 
vHiich  we  had  fet  out.  Remove  this  condiuon ;  and  BgfttMa- 
would  b^  glad,  for  the  ft|ce  of  avoiding  death,xo  recQiBiqfPi9B  aUR^i 
ej^iialiy^  or  trven'  lefS|^  advantageous  in  B^'mt  S^'j^^^BP^Pf^ JlM' 


496  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  SeienciSy  i^c.  of  Berlin, 
ih'jit  which  they  have  experienced.  From  this  numhcr  our 
author  di)es  not  except  thole  prtiendcd  philofophers,  who  limit 
cxiftence  to  the  prct'ent  ible  ;  who  are  coiitinually  complaining 
of  the  miferies  of  life,  and  yet  have  not  the  courage  to  put  an 
end  to  it. — As  to  thole  whom  reafon  and  religion  infpire  with 
a  weil-foundcd  hope  of  a  future  cxiftence,  and  of  a  continued 
progrefs  toward  perfe£iion»  though  they  have  as  lively  a  fcnfe 
as  others  of  the  pleafures  of  this  life,  which  they  conuder  as  a 
natural  preparation  for  a  future  ftate,  they  would  never  be  de- 
firous  to  recommence  their  career  ;  which,  whatever  pleafures 
it  might  afford,  would  only  retard  their  advancement  toward  that 
perfect  ftate,  for  which  they  know  they  are  deftincd^ 

Mem.  II.     Reflexions  on  the  State  of  Nature.     By  M.  An- 
CILLON. 

.  This  memoir  is  intended  to  refute  RouJfeaii%  reprcfcntation 
of  the  original  (liiie  of  mankind  :  but  it  is  a  dry  and  prolix 
<)ircuffion  of  a  trite  fuljcdl,  and  is  very  deficient  both  in  prr- 
ipicuity  and  elergance. 

yitm.WS..  Inquiry  hitc  Human  Lihcrty,  By  iM.De  Castiilov. 

The  author  of  this  ioquiiy  is  of  opinion  that  human  liberty 
is  one  of  thofe  fubjecls  concerning  which  philofophers   ought 
never  to  have  publifh^^d  their  doul^ts ;  becaufe,  by  den)ingits 
exigence,  much  m:ty  be  lo(t,  and  nothing  can  be  gained  :  but 
when  the  difcuflion  has  been  flailed,  the  fame  reafons,  whic.i 
Ibould  have  prevented  it,  renJcr  ii  prudent  to  make  the  q^ieflion 
at   clear    and    perfpicuuus    as    pollible.     Of  the    former  of 
thefe  obfervations  we   caiumt  approve  ;  and  though  we  might 
haveexpedied  it  from  an  orthodox  diviiic^  or  a  courtiv  politician, 
we  are  aftonifhed  to  meet  vvitii  it  in.  the  writings  of  a  philofo- 
pher.     Free  and   impartial    inquiry  is  the  only  way  chat  leads 
to  the  difcovery  of  truiii  ;  which  may  indeed  fome times  ibwart 
the  defigns  of  princes  and  pric-rts:  but»  to  fuppofe  it  prejuijicul 
to  the  virtue  and  hnppinci?  oi  niiir.kiiid,  is  to  qucflion  ihe  wil- 
dom  and  good nefs  of  Frovidcni:e.     It  has  always  been  found 
that  fcepticifm    flouriihcs   nioU,    when  compelled    to  (brink 
from  the  public  eye  ;  for,  when  openly  profofled,  its  iiiuoipb 
can  feldom  be  of  gieat  exte:it,  cr  of  long  duration  ^  it  mull 
foon  give  way  to   the  diclatcs  of  reafon  and  common  fcnlc 
Metaphyfical  opinions,  however,  whether  in  philosophy  or  re- 
ligion} arc  merely  fpeculativc  ;  tliey  afic£i  not  the  nior4l  con- 
duA  of  mankind  ;  and  moll  ct  the  :ibleil  advocate^  for  oeceifttj 
are  not  lefs  refpcdable  for  their  regard  to  virtue,  bolh  in  prin- 
ciple and  prafiicc,  than  the  mofl  fircnuous  iiileiiors  uf  huuian 
liberty. 
— '  M.De 


Mimdlrs  of  the  R$jal  Academy  of  Sciences y  bfc.  of  Berlin.    497 

M.  De  Castillon  thinks  that  the  bcft  way  of  removing 
the  difScultits  attending  this  queflion,  is  to  give  a  clear  and 
diftinfi  determination  of  the  ideas  vrhich  ought  to  be  connefted 
with  the  term   LiSerty.     After  obfervinc»  that  I;bcrty  fuppofes 
the   faculty   of  chufmg,  he  divides  it,  fuft,  into  abfolutc  and 
relative,  and  then   into  aiSlive  and  paflive.     A   man,    for  in- 
ftance,  who  i^  perfedHy  indifferent  whether  he  be  virtuous  or 
ificiou5,  and  is  free  from  all  relVaint,  has  the  a-^iive  faculty  of 
chufing,  CT^  perhaps,  the  fr.culty  of  a(51ually  chufing,    either 
morai   good  or  evil  :   but  cnHu"  him  wirh  the  love  01    virtue^ 
and   he  will   no  longer   have  ihe  adtivc,  butonlv  the  paflivej 
faculty  of  chufing  ;  'that  i?,  her   will   be  prevented  from  exer* 
cifing   this  faculty,  thcutih    he  be  not   deprived    of  it.      This 
definition  is  a  fufficient  proof  that  the  whole  is  a  difpute  rather 
concerning   words  than  things,   and   that    the  chief  caufe  of 
difFerence  betwttcn  the  oppofite  parties  arifes  from  their  uHng 
different  words  to  exprefs  :he  fame  ideas,  and  cxprcffing  dlfFer- 
cnt  ideas  by  the  fame   tcrin^  ;  for   what  our  author  calls  thef 
pajpve  faculty  of  chufmg  is  not  yjf^ry  dlflant  from  what  fome  un- 
dcntand    by   ncceflity.     M.  De  Castillon,    however,    docs 
not  keep  this  diftin<^ion  in  view  in  his  iurvey  of  moral  liberty, 
in  defence  of  which  he  adduces  the  common  -aw^  popular  argu<* 
ments  ;  among  the  o^jedh  of  ch<'ice,  he  includes  the  motives 
by  which   we  are,  or  may  be,  determined  ;  fo  that,  however 
powerful  may  be  the  motives  to  any  given  adtion,  we  have 
ftill  the  active  faculty  of  chufing  and  adopting  weaker  motives 
in  oppofition  to  them,  or  even  of  acting  without  any  motive. 
Nor  is  this  liberty  of  indifference,  we  are  told,  contrary  to  the 
fyftem  of  Leibnitz  ;  for,   in  this  cafe,  the  faculty  o^  chufing^ 
and  the  opportunity  of  exerting  it,  conftitutf  the  fuffcient  rea^ 
Jin  for  the  aiSlion  of  the  faculties,  and  this  cannot  a<S  without 
making  a  choice  ;  fo  that   to  fay  /  w/V/,    hecaufe   I  willy    is 
only  afierting  1  wilU  hecaufe  I  have  the  faculty  of  willing.     We 
cannot  help   thinking  that   there   is   fome  inconfiltency  in  our 
author's  reprefeniing  the  liberty  of  indifference  as  an  aSfive 
faculty  of  chufing  to  ad  contrary  to  motives,  when  he  had 
before  affertcd   that  habits,  either  of  virtue  or  of  vice,  deprive 
man  of  the  adlive,  and  leave  him  only  the  paflive,  faculty  of 
chufing.     On   the  whole,  we  cannot  praife  this  memoir  as  a 
very  fatisfaftory  difcufTion  of  the  fubjeft.     One  of  the  beft  thar 
wc  have  ever  feen,  is  a  differtation  by  the  Rev,  Dr.  Maclaine 
of  the  Hague,   to   which  a   medal  was  awarded  by  Teyler*s 
.Theological  Society,  and  of  which  the  reader  will  find  an  ac- 
count in  the  Appendix  to  the  feventieih  volume  of  our  Review.. 

Mem.  IV.     An   Elementary   Treatife  on  M^als*      By  M. 
FoKMEY. 
App,  Rlv.  Vol.  xi.  Mm  T\{t% 


fimnrs  of  thi  Ri^yal  AcaJimy  of  Sdinui^  ^c,  $f  Bir%n* 

worthy  fecrctary,  after  giving  us  a  great  deal  of  frnaH 

pyt  demacncy,  ariftocrscyj  and  dcfpoufm,  and  enter* 

us  whh  varlo  js  anecdotes  uf  m<:*nkcys^  ourang-outangf, 

bcifi  of  Gevaiid^n,   nobks,  kings,    and   empreffeSi 

ts  (hAt  he  has  wandered  a  Iitdc  from  his  fubje£t :  but  he 

tes  other  excurfions  not  lefs  extenfive  than  the  firfl,  and 

,  concludes  thai  anarbitr&fj  and  unUmlud  monarchy  it  thi 

cf  go^ifnmint^     As  this  conclufion  ts  not  a  legitimate 

from   the  author's  premifes»  the  reafon  of  it  is  ob- 

-Cuch  is  the  govern njent  of  Pru0ia.     We   arc  really 

fee  one,  whofe  age  and  ulents  we  were  difpofed  to  vc- 

tbus  dtgrade  himfclf.     Of  England,  he  fays^  that  its 

are  defpiffdj  only  becaufe  they  have  not  legions  it  com- 

but  ihac  fince  the  acccfiion  of  the  houfe  of  Hanover, 

liility  of  their   parliaments  has  enabled   them   to  fei^n. 

ink  M.FoRMEV  would  have  confuked  his  reputation,  if» 

J  of  committing  this  ft  range  heterogeneous  medley  to  ^ 

|he  had  attended  to  the  advice  of  Horace: 

P^ccef  aJ  (Xltimum  nJenJast  it  ilia  di.caim  -r^^"^ 

.  V,  Ojj  ths  Reality  and  Ideality  of  the  ObjiBs  ef  mr 
vge.     By  M,  Sells. 
le  the  ohjecls,  which   we  confldfer  as  really  extfting.  In 

m1  objective  ^x^n^n^e^  independent  of  our  mode  of  per- 


Memoirs  ofihi  Royal  Academy  ofSacnaSy  ^c.  of  Berlin.    499 

we  had  not  expc£lcd  among  the  memoirs  of  an  academy  of  fci« 
enccs.  Like  nnoft  other  alTcmblages  of  the  fame  kind,  it  is  a 
mifccllany  with  rcfped  to  quality  as  well  as  Co  matter  ;  con- 
lifting  of  good,  bad,  and  indifferent  ftorics,  which  have  very 
little  connection  with  each  other.  Among  inftances  of  the 
ienorance  or  inattention  of  authors,  the  cclltjluV  lucnciuns 
Racings  geographical  error  in  the  following  pafl'igc  : 

Doutesn  'UQM  que  PEuxin  ne  me  parte  en  deux  jours 

Aitx  lieux  ou  le  Dauubey  *voit  Jimr  fut  cours? 

MiTHRlDATE,    Aclc  I.  Sc.   I. 

Nor  did  Boileau  difplay  greater  knowlege  of  aftronomy, 
when  he  defcribed  a  philosopher  making  ufe  of  an  aftrolabe,  in 
order  to  determine  whether  the  fun  revolves  on  its  axis. 
That  the  celebrated  Salmajius^  in  a  work  printed  at  Leyden, 
reprefented  our  Saviour  as  born  at  Jerufalem,  muft  be  afchbed 
to  inattention  rather  than  to  ignorance. 

A  tranflation  of  Caefar's  Commentaries  by  Lewis  XIV. 
was  publifhed  in  1651,  on  which  account  this  monarch  it 
ranked  among  the  learned  ;  the  juftice  of  his  claim  may  be 
determined  by  his  aflcing  Cardinal  Fleury^  after  hearing  the 
word  quemadmodum  repeated  feveral  times  in  a  motet  which  was 
performed  before  him,  who  this  Prince  ^emadmodum  was  ? 

We  are  told  that  Derflinger^  a  celebrated  German  general^ 
feeing  the  word  raptim  at  the  bottom  of  a  military  report,  ex- 
amined all  the  maps  which  he  could  collect,  in  order  to  find 
where  Rapthn  was  fituated  ^  aad  that,  being  informed  that  the 
march  of  the  army  was  impeded  by  a  defile,  he  gave  orders 
that  the  defile  fhould  be  put  to  tht:  fword.  This,  and  fome 
other  ftories  here  repeated,  fmell  ratber  too  ftrongly  of  Joe 
Miller. 

A  multitude  of  blundering  trandations  are  here  recorded, 
arifing  from  the  want  of  a  compktc  knowlege  either  of  the 
language  or  of  the  fubj^cl  of  the  oiiginal  :  but  it  would  be 
difficult  to  give  our  readers  an  idea  of  thefe  errors;  which, 
though  fufficiently  ridiculous  as  they  are  here  told,  would  lofe 
all  their  humour  by  being  related  in  another  language  :  bcfidc, 
nothing  cloys  {o  foon  as  a  feries  of  unconnected  ftories, 

Mem.  ilL  On  the  third  Year  of  the  Reigif  of  Frederic  JVil^ 
Tiam  II,     By  Count  Hertzberg. 

We  cannot  help  fmiling  at  the  various  means  by  which 
courtly  parafites  endeavour  co  rccomniend  themfelves  to  their 
governors.  The  worthy  fecrctary  of  the  academy,  we  have 
feen,  has  taken  the  diiecl  road  ;  and,  without  giving  himfelf 
any  troubls:  concerning  the  opinions  of  mankind,  has  bloldly 
afterted  a  propotition,  which,  to  a  royal  ear  inuft  be  peculiarly 

M  m  2  grattful. 


\ai  an  arbitrary  untlmlud  tmnarchy  ij  thi  htfl  firm  &f 

Count  HiRT2BERG  fccms  to  have  a  greaicr  re- 

reputation  ;  md,  not  daring  to  inAilt  mankind 

Ipablc  an   abfurdity,  labours  to  prove  that  the  Pruf- 

\chf  is  not  arbitrary™     This  worthy  flacefman^  how- 

1  piece   cf  fophiftry  very  common  among  courtiers, 

two    things   which,    in   the   confideration    of  this 

lught  to  be  kept  entirely  dfftin£t ;  the  con  fl  I  tut  ion  of 

U,  and  the  actual  admiitiil ration  of  it.     The  flightcil 

|ce  with   political  hi  (lory  will  ;ifford  fufficient  proof 

of  thele  may  be  very  good,  while  the  other  may  be 

do  not  mean   to  charge  the  King  of  Pruflia  wirh 

^rant,  nor  to  con  trad  i(&  the  many  flattering  conr>pH- 

fch  are  paid   to    him  by   the    Count:  but  when  we 

that  th  It'^iJlMivf  nnd  iMuutlvt  pinvtn  antrr   in  ilt 

md  an  ixtrcijid  ky  kim  akm^  we  can  have   do  other 

tl^t    Prurtia    is  an  arbiErary  unbmitcd    monarchy. 

;iRg  may  divis^c  and  delegate  thcfe  powers  among  in- 

Irts  and  oSccrs,  is  nothing  to  the  purpofe  ;  becaure 

regulalionSj  however  wife  and  good,  he  may  rev^ote 

|e.     We  will  allow  that,  under  a  good  prince,  \*ho 

biifinefsj  and  h  well  ferveJ,  the  evils  reruUing  from 

Iry  form  of  government  will  be  greatly  diminiflied  : 

liot  in  the  puwcr  even  of  the  beft  monarch  to  prevent 

p,iul  tyrar.tiic-il  conJuilt  of  thofe  lo  wh<jrn  he  is 

-let::*te   h:s  author) [y.     It  may  be  rupp^XcJ  that^ 


Oumbar'f  View  of  the  Con/fitution  of  America^  tic*    501 

Mem.  IV.  On  the  fourth  Year  of  the  Reign  of  Frederic  WiU 
liam  IL     By  the  fame. 

More  anecdotes  of  the  king„  not  lefs  important  than  thofe 
of  the  preceding  year,  intcrfperfcd  with  proper  notes  of  admira- 
tion !  To  ihcfc  is  added  a  declamaiioii  in  favour  of  hereditary 
nobility,  which  we  greatly  praife  for  its  brevity. 

Mem.  V.  On  Revolutions y  External ^  Internal^  and  Religious. 
By  the  fame. 

Count  HfiRTZBERO  may  fay  to  the  King  of  Pruf&a,  as  a 
more  elegant  flatterer  of  antiquity  did  to  his  patron,  J  te  prin* 
cipium^  tibi  definet  \  for  this  fuperficial  declamation  on  revolu- 
tions is  intended  only  to  introduce  an  aflertion,  (which,  by  the 
way,  is  totally  void  of  proofs)  that  the  Kings  of  Pruffia,  andT 
cfpecially  the  prefent,  have  contributed  more  than  any  other 
monarchs,  to  preferve  the  general  tranquillity  of  Europe.  On 
this  head  we  muft  fufpend  our  opinion,  till  we  fee  the  refult  of 
his  majefty's  generous  efforts  to  give  tranquillity  to  Poland. 

Mem.  VI.  On  the  Hijlory  of  Brandenburg  during  the  Middle 
Age%^  and  the  Ufe  of  Coins  and  Medals  in  illu/lrating  it.    By  M. 

MOBHSEN. 

Amid  the  fcarcity  of  good  materials  for  compoHng  a  hiftorjf 
of  Brandenburg,  during  thrdark  ages,  this  academician  recom- 
mends an  attention  to  the  coins  of  thofe  times,  and  gives 
fome  directions  for  diflinguifhihg  them. 

Such  are  the  contents  of  this  volume,  which  do  not  give  us 
very  high  ideas  of  the  academy  of  Berlin  in  its  prcfent  ftate^ 
The  poverty  of  its  publications  may  admit  of  fome  excufe  ;  for 
where  little  is  performed,  much  cannot  be  communicated  :  but 
fome  of  the  phyfical  memoirs  fill  us  with  aftoniftiment.  When 
we  perufed  the  papers  by  M.  Silberschlag  and  M.  Achard, 
we  were  at  a  lofs  to  comprehend  how  it  could  happen  that  a 
fociety  of  men,  who  call  themfelves  philofophers,  could  hear 
thefe  articles  read,  without  noticing  their  palpable  abfurdity^ 
and  could  afterward  fuffer  them  to  difgrace  the  publications  of 
the  academy.  From  this  and  other  circumllanccs  in  the  vo- 
lume before  us,  we  were  inclined  to  fufpeft  that  many  of  thcfc 
gentlemen  belonged  to  the  fc<£l  of  the  Gnaihonics. 

Art.  II.  De  Oude  en  yieuzve  Conftitutie^  ^c.  i.  e.  A  View  of  the 
Old  and  New  Conllitution  of  t:.c;  United  States  of  America.  By 
Gerh;\rd  Dumbar,  LL.  D.  Member  of  the  Philofophical 
Society  at  Utrecht.    Vol.  I.    8vo.  260  pages.   Amfterdata.  \1^V 

AMID  the  variety  of  political  fubje£ls,  to  wW\c\\  iVv^  cucutsk- 
Hanccs  of  the  prcknt  times  have  caWcd  vYit  ^ueuvvotv  cA 
M  m  ^  m^tJfcvW 


I 


iDumbarV  Htw  &f  th  Old  and  AW  Cmjlltutlm 

vtfc  wonder  that  the  nrcrits  of  the  government  uf  the 
States  of  America  have  not  been  nioic  accurately  dif* 
U  Ki*ropeart  wnier*-     It  wis  thi^  rcpuUic  which  athi- 
firil  iti!^3ncc»  in  ibc  prcfcnt  centwrj',,  of  whiit  could 
kd  by  a  ptnpW  uhti  were  rcfulwcd  to  be  fire  j  asid  wbo^ 
fucccr^,  cricouur^td  oihcis  to  a.tcmp:  lo  fiiakc  yffthc 
which  they  ft k  ihrmklvcs   frppftfled  ;   h^n  d^y  en- 
ivaniages  of  which  thr  nAtioii^f*f  I  a  rope  were  dcftitutr. 
lad  long  been  aceuiltjrTicd  tn  live  unfjrr  a  popular  go- 
In  r,    and   hiiil    been  edue^^icd   an^id   ihe   cnjr^ymcni   rf 
both  civil  an<i  political  5    to  tKrmt  ihcTetntc,  litctty 
k  a  ftrarger  knawii  only  by  difliini  report^  with  m\%At 
they  were  not  (uiBeichily  arqiuirired  to  difiinguifli  htt 
be  impostor  licenitoufhefs^  thiit  lo  often  altume^  her  jiatic 
luntcrfeits    her  pretenfions.      Their  manners  wctc  not 
ed  by  the  contagious  example  of  thofe  licentious  cctutts, 
confider  religion  onlv  as  a  political  machine  to  keep  ihc 
in   fubjedtion,  and  force  on  ihcm  an  unifcrm  prnfeffiun 
while  'government  itfcJf  may  violate  every  Qbligation 
lality,     1  he  ]caloufy  and  ambition  of  princes,  inlieid  tf 
|i^   aL^ainft   it>f   Hnvcrican*ij  was,  by  a   concurrci^ce  of 
ancc$,  directed  jgatnlt  the  power  wiih  which  thty  were 


»fthi  United  States  of  America •  503 

vitxt  not  fettered  by  that  intimate  political  conne£iion  with 
foreign  princes,  which  is  always  dangerous  to  the  indepen- 
dence of  republics.  An  attentive  view,  fays  our  author,  of  the 
hiftory  of  the  American  revolution  will  point  out  the  caufes 
why  that  of  France  has  not  been  attended  with  more  falutary 
confequences.  This  confideration  led  him  to  take  a  furvey  of 
the  circumf^ances  of  the  American  proceedings,  long  before 
the  prefent  alliance  among  the  powers  of  Europe  had  taken 
place  in  order  to  crufb  the  French  republic. 

The  volume  before  us  is  employed  in  a  very  impartial  reviemr 
of  what  Dr.  Dumbar  calls  the  old  conftitution  of  the  Ame- 
rican'ftates;  by  which  he  means  the  thirteen  articles  of  con- 
federation, fettled  in  congrefs  on  the  17th  of  November 
X777.  This  furvey  is  introduced  by  a  concife  account  of  the 
rife  of  the  war,  and  of  the  events  preceding  the  formation  of 
the  union :  which  is  followed  by  a  trandation  of  the  articles  of 
confederation.  In  his  remarks  on  them.  Dr.  Dumbar  derives 
his  information  from  the  dcbatt-s  of  congrefs,  and  from  the 
fpeeches  and  writings  of  fon.f  charaflers  of  America,  diftin- 
guiflied  for  political  wtfvlom  and  integrity ;  among  thefe. 
General  Wafhington  and  Dr.  Franklin  juflly  claim  the  pre* 
eminence. 

The  chief  faults  in  thcfe  articles  had  their  fource  in  that 
jealoufy  of  power,  which  generally  prevails  among  a  people 
who  have  fliaken  ofF  what  ihcy  conceived  to  be  an  oppreflive 
yoke,  and  have  fuccefsfiilly  aiflerted  their  liberties.  ii^ving 
long  been  accuftomcd  to  fee  authority  and  oppre/Hon  united, 
they  find  it  dffficiilt  to  difringuifti  two  ideas  which  they  have 
acquired  a  habit  of  arioci:iti;.g.  They  con fefs  the  ncccdity  of 
laws  to  reftrain  licentioufners  as  v/el!  as  to  regulate  the  proceed- 
ings of  government :  but  ihcy  are  apt  to  look  with  averfion  oa 
thofe  who  are  appointed  to  execute  them,  as  men  who  wi(h  to 
elevate  themfclves  above  the  level  of  their  fcllow-citizens,  and 
to  acquire  a  power  independent  of  them.  They  forget  that^ 
in  a  republic,  the  magiftrate,  of  whom  they  are  thus  fufpicious, 
holds  his  power  only  for  a  fhort  period  ;  that  when  this  is  ex- 
pired, he  muft  retire  to  the  ftation  of  a  private  citizen  ;  and, 
if  he  has  laid  any  burthen  on  the  community,  mult  afterward 
bear  his  portion  of  it.  It  muft  however  be  acknowleged  that 
fome  degree  of  this  jealoufy  is  not  more  natural  to  repub- 
licans, than  it  is  neceffary  to  prevent  their  government  from 
degenerating  into  an  ariftocracy  :  but  when  it  is  carried  fo  far 
as  to  deprive  the  executive  power  of  that  vigour  which  is  re- 
quidte  to  enforce  the  laws,  and  to  maintain  the  conftitucioD^ 
it  is  pregnant  with  ruin  to  thofe  liberties  which  it  profefles  10 
guard. 

M  m  4  '^^ 


504        Dumbar'j  Vl^o  of  the  Old  and  New  Con/Htution 

The  grand  vice  of  the  American  union  was  that  which  has 
generally  attended  federate  governments,  the  want   of  a  fuffi- 
cienr  fan«9ion  to  its  laws,  or  of  power  to  compel  the  feveral 
members  of  it  to  comply  with  the  conditions  under  which  they 
were  united.     In  order  to  (hew  the  evil  confequences  ot  this 
fault,  our  author  epters  into  a  concife  buc  judicious   hiftorical 
▼iew  of  its  efiedls  in  other  inftances  of  federal  union.     In  this 
light  he  jutlly  confiders  the  feudal  ntonarchies,  in  which  the 
king,  or  liege  lord,  was  little  more  than  the  prefident  of  a«con« 
federacy  of  petty  fovereigns,  each  of  whom  had  a  fupreme  au- 
thority within  his  own  territory  ;  hence  they  were  frequently 
engaged  in  wars,  not  only  with  each  cthtr,  but  alfo  with  their 
king,  who  had  no  other  means  of  redAring  them  to  obedience, 
than  the  precarious  expedients  of  violence,  in   which  it  was 
impoflible  always  to  command  fucccl's  :  htnce  the  kingdoms  of 
Europe  were  at  that  time  continually  involved  in  inteiline  and 
civil  wars.     The  effects  of  this  vice  arc  alio  traced  in  a  furvey 
of  the  Amphyflionic  and   Achaian  leagues  of  antient  Greece, 
and  in  an  account  of  the  Ciermanic  body  ;   which  ti)e  Dodor 
juftly  obfcrves  wouki  long  fince  have  been  diflolved,   hiJ  ic  not 
been  for  the  vaft  power  and  iuflut^nce  which  the  Emperors  of 
the  Houfe  of  Auftria  derive  from  their  hjrcciitary  tcrriorics. — 
The  Helvetic  league,   though  often   meiuiuned  as   .in  iiiil?.ncc 
of  the   permanence   of  federal    fiates,    is,     in    Dr.  Dumbar's 
opinion,  equally  faulty.       The  CanK^ns,  he  oblcrvcs,  have  no 
common  treafury,  no  common  army,  even  in  time  of  war,  no 
common  court  of  juftice,  nor  any  one  character  of  federal  go- 
vernment:  rht-y   are   kept   together   bv  the  particular   ci  cum- 
flances  of  their  fituaiion  ;   by  ihc  conrciouinefs  which  cch  has 
of  its  weaknefs  as  an  individual  frate;   by  the  dicad  of  power- 
ful neighbours,  to  one  of  whon^  they  were*  once  tnlltivcd;  and 
by  other  confideralioiis  of  a  fimiiar  jiatuie.    VV'h.»tever  gocd  ef- 
feds  this  lea<^ue  may  have  had  i.i  common  events,  it  has  al- 
\vays  been  found  impotent  in  difi'-rcnccs  of  greater  importance. 
Difpuics   concerning   religion   have  three  times  occafiuned  the 
moft   violent  and  bloody  quarrels,  and  may  be  faid  to  nave  in 
fail  diflblved  ti.cir  union  ;  for  the  Romifh  cantons  have  lince 
l;eld  their  afa-niblies  feparately  from  the  proicilants,  and  very 
little  buGnefs  is  tranfadted  in  the  general  diet.     A  view  or   the 
United  Provinces  concludes  this  chapter,  and   is  introduced  by 
the  author  to  confirm   the   inference  drawn  fiom   the  whoic, 
that  a  fovereignry  over  fovereignties,  a  legjflarion   to  ftates, 
which  does  not  extend  to  the  individuals  of  each  (iate,   is  not 
only  a  political  abfurdity,  but  is  adtualiy  inconliltcni  Wiih  order 
and  the  ubjecSls  of  civil  government,  by  its  tendency  to  luhilitute 
violence  in  the  pUcc  oV  Wmi^  2i\\d  \h^  deClcudivc  ccmpuUioo  of 
fbc  (wotd  foif  tt\^  n\v\^  \ud  fa\\xvw>j  ^;QW\ftVk,Q>\  ^%  laa.'^^^ue. 


9fihi  United  Statis  9f  Amifica.  505 

Another  fault  cocfidercd  at  large  by  our  author,  is  that  the 
conftiiuiion  ot'eiich  fl-ate  is  not  guaranteed  by  the  reft;  by  which 
he  means  not  that  congrefs  Aioukl  interfere  with  the  domeftio 
concerns  of  the  ft.i:'-»s,  nor  that  it  (hould  prevent  them  from 
cffec^ng,  in  <i  pcvceahle  and  lawful  manner,  fuch  alteiations 
in  their  respective  cont^itunons  as  the  majority  of  citizena  in 
each  may  dr(  m  ncccfl  ry,  but  only  that  it  mould  guard  againft 
fuch  changes  as  may  be  produced  by  violence^  The  contribu* 
tion  of  men  and  money  to  the  union  by  qwtas  affigned  for  each 
(lace;  the  want  of  a  general  and  uniform  power  for  regulating 
commerce,  and  of  a  national  court  of  juftice  ;  the  equality  of 
the  fma'kr  with  the  larger  ftates  with  regard  to  the  votes  in 
congrefs ;  the  power  of^each  to  ifTue  paper  currency;  the  too 
frequent  change  in  the  members  of  congrefs ;  and  the  whole 
power  of  legiflation  for  the  union  being  vefted  in  a  (ingle  af« 
fembly  J  arc  the  principal  impcrfedtions  which  Dr.  DuMBAK 
enumerates  in  what  he  calls  the  old  conftitution  of  the  Ame« 
rican  St^itc^.  I'he  bad  confequences  of  thefe  he  fliews  by  a 
furvey  ^^{  what  has  fmce  happened,  both  with  regard  to  inter- 
nal differences  between  the  feveral  ftates^  and  the  want  of  the 
confidence  of  foieign  powers  in  a  confederation,  for  the  conti- 
nuance of  which  there  is  fo  little  fecurity.  On  thefe  heads, 
the  author's  obfervanons  are  fuch  as  difplay  great  candour,  as 
well  as  pohtical  information. 

After  all,  when  we  confider  the  circumftances  of  the  confe- 
deration here  examined,  inftead  of  wondering  that  it  has  thefe 
faults,  we  are  only  ailonifhed  that  it  has  fo  few.  The  articles 
were  drawn  up,  not  in  the  cool  hours  of  pence  and  fecurity, 
when  their  authors  had  Icifure  to  examine  all  the  poiTible  con- 
fequences  of  each,  and  could  protraA  the  conclufion  till  every 
difEcuUy  could  be  removed :  but  they  were  planned  amid  the 
horri/rs  of  war,  when  immediate  exertions  were  neceflary  againft 
a  common  enemy;  and  when  it  was  infinitely  more  prudent 
to  produce,  with  all  expedition,  a  plan  of  union,  however  im- 
perfedl,  which  might  efted  an  immediate  combination  of  the 
feveral  flates,  than  to  confume  their  time  in  vain  deliberations 
in  fearch  of  a  perfedlion,  of  which  their  a£lual  fituation  ren- 
dered them  incapable,  it  was  probably  never  intended  for  a 
laRing,  and  ceruinly  not  for  an  unalterable,  coniHtution:  but 
the  American  iegiflacors  adied  judicioufly  in  not  producing  % 
fecond,  before  the  inconveniences  of  the  firft  had  been  fully 
experienced.  1  hcfc  inconveniences  were  felt,  and  induced  the 
Americans,  in  the  year  J787,  to  form  a  new  conftitution,  in 
which  moil  of  the  imperfedtions  of  the  former  were  avoided  \ 
9ind  which,  though  not  entirely  perfe£i,  (for  what  can  be  fq 
(hf^c  is  of  human  invention,?}  is  certainly  the  beft  t«^^VA\^^ti^ 


5o6     Mcerman  in  the  happy  Effteis  of  Civil  Freedom^  l^c. 

goTcmmcnt  hitherto  known.  On  this  head  Dr.  Dumbar  pro- 
pofcs  to  offer  fome  remarks  in  a  fecond  volume,  of  which  we 
fball  take  notice  as  Toon  as  it  appears. 

Pofterity  will  do  juftice  to  the  wifdom  and  honefty  of  the 
governors  of  the  United  States  of  America  ;  who  did  not«  like 
fome  politicians  who  could  be  named,  make  the  acknowleged 
imperfedion  of  all  human  inflitutions  a  pretence  for  per fi (ling 
in  errors,  and  for  perpetuating  abufcs, — but  were  ready  to  pre- 
vent the  wiOies  of  their  countrymen,  by  fucb  a  voluntary  re- 
formation of  their  conftitutiun,  as,  without  departing  from  its 
fpirir,  might  bed  fecure  its  permanence,  and  promote  the  great 
ends  of  Government;  which  was  ordained  by  Providence,  not 
to  gratify  the  ambition  of  princes,  the  pride  of  nobles,  and  the 
vanity  of  minifters,  but  to  promote  the  wealth,  the  peace,  and 
the  bappinefs,  of  the  people,  from  whom  its  powers  are  ori- 
ginally derived. 


Art.  III.  De  Burgerlyke  FryheiJ,  Sic,  The  happy  EfFeas  of  Civ3 
Freedom,  and  the  mifchicvcus  Conkquc-nccs  of  J*cpular  Liberty, 
confidcrcd ;  efpecially  with  rcfpcifl  to  the  United  Provinces.  By 
John  Meerman,  J.U.D.     8vo.     pp.96.     Lcyden.     1793. 

|F  the  revolution  in  France  ought  to  afford  an  important  lef- 
•*  fon  to  princes  and  governors,  mankind  in  general  may  alfo 
derive  ufeful  and  nccefl'ary  inftrui5lion  from  contemplating  the 
confufion,  the  anarchy,  and  the  iniiery,  in  which  that  unhappy 
nation  has  fince  been  involved  by  the  jealoufy  and  ambition  of 
contending  parties,  and  by  the  dcfperatc  guilt  of  opprellive  and 
cruel  dcm^gonues.  If  n:cnarchs  oui;ht  hence  to  learn  the  in- 
ftability  of  aibitrary  power,  the  ruinous  confcquences  of  a 
fyftem  of  adminillration  fupportcd  by  corruption,  and  the  little 
dependence  which  can  be  placed  on  tlic  atiacliment  even  of  a 
venal  army,  when  employed  to  enforce  abfolure  fubjecElion;  the 
people  ought  alfo  to  be  taught  the  ncteflity  of  a  regular  confli- 
tution  of  government,  and  of  fubmiflion  to  its  laws,  in  order 
to  fecure  their  own  happinefs  as  individuals,  as  well  as  that  of 
the  conimunity.  Hence  too,  they  may  be  convinced  that,  if 
they  be  fo  fortunate  as  to  poflefs  a  tolerable  degree  of  freedom, 
they  will  much  mere  confult  their  own  intcrcll  by  enjoying  it 
with  peace  and  ccntcnt,  tiian  by  involving  thcmfelvcs  and  the 
coniniunity  in  civil  broils  j  in  which  they  muft  neccflarily  rift 
the  lo!"s  of  the  advantages  which  they  poflei's,  and  incur  the 
danger  of  bccomir.g  the  flaves,  either  of  artful  demagogues, 
who  delude  them  with  an  empty  fliew  of  liberty;  or  of  fome 
foreign  tyrant  who,  under  pretence  of  reftoring  order,  ufurpi 
abfolute  doxninvou,  ^ud  \^^il\2i^%.,  from  what  he  is  pleafed  to 

S  call 


Mccrman  on  the  happy  Ejfe^fs  of  Civil  Freedom^  ife.     507 

call  a  dinnterefted  regard  to  the  welfare  of  the  people  whom  be 
holds  forth  as  unable  to  fettle  their  own  government,  invites 
his  neighbours  to  affift  him  in  dividing  and  (baring  their  terrt«- 
tory* 

As  it  is  certainly  the  part  of  wifdom  to  deduce  lefTons  of 
prudence  from  the  errors  (>f  others,  we  cannot  but  applaud  the 
dcfign  with  which  M.Meerman  has  penned  this  addrefs  to 
the  Dutch  ;  and,  though  we  cannot  agree  to  all  his  fentiments 
concerning  political  liberty,  we  fmcerely  wifh  his  endeavours  ] 

may  be  fuccefsful  ift  pcrfuading  his  countrymen  to  be  fatisiied  -' 

with  the  advantages  which  they  really  enjoy,  and  not  to  hazard 
the  lofs  of  them  in  purfuit  of  others,  which  the  jealoufy  of  their 
neighbours,  and  the  ambition  of  thofe  whom,  in  this  cafe,  thejr 
muft  entruft  with  power,  would  probably  prevent  them  from 


attammg. 


The  author  divides  liberty  into  civil  and  political.  The 
former  he  juflly  confiders  as  the  grand  purpofe  for  which  civil 
fociety  was  formed,  and  government  indiiutcd.  Wiih  refpedl 
to  this  he  maintains,  that  the  Dutch  have  advantages  which 
Jcave  them  no  room  for  complaint ;  and  that,  however  imper- 
feS  their  political  conftitution  may  be  deemed,  they  a<3ually 
enjoy  more  freedom  than  the  inhabitants  of  moft  other 
countries.  This  we  believe  to  be  truth;  and  though,  with  re- 
gard to  the  fecurity  of  our  rights,  we  greatly  prefer  the  Englifli 
conftitution,  yet  we  always  admired  the  fpirit  of  moderation 
with  which  the  government  of  the  Dutch  repoblic  is  generally 
adminillered,  and  the  refpedl  which  it  commonly  pays  to  the 
privileges  of  the  people.  Some  of  thcfe  are  fuch  as  even  Eng- 
li{hmen  might  wife  to  enjoy  ;  for  the  houfe  of  a  Dutch  burger 
may  with  much  more  propriety  be  termed  his  caftle,  than  that  of 
a  Britifli  fubjed  can  be.  No  lherifF*s  officer,  no  excifeman,  nor 
even  any  interior  officer  of  jurtice,  can  pafs  his  threihold  with- 
out his  permiffion  ;  nor  can  he  on  any  account  be  taken  out  of 
his  habitation,  except  by  the  judges  themfelves,  who,  for  this 
purpofe,  muft  accompany  the  conftables.  M.  Meerman  very 
properly  dwells  on  the  equity  of  the  courts  of  judicature,  and 
oi)  thp  inviolable  fecurity  of  private  property.  The  taxes,  he 
allows,  are  heavy:  but  this  mu(l  in  a  great  meafure  be  afcribed 
to  the  nature  of  the  country,  the  prefcrvation  of  which  from 
inundation  requires  a  very  great  expence :— but  he  obfcrves 
that  thefe  taxes  are  impofed,— not  by  an  arbitrary  monarch, 
^ho  demands  them  to  fupply  the  fplendid  liixury  of  his  court, 
or  who  employs  them  in  fupporting  numerous  armies  in  order 
to  extend  his  tyrannic  fway ;  not  by  a  rapacious  minifter,  who 
plunders  the  people  in  order  to  fill  his  own  coffers,  to  enrich 
m  friends,  or  to  execute  his  plans  of  pcrfonail  rcvcu^f.  ViM\.V>^ 


« 


I 


IrefentaiiTcs  of  ihe  mticm,  for  fuch,  fiyi  our  author^  tft 

of  the  ^2;cs:  tbcfc  mufl  CQ^t^ni^to  xhe  ux  ift 

of  tiitir  fdlow-citrzcns,  ;md^  when  tbcy  kaire  4am 

|;'iR  bear  their  own  (bare  of  tJle  load  wlrch  tlvejr  kift 

on  the  public.     In  greitci^I,  wc  mcrft  «icknowl€ge  tkit 

|i  in  the  United  Provmces  Is  conduced  ivith  great  mU 

lin   f^o  covntrj  do  the  iiihmbitJinH  pay  greite?  Ajibs  to 

ImcRi,  bur,  fr«>m  tbc  manner  in  which  thejr  are  eolleSdi 

Tj;n  is  ftarceljT  perceived  ;  and  great  care  is  tjjkeit«  efpe- 

In  enitraordioary  impoTrEiofts^  to  fp^re  the  tower  chfs  of 

|s  as  m^th  as  poll  We,     Even  from  the  heairy  tax  of  two 

^Jt.  on  al!  propcrtjj  wbetber  real  cr  perfonaJ,  exacted  to 

tn  the  prcfcnt  war,  all  i h^fe  are  evceprcd^  wh:^  can  fwear 

ley  do  not  poifds  two  tlraufaiKl  five  bundrrd  Sorin%  C3lt* 

p/  of  houiehoid  furnituret  linen,  and  clo:,rhs. 

uy  eafily  be  prcfumed  that   M^Meermax  has  rndet* 

to  give  ^5  favourable  a  reprefenuiion  of  the  Dutch  go* 

^ntf  as  it  will  bear.     In  this  we  arc  far  from  blaipiiig 

4%  we  ihink  every  advocaic  has  a  right  lo  niakc  ihe  bell 

I  caufe,  provided  it  be  not  maintaii>ed  ac  the  escpence  of 

'but  all  this  might  hive  bcc.i  done  with  ►ut  iaift^dutlng 

ion,  no  Jefs  unjufl  ihun  dfprcciad rj^r,  on  the  admmi- 

juflrce  in  Gre^r  HiltiU\^  aufi  on  that  moll  v*Ujh[e 


liCcc;;:*-:.!  on  tht  happy  SjfeSIs  of  Civil  Freedom^  t^c.     509 

neccflarily  requires,  or  than  is  compatible  with  the  progrefs  of 
knowlege.  As  an  inftance,  we  may  mention  the  profecution 
of  a  hciokfcllcr  and  printer  a  f (  w  years  ago,  for  publifliing  a 
tranflation  of  Dr.  Prieft ley's  Hifhry  cf  the  Corruptions  ofChrt/ii^ 
unity,  This  exertion  of  p(iwer  however  depends  much  on  the 
fcrfonal  character  of  the  magiftratcs ;  if  they  happen  to  be  li- 
beral atid  ingenuous,  they  will  difcouragc  frivolous  and  vexa- 
tious renri(fliv):^s :  but  this  is  a  precarious  foundation  of  liberty  ^ 
and  if  the  Bench  of  Burgcrmaflers  (bould  at  any  time  be  filled 
with  men  infccled  with  meth:)di{lica!  fandtity?  and  with  a  violent 
zeal  for  Calvinidic  orthodoxy,  they  may  almoft  annihilate  all 
freedom  cf  the  pen.  What  renders  them  fo  exceedingly  for- 
midable in  this  and  many  other  rcfpeds,  is  the  power  Wiiich 
they  claim  cf  proceeding  extrnjudicially  in  fome  cafes  ;  in  con- 
fcquencc  of  which  they  can  order  a  i3urger  to  leave  his  city 
vithin  twtnty-four  hours,  without  aHigning  any  reafon,  or 
laying  any  crime  to  his  char-c.  A  magi  ft  rate  of  Amfterdam^ 
vho  was  well  vrrfcd  in  tlic  laws  (t  his  country,  being  aflced 
whether  the  bur^iermaflcrs  have  re«llyaright  to  acl  thus,  fairly 
confcfibd  that  it  was  exceedingly  doubtful ;  r.nd  he  obfervcd 
that,  for  this  reafon,  they  wtie  very  careful  in  the  exertion  of 
the  power:  but  he  added  ihit  it  would  be  very  difficult,  if 
not  impo/Tibie,  for  a  pcrfon  thus  bani{hed  to  procure  redrcfs; 
bccaufe  the  Stnte«,  to  whom  he  n-.uft  ad^rcfs  himfelf,  arc  very 
unwilling  to  ir.rcrferc  in  any  thing  relative  to  the  cities. 

To  what  M.Meeu.\:an  afHrms  of  the  utility  of  the  office 
of  Stadtholdcr,  and  of  the  virtues  of  the  prefent  Prince  of 
Orange,  we  readily  .ili'ent.  Wc  always  have  confidercd  the 
power  of  the  Stadtholder,  provided  it  be  properly  limited,  as 
no  Icfs  favourable  to  tl.c  inrcrrfts  o(  civil  liberty,  thnn  ufeful  in 
a  political  view ;  for  it  is  the  only  chwck  v»hich  the  Dutch  con- 
ftiiution  has  piovIJed  ajainfl  tlie  er.crLMchmcnts  of  the  arifto- 
cracy;  by  whcm,  when  this  oGce  hi:s  btrn  aboliflied,  the 
people  have  always  been  cpprcfTcd.  We  believe  tnat  the  pre- 
fent Prince  is  far  from  bei  ig  inclined  to  aim  at  any  authority 
inconfiftent  with  the  libert'cs  of  the  republic,  and  we  do  not 
with  to  fee  his  rower  dlmii;iiiicd  :  ivit  it  is  highly  defirablc  that 
all  power  fhouiJ  Ic  accurately  defined,  as  well  as  firmly  cfta- 
bliihcd  ;  no  lefs  for  the  fake  of  the  peifon  polTcfling  it,  than  for 
thst  of  thofe  over  whom  it  i«  e;:cr:cd.. 

The  great^jL  fault  of  the  Dutch  ccnftitution  is,  that  it  has  not 
in  itfelf  thofe  princif  !c?;  of  vigour  and  ftiibiiity,  which  are  necef- 
fary  to  fccure  its  duration.  It  conhlts  of  two  parts,  which 
arj  indeed  powerful  rcilraints  on  each  other;  and  it  may  exift 
as  long  as  their  equilibrium  is  prcfervcd.  On  great  occafions, 
ibcfe  panics  may  units  in  purfuit  of  one  common  object,  and 


jia     Mbsmsn  n  d:*  'zar-yy  EJ'^S:  jfCl-jtl  Frsabm^  ffs, 

mxv  Misiuuis  :ne  Trcci'ir^  :t  :ac  cpubilc: — bur  nnw  can  ":tbc 
exoecfen  rn^t  -r.:?  -v!:  ..  r  _  •«  :■;  me  r^:"::  ;  sr>ec:i.  '  *ien  the 
▼lit  —.r:cr^  ":'  ■:r.--.c  ..-/  l- v^  ;.:ii  ;*rj:  ::r3  a  ccir :  .i-:r?d,  bf 
w*ic*:  Te  L^'  :,--..  T:-^-r.  *-:-.  :  ';:i  r.:;:  ir=  ii"f : :  i :  '  — Jfd  it 
ber"-^^  r...  t:  --  -r  ;-  .  •  .  r  v  .-  :  »  r  ::•:;:-..:  ■  .  ..r  .  t  .--.Jeof 
p«r-.^i:.     T:-r     -.  •:.   ...     -  :t    .:..   •:   :~'    :•    •   i.:  •      -J  r.\rc?:^ 

fr.*'^~   'v.z.:,      :»-    n-     ::..::--  -      .:.::.     ."    -T-2i<  -f 

iftiis  i.::.:.     -::-:•:        -     -■      :      -    :.:   :j-     -    ^  .  :  '  -.-z  :=:^i- 
■!cn-    jr    -.::.:.—    :        ;     -s     -  .-■  7  •*   .  .:.-'r  .l:-.vs 

ffaax.  w^.snev-'.-  ."ui;r.  z  ,.  -.  j:     ■..•;  ::.:.■.   :  -   -.   -~^  :  ■  w  --r:  *J 
lav-  ^^•i-r:cr.:_j    r-.z  '\^.  :r.    ;    a  :   :-,  "^  :    '  '    ■•:.*:"=  ''•■tl 

•r*ecr  ■'  Tr.e:r  i  T^r^r.--.   .i.i-  :;  c-.-.r^;-  :■-.-  •.:r  •".  ..-j.-rr-r -*■■;::- 

tVy  ind  ii»::i  ::as  ir..:eiv.:urfa  re  -r^:    ih  .".a  .:-•  -v.-     ::>  i  n>r  ruirs 

«f  cne  cirer.      In  :nftte  cai'rs.  ihe  w:.ii-r   c^..-  .-.-=  ?*:;cri''y 

caurt:^'.!   tr,^  siii-r.cs  cr   ns  ccc^.c  :.-  zi-n    r-.e   '"-rjir  m  its 

bv.iLT \  ar.i  r.Te  .ii:::",  iii'.r-i  r.  :   c.-^r.ir  :'j'   :ni.   tTi*'e  in  ihc 

gr.o ermr er %  ca:-: r.-* c   aci  cj -er * •  ^ r  r. j ri   . .- • : -    :.-■-=.; u . i r*rr  and 

v:o ■  cr.ce  :  — .'. er c s  :.". e  rr ? u - '. : c  ::  is  r : :c  izr.'..-.   "r ,;c r»  ;r  •  p  ncd  to 

ail  •?■.«  :! :  c  -.  -  *ic  . : :: c -i  ■    *  *  :  *  ci     "  -  -  :   ■-;■-.    : n -   i .", :rr: c rrrcc 

Cf  tnc  pe-.c  r    r  :r  i  :-i  .-^   •-'  i"'  >— .--t",    :;.:•:  iu:  tav:-?  the 

a<i«ar.:i2*«  •::   r'-liLCi.  ..:er-  : — r-:,  nv^    ".r  a;^:hor,  are  not 

fwt>r.cifl[r.hcur  -r  r«:x''^  ^-.iri-::-*  :"::  ."i-  c   r ;:  :-t:cr.  ?  TT.cy 

are  ib ;  anc  :r-s  fi.:\  i/^i'   iS  *.'.:;  "  "  "l^-*  poJli'r    proof  of  its 

cScfi  - :  f  r.  c  ■;  -A '  ■  7.  r  i  'z^£*  t  ■  :  r.  ;p  n  ''■  c  .   : : ..  r.      iJ  .:-t  s  r.o  t  rh:  i  cir- 

cufnfe2r.ce,  w:.c-    .Ti;  -'•.'"  air  ?:  :  v.  "e  ?otenc-itc«  s  prt:cr.cc 

fcr  !r.terferir2  'n  t.c  fi  rre.":ic  p-     . :-  •    :~:  rrri-Sr/iicerJanzcr 

m  ::.<'>per.dcr.c£ :     1:  i^  rr-ri;:?  r  ■:•-.  .:f,  11  :r:^  refprii,  tr:it 

the  rl'.rg  '';f  Cjreat  i^.:!.::     ■=   >'"-     '  -e  5:  irrics  engaged  5  be- 

caufe  iJ-'c  tre-  cnft:: .: «  r:  c:   r-r.  .-'^  is  icrr.e  check,  tftouzh, 

alis!     r.'.t  ilvt.vs   an    j:7-:.-i.    . vr,    on   ir.;   ambition  of  its 

fnor.vcr.'r.      How  fr   :--:%  rr.  y  r:'y  on  t^e  King  ot  Pru£a, 

in^iv  be  cor.lclt-r^a  fror.  .  :<;  :   -  :  iii  tnward  Poland. 

Huic  rrnrJei^  n  vr  re  c-^-  / :;  ■..:« ''T  <  trunquiilo  Iriferat,    Tercnt. 
In  the  forr.ur  ^  .!r:  ..r  r.**  -.:::c;s  in  v.-n.cn  trie  author  con- 
fir.c^  l.i^  a:;'-T.vo:i  to  r.vii  :  -:r:v,  a:  d  d'piays  the  advaniagrt 
W'/mh  i»i-   cfju:.'.ivfr.i:n  t:  j./.  iii   ihi*  rcfpect,  he  i^  candid  and 
rr.olcr  ir  ;  »nd,  ihouir.  -a'c  cirnot  join  in  his  hizh  admirsiiofl 
of  tl'.c  l>«i:'.h  «or.(  if.a:«.;.,  ytt,  while  it  continues  to  be  wfH 
adminiit*-r^<U  -^J'^'  '^'^  r   "!'•-  ''^  '"  ^^^  *"*'"  happy  under  if, 
we  (intcrcly  wifti  it  m-»v  remain  undifturbed  by  political  com- 
nioiioTis,  which  rrr  ;.lv;ivs  attended  wifh  a  degree  of  F^crcr-f 
evil;  while  iK^  ■:<^:'^-,  wnich  they  may  produce,  is  not  on!y  re- 
mote but  alto  cxuc':.:ly  uncertain. 


Meerman  on  tht  happy  EffeBs  of  Civil  Freidom^  ffc.    gtt 

We  are  forry  that  we  cannot  fpeak  with  equal  pratfe  of  the 
author's  obfervations  on  political  liberty,  which  hedoet  not  feem 
to  have  ftudied  with  fufficient  attention,  and  concerning  which 
his  ideas  are  exceedingly  confufed  and  inaccurate.  If  wrong 
and  extravagant  notions  of  liberty  have  been  propagated  either 
by  its  miftaken  friends,  or  by  ill-defigning  men,  the  beft  way 
of  removing  the  evils  to  which  they  may  give  occaHon,  is  to 
point  out  the  error,  and  to  difFufe  more  juft  and  accurate  ideas : 
but  when  men  fly  to  the  oppofite  extreme,  and  declaim  againid 
all  political  liberty,  becaufe  fome  have  mifapprehended  and 
abufed  it,  we  muft  fuppofe  either  that  their  underftandings  are 
exceedingly  weak,  or  that  their  hearts  are  corrupt  and  malig- 
nant :  this  is  at  leaft  the  conclufion  which  many  of  the  de- 
fenders of  Chriftianity  have  thought  themfelves  warranted  in 
making  concerning  thofe  who,  from  the  evils  which  have  arifen 
from  the  amb  tious  and  perfecuting  fpirit  of  priefts,  have  de- 
duced arguments  againft  the  religion,  of  which  thefe  latter 
were  the  zealous  but  unworthy  pervertcrs ;  and  if  the  confe- 
quence  be  fairly  drawn  in  the  one  cafe,  it  is  not  Icfs  legitimate 
in  the  other. 

It  is  evident  from  M.  Meerman's  definition  of  what  he 
calls  political  or  popular  liberty,  that  he  means  what  is  enjoyed 
by  the  people  in  a  pure  democracy;  which,  he  allows,  may  be 
eligible  in  fome  of  the  Swifs  cantons,  and  in  other  republics, 
in  which  the  territory  is  fmall,  and  the  manners  are  iimple: 
but  he  contends  that  it  is  utterly  unfit  for  the  United  Pro- 
vinces. This  is  a  point  which  we  fhall  not  conteft :  but  the 
author  would  have  done  well  to  have  cUabliflicd  it,  not  by  de** 
claiming  againft  this  form  of  government  in  genera),  but  by 
pointing  out  the  particular  reafons  which  render  it  unfuitable  to 
-fais  country. 

We  mull  acknowlege  that,  when  we  confider  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  we  are  not  convinced  that  a  good 
democratic  conftitution  is  fo  abfolutely  irrp  radii  cable,  as  the 
advocates  for  monarchy  and  ariftocracy  wi(h  torcprefent  it.  In 
America,  however,  there  were  many  circumftanccs  favourable 
to  its  eflabltflimcnt,  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  Lurope^ 
where  wc  do  not  believe  the  experiment  would  fucceed;  be- 
caufe, exclufivcly  of  the  combination  of  princes  to  maintain 
the  powers  which  they  have  i'o  long  eijoyed,  mod  of  the  na« 
tions  of  Europe  have  too  little  political  wifdom  to  form,  and 
too  little  political  virtue  to  prefervc,  a  democratic  conditution  ; 
neither  is  it  amid  the  conteits  of  oppofite  parties,  ai\d  the  hor- 
rors of  civil  difcorJ,  that  a  fcheme  could  be  executed,  which 
demands  the  cooleil  deliberation,  the  grcatefl  difintereflednefs, 
and  the  moft  perfedt  unanimity.— To  havw  tuken  notice  of  the 


5n    ISesmmm^ig^Ef^i^'Clml^ntdtmftft. 

rsac  1.1  isactan  cc  a  f«.ccr?*r.    mtJ^-i:-:r.,  •;>.:;-  red  br  a  few 

a£C2cr"s  piT-T.  H:  ct--«»  tt:--?  to  i  }jrra-?  :--  :::si(?-j| 
CBcoTC-jetaoes  cc  dc=iocT*c^  T-.-r  -wr-i*  hirr^r.wl  i.-*  h«  own 
csoc-tri  :gf  Ttj  r-c  irari  j-^jari  J-S*,  a»J  from  the  crenO 

L-  2*te  yr.TAyfi^T  rik^a  pCice  i-:  trirct  finc^  iKc  rev  .'o* 


free  a  ttrr^'xragz}  ;  :or  r j  2;:ch  CDrfli'LrIrn  V3«  fo^n-erf.  The 
eccstr  wikici  occaS--rrc  t'-eai  cragrni'ed  no:  *ir?i  rhe  people, 
k«r  m-ss  ta«  arifiocrac^ ;  »^.o  after  ire  rd  fo^iro  -hji  iber  ircre 
wcrfcr^  wA  ^>-I«  arircj  wirh  a  ifouMe  t<Ji?»  %*hicb  ni'ght 
^oc  oclj  C9C  off  the  povf  r  ci  :be  prir.ce,  but  aito  give  a  dan* 
lecrovf  woiuid  fo  tbe-.r  own.  In  (hor:,  the  difordei «  of  vbich 
i£e  author  here  ccfr^!aias  were  the  uiuvoidable  confe* 
<}iiroces  of  the  Hcer.ticurricrs  of  tee  people,  wbotn  the  contend* 
icg  fad:OQS  had  en!:&cd  ucder  cher  retpectire  ftandard«.  Had 
an  attempt  been  made  to  cnange  tDe  governnient  of  the  re- 
p-bl:c  ir.iD  a  ciorsrchy,  f-c  er.2ca"fcour,  trprcially  if  vigoroiifly 
cppcfed,  might  probabit  have  been  atccnc^e  J  with  fimilar  diflurb- 
ar.ccs :  but  would  i:,  in  this  cafe,  have  been  arguing  fairly,  to 
fav  that  thefe  evi:s  were  ir.feparabie  from  all  monarchical  con- 
{ii'tutions?  Lquaiiy  unc2r.d:d  is  cur  author's  reafoning,  or 
rather  declamation,  concerning  France,  in  which  he  makes  no 
diftin^lion  between  tr,e  revolution  i.i  I7?9,  and  the  unhappy 
events  which  have  taken  place  fince  ihe  i2ll  fummer;  when 
the  ccnftitution,  framed  by  the  firit  national  afiembly,  was 
dedroycd  by  the  ambition  of  bad  men  ;  among  whom  one  of 
the  moft  confpicuous  was  a  prince  of  royal  pjc»od,  who  wifhed 
to  gel  rid  of  whatever  flood  between  him  and  the  throne,  in 
(horr,  M.Meerman  mcft  ir.judicioufly  attempts  to  confound 
popular  licentiGufnefs  with  peUtical  liberty y  and  endeavours  to 
transfer  to  the  tatter  all  that  abhorrence  which  every  good  man 
muft  entertain  for  the  former. 

Many  reafons,  (as  wc  have  juft  hinted,)  which  the  author 
hns  not  mentioned,  lead  us  to  believe  that,  in  the  prei'ent  fiate 
of  Europe,  the  eftabli(hment  of  a  pure  democracy,  which  fta.'l 
be  permanently  favourable  to  the  liberties  of  mankind  and 
promotive  of  focial  order  and  harmony,  is  an  impradiicablc 
ftheme:— but  wc  cannot,  on  this  account,  wifli  to  promote 
the  caufe  of  arbitrary  governments  and  indefinite  authority; 
under  which  the  people  have  no  other  fecurity  againil  oppref- 
fion  than  what  refults  from  the  charader  of  their  rulers,  and  no 
other  means  of  oppofing  it  than  direct  violence  and  open  rebel- 
lion.    Without  fome  degree  of  political  liberty,,  this  mufl  be 

tbc 


Mcerman  cH  thi  happy  EffiSis  of  Civil  Freedom^  Izc.     513 

the  wretched  fit^acion  of  fubjeSs^  who  muft  conrider  the 
enjoyment  of  civil  freedom  as  what  they  hold  from  the  mere  in- 
dulgence of  their  fovereigns,  and  muft  refign  it  at  their  com- 
mand. No  nation  can  be  permanently  free,  unlefs  the  people 
have  an  influence  fufHcient  to  prevent  opprefliye  exertions  of 
power :  but  if  their  adion,  for  this  purpofe,  be  not  guarded  by 
the  conflituiion,  and  regi4ated  by  the  laws,  {t  muft  always  be 
dangerous,  bccaufe  immoderate ;  and,  after  occafioning  the 
moft  dreadful  conflids,  will  terminate  either  in  abfolute  flavery, 
or  in  the  total,  diflblution  of  the  fiate.  Thefe  confiderations 
(hew  the  utility  of  a  mixed  government,  like  that  of  Great 
Britain  5  in  which  the  democratic  is  combined  with  the  other 
forms;  in  wjjich  the  inconveniences  of  each  are  avoided,  and 
their  fever^l  advantages  united.  To  this  one  would  imagine 
no  rational  friend  to  mankind  could  obje£l;  yet  M.  M££R- 
MAN  is  fcarcely  Jefs  inimical  to  it  than  to  pure  democracy :  but 
his  arguments  are  founded  on  mifreprefentation,  and  are  fo 
trite  and  childifh,  that  we  wonder  how  a  man  of  fenfe  could 
condefcend  to  ufe  them.  They  turn  on  the  hypothcHs,  that 
every  male  inhabitant,  without  any  diftindlion  of  property  or 
condition,  (hall  have  his  voce  in  the  eledlion  of  all  perfons  in 
government ;  and  they  are  accompanied  with  a  complaint  that, 
according  to  this  fyftem,  the  fair  fex  would  not  be  reprefented. 
i'hc  following  expreflions  fufficiently  (hew  with  how  little  wif- 
dom  and  moderation  our  author  treats  this  fubje^l:  ^  I  cannot,' 
lays  he,  *  find  words  to  exprcfs  my  conviction  with  fuffideilt 
force,  that  pcliiical  liberty  is,  in  its  very  nature,  the  deftroyer, 
the  exterminatDr,  the  murderer,  of  civil  freedom.'  ^gain, 
*  Deprive  the  Britiih  miniftry  of  its  influence  over  parliament, 
and  in  the  eledlion  of  a  coniiderable  number  of  its  members  ; 
let  the  feveral  counties  and  towns  be  reprefented  in  the  propor- 
tion which  the  populoufr.cfs  of  each  feems  to  require;  and  that 
ftate,  in  which  the  accurate  balance  of  powers  is  now  the  ad- 
miration of  Europe,  will  fre  the  energy  of  its  executive  power 
entirely  deftroyed,  its  houfe  of  commons  transformed  into  a 
national  convention,  and  perhaps  its  king  Tent  to  the  Tower, 
or  condemned  to  the  fate  of  a  Charles  or  a  Lewis.' 

Had  the  latter  obfcrvation  beftn  made  by  an  Englifli  fubjed, 
we  (hould  have  confidered  it  as  a  libel  on  the  nation,  on  the  con- 
i^itution,  and  on  the  king  :  in  a  foreigner,  we  afcribe  it  to  igno- 
rance or  to  prejudices,  which  we  pity.  Had  M.Meerman  been 
as  induftrious  to  ftudy  the  hiftory  of  our  conftiiution,  as  he  is 
ready  to  mifrcprefent  it,  he  would  have  feen  that  the  moft 
valuable  of  our  civil  rights  have  been,  not  voluntary  conccf- 
iions  from  our  monarchs,  but  actually  wrefted  fiom  them  by  the 

App.Rev.Vcl.xi.  Nn  houfe 


'.  lecrmin  §n  the  happy  EjfiCfs  $f  CtvU  Frndbm^  Hf^  \ 

of  comm<5n!i ;  and  that,  to  the  indcpendfnc:^  of  paHtf* 
and  efpectally  of  the  lower  hourc,  we  have  been  aot  Idl    L 

VA  for  the  ptefervation  of  our  libenie^^  than  we  were  fiof   " 

ft  acqarfitson  of  them.  This  may  indeed  ibmetimc^  oc* 
an  oppoli;ion  to  the  views  of  a  minlflcr  ,  and  it  OLi^nt  to 

rut  ctFccl,  whenever  they  arc  inconfLiTent  with  ihs  frcc« 
id  happitiefs  of  the  people ;  wffich  ambition  and  the  \mt 
er  aie  too  apt  to  fscrifice  lo  their  peculiar  obje^s:  but 

g  as  this  oppofitton  is   confined  within   the   Hrpits  ^t* 

ll  by  the  conditution,  and  a  proper  regard  is   paid  if>  it, 

the  per  Ton  nor  the  government  of  the  king  csn  poffibly 

11  endangered.     The  oppofiiion  of  the  parliament  to  ih« 

fc^l   meafurcs   of  Charles  1,  was  fuch    as  •rendered   iti 

crs  worthy  of  the  admiration  and  gratitude  of  their  coun- 

in  in  every  age  ;  nor  can  it  be  faid  to  have  been  the  ctiife 
deaihf  any  farther  than  as  It  provoked  him  to  thofe  ii^ju* 

>  extremes  which  terminated  in  his  ruin  :  but  this  was 
it^  not  theirs;  bis  obfltnacy  and  violence  overturned  tbe 
ution  which,  while  it  authorized  tbt:  oppofitioii  of  par- 
it,  would  have  rendered  him  fee u re  from  the  atiernpts  of 
>n.  Whoever  underftands  and  loves  ihe  EnglJib  con* 
|jn,  will  con  fide  r  the  independence  of  the  hou'e  of  com- 

\i%  not  lefs  eflential  to  it  than  the  prtrog.uivts  of  the 
1  he  influence,  for  which  the  fcrvik  hirelings  of  the 
are    continually  cndL-avouring   to   apologizt^,   has  aU 


(  its  ) 

Art.  IV.  Annalcs  de  Chimict  13 c  Chemical  Annals,  or  a  C6l- 
ledlion  of  Memoirs  relative  to  Chcmiftry  and  to  the  Arts  depend- 
ing on  it.  By  Meirieiirs  De  MoltvrAU  (now  Guyton),  La- 
voisier, MoNOE,  Berthollet,  Fourcroy,  Adet,  Has- 

SENFRATZ,    DiETRICH,    Se  GU  I  N  ,  Va  U  G  U  EL  1  N,  and  PE  L  L  E - 

TIER.     \,\.  vols.   8vo.  each  containing  about  320  pages.     Paris. 
1789-1793. 

HThb   fcience  of  chemiftry  having,  within  thcfe  few  years, 
-^     been  more  cultivated  than  before,   and  new  light  bein^ 
thrown  on  it  by  the  labours  of  philofopbers  of  various  countries, 
Ihe  gentlemen,  whofe  names  are  mentioned  in  the  title  to  this 
article,  thought  they  could  not  render  a  greater  fervice  to  fci- 
ence, than  by  collecling  and  publ idling  the  fubftance  of  fuch 
papers  as  were  of  moft  importance  to  chemiftry.     This  plan 
was  commenced  in  the  year  1789,  and  has  fince  been  conti^ 
nued    by    the   publication   of  a  volume   once  in   every  threfc 
months.     We  did   not  at  firft  give  any  particular  account  of 
it ;  becaufe  periodical  writings  do  not  fall  immediately  within 
our  plan  ;  though  this  perhaps  might  have  been  excepted,  were 
it  not  that  the  moft  important  parts  of  its  contents  cane  under 
our  confideration  in  reviewing  the  memoirs  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  other  fcicntific  works,  which  were  then  more  rc^ 
gularly   publiflied  than  they  can  be  at  prcfent  :  but  amid   the 
dreadful  calamities  in  which  the  greateft  part  of  Lurope  is  now 
involved,  we  are  glad   to  turn  our  own  attention,  and  that  of 
"our  readers,  to  the  pleafing  and   ufeful  purfuits  of  fcience,  in 
order  to  forget  for  a  moment  the  dift^ufting  theme  of  politics  j 
which  difplays,  on  the  one  hand,  the  favage  ambition  of  unprin- 
cipled demagogues,  and  the  tury  of  licentious  multitudes;  on 
ihc  other,  the  ruinous  projecis  of  princes  ;  and,  every  where, 
.defolation  and  daughter.     In  thefe  circumiiances,  which  put  a 
flop  to  the  progrcis  of  fcience  in  that  country,  where  it  was 
moll  cultivated  ;  which   prevent   the  publication,  and  impede 
the  circulation,  of  the  ufeful  labours  of   philofophers ;  we  are 
reduced  to  colledt  information  where  ever  we  can  find  it ;  and 
we  muft  look  back  to  fee  nhether  any  thing  has  efcaped  our 
liotice,  which  may  be  worthji  of 'the  reader's  attention.     For 
this  rc^foo,  we  Ihall,  without  farther  preface,  take  a  (hort  view 
ofilie  original  and  moft  interefting  memoirs  in  thefe  volumes. 
I'he  principal  contents  of  the  firft  volume  have  been  already 
noticed  in   the  8th  volume  of  our  New  Stries,  p.  169.  where 
we  gave  an  account  of  an  Englifti  tranflation  of  that  portion  of 
the  work.     We  believe  that  the  intention  of  tranflating  thefe 
annals  has  not  been  farther  profecuted  :  at  leaft  we  have  not 
heard  that  any  other  volumes  have  been  publiflied, 

N  n  a  TVl^ 


Chimkal  Annah^ 


mod  iotfrcfting  memoirs  in  vol.  TI-  are  fych  at  h^tt 

been  nMiced  by  us,  or  arc  taken  from  publicatioiw 
I  arc  now  pretty  g&nermlly  known*     Wc  fball  tbcfcfoft 

to 

IIL — Onfimr  Phemmina  df  Fijian.     By  M-  MoNCB, 
i^ht  ^pWjn  be  thought  that,  when  we  look  through  i 
Ifs,  tliore  objeds  which  arc  whuc  would  appear  red  j  and 

>fe  which  appear  red,  would  undergo  no  farther  alce- 
nf  colour  than  what  rcfulted  from  the  diminution  of  light, 
towcver»  we  ^tv  here  told,  \%  not  always  ihe  cafe  y  for  if 

of  obje^s  of  different  colours  be  furveycd  through  a  red 
I  white  and  red  bodies  will  indeed  appear  of  the  fame  to- 
^ut  this,  inflcad  of  being  red,  wiil  be  white*  A  ydloW 
bs  the  fime  effeft,  for  yellow  ohjc£ls,  fcen  through  it, 

white;  but  blue,  green*  and  violet- coloured  glailei  do 

le  thefc  phenomena  j  probably  becaufe  ihefc  colours  may 

Juced  by  the  mtKturc  of  heterogeneous  rays-'    The  illu- 

pcomes  more  {Iriking,  in  proportion  as  the  object  viewed 

the  red  glafs  are  numeroys,  and  flrongly  illuminated* 

^lo!4G£  obferves,   that   there   is  aooiher  phenomenoHp 

lous  to  this,  which  may  be  very  cafily  obtained*     On  a 

lorning,  before  the  fun  is  rifen,  when  it  is  folEciently 

fee  the  blue  colour  of  the  (ky^  if  any  white  objed,  IS  I 

Kiper^  be  fo  placed  that  it  can  at  the  fame  time  receive 


4 


Chemical  Jnnah.  517 

In  order  to  explain  thefe  phenomena,  M.  Monce  remarks 
that,  when  we  look  at  a  number  of  objefls  of  difFerent  colours, 
every  vifihle  part  of  the  furface  of  each  refleAs,  with  the  rays 
of  its  peculiar  colour,  rays  of  white  light;  and  it  is  by  thefe 
that  we  judge  of  the  relative  elevation  and  depreflion  of  its 
feveral  parts.  When  we  furvey  obje(3s  which  have  a  poliflicd 
cylindrical  furface,  we  perceive  the  convexity  of  this  furface 
by  the  very  fame  means  which  the  painter  is  obliged  ^o  ufe  in, 
order  to  reprcfent  it  on  the  canvas.  Whatever  be  its  colour, 
we  fee  a  (Iripe  parallel  to  its  axis  that  refle6)s  only  white  lighr,: 
which,  in  the  adjacent  parts  on  each  fide,  is  gradually  fainter^ 
anA,  as  thefe  recede  from  the  eye,  melts  into  the  colour  pe- 
culiar to  the  obje6l.  The  fame  phenomenon  takes  place,  bow* 
ever  dimmutive  be  the  objedi.  Every  thread,  for  inftance,  of 
a  piece  of  fcarlct  cloth  refle£^s  to  the  eye  not  only  thofe  Yed 
ray«  which  determine  the  colour  of  the  whole,  but  alfo  rays  of 
white  light,  by  means  of  which  we  (hould  perceive  the  cylin- 
drical forq^of  the  threads,  if  they  were  of  fufficient  magnitude, 
and  by  which  we  do  perceive  it,  when  we  ufe  a  microfcope. 
The  number  of  thefe  rays  of  white  light  is  varied  by  the  differ- 
ent angles  under  which  the  furface  is  expofcd  to  the  light  it- 
felf,  and  to  the  eye  of  the  obferver;  and  this  variation  occafions 
the  different  (hades  and  tints  in  the  feveral  parts  of  its  furface. 

When  we  view  an  objedl  through  a  red  glafs,  infteaJ  of  the 
white  light,  which  would  otherwife  be  refleded  by  the  furface, 
only  red  rays  are  tranfmittcd  to  the  eye  ;  thefe  therefore  muft, 
by  iheir  number,  perform  that  fervice  in  determining  the  re- 
lative pofition  of  the  feveral  parts  of  the  furface,  which  we 
were  accuHomed  to  receive  from  the  while  light  ;  and,  becaufe 
this  uniformly  takes  place  with  refpeft  to  every  objefit  then 
within  our  view,  the  mind  is  deceived,  and  midakes  them  for 
white  rays.  1  his  deception  extends  to  all  other  rays  of  the 
fdme  kind;  and  hence  red  and  white  furfaces,  though  painted 
on  th*f  retina  by  means  of  red  rays,  are  both  perceived  by  the 
mind  a^  white. 

1  his  explanation,  the  author  obferves,  is  confirmed,  when 
it  is  confide^ed  thatthe  illufion  does  not  take  place,  if  the  ob- 
jifls,  fcen  through  a  red  glafs,  be  few  in  number,  or  not 
flrongly  enlightened  :  if,  fixing  the  red  glafs  in  a  tube,  we  look 
at  a  fingle  objcd^,  whether  it  be  white,  or  red,  it  will  appear 
of  jJn  laticr  colour  \  becaufe,  in  this  cafe,  there  are  no  other 
obSHl  in  the  fame  circumilances  to  produce  the  deception* 

^im  illufion  of  a  fimilar  kind,  ai'd  depending,  according  to 
M.  MoNGE,  on  the  fame  caule,  is  produced  in  the  following 
experiment :  Let  a  room  be  illuminated  by  the  light  of  the  fun 
tranfmitted  through  a  red  filk  curtain,  and  a  hole^  X'MO  ox  ^^cvxcft 

N  n  3  \\w* 


j  1 8  Chemical .  Annah* 

lines  in  dianrieter,  be  To  made  in  the  curtain,  as  to  admit  ra^ 
iiom  the  funi  which  muft  be  received  on  a  flieet  of  white  pa^ 
per ;  the  part  of  this  papei;  on  which  thefc  rays  fall  wfll  not 
appear  white,  but  bright  green  ;  and,  if  the  curtain  be  green^ 
the  image  of  the  fun  on  the  paper  will  exhibit  a  beautiful  r?d. 
In  both  cafes,  fays  M.Monge,  in  confequence  of  the  yarioui 
ppjefls  which  we  perceive  within  the  room,  we  miftake  for 
white  the  homogeneous  rays  tranfmitted  through  the  cur« 
tain  and  reftectcd  by  the  feyeral  furfaces  ;  and  therefore 
the  rays,  which  are  really  white,  exciting  in  us  a  dif- 
ferent utuation,  muft  appear  of  a  different  colour.  Hence 
he  concludes  that  our  judgment  concerning  colours  does  not 
depend  folely  on  the  abfolute  nature  of  the  rays  of  light  which 
tfie  furfaces  reffedl  to  the  retina,  but  is  modified  by  other 
circumftances  :  he  thinks  that  it  is  determined,  not  fo  much 
by  the  affeflions  of  the  rays  confidcred  as  abfolute,  as  by  the 
relations  which  may  take  place  between  fome  of  thefc  aflfeclions. 
This  may  indeed  be  the  cafe  with  refpcit  to  furfaces  viewed 
through  a  coloured  medium,  in  which  our  judgment's  formed 
merely  from  a  comparifon  of  ohjeds  which,  it  we  may  fo  cx- 
prefs  ourfejves,  are  difguifed:  but  we  are  inclined  to  think  that 
the  phenomena  of  the  fun's  rays  tranlmitttd  through  a  fmall 
hole  in  a  red  or  green  curtain  may  be  explained,  without  fup- 
pofing  any  dectption.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  phenomena, 
here  reprcfentcd  as  univerfal,  are  drnied  as  (uch  in  a  memoir 
written  cy  M.  Gentil^  and  areafcribed  to  feme  peculiar  circum- 
ftance  in  the  gUfs  ufed  by  M.  Monge. 

Vol.  IV. — On  the  Combination  of  Phofphorus  with  Sulphur, 
By  M.  Pelletier. 

M.  Margraaf  combined  phofphorus  with  fulphur  by  means 
of  dilUllation  :  M.  Pelletier  oblerves  that  this  proccfs  is 
not  neceflaryj  as  phofpnorus  will  unite  with  a  conliderable 
proportion  of  fulphur  at  tht  temperature  of  boiling  water  ;  but 
though  it  might  be  fuppofed  that  the  lulphur  would  render  the 
phofphorus  more  folid,  the  coii.binaiion  becomes  fluid  in  the  mo- 
derate  temperature  of  50  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  incrmomcter. 

On  the  Medicinal  Properties  of  Oxygen  Gas^  or  Fttal  Ai^ 
By  M.  FouRCKOY.  # 

Some  phyficians  having  imagined  that,  in  the  phthijis  fuU 
monarisy  great  advantages  mit»ht  accrue  to  the  pi*iitnt  from  in-* 
/piriftg  vital  air,  the  experiment  was  tried,  without  tne  fuftfc''^ 
which  thefe  gentlemen  had  expected.  The  firlt  t^ial  ijfcd 
always  appeared  to  give  relief,  and  fcemed  to  prom  fc»thci5i5- 
piell  effects ;  the  patients  breathed  with  greater  eafe  aiid  free- 
dom, every   alarrnvn^  I'jm^^ooi  fecmed  to  bs  alleviated,  they 

became 


CbfmUal  AnnaU^  5 1  q 

tccarne  more  cheerful,  and  flattered  themfelves  with  the  hope 
-of  a  fpeedy  recovery  :  but  the  hcflic  fever  was  heightened, 
even  while  ihefe  favourable  appearances  continued  ;  and  they 
fbon  gave  way  to  a  return  of  the  diforder,  with  an  aggravation 
of.  all  its  word  fymptoms ;  the  acceleration  of  which  our  au- 
thor afcribesto  the  ^reat  proportion  of  caloric,  communicated 
by  this  air  to  the  animal  fyftem.  Though  the  infpiration  of 
oxygen  gas,  h'?>wever,  be  thus  detrimenta^  in  pulmonary  com- 
plaints, M.  FouRCi^^Y  is  of  opinion  that  it  may  be  of  great  ftr- 
^ice  in  thofc  diftafes,  which  are  either  caufed  or  accompanied  by 
a  defefi^of  animal  heat,  and  by  a  languor  of  circulation  j  he 
tells  us  that  he  has  feen  its  beneficial  efleds  in  the  chlorofis, 
in  fcrophulous  nfft*61ions,  in  indurations  of  the  abdotnen,  and  in 
the  rickets  in  children  ;  fh  the  moift  and  chronic  aflhma,  in 
hypochonJuac  complaints,  and  in  other  diforders  of  this  ciafs« 
Its  immediaite  efTe^is  were  an  increafc  of  warmth  and  colour^ 
and  an  acceleration  of  the  pulfe  :  thefe  fymptomf,  by  the  fre- 
quent infpiration  of  vital  air,  were  heightened  till  they  became 
febrile,  and  produced  that  increafe  o^  vigour  in  the  folids, 
which  was  ntccffary  to  enable  the  conftuution  to  conquer 
chronic  difeafes.  A  letter  from  M.  Chaptal  of  Montpellief 
confirms  thefe  fu<Ss,  but  contains  a  caution  agairft  the  infpi- 
latton  of  that  vital  air  which  is  obtained  from  mercurial  oxyds^ 
9S  this  has^  very  frequently  occaiioned  a  falivation. 

On  thi  Camphor  of  Afurcla,  By  M.  Proust. 
This  diHcrtation  was  written  in  Spanifh,  but  we  have 
here*  a  tranflaied  extract  of  it,  by  which  we  find  that  the 
Spaniards  obtain  can;  phor  from  the  eflentialoils  of  rofemary, 
marjoram,  Ugc^  and  lavender  :  particularly  from  the  latter, 
which  yields  it  more  abundantly  than  the  re(f..  It  is  feparated 
from  the  oil,  by  di  ft  illation,  or  by  evaporation  :  but  the  latter 
feems  to  be  the  moft^lidvantageous  procefs.  Oil  of  lavender, 
fet  to  evaporate  in  a  cool  place  in  the  o(>en  air,  began,  in  lefs 
than  twenty- four  hours,  to  dcpofit  cryftals,  and  yielded  a 
quarter  of  its  own  weight  of  camphor.  By  diftillaijon,  the 
produce  was  not  above  ^^  ths.  The  bed  way  of  purifying  it 
ia^  to  fublimate  it  with  about  an  eighth  part  of  i'.s  weight  of 
lime  :  thus  it  becomes  white  and  dry,  butlofcs  about  a  twenty- 
fourth  part  of  its  weight.  M.  Prous  r  obferves  that  the  great 
inyftery  in  refining  camphor  coniills  in  making  ufc  of  flat  in- 
fleid^pf  fpherical  veflel's,  and  in  (ublimating  it  with  as  great  a 
fwat'^as  pofliblc,  fhorl  of  ebullition  ;  by  which  it  is  rendered 
tianrpareirt  and  heavy.  It  is  remarkable  that  camphor  will  not 
boil  ovpr   the  fides  of  a  veflfel,  of  which  it  takes  up  a  fourth 

Pftf 

Nn  4  Ex^enmcaU 


Chimttht  AnnAh* 

hmmenti  relative  ts  thi  Propagation  &f  $cMni  in  jferifirm 
L     By  M.  Pbrolle. 

lefc  trials  were  made  by  placing  an  alarm  watch  in  vafef 
I  with  the  fevcral  gafcs  which  were  to  be  examined  ;  tkir 
Ic  gravities  were  compared  by  weighing  a  cubic  foot  of 
land  were  in  the  folio iving  praportion  : 


Oxygen  gas# 

Nitrous  t^^s 


76s 


lirbcnic  acid  gas     -     ic8o 

Umofpheric  air        *       710 

Jvdrogen  gas     *       -  7^ 

|di(UnceS|  ^t  which  the  founds  ceafed  to  be  heard^  wtit 

uows 

ivgcn  gas     -     66,5  feet     In  carbonic  acid  gas    484  feci 

liirrus  gas  -     66,5  Hydrogen  gas  t  j 

Inofphtric  air    59 

lefults   do   not   at  all   confirm  Dr,  PneflJe^'s  optmo[», 
Ihe  propagation  of  founds  in  ihcfc  clalHc  fluids  Is  ptopof- 
to  their  fevcral  denfitics. 

bL  V.     The  mofl-  intfrefting  originnl  paper  in  this  volymt 
l/v  5/«Ji/  in  uhiih  thi  Bcditi  wfr^  fmnd  §tt  dtgptt^  uf  « 
hinji  Pk^e  in  Fatiij  in    1786  and   "J^J^      By  M,  Ui 

LOT, 

rcmarkal^ile  chit  of  rhnfe  bodlt^s  which  had  hern  fntcrrfd 


ChimUal  Ainahi  521 

equal  quantity  of  oxygen  gas;  this  mixture  took  place  without 
any  inflammation :  but,  on  adding  an  inch  of  nitrous  gas,  a 
moil  violent  explofion  was  produced  and  broke  the  receiver; 
by  fome  pieces  of  which,  M.  Pell e tier  was  wounded  in  the 
face.  The  gas,  diftilled  from  the  phofphoric  aeid,  caught  fire 
when  a  lighted  taper  was  introduced  into  it.  M.  Pelletier 
thinks  that,  during  the  diftillation  of  the  acid,  water  was  de** 
fompofed,  and  that  its  hydrogen,  combining  with  the  phofpho- 
ru5,  formed  phofphorized  hydrogen  gas ;  which,  however,  was 
.  not  fufiiciently  impregnated  with  phofphorus  to  take  fire  oa' 
coming  into  conta<5t  with  atmofpheric,  nor  even  with  vital,  air. 

Vol.  VI.  Among  a  variety  of  extrafts  from  books,  and  ar* 
tides  which  have  only  local  importance,  contained  in  this  vo- 
lume, we  find  a  paper  by  M.  De  Fourcroy,  complaining 
that  many  difcoveries  made  by  him  have  in  various  publica* 
tions  been  ^fcribed  to  others.  In  order  to  prevent  this  error^ 
he  is  rcfolved  that  every  new  hSk  of  importance,  which  occurs 
to  him  in  the  courfe  of  his  chemical  refearches,  fball  be  regifter* 
cd  jn  the  office  of  the  fccrctary  to  the  academy,  with  the  time 
of  the  difcov  ery.  Five  phenomena  are  here  related ;  for  the  dif- 
covcry  of  which,  chemiftry  is  indebted  to  the  afliduity  of  this 
gentlenjan  and  his  afliftant,  M.Vauguelin. 

Some  oxygenated  muriatic  acid  gas  being  introduced  into  4 
folution  of  two  drachms  of  gum  arabic  in  eight  ounces  of  dif- 
tilled water,  the  gum  was  in  a  few  days  converted  into  the 
citric  acid.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  nitric  acid  converts  gum 
into  the  oxalic  or  faccharine  acid. 

The  cakes  of  turnfole,  fays  our  author,  owe  their  blue  colour  . 
to  the  carbonat  of  foda  which  they  contain  ;  and  when  that  is 
diffolved,  they  become  red.  If  paper,  coloured  with  turnfole,  be 
moidened  with  the  muriatic  acid,  and  afterward  wafhed  to 
'carry  ofF  the  muriat  of  foda  formed  on  it,  the  red  colour^ 
which  it  has  thus  acquired,  will  be  changed  again  to  blue,  oa 
its  coming  into  contact  with  ammoniac;  and  if  this  be  evapo* 
rated  by  a  gentle  heat,  the  paper  will  be  red.  It  is  therefore 
only  by  faturating  the  foda,  that  acids  alter  the  colour  of  the 
turnfole  from  blue  to  red* 

M.  Fourcroy  tells  us,  that  the  extrad  of  vegetables  is  not^ 
as  is  commonly  fuppofed,  a  foap,  confiding  of  oil  and  pot-aflit 
but  that  this  fubflance,  after  being  dilfolved  in  water,  is  fepa^ 
fated  frorh  it  on  being  expofed  to  the  atmofphere,  the  oxygen 
of  wl>ich  it  abforbs,  and  lofes  its  folubility.  The  oxygenated 
muriatic  acid  converts  it  into  a  yellow  concrete  fubiiance^ 
which  is  foluble,  not  in  water,  l^ut  in  alcohol  and  in  theaU 
kalies,  ® 


Chemical  AnnsU* 

flilling  a  pound  of  ihe  fcrum  of  the  blood  of  an  oir, 
e  ounces  of  the  diluted  nitric  acid,  M,  FoURCHJIf 

Id  a  fincll  r£ rambling  that  of  bluer  dmoiiJs,  which  iri* 

I  the  Prullic  acid.       Accordingly,    this   proJuci:  b^ing 

ith  the  ox  yd  precipitated  by  lime  from  the  fulphat  nf 

d   wich   a   little  of  the  muriatic  acid^  yielded  a  very 

PrufTtan  blucp     Our  author  thinks  ihis  proccfi  muctl 

pie  and  commodious  than  that  of  Schedi^ 

agulatlngv  by  heat,  the  arterial  blood  of  an  ox  mixed 

lird  part  of  its  weight  of  water,  a  fluid  was  feparated  i 

when  carefuliy  evaporated,   yielded  a  juice  prrfeliljf 

ng   bile   in  colour,    lafte,    and  fmell,    and,  oii    bejiig 

T,  appeared  to  be  of  the  fame  nature, 

AUGUELiK,  in  a  chemical  memoir  on  caHia,  cauilani 

^rJes  againft  the  ufcofbrars  or  copper  vefTeis  in  mikmg 

h     In  the  rattling  ca^a^  he  has  frequently  difcoverd 

tariaroys  and   acetous  actd  \  and  he   azures  u%  thaf| 

EratSt  bought  at  the  Oiops,  he  has  often  dctedled  a  con* 

quantity   of  oxyd   of  copper-     It  were  to  be  ujflici 

pothecaries  were  forbidden  to  ufe  eiihcr  brafs  or  copptf 


[v   Fsrm(^t!m  e/  thf  Nhrk  Jddn  during  thi  rfiiprLial 
rt  &f  OAjri  ^f  AhfLury  and  Jmrnonia^.      By  AJ,  L)e 


Chmftal  Annah.  5^3 

piercury  prccipltated^i  by  U)c  fixed  cauftic  alkali,  from^  cor^ 
rofive  fublimaic  ;  the  oxj^d.,bc9a(pc  W^ck ;  fame. of  it  was  re- 
vived ;  and  there  remained  in  the  liquid  a  triple  fait,  the  clc- 
inentsof  which  the  author  indicates  by  giving  it  the  appellation 
of-amnr^oniaco-mercuria!  niirat.  Another  method  of  forming 
the  nitric  acid,  difcovered  by  the  writer  of  this  memoir,  is  by 
pouring  the  concenttred  fulphuric  acid  on  the  liquid  Pruffiat  of 
foda,  or  the  cnuRic  mineral  alkali  faturated  with  the  colouring 
matter  of  PrulHan  blue  :  this  mixture  is  attended  with  eflfer- 
vcfcence,  and  emits  a  vapour,  which  has  the  fmell  of  the  acid 
of  nitre,  and  is  of  a  red  colour,  fimilar  to  that  of  the  nitrous 
vapours,  which  refult/rom  mixing  nitrous  gas  with  atmofphc- 
ric  air. 

Vol.  VlL—O/i  the  Culture  of  the  Clove-tree  in  the  IJle  cf 
Bourbon^  and  in  Cayenne.     By  ^^^i.  FoURCROY. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  Dutch  £aft  India  company  will  long 
retain  thdt  monopoly  of  the  fpice  trade,  to  fecure  which  they  have 
more  than  once  dcgradeci  their  charad^er,  by  meafures  not  Icfs 
mean  than  deieliable.  It  has  been  difcovered  that  the  cinna* 
mon  and  the  clove  tree,  as  well  as  the  nutmeg,  may  be.  culti* 
vated  in  v.irious  places  with  the  fame  fuccefe  as  in  the  Ma- 
luccas.  The  cl  'vc  and  the  nutmeg  tree  were  firft  planted  in 
the  Ifle  of  Fr.ince  in  the  year  1769  ;  and,  in  1787,  above 
three- thousand  plants  of  the  clove-tree  were  diAributed  among 
the  colr||iifts  of  that  ifland  and  of  the  Jfle  of  Bourbon.  Thenca 
fome  plants  were  carried,  in  1773,  to  Cayenne;  where  they 
flourifhed  fo  well,  that,  in  the  year  1787,  the  crop  amounted 
to  27  j  pounds©  and  might  have  been  much  greater,  if  the  cul- 
tivators had  not  prudently  left  a  confiderable  number  of  flowers 
for  feed.  lv\  the  ifle  of  France,  the  clove-tree  is  full  of  buds 
in  the  mo?ith  of  January  ;  the  flowers  do  not  open  till  a  long 
while  after  this  period  ;  and  the  berries,  which  fucceed  thern, 
are  not  ripe  till  December.  The  time  for  gathering  thecloves, 
ivhii  h  are  tubulated  malices  containing  the  petals  and  the  or- 
gans of  fructification,  is  jult  before  the  flowers  begin  to  expand; 
fhey  are  then  red,  untituous,  and  highly  arom^iic.  Inhere 
are  trees  wnich  produce  50  pounds  of  cloves,  befide  12,000 
berries  for  {^q6  ^  and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  plants  which  are 
natives  of  thcle  iflands,  and  have  been  raifcd  from  feed  there, 
produce  finer  cloves  than  thofe  which  were  originally  brought 
from  the  Moluccas.  When  the  cloves  arc  gathered,  the  bcft 
Vb^ay  is  to  dry  them  in  the  fun  ;  at  lealt,  of  the  various  me- 
tjiods  of  trtranng  tlicm  which  have  been  tried,  none  have  fuc- 
ceeded  fo  well.  1  he  cloves  of  Bourbon  are  in  fome  refpc^s 
fuperior  to  thole  of  the  Moluccas;  they  arc  more  highly  aro- 


514  Chimleal  AnnaU^ 

natic,  and  jicM  a  greater  proportion  of  eflential  oil ;  which  :f 
roiich  more  clear,  of  a  more  delicate  odour,  and  much  lighter^ 
tlian  that  of  the  Du'ch  cloye. 

On  the  Calcareous  Phofphat.  By  McfTrs.  Berth  AND,  Pelle* 
Ti£R>  and  L.  Donadei. 

Tliis  mineral  is  found  in  Eflramadura.  It  is  of  a  whitiih 
colour,  and  of  great  foiidity,  though  not  fufficiently  hard  to 
flrike  fire  with  fteel.  If  triturated  in  an  iron  mortar  in  the 
4ark,  or  even  if  two  pieces  of  it  be  rubbed  together,  it  be- 
comes luminous  :  but  when  it  has  once  loft  this  property,  it 
4oes  not,  like  fome  natural  phofphori,  receive  it  again  by  being 
cxpofed  to  the  rays  of  the  fun.  if  reduced  to  a  very  fine 
powder,  and  laid  on  coals,  it  does  not  decrepitate,  hut  bums 
with  a  beautiful  green  light ;  though,  if  the  coals  be  very  hot, 
and  the  powder  coarfe,  decrepitation  will  take  place. 

According  to  the  analyfis,  made  by  ihefe  chcmifts,  an  hun- 
dred grains  of  the  calcareous  phofphat  is  refolvable  into  the 
following  elements : 

Pure  calcareous  earth    59    grains 
Phofphoric  acid     —     3.1. 
Fluoric  acid  —      a^ 

100  grains 

Extras  from  the  Regtfters  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences. 
By  M.De  La  Place.  e 

The  formation  of  water,  from  the  combuflion  of  hydrogen 
and  oxygen  gas,  is  a  fadt  pf  great  importance  in  the  new 
fyftem  of  chemiftry,  which  in  a  great  meafure^epends  on  it; 
it  cannot  therefore  be  too  carefully  examined,  it  is  certain 
that,  in  many  experiments,  the  water  thus  formed  has  con- 
tained a  little  of  the  nitric  acid  :  but  this  the  French  chemifts 
fcave  fuppofed  to  be  accidental,  owing  to  the  mixture  of  a 
fmall  quantity  of  azotic  with  the  oxygen  gas.  Several  very 
ingenious  philofophcrs  have  been  of  a  different  opinion, 
and  have  confidered  the  formation  of  the  nitric  acid  as  a  ne- 
ceffary  confequence  of  the  combuftion  of  hydrogen  and  oxvgcn 
gas.  Meflrs.  FouRCROY,  SEGUiN,^nd  Vauguelin  under- 
took,  therefore,  to  inveftigate  this  queftion  more  accurately, 
and  to  try  whether,  by  varying  the  experiment,  they  could  not 
obtain  pure  water,  without  any  mixture  of  acid.  The  oxygen 
gas,  which  they  u fed,  was  obtained  from  the  fuper-oxygenated 
muriat  of  potafli^  i  and  one  hundred  cubic  inches  of  it  con- 
tained 


Carbonic  acid 

— 

I 

grain 

Muriatic  acid 

— 

i 

Iron         — 

«- 

1 

Quartzous  earth 

— 

a 

♦  This,  which  we  fuppofe  to  be  what  M.  La^voifur  calls  oxyger 

Bated  rooriat  of  poiaCh,  \&  a  felt  reCvxlua^  from  a  combination  of  what 

\\  uCed 


Cbimkal  Annals.  52$ 

taintd  only  three  of  azotic  gas ;  the  hydrogen  gas  ^as  pro- 
duced from  zinc  difiblved  by  the  fulphuric  acid.  Both  tke 
gafes  were  expofed  to  the  cauftic  alkali,  in  order  to  Uc^  them 
from  any  fixed  air  which  tbey  might  contain  ;  and  the  proceft 
was  fo  managed,  that  the  conibuftion  was  much  more  flow 
than  in  any  preceding  experiment.  25582  cubic  inches  of  hy^ 
drogen,  and  12457  ^^  oxygen  gas,  were  decompofed  whea 
thefe  gafes  were  reduced  to  the  mean  thermometrical  tempera- 
ture of  10  degrees  of  Reaumur's  fcale,  or  54,5  degrees  of 
Fahrenheit's,  and  the  height  of  the  barometer  to  28  inches 
French,  whith  are  equivalent  to  29,83  inches  £ngii(h  meaftire; 
the  weight  of  the  hydrogen  was  1039,  and  that  of  the  oxygea 
gas,  6210  grains.  The  water  produced  weighed  7245  grains^ 
which  was  only  four  grains  lefs  than  the  weight  of  the  gafes. 
Thus,  in  the  water  refulting  from  this  procefs,  the  weight  of 
the  hydrogen  was  to  that  of  the  oxygen,  as  14238  10*85662^ 
which  is  very  nearly  the  proportion  indicated  by  Meflrs.  Lavnjkr 
and  Mfufnier.  The  water  exhibited  no  Agns  of  acidity.  It 
4id  not  in  the  lead  redden  paper  dygd  with  turn/bJe,  or  violets; 
when  mixed  with  a  folution  of  nltrat  of  filver,  \t  occadoned  no 
precipitation,  nor  even  cloudinefs ;  and  its  fpecific  gravity  was 
the  fame  with  that  of  didilled  water.  The  aeriform  refiduum 
in  the  balloon,  in  which  the  combuftion  had  been  efFeded,  ren« 
dered  lime  water  turbid  ;  which  (hewed  that  fome  fixed  air  or 
carbonic  acid  had  been  formed  from  the  carbon  contained  in 
the  hydrogen;  the  remainder  confided  of  a  little  hydrogen 
gas,  and  of  a  mixture  of  oxygeit  and  azotic  gas.  It  is  fuppofed 
that,  in  this  experiment,  the  purity  of  the  oxygen  gas,  and  the 
flownefs  of  the  confbuftion,  prevented  the  oxygen  from  com- 
bining with  the  azotic  gas,  and  from  forming  the  nitric  acid. 

Vol.  V1II.~0«  tht  Sinfatims  of  Heat  and  Cold.  By  M.  Se- 
t^UIN. 

ift  language  is  the  means  of  facilitating  the  operations  of 
the  mind,  it  is  certainly  of  importance  to  fci^nce  that  it  fliould 
be  rendered  as  pcrfedt  as  poflible,  that  every  diftinft  idea  (houlj 
be  expre/Tcd  by  its  peculiar  and  unvaried  appellation,  and  that 
every  term  (hould,  as  far  as  poflible,  fuggell  to  all  the  fame 
idea.  It  is  in  attempting  to  eltablifh  this  accuracy,  that  the 
merit  of  the  new  chtrmical  nomenclature  principally  confifts  ; 
and  we  muft  acknowlege  that,  in  this  refpe6t,it  is  greatly  fupe- 
riorto  tbeold.  Amongoth*  improvements  to  which  it  has  given 
occalioh,  M.  Secuin  directs  our  attention  to  the  greater  prc- 

nlcd  to  be  called  dephlogillicaLcd  marine  acid  with  the  cauftic  vege- 
table fixed  alkali.  This  order  ol  falts  was  difcovercd  by  ^.  BerthoUitt 
in  17S6. 


^6  Chemical  Anndti. 

cifion  with  which  it  enables  philofdphers  (o  expreTs  themfelTes 
on  the  fubjed  of  this  memoir;     Formerly  the  word  heat  fig- 
nified  fometimes  a  fenfation,  and  fometimes  the  ^aufe  of  thi\t' 
(enfation ;  which  moft  of  the  philofophers  of  the  prefent  time 
afcribe  to  a  peculiar  fubftance  ;  this  the  new  chemifts  have  ex- 
prefied  by  the  word  caloric^  rcferving  the  term  heat  to  fignify 
one  of  its  efTef^s^     When  a  greater  quantity  than  ufual  of  ca- 
loric is  communicated  to  our  bodies,  it  occafions  the  fenfation 
of  heat :  but  when,  on  the  contrary.  We  communicate  it  to 
other  bodies,  we  experience  the  fenfation  of  cold.     As  we  can- 
not otherwife  appreciate  the  intenfity  of  heat  and  cold,  thaa 
by  comparing  the  feveral  degrees  of  thefe  fenlarions,  which  can- 
not be  reduced  to  any  common  (landard,  our  judgment  concern- 
ing this  intenfity  muft  be  very  inaccurate,  and  muft  not  depend 
on  the  quantity  of  caloric  received  or  communicated,  but  on 
the  pro^rtion  between   the  prefent  fenfation,  and  that  which 
immediately  preceded   it.     This  is  illuftrated  by  a  variety  of 
ingenious  obfervations,  from  which  the  author  concludes  that 
the  variety  in  the  degree  4)f  heat  or  cold,  which  we  feel  oft 
coming  into  contadt  with  different  bodies  of  the  fame  tempe- 
rature, depends  on  their  feveral  capacities,  on  their  mafles,  on 
their  property  of  conducing  heaty  and  on  the  renewal  of  con- 
tad.     We  cannot,  however,  help  wondering  that  one,  who 
profefles  fuch  great  accuracy,  fhould  exprefs  himfelf  fo  inaccu- 
lately  as  M.  Seguin  has  here  done  ;  for  heat  is,  according  to 
his  own  definition,    the  fenfation,    not   tJ.e   fubftance   which 
caufes  it  5  yet  furely  the  fenfation   cannot  be  faid  to  be  con- 
duced :  but  this  inaccuracy  becomes  ftill  more  ftriking,  when 
we  are  told  that  ths  thermometer  is  by  no  means  an  exa6i  meafurer 
of  heat.     As  this  is  an  alfertion  deduced  frdm   the  preceding 
propofition,  and  which  our  author  has  not  exalained,  we  are  at 
a  lofs   with  refpeft  to  the  fenfe  wl-ich  oughi,^n  this  place,  to 
be  conneded  with  the  word  heat  ;  efpecially  as  this  afieition  it 
announced  as  a  new  difcovery,  in  oppoficion  to  an  opinion  ge- 
nerally received.  'Wedo  not  believe  that  any  philofopherever 
confidered  the  thermometer  as  an  exad  mea/ure  of  the  fcnfa- 
tions  of  heat  and  cold  y  and  Dr.  Crawford,  feveral  }ears  ago, 
(hewed  that  it  was  not  a  meafure  of  abfolute  heat ;  becaufe  the 
quantities  of  this,  in  bodies  of  diflcrcnt  kinds,  may  be  unequal, 
and  yet  their  effect  on  the  thermometer  be  the  fame. 

Vol.  IX.^Extra^  of  a  Letter  from  M.  G  u  yton  (  De  Mo»* 

VEAU). 

Dr.Priefllcy  had  obferved  that  when  faline  liquors,  inclofedin 
glafs  tubes  hcrmciicallv  fcalcd,  were  expofcd  to  heat,  a  precipi- 
tation took  place;  butM.GrvroN,  on  an  accurate  inveftigalion 


Chemical  Annals.  52^ 

of  the  fubjed,  is  convinced  that  what  the  DoStor  confidered  as  af 
precipitate,  is  only  an  erofion  of  the  glafs,  refulting  from  the 
aAion  of  the  confined  liquor  on  it.  When  green  inftead  of 
white  glafs  was  ufcd,  this  phenomenon  did  not  take  place. 

On  the  EleSirical  Properties  cf  the  Magnejio- calcareous  BoraU 
By  the  Abbe  Hauy. 

The  property  of  becoming  ele<5rical  by  heat,  without  fric- 
tion, has  been  fuppofed  to  belong  only  to  the  toufmaline  and 
the  Brafilian  topaz.  Some  years  ago,  the  author  of  this  me- 
moir difcovercd  it  in  a  cryllallized  oxyd  of  zinc,  or  calamine  ♦; 
and  he  has  now  found  that  it  is  poflefled  by  the  cryftals  here 
mentioned,  to  which  yi^WeJirum^  a  German  chemift^  gave 
the  name  of  Boracic  fpar'of  magnefia  and  lime.  I'his  mine- 
ral has  alfo  been  called,  from  its  figure,  cubic  quartz.  It  is 
found  near  Lunenburg,  in  the  duchy  of  Brunfwic,  near  the 
fummit  of  a  mountain  which  bears  the  name  of  Kalkberg. 
The  eleSricity  feems  to  a£l  in  the  diredlion  of  diagonal  lines, 
drawn  from  one  angle  to  its  oppofne,  through  the  centre  of  the 
cube.  The  experiment  fucceeds  befl  with  a  very  gentle  heat, 
Thefe  fryftals  may  alfo  ]?c  excited  by  fridion,  but  not  fo 
firongly  as  by  heat. 

On  the  Combination  of  Oxygen  with  the  Carbon  and  Hydrogen 
of  the  Blood  \  on  the  Solution  of  Oxygen  in  this  Fluid  \  and  on  the 
Manner  in  which  Caloric  isfeparated.     By  M.  Hassenfratz. 

The  theories  of  refpiration,  as  produdive  of  animal  heat, 
adopted  by  M.  Lavoifier  and  the  ingenious  Doftor  Crawford, 
are  too  well  known  to  need  any  particular  detail.  Do<5lor  Gir'- 
tanner  differs  from  thefe  gentlemen  only  infuppofing  that  a 
part  of  the  oxygen  combines  with  the  venous  blood,  and  gives 
'  it  that  vivid  colour  which  it  exhibits  in  its  paflage  through  the 
arteries.  They  arc,  however,  agreed  that  all  the  caloric, 
which  the  blood  diffufes  through  the  animal  fyftem,  is  let  loofc 
In  the  lungs.  To  this  MeflVs.  La  Grange  and  De  La  Place  ob- 
jected that  the  temperature  of  the  lungs  was  never  obferved  to 
be  fo  much  higher  than  the  other  parts  of  animals,  as,  accord- 
ing to  this  hypothecs,  it  muft  be  ;  and  that  fo  high  a  tempe- 
rature muft  tend  to  their  dedrui^ion.  Hence  they  concluded 
that  the  beat,  communicated  to  the  animal  fyftem,  is  not  fe- 
parated  in  the  lungs  alone,  but  that  it  is  gradually  detached  ia 
every  part  of  the  body  through  which  the  blood  circulates.  In. 
Older  to  obtain  fatisfadlion  with  refpedt  to  thefe  points,  M*. 
Hassenfratz  tried  the  experiments  here  related.  He  firft 
mixed    with  venous   blood  fome  oxygenated  muriatic  acid,  on 

•  Scc'M.  Rev.  Vol.  Ixxviii.  page  621. 

5  virblcbL 


tht  bl<iod  was  inftantly  decompofed,  and  tlie  colour  fee* 

I  much  darker  than  before  :   but  the  colour  of  venous  blood 

:  alrered  by  mixing  with  ft  the  cocnmort  muriatic  acii!, 

Ljted  til  at  its  acidity  was  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  oxy* 

■  cd  ;  however,  vt^hen  undiluted  muriatic  acid  was  poured 

Ic  Mood,  this  was  inftaiuly  decompofcd,  and  a  flaky  prc- 

[te  of  a  more  vivid  colour  w.4S  formed.      Our  author  ob- 

:  that,  in  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid,  the  oxvcren  is  m 

llAte  in  which  it  will  readify  combine  with  the  hvdfo?cii 

rbon  of  the  bloodi  when  it  comes  \n  conta<^  with  ihcm: 
prk  cobur,  therefore,  which  was  produccdin  the  firft  ex- 
tent, mull  be  that   which  the   blood  uhlfnaicly  recti  res 

the  oxygen*  From  thcfc  and  fevcral  other  experiments* 
Jassenfratz  gives  ic  as  his  opinion  that  the  vivid  colour 
L.  arterial  blood  is  owing  to  its  folution  of  oxvgen  g a*  j 
1  during  the  courfc  of  circulation,  thii  oxygen  gradutllf 

Ines  with  the  hydrogen  and  carbon  of  the  blood,  by  which 
k  it  acqtiires  a  deeper  colour  j  that,  when  it  returns  m 
Lngs  by  the  veins,  this  combination  is  completed,  and  it 
J  received  a  frefli  ftrpply  of  oxygen,  which  it  carries  into 
Irtenal    f^flem.      Some   caloric^  he  allow?,   muft  be  fep- 

in  the  fungi,  where  the  procefs  begins  :   but  the  gj^ii^t 
It  It  ii  em|ii*»yc|l  iu  vaporiziiig  the  wactr,   which  the  tx- 
:rit5  v/:lJi  if ;   ar.J  a  much   Irirgcr    proporunn   is  let 


Chemical  Annahi  529 

tube,  the  air,  tvhich  is  to  be  examined,  and  after  being  pre- 
vioufly  gaged  in  a  graduated  receiver,  muft  be  conveyed  by  a 
little  at  a  time.  The  combudion  will  continue  till  all  the  air 
be  decompofed,  and  the  oxygen  abforbed  ;  though,  for  the  fake 
of  greater  exaAnefs,  the  reiiduum  may  be  more  ftrongly  heat- 
ed. When  the  apparatus  is  cool,  the  rcfiduum  muft  be  con- 
veyed into  a  receiver  gaged  like  the  firft ;  and  the  difference 
between  the  two  volumes  will  indicate  that  of  the  oxygen  gas 
contained  in  the  air  which  has  thus  been  examined.  When 
the  temperature  of  the  atmofphere  is  50  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  • 
thermometer,  there  will  be  no  occafion  to  heat  the  phofphorus 
whenever  frefh  air  is  introduced ;  as  it  will  take  fire  fpontane- 
oufly,  as  foon  as  it  comes  again  into*  contact  with  vital  air. 

Vol.  X. — On theASlion ofLlme^  and offome metallic Oxyds^  on 
Phofpboruu     By  Dr.  Raymond. 

M.Gengembre  difcovered  that,  by  boiling  phofphorus  in  z 
folution  of  pot-a(h,  a  peculiar  kind  of  gas  was  produced,  which 
had  the  fmgular  property  of  taking  fire  on  coming  into  conta£(: 
with  the  atmofphere,  and  to  which  tht  French  chemiils  have 
given  the  appellation  of  phofphorizcd  hydrogen  gas.  Dr.  Ray- 
mond thought  of  varying  the  procefs,  in  order  to  difcorer 
whether  this  gas  might  not  be  produced  in  fome  other  way. 
He  took  two  ounces  of  lime  flaked  in  the  air,  a  drachm  of 
phofphorus  cut  fmall,  with  half  an  ounce  of  water,  which  he 
mixed  up  into  a  foft  pafle,  and  put  into  a  ilone  retort ;  to  this 
retort  a  tube  was  fitted,  the  internal  diameter  of  which,  he  fays, 
ought  not  to  exceed  a  line  and  a  half,  communicating  with  a 
receiver  full  of  water.  As  foon  as  the  retort  was  well  heated, 
the  phofphorized  hydrogen  gas  was  generated  fo  abundantly, 
that,  from  the  quantity  of  ingredients  here  mentioned,  no  lefs 
than  three  quarts  of  it  were  obtained.  l*he  refiduum  was 
it>und  to  have  all  the  chara£lers  of  the  native  phofphat  of  lime. 
Hence  the  Dodor  fuppofes  that  the  water  was  decompofed 
during  the  procefs,  and  that  its  oxygen  fervcd  to  acidify  th« 
phofphorus ;  which,  in  this  ftate,  was  combined  with  the  lime, 
and  formed  the  phofphat;  while  its  hydrogen,  afTuming  a 
gafous  ftate,  carried  with  it  a  part  of  the  phofphorus,  to  which 
the  property  of  taking  fire  by  contail;  with  the  air  muft  be 
afcribcd.  The  gas  foon  lofcs  this  properly,  and  the  phofphorus 
is  condenfed  on  the  fides  of  the  receiver ;  great  caution,  how- 
ever, is  neceflary ;  for  though  a  part  of  the  gas  may  feem  to 
have  depofited  its  phofphorus,  and  to  be  reduced  to  pure  hydro- 
gen, yet  another  part,  in  the  fame  receiver,  may  retain  enough 
to  caufe  a  formidable  explofion,  when  in  contact  wich  air. 

The  facility  with  which  water  was  thus  decompofed  led 
the  author  to  f\ifyeQ  that  a  fimilar  cfFeG  ro\){^V\v\it  ^loiiM^^^'Vi'^ 

App,  Rev.  Vol.xj.  O  o  ^^ 


Ckimtml  Afmah, 

mixture  m  the  mean  temperature  of  the  atmofphere^. 
jgly  he  found  that,  in  ten  days'  time^  a  fmall  quantity 
igen  gas  was  generated  in  the  vials,  in  which  the  in- 
^  were  placed  j  this,  however,  was  not  phofphori2Ci3> 
not  being  fufficient  to  vobtih'ze  the  phofphorus, 
^ted  by  ibis  fuccefs,  Dr*  Raymond   refolved  to  try 
uld  be   effc£led  by  metallic  oxyds.      He    made  two 
\  like  the  former:  but,  inftead  of  lime,  he  fubftituted,  in 
the  white  oxyd  of  zinc,  and.  In  the  other,  the  black 
iron.     After  long  Jift illation  with  great  heat,  he  ob- 
rom  both  phofphorizcd  hydrogen  gas :  but  it  was  pro- 
w  much  lefs  time,  and  in  greater  quantity,  from  t^e 
zinc,  than  from  that  of  iron  j  which  he  afcrtbed  to  the 
inity  of  the  former  to  the  phofphoric  acid, 

he  diffirmt  Sulpbats  iff  Mtrcury  \  en  thi  PrtdpatUn  $f 
its  by  Ammamac ;  and  m  the  Pr&pertiesjf  a  nrw  Triple 
iking  fr&m  this  Operatun*     By  M*  De  Fourcroy, 
le  performing  fomc  experiments  to  afcertain  the  eSeds 
^oniac  on  fulphat,  or,  as  called  by  the  old  chemifis, 
^f  mercury,  M,  Fourgroy  found  them  to  be  various; 
:  this  variety  depended  on  the  different  modifications  of 
On  farther  examination,  he  difcovered  that  the  caufe 
difference  might  be  afcrihed,  in  fome  meafure,  to  the 
ion  between  the  mercury  and  the  fulphuric  acid  empIoTcd 

Chimkat  Annals,  'f^\ 

rialic  acid  converts  it  into  mercunus  dukh*  A  hundred  partf 
of  this  fulphat,  when  dried^  contain  twelve  of  fulphuric  acid, 
fcventy*five  of  mercury,  eight  of  oxygen,  and  five  of  water* 

If  this  fait  be  ftrongly  heated,  it  yields,  firft,  water  j  thert 
fulphurous  acid ;  and  then  oxygen  gas ;  if  this  proccfs  be 
ftopped  as  foon  as  the  fulpburous  acid  ccafes  to  be  feparated^ 
the  fulphat  is  converted  into  turbith  mineral,  which  the  authof 
calls  yellow  fulphat  of  mercury,  or  fulphat  with  exccfs  of  oxyd. 
This  is  foluble  in  2000  pans  of  water;  and,  when  prectpitated 
by  an  alkali,  is  grey.  It  is  In  a  great  meafure  decompofed  by 
the  nitric  acid,  and  the  muriatic  acid  converts  it  ioto  corrofive 
fublimate.  A  hundred  parts  of  turbith  mineral  contain  ten  of 
fulphuric  acid,  fcvcnty-fix  of  mercury,  eleven  of  oxygen,  and 
three  of  water. 

From  the  remaining  experiments  here  related,  it  appears 
that  ammoniac  decompofes  the  fulphats  of  mercury  partially, 
and  not  entirely,  like  the  fixed  alkalies.  When  the  volatile 
alkali  is  poured  on  a  folution  of  the  neutral  fulphat,  the  preci- 
pitate is  a  dark  grey  powder;  if  this  be  cxpofcd  to  the  rays  of 
the  fun,  part  of  it  is  revived,  and  a  fait  is  formed,  which  this 
BUthor  calls  an  ammoniaco-murcurial  fulphat;  as  it  is  pro- 
duced by  an  union  of  fulphat  of  ammoniac  with  fulphat  of  mer- 
cury. M.FouRCROY  obferves,  that  this  fait  contains  more 
Ammoniac  and  oxyd  of  mercury,  in  proportion  to  its  fulphuric 
acid,  than  the  two  fulphats  of  which  it  confifts ;  that  hence  it 
muft  be  confidcred,  not  as  a  fimplc  combination  of  them,  but 
as  a  triple  fait,  having  properties  very  different  from  their  pro* 
perties,  and  formed  by  the  union  of  an  alkaline  and  metallic  bafe 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  fulphuric  acid.  This  fait  is  not 
produced  by  the  combination  of  ammoniac  with  the  acid  ful- 
phat; becaufe,  in  this  cafe,  the  alkali,  being  faturated  with  the 
acid  which  this  contains,  does  not  difcngage  the  oxyd  of  mef* 
cury. 

Vol.  Xl.'^On  fome  Fa^s  that  havt  been  mairttahed tn  oppofttion 
U  the  Aniiphhgijiu  Syfitm  of  Chemifry.     By  M.  Berthollet, 

The  principal  objeftion  here  confidered,  is  that  offered  by 
M.  Wejhumh^  who  infifts  that  dephlogifttcated  marine  acid 
contains,  bcfide  its  muriatic  bafe  combined  with  caloric  and 
water,  a  confiderable  portion  of  calx  of  dephlogiflicated  man- 
ganefe ;  and  that  it  is  to  this,  and  not  to  oxygen,  that  its  yel* 
low  colour  muft  be  afcribed*  in  aofwcr  to  this  objeflion,  M,"* 
Berthollet  produces  feveraJ  experiments,  which  fliew  thar 
the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid  does  not  ncceflarily  contain  oxyd 
of  manganefe.  If,  fays  he,  the  nitric  and  muriatic  acids  be 
mixed,  effcrvefccnce  takes  place;  and  oxygenated  muriatic 
acid  is  produced.     This  gas  is  of  the  fame  coWmt,  ^u^>c\%^  trv^ 

O  0  2  ^A^^ 


■ 


jpjH  Chemical  Ajuuilr^ 

(ame  properties,  with  that  o'««tained  from  the  oxTdt^  mtngande: 
but  there  can  be  no  reafon  to  fufped  that  maoganefe  is  con* 
cerned  in  this  produce.  Befide,  no  oxyd  of  manganere  is  pre* 
cipitatecl  by  lime,  nor  by  the  alkalies,  from  oxygenated  muriatic 
acid  that  has  been  difcoloured  by  light;  which  would  be  the 
cafe  if,  as  M.fFtJirumh  pretends,  this  oxyd  had  been  dlflblired 
in  it.  Muriat  of  manganefe,  mixed  with  this  acid,  renders  it 
turbid,  and  the  oxyd  is  precipitated  ;  in  this  cafe,  the  acid  lofes 
its  colour,  becaufe  the  oxyd  has  deprived  it  of  its  oxygen. 
After  adducing  thefe  and  other  fads  of  a  fimilar  nature,  M. 
^XETHOLLET  confeflcs  that,  in  two  or  three  inftances  among 
his ,  numerous  experiments,  his  oxygenated  muriatic  acid, 
fbough  prepared  with  great  care,  became  turbii},  and  depofued 
oxyd  of  manganefe ;  he  fays  that  he  does  not  know  bow  to 
account  for  this  circumftance :  but  he  thinks  it  was  owing  to 
feme  accidental  quality  of  the  manganefe  employed  in  the  procefs. 

MsGnn,  another  German  chemift,  abfolutely  denies  that 
recent  oxyds,  which  have  not  attraded  moifture  from  the  air, 
can  be  reduced  without  charcoal,  and  that  vital  air  can  be  pro- 
duced from  them.  M.  Berthollet,  in  reply,  appeals  to  ex« 
perience;  obferving  that,  if  pure  nitric  acid  and  mercury  be 
diftilled  with  a  bri^  haaf,  nitrous  gas  will  firft  be  produced, 
and  afterward  the  neck  of  the  retort  will  be  filled  with  red  va- 
pours ;  when  thefe  ce?re,  vital  air  will  be  obtained,  and  the 
oxyd  be  reduced.  In  this  cafe,  the  oxyd  is  reduced  immediately 
after  its  formation,  and,  not  having  been  in  contad  with  the 
air,  can  have  attracted  no  moiflure  from  it. 

The  remainder  of  this  memoir  is  occupied  by  an  account  of 
the  oxygenated  muriat  of  pot-aOi  that  has  been  fubftituted  for 
nitre,  in  making  a  gun- powder  which  was  found  to  have 
much  greater  expanfive  force  than  the  common  fort,  but,  at 
the  fame  time,  proved  fo  very  inflammable,  as  not  to  be  ufe4 
without  great  danger  ;  its  taking  fire  was  the  caufc  of  a  dreadful 
cxplofion  at  Effonne  about  two  or  three  years  fince. 

On  the  Compojttion  of  the  Colouring  MeUUr  of  Prufpan  Blue. 
By  Pfofeflbr  Clouet. 

From  the  various  experiments  which  haYe  been  made  con- 
cerning this  fubftance,  the  Profeflbr  fufpe£led  that  it  was  the 
refulc  of  a  combination  of  the  volatile  alkali  with  carbon  i  he 
tells  us  that  he  obtained  a  confiderable  quantity  of  Pru£an 
blue  by  expofmg,  to  a  very  flrong  heat,  a  mixture  of  five  parts 
of  quick  lime  with  one  of  (al  ammoniac,  in  a  retort;  to  the 
Beck  of  which  was  adapted  a  porcelain  tube  filled  with  powder- 
ed charcoal  made  red-hot;  the  ammoniac,  which  came  over 
through  this,  was  received  in  a  balloon  containing  a  folution  of 
icon  in  the  fulphurlc  acid.  «  . 


Chemical  Annals.  53"^ 

•    On  the  Method  of  making  InflrumenU  of  Eletflic   Gum  'ijr 
•Gaoutchouc.     By  M.Grcssart. 

The  clafticity  and  flexibility  of  this  fubftance,  together  wiA 
the  circumftance  of  its  refifiing  the  a£lion  of  mod  fluids,  might 
render  it  ufcful  in  many  rcfpeSs,  particularly  in  furgCry:  bqt 
the  form,  in  which  it  is  brought  into  Europe,  makes  it  difficult 
to  derive  from  it  all  the  advantages  which  it  might  aflTord.     It 
is  now  well  known  that  the  caoutchouc  is  the  juice  of  a  tr^ 
called  by  Linne  Havea  caoutchouc:  but  it  is  feldom  brought  to 
Europe  rn  its  fluid  fta^c;  and  whenever  this  ij  the  cafe,  it  |s 
decompofed  by  the  heat,  and  lofes  its  properties.   'Jt  ma^  1^ 
diirolv(fd  in  drying  oils,  and  thus  makes  an  excellent  varhiflL 
impenetrable  by  water,   and  even  by  airj  and   unaffeded  w 
acid^.     This  has  been  ufed  /or  coaling  baHdotiS;'  M.  JJ<rw3[, 
and  afterward  Meflrs.  i>2/ri7W,  employed  it  ias  a  VariiifJii  fo^ 
their  well- known  bougiies :'  but  thcfe,  thottgti  in  khany  cafes 
highly  ufeful,  have  not  all  the  advantages  th'atwould  refuft  from 
tubes  made  of  the  gum  itfelf.     In 'order  to'att^in  this  obje£^ 
folvcnts  have  been  fought:  but  jlU  which'  have  hitherto  bcjpji 
■found  al^er  the  nature,  and  deftrpy  the  pro(>crt}cs,  oY  the  gum. 
The  author,  however,  jufily  obferves,  that  an  entire  folutiohjs 
unnecefl'ary;  all  that  is  reqtiifite  is  to  fofieri'itTS  far,  that  diiT- 
ferent  pieces  of  it  may  crthfcrc/knd  be,  as  it  WXt^  glued  ipgv 
thcr;  experience  has  conv i heed  him  thar,  ^f^ wo  pieces  "dftfe 
claftic  gum  ihu5  foftcn^d'bc  prefled  tbgethcfl"  and  'the  preAli^o 
continued  till  they  be  dry,  they  will  be  fo-frroffgly  united,  tha^, 
if  force  be  ufed,  the  gum  will  break' in  ahy  other  part  ks  foph 
as  in  that  cemented.     It  may  thu*-be  fofteriedi)y  itftH^r,  by  the 
vDlatiJe  oils^  9t  lavender  jafrtd  turpentine,  and  even'  by  boiling 
water.     M.  CjROSSART/t' method  is  to  cut  a  gum- bottle  irf4 
fpiral  dire<E^ion,  io  as  to  make  of  it  one  long  ribband,  a  few  lines 
jo  breadth.     This  he  lays  in  the  folvent  till  it  |}e  fufficiendjr 
foftened  ;  if  boiling  water  be  ufed,  its  edges  will  become  rathar 
tranfparent  ip  about  a  quarter  of  an  fa^vr  ;,  itmuft  then  te 
rolled  cound  a  little  cylinder  or  mould,  uMiing  care  to  prcfs-^die 
feveral  turns,  clofe  to  each  other,  fgi  a&ito^. form  one  contmiMBd 
furface ;  a  piece  of  tape,  rolled  very  tightly  over  it,  ferves  to 
continue  the.  preflure  till  .it  be  dry.   In  order  to  draw  the  mould 
out  of  it,  he  fteeps  it  a  little  while  in  warm  water. 

On  the  Combination  of  Oxygen  With  the  Sulpbuftc  Acid.   By 'Af» 

J.  A.  GlOBERT.  •' 

M.  Crell  obferved  that,  by  the  black  oxyd  of  manganefe,  iSt 
fulphuric  acid  may  be  oxygenated  as  well  as  the  muriatic ;  aiiil 
M.Schurery  another  German  chemift,  affirine4  that,  in  this 
ftate,  the  fulphuric  acid  diflblved  gold  and'tihrer.     Meflrs^raW- 

O  o  3  ^utUit 


Cbimk&l  Amalu 

^nd  Bmvhr  tried  the  experiment  withotil  fuccef*,  inj 

ic  fulphuric  acid  unaltered  by  the  proccfs,     }A.Gi&hin 

lore  fortunate^  and   afcribed  ihc   failure  of  the  Frencli 

Is  to  their  not  diluting  the  acid.     His  method  is  to  pour 

jntcs  of  fulphuric  acid  on  two  of  the  blick  oxyd  of  roan* 

Ireduccd  to  a  fine  powder^  to  which  be  adds  twelve  ouocci 

Ikd  water  J  and  he  kts  this  mixture  drgeft  during  i%x  hoars 

iipcrAture  of  between  60  and  70  degrees  of  Reiumur'f 

it  is  then  boiJcd  for  about  ten  minutes^  and  twelve  ountci 

tj  arc  added  to  it ;  after  which  it  is  removed  from  the 

tjttfred  to  cool  J  and  filtrated*     The  produce  is  a  fulphat 

Iganefe  with  a  great  exccfs  of  acid  furcharged  with  oxy* 

h  contains^  however^  a  much  greaser  proportion  of  the 

manganefethan  is  ever  found  in  the  oxygenated  muria* 

i:  but  this  may  be  in  a  great  meafure  feparattd,  by 

ig  the  liquof  whiie  hot,  and  letting  it  grow  cold  before 

bond  quantity  of  water  be  added  to  it.     The  oxygenated 

ric  acid  \%  of  a  rofe  colour,  and  the  intenHty  of  this  colour 

[es  the  degree  of  its  oxygenation »     The  muriatic  acid 

oxygen  irom  it;   yet  the  adherence  of  oxygen  to  the 

ric  feems  to  be  much  flronger  than  to  the  muriatic  acidj 

oxygenated  fulphuric  acid  has  been   kept  during  ten 

without  undergoing  any  alteration  ;    it   is  dcconipofed 

^rs  of  the  flip,  but  docs  not,  filce  the  oxygen  a  ted  muri* 


ChemUal  ArmaU.  535 

ward,  the  liquor  became  tranrparent ;  and,  when  eraporated  to 
the  confifienceL  of  fyrup,  depofited  a  great  number  of  yellow 
radiated  cryftals,  which  had  a  faccharine  and  fubacid  flavour. 
If  the  liqMor  be  expofed.  to  air,  confined  by  mercurv,  it  imbibes 
oxygen,  and  the  gum  feparates  and  floats  on  its  iuiface^  this 
itparaiion  is  alfo  greatly  promoted  by  atids,  and  particularly  by. 
the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid :  alkalies  have  an  efleA  dineAJy 
oppofite.  The  concrete  gum,  on  being  dxpofed .  ta  the  air,^ 
changed  its  colour  from  white  to  brown,  and  appeared  to  hive 
^1  the  properties  of  that  which  is  commonly  fold,  M.  FouR- 
CROY  advifes  tbofe  who  live  in  the  countries  where,  itis  pro-s 
duced,  and  who  may  wifh  to  fend  it  to  Europe  in  its  fluid  (iate^^ 
to  add  the  vegetable  fixed  alkali  to  it ;  by  which  ineans  4)* 
thinks,  its  decompofition,  and  the  fqiaration  of  thegum,  wiH  ^ 
prevented.  i      • 

Vol,  XU.'-^Ac^unt  of  a  Pro€efsfofmaHng  KunkiPs  PhofpheYUi 
from  Urim^  which  is  Jhorier  ana  mori  tcommicat  than  fhut  ff 
which  Mejfrs.  SchaU  and  Ghan  txtrif^  it  from  tho  Bonts  of  Ahi^ 
mats.     By  M.  Giobert.  '  • 

This  method  is  founded  on  the  property  of  the  metallic  falt^ 
to  feparate  the  phofphoric  acid  from  urine,  vrYAt^^Margraafj^ 
we  believe,  firft  difcovered :  but  M.GiOBERt  ha^rgV^tj^  im- 
proved on  the  procefs  direcSled  by  the  Ge/man  chemifl,  i%  he 
avoids  the  tedious  and  (IifguRin|;  operations  of  Evaporating  the 
urine,  and  expoHng  it  to  putreȣ^ion.  He  tells  us,  that  it  \i 
iridifFerent  whether  the  urine  be  that  of  healthy  or  difeafe3  per* 
fons;  and  that  of  horfes  is  nearly  it  gooA  for' this  parpofe  as 
that  which  is  human.  He  gradually  pou'rsMnto  it  a  folution  of 
lead  in  the  nitric  acid,  till  the  precipitation  ceafes  which  this 
had  occafioned ;  the  whole  is  then  diluted  with  a  confiderable 
quantity  of  water,  and  afterward  filtrated  through  a  linen 
cloth.  The  precipitate,  which  is  phofphatof  lead,  muft  bemade 
up  into  a  pafte  with  powder  of  charcoal,  and  well^  dried  in  an 
iron  or  copper  pan:  it  muft  afterward  be  diftilled;  when  it 
will  yield,  hrft,  an  ammoniacal,  and  then  an  empyreuroatic, 
oil ;  thefe  oils  proceed  from  the  urine,  from  which  it  is  difficult 
to  purify  the  phofphat.  As  foon  as  the  oil  ceafes  -to  come 
over,  a  clean  receiver  muft  be  applied,  and  the  fire  be  greatljr 
increafed.  The  phofphorus  generally  appears  in  about  half  an 
hour^  and,  within  eight  hours,  twelve  or  fourteen  ounces  of  it 
may  thus  be  obtained.  If  the  procefi  be  conduced  with  carsL 
M«GiOBERT  thinks  that  a  hundred  parts  of  phofphat  of  lead  will 
yield  between  fourteen  and  eighteen  of  phofphorus* 

If,  on  the  phofphat  of  lead,  thHS  precipitated  from  urjne,  a 
folution  of  fulphat  of  ammoniac  be  pour^d^  and  this,  after  di«- 

O  0  4  ^^vcv^ 


5^b  Cftfmk.ll  AmutTm 

gelling  iurin^  taveiTis  '2cur%  be  filcraced  aod  evaporarcd,  pho* 
^hac  Gi'  immoniac  vrll  ^e  fHicaioed  -,  a£<2,  if  lulpiut  ot  fisda  be 
otcui.  :r.c  rc:'aic  jrll  re  pcciba^c  of  uida. 

A  feuinLi  JtEemstr,  xr:  Ji£igngt:;m»     Bf  M.CoULOMB. 

M.  CoCLCMs'i  prscsdlrrz  setnaJr^  rcUcsil  chrcfly  to  elcc- 

tricTcy  ;   tr.r  «  w-ris  pu-^-iicd  At  cifferent  nmes  in  :ftc  Memoirs 

of  the  Aradcffiy  of  :ic:«:r.ccs  ;  ar.d  were  bn-fi?  net  iced  by  us  in 

cur  c^'i.tt-M  of  ije  i<r/::ral  vclutucs  of  tr.at  exceilcct  ccilcdion*- 

ItM  fafficieric  ro  rc^ri  nd  cur  reaJfer«,  uat  he  arplicd  the  force 

•f  tor. ion  cf  rr.eral  wire,  xiica  Se  had  p*-eviouily  endeavoured 

fo  aicercasrs,  i-  crccr  ro  dcterrr?nc  the  !i'-vs  of  the  attradive 

and  recuif;/c  forces  cf  tbe  clech-ic  and  the  magr.etic  Suid; 

which  te  rVii.d  z-i  be  in  trc  d«p-:care  rec-procal  rjtio  of  the 

dtJeacces  cr   tr»e  a^nz  parried  from  each  other.      Punutnj 

thete  i.- liquifies,  he  cnccavcurcJ  to  cox  pi  re  ihc  fcrce  by  which 

sveeaies  of  :he  Un^  «:i4xxieccr,  bi.c  cf  dBerenc  lengths,  were 

carried   bacic   to  tiic  ro ascetic   oicrid  an  trom    a  deviation  of 

thirty  ee^re<s.     This  fcrce,  which  he  ccnhders  as  acting  in  a 

dlrcJticn  perpend. cu'.i:  to  t-ic  r.ccJIe,  he  calls   the  directive  *, 

and  he   fpund   that,  en  c:cr.i/j:iL:ng  ihe  Icngih  of  the  needles 

within  a  certain  limit,  it  decreaied  in  tr.e  Umc   proportion: 

but,  wncn  Kill  Hior^er  necilcs  were  iriev-?,  it  appeared  to  be  as 

the  fqti-^res  of  their  length. 

M.'CcL"LOMS  ai'cr  be-  t!ie  pbenorrena  of  magnetifm  to  two 

Juids   coniained   in  ihc  magnet,  and  ijpp-lcs  th^t  the  fcvcral 

particles  of  each  actraft  one  another,  ar.d  repel    tht.fc  of  the 

other  fluid,  in  the  iiuplicate  inveri'e  ratio  of  their  dillances.     In 

g  piece  of  iron  which  gives  no  figns  of  oid^netifni,  the  two 

fluids  remain  intimately  combined,  and  neuieralize  each  other: 

but  when  it  becomes  magnetic,  they  arc  fcparated  ;  tne  cnc, 

vvhich  our  author  calls  tne  boreal,  recedes  to  the  northern,  and 

the  other,  or  the  auftral,  to  tbe  fouihern  parts  of  t!;c  magnet. 

Thefc  fluids  arc  not  emitted  by  the  magnet,  but  acl  by  aiirac- 

tion  and  rcpullion  of  the  analogous  fluids  of  every  other  magnet 

that  comes  within  their  fphere,      1  he  author  farther  fuppofes 

that,  of  every  magnetic  needle,  each  ferruginous  particle  is  it- 

fclf 'a  little  magnet,  the  polts  of  which  are  contiguous  to  the 

onpofitc  poles  of  the  adjacent  particles.     In  the  northern  part 

of  the  n)ai;nct,  the  northern  pole  of  each  piriicle  is  ftrongcr 

th  in  the  fvmthcrn  pole  of  the  next ;  but  ihib  excels  of  force  di- 

mini(h<$  as  the  particles  approach  the  centre  where  the  powers 

become  equal  j  after  which  thai  of  the  fouth  pole  acqikres  a 

f.ipiiiority,  which  mcreafcs  as  they  approximate  the  fouihern 

""scTm  Rt'v.  vol.lxxviii.  p. 612.  621.  vol.lxxxi.  p.6of.   New 
Scries  voi;v.p.49'.-«lvol.viU.p.5U.  ^^^.^^ 


Chmicai  Annals* 


539 


cztreaiity  of  the  neenic.  In  order  to  illuftratc  4ii,s  theory, 
M.  CoutOMB  magnetized  a  (rnajl  tuSe  filled  witfi  flcel  filings^ 
each  of  wb>ch  on  being  afterward  poured  out,  w^s  found  to  b« 
in  fatfl  a  feparate  magnet,  having  Its  north  and  foutb  pole. 
Thefc  hypothcfes,  however,  are  Iw  no  means  cilshcr  neyir  or  (a- 
ti^fa£lory ;  the  author's  fuppofition,  that  particles  of  the 
fame  magnetic  fluid  attract  each  other,  will  not  account  for 
the  repuTfton  which  takes  place  between  poles  of  the  fame 
name.  M,,fVilke^  whp  maintained  a  fimilar  hyppthefis  above 
twenty  years  ago,  fuppofed  each  flgid^repulfive  with,  refpeifi  to 
itfelf,  and  attractive  with  re/pe£l  to  the  other. .  As  to  the 
latter  part  of  M.  CouLOMB'si  theory,  it  appears  to  us  purely 
hj'pothctical.  We  own  that  we  arc  not  fond  of  thefc  phyfical 
hypothcfes ;  they  may  be  plaufible  and  ingenious  :^  but  they  Are 
of  no  ufe  in  the  promotion  of  fcien'ce.  We  adhere  to  the  ex- 
cellent maxim  of  feoerhaave,  that,  in  thy  fie Sy  nothing  is  ceriaim^ 
excett  fa&i  which  are  obvious  to  our  fenfes^  and  thofi  conclufions  , 
which  arc  adduced  from  them  by  JiriSf  mathematical  reafoning. 

Onfomt  Properties  of  the  Muriat  of  Ttn.  By  ^4•  Pelletibr. 
.  This  fait  is  obtained  by  boiling  tin  in  the  muriatic  acid ;  it 
becomes  oxygenated  on  being  expofed  to  oxygenated  muriatW 
gas,  and,  in  this  ftate,  is  an  ufefol  ingredient  in  dying :  th6 
properties  here  mentioned  depend  on  its  great  affinity  to  oxy« 
gen,  which  it  will  attrad  from  various  acids^dd  cnetallic  oxydl) 
as  it  aJ(6  abforbs  this  principle  from  air,  M.  PelleTieA: 
thinks  it  may  be  applied  with  advantage  to  eudiometrical  pur- 
pofes. 

Vol,  XU\. -^Explanation  of  fome  Phenomena  which  feem  to  hi 
contrary  to  the  Law  of  Chemical  Affinity.    ^"^  M.  H  AssENFRATZ. 

To  exprefs  by  numbers  the  proportions  of  affinity  between 
fubftances,  whether  fimple  or  compound,  in  their  various  com- 
binations, is  a  problem  which  has  employed  the  attention  of 
fome  of  the  mod  eminent  chemifls  \  of  the  various  tables  ia 
which  this  has  been  done,  M.  Hassenfratz  thinks  tbpfe  the 
bell,  which  were  publi(hed  by  M.  Guyton  (di  Morvefiu)  in  the 
fincyclopedie  par  ordre  de  matieresj  and  from  thef<f  he  has  takea 
the  paiticular  cafes  here  difcufied. 

In  thefe  tables,  the  affinity  between  the  muriatic  ^cid  and 
foJa  is  exprefTed  by  31  j  and  that,  between  the  muriatic  acid 
aiid  lime,  by  24.  it  then  this  acid  be  expofed  to  the  a£lion  of 
foda  and  lime  at  the  fame  time.  It  will  be  attracted  by  the  foda 
with  a  force  equal  to  31-— 24  or  ^,  and  muriat  of  foda  will  be 
formed. 

Again,  the  affinity  of  the  carbonic  acid  to  foda  is  3,  and  to 
Iimc3i2 :  whence^  if  carbonic  acid  be  poured  on  a  mixture  of  foda 


Chemu&i  Amalu 

the  lime  will  attraft  the  acid  with  t  power  eqtial  to 
lor  4-     From  thefe  premifes,  it  might  be  concluded 
Vm  a  mixture  of  Hmc  and  foda  with  rauiiatic  and  car- 
tid,  the  refalt  would  be  muriat  of  Toda  and  e<irbonac  of 
|but  SebfiU  aflens,  that,  if  a  foluiion  of  muriat  of  foda 
ed  on  lime  J  and  the  niixtore  be  fet  in  a  cellar,  where 
I  abundance  of  free  carbonic  acid,  or  fixed  air,  the  re- 
be  carbonat  of  fodat  and  muriat  of  ]im&.     Tbefe  znA 
^enomena  of  the  fame  kind  aftonifhcd  Scbeeki  and,  ta 
aijcount  (or  them,  he  fuppofed  that  the  afl&nitiei  be- 
kalies  and  acids  varied  in  proportion  to  the  water  coii^ 
,  the  neutral  fait* 

1$  one  circumf^tnce  to  this  experiment^  of  which  M. 
las  ndt  taken  notice,  though  it  ought  to  have  bcea  men-* 
lyiz*  that  a  part  only  of  the  muriat  of  foda  i^  dctom- 
pis  depends  on  the  proportion  of  the  muriat  of  foda  lo 
lime;  for  the  greater  the  quantity  of  the  latter  is  with 
to  the  former,  the  greater  wil!  be  that  of  the  carbonat  of 
nt,  with  this,  carbonat  of  lime  will  alfo  be  formed, ^•To 
[hefe  phenomena,  our  author  nbferves  that^  if  a  ftone  diili 
ithftakcil  lime,  and  water,  fatu  rated  with  muriat  of  foda, 
^d  on  ihe  Hme,  the  water  will  be  uniformly  diflribuied 
r  lime,  fu  ihat  each  particle  of  it  will  be  furroundcd  with 


Chtffikdl  Annals. 


539 


from  the  fimultancous  aftion  of  three  fimplc  afEnities,  which* 
may  be  reprcfentcd  by  the  following  formula.  Let  a  be  the 
sLffinity  of  the  acid  of  a  neutral  fak  with  its  bafe,  &  the  af- 
finity of  the  fame  acid  with  lime,  or  any  other  fubfiancc 
mixed  with  it,  and  ^r,  the  afKniiy  between  the  carbonic  acid 
and  the  bafe  of  the  neutral  fak;  then  we  Ihall  have  either 
<7— ^<,^f,  or  tf — S"^Ci  in  the  former  cafe,  the  bafe  nf  the  fait 
will  unite  with  the  carbonic  acid,  and  fornt  a  carborat ;  in  the 
latter,  there  will  be  no  dcxompofition,  M,  Hassenfratz  ob- 
fervcs  that,  by  purfuing  experiments  of  this  kind  with  metallic' 
oxyds,  and  mixing  thefe  with  neutral  falts,  with  the  ba(V$  of 
which  they  have  no  aSnity,  we  may  difcover  numerical  quah* 
titles  to  exprcfs  the  relative  affinities  of  thefe  oxyds  v\Kh  actds 
and  alkalies;  and,  by  combining  thefe  trials  wiih  thofe  in  which 
one  metal  is  precipiuted  by  another,  the  affinities  betweer^*^ 
oxygen  and  the  feveral  metals  may  be  known. 

0/t  the  Soiubiltty  df  Sea  Salt  in  th$  Solutions  of  various  Ngutrat 
Salts.    ByM.  Vauguejun. 

Thefe  experiments  are  arranged  under  three  cbfTeSt     In  thf^ 
firft^  fca*falt,  or  muriat  of  foda,  was  diflblved  in  folutiot^s  of^ 
alkaline  and  earthy  fulphats  ;  in  the  fecond,  in  folutions  otniTp* 
trats  J  and,  in  the  third,  in  thofe  of  the  muriats  of  pot*afh^  of^ 
ammoniac,  of  carytes,  and  of  lime  j  in  each,  the  change  of! 
temperature,  as  indicated  by  Reaumur's  thermometer,  and  the 
quantity  of  fak  precipitated,  was  carefully  obferved.     It , was- 
found  that  naoft  of  thefe  folutions  were  decompofed  by  the  mu^ 
riat  of  foda  \  xn  which  cafe  a  quantity  of  caloric  was  let  loofc^. 
proportional  to  that  of  the  fall  precipitated;  and  that  ki^fdl  is 
ir.ore  foluble  at  a  tempcratnre  of  lo  degrees,  than  moil  of  the 
alkaline  and  earthy  neutral  fahs  :  but  this  is  not  the  cafe  in  a 
very  high  temperature,  as  it  may  be  precipitated  from  a  boiling 
folution,  by  throwing  in  fulphat  of  foda •     It  ts  alfo  remarkable 
that  feveral  faturaied  falinc  folutions  will  djffolve  a  greater  pro- 
portion  of  muriat  of  foda,  than  purc^diftiOed  water,  without 
precipitating  any  of  their  own   fait,  and  without  any  caloric 
being  let  loofe.    This  fhews,  fays  M.  Vauguelin,  that  a  very 
little  acceffion  of  caloric  is  requifite  to  dillolve  fea-falt^  and 
that  there  is,  among  thefe  fahs,  a  tendency  to  combixiation, 
which  favours  the  folution  of  the  muriat  of  foda. 

Continuation  of  a  Memoir  on  the  Combination  of  Piofphorui 
with  Metalitc  Subjianas,     By  M.  pBLL£Ti£tt. 

We  have  already  given  an  account  of  M»  Pelirtier's 
irodc  of  combining  phofphoric  glafs  with  fome  metallic  fnb- 
ftances;  m  this  memoir,  he  relates  experiments,  in  which  be 
bicught  ihe  phofphorus  into  immediate  contatitt  with  the  metal 

in 


^|.0  Qbimical  Atuidls. 

in  fufion .;  this  is  certainly  a  dangerous  procers :  but  our  author 
fays  that  the  danger  may  be  avoided,  by  cutting  the  phofphorus 
into  pieces  of  about  four  grains  each,  and  putting  them  one  by 
one  into  the  melted  metal.  The  phenomena  were  nearly  the 
fame  with  thofe  which  were  mentioned  in  the  preceding  memoir 
on  this  fubjed ;  and  platina  thus  treated  became  malleable. 
M.PEU.ETIER  thus  combined  phofphorus  with  mescury^  zinc, 
bifmith,  antimony,  cobalt,  nickel,  fpeifs,  manganef^  and  arfenic. 
The  details  are  not  very  intereftingi^  and  thefe.  .combinations 
not  being  perfe<3,  very  lUtl^»  except  their  mere  poffibility^  cm 
be  concluded  from  them.  f      , 

Tbr€t  Memoirs  on  ibi  Nutrition  of  Vegetables.     By  M.  Has- 

S£NFRATZ.  ' 

As  the  earth,  in  which  plants  have  growirto  a  connderable 
fize,  hal  been  found  to  have  been  undiminilhed  in  weieht; 
and  as  fome  vegetables,  and  even  trees ^hkve  been  made  to 
grow  in  Winter ;  it  has  been  fuppofed  that  only  air  and  water 
were  nccefl'ary  to  their  nutrition  :-*»but  M.  Hassbkfratz,  on 
repeating  thefe  cxperimenis,  found  that  this  vegetation  was 
imperfcdt'i  and  that  plants,  which  had  not  been  fuffcred  to 
come  into  contaft  with  earth,  never  arrived  at  fuch  maturity 
as  to  produce  fruit.  This  feems  indeed  to  have  been  acknow- 
leged  by  M.  Du  Hamely  in  his  account  of  an  oak,  which  grew 
duiing  eight  years  iu  water  ;  and  which,  though  for  the  6rft 
two  years  it  fccpicd  to  vegetate  fafter  than  if  it  had  been 
planted  in  the  carih,  fcun  appeared  to  decline.  M.  Hassen- 
FRAT/.  tried  the  experiment  with  hyacinths,  French  beaos, 
and  crcflcs  ;  they  grew  and  produced  flowers,  but  never  came 
to  full  niatuiity:  on  analyfing  them  afterward,  they  were 
found  to  contain  a  lefs  proportion  of  carbon,  than  other  plants 
of  the  fatlDe  kind.  Hence  he  concludes  that  the  expanfion  and 
growth  of  vegetables  in  water  alone  is  occafioned  by  the  com- 
bination of  the  water  with  the  conOituent  parts  of  their  feeds, 
or  roots ;  and  that  the  carbon,  therein  contained,  is  conve)C(i 
by  the  water  to  the  feveral  parts  of  the  plants  :  thus  the  in- 
creafe  of  this  principle,  which  takes  place  in  vegetabhrs  during 
their  growth  in  earth,  cannot  be  derived  either  from  air  or 
from  water;  bccaufe,  when  left  to  derive  nourilliment  from 
rhefe  alone,  the  original  proportion  of  carbon  is  diminiflied  du- 
ring; their  vc^'ctatbn. 

It  is  fuppoicJ,  by  many  philofophers,  that  vegetation  decom- 
pofcs  carbonic  acid  ;  thai  its  carbon  is  imbibed  by  the  plant; 
that  its  Oxvgtn  is  rcftored  to  the  atmofphere  ;  and  that  thus 
carbonic  acid  muft  be  confidercd  as  the  principal  fource  of  nu- 
triment to  plints,  whence  they  derive  continual  accefEon  of 
9  carbon: 


Chemical  Annals,  541 

carbon : — but  M.  HassenfIiatz  found  that  plants,  vegetating 
in  water  impregnated  with  this  acid,  did  not  derive  any  addi- 
tion of  carbon  from  it.  He  obferves  that,  if  water  and  car- 
bonic acid  were  decompofed'  in  vegetation,  a  confiderable 
quantity  of  caloric  muft  be  abforbed,  and  cold  produced  :  but 
this,  he  contends,  is  contrary  to  faflf.  Another  objection  is 
that,  accor<Hng  to  the  hypothecs  here  oppofed,  air,  in  which 
plants  vegetate,  ought  to  be  oxygenated  :  but  our  author  affirms 
that  air,  in  which  plants  had  grown  for  two  months,  ha(f 
undergone  no  fenfiblr  alteration  ;  for  though,  in  the  day  time^ 
the  plant  might  emit  oxygen  gas,  while  expofed  to  the  rays  of 
the  fun,  yet,  during  the  night,  this  gas  was  re-imbibed,  and 
combined  with  a  part  of  the  carbon  of  the  vegetable,  which 
then  yielded  carbonic  acid  ;— this  faS  became  evident  on  in- 
troducing lime  water  under  the  receiver  in  which  the  plant  was 
confined. 

In  order  to  manifefl  whence  plants  derive  their  carbon,  M. 
Hass^nfratz  reminds  us  that  water,  filtrated  through  ma- 
nure, is  brown,  and  that,  when  evaporated,  its  principal  refi- 
liuum  is  coal.  Hence  he  concludes  that  plants  derive  their 
carbon  from  the  earth,  and  that  the  fertility,  which  manure 
occafions,  depends  on  its  introducing  into  the  foil  a  greater 
quantity  of  this  principle,  combined  with  the  moifture  which 
the  vegetables  imbibe.  This  hypothefis  is  confirmed  by  the 
experiments  made  by  M.  La  Baijfe  and  M.  Bonnet ;  which  (hew 
that  plants,  growing  in  water,  coloured  with  madder,  become 
red;  and  that  ihey  grow  black,  if  made  to  vegetate  in  ink. 
Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  roots  imbibe,  not  only  the  water, 
but  alfo  the  matter  with  which  it  is  coloured,  and  that  this 
matter  is  dcpofited  in  the  fubftance  of  the  plant.  In  fupport  of 
his  opinion,  our  author  introduces  feveral  ingenious  obferva- 
tions  on  the  efleds  of  manure  in  fertilizing  the  earth  ;  and  he 
maintains  that  the  flrength  and  vigour  of  vegetables  depend  on 
the  quantity  of  coal  diflblved  in  the  water  which  they  imbibe. 

Vol.  XIV. — Account  of  M.  Jeanety^s  Method  of  preparing 
Platina.     By  M.  Berthollet. 

On  the  hiftory  of  this  metal,  and  the  various  attempts  to 
difTolve  and  render  it  malleable,  we  (hall  not  enlarge.  The 
only  perfon^  who  had  been  able  to  apply  it  to  any  ufeful  pur- 
pofc,  was  ^,  Rochon  ',  who  fufed  it  with  arfcnic,  and,  by  com- 
bining it  with  copper  and  tin,  compofed  a  mecal  of  which  he, 

♦  Except  Dt .  Ingenhou/z,  \  for  whofe  difcoverics  relative  to  the 
malleability,  fuiibiliiy,  and  \Afcs  of  platina,  fee  the  account  given 
of  his  **  New  Experiments  in  Natural  Phiio/ophy^^^  in  the  Appendix  to 
our  Review,  New  Series,  vol.  iii.  p,  526. 


541  Chemiuit  Annab. 

made  mirrors  for  refleding  telefcopes.  We  are  here  told  that,  in 
the  year  1784,  M.  Cbabanon  brought  from  Spain  fome  ingottof 
platina,  which  he  had  purified  in  a  manner  that  he  would  not 
communicate  to  any  one  \  and  he  applied  to  M.  ?4Mif«r/»  a  gM^ 
fmith  of  Paris,  to  make  fome  trinkets  of  it.  Hence  this  artift 
was  excited  to  difcover  the  mode  of  preparing  it  ^  in  .whidx  he 
fucceeded  fo  well,  that  he  is  able  to  draw  it  into  wiic^  .and  to 
snake  of  it  all  thofe  articles,  whether  for  ufc  or  oraaJneat»  ia 
which  j^old  and  filver  are  ufually  employed. 

He  nrft  pounds  the  platina  in  water,  to  clear  it  from  liete- 
rogeneous  fubftances,  and  then  mixes  three  marks  of  platina 
with  fix  of  white  arfenic  powdered,  and  two  of  refined  pot-a/h; 
this  done,  he  heats  a  large  crucible,  which  will  contain  forty 
marks,  and  throws^  into  it  a  third  part  of  his  mixture,  .which  be 
expofes  to  a  ftrong  fire,  adding  the  two  remaining  portions  at 
proper  intervals,  and  ftirring  the  whole  together  with  a  rod  of 
platina.  He  then  increafes  the  heat,  till,  the  whole  is  melted. 
On  breaking  the  crucible,  he  obtains  a  well  formed  mafs  of 
metal,  which  is  attraded  by  the  magnet :  this  he  pounds  as 
before,  and  refines  a  fecond  time,  by  repeating  the  procefs  al- 
ready defcribed  ;  and  if  this  (hould  not  purify  it  from  iron>  he 
renews  the  fame  operation  j  which  is  feldom  neceflary. 

P*or  the  next  procefs,  M^Jeanety  makes  ufe  of  a  crucible 
with  a  flat  bottom^  about  three  inches  and  a  half  in  drameter; 
into  which,  when  made  red  hot,  he  puts  three  marks  of  the 
platina,  refined  as  above  and  reduced  to  powder,  with  an 
equal  weight  of  arfenic,  and  a  mark  of  refined  pot>a(h  ;  this  be 
expofes  to  a  flrong  fire  till  the  whole  is  melted,  when  he  lets 
the  crucible  cool ;  obferving  to  keep  it  in  a  horizontal  pofitior, 
that  the  ingot  may  be  of  an  unifoi  m  thicknefs ;  this  is  now  a  mafs 
of  pure  fonorous  metal,  weighing  three  marks  and  three'ounces ; 
and  it  is  obferved  that  the  platina  is  the  more^eafity  and  fpee- 
dily  refined  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  the  arfenic  com* 
bined  with  it.  The  ingots,  thus  obtained,  are  placed  during 
fix  hours  in  a  muffle :  but  care  muft  be  taken  not  to  increafe 
the  heat  after  the  evaporation  is  once  begun  ;  as  too  great  a 
degree  of  fire  would  fpoil  the  whole.  I'hey  are  then  dipped  in 
oil,  and  again  expofed  for  fix  hours  to  a  heat  fuificient  to  diffi- 
pate  the  oil  in  fmoke.  When  the  evaporation  ccafes,  the  fire 
muft  be  increafed  as  much  as  poflible  by  oil ;  for  by  this,  we 
are  told,  the  arfenic  fublimcd  acquires  a  metallic  fplendour, 
and  the  platina  a  perfed  malleability,  which  it  would  not  other- 
wife  pofTcfs.  The  ingots  are  then  cleanfed  in  the  nitrous  acid, 
and  boiled  in  diftilled  water  till  no  acid  remains :  after  which 
thcy^rc  expofed  to  a  ftrong  fire,  and  hammered  while  bot^  whin 

mult 


f  _^^M^^^^^^ 


■^  Chtmictil  AntHik*  54 j 

muft  be  Kpeatedv  till  the  metal  has  acquired  a  fufficlent  com« 
pa<3neTs. 

On  the  Phenomena  ivhich  occur  on  combining  Ammoniac  withttg 
Nitrat  and  Aiuriat  of  Mercury.     By  M.  Dk  Kourcroy. 

The  triple  fait;  which  reftihed  from  precipitating  fulphatof 
mercury  by  ammoniac,  induced  this  gentleman  to  purfue  filtii- 
lar  experiments  with  the  nitrat  and  muriat  of  this  metal* 
Thefe  experiments  are  here  related ;  and  it  appears  that  the  re^ 
fult  of  them  is  analogous  to  that  of  the  decompofition  of  the 
fulphat :  a  triple  fait  is  formed  both  by  the  nitrat  and  the  muriat : 
but,  in  the  former  cafe,  a  grey  precipitate  is  depofited,  and  a  part 
Qf  the  oxyd  is  reduced  by  the  ammoniac  ;  whereas,  when  the 
muriat  is  decompofed,  no  grey  precipitate  occurs,  the  oxyd  is 
not  reduced,  and  a  very  white  infoluble  triple  fait  is  immediacehr 
formed,  which  is  entirely  precipitated.  To  the  former  of  thefe 
falts  M.  FouRCROY  gives  the  name  of  ammoniaco-nurcuriai  nU 
iraty  with  excefs  of  oxyd  and  ammoniac ;  and  he  diftinguiflies  the 
latter  by  the  appellation  of  ammoniaco*  mercurial  muriat.  He 
conjectures  that  other  metallic  oxyds,  when  thus  combined 
with  ammoniac,  may  unite  with  neutral  falts ;  and  that  thus 
various  kinds  of  triple  falts  may  be  formed. 

On  the  Preparations  of  the  Phoffborus  and  Phofbhoric  Acidsr 
with  fonu  Obfervations  on  the  Pbofphorat  of  Soda,     oy  M.  Pel- 

L£TI£R, 

This  philofopher's  method  of  preparing  the  phofphorus  acid.; 
differs  little  from  that  which  was  fome  years  ago  propofed  by> 
M.  Sage  *,  and  which,  we  believe,  is  now  pretty  generaH7 
known.  The  principsU  alterations  made  by  the  author  of  the 
prefent  memoir  confift  in  his  putting  each  ftick  of  phofphorus 
into  a  glafs  pipe,  the  lower  part  of  which  is  (haped  like  a  fun* 
nel,  terminating  in  a  ycty  fmall  opening  ;  and  in  covering  the 
apparatus  with  a  tubulated  receiver,  which  he  can  open  at 
pleafure.  By  thefe  means  he  can  diil^lve  a  greater  quantity  of 
phofphorus  without  danger  of  an  expiofion.  His  method  of  con- 
verting the  phofphorous  into  the  pbofphoric  acid,  by  the  nitric, 
or  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid,  is  the  fame  with  that  difco- 
vered  by  M.LavoiJier-ff  which  is  defer ibed  in  his  Elements  of 
Chemiftry. 

The  phofphac  of  foda  is  obtained  by  combining  the  phofpho* 
ric  acid  with  the  mineral  alcali :  it  has,  we  are  told,  been 
given  with  fuccefs  as  a  purge ;  and  M.  Pelletier  thinks  it 
may  be  applied  to  the  purpofe  of  foldering  metals,  inftead  of 
borax'^  and  indeed  it  refembles  this  fubfiance  fo  much  in  many 

e  See  M.  Review,  vol.  Ixxi.  p.  493.  t  Ibidem. 


544  JftatU  Rifearehit^  VoL  IT. 

of  itr  properties,  that  Mcfirs.  Exchaquet  and  Strum  have  fup- 
pored  that  the  phofphoric  acid  is  one  of  the  coiiftituent  princi- 
ples of  borax*. 

In  the  fele^ion  of  thefe  articles,  we  have  attended  only  to 
fuch  as  were  mofi  generally  interefting  :  but  there  are  many 
others  in  the  work,  which,  from  an  apprebenfioa  that  we 
ibould  too  much  exceed  our  limits,  we  have  not  mentioned, 
although  they  are  not  unworthy  of  the  attention  of  tbofe  che- 
mifts  who  are  converts  to  the  I^avoifierian  theory.  (.)n  the 
whole,  the  '  Annals  of  Chemiftry'  arc  an  ufeful  colledion  of 
hSts  and  experiments ;  which,  by  HiiFufing  the  knowlege  of 
what  is  already  difcovered,  may  ferve  to  encourage  as  well  as 
to  dircA  the  farther  purfuics  of  fcience.  We  intend,  therefore, 
to  communicate  to  our  readers  whatever  may  be  worthy  of 
their  attention  in  the  continuation  of  this  work. 


Art.V.   AfiaticRcfearcbes,   Vol.11. 
[  ArttcU  concluded  from  the  laft  Appendix,  ] 

On  the  fecond  Clajftcal  Book  of  the  Chinefe.     By  the  Prefidcnt. 
^iR  William  Jones  informs  us  that, 

*^  *  According  to  a  Chine fe  writer,  named  hx  Yakg  Ptnc,  the 
ancient  charafters  ufed  in  this  country  were  the  outlines  of  vifihle  ob- 
jeds  earthly  and  celcdial;  but,  as  things,  merely  in teiledlual  could  net 
be  exprefTcd  by  thofe  figures,  the  grammarians  oi  China  contrived  to 
reprefenc  tlie  various  operations  of  the  mind  by  metaphors  drawn  from 
the  produftions  of  nature :  tlius  the  idea  of  roughnefs  and  of  rotun- 
dity, of  motion  and  reft,  were  conveyed  to  the  eye  by  figns  reprdent- 
ing  a  mountain,  the  flcy,  a  river  and  the  earth;  the  figures  of  the  fun, 
the  moon,  and  the  ftars  differently  combined,  ftood  for  fmoothnefs 
and  fplcndoor,  for  any  thing  artfully  wrought,  or  woven  with  delicate 
workman flii p ;  extenfion,  growth,  incrcai'e,  and  many  other  qunliiies 
were  painttd  in  char?.(5lers  taken  from  clouds,  from  the  firmament, 
and  from  the  vegetable  part  of  the  creation ;  the  different  ways  of 
moving,  agility  ind  flowuefs,  idlcnefs  and  diligence,  were  cxprufTcd 
by  various  infers,  birds,  i\(i\t  and  quadrupeds:  in  this  raanuer,  paf- 
fions  and  fcnrimcnts  were  traced  by  tac  pencil,  and  ideas  not  fubjc^ 
to  any  fcnfc  were  exhibited  to  the  fight;  until  by  degrees  new  com- 
binations were  invented,  new  cxprcflions  added;  the  chara^crs  de- 
viated imperceptibly  from  their  primitive  Ihape,  and  the  Chinefe  lan- 
fuage  became  not  only  clear  and  forcible,  but  rich  and  elegant  in  the 
ighcft  degree.* 

In  (his  langtngc,  adds  the  Preftdent,  fo  antient  and  h  won- 
derfully cooipofcd,  are  a  multitude  of  books  abounding  in  ufc» 

•  8?c  Review,  New  Series*  vol  ili.  p.  s*5i» 

ful 


Ajiailc  Rtfiorchis^  VollL  515 

ful,  as  well  as  agreeable,  knowlcgc:  but  the  higheft  clafs  con* 
fifts  of  jfoi  works,  one  of  which  at  leaft  tytxy  Chincfe,  who 
afpires  to  literary  honours,  muft  read  again  and  again,  until  he 
poffefs  it  perfcfliy, — Of  thcfe  five  claffical  works,  that  which  is 
at  prefcnt  under  confidcration  is  the  fecond,  containing  threi 
hundred  oAt^s  ^^  ^^tt  poems,  in  praife  of  antient  fovereigns, 
and  legiflators,  or  defcriptive  of  antient  manners.     The  copies 
of  this  book,  entitled  Shi"  King,  are  fuppofed  to  be  much  in- 
terpolated, and  the  ftyie  of  the  poems  is  fometimes  too  meta- 
phorical, and  fometimes  obfcure  from  its  brevity.     Mod  of 
thefe  odes  are  faid  to  be  nearly  three  thoufand  years  old.     We 
ihall  qvote  the  following  fpecimen;  the  original  is  given  from 
the  Shi'  King  itfejf.     •  It  is  a  panegyric  on  Vucu'n,  Prince 
of  Guey  in  the  province  of  Honang^  who  died,  nearly  a  century 
old,  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  the  Emperor  Pingvang,  fcven 
hundred  and  fifty- fix  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  or  ont 
hundred  and  forty-eighty  according   to   Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
after  the  taking  of  l^roy\  fo  that  the  Chinefe  poet  might  have 
been  contemporary  with  Hesiod  and  Homer^  or  at  lead  muft 
have  written  the  ode  before  the  Iliad  and  Odyfley  were  carried 
into  Greece  by  Lycurgus.' 

*  Behold,  where  yon  blue  riv'lct  glidcB 

Along  ihe  laughing  dale ; 
Light  reeds  bedeck  its  verdant  iides> 
And  frolic  in  the  gale : 

So  fliines  our  Prince !     In  bright  array 

The  Virtues  round  him  wait ; 
.  And  fweetly  fmil'd  th'  aufpicious  day. 
That  raisM  him  o'er  oar  State. 

As  pliant  hano'^  in  fhapes  refin'd 

Rich  iv'ry  carve  and  fmoothe* 
His  LoFWi  thus  mould  each  dudliie  mind. 

And  t\try  paflion  fooihe. 
As  gems  are  uught  by  patient  art 

In  fparkling  ranks  to  beam. 
With  Manners  thus  he  forms  the  hearty 

And  fpreads  a  gcn'ral  gleam. 

Wliat  foft,  yet  awful,  dignity ! 

What  meek,  yet  manly,  grace ! 
What  fwectnefs  dances  in  his  eye. 

And  bloffoms  in  his  face ! 

So  ihines  our  Prince !     A  fky-bom  crowd 

Of  Virtues  round  him  blaze : 
Ne'er  ihould  Oblivion's  murky  cloud 

Obfcure  bis  deathlef^  praife.' 

App.  Rrv.  VoL.xi.  Pp  On 


546  Jfiatlc  Rifemrcbis^  V»L  It. 

On  thi  Indian  Garni  dfChefe.     By  the  Prefident. 

Although  the  game  of  chefs,  according  to  our  mothor^  wat 
*  certainly  invented'  by  the  Hindus^  he  cannot  find  any  account 
of  it  in  its  primitive  fimple  ftate,  in  the  claffical  writings  of  th# 
trihmanh  The  game  which  be  here  defcribes  is  much  more 
complex,  and  by  ho  means  fo  well  contrived,  as  that  which  is. 
commonly  played  in  Europe.  It  is  faid  to  be  played  by  four 
perfons,  reprefenting  as  many  princes,  two  allied  armies  com- 
bating on  each  fide :  but,  from  the  defcription  here  givcn»  the 
mode  of  playing  is  not  eafily  to  be  comprehended. 

On  tivo  Hindu  FeJIivahy  and  the  Indian  Sphinx.  By  the  late 
Colonel  Pearce. 

The  antient  feftival  of  Bhavdni  is  annually  celebrated  by  the 
06pas,  and  all  other  Hindus,  who  keep  horned  cattle  for  ufe 
or  profit :  on  this  feaft  they  vifit  gardens,  erefi  a  pole  in  the 
fields,  and  adorn  it  with  pendants  and  garlands.  The  day  oa 
which  the  Colonel  defcribes  this  feftival  as  happening,  *  was 
oat firft  of  May*^  on  which  the  fame  rites  are  performed  by 
the  fame  clafs  of  people  in  England,  where  it  is  well  known  to 
be  a  relique  of  antient  fuperftition  in  that  country :  it  (hould 
feem,  therefore,  that  the  religion  of  the  Eafi,  and  the  old  reli- 
gion of  Britain,  had  a  (Irong  affinity.' 
The  fecond  feftival  is  thus  defcribed: 

*  During  the  Hultt  when  mirth  and  fefUvIty  reign  among  Hindm 
of  every  clafs^  one  fubje£t  of  diverfion  is  to  fend  people  on  errands 
and  expeditions^  that  are  to  end  in  difappointmcnt*  and  raife  a  laagk 
at  the  expenfe  of  the  perfon  fent.  The  Huli  is  always  in  Marcb,  and 
the  lail  day  is  the  greateft  holiday :  all  the  Hindus ^  who  are  on  diat 
day  at  Jagannath,  are  entitled  to  certain  diAindions,  which  they 
hold  to  be  of  fuch  importance,  that  I  found  it  expedient  to  day  there 
till  the  end  of  the  felHval ;  and  I  am  of  opinion,  and  fo  are  the  reft 
.  of  the  ofiicers,  that  I  faved  above  five  hundred  men  by  the  delay. 
'  The  origin  of  the  Hurt  feems  loft  in  antiquity ;  and  I  have  not  been 
able  to  pick  up  the  fmalleft  account  of  it.     « 

'  If  the  rites  of  May  day  (how  any  affinity  between  the  religiM 
of  England  in  times  pad  and  that  of  the  Hindus  in  thefe  times,  may  not 
the  cuRom  of  making  ApriUfcolsy  on  the  firft  of  that  month,  indicate 
ibme  traces  of  the  Huti?  1  have  never  yet  heard  any  account  of  the 
origin  of  the  Englijh  cuflom;  but  it  is  unqueftionably  very  ancient, 
and  is  ftill  kept  up  even  in  great  towns,  though  lefs  in  them  than  in 
the  country:  with  as  it  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  lower  claflesof 
people;  but  in  /r^/tf  high  and  low  join  in  it;  and  the  late  Sh  v  j  a'  ut 
Daulah,  I  am  told,  was  very  fond  of  making  //»/^-fbols,  though 
he  was  a  Mufthnan  of  the  highell  rank.     They  carry  it  here  fo  far,  as 

^  The  days  for  the  celebration  of  thefe  ceremonies  in  England  and 
India  4!o  not  always  corrcfpond. 

10  ta 


Afieiic  Rifiarchts^  V$U  IL  g^j 

to  fend  letters  makine  appointments^  in  the  name  of  perfons»  who»  it 
is  known,  mud  be  abfent  from  their  houfe  at  the  time  fixed  on;  and 
the  laugh  is  always  in  proportion  to  the  trouble  given.' 

The  figure,  which  is  fuppofed  to  reprefenc  a  fphinx,  it 
thought  by  the  Prefident.to  be  a  reprefentation  of  a  lion  feiaiiig 
a  young  elephant. 

Two  Infcripthni  from  the  Vindhya  Mountains  j  tranflated  from 
the  Sanfcrit  by  Charles  Wilkiks,  Efq. 

Tranflation  of  an  Infcription  in  tire  Maga  Language^  en« 
graved  on  a  Silver  Plate  fouod  in  a  Cave  near  Ifl^mabiid*  Con}- 
municated  by  John  Shore,  £fq. 

This  infcription  is  of  a  nature  highly  ciiriouSj  but  is  toa 
long  for  our  infertion. 

On  fomi  Roman  Coins  found  at  Nelort :  Extra£l  of  a  Letter 
from  Alexander  Davidson,  £fq. 

*  A  peafant  near  Nelore,  about  lOO  miles  north-weft  of 
Madras,  was  ploughing  on  the  fide  of  a  ftony-craggy  hill :  his 
plough  was  ob(lru£ied  by  fome  brick- work:  he  dug,  and  dif- 
covered  the  remains  of  a  fmall  Hindu  temple,  under  which  a 
little  pot  was  found  with  Roman  coins  and  medals  of  the  fecond 
century.'— Thefe  were  fold  as  old  gold,  and  many  of  them 
were  melted :  of  thofe  which  were  recovered,  Mr.  Davidfon 
had  two— an  Adrian  and  a  Fauftina,  of  which  drawings  are 
given.  Many  of  the  coins  are  faid  to  have  been  *  as  freih  and 
beautiful  as  if  (hey  had  come  out  of  the  mint  but  yefterday/ 

Ofthi  Introduction  of  Arabic  into  Porfian^ 

This  paper  will  not  admit  of  being  abridged  i  nor  can  any 
parts  of  the  following  be  extraSed  without  danger  of  injuring; 
the  whole.    It  treats. 

On  tbt  Jjlronomical  Computations  of  the  Hindus ;  by  Samuel 
Davis,  £fq. 

and  it  well  deferves  the  attention  of  thofe  who  wifh  to  inquire 
into  the  ftate  of  fcience  in  India. 

^On  the  Baya^    or  Indian  Grofs-beak.      By  At'har  Ali* 
Kha'k  o{  Deibi. 

This  bird  is  rather  larger  than  a  fparrow,  with-yellow-brown 
plumage,  a  yellowifh  head  and  feet,  a  light- ccSltmred  breaft, ' 
and  a  conic  beak  very  thick  in  proportion  to  his  body.  He 
bo^ds  his  neft  on  the  higheft  tree,  placing  it  with  its  entrance 
do^ward,  to  fecure  it  from  birds  of  prey.  Strange  ftories  are 
related ~oF  him:  he  is  faid  to  light  his  nej[l  by  means  of  fire- 
fifes,  'which  lie  catches  alive  during  the  night,  and  confines  by  . 
sneans  of  moift  clay:  he  may  t>e  taught  to  fetch  any  fmall 
thing  that  his  mafter  points  out  to  him;  *  it  is  an  attefted 

Pp  2  iaft 


tt,  if  a  riog  be  dropped  into  a  deep  well»  and  a  fignal  be 
to  HifT,  he  will  fiy  down  with  amazing  celerity^  catch 
t  J  bttcre  IE  touches  the  water,  and  bring  it  up  lo  bis 
wiib  sp[>arent  exuUatlon.*     One  inftance  of  his  docility 

lioned  by  the  author  with  confidence:  *  The  young 
%vomen  at  Banlres,  and  in  other  places^  wear  thin  platel 
^,  called  Ilea's,  fltghtly  fixed  by  way  of  ornament  be- 
tbcir  ei^brows;  and  when  they  pafs  through  the  ^i^i%^ 
hit  uncommon  for  the  youthful  libertines,  who  amufc 

.  c^  with  training  Baya*^  to  give  them  a  fign  which 
indcrQand^  2nd  fend  ibcm  to  pluck  the  pieces  of  gold 
tf^c  foreheads  of  their  miflrcflcs,  which  they  bring  fji 
\Vi  to  the  lovers. ' 

thi  DipBim  efiht  Pdngdin^    By  Adam  Burt,  Efq. 
the  account  of  this  animal,  which  we  have  already  ex- 
i  from  the  ift  voK  of  Afiatic  Rcfearches  *,  we  Jhall  add 
Hawing  paruculars:   ^ 

he  rtpref^nuidon  of  this  animal  In  the  Mi  \tos  rs  of  the  Asi  a- 
>oc  i  1  TV ,  m^ei  it  unncccifiry  for  me  m  enter  inta  any  gc- 
vlcn^-iiou  ot  its  exrernal  hgure  and  appearar.ce.     Tlii^re  ire 
".  :lx't  t'^'t  cU*5*  of  which  tJie  OQtcr  aad  inner  :irc  Imall  whtn 
ci  vw:h  I'^^oi'iirr  l\\ict.     There  arc  nu  diiliud  roc5;  but  each 
-^i3\tM:b!?  by  a  joinE  at  its  root.     T.^is  crtniture   i^  nKi^rrrxh 

Afiatlc  Rifiarchis^  Vol  IL  549 

f  The  ftomach  is  cartilaginous,  and  analogous  to  that  of  the  galli- 
naceous tribe  of  birds.  It  was  filled  with  fmall  Hones  and  gravel, 
which  in  this  part  of  the  country  are  almofl  univerfally  calcareous. 
The  inner  furf^lce  of  the  (lomach  was  rough  to  the  feel,  and  formed 
into  foldf,  the  interflices  of  which  were  filled  with  a  frothy  fecrction.. 
The  guts  were  filled  with  a  fandy  pulp,  in  which,  however,  were  in- 
terfperfed  a  few  diftinft  fmall  (lones.  No  vediges  of  any  animal  or 
vegetable  food  could  be  traced  in  the  whole  primx  vise.  The  gall- 
bladder was  diflended  with  a  fluid  refembling  in  colour  and  confid- 
ence the  dregs  of  beer. 

*  The  fubjedl  was  a  female :  its  dugs  were  two,  feated  on  the  breaft. 
The  uterus  and  organs  of  generation  were  evidently  thofe  of  a  vivi- 
parous animal.' 

Mr.  Burt  offers  a  conjcaurc,  which  he  fupports  with  feme 
ingenuity  at  lead,  *•  that  this  animal  nolgbt  poi&bly  derive  its 
nouriihment  from  mineral  fubftances.' 

On  the  Lacjh^iy  or  Lac^  Infe^.     By  M.  W.  Roxburgh. 

This  paper,  enlarged,  is  inferted  in  the  Philofophical  Tranf- 
a£tionsof  the  Royal  Society,  part  2,  fori 79 !•  We  have  al- 
ready notitcd  it  in  our  7th  vol.  p.  76. 

The  Defign  of  a  Treatife  on  the  Plants  of  India*  By  the  Pre- 
fident. 

Sir  William  Jones  here  gives  a  defcription  of  five  Indian 
plants,  by  way  of  example,  and  to  induce  others  to  continue 
bis  plan. 

On  the  Spikenard  of  the  Ancients.     By  the  Prefident. 

The  Indian  fpikenard  is  here  fuppofed  to  be  the  Jatdmansi 
of  the  mountains  of  Nepal ;  and  the  Prefident  colledts  the  foU 
lowing  natural  characters  from  an  account  of  it,,  with  which 
he  was  favoured  by  Mr.  Burt: 

'  Aggregate. 

*  CaL      Scarce  any.     Margin,  hardly  difcernible. 

«  Cor,     One  petal.     Tube  lomcwhat  gibbous.     Border  five  deft. 

*  St  am.    Three  Anthers. 

«  Pift»     Germ  beneath.     One  Style  creH, 

*  Seed     Solitary,  crowned  with  a  pappus. 

*  Root     Fibrou«. 

*  Leaves  Hearted,  fourfold;  radical \e2LYes  petioled. 

'It  appears,  therefore,  to  be  the  Protean  plant.  Valerian,  a  fifter 
of  the  Mountain  and  Celtick  Nard,  and  of  a  fpccies,  which  I  fhould 
defcribe  i-n  the  Linnaran  fty le :  ValerianaJata'ma'nsi  Jiorihus 
triandris,  foliis  cordatis  quaternis,  radiealilms  petiolatis.  The  radical 
leaves,  rifing  from  the  ground  and  enfolding  the  young  ftem,  arc 
plucked  up  with  a  part  of  the  root,  and,  being  dried  in  the  fun  or  by 
an  artificial  heat,  are  fold  as  a  drug,  which  from  its  appearance  has 
Y^tvici!i\tdiffikenard;  though,  as  the  Perjian  writer  obfcrves,  it  might 
be  compared  more  properly  to  the  the  tail  of  an  ermine:  when  nothing 

P  p  3  reoiaioL^ 


Afmtk  R^fiarchif^  f^l  If. 

Ins  bat  the  Iry  £bres  of  the  leaves,  wbkh  retain  their  origiml 

'  (hey  have  fomc  refemblancu  to  a  /wri  e/  hsir,  from  whicki  the 
YU  name,  it  fecjnat  is  derived*  Two  mercantile  agenu  from  Mitism 
part  of  the  Di^araja  were  cxAftiined^  at  my  reqocilj  by  Mr* 
-AiNGTON,  and  informed  him,  tbai  the  drug,  which  the  J^Ji* 
\c:i}]^AJmtamanu,  **  grew  cred  above  xkt  furface  of  the  ground^ 
Ibiing  in  colour  an  car  of  green  wheat  j  that,  when  recent,  iihad 
\i  odour,  which  was  greatly  iucreafcd  by  the  ilmplc  procefj  of 
it;  tliat  it  abounded  on  the  hills,  and  even  on  the  plabs,  of 

,  where  ic  was  collc^ed  and  prepared  for  mediciryal  parpofcs.** 
_  lis  virtues  are,  experience  alone  can  afcercain ;  but,  ai  iar  as 
Ileal  analogy  can  jtifUfy  a  conjcdare,  wc  may  fuppofc  them  to  he 
lafmodick  j  and,  in  our  provinces,  cfpccially  in  Bthar,  the  plant 
I  rob  ably  flourilh;  (o  that  we  may  ahvays  procure  it  in  a  ftate  £t 
Ipf nment.  On  the  defcnption  of  the  Indian  fpikcnafd,  com* 
I  with  the  drawing,  j  mufl  obfcrve,  that,  though  all  the  lea^ei, 
iirieatedj  may  appear  of  the  fame  fbape,  yet  all  of  them  art  not 
Ixpanded-  Mr.  Burt  aiTures  me,  that  the  four  radical  leifci 
Vnf  ftd  anii  pi  tided  ^^  and  it  is  mo  H  probable,  that  the  cauline  and 
\  kavci  would  have  a  fimilar  form  in  chctr  flate  of  perfed  ex- 
pn;  but,  unfortunately,  the  plants  gt  Gaya  are  now  ihriveKcdj 
licy,  who  fceic  farther  information,  muft  wait  with  patiet  ce,  unti! 

cms  and  Irares  fhall  fprin^  from  the  roots,  or  other  plantiilaU 
^Kt  from  ^'///f/and  B^Jntt.     On  the  propoftd  inrjulry  into  the 
led  plant,   I  moil  be  ptrmittcd  to  l^iv/ihar,  al- 


Afialic  Rtfiarthtti  VtlJI. 


55« 


vtvf  brifich  of  ufeful  knowledge,   accompanied  Mr.  Richard 

OH  !*  so  w  from  Lac*hnau  to  Calcutta^  he  vi  filed  the  humble  writer  of  this 

rati,  who  had  long  been  attached  to  him  with  fmccre  aife£lion;  and» 

the  courfe  of  ihtir  converfation,  '*  One  of  the  fruits  of  my  fate  ex- 

urfion,  faid  he,  is  a  pfcfent  for  you,  which  fuits  your  profeflion,  and 

ill  be  generally  ufeful  to  our  fpecies :  conceiving  you  to  be  worthy  of 

I  by  reafon  of  your  afHduity  in  medical  inquiries,  I  have  brought  yoa 

''  prefcription,  the  ingredients  of  which  arc  eafily  found,   but  not 

illy  equalled,  as  a  powerful  remedy  againll  all  corruptions  of  the 

ood,  iheJitt/J^affi,  and  the  Perfiam  fire,  the  remains  of  which  are  a 

arcc  of  inHnite  maladies*    It  is  an  old  fecretof  the  Hindu  Phyficians; 

ho  applied  it  alfo  to  the  cure  of  cold  and  moift  diflerapers,   as 

e  paify,  diHortions  of  the  face,  relaxation  of  the  nerves,  and  fimilar 

ifeafes ;  its  cfHcacy  too  has  been  proved  by  long  experience ;  and 

bis  15  the  method  of  preparing  it : 

•'  Take  of  white  mjenkk^  fine  and  frefh^  one  r^/tf;  of  picked  black 

pepper  {\x  times  as  much  ;  let  both  be  well  beaten  at  intervals  for  four 

days  fucceflively  in  an  iron  mortar,  and  then  reduced  to  an  imralpable 

powder  in  one    of  j^one  with  a  ftone  pellle,    and  thuj  completely 

levigated,  a  little  water  being  mixed  with  them*     Make  pills  of  tbedl 

as  large  as  tares  or  fmall  pulfe,  and  keep  them  dry  in  a  Oiady  place •* 

**  One  of  thofe  pilh  muft  be  fwallowed  morning  and  evening  with 

fome  hitti  leaf,  or^  in  countries  where  the  httel  \i  not  at  hand,  with 

cold  water:  if  the  body  be  cleanfcd  from  foulnefs  and  obftruftiona  by 

gentle  catharticks  and  bleedings  before  the  medicine  is  admi niftered^ 

the  xtm^Ay  will  be  fpeedier/'  ♦ 

To  this  account  he  adds, 

•  The  writer,  conformable  to  the  dire£Uons  of  his  learned  friend, 
prepared  the  medicine;  and,  in  the  fame  year,  gave  it  to  numbers. 
who  were  reduced  by  the  difeafes  above  mentioned  to  the  point  gf 
death.  God  is  his  witnefs,  that  they  grew  better  from  day  to  day,, 
were  at  Jaft  completely  cured,  and  are  now  living  (except  one  or  two; 
who  died  of  other  diforders)  to  atteft  the  truth  of  this  alTcrtion/ 

On  the  Cun  $f  Pivfam  hitUn  bf  Smktu     By  John  VTil- 

I.IAMS»    Ef<|, 

Six  cafes  arc  here  related  of  pcrfons  in  the  moft  dangerous 

li'^uations,  in  confcquence  of  being  bJtren  by  the  Cobra  de  Ca* 

pilU^  who  were  cured  by  the  internal  and  external  ufe  of  voU«> 

H||]e  cauftic  alkali.     The  dofe  was  a  tea*fpoonful  repeated  ac» 

^Kording  to  the  neceffity  of  the  cafe.     Mr.  Williams  con- 

^Bludes  by  faying^  *  1  have  feen  in  (lances  of  perfons  bitten  by 

^Kiakes,  who  have  been  fo  long  without  afBAancc,  that,  when 

^■mey  have  been  brought  to  me,  they  have  not  been  able  to 

fwallow,  from  convulfion^  of  the  throat  and  fauces,  which  is, 

I  obfervei  a  con  (Ian  t  fy  mplom  of  the  bite  of  the  Cobr^  dt  Cu' 

piih ;  and  Indeed  !  have  had  many  peffoiis  brought  to  me  who 

•   10^  grains  conllituic  the  quantity  of  arfenic  in  the  Hindu  prc- 


552  Jfiatic  RtfearchiSj  Vol.  U. 

bad  been  dead  Tome  time  ;  but  never  knew  an  inftance  of  the 
volatile  cauftick  alkali  failing  in  its  efFed,  where  the  patient 
baft  been  able  to  fwallow  it.' 

In  the  Appendix  to  this  volume  are  contained,  a  Metiorolo- 

f  teal  Diary  ^  kept  at  Calcutta^  by  Henry  Trail,  Efq.  from  ift 
cbruary  1784  to  31ft  December  1785;  and  four  Papers  by 
Mr.  Reuben  Burrow, 

The  firft  of  ihefe  is  a  fynopfis  of  the  different  cafes  that  may 
happen  in  deducing  the  longitude  of  one  place  from  another  by 
means  of  Arnold's  Chronometers,  and  of  finding  the  rates 
when  the  difference  of  the  longitude  is  given.— The  fecond 
contains  memorandums  concerning  an  old  building  in  the  Hadji- 
pore  diftri6^,  near  the  Gwnduck  river.— This  is  a  cylinder  placed 
on  the  fruftum  of  a  cone :  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  is  about 
.64  feet :  its  height,  65  feet :  the  height  of  the  conic  fruAum  00 
which  the  cylinder  is  placed,  is  93  feet;  and  the  diameter  of 
the  cone  at  the  bafe,  is  363  feet. 

Mr.  Burrow  fays,  that  this  feems  evidently  intended  for  the 
well-known  image  of  Mahadeo;  and  he  conjedlures  that  the 
Pyranjids  of  Egypt,  as  well  as  thofe  lately  difcovered  in  Ireland, 
and  probably  too  the  Tower  of  Babel,  were  nothing  more  than 
images  of  the  fame  perfonage. 

In  the  next  paper,  are  ohfcrvations  of  fome  of  the  eclipfcs  of 
Jupiter's  Satellites;— -and  in  the  lafl,  is  given  a  proof  that  the 
Hindus  had  the  Binomial  Theorem.  We  (hall  quote  a  part 
of  the  valuable  introductory  remarks  accompanying  this  paper: 

*  The  Ijlands  in  the  bay  of  Bengal  arc  many  of  them  covered  with 
(liells  aud  murine  produdions,  to  a  great  height,  and  there  are  beds  of 
large  finooth  pebbles  near  the  Ucrdiuar  fomc  hundreds  of  feet  above 
the  prcfent  level  of  the  Qiinges ;  the  Tea  has  therefore  gradually  been 
Tctiring:*  and  confequenily  the  pofition  of  the  Equator  was  formerly 
farther  north  than  it  is  at  prefent  in  this  part  of  the  earth  :  and  if  a 
few  fimiUr  ohfcrvations  were  made  in  other  countries,  it  is  evident 
that  the  ancient  fituation  of  the  pole  upon  the  furface  of  the  earth  might 
be  determined  fufficiently  near  for  explaining  many  difficulties  and 
.paradoxes  in  Geographical  antiquities:  for  this  purpofe  alfo  it  would 

t>s  adviuble  to  have  permanent  meridian  lines  drawn  in  high  northern 
latitudes,  to  be  compared  in  fucceeding  ages,  and  alfo  to  have  marks 
cut  upon  rocks  in  the  fea  to  Ihew  the  proper  level  of  the  water. 

•  In  the  aforefaid  pofition  of  the  Equator  the  fands  of  Tartary  were 
inhabitable  and  the  Siberian  climate^  temperate;  and  the  defertsof  the 
leifer  Bukharia  were  then  part  of  the  feat  of  the  ParaJt/g  of  Mo/es\  and 
the  four  facrcd  Rivers  of  EJ:n  went  through  India,  China,  Siltna, 
and  into  the  Cajpian  Sea,  refpedively:  this  appears  from  sl  BramiM 
map  of  the  world  in  the  Sanjlrit  language  which  I  met  with  about  two 
years  ago  in  the  higher  parts  of  India,  together  with  a  valuable 
Treatifc  of  Geography  upon  the  fyilcm  of  Boedb;  both  of  which  I 
communicated  with  my  ideas  on  the  fubjcd  to  Mr.WiLFORD,  of 

the 


jiftatic  RifearchiS^  Vol.11.  555 

the  Bengal  Engineers ;  and  from  him  the  world  may  expefl  (hortl?  to 
be  favoured  wich  the  firll  true  reprefentation  of  Scriptural  and  Hindm 
Geography. 

'  From  the  aforefaid  country  the  Hindoo  religion  probaUy  fpred 
over  the  whole  earth :  there  are  figns  of  it  in  every  northern  country, 
and  in  almod  every  fyilem  of  worfhip:  in  England  it  is  obvious; 
Sconehenge  is  evidently  one  of  the  Temples  of  Boodh ;  and  the  Arith* 
metic,  the  Aftronoroy,  Aftrology,  theHolidaysj  Games,  names  of  the 
Stars  and  figures  of  the  ConfteUations ;  the  ancient  Monuments,  Laws» 
and  even  the  languages  of  the  different  nations  have  the  ilrongeft 
marks  of  the  fame  original.  The  worfliip  of  the  fun  and  fire;  humaa 
and  animal  facrifices,  &c.  have  apparently  once  been  univerfal:  the 
religious  ceremonies  of  the  papifts  feem  in  many  parts  to  be  a  mere 
fervile  copy  of  thofe  of  the  Gojeigns  and  Fakeen ;  the  Chriflian  Afce- 
tics  were  very  little  different  from  their  filthy  original  the  Bjraggys^ 
&c.;  even  the  hell  #f  the  northern  nations  is  not  at  all  like  the  hell  of 
the  fcripture,  except  in  fome  few  particulars ;  but  it  is  fo  Ariking  a  like- 
ntk  of  the  hell  of  the  Hindoos  that  I  fhould  not  at  all  be  furprifed  if 
the  ilory  of  the  foldier  that  faw  it  in  Saint  Patrick's  purgatory, 
ilcfcribcd  in  Matthew  Paris's  hiftory,  (hould  hereafter  turnout 
to  be  merely  a  tranilation  from  the  San/crit  with  the  names  changed. 
The  different  tenets  of  Popery  and  Dei/m  have  a  great  fimilarity  to  the 
two  doctrines  of  Brahma  and  Boodh,  and  as  the  Bramins  were  the 
authors  of  the  Ptolemaic  fyHem,  fo  the  Boodhifts  appear  to  have  been 
the  inventors  of  the  ancient  Pbiklaic  or  Copernican,  as  well  as  of  the 
dodrine  of  attraftioo;  and  probably  too  the  eftablifhed  reh'gion  of  the 
Greeks  and  the  EUufinian  myfleries  may  only  be  varieties  of  the  two 
different  {^^.  That  the  Druids  of  Britain  were  Bramins  is  beyond 
the  leail  fliadow  of  a  doubt;  but  that  they  were  all  murdered  and 
their  fciences  loll,  is  out  of  the  bounds  of  probability;  it  is  much 
xnore  likely  that  they  turned  Schoolmaflcrs  and  Freemafons  and  For- 
tune-tellers, and  in  this  way  part  of  their  fciences  might  eafily  de- 
fcend  to  poHcrity,  as  we  find  they  have  done:  an  old  paper  faid  to 
have  been  found  by  Locke  bears  a  confiderable  degree  of  internal 
evidence  both  of  its  own  antiquity  and  of  this  idea-;  and  on  this  hypo* 
thefis  it  will  be  eafy  to  account  for  many  difficult  matters  that  perhapa 
cannot  fo  clearly  be  done  on  any  other,  and  particularly  of  the  great 
iimilarity  between  the  Hindoo  fciences  and  ours :  a  comparifon  be- 
tween our  oldeft  fcienti fie  writers  and  thofe  of  the  Hindoos  will  fct  the 
matter  beyond  difpute,  and  fortunately  the  works  of  Bede  carry  us 
twelve  hundred  years  back,  which  is  near  enough  to  the  times  of  the 
Druids  to  give  hopes  of  finding  there  fome  of  their  remains:  I 
(hould  have  made  the  comparifon  myfelf,  but  Bede  is  not  an  aathor 
to  be  met  within  this  country. ;  however,  I  compared  an  Aflrolabe  ia 
the  Na^ry  charadler  (brought  by  Dr. Mackinnon  from 'JynagurJ 
with  Chaucer's  defcription,  and  found  them  to  agree  moft  mi. 
flutcly  ;  even  the  center  pin  which  Chaucer  calls  "  the  horfc"  has 
a  horfe's  head  upon  it  in  the  inHrument;  therefore  if  Chaucer's 
defcription  fhould  happen  to  be  a  tranflation  from  Bede  it  will  be  a 
^ong  argument  in  favour  of  the  hypothefis,  for  we  then  could  have 
nothing  trom  the  Jralians :  what  Bungey  and  Swifih  may  cofiuin, 

will 


'^j^  Afiatic  Riftarthes^  Vd^  IL 

will  alfi)  deferve  enquiry^  and  that  the  comparifon  may  be  the  readied 
9ade»  where  the  books  are  procurable*  I  mean  rery  inortiv  to  [)abliih 
tranilations  of  the  Leelavotty  and  Btej  Ganeta,  on  the  Arithmetic  and 
jygebra  of  the  Himioos, 

<  it  is  much  to  be  feared,  however,  that  many  of  the  befl  treati(es4)f 
ihe  HinJwu  are  loft*  and  that  many  of  thofe  that  remain  are  imperfed; 
by  the  help  of  a  Pundit  I  translated  part  of  the  Baj  Gmut0  near  fix 
years  ago,  when  no  European  but  myfelf,  I  believe,  even  fnfpeded 
that  the  Hindoos  had  any  Algebra,  but  finding  that  my  copy  was  im- 
pcrfedl,  I  deferred  compleating  the  trandation  in  hopes  of  procuring 
the  remainder;  I  have  fince  found  a  fmall  part  more,  and  nave  (ecn 
muiy  copies,  but  from  the  plan  of  the  work  (which  in  my  ophdon  h 
the  beft  way  of  judging)  they  ftill  feera  all  to  be  imperfed,  dioogh 
the  copier  generally  takes  care  to  put  at  the  end  of  them  that  they  are 
compleat.  1  have  the  fame  opinion  of  the  Leelanjoiiy^  Und  for  the 
§kmt  reafon ;  indeed  it  b  obvious  that  there  muft  have  been  treatiies 
cxifting  where  Algebra  was  carried  much  farther :  becauie  many  of 
their  rules  in  Agronomy  are  approximations  deduced  from  infinite 
ihries;  or  at  leaft  have  every  appearance. of  it;,  fuch,  for  infbnce,  as 
linding  the  fine  from  the  arc,  and  the  contrary;  and  finding  the 
angles  of  a  right  angled  triangle  from  the  hypothenufe  and  fides,  in- 
dependent of  cables  of  fines ;  and  feveral  others  of  a  fimilar  nature 
mnch  more  complicated.  I  have  been  informed  by  one  of  their 
Fundiu^  that  feme  time  ago,  there  were  other  treatifcs  of  Algebra, 
^fides  that  jufl  mentioned,  and  much  more  difficult,  though  he  had 
»0c  feen  them ;  and  therefore  as  it  is  poflible  they  may  flill  be  exifl* 
ing,  and  yet  be  in  danger  of  pcrifhing  very  foon,  it  is  much  to  be 
vi(bed  that  people  would  colled-  as  many  of  the  books  of  fcience  as 
poflible;  (their  poetry  is  in  no  danger),  and  particularly  thoie  of  the 
dodrine  of  £oodk,  which  perhaps  may  be  met  with  towards  Tbibtt. 
That  many  of  their  bed  books  are  depraved  and  loft  is  evident,  be- 
cause there  is  not  now  afingle  book  of  geometrical  elements  to  be  met* 
^  with ;  and  yet  that  they  had  elements  not  long  ago,  and  apparently 
more  excenfive  than  thofe  of  Euclid,  is  obvious  fr6m  fome  of  their 
works  of  no  great  antiquity:  the  fame  remarks  are  applicable  to  their 
Cofmographical  remains,  in  fome  of  which  there  are  indications  of  a« 
Agronomy  fuperior  to  that  of  the  Soorya  Sioohant,  and  fuch 
popular  treatiies. 

•  Till  we  can  therefore  find  feme  of  their  more  fuperior  works,  it 
muft  bj  rather  from  the  form  and  conftrudtion  of  their  aflronomical 
tables  and  rules,  and  the  properties  applied  in  their  accidental  folu- 
tion  of  queftions,  &c.  that  we  can  judge  what  they  formerly  knew, 
than  otherwife ;  that  they  were  acquainted  with  a  differential  method 
fimilar  to  Newton's,  I  fhall  give  many  reafons  for  believing,  in  a 
trcatife  on  the  principles  of  Hindoo  Aftronomy,  which  I  began  more 
than  three  years  ago,  but  was  prevented  from  finiihing,  by  a  trouble- 
fome  and  laborious  employment  that  for  two  years  gave  me  no  leifare 
whatever;  and  which  (though  the  fmall  time  I  had  to  fpare  fince  has 
been  employed  in  writing  a  comment  on  the  works  of  Nkwtok,  and 
explaining  them  to  a  y^x'j  ingenious  native  who  is  tranflating  them 
into  Arabic)  1  hcpc  ere  long  to  have  an  opportunity  of  compleating : 

at 


Hoeren  m  ihi  P^licy^  l^c.  $fthi  Nations  ofJntifutty.    fjf 

at  prefent  I  (hall  onlv  give  an  extradl  of  a  paper  explainiag  the  con* 
ilrudion  of  fome  tahles,  which  firft  led  me  to  the  idea  of  their  hadttg 
a  differential  method/ 

We  are  forry  that  our  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  give  the 
remainder  of  this  valuable  paper. 

We  have  now  noticed  each  feparate  communication  in  thlt 
col]e£Hon ;  and  when  we  confider  the  importance  and  excel* 
lence  of  the  aggregate,  we  look  with  dread  toward  any  accident 
that  may  impede  the  progrefs  of  the  Society's  refearches.  We 
read  with  great  forrow  the  clofe  of  the  Prefldent's  iixth  dif« 
courfe,  and  we  heartily  wi(h  to  unite  our  exertions  with  bit 
*  to  promote  the  fale  of  the  work  in  London  i*  that  thus  majr 
not  onlv  be  diffufed  thofe  lights  which  have  hitherto  been  at* 
tained,  out  that  the  members  may  be  encouraged  in  their  pur« 
fuit  of  others,  which  may  hereafter  be  attainable. 


Art.  VI.  Ideen  uher  Me  Politsk,  &c.— /. /.  Ideas  on  the  Policy^ 
Intercourre,  and  Commerce,  of  the  principal  Nations  of  Antiquity* 
By  A.H.J.  Hberbn,  Profeflbr  of  PhiloTophy  in  the  Univerfity  of 
Gottingen,  and  Member  of  feveral  Literary  Societies.  8vob 
PP.4H7.     Gottingen.     1793. 

A  LTHOUGH  it  may  appear  very  improbable  that  we  fhouldl^ 
^^  at  this  period  of  literature,  derive  more  hiftorical  and  geo« 
graphical  information  than  has  been  already  colleded  from  the 
antient  authors,  who  have  been  fo  often  and  fo  carefully  penifed, 
and  on  moft  of  whom  we  have  had  able  commentators,  we  have 
yet  before  us  a  ftriking  inftance  how  much  a  new  point  of 
view,  or  a  combination  of  new  fads,  committed  to  the  fagacitj 
of  a  comprehenfive  mind,  may  ftill  elicit  from  documents 
which  were  thought  to  be  altogether  exhaufted.  The  dif* 
coveries,  which  have  been  made,  efpecially  within  thefe  laft 
twenty  years,  have  certainly,  if  we  except  the  fuccefsful  voyages 
of  Columbus,  furpafled  thofe  of  any  former  interval,  of  (imilar, 
and  indeed  of  far  fuperior  extent:^-but,  while  we  owe  thefe 
fuccefles  to  the  great  improvements  made  in  navigation,  the 
fame  caufe,  it  muft  be  owned,  by  the  bias  which  it  has  given 
to  our  inveftigations,  has  made  us  lofe  fight  of  many  great  and 
important  regions  with  which  our  forefathers  were  far  better 
acquainted  than  we  are.— The  trade  of  the  antients  was 
chiefly  carried  on  in  the  inland  parts  of  the  Old  Continent, 
particularly  in  Afia  and  Africa ;  with  which,  notwithftanding 
all  our  ardour  for  difcovery,  we  are  more  imperfedly  acquaint- 
ed  than  with  the  greateft  part  of  the  New  Continent  and  the 
South  Sea  Iflands;— and  concerning  this  fubjed  fome  materials 
are  extant,  which,  if  carefully  coUcdcd  ana  yidk\w&^  cxMSk* 


Hecren  an  ihe  Pslkj,  ^€.  ^ftlu  Nations  of  Antiquity. 

L  xn^f  03t  only  convey  immediate  mformatfon,  but  alfo 
IdS  2  guide  iQ  dire  A  our  future  rtrearches:— Such  is  ihe 

of  the  pr^fent  wark» 

[  &  2  trite  obfervatlon,  that  hlfloruns  of  all  tges  have  zu 

oiofe  to  the  confll^  of  nations^  to  ehc  canvulfious  of 

and  to  the  crimes  and  follies  of  individualsi  than  to  the 

iful  ^r:^  which  lead  to  h«man  happinefs,  or  to  the  virtuous 

pencr^^us  exertions  which |  after  all,  abound  in  the  public 

|il  as  in  the  jirivaie  tranfaflions  of  men*     This  obfcrvi- 

1  however  deOilute  of  novclcy,  feems  to  have  been  one  gf 

Ihief  inducements  which  led  Profcflbr  Heerch  to  the  in- 

}ation  to  which  we  owe  the  prefcnt  work.     The  period, 

kdtk  be  hmits  his  refearches,  defcends  no  farther  tlian  tbe 

of  Alexander,    when  fplendid   cunquefis   and  inhufnaa 

nter  became   the  chief  diftiniSions   which    led   to  pre- 

^rt>ce  and  fame^  and  fuh verted  ihe  peaceful  iniercourfe  and 

£0  whtcb  mankind  feem  at  that  time  to  have  been  in- 

foT  a  great  fl»re  of  profpcriiy.— *Th€  fit (1  two  Ptolemies 

vpu  and  Sclcuctts  Nitator  in  isyria,  are  per  hips  the  only 

\%y  from    that  reign  to  the  few  Rotnan   Emperors,  who 

jaciustcd  by  any  moiives  but  ihe  gratiEicaiion  of  their  pjU 

and  to  whom  antient  hiiiorians  afcribc  any  cxertiani  iiyt 

)g  the  wcliare  of  their  people  and  of  mankind  in  ^encnl, 


Ilceren  tn  the  Policfy  bfc,  efibe  Nathnt  of  Antiquity.     55^ 

t^gret  the  fcantinefs  of  the  materials  that  have  reached  us !  and 
how  greatly  we  are  indebted  M>hiin  who,  having  carefully  coU 
levied  all  thcfe  fcattered  materials^  and  compared  them  witb^ 
and  illuftrated  them  by,  the  hitherto  unfatisfadlory  informatton' 
which  yrt  have  obtained  from  recent  travellers,  has  eftabliflied 
many  fa£ls  which  we  little  expeded  ever  to  fee  wei)  autbentU 
catedl 

The  prefent  volume  relates  only  to  the  African  natiMif^ 
under  the  three  heads  of  Carthagi^  Etbiopiay  and  Egypt.  Th« 
authors  chiefly  confulted  are  Herodotus,  Diodorus  Sicuius,  Pa* 
lybius,  the  Pniplus  (or  circum 'navigation)  of  Hanno,  and  that 
of  the  Red  Sea  afcribed  to  Arrian, — Livy»  Appian;  arid  fome 
others,  fuch  as  Agatharcides  and  Eratofthenes— who,  though 
full  of  information,  feem  as  yet  to  have  obtained  little  atien-s 
tion.^Some  of  thefe^  efpecially  Herodotus,  have  obtained  vari-^ 
ous  new  ill uO rations,  partly  frdm  the  critical  acumen  of  the 
learned  Profeflbr,  and  in  a  great  meafure  from  the  corroborate 
ing  information  which  he  has  collected  from  modern  travellers; 
which  throw  much  light  on  feveral  paiTages  that  were  confidered 
as  obfcure,  dubious,  and  perhaps  altogether  erroneous.  Thefe 
moderns  are  chiefly  Leo  Africanus,  Bruce,  and  the  accounts 
collcdled  by  the  African  Aflbciation:  but,  befide  thefe,  our 
author  difplays  fuch  a  fund  of  erudition,  that  nothing,  as  far  as  ' 
we  recoUeiS^,  feems  to  have  efcaped  him,  which  could  in  any 
>vay  tend  to  iliuftrate  his  fubjedt. 

The  following  are  the  titles  under  which  the  contents  of  this 
work  are  arranged.  I.  Of  Carthage,  i.  The  territories 
of  Carthage  in  Africa.  2,  Her  pofTeflions  in  Sardinia,  Cor* 
fica,  Sicily,  the  Balearic  Iflands,  Spain,  and  her  colonies. 
3,  Her  marine,  and  maritime  commerce.  4,  Her  inland  trade 
with  and  final  reduction  by  Rome.— -II*  Cf  Ethiopia. 
5,  Her  military  force.  6,  Her  conftitution.  7,  Her  contefls. 
I,  Geographical  furvey  of  the  Ethiopian  nations.  2,  Of  the 
flate  of  Meroe.  3,  Of  the  trade  of  Meroe  in  Ethiopia. 
III.  Of  Egypt,  i.  General  account  of  Egypt.  2,  State  of 
Egypt  before  Pfammetichus ;  her  conAitution,  religion,  learn- 
ing, and  commerce,  at  this  early  period.  3,  State  of  Egypt 
from  the  reign  of  Pfammetichus  to  the  conqu^ft  by  Alexander* 

We  are  confident  that  we  fhould  gratify  our  readers,  were 
we  to  enter  into  an  ample  detail  of  moft  parts  of  this  iriterefting 
performance :  but,  as  our  fpace  will  not  admit  of  it,  we  ihail 
confine  ourf^lves  to  a  fketch  of  the  information  which  the 
work  affords  concerning  the  commerce  in  the  interior  parts 
of  Africa  ;  which,  at  this  time,  are  the  peculiar  obje^s  of  geo- 
graphical inveftigation :  *  A  country,  (fays  our  author,)  con- 
taining extenfive  empires  of  which  the  names  are  barely  known  1 


lecrcn  &n  thi  PoUcyf  ifc.  ff/ih  Nmimt  qfAntiptiff, 

lature  carrrts  on  fome  of  her  g»ndcfl  operations;  where 

fpecies  of  animals  are  p refer vcd  from  the  rapacky  of 
rccret  recelTes  and  impenetribie  dcfarcsi  «nd  where  in* 

ivc  rifen  to  a  ftatc  of  fociety  very  different  from  ourf^ 
la  polity  founded  on  principles  of  which  we  have  perhaps 

kaft  conception.' 

caravans  of  Carthage  appear  to  have  been  owe  of  the 

of  that  ftate,  no  author  having  exprefsly  mendoned 

not  even  Herodotus,  who  fpeaks  fo  fully  of  the  route  hf 
|thc  Egypuans  penetrated  from  Thebes  into  the  heart  of 
The  iiriides  of  commerce,  however,  with  which  the 
Iginians  are  known  to  have  fupplicd  their  neighbouring 
>pendent  ftates,  efpecially  the  number  of  Haves  whkh 
lonveyed  to  the  Balearic  Iflands  ind  feveral  of  their 
are  fuflficient  evidence  that  they  muft  have  penetrated 
tard,  if  not  toihe  very  bank  5,  of  the  Niger;  and  this  could 
bn  thofe  times  as  well  as  in  our  days,  be  ciTe^led  by  the 
I  of  caravans*  We  know  that  there  are  fuch  caravans  at 
and  the  courfe  which  they  take,  we  are  well  afltiredt 

H  with  the  route  lard  down  by  Herodotus  in  the  paSage 

:h  we  have  above  all  tided. 

s  paffage  (Herod.  1.  iv,  c.  i8i — 1B5.)  fs  in  a  manner 
\l  on  which  the  chapter  on  the  inland-tradeof  Africa  is  an 
I  commentary.— Herodotus  relates  the  information  which 


Heeren  on  the  PoScy^  tfr.  of  the  Nations  pf  Aittiquity^    55^ 

It  mud  here  be  added,  that  Herodotus  mentions  having  re« 
ceived  much  information  from  the  Lotophagi,  and  the  Nafa- 
mones  their  neighbours ;  which  plainly  implies  a  commanica« 
tion  with  thofe  nations ;  and  the  practicability  of  this  comma- 
xiication  will  in  a  manner  evince  its  exiftence;  the  moft  eaftent 
dwellings  of  the  Nafamones  not  being  above  ten  days' journey 
from  Augila,  the  fecond  ftation  on  the  great  Tfaeban  road. 
Herodotus  mentions,  but  in  a  very  vague  manner,  certain  fait 
pits  (aXo<  /»€l^o»}  about  ten  days'  journey  from  the  Atlantes, 
where  men  live  in  huts  made  of  fait,  and  where  it  tievet  rains. 
This  fpot  is  conje£)ured  to  be  the  inhofpitabie  Tigafa^  vifited 
by  Leo  Africanus,  who  fpent  three  days  at  the  pits ;  whence 
TombouAou  receives  its  fupply  of  fair.  The  di(bnce  betwcea 
thefe  two  places  is  faid,  by  Leo,  to  be  about  20  days' journey. 

If  the  above  information  be  thought  to  throw  feme  light  on 
what  the  antients  have  left  us  cdnceniing  the  interior  parts  of 
Africa,  the  chapters  on  Meroe  and  the  Ethiopian  trade,  we 
are  perfuaded,  will  prove  ftiil  more  fatisfa<9ory  and  intenefting. 
We  again  regret  our  narrow  limits,  which  prevent  our  doing  alt 
the  juftice  that  is  due  to  .the  merits  of  this  curious  part  of  the 
performance. — Herodotus,in  his  ufual  way,  traces  the  route  from. 
Elephantine,  the  fouthern  frontier  town  of  Egypt,  to  Meroe, 
which  he  dignifies  by  the  name  of  the  Metropolis  of  Ethiopia.— 
From  this  evidence,  and  from,  the  information  of  Agatharctdes« 
Diodorus  Siculus,  Strabo,  Pliny,  and  Eratoflhenes,  the  (ttua- 
tion  of  this  once  celebrated  city  muft  have  been  on  the  right 
hand  of  the  Nile,  a  little  below  the  prefent  Chendi,  at  about 
17^  N.  lat.  and  52^^  E.  long. ;  and  Pliny  exprefsly  mentions 
that  the  emiflaries  feni  by  Nero  to  explore  thefe  parts  had  ob« 
ferved  an  ifland  in  the  Nile,  named  Tadu,  facing  that  city,  to 
which  it  ferved  to  give  the  ihelter  of  a  harbour.  We  muft 
here  have  leave  to  tranfcribe  a  (hort  pafTage  from  Mr.  Bruce  3 
which,  as  he  feems  not, to  have  been  much  biafed  by  the  in* 
formation  derived  from  the  antients,  is  a  ftrong  confirmation  of 
the  locality  of  that  memorable  place. 

*'  On  the  20th  of  Odober  in  the  evening  we  left  Chendi,  and 
refted  two  miles  from  the  town»  and  about  a  mile  from  the  river;  and 
neict  day,  the  z  1  ft«  at  three  quarters  pad  four  iu  the  morning,  we 
continued  our  journey.  At  nine  we  alighted  to  feed  our  camels,  hav- 
ing gone  about  ten  miles.  At  thb  place  begins  a  large  iHand  in  the 
Nile,  feveral  miles  long,  full  of  villages^  trees  and  corn ;  it  is  called  . 
Kurg6f«  Oppofite  to  this  is  the  mountain  Gibbainy,  where  is  th«  . 
firft  fcene  of  ruins  I  have  met  with  fmce  that  of  Axum,  in  Aby(E« 
nia.  We  faw  here  heaps -of  broken  pedeibils,  like  thofe  of  Axum,  aD 
plainly  deiigned  for  the  datues  of  the  Dog,  fome  pieces  of  obeliik, 
Ukewife  with  hieroglyphics,  almoA  totally  obliterated.  The  Arabs 
told  us  thefe  ruiiu  were  ytiy  extenfive,  and  that  many  pieces  of  flatucs. 


560    Heeren  m  tie  P^licf,  (it.  oftbi  Niaiiiuit  •/ Antiquity. 

both  of  men  and  aoimals,  had  been  dag  up  there :  the  ilatues  of  the 
men  were  modly  of  black  (lone.  It  is  impoilible  to  avoid  rifquing 
a  guefs,  that  this  is  the  ancient  city  of  Mcroe  *•" 

The  fa£l  furely  it  now  beyond  a  conjedure  %  and  the  next 
Hep  in  the  inquiry  is  to  inveftigate  the  political  ftate  of  tl^^ 
once  extenfive  and  flouri(hing  metropolis.— We  coUc9%  fum 
Diodorus,  that  it  was  under  the  dominion  of  a  caft  of  priefii| 
that  it  was  the  centre  of  their  power  and  devotional  rites  |  that 
they  fent  out  emifiaries  into  diftant  parts^  who  founded  other 
towns  of  i\9  inconfiderable  magnitude  and  confequence  i — that 
Elephantine,  Thebes,  and  perhaps  Ammonium,  were  among 
the  number  of  thefe  fettlements  toward  the  north ;  and  thai, 
confidering  Meroe  as  the  ftaple  of  the  commerce  of  Ethiopia,' 
fhe  certainly  had  eftablifhments  to  the  fouthward,  whence  va* 
rious  articles,  fuch  as  gold,  ivory,  fpice^,  perfumes,  &c.  were 
procured,  which  were  not  produced,  or  did  not  abound,  in  her 
own  vicinity. 

This  circumftance  leads  to  a  probability,  almoft  amountii^ 
to  a  proof,  that  there  was  an  intercourfe  between  Meroe  and 
Arabia  Felix,  whither  the  produce  of  India  is  known  to  have 
been  imported  in  the  earlird  periods.  The  eafieft  and  moft 
probable  communication  was  undoubtedly  acrofs  the  Straitt  of 
Babelmandel ;  and  that  fuch  a  communicaiion  did  once  exift, 
feems  well  authenticated  by  the  account  given  by  Mr.  Bruce 
of  the  remains  of  Azab  on  the  African  fide  of  thofe  Straits,  and 
of  Axum,  about  midway  between  Azab  and  Meroe ;  which 
point  out  the  road  taken  by  the  caravans  that  carried  on  the  in- 
tercourfe between  the  Ganges  and  the  Mediterranean. — Urs 
words  are  as  follow : 

««  On  the  8th  we  came  to  the  plain  wherein  (lood  Axum,  once  the 
capital  of  Abyflinia,  at  Icaft  as  it  is  fappofcd.  For  my  part,  I  be- 
liove  it  to  have  been  the  magnificent  metropolis  of  the  trading  people, 
or  Troglodyte  Ethiopians.  The  towns  of  tiiefc  people  had  buildinjjs 
of  great  ftrcngth,  magnitude,  and  cxpcnce,  cfpcciciUy  at  Azab, 
worthy  the  magnificence  and  riches  of  a  Ibte  which  was  from  the  ixit, 
ai^es  the  emporium  of  the  Indian  and  African  trade.** 

As  among  thefe  Rudera  there  are  only  ruins  of  public  build- 
ings, and  none  of  private  dweJiin^iis,  it  is  coujc^iurcJ  that  they 
were  not  cities  of  conftant  refidcnce,  but  rather  places  of  rcfurt; 
where  the  adventurous  traders  and  their  attendants  lived,  as 
ufual,  in  their  tenis,  but  where  the  religious  rites  were  cele- 
brated with  the  greatefl  folemnity,  and  in  a  mannrr  becoming 
the  dil'pofirions  of  men  who  ventured  on  expeditions  acrof*  the 
defarts,  far  more  difficult  and  dangerous  than  thofe  acrofs  the 
Atlantic ;  whence  a!fo  may  be  derived  the  great  influence,  or 

•  Brucc's  Travels,  vol.iv.  Jf^si^* 

rather 


NcmnichV  Catholtcw.   Nat.  Hiftory^  Parti.         561 

rkthcr  power,  of  the  order  of  prieHs,  who  perhaps  were  the  only 
tunftant  inhabiunts  of  thefe  fpots,  which  they  wiflied  to  be 
confidered  as  the  favourite  abodes  of  theif  divinities.— Thu^ 
«iuch  appears  from  the  beft  authorities,  that  Mcroe,  Axumt 
and  Azab^  were  places  that  had  a  common  origin,  and  moft 
probably  were  the  principal  llations  of  the  caravans  which 
traded  to  Arabia ;  while  Thebes  and  Ammonium  continued 
the  communicafion  toward  Carthage.— Whether  from  Azab 
there  was  3n  intercourfe  with  the  Ethiopians  of  the  more 
fouthern  parts  of  Africa,  toward  Cape  Gardefan  and  the  prefent 
Zanguebar,  remains  matter  of  fariher  inveHigation;  for  whiqbj 
however,  there  are  fufficient  grounds  of  incitement, 

Profeflbr  Heeren  gives  us  to  underftand,  in  his  preface^ 
that  if  he  fhoutd  meet  with  encouragement,  he  intends  td 
publi(h  a  fecond  volume,  on  the  policy,  &c.  of  the  antient 
Allatic  f^aces,  and  a  third  on  the  European  flates^  He  hatf 
likewife  intimated  to  a  correfpondent  that,  fliould  the  prefenc 
volume  be  deemed  wonhy  of  a  tranflation  into  Engliffa,  be  has 
additional  materials  which  would  improve  the  work  efi^ntiallyi 
and  which  he  is  ready  to  communicate. — We  hope  to  fee  both 
thcfc  objefls  accomplifhcd. 


Art.  VII.  Catbolicon.  Erfte  Abtheilungt  Naturge/cbicbtet  Uc.  i.  fi 
CafbcIiccH,  Part  the  Fir !t :— being  an  univeHal  Polyglot- Lexicon 
of  Natural  Kirtory*  with  explanatory  Obfervations.  BypHiuiF 
Andrew  Nemnich,  J.  (J.  L.  410.  pp.  839.  Hamburgh  and 
Halle.     1793.     London,  Scwcll.     16s.  fevved. 

T  INDER  the  general  title  of  Cdtholicorty  this  author  had  fome- 
^  time  fincc  prcpofcd  to  lay  before  the  public  a  general 
Diftionary  of  the  European  languages,  digefted  in  one  alpha- 
betical ferics,  which  was  intended  to  comprize  not  only  the 
words  in  common*  ufe,  but  alfo  the  technical  terms  and  phrafas 
of  every  art  and  fcience.  On  mature  deliberation,  however, 
and,  by  the  advice  of  many  experienced  editors,  this  plan  was 
laid  afidc  as  far  too  extenfive,  and  likely  to  prove  too  coftly  for 
thofc  for  whom  it  was  chiefly  intended,  viz.  profeflional  men, 
who  would  gladly  forego  all  that  does  not  relate  to  their  pecu- 
liar purfuits  or  avocations. ^This  idea  has  induced  the  author 
to  diftribute  his  work  into  certain  ciafles;  and  we  have  now  be-* 
fore  us  the  fir  ft  part  of  the  clafs  relating  to  natural  hiilory, 
which  goes  as  far  as  the  word  Canits^  and  is  conjedtured  to  be 
about  one  quarter  of  the  whole  of  this  alphabet.* 

•  The  Marine  Lexicon  is  preparing  by  M.  Rodingt  of  which  th« 
firil  part  is  likewiie  pobliihcd  :  fee  the  next  fucceeding  ariicle. 

App.  Rev.  Vol.  xr.  Q^q  T\« 


562  Ncmnich'i  CathoUcon.  Nat.  Hifterjj  PartL 

The  fpecimen  before  us  is  an  ample  proof  of  the  ingenuity, 
andy  we  muft  add»  of  the  indefatigable  induftry,  of  the  com- 
piler. In  the  nomenclature  of  the  animals,  plants,  and  mine* 
ralsy  be  has  followed  Gmtl!n*s  laft  edition  of  the  Lirmfan  fyf- 
tem  :  to  every  name  is  annexed  its  etymological  derivatibn ; 
which  often  leads  to  an  enumeration  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  (j^ 
nonims :  then  follow  the  names  in  as  many  languages  zi  they 
could  be  procured,  in  which  the  author  has  not  limited  him- 
felf  merely  to  the  European  ;  many  Afiatic,  and,  in  general, 
the  original  Indian,  names  having  been  fubjoined.-^In  eveiy 
language,  he  has  attended  to  the  principal  dialedls  of  it ;  and 
the  varieties  of  each  fpecies,  as  well  as  the  names  given  to  ani- 
mals at  their  different  ages,  are  inferted ;  then  follow  the  ge- 
neral obfervations  defcriptive  orth^  obje^,  its  manners,  habits, 
or  any  other  ftriking  circumftance  belonging  to  it. — ^None  of 
the  terms  of  the  art,  and  of  their  different  acceptations,  appear 
to  have  been  omitted  ;  and  the  anatomical  technology  has  been 
confidered  as  a  condituent  part  of  this  fubjefi. 

In  order  to  convey  fome  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  work,  anil 
of  the  manner  in  which  it  is  executed,  we  ihall  add  the  follow- 
ing (hort  (ketch  of  the  article  Anas^  which  occupies  above 
12  pages. — The  generic  name,  with  a  fliort  definition,  is  at 
the  head  of  65  fpecies  ;  among  which  the  more  common  are  of 
courfe  more  amply  difcufled.  Of  the  Anas  bcfchas  donuftica^ 
we  have  the  name  in  .34.  principal  languages,  befide  many  fub- 
ordinate  and  obfolcte  dialedls. — The  paragraph  EngUJh  ftands 
thus  : — *  The  Duck,  the  tame-duck,  the  decoy-duck  ;  Angh' 
Jax.  Ened  j  Galicy  Tunnag,  lach,  gaillcheark  j  Wtljh^  Hudnwy> 
hwyad  ;  Cormjh^  Hawz,  haz,  hoet. 

1.  The  drake,  or  male  ;  Galic^  Nolach. 

2.  The  duck,  or  female, 

3.  The  duckling,  the  brood  of  the  duck  }  Galky  Ifeun  tun- 
nag/ 

To  mod  of  the  fpecies  are  added  obfervations  ;  which,  we 
are  confident,  will  be  found  fatisfadory  to  thofe  who  may  not 
ufe  this  work  as  a  lexicon.  They  are  comprehenfive,  but 
dear,  and  to  the  purpofe.  As  the  author  folicits  hints  for  the 
improvement  of  the  fucceeding  volumes,,  we  would  fuggeft 
whether  a  reference  to  the  beft  icon  of  every  fubjefl  might  not, 
ytrithout  much  increafing  the  bulk,  be  a  convenient  addidonfor 
thofe  who  may  be  induced  to  ufe  this  work  as  a  manual.— Wc 
muft  add,  that,  befide  the  lexicons  of  the  different  arts  and  fci- 
ences,  the  author  means  to  give  a  nomenclature  of  the  familiar 
languages ;  fo  that  every  individual,  by  having  the  pan  that 
relates  to  his  pwticuUr  profcffion  or  purfuit,  and  this  general 

vv  noaien- 


Roding'i  General  DiSiionary  of  Sea  Terms,  Voi  I.      563 

nomenclature,  will  find  himfelf  in  pofleffion  of  all  that  he  is 
likely  to  want  in  the  way  of  lexicography. 

i^RT,  VIII.  Allgemeines  Worterbuch  dcr  Marine ^  13 c.  /.  e,  A  Genera! 
Diftionary  of  Sea-terms,  By  J.  H.  Roding.  Vol.  I.  4to. 
Sewed.     Hamburgh.     1793.     (Sewell,  London.     Price  16s,) 

T  T  was  hardly  to  be  expedcd  that  a  nation,  which  has  but 
\  little  coad,  (hould  execute,  for  Europe,  a  work  like  that 
which  is  now  before  us.  Such,  however,  are  the  advantages 
t>f  a  difFufive  cultivation  of  literature,  that  Germany  (with  a 
conftitution  which  prevents  the  patronage  of  national  under- 
takings by  the  fovercign,)  finds,  in  the  encouragement  of  in- 
dividuals, a  fufficient  incentive  to  every  fort  of  intelleflual  ex- 
ertion which  the  public  intereft  requires. 

This  is  a  mod  laborious  work.  It  opens  with  a  catalogue 
of  all  the  books  on  naval  fcience  that  have  been  printed  in 
Europe,  of  which  the  firft  is  dated  in  1484.  Thefe  are  arranged 
in  the  chronological  order  of  their  appearance ;  and  are  enu- 
merated almoft  completely :  yet  we  have  not  obferved  the  follow- 
ing:—>Gee,  on  the  Navigation  of  Great  Britain  ;  of  which  a 
French  tranflation  was  printed  in  1749*  Robertfon's  Elements 
of  Navigation,  1754*  Hamilton's  Introdudion  to  Merchandice, 
containing  the  Law  apd  Pradice  relating  to  Sale,  Fadlorage, 
Infurance,  Shipping,  &c.  1788.  Account  of  Greenwich  Hof- 
pital,  1789.  Brough's  Confiderations  on  the  Ntceflity  of 
lowering  the  Freight  of  Ships  employed  by  the  Eaft  India  Com- 
pany, 1786;  and  feveral  of  the  popular  works ;  as  Mariner's 
•  New  Calendar  ;  Mariner's  Compafs  j  Seaman's  Vade  Mecum ; 
India  Officer's  Pocket  Guide,  &c.  Under  the  head  1751,  K. 
a  work  is  afcribed  to  Kippax  which  was  by  him  tranflated  from 
Uftariz.  Several  pamphlets  on  the  Fiflieries  are  omitted,  and 
fome  books  of  voyages  which  contain  important  obfervations. 
Articles  of  treaties  relative  to  navigation  fj^ould  alfo  have  been 
enumerated.  This  lift  is  fucceeded  by  a  reference  to  all  the 
icattcred  effays  on  nautical  fubje£ls  infer  ted  in  the  tranfadlions 
of  different  philofophical  focieties. 

The  obfervation,  which  the  author's  brief  account  of  thefe 
books  im^jreflfcs,  is,  that  there  have  been  in  Europe  two  great 
nautical  fchools,  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Baltic.  In  the 
firft,  a  calm  fea,  the  art  of  (bip  building  was  a  continual  im- 
\provement  of  the  oar-raft^  a  coafting  navigation,  the  praSice 
of  the  mariners;  and  the  port-cuftoms,  the  technology,  and 
the  maritime  laws,  all  wear  marks  of  this  original  chara£ler« 
In  the  fecond,  zjlormy  fea,  the  art  of  fliip-building  was  a  pro- 
£reffive  evolution  ot  the  fail'ra/i;  an  open  navigation,  from  the 


^odin^'j  Gimral  Diifimary  &f  Sta  Termt.  FoL  t            ■ 

limes,  was  preferred  \  and  the  ufac^e^,  the  phrafcoIo|:ff 
e  of  reguiauons,  arc  all  tlnfluretl  hy  a  corrcfponding 
ioHp  Tbz  common  and  ftatyrc  Uw  of  Tea  matters, 
down  by  iradtiion,  and  by  ihc  Rhodlan  code  from  tbf 
s,  was  gradually  mndified  into  that  f)ilcm  of  reguUtlon* 
by  the  name  of  **  //  C^ifulato  di!  Man^^  which  received 
al  fani^inti  in  1075,  was  re-cxucted  in  mod  of  the  fca 
f  the  MeditCFfanean,  but  aot  till  \\b%  at  Marfcillc% 
as  fir  ft  printed  at  Harcdona  in  1501*  This  work  has 
ranfl-ited  into  moft  European  lai>guages,  our  own  cx^ 
'J  h^j  Dutch  vcrlion  of  1^04.  is  the  beft, 

rules  and  orders  t;tu-ht  by  the  circumftances  and  expe- 
of  the  Baltic  failors  were  firft  reduced  into  a  bc^dy  of 
1  law  at  VVifsby,  one  of  the  Anfeaiic  towns^  ajid  wcrt 

in  1505  at  Copenhagen,  in  the  Frankilh  tongue.  The 
ngliih  tfiin Nation  appeared  in  »536. 

probable  that  the  Arabijins  were  among  the  foremoft  to 
pathcmalkal  fcience  to  the  improvement  of  imvigaiioil> 
irlieft  books  on  the  fubje^l  made  their  appearance  «  Se- 
nd Lifton,     1  he  firft  Englilli  hints  on  thii  head  are 

in  W.  Cunningham's  Cofmographical  Glafs,  15591 
he  recommends  the  ufc  of  the  quadrant*  In  1581,  was 
led  "  'J  he  New  Attrailivc,  by  R.  Norman  ;"  a  book 
fonn^r^pocha^In^^^anf^r^h^an^ 

Rodfng'i  General  Di£fionary  ^f  Sea  Terms.  Vol.  /.      565 

encouragement  of  thcfc  branches  of  inquiry  recover  to  Great 
firitain  her  antient  fuperiority ! 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  execution  of  this  didionary,  we  SMX 
tranflate  the  articles  -Ch. 

*  ChaJkemholon.  Under  this  name,  the  antients  defic^nated  every- 
fhip  beaked  with  iron  for  purpofes  of  offence  :  fuch  beaks  or  fjaJk/^ft 
were  Called  embolon.  The  prow  was  armed  with  one  or  more  of  them. 
Accor^Ag  to  Diudorus,  one  Pifeus,  an  Italian,  invented  this  wea^- 
poih»  of  which  the  elder  Greeks  knew  nothing,  as  Homer  has  not 
named  it.  ^fchylas,  however,  calls  the  fhip  of  Nsilor  dckcmhoks^ 
as  if  it  were  armed  with  ten  Ipikcs.  Thcfp  fpikss  were  originajly 
made  longi  and  projcdled  from  the  deck  ;  afterward  they  were  made 
ftrongcr,  fnorter,  and  placed  fo  low  as  to  perforate  the  enemy's  (hip 
nnder  water.  This  innovation  is  attributed  to  Arido  of  Corinthv 
He  taught  it  to  the  Syracufans,  who  ufed  it  with  advantage  againil . 
the  Athenians  ;  as,  at  the  iiril  onfet,  many  of  their  vcflels  were  thu^r 
Mattered,  or  made  leaky.  Above  the  fprit,  was  placed  the  Parem- 
bolis.  From  coins.  It  (hould  Teem  that  thcfc  fplkes  were  often  orna* 
mcnted  with  figures  of  animals. 

*  Ckalkene.  This  feems  to  have  been  the  name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  the  inner  planki  of  the  ihip,  which  were  alfo  called  lejhion 
and  fUidopodUu^ 

"*  Charter 'f arty,  Holland,  Certe-partit :  D:in.  Sarte  farfie  :  Swcd." 
Certe-farti :  Frcn.  Chart^-partie :  Ital.  Centratto  di  naleggio^  Span; 
ContrtUlo  di  JUtameuto :  Port.  CoutroBo  de  ajffretamento.  A  written 
contrad  between  the  capuin  and  freighter  of  a  veifel,  executed 
before  a  notary,  and  of  which  at  Icall  a  duplicate  is  provided. 
The  bafii  of  this  document  is,  that  the  freighter  agrees  to  pro- 
vide the  captain  with  a  cargo,  or  a  certain  portion  of  cargo,  and* 
after  delivery  of  the  fame  at  the  place  agreed,  there,  or  on  his 
return,  to  pay  or  order  to  be  paid  fome  certain  price  or  recom* 
pence.  In  this  document,  may  be  inferted  the  time  of  Hay  in  a 
given  port,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture,  the  Jading  to  be  "brought 
back,  the  farther  voyage,  &c.  The  obligations  of  the  captain  cenfift 
in  undertaking  to  provide  a  found  vefTely  with  all  accoutrements  $ 
to  receive  the  cargo  on  board ;  and  to  carry  it  faithfully  and  with 
ijpeed  to  the  place  of  dclllnation. 

*  Chekufmata,  The  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  planks  of 
.the  keel;  which  met  in  a  point.     The  Latins  called  them  cuaei. 

Probably  they  ferved  to  eafe  and  prcfervc  the  keel  from  the  wear 
and  tear  of  dragging  it  alhore.     We  cxpofe  the  bare  keel. 

*  Chcnijkos,  An  ornament  of  Greek  (hips  derived  from  cbettf  a 
gbofe,  of  which  it  was  an  image  :  it  was  thought  to  bo  aufpicious* 
becaufe  gccfc  Hoat  without  finking.  Where  this  ornament  was  placed* 
«s  unknown.' 

The  author  acknowleges,  in  the  preface,  his  obligations  to 
certain  individuals,  who  ailifted  him  in  a  labour  which  will  be 
tifeful  to  the  flatefn^ao^  to  the  philologift^  acd  eyes  Co  the 
pradkal  navigator. 


(    S66    ) 

Art.  IX.  Msmeires  du  Marechal  Due  D  E  Ri  c  U  E  L  i  £  V  :  ie,  Vit* 
moir*!  of  the  Marlhal  Duke  Dk  Richelieu,  containing  the 
Hillory  of  the  Courts  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV.  2d  Edit.  '  9  Vols. 
Svo.     About  400  Pages  in  each.     Paris.     1793. 

^T'HE  firft  edition  of  thefe  memoirs,  in  four  volumes^  appeared 
-^  in  1790,  and  we  gave  an  account  of  it  in  our  Appendix  to 
vol.  iii.  New  Series,  In  this  fecond  edition,  the  hiflory  of  the 
court  is  brought  down  to  the  death  of  Lewis  XV.  Except  a 
few  notes  of  no  great  importance,  the  firft  four  volumes  have 
received  no  addition  ;  and  the  charaAer  which  we  gave  of  them 
is  equally  apphcablc  to  the  remainder  of  the  work.  It  ts  the 
hiftory  of  defpotifm,  fuperftition,  irreligion,  and  vice,  in  the 
latter  volumes,  the  editor,  M.  Soulavie,  fpeaks  more  fre- 
qucrt(y  in  his  own  perfon,  than  he  did  in  the  former;  Tome  of 
his  observations  are  fenfible  and  pertinent :  but  others  (hew  that 
he  is  mit  uninfluenced  by  party  fpirit,  and  on  this  account  we 
t^^A  him  with  caution  ;  moll  of  the  fa(35,  however,  which  be 
relate?,  are  confirmed  by  other  hiftorians  and  memorialiih. 

The  fifih  and  fixth  volumes  contain  the  hiftory  of  the  court, 
from  the  Kinii's  majority  to  the  death  of  Cardinal  FUurj.  Every 
kind  of -vice  was  then  countenanced  by  the  example  of  the  nobi- 
lity, and,  if  we  may  believe  the  accounts  of  feveral  other  hiftorians 
belidc  oi!r  author,  the  mod  unnatural  crimes  were  perpetrated 
witi)out  ihame,  and  almoft  without  concealment.  The  conduit 
of  the  princes  of  the  royal  family  was  moft  infamoufly  licen- 
tious, mixed  with  a  degree  of  brutality  and  cruelty  which  dif- 
graces  humaniry.  The  Count  of  C^^;W(9/x  murdered  one  of  his 
valeis  in  the  year  1725,  in  order  to  carry  on,  without  inter- 
ruption, an  intrigue  with  the  widow  of  this  unhappy  man  i  and 
he  (hi)t  feveral  perfons,  merely  from  the  moft  wanton  barbarity. 
In  copjuniTiion  with  the  Prince  of  Conde^  he  was  guilty  of  a 
piece  of  cruelty  toward  iA^dzmc  de  St,  Sulpice^  of  which  de- 
cency  forbids  our  giving  the  particulars.  Crimes  of  a  fimihr 
kind  are  alic^^ed  againft  the  Prince  of  Conii^  of  which  even  the 
meancft  wretch  that  ever  was  hanged  at  'i'yburn  would  blufli 
to  be  accufed. 

The  charafter  of  Lewis  XV.  was  the  moft  defpicable  that 
could  be  imagined  :  from  his  education  he  had  imbibed  all  the 
iilly  terrors  of  fuperftition,  without  ohe  fentlment  of  rcligiun. 
Hr  remained  for  fome  time  faithful  to  his  queen,  not  from  af- 
feclion,  nor  from  a  fenfc  of  duty,  but  merely  from  his  fear  of 
the  cardinal  in  this  world;  and  of  the  devil  in  the  next.  The 
queen  was  certainly  a  moft  fanatical  devotee,  the  blind  inftru- 
ment  of  artfu\  i^ntfts^^  and  had  neither  perfonal  charms,  nor 
mental  accompV\0\viv^uXs%  \»  ^^^.\^&\L\%  ^<(dions.     The  in- 


Memoirs  tftht  Marjbal  Duke  De  Richelieu*  5C7 

trigues  of  the  courtiers,  countenanced  by  the  hypocritical 
FUury^  to  provide  a  miftrefs  for  the  king,  and  the  arts  by  which 
they  at  length  overcame  the  timidity  of  this  overgrown  boy ; 
for  he  was  nothing  elfe  during  his  whole  life;  cannot  but  excite 
the  indignation  of  the  reader.  The  amours  of  Lewis  with 
Mzdame  di  Mailfyt  and  with  her  two  fifters,  Madame  diVinti" 
milU  and  the  Dutchefs  of  CbafeaurouXj  are  fo  well  known,  that 
we  (hall  not  enlarge  on  this  difgufting  part  of  the  worl^  before 
us :  but  we  cannot  fupprefs  our  indignation -on  finding  even  tha 
princes  and  prtncefles  of  the  blood  fubmitting  to  be  the  vile 
panders  to  the  luft  of  the  monarch,  and  countenancing,  by  their 
infamous  fervility,  a  condud  on  which  even  the  poore(t  woman^ 
who^ad  the  leait  regard  for  theefieem  of  her  fellow- creatures, 
would  look  down  with  contempt  and  averAon  ;  nay,  from  which 
all,  except  the  profefledly  abandoned,  who  can  pra<Sife  the  arts 
of  fedudion  for  the  gratification  of  others,  would  turn  with  difr 
dain.  Among  thefe  worthies,  the  Duke  de  Richelibu  figures 
as  an  accomplilhed  pimp.  To  theie  deteftable  charaders,  there 
were  very  few  exceptions ;  and  in  this  refped  it  is  no  more  than 
juflice  to  mention  the  Duke  and  Dutchefs  of  Luynes^  who  dif* 
dained  to  attend  the  inftalment  of  a  royal  concubine,  and  the 
lewd  orgies  held  at  Choify ;  on  which  account  the  tyrant,  who 
dared  not  (hew  his  refentment  openly,  meanly  revenged  hio^felf 
by  retarding  the  Duke's  promotion. 

Among  the  few  good  charadlers,  which  occur  to  relieve  our 
attention  from  the  almoft  uninterrupted  fcene  of  yiilany  here 
exhibited,  the  unfortunate  Staniflaus^  King  of  Poland,  ai)d 
father  to  the  Queen  of  France,  deferves  to  be  particularly  men- 
tioned. This  prince  had  been  obliged  to  refign  his  throne  to 
Auguftui^  Lledor  of  Saxony,  but,  on  the  £le6ior*s  death,  was 
encouraged  by  the  French  government  to  renew  his  claim,  or, 
at  leaft,  to  offer  himfelf  as  a  candidate  for  the  monarchy.  He 
had,  it  is  faid,  a  majority  of  the  Poles  in  his  favour,  and  FUury 
^lidributed  large  fums  among  the  grandees  in  order  to  fccurc  his 
re-eledion  :  but,  as  the  diet  was  furrounded  by  the  RuiTian,  lni« 
perial,  and  Pruflian  troops,  it  was  difficult  and  dangerous  for 
him  to  go  to  Warfaw.  In  order  to  compafs  this  point,  a  noble- 
man, who  greatly  refembled  the  king  in  perlbn,  aflumed  his 
name  and  character,  and  went  by  fea  to  Danizic ;  while  Siumf^ 
laus  travelled  by  land,  under  the  difguife  of  a  merchant's  cleric, 
to  Warfaw,  where  he  was  immediately  elcded.  His  expulfiun 
by  the  Ruffians,  and  his  fubfequent  misfortunes,  are  well  known. 
His  character  feems  to  have  been  amiable:  but  the  French 
complained  that  his  little  court  retained  much  of  the  Polifli  fe- 
rocity of  manners.  From  the  anecdotes  related  with  a  view 
to  illuftrate  this  afTcrtion,  it  appears  that  thefe  noblemen  were 


4 


Orient  in  polite ne£s  to  thoic  who  did  them  the  boooer 

1  i  tt I n  g  a<i  ul  t c ry  w i '. h  lUc : r  w J ves- 

letlitor  of  ihd'c  memoirs  it  a  dcckfwl^iiemf  ta  the  hoiife 

hh^  aa«J  iofcs  no  op^portumty  ct  ex|i£ciBiig  his  djAike  cf 

wh'xiu  frofifi  the  3gc  of  Ci)4flei  the  Fifth,  va  the 

umcs,  Kas  &cwn  a  tr^ofi  unjtitViAftbk  ambiueirt  «vid  luft 

1  he  chara^ler  of  the  limprefs  Qpeca  is  wdl  d^VAi 

^ft  oihcf  crowned  hcatJs*  fht  had  the  art  ta  appear  amiable 

di^idsi  Ibc  could  then  ^Vtume  the  iiiific  ol  goodncil 

imanity,  sod  prufefs  a  regard  for  the  emi  aiid  rdigldill 

sf  her  iubjt'i£is :  but,  when  firmly  feaied  on  the  iitipcfhl 

ind   freed  trom   tbofe  apptehenrionE  wh^ch  h^d  forced 

LtSI  SL  feigned  part,  ihe  difplaycd  her  real  chara^ler,  as  a 

Ind  tyrannical  princefs. 

brave  defence  of  Prague,  in  17424  by  ihe  French  gaf- 
fnder  M.  M*  de  Bdk-ljli  and  Ernglhj  is  one  of  the  mofl 
iHng  events  here  related.  Ihe  city  was  redyced  to  cbt 
liremjiyt  and  the  foldlers  ex^r kneed  gll  the  JiHrefi  whkli 
\iu\%  from  fitnime  and  the  rigour  of  winter*  I'hcy  ««re 
ted  by  the  inailivity  of  Fimry:  Lewis  wa;^  too  miich  en- 
by  his  infamous  pleafurcs  to  pay  any  atcention  to  Wti* 
knd  difplayed  the  iJtniofl:  ind;ii*cience  vihen  told  of  tb$ 
of  the  army.     At  lengthy  pn  order  was  given  to  t va- 

rrj,  which  was  done  in  tbg 


jMem9tn  of  the  Marjhal  Duke  De  Richelieu.  569 

and  good  providential  government;  and,  though  we  believe 
they  are  wifely  permitted  as  the  natural  eflFffls  of  the  vices  of 
mankind,  and  deftgned  to  produce,  in  a  manner  which  our 
contraded  faculties  cannot  difcern,  confequenccs  worthj  of 
fupreme  benevolence ;  yet  it  is  impoffible  for  the  man  of  hu- 
mantty  to  contemplate  them  without  deep  concern^  or  to  avoid 
feeling  refentnTicnt  againft  their  unworiby  authors. 

No  part  of  hiftory  is  fo  pleafing  as  that  which  exhibits  eman* 
cipation  from  oppreffion :  for  nothing  can  afford  greater  fatif* 
fadion  than  to  fee  a  brave  people  refoiving  to  be  free,  {baking 
offthcyokcof  unworthy  fervitude,  and  punifliing  their  audacious 
tyrantii.  The  revolution  in  Genoa,  after  it  had  been  con- 
qaered  by  the  Audrians,  is  aji  event  o\  this  kind.  Botta^  the 
general  of  the  Emprefs  Queen's  forces,  had',  by  his  inlblent 
menaces,  fo  terrified  the  fenate  and  nobles,  that  thefe  con* 
temptible  grandees  refolved  to  refign  the  republic  into  his 
hands,  and  to  throw  themfelves  on  his  mercy.  Ad9m9  alone^ 
who  commanded  in  Savonna,  behaved  with  proper  fpirit:  he 
declared  that  he  was  determined  to  defend  this  place  to  the  lafl', 
and  that  he  had  made  a  will,  by  which  he  had  deftined  all  his 
fortune  to  the  relief  of  the  widows  and  children  of  thofe  of  his 
countrymen  who  might  be  (lain  during  the  fiege.  l*n  the  mef- 
fengers  fent  by  the  fenate  to  command  him  to  refign  the  town 
to  the  Auftrians,  he  anfwered,  **  that  he  had  been  entrufted 
with  the  defence  of  it  by  a  free  republic,  and  would  not  obey  the 
orders  of  an  enflaved  republic  to  refign  it."  Accordingly  he 
fullained  a  fiege  and  blockade  -of  three  months,  and  did  not 
capitulate  till  reduced  to  the  hft  extremity.  The  rapacity  of 
the  Auflrians  was  infatiable,  and  they  added  the  mod  intolerable 
cruelty  to  their  exceffive  extortions.  There  were,  however, 
in  Genoa  forty  thoufand  men,  who  were  neither  nobles  nor 
fenfttors :  but  whofe  conduct  deferved  a  more  honourable  title 
than  any  which  kings  and  fenates  can  exclafively  befiow.  The 
Auftri^ns  were  about  to  carry  oft  the  cannon,  in  order  to  em- 
ploy them  againfl  the  allies  of  the  republic ;  which  excited  the 
utmoft  indignation :— during  this  operation,  an  officer  hap* 
pened  to  ftrike  a  Genoefe,  who  did  not  obey  his  orders  with 
lufficient  alacrity ;  the  Genoefe  inftantly  flabbcd  him  to;  the 
heart:  this  was  the  fignal  for  a  general  infurre£iion;  the  people 
attacked  the  Auftrians  with  (lones,  which  were  the  only  wea- 
pons tliey  then  had  :  but  they  foon  procured  other  arms,  not- 
wichftanding  the  attempt  of  the  Doge  and  fenate  to  pceVent 
them.  Bottt^  was  mad  with  rage  $  ««  Shall  the  Auflrians,  (he 
cried,)  who  drove  the  French  out  of  Italy,  tremble  before  a 
Genoefe  mob?"  Yet  this  Genoefe  mob,  under  the  command 
of  Pcria^  defeated  them  repeatedly,  flew  fcvcral  thoM^vnAi^  ^V 


Afimniri  dfihi  Mar^l  Duh  Dc  Rtcheliru, 

nJe  four  thoufarrd  of  ihem  prlfoners,  and  at  Icn^h 
lem  entirtly  out  of  the  city.  This  brave  people  did  nor 
lain  their  liberty  ^  the  perfidious  Lewis,  who  had  reaped 
lanuges  from  their  fpirited  conducl,  and  who  could  not 
(rove  of  it  when  dire^ed  agstnft  the  Audrian^,  was 
l)ough  to  aiTifl  the  fenate  and  nobles  in  re-eft^bUfhing 
locratical  governmciu, 

kttempt  nradc  by  the  French  army^  under  the  Prince  of 
force  a  pafFsge  over  the  Alp=:^  U  here  minuiely  re- 
Jid  is  defcrvir.gof  attention,  a*  ic  fhcws  that  the  grcatcft 
les  may  be  furmounted  by  valour  zn6  pcrfevcrauce  ;  but 
lalned  by  the  mod  deieftable  cruelty.  Thirty  peafancs, 
lig  oppofed  the  invaders  of  their  country,  were  carrit-d 
[native  viihge,  and  were  there  hanged  in  the  prefence  of 
l^nds  and  relatives^ 

feventh  volume^  wc  have  an  account  of  the  campaigns 

land  1745,  and  of  the  remainder  of  the  war;  t^jgether 

Ine  reHciitions  on  the  progrefs  of  philofophjr  and  the 

1  the  eighteen  til  century-     Attiong  the  events  here  re- 

trcatmcnt  which   the  Pretender   received   from   the 

:Qurt  attracted  our  attcntionj  as  one  proof,  among  many 

if  tht^  little  dependence  thiit  crin  be  placed  on  ihzfrknd- 

cfpoiic  princes;  :ind  that  their  kind  offices j  as  well  as 

niiiies,  are   tne  refuh  of  a   mean   felfiiliner?,   and  vary 


Memoirs  of  the  Marjhal  Duke  De  Richelieu.  571 

wrote  a  fubmiflive  letter  to  Lewis,  and  was  relcafcd,  o«  giving 
his  word  that  he  would  immediately  leave  France,  and  nevtr 
come  into  it  again.  He  then  took  refuge  in  the  canton  of 
Fribourg;  on  which  the  Britifli  minifter  wrote,  in  a  very 
haughty  lly!e,to  the  magiftrates  of  that  ftaie,  complaning,**  that 
it  afforded  an  afylum  to  an  odious  race,  profcribed  by  the  laws 
of  Great  Britain:"  this  was  anfwered  by  VAvoyer  with  proper 
fpirit.  "  This  odious  race,  (faid  he,)  is  not  profcribed  by  our 
republic;  your  letter  is  highly  improper :  you  forget  that  you 
are  writing  to  a  fovereign  ftate,  and  I  do  not  conceive  myfelf 
obliged  to  give  you  any  farther  anfwcr."  The  Pretender,  how-* 
ever,  foon  fet  off  for  Italy. 

The  eighth  volume  is  employed  in  an  account  of  the  royal 
family,  of  the  intrigues  and  vices  of  the  court,  of  the  king's 
tniflrefles,  and  particularly  of  Madame  di  'Pompadour  \  alfo  of  the 
difputes  between  the  Jefuits  and  the  Janfeniits,  and  thofe  be-* 
tween  the  miniders  and  the  parliaments.  All  this  exhibfts  fuch 
a  feries  of  vice  and  folly,  that  we  turn  from  it  with  difguft,  and 
(hall  not  fully  our  page  with  any  particulars;  they  are  indeed 
fufiiciently  known  from  other  memoirs. 

The  ninth  volume  commences  with  a  long  detail  of  the  trial, 
or  rather  torture,  and  execution  of  Damiens,  which  is  (hocking 
to  humanity.  The  caufe  and  the  contrivers  of  this  man's  at* 
tempt  on  the  king's  life  are  myfteries,  which,  if  they  were  really 
known  to  the  court,  were  carefully  concealed  from  the  public. 
The  Jefuits  accufed  the  parliament,  which,  with  much  greater 
probability  in  its  favour,  retorted  the  charge  on  the  pious  dif- 
ciples  o{  Loyola*  We  are  told  that  the  Duke^^  Choifeul  endea« 
vourcd  to  infpire  the  king  with  fufpicions  of  the  dauphin ;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Duke  is  accufed  of  having  poifoncj 
Madame  de  Pompadour^  the  dauphinefs,  and  afterward  T'irciir^ 
whom  he  difpatched  in  order  to  get  poITeilion  of  Br^glio^s  cor* 
refpondence. 

The  character  of  Lewis  became  more  contemptible  as  he  ad« 
vanced  in  years ;  when  he  divided  his  whole  time  between  the 
pradices  of  fuperftition  and  the  moft  licentious  debaucheryt 
Thus  he  made  himfelf  defpifed  by  his  fubjeds,  while  his  pro* 
fufion  and  extravagance  toward  his  unworthy  favourites  pro« 
voked  the  refentment  of  the  people;  till,  toward  the  clofe  of 
his  reign,  he  was  as  much  hated  as  he  had  been  beloved  in  the 
beginning  of  it. 

In  our  author's  obfervations,  both  on  politics  and  religion, 
we  fee  much  of  that  levity,  and  of  that  pronenefs  to  run  into 
extremes,  with  which  his  own  countrymen  have  fo  frequently 
been  charged.  Some  of  his  refledlions  are  Juft :  but,  in  all,  we 
obferve  a  fuperiiciality  and  a  want  of  ptecluotv^  HiVkVc\\\t.vi^  "^^ 


irjciff eil*     He  (eems  to  be  a  drtcr mmcd  mtmj  to 
yi  byt  it  thti  we  ace  not  ailoninicd;  bccaufc  hz 
:  wfcal  it  If,  aai  tNiflakts  pofrff  for  it:  nor  z^n  Wt 
,  an  intclligem  Roman  cadiolic,  who  cKinks^^f  all 
.      %  can  awouf  fccltn*  i  fecftt  conittnpt  for  tiis 
iDLuelir/  is  the  ncc«flaiy  confeqtictioc  of  the  impa- 
rl i&iokjant  fypcrftiuon  on  fn^rikinJi  the^^dre  tiughf 
r  this  ^bfurd  nofifefire  fts  ttrc  religion  of  Ctuift  ;  iTi<J 
Itbcr  opponwn'ny  mv  c»courage?^nt  to  incjuirc  ii^to 
of  tkc  gofpcl,  it  CH^noc  be  rurprtf.fng  tfiai  ih^y  {boitM 
1  averfioQ  and  contempt  iivhjt  i^  fb  obvtonfljr  iticon- 
li  reifon,  and  really  fo  contrary  to  initr  religtofi^  ihi% 
oicc  were  cofifincti  to  chher  popery  or  deifott  we 
EthouE  hefitation,  prefer  ihc  Utter,  as  infimie^y  Icfs 
lable  to  Qod^  an4  Icfs  pre}t:dicu!  to  the  happiJicfi  ^ 
InEdeliry  was  pre  ra  lent  m   France   long   before 
crolution  :  nay  it  prtvalb^  in  fomc  ciegrcC|  in  e^cry 
latholic  country,  aod  the  pul^lic  profeffion  of  it  is  r©-. 
Lnly  by  the  dread  of  the  civil  and  ecclefiafticaJ  powers*   ^ 
y  eafy  is  it  to  account  for  the  political  extremes  into 

French  have  unfortunately  deviated.  It  was  prrfe£l1y 
x  them  to  defpife  and  hate  the  government  under  which, 
1   itfclf  it   was  com  pic  rely  deTpi  cable,  ihcy  had  fttf- 

10  and  fo  much.     We  .ihhor  the  cruelties  and  crtmes 


w 


Van  Marum  on  the  Recovery  ofPerfons  apparently  drowned*   573 

we  cannot  think  that  his  conJucl  was  fuch  as  to  remove  all 
fuCplcions  of  his  fincerity.  It  is  in  vain,  however,  to  reafoa 
on  a  fubjcS  which  is  now  left  to  the  dccifion  of  the  fword. 
The  King  of  Pruffia  has  fuccecded  fo  far  as  to  engage  moft  of 
the  powers  in  Europe  in  a  war,  of  which,  though  the  motive 
be  obvious,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  the  objeA.  Should  the 
combined  powers  fuccced,  the  French  may  be  exterminated;  and 
monarchical  inftcad  of  democratical  defpotifm  may  bje  eflablifii*' 
cd  in  a  defolated  wafie:  but  it  will  probably  be  at  fuch  an  im- 
menfe  expence  of  blood  and  trcafure,  that  the  conqueft  will  be  not 
much  lefs  ruinous  to  the  vic^.ors,  than  to  the  vanqui(bed ;  andf 
after  all,  it  is  more  eafy  to  exterminate  men,  than  opinions. 


D^ 


Art.  X.  Bcilcr.Unge,':  ctt  Prcgfixminge/tp  ISc.  i.  c.  Reflexions  and 
F.xpenm?nCi  relative  to  the  Recovery  of  rerfons  apparently 
drowned.  By  M.Vak  Marum,  M.D.  8vo.  pp.105.  Haar- 
lem.    i793» 

^ocTOR  Van  Marum  is  convinced  of  the  truth  of  Dr. 
Goodwyn's  hypothcfis  concerning  the  immediate  caufe  of 
death  by  fUbmertion,  which  he  afcribes  to  the  patient's  being 
deprived  of  pure  a^r :  for  to  the  continual  fupply  of  this  he  at« 
tributes  not  only  the  florid  colour  of  the  blood,  but  aifo  that 
ftimularing  quality,  by  which  it  cxciics  the  heart  to  contra6lion. 
The  inflation  of  the  lungs  with  vital  air,  or  oxygen  gas,  is  there- 
fore  the  remedy  recommended.  This  eluttic  fluid,  the  author  fays, 
may  be  kept  for  thispurpofein  j  ts,  fitted  up  like  thofeofhisgaTo* 
meter,  of  which  the  reader  will  find  a  dtfcription  in  the  Appendix 
to  the  feventh  volume  of  our  New  Scries.  For  injefling  it,  he  ad- 
vifesaiVringe,  containing  abouttwcnty-threc  cubic  inches,  which 
he  prefers  to  one  of  greater  capacity,  from  an  apprehenfion  of 
danger  from  forcing  too  great  a  quantity  of  air  into  the  lungs; 
as  it  cannot  be  expected  that  all,  who  may  happen  to  perform 
this  operation,  will  be  fuiTiciently  inteliigent  and  careful.  Dr. 
Goodwyn  had  advifed  the  ufc  of  the  fyringe  to  exhauft  the  water 
that  may  be  contained  in  the  lungs:  but  Dr.  Vak  Marum 
has  (hewn  that  this  method  is  infufficient,  unlefs  the  patient  be 
fo  placed  that  the  gravity  of  the  water  may  co-operate  with 
the  exhaufter :  his  directions  for  this  are  judicious ;  and  he  nd« 
vifes  the  trial  always  to  be  made,  as  it  may  be  done  in  lefs  than 
iive  minutes ;  and  as  it  cannot  be  known  a  priori  whether  it 
may  not  be  neceflary.  At  any  rate,  he  obferves,  it  can  do  no 
harm,  as  it  tends  to  clear  the  lungs  of  vitiated  air,  and  to  re* 
move  the  adhefion  of  the  epiglottis,  by  which  the  rima  gkttidis 
is  fometimes  \q  clofed  up  as  to  prevent  all  accefs  to  the  lungs. 
Dr.  Goodwyn.  is  of  opinion  t.ha:,   after  every  m^'^&viTv,  ^^ 

4  ^\^OTV 


574  ^^^  Mar  urn  on  tie  Ricovery  ofPcrfons  apparentfy  dmumi* 

pifion  of  the  fyringe  (hould  be  drawn  up  again,  to  clear  the 
lungs  of  the  foul  air:  but  Dr.  Van  Marum  recommends  this 
to  be  done  only  after  every  fecond  inje^ion,  in  order  to  give  a 
longer  time  for  the  mixture  of  the  pure  air  with  that  which  is 
rendered  unfit  for  refpiration. 

The  reftoralion  of  animal  warmth  is  of  importance  nearly 
equal  to  the  introdu^ion  of  vital  air:    for  this  purpofe  the 
Dodor  juftly  recommends  a  water-bath,  which  ought  to  be 
heated  to  a  temper ^^tu re  of  8o  degrees;  if  this  cannot  be  had, 
%  bath  of  warm  afhes,  or  fand,  may  be  ufed. 
**    Doflor  Van  Marum  afcribes  very  little  efficacy  to  the  fti- 
tnulants  ufually  applied  on  thefe  occafions ;  they  maybe  ad- 
vifable  as  auxiliaries,  and,  in  cafes  where  the  circulation  is  not 
fntirely  fufpended,  they  may  be  of  fervice:  but  they  are  infuf- 
ficient  to  reftore  the  contractile  power  of  the  heart,  on  which 
the  patient's  recovery  depends.     Eiedlricity,  he  thinks,  is  the 
only  ftimulant  capable  of  efFefling  a  cure ;  and  he  attributes 
the  little  fuccefs,  which  has  hitherto  attended  the  ufe  of  it,  to 
the  imprudence  of  the  operators  ;  who,  by  giving  cleflrical 
(hocks  that  were  too  ftrong,  deftroyecJ,  inftcad  of  exciting,  the 
remaining  irritability,    A  feries  of  fparks  from  a  large  machine, 
or  of  very  weak  (hocks  from  a  fmaller,  arc  what  our  author  ad- 
vifes;  and  thcfe  (liould  be  fo  diredcd  as  to  pafs  through  the 
heart.     Some  of  our  readers  will   perhaps,  on  this   occafion, 
recollc(5t  the  remarkable  cafe,  related   in  the  Reports  of  the 
Humane  Society,  of  a  child  who,  after  falling  out  of  a  window, 
was  taken  up  to  all    cppearance  dead,  but  was   recovered  by 
being  eledlrified  *.     As  ele£^ricity  cannot  be  applied  while  the 
patient  is  in  the  bath,  the  Dodtor  would  not  have  it  tried,  ex- 
cept in  cafes  where  the  v.arm  bath  and  the  injection  of  pure  air 
have  produced  ho  falutary  efFcft. 

In  order  to  confirm  the  utility  of  the  mode  of  treatment  here 
recommended,  the  ingenious  author  refers  us  to  a  difTertation 
which  he  and  M.  Van  Troostwyk  pubiifhed  fome  years 
ago;  in  which  (hey  gave  an  account  of  the  recovery  of  birds 
and  rabbits  by  introducing  pure  air  into  their  lung?,  after  they 
had  been  fuftocated  in  mcphitic  airf.  In  addition  to  thefe 
•experiments,  he  now  relates  others,  in  which  rabbits,  that  had 
beeh  kept  under  water  above  a  minute  after  th^y  appeared  to  be 
dead,  were  recovered  by  the  warm  bath  and  the  inJe£lion  of 
pure  air.  It  is  remarkable  that  thcfe  experiments  never  fucceed 
when  tried  on  dogs  and  cats ;  which  perhaps  may  be  owing  to 
the  quantity  6f  wat:r  which  thefe  animals  receive  into  tbcir 
lungs.     This  conjedurc.fecms  to  be  confirmed  by  an  expcri- 

•  Sec  Rev.  voLUu.  p.  3^7.         f  See  Rev.  vol.lxxix.  p.613. 

•  -  "•  mcnt 


De  Bree*;  Ohfirvations  on  the  Livgr  of  RooDhui^eil.    5^5 

tnent  made  by  our  author:  be  drowned  a  cat  in  ink,  and,  oit 
opening  it,  he  found  that  this  fluid  had  penetrated  into  every 
part  of  the  lungs,  which  were  entirely  coloured  by  it. 

In.  order  to  obtain  oxygen  gas  at  as  cheap  a  rate  as  poffiblcp 
our  auihor  procures  it  from  purified  nitre;  and,  for  this  purpofe,- 
makes  ufe  of  matraflcs  of  Wcdgewood's  ware,  covered  with  a 
coating  of  pipe- clay  and  fand,  'J  he  cxpence  attending  this 
procefs  is  certainly  inconfiderable :  but  we  wi(h  that  fome  more 
fimple  method  had  been  pointed  out  of  keeping  the  vital  air 
ready  for  ufe ;  for  the  Do£^or's  apparatus,  though  very  inge- 
nious, is  not  fufliciently  portable  to  be  always  at  hand.  Wc 
have  feen  this  ela(lic  fluid  long  preferved  in  common  bottles, 
with  a  little  water  in  them  to  keep  the  cork  moid;  and  » 
wooden  tub,  with  a  (helf  in  it,  is  certainly  neither  an  expenfive 
nor  cumberfomc  piece  of  furniture. 


Art.  XI.  Ferhandelwgy  15  c,  i.e.  Obfervations  on  the  Ufe  of  the 
Lever  of  Roonhuizcn.  By  John  De  Breb.  8vo.  \6  pages, 
Amfterdam.     1793. 

C  iMPLiciTY  is  the  charafler  of  this  fenfible  little  pamphlet^ 
*^  as  well  as  of  the  inftrument  which  it  recommends.  M.  De 
Bret's  object  is  to  lay  down  fuch  diredions  for  the  applicationr 
and  ufe  of  the  lever,  as  may  eafily  be  comprehended  by  all  wha 
have  any  knowlege  of  midwifery  :  this  he^has  done  with  great 
plainnefs.  He  firft  gives  a  (hort  account  of  the  paflage  of  the 
child's  head  in  a  natural  labour  ;  and  then  ftates,  in  a  verjf 
perfpicuous  manner,  the  circurhftanccs  which  occur,  when  tbc^ 
head  of  the  foetus  is  locked  in  the  pelvis ;  in  which  cafe,  her 
obferves,  its  fituation  is  generally  oblique,  and  it  prefents  itfelf 
as  an  obtufe  angled  cone.  It  is  in  thefe  cafes  that  our  author 
recommends  the  lever,  as  preferable  to  all  other  means  of  de*^ 
livery.  The  nature  of  our  work  will  not  permit  us  to  enter 
into  the  particulars  of  his  mode  of  ufing  it ;  it  is  fufEcient  tor 
obferve  that  he  manages  it  with  fo  much-  gentlenefs  and  care, 
that,  in  mod  cafes,  the  patient  and  the  by- (landers  have  na 
fufpicion  that  an  inflrument  has  been  applied  j  and  he  makes  itf 
a  rule  not  to  employ  more  force,  than  if  he  wanted  to  excite  » 
Arong  pain.  For  the  fulcrum  of  his  lever,  he  always  chufe» 
one  of  the  ojfa  pubis^  avoiding  the  fynchondrofis  as  much  as* 
poffible ;  by  which  means  he  does  not  incur  the  danger  of  in* 
juring  the  urethra,  nor  of  lacerating  the  pertnaeum.  He  alfo* 
recommends  this  inftrument,  in  preference  to  the  forcep9y> 
when  the  bead,  though  not  completely  locked  in  the  pelvis,  it 
retarded  by  its  oblique  poficion ;  in  which  cafe  the  ear  gene« 
rally  lies  beneath  the  ^nchondrcjis  ojjium  putts :  but  hiVw^^  ^c^ 


l^eiilanJ'j  Aarant  of  a  Seifhn  §fthi  Synchond  rolls,  i^i* 

loiigh  lochcrd,  prdbnts  itrdf  in  a  natural  fi  tuition,  bs 

the  forceps. 


1 1 ,  Vtrhmd  ^<'an  ^i  KtiTt/i^e^vfr^ifF^t  life.  Accoun*:  of  a  Section 
Sxncl^'indnfii  cftr^e  ^fj  pubis ^  performed  by  C  IjLi:tJLA?<0, 

paiiv[^«iict  is  iK»  lefs  con fptciious  for  pompofir^r  and  va- 

[v,   li^iii  vv-iii  ihc  iuicjj,oiiig  for  fimplicitv  and  mo^cfty. 

iTJUon  Was  iimrnJtJ  with  fucccfs  ;  that  is,  the  womaii 

Uunaidv  recov<:reti  \  fur   ihe  child  wft*  dead  ;  anil  iM* 

Jand   VV.IS  honoured^,  by  ihe  majjjif*  rates  of  thi^  towa^ 

Iprelciit  of  a  fdver  bre:d-bi\flcttj  with  an  infcription  re* 

I  he  Ikill  of  thi;  ojcrau^r  ;  on  whiff  h  monumcne  of  his 

[y  he  dttUiiris  in  a  irmli  ridiculous  rhapfod)** 

c^lb  of  this  kind^  fuccers  is  not  ilic  only  teft  of  the 

p  "s   merit  5    for  all  will   ai^rec  that  to  cxpofe  the  po^T 

to  this  dangerous  operation,  urtlefs    it  were  ihe  only 

Jkrt  far  fa V in ^  her  li*r,  was  a  rafti  and  cruel  prccetd- 

(icrviiv^  of  ccnfare  ratrver  th^n  of  rcwatiJ,      It  d^x^^  ntjt, 

cir  from  M.  Bli:ulan'D*3  narrative,  th^it  this  ab- 

i  jtclllfv  cxjlted  I  exct'p:  which,  noching  tan   vintJicatc 

havKiit  je^durlc  to  io  h,i/3rdous  un  opLratiun. .   He 


BleuIaAd'i  Amwa  rfa  SffftM  9/ the  Synchondrons^^c.    577 

was  four  feet  five  inches  in  height;  he  is  however  .very  parti- 
cular in  afcertaining  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  table  on 
which  /he  was  laid  when  the  operation  was  performed ;  this 
was  certainly  a  circumftance  of  great  importance  toward  de« 
Sermining  concerning  its  expediency. 

It  is  evident  that,  in  this  cafe,  the  woman  might  have  been 
delivered  without  having  rcconiie  to  the  fe£Hon  ;  and  all  will 
allow  that  other  means  ought  to  have  been  tried  by  the  authoft 
before  he  carried  bis  happy  thwgbt  into  execution.  Dr^.O/borne^ 
in  bis  eflky  on  laborious  pannrition,  gives  an^inflance  of  the 
delivery  of  a  woman,  the  diameter  of  whofe  pehrisy  from  the 
pubis  to  the  osfacrum^  was  not  above  an  inch  and  an  half :  but 
M.  De  Brce^  the  author  of  the  preceding  ^  Obfervations,*  fur-> 
niflied  a  Friend  (from  whom  we  heard  it,}  with  a  cafe  which 
occurred  in  his  pradice,  and  in  which,  by  the  crotchet,  he  de- 
livered a  woman,  in  whom  the  bones  of  the  pelvis  were  fo  de- 
formed, that  the  diftance  between  ^t  Jacrum  and  pubis  was 
fcarcely  an  inch.  The  patient  was  fo  diftorted,  that  the  loins 
were  bent  inward  more  than  three  inches  j  and  the  one  hip 
was  above  a  hand^breadth  higher  than  the  other.  She  had  been 
fe/eral  days  in  labour^  and  the  child  had  been  fo  long  d.ead» 
that  putrdfafiion  had  taken  place  1  it  was  indeed  a  work  of 
great  difficulty,  and  required  the  moft  unwearied  patience  and 
perfeverance  ^  he  had,  however,  the  fatisfadtion  of  faviog  the 
poor  woman^  after  two  men-midwives  had  given  up  the  cafe 
m  hopelefs,  and  had  determined  that,  to  undergo  the  Caefarian 
operation,  was  the  only  lefource  left.  After  bringing  away 
the  child,  M.  Di  Bra  attempted  to  introduce  his  hand,  in  or- 
der to  extricate  the  placenta :  but^  to  his  furprife,  he  found 
that  the  diameter  of  the  pelvis  was  not  equal  to  the  thicknefs 
either  of  bis  hand,  or  of  that  of  any  one  prefent. 

We  are  ready  to  do  all  poffiUe  jufHce  to  the  liberal  intentions 
of  the  magiftrates  of  Gouda  in  thus  rewarding  M.  Bleu- 
l.AKD*s  fucceft,  which  was  indeed  remarkable :  for  he  tells  us 
that,  two  months  after  the  operation,  the  patient  was  able  not 
only  to  walk  to  church,  but  alfo  to  dance ;  would  they  not, 
however,  have  a^d  more  cautioufly,  if  they  had  firft  ordered  an 
inquiry  to  be  made  concerning  the  neceffity  of  ithus  eridaogering 
the  life  of  the  woman,  and  had  eftimated  his  merits  by  this  cir- 
cumftance f  We  have  known  inflances,  in  which  the  fame,  that 
refults  from  difficult  operations,  has  tempted  praditioners  to 
have  recourfe  to  the  knife,  when  patience  and  gentler  means 
of  relief  might  have  been  applied  with  equal  profped  of  fuc<» 
f:e(s  {  and  we  fliould  be  forry  to  fee  this  motive  acquire  greater 
influence  from  the  hope  of  furni(bing  their  fide*boards  with 
plate  by  thefe  perilous  experiments.  About  ^  '^txi  -^"^^  ^ 
pompous,  account  was  pubHihed  of  a  Ca:(am.Tv  o^t^^X^ti  ^x- 

Aff.  Rby.  Vot.  Xu  &  K  iorawa^> 


Folllc*!  Travth  in  the  Difift  rf  Sdm-a^  $r  ZarM* 

by  a  Proreflbr  in  one  of  the  ui^iver&ties  o^  the  Dutch 

ic,  on  a  poor  woman,  in  whom  the  finalkft  diameter  of 

[vh  was,  by  his  awn  account,  tvo  uiches  and  an  balf« 

jafcfTor  was  not  however  fo  fortunate  a$  M.  Bleulano  ; 

lead  of  being  able  to  dance,  the  patient  dkd  on  the  fourth 
iThe  child  lived.  In  Jiis  account,  ihc  Pfo/efibr  tells  us 
[fter  the  child  was  exiraclcd,  he  introduced  his  hand  into 

id,  ill  order  to  mcafure  tJie  diameter  o/  the  pelvis^  but 
|iot  fucceed  on  acccynt  of  the  fudden  contradji^n  of  thr 

Some  will  p/^rhap^  think  that.  In  the  aitempc,  he  dif- 
I  more  cunofity  than  tendernefs*  a;     l         ;"    " ' 


Clir,    yej4J^i  ^mts  It  Dtjirt  dtf  Salarut  ^c,  /♦  tt,  Travels  in  tke 

Irt  Qf  S:tara,  or  Z*ra.     By  M,  Follii,  Officer  of  tide  Coto* 
|\dminiftradon,     8vo.     Paris-     I7t^2. 

work  appears  to  be  a  relation,  by  another  of  the  fufi^r* 

^^  of  the  unfortunate  ej^pedltbn  in  which  M«  Seugmnr 

Jig.iged,  and  of  whofc  account  of  it  an  abftfafl  wasgi?tii 

App£:iidix  to  our  8ih  vol  N.  S.  p,  559-562,     M.  Fol- 

lif  ibis  be  a  ical  name,)  therefore,  relates  many  particulars 

wc  have    silrtddy   noticed,    and  fome,    referring  more 

I  hiinfelu  wiih  which  wc  were  not  before  acquainted. 


\^.   tli.U  hr*  with  nriie  of  his  k i 


l^ollic'y  Travels  in  the  Defert  ofSaara^  or  Zara.       579 

he  performed  iiM«rc  than  half  this  journey  on  foot,  driven  along 
by  five  or  fix  (laves  armed  with  flicks ;  at  !aft  he.  fainted  v^ith 
fatigue,  and,  when  his  drivers  found  that  he  was  fo  much  ex-  \ 
hautted  that  even  bloWs  failed  of  their  efFeft,  they  "deter  mined 
t(^fet  him  on  a-canrie].  On  his  arrival  at  his  mailer's  habita* 
tion,  he  was  allowed  three  days  to  recover  his  (Irength,  and 
met  with  much  better  treatment :  he  was  afterward  fold  to 
another  merchant  who  lived  at  Glimy,  where  he  was  redeemed 
from  flavery  by  MeiTrs.  Cabannes  and  Defparres^  French  mer- 
chants at  Mogador;  and,  partly  by  threats,  and  partly  by  mo- 
ney, moft  of  thofe  who  had  been  wrecked  with  our  author 
were  recovered,  and  (hipped  off  with  him  for  Cadiz. 

The  narration  of  thefe  adventures  employs  the  firft  part  of  the 
work ;  they  are  certainly  extraordinary,  and  the  author's  manner 
of  relating  them  is  not  lefs  romantic  than  the  adventures  them- 
felves.  He  appears  to  have  bocne  his  fufferings  with  great-, 
patience  and  fortitude.  In  the  remaining  part  of  his  book,  he 
dfefcrib^s  the  inhabitants  of  Saara.  He  thinks  that  they  are 
defcended  from  the  Arabs,  Moors,  and  Portuguefe,  who  fled 
from  the  kingdoms  of  Barbary,  when  thefe  were  fubdued  by  the 
Sharifs;  and  he  mentions  a  variety  of  circumdances  refpe6ling 
the  manners  and  cuftoms  of  thefe  people^  which  we  have  before 
extra^d  from  iA.\Saugnier*s  work.  We  think  that,  in  feveral 
parts  of  this  volume,  the  author  difplays  greater  warmth  of 
imagination  than  folidity  of  judgment;  and  we  ibould  therefore 
receive  his  accounts  with  fome  degi;ec  of  caution. 

Toward  the  clofc  of  the  work,  we  find  fome  obfervations  on 
Che  Moors  of  Morocco,  which  contain  no  new  information,  . 
except  fome  anecdotes  of  the  Emperor  then  on  the  throne, 
which  ihew  him  to  have  been  a  moft  inhuman  bloody  tyrant. 
By  his  order,  the  French  merchants,  who  were  fettled  at  Sainte 
Croix,  were  commanded  to  remove  to  Mogador:  on  this 
occafion,  they  experienced  a  remarkable  inftance  pf  the  ftridi- 
nefs  with  which  the  Arabs  attend  to  the  obligations  of  hofpi- 
tality.  A  chief,  who  was  refolved  to  plunder  this  caravan, 
had  placed  a  body  of  four  hundred  men,  well  armed,  near  one 
of  the  defiles,  through  which  it  was  obliged  to  pafs.  The 
merchants,  whofe  guard  was  much  inferior  in  number,  mud 
have  fallen  victims  to  the  rapacity  and  cruelty  of  thefe  robbers, 
if  a  fudden  and  viotefit  rain  had  not  obliged  the  caravan  to 
halt  before  they  came  to  the  pafs.  Night  was  approaching 
when  the  guide  propofed  to  alter  the  courfe,  and  to  march  to 
the  habitation  of  the  chief,  of  whofe  defign  they  were  ignorart. 
On  their  arrival,  they  implored  his  proticlion,  and  uiiIoa(^ed 
their  camels.  He  frankly  told  them  that  he  had  polled  four 
hundred  men  with  a  view  to  intercept  them-,  ^^^x^i^^  x\\;i.\.^«. 
rrophcLmuft  have  infnircd  them  with  iV\c  \\\o\>^V\x  cA  vc^Vwn*^^^- 

Kr  z  ^^"-' 


580    Brown'i  EJfay  on  the  Natural  EqnaUty  tfMankini. 

fiigc  with  him,  by  which  they  had  efcapeJ  a  fnare  which  they 
could  not  otherwife  have  avoided*.  He  added,  that  iher  haid 
now  nothing  to  fear,  that  he  was  commanded  by.hia  reUgioii 
to  proteA  t&m,  and  that  his  aiep,  in&ead  of  ttcackiAg  tbc«i^ 
Ibould  efcoit  them  to  Mogador.  He  kept  his  word,  and  wouM 
neither  accept  of  any  prcfent  himfelf,  nor  fuffer  any  to  be  givca 
to  bis  people. 


AtT.  XIV.  An  Sjfay  m  tbt  Natural  Eqmality  rf  MwdimJ^  m  ite 
Rights  that  refmlt  from  it,  €md  the  Duiies  luhub  it  mpttftsi  to  which 
a  Silver  Medal  was  adjudged  by  the  Teylerian  Society  at  Haarlc*. 
Bv  William  Lawrence  B'rown»  D.A*  Profeflbr  of  Moral 
-Phiforophy  and  the  Law  of  Nature^  and  of  Ecdefiaftical  Hifbry* 
and  Minifter  of  the  fingliih  Church  at  Utrecht.  8vo«  I¥«*7'* 
31.  6d.  B<mrds.    CadelH  London.     1793* 

|*\f  this  ingenious  dif!ertation  we  gave  a  fhort  account  in  our 
^^  laft  Appendix,  (VoL  x.)  when  it  came;  under  our  notice  ia 
the  publication  of  the  Society  to  which  it<was  addretled«   In  its 
prefent  form,  it  appears  to  greater  advantage,  as  the  excellence 
of  ffyle  and  compofition  muft  be  much  more  confpicuous  in  the 
origfnal  than  it  can  be  in  a  tranflation.    This  however  is  very 
far  from  being  its  only  merit.     The  propriety  of  reafoning,  the 
liberality  of  fentiment,  and  the  powers  of  eloquence,  with  which 
tlie  Proftflbr  ftates  and  urges  the  reciprocal  duties  and  obliga- 
tions oF  mankind,  deferve  the  higheft  praife,  and  entitle  the 
learned    author  to  a  very  difiinguifhed  rank  among   moral 
writers.     When,  in  eur  former  review,  we  ventured  to  bint" 
that  we  thought  it  lefs  accurate  than  we  could  have  wiflied  in 
the  difcuffion  of  the  former  part  of  the  queftlon,  we  particula/Iy 
alluded  to  the  principal  propofltion  of  the  iirft  boolc ;  iii  which, 
after  infiftingon  the  natural  diverfities  among  men,  and  oh  the 
unequal  difiribution  of  human  abinties  and  talents,  the  Pro* 
feflbr  maintains,  what  he  acknowleges  may  appear  paradoxical, 
<  that  an  equality  the  moll  exafi  and  perfect,  in  rcfpe^S  of  every 
moral  and  focial  obligation,  fprtngs  from  inequality  itfelf.'  \Ve 
admire  the  ingenuity  which  he  difptays  in  illufirating  the  po.- . 
fition,  and  we  confefs  the  truth  of  what  he  advances  oa  tb^  . 
fdfeje^;  but  we  do  not  thi;ik  It  tfie  whole  truth,  of  which  the 
quellton  required  (he  difculfion.     The  mutual  dependence  of  . 
men  on  each  other  cAablifbrs,  in  a  certain  fenfe,  a  degree  of 
equality  among  thofe  who  are  the  nloft  unequal  in.  extern^,, 
condition,  or  in  other  Accidental  circumftances:  but  this  is  nei- 
thcr  the  folc  nor  the  (fltiilcipjy  refpeft,  in  which  mankind  may 
be  raid  to  be  equal.     The  Profeflor  has.  indeed  enuQieratedv 
other  obvious  circomftancfes  oF  equarity,.  in  the  (ixth  chapter, 
which  we  cantv^i  \\c\^  cov\'[viLmv\v^i  i^v^\.  kCs  imporiant  co  the 


Brown*/  t!,Jfay  on  tit  Natural  Equality  of  Mankind*     jSt 

quellioii,  than  that  oa  which  he  feems  to  by  the  chi^  ftrefs: 

but  thcfc  appear  to  be  thrown,  as  it  wcre»  into  tHc  bact^ 
ground,  and  thus  not  to  have  that  force  which  he  my  proper Ijf 
^fcribes  to  them,  when  he  treats  of  the  rights  and  diitfts  of 
mankind.  The  muluai  dependence  of  individitals'  on  each  oiWer 
is  a  very  proper  argument  to  enforce  the  focial  dutteif,  as  it 
difplays  the  intentions  of  Providence,  and  fhews  the  expediency 
of  virtue:  but  is  it  not  a  conllderatiofi  too  remote  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  immediate  foundation  of  natural  rights^  the  v^ry 
idea  of  which  fecms  to  indicate  that  they  are  deilved  from 
fomcthing  inherent  in  human  nature,  and  not  merely  frotn  cir- 
cum  (lances  which^  though  they  oeceiTiirily  refuk  from  the  con- 
ftitution  of  fociety,  arc,  with  refped  to  every  individual,  ac- 
cidental and  precarious.  In  this  light,  the  Profcilbr  bimfeJf 
fecms  to  confider  thefe  rights,  when  he  obfcrvcs  that  there  aie 
certain  princrples  fo  (Iror^gly  interwoven  with  the  huoian 
frame^  fo  intimately  fended  with  its  efTeiKC,  fo  efficient  of  all 
that  if  human,  that  the  violatioo  of  them  cannot  be  regarded  in 
any  other  light  than  in  that  of  a  degradation,  nay,  an  entire 
extim^iony  of  the  d]ltini5tive  attributes  of  the  human  chara^er. 

*  Of  conrcquencc,   (he  addi,)  every  man  ftipulates,  by  emcrtng 
into  focicty  wkh  his  fpecies,  thai  the  enjoyments  grounded  on  theje 
priiKiplcs,  or.  In  other  words,  the  rights  which  attach  to  the 71  as  the 
gifu  of  God  to  his  rational  creatures,  Ihall  be  maintained  to  him  m* 
violate,  and  referve&to  himfclf  the  privilege  of  defending  them  at  all 
hazarutf*  whenever  it  is  attempted  to  wrell  them  from  Hm.      For»  as 
every  human  being  is  a  conftituent  member  of  the  foclal  body,  heis, 
while  he  dtfcharges  the  duties  incident  to  hts  peculiar  capacity^  en*  * 
titled,  equally  with  every  other,  to  the  grand  prerogatives  of  human*' 
ca'ture,  which  civil   fociety  b  intended  to  maintain   and    improve.  ^ 
TKefe   rights  are  the  neceHfary  appendages  of  that  equality,  which 
fubiifts  among  all  men.  amidH  the  diveriities  whicl^  (oeiety  and  civiJi^ 
zation  have  introduced,' 

Similar  obfervatlons  may  be  applied  to  duties,  which  are  in* 
reparable  from  rights.     The  Profeflbr  juflly  obferves,  that  the 
obligation  of  doing  to  others  a&  we  wifti  them  to  do  to  u$,  it 
founded  *  on  the  equality  of  human  nature^  amid  all  the  divert  . 
ftties  of  condition  and  cixcumftances}  that  it  takes,  a^  the  ruJe  of  .^ 
condutS,  the  feelings  of  every  individual,  fuppoHng  his  conditioi^ 
were  exchanged  with  that  of  the  perfon  toward  whom  he  adls  ;' 
but  what  is  the  equality  $f  human  nature  here  mentioned?     We 
cannot  conceive  it  to  be  merely  equality  in  retpeifl  of  moral 
obligation  J    for  then    the  fuperftru£turc  and   the    foundation  . 
would  be  one  and  the  fame:  nor  can  it  be  that  equality  only  ^ 
which  refutts  from  inequaKty  of  condition,  and  confifts  in  th^  ^ 
mutual  dependence  of  individuals  on  each  other,  bec^>i^^  «.<\vat*^-^ ^ 
lity  of  moral  obligation  would  ftiU  be  l\>C  Uttve^  \l  \\ve.ie,  NSi^^^ 
110  inequMiity  of  co/iditfoiii 


u, 


I  own*  J  EJfay  sn  tbi  Natural  BquaViiy  &fJldankind* 

cfTay  had  been  on  a  fubje^  of  lefs  importance,  or  had 

left  merit,  wc  {hould  have  fpared  ourfelves  the  troub7a 

|i^g  thefe  remiirlcs.     It  is  eafy  tn  bedow^  indifcnminate 

30 tj  in  fo  doings  we  Jhoiild  ill  dtfcharge  the  diit^  whkh 

to  the  public  J  cfpcctally  with  refpeft  to  a  fubjcfl  of 

Ifrom  the  temper  of  the  times^  ft  may  not  a  little  contri-* 

Ithe  happinefs  of  mankind  to  cutrt%'atc  the  mofl  accunife 

Toward  anaintn^thts  great  and  ufcfut  end,  Pfofeffbr 

r *s  etrsy  m^^y  be  of  much  fervice  to  the  public,  as  it  ihev^s 

doctrine  of  equality,  when  well  underftood,  is  not  fni* 

the  order  arid  fdicity  of  fociety,  and  as  it  points  out 

piilalublc  conne£lian   between  ri^ht  and  duties,  which 

^iloiophical  wfkcr  oiJ2:htever  to  keep^in  view.     In  this 

I  wc  are  p^rtiifularly  pttafed  wuh  the  hcond  and  third 

ijiwliich  religious  and  phiiofophical  arguments  are  moft 

■  united  in  the  beft  caufe*  Weajdmire  the  author's  ardent 

lliberty  both  civil  and  reltgrou*,  his  warm  refentmcnt  of 

Irie^  which  tyrants  infiifl  on  their iellow- creatures,  and 

Inly  fpirit,  wbiirh  leaJs  him  to  adJrefs  ihofc  of  thchigheft 

las  uf  the  inferior  raiikF,  in  the  firm  yet  decent  language 

.    Works  like  this,  which  nre  rc^illy  dictated  by  found* 

iiid^mcnl  and  benignity  of  hffart,  mult  be  produ<3jve  of 

LTierit  to  mankind:   their  eifcdls  m*jy  not  be   immedw 


(    5«3    ) 

Art.  XV.     Dijfertatio  inauguralis^  ^c,  u€.  An  inaugural  DiiTertaK 
tion  ihevving  that  the  Heart  is  without  Nerves ;  tu  whiqh  is  added  a 
Difauilition  concerning  the  Power  of  Nerves  furrounding  Arteries^ 
By  JoHK  Bernard  Jacob  Be'h'rends.    416.    pp.43.     Mcntz. 
1792. 
'T^HERE  is  confiderable  merit  in  this  diflcrtation :  for  if  th« 
•*-    fafls  be  well  afcertained,  on  which  the  author  founds  hif 
concIufions»  it  will  rediify  fomc  errors  in  phyfiological  and  pa- 
thological reafoningSy  and  alfo  explode  fome  unjufl  notions  iq 
pra£lice. 

The  title  will  give  the  reader  an  unfavourable  opinion  of  this 
publication,  for  it  is  contrary  to  re{7eated  d'jmonAra,tion  tq 
ai&rm,  that  the  heart  has  no  nerves.  On  peruling  the  .diflcrta- 
tion, it  appeared  that  the  author  means  to  prove  no  fuch  things 
but  no  demonftratc  that  the  mufcular  part  or  fubftance  of  the 
heart  has  no  nerves ;  and  that  this  organ  has  no  nerves  but; 
thofe  which  accompany  the  large  vcflcls  —  the  coronary  arteries. 
Walter  and  others  have  contended,  that  the  nerves  of  the 
heart  tnuft  be  very  numerous,  on  account  of  its  conflant  mo-^ 
tion,  force,  and  ftrength ;  and  others,  as  the  prcfent  author, 
have  thought  that  nerves  muft  be  ufelefs  to  this  organ,  becaufe 
it  can  perform  its  motions  in  confequence  of  its  irritability,  and 
of  the  conftant  repetition  of  the  (limulus  of  the  blood. 

Others  have  affirmed,  that  the  heart  is  the  moft  fenfibl^  part, 
of  the  human  body  ;  while  fome,  again,  have  maintained^  that 
there  is  no  proof  of  this  fenfibility. 

Holler  faid  that  this  organ  has  very  few  nerves ;  and  Soem* 
meringy  that  it  has  probably  none,  but  thofe  of  the  large  veflelt. 
The  cardiac  nerves  being  irritated,  the  a£tion  of  the  heart  is 
not  accelerated ;  and  if  they  be  divided  or  deftroyed,  the  mo- 
tion of  it  is  not  affected;    nor  do  wounds  of  the  medulla^ 
fpinaUi — the  fource  of  the  nerves  of  the  hieart— alter  its  func- . 
tion.     Haller  hzs  (hewn  that,  by  irritating  the  nerves  of  the 
heart,  the  motion  of  it  is  not  altered.     The  organs  of  volun- 
tary motion  have  numerous  nerves :  hut  the  heart  has  none  in 
its  fubftance.     Our  author's  word«J  are :  •  l^eruorum  cordis  ix» 
amtni  fcrupulojius  intendens^   turn  ohfervando  turn  analogicg  con-^ 
chidenaoy  didici^  nulhs  omnino  nervos  nefurculum  quiaem  in  ipjam 
cordis  camcm  dijpergi,     Nervos  omnes,  quotquot  a  magnis  vafis  ad 
cor  defcendunt  arterias  ccronarias  Jcqui  vidi  comites^  aJbJque  uUa 
ramvio  cordii  tami  immijlo*'  The  heart  has  no  vis  nervofa:  but 
it^  a£!ion  is  excited  by  the  ftimulus  of  the  blood  applied  to  the 
ir^itsblcjiW^.     '//'  '^'        ,.    !./../..    /'. 
-  'Thc"nccveS".of  the  healrf  rc(cinb!e,'ln'figure,'  magnitude,  and 
c*ftfift*ri<dei"tSc)fc^'of"thc  blood-veflcls,  and  differ  ia  thcfevt^- 
fpcdls  from  ihdc  VFthS'Voruntiry  mvifcks* 


584        Bcbrendft*!  inaugural  DifiriatUn  mtbi  Hidri. 

Wounds  of  the  heart  produce  little  pain }  and  To  do  in^ani- 
natioM,  ^UStSf^^i  and  ulcerf . 

It  is  not  a  MW  opinion  that  the  htari  iifilf  is  in(enfib1e ;  for 
COm  isA  WfiS^  tK>^  coufidered  nervesaohenmneGcfirjc  to 
the  heart. 

Caldofu  and  Fontana  found  that  opium,  applied  extenudfy  to 
the  heart,  did  not  affeA  Ks  motion :  but  this  drug,  applied  to 
0>tffcles  or  their  nerves,  diminiflies  the  mufcular  motion.  Ii| 
apopkxy,  all  the  fun£Bons  depending  on  the  Wi  ntrwja  are 
affetied,  but  not  that  of  the  heart. 

The  heart  does  not  become  lefs  Irritable'to  the  blood  by  the 
Irepetition  of  this  ftimulus,  any  more  than  the  eye  does  to  light| 
the  Aomach  to  the  fouMi  fftrkut^  or  the  tnteftines  to  bile. 

The  heart,  then,  as  Mits^ims  affirms,  affords  an  escampie  of 
a  mufde  whofe  adion  does  not  depend  on  the  vis  mrvofay  for 
the  irriubility  to  blood,  &c.  remains  when  the  oervjea  arc  de« 
fii^yed. 

Although,  if  opium  be  applied  either  to  mufcular  fibres  or 
nerves,  tiie  mufcular  motion  is  deftroyed,  yet  this  effed  proceeds 
only  from  the  nervous  power  being  aiFe£led.  Opium  does  no 
injury  to  the  heart,  becaufe  it  is  not  endowed  with  nerves. 

The  arteries  affift  in  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  are  ir* 
ritable:  t»at  their  irritability  is  fupported  efpecially  by  nerves. 
Th^  fmall  fibres  of  the  arteries  ad  weakly :  but  the  vis  mr^ 
voja^  which  they  poflfefs,  befide  the  irritability,  much  increafes 
the  moving  powers  of  the  arteries,  and  of  the  mufcles|-«ltboagfi 
the  nerves  may  not  have  been  demonftrated  in  ^^tj  fidhj 
fibre,  nor  in  the  flcffhy  part  of  the  arteries,  but  in  their,  coatl. 
There  are  moft  nerves  in  the  Veflels  through  which  the  blood 
pafles  with  the  moft  diffictitty;  The  influence  of  the  m  tiirtmft 
on  the  arterial  fyftem  U  feen.in  th^  ioftances  in  whi^-aflSfi^bos 
of  the  mind,  as  well  as  pams  of  the  body,alilr  the  ftde  of^the 
arteries  or  of  the  circulation:   •»     •  '  *  .''".'  '■♦  •••  ^  - 

With  regard  to  the  cardiac  nerven,  their  dwaSiur  an^Lnlc 
are  the  fame  as  in  otheriituatibn^  in  which  'th<iy  accompany 
vefiels;  thefe  nerves,^  therefore,  affift  bnlj  lir  "pro^Uhig  ^^ 
blood  through  the  coronary  arteries/' ''Tfie  left  coituiary  vtcs/ 
has  the  moft  nerves,  becaufe  it  requireH  more  their 'tffiftaoccl^ 
from  the  greater  difficulty  of  the  paflagc'prthe.tti}4d  tKrpyg^  ft^  • 

A  few  experiments  on  nervous  ekdricity  *aro  >  lubjOiiitd : 
but  they  are  familiarly  known  hy  GtfhaftPt  mA  F^Uf^trnt^ 
tioients.  We  only  notice  that  experim^in  fli  wbictrf  tSi^canfi^c 
nerves  being  attempted  to  be  irritated  by-arming  and- applying 
the  conduOor  in^he  ufual  way,  no  ntotjoiv  of  the  heart  enfued) 
nor  was  the  .hea[rt  excited  to  adtion  w*hen  .'the  ftioiuliu  of  ^C^ 
nerf  ous  ele^tic  ft\l\d'>N^%  takntL  (torn.  oUicr  parts.  - 

.  .,   .-  .  T^  *^      \«DEX 


',".  ::»".  :r- 


ru^^.r   ■■■TJiii 


*  .♦  •         *».■!• 


.'•''  1 


IN      D      E      X 


^  «    T      .  A  M      f 


To  the  RBMAHitABLB  Passaobs  in  thisVclam;*^ 

;...i.n  i. 

N.  B.    Ti  /if</  mirf  particular  Book,  •r  Pamphlet,  /ffVAi;* 


JlfBBS^  Mr.    SKC4fir, 
*      . -^hrMT^  Mr*  acMMNU  tf  !«*#  »* 
ilimcVt  (M  MicoflBiBOfi  fermcDtfttiofl  in 
tbe  Vtfieeri  ef  cbt  hmiMa  body,  4at« 

JtkfiffiUiU    SatChdtk^SMk. 

^^a^fH*  Ablmatknt.  oa  banaictcit 
^tnJ  Anvomciert^  4S|»  Oa  itrreftnal 
'6rt6hid(jr,  4I4.  tin  r  Very  trfvAn. 
-dfiMt  iMtliod  df  mtklic<cr«ier49$. 

JffrkSf  lacicnc  oations  of,  their  policy, 
.cooMBtrer.  40tiqn>tiet»  &c  5CS« 

.XL^VBoMPi^iUtf  cnielty  to  tbdr 

.4nJ»  cwtd  b«  de4bidcy»  to  flpwr. 
jfim,  ih:  cafe  of  Jmmoifliifi  aaJ  par* 

.4taiNMrrWilHMii,  ^ptoAom  rtli^ 

(0  hu  ItfiB  «a#  chtn^f,  Jtt. 
^^pwrir^;  Vallctf  Srmt  of,  their  foftinttt 
.  iltfat«»r  >DKtlAi)ly\cMfiior«l|  gni 
.Hnewwm.pa  tticir.cfa|miM^a.;fkr 

JNK^#i'fM|^MI'fbr  llMi1liftMioa«f  « 

..  fefiiriifDr  the /My  of,4B||  t»t  M»«  -^ 

«|fifemegt  ^  ;A€.W  .i»  ?in!i|i4, 

^4bti-  ".--..  "..-  ■•  -^  •'  •  -  ■ 
<*►  \  ■'; '.      '.      .  '  .  • 


ArsiU,  defcription  of,  43s.  City  'df 
Loheh,  4I3.  CttflTeo-trce,  tuteorco^ 
436. .  Mokb«,  fooM  accvoat  of,  4|tl 
San«,  the  caoinl  of  Ara^bia  Felii,  iK 
'  Reiaarkibleinftanee  of  thiei^ftridodf* 
horcKC  U  the  lawn  of  ho^Haliif,  ^iff, 

Arsihm  SMa,  renarka  00,  ica.      .-t    . 

Jtriftthy  ill  effcAi  of  the  kholaftic'^rol' 
judfect  aad  Tcneratidn  ftit  IHt  a^Ahoi^ 
tfty,'a*    Select  enttcifma  telati**  V 


his  Jtrt  rf Poftiy^ikAi^  ttfeq, 


9ihUPrimifia9fi 
Artgrieif  €9mpte(Roo  cf^'l'Set'i 
JUtMf  Mr.  bif  applicatioR.  #f  itbB  pnm^ 
.  ciplci .  pf  nfr^&kB,  to.  .a  phenomoy^a 
refpedltn^thc  horiaonul  fua  «4«MaiL 
a«|.    ■•     •  -■"*f^ 

Atmjfkrt.    Seelc^iMir* 


^jifKn/r,  oM  tn|li(h,  tHe   «it^' ^M 

0odiii'frte<|efoi'them^73.'   .      1.^ 
^^V^  |lf,  hif  abaraa  af  a  r^Acr.af 
'      iKa  banuhcter,  Ac.  at  Lyjidoa,  i^'j.' 

J«r«aiM»ff.    See  ^larii» 


INDEX. 


Wsnnttt^  the  higheft  hereditary  rank  of 

commooeriy  sgi* 
Bspytetf  moriated,  vdoe  •£  thu  medi* 

ciiie  apprcciaud,  379. 
Bgtttrjes^  Kcoonc  ot  theflcsriiliinf  ftite 

of  gardroing  in  ihit  pvrlA,  385. 
A^,  or  lodiaa  grofi-  bdc,  fome  accoant 

o*;  547. 

Jbcff  and  ITifi/i  and  Mcfl'iff*  Dogt^  the 
iopeiiotendeiice  of,  a  court  office,  3S6« 
Tikat  place  fonnerly  enjsyed  by  Ed* 
ward  Aileyn,  the  founder  of  Duiwich 
College,  387*  Allei n*s  peciticn  to  the 
King,  conceroiog hit lofTes  in  providing 
for   thefe    royal    fporti  and  paftimei, 

Ms^a—igg^rp  «n  aneieot  city  io  the  Eaft 
iodiety  tnloi  of,  72* 

Sigt^iMfM.  dc,  bit  comparatire  reflrd. 
iont  on  the  pleafurei  and  paint  of  life, 

493- 

Btitier,  M.  his  obiervations  en  the  tranfic 
of  Mercury  over  the  Sun,  May  1784, 
490.  Hit  eflay  on  the  tfoe>elliptic  and 
parabolic  horary  motion  of  the  pla- 
nett  and  comets,  ih, 

Sel/f  Mr.  his  defcription  of  the  double 
horned  rhinoceros,  419*  Of  a  fpeciea 
of  chztodon,  ih» 

Stnares,  a  f{>ecimeo  of  Grtc'ian  architec- 
ture obferved  io  one  of  the  templet 
there,  136. 

Btngal,  general  view  of  the  prefent  flatc 
of,  M5. 

BirtboIUtf  M,  on  ibme  faAt  that  have 
^en  maintained  in  oppofition  to  the 
aoriphlogifl^c  fjftemofcbeniifliy,  531. 
Account  of  M.  Jeaoety*t  method  of 
preparing  platina,  541. 

BM,  Dr.  Geddes*s  trAnHation  of,  iketch 
of  the  cbaradler  oi,  298. 

Birsmiai  tt<4rem,  known  10  the  ancient 
Hindoos,  552, 

Bird,  Mr.  his  method  of  dividing  agro- 
nomical inftruments  defended,  241 

BiJ/eff  Dr,  Cafe  of  an  extraordinary  irri- 
table fympathetic  tumour,  277. 

Bitauhe^  M.  hit  analyfis  of  Ari(lotle*t 
principles  of  government,  49S. 

BUulandt  M.  hi«  praAice  in  n.idwifery 
cenfu.ed,  576. 

Bode,  M.  bis  obfervations  on  the  fituation 
and  difiribution  of  the  planets  and 
comets,    491 

BrandtKifurgr,   Mem.  on  the  hiflory  of, 

during  the  midcie  cgcs,  5CI, 
BrgaebueUt  remedies  tor,  2S4. 
BurroiVf    Reuben,     meteorological    and 
agronomical  papert  written   by  him,  ' 
in  the  *  Aiiatic  Refcarchd,'  vol.  td, 
55*. 


Bmrt^  Mr.  bit  tcconat  of  thc£fiBftiqpi  of 
a  pangolin, '548. 


Cair«i  Grand,  defcrfptxon  of  that  city, 
ind  the  navigation  cf  the  Nik^  426. 

Calcutta  defcribe-',  134. 

CslfimachtSf  hit  works  appreciated,  138. 
New  tranflation  of,  th, 

Camfher,     Sec  Pmji, 

Cacatcb&mc,  or  £18  ft  »c  Gom,  method  of 
mak'ng  inflromcots  of,  533.  Ezpe- 
rtmentt  on  the  juice  of  the  hcvea,  of 
which  thit  gum  it  made,  534. 

Carduat  uatant,  botanical  ^efciipiion  of, 

Cartwif^ht,  Mr.  (late  Major)  htt  ibooflitt 
refp.^ing  arr/arw,  and  the  late  political 
aflfociations,  473. 

CfPUUn^  M.  dc^is.  memoir  00  E«clid*a 
manner  of  denonftraiing  the  propcrtiet 
.of  parallel  liner,  489.  Hla  inquiry  into 
human  liberty.  496. 

Cawnd'tfi)^  Hen.  £fq.  his  memmr  on  the 
civil  )e«r  of  the  Hindoos,  91. 

Ctrufff  M.  Achard*s  memoir  00  an  ad- 
vantageous method  of  making,  485. 

Chevs/iet,  M*  his  dcfcription  and  map  of 
the  plam  of  Troy,  95, 

Cbtaeft  Language^  origin  and  progrelJi  of, 
544.     Clallical  books  in,   '»L, 

C/jt/itiif  an  eminent  matheur'aiician,  fonie 
account  o^,  27. 

C/9uet,  ProfeiTor,  on  the  compolition  of 
the  colouriog  ma.t^of  Pruilfi4n  blue, 

53»* 

Oovi'tree^  account  of  the  cul'.urt  q(^  in 
the  lOe  of  Bourbon,  &c.   523. 

Ccwfisnt'BOfUf  an  afylum  fcr  dcg9  and 
other  animals,  131*  General  dcfcrip- 
tion  of  that  emp'-rium,  424.- 

Cooper  j^Shs,  Mr.  his  obfervationt  on  the  . 
late  remarkable  failure  of  haddocks  on 
the  coafts  of  No:thofabe/laod,  Durh«m, 
and  York/hire,  93. 

Cqa^xtrojiDiNCE  with  the  Review- 
en,  via.  from  B.  W.  on  the  decooa» 
poiiiion  cf  6xed  air,  338.  Frots  va- 
rioui  other  corref/codcutr,  360*  Froa 
R.  R.N.  concerning  Mr«  Tiye's pam- 
phlet 0(i  the  fwelliofot  the  lower  ei-  . 
trcmitics,  479.  From  T<*  -B.  relatiog 
to  a  i)0te  lo  Df.  Darwiin*t  '  Botame 
Caijden,*  480.  Ftom  o^er  cone* 
fpondenti,  i^. 
Co-^fotnht  ^*  bit  letenth  memoir  on  mag-  . 

oetifoi,  58^. 
Crmitk/hankf    Mr.  l^it  m^tomy  pf  |A#  ah* 
jortingvtjlth  com^ttiy  485.  ^ 

Carriif 


INDEX. 


Citrrir,  Dr,  Jiit  account  of  tbe  remarkable 
cffefls  of  a  diipwreck  on  tbe  mariner*, 
77.  tiit  eiperimen't  *n<i  obfi^rvations 
on  the  inflttcnce  of  immerfion  in  ireih 
and  in  f^lt  watrr,  hot  and  cold,  on  the 
prwc'S  of  the  living  human  bod),  79. 

Curtitf  Mr.  hit  Flora  Lofiui»enyt  com- 
meodedi  289* 


Davidfon,  Mr^  bit  account  of  Tome  Ho- 
rn an  coiAi  found  in  the  £aft  ladicf, 

S47- 

Dtafnefs.     See  Haigbf^m, 

Dt  Bret,  M.  bia  luccef»fal  ofe  of  tbe 
lexier  in  midwifery,  575.  Farther  par* 
ticulan  refpeAing  hit  praAice,  577. 

Devtntfo^  in  Irelaod,  aniiquiiies  of,  37* 

Dhfceridcs,  bit  epigram  to  Sappho,  ttaof- 
fared,  17S. 

Drownings  apparenr,  reAe€lioni  and  ex- 
periment! lelative  to  perfona  recovered 
from,  573. 

PryfiiaUy  Dr»  account  of  bia  life,  &c,  ti. 
Character  of  hi*  (ermonij  15.  Speci- 
men of,  16. 

Duklin,  unfavourable  defcription  of,  404* 

Duck.     See  Natural  HiJIory, 

Dumour-er,  Gen,  his  oegoctatioot  with 
the  King  of  Pruffia,  472. 

Putcb,  advantage!  and  difadvantagea  of 
their  goTcrnmcot  confidetcd,  511. 


F^ueaticn,  n*lionjl,  confidered,  i9»« 

BJivardSf  Dr.     See  Plutarib^ 

£iyph  a  ^fert,  compared  with  ita  forn^er 
fluurifliing  date,  4^7.  Prefent  govern- 
ireot  of,  429,  Antiquities  or,  430* 
Pyramid',  i^. 

BhBriciiy  fucceftfully  ofed  in  tbe  cure  of 
dilealet  of  tbe  «%es»  275.  279,  Ob« 
fervations  on  (be  j^iir«ifrf«i  eLe^ricity 
of  the  earth  and  atmofphere,  297. 
A  nimaleleflriclty,  curious  eipertmeots 
rela.ive  to,  410.     See  »\(o  /icbard, 

EUf  bantiafis,  Indiao  cure  for  that  difeafei 

550- 
Blefbanti^  their  great  ofe  in  tbe  Oriental 

arin-.es,  441* 
Ffualiif,  natural,   of   mankind^   rigbti 


and  duties  of,  580. 
'49S. 


Etrtan,  M.  his 


,  5«o. 
eflaj  on 


literary  bluodcri^ 


Fu.-^iJ,    Set  Cajli/loti, 

Eiidiome'tr^  improvcmeat  o(  that  ttiftni- . 


Fa^cmier^'^UJUienza  diftfififio,  &c«  27^, 
On  the  Ltpra  Cneceram,  280. 

Flower^  Dr.  cafe  ot  an  ohAinaie  quartan 
ague,  cured  by  ele^ricity,  278. 

FolUe,  M.  bis  account  of  his  fliipwr^cfe 
in  Barbary,  578..  His  cruel  treat* 
ment,  by  th;  Moors,  during  his  captU 
vlty  among  thcQ,  ib» 

Fwrcro^,  M.  de,  bis  remaiks  on  th« 
medicinal  propcrlios  of  oxygen  gas,  518, 
On  the  ftate  in  which  the  bodies  were 
found  on  digging  up  an  old  burial-place 
In  Parif,  520.  Various  chemical  ex* 
perlmeots  by  him,  521 — 514,  On  the 
different  fulphats  of  mercury,  &c.  5)6^ 
His  experiment  00  tbe  juice  of  the 
kitiea,  534.  On  the  pbeoomeaa 
which  recur  on  combining  the  an- 
nooiac  with  tbe  nitrat  and  muriat  of 
mercury,  543. 

France,  grounds  of  1  he  prefent  war  betiveeo 
tbaf  country  and  GreatBriuiny  lot.-^ 
Tbe  prefentdiftrefTes  of  the  French  urged 
agaiod  the  principles  of  the  late  rcTolo*  • 
tioo  in  their  government,  2r3.-«Their 
.  gaiety  of  difpofition,  prevalent  in  the 
midft  of  all  their  troubka,  179.— Their 
afiooiibiiig  seal  for  independency,  i8o. 
—Thoughts  00  tbe  prefeot  war  with, 
and  of  the  plans  of  the  allied  powen, 
fti).— Hint!  on  tbe  preiirnt  Hate  of  ff« 
ligion  in  France,  229  ^-Tbeir  dilrt* 
gard  of  Chriftianiiy  accoonied  fiDTf 
from  their  ignorance  of  ita  nature  aad 
true  charaQer,  572* 

FnedoM,  Civi/f    happy  effeds  of,  5o(« 
— Popular,  confidered,  with  refpeA  to 
the  aaual  ftatc  of  iibetty  in  Holland,  . 
507. 


Calvan^  Dr.  hit  experiments  mi  dil^ 
covenes  relative  to  tbe  power  of  tiOD- 
tricity  to  eicite  mofcular  motion,  419* 
Genoa,  fpirired  and  patriotic  behavioor  of » 
the  inhabitants  of,  in  freeing  them* 
felvea  from  the  Auftriaa  yoke,  569.  ■ 
Bafely  abandoned    by   tbe    court  of 
France,  570. 
Globertt  M.  I.  A.  on  the  combination  of 
oxygen  with  the  fulphuric  acid,  ^j]. 
Account  of  the  proceia   for    making  • 
Konkers  phofphorus  from  urine,  535. 
GUnda/ccb,  in  Ireland,  antiquities  of,  3i» 
Goatf  rclieircd  by  the  muriatic  acid,  222* 
Gavenmiitff  general  principles  of,  39. •« 
JUfoma  is*  ooght  nevet  to  be  preci* 
fitate,  or  violcoti  42.«i»Iligbt  nC-tf 


I    N    D    B    5f  . 


CMMroI  •fin''9ft  enmiaedy  iSt.  Rt* 
mark  cunct-rning  )tg»k  tnjiiamsipmt 
ofy  191.  Ivcflleat  obfetfttioai  on 
the  aditantagfi  th^t.  a  comiDttAity 
0vf  ht  to  receive  fiom  tbt  citiI  paver, 

Cr/a>  nrodern,  the'rr  degeocracj  inpouit 

ofchtraeser^  ijt* 
Crftff,  M.  oppofed  by  M.  Bf rtbolfer^  oa 

a  f  oint  ta  ebcmiftfy»  53a. 
Grnjmrt,  M.  M  tb«  mccbod  of  mtkiog 

illAxuiiicnu  of  etoutckoucy  53^ 


H 

J£i^A/9v»  Mr.  cafe  of  crigi'*aT  dcftfafff, 
with  ihc  a^-pc4ranc^f  00  oiirc^ion,  173. 
BvperioitPti  on  the  laryngral  and  re* 
CMircnt  bra*  chee  of  the  8ch  pair  of 
Aeive^  10  determtoo  the  ctfcQiof  the 
dhrifiott  of  tbole  ociTta  oa  tbc  %/fkt^ 

UmrPtfsit,  BiinenU  «accft  of,  amlyfed, 

HsJintfratKj  "M.  OB  the  rombioation  of 
oxygen  with  the  caroon  «n(l  byarttgca  of 
tbe  bloody  &c,  517.  LspUnatioa  of 
lone  phenomena  which  feem  pootrary 
fO  the  liw  of  ctemical  aAnity,  537, 
Thiee  netnoirs  on  the  autiidoa  of 
vegetables,  540. 

hs^t  Abbe,  on  the  ele£>rica)  proptrttee 
•'(hemagnefio-calcareous  boirix,  527. 

ihad^  cafe  of  a  painfijj  tad  fatai  aftedioa 
of.'   Sfft  Lfttfim^ 

Biart.  the  anatprnictl  qof ftlofi,  whether 
it  t<»  gv  ti/ioty  endov%«d  witk  mt't^t 

5«l-    ■  .  ..'.-.• 

Hetmttl  »n  En|n0ifnaa»  aoefcitAiflf  in 
Italy,  aflTcAini^  KCtMinc  of,  is&. 

Birtxbcrft  County  hit  memoir  on  the 
third  yrar  of  the  reigo  ol  Ftrdcric- 
V^!'lum  II.  499*  On  the  fpuich  year 
of 'the  fame  reign,  50^  -  Of  .ro>  • 
W«/»ifr,  eiteroaii  internal,  and  reli- 
gious, f*. 

Ihndyrit,  anti'nt,  their '  proficieacy  io 
t#arBtng  and  fcience,  ^52. 

Hv^fity,  BiAtop,  charged  with  ignojanre 
on  the  (objrA  of  heieijv  4nd  wiib  the 
u(e  of  bafe  ar<8  in  cuntrovcrfy^  65. 

fffJF04>ioSia,  M*  a  remedy  for.    SccoSAoi^ 

fifirmt^,  leoiark  00,  484* 


/is    me  I  hod   of    mak'utg^    at   BAaaref* 


Jkanefj^  M.  Hfil  iMM  of  ptcpiriat.pb« 
tii»a,  k>  ai  t6  dMir  it  Jsto  ifkiic^aiic. 
541.  '     *  ■ 

Jnkiitff  Ifaar,  ftonrof,  ef  celleotly  adapts^ 
for  the  cate  of  waHkneh  aad  dmakca* 
nefs,  aa6« 

y«Of  nrigiaally  a  fair  people,  577, 

Immerfitm,  in  ftlt  aod  io  frcA  water,  ea« 
prrimenta  and  i  b-ervatimit  oa  the  ia* 
liiieBce  of,    Sf e  Curr'u, 

laJiri,  Eaft,  Major  Reoae]r»  atjy  of|tnd 
■iM.i',  69.  Noveltiei  th«t  flkft  itr.ke 
tlie  nind  of  tm  Enflfhnian.  ad  bit 
l»r#  trrival  oflFthe  coaft  ol  India,  i}4« 
lagen  ut*y  of  the  Htndooa,  f  37.  Tr^de 
ot  the  E^ A  aad  Wrft  Tneiea  coafidceJ, 
with  regard  to  the  eqaalix^cijo  ofibfia, 
104*  Immeafie  impoitaacc  of  our  E. 
I.  cuaaeiiont  to  thit  coaatry,  gey. 
The  popalar  objedioa  to  tlie  caaipaoy, 
at  bdrt  1  Boaopohp,  cvptaiBCd  away, 
315.  Modea  of  aiiliiary  OForatiooi  ia 
that  covmiy,  440.  If  agnificeot  review 
of  the  BrtUh  army  oader  L^rd  Gira- 
wailii,  443.  Deba:ea  io  the  HouCe  of 
Common!  reLtive  to  the  governmefit 
aod  trade  of  India,  461.  Aactcnt 
ciiftoma  in  India,  bmilar  to  (itOkt  \sk 
Britaifty  546. 

Jt,biif§m^  Dr.  Simoel,  C'vin pared  with  Addi* 
foB,  at  an  eflliy- writer.  363.  Hit  pic* 
ture  ia  miaiatare,  drawn  by  Horacr, 

Jbi€%,  StRWiJIiaai,  hit  account  of  Chlaefo 
claflical  bookr,  544  Hit  traoflation 
of  an  ancient  ode,  545*  Hit  account 
of  the  Indian  game  of  chefi,  546..  ■ 
Drilriptioo  of  the  fpikeaard  ot  tha' 
anetentt,  549.  ^ 
Jftland^  antlquitiet  of,  'jO.^-Tht  Very 
'  reir«ote  otigin  of  the  coloaisation  of 
th«t  cooatry  denied,  31.— %ncieot 
coins  off  34.-*StoQe>roofril  chapelt  of 
the  ancient  Irifh,  3;.— literature',  ihm 
Old  fortt  and  ciltlcs,  37. — AxKieot 
modes  of  holban()ry,ftc  197.  Plough* 
ing  by  thoMiV,  f5.<— Vfuficof  the  ao. 
cieot  Irilh,  aoo*'  'l>ielii  of,  ib.  Ao* 
tiquitiet  of  the  Irifli  church,  16 1» 


JCcawce^,  the  fcat  of  Lord  Mansfield^ 

poei.ic  a<!drefs  to,  447. 
KbaKf  At'bar  Ai^  his  t'efcriptioo  of  the 
.  Indian  groft^beak,  547.     On  the  cure 
of  the  tUpbantiafis^  or  black  leprofy, 

ifi/f,  Mr.  en  fubmerfjnn  of  aaimals,  279* ' 
K/sfrstb,  M,  hit  chemical  in^uinesctm- 
cerotng 


-^ 


INDEX. 


£«  Bruprg^  Kl.  reiPirkabk  tACcdote  of 

his  g«Acrnfiiy»  4^1* 
£«  Cr0fjr,  M.  de,    hb  C§M9ti^s  Fkrum^ 

cooDfarrd  with  .Oi.  DaiwU*!  L^u  ^ 

tUVUnH^  183.' 
ta^PIaupM*  Ap  on  tlM  formttion  ^ 

water  from  the  combuftUn  of  hydiofeA 

and  oxycm  gai»  514- 
I^r«  d'^.i'itrt,  cored  by  the  watcn  of 

Btth,  ito. 
te  Jt9f,  M.  du  V«lt  bit  onetlioir  00fictrB< 

ing  the  fecvlar  ▼ariacioai  of  Hof khel*t 

p)an<r«  490)   . 
I^f/rap,  Dr.  >>  J^iftory  of  a  faCal  ca<c  of 

opprfffiao  of  tha  br^io;    with  Mr* 

Ware^i  dU&aioo,  276.   Obkrfadona 

OB  other  fubje£ii,  %to.  %l^   ■ 
htvir,  ufeofy  in  midwifiery,  575* 
LtwitXVi.  hit  eniel  pcrfccotioa  of  hit 

prottftaot  fobjaAf.  146.     Hia  praifin 

celebrated  by  the  pricftt  ftr  thia  in* 

ftaiKe  of  hia  b«h  sc«l,  147. 
— —  Xy.  hia  deipicable  chvaaery  56^. 

5T't 
*-*-  XVL  hia  onbappy  ftta«  aicribody  in 

fjmc  meaforey  10  hit  iofiiicerity,  572. 
Libds^  pfo^ocut^po*  ^<Mt  coofiderody  190* 

How  far  awfiftcot  with  a  doe  ragaro  far 

truth,  f^. 
Ifihertff  booaan*  itatroonatorcdifettflTed, 

497*    Civil  Ubcrtj  nod  popolar  liberty 

confidcred,  in  referance  to  the  (lata  •! 

both^  in  the  Uoiled  Provincaay  5o€« 
Lifei  conparauve^  nei»  of  the  plaafiuaa 

and  paina'ofy  with  refiiedl  to  nnoibaf 

fre^tfency,  and  ?army«  493* 
Littifary  IhuuUn*     See  £raM»« 
L^tititrndt  K  the  Ifle  of  Franco,  co, 
ImJbm,  Mr.  hit  objcaioot  to  Mr.  Bifd*a 

fneihod  oir  dividing  mxhcmatiial  in- 

flraa^ta»  obfiated,  %^ 


MatkUm^  Mr  Charier,  the  ▼eteran  Co- 
nteai^a,  aoblc  ibbfcription  for  hia  fnp* 
port,  in  bis  vary  advanced  agfi  41]. 
Critique  an  hia  "  /^*r  ^  YaJIfMtf." 
and  ••  MfD  of  the  World,*'  ik, 

Magntt'ijm,'.  See  OuJomh, 

MU/'SUj^   cclcbraced   by   the  Htcdooa^ 


iUW^  Miw   t  Q^afttry    profbroted   for 

proaching,  146.     Jury  ponilhU    for 

thair  ao^ aittat  of  bim,  il. 
Mtrtmy*    Sea  SmttU^.  '  Set  fhunrm^ 
Md'Jmifiryt  improvement  in  the  pramo 

of,  by  the  ute  of  the  /rvrrj  575,  "ScCt 

airo.  BiiulMBd. 
MoaJimebsp  in  Ifdand,  antfotilHoa  ff«  , 

31*  I  I 

AfMf#,  M.  hit  mematr  on  feme  pheno-, 

menaofvifion,  516. 
Mtrslff/hm  of  Clarke,  Hume|  Hotcho-  - 

fw,  and  Smithy  appreciated,  369. 
Mo/ben,  M.  bit  memoir  on  the  hii^orp 

of   firandeaburgy  doring   the  middle 


K 

Natataittyitry^  Polyglot  Lexkon  •(  5^1^. 
Specimen  ot,  5it« 

NtuUe^  aagneric,  fiagobr  atlcfipt  to  9f   . 
coont  far  the  iacHaation  aad  occlin»*, 
tioB  of,  486a 

Nigr9  Siivtr^  hiata  vclativt  to  tko'  «bo« 
Rtion  of,  at4.  Dificolty  of  eacnpdriag^ 
the  peculiar  charafiara  of  (he  NegtO!^* 
race,  «rich  the  Ceriptural  derivatlfa  lit 
the  whdie  hooian  fpecfea,  3761 

Nitbtrtsadt^  noble  niiiftaace  of  the  loo 
habitaota  of,  againft  S^aolii  |fidt  mA 
tyraMy,  39.  " 

Mv/rAori/ deicribed,  113. 

Newfim^dkmi,  rcf  nlariona  icfpeASflJi  ^^ 
ftovenunenc  of,  45!, 

Ntltf  navfgeiion  01',  very  agiecalle,  41$. 
I>oicriptiaa4rtliO  river, '4at,  l^ii#* 
dical  Aoi  and  idhu  of  the  waiar,  jfc 

NitrkAdL    MlAany^. 

NUitiy^  heNditaryt  objaded  to^ -^i. 
ParienaL    Seef/aijr. 

iViMi^,  whence  that  aaaBe  given  tV  tH^ 
dcviea  lor  fub^ividiag  thp  at  ci  of  ato», 


CMm,  ChlneCr,  i|^iai«a  tt,  trtaQatcdf 

(4$.  Renofc  amiqtHiy  of,  ib.  ^ 
Oitim,  or  aadent  Ronic,  cbaraaeri^  !•» 

marjkon,  33. 
Ottfirdp  the  public  boiUiaga  the»»ce>« 

fared  for  the  winv  ofprofriel|  Ki^ir 

fitoalion,  *c*  403, 
pJTifMfiet,  or  vital  fir,  no  liclaal  aro* 

portiet  of,  518.    See  alio  0*  Is  Pfsa. 

On  the  cooibinatf on  of  •aTfaa  wit^ 


t    N    D    E    X. 


,  d*,  hit  Aofy  of  i  petCqa  wb« 
^  mtA  by  fwfimming  Kit  hyrfe 
ck,  45,     Uiicoflcn  ttie  yie  tfe 

itt  47^     On  tb  e  f  J  If  of  fri  tr  1  ttf . 

pn  th«  I.n^itude  «t  the  Ijte  df 
.  50.    Oil  climiAe  in  tbe  Korth 

on  ibc  efFr^t  of  the  com* 
of    the    irtcrici,    »77, 
fiU  hit  •fco^fit  of  two  Hindoo 
If  J  546.  Of  the  Indbnfphfn*^ 

IM. — on  The  coovbinitidn  o 
lorui  with  fuiFphur^  ^tS^  Ac^ 
|oF  his  accHent,  id  ibme  chc* 
Viprrirnvritf,  510— on  the  CiU 
Phflrphs*,  514^^011  fome 
s  of  themiiriA'  of  tin,  t^j*  Dn 
[ibiaitian  of  phafpfiorui  witb 
tc  fubH^inctif  .^^e^^i-p^On  the 
BlioBi  of  (He   pHofpborQi  atid 

|ii7/iflii!,  pjufeciuTed  far  hi*  writ* 
I  defeacc  of  hii  rdigioui  pria- 

146* 
fi^Bxper.  rcUlivetoibe  propifvv 
ibiiniJ  in  AerifDrmllutdf,  5^01 
|i«  for  fentimenuldiQffencn  in 
rrnufkible  jail^^ncts^f,    145 


tto«iof  tlie^IintV  185.— *  Tpj^ 
f}*T^r»ft*  114  '^^  Citthafimn  Ffiir,' 
•  tngedyi  ^7o.^PetcrPTr»d»r'i  *  Poe- 
tical Epiftie  to  tlie  Pope,'  ajt-^ 
Lidy  Mmnen'f  poem*,  Hf-^Lidf 
BuncU't  pOc£D9j  446,— ^BiaiHer'i 
ir*o^*  >oD  of  Piad^r,  45q<— ^Mn. 
R  obi n^c  11*5  poeifir,  4ti,-^_Wccill'f - 
King'  4-Houfe  ir  Winthaftcr|  467*— 
Cbinefe  ode*,  545 

Ptrikff  rtmitk%  on  the  cuno5tia    and 
^m^Bufcfipti  t>i}|id  rjterff  tiS*^ 

Fr^tfudffF^  the  fouo|e^,  IgitOtDimoyflf 
trraied  bj  the  Frencb  romt.  vfttr  bU 
tafs  of  the  battle  of  CoTlc»4eOj  570* 

Priife*piittf  pbilo^Dpbteal  imerptetttioo 
of»   14  ii  t^«  »*"' 

Pr€ujlt  M^^o  th«  cimphire  of  Muf- 
^i».  Jig. 

Pnt£ia,  Rmg  of,  hif  cpn^offr  with  fC- 
fpEj^toGcoDm&ou  tier, 47s.  Gfoft 
flAtiefjf  paid  re,  bj  tbr  Berlin  acidemj^ 
4tt*  Count  Mertfberg*s  Mfmoiri  of 
tb(f  lh^d  iod  foarfh  «arl  ot  Ihe  rdga 
of  Fredtftk  Wjlliffi)  II.   4^9. 

Pif-:^iB^]tr^  U8*i,  obfervnirnt  00  the 
niiiitre  ind  ttnjttncf  of,  104,  ferm* 
tymt  t^tB%  of  fobflUuting  tbcm  Ibf 


INDEX. 


velPi  maolf  and  raccefkfol  iDterpoH- 
tioD  io  their  favour,  ik»  Charity  of  the 
Bog.  nation  on  the  fame  occafion,  i^« 
S<br04ter,  J.  J.  bis  obfervatioDS  on  the 
atanofphercs  of  Venus  and  the  moooy 

Scothnd,  cafe  of  the  Principality  of,  154. 

Set 'i/b  poems,  antient,  remaikson,  17s* 
Style  of,  imitated,  446. 

Sea- terms.  Polyglot  di^ionary  of,  563. 
Specimen  oU   565. 

S*i»itt,  M.  on  the  (enfations  of  heat  and 
culd,  515.  On  eudiometers*  5x8« 

Sbadwell,  Dt  —Cafes  of  hydrophobia, 
281. 

Sheickt  an  Arabian  cbitf,  remarkable 
inftancecf  his  hofpiuhty,  579. 

Siciiy,  general  view  of,  179. 

Sight,  remarkable  lecovfry  of.  Seelif^'r. 

SiI6erfcbfagf  M.  his  memoir  on  the  rup- 
ture of  banks  of  rivers,  tec,  486*  On 
the  magnetic  needle,  See,  \b. 

Sims,  Dr.  James,  an  advocate  for  the  ufe 
of  oil,  as  a  remedy  for  the  hydrophobia, 
281. — His  memoir  on  the  paracente* 
r^s,  284. 

Smail-foM,  experiments  on  the  treatment 
of,  with  mercury,  459. 

Smeatcn,Mr»  his  obJcAions  to  Mr.  Bird's 
method  of  dividing  agronomical  in- 
ftrumenti,  anfwered,  24.  His  gene- 
ral merit,  at  an  engineer,  allowed,  15. 

Srakes,   £af(  Indian  cure  for  the  bite  of, 

55'- 
Scund.     See  Penile^ 
StanifUus,  king  of  Poland,  his  refpeft- 

able  charaacr,    567.     His  mhfor- 

tunes,  i6, 
Srjdy,  cUlTical,  direfKons  for,  10  a  letter 

to  a  young  nobleman,  395. 
Svftfferland,  fevf  ral  parts  of,   defcribed, 

1 X 1,    General  charadler  of  the  people, 

1 24. 


TtUmacbus,  fpectmen  of  a  tranflation  of 
the  a(!vrnluresof,  \n  blank  ^Jtrfe,  105* 

7.^)  >t:n,  hi. lv«ric  account  of  that  town, 
Ac.  477. 

*l(,m*rf.i:rr:be,  eitra£t  from  the  old  ballad 
of.  74. 

T'tmbUy,  M.  hrs  examination  of  an  sn*- 
Jyticalpirafox,  492  — Remarks  tn  the 
ircthcd  of  approximation  of  difTerea- 
tial  equation',  tb, 

T  oyt  oblcrvaticns  relative  to  the  city 
and  environ*  of,  96. 

Truth  and  Errer^  logicaDv  difcuffed,  4. 
Theoretic  riivif-on  and  (irfl  principles 
of,  7.     £Aia  ate  ofpcetic  truth,  8t 


Turkt,  unfavourable  charader  of,  I30« 
Their  antipathy  to  mufic,  131.. 

TarMTf  Edmund,  Efq.  bit  narrative  of  a 
late  earthquake  in  Lincolnfhire,  9a* 


U— V 

Uramumt  a  new  metal,  488. 
yauguelin,  M.  on  the  folubility  of  fea* 

fait,  in  the  folutions  of  vuious  neu* 

tralfalts,  539. 
Vernier,  when  that  name  piven  to  thede* 

vice  for  fubdividing  the  arc  ofaflro* 

Domical  inflmments,  26. 
Vt/lon,  fome  phenomena  of,  explained, 

516.      1 
Voices    See  ttaighfn, 
yjtM,  M.  his  account  of  eleAricsl  ezpe* 

riments  and  difcoverict  made  by  Dr« 

Galvani,  419. 
Vaing^  at  eleilionf,  qoalifications   for, 

confidered,  193.     Poverty  no  j oft  4IC- 

qualification,  ib. 


W 

'  HTaUer^'M,  hit  meiB.  on  tbrorption,  48$* 

pyarbnrronl  bifhtvp,  ilriAtires  on  bis  cha* 
r»£krr  as  an  a«jth6r,  455, 

fVare,  Mr.—cafeofa  remarkable  reco* 
very  of  fight  by  the  difperfion  of  a  ca« 
taraa,  27^,  Of  four  cafes  of  guttM 
ftrena  Cured  by  elefVridty,  247.  Oa 
the  treatment  of  tht  watery  eye,  333* 
—On  the  ufe  of  the  bark,  m  fcropbu- 
)ous  and  intermittent  optbalmict,  iK 
See  alfo  Lettfom,  ' 

^attr,     SftDrhPlaet, 

fKjIrumb,  M.  difpute  between  him  and' 
M*  BerthoUet,  relative  to  the  dephto* 
gifticated  marine  acid,  536. 

WiHivfi,  and  orphans,  of  medical  mea, 
hint  of  a  plan  for  raifinga  fund  for  the 
fopport  of,  104. 

ff'iUiafr.s,  Mr.  J..L.  his  account  of  the 
n;ethod  "f  making  ice  io  the  Eall  Iii<» 
des,  422. 

— — ,  — — ,  his  account  of  the  tire 
of  the  bite  of  fnakei,  in  the  EafI  In* 
dies,   ^50. 

fFi,ad,  Anthony,  arcotint  of  hischarader, 
and  of  his  antiquarian  refearches,  389* 

IVje,  river,  fonnet  to,  177, 


Zitikif,  Dr,  his  letter  on  deafnefs,  274. 


ERRATA  itt  Vol.  XI. 

61.  Koe  4.  from  bott.  >  «  eirang^i'  ttU  *  t^rKo.* 

171.  —  "•Z*'  *  ^^^'''^  '^  '  ^*'**"- «  «.  . 
«t7.  —  penult.  ^  •  Bttflfy/  r«fl^  *  rttltr. 
Jjg,  —  ^  froiDbott.>.'ewpofti«d/  rta4i  •uu:oipo»tt«. 


-  I 


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